From c2ee9ca3e02810c76f82bfc32a6643f2b0af0b84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noah <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Sep 2020 21:20:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 001/705] WIP - native _sre

---
 constants.rs | 114 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 interp.rs    | 126 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 240 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 constants.rs
 create mode 100644 interp.rs

diff --git a/constants.rs b/constants.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f6aeb3182f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/constants.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/*
+ * Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine
+ *
+ * regular expression matching engine
+ *
+ * NOTE: This file is generated by sre_constants.py.  If you need
+ * to change anything in here, edit sre_constants.py and run it.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 1997-2001 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * See the _sre.c file for information on usage and redistribution.
+ */
+
+use bitflags::bitflags;
+
+pub const SRE_MAGIC: usize = 20140917;
+#[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+pub enum SreOpcode {
+    FAILURE = 0,
+    SUCCESS = 1,
+    ANY = 2,
+    ANY_ALL = 3,
+    ASSERT = 4,
+    ASSERT_NOT = 5,
+    AT = 6,
+    BRANCH = 7,
+    CALL = 8,
+    CATEGORY = 9,
+    CHARSET = 10,
+    BIGCHARSET = 11,
+    GROUPREF = 12,
+    GROUPREF_EXISTS = 13,
+    GROUPREF_IGNORE = 14,
+    IN = 15,
+    IN_IGNORE = 16,
+    INFO = 17,
+    JUMP = 18,
+    LITERAL = 19,
+    LITERAL_IGNORE = 20,
+    MARK = 21,
+    MAX_UNTIL = 22,
+    MIN_UNTIL = 23,
+    NOT_LITERAL = 24,
+    NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE = 25,
+    NEGATE = 26,
+    RANGE = 27,
+    REPEAT = 28,
+    REPEAT_ONE = 29,
+    SUBPATTERN = 30,
+    MIN_REPEAT_ONE = 31,
+    RANGE_IGNORE = 32,
+}
+#[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+pub enum SreAtCode {
+    BEGINNING = 0,
+    BEGINNING_LINE = 1,
+    BEGINNING_STRING = 2,
+    BOUNDARY = 3,
+    NON_BOUNDARY = 4,
+    END = 5,
+    END_LINE = 6,
+    END_STRING = 7,
+    LOC_BOUNDARY = 8,
+    LOC_NON_BOUNDARY = 9,
+    UNI_BOUNDARY = 10,
+    UNI_NON_BOUNDARY = 11,
+}
+#[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
+#[repr(u32)]
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+pub enum SreCatCode {
+    DIGIT = 0,
+    NOT_DIGIT = 1,
+    SPACE = 2,
+    NOT_SPACE = 3,
+    WORD = 4,
+    NOT_WORD = 5,
+    LINEBREAK = 6,
+    NOT_LINEBREAK = 7,
+    LOC_WORD = 8,
+    LOC_NOT_WORD = 9,
+    UNI_DIGIT = 10,
+    UNI_NOT_DIGIT = 11,
+    UNI_SPACE = 12,
+    UNI_NOT_SPACE = 13,
+    UNI_WORD = 14,
+    UNI_NOT_WORD = 15,
+    UNI_LINEBREAK = 16,
+    UNI_NOT_LINEBREAK = 17,
+}
+bitflags! {
+    pub struct SreFlag: u16 {
+        const TEMPLATE = 1;
+        const IGNORECASE = 2;
+        const LOCALE = 4;
+        const MULTILINE = 8;
+        const DOTALL = 16;
+        const UNICODE = 32;
+        const VERBOSE = 64;
+        const DEBUG = 128;
+        const ASCII = 256;
+    }
+}
+bitflags! {
+    pub struct SreInfo: u32 {
+        const PREFIX = 1;
+        const LITERAL = 2;
+        const CHARSET = 4;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7f93a82eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+// good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
+
+use crate::builtins::PyStrRef;
+
+use super::constants::{SreFlag, SreOpcode};
+
+use std::convert::TryFrom;
+use std::{iter, slice};
+
+pub struct State {
+    start: usize,
+    s_pos: usize,
+    end: usize,
+    pos: usize,
+    flags: SreFlag,
+    marks: Vec<usize>,
+    lastindex: isize,
+    marks_stack: Vec<usize>,
+    context_stack: Vec<MatchContext>,
+    repeat: Option<usize>,
+    s: PyStrRef,
+}
+
+// struct State1<'a> {
+//     state: &'a mut State,
+// }
+
+struct MatchContext {
+    s_pos: usize,
+    code_pos: usize,
+}
+
+// struct Context<'a> {
+//     context_stack: &mut Vec<MatchContext>,
+// }
+
+impl State {
+    pub fn new(s: PyStrRef, start: usize, end: usize, flags: SreFlag) -> Self {
+        let end = std::cmp::min(end, s.char_len());
+        Self {
+            start,
+            s_pos: start,
+            end,
+            pos: start,
+            flags,
+            marks: Vec::new(),
+            lastindex: -1,
+            marks_stack: Vec::new(),
+            context_stack: Vec::new(),
+            repeat: None,
+            s,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// struct OpcodeDispatcher {
+//     executing_contexts: HashMap<usize, Rc<State>>,
+// }
+
+pub struct BadSreCode;
+
+pub fn parse_ops(code: &[u32]) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<Op, BadSreCode>> + '_ {
+    let mut it = code.iter().copied();
+    std::iter::from_fn(move || -> Option<Option<Op>> {
+        let op = it.next()?;
+        let op = SreOpcode::try_from(op)
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|op| extract_code(op, &mut it));
+        Some(op)
+    })
+    .map(|x| x.ok_or(BadSreCode))
+}
+
+type It<'a> = iter::Copied<slice::Iter<'a, u32>>;
+fn extract_code(op: SreOpcode, it: &mut It) -> Option<Op> {
+    let skip = |it: &mut It| {
+        let skip = it.next()? as usize;
+        if skip > it.len() {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(skip)
+        }
+    };
+    match op {
+        SreOpcode::FAILURE => {}
+        SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {}
+        SreOpcode::ANY => {}
+        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {}
+        SreOpcode::ASSERT => {}
+        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => {}
+        SreOpcode::AT => {}
+        SreOpcode::BRANCH => {}
+        SreOpcode::CALL => {}
+        SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {}
+        SreOpcode::CHARSET => {}
+        SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => {}
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => {}
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {}
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::IN => {}
+        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::INFO => {
+            // let skip = it.next()?;
+        }
+        SreOpcode::JUMP => {}
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL => {}
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::MARK => {}
+        SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => {}
+        SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => {}
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {}
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::NEGATE => {}
+        SreOpcode::RANGE => {}
+        SreOpcode::REPEAT => {}
+        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => {}
+        SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => {}
+        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => {}
+        SreOpcode::RANGE_IGNORE => {}
+    }
+    todo!()
+}
+
+pub enum Op {
+    Info {},
+}

From e1362ead3c8c7462b0027a7ecb4b9bbd23e76b5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Dec 2020 17:51:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 002/705] WIP structure

---
 constants.rs |   4 +
 interp.rs    | 467 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 379 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-)

diff --git a/constants.rs b/constants.rs
index f6aeb3182f..a80534d70b 100644
--- a/constants.rs
+++ b/constants.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 pub const SRE_MAGIC: usize = 20140917;
+pub const SRE_CODESIZE: usize = 4;
+pub const SRE_MAXREPEAT: usize = usize::max_value();
+pub const SRE_MAXGROUPS: usize = usize::max_value() / std::mem::size_of::<usize>() / 2;
+
 #[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
 #[repr(u32)]
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 7f93a82eb4..43c2a54515 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -1,126 +1,409 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
+use super::constants::{SreFlag, SreOpcode, SRE_MAXREPEAT};
 use crate::builtins::PyStrRef;
-
-use super::constants::{SreFlag, SreOpcode};
-
+use rustpython_common::borrow::BorrowValue;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
-use std::{iter, slice};
 
-pub struct State {
+pub struct State<'a> {
+    // py_string: PyStrRef,
+    string: &'a str,
     start: usize,
-    s_pos: usize,
     end: usize,
-    pos: usize,
     flags: SreFlag,
+    pattern_codes: Vec<u32>,
     marks: Vec<usize>,
     lastindex: isize,
     marks_stack: Vec<usize>,
     context_stack: Vec<MatchContext>,
     repeat: Option<usize>,
-    s: PyStrRef,
+    string_position: usize,
 }
 
-// struct State1<'a> {
-//     state: &'a mut State,
-// }
-
-struct MatchContext {
-    s_pos: usize,
-    code_pos: usize,
-}
-
-// struct Context<'a> {
-//     context_stack: &mut Vec<MatchContext>,
-// }
-
-impl State {
-    pub fn new(s: PyStrRef, start: usize, end: usize, flags: SreFlag) -> Self {
-        let end = std::cmp::min(end, s.char_len());
+impl<'a> State<'a> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(
+        // py_string: PyStrRef,
+        string: &'a str,
+        start: usize,
+        end: usize,
+        flags: SreFlag,
+        pattern_codes: Vec<u32>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        // let string = py_string.borrow_value();
         Self {
+            // py_string,
+            string,
             start,
-            s_pos: start,
             end,
-            pos: start,
             flags,
-            marks: Vec::new(),
+            pattern_codes,
             lastindex: -1,
             marks_stack: Vec::new(),
             context_stack: Vec::new(),
             repeat: None,
-            s,
+            marks: Vec::new(),
+            string_position: start,
         }
     }
+
+    fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.marks.clear();
+        self.lastindex = -1;
+        self.marks_stack.clear();
+        self.context_stack.clear();
+        self.repeat = None;
+    }
 }
 
-// struct OpcodeDispatcher {
-//     executing_contexts: HashMap<usize, Rc<State>>,
-// }
+pub(crate) fn pymatch(mut state: State) -> bool {
+    let ctx = MatchContext {
+        string_position: state.start,
+        code_position: 0,
+        has_matched: None,
+    };
+    state.context_stack.push(ctx);
 
-pub struct BadSreCode;
+    let mut has_matched = None;
+    loop {
+        if state.context_stack.is_empty() {
+            break;
+        }
+        let ctx_id = state.context_stack.len() - 1;
+        let mut drive = MatchContextDrive::drive(ctx_id, state);
+        let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
 
-pub fn parse_ops(code: &[u32]) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<Op, BadSreCode>> + '_ {
-    let mut it = code.iter().copied();
-    std::iter::from_fn(move || -> Option<Option<Op>> {
-        let op = it.next()?;
-        let op = SreOpcode::try_from(op)
-            .ok()
-            .and_then(|op| extract_code(op, &mut it));
-        Some(op)
-    })
-    .map(|x| x.ok_or(BadSreCode))
+        has_matched = dispatcher.pymatch(&mut drive);
+        state = drive.take();
+        if has_matched.is_some() {
+            state.context_stack.pop();
+        }
+    }
+    has_matched.unwrap_or(false)
 }
 
-type It<'a> = iter::Copied<slice::Iter<'a, u32>>;
-fn extract_code(op: SreOpcode, it: &mut It) -> Option<Op> {
-    let skip = |it: &mut It| {
-        let skip = it.next()? as usize;
-        if skip > it.len() {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(skip)
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+struct MatchContext {
+    string_position: usize,
+    code_position: usize,
+    has_matched: Option<bool>,
+}
+
+struct MatchContextDrive<'a> {
+    state: State<'a>,
+    ctx_id: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a> MatchContextDrive<'a> {
+    fn id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.ctx_id
+    }
+    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
+        &mut self.state.context_stack[self.ctx_id]
+    }
+    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
+        &self.state.context_stack[self.ctx_id]
+    }
+    fn push_new_context(&mut self, pattern_offset: usize) -> usize {
+        let ctx = self.ctx();
+        let child_ctx = MatchContext {
+            string_position: ctx.string_position,
+            code_position: ctx.code_position + pattern_offset,
+            has_matched: None,
+        };
+        self.state.context_stack.push(child_ctx);
+        self.state.context_stack.len() - 1
+    }
+    fn drive(ctx_id: usize, state: State<'a>) -> Self {
+        Self { state, ctx_id }
+    }
+    fn take(self) -> State<'a> {
+        self.state
+    }
+    fn str(&self) -> &str {
+        unsafe {
+            std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(
+                &self.state.string.as_bytes()[self.ctx().string_position..],
+            )
+        }
+    }
+    fn peek_char(&self) -> char {
+        self.str().chars().next().unwrap()
+    }
+    fn peek_code(&self, peek: usize) -> u32 {
+        self.state.pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position + peek]
+    }
+    fn skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
+        let skipped = self.str().char_indices().nth(skip_count).unwrap().0;
+        self.ctx_mut().string_position += skipped;
+    }
+    fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
+        self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
+    }
+    fn remaining_chars(&self) -> usize {
+        let end = self.state.end;
+        end - self.ctx().string_position + self.str().len()
+    }
+    fn remaining_codes(&self) -> usize {
+        self.state.pattern_codes.len() - self.ctx().code_position
+    }
+    fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
+        self.ctx().string_position == 0
+    }
+    fn at_end(&self) -> bool {
+        self.str().is_empty()
+    }
+    fn at_linebreak(&self) -> bool {
+        match self.str().chars().next() {
+            Some(c) => c == '\n',
+            None => false,
         }
+    }
+}
+
+struct OpcodeDispatcher {
+    executing_contexts: HashMap<usize, Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>>,
+}
+
+macro_rules! once {
+    ($val:expr) => {
+        Box::new(OpEmpty {})
     };
-    match op {
-        SreOpcode::FAILURE => {}
-        SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {}
-        SreOpcode::ANY => {}
-        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {}
-        SreOpcode::ASSERT => {}
-        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => {}
-        SreOpcode::AT => {}
-        SreOpcode::BRANCH => {}
-        SreOpcode::CALL => {}
-        SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {}
-        SreOpcode::CHARSET => {}
-        SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => {}
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => {}
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {}
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::IN => {}
-        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::INFO => {
-            // let skip = it.next()?;
-        }
-        SreOpcode::JUMP => {}
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL => {}
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::MARK => {}
-        SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => {}
-        SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => {}
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {}
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::NEGATE => {}
-        SreOpcode::RANGE => {}
-        SreOpcode::REPEAT => {}
-        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => {}
-        SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => {}
-        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => {}
-        SreOpcode::RANGE_IGNORE => {}
-    }
-    todo!()
-}
-
-pub enum Op {
-    Info {},
+}
+
+trait OpcodeExecutor {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()>;
+}
+
+struct OpFailure {}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpFailure {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+struct OpEmpty {}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpEmpty {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+struct OpOnce<F> {
+    f: Option<F>,
+}
+impl<F: FnOnce(&mut MatchContextDrive)> OpcodeExecutor for OpOnce<F> {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        let f = self.f.take()?;
+        f(drive);
+        None
+    }
+}
+fn once<F: FnOnce(&mut MatchContextDrive)>(f: F) -> Box<OpOnce<F>> {
+    Box::new(OpOnce { f: Some(f) })
+}
+
+struct OpMinRepeatOne {
+    trace_id: usize,
+    mincount: usize,
+    maxcount: usize,
+    count: usize,
+    child_ctx_id: usize,
+}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinRepeatOne {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        match self.trace_id {
+            0 => self._0(drive),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl Default for OpMinRepeatOne {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        OpMinRepeatOne {
+            trace_id: 0,
+            mincount: 0,
+            maxcount: 0,
+            count: 0,
+            child_ctx_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpMinRepeatOne {
+    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        self.mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+        self.maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+
+        if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+
+        self.count = if self.mincount == 0 {
+            0
+        } else {
+            let count = count_repetitions(drive, self.mincount);
+            if count < self.mincount {
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                return None;
+            }
+            drive.skip_char(count);
+            count
+        };
+
+        if drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1) == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 {
+            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        // mark push
+        self.trace_id = 1;
+        self._1(drive)
+    }
+    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        if self.maxcount == SRE_MAXREPEAT || self.count <= self.maxcount {
+            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+            self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+            self.trace_id = 2;
+            return Some(());
+        }
+
+        // mark discard
+        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+        None
+    }
+    fn _2(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        if let Some(true) = drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched {
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+            return None;
+        }
+        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+        if count_repetitions(drive, 1) == 0 {
+            self.trace_id = 3;
+            return self._3(drive);
+        }
+        drive.skip_char(1);
+        self.count += 1;
+        // marks pop keep
+        self.trace_id = 1;
+        self._1(drive)
+    }
+    fn _3(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        // mark discard
+        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl OpcodeDispatcher {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            executing_contexts: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+    // Returns True if the current context matches, False if it doesn't and
+    // None if matching is not finished, ie must be resumed after child
+    // contexts have been matched.
+    fn pymatch(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<bool> {
+        while drive.remaining_codes() > 0 && drive.ctx().has_matched.is_none() {
+            let code = drive.peek_code(0);
+            let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
+            self.dispatch(opcode, drive);
+            // self.drive = self.drive;
+        }
+        match drive.ctx().has_matched {
+            Some(matched) => Some(matched),
+            None => {
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                Some(false)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Dispatches a context on a given opcode. Returns True if the context
+    // is done matching, False if it must be resumed when next encountered.
+    fn dispatch(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> bool {
+        let mut executor = match self.executing_contexts.remove_entry(&drive.id()) {
+            Some((_, mut executor)) => executor,
+            None => self.dispatch_table(opcode, drive),
+        };
+        if let Some(()) = executor.next(drive) {
+            self.executing_contexts.insert(drive.id(), executor);
+            false
+        } else {
+            true
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn dispatch_table(
+        &mut self,
+        opcode: SreOpcode,
+        drive: &mut MatchContextDrive,
+    ) -> Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor> {
+        // move || {
+        match opcode {
+            SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
+                Box::new(OpFailure {})
+            }
+            SreOpcode::SUCCESS => once(|drive| {
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::ANY => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::AT => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::BRANCH => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::CALL => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::CHARSET => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::IN => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::INFO => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::JUMP => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
+                if drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() as u32 != drive.peek_code(1) {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                } else {
+                    drive.skip_char(1);
+                }
+                drive.skip_code(2);
+                once!(true)
+            }
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::MARK => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::NEGATE => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::RANGE => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
+            SreOpcode::RANGE_IGNORE => once!(true),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Returns the number of repetitions of a single item, starting from the
+// current string position. The code pointer is expected to point to a
+// REPEAT_ONE operation (with the repeated 4 ahead).
+fn count_repetitions(drive: &mut MatchContextDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
+    let mut count = 0;
+    let mut real_maxcount = drive.state.end - drive.ctx().string_position;
+    if maxcount < real_maxcount && maxcount != SRE_MAXREPEAT {
+        real_maxcount = maxcount;
+    }
+    count
 }

From 82922bf0d796f6c79f5799a1b14b9d1ad9c26431 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Dec 2020 09:01:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 003/705] upgrade re version; implement helper functions;

---
 constants.rs |  52 ++--
 interp.rs    | 717 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 588 insertions(+), 181 deletions(-)

diff --git a/constants.rs b/constants.rs
index a80534d70b..f5ab92c531 100644
--- a/constants.rs
+++ b/constants.rs
@@ -13,11 +13,7 @@
 
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
-pub const SRE_MAGIC: usize = 20140917;
-pub const SRE_CODESIZE: usize = 4;
-pub const SRE_MAXREPEAT: usize = usize::max_value();
-pub const SRE_MAXGROUPS: usize = usize::max_value() / std::mem::size_of::<usize>() / 2;
-
+pub const SRE_MAGIC: usize = 20171005;
 #[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
 #[repr(u32)]
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
@@ -36,25 +32,33 @@ pub enum SreOpcode {
     BIGCHARSET = 11,
     GROUPREF = 12,
     GROUPREF_EXISTS = 13,
-    GROUPREF_IGNORE = 14,
-    IN = 15,
-    IN_IGNORE = 16,
-    INFO = 17,
-    JUMP = 18,
-    LITERAL = 19,
-    LITERAL_IGNORE = 20,
-    MARK = 21,
-    MAX_UNTIL = 22,
-    MIN_UNTIL = 23,
-    NOT_LITERAL = 24,
-    NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE = 25,
-    NEGATE = 26,
-    RANGE = 27,
-    REPEAT = 28,
-    REPEAT_ONE = 29,
-    SUBPATTERN = 30,
-    MIN_REPEAT_ONE = 31,
-    RANGE_IGNORE = 32,
+    IN = 14,
+    INFO = 15,
+    JUMP = 16,
+    LITERAL = 17,
+    MARK = 18,
+    MAX_UNTIL = 19,
+    MIN_UNTIL = 20,
+    NOT_LITERAL = 21,
+    NEGATE = 22,
+    RANGE = 23,
+    REPEAT = 24,
+    REPEAT_ONE = 25,
+    SUBPATTERN = 26,
+    MIN_REPEAT_ONE = 27,
+    GROUPREF_IGNORE = 28,
+    IN_IGNORE = 29,
+    LITERAL_IGNORE = 30,
+    NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE = 31,
+    GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE = 32,
+    IN_LOC_IGNORE = 33,
+    LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE = 34,
+    NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE = 35,
+    GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE = 36,
+    IN_UNI_IGNORE = 37,
+    LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE = 38,
+    NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE = 39,
+    RANGE_UNI_IGNORE = 40,
 }
 #[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
 #[repr(u32)]
diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 43c2a54515..bc6753a5fe 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
-use super::constants::{SreFlag, SreOpcode, SRE_MAXREPEAT};
-use crate::builtins::PyStrRef;
-use rustpython_common::borrow::BorrowValue;
+use super::_sre::MAXREPEAT;
+use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreOpcode};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 
 pub struct State<'a> {
-    // py_string: PyStrRef,
     string: &'a str,
+    // chars count
+    string_len: usize,
     start: usize,
     end: usize,
     flags: SreFlag,
@@ -23,17 +23,18 @@ pub struct State<'a> {
 
 impl<'a> State<'a> {
     pub(crate) fn new(
-        // py_string: PyStrRef,
         string: &'a str,
         start: usize,
         end: usize,
         flags: SreFlag,
         pattern_codes: Vec<u32>,
     ) -> Self {
-        // let string = py_string.borrow_value();
+        let string_len = string.chars().count();
+        let end = std::cmp::min(end, string_len);
+        let start = std::cmp::min(start, end);
         Self {
-            // py_string,
             string,
+            string_len,
             start,
             end,
             flags,
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
 pub(crate) fn pymatch(mut state: State) -> bool {
     let ctx = MatchContext {
         string_position: state.start,
+        string_offset: state.string.char_indices().nth(state.start).unwrap().0,
         code_position: 0,
         has_matched: None,
     };
@@ -85,6 +87,7 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(mut state: State) -> bool {
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 struct MatchContext {
     string_position: usize,
+    string_offset: usize,
     code_position: usize,
     has_matched: Option<bool>,
 }
@@ -108,6 +111,7 @@ impl<'a> MatchContextDrive<'a> {
         let ctx = self.ctx();
         let child_ctx = MatchContext {
             string_position: ctx.string_position,
+            string_offset: ctx.string_offset,
             code_position: ctx.code_position + pattern_offset,
             has_matched: None,
         };
@@ -122,9 +126,7 @@ impl<'a> MatchContextDrive<'a> {
     }
     fn str(&self) -> &str {
         unsafe {
-            std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(
-                &self.state.string.as_bytes()[self.ctx().string_position..],
-            )
+            std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.state.string.as_bytes()[self.ctx().string_offset..])
         }
     }
     fn peek_char(&self) -> char {
@@ -135,61 +137,90 @@ impl<'a> MatchContextDrive<'a> {
     }
     fn skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
         let skipped = self.str().char_indices().nth(skip_count).unwrap().0;
-        self.ctx_mut().string_position += skipped;
+        self.ctx_mut().string_position += skip_count;
+        self.ctx_mut().string_offset += skipped;
     }
     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
         self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
     }
     fn remaining_chars(&self) -> usize {
-        let end = self.state.end;
-        end - self.ctx().string_position + self.str().len()
+        self.state.end - self.ctx().string_position
     }
     fn remaining_codes(&self) -> usize {
         self.state.pattern_codes.len() - self.ctx().code_position
     }
     fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ctx().string_position == 0
+        self.ctx().string_position == self.state.start
     }
     fn at_end(&self) -> bool {
-        self.str().is_empty()
+        self.ctx().string_position == self.state.end
     }
     fn at_linebreak(&self) -> bool {
-        match self.str().chars().next() {
-            Some(c) => c == '\n',
-            None => false,
+        !self.at_end() && is_linebreak(self.peek_char())
+    }
+    fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(char) -> bool>(&self, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
+        if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char());
+        let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
+        this != that
+    }
+    fn back_peek_offset(&self) -> usize {
+        let bytes = self.state.string.as_bytes();
+        let mut offset = self.ctx().string_offset - 1;
+        if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
+            offset -= 1;
+            if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
+                offset -= 1;
+                if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
+                    offset -= 1;
+                    if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
+                        panic!("not utf-8 code point");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        offset
+    }
+    fn back_peek_char(&self) -> char {
+        let bytes = self.state.string.as_bytes();
+        let offset = self.back_peek_offset();
+        let current_offset = self.ctx().string_offset;
+        let code = match current_offset - offset {
+            1 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, 0, bytes[offset]]),
+            2 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, bytes[offset], bytes[offset + 1]]),
+            3 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, bytes[offset], bytes[offset + 1], bytes[offset + 2]]),
+            4 => u32::from_ne_bytes([
+                bytes[offset],
+                bytes[offset + 1],
+                bytes[offset + 2],
+                bytes[offset + 3],
+            ]),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(code) }
+    }
+    fn back_skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
+        self.ctx_mut().string_position -= skip_count;
+        for _ in 0..skip_count {
+            self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self.back_peek_offset();
         }
     }
-}
-
-struct OpcodeDispatcher {
-    executing_contexts: HashMap<usize, Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>>,
-}
-
-macro_rules! once {
-    ($val:expr) => {
-        Box::new(OpEmpty {})
-    };
 }
 
 trait OpcodeExecutor {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()>;
 }
 
-struct OpFailure {}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpFailure {
+struct OpUnimplemented {}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpUnimplemented {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
         None
     }
 }
 
-struct OpEmpty {}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpEmpty {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        None
-    }
-}
-
 struct OpOnce<F> {
     f: Option<F>,
 }
@@ -204,6 +235,10 @@ fn once<F: FnOnce(&mut MatchContextDrive)>(f: F) -> Box<OpOnce<F>> {
     Box::new(OpOnce { f: Some(f) })
 }
 
+fn unimplemented() -> Box<OpUnimplemented> {
+    Box::new(OpUnimplemented {})
+}
+
 struct OpMinRepeatOne {
     trace_id: usize,
     mincount: usize,
@@ -213,10 +248,11 @@ struct OpMinRepeatOne {
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinRepeatOne {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        match self.trace_id {
-            0 => self._0(drive),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
+        None
+        // match self.trace_id {
+        //     0 => self._0(drive),
+        //     _ => unreachable!(),
+        // }
     }
 }
 impl Default for OpMinRepeatOne {
@@ -230,75 +266,78 @@ impl Default for OpMinRepeatOne {
         }
     }
 }
-impl OpMinRepeatOne {
-    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        self.mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-        self.maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+// impl OpMinRepeatOne {
+//     fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+//         self.mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+//         self.maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
 
-        if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-            return None;
-        }
+//         if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
+//             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+//             return None;
+//         }
 
-        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+//         drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
 
-        self.count = if self.mincount == 0 {
-            0
-        } else {
-            let count = count_repetitions(drive, self.mincount);
-            if count < self.mincount {
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                return None;
-            }
-            drive.skip_char(count);
-            count
-        };
+//         self.count = if self.mincount == 0 {
+//             0
+//         } else {
+//             let count = count_repetitions(drive, self.mincount);
+//             if count < self.mincount {
+//                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+//                 return None;
+//             }
+//             drive.skip_char(count);
+//             count
+//         };
 
-        if drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1) == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 {
-            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-            return None;
-        }
+//         if drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1) == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 {
+//             drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+//             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+//             return None;
+//         }
 
-        // mark push
-        self.trace_id = 1;
-        self._1(drive)
-    }
-    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        if self.maxcount == SRE_MAXREPEAT || self.count <= self.maxcount {
-            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-            self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-            self.trace_id = 2;
-            return Some(());
-        }
+//         // mark push
+//         self.trace_id = 1;
+//         self._1(drive)
+//     }
+//     fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+//         if self.maxcount == SRE_MAXREPEAT || self.count <= self.maxcount {
+//             drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+//             self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+//             self.trace_id = 2;
+//             return Some(());
+//         }
 
-        // mark discard
-        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-        None
-    }
-    fn _2(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        if let Some(true) = drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched {
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-            return None;
-        }
-        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-        if count_repetitions(drive, 1) == 0 {
-            self.trace_id = 3;
-            return self._3(drive);
-        }
-        drive.skip_char(1);
-        self.count += 1;
-        // marks pop keep
-        self.trace_id = 1;
-        self._1(drive)
-    }
-    fn _3(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        // mark discard
-        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-        None
-    }
-}
+//         // mark discard
+//         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+//         None
+//     }
+//     fn _2(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+//         if let Some(true) = drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched {
+//             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+//             return None;
+//         }
+//         drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+//         if count_repetitions(drive, 1) == 0 {
+//             self.trace_id = 3;
+//             return self._3(drive);
+//         }
+//         drive.skip_char(1);
+//         self.count += 1;
+//         // marks pop keep
+//         self.trace_id = 1;
+//         self._1(drive)
+//     }
+//     fn _3(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+//         // mark discard
+//         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+//         None
+//     }
+// }
 
+struct OpcodeDispatcher {
+    executing_contexts: HashMap<usize, Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>>,
+}
 impl OpcodeDispatcher {
     fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -313,7 +352,6 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             let code = drive.peek_code(0);
             let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
             self.dispatch(opcode, drive);
-            // self.drive = self.drive;
         }
         match drive.ctx().has_matched {
             Some(matched) => Some(matched),
@@ -328,8 +366,8 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
     // is done matching, False if it must be resumed when next encountered.
     fn dispatch(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> bool {
         let mut executor = match self.executing_contexts.remove_entry(&drive.id()) {
-            Some((_, mut executor)) => executor,
-            None => self.dispatch_table(opcode, drive),
+            Some((_, executor)) => executor,
+            None => self.dispatch_table(opcode),
         };
         if let Some(()) = executor.next(drive) {
             self.executing_contexts.insert(drive.id(), executor);
@@ -339,71 +377,436 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
         }
     }
 
-    fn dispatch_table(
-        &mut self,
-        opcode: SreOpcode,
-        drive: &mut MatchContextDrive,
-    ) -> Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor> {
-        // move || {
+    fn dispatch_table(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode) -> Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor> {
         match opcode {
-            SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
-                Box::new(OpFailure {})
-            }
+            SreOpcode::FAILURE => once(|drive| {
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+            }),
             SreOpcode::SUCCESS => once(|drive| {
                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
             }),
-            SreOpcode::ANY => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::AT => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::BRANCH => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::CALL => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::CHARSET => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::IN => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::INFO => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::JUMP => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
-                if drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() as u32 != drive.peek_code(1) {
+            SreOpcode::ANY => once(|drive| {
+                if drive.at_end() || drive.at_linebreak() {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                 } else {
+                    drive.skip_code(1);
                     drive.skip_char(1);
                 }
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => once(|drive| {
+                if drive.at_end() {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                } else {
+                    drive.skip_code(1);
+                    drive.skip_char(1);
+                }
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT => Box::new(OpAssert::default()),
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::AT => once(|drive| {
+                let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
+                if !at(drive, atcode) {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                } else {
+                    drive.skip_code(2);
+                }
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::BRANCH => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::CALL => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::CHARSET => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::IN => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => once(|drive| {
+                drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL => once(|drive| {
+                if drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() as u32 != drive.peek_code(1) {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                }
                 drive.skip_code(2);
-                once!(true)
-            }
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::MARK => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::NEGATE => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::RANGE => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => once!(true),
-            SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => once!(true),
+                drive.skip_char(1);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                let code = drive.peek_code(1);
+                let c = drive.peek_char();
+                if drive.at_end()
+                    || (c.to_ascii_lowercase() as u32 != code
+                        && c.to_ascii_uppercase() as u32 != code)
+                {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                }
+                drive.skip_code(2);
+                drive.skip_char(1);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::MARK => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => once(|drive| {
+                if drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() as u32 == drive.peek_code(1) {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                }
+                drive.skip_code(2);
+                drive.skip_char(1);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                let code = drive.peek_code(1);
+                let c = drive.peek_char();
+                if drive.at_end()
+                    || (c.to_ascii_lowercase() as u32 == code
+                        || c.to_ascii_uppercase() as u32 == code)
+                {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                }
+                drive.skip_code(2);
+                drive.skip_char(1);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::NEGATE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::RANGE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
-            SreOpcode::RANGE_IGNORE => once!(true),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
         }
     }
+
+    // Returns the number of repetitions of a single item, starting from the
+    // current string position. The code pointer is expected to point to a
+    // REPEAT_ONE operation (with the repeated 4 ahead).
+    fn count_repetitions(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
+        let mut count = 0;
+        let mut real_maxcount = drive.remaining_chars();
+        if maxcount < real_maxcount && maxcount != MAXREPEAT {
+            real_maxcount = maxcount;
+        }
+        let code_position = drive.ctx().code_position;
+        let string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+        drive.skip_code(4);
+        let reset_position = drive.ctx().code_position;
+        while count < real_maxcount {
+            drive.ctx_mut().code_position = reset_position;
+            let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
+            self.dispatch(opcode, drive);
+            if drive.ctx().has_matched == Some(false) {
+                break;
+            }
+            count += 1;
+        }
+        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = None;
+        drive.ctx_mut().code_position = code_position;
+        drive.ctx_mut().string_position = string_position;
+        count
+    }
+}
+
+fn at(drive: &mut MatchContextDrive, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
+    match atcode {
+        SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => drive.at_beginning(),
+        SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => drive.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(drive.back_peek_char()),
+        SreAtCode::BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_word),
+        SreAtCode::NON_BOUNDARY => !drive.at_boundary(is_word),
+        SreAtCode::END => (drive.remaining_chars() == 1 && drive.at_linebreak()) || drive.at_end(),
+        SreAtCode::END_LINE => drive.at_linebreak() || drive.at_end(),
+        SreAtCode::END_STRING => drive.at_end(),
+        SreAtCode::LOC_BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_loc_word),
+        SreAtCode::LOC_NON_BOUNDARY => !drive.at_boundary(is_loc_word),
+        SreAtCode::UNI_BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_uni_word),
+        SreAtCode::UNI_NON_BOUNDARY => !drive.at_boundary(is_uni_word),
+    }
+}
+
+fn category(catcode: SreCatCode, c: char) -> bool {
+    match catcode {
+        SreCatCode::DIGIT => is_digit(c),
+        SreCatCode::NOT_DIGIT => !is_digit(c),
+        SreCatCode::SPACE => is_space(c),
+        SreCatCode::NOT_SPACE => !is_space(c),
+        SreCatCode::WORD => is_word(c),
+        SreCatCode::NOT_WORD => !is_word(c),
+        SreCatCode::LINEBREAK => is_linebreak(c),
+        SreCatCode::NOT_LINEBREAK => !is_linebreak(c),
+        SreCatCode::LOC_WORD => is_loc_word(c),
+        SreCatCode::LOC_NOT_WORD => !is_loc_word(c),
+        SreCatCode::UNI_DIGIT => is_uni_digit(c),
+        SreCatCode::UNI_NOT_DIGIT => !is_uni_digit(c),
+        SreCatCode::UNI_SPACE => is_uni_space(c),
+        SreCatCode::UNI_NOT_SPACE => !is_uni_space(c),
+        SreCatCode::UNI_WORD => is_uni_word(c),
+        SreCatCode::UNI_NOT_WORD => !is_uni_word(c),
+        SreCatCode::UNI_LINEBREAK => is_uni_linebreak(c),
+        SreCatCode::UNI_NOT_LINEBREAK => !is_uni_linebreak(c),
+    }
+}
+
+fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
+    /* check if character is a member of the given set */
+    let ch = c as u32;
+    let mut ok = true;
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < set.len() {
+        let opcode = match SreOpcode::try_from(set[i]) {
+            Ok(code) => code,
+            Err(_) => {
+                break;
+            }
+        };
+        match opcode {
+            SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
+                return !ok;
+            }
+            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
+                /* <CATEGORY> <code> */
+                let catcode = match SreCatCode::try_from(set[i + 1]) {
+                    Ok(code) => code,
+                    Err(_) => {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                };
+                if category(catcode, c) {
+                    return ok;
+                }
+                i += 2;
+            }
+            SreOpcode::CHARSET => {
+                /* <CHARSET> <bitmap> */
+                if ch < 256 && (set[(ch / 32) as usize] & (1 << (32 - 1))) != 0 {
+                    return ok;
+                }
+                i += 8;
+            }
+            SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => {
+                /* <BIGCHARSET> <blockcount> <256 blockindices> <blocks> */
+                let count = set[i + 1];
+                if ch < 0x10000 {
+                    let blockindices: &[u8] = unsafe { std::mem::transmute(&set[i + 2..]) };
+                    let block = blockindices[(ch >> 8) as usize];
+                    if set[2 + 64 + ((block as u32 * 256 + (ch & 255)) / 32) as usize]
+                        & (1 << (ch & (32 - 1)))
+                        != 0
+                    {
+                        return ok;
+                    }
+                }
+                i += 2 + 64 + count as usize * 8;
+            }
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
+                /* <LITERAL> <code> */
+                if ch == set[i + 1] {
+                    return ok;
+                }
+                i += 2;
+            }
+            SreOpcode::NEGATE => {
+                ok = !ok;
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            SreOpcode::RANGE => {
+                /* <RANGE> <lower> <upper> */
+                if set[i + 1] <= ch && ch <= set[i + 2] {
+                    return ok;
+                }
+                i += 3;
+            }
+            SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => {
+                /* <RANGE_UNI_IGNORE> <lower> <upper> */
+                if set[i + 1] <= ch && ch <= set[i + 2] {
+                    return ok;
+                }
+                let ch = upper_unicode(c) as u32;
+                if set[i + 1] <= ch && ch <= set[i + 2] {
+                    return ok;
+                }
+                i += 3;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    /* internal error -- there's not much we can do about it
+    here, so let's just pretend it didn't match... */
+    false
+}
+
+fn count(drive: MatchContextDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
+    let string_position = drive.state.string_position;
+    let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
+
+    let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
+    match opcode {
+        SreOpcode::FAILURE => {}
+        SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {}
+        SreOpcode::ANY => {}
+        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {}
+        SreOpcode::ASSERT => {}
+        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => {}
+        SreOpcode::AT => {}
+        SreOpcode::BRANCH => {}
+        SreOpcode::CALL => {}
+        SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {}
+        SreOpcode::CHARSET => {}
+        SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => {}
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => {}
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {}
+        SreOpcode::IN => {
+        }
+        SreOpcode::INFO => {}
+        SreOpcode::JUMP => {}
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL => {}
+        SreOpcode::MARK => {}
+        SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => {}
+        SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => {}
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {}
+        SreOpcode::NEGATE => {}
+        SreOpcode::RANGE => {}
+        SreOpcode::REPEAT => {}
+        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => {}
+        SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => {}
+        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => {}
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {}
+        SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => {}
+    }
+}
+
+fn eq_loc_ignore(code: u32, c: char) -> bool {
+    code == c as u32 || code == lower_locate(c) as u32 || code == upper_locate(c) as u32
 }
 
-// Returns the number of repetitions of a single item, starting from the
-// current string position. The code pointer is expected to point to a
-// REPEAT_ONE operation (with the repeated 4 ahead).
-fn count_repetitions(drive: &mut MatchContextDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
-    let mut count = 0;
-    let mut real_maxcount = drive.state.end - drive.ctx().string_position;
-    if maxcount < real_maxcount && maxcount != SRE_MAXREPEAT {
-        real_maxcount = maxcount;
+fn is_word(c: char) -> bool {
+    c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '_'
+}
+fn is_space(c: char) -> bool {
+    c.is_ascii_whitespace()
+}
+fn is_digit(c: char) -> bool {
+    c.is_ascii_digit()
+}
+fn is_loc_alnum(c: char) -> bool {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    c.is_alphanumeric()
+}
+fn is_loc_word(c: char) -> bool {
+    is_loc_alnum(c) || c == '_'
+}
+fn is_linebreak(c: char) -> bool {
+    c == '\n'
+}
+pub(crate) fn lower_ascii(c: char) -> char {
+    c.to_ascii_lowercase()
+}
+fn lower_locate(c: char) -> char {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    // https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_lowercase
+    c.to_lowercase().next().unwrap()
+}
+fn upper_locate(c: char) -> char {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    // https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_uppercase
+    c.to_uppercase().next().unwrap()
+}
+fn is_uni_digit(c: char) -> bool {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    c.is_digit(10)
+}
+fn is_uni_space(c: char) -> bool {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    c.is_whitespace()
+}
+fn is_uni_linebreak(c: char) -> bool {
+    match c {
+        '\u{000A}' | '\u{000B}' | '\u{000C}' | '\u{000D}' | '\u{001C}' | '\u{001D}'
+        | '\u{001E}' | '\u{0085}' | '\u{2028}' | '\u{2029}' => true,
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+fn is_uni_alnum(c: char) -> bool {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    c.is_alphanumeric()
+}
+fn is_uni_word(c: char) -> bool {
+    is_uni_alnum(c) || c == '_'
+}
+pub(crate) fn lower_unicode(c: char) -> char {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    c.to_lowercase().next().unwrap()
+}
+pub(crate) fn upper_unicode(c: char) -> char {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    c.to_uppercase().next().unwrap()
+}
+
+fn is_utf8_first_byte(b: u8) -> bool {
+    // In UTF-8, there are three kinds of byte...
+    // 0xxxxxxx : ASCII
+    // 10xxxxxx : 2nd, 3rd or 4th byte of code
+    // 11xxxxxx : 1st byte of multibyte code
+    (b & 0b10000000 == 0) || (b & 0b11000000 == 0b11000000)
+}
+
+struct OpAssert {
+    child_ctx_id: usize,
+    jump_id: usize,
+}
+impl Default for OpAssert {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        OpAssert {
+            child_ctx_id: 0,
+            jump_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpAssert {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        match self.jump_id {
+            0 => self._0(drive),
+            1 => self._1(drive),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpAssert {
+    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+        if back > drive.ctx().string_position {
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+            return None;
+        }
+        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
+        self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(3);
+        self.jump_id = 1;
+        Some(())
+    }
+    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        if drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched == Some(true) {
+            drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+        } else {
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+        }
+        None
     }
-    count
 }

From 4e03fb361f731116d392cfdda0820353454fcaac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Dec 2020 16:31:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 004/705] upgrade sre_parse.py; impl marks count

---
 interp.rs | 633 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 365 insertions(+), 268 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index bc6753a5fe..8e0968cbf5 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreOpcode};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct State<'a> {
     string: &'a str,
     // chars count
@@ -13,9 +14,9 @@ pub struct State<'a> {
     end: usize,
     flags: SreFlag,
     pattern_codes: Vec<u32>,
-    marks: Vec<usize>,
+    marks: Vec<Option<usize>>,
     lastindex: isize,
-    marks_stack: Vec<usize>,
+    marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
     context_stack: Vec<MatchContext>,
     repeat: Option<usize>,
     string_position: usize,
@@ -55,12 +56,47 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.context_stack.clear();
         self.repeat = None;
     }
+
+    fn set_mark(&mut self, mark_nr: usize, position: usize) {
+        if mark_nr & 1 != 0 {
+            self.lastindex = mark_nr as isize / 2 + 1;
+        }
+        if mark_nr >= self.marks.len() {
+            self.marks.resize(mark_nr + 1, None);
+        }
+        self.marks[mark_nr] = Some(position);
+    }
+    fn get_marks(&self, group_index: usize) -> (Option<usize>, Option<usize>) {
+        let marks_index = 2 * group_index;
+        if marks_index + 1 < self.marks.len() {
+            (self.marks[marks_index], self.marks[marks_index + 1])
+        } else {
+            (None, None)
+        }
+    }
+    fn marks_push(&mut self) {
+        self.marks_stack.push(self.marks.clone(), self.lastindex);
+    }
+    fn marks_pop(&mut self) {
+        (self.marks, self.lastindex) = self.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
+    }
+    fn marks_pop_keep(&mut self) {
+        (self.marks, self.lastindex) = self.marks_stack.last().unwrap();
+    }
+    fn marks_pop_discard(&mut self) {
+        self.marks_stack.pop();
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn pymatch(mut state: State) -> bool {
     let ctx = MatchContext {
         string_position: state.start,
-        string_offset: state.string.char_indices().nth(state.start).unwrap().0,
+        string_offset: state
+            .string
+            .char_indices()
+            .nth(state.start)
+            .map(|x| x.0)
+            .unwrap_or(0),
         code_position: 0,
         has_matched: None,
     };
@@ -72,7 +108,7 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(mut state: State) -> bool {
             break;
         }
         let ctx_id = state.context_stack.len() - 1;
-        let mut drive = MatchContextDrive::drive(ctx_id, state);
+        let mut drive = StackDrive::drive(ctx_id, state);
         let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
 
         has_matched = dispatcher.pymatch(&mut drive);
@@ -92,68 +128,52 @@ struct MatchContext {
     has_matched: Option<bool>,
 }
 
-struct MatchContextDrive<'a> {
-    state: State<'a>,
-    ctx_id: usize,
-}
-
-impl<'a> MatchContextDrive<'a> {
-    fn id(&self) -> usize {
-        self.ctx_id
-    }
-    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
-        &mut self.state.context_stack[self.ctx_id]
-    }
-    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
-        &self.state.context_stack[self.ctx_id]
-    }
-    fn push_new_context(&mut self, pattern_offset: usize) -> usize {
-        let ctx = self.ctx();
-        let child_ctx = MatchContext {
-            string_position: ctx.string_position,
-            string_offset: ctx.string_offset,
-            code_position: ctx.code_position + pattern_offset,
-            has_matched: None,
-        };
-        self.state.context_stack.push(child_ctx);
-        self.state.context_stack.len() - 1
-    }
-    fn drive(ctx_id: usize, state: State<'a>) -> Self {
-        Self { state, ctx_id }
-    }
-    fn take(self) -> State<'a> {
-        self.state
-    }
+trait MatchContextDrive {
+    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext;
+    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext;
+    fn state(&self) -> &State;
     fn str(&self) -> &str {
         unsafe {
-            std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.state.string.as_bytes()[self.ctx().string_offset..])
+            std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(
+                &self.state().string.as_bytes()[self.ctx().string_offset..],
+            )
         }
     }
+    fn pattern(&self) -> &[u32] {
+        &self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position..]
+    }
     fn peek_char(&self) -> char {
         self.str().chars().next().unwrap()
     }
     fn peek_code(&self, peek: usize) -> u32 {
-        self.state.pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position + peek]
+        self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position + peek]
     }
     fn skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
-        let skipped = self.str().char_indices().nth(skip_count).unwrap().0;
-        self.ctx_mut().string_position += skip_count;
-        self.ctx_mut().string_offset += skipped;
+        match self.str().char_indices().nth(skip_count).map(|x| x.0) {
+            Some(skipped) => {
+                self.ctx_mut().string_position += skip_count;
+                self.ctx_mut().string_offset += skipped;
+            }
+            None => {
+                self.ctx_mut().string_position = self.state().end;
+                self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self.state().string.len(); // bytes len
+            }
+        }
     }
     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
         self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
     }
     fn remaining_chars(&self) -> usize {
-        self.state.end - self.ctx().string_position
+        self.state().end - self.ctx().string_position
     }
     fn remaining_codes(&self) -> usize {
-        self.state.pattern_codes.len() - self.ctx().code_position
+        self.state().pattern_codes.len() - self.ctx().code_position
     }
     fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ctx().string_position == self.state.start
+        self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start
     }
     fn at_end(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ctx().string_position == self.state.end
+        self.ctx().string_position == self.state().end
     }
     fn at_linebreak(&self) -> bool {
         !self.at_end() && is_linebreak(self.peek_char())
@@ -167,7 +187,7 @@ impl<'a> MatchContextDrive<'a> {
         this != that
     }
     fn back_peek_offset(&self) -> usize {
-        let bytes = self.state.string.as_bytes();
+        let bytes = self.state().string.as_bytes();
         let mut offset = self.ctx().string_offset - 1;
         if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
             offset -= 1;
@@ -184,7 +204,7 @@ impl<'a> MatchContextDrive<'a> {
         offset
     }
     fn back_peek_char(&self) -> char {
-        let bytes = self.state.string.as_bytes();
+        let bytes = self.state().string.as_bytes();
         let offset = self.back_peek_offset();
         let current_offset = self.ctx().string_offset;
         let code = match current_offset - offset {
@@ -209,13 +229,74 @@ impl<'a> MatchContextDrive<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+struct StackDrive<'a> {
+    state: State<'a>,
+    ctx_id: usize,
+}
+impl<'a> StackDrive<'a> {
+    fn id(&self) -> usize {
+        self.ctx_id
+    }
+    fn drive(ctx_id: usize, state: State<'a>) -> Self {
+        Self { state, ctx_id }
+    }
+    fn take(self) -> State<'a> {
+        self.state
+    }
+    fn push_new_context(&mut self, pattern_offset: usize) -> usize {
+        let ctx = self.ctx();
+        let child_ctx = MatchContext {
+            string_position: ctx.string_position,
+            string_offset: ctx.string_offset,
+            code_position: ctx.code_position + pattern_offset,
+            has_matched: None,
+        };
+        self.state.context_stack.push(child_ctx);
+        self.state.context_stack.len() - 1
+    }
+}
+impl MatchContextDrive for StackDrive<'_> {
+    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
+        &mut self.state.context_stack[self.ctx_id]
+    }
+    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
+        &self.state.context_stack[self.ctx_id]
+    }
+    fn state(&self) -> &State {
+        &self.state
+    }
+}
+
+struct WrapDrive<'a> {
+    stack_drive: &'a StackDrive<'a>,
+    ctx: MatchContext,
+}
+impl<'a> WrapDrive<'a> {
+    fn drive(ctx: MatchContext, stack_drive: &'a StackDrive<'a>) -> Self {
+        Self { stack_drive, ctx }
+    }
+}
+impl MatchContextDrive for WrapDrive<'_> {
+    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
+        &mut self.ctx
+    }
+
+    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
+        &self.ctx
+    }
+
+    fn state(&self) -> &State {
+        self.stack_drive.state()
+    }
+}
+
 trait OpcodeExecutor {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()>;
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()>;
 }
 
 struct OpUnimplemented {}
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpUnimplemented {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
         None
     }
@@ -224,14 +305,14 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpUnimplemented {
 struct OpOnce<F> {
     f: Option<F>,
 }
-impl<F: FnOnce(&mut MatchContextDrive)> OpcodeExecutor for OpOnce<F> {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+impl<F: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive)> OpcodeExecutor for OpOnce<F> {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         let f = self.f.take()?;
         f(drive);
         None
     }
 }
-fn once<F: FnOnce(&mut MatchContextDrive)>(f: F) -> Box<OpOnce<F>> {
+fn once<F: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive)>(f: F) -> Box<OpOnce<F>> {
     Box::new(OpOnce { f: Some(f) })
 }
 
@@ -239,102 +320,6 @@ fn unimplemented() -> Box<OpUnimplemented> {
     Box::new(OpUnimplemented {})
 }
 
-struct OpMinRepeatOne {
-    trace_id: usize,
-    mincount: usize,
-    maxcount: usize,
-    count: usize,
-    child_ctx_id: usize,
-}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinRepeatOne {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        None
-        // match self.trace_id {
-        //     0 => self._0(drive),
-        //     _ => unreachable!(),
-        // }
-    }
-}
-impl Default for OpMinRepeatOne {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        OpMinRepeatOne {
-            trace_id: 0,
-            mincount: 0,
-            maxcount: 0,
-            count: 0,
-            child_ctx_id: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-// impl OpMinRepeatOne {
-//     fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-//         self.mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-//         self.maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
-
-//         if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
-//             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-//             return None;
-//         }
-
-//         drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-
-//         self.count = if self.mincount == 0 {
-//             0
-//         } else {
-//             let count = count_repetitions(drive, self.mincount);
-//             if count < self.mincount {
-//                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-//                 return None;
-//             }
-//             drive.skip_char(count);
-//             count
-//         };
-
-//         if drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1) == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 {
-//             drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-//             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-//             return None;
-//         }
-
-//         // mark push
-//         self.trace_id = 1;
-//         self._1(drive)
-//     }
-//     fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-//         if self.maxcount == SRE_MAXREPEAT || self.count <= self.maxcount {
-//             drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-//             self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-//             self.trace_id = 2;
-//             return Some(());
-//         }
-
-//         // mark discard
-//         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-//         None
-//     }
-//     fn _2(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-//         if let Some(true) = drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched {
-//             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-//             return None;
-//         }
-//         drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-//         if count_repetitions(drive, 1) == 0 {
-//             self.trace_id = 3;
-//             return self._3(drive);
-//         }
-//         drive.skip_char(1);
-//         self.count += 1;
-//         // marks pop keep
-//         self.trace_id = 1;
-//         self._1(drive)
-//     }
-//     fn _3(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
-//         // mark discard
-//         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-//         None
-//     }
-// }
-
 struct OpcodeDispatcher {
     executing_contexts: HashMap<usize, Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>>,
 }
@@ -347,7 +332,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
     // Returns True if the current context matches, False if it doesn't and
     // None if matching is not finished, ie must be resumed after child
     // contexts have been matched.
-    fn pymatch(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<bool> {
+    fn pymatch(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<bool> {
         while drive.remaining_codes() > 0 && drive.ctx().has_matched.is_none() {
             let code = drive.peek_code(0);
             let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
@@ -364,7 +349,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
 
     // Dispatches a context on a given opcode. Returns True if the context
     // is done matching, False if it must be resumed when next encountered.
-    fn dispatch(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> bool {
+    fn dispatch(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> bool {
         let mut executor = match self.executing_contexts.remove_entry(&drive.id()) {
             Some((_, executor)) => executor,
             None => self.dispatch_table(opcode),
@@ -414,58 +399,67 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             }),
             SreOpcode::BRANCH => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::CALL => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::CHARSET => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => once(|drive| {
+                let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
+                if drive.at_end() || !category(catcode, drive.peek_char()) {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                } else {
+                    drive.skip_code(2);
+                    drive.skip_char(1);
+                }
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::CHARSET | SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::IN => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::IN => once(|drive| {
+                general_op_in(drive, |x| x);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                general_op_in(drive, lower_ascii);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                general_op_in(drive, lower_unicode);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                let skip = drive.peek_code(1) as usize;
+                if drive.at_end() || !charset_loc_ignore(&drive.pattern()[1..], drive.peek_char()) {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                } else {
+                    drive.skip_code(skip + 1);
+                    drive.skip_char(1);
+                }
+            }),
             SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => once(|drive| {
                 drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
             }),
             SreOpcode::LITERAL => once(|drive| {
-                if drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() as u32 != drive.peek_code(1) {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                }
-                drive.skip_code(2);
-                drive.skip_char(1);
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c as u32);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => once(|drive| {
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c as u32);
             }),
             SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
-                let code = drive.peek_code(1);
-                let c = drive.peek_char();
-                if drive.at_end()
-                    || (c.to_ascii_lowercase() as u32 != code
-                        && c.to_ascii_uppercase() as u32 != code)
-                {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                }
-                drive.skip_code(2);
-                drive.skip_char(1);
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+            }),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
             }),
             SreOpcode::MARK => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => once(|drive| {
-                if drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() as u32 == drive.peek_code(1) {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                }
-                drive.skip_code(2);
-                drive.skip_char(1);
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
-                let code = drive.peek_code(1);
-                let c = drive.peek_char();
-                if drive.at_end()
-                    || (c.to_ascii_lowercase() as u32 == code
-                        || c.to_ascii_uppercase() as u32 == code)
-                {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                }
-                drive.skip_code(2);
-                drive.skip_char(1);
-            }),
             SreOpcode::NEGATE => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::RANGE => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::REPEAT => unimplemented(),
@@ -473,47 +467,45 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
         }
     }
+}
 
-    // Returns the number of repetitions of a single item, starting from the
-    // current string position. The code pointer is expected to point to a
-    // REPEAT_ONE operation (with the repeated 4 ahead).
-    fn count_repetitions(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
-        let mut count = 0;
-        let mut real_maxcount = drive.remaining_chars();
-        if maxcount < real_maxcount && maxcount != MAXREPEAT {
-            real_maxcount = maxcount;
-        }
-        let code_position = drive.ctx().code_position;
-        let string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-        drive.skip_code(4);
-        let reset_position = drive.ctx().code_position;
-        while count < real_maxcount {
-            drive.ctx_mut().code_position = reset_position;
-            let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
-            self.dispatch(opcode, drive);
-            if drive.ctx().has_matched == Some(false) {
-                break;
-            }
-            count += 1;
-        }
-        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = None;
-        drive.ctx_mut().code_position = code_position;
-        drive.ctx_mut().string_position = string_position;
-        count
+fn char_loc_ignore(code: u32, c: char) -> bool {
+    code == c as u32 || code == lower_locate(c) as u32 || code == upper_locate(c) as u32
+}
+
+fn charset_loc_ignore(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
+    let lo = lower_locate(c);
+    if charset(set, c) {
+        return true;
     }
+    let up = upper_locate(c);
+    up != lo && charset(set, up)
 }
 
-fn at(drive: &mut MatchContextDrive, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
+fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
+    if drive.at_end() || !f(drive.peek_code(1), drive.peek_char()) {
+        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+    } else {
+        drive.skip_code(2);
+        drive.skip_char(1);
+    }
+}
+
+fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(char) -> char>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
+    let skip = drive.peek_code(1) as usize;
+    if drive.at_end() || !charset(&drive.pattern()[1..], f(drive.peek_char())) {
+        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+    } else {
+        drive.skip_code(skip + 1);
+        drive.skip_char(1);
+    }
+}
+
+fn at(drive: &StackDrive, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
     match atcode {
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => drive.at_beginning(),
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => drive.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(drive.back_peek_char()),
@@ -642,54 +634,67 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
-fn count(drive: MatchContextDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
-    let string_position = drive.state.string_position;
+fn count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
+    let drive = WrapDrive::drive(stack_drive.ctx().clone(), stack_drive);
     let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
+    let opcode = match SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)) {
+        Ok(code) => code,
+        Err(_) => {
+            panic!("FIXME:COUNT1");
+        }
+    };
 
-    let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
     match opcode {
-        SreOpcode::FAILURE => {}
-        SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {}
-        SreOpcode::ANY => {}
-        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {}
-        SreOpcode::ASSERT => {}
-        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => {}
-        SreOpcode::AT => {}
-        SreOpcode::BRANCH => {}
-        SreOpcode::CALL => {}
-        SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {}
-        SreOpcode::CHARSET => {}
-        SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => {}
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => {}
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {}
+        SreOpcode::ANY => {
+            while !drive.at_end() && !drive.at_linebreak() {
+                drive.skip_char(1);
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
+            drive.skip_char(drive.remaining_chars());
+        }
         SreOpcode::IN => {
+            // TODO: pattern[2 or 1..]?
+            while !drive.at_end() && charset(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char()) {
+                drive.skip_char(1);
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
+            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c as u32);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
+            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c as u32);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
         }
-        SreOpcode::INFO => {}
-        SreOpcode::JUMP => {}
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL => {}
-        SreOpcode::MARK => {}
-        SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => {}
-        SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => {}
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {}
-        SreOpcode::NEGATE => {}
-        SreOpcode::RANGE => {}
-        SreOpcode::REPEAT => {}
-        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => {}
-        SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => {}
-        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => {}
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {}
-        SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => {}
+        _ => {
+            panic!("TODO: Not Implemented.");
+        }
+    }
+
+    drive.ctx().string_position - stack_drive.ctx().string_position
+}
+
+fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut WrapDrive, f: F) {
+    let ch = drive.peek_code(1);
+    while !drive.at_end() && f(ch, drive.peek_char()) {
+        drive.skip_char(1);
     }
 }
 
@@ -781,7 +786,7 @@ impl Default for OpAssert {
     }
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpAssert {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
             0 => self._0(drive),
             1 => self._1(drive),
@@ -790,7 +795,7 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpAssert {
     }
 }
 impl OpAssert {
-    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
         if back > drive.ctx().string_position {
             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
@@ -801,7 +806,7 @@ impl OpAssert {
         self.jump_id = 1;
         Some(())
     }
-    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut MatchContextDrive) -> Option<()> {
+    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         if drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched == Some(true) {
             drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
         } else {
@@ -810,3 +815,95 @@ impl OpAssert {
         None
     }
 }
+
+struct OpMinRepeatOne {
+    jump_id: usize,
+    mincount: usize,
+    maxcount: usize,
+    count: usize,
+    child_ctx_id: usize,
+}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinRepeatOne {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        match self.jump_id {
+            0 => self._0(drive),
+            1 => self._1(drive),
+            2 => self._2(drive),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl Default for OpMinRepeatOne {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        OpMinRepeatOne {
+            jump_id: 0,
+            mincount: 0,
+            maxcount: 0,
+            count: 0,
+            child_ctx_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpMinRepeatOne {
+    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        self.mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+        self.maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+
+        if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+
+        self.count = if self.mincount == 0 {
+            0
+        } else {
+            let count = count(drive, self.mincount);
+            if count < self.mincount {
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                return None;
+            }
+            drive.skip_char(count);
+            count
+        };
+
+        if drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1) == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 {
+            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        drive.state.marks_push();
+        self.jump_id = 1;
+        self._1(drive)
+    }
+    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        if self.maxcount == MAXREPEAT || self.count <= self.maxcount {
+            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+            self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+            self.jump_id = 2;
+            return Some(());
+        }
+
+        drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+        None
+    }
+    fn _2(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        if let Some(true) = drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched {
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+            return None;
+        }
+        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+        if count(drive, 1) == 0 {
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+            return None;
+        }
+        drive.skip_char(1);
+        self.count += 1;
+        drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
+        self.jump_id = 1;
+        self._1(drive)
+    }
+}

From 78485fd8df79444283d3cb978654500da0ce0590 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Dec 2020 16:59:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 005/705] create _sre.Match

---
 interp.rs | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 8e0968cbf5..71d89cc0e8 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -1,21 +1,24 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
-use super::_sre::MAXREPEAT;
+use rustpython_common::borrow::BorrowValue;
+
+use super::_sre::{Match, Pattern, MAXREPEAT};
 use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreOpcode};
+use crate::builtins::PyStrRef;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct State<'a> {
+pub(crate) struct State<'a> {
     string: &'a str,
     // chars count
     string_len: usize,
-    start: usize,
-    end: usize,
+    pub start: usize,
+    pub end: usize,
     flags: SreFlag,
-    pattern_codes: Vec<u32>,
+    pattern_codes: &'a [u32],
     marks: Vec<Option<usize>>,
-    lastindex: isize,
+    pub lastindex: isize,
     marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
     context_stack: Vec<MatchContext>,
     repeat: Option<usize>,
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         start: usize,
         end: usize,
         flags: SreFlag,
-        pattern_codes: Vec<u32>,
+        pattern_codes: &'a [u32],
     ) -> Self {
         let string_len = string.chars().count();
         let end = std::cmp::min(end, string_len);
@@ -75,20 +78,36 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         }
     }
     fn marks_push(&mut self) {
-        self.marks_stack.push(self.marks.clone(), self.lastindex);
+        self.marks_stack.push((self.marks.clone(), self.lastindex));
     }
     fn marks_pop(&mut self) {
-        (self.marks, self.lastindex) = self.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
+        let (marks, lastindex) = self.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
+        self.marks = marks;
+        self.lastindex = lastindex;
     }
     fn marks_pop_keep(&mut self) {
-        (self.marks, self.lastindex) = self.marks_stack.last().unwrap();
+        let (marks, lastindex) = self.marks_stack.last().unwrap().clone();
+        self.marks = marks;
+        self.lastindex = lastindex;
     }
     fn marks_pop_discard(&mut self) {
         self.marks_stack.pop();
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn pymatch(mut state: State) -> bool {
+pub(crate) fn pymatch(
+    string: PyStrRef,
+    start: usize,
+    end: usize,
+    pattern: &Pattern,
+) -> Option<Match> {
+    let mut state = State::new(
+        string.borrow_value(),
+        start,
+        end,
+        pattern.flags.clone(),
+        &pattern.code,
+    );
     let ctx = MatchContext {
         string_position: state.start,
         string_offset: state
@@ -117,7 +136,12 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(mut state: State) -> bool {
             state.context_stack.pop();
         }
     }
-    has_matched.unwrap_or(false)
+
+    if has_matched == None || has_matched == Some(false) {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(Match::new(&state, pattern.pattern.clone(), string.clone()))
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
@@ -635,7 +659,7 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
-    let drive = WrapDrive::drive(stack_drive.ctx().clone(), stack_drive);
+    let mut drive = WrapDrive::drive(stack_drive.ctx().clone(), stack_drive);
     let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
     let opcode = match SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)) {
         Ok(code) => code,
@@ -660,28 +684,28 @@ fn count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code == c as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code != c as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| char_loc_ignore(code, c));
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
         }
         _ => {
             panic!("TODO: Not Implemented.");
@@ -691,7 +715,7 @@ fn count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
     drive.ctx().string_position - stack_drive.ctx().string_position
 }
 
-fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut WrapDrive, f: F) {
+fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut WrapDrive, mut f: F) {
     let ch = drive.peek_code(1);
     while !drive.at_end() && f(ch, drive.peek_char()) {
         drive.skip_char(1);

From aa0f20b93e86e6b63eadefb1f17958b2d513ccd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Dec 2020 18:44:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 006/705] impl Pattern.fullmatch, Pattern.search

---
 interp.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 71d89cc0e8..f87cc85abc 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
-use rustpython_common::borrow::BorrowValue;
-
 use super::_sre::{Match, Pattern, MAXREPEAT};
 use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreOpcode};
 use crate::builtins::PyStrRef;
+use rustpython_common::borrow::BorrowValue;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 

From 312e5b875677bbc57b085ffae98f230e56717d21 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Dec 2020 21:27:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 007/705] impl opcode groupref and assert_not

---
 interp.rs | 143 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 124 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index f87cc85abc..88dbb034da 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -109,12 +109,7 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(
     );
     let ctx = MatchContext {
         string_position: state.start,
-        string_offset: state
-            .string
-            .char_indices()
-            .nth(state.start)
-            .map(|x| x.0)
-            .unwrap_or(0),
+        string_offset: calc_string_offset(state.string, state.start),
         code_position: 0,
         has_matched: None,
     };
@@ -411,7 +406,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 }
             }),
             SreOpcode::ASSERT => Box::new(OpAssert::default()),
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => Box::new(OpAssertNot::default()),
             SreOpcode::AT => once(|drive| {
                 let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
                 if !at(drive, atcode) {
@@ -432,9 +427,6 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 }
             }),
             SreOpcode::CHARSET | SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::IN => once(|drive| {
                 general_op_in(drive, |x| x);
             }),
@@ -480,7 +472,12 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
                 general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
             }),
-            SreOpcode::MARK => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::MARK => once(|drive| {
+                drive
+                    .state
+                    .set_mark(drive.peek_code(1) as usize, drive.ctx().string_position);
+                drive.skip_code(2);
+            }),
             SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::NEGATE => unimplemented(),
@@ -489,13 +486,36 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x)),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii)),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => {
+                once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, lower_locate))
+            }
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => {
+                once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, lower_unicode))
+            }
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => once(|drive| {
+                let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
+                match (group_start, group_end) {
+                    (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => {
+                        drive.skip_code(3);
+                    }
+                    _ => drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(2) as usize + 1),
+                }
+            }),
             SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
         }
     }
 }
 
+fn calc_string_offset(string: &str, position: usize) -> usize {
+    string
+        .char_indices()
+        .nth(position)
+        .map(|(i, _)| i)
+        .unwrap_or(0)
+}
+
 fn char_loc_ignore(code: u32, c: char) -> bool {
     code == c as u32 || code == lower_locate(c) as u32 || code == upper_locate(c) as u32
 }
@@ -509,6 +529,40 @@ fn charset_loc_ignore(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
     up != lo && charset(set, up)
 }
 
+fn general_op_groupref<F: FnMut(char) -> char>(drive: &mut StackDrive, mut f: F) {
+    let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
+    let (group_start, group_end) = match (group_start, group_end) {
+        (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => (start, end),
+        _ => {
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+    let mut wdrive = WrapDrive::drive(*drive.ctx(), &drive);
+    let mut gdrive = WrapDrive::drive(
+        MatchContext {
+            string_position: group_start,
+            // TODO: cache the offset
+            string_offset: calc_string_offset(drive.state.string, group_start),
+            ..*drive.ctx()
+        },
+        &drive,
+    );
+    for _ in group_start..group_end {
+        if wdrive.at_end() || f(wdrive.peek_char()) != f(gdrive.peek_char()) {
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+            return;
+        }
+        wdrive.skip_char(1);
+        gdrive.skip_char(1);
+    }
+    let position = wdrive.ctx().string_position;
+    let offset = wdrive.ctx().string_offset;
+    drive.skip_code(2);
+    drive.ctx_mut().string_position = position;
+    drive.ctx_mut().string_offset = offset;
+}
+
 fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
     if drive.at_end() || !f(drive.peek_code(1), drive.peek_char()) {
         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
@@ -766,11 +820,19 @@ fn is_uni_space(c: char) -> bool {
     c.is_whitespace()
 }
 fn is_uni_linebreak(c: char) -> bool {
-    match c {
-        '\u{000A}' | '\u{000B}' | '\u{000C}' | '\u{000D}' | '\u{001C}' | '\u{001D}'
-        | '\u{001E}' | '\u{0085}' | '\u{2028}' | '\u{2029}' => true,
-        _ => false,
-    }
+    matches!(
+        c,
+        '\u{000A}'
+            | '\u{000B}'
+            | '\u{000C}'
+            | '\u{000D}'
+            | '\u{001C}'
+            | '\u{001D}'
+            | '\u{001E}'
+            | '\u{0085}'
+            | '\u{2028}'
+            | '\u{2029}'
+    )
 }
 fn is_uni_alnum(c: char) -> bool {
     // TODO: check with cpython
@@ -802,7 +864,7 @@ struct OpAssert {
 }
 impl Default for OpAssert {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        OpAssert {
+        Self {
             child_ctx_id: 0,
             jump_id: 0,
         }
@@ -839,6 +901,49 @@ impl OpAssert {
     }
 }
 
+struct OpAssertNot {
+    child_ctx_id: usize,
+    jump_id: usize,
+}
+impl Default for OpAssertNot {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            child_ctx_id: 0,
+            jump_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpAssertNot {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        match self.jump_id {
+            0 => self._0(drive),
+            1 => self._1(drive),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpAssertNot {
+    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+        if back > drive.ctx().string_position {
+            drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+            return None;
+        }
+        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
+        self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(3);
+        self.jump_id = 1;
+        Some(())
+    }
+    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        if drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched == Some(true) {
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+        } else {
+            drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 struct OpMinRepeatOne {
     jump_id: usize,
     mincount: usize,

From 0b2c8d1fa256a0b40223f97b2a5de6b2747c3397 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 10:33:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 008/705] impl OpMaxUntil

---
 interp.rs | 133 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 122 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 88dbb034da..85787ae516 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub(crate) struct State<'a> {
     pub lastindex: isize,
     marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
     context_stack: Vec<MatchContext>,
-    repeat: Option<usize>,
+    repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
     string_position: usize,
 }
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             lastindex: -1,
             marks_stack: Vec::new(),
             context_stack: Vec::new(),
-            repeat: None,
+            repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
             marks: Vec::new(),
             string_position: start,
         }
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.lastindex = -1;
         self.marks_stack.clear();
         self.context_stack.clear();
-        self.repeat = None;
+        self.repeat_stack.clear();
     }
 
     fn set_mark(&mut self, mark_nr: usize, position: usize) {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(
         string.borrow_value(),
         start,
         end,
-        pattern.flags.clone(),
+        pattern.flags,
         &pattern.code,
     );
     let ctx = MatchContext {
@@ -237,6 +237,7 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
             ]),
             _ => unreachable!(),
         };
+        // TODO: char::from_u32_unchecked is stable from 1.5.0
         unsafe { std::mem::transmute(code) }
     }
     fn back_skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
@@ -426,7 +427,6 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     drive.skip_char(1);
                 }
             }),
-            SreOpcode::CHARSET | SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
             SreOpcode::IN => once(|drive| {
                 general_op_in(drive, |x| x);
             }),
@@ -467,7 +467,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
             }),
             SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+                general_op_literal(drive, char_loc_ignore);
             }),
             SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
                 general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
@@ -478,9 +478,8 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     .set_mark(drive.peek_code(1) as usize, drive.ctx().string_position);
                 drive.skip_code(2);
             }),
-            SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMaxUntil::default()),
             SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::NEGATE => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::RANGE => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::REPEAT => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => unimplemented(),
@@ -504,6 +503,10 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 }
             }),
             SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
+            _ => {
+                // TODO
+                unreachable!("unexpected opcode")
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -661,7 +664,7 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
                 /* <BIGCHARSET> <blockcount> <256 blockindices> <blocks> */
                 let count = set[i + 1];
                 if ch < 0x10000 {
-                    let blockindices: &[u8] = unsafe { std::mem::transmute(&set[i + 2..]) };
+                    let (_, blockindices, _) = unsafe { set[i + 2..].align_to::<u8>() };
                     let block = blockindices[(ch >> 8) as usize];
                     if set[2 + 64 + ((block as u32 * 256 + (ch & 255)) / 32) as usize]
                         & (1 << (ch & (32 - 1)))
@@ -712,7 +715,7 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
-    let mut drive = WrapDrive::drive(stack_drive.ctx().clone(), stack_drive);
+    let mut drive = WrapDrive::drive(*stack_drive.ctx(), stack_drive);
     let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
     let opcode = match SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)) {
         Ok(code) => code,
@@ -749,7 +752,7 @@ fn count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
             general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, char_loc_ignore);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
             general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
@@ -1035,3 +1038,111 @@ impl OpMinRepeatOne {
         self._1(drive)
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+struct RepeatContext {
+    skip: usize,
+    mincount: usize,
+    maxcount: usize,
+    count: isize,
+    last_position: isize,
+}
+
+struct OpMaxUntil {
+    jump_id: usize,
+    count: isize,
+    save_last_position: isize,
+    child_ctx_id: usize,
+}
+impl Default for OpMaxUntil {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            jump_id: 0,
+            count: 0,
+            save_last_position: -1,
+            child_ctx_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        match self.jump_id {
+            0 => {
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                let repeat = match drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut() {
+                    Some(repeat) => repeat,
+                    None => {
+                        todo!("Internal re error: MAX_UNTIL without REPEAT.");
+                    }
+                };
+                self.count = repeat.count + 1;
+
+                if self.count < repeat.mincount as isize {
+                    // not enough matches
+                    repeat.count = self.count;
+                    self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(4);
+                    self.jump_id = 1;
+                    return Some(());
+                }
+
+                if (self.count < repeat.maxcount as isize || repeat.maxcount == MAXREPEAT)
+                    && (drive.state.string_position as isize != repeat.last_position)
+                {
+                    // we may have enough matches, if we can match another item, do so
+                    repeat.count = self.count;
+                    self.save_last_position = repeat.last_position;
+                    repeat.last_position = drive.state.string_position as isize;
+                    drive.state.marks_push();
+                    self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(4);
+                    self.jump_id = 2;
+                    return Some(());
+                }
+
+                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(1);
+
+                self.jump_id = 3;
+                Some(())
+            }
+            1 => {
+                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                    let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+                    repeat.count = self.count - 1;
+                }
+                None
+            }
+            2 => {
+                let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+                repeat.last_position = drive.state.string_position as isize;
+                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
+                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                    drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                repeat.count = self.count - 1;
+                drive.state.marks_pop();
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+
+                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(1);
+
+                self.jump_id = 3;
+                Some(())
+            }
+            3 => {
+                // cannot match more repeated items here. make sure the tail matches
+                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                } else {
+                    drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
+                }
+                None
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}

From 93c2b8b55513989982156136e6b92a1f07e02c24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 13:02:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 009/705] impl OpBranch

---
 interp.rs | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 48 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 85787ae516..03cfdfa96a 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -417,7 +417,6 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 }
             }),
             SreOpcode::BRANCH => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::CALL => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::CATEGORY => once(|drive| {
                 let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
                 if drive.at_end() || !category(catcode, drive.peek_char()) {
@@ -1146,3 +1145,51 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
         }
     }
 }
+
+struct OpBranch {
+    jump_id: usize,
+    child_ctx_id: usize,
+    current_branch_length: usize,
+}
+impl Default for OpBranch {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self { jump_id: 0, child_ctx_id: 0, current_branch_length: 0 }
+    }
+}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpBranch {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        match self.jump_id {
+            0 => {
+                drive.state.marks_push();
+                // jump out the head
+                self.current_branch_length = 1;
+                self.jump_id = 1;
+                self.next(drive)
+            }
+            1 => {
+                drive.skip_code(self.current_branch_length);
+                self.current_branch_length = drive.peek_code(0) as usize;
+                if self.current_branch_length == 0 {
+                    drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(1);
+                self.jump_id = 2;
+                Some(())
+            }
+            2 => {
+                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
+                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
+                self.jump_id = 1;
+                Some(())
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!()
+        }
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 5a4459856ca57886279f0cc4f1abc33c7cf4a397 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 13:56:37 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 010/705] impl OpRepeat

---
 interp.rs | 84 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 03cfdfa96a..fbcbf260e5 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     drive.skip_code(2);
                 }
             }),
-            SreOpcode::BRANCH => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::BRANCH => Box::new(OpBranch::default()),
             SreOpcode::CATEGORY => once(|drive| {
                 let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
                 if drive.at_end() || !category(catcode, drive.peek_char()) {
@@ -1146,6 +1146,39 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
     }
 }
 
+struct OpMinUntil {
+    jump_id: usize,
+    count: isize,
+    child_ctx_id: usize,
+}
+impl Default for OpMinUntil {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            jump_id: 0,
+            count: 0,
+            child_ctx_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        match self.jump_id {
+            0 => {
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                let repeat = match drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut() {
+                    Some(repeat) => repeat,
+                    None => {
+                        todo!("Internal re error: MAX_UNTIL without REPEAT.");
+                    }
+                };
+                self.count = repeat.count + 1;
+                None
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 struct OpBranch {
     jump_id: usize,
     child_ctx_id: usize,
@@ -1153,7 +1186,11 @@ struct OpBranch {
 }
 impl Default for OpBranch {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self { jump_id: 0, child_ctx_id: 0, current_branch_length: 0 }
+        Self {
+            jump_id: 0,
+            child_ctx_id: 0,
+            current_branch_length: 0,
+        }
     }
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpBranch {
@@ -1189,7 +1226,46 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpBranch {
                 self.jump_id = 1;
                 Some(())
             }
-            _ => unreachable!()
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct OpRepeat {
+    jump_id: usize,
+    child_ctx_id: usize,
+}
+impl Default for OpRepeat {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            jump_id: 0,
+            child_ctx_id: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeat {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        match self.jump_id {
+            0 => {
+                let repeat = RepeatContext {
+                    skip: drive.peek_code(1),
+                    mincount: drive.peek_code(2),
+                    maxcount: drive.peek_code(3),
+                    count: -1,
+                    last_position: -1,
+                };
+                drive.state.repeat_stack.push(repeat);
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                self.jump_id = 1;
+                Some(())
+            }
+            1 => {
+                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+                None
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
         }
     }
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}

From af7901dcb21cba20bcfa8635b3c86d84574a988e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 16:48:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 011/705] impl OpMinUntil

---
 interp.rs | 59 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 50 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index fbcbf260e5..ec6d41eade 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -478,11 +478,9 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 drive.skip_code(2);
             }),
             SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMaxUntil::default()),
-            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::RANGE => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMinUntil::default()),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT => Box::new(OpRepeat::default()),
             SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => unimplemented(),
-            SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => unimplemented(),
             SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x)),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii)),
@@ -501,9 +499,8 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     _ => drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(2) as usize + 1),
                 }
             }),
-            SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => unimplemented(),
             _ => {
-                // TODO
+                // TODO error expcetion
                 unreachable!("unexpected opcode")
             }
         }
@@ -1172,8 +1169,52 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
                     }
                 };
                 self.count = repeat.count + 1;
+
+                if self.count < repeat.mincount as isize {
+                    // not enough matches
+                    repeat.count = self.count;
+                    self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(4);
+                    self.jump_id = 1;
+                    return Some(());
+                }
+
+                // see if the tail matches
+                drive.state.marks_push();
+                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(1);
+                self.jump_id = 2;
+                Some(())
+            }
+            1 => {
+                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                    let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+                    repeat.count = self.count - 1;
+                }
                 None
             }
+            2 => {
+                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
+                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                    drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                drive.state.marks_pop();
+
+                // match more until tail matches
+                let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+                if self.count >= repeat.maxcount as isize && repeat.maxcount != MAXREPEAT {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                repeat.count = self.count;
+                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(4);
+                self.jump_id = 1;
+                Some(())
+            }
             _ => unreachable!(),
         }
     }
@@ -1248,9 +1289,9 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeat {
         match self.jump_id {
             0 => {
                 let repeat = RepeatContext {
-                    skip: drive.peek_code(1),
-                    mincount: drive.peek_code(2),
-                    maxcount: drive.peek_code(3),
+                    skip: drive.peek_code(1) as usize,
+                    mincount: drive.peek_code(2) as usize,
+                    maxcount: drive.peek_code(3) as usize,
                     count: -1,
                     last_position: -1,
                 };

From fa2adaf2ff9bf8acf642ad210480e686848d4061 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Dec 2020 17:53:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 012/705] Impl OpRepeatONe

---
 interp.rs | 132 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index ec6d41eade..64d70216e3 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -313,14 +313,6 @@ trait OpcodeExecutor {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()>;
 }
 
-struct OpUnimplemented {}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpUnimplemented {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-        None
-    }
-}
-
 struct OpOnce<F> {
     f: Option<F>,
 }
@@ -335,10 +327,6 @@ fn once<F: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive)>(f: F) -> Box<OpOnce<F>> {
     Box::new(OpOnce { f: Some(f) })
 }
 
-fn unimplemented() -> Box<OpUnimplemented> {
-    Box::new(OpUnimplemented {})
-}
-
 struct OpcodeDispatcher {
     executing_contexts: HashMap<usize, Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>>,
 }
@@ -480,7 +468,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMaxUntil::default()),
             SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMinUntil::default()),
             SreOpcode::REPEAT => Box::new(OpRepeat::default()),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => unimplemented(),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
             SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x)),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii)),
@@ -500,7 +488,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 }
             }),
             _ => {
-                // TODO error expcetion
+                // TODO python expcetion?
                 unreachable!("unexpected opcode")
             }
         }
@@ -713,6 +701,7 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
 fn count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
     let mut drive = WrapDrive::drive(*stack_drive.ctx(), stack_drive);
     let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
+    let end = drive.ctx().string_position + maxcount;
     let opcode = match SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)) {
         Ok(code) => code,
         Err(_) => {
@@ -722,54 +711,56 @@ fn count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
 
     match opcode {
         SreOpcode::ANY => {
-            while !drive.at_end() && !drive.at_linebreak() {
+            while !drive.ctx().string_position < end && !drive.at_linebreak() {
                 drive.skip_char(1);
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-            drive.skip_char(drive.remaining_chars());
+            drive.skip_char(maxcount);
         }
         SreOpcode::IN => {
             // TODO: pattern[2 or 1..]?
-            while !drive.at_end() && charset(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char()) {
+            while !drive.ctx().string_position < end
+                && charset(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char())
+            {
                 drive.skip_char(1);
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code == c as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code == c as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code != c as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code != c as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, char_loc_ignore);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, char_loc_ignore);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
         }
         _ => {
-            panic!("TODO: Not Implemented.");
+            todo!("repeated single character pattern?");
         }
     }
 
-    drive.ctx().string_position - stack_drive.ctx().string_position
+    drive.ctx().string_position - drive.state().string_position
 }
 
-fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut WrapDrive, mut f: F) {
+fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut WrapDrive, end: usize, mut f: F) {
     let ch = drive.peek_code(1);
-    while !drive.at_end() && f(ch, drive.peek_char()) {
+    while !drive.ctx().string_position < end && f(ch, drive.peek_char()) {
         drive.skip_char(1);
     }
 }
@@ -1310,3 +1301,86 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeat {
         }
     }
 }
+
+struct OpRepeatOne {
+    jump_id: usize,
+    child_ctx_id: usize,
+    mincount: usize,
+    maxcount: usize,
+    count: usize,
+}
+impl Default for OpRepeatOne {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            jump_id: 0,
+            child_ctx_id: 0,
+            mincount: 0,
+            maxcount: 0,
+            count: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        match self.jump_id {
+            0 => {
+                self.mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+                self.maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+
+                if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                self.count = count(drive, self.maxcount);
+                drive.skip_char(self.count);
+                if self.count < self.mincount {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    return None;
+                }
+
+                let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 {
+                    // tail is empty.  we're finished
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                    return None;
+                }
+
+                drive.state.marks_push();
+                // TODO:
+                // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
+                // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
+                self.jump_id = 1;
+                self.next(drive)
+            }
+            1 => {
+                // General case: backtracking
+                if self.count >= self.mincount {
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                    self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                    self.jump_id = 2;
+                    return Some(());
+                }
+
+                drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                None
+            }
+            2 => {
+                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
+                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                drive.back_skip_char(1);
+                self.count -= 1;
+                drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
+
+                self.jump_id = 1;
+                Some(())
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}

From ae44580371afb3e347f31647368c2a7a8b1a1578 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 2020 14:14:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 013/705] general case for count

---
 interp.rs | 32 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 64d70216e3..99574443c0 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use super::_sre::{Match, Pattern, MAXREPEAT};
 use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreOpcode};
 use crate::builtins::PyStrRef;
+use crate::pyobject::PyRef;
 use rustpython_common::borrow::BorrowValue;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(
     string: PyStrRef,
     start: usize,
     end: usize,
-    pattern: &Pattern,
+    pattern: PyRef<Pattern>,
 ) -> Option<Match> {
     let mut state = State::new(
         string.borrow_value(),
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(
         return None;
     }
 
-    Some(Match::new(&state, pattern.pattern.clone(), string.clone()))
+    Some(Match::new(&state, pattern.clone().into_object(), string.clone()))
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
@@ -425,7 +426,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             }),
             SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
                 let skip = drive.peek_code(1) as usize;
-                if drive.at_end() || !charset_loc_ignore(&drive.pattern()[1..], drive.peek_char()) {
+                if drive.at_end() || !charset_loc_ignore(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char()) {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                 } else {
                     drive.skip_code(skip + 1);
@@ -561,7 +562,7 @@ fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F
 
 fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(char) -> char>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
     let skip = drive.peek_code(1) as usize;
-    if drive.at_end() || !charset(&drive.pattern()[1..], f(drive.peek_char())) {
+    if drive.at_end() || !charset(&drive.pattern()[2..], f(drive.peek_char())) {
         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
     } else {
         drive.skip_code(skip + 1);
@@ -698,7 +699,28 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
-fn count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
+fn count(drive: &mut StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
+    let mut count = 0;
+    let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
+
+    let save_ctx = *drive.ctx();
+    drive.skip_code(4);
+    let reset_position = drive.ctx().code_position;
+
+    let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
+    while count < maxcount {
+        drive.ctx_mut().code_position = reset_position;
+        dispatcher.dispatch(SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(0)).unwrap(), drive);
+        if drive.ctx().has_matched == Some(false) {
+            break;
+        }
+        count += 1;
+    }
+    *drive.ctx_mut() = save_ctx;
+    count
+}
+
+fn _count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
     let mut drive = WrapDrive::drive(*stack_drive.ctx(), stack_drive);
     let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
     let end = drive.ctx().string_position + maxcount;

From f7287553e9ed42df638190b56ce4474eb7783c38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Dec 2020 18:04:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 014/705] impl re.Match object

---
 interp.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 99574443c0..ac0eadb4ae 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@ pub(crate) struct State<'a> {
     pub end: usize,
     flags: SreFlag,
     pattern_codes: &'a [u32],
-    marks: Vec<Option<usize>>,
+    pub marks: Vec<Option<usize>>,
     pub lastindex: isize,
     marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
     context_stack: Vec<MatchContext>,
     repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
-    string_position: usize,
+    pub string_position: usize,
 }
 
 impl<'a> State<'a> {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(
         return None;
     }
 
-    Some(Match::new(&state, pattern.clone().into_object(), string.clone()))
+    Some(Match::new(&state, pattern.clone(), string.clone()))
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]

From 04bb80f157128d59e2a5e25261311ee1be8c143e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 31 Dec 2020 11:22:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 015/705] impl Match.group

---
 interp.rs | 26 ++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index ac0eadb4ae..f9b0898a31 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -115,6 +115,7 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(
         has_matched: None,
     };
     state.context_stack.push(ctx);
+    let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
 
     let mut has_matched = None;
     loop {
@@ -123,7 +124,6 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(
         }
         let ctx_id = state.context_stack.len() - 1;
         let mut drive = StackDrive::drive(ctx_id, state);
-        let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
 
         has_matched = dispatcher.pymatch(&mut drive);
         state = drive.take();
@@ -132,11 +132,11 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(
         }
     }
 
-    if has_matched == None || has_matched == Some(false) {
-        return None;
+    if has_matched != Some(true) {
+        None
+    } else {
+        Some(Match::new(&state, pattern.clone(), string.clone()))
     }
-
-    Some(Match::new(&state, pattern.clone(), string.clone()))
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
@@ -344,7 +344,9 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
         while drive.remaining_codes() > 0 && drive.ctx().has_matched.is_none() {
             let code = drive.peek_code(0);
             let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-            self.dispatch(opcode, drive);
+            if !self.dispatch(opcode, drive) {
+                return None;
+            }
         }
         match drive.ctx().has_matched {
             Some(matched) => Some(matched),
@@ -469,7 +471,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMaxUntil::default()),
             SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMinUntil::default()),
             SreOpcode::REPEAT => Box::new(OpRepeat::default()),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpRepeatOne::default()),
             SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x)),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii)),
@@ -1329,7 +1331,7 @@ struct OpRepeatOne {
     child_ctx_id: usize,
     mincount: usize,
     maxcount: usize,
-    count: usize,
+    count: isize,
 }
 impl Default for OpRepeatOne {
     fn default() -> Self {
@@ -1354,9 +1356,9 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
                     return None;
                 }
                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                self.count = count(drive, self.maxcount);
-                drive.skip_char(self.count);
-                if self.count < self.mincount {
+                self.count = count(drive, self.maxcount) as isize;
+                drive.skip_char(self.count as usize);
+                if self.count < self.mincount as isize {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                     return None;
                 }
@@ -1378,7 +1380,7 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
             }
             1 => {
                 // General case: backtracking
-                if self.count >= self.mincount {
+                if self.count >= self.mincount as isize {
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                     self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
                     self.jump_id = 2;

From 8c442f599bb67f4a9878cad9e4df180ab52b39b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jan 2021 10:30:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 016/705] rework OpMaxUntil; restruct popping context; add
 tests;

---
 interp.rs | 660 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 364 insertions(+), 296 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index f9b0898a31..cb06ee0b8a 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ pub(crate) struct State<'a> {
     context_stack: Vec<MatchContext>,
     repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
     pub string_position: usize,
+    popped_context: Option<MatchContext>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> State<'a> {
@@ -49,6 +50,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
             marks: Vec::new(),
             string_position: start,
+            popped_context: None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.marks_stack.clear();
         self.context_stack.clear();
         self.repeat_stack.clear();
+        self.popped_context = None;
     }
 
     fn set_mark(&mut self, mark_nr: usize, position: usize) {
@@ -128,7 +131,7 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(
         has_matched = dispatcher.pymatch(&mut drive);
         state = drive.take();
         if has_matched.is_some() {
-            state.context_stack.pop();
+            state.popped_context = state.context_stack.pop();
         }
     }
 
@@ -151,6 +154,9 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
     fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext;
     fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext;
     fn state(&self) -> &State;
+    fn repeat_ctx(&self) -> &RepeatContext {
+        self.state().repeat_stack.last().unwrap()
+    }
     fn str(&self) -> &str {
         unsafe {
             std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(
@@ -181,6 +187,9 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
     }
     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
         self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
+        if self.ctx().code_position > self.state().pattern_codes.len() {
+            self.ctx_mut().code_position = self.state().pattern_codes.len();
+        }
     }
     fn remaining_chars(&self) -> usize {
         self.state().end - self.ctx().string_position
@@ -263,16 +272,17 @@ impl<'a> StackDrive<'a> {
     fn take(self) -> State<'a> {
         self.state
     }
-    fn push_new_context(&mut self, pattern_offset: usize) -> usize {
+    fn push_new_context(&mut self, pattern_offset: usize) {
         let ctx = self.ctx();
-        let child_ctx = MatchContext {
-            string_position: ctx.string_position,
-            string_offset: ctx.string_offset,
-            code_position: ctx.code_position + pattern_offset,
-            has_matched: None,
-        };
+        let mut child_ctx = MatchContext { ..*ctx };
+        child_ctx.code_position += pattern_offset;
+        if child_ctx.code_position > self.state.pattern_codes.len() {
+            child_ctx.code_position = self.state.pattern_codes.len();
+        }
         self.state.context_stack.push(child_ctx);
-        self.state.context_stack.len() - 1
+    }
+    fn repeat_ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut RepeatContext {
+        self.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap()
     }
 }
 impl MatchContextDrive for StackDrive<'_> {
@@ -328,6 +338,39 @@ fn once<F: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive)>(f: F) -> Box<OpOnce<F>> {
     Box::new(OpOnce { f: Some(f) })
 }
 
+// F1 F2 are same identical, but workaround for closure
+struct OpTwice<F1, F2> {
+    f1: Option<F1>,
+    f2: Option<F2>,
+}
+impl<F1, F2> OpcodeExecutor for OpTwice<F1, F2>
+where
+    F1: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive),
+    F2: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive),
+{
+    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        if let Some(f1) = self.f1.take() {
+            f1(drive);
+            Some(())
+        } else if let Some(f2) = self.f2.take() {
+            f2(drive);
+            None
+        } else {
+            unreachable!()
+        }
+    }
+}
+fn twice<F1, F2>(f1: F1, f2: F2) -> Box<OpTwice<F1, F2>>
+where
+    F1: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive),
+    F2: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive),
+{
+    Box::new(OpTwice {
+        f1: Some(f1),
+        f2: Some(f2),
+    })
+}
+
 struct OpcodeDispatcher {
     executing_contexts: HashMap<usize, Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>>,
 }
@@ -397,8 +440,44 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     drive.skip_char(1);
                 }
             }),
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT => Box::new(OpAssert::default()),
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => Box::new(OpAssertNot::default()),
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT => twice(
+                |drive| {
+                    let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+                    if back > drive.ctx().string_position {
+                        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
+                    drive.push_new_context(3);
+                },
+                |drive| {
+                    let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+                    if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                        drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                    } else {
+                        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    }
+                },
+            ),
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => twice(
+                |drive| {
+                    let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+                    if back > drive.ctx().string_position {
+                        drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
+                    drive.push_new_context(3);
+                },
+                |drive| {
+                    let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+                    if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    } else {
+                        drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                    }
+                },
+            ),
             SreOpcode::AT => once(|drive| {
                 let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
                 if !at(drive, atcode) {
@@ -468,9 +547,29 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     .set_mark(drive.peek_code(1) as usize, drive.ctx().string_position);
                 drive.skip_code(2);
             }),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT => twice(
+                // create repeat context.  all the hard work is done by the UNTIL
+                // operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL)
+                // <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail
+                |drive| {
+                    let repeat = RepeatContext {
+                        count: -1,
+                        code_position: drive.ctx().code_position,
+                        last_position: std::usize::MAX,
+                    };
+                    drive.state.repeat_stack.push(repeat);
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                    // execute UNTIL operator
+                    drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                },
+                |drive| {
+                    drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
+                    let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+                },
+            ),
             SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMaxUntil::default()),
-            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMinUntil::default()),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT => Box::new(OpRepeat::default()),
+            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => todo!("min until"),
             SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpRepeatOne::default()),
             SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x)),
@@ -872,90 +971,12 @@ fn is_utf8_first_byte(b: u8) -> bool {
     (b & 0b10000000 == 0) || (b & 0b11000000 == 0b11000000)
 }
 
-struct OpAssert {
-    child_ctx_id: usize,
-    jump_id: usize,
-}
-impl Default for OpAssert {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            child_ctx_id: 0,
-            jump_id: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpAssert {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        match self.jump_id {
-            0 => self._0(drive),
-            1 => self._1(drive),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl OpAssert {
-    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-        if back > drive.ctx().string_position {
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-            return None;
-        }
-        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
-        self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(3);
-        self.jump_id = 1;
-        Some(())
-    }
-    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        if drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched == Some(true) {
-            drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-        } else {
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-        }
-        None
-    }
-}
-
-struct OpAssertNot {
-    child_ctx_id: usize,
-    jump_id: usize,
-}
-impl Default for OpAssertNot {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            child_ctx_id: 0,
-            jump_id: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpAssertNot {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        match self.jump_id {
-            0 => self._0(drive),
-            1 => self._1(drive),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl OpAssertNot {
-    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-        if back > drive.ctx().string_position {
-            drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-            return None;
-        }
-        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
-        self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(3);
-        self.jump_id = 1;
-        Some(())
-    }
-    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        if drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched == Some(true) {
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-        } else {
-            drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-        }
-        None
-    }
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+struct RepeatContext {
+    count: isize,
+    code_position: usize,
+    // zero-width match protection
+    last_position: usize,
 }
 
 struct OpMinRepeatOne {
@@ -963,7 +984,6 @@ struct OpMinRepeatOne {
     mincount: usize,
     maxcount: usize,
     count: usize,
-    child_ctx_id: usize,
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinRepeatOne {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
@@ -982,7 +1002,6 @@ impl Default for OpMinRepeatOne {
             mincount: 0,
             maxcount: 0,
             count: 0,
-            child_ctx_id: 0,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1023,7 +1042,7 @@ impl OpMinRepeatOne {
     fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         if self.maxcount == MAXREPEAT || self.count <= self.maxcount {
             drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-            self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+            drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
             self.jump_id = 2;
             return Some(());
         }
@@ -1033,7 +1052,8 @@ impl OpMinRepeatOne {
         None
     }
     fn _2(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        if let Some(true) = drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id].has_matched {
+        let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+        if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
             return None;
         }
@@ -1050,201 +1070,290 @@ impl OpMinRepeatOne {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-struct RepeatContext {
-    skip: usize,
-    mincount: usize,
-    maxcount: usize,
-    count: isize,
-    last_position: isize,
-}
-
+// Everything is stored in RepeatContext
 struct OpMaxUntil {
     jump_id: usize,
     count: isize,
-    save_last_position: isize,
-    child_ctx_id: usize,
+    save_last_position: usize,
 }
 impl Default for OpMaxUntil {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
+        OpMaxUntil {
             jump_id: 0,
             count: 0,
-            save_last_position: -1,
-            child_ctx_id: 0,
+            save_last_position: 0,
         }
     }
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
-            0 => {
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                let repeat = match drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut() {
-                    Some(repeat) => repeat,
-                    None => {
-                        todo!("Internal re error: MAX_UNTIL without REPEAT.");
-                    }
-                };
-                self.count = repeat.count + 1;
-
-                if self.count < repeat.mincount as isize {
-                    // not enough matches
-                    repeat.count = self.count;
-                    self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(4);
-                    self.jump_id = 1;
-                    return Some(());
-                }
-
-                if (self.count < repeat.maxcount as isize || repeat.maxcount == MAXREPEAT)
-                    && (drive.state.string_position as isize != repeat.last_position)
-                {
-                    // we may have enough matches, if we can match another item, do so
-                    repeat.count = self.count;
-                    self.save_last_position = repeat.last_position;
-                    repeat.last_position = drive.state.string_position as isize;
-                    drive.state.marks_push();
-                    self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(4);
-                    self.jump_id = 2;
-                    return Some(());
-                }
-
-                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(1);
-
-                self.jump_id = 3;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            1 => {
-                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-                    repeat.count = self.count - 1;
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            2 => {
-                let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-                repeat.last_position = drive.state.string_position as isize;
-                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
-                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                    drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                repeat.count = self.count - 1;
-                drive.state.marks_pop();
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+            0 => self._0(drive),
+            1 => self._1(drive),
+            2 => self._2(drive),
+            3 => self._3(drive),
+            4 => self._4(drive),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl OpMaxUntil {
+    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        let RepeatContext {
+            count,
+            code_position,
+            last_position,
+        } = *drive.repeat_ctx();
+        drive.ctx_mut().code_position = code_position;
+        let mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+        let maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+        self.count = count + 1;
+
+        if (self.count as usize) < mincount {
+            // not enough matches
+            drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
+            drive.push_new_context(4);
+            self.jump_id = 1;
+            return Some(());
+        }
 
-                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(1);
+        if ((count as usize) < maxcount || maxcount == MAXREPEAT)
+            && drive.state.string_position != last_position
+        {
+            // we may have enough matches, if we can match another item, do so
+            drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
+            drive.state.marks_push();
+            // self.save_last_position = last_position;
+            // drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = drive.state.string_position;
+            drive.push_new_context(4);
+            self.jump_id = 2;
+            return Some(());
+        }
 
-                self.jump_id = 3;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            3 => {
-                // cannot match more repeated items here. make sure the tail matches
-                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                } else {
-                    drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
+        self.jump_id = 3;
+        self.next(drive)
+    }
+    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+        if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+            drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
+            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
         }
+        None
+    }
+    fn _2(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        // drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = self.save_last_position;
+        let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+        if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+            return None;
+        }
+        drive.state.marks_pop();
+        drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
+        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+        self.jump_id = 3;
+        self.next(drive)
+    }
+    fn _3(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        // cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the tail matches
+        drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+        drive.push_new_context(1);
+        self.jump_id = 4;
+        Some(())
+    }
+    fn _4(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+        let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+        if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+        }
+        None
     }
 }
 
+// struct OpMaxUntil {
+//     jump_id: usize,
+//     count: isize,
+//     save_last_position: isize,
+// }
+// impl Default for OpMaxUntil {
+//     fn default() -> Self {
+//         Self {
+//             jump_id: 0,
+//             count: 0,
+//             save_last_position: -1,
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+// impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
+//     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
+//         match self.jump_id {
+//             0 => {
+//                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+//                 let repeat = match drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut() {
+//                     Some(repeat) => repeat,
+//                     None => {
+//                         panic!("Internal re error: MAX_UNTIL without REPEAT.");
+//                     }
+//                 };
+//                 self.count = repeat.count + 1;
+
+//                 if self.count < repeat.mincount as isize {
+//                     // not enough matches
+//                     repeat.count = self.count;
+//                     drive.push_new_context(4);
+//                     self.jump_id = 1;
+//                     return Some(());
+//                 }
+
+//                 if (self.count < repeat.maxcount as isize || repeat.maxcount == MAXREPEAT)
+//                     && (drive.state.string_position as isize != repeat.last_position)
+//                 {
+//                     // we may have enough matches, if we can match another item, do so
+//                     repeat.count = self.count;
+//                     self.save_last_position = repeat.last_position;
+//                     repeat.last_position = drive.state.string_position as isize;
+//                     drive.state.marks_push();
+//                     drive.push_new_context(4);
+//                     self.jump_id = 2;
+//                     return Some(());
+//                 }
+
+//                 drive.push_new_context(1);
+
+//                 self.jump_id = 3;
+//                 Some(())
+//             }
+//             1 => {
+//                 let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+//                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+//                 if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+//                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+//                     let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+//                     repeat.count = self.count - 1;
+//                 }
+//                 None
+//             }
+//             2 => {
+//                 let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+//                 repeat.last_position = drive.state.string_position as isize;
+//                 let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+//                 if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+//                     drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+//                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+//                     return None;
+//                 }
+//                 repeat.count = self.count - 1;
+//                 drive.state.marks_pop();
+//                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+
+//                 drive.push_new_context(1);
+
+//                 self.jump_id = 3;
+//                 Some(())
+//             }
+//             3 => {
+//                 // cannot match more repeated items here. make sure the tail matches
+//                 let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+//                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+//                 if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+//                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+//                 } else {
+//                     drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
+//                 }
+//                 None
+//             }
+//             _ => unreachable!(),
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+
 struct OpMinUntil {
     jump_id: usize,
     count: isize,
-    child_ctx_id: usize,
 }
 impl Default for OpMinUntil {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             jump_id: 0,
             count: 0,
-            child_ctx_id: 0,
         }
     }
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        match self.jump_id {
-            0 => {
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                let repeat = match drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut() {
-                    Some(repeat) => repeat,
-                    None => {
-                        todo!("Internal re error: MAX_UNTIL without REPEAT.");
-                    }
-                };
-                self.count = repeat.count + 1;
-
-                if self.count < repeat.mincount as isize {
-                    // not enough matches
-                    repeat.count = self.count;
-                    self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(4);
-                    self.jump_id = 1;
-                    return Some(());
-                }
-
-                // see if the tail matches
-                drive.state.marks_push();
-                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(1);
-                self.jump_id = 2;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            1 => {
-                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-                    repeat.count = self.count - 1;
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            2 => {
-                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
-                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                    drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                drive.state.marks_pop();
-
-                // match more until tail matches
-                let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-                if self.count >= repeat.maxcount as isize && repeat.maxcount != MAXREPEAT {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                repeat.count = self.count;
-                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(4);
-                self.jump_id = 1;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
+        None
+        // match self.jump_id {
+        //     0 => {
+        //         drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+        //         let repeat = match drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut() {
+        //             Some(repeat) => repeat,
+        //             None => {
+        //                 todo!("Internal re error: MAX_UNTIL without REPEAT.");
+        //             }
+        //         };
+        //         self.count = repeat.count + 1;
+
+        //         if self.count < repeat.mincount as isize {
+        //             // not enough matches
+        //             repeat.count = self.count;
+        //             drive.push_new_context(4);
+        //             self.jump_id = 1;
+        //             return Some(());
+        //         }
+
+        //         // see if the tail matches
+        //         drive.state.marks_push();
+        //         drive.push_new_context(1);
+        //         self.jump_id = 2;
+        //         Some(())
+        //     }
+        //     1 => {
+        //         let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+        //         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+        //         if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+        //             drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+        //             let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+        //             repeat.count = self.count - 1;
+        //         }
+        //         None
+        //     }
+        //     2 => {
+        //         let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+        //         if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+        //             drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
+        //             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+        //             return None;
+        //         }
+        //         drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+        //         drive.state.marks_pop();
+
+        //         // match more until tail matches
+        //         let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+        //         if self.count >= repeat.maxcount as isize && repeat.maxcount != MAXREPEAT {
+        //             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+        //             return None;
+        //         }
+        //         repeat.count = self.count;
+        //         drive.push_new_context(4);
+        //         self.jump_id = 1;
+        //         Some(())
+        //     }
+        //     _ => unreachable!(),
+        // }
     }
 }
 
 struct OpBranch {
     jump_id: usize,
-    child_ctx_id: usize,
     current_branch_length: usize,
 }
 impl Default for OpBranch {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             jump_id: 0,
-            child_ctx_id: 0,
             current_branch_length: 0,
         }
     }
@@ -1268,12 +1377,12 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpBranch {
                     return None;
                 }
                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(1);
+                drive.push_new_context(1);
                 self.jump_id = 2;
                 Some(())
             }
             2 => {
-                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
+                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
                 if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
                     return None;
@@ -1287,48 +1396,8 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpBranch {
     }
 }
 
-struct OpRepeat {
-    jump_id: usize,
-    child_ctx_id: usize,
-}
-impl Default for OpRepeat {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            jump_id: 0,
-            child_ctx_id: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeat {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        match self.jump_id {
-            0 => {
-                let repeat = RepeatContext {
-                    skip: drive.peek_code(1) as usize,
-                    mincount: drive.peek_code(2) as usize,
-                    maxcount: drive.peek_code(3) as usize,
-                    count: -1,
-                    last_position: -1,
-                };
-                drive.state.repeat_stack.push(repeat);
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                self.jump_id = 1;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            1 => {
-                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-                None
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 struct OpRepeatOne {
     jump_id: usize,
-    child_ctx_id: usize,
     mincount: usize,
     maxcount: usize,
     count: isize,
@@ -1337,7 +1406,6 @@ impl Default for OpRepeatOne {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             jump_id: 0,
-            child_ctx_id: 0,
             mincount: 0,
             maxcount: 0,
             count: 0,
@@ -1382,7 +1450,7 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
                 // General case: backtracking
                 if self.count >= self.mincount as isize {
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    self.child_ctx_id = drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                    drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
                     self.jump_id = 2;
                     return Some(());
                 }
@@ -1392,7 +1460,7 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
                 None
             }
             2 => {
-                let child_ctx = &drive.state.context_stack[self.child_ctx_id];
+                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
                 if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
                     return None;

From 8fba935bba46ade66107a3c7aabb65e4eae00dcb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jan 2021 10:54:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 017/705] OpMaxUntil zero-width protection

---
 interp.rs | 7 ++++---
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index cb06ee0b8a..4a015187e9 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -1107,6 +1107,7 @@ impl OpMaxUntil {
         drive.ctx_mut().code_position = code_position;
         let mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
         let maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
         self.count = count + 1;
 
         if (self.count as usize) < mincount {
@@ -1123,8 +1124,8 @@ impl OpMaxUntil {
             // we may have enough matches, if we can match another item, do so
             drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
             drive.state.marks_push();
-            // self.save_last_position = last_position;
-            // drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = drive.state.string_position;
+            self.save_last_position = last_position;
+            drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = drive.state.string_position;
             drive.push_new_context(4);
             self.jump_id = 2;
             return Some(());
@@ -1143,7 +1144,7 @@ impl OpMaxUntil {
         None
     }
     fn _2(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        // drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = self.save_last_position;
+        drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = self.save_last_position;
         let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
         if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
             drive.state.marks_pop_discard();

From af1a53cb0530f27804442f86d3e1e05a4abcacef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jan 2021 11:34:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 018/705] impl Match.groups()

---
 interp.rs | 249 ++++++++++++++++--------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 72 insertions(+), 177 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 4a015187e9..ad0790a31b 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -1070,7 +1070,6 @@ impl OpMinRepeatOne {
     }
 }
 
-// Everything is stored in RepeatContext
 struct OpMaxUntil {
     jump_id: usize,
     count: isize,
@@ -1088,189 +1087,85 @@ impl Default for OpMaxUntil {
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
-            0 => self._0(drive),
-            1 => self._1(drive),
-            2 => self._2(drive),
-            3 => self._3(drive),
-            4 => self._4(drive),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl OpMaxUntil {
-    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        let RepeatContext {
-            count,
-            code_position,
-            last_position,
-        } = *drive.repeat_ctx();
-        drive.ctx_mut().code_position = code_position;
-        let mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-        let maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
-        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-        self.count = count + 1;
+            0 => {
+                let RepeatContext {
+                    count,
+                    code_position,
+                    last_position,
+                } = *drive.repeat_ctx();
+                drive.ctx_mut().code_position = code_position;
+                let mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+                let maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                self.count = count + 1;
 
-        if (self.count as usize) < mincount {
-            // not enough matches
-            drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
-            drive.push_new_context(4);
-            self.jump_id = 1;
-            return Some(());
-        }
+                if (self.count as usize) < mincount {
+                    // not enough matches
+                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
+                    drive.push_new_context(4);
+                    self.jump_id = 1;
+                    return Some(());
+                }
 
-        if ((count as usize) < maxcount || maxcount == MAXREPEAT)
-            && drive.state.string_position != last_position
-        {
-            // we may have enough matches, if we can match another item, do so
-            drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
-            drive.state.marks_push();
-            self.save_last_position = last_position;
-            drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = drive.state.string_position;
-            drive.push_new_context(4);
-            self.jump_id = 2;
-            return Some(());
-        }
+                if ((count as usize) < maxcount || maxcount == MAXREPEAT)
+                    && drive.state.string_position != last_position
+                {
+                    // we may have enough matches, if we can match another item, do so
+                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
+                    drive.state.marks_push();
+                    self.save_last_position = last_position;
+                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = drive.state.string_position;
+                    drive.push_new_context(4);
+                    self.jump_id = 2;
+                    return Some(());
+                }
 
-        self.jump_id = 3;
-        self.next(drive)
-    }
-    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-        if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-            drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
-            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-        }
-        None
-    }
-    fn _2(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = self.save_last_position;
-        let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-        if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-            return None;
-        }
-        drive.state.marks_pop();
-        drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
-        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-        self.jump_id = 3;
-        self.next(drive)
-    }
-    fn _3(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        // cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the tail matches
-        drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-        drive.push_new_context(1);
-        self.jump_id = 4;
-        Some(())
-    }
-    fn _4(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-        if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                self.jump_id = 3;
+                self.next(drive)
+            }
+            1 => {
+                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                }
+                None
+            }
+            2 => {
+                drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = self.save_last_position;
+                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                    drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                drive.state.marks_pop();
+                drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                self.jump_id = 3;
+                self.next(drive)
+            }
+            3 => {
+                // cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the tail matches
+                drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                drive.push_new_context(1);
+                self.jump_id = 4;
+                Some(())
+            }
+            4 => {
+                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                }
+                None
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
         }
-        None
     }
 }
 
-// struct OpMaxUntil {
-//     jump_id: usize,
-//     count: isize,
-//     save_last_position: isize,
-// }
-// impl Default for OpMaxUntil {
-//     fn default() -> Self {
-//         Self {
-//             jump_id: 0,
-//             count: 0,
-//             save_last_position: -1,
-//         }
-//     }
-// }
-// impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
-//     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-//         match self.jump_id {
-//             0 => {
-//                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-//                 let repeat = match drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut() {
-//                     Some(repeat) => repeat,
-//                     None => {
-//                         panic!("Internal re error: MAX_UNTIL without REPEAT.");
-//                     }
-//                 };
-//                 self.count = repeat.count + 1;
-
-//                 if self.count < repeat.mincount as isize {
-//                     // not enough matches
-//                     repeat.count = self.count;
-//                     drive.push_new_context(4);
-//                     self.jump_id = 1;
-//                     return Some(());
-//                 }
-
-//                 if (self.count < repeat.maxcount as isize || repeat.maxcount == MAXREPEAT)
-//                     && (drive.state.string_position as isize != repeat.last_position)
-//                 {
-//                     // we may have enough matches, if we can match another item, do so
-//                     repeat.count = self.count;
-//                     self.save_last_position = repeat.last_position;
-//                     repeat.last_position = drive.state.string_position as isize;
-//                     drive.state.marks_push();
-//                     drive.push_new_context(4);
-//                     self.jump_id = 2;
-//                     return Some(());
-//                 }
-
-//                 drive.push_new_context(1);
-
-//                 self.jump_id = 3;
-//                 Some(())
-//             }
-//             1 => {
-//                 let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-//                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-//                 if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-//                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-//                     let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-//                     repeat.count = self.count - 1;
-//                 }
-//                 None
-//             }
-//             2 => {
-//                 let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-//                 repeat.last_position = drive.state.string_position as isize;
-//                 let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-//                 if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-//                     drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-//                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-//                     return None;
-//                 }
-//                 repeat.count = self.count - 1;
-//                 drive.state.marks_pop();
-//                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-
-//                 drive.push_new_context(1);
-
-//                 self.jump_id = 3;
-//                 Some(())
-//             }
-//             3 => {
-//                 // cannot match more repeated items here. make sure the tail matches
-//                 let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-//                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-//                 if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-//                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-//                 } else {
-//                     drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
-//                 }
-//                 None
-//             }
-//             _ => unreachable!(),
-//         }
-//     }
-// }
-
 struct OpMinUntil {
     jump_id: usize,
     count: isize,

From db84f329816d812349b49fa843b4d0480674aba2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jan 2021 13:10:19 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 019/705] fix Opcode::CHARSET

---
 interp.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index ad0790a31b..289dbc2ec9 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -741,7 +741,8 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
             }
             SreOpcode::CHARSET => {
                 /* <CHARSET> <bitmap> */
-                if ch < 256 && (set[(ch / 32) as usize] & (1 << (32 - 1))) != 0 {
+                let set = &set[1..];
+                if ch < 256 && ((set[(ch >> 5) as usize] & (1u32 << (ch & 31))) != 0) {
                     return ok;
                 }
                 i += 8;

From 36433a9f4d026df404e419d604e67295fa4db758 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 1 Jan 2021 20:13:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 020/705] fix Opcode::BIGCHARSET

---
 interp.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++------------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 289dbc2ec9..ca5efd9e4f 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -497,22 +497,16 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 }
             }),
             SreOpcode::IN => once(|drive| {
-                general_op_in(drive, |x| x);
+                general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, c));
             }),
             SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
-                general_op_in(drive, lower_ascii);
+                general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c)));
             }),
             SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
-                general_op_in(drive, lower_unicode);
+                general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c)));
             }),
             SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
-                let skip = drive.peek_code(1) as usize;
-                if drive.at_end() || !charset_loc_ignore(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char()) {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                } else {
-                    drive.skip_code(skip + 1);
-                    drive.skip_char(1);
-                }
+                general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset_loc_ignore(set, c));
             }),
             SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => once(|drive| {
                 drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
@@ -661,9 +655,9 @@ fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F
     }
 }
 
-fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(char) -> char>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
+fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(&[u32], char) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
     let skip = drive.peek_code(1) as usize;
-    if drive.at_end() || !charset(&drive.pattern()[2..], f(drive.peek_char())) {
+    if drive.at_end() || !f(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char()) {
         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
     } else {
         drive.skip_code(skip + 1);
@@ -749,18 +743,20 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
             }
             SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => {
                 /* <BIGCHARSET> <blockcount> <256 blockindices> <blocks> */
-                let count = set[i + 1];
+                let count = set[i + 1] as usize;
                 if ch < 0x10000 {
-                    let (_, blockindices, _) = unsafe { set[i + 2..].align_to::<u8>() };
-                    let block = blockindices[(ch >> 8) as usize];
-                    if set[2 + 64 + ((block as u32 * 256 + (ch & 255)) / 32) as usize]
-                        & (1 << (ch & (32 - 1)))
+                    let set = &set[2..];
+                    let block_index = ch >> 8;
+                    let (_, blockindices, _) = unsafe { set.align_to::<u8>() };
+                    let blocks = &set[64..];
+                    let block = blockindices[block_index as usize];
+                    if blocks[((block as u32 * 256 + (ch & 255)) / 32) as usize] & (1u32 << (ch & 31))
                         != 0
                     {
                         return ok;
                     }
                 }
-                i += 2 + 64 + count as usize * 8;
+                i += 2 + 64 + count * 8;
             }
             SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
                 /* <LITERAL> <code> */

From f05f6cb44df000ad7cffcd79b6447c97756d15dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 3 Jan 2021 19:44:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 021/705] impl Pattern.sub

---
 interp.rs | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index ca5efd9e4f..98844ee9ca 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -142,6 +142,27 @@ pub(crate) fn pymatch(
     }
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn search(
+    string: PyStrRef,
+    start: usize,
+    end: usize,
+    pattern: PyRef<Pattern>,
+) -> Option<Match> {
+    // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
+    let end = std::cmp::min(end, string.char_len());
+    for i in start..end {
+        if let Some(m) = pymatch(
+            string.clone(),
+            i,
+            end,
+            pattern.clone(),
+        ) {
+            return Some(m);
+        }
+    }
+    None
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 struct MatchContext {
     string_position: usize,
@@ -750,7 +771,8 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
                     let (_, blockindices, _) = unsafe { set.align_to::<u8>() };
                     let blocks = &set[64..];
                     let block = blockindices[block_index as usize];
-                    if blocks[((block as u32 * 256 + (ch & 255)) / 32) as usize] & (1u32 << (ch & 31))
+                    if blocks[((block as u32 * 256 + (ch & 255)) / 32) as usize]
+                        & (1u32 << (ch & 31))
                         != 0
                     {
                         return ok;

From 817eb66167810a163eb889ce2626418b51bd6afb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 4 Jan 2021 16:01:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 022/705] fix OpMinUntil

---
 interp.rs | 100 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 98844ee9ca..a3263eddce 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -151,12 +151,7 @@ pub(crate) fn search(
     // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
     let end = std::cmp::min(end, string.char_len());
     for i in start..end {
-        if let Some(m) = pymatch(
-            string.clone(),
-            i,
-            end,
-            pattern.clone(),
-        ) {
+        if let Some(m) = pymatch(string.clone(), i, end, pattern.clone()) {
             return Some(m);
         }
     }
@@ -294,12 +289,13 @@ impl<'a> StackDrive<'a> {
         self.state
     }
     fn push_new_context(&mut self, pattern_offset: usize) {
-        let ctx = self.ctx();
-        let mut child_ctx = MatchContext { ..*ctx };
+        let mut child_ctx = MatchContext { ..*self.ctx() };
         child_ctx.code_position += pattern_offset;
-        if child_ctx.code_position > self.state.pattern_codes.len() {
-            child_ctx.code_position = self.state.pattern_codes.len();
-        }
+        self.state.context_stack.push(child_ctx);
+    }
+    fn push_new_context_at(&mut self, code_position: usize) {
+        let mut child_ctx = MatchContext { ..*self.ctx() };
+        child_ctx.code_position = code_position;
         self.state.context_stack.push(child_ctx);
     }
     fn repeat_ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut RepeatContext {
@@ -571,6 +567,8 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                         count: -1,
                         code_position: drive.ctx().code_position,
                         last_position: std::usize::MAX,
+                        mincount: drive.peek_code(2) as usize,
+                        maxcount: drive.peek_code(3) as usize,
                     };
                     drive.state.repeat_stack.push(repeat);
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
@@ -584,7 +582,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 },
             ),
             SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMaxUntil::default()),
-            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => todo!("min until"),
+            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMinUntil::default()),
             SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpRepeatOne::default()),
             SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x)),
@@ -996,6 +994,8 @@ struct RepeatContext {
     code_position: usize,
     // zero-width match protection
     last_position: usize,
+    mincount: usize,
+    maxcount: usize,
 }
 
 struct OpMinRepeatOne {
@@ -1111,22 +1111,22 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
                     count,
                     code_position,
                     last_position,
+                    mincount,
+                    maxcount,
                 } = *drive.repeat_ctx();
-                drive.ctx_mut().code_position = code_position;
-                let mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-                let maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+
                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                 self.count = count + 1;
 
                 if (self.count as usize) < mincount {
                     // not enough matches
                     drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
-                    drive.push_new_context(4);
+                    drive.push_new_context_at(code_position + 4);
                     self.jump_id = 1;
                     return Some(());
                 }
 
-                if ((count as usize) < maxcount || maxcount == MAXREPEAT)
+                if ((self.count as usize) < maxcount || maxcount == MAXREPEAT)
                     && drive.state.string_position != last_position
                 {
                     // we may have enough matches, if we can match another item, do so
@@ -1134,7 +1134,7 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
                     drive.state.marks_push();
                     self.save_last_position = last_position;
                     drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = drive.state.string_position;
-                    drive.push_new_context(4);
+                    drive.push_new_context_at(code_position + 4);
                     self.jump_id = 2;
                     return Some(());
                 }
@@ -1167,7 +1167,6 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
             }
             3 => {
                 // cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the tail matches
-                drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
                 drive.push_new_context(1);
                 self.jump_id = 4;
                 Some(())
@@ -1188,18 +1187,79 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
 struct OpMinUntil {
     jump_id: usize,
     count: isize,
+    save_repeat: Option<RepeatContext>,
 }
 impl Default for OpMinUntil {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
             jump_id: 0,
             count: 0,
+            save_repeat: None,
         }
     }
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        None
+        match self.jump_id {
+            0 => {
+                let RepeatContext {
+                    count,
+                    code_position,
+                    last_position: _,
+                    mincount,
+                    maxcount: _,
+                } = *drive.repeat_ctx();
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                self.count = count + 1;
+
+                if (self.count as usize) < mincount {
+                    // not enough matches
+                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
+                    drive.push_new_context_at(code_position + 4);
+                    self.jump_id = 1;
+                    return Some(());
+                }
+
+                // see if the tail matches
+                drive.state.marks_push();
+                self.save_repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
+                drive.push_new_context(1);
+                self.jump_id = 2;
+                Some(())
+            }
+            1 => {
+                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
+                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
+                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                }
+                None
+            }
+            2 => {
+                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                drive.state.repeat_stack.push(self.save_repeat.unwrap());
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                drive.state.marks_pop();
+
+                // match more unital tail matches
+                let maxcount = drive.repeat_ctx().maxcount;
+                let code_position = drive.repeat_ctx().code_position;
+                if self.count as usize >= maxcount && maxcount != MAXREPEAT {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
+                drive.push_new_context_at(code_position + 4);
+                self.jump_id = 1;
+                Some(())
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
         // match self.jump_id {
         //     0 => {
         //         drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;

From 33ef82364516422776beaa498db8d96a167c7b95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 6 Jan 2021 10:30:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 023/705] impl Match.groupdict

---
 interp.rs | 58 -------------------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 58 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index a3263eddce..c118984b38 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -1260,64 +1260,6 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
             }
             _ => unreachable!(),
         }
-        // match self.jump_id {
-        //     0 => {
-        //         drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-        //         let repeat = match drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut() {
-        //             Some(repeat) => repeat,
-        //             None => {
-        //                 todo!("Internal re error: MAX_UNTIL without REPEAT.");
-        //             }
-        //         };
-        //         self.count = repeat.count + 1;
-
-        //         if self.count < repeat.mincount as isize {
-        //             // not enough matches
-        //             repeat.count = self.count;
-        //             drive.push_new_context(4);
-        //             self.jump_id = 1;
-        //             return Some(());
-        //         }
-
-        //         // see if the tail matches
-        //         drive.state.marks_push();
-        //         drive.push_new_context(1);
-        //         self.jump_id = 2;
-        //         Some(())
-        //     }
-        //     1 => {
-        //         let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-        //         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-        //         if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-        //             drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-        //             let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-        //             repeat.count = self.count - 1;
-        //         }
-        //         None
-        //     }
-        //     2 => {
-        //         let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-        //         if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-        //             drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
-        //             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-        //             return None;
-        //         }
-        //         drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-        //         drive.state.marks_pop();
-
-        //         // match more until tail matches
-        //         let repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-        //         if self.count >= repeat.maxcount as isize && repeat.maxcount != MAXREPEAT {
-        //             drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-        //             return None;
-        //         }
-        //         repeat.count = self.count;
-        //         drive.push_new_context(4);
-        //         self.jump_id = 1;
-        //         Some(())
-        //     }
-        //     _ => unreachable!(),
-        // }
     }
 }
 

From 76c95abbb5ecd91e05f216adefdd437b0f87b79b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 7 Jan 2021 17:37:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 024/705] impl Match.lastgroup

---
 interp.rs | 9 ++++++++-
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index c118984b38..febbfa2437 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub(crate) fn search(
 ) -> Option<Match> {
     // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
     let end = std::cmp::min(end, string.char_len());
-    for i in start..end {
+    for i in start..end + 1 {
         if let Some(m) = pymatch(string.clone(), i, end, pattern.clone()) {
             return Some(m);
         }
@@ -1382,6 +1382,13 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
                     return None;
                 }
+                if self.count <= self.mincount as isize {
+                    drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    return None;
+                }
+
+                // TODO: unnesscary double check
                 drive.back_skip_char(1);
                 self.count -= 1;
                 drive.state.marks_pop_keep();

From 13a8b6cc4e38927273774ab96565f2184840f900 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Jan 2021 19:55:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 025/705] add bytes support and refactor

---
 interp.rs | 457 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 266 insertions(+), 191 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index febbfa2437..7c9246142a 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
-use super::_sre::{Match, Pattern, MAXREPEAT};
+use super::_sre::MAXREPEAT;
 use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreOpcode};
-use crate::builtins::PyStrRef;
-use crate::pyobject::PyRef;
-use rustpython_common::borrow::BorrowValue;
+use crate::builtins::PyBytes;
+use crate::bytesinner::is_py_ascii_whitespace;
+use crate::pyobject::{IntoPyObject, PyObjectRef};
+use crate::VirtualMachine;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
+use std::unreachable;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub(crate) struct State<'a> {
-    string: &'a str,
-    // chars count
-    string_len: usize,
+    pub string: StrDrive<'a>,
     pub start: usize,
     pub end: usize,
     flags: SreFlag,
@@ -24,22 +24,21 @@ pub(crate) struct State<'a> {
     repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
     pub string_position: usize,
     popped_context: Option<MatchContext>,
+    pub has_matched: Option<bool>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> State<'a> {
     pub(crate) fn new(
-        string: &'a str,
+        string: StrDrive<'a>,
         start: usize,
         end: usize,
         flags: SreFlag,
         pattern_codes: &'a [u32],
     ) -> Self {
-        let string_len = string.chars().count();
-        let end = std::cmp::min(end, string_len);
+        let end = std::cmp::min(end, string.count());
         let start = std::cmp::min(start, end);
         Self {
             string,
-            string_len,
             start,
             end,
             flags,
@@ -51,16 +50,19 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             marks: Vec::new(),
             string_position: start,
             popped_context: None,
+            has_matched: None,
         }
     }
 
-    fn reset(&mut self) {
-        self.marks.clear();
+    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
         self.lastindex = -1;
         self.marks_stack.clear();
         self.context_stack.clear();
         self.repeat_stack.clear();
+        self.marks.clear();
+        self.string_position = self.start;
         self.popped_context = None;
+        self.has_matched = None;
     }
 
     fn set_mark(&mut self, mark_nr: usize, position: usize) {
@@ -96,66 +98,133 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
     fn marks_pop_discard(&mut self) {
         self.marks_stack.pop();
     }
+
+    pub fn pymatch(mut self) -> Self {
+        let ctx = MatchContext {
+            string_position: self.start,
+            string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
+            code_position: 0,
+            has_matched: None,
+        };
+        self.context_stack.push(ctx);
+
+        let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
+        let mut has_matched = None;
+
+        loop {
+            if self.context_stack.is_empty() {
+                break;
+            }
+            let ctx_id = self.context_stack.len() - 1;
+            let mut drive = StackDrive::drive(ctx_id, self);
+
+            has_matched = dispatcher.pymatch(&mut drive);
+            self = drive.take();
+            if has_matched.is_some() {
+                self.popped_context = self.context_stack.pop();
+            }
+        }
+
+        self.has_matched = has_matched;
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub fn search(mut self) -> Self {
+        // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
+        loop {
+            self = self.pymatch();
+
+            if self.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                return self;
+            }
+            self.start += 1;
+            if self.start > self.end {
+                return self;
+            }
+            self.reset();
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn pymatch(
-    string: PyStrRef,
-    start: usize,
-    end: usize,
-    pattern: PyRef<Pattern>,
-) -> Option<Match> {
-    let mut state = State::new(
-        string.borrow_value(),
-        start,
-        end,
-        pattern.flags,
-        &pattern.code,
-    );
-    let ctx = MatchContext {
-        string_position: state.start,
-        string_offset: calc_string_offset(state.string, state.start),
-        code_position: 0,
-        has_matched: None,
-    };
-    state.context_stack.push(ctx);
-    let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) enum StrDrive<'a> {
+    Str(&'a str),
+    Bytes(&'a [u8]),
+}
+impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
+    fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
+        match *self {
+            StrDrive::Str(s) => s
+                .get(offset..)
+                .and_then(|s| s.char_indices().nth(skip).map(|x| x.0 + offset))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| s.len()),
+            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => std::cmp::min(offset + skip, b.len()),
+        }
+    }
 
-    let mut has_matched = None;
-    loop {
-        if state.context_stack.is_empty() {
-            break;
+    pub fn count(&self) -> usize {
+        match *self {
+            StrDrive::Str(s) => s.chars().count(),
+            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => b.len(),
         }
-        let ctx_id = state.context_stack.len() - 1;
-        let mut drive = StackDrive::drive(ctx_id, state);
+    }
 
-        has_matched = dispatcher.pymatch(&mut drive);
-        state = drive.take();
-        if has_matched.is_some() {
-            state.popped_context = state.context_stack.pop();
+    fn peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32 {
+        match *self {
+            StrDrive::Str(s) => unsafe { s.get_unchecked(offset..) }.chars().next().unwrap() as u32,
+            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => b[offset] as u32,
         }
     }
 
-    if has_matched != Some(true) {
-        None
-    } else {
-        Some(Match::new(&state, pattern.clone(), string.clone()))
+    fn back_peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32 {
+        match *self {
+            StrDrive::Str(s) => {
+                let bytes = s.as_bytes();
+                let back_offset = utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes, offset);
+                match offset - back_offset {
+                    1 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, 0, bytes[offset]]),
+                    2 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, bytes[offset], bytes[offset + 1]]),
+                    3 => {
+                        u32::from_ne_bytes([0, bytes[offset], bytes[offset + 1], bytes[offset + 2]])
+                    }
+                    4 => u32::from_ne_bytes([
+                        bytes[offset],
+                        bytes[offset + 1],
+                        bytes[offset + 2],
+                        bytes[offset + 3],
+                    ]),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                }
+            }
+            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => b[offset - 1] as u32,
+        }
     }
-}
 
-pub(crate) fn search(
-    string: PyStrRef,
-    start: usize,
-    end: usize,
-    pattern: PyRef<Pattern>,
-) -> Option<Match> {
-    // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
-    let end = std::cmp::min(end, string.char_len());
-    for i in start..end + 1 {
-        if let Some(m) = pymatch(string.clone(), i, end, pattern.clone()) {
-            return Some(m);
+    fn back_offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
+        match *self {
+            StrDrive::Str(s) => {
+                let bytes = s.as_bytes();
+                let mut back_offset = offset;
+                for _ in 0..skip {
+                    back_offset = utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes, back_offset);
+                }
+                back_offset
+            }
+            StrDrive::Bytes(_) => offset - skip,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn slice_to_pyobject(&self, start: usize, end: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match *self {
+            StrDrive::Str(s) => s
+                .chars()
+                .take(end)
+                .skip(start)
+                .collect::<String>()
+                .into_pyobject(vm),
+            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => PyBytes::from(b[start..end].to_vec()).into_pyobject(vm),
         }
     }
-    None
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
@@ -173,33 +242,21 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
     fn repeat_ctx(&self) -> &RepeatContext {
         self.state().repeat_stack.last().unwrap()
     }
-    fn str(&self) -> &str {
-        unsafe {
-            std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(
-                &self.state().string.as_bytes()[self.ctx().string_offset..],
-            )
-        }
-    }
     fn pattern(&self) -> &[u32] {
         &self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position..]
     }
-    fn peek_char(&self) -> char {
-        self.str().chars().next().unwrap()
+    fn peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.state().string.peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
     }
     fn peek_code(&self, peek: usize) -> u32 {
         self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position + peek]
     }
     fn skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
-        match self.str().char_indices().nth(skip_count).map(|x| x.0) {
-            Some(skipped) => {
-                self.ctx_mut().string_position += skip_count;
-                self.ctx_mut().string_offset += skipped;
-            }
-            None => {
-                self.ctx_mut().string_position = self.state().end;
-                self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self.state().string.len(); // bytes len
-            }
-        }
+        self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
+            .state()
+            .string
+            .offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
+        self.ctx_mut().string_position += skip_count;
     }
     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
         self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
@@ -222,7 +279,7 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
     fn at_linebreak(&self) -> bool {
         !self.at_end() && is_linebreak(self.peek_char())
     }
-    fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(char) -> bool>(&self, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
+    fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(&self, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end() {
             return false;
         }
@@ -230,47 +287,15 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
         let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
         this != that
     }
-    fn back_peek_offset(&self) -> usize {
-        let bytes = self.state().string.as_bytes();
-        let mut offset = self.ctx().string_offset - 1;
-        if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
-            offset -= 1;
-            if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
-                offset -= 1;
-                if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
-                    offset -= 1;
-                    if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
-                        panic!("not utf-8 code point");
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        offset
-    }
-    fn back_peek_char(&self) -> char {
-        let bytes = self.state().string.as_bytes();
-        let offset = self.back_peek_offset();
-        let current_offset = self.ctx().string_offset;
-        let code = match current_offset - offset {
-            1 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, 0, bytes[offset]]),
-            2 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, bytes[offset], bytes[offset + 1]]),
-            3 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, bytes[offset], bytes[offset + 1], bytes[offset + 2]]),
-            4 => u32::from_ne_bytes([
-                bytes[offset],
-                bytes[offset + 1],
-                bytes[offset + 2],
-                bytes[offset + 3],
-            ]),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        };
-        // TODO: char::from_u32_unchecked is stable from 1.5.0
-        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(code) }
+    fn back_peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.state().string.back_peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
     }
     fn back_skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
         self.ctx_mut().string_position -= skip_count;
-        for _ in 0..skip_count {
-            self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self.back_peek_offset();
-        }
+        self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
+            .state()
+            .string
+            .back_offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
     }
 }
 
@@ -529,22 +554,22 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
             }),
             SreOpcode::LITERAL => once(|drive| {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c as u32);
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c);
             }),
             SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => once(|drive| {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c as u32);
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c);
             }),
             SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c));
             }),
             SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c));
             }),
             SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c));
             }),
             SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c));
             }),
             SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
                 general_op_literal(drive, char_loc_ignore);
@@ -610,19 +635,11 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
     }
 }
 
-fn calc_string_offset(string: &str, position: usize) -> usize {
-    string
-        .char_indices()
-        .nth(position)
-        .map(|(i, _)| i)
-        .unwrap_or(0)
-}
-
-fn char_loc_ignore(code: u32, c: char) -> bool {
-    code == c as u32 || code == lower_locate(c) as u32 || code == upper_locate(c) as u32
+fn char_loc_ignore(code: u32, c: u32) -> bool {
+    code == c || code == lower_locate(c) || code == upper_locate(c)
 }
 
-fn charset_loc_ignore(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
+fn charset_loc_ignore(set: &[u32], c: u32) -> bool {
     let lo = lower_locate(c);
     if charset(set, c) {
         return true;
@@ -631,7 +648,7 @@ fn charset_loc_ignore(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
     up != lo && charset(set, up)
 }
 
-fn general_op_groupref<F: FnMut(char) -> char>(drive: &mut StackDrive, mut f: F) {
+fn general_op_groupref<F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(drive: &mut StackDrive, mut f: F) {
     let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
     let (group_start, group_end) = match (group_start, group_end) {
         (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => (start, end),
@@ -645,7 +662,7 @@ fn general_op_groupref<F: FnMut(char) -> char>(drive: &mut StackDrive, mut f: F)
         MatchContext {
             string_position: group_start,
             // TODO: cache the offset
-            string_offset: calc_string_offset(drive.state.string, group_start),
+            string_offset: drive.state.string.offset(0, group_start),
             ..*drive.ctx()
         },
         &drive,
@@ -665,7 +682,7 @@ fn general_op_groupref<F: FnMut(char) -> char>(drive: &mut StackDrive, mut f: F)
     drive.ctx_mut().string_offset = offset;
 }
 
-fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
+fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
     if drive.at_end() || !f(drive.peek_code(1), drive.peek_char()) {
         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
     } else {
@@ -674,7 +691,7 @@ fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F
     }
 }
 
-fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(&[u32], char) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
+fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
     let skip = drive.peek_code(1) as usize;
     if drive.at_end() || !f(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char()) {
         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
@@ -700,7 +717,7 @@ fn at(drive: &StackDrive, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
     }
 }
 
-fn category(catcode: SreCatCode, c: char) -> bool {
+fn category(catcode: SreCatCode, c: u32) -> bool {
     match catcode {
         SreCatCode::DIGIT => is_digit(c),
         SreCatCode::NOT_DIGIT => !is_digit(c),
@@ -723,9 +740,8 @@ fn category(catcode: SreCatCode, c: char) -> bool {
     }
 }
 
-fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
+fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
     /* check if character is a member of the given set */
-    let ch = c as u32;
     let mut ok = true;
     let mut i = 0;
     while i < set.len() {
@@ -747,7 +763,7 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
                         break;
                     }
                 };
-                if category(catcode, c) {
+                if category(catcode, ch) {
                     return ok;
                 }
                 i += 2;
@@ -801,7 +817,7 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], c: char) -> bool {
                 if set[i + 1] <= ch && ch <= set[i + 2] {
                     return ok;
                 }
-                let ch = upper_unicode(c) as u32;
+                let ch = upper_unicode(ch);
                 if set[i + 1] <= ch && ch <= set[i + 2] {
                     return ok;
                 }
@@ -898,86 +914,128 @@ fn _count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
     drive.ctx().string_position - drive.state().string_position
 }
 
-fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, char) -> bool>(drive: &mut WrapDrive, end: usize, mut f: F) {
+fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut WrapDrive, end: usize, mut f: F) {
     let ch = drive.peek_code(1);
     while !drive.ctx().string_position < end && f(ch, drive.peek_char()) {
         drive.skip_char(1);
     }
 }
 
-fn eq_loc_ignore(code: u32, c: char) -> bool {
-    code == c as u32 || code == lower_locate(c) as u32 || code == upper_locate(c) as u32
+fn eq_loc_ignore(code: u32, ch: u32) -> bool {
+    code == ch || code == lower_locate(ch) || code == upper_locate(ch)
 }
 
-fn is_word(c: char) -> bool {
-    c.is_ascii_alphanumeric() || c == '_'
+fn is_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    ch == '_' as u32
+        || u8::try_from(ch)
+            .map(|x| x.is_ascii_alphanumeric())
+            .unwrap_or(false)
 }
-fn is_space(c: char) -> bool {
-    c.is_ascii_whitespace()
+fn is_space(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    u8::try_from(ch)
+        .map(is_py_ascii_whitespace)
+        .unwrap_or(false)
 }
-fn is_digit(c: char) -> bool {
-    c.is_ascii_digit()
+fn is_digit(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    u8::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.is_ascii_digit())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
 }
-fn is_loc_alnum(c: char) -> bool {
+fn is_loc_alnum(ch: u32) -> bool {
     // TODO: check with cpython
-    c.is_alphanumeric()
+    u8::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.is_ascii_alphanumeric())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
 }
-fn is_loc_word(c: char) -> bool {
-    is_loc_alnum(c) || c == '_'
+fn is_loc_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    ch == '_' as u32 || is_loc_alnum(ch)
 }
-fn is_linebreak(c: char) -> bool {
-    c == '\n'
+fn is_linebreak(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    ch == '\n' as u32
 }
-pub(crate) fn lower_ascii(c: char) -> char {
-    c.to_ascii_lowercase()
+pub(crate) fn lower_ascii(ch: u32) -> u32 {
+    u8::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.to_ascii_lowercase() as u32)
+        .unwrap_or(ch)
 }
-fn lower_locate(c: char) -> char {
+fn lower_locate(ch: u32) -> u32 {
     // TODO: check with cpython
     // https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_lowercase
-    c.to_lowercase().next().unwrap()
+    lower_ascii(ch)
 }
-fn upper_locate(c: char) -> char {
+fn upper_locate(ch: u32) -> u32 {
     // TODO: check with cpython
     // https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_uppercase
-    c.to_uppercase().next().unwrap()
+    u8::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.to_ascii_uppercase() as u32)
+        .unwrap_or(ch)
 }
-fn is_uni_digit(c: char) -> bool {
+fn is_uni_digit(ch: u32) -> bool {
     // TODO: check with cpython
-    c.is_digit(10)
+    char::try_from(ch).map(|x| x.is_digit(10)).unwrap_or(false)
 }
-fn is_uni_space(c: char) -> bool {
+fn is_uni_space(ch: u32) -> bool {
     // TODO: check with cpython
-    c.is_whitespace()
-}
-fn is_uni_linebreak(c: char) -> bool {
+    is_space(ch)
+        || matches!(
+            ch,
+            0x0009
+                | 0x000A
+                | 0x000B
+                | 0x000C
+                | 0x000D
+                | 0x001C
+                | 0x001D
+                | 0x001E
+                | 0x001F
+                | 0x0020
+                | 0x0085
+                | 0x00A0
+                | 0x1680
+                | 0x2000
+                | 0x2001
+                | 0x2002
+                | 0x2003
+                | 0x2004
+                | 0x2005
+                | 0x2006
+                | 0x2007
+                | 0x2008
+                | 0x2009
+                | 0x200A
+                | 0x2028
+                | 0x2029
+                | 0x202F
+                | 0x205F
+                | 0x3000
+        )
+}
+fn is_uni_linebreak(ch: u32) -> bool {
     matches!(
-        c,
-        '\u{000A}'
-            | '\u{000B}'
-            | '\u{000C}'
-            | '\u{000D}'
-            | '\u{001C}'
-            | '\u{001D}'
-            | '\u{001E}'
-            | '\u{0085}'
-            | '\u{2028}'
-            | '\u{2029}'
+        ch,
+        0x000A | 0x000B | 0x000C | 0x000D | 0x001C | 0x001D | 0x001E | 0x0085 | 0x2028 | 0x2029
     )
 }
-fn is_uni_alnum(c: char) -> bool {
+fn is_uni_alnum(ch: u32) -> bool {
     // TODO: check with cpython
-    c.is_alphanumeric()
+    char::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.is_alphanumeric())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
 }
-fn is_uni_word(c: char) -> bool {
-    is_uni_alnum(c) || c == '_'
+fn is_uni_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    ch == '_' as u32 || is_uni_alnum(ch)
 }
-pub(crate) fn lower_unicode(c: char) -> char {
+pub(crate) fn lower_unicode(ch: u32) -> u32 {
     // TODO: check with cpython
-    c.to_lowercase().next().unwrap()
+    char::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.to_lowercase().next().unwrap() as u32)
+        .unwrap_or(ch)
 }
-pub(crate) fn upper_unicode(c: char) -> char {
+pub(crate) fn upper_unicode(ch: u32) -> u32 {
     // TODO: check with cpython
-    c.to_uppercase().next().unwrap()
+    char::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.to_uppercase().next().unwrap() as u32)
+        .unwrap_or(ch)
 }
 
 fn is_utf8_first_byte(b: u8) -> bool {
@@ -988,6 +1046,23 @@ fn is_utf8_first_byte(b: u8) -> bool {
     (b & 0b10000000 == 0) || (b & 0b11000000 == 0b11000000)
 }
 
+fn utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes: &[u8], offset: usize) -> usize {
+    let mut offset = offset - 1;
+    if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
+        offset -= 1;
+        if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
+            offset -= 1;
+            if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
+                offset -= 1;
+                if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
+                    panic!("not utf-8 code point");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    offset
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 struct RepeatContext {
     count: isize,

From 97000fc4e046c5f9d7da42357d8b3290e33972db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 19 Jan 2021 17:14:00 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 026/705] fix multiple bugs; skip crash tests

---
 interp.rs | 220 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------------
 1 file changed, 88 insertions(+), 132 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 7c9246142a..dfb2e04e47 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -131,18 +131,17 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
 
     pub fn search(mut self) -> Self {
         // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
-        loop {
+        while self.start <= self.end {
             self = self.pymatch();
 
             if self.has_matched == Some(true) {
                 return self;
             }
             self.start += 1;
-            if self.start > self.end {
-                return self;
-            }
             self.reset();
         }
+
+        self
     }
 }
 
@@ -182,16 +181,19 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
                 let bytes = s.as_bytes();
                 let back_offset = utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes, offset);
                 match offset - back_offset {
-                    1 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, 0, bytes[offset]]),
-                    2 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, bytes[offset], bytes[offset + 1]]),
-                    3 => {
-                        u32::from_ne_bytes([0, bytes[offset], bytes[offset + 1], bytes[offset + 2]])
-                    }
+                    1 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, 0, bytes[offset - 1]]),
+                    2 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, bytes[offset - 2], bytes[offset - 1]]),
+                    3 => u32::from_ne_bytes([
+                        0,
+                        bytes[offset - 3],
+                        bytes[offset - 2],
+                        bytes[offset - 1],
+                    ]),
                     4 => u32::from_ne_bytes([
-                        bytes[offset],
-                        bytes[offset + 1],
-                        bytes[offset + 2],
-                        bytes[offset + 3],
+                        bytes[offset - 4],
+                        bytes[offset - 3],
+                        bytes[offset - 2],
+                        bytes[offset - 1],
                     ]),
                     _ => unreachable!(),
                 }
@@ -222,7 +224,10 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
                 .skip(start)
                 .collect::<String>()
                 .into_pyobject(vm),
-            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => PyBytes::from(b[start..end].to_vec()).into_pyobject(vm),
+            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => {
+                PyBytes::from(b.iter().take(end).skip(start).cloned().collect::<Vec<u8>>())
+                    .into_pyobject(vm)
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -256,13 +261,11 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
             .state()
             .string
             .offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
-        self.ctx_mut().string_position += skip_count;
+        self.ctx_mut().string_position =
+            std::cmp::min(self.ctx().string_position + skip_count, self.state().end);
     }
     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
         self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
-        if self.ctx().code_position > self.state().pattern_codes.len() {
-            self.ctx_mut().code_position = self.state().pattern_codes.len();
-        }
     }
     fn remaining_chars(&self) -> usize {
         self.state().end - self.ctx().string_position
@@ -314,9 +317,7 @@ impl<'a> StackDrive<'a> {
         self.state
     }
     fn push_new_context(&mut self, pattern_offset: usize) {
-        let mut child_ctx = MatchContext { ..*self.ctx() };
-        child_ctx.code_position += pattern_offset;
-        self.state.context_stack.push(child_ctx);
+        self.push_new_context_at(self.ctx().code_position + pattern_offset);
     }
     fn push_new_context_at(&mut self, code_position: usize) {
         let mut child_ctx = MatchContext { ..*self.ctx() };
@@ -352,11 +353,9 @@ impl MatchContextDrive for WrapDrive<'_> {
     fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
         &mut self.ctx
     }
-
     fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
         &self.ctx
     }
-
     fn state(&self) -> &State {
         self.stack_drive.state()
     }
@@ -833,6 +832,7 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
+/* General case */
 fn count(drive: &mut StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
     let mut count = 0;
     let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
@@ -854,6 +854,8 @@ fn count(drive: &mut StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
     count
 }
 
+/* TODO: check literal cases should improve the perfermance
+
 fn _count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
     let mut drive = WrapDrive::drive(*stack_drive.ctx(), stack_drive);
     let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
@@ -924,6 +926,7 @@ fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut WrapDrive, end:
 fn eq_loc_ignore(code: u32, ch: u32) -> bool {
     code == ch || code == lower_locate(ch) || code == upper_locate(ch)
 }
+*/
 
 fn is_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
     ch == '_' as u32
@@ -1073,6 +1076,7 @@ struct RepeatContext {
     maxcount: usize,
 }
 
+#[derive(Default)]
 struct OpMinRepeatOne {
     jump_id: usize,
     mincount: usize,
@@ -1082,102 +1086,79 @@ struct OpMinRepeatOne {
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinRepeatOne {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
-            0 => self._0(drive),
-            1 => self._1(drive),
-            2 => self._2(drive),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl Default for OpMinRepeatOne {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        OpMinRepeatOne {
-            jump_id: 0,
-            mincount: 0,
-            maxcount: 0,
-            count: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
-impl OpMinRepeatOne {
-    fn _0(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        self.mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-        self.maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+            0 => {
+                self.mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+                self.maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
 
-        if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-            return None;
-        }
+                if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    return None;
+                }
 
-        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
 
-        self.count = if self.mincount == 0 {
-            0
-        } else {
-            let count = count(drive, self.mincount);
-            if count < self.mincount {
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                return None;
-            }
-            drive.skip_char(count);
-            count
-        };
+                self.count = if self.mincount == 0 {
+                    0
+                } else {
+                    let count = count(drive, self.mincount);
+                    if count < self.mincount {
+                        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                    drive.skip_char(count);
+                    count
+                };
 
-        if drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1) == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 {
-            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-            return None;
-        }
+                if drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1) == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 {
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                    return None;
+                }
 
-        drive.state.marks_push();
-        self.jump_id = 1;
-        self._1(drive)
-    }
-    fn _1(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        if self.maxcount == MAXREPEAT || self.count <= self.maxcount {
-            drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-            drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-            self.jump_id = 2;
-            return Some(());
-        }
+                drive.state.marks_push();
+                self.jump_id = 1;
+                self.next(drive)
+            }
+            1 => {
+                if self.maxcount == MAXREPEAT || self.count <= self.maxcount {
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                    drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                    self.jump_id = 2;
+                    return Some(());
+                }
 
-        drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-        None
-    }
-    fn _2(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-        if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-            return None;
-        }
-        drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-        if count(drive, 1) == 0 {
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-            return None;
+                drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                None
+            }
+            2 => {
+                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
+                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                if count(drive, 1) == 0 {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    return None;
+                }
+                drive.skip_char(1);
+                self.count += 1;
+                drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
+                self.jump_id = 1;
+                self.next(drive)
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
         }
-        drive.skip_char(1);
-        self.count += 1;
-        drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
-        self.jump_id = 1;
-        self._1(drive)
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Default)]
 struct OpMaxUntil {
     jump_id: usize,
     count: isize,
     save_last_position: usize,
 }
-impl Default for OpMaxUntil {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        OpMaxUntil {
-            jump_id: 0,
-            count: 0,
-            save_last_position: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
@@ -1259,20 +1240,12 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Default)]
 struct OpMinUntil {
     jump_id: usize,
     count: isize,
     save_repeat: Option<RepeatContext>,
 }
-impl Default for OpMinUntil {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            jump_id: 0,
-            count: 0,
-            save_repeat: None,
-        }
-    }
-}
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
@@ -1338,18 +1311,11 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Default)]
 struct OpBranch {
     jump_id: usize,
     current_branch_length: usize,
 }
-impl Default for OpBranch {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            jump_id: 0,
-            current_branch_length: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpBranch {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
@@ -1388,22 +1354,13 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpBranch {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Default)]
 struct OpRepeatOne {
     jump_id: usize,
     mincount: usize,
     maxcount: usize,
     count: isize,
 }
-impl Default for OpRepeatOne {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            jump_id: 0,
-            mincount: 0,
-            maxcount: 0,
-            count: 0,
-        }
-    }
-}
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
@@ -1413,7 +1370,6 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
 
                 if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    return None;
                 }
                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                 self.count = count(drive, self.maxcount) as isize;

From 84113cba2cd66b83106f4564b03ae8cb999197c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Jan 2021 16:33:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 027/705] fix zero width repeat

---
 interp.rs | 21 ++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index dfb2e04e47..8b5a023ffd 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -1245,6 +1245,7 @@ struct OpMinUntil {
     jump_id: usize,
     count: isize,
     save_repeat: Option<RepeatContext>,
+    save_last_position: usize,
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
@@ -1280,6 +1281,7 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
                 if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
                     drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
+                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = self.save_last_position;
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                 }
                 None
@@ -1295,13 +1297,26 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
                 drive.state.marks_pop();
 
                 // match more unital tail matches
-                let maxcount = drive.repeat_ctx().maxcount;
-                let code_position = drive.repeat_ctx().code_position;
-                if self.count as usize >= maxcount && maxcount != MAXREPEAT {
+                let RepeatContext {
+                    count: _,
+                    code_position,
+                    last_position,
+                    mincount: _,
+                    maxcount,
+                } = *drive.repeat_ctx();
+
+                if self.count as usize >= maxcount && maxcount != MAXREPEAT
+                    || drive.state.string_position == last_position
+                {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                     return None;
                 }
                 drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
+
+                /* zero-width match protection */
+                self.save_last_position = last_position;
+                drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = drive.state.string_position;
+
                 drive.push_new_context_at(code_position + 4);
                 self.jump_id = 1;
                 Some(())

From f2311b56fcbc87431eb0e291b68f44bb3658c2c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 2021 12:48:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 028/705] fix op branch

---
 interp.rs | 14 ++++++++------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 8b5a023ffd..5fa7ca8c0e 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -1329,28 +1329,30 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
 #[derive(Default)]
 struct OpBranch {
     jump_id: usize,
-    current_branch_length: usize,
+    branch_offset: usize,
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpBranch {
+    // alternation
+    // <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
             0 => {
                 drive.state.marks_push();
                 // jump out the head
-                self.current_branch_length = 1;
+                self.branch_offset = 1;
                 self.jump_id = 1;
                 self.next(drive)
             }
             1 => {
-                drive.skip_code(self.current_branch_length);
-                self.current_branch_length = drive.peek_code(0) as usize;
-                if self.current_branch_length == 0 {
+                let next_branch_length = drive.peek_code(self.branch_offset) as usize;
+                if next_branch_length == 0 {
                     drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                     return None;
                 }
                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                drive.push_new_context(1);
+                drive.push_new_context(self.branch_offset + 1);
+                self.branch_offset += next_branch_length;
                 self.jump_id = 2;
                 Some(())
             }

From 6a792324b027bea56c39cb04fe072f719fd1efed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 2021 16:14:23 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 029/705] fix at_beginning

---
 interp.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 5fa7ca8c0e..11010c7152 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -274,7 +274,8 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
         self.state().pattern_codes.len() - self.ctx().code_position
     }
     fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start
+        // self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start
+        self.ctx().string_position == 0
     }
     fn at_end(&self) -> bool {
         self.ctx().string_position == self.state().end

From 7f0dad7901751abcc09ac8308742c91627401c81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Jan 2021 19:24:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 030/705] fix back_peek_char

---
 interp.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index 11010c7152..beb96f1f09 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -181,15 +181,15 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
                 let bytes = s.as_bytes();
                 let back_offset = utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes, offset);
                 match offset - back_offset {
-                    1 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, 0, bytes[offset - 1]]),
-                    2 => u32::from_ne_bytes([0, 0, bytes[offset - 2], bytes[offset - 1]]),
-                    3 => u32::from_ne_bytes([
+                    1 => u32::from_be_bytes([0, 0, 0, bytes[offset - 1]]),
+                    2 => u32::from_be_bytes([0, 0, bytes[offset - 2], bytes[offset - 1]]),
+                    3 => u32::from_be_bytes([
                         0,
                         bytes[offset - 3],
                         bytes[offset - 2],
                         bytes[offset - 1],
                     ]),
-                    4 => u32::from_ne_bytes([
+                    4 => u32::from_be_bytes([
                         bytes[offset - 4],
                         bytes[offset - 3],
                         bytes[offset - 2],

From 4416158eceb9dd6931ca25cfc610f50582dd83dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 22 Jan 2021 16:40:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 031/705] fix multiple bugs; pass tests

---
 interp.rs | 97 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 70 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/interp.rs b/interp.rs
index beb96f1f09..71e3ead143 100644
--- a/interp.rs
+++ b/interp.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) struct State<'a> {
     pub string_position: usize,
     popped_context: Option<MatchContext>,
     pub has_matched: Option<bool>,
+    pub match_all: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'a> State<'a> {
@@ -51,6 +52,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             string_position: start,
             popped_context: None,
             has_matched: None,
+            match_all: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -105,6 +107,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
             code_position: 0,
             has_matched: None,
+            toplevel: true,
         };
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
 
@@ -132,6 +135,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
     pub fn search(mut self) -> Self {
         // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
         while self.start <= self.end {
+            self.match_all = false;
             self = self.pymatch();
 
             if self.has_matched == Some(true) {
@@ -232,12 +236,13 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 struct MatchContext {
     string_position: usize,
     string_offset: usize,
     code_position: usize,
     has_matched: Option<bool>,
+    toplevel: bool,
 }
 
 trait MatchContextDrive {
@@ -463,8 +468,12 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
             }),
             SreOpcode::SUCCESS => once(|drive| {
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                if drive.ctx().toplevel && drive.state.match_all && !drive.at_end() {
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                } else {
+                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+                }
             }),
             SreOpcode::ANY => once(|drive| {
                 if drive.at_end() || drive.at_linebreak() {
@@ -482,15 +491,19 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     drive.skip_char(1);
                 }
             }),
+            /* assert subpattern */
+            /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
             SreOpcode::ASSERT => twice(
                 |drive| {
                     let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-                    if back > drive.ctx().string_position {
+                    let passed = drive.ctx().string_position - drive.state.start;
+                    if passed < back {
                         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                         return;
                     }
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
                     drive.push_new_context(3);
+                    drive.state.context_stack.last_mut().unwrap().toplevel = false;
                 },
                 |drive| {
                     let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
@@ -504,12 +517,14 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => twice(
                 |drive| {
                     let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-                    if back > drive.ctx().string_position {
+                    let passed = drive.ctx().string_position - drive.state.start;
+                    if passed < back {
                         drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
                         return;
                     }
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
                     drive.push_new_context(3);
+                    drive.state.context_stack.last_mut().unwrap().toplevel = false;
                 },
                 |drive| {
                     let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
@@ -770,17 +785,17 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
             }
             SreOpcode::CHARSET => {
                 /* <CHARSET> <bitmap> */
-                let set = &set[1..];
+                let set = &set[i + 1..];
                 if ch < 256 && ((set[(ch >> 5) as usize] & (1u32 << (ch & 31))) != 0) {
                     return ok;
                 }
-                i += 8;
+                i += 1 + 8;
             }
             SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => {
                 /* <BIGCHARSET> <blockcount> <256 blockindices> <blocks> */
                 let count = set[i + 1] as usize;
                 if ch < 0x10000 {
-                    let set = &set[2..];
+                    let set = &set[i + 2..];
                     let block_index = ch >> 8;
                     let (_, blockindices, _) = unsafe { set.align_to::<u8>() };
                     let blocks = &set[64..];
@@ -1085,6 +1100,7 @@ struct OpMinRepeatOne {
     count: usize,
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinRepeatOne {
+    /* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
             0 => {
@@ -1110,7 +1126,11 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinRepeatOne {
                     count
                 };
 
-                if drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1) == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 {
+                let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32
+                    && !(drive.ctx().toplevel && drive.state.match_all && !drive.at_end())
+                {
+                    // tail is empty.  we're finished
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
                     return None;
@@ -1377,9 +1397,18 @@ struct OpRepeatOne {
     jump_id: usize,
     mincount: usize,
     maxcount: usize,
-    count: isize,
+    count: usize,
+    following_literal: Option<u32>,
 }
 impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
+    /* match repeated sequence (maximizing regexp) */
+
+    /* this operator only works if the repeated item is
+    exactly one character wide, and we're not already
+    collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
+    use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
+
+    /* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         match self.jump_id {
             0 => {
@@ -1388,17 +1417,21 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
 
                 if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                    return None;
                 }
+
                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                self.count = count(drive, self.maxcount) as isize;
-                drive.skip_char(self.count as usize);
-                if self.count < self.mincount as isize {
+
+                self.count = count(drive, self.maxcount);
+                drive.skip_char(self.count);
+                if self.count < self.mincount {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                     return None;
                 }
 
                 let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 {
+                if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.at_end() && !drive.ctx().toplevel
+                {
                     // tail is empty.  we're finished
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
@@ -1406,24 +1439,34 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
                 }
 
                 drive.state.marks_push();
-                // TODO:
+
                 // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
                 // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
+                if next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32 {
+                    self.following_literal = Some(drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 2))
+                }
+
                 self.jump_id = 1;
                 self.next(drive)
             }
             1 => {
-                // General case: backtracking
-                if self.count >= self.mincount as isize {
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                    self.jump_id = 2;
-                    return Some(());
+                if let Some(c) = self.following_literal {
+                    while drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() != c {
+                        if self.count <= self.mincount {
+                            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+                            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+                            return None;
+                        }
+                        drive.back_skip_char(1);
+                        self.count -= 1;
+                    }
                 }
 
-                drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                None
+                // General case: backtracking
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
+                drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                self.jump_id = 2;
+                Some(())
             }
             2 => {
                 let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
@@ -1431,19 +1474,19 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
                     return None;
                 }
-                if self.count <= self.mincount as isize {
+                if self.count <= self.mincount {
                     drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                     return None;
                 }
 
-                // TODO: unnesscary double check
                 drive.back_skip_char(1);
                 self.count -= 1;
+
                 drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
 
                 self.jump_id = 1;
-                Some(())
+                self.next(drive)
             }
             _ => unreachable!(),
         }

From db5bd646b928048c7183f46ede40a114f19a82e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noah <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jan 2021 18:54:38 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 032/705] Initial commit to switch to new repo

---
 .gitignore                       | 2 ++
 Cargo.toml                       | 7 +++++++
 constants.rs => src/constants.rs | 0
 interp.rs => src/engine.rs       | 0
 src/lib.rs                       | 2 ++
 5 files changed, 11 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .gitignore
 create mode 100644 Cargo.toml
 rename constants.rs => src/constants.rs (100%)
 rename interp.rs => src/engine.rs (100%)
 create mode 100644 src/lib.rs

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96ef6c0b94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+/target
+Cargo.lock
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9f504966b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[package]
+name = "sre-engine"
+version = "0.1.0"
+authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
diff --git a/constants.rs b/src/constants.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from constants.rs
rename to src/constants.rs
diff --git a/interp.rs b/src/engine.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from interp.rs
rename to src/engine.rs
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f305aa094a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub mod constants;
+pub mod engine;

From 9c95994dab20fea56004940ba50323ee7e327f81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noah <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jan 2021 19:18:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 033/705] Modify to work outside of rustpython-vm

---
 Cargo.toml    |  2 ++
 src/engine.rs | 38 +++++++++++---------------------------
 src/lib.rs    | 12 ++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f9f504966b..3a82ba73f1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -5,3 +5,5 @@ authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2018"
 
 [dependencies]
+num_enum = "0.5"
+bitflags = "1.2"
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 71e3ead143..9aff2dcc91 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,16 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
-use super::_sre::MAXREPEAT;
 use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreOpcode};
-use crate::builtins::PyBytes;
-use crate::bytesinner::is_py_ascii_whitespace;
-use crate::pyobject::{IntoPyObject, PyObjectRef};
-use crate::VirtualMachine;
+use super::MAXREPEAT;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
-use std::unreachable;
+
+const fn is_py_ascii_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
+    matches!(b, b'\t' | b'\n' | b'\x0C' | b'\r' | b' ' | b'\x0B')
+}
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct State<'a> {
+pub struct State<'a> {
     pub string: StrDrive<'a>,
     pub start: usize,
     pub end: usize,
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ pub(crate) struct State<'a> {
 }
 
 impl<'a> State<'a> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(
+    pub fn new(
         string: StrDrive<'a>,
         start: usize,
         end: usize,
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub(crate) enum StrDrive<'a> {
+pub enum StrDrive<'a> {
     Str(&'a str),
     Bytes(&'a [u8]),
 }
@@ -219,21 +218,6 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
             StrDrive::Bytes(_) => offset - skip,
         }
     }
-
-    pub fn slice_to_pyobject(&self, start: usize, end: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match *self {
-            StrDrive::Str(s) => s
-                .chars()
-                .take(end)
-                .skip(start)
-                .collect::<String>()
-                .into_pyobject(vm),
-            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => {
-                PyBytes::from(b.iter().take(end).skip(start).cloned().collect::<Vec<u8>>())
-                    .into_pyobject(vm)
-            }
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -972,7 +956,7 @@ fn is_loc_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
 fn is_linebreak(ch: u32) -> bool {
     ch == '\n' as u32
 }
-pub(crate) fn lower_ascii(ch: u32) -> u32 {
+pub fn lower_ascii(ch: u32) -> u32 {
     u8::try_from(ch)
         .map(|x| x.to_ascii_lowercase() as u32)
         .unwrap_or(ch)
@@ -1044,13 +1028,13 @@ fn is_uni_alnum(ch: u32) -> bool {
 fn is_uni_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
     ch == '_' as u32 || is_uni_alnum(ch)
 }
-pub(crate) fn lower_unicode(ch: u32) -> u32 {
+pub fn lower_unicode(ch: u32) -> u32 {
     // TODO: check with cpython
     char::try_from(ch)
         .map(|x| x.to_lowercase().next().unwrap() as u32)
         .unwrap_or(ch)
 }
-pub(crate) fn upper_unicode(ch: u32) -> u32 {
+pub fn upper_unicode(ch: u32) -> u32 {
     // TODO: check with cpython
     char::try_from(ch)
         .map(|x| x.to_uppercase().next().unwrap() as u32)
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index f305aa094a..4a3ed1b754 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,2 +1,14 @@
 pub mod constants;
 pub mod engine;
+
+pub const CODESIZE: usize = 4;
+
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
+pub const MAXREPEAT: usize = usize::MAX;
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
+pub const MAXREPEAT: usize = u32::MAX as usize;
+
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
+pub const MAXGROUPS: usize = MAXREPEAT / 4 / 2;
+#[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
+pub const MAXGROUPS: usize = MAXREPEAT / 2;

From 2592067f95f530850db8451fd45982dc3bf161e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noah <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jan 2021 19:19:31 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 034/705] Add LICENSE

---
 Cargo.toml |  1 +
 LICENSE    | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 LICENSE

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 3a82ba73f1..03db7aba4f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 name = "sre-engine"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
+license = "MIT"
 edition = "2018"
 
 [dependencies]
diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7213274e0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2020 RustPython Team
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

From 2473c3e49f6ba539549a8bf4f87db9146044fc52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Feb 2021 20:25:45 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 035/705] add tests; fix OpAssert panic

---
 src/engine.rs | 15 ++++++++-------
 src/lib.rs    |  2 ++
 src/tests.rs  | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/tests.rs

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 9aff2dcc91..f6a6092f9b 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -369,20 +369,18 @@ fn once<F: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive)>(f: F) -> Box<OpOnce<F>> {
     Box::new(OpOnce { f: Some(f) })
 }
 
-// F1 F2 are same identical, but workaround for closure
 struct OpTwice<F1, F2> {
     f1: Option<F1>,
     f2: Option<F2>,
 }
 impl<F1, F2> OpcodeExecutor for OpTwice<F1, F2>
 where
-    F1: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive),
+    F1: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive) -> Option<()>,
     F2: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive),
 {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
         if let Some(f1) = self.f1.take() {
-            f1(drive);
-            Some(())
+            f1(drive)
         } else if let Some(f2) = self.f2.take() {
             f2(drive);
             None
@@ -393,7 +391,7 @@ where
 }
 fn twice<F1, F2>(f1: F1, f2: F2) -> Box<OpTwice<F1, F2>>
 where
-    F1: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive),
+    F1: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive) -> Option<()>,
     F2: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive),
 {
     Box::new(OpTwice {
@@ -483,11 +481,12 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     let passed = drive.ctx().string_position - drive.state.start;
                     if passed < back {
                         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                        return;
+                        return None;
                     }
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
                     drive.push_new_context(3);
                     drive.state.context_stack.last_mut().unwrap().toplevel = false;
+                    Some(())
                 },
                 |drive| {
                     let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
@@ -504,11 +503,12 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     let passed = drive.ctx().string_position - drive.state.start;
                     if passed < back {
                         drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                        return;
+                        return None;
                     }
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
                     drive.push_new_context(3);
                     drive.state.context_stack.last_mut().unwrap().toplevel = false;
+                    Some(())
                 },
                 |drive| {
                     let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
@@ -598,6 +598,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                     // execute UNTIL operator
                     drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+                    Some(())
                 },
                 |drive| {
                     drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 4a3ed1b754..eae3be617d 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 pub mod constants;
 pub mod engine;
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
 
 pub const CODESIZE: usize = 4;
 
diff --git a/src/tests.rs b/src/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95922e88a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+use engine::{State, StrDrive};
+
+use super::*;
+
+#[test]
+fn test_2427() {
+    let str_drive = StrDrive::Str("x");
+    // r'(?<!\.)x\b'
+    let code: Vec<u32> = vec![15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1];
+    let mut state = State::new(
+        str_drive,
+        0,
+        std::usize::MAX,
+        constants::SreFlag::UNICODE,
+        &code,
+    );
+    state = state.pymatch();
+    assert!(state.has_matched == Some(true));
+}

From cc4441b50ffa361c8f52eeecad54a9459c471e9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noah <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Feb 2021 14:27:01 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 036/705] Compile regex patterns for tests with a script

---
 generate_tests.py   | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/engine.rs       | 12 ++++++++++++
 src/lib.rs          |  2 --
 src/tests.rs        | 19 -------------------
 tests/lookbehind.py |  1 +
 tests/lookbehind.re |  2 ++
 tests/tests.rs      | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 7 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 generate_tests.py
 delete mode 100644 src/tests.rs
 create mode 100644 tests/lookbehind.py
 create mode 100644 tests/lookbehind.re
 create mode 100644 tests/tests.rs

diff --git a/generate_tests.py b/generate_tests.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..49a24792be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/generate_tests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+import os
+from pathlib import Path
+import re
+import sre_constants
+import sre_compile
+import sre_parse
+import json
+
+m = re.search(r"const SRE_MAGIC: usize = (\d+);", open("src/constants.rs").read())
+sre_engine_magic = int(m.group(1))
+del m
+
+assert sre_constants.MAGIC == sre_engine_magic
+
+class CompiledPattern:
+    @classmethod
+    def compile(cls, pattern, flags=0):
+        p = sre_parse.parse(pattern)
+        code = sre_compile._code(p, flags)
+        self = cls()
+        self.pattern = pattern
+        self.code = code
+        self.flags = re.RegexFlag(flags | p.state.flags)
+        return self
+
+for k, v in re.RegexFlag.__members__.items():
+    setattr(CompiledPattern, k, v)
+
+with os.scandir("tests") as d:
+    for f in d:
+        path = Path(f.path)
+        if path.suffix == ".py":
+            pattern = eval(path.read_text(), {"re": CompiledPattern})
+            path.with_suffix(".re").write_text(
+                f"// {pattern.pattern!r}, flags={pattern.flags!r}\n"
+                f"Pattern {{ code: &{json.dumps(pattern.code)}, flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate({int(pattern.flags)}) }}"
+            )
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index f6a6092f9b..a48b799e1b 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -153,6 +153,18 @@ pub enum StrDrive<'a> {
     Str(&'a str),
     Bytes(&'a [u8]),
 }
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a str> for StrDrive<'a> {
+    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self::Str(s)
+    }
+}
+impl<'a> From<&'a [u8]> for StrDrive<'a> {
+    fn from(b: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+        Self::Bytes(b)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
     fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
         match *self {
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index eae3be617d..4a3ed1b754 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 pub mod constants;
 pub mod engine;
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests;
 
 pub const CODESIZE: usize = 4;
 
diff --git a/src/tests.rs b/src/tests.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 95922e88a7..0000000000
--- a/src/tests.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-use engine::{State, StrDrive};
-
-use super::*;
-
-#[test]
-fn test_2427() {
-    let str_drive = StrDrive::Str("x");
-    // r'(?<!\.)x\b'
-    let code: Vec<u32> = vec![15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1];
-    let mut state = State::new(
-        str_drive,
-        0,
-        std::usize::MAX,
-        constants::SreFlag::UNICODE,
-        &code,
-    );
-    state = state.pymatch();
-    assert!(state.has_matched == Some(true));
-}
diff --git a/tests/lookbehind.py b/tests/lookbehind.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3da6425959
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookbehind.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+re.compile(r'(?<!\.)x\b')
diff --git a/tests/lookbehind.re b/tests/lookbehind.re
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0293c1c41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/lookbehind.re
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// '(?<!\\.)x\\b', flags=re.UNICODE
+Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4db110177d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+use sre_engine::constants::SreFlag;
+use sre_engine::engine;
+
+struct Pattern {
+    code: &'static [u32],
+    flags: SreFlag,
+}
+
+impl Pattern {
+    fn state<'a>(
+        &self,
+        string: impl Into<engine::StrDrive<'a>>,
+        range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
+    ) -> engine::State<'a> {
+        engine::State::new(string.into(), range.start, range.end, self.flags, self.code)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_2427() {
+    // r'(?<!\.)x\b'
+    let pattern = include!("lookbehind.re");
+    let mut state = pattern.state("x", 0..usize::MAX);
+    state = state.pymatch();
+    assert!(state.has_matched == Some(true));
+}

From 39a648bce1289b7288703744cfaff5b48f1172db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Feb 2021 13:32:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 037/705] fix OpAssert positive lookbehind

---
 src/engine.rs                | 28 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 tests/positive_lookbehind.py |  1 +
 tests/positive_lookbehind.re |  2 ++
 tests/tests.rs               |  9 +++++++++
 4 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 tests/positive_lookbehind.py
 create mode 100644 tests/positive_lookbehind.re

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index a48b799e1b..5e0e0f4208 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -490,14 +490,24 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             SreOpcode::ASSERT => twice(
                 |drive| {
                     let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-                    let passed = drive.ctx().string_position - drive.state.start;
+                    let passed = drive.ctx().string_position;
                     if passed < back {
                         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                         return None;
                     }
+                    let back_offset = drive
+                        .state
+                        .string
+                        .back_offset(drive.ctx().string_offset, back);
+
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
+
                     drive.push_new_context(3);
-                    drive.state.context_stack.last_mut().unwrap().toplevel = false;
+                    let child_ctx = drive.state.context_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+                    child_ctx.toplevel = false;
+                    child_ctx.string_position -= back;
+                    child_ctx.string_offset = back_offset;
+
                     Some(())
                 },
                 |drive| {
@@ -512,14 +522,24 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => twice(
                 |drive| {
                     let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-                    let passed = drive.ctx().string_position - drive.state.start;
+                    let passed = drive.ctx().string_position;
                     if passed < back {
                         drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
                         return None;
                     }
+                    let back_offset = drive
+                        .state
+                        .string
+                        .back_offset(drive.ctx().string_offset, back);
+
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
+
                     drive.push_new_context(3);
-                    drive.state.context_stack.last_mut().unwrap().toplevel = false;
+                    let child_ctx = drive.state.context_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+                    child_ctx.toplevel = false;
+                    child_ctx.string_position -= back;
+                    child_ctx.string_offset = back_offset;
+
                     Some(())
                 },
                 |drive| {
diff --git a/tests/positive_lookbehind.py b/tests/positive_lookbehind.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a0ab29253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/positive_lookbehind.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+re.compile(r'(?<=abc)def')
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/positive_lookbehind.re b/tests/positive_lookbehind.re
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68923b58ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/positive_lookbehind.re
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+// '(?<=abc)def', flags=re.UNICODE
+Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 99, 1, 17, 100, 17, 101, 17, 102, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 4db110177d..8a18b5f333 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -24,3 +24,12 @@ fn test_2427() {
     state = state.pymatch();
     assert!(state.has_matched == Some(true));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_assert() {
+    // '(?<=abc)def', flags=re.UNICODE
+    let pattern = include!("positive_lookbehind.re");
+    let mut state = pattern.state("abcdef", 0..usize::MAX);
+    state = state.search();
+    assert!(state.has_matched == Some(true));
+}

From 2a43d66e11a4a2245c12b24484b14eb01d7033a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noah <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Apr 2021 21:38:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 038/705] Fix clippy lint

---
 src/constants.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/constants.rs b/src/constants.rs
index f5ab92c531..f3962b339a 100644
--- a/src/constants.rs
+++ b/src/constants.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use bitflags::bitflags;
 pub const SRE_MAGIC: usize = 20171005;
 #[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
 #[repr(u32)]
-#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types, clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
 pub enum SreOpcode {
     FAILURE = 0,
     SUCCESS = 1,
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub enum SreOpcode {
 }
 #[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
 #[repr(u32)]
-#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types, clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
 pub enum SreAtCode {
     BEGINNING = 0,
     BEGINNING_LINE = 1,
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ pub enum SreAtCode {
 }
 #[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
 #[repr(u32)]
-#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types, clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
 pub enum SreCatCode {
     DIGIT = 0,
     NOT_DIGIT = 1,

From ca1346ee031624b37e6e5d531a1c5dcaa5b284fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noah <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 1 Apr 2021 22:05:45 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 039/705] Have generate_tests.py generate Patterns inline in
 tests.rs

---
 generate_tests.py            | 21 +++++++++++++++------
 tests/lookbehind.py          |  1 -
 tests/lookbehind.re          |  2 --
 tests/positive_lookbehind.py |  1 -
 tests/positive_lookbehind.re |  2 --
 tests/tests.rs               | 16 ++++++++++------
 6 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 tests/lookbehind.py
 delete mode 100644 tests/lookbehind.re
 delete mode 100644 tests/positive_lookbehind.py
 delete mode 100644 tests/positive_lookbehind.re

diff --git a/generate_tests.py b/generate_tests.py
index 49a24792be..7af1d2f0c2 100644
--- a/generate_tests.py
+++ b/generate_tests.py
@@ -26,12 +26,21 @@ def compile(cls, pattern, flags=0):
 for k, v in re.RegexFlag.__members__.items():
     setattr(CompiledPattern, k, v)
 
+
+# matches `// pattern {varname} = re.compile(...)`
+pattern_pattern = re.compile(r"^((\s*)\/\/\s*pattern\s+(\w+)\s+=\s+(.+?))$(?:.+?END GENERATED)?", re.M | re.S)
+def replace_compiled(m):
+    line, indent, varname, pattern = m.groups()
+    pattern = eval(pattern, {"re": CompiledPattern})
+    pattern = f"Pattern {{ code: &{json.dumps(pattern.code)}, flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate({int(pattern.flags)}) }}"
+    return f'''{line}
+{indent}// START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+{indent}#[rustfmt::skip] let {varname} = {pattern};
+{indent}// END GENERATED'''
+
 with os.scandir("tests") as d:
     for f in d:
         path = Path(f.path)
-        if path.suffix == ".py":
-            pattern = eval(path.read_text(), {"re": CompiledPattern})
-            path.with_suffix(".re").write_text(
-                f"// {pattern.pattern!r}, flags={pattern.flags!r}\n"
-                f"Pattern {{ code: &{json.dumps(pattern.code)}, flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate({int(pattern.flags)}) }}"
-            )
+        if path.suffix == ".rs":
+            replaced = pattern_pattern.sub(replace_compiled, path.read_text())
+            path.write_text(replaced)
diff --git a/tests/lookbehind.py b/tests/lookbehind.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 3da6425959..0000000000
--- a/tests/lookbehind.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-re.compile(r'(?<!\.)x\b')
diff --git a/tests/lookbehind.re b/tests/lookbehind.re
deleted file mode 100644
index a0293c1c41..0000000000
--- a/tests/lookbehind.re
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-// '(?<!\\.)x\\b', flags=re.UNICODE
-Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/positive_lookbehind.py b/tests/positive_lookbehind.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 2a0ab29253..0000000000
--- a/tests/positive_lookbehind.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-re.compile(r'(?<=abc)def')
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/positive_lookbehind.re b/tests/positive_lookbehind.re
deleted file mode 100644
index 68923b58ee..0000000000
--- a/tests/positive_lookbehind.re
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-// '(?<=abc)def', flags=re.UNICODE
-Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 99, 1, 17, 100, 17, 101, 17, 102, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 8a18b5f333..f4cd091f0d 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -18,18 +18,22 @@ impl Pattern {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_2427() {
-    // r'(?<!\.)x\b'
-    let pattern = include!("lookbehind.re");
-    let mut state = pattern.state("x", 0..usize::MAX);
+    // pattern lookbehind = re.compile(r'(?<!\.)x\b')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let mut state = lookbehind.state("x", 0..usize::MAX);
     state = state.pymatch();
     assert!(state.has_matched == Some(true));
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_assert() {
-    // '(?<=abc)def', flags=re.UNICODE
-    let pattern = include!("positive_lookbehind.re");
-    let mut state = pattern.state("abcdef", 0..usize::MAX);
+    // pattern positive_lookbehind = re.compile(r'(?<=abc)def')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let positive_lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 99, 1, 17, 100, 17, 101, 17, 102, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let mut state = positive_lookbehind.state("abcdef", 0..usize::MAX);
     state = state.search();
     assert!(state.has_matched == Some(true));
 }

From b497b2234d08ab161d7dc468c424f84c07a0c950 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noah <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 5 Apr 2021 11:10:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 040/705] Add more info to Cargo.toml

---
 Cargo.toml | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 03db7aba4f..8e69ab5235 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@
 name = "sre-engine"
 version = "0.1.0"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
+description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
+repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"
 license = "MIT"
 edition = "2018"
+keywords = ["regex"]
 
 [dependencies]
 num_enum = "0.5"

From 9728dd8699a255686deaedbdd0f23f549e62009f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Apr 2021 09:35:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 041/705] fix test_string_boundaries

---
 src/engine.rs  | 14 +++++++++++---
 tests/tests.rs | 11 +++++++++++
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 5e0e0f4208..0de9f43844 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -292,6 +292,14 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
         let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
         this != that
     }
+    fn at_non_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(&self, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
+        if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char());
+        let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
+        this == that
+    }
     fn back_peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
         self.state().string.back_peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
     }
@@ -738,14 +746,14 @@ fn at(drive: &StackDrive, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => drive.at_beginning(),
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => drive.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(drive.back_peek_char()),
         SreAtCode::BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_word),
-        SreAtCode::NON_BOUNDARY => !drive.at_boundary(is_word),
+        SreAtCode::NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_word),
         SreAtCode::END => (drive.remaining_chars() == 1 && drive.at_linebreak()) || drive.at_end(),
         SreAtCode::END_LINE => drive.at_linebreak() || drive.at_end(),
         SreAtCode::END_STRING => drive.at_end(),
         SreAtCode::LOC_BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_loc_word),
-        SreAtCode::LOC_NON_BOUNDARY => !drive.at_boundary(is_loc_word),
+        SreAtCode::LOC_NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_loc_word),
         SreAtCode::UNI_BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_uni_word),
-        SreAtCode::UNI_NON_BOUNDARY => !drive.at_boundary(is_uni_word),
+        SreAtCode::UNI_NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_uni_word),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index f4cd091f0d..690c72861b 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -37,3 +37,14 @@ fn test_assert() {
     state = state.search();
     assert!(state.has_matched == Some(true));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_string_boundaries() {
+    // pattern big_b = re.compile(r'\B')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let big_b = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 11, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let mut state = big_b.state("", 0..usize::MAX);
+    state = state.search();
+    assert!(state.has_matched == None)
+}

From d2b48fdea2986e8513d63d19ea30859c5a48a66e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noah <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Apr 2021 10:40:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 042/705] Release 0.1.1

sre-engine@0.1.1

Generated by cargo-workspaces
---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8e69ab5235..cf830a6053 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.1.1"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"

From 73abbace85aebf063eb8c7ce4815cacd2449f522 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noah <33094578+coolreader18@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 16 Apr 2021 10:53:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 043/705] Add explicit include for Cargo files

---
 Cargo.toml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index cf830a6053..f0cd628f0e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"
 license = "MIT"
 edition = "2018"
 keywords = ["regex"]
+include = ["LICENSE", "src/**/*.rs"]
 
 [dependencies]
 num_enum = "0.5"

From df8453d387c0a4bc6b84131f40703b46000ba7ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 10:19:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 044/705] fix zerowidth search

---
 Cargo.toml     |  2 +-
 src/engine.rs  | 99 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 tests/tests.rs | 18 +++++++--
 3 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f0cd628f0e..614243eeb1 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.1.1"
+version = "0.1.2"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 0de9f43844..bded52448d 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -23,8 +23,9 @@ pub struct State<'a> {
     repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
     pub string_position: usize,
     popped_context: Option<MatchContext>,
-    pub has_matched: Option<bool>,
+    pub has_matched: bool,
     pub match_all: bool,
+    pub must_advance: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'a> State<'a> {
@@ -50,8 +51,9 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             marks: Vec::new(),
             string_position: start,
             popped_context: None,
-            has_matched: None,
+            has_matched: false,
             match_all: false,
+            must_advance: false,
         }
     }
 
@@ -63,7 +65,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.marks.clear();
         self.string_position = self.start;
         self.popped_context = None;
-        self.has_matched = None;
+        self.has_matched = false;
     }
 
     fn set_mark(&mut self, mark_nr: usize, position: usize) {
@@ -100,17 +102,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.marks_stack.pop();
     }
 
-    pub fn pymatch(mut self) -> Self {
-        let ctx = MatchContext {
-            string_position: self.start,
-            string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
-            code_position: 0,
-            has_matched: None,
-            toplevel: true,
-        };
-        self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-
-        let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
+    fn _match(mut self, dispatcher: &mut OpcodeDispatcher) -> Self {
         let mut has_matched = None;
 
         loop {
@@ -127,21 +119,58 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             }
         }
 
-        self.has_matched = has_matched;
+        self.has_matched = has_matched == Some(true);
         self
     }
 
+    pub fn pymatch(mut self) -> Self {
+        let ctx = MatchContext {
+            string_position: self.start,
+            string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
+            code_position: 0,
+            has_matched: None,
+            toplevel: true,
+        };
+        self.context_stack.push(ctx);
+
+        let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
+
+        self._match(&mut dispatcher)
+    }
+
     pub fn search(mut self) -> Self {
         // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
-        while self.start <= self.end {
-            self.match_all = false;
-            self = self.pymatch();
 
-            if self.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                return self;
-            }
+        if self.start > self.end {
+            return self;
+        }
+
+        let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
+
+        let ctx = MatchContext {
+            string_position: self.start,
+            string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
+            code_position: 0,
+            has_matched: None,
+            toplevel: true,
+        };
+        self.context_stack.push(ctx);
+        self = self._match(&mut dispatcher);
+
+        self.must_advance = false;
+        while !self.has_matched && self.start < self.end {
             self.start += 1;
             self.reset();
+            dispatcher.clear();
+            let ctx = MatchContext {
+                string_position: self.start,
+                string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
+                code_position: 0,
+                has_matched: None,
+                toplevel: false,
+            };
+            self.context_stack.push(ctx);
+            self = self._match(&mut dispatcher);
         }
 
         self
@@ -310,6 +339,18 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
             .string
             .back_offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
     }
+    fn can_success(&self) -> bool {
+        if !self.ctx().toplevel {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if self.state().match_all && !self.at_end() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if self.state().must_advance && self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start {
+            return false;
+        }
+        true
+    }
 }
 
 struct StackDrive<'a> {
@@ -429,6 +470,9 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
             executing_contexts: HashMap::new(),
         }
     }
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.executing_contexts.clear();
+    }
     // Returns True if the current context matches, False if it doesn't and
     // None if matching is not finished, ie must be resumed after child
     // contexts have been matched.
@@ -470,11 +514,9 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
             }),
             SreOpcode::SUCCESS => once(|drive| {
-                if drive.ctx().toplevel && drive.state.match_all && !drive.at_end() {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                } else {
+                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(drive.can_success());
+                if drive.ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
                 }
             }),
             SreOpcode::ANY => once(|drive| {
@@ -1152,9 +1194,7 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinRepeatOne {
                 };
 
                 let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32
-                    && !(drive.ctx().toplevel && drive.state.match_all && !drive.at_end())
-                {
+                if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
                     // tail is empty.  we're finished
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
@@ -1455,8 +1495,7 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
                 }
 
                 let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.at_end() && !drive.ctx().toplevel
-                {
+                if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
                     // tail is empty.  we're finished
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 690c72861b..d76ff3cfb5 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ fn test_2427() {
     // END GENERATED
     let mut state = lookbehind.state("x", 0..usize::MAX);
     state = state.pymatch();
-    assert!(state.has_matched == Some(true));
+    assert!(state.has_matched);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ fn test_assert() {
     // END GENERATED
     let mut state = positive_lookbehind.state("abcdef", 0..usize::MAX);
     state = state.search();
-    assert!(state.has_matched == Some(true));
+    assert!(state.has_matched);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -46,5 +46,17 @@ fn test_string_boundaries() {
     // END GENERATED
     let mut state = big_b.state("", 0..usize::MAX);
     state = state.search();
-    assert!(state.has_matched == None)
+    assert!(!state.has_matched);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_zerowidth() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile(r'\b|:+')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 7, 5, 6, 10, 16, 12, 10, 25, 6, 1, 4294967295, 17, 58, 1, 16, 2, 0, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let mut state = p.state("a:", 0..usize::MAX);
+    state.must_advance = true;
+    state = state.search();
+    assert!(state.string_position == 1);
 }

From a3c3573d67f94d6119a8bb7126f385c38ba438e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 Apr 2021 17:36:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 045/705] optimize count

---
 src/engine.rs | 29 +++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index bded52448d..5409baf66d 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -916,7 +916,7 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
 }
 
 /* General case */
-fn count(drive: &mut StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
+fn general_count(drive: &mut StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
     let mut count = 0;
     let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
 
@@ -937,18 +937,11 @@ fn count(drive: &mut StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
     count
 }
 
-/* TODO: check literal cases should improve the perfermance
-
-fn _count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
+fn count(stack_drive: &mut StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
     let mut drive = WrapDrive::drive(*stack_drive.ctx(), stack_drive);
     let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
     let end = drive.ctx().string_position + maxcount;
-    let opcode = match SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)) {
-        Ok(code) => code,
-        Err(_) => {
-            panic!("FIXME:COUNT1");
-        }
-    };
+    let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(0)).unwrap();
 
     match opcode {
         SreOpcode::ANY => {
@@ -960,7 +953,6 @@ fn _count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
             drive.skip_char(maxcount);
         }
         SreOpcode::IN => {
-            // TODO: pattern[2 or 1..]?
             while !drive.ctx().string_position < end
                 && charset(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char())
             {
@@ -992,7 +984,7 @@ fn _count(stack_drive: &StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
             general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
         }
         _ => {
-            todo!("repeated single character pattern?");
+            return general_count(stack_drive, maxcount);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1006,11 +998,6 @@ fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut WrapDrive, end:
     }
 }
 
-fn eq_loc_ignore(code: u32, ch: u32) -> bool {
-    code == ch || code == lower_locate(ch) || code == upper_locate(ch)
-}
-*/
-
 fn is_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
     ch == '_' as u32
         || u8::try_from(ch)
@@ -1028,7 +1015,7 @@ fn is_digit(ch: u32) -> bool {
         .unwrap_or(false)
 }
 fn is_loc_alnum(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    // TODO: check with cpython
+    // FIXME: Ignore the locales
     u8::try_from(ch)
         .map(|x| x.is_ascii_alphanumeric())
         .unwrap_or(false)
@@ -1045,13 +1032,11 @@ pub fn lower_ascii(ch: u32) -> u32 {
         .unwrap_or(ch)
 }
 fn lower_locate(ch: u32) -> u32 {
-    // TODO: check with cpython
-    // https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_lowercase
+    // FIXME: Ignore the locales
     lower_ascii(ch)
 }
 fn upper_locate(ch: u32) -> u32 {
-    // TODO: check with cpython
-    // https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html#method.to_uppercase
+    // FIXME: Ignore the locales
     u8::try_from(ch)
         .map(|x| x.to_ascii_uppercase() as u32)
         .unwrap_or(ch)

From 5bd6b672d089fa4dc8db1d5d3d8564f6a98dbacd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2021 11:09:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 046/705] optimize opcode that execute only once

---
 src/engine.rs | 183 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 102 insertions(+), 81 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 5409baf66d..2888b6930c 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -416,20 +416,6 @@ trait OpcodeExecutor {
     fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()>;
 }
 
-struct OpOnce<F> {
-    f: Option<F>,
-}
-impl<F: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive)> OpcodeExecutor for OpOnce<F> {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        let f = self.f.take()?;
-        f(drive);
-        None
-    }
-}
-fn once<F: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive)>(f: F) -> Box<OpOnce<F>> {
-    Box::new(OpOnce { f: Some(f) })
-}
-
 struct OpTwice<F1, F2> {
     f1: Option<F1>,
     f2: Option<F2>,
@@ -496,48 +482,58 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
     // Dispatches a context on a given opcode. Returns True if the context
     // is done matching, False if it must be resumed when next encountered.
     fn dispatch(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> bool {
-        let mut executor = match self.executing_contexts.remove_entry(&drive.id()) {
-            Some((_, executor)) => executor,
-            None => self.dispatch_table(opcode),
-        };
-        if let Some(()) = executor.next(drive) {
-            self.executing_contexts.insert(drive.id(), executor);
-            false
-        } else {
-            true
+        let executor = self
+            .executing_contexts
+            .remove_entry(&drive.id())
+            .map(|(_, x)| x)
+            .or_else(|| self.dispatch_table(opcode, drive));
+        if let Some(mut executor) = executor {
+            if let Some(()) = executor.next(drive) {
+                self.executing_contexts.insert(drive.id(), executor);
+                return false;
+            }
         }
+        true
     }
 
-    fn dispatch_table(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode) -> Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor> {
+    fn dispatch_table(
+        &mut self,
+        opcode: SreOpcode,
+        drive: &mut StackDrive,
+    ) -> Option<Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>> {
         match opcode {
-            SreOpcode::FAILURE => once(|drive| {
+            SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::SUCCESS => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
                 drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(drive.can_success());
                 if drive.ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
                     drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                 }
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::ANY => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::ANY => {
                 if drive.at_end() || drive.at_linebreak() {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                 } else {
                     drive.skip_code(1);
                     drive.skip_char(1);
                 }
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
                 if drive.at_end() {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                 } else {
                     drive.skip_code(1);
                     drive.skip_char(1);
                 }
-            }),
+                None
+            }
             /* assert subpattern */
             /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT => twice(
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT => Some(twice(
                 |drive| {
                     let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
                     let passed = drive.ctx().string_position;
@@ -568,8 +564,8 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                         drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                     }
                 },
-            ),
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => twice(
+            )),
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => Some(twice(
                 |drive| {
                     let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
                     let passed = drive.ctx().string_position;
@@ -600,17 +596,18 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                         drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
                     }
                 },
-            ),
-            SreOpcode::AT => once(|drive| {
+            )),
+            SreOpcode::AT => {
                 let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
                 if !at(drive, atcode) {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
                 } else {
                     drive.skip_code(2);
                 }
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::BRANCH => Box::new(OpBranch::default()),
-            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::BRANCH => Some(Box::new(OpBranch::default())),
+            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
                 let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
                 if drive.at_end() || !category(catcode, drive.peek_char()) {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
@@ -618,53 +615,68 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     drive.skip_code(2);
                     drive.skip_char(1);
                 }
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::IN => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::IN => {
                 general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, c));
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => {
                 general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c)));
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => {
                 general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c)));
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => {
                 general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset_loc_ignore(set, c));
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => {
                 drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
                 general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c);
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
                 general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c);
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
                 general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c));
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
                 general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c));
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
                 general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c));
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
                 general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c));
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
                 general_op_literal(drive, char_loc_ignore);
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
                 general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::MARK => once(|drive| {
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::MARK => {
                 drive
                     .state
                     .set_mark(drive.peek_code(1) as usize, drive.ctx().string_position);
                 drive.skip_code(2);
-            }),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT => twice(
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT => Some(twice(
                 // create repeat context.  all the hard work is done by the UNTIL
                 // operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL)
                 // <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail
@@ -687,20 +699,28 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
                 },
-            ),
-            SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMaxUntil::default()),
-            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => Box::new(OpMinUntil::default()),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpRepeatOne::default()),
-            SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default()),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x)),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii)),
+            )),
+            SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => Some(Box::new(OpMaxUntil::default())),
+            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => Some(Box::new(OpMinUntil::default())),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => Some(Box::new(OpRepeatOne::default())),
+            SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Some(Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default())),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF => {
+                general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x);
+                None
+            }
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => {
+                general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii);
+                None
+            }
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => {
-                once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, lower_locate))
+                general_op_groupref(drive, lower_locate);
+                None
             }
             SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => {
-                once(|drive| general_op_groupref(drive, lower_unicode))
+                general_op_groupref(drive, lower_unicode);
+                None
             }
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => once(|drive| {
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
                 let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
                 match (group_start, group_end) {
                     (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => {
@@ -708,7 +728,8 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
                     }
                     _ => drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(2) as usize + 1),
                 }
-            }),
+                None
+            }
             _ => {
                 // TODO python expcetion?
                 unreachable!("unexpected opcode")

From 7324feef89dd692d909c98849e54969617728ecf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 21 Apr 2021 11:13:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 047/705] optimize search cache the string offset

---
 src/engine.rs | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 2888b6930c..2b85ea3514 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -147,9 +147,11 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
 
         let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
 
+        let mut start_offset = self.string.offset(0, self.start);
+
         let ctx = MatchContext {
             string_position: self.start,
-            string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
+            string_offset: start_offset,
             code_position: 0,
             has_matched: None,
             toplevel: true,
@@ -160,11 +162,12 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.must_advance = false;
         while !self.has_matched && self.start < self.end {
             self.start += 1;
+            start_offset = self.string.offset(start_offset, 1);
             self.reset();
             dispatcher.clear();
             let ctx = MatchContext {
                 string_position: self.start,
-                string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
+                string_offset: start_offset,
                 code_position: 0,
                 has_matched: None,
                 toplevel: false,

From 86435b8a4b44d0b79109ace6acd66cbfcebaac66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 17:15:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 048/705] add benchmark

---
 benches/benches.rs | 112 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 generate_tests.py  |   5 +-
 2 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 benches/benches.rs

diff --git a/benches/benches.rs b/benches/benches.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b86a592967
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benches/benches.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+#![feature(test)]
+
+extern crate test;
+use test::Bencher;
+
+use sre_engine::constants::SreFlag;
+use sre_engine::engine;
+pub struct Pattern {
+    pub code: &'static [u32],
+    pub flags: SreFlag,
+}
+
+impl Pattern {
+    pub fn state<'a>(
+        &self,
+        string: impl Into<engine::StrDrive<'a>>,
+        range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
+    ) -> engine::State<'a> {
+        engine::State::new(string.into(), range.start, range.end, self.flags, self.code)
+    }
+}
+#[bench]
+fn benchmarks(b: &mut Bencher) {
+    // # test common prefix
+    // pattern p1 = re.compile('Python|Perl') # , 'Perl'),    # Alternation
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p1 = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    // pattern p2 = re.compile('(Python|Perl)') #, 'Perl'),  # Grouped alternation
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p2 = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 0, 80, 0, 18, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 18, 1, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    // pattern pn = re.compile('Python|Perl|Tcl') #, 'Perl'),        # Alternation
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p3 = Pattern { code: &[15, 9, 4, 3, 6, 17, 80, 17, 84, 0, 7, 15, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 22, 11, 17, 80, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 11, 9, 17, 84, 17, 99, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    // pattern pn = re.compile('(Python|Perl|Tcl)') #, 'Perl'),      # Grouped alternation
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p4 = Pattern { code: &[15, 9, 4, 3, 6, 17, 80, 17, 84, 0, 18, 0, 7, 15, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 22, 11, 17, 80, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 11, 9, 17, 84, 17, 99, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 18, 1, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    // pattern pn = re.compile('(Python)\\1') #, 'PythonPython'),    # Backreference
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p5 = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 12, 0, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    // pattern pn = re.compile('([0a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+') #, 'a5,b7,c9,'), # Disable the fastmap optimization
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p6 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 24, 31, 1, 4294967295, 18, 0, 14, 7, 17, 48, 23, 97, 122, 0, 25, 13, 0, 4294967295, 14, 8, 23, 97, 122, 23, 48, 57, 0, 1, 17, 44, 18, 1, 19, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    // pattern pn = re.compile('([a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+') #, 'a5,b7,c9,'), # A few sets
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p7 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 24, 29, 1, 4294967295, 18, 0, 14, 5, 23, 97, 122, 0, 25, 13, 0, 4294967295, 14, 8, 23, 97, 122, 23, 48, 57, 0, 1, 17, 44, 18, 1, 19, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    // pattern pn = re.compile('Python') #, 'Python'),               # Simple text literal
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p8 = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    // pattern pn = re.compile('.*Python') #, 'Python'),             # Bad text literal
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p9 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    // pattern pn = re.compile('.*Python.*') #, 'Python'),           # Worse text literal
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p10 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    // pattern pn = re.compile('.*(Python)') #, 'Python'),           # Bad text literal with grouping
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p11 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 18, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+
+    let tests = [
+        (p1, "Perl"),
+        (p2, "Perl"),
+        (p3, "Perl"),
+        (p4, "Perl"),
+        (p5, "PythonPython"),
+        (p6, "a5,b7,c9,"),
+        (p7, "a5,b7,c9,"),
+        (p8, "Python"),
+        (p9, "Python"),
+        (p10, "Python"),
+        (p11, "Python"),
+    ];
+
+    b.iter(move || {
+        for (p, s) in &tests {
+            let mut state = p.state(s.clone(), 0..usize::MAX);
+            state = state.search();
+            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            state = p.state(s.clone(), 0..usize::MAX);
+            state = state.pymatch();
+            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            state = p.state(s.clone(), 0..usize::MAX);
+            state.match_all = true;
+            state = state.pymatch();
+            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            let s2 = format!("{}{}{}", " ".repeat(10000), s, " ".repeat(10000));
+            state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 0..usize::MAX);
+            state = state.search();
+            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 10000..usize::MAX);
+            state = state.pymatch();
+            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
+            state = state.pymatch();
+            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
+            state.match_all = true;
+            state = state.pymatch();
+            assert!(state.has_matched);
+        }
+    })
+}
diff --git a/generate_tests.py b/generate_tests.py
index 7af1d2f0c2..b432720cd1 100644
--- a/generate_tests.py
+++ b/generate_tests.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 import sre_compile
 import sre_parse
 import json
+from itertools import chain
 
 m = re.search(r"const SRE_MAGIC: usize = (\d+);", open("src/constants.rs").read())
 sre_engine_magic = int(m.group(1))
@@ -38,8 +39,8 @@ def replace_compiled(m):
 {indent}#[rustfmt::skip] let {varname} = {pattern};
 {indent}// END GENERATED'''
 
-with os.scandir("tests") as d:
-    for f in d:
+with os.scandir("tests") as t, os.scandir("benches") as b:
+    for f in chain(t, b):
         path = Path(f.path)
         if path.suffix == ".rs":
             replaced = pattern_pattern.sub(replace_compiled, path.read_text())

From 58981a41e99cbcb53002b559ea13c7131b597938 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 22 Apr 2021 19:27:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 049/705] optimize; replace hashmap with btreemap

---
 src/engine.rs | 14 ++++++--------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 2b85ea3514..3837974838 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreOpcode};
 use super::MAXREPEAT;
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 
 const fn is_py_ascii_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
                 .get(offset..)
                 .and_then(|s| s.char_indices().nth(skip).map(|x| x.0 + offset))
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| s.len()),
-            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => std::cmp::min(offset + skip, b.len()),
+            StrDrive::Bytes(_) => offset + skip,
         }
     }
 
@@ -294,8 +294,7 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
             .state()
             .string
             .offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
-        self.ctx_mut().string_position =
-            std::cmp::min(self.ctx().string_position + skip_count, self.state().end);
+        self.ctx_mut().string_position += skip_count;
     }
     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
         self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
@@ -451,12 +450,12 @@ where
 }
 
 struct OpcodeDispatcher {
-    executing_contexts: HashMap<usize, Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>>,
+    executing_contexts: BTreeMap<usize, Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>>,
 }
 impl OpcodeDispatcher {
     fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
-            executing_contexts: HashMap::new(),
+            executing_contexts: BTreeMap::new(),
         }
     }
     fn clear(&mut self) {
@@ -487,8 +486,7 @@ impl OpcodeDispatcher {
     fn dispatch(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> bool {
         let executor = self
             .executing_contexts
-            .remove_entry(&drive.id())
-            .map(|(_, x)| x)
+            .remove(&drive.id())
             .or_else(|| self.dispatch_table(opcode, drive));
         if let Some(mut executor) = executor {
             if let Some(()) = executor.next(drive) {

From 74ebdaf4e8a50330ea6195333bcb47e086ff3b5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Jul 2022 21:30:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 050/705] fix panic OpMinUntil return before restore repeat

---
 .vscode/launch.json | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 src/engine.rs       | 10 ++++++----
 tests/tests.rs      | 11 +++++++++++
 3 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .vscode/launch.json

diff --git a/.vscode/launch.json b/.vscode/launch.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ebfe34f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.vscode/launch.json
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+{
+    "version": "0.2.0",
+    "configurations": [
+        {
+            "type": "lldb",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "name": "Debug Unit Test",
+            "cargo": {
+                "args": [
+                    "test",
+                    "--no-run"
+                ],
+                "filter": {
+                    "kind": "test"
+                }
+            },
+            "args": [],
+            "cwd": "${workspaceFolder}"
+        }
+    ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 3837974838..d4e036ff32 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub struct State<'a> {
     pub string: StrDrive<'a>,
     pub start: usize,
     pub end: usize,
-    flags: SreFlag,
+    _flags: SreFlag,
     pattern_codes: &'a [u32],
     pub marks: Vec<Option<usize>>,
     pub lastindex: isize,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             string,
             start,
             end,
-            flags,
+            _flags: flags,
             pattern_codes,
             lastindex: -1,
             marks_stack: Vec::new(),
@@ -1380,16 +1380,18 @@ impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
                 None
             }
             2 => {
+                // restore repeat before return
+                drive.state.repeat_stack.push(self.save_repeat.unwrap());
+
                 let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
                 if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
                     drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
                     return None;
                 }
-                drive.state.repeat_stack.push(self.save_repeat.unwrap());
                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
                 drive.state.marks_pop();
 
-                // match more unital tail matches
+                // match more until tail matches
                 let RepeatContext {
                     count: _,
                     code_position,
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index d76ff3cfb5..b430947a9b 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -60,3 +60,14 @@ fn test_zerowidth() {
     state = state.search();
     assert!(state.string_position == 1);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile(r'(?:a*?(xx)??z)*')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 25, 0, 4294967295, 27, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 24, 11, 0, 1, 18, 0, 17, 120, 17, 120, 18, 1, 20, 17, 122, 19, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let mut state = p.state("axxzaz", 0..usize::MAX);
+    state = state.pymatch();
+    assert!(state.marks == vec![Some(1), Some(3)]);
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 919e1d7933b62bba0830b5b8dce63c1dfc758056 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Steve Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Jul 2022 20:38:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 051/705] Refactor and fix multiple max_until recusion (#10)

* wip refactor engine

* wip 2 refactor engine

* wip 3 refactor engine

* wip 3 refactor engine

* wip 4 refactor engine

* wip 5 refactor engine

* refactor seperate Stacks

* fix clippy

* fix pymatch and search restore _stacks

* fix toplevel

* fix marks panic

* fix double max_until repeat context

* clearup

* update version to 0.2.0
---
 Cargo.toml     |    2 +-
 src/engine.rs  | 1700 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 src/lib.rs     |    2 +-
 tests/tests.rs |   13 +-
 4 files changed, 847 insertions(+), 870 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 614243eeb1..6ba3996947 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.1.2"
+version = "0.2.0"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index d4e036ff32..81903ccfdd 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreOpcode};
 use super::MAXREPEAT;
-use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 
 const fn is_py_ascii_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ pub struct State<'a> {
     pub lastindex: isize,
     marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
     context_stack: Vec<MatchContext>,
-    repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
+    _stacks: Option<Box<Stacks>>,
     pub string_position: usize,
     popped_context: Option<MatchContext>,
     pub has_matched: bool,
@@ -44,11 +43,11 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             end,
             _flags: flags,
             pattern_codes,
+            marks: Vec::new(),
             lastindex: -1,
             marks_stack: Vec::new(),
             context_stack: Vec::new(),
-            repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
-            marks: Vec::new(),
+            _stacks: Default::default(),
             string_position: start,
             popped_context: None,
             has_matched: false,
@@ -59,10 +58,12 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
 
     pub fn reset(&mut self) {
         self.lastindex = -1;
+        self.marks.clear();
         self.marks_stack.clear();
         self.context_stack.clear();
-        self.repeat_stack.clear();
-        self.marks.clear();
+        if let Some(x) = self._stacks.as_mut() {
+            x.clear()
+        };
         self.string_position = self.start;
         self.popped_context = None;
         self.has_matched = false;
@@ -102,51 +103,71 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.marks_stack.pop();
     }
 
-    fn _match(mut self, dispatcher: &mut OpcodeDispatcher) -> Self {
-        let mut has_matched = None;
+    fn _match(mut self, stacks: &mut Stacks) -> Self {
+        while let Some(ctx) = self.context_stack.pop() {
+            let mut drive = StateContext {
+                state: self,
+                ctx,
+                next_ctx: None,
+            };
 
-        loop {
-            if self.context_stack.is_empty() {
-                break;
+            if let Some(handler) = drive.ctx.handler {
+                handler(&mut drive, stacks);
+            } else if drive.remaining_codes() > 0 {
+                let code = drive.peek_code(0);
+                let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
+                dispatch(code, &mut drive, stacks);
+            } else {
+                drive.failure();
             }
-            let ctx_id = self.context_stack.len() - 1;
-            let mut drive = StackDrive::drive(ctx_id, self);
 
-            has_matched = dispatcher.pymatch(&mut drive);
-            self = drive.take();
-            if has_matched.is_some() {
-                self.popped_context = self.context_stack.pop();
+            let StateContext {
+                mut state,
+                ctx,
+                next_ctx,
+            } = drive;
+
+            if ctx.has_matched.is_some() {
+                state.popped_context = Some(ctx);
+            } else {
+                state.context_stack.push(ctx);
+                if let Some(next_ctx) = next_ctx {
+                    state.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
+                }
             }
+            self = state
         }
-
-        self.has_matched = has_matched == Some(true);
+        self.has_matched = self.popped_context.unwrap().has_matched == Some(true);
         self
     }
 
     pub fn pymatch(mut self) -> Self {
+        let mut stacks = self._stacks.take().unwrap_or_default();
+
         let ctx = MatchContext {
             string_position: self.start,
             string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
             code_position: 0,
             has_matched: None,
             toplevel: true,
+            handler: None,
+            repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
         };
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
 
-        let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
-
-        self._match(&mut dispatcher)
+        self = self._match(&mut stacks);
+        self._stacks = Some(stacks);
+        self
     }
 
     pub fn search(mut self) -> Self {
+        let mut stacks = self._stacks.take().unwrap_or_default();
         // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
 
         if self.start > self.end {
             return self;
         }
 
-        let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
-
         let mut start_offset = self.string.offset(0, self.start);
 
         let ctx = MatchContext {
@@ -155,31 +176,664 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             code_position: 0,
             has_matched: None,
             toplevel: true,
+            handler: None,
+            repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
         };
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-        self = self._match(&mut dispatcher);
+        self = self._match(&mut stacks);
 
         self.must_advance = false;
         while !self.has_matched && self.start < self.end {
             self.start += 1;
             start_offset = self.string.offset(start_offset, 1);
             self.reset();
-            dispatcher.clear();
+            stacks.clear();
+
             let ctx = MatchContext {
                 string_position: self.start,
                 string_offset: start_offset,
                 code_position: 0,
                 has_matched: None,
                 toplevel: false,
+                handler: None,
+                repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
             };
             self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-            self = self._match(&mut dispatcher);
+            self = self._match(&mut stacks);
         }
 
+        self._stacks = Some(stacks);
         self
     }
 }
 
+fn dispatch(opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+    match opcode {
+        SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
+            drive.failure();
+        }
+        SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
+            drive.ctx.has_matched = Some(drive.can_success());
+            if drive.ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx.string_position;
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::ANY => {
+            if drive.at_end() || drive.at_linebreak() {
+                drive.failure();
+            } else {
+                drive.skip_code(1);
+                drive.skip_char(1);
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
+            if drive.at_end() {
+                drive.failure();
+            } else {
+                drive.skip_code(1);
+                drive.skip_char(1);
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::ASSERT => op_assert(drive),
+        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => op_assert_not(drive),
+        SreOpcode::AT => {
+            let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
+            if at(drive, atcode) {
+                drive.skip_code(2);
+            } else {
+                drive.failure();
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::BRANCH => op_branch(drive, stacks),
+        SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
+            let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
+            if drive.at_end() || !category(catcode, drive.peek_char()) {
+                drive.failure();
+            } else {
+                drive.skip_code(2);
+                drive.skip_char(1);
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::IN => general_op_in(drive, charset),
+        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c))),
+        SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c))),
+        SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, charset_loc_ignore),
+        SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => drive.skip_code_from(1),
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c),
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c),
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c)),
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+            general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c))
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+            general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c))
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+            general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c))
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_literal(drive, char_loc_ignore),
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
+            general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c))
+        }
+        SreOpcode::MARK => {
+            drive
+                .state
+                .set_mark(drive.peek_code(1) as usize, drive.ctx.string_position);
+            drive.skip_code(2);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => op_max_until(drive, stacks),
+        SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => op_min_until(drive, stacks),
+        SreOpcode::REPEAT => op_repeat(drive, stacks),
+        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => op_repeat_one(drive, stacks),
+        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => op_min_repeat_one(drive, stacks),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_locate),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_unicode),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
+            let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
+            match (group_start, group_end) {
+                (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => {
+                    drive.skip_code(3);
+                }
+                _ => drive.skip_code_from(2),
+            }
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
+    }
+}
+
+/* assert subpattern */
+/* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
+fn op_assert(drive: &mut StateContext) {
+    let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+
+    if drive.ctx.string_position < back {
+        return drive.failure();
+    }
+
+    let offset = drive
+        .state
+        .string
+        .back_offset(drive.ctx.string_offset, back);
+    let position = drive.ctx.string_position - back;
+
+    drive.state.string_position = position;
+
+    let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(3, |drive, _| {
+        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+            drive.ctx.handler = None;
+            drive.skip_code_from(1);
+        } else {
+            drive.failure();
+        }
+    });
+    next_ctx.string_position = position;
+    next_ctx.string_offset = offset;
+    next_ctx.toplevel = false;
+}
+
+/* assert not subpattern */
+/* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
+fn op_assert_not(drive: &mut StateContext) {
+    let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+
+    if drive.ctx.string_position < back {
+        return drive.skip_code_from(1);
+    }
+
+    let offset = drive
+        .state
+        .string
+        .back_offset(drive.ctx.string_offset, back);
+    let position = drive.ctx.string_position - back;
+
+    drive.state.string_position = position;
+
+    let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(3, |drive, _| {
+        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+            drive.failure();
+        } else {
+            drive.ctx.handler = None;
+            drive.skip_code_from(1);
+        }
+    });
+    next_ctx.string_position = position;
+    next_ctx.string_offset = offset;
+    next_ctx.toplevel = false;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct BranchContext {
+    branch_offset: usize,
+}
+
+// alternation
+// <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
+fn op_branch(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+    drive.state.marks_push();
+    stacks.branch.push(BranchContext { branch_offset: 1 });
+    create_context(drive, stacks);
+
+    fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+        let branch_offset = stacks.branch_last().branch_offset;
+        let next_length = drive.peek_code(branch_offset) as usize;
+        if next_length == 0 {
+            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+            stacks.branch.pop();
+            return drive.failure();
+        }
+
+        drive.sync_string_position();
+
+        stacks.branch_last().branch_offset += next_length;
+        drive.next_ctx(branch_offset + 1, callback);
+    }
+
+    fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+            stacks.branch.pop();
+            return drive.success();
+        }
+        drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
+        drive.ctx.handler = Some(create_context)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+struct MinRepeatOneContext {
+    count: usize,
+    max_count: usize,
+}
+
+/* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
+fn op_min_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+    let min_count = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+    let max_count = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+
+    if drive.remaining_chars() < min_count {
+        return drive.failure();
+    }
+
+    drive.sync_string_position();
+
+    let count = if min_count == 0 {
+        0
+    } else {
+        let count = count(drive, stacks, min_count);
+        if count < min_count {
+            return drive.failure();
+        }
+        drive.skip_char(count);
+        count
+    };
+
+    let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
+        // tail is empty. we're finished
+        drive.sync_string_position();
+        return drive.success();
+    }
+
+    drive.state.marks_push();
+    stacks
+        .min_repeat_one
+        .push(MinRepeatOneContext { count, max_count });
+    create_context(drive, stacks);
+
+    fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+        let MinRepeatOneContext { count, max_count } = *stacks.min_repeat_one_last();
+
+        if max_count == MAXREPEAT || count <= max_count {
+            drive.sync_string_position();
+            drive.next_ctx_from(1, callback);
+        } else {
+            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+            stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
+            drive.failure();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+            stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
+            return drive.success();
+        }
+
+        drive.sync_string_position();
+
+        if crate::engine::count(drive, stacks, 1) == 0 {
+            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+            stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
+            return drive.failure();
+        }
+
+        drive.skip_char(1);
+        stacks.min_repeat_one_last().count += 1;
+        drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
+        create_context(drive, stacks);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+struct RepeatOneContext {
+    count: usize,
+    min_count: usize,
+    following_literal: Option<u32>,
+}
+
+/* match repeated sequence (maximizing regexp) */
+
+/* this operator only works if the repeated item is
+exactly one character wide, and we're not already
+collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
+use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
+
+/* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
+fn op_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+    let min_count = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+    let max_count = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+
+    if drive.remaining_chars() < min_count {
+        return drive.failure();
+    }
+
+    drive.sync_string_position();
+
+    let count = count(drive, stacks, max_count);
+    drive.skip_char(count);
+    if count < min_count {
+        return drive.failure();
+    }
+
+    let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
+        // tail is empty. we're finished
+        drive.sync_string_position();
+        return drive.success();
+    }
+
+    // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
+    // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
+    let following_literal = (next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32)
+        .then(|| drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 2));
+
+    drive.state.marks_push();
+    stacks.repeat_one.push(RepeatOneContext {
+        count,
+        min_count,
+        following_literal,
+    });
+    create_context(drive, stacks);
+
+    fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+        let RepeatOneContext {
+            mut count,
+            min_count,
+            following_literal,
+        } = *stacks.repeat_one_last();
+
+        if let Some(c) = following_literal {
+            while drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() != c {
+                if count <= min_count {
+                    drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+                    stacks.repeat_one.pop();
+                    return drive.failure();
+                }
+                drive.back_skip_char(1);
+                count -= 1;
+            }
+        }
+        stacks.repeat_one_last().count = count;
+
+        drive.sync_string_position();
+
+        // General case: backtracking
+        drive.next_ctx_from(1, callback);
+    }
+
+    fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+            stacks.repeat_one.pop();
+            return drive.success();
+        }
+
+        let RepeatOneContext {
+            count,
+            min_count,
+            following_literal: _,
+        } = stacks.repeat_one_last();
+
+        if count <= min_count {
+            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+            stacks.repeat_one.pop();
+            return drive.failure();
+        }
+
+        drive.back_skip_char(1);
+        *count -= 1;
+
+        drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
+        create_context(drive, stacks);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct RepeatContext {
+    count: isize,
+    min_count: usize,
+    max_count: usize,
+    code_position: usize,
+    last_position: usize,
+    prev_id: usize,
+}
+
+/* create repeat context.  all the hard work is done
+by the UNTIL operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL) */
+/* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
+fn op_repeat(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+    let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
+        count: -1,
+        min_count: drive.peek_code(2) as usize,
+        max_count: drive.peek_code(3) as usize,
+        code_position: drive.ctx.code_position,
+        last_position: std::usize::MAX,
+        prev_id: drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
+    };
+
+    stacks.repeat.push(repeat_ctx);
+
+    drive.sync_string_position();
+
+    let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx_from(1, |drive, stacks| {
+        drive.ctx.has_matched = drive.popped_ctx().has_matched;
+        stacks.repeat.pop();
+    });
+    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = stacks.repeat.len() - 1;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct MinUntilContext {
+    count: isize,
+    save_repeat_ctx: Option<RepeatContext>,
+    save_last_position: usize,
+}
+
+/* minimizing repeat */
+fn op_min_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+    let repeat_ctx = stacks.repeat.last_mut().unwrap();
+
+    drive.sync_string_position();
+
+    let count = repeat_ctx.count + 1;
+
+    stacks.min_until.push(MinUntilContext {
+        count,
+        save_repeat_ctx: None,
+        save_last_position: repeat_ctx.last_position,
+    });
+
+    if (count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
+        // not enough matches
+        repeat_ctx.count = count;
+        drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
+            if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+                stacks.min_until.pop();
+                return drive.success();
+            }
+
+            stacks.repeat_last().count = stacks.min_until_last().count - 1;
+            drive.sync_string_position();
+            stacks.min_until.pop();
+            drive.failure();
+        });
+        return;
+    }
+
+    drive.state.marks_push();
+
+    // see if the tail matches
+    stacks.min_until_last().save_repeat_ctx = stacks.repeat.pop();
+
+    drive.next_ctx(1, |drive, stacks| {
+        let MinUntilContext {
+            count,
+            save_repeat_ctx,
+            save_last_position,
+        } = stacks.min_until_last();
+        let count = *count;
+
+        let mut repeat_ctx = save_repeat_ctx.take().unwrap();
+
+        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+            stacks.min_until.pop();
+            // restore repeat before return
+            stacks.repeat.push(repeat_ctx);
+            return drive.success();
+        }
+
+        drive.sync_string_position();
+
+        drive.state.marks_pop();
+
+        // match more until tail matches
+
+        if count as usize >= repeat_ctx.max_count && repeat_ctx.max_count != MAXREPEAT
+            || drive.state.string_position == repeat_ctx.last_position
+        {
+            stacks.min_until.pop();
+            // restore repeat before return
+            stacks.repeat.push(repeat_ctx);
+            return drive.failure();
+        }
+
+        repeat_ctx.count = count;
+        /* zero-width match protection */
+        *save_last_position = repeat_ctx.last_position;
+        repeat_ctx.last_position = drive.state.string_position;
+
+        stacks.repeat.push(repeat_ctx);
+
+        drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
+            if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+                stacks.min_until.pop();
+                drive.success();
+            } else {
+                stacks.repeat_last().count = stacks.min_until_last().count - 1;
+                drive.sync_string_position();
+                stacks.min_until.pop();
+                drive.failure();
+            }
+        });
+    });
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct MaxUntilContext {
+    save_last_position: usize,
+}
+
+/* maximizing repeat */
+fn op_max_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+    // let repeat_ctx = stacks.repeat.last_mut().unwrap();
+    let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+
+    drive.sync_string_position();
+
+    repeat_ctx.count += 1;
+
+    // let count = repeat_ctx.count + 1;
+
+    if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
+        // not enough matches
+        // repeat_ctx.count = count;
+        drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
+            if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+                // stacks.max_until.pop();
+                drive.success();
+            } else {
+                // let count = stacks.max_until_last().count;
+                // stacks.repeat_last().count -= 1;
+                stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
+                drive.sync_string_position();
+                // stacks.max_until.pop();
+                drive.failure();
+            }
+        });
+        return;
+    }
+
+    stacks.max_until.push(MaxUntilContext {
+        save_last_position: repeat_ctx.last_position,
+    });
+
+    if ((repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.max_count || repeat_ctx.max_count == MAXREPEAT)
+        && drive.state.string_position != repeat_ctx.last_position
+    {
+        /* we may have enough matches, but if we can
+        match another item, do so */
+        repeat_ctx.last_position = drive.state.string_position;
+
+        drive.state.marks_push();
+
+        drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
+            let save_last_position = stacks.max_until_last().save_last_position;
+            let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+            repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
+            if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+                drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+                stacks.max_until.pop();
+                return drive.success();
+            }
+            drive.state.marks_pop();
+            repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
+            drive.sync_string_position();
+
+            /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
+            tail matches */
+            let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, tail_callback);
+            next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+        });
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
+    tail matches */
+    let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, tail_callback);
+    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+
+    fn tail_callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+        stacks.max_until.pop();
+
+        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+            drive.success();
+        } else {
+            drive.sync_string_position();
+            drive.failure();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct Stacks {
+    branch: Vec<BranchContext>,
+    min_repeat_one: Vec<MinRepeatOneContext>,
+    repeat_one: Vec<RepeatOneContext>,
+    repeat: Vec<RepeatContext>,
+    min_until: Vec<MinUntilContext>,
+    max_until: Vec<MaxUntilContext>,
+}
+
+impl Stacks {
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.branch.clear();
+        self.min_repeat_one.clear();
+        self.repeat_one.clear();
+        self.repeat.clear();
+        self.min_until.clear();
+        self.max_until.clear();
+    }
+
+    fn branch_last(&mut self) -> &mut BranchContext {
+        self.branch.last_mut().unwrap()
+    }
+    fn min_repeat_one_last(&mut self) -> &mut MinRepeatOneContext {
+        self.min_repeat_one.last_mut().unwrap()
+    }
+    fn repeat_one_last(&mut self) -> &mut RepeatOneContext {
+        self.repeat_one.last_mut().unwrap()
+    }
+    fn repeat_last(&mut self) -> &mut RepeatContext {
+        self.repeat.last_mut().unwrap()
+    }
+    fn min_until_last(&mut self) -> &mut MinUntilContext {
+        self.min_until.last_mut().unwrap()
+    }
+    fn max_until_last(&mut self) -> &mut MaxUntilContext {
+        self.max_until.last_mut().unwrap()
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum StrDrive<'a> {
     Str(&'a str),
@@ -203,7 +857,7 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
             StrDrive::Str(s) => s
                 .get(offset..)
                 .and_then(|s| s.char_indices().nth(skip).map(|x| x.0 + offset))
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| s.len()),
+                .unwrap_or(s.len()),
             StrDrive::Bytes(_) => offset + skip,
         }
     }
@@ -264,31 +918,63 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+type OpcodeHandler = fn(&mut StateContext, &mut Stacks);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct MatchContext {
     string_position: usize,
     string_offset: usize,
     code_position: usize,
     has_matched: Option<bool>,
     toplevel: bool,
+    handler: Option<OpcodeHandler>,
+    repeat_ctx_id: usize,
 }
 
-trait MatchContextDrive {
-    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext;
+impl std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("MatchContext")
+            .field("string_position", &self.string_position)
+            .field("string_offset", &self.string_offset)
+            .field("code_position", &self.code_position)
+            .field("has_matched", &self.has_matched)
+            .field("toplevel", &self.toplevel)
+            .field("handler", &self.handler.map(|x| x as usize))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+trait ContextDrive {
     fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext;
+    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext;
     fn state(&self) -> &State;
-    fn repeat_ctx(&self) -> &RepeatContext {
-        self.state().repeat_stack.last().unwrap()
+
+    fn popped_ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
+        self.state().popped_context.as_ref().unwrap()
     }
+
     fn pattern(&self) -> &[u32] {
         &self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position..]
     }
+
     fn peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
         self.state().string.peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
     }
     fn peek_code(&self, peek: usize) -> u32 {
         self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position + peek]
     }
+
+    fn back_peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.state().string.back_peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
+    }
+    fn back_skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
+        self.ctx_mut().string_position -= skip_count;
+        self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
+            .state()
+            .string
+            .back_offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
+    }
+
     fn skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
         self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
             .state()
@@ -299,12 +985,17 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
         self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
     }
+    fn skip_code_from(&mut self, peek: usize) {
+        self.skip_code(self.peek_code(peek) as usize + 1);
+    }
+
     fn remaining_chars(&self) -> usize {
         self.state().end - self.ctx().string_position
     }
     fn remaining_codes(&self) -> usize {
         self.state().pattern_codes.len() - self.ctx().code_position
     }
+
     fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
         // self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start
         self.ctx().string_position == 0
@@ -331,16 +1022,7 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
         let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
         this == that
     }
-    fn back_peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.state().string.back_peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
-    }
-    fn back_skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
-        self.ctx_mut().string_position -= skip_count;
-        self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
-            .state()
-            .string
-            .back_offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
-    }
+
     fn can_success(&self) -> bool {
         if !self.ctx().toplevel {
             return true;
@@ -353,389 +1035,71 @@ trait MatchContextDrive {
         }
         true
     }
-}
 
-struct StackDrive<'a> {
-    state: State<'a>,
-    ctx_id: usize,
-}
-impl<'a> StackDrive<'a> {
-    fn id(&self) -> usize {
-        self.ctx_id
-    }
-    fn drive(ctx_id: usize, state: State<'a>) -> Self {
-        Self { state, ctx_id }
-    }
-    fn take(self) -> State<'a> {
-        self.state
-    }
-    fn push_new_context(&mut self, pattern_offset: usize) {
-        self.push_new_context_at(self.ctx().code_position + pattern_offset);
-    }
-    fn push_new_context_at(&mut self, code_position: usize) {
-        let mut child_ctx = MatchContext { ..*self.ctx() };
-        child_ctx.code_position = code_position;
-        self.state.context_stack.push(child_ctx);
-    }
-    fn repeat_ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut RepeatContext {
-        self.state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap()
-    }
-}
-impl MatchContextDrive for StackDrive<'_> {
-    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
-        &mut self.state.context_stack[self.ctx_id]
+    fn success(&mut self) {
+        self.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
     }
-    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
-        &self.state.context_stack[self.ctx_id]
-    }
-    fn state(&self) -> &State {
-        &self.state
+
+    fn failure(&mut self) {
+        self.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
     }
 }
 
-struct WrapDrive<'a> {
-    stack_drive: &'a StackDrive<'a>,
+struct StateContext<'a> {
+    state: State<'a>,
     ctx: MatchContext,
+    next_ctx: Option<MatchContext>,
 }
-impl<'a> WrapDrive<'a> {
-    fn drive(ctx: MatchContext, stack_drive: &'a StackDrive<'a>) -> Self {
-        Self { stack_drive, ctx }
+
+impl ContextDrive for StateContext<'_> {
+    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
+        &self.ctx
     }
-}
-impl MatchContextDrive for WrapDrive<'_> {
     fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
         &mut self.ctx
     }
-    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
-        &self.ctx
-    }
     fn state(&self) -> &State {
-        self.stack_drive.state()
+        &self.state
     }
 }
 
-trait OpcodeExecutor {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()>;
-}
+impl StateContext<'_> {
+    fn next_ctx_from(&mut self, peek: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
+        self.next_ctx(self.peek_code(peek) as usize + 1, handler)
+    }
+    fn next_ctx(&mut self, offset: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
+        self.next_ctx_at(self.ctx.code_position + offset, handler)
+    }
+    fn next_ctx_at(&mut self, code_position: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
+        self.next_ctx = Some(MatchContext {
+            code_position,
+            has_matched: None,
+            handler: None,
+            ..self.ctx
+        });
+        self.ctx.handler = Some(handler);
+        self.next_ctx.as_mut().unwrap()
+    }
 
-struct OpTwice<F1, F2> {
-    f1: Option<F1>,
-    f2: Option<F2>,
-}
-impl<F1, F2> OpcodeExecutor for OpTwice<F1, F2>
-where
-    F1: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive) -> Option<()>,
-    F2: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive),
-{
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        if let Some(f1) = self.f1.take() {
-            f1(drive)
-        } else if let Some(f2) = self.f2.take() {
-            f2(drive);
-            None
-        } else {
-            unreachable!()
-        }
+    fn sync_string_position(&mut self) {
+        self.state.string_position = self.ctx.string_position;
     }
 }
-fn twice<F1, F2>(f1: F1, f2: F2) -> Box<OpTwice<F1, F2>>
-where
-    F1: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive) -> Option<()>,
-    F2: FnOnce(&mut StackDrive),
-{
-    Box::new(OpTwice {
-        f1: Some(f1),
-        f2: Some(f2),
-    })
-}
 
-struct OpcodeDispatcher {
-    executing_contexts: BTreeMap<usize, Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>>,
+struct StateRefContext<'a> {
+    entity: &'a StateContext<'a>,
+    ctx: MatchContext,
 }
-impl OpcodeDispatcher {
-    fn new() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            executing_contexts: BTreeMap::new(),
-        }
-    }
-    fn clear(&mut self) {
-        self.executing_contexts.clear();
-    }
-    // Returns True if the current context matches, False if it doesn't and
-    // None if matching is not finished, ie must be resumed after child
-    // contexts have been matched.
-    fn pymatch(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<bool> {
-        while drive.remaining_codes() > 0 && drive.ctx().has_matched.is_none() {
-            let code = drive.peek_code(0);
-            let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-            if !self.dispatch(opcode, drive) {
-                return None;
-            }
-        }
-        match drive.ctx().has_matched {
-            Some(matched) => Some(matched),
-            None => {
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                Some(false)
-            }
-        }
-    }
 
-    // Dispatches a context on a given opcode. Returns True if the context
-    // is done matching, False if it must be resumed when next encountered.
-    fn dispatch(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> bool {
-        let executor = self
-            .executing_contexts
-            .remove(&drive.id())
-            .or_else(|| self.dispatch_table(opcode, drive));
-        if let Some(mut executor) = executor {
-            if let Some(()) = executor.next(drive) {
-                self.executing_contexts.insert(drive.id(), executor);
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-        true
+impl ContextDrive for StateRefContext<'_> {
+    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
+        &self.ctx
     }
-
-    fn dispatch_table(
-        &mut self,
-        opcode: SreOpcode,
-        drive: &mut StackDrive,
-    ) -> Option<Box<dyn OpcodeExecutor>> {
-        match opcode {
-            SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(drive.can_success());
-                if drive.ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::ANY => {
-                if drive.at_end() || drive.at_linebreak() {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                } else {
-                    drive.skip_code(1);
-                    drive.skip_char(1);
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-                if drive.at_end() {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                } else {
-                    drive.skip_code(1);
-                    drive.skip_char(1);
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            /* assert subpattern */
-            /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT => Some(twice(
-                |drive| {
-                    let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-                    let passed = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    if passed < back {
-                        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                        return None;
-                    }
-                    let back_offset = drive
-                        .state
-                        .string
-                        .back_offset(drive.ctx().string_offset, back);
-
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
-
-                    drive.push_new_context(3);
-                    let child_ctx = drive.state.context_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-                    child_ctx.toplevel = false;
-                    child_ctx.string_position -= back;
-                    child_ctx.string_offset = back_offset;
-
-                    Some(())
-                },
-                |drive| {
-                    let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                    if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                        drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                    } else {
-                        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    }
-                },
-            )),
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => Some(twice(
-                |drive| {
-                    let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-                    let passed = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    if passed < back {
-                        drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                        return None;
-                    }
-                    let back_offset = drive
-                        .state
-                        .string
-                        .back_offset(drive.ctx().string_offset, back);
-
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position - back;
-
-                    drive.push_new_context(3);
-                    let child_ctx = drive.state.context_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-                    child_ctx.toplevel = false;
-                    child_ctx.string_position -= back;
-                    child_ctx.string_offset = back_offset;
-
-                    Some(())
-                },
-                |drive| {
-                    let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                    if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    } else {
-                        drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                    }
-                },
-            )),
-            SreOpcode::AT => {
-                let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
-                if !at(drive, atcode) {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                } else {
-                    drive.skip_code(2);
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::BRANCH => Some(Box::new(OpBranch::default())),
-            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
-                let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
-                if drive.at_end() || !category(catcode, drive.peek_char()) {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                } else {
-                    drive.skip_code(2);
-                    drive.skip_char(1);
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::IN => {
-                general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, c));
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c)));
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c)));
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset_loc_ignore(set, c));
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => {
-                drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c);
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c);
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c));
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c));
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c));
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c));
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_literal(drive, char_loc_ignore);
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::MARK => {
-                drive
-                    .state
-                    .set_mark(drive.peek_code(1) as usize, drive.ctx().string_position);
-                drive.skip_code(2);
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT => Some(twice(
-                // create repeat context.  all the hard work is done by the UNTIL
-                // operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL)
-                // <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail
-                |drive| {
-                    let repeat = RepeatContext {
-                        count: -1,
-                        code_position: drive.ctx().code_position,
-                        last_position: std::usize::MAX,
-                        mincount: drive.peek_code(2) as usize,
-                        maxcount: drive.peek_code(3) as usize,
-                    };
-                    drive.state.repeat_stack.push(repeat);
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    // execute UNTIL operator
-                    drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                    Some(())
-                },
-                |drive| {
-                    drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
-                    let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-                },
-            )),
-            SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => Some(Box::new(OpMaxUntil::default())),
-            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => Some(Box::new(OpMinUntil::default())),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => Some(Box::new(OpRepeatOne::default())),
-            SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => Some(Box::new(OpMinRepeatOne::default())),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF => {
-                general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x);
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii);
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_groupref(drive, lower_locate);
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => {
-                general_op_groupref(drive, lower_unicode);
-                None
-            }
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
-                let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
-                match (group_start, group_end) {
-                    (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => {
-                        drive.skip_code(3);
-                    }
-                    _ => drive.skip_code(drive.peek_code(2) as usize + 1),
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            _ => {
-                // TODO python expcetion?
-                unreachable!("unexpected opcode")
-            }
-        }
+    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
+        &mut self.ctx
+    }
+    fn state(&self) -> &State {
+        &self.entity.state
     }
 }
 
@@ -752,60 +1116,63 @@ fn charset_loc_ignore(set: &[u32], c: u32) -> bool {
     up != lo && charset(set, up)
 }
 
-fn general_op_groupref<F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(drive: &mut StackDrive, mut f: F) {
+fn general_op_groupref<F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(drive: &mut StateContext, mut f: F) {
     let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
     let (group_start, group_end) = match (group_start, group_end) {
         (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => (start, end),
         _ => {
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-            return;
+            return drive.failure();
         }
     };
-    let mut wdrive = WrapDrive::drive(*drive.ctx(), &drive);
-    let mut gdrive = WrapDrive::drive(
-        MatchContext {
+
+    let mut wdrive = StateRefContext {
+        entity: drive,
+        ctx: drive.ctx,
+    };
+    let mut gdrive = StateRefContext {
+        entity: drive,
+        ctx: MatchContext {
             string_position: group_start,
             // TODO: cache the offset
             string_offset: drive.state.string.offset(0, group_start),
-            ..*drive.ctx()
+            ..drive.ctx
         },
-        &drive,
-    );
+    };
+
     for _ in group_start..group_end {
         if wdrive.at_end() || f(wdrive.peek_char()) != f(gdrive.peek_char()) {
-            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-            return;
+            return drive.failure();
         }
         wdrive.skip_char(1);
         gdrive.skip_char(1);
     }
-    let position = wdrive.ctx().string_position;
-    let offset = wdrive.ctx().string_offset;
+
+    let position = wdrive.ctx.string_position;
+    let offset = wdrive.ctx.string_offset;
     drive.skip_code(2);
-    drive.ctx_mut().string_position = position;
-    drive.ctx_mut().string_offset = offset;
+    drive.ctx.string_position = position;
+    drive.ctx.string_offset = offset;
 }
 
-fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
+fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StateContext, f: F) {
     if drive.at_end() || !f(drive.peek_code(1), drive.peek_char()) {
-        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+        drive.failure();
     } else {
         drive.skip_code(2);
         drive.skip_char(1);
     }
 }
 
-fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StackDrive, f: F) {
-    let skip = drive.peek_code(1) as usize;
+fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StateContext, f: F) {
     if drive.at_end() || !f(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char()) {
-        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+        drive.failure();
     } else {
-        drive.skip_code(skip + 1);
+        drive.skip_code_from(1);
         drive.skip_char(1);
     }
 }
 
-fn at(drive: &StackDrive, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
+fn at(drive: &StateContext, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
     match atcode {
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => drive.at_beginning(),
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => drive.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(drive.back_peek_char()),
@@ -938,84 +1305,91 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
 }
 
 /* General case */
-fn general_count(drive: &mut StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
+fn general_count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize) -> usize {
     let mut count = 0;
-    let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
+    let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, drive.remaining_chars());
 
-    let save_ctx = *drive.ctx();
+    let save_ctx = drive.ctx;
     drive.skip_code(4);
-    let reset_position = drive.ctx().code_position;
-
-    let mut dispatcher = OpcodeDispatcher::new();
-    while count < maxcount {
-        drive.ctx_mut().code_position = reset_position;
-        dispatcher.dispatch(SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(0)).unwrap(), drive);
-        if drive.ctx().has_matched == Some(false) {
+    let reset_position = drive.ctx.code_position;
+
+    while count < max_count {
+        drive.ctx.code_position = reset_position;
+        let code = drive.peek_code(0);
+        let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
+        dispatch(code, drive, stacks);
+        if drive.ctx.has_matched == Some(false) {
             break;
         }
         count += 1;
     }
-    *drive.ctx_mut() = save_ctx;
+    drive.ctx = save_ctx;
     count
 }
 
-fn count(stack_drive: &mut StackDrive, maxcount: usize) -> usize {
-    let mut drive = WrapDrive::drive(*stack_drive.ctx(), stack_drive);
-    let maxcount = std::cmp::min(maxcount, drive.remaining_chars());
-    let end = drive.ctx().string_position + maxcount;
+fn count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize) -> usize {
+    let save_ctx = drive.ctx;
+    let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, drive.remaining_chars());
+    let end = drive.ctx.string_position + max_count;
     let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(0)).unwrap();
 
     match opcode {
         SreOpcode::ANY => {
-            while !drive.ctx().string_position < end && !drive.at_linebreak() {
+            while !drive.ctx.string_position < end && !drive.at_linebreak() {
                 drive.skip_char(1);
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-            drive.skip_char(maxcount);
+            drive.skip_char(max_count);
         }
         SreOpcode::IN => {
-            while !drive.ctx().string_position < end
+            while !drive.ctx.string_position < end
                 && charset(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char())
             {
                 drive.skip_char(1);
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code == c as u32);
+            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == c as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code != c as u32);
+            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != c as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, char_loc_ignore);
+            general_count_literal(drive, end, char_loc_ignore);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(&mut drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
         }
         _ => {
-            return general_count(stack_drive, maxcount);
+            return general_count(drive, stacks, max_count);
         }
     }
 
-    drive.ctx().string_position - drive.state().string_position
+    let count = drive.ctx.string_position - drive.state.string_position;
+    drive.ctx = save_ctx;
+    count
 }
 
-fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut WrapDrive, end: usize, mut f: F) {
+fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
+    drive: &mut StateContext,
+    end: usize,
+    mut f: F,
+) {
     let ch = drive.peek_code(1);
-    while !drive.ctx().string_position < end && f(ch, drive.peek_char()) {
+    while !drive.ctx.string_position < end && f(ch, drive.peek_char()) {
         drive.skip_char(1);
     }
 }
@@ -1065,7 +1439,9 @@ fn upper_locate(ch: u32) -> u32 {
 }
 fn is_uni_digit(ch: u32) -> bool {
     // TODO: check with cpython
-    char::try_from(ch).map(|x| x.is_digit(10)).unwrap_or(false)
+    char::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.is_ascii_digit())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
 }
 fn is_uni_space(ch: u32) -> bool {
     // TODO: check with cpython
@@ -1155,413 +1531,3 @@ fn utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes: &[u8], offset: usize) -> usize {
     }
     offset
 }
-
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-struct RepeatContext {
-    count: isize,
-    code_position: usize,
-    // zero-width match protection
-    last_position: usize,
-    mincount: usize,
-    maxcount: usize,
-}
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct OpMinRepeatOne {
-    jump_id: usize,
-    mincount: usize,
-    maxcount: usize,
-    count: usize,
-}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinRepeatOne {
-    /* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        match self.jump_id {
-            0 => {
-                self.mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-                self.maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
-
-                if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    return None;
-                }
-
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-
-                self.count = if self.mincount == 0 {
-                    0
-                } else {
-                    let count = count(drive, self.mincount);
-                    if count < self.mincount {
-                        drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                        return None;
-                    }
-                    drive.skip_char(count);
-                    count
-                };
-
-                let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
-                    // tail is empty.  we're finished
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-                    return None;
-                }
-
-                drive.state.marks_push();
-                self.jump_id = 1;
-                self.next(drive)
-            }
-            1 => {
-                if self.maxcount == MAXREPEAT || self.count <= self.maxcount {
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                    self.jump_id = 2;
-                    return Some(());
-                }
-
-                drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                None
-            }
-            2 => {
-                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                if count(drive, 1) == 0 {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                drive.skip_char(1);
-                self.count += 1;
-                drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
-                self.jump_id = 1;
-                self.next(drive)
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct OpMaxUntil {
-    jump_id: usize,
-    count: isize,
-    save_last_position: usize,
-}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMaxUntil {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        match self.jump_id {
-            0 => {
-                let RepeatContext {
-                    count,
-                    code_position,
-                    last_position,
-                    mincount,
-                    maxcount,
-                } = *drive.repeat_ctx();
-
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                self.count = count + 1;
-
-                if (self.count as usize) < mincount {
-                    // not enough matches
-                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
-                    drive.push_new_context_at(code_position + 4);
-                    self.jump_id = 1;
-                    return Some(());
-                }
-
-                if ((self.count as usize) < maxcount || maxcount == MAXREPEAT)
-                    && drive.state.string_position != last_position
-                {
-                    // we may have enough matches, if we can match another item, do so
-                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
-                    drive.state.marks_push();
-                    self.save_last_position = last_position;
-                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = drive.state.string_position;
-                    drive.push_new_context_at(code_position + 4);
-                    self.jump_id = 2;
-                    return Some(());
-                }
-
-                self.jump_id = 3;
-                self.next(drive)
-            }
-            1 => {
-                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            2 => {
-                drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = self.save_last_position;
-                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                    drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                drive.state.marks_pop();
-                drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                self.jump_id = 3;
-                self.next(drive)
-            }
-            3 => {
-                // cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the tail matches
-                drive.push_new_context(1);
-                self.jump_id = 4;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            4 => {
-                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct OpMinUntil {
-    jump_id: usize,
-    count: isize,
-    save_repeat: Option<RepeatContext>,
-    save_last_position: usize,
-}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpMinUntil {
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        match self.jump_id {
-            0 => {
-                let RepeatContext {
-                    count,
-                    code_position,
-                    last_position: _,
-                    mincount,
-                    maxcount: _,
-                } = *drive.repeat_ctx();
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                self.count = count + 1;
-
-                if (self.count as usize) < mincount {
-                    // not enough matches
-                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
-                    drive.push_new_context_at(code_position + 4);
-                    self.jump_id = 1;
-                    return Some(());
-                }
-
-                // see if the tail matches
-                drive.state.marks_push();
-                self.save_repeat = drive.state.repeat_stack.pop();
-                drive.push_new_context(1);
-                self.jump_id = 2;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            1 => {
-                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = child_ctx.has_matched;
-                if drive.ctx().has_matched != Some(true) {
-                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count - 1;
-                    drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = self.save_last_position;
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                }
-                None
-            }
-            2 => {
-                // restore repeat before return
-                drive.state.repeat_stack.push(self.save_repeat.unwrap());
-
-                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                drive.state.marks_pop();
-
-                // match more until tail matches
-                let RepeatContext {
-                    count: _,
-                    code_position,
-                    last_position,
-                    mincount: _,
-                    maxcount,
-                } = *drive.repeat_ctx();
-
-                if self.count as usize >= maxcount && maxcount != MAXREPEAT
-                    || drive.state.string_position == last_position
-                {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                drive.repeat_ctx_mut().count = self.count;
-
-                /* zero-width match protection */
-                self.save_last_position = last_position;
-                drive.repeat_ctx_mut().last_position = drive.state.string_position;
-
-                drive.push_new_context_at(code_position + 4);
-                self.jump_id = 1;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct OpBranch {
-    jump_id: usize,
-    branch_offset: usize,
-}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpBranch {
-    // alternation
-    // <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        match self.jump_id {
-            0 => {
-                drive.state.marks_push();
-                // jump out the head
-                self.branch_offset = 1;
-                self.jump_id = 1;
-                self.next(drive)
-            }
-            1 => {
-                let next_branch_length = drive.peek_code(self.branch_offset) as usize;
-                if next_branch_length == 0 {
-                    drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                drive.push_new_context(self.branch_offset + 1);
-                self.branch_offset += next_branch_length;
-                self.jump_id = 2;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            2 => {
-                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
-                self.jump_id = 1;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Default)]
-struct OpRepeatOne {
-    jump_id: usize,
-    mincount: usize,
-    maxcount: usize,
-    count: usize,
-    following_literal: Option<u32>,
-}
-impl OpcodeExecutor for OpRepeatOne {
-    /* match repeated sequence (maximizing regexp) */
-
-    /* this operator only works if the repeated item is
-    exactly one character wide, and we're not already
-    collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
-    use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
-
-    /* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-    fn next(&mut self, drive: &mut StackDrive) -> Option<()> {
-        match self.jump_id {
-            0 => {
-                self.mincount = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-                self.maxcount = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
-
-                if drive.remaining_chars() < self.mincount {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    return None;
-                }
-
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-
-                self.count = count(drive, self.maxcount);
-                drive.skip_char(self.count);
-                if self.count < self.mincount {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    return None;
-                }
-
-                let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
-                    // tail is empty.  we're finished
-                    drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-                    return None;
-                }
-
-                drive.state.marks_push();
-
-                // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
-                // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
-                if next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32 {
-                    self.following_literal = Some(drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 2))
-                }
-
-                self.jump_id = 1;
-                self.next(drive)
-            }
-            1 => {
-                if let Some(c) = self.following_literal {
-                    while drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() != c {
-                        if self.count <= self.mincount {
-                            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-                            drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                            return None;
-                        }
-                        drive.back_skip_char(1);
-                        self.count -= 1;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                // General case: backtracking
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx().string_position;
-                drive.push_new_context(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-                self.jump_id = 2;
-                Some(())
-            }
-            2 => {
-                let child_ctx = drive.state.popped_context.unwrap();
-                if child_ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-                    return None;
-                }
-                if self.count <= self.mincount {
-                    drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-                    drive.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-                    return None;
-                }
-
-                drive.back_skip_char(1);
-                self.count -= 1;
-
-                drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
-
-                self.jump_id = 1;
-                self.next(drive)
-            }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 4a3ed1b754..c23e807501 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ pub mod engine;
 pub const CODESIZE: usize = 4;
 
 #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
-pub const MAXREPEAT: usize = usize::MAX;
+pub const MAXREPEAT: usize = usize::MAX - 1;
 #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")]
 pub const MAXREPEAT: usize = u32::MAX as usize;
 
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index b430947a9b..e8ae487029 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -70,4 +70,15 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
     let mut state = p.state("axxzaz", 0..usize::MAX);
     state = state.pymatch();
     assert!(state.marks == vec![Some(1), Some(3)]);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_double_max_until() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile(r'((1)?)*')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 18, 0, 4294967295, 18, 0, 24, 9, 0, 1, 18, 2, 17, 49, 18, 3, 19, 18, 1, 19, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let mut state = p.state("1111", 0..usize::MAX);
+    state = state.pymatch();
+    assert!(state.string_position == 4);
+}

From 4007f8276550efb6aa1ada429a3e89c042eae86c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 21:33:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 052/705] optimize max_until and min_until

---
 src/engine.rs | 96 +++++++++++++++------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 81903ccfdd..223aa3425c 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
     let count = if min_count == 0 {
         0
     } else {
-        let count = count(drive, stacks, min_count);
+        let count = _count(drive, stacks, min_count);
         if count < min_count {
             return drive.failure();
         }
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
 
         drive.sync_string_position();
 
-        if crate::engine::count(drive, stacks, 1) == 0 {
+        if _count(drive, stacks, 1) == 0 {
             drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
             stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
             return drive.failure();
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ fn op_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
 
     drive.sync_string_position();
 
-    let count = count(drive, stacks, max_count);
+    let count = _count(drive, stacks, max_count);
     drive.skip_char(count);
     if count < min_count {
         return drive.failure();
@@ -614,9 +614,7 @@ fn op_repeat(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 struct MinUntilContext {
-    count: isize,
-    save_repeat_ctx: Option<RepeatContext>,
-    save_last_position: usize,
+    save_repeat_ctx_id: usize,
 }
 
 /* minimizing repeat */
@@ -625,50 +623,35 @@ fn op_min_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
 
     drive.sync_string_position();
 
-    let count = repeat_ctx.count + 1;
-
-    stacks.min_until.push(MinUntilContext {
-        count,
-        save_repeat_ctx: None,
-        save_last_position: repeat_ctx.last_position,
-    });
+    repeat_ctx.count += 1;
 
-    if (count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
+    if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
         // not enough matches
-        repeat_ctx.count = count;
         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-                stacks.min_until.pop();
-                return drive.success();
+                drive.success();
+            } else {
+                stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
+                drive.sync_string_position();
+                drive.failure();
             }
-
-            stacks.repeat_last().count = stacks.min_until_last().count - 1;
-            drive.sync_string_position();
-            stacks.min_until.pop();
-            drive.failure();
         });
         return;
     }
 
     drive.state.marks_push();
 
-    // see if the tail matches
-    stacks.min_until_last().save_repeat_ctx = stacks.repeat.pop();
+    stacks.min_until.push(MinUntilContext {
+        save_repeat_ctx_id: drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
+    });
 
-    drive.next_ctx(1, |drive, stacks| {
-        let MinUntilContext {
-            count,
-            save_repeat_ctx,
-            save_last_position,
-        } = stacks.min_until_last();
-        let count = *count;
+    // see if the tail matches
+    let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, |drive, stacks| {
+        drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id = stacks.min_until.pop().unwrap().save_repeat_ctx_id;
 
-        let mut repeat_ctx = save_repeat_ctx.take().unwrap();
+        let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
 
         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-            stacks.min_until.pop();
-            // restore repeat before return
-            stacks.repeat.push(repeat_ctx);
             return drive.success();
         }
 
@@ -678,34 +661,27 @@ fn op_min_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
 
         // match more until tail matches
 
-        if count as usize >= repeat_ctx.max_count && repeat_ctx.max_count != MAXREPEAT
+        if repeat_ctx.count as usize >= repeat_ctx.max_count && repeat_ctx.max_count != MAXREPEAT
             || drive.state.string_position == repeat_ctx.last_position
         {
-            stacks.min_until.pop();
-            // restore repeat before return
-            stacks.repeat.push(repeat_ctx);
+            repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
             return drive.failure();
         }
 
-        repeat_ctx.count = count;
         /* zero-width match protection */
-        *save_last_position = repeat_ctx.last_position;
         repeat_ctx.last_position = drive.state.string_position;
 
-        stacks.repeat.push(repeat_ctx);
-
         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-                stacks.min_until.pop();
                 drive.success();
             } else {
-                stacks.repeat_last().count = stacks.min_until_last().count - 1;
+                stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
                 drive.sync_string_position();
-                stacks.min_until.pop();
                 drive.failure();
             }
         });
     });
+    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -715,28 +691,20 @@ struct MaxUntilContext {
 
 /* maximizing repeat */
 fn op_max_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-    // let repeat_ctx = stacks.repeat.last_mut().unwrap();
     let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
 
     drive.sync_string_position();
 
     repeat_ctx.count += 1;
 
-    // let count = repeat_ctx.count + 1;
-
     if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
         // not enough matches
-        // repeat_ctx.count = count;
         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-                // stacks.max_until.pop();
                 drive.success();
             } else {
-                // let count = stacks.max_until_last().count;
-                // stacks.repeat_last().count -= 1;
                 stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
                 drive.sync_string_position();
-                // stacks.max_until.pop();
                 drive.failure();
             }
         });
@@ -757,14 +725,15 @@ fn op_max_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
         drive.state.marks_push();
 
         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
-            let save_last_position = stacks.max_until_last().save_last_position;
+            let save_last_position = stacks.max_until.pop().unwrap().save_last_position;
             let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
             repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
+
             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
                 drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-                stacks.max_until.pop();
                 return drive.success();
             }
+
             drive.state.marks_pop();
             repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
             drive.sync_string_position();
@@ -782,9 +751,7 @@ fn op_max_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, tail_callback);
     next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
 
-    fn tail_callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-        stacks.max_until.pop();
-
+    fn tail_callback(drive: &mut StateContext, _stacks: &mut Stacks) {
         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
             drive.success();
         } else {
@@ -823,15 +790,6 @@ impl Stacks {
     fn repeat_one_last(&mut self) -> &mut RepeatOneContext {
         self.repeat_one.last_mut().unwrap()
     }
-    fn repeat_last(&mut self) -> &mut RepeatContext {
-        self.repeat.last_mut().unwrap()
-    }
-    fn min_until_last(&mut self) -> &mut MinUntilContext {
-        self.min_until.last_mut().unwrap()
-    }
-    fn max_until_last(&mut self) -> &mut MaxUntilContext {
-        self.max_until.last_mut().unwrap()
-    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -1327,7 +1285,7 @@ fn general_count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize
     count
 }
 
-fn count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize) -> usize {
+fn _count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize) -> usize {
     let save_ctx = drive.ctx;
     let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, drive.remaining_chars());
     let end = drive.ctx.string_position + max_count;

From bf57f289bff1ec5633316a924e82fbb5f5ed6eb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Jul 2022 21:33:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 053/705] update version to 0.2.1

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6ba3996947..00123d92c5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.1"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"

From 9058f287881af7fc0f004759184a0ff5d0811967 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 28 Jul 2022 22:46:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 054/705] refactor trait StrDrive instead enum

---
 src/engine.rs | 2049 +++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 1 file changed, 1055 insertions(+), 994 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 223aa3425c..8865eb6a39 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ const fn is_py_ascii_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct State<'a> {
-    pub string: StrDrive<'a>,
+pub struct State<'a, S: StrDrive> {
+    pub string: S,
     pub start: usize,
     pub end: usize,
     _flags: SreFlag,
@@ -18,18 +18,25 @@ pub struct State<'a> {
     pub marks: Vec<Option<usize>>,
     pub lastindex: isize,
     marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
-    context_stack: Vec<MatchContext>,
-    _stacks: Option<Box<Stacks>>,
+    context_stack: Vec<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
+    // branch_stack: Vec<BranchContext>,
+    // min_repeat_one_stack: Vec<MinRepeatOneContext>,
+    // repeat_one_stack: Vec<RepeatOneContext>,
+    // repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
+    // min_until_stack: Vec<MinUntilContext>,
+    // max_until_stack: Vec<MaxUntilContext>,
+    // _stacks: Option<Box<Stacks>>,
     pub string_position: usize,
-    popped_context: Option<MatchContext>,
+    popped_context: Option<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
+    next_context: Option<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
     pub has_matched: bool,
     pub match_all: bool,
     pub must_advance: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'a> State<'a> {
+impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
     pub fn new(
-        string: StrDrive<'a>,
+        string: S,
         start: usize,
         end: usize,
         flags: SreFlag,
@@ -47,9 +54,16 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             lastindex: -1,
             marks_stack: Vec::new(),
             context_stack: Vec::new(),
-            _stacks: Default::default(),
+            // branch_stack: Vec::new(),
+            // min_repeat_one_stack: Vec::new(),
+            // repeat_one_stack: Vec::new(),
+            // repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
+            // min_until_stack: Vec::new(),
+            // max_until_stack: Vec::new(),
+            // _stacks: Default::default(),
             string_position: start,
             popped_context: None,
+            next_context: None,
             has_matched: false,
             match_all: false,
             must_advance: false,
@@ -61,11 +75,15 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.marks.clear();
         self.marks_stack.clear();
         self.context_stack.clear();
-        if let Some(x) = self._stacks.as_mut() {
-            x.clear()
-        };
+        // self.branch_stack.clear();
+        // self.min_repeat_one_stack.clear();
+        // self.repeat_one_stack.clear();
+        // self.repeat_stack.clear();
+        // self.min_until_stack.clear();
+        // self.max_until_stack.clear();
         self.string_position = self.start;
         self.popped_context = None;
+        self.next_context = None;
         self.has_matched = false;
     }
 
@@ -103,47 +121,46 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         self.marks_stack.pop();
     }
 
-    fn _match(mut self, stacks: &mut Stacks) -> Self {
-        while let Some(ctx) = self.context_stack.pop() {
-            let mut drive = StateContext {
-                state: self,
-                ctx,
-                next_ctx: None,
-            };
+    fn _match(&mut self)  {
+        while let Some(mut ctx) = self.context_stack.pop() {
+            // let mut drive = StateContext {
+            //     state: self,
+            //     ctx,
+            //     next_ctx: None,
+            // };
+            // let mut state = self;
 
-            if let Some(handler) = drive.ctx.handler {
-                handler(&mut drive, stacks);
-            } else if drive.remaining_codes() > 0 {
-                let code = drive.peek_code(0);
+            if let Some(handler) = ctx.handler {
+                handler(self, &mut ctx);
+            } else if ctx.remaining_codes(self) > 0 {
+                let code = ctx.peek_code(self, 0);
                 let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-                dispatch(code, &mut drive, stacks);
+                self.dispatch(code, &mut ctx);
             } else {
-                drive.failure();
+                ctx.failure();
             }
 
-            let StateContext {
-                mut state,
-                ctx,
-                next_ctx,
-            } = drive;
+            // let StateContext {
+            //     mut state,
+            //     ctx,
+            //     next_ctx,
+            // } = drive;
 
             if ctx.has_matched.is_some() {
-                state.popped_context = Some(ctx);
+                self.popped_context = Some(ctx);
             } else {
-                state.context_stack.push(ctx);
-                if let Some(next_ctx) = next_ctx {
-                    state.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
+                self.context_stack.push(ctx);
+                if let Some(next_ctx) = self.next_context.take() {
+                    self.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
                 }
             }
-            self = state
+            // self = state
         }
-        self.has_matched = self.popped_context.unwrap().has_matched == Some(true);
-        self
+        self.has_matched = self.popped_context.take().unwrap().has_matched == Some(true);
+        // self
     }
 
     pub fn pymatch(mut self) -> Self {
-        let mut stacks = self._stacks.take().unwrap_or_default();
-
         let ctx = MatchContext {
             string_position: self.start,
             string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
@@ -155,13 +172,11 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
         };
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
 
-        self = self._match(&mut stacks);
-        self._stacks = Some(stacks);
+        self._match();
         self
     }
 
     pub fn search(mut self) -> Self {
-        let mut stacks = self._stacks.take().unwrap_or_default();
         // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
 
         if self.start > self.end {
@@ -180,14 +195,13 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
             repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
         };
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-        self = self._match(&mut stacks);
+        self._match();
 
         self.must_advance = false;
         while !self.has_matched && self.start < self.end {
             self.start += 1;
             start_offset = self.string.offset(start_offset, 1);
             self.reset();
-            stacks.clear();
 
             let ctx = MatchContext {
                 string_position: self.start,
@@ -199,697 +213,730 @@ impl<'a> State<'a> {
                 repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
             };
             self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-            self = self._match(&mut stacks);
+            self._match();
         }
 
-        self._stacks = Some(stacks);
         self
     }
-}
 
-fn dispatch(opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-    match opcode {
-        SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
-            drive.failure();
-        }
-        SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
-            drive.ctx.has_matched = Some(drive.can_success());
-            if drive.ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-                drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx.string_position;
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::ANY => {
-            if drive.at_end() || drive.at_linebreak() {
-                drive.failure();
-            } else {
-                drive.skip_code(1);
-                drive.skip_char(1);
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-            if drive.at_end() {
-                drive.failure();
-            } else {
-                drive.skip_code(1);
-                drive.skip_char(1);
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::ASSERT => op_assert(drive),
-        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => op_assert_not(drive),
-        SreOpcode::AT => {
-            let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
-            if at(drive, atcode) {
-                drive.skip_code(2);
-            } else {
-                drive.failure();
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::BRANCH => op_branch(drive, stacks),
-        SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
-            let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
-            if drive.at_end() || !category(catcode, drive.peek_char()) {
-                drive.failure();
-            } else {
-                drive.skip_code(2);
-                drive.skip_char(1);
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::IN => general_op_in(drive, charset),
-        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c))),
-        SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c))),
-        SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, charset_loc_ignore),
-        SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => drive.skip_code_from(1),
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c),
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c),
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c)),
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c))
-        }
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c))
-        }
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c))
-        }
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_literal(drive, char_loc_ignore),
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c))
-        }
-        SreOpcode::MARK => {
-            drive
-                .state
-                .set_mark(drive.peek_code(1) as usize, drive.ctx.string_position);
-            drive.skip_code(2);
-        }
-        SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => op_max_until(drive, stacks),
-        SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => op_min_until(drive, stacks),
-        SreOpcode::REPEAT => op_repeat(drive, stacks),
-        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => op_repeat_one(drive, stacks),
-        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => op_min_repeat_one(drive, stacks),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_locate),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_unicode),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
-            let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
-            match (group_start, group_end) {
-                (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => {
-                    drive.skip_code(3);
-                }
-                _ => drive.skip_code_from(2),
+    fn dispatch(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+        match opcode {
+            SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
+                ctx.has_matched = Some(false);
             }
+            SreOpcode::SUCCESS => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::ANY => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::AT => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::BRANCH => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::CALL => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::CHARSET => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::IN => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::INFO => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::JUMP => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::MARK => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::NEGATE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::RANGE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
+            SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
         }
-        _ => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
-    }
-}
-
-/* assert subpattern */
-/* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-fn op_assert(drive: &mut StateContext) {
-    let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-
-    if drive.ctx.string_position < back {
-        return drive.failure();
-    }
-
-    let offset = drive
-        .state
-        .string
-        .back_offset(drive.ctx.string_offset, back);
-    let position = drive.ctx.string_position - back;
-
-    drive.state.string_position = position;
-
-    let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(3, |drive, _| {
-        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-            drive.ctx.handler = None;
-            drive.skip_code_from(1);
-        } else {
-            drive.failure();
-        }
-    });
-    next_ctx.string_position = position;
-    next_ctx.string_offset = offset;
-    next_ctx.toplevel = false;
-}
-
-/* assert not subpattern */
-/* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-fn op_assert_not(drive: &mut StateContext) {
-    let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-
-    if drive.ctx.string_position < back {
-        return drive.skip_code_from(1);
-    }
-
-    let offset = drive
-        .state
-        .string
-        .back_offset(drive.ctx.string_offset, back);
-    let position = drive.ctx.string_position - back;
-
-    drive.state.string_position = position;
-
-    let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(3, |drive, _| {
-        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-            drive.failure();
-        } else {
-            drive.ctx.handler = None;
-            drive.skip_code_from(1);
-        }
-    });
-    next_ctx.string_position = position;
-    next_ctx.string_offset = offset;
-    next_ctx.toplevel = false;
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-struct BranchContext {
-    branch_offset: usize,
-}
-
-// alternation
-// <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
-fn op_branch(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-    drive.state.marks_push();
-    stacks.branch.push(BranchContext { branch_offset: 1 });
-    create_context(drive, stacks);
-
-    fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-        let branch_offset = stacks.branch_last().branch_offset;
-        let next_length = drive.peek_code(branch_offset) as usize;
-        if next_length == 0 {
-            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-            stacks.branch.pop();
-            return drive.failure();
-        }
-
-        drive.sync_string_position();
-
-        stacks.branch_last().branch_offset += next_length;
-        drive.next_ctx(branch_offset + 1, callback);
-    }
-
-    fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-            stacks.branch.pop();
-            return drive.success();
-        }
-        drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
-        drive.ctx.handler = Some(create_context)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-struct MinRepeatOneContext {
-    count: usize,
-    max_count: usize,
-}
-
-/* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-fn op_min_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-    let min_count = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-    let max_count = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
-
-    if drive.remaining_chars() < min_count {
-        return drive.failure();
-    }
-
-    drive.sync_string_position();
-
-    let count = if min_count == 0 {
-        0
-    } else {
-        let count = _count(drive, stacks, min_count);
-        if count < min_count {
-            return drive.failure();
-        }
-        drive.skip_char(count);
-        count
-    };
-
-    let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
-        // tail is empty. we're finished
-        drive.sync_string_position();
-        return drive.success();
-    }
-
-    drive.state.marks_push();
-    stacks
-        .min_repeat_one
-        .push(MinRepeatOneContext { count, max_count });
-    create_context(drive, stacks);
-
-    fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-        let MinRepeatOneContext { count, max_count } = *stacks.min_repeat_one_last();
-
-        if max_count == MAXREPEAT || count <= max_count {
-            drive.sync_string_position();
-            drive.next_ctx_from(1, callback);
-        } else {
-            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-            stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
-            drive.failure();
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-            stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
-            return drive.success();
-        }
-
-        drive.sync_string_position();
-
-        if _count(drive, stacks, 1) == 0 {
-            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-            stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
-            return drive.failure();
-        }
-
-        drive.skip_char(1);
-        stacks.min_repeat_one_last().count += 1;
-        drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
-        create_context(drive, stacks);
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-struct RepeatOneContext {
-    count: usize,
-    min_count: usize,
-    following_literal: Option<u32>,
+// fn dispatch(opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//     match opcode {
+//         SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
+//             drive.failure();
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
+//             drive.ctx.has_matched = Some(drive.can_success());
+//             if drive.ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
+//                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx.string_position;
+//             }
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::ANY => {
+//             if drive.at_end() || drive.at_linebreak() {
+//                 drive.failure();
+//             } else {
+//                 drive.skip_code(1);
+//                 drive.skip_char(1);
+//             }
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
+//             if drive.at_end() {
+//                 drive.failure();
+//             } else {
+//                 drive.skip_code(1);
+//                 drive.skip_char(1);
+//             }
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::ASSERT => op_assert(drive),
+//         SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => op_assert_not(drive),
+//         SreOpcode::AT => {
+//             let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
+//             if at(drive, atcode) {
+//                 drive.skip_code(2);
+//             } else {
+//                 drive.failure();
+//             }
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::BRANCH => op_branch(drive, stacks),
+//         SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
+//             let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
+//             if drive.at_end() || !category(catcode, drive.peek_char()) {
+//                 drive.failure();
+//             } else {
+//                 drive.skip_code(2);
+//                 drive.skip_char(1);
+//             }
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::IN => general_op_in(drive, charset),
+//         SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c))),
+//         SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c))),
+//         SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, charset_loc_ignore),
+//         SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => drive.skip_code_from(1),
+//         SreOpcode::LITERAL => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c),
+//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c),
+//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c)),
+//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+//             general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c))
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+//             general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c))
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+//             general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c))
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_literal(drive, char_loc_ignore),
+//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
+//             general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c))
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::MARK => {
+//             drive
+//                 .state
+//                 .set_mark(drive.peek_code(1) as usize, drive.ctx.string_position);
+//             drive.skip_code(2);
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => op_max_until(drive, stacks),
+//         SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => op_min_until(drive, stacks),
+//         SreOpcode::REPEAT => op_repeat(drive, stacks),
+//         SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => op_repeat_one(drive, stacks),
+//         SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => op_min_repeat_one(drive, stacks),
+//         SreOpcode::GROUPREF => general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x),
+//         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii),
+//         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_locate),
+//         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_unicode),
+//         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
+//             let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
+//             match (group_start, group_end) {
+//                 (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => {
+//                     drive.skip_code(3);
+//                 }
+//                 _ => drive.skip_code_from(2),
+//             }
+//         }
+//         _ => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
+//     }
+// }
+
+// /* assert subpattern */
+// /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
+// fn op_assert(drive: &mut StateContext) {
+//     let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+
+//     if drive.ctx.string_position < back {
+//         return drive.failure();
+//     }
+
+//     let offset = drive
+//         .state
+//         .string
+//         .back_offset(drive.ctx.string_offset, back);
+//     let position = drive.ctx.string_position - back;
+
+//     drive.state.string_position = position;
+
+//     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(3, |drive, _| {
+//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//             drive.ctx.handler = None;
+//             drive.skip_code_from(1);
+//         } else {
+//             drive.failure();
+//         }
+//     });
+//     next_ctx.string_position = position;
+//     next_ctx.string_offset = offset;
+//     next_ctx.toplevel = false;
+// }
+
+// /* assert not subpattern */
+// /* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
+// fn op_assert_not(drive: &mut StateContext) {
+//     let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+
+//     if drive.ctx.string_position < back {
+//         return drive.skip_code_from(1);
+//     }
+
+//     let offset = drive
+//         .state
+//         .string
+//         .back_offset(drive.ctx.string_offset, back);
+//     let position = drive.ctx.string_position - back;
+
+//     drive.state.string_position = position;
+
+//     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(3, |drive, _| {
+//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//             drive.failure();
+//         } else {
+//             drive.ctx.handler = None;
+//             drive.skip_code_from(1);
+//         }
+//     });
+//     next_ctx.string_position = position;
+//     next_ctx.string_offset = offset;
+//     next_ctx.toplevel = false;
+// }
+
+// #[derive(Debug)]
+// struct BranchContext {
+//     branch_offset: usize,
+// }
+
+// // alternation
+// // <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
+// fn op_branch(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//     drive.state.marks_push();
+//     stacks.branch.push(BranchContext { branch_offset: 1 });
+//     create_context(drive, stacks);
+
+//     fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//         let branch_offset = stacks.branch_last().branch_offset;
+//         let next_length = drive.peek_code(branch_offset) as usize;
+//         if next_length == 0 {
+//             drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+//             stacks.branch.pop();
+//             return drive.failure();
+//         }
+
+//         drive.sync_string_position();
+
+//         stacks.branch_last().branch_offset += next_length;
+//         drive.next_ctx(branch_offset + 1, callback);
+//     }
+
+//     fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//             stacks.branch.pop();
+//             return drive.success();
+//         }
+//         drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
+//         drive.ctx.handler = Some(create_context)
+//     }
+// }
+
+// #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+// struct MinRepeatOneContext {
+//     count: usize,
+//     max_count: usize,
+// }
+
+// /* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
+// fn op_min_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//     let min_count = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+//     let max_count = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+
+//     if drive.remaining_chars() < min_count {
+//         return drive.failure();
+//     }
+
+//     drive.sync_string_position();
+
+//     let count = if min_count == 0 {
+//         0
+//     } else {
+//         let count = _count(drive, stacks, min_count);
+//         if count < min_count {
+//             return drive.failure();
+//         }
+//         drive.skip_char(count);
+//         count
+//     };
+
+//     let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+//     if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
+//         // tail is empty. we're finished
+//         drive.sync_string_position();
+//         return drive.success();
+//     }
+
+//     drive.state.marks_push();
+//     stacks
+//         .min_repeat_one
+//         .push(MinRepeatOneContext { count, max_count });
+//     create_context(drive, stacks);
+
+//     fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//         let MinRepeatOneContext { count, max_count } = *stacks.min_repeat_one_last();
+
+//         if max_count == MAXREPEAT || count <= max_count {
+//             drive.sync_string_position();
+//             drive.next_ctx_from(1, callback);
+//         } else {
+//             drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+//             stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
+//             drive.failure();
+//         }
+//     }
+
+//     fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//             stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
+//             return drive.success();
+//         }
+
+//         drive.sync_string_position();
+
+//         if _count(drive, stacks, 1) == 0 {
+//             drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+//             stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
+//             return drive.failure();
+//         }
+
+//         drive.skip_char(1);
+//         stacks.min_repeat_one_last().count += 1;
+//         drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
+//         create_context(drive, stacks);
+//     }
+// }
+
+// #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+// struct RepeatOneContext {
+//     count: usize,
+//     min_count: usize,
+//     following_literal: Option<u32>,
+// }
+
+// /* match repeated sequence (maximizing regexp) */
+
+// /* this operator only works if the repeated item is
+// exactly one character wide, and we're not already
+// collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
+// use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
+
+// /* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
+// fn op_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//     let min_count = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
+//     let max_count = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
+
+//     if drive.remaining_chars() < min_count {
+//         return drive.failure();
+//     }
+
+//     drive.sync_string_position();
+
+//     let count = _count(drive, stacks, max_count);
+//     drive.skip_char(count);
+//     if count < min_count {
+//         return drive.failure();
+//     }
+
+//     let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
+//     if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
+//         // tail is empty. we're finished
+//         drive.sync_string_position();
+//         return drive.success();
+//     }
+
+//     // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
+//     // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
+//     let following_literal = (next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32)
+//         .then(|| drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 2));
+
+//     drive.state.marks_push();
+//     stacks.repeat_one.push(RepeatOneContext {
+//         count,
+//         min_count,
+//         following_literal,
+//     });
+//     create_context(drive, stacks);
+
+//     fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//         let RepeatOneContext {
+//             mut count,
+//             min_count,
+//             following_literal,
+//         } = *stacks.repeat_one_last();
+
+//         if let Some(c) = following_literal {
+//             while drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() != c {
+//                 if count <= min_count {
+//                     drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+//                     stacks.repeat_one.pop();
+//                     return drive.failure();
+//                 }
+//                 drive.back_skip_char(1);
+//                 count -= 1;
+//             }
+//         }
+//         stacks.repeat_one_last().count = count;
+
+//         drive.sync_string_position();
+
+//         // General case: backtracking
+//         drive.next_ctx_from(1, callback);
+//     }
+
+//     fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//             stacks.repeat_one.pop();
+//             return drive.success();
+//         }
+
+//         let RepeatOneContext {
+//             count,
+//             min_count,
+//             following_literal: _,
+//         } = stacks.repeat_one_last();
+
+//         if count <= min_count {
+//             drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+//             stacks.repeat_one.pop();
+//             return drive.failure();
+//         }
+
+//         drive.back_skip_char(1);
+//         *count -= 1;
+
+//         drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
+//         create_context(drive, stacks);
+//     }
+// }
+
+// #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+// struct RepeatContext {
+//     count: isize,
+//     min_count: usize,
+//     max_count: usize,
+//     code_position: usize,
+//     last_position: usize,
+//     prev_id: usize,
+// }
+
+// /* create repeat context.  all the hard work is done
+// by the UNTIL operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL) */
+// /* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
+// fn op_repeat(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//     let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
+//         count: -1,
+//         min_count: drive.peek_code(2) as usize,
+//         max_count: drive.peek_code(3) as usize,
+//         code_position: drive.ctx.code_position,
+//         last_position: std::usize::MAX,
+//         prev_id: drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
+//     };
+
+//     stacks.repeat.push(repeat_ctx);
+
+//     drive.sync_string_position();
+
+//     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx_from(1, |drive, stacks| {
+//         drive.ctx.has_matched = drive.popped_ctx().has_matched;
+//         stacks.repeat.pop();
+//     });
+//     next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = stacks.repeat.len() - 1;
+// }
+
+// #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+// struct MinUntilContext {
+//     save_repeat_ctx_id: usize,
+// }
+
+// /* minimizing repeat */
+// fn op_min_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//     let repeat_ctx = stacks.repeat.last_mut().unwrap();
+
+//     drive.sync_string_position();
+
+//     repeat_ctx.count += 1;
+
+//     if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
+//         // not enough matches
+//         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
+//             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//                 drive.success();
+//             } else {
+//                 stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
+//                 drive.sync_string_position();
+//                 drive.failure();
+//             }
+//         });
+//         return;
+//     }
+
+//     drive.state.marks_push();
+
+//     stacks.min_until.push(MinUntilContext {
+//         save_repeat_ctx_id: drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
+//     });
+
+//     // see if the tail matches
+//     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, |drive, stacks| {
+//         drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id = stacks.min_until.pop().unwrap().save_repeat_ctx_id;
+
+//         let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+
+//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//             return drive.success();
+//         }
+
+//         drive.sync_string_position();
+
+//         drive.state.marks_pop();
+
+//         // match more until tail matches
+
+//         if repeat_ctx.count as usize >= repeat_ctx.max_count && repeat_ctx.max_count != MAXREPEAT
+//             || drive.state.string_position == repeat_ctx.last_position
+//         {
+//             repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
+//             return drive.failure();
+//         }
+
+//         /* zero-width match protection */
+//         repeat_ctx.last_position = drive.state.string_position;
+
+//         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
+//             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//                 drive.success();
+//             } else {
+//                 stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
+//                 drive.sync_string_position();
+//                 drive.failure();
+//             }
+//         });
+//     });
+//     next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+// }
+
+// #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+// struct MaxUntilContext {
+//     save_last_position: usize,
+// }
+
+// /* maximizing repeat */
+// fn op_max_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//     let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+
+//     drive.sync_string_position();
+
+//     repeat_ctx.count += 1;
+
+//     if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
+//         // not enough matches
+//         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
+//             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//                 drive.success();
+//             } else {
+//                 stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
+//                 drive.sync_string_position();
+//                 drive.failure();
+//             }
+//         });
+//         return;
+//     }
+
+//     stacks.max_until.push(MaxUntilContext {
+//         save_last_position: repeat_ctx.last_position,
+//     });
+
+//     if ((repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.max_count || repeat_ctx.max_count == MAXREPEAT)
+//         && drive.state.string_position != repeat_ctx.last_position
+//     {
+//         /* we may have enough matches, but if we can
+//         match another item, do so */
+//         repeat_ctx.last_position = drive.state.string_position;
+
+//         drive.state.marks_push();
+
+//         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
+//             let save_last_position = stacks.max_until.pop().unwrap().save_last_position;
+//             let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+//             repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
+
+//             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//                 drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
+//                 return drive.success();
+//             }
+
+//             drive.state.marks_pop();
+//             repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
+//             drive.sync_string_position();
+
+//             /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
+//             tail matches */
+//             let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, tail_callback);
+//             next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+//         });
+//         return;
+//     }
+
+//     /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
+//     tail matches */
+//     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, tail_callback);
+//     next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+
+//     fn tail_callback(drive: &mut StateContext, _stacks: &mut Stacks) {
+//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
+//             drive.success();
+//         } else {
+//             drive.sync_string_position();
+//             drive.failure();
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+
+// #[derive(Debug, Default)]
+// struct Stacks {
+// }
+
+// impl Stacks {
+//     fn clear(&mut self) {
+//         self.branch.clear();
+//         self.min_repeat_one.clear();
+//         self.repeat_one.clear();
+//         self.repeat.clear();
+//         self.min_until.clear();
+//         self.max_until.clear();
+//     }
+
+//     fn branch_last(&mut self) -> &mut BranchContext {
+//         self.branch.last_mut().unwrap()
+//     }
+//     fn min_repeat_one_last(&mut self) -> &mut MinRepeatOneContext {
+//         self.min_repeat_one.last_mut().unwrap()
+//     }
+//     fn repeat_one_last(&mut self) -> &mut RepeatOneContext {
+//         self.repeat_one.last_mut().unwrap()
+//     }
+// }
+
+pub trait StrDrive {
+    fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize;
+    fn count(&self) -> usize;
+    fn peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32;
+    fn back_peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32;
+    fn back_offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize;
 }
 
-/* match repeated sequence (maximizing regexp) */
-
-/* this operator only works if the repeated item is
-exactly one character wide, and we're not already
-collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
-use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
-
-/* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-fn op_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-    let min_count = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-    let max_count = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
-
-    if drive.remaining_chars() < min_count {
-        return drive.failure();
-    }
-
-    drive.sync_string_position();
 
-    let count = _count(drive, stacks, max_count);
-    drive.skip_char(count);
-    if count < min_count {
-        return drive.failure();
+impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a str {
+    fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
+        self.get(offset..)
+            .and_then(|s| s.char_indices().nth(skip).map(|x| x.0 + offset))
+            .unwrap_or(self.len())
     }
 
-    let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
-        // tail is empty. we're finished
-        drive.sync_string_position();
-        return drive.success();
+    fn count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.chars().count()
     }
 
-    // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
-    // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
-    let following_literal = (next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32)
-        .then(|| drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 2));
-
-    drive.state.marks_push();
-    stacks.repeat_one.push(RepeatOneContext {
-        count,
-        min_count,
-        following_literal,
-    });
-    create_context(drive, stacks);
-
-    fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-        let RepeatOneContext {
-            mut count,
-            min_count,
-            following_literal,
-        } = *stacks.repeat_one_last();
-
-        if let Some(c) = following_literal {
-            while drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() != c {
-                if count <= min_count {
-                    drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-                    stacks.repeat_one.pop();
-                    return drive.failure();
-                }
-                drive.back_skip_char(1);
-                count -= 1;
-            }
-        }
-        stacks.repeat_one_last().count = count;
-
-        drive.sync_string_position();
-
-        // General case: backtracking
-        drive.next_ctx_from(1, callback);
+    fn peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32 {
+        unsafe { self.get_unchecked(offset..) }
+            .chars()
+            .next()
+            .unwrap() as u32
     }
 
-    fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-            stacks.repeat_one.pop();
-            return drive.success();
-        }
-
-        let RepeatOneContext {
-            count,
-            min_count,
-            following_literal: _,
-        } = stacks.repeat_one_last();
-
-        if count <= min_count {
-            drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-            stacks.repeat_one.pop();
-            return drive.failure();
+    fn back_peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32 {
+        let bytes = self.as_bytes();
+        let back_offset = utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes, offset);
+        match offset - back_offset {
+            1 => u32::from_be_bytes([0, 0, 0, bytes[offset - 1]]),
+            2 => u32::from_be_bytes([0, 0, bytes[offset - 2], bytes[offset - 1]]),
+            3 => u32::from_be_bytes([0, bytes[offset - 3], bytes[offset - 2], bytes[offset - 1]]),
+            4 => u32::from_be_bytes([
+                bytes[offset - 4],
+                bytes[offset - 3],
+                bytes[offset - 2],
+                bytes[offset - 1],
+            ]),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
         }
-
-        drive.back_skip_char(1);
-        *count -= 1;
-
-        drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
-        create_context(drive, stacks);
     }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-struct RepeatContext {
-    count: isize,
-    min_count: usize,
-    max_count: usize,
-    code_position: usize,
-    last_position: usize,
-    prev_id: usize,
-}
-
-/* create repeat context.  all the hard work is done
-by the UNTIL operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL) */
-/* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
-fn op_repeat(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-    let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
-        count: -1,
-        min_count: drive.peek_code(2) as usize,
-        max_count: drive.peek_code(3) as usize,
-        code_position: drive.ctx.code_position,
-        last_position: std::usize::MAX,
-        prev_id: drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
-    };
-
-    stacks.repeat.push(repeat_ctx);
-
-    drive.sync_string_position();
-
-    let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx_from(1, |drive, stacks| {
-        drive.ctx.has_matched = drive.popped_ctx().has_matched;
-        stacks.repeat.pop();
-    });
-    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = stacks.repeat.len() - 1;
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-struct MinUntilContext {
-    save_repeat_ctx_id: usize,
-}
-
-/* minimizing repeat */
-fn op_min_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-    let repeat_ctx = stacks.repeat.last_mut().unwrap();
-
-    drive.sync_string_position();
-
-    repeat_ctx.count += 1;
-
-    if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
-        // not enough matches
-        drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
-            if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-                drive.success();
-            } else {
-                stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
-                drive.sync_string_position();
-                drive.failure();
-            }
-        });
-        return;
-    }
-
-    drive.state.marks_push();
-
-    stacks.min_until.push(MinUntilContext {
-        save_repeat_ctx_id: drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
-    });
-
-    // see if the tail matches
-    let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, |drive, stacks| {
-        drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id = stacks.min_until.pop().unwrap().save_repeat_ctx_id;
-
-        let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-
-        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-            return drive.success();
-        }
-
-        drive.sync_string_position();
-
-        drive.state.marks_pop();
-
-        // match more until tail matches
-
-        if repeat_ctx.count as usize >= repeat_ctx.max_count && repeat_ctx.max_count != MAXREPEAT
-            || drive.state.string_position == repeat_ctx.last_position
-        {
-            repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
-            return drive.failure();
-        }
-
-        /* zero-width match protection */
-        repeat_ctx.last_position = drive.state.string_position;
-
-        drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
-            if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-                drive.success();
-            } else {
-                stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
-                drive.sync_string_position();
-                drive.failure();
-            }
-        });
-    });
-    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-struct MaxUntilContext {
-    save_last_position: usize,
-}
-
-/* maximizing repeat */
-fn op_max_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-    let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-
-    drive.sync_string_position();
 
-    repeat_ctx.count += 1;
-
-    if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
-        // not enough matches
-        drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
-            if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-                drive.success();
-            } else {
-                stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
-                drive.sync_string_position();
-                drive.failure();
-            }
-        });
-        return;
-    }
-
-    stacks.max_until.push(MaxUntilContext {
-        save_last_position: repeat_ctx.last_position,
-    });
-
-    if ((repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.max_count || repeat_ctx.max_count == MAXREPEAT)
-        && drive.state.string_position != repeat_ctx.last_position
-    {
-        /* we may have enough matches, but if we can
-        match another item, do so */
-        repeat_ctx.last_position = drive.state.string_position;
-
-        drive.state.marks_push();
-
-        drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
-            let save_last_position = stacks.max_until.pop().unwrap().save_last_position;
-            let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-            repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
-
-            if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-                drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-                return drive.success();
-            }
-
-            drive.state.marks_pop();
-            repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
-            drive.sync_string_position();
-
-            /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
-            tail matches */
-            let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, tail_callback);
-            next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
-        });
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
-    tail matches */
-    let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, tail_callback);
-    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
-
-    fn tail_callback(drive: &mut StateContext, _stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-        if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-            drive.success();
-        } else {
-            drive.sync_string_position();
-            drive.failure();
+    fn back_offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
+        let bytes = self.as_bytes();
+        let mut back_offset = offset;
+        for _ in 0..skip {
+            back_offset = utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes, back_offset);
         }
+        back_offset
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Default)]
-struct Stacks {
-    branch: Vec<BranchContext>,
-    min_repeat_one: Vec<MinRepeatOneContext>,
-    repeat_one: Vec<RepeatOneContext>,
-    repeat: Vec<RepeatContext>,
-    min_until: Vec<MinUntilContext>,
-    max_until: Vec<MaxUntilContext>,
-}
-
-impl Stacks {
-    fn clear(&mut self) {
-        self.branch.clear();
-        self.min_repeat_one.clear();
-        self.repeat_one.clear();
-        self.repeat.clear();
-        self.min_until.clear();
-        self.max_until.clear();
-    }
-
-    fn branch_last(&mut self) -> &mut BranchContext {
-        self.branch.last_mut().unwrap()
-    }
-    fn min_repeat_one_last(&mut self) -> &mut MinRepeatOneContext {
-        self.min_repeat_one.last_mut().unwrap()
-    }
-    fn repeat_one_last(&mut self) -> &mut RepeatOneContext {
-        self.repeat_one.last_mut().unwrap()
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub enum StrDrive<'a> {
-    Str(&'a str),
-    Bytes(&'a [u8]),
-}
-
-impl<'a> From<&'a str> for StrDrive<'a> {
-    fn from(s: &'a str) -> Self {
-        Self::Str(s)
-    }
-}
-impl<'a> From<&'a [u8]> for StrDrive<'a> {
-    fn from(b: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-        Self::Bytes(b)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> StrDrive<'a> {
+impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a [u8] {
     fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
-        match *self {
-            StrDrive::Str(s) => s
-                .get(offset..)
-                .and_then(|s| s.char_indices().nth(skip).map(|x| x.0 + offset))
-                .unwrap_or(s.len()),
-            StrDrive::Bytes(_) => offset + skip,
-        }
+        offset + skip
     }
 
-    pub fn count(&self) -> usize {
-        match *self {
-            StrDrive::Str(s) => s.chars().count(),
-            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => b.len(),
-        }
+    fn count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len()
     }
 
     fn peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32 {
-        match *self {
-            StrDrive::Str(s) => unsafe { s.get_unchecked(offset..) }.chars().next().unwrap() as u32,
-            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => b[offset] as u32,
-        }
+        self[offset] as u32
     }
 
     fn back_peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32 {
-        match *self {
-            StrDrive::Str(s) => {
-                let bytes = s.as_bytes();
-                let back_offset = utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes, offset);
-                match offset - back_offset {
-                    1 => u32::from_be_bytes([0, 0, 0, bytes[offset - 1]]),
-                    2 => u32::from_be_bytes([0, 0, bytes[offset - 2], bytes[offset - 1]]),
-                    3 => u32::from_be_bytes([
-                        0,
-                        bytes[offset - 3],
-                        bytes[offset - 2],
-                        bytes[offset - 1],
-                    ]),
-                    4 => u32::from_be_bytes([
-                        bytes[offset - 4],
-                        bytes[offset - 3],
-                        bytes[offset - 2],
-                        bytes[offset - 1],
-                    ]),
-                    _ => unreachable!(),
-                }
-            }
-            StrDrive::Bytes(b) => b[offset - 1] as u32,
-        }
+        self[offset - 1] as u32
     }
 
     fn back_offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
-        match *self {
-            StrDrive::Str(s) => {
-                let bytes = s.as_bytes();
-                let mut back_offset = offset;
-                for _ in 0..skip {
-                    back_offset = utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes, back_offset);
-                }
-                back_offset
-            }
-            StrDrive::Bytes(_) => offset - skip,
-        }
+        offset - skip
     }
 }
 
-type OpcodeHandler = fn(&mut StateContext, &mut Stacks);
+// type OpcodeHandler = for<'a>fn(&mut StateContext<'a, S>, &mut Stacks);
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct MatchContext {
+struct MatchContext<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     string_position: usize,
     string_offset: usize,
     code_position: usize,
     has_matched: Option<bool>,
     toplevel: bool,
-    handler: Option<OpcodeHandler>,
+    handler: Option<fn(&mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self)>,
     repeat_ctx_id: usize,
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext {
+impl<'a, S: StrDrive> std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext<'a, S> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("MatchContext")
             .field("string_position", &self.string_position)
@@ -902,164 +949,178 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext {
     }
 }
 
-trait ContextDrive {
-    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext;
-    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext;
-    fn state(&self) -> &State;
-
-    fn popped_ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
-        self.state().popped_context.as_ref().unwrap()
+impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
+    fn remaining_codes(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> usize {
+        state.pattern_codes.len() - self.code_position
     }
-
-    fn pattern(&self) -> &[u32] {
-        &self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position..]
-    }
-
-    fn peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.state().string.peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
-    }
-    fn peek_code(&self, peek: usize) -> u32 {
-        self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position + peek]
-    }
-
-    fn back_peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.state().string.back_peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
-    }
-    fn back_skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
-        self.ctx_mut().string_position -= skip_count;
-        self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
-            .state()
-            .string
-            .back_offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
-    }
-
-    fn skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
-        self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
-            .state()
-            .string
-            .offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
-        self.ctx_mut().string_position += skip_count;
-    }
-    fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
-        self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
-    }
-    fn skip_code_from(&mut self, peek: usize) {
-        self.skip_code(self.peek_code(peek) as usize + 1);
-    }
-
-    fn remaining_chars(&self) -> usize {
-        self.state().end - self.ctx().string_position
-    }
-    fn remaining_codes(&self) -> usize {
-        self.state().pattern_codes.len() - self.ctx().code_position
-    }
-
-    fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
-        // self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start
-        self.ctx().string_position == 0
-    }
-    fn at_end(&self) -> bool {
-        self.ctx().string_position == self.state().end
-    }
-    fn at_linebreak(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.at_end() && is_linebreak(self.peek_char())
-    }
-    fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(&self, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
-        if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char());
-        let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
-        this != that
-    }
-    fn at_non_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(&self, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
-        if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char());
-        let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
-        this == that
-    }
-
-    fn can_success(&self) -> bool {
-        if !self.ctx().toplevel {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if self.state().match_all && !self.at_end() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        if self.state().must_advance && self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start {
-            return false;
-        }
-        true
-    }
-
-    fn success(&mut self) {
-        self.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+    
+    fn peek_code(&self, state: &State<'a, S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
+        state.pattern_codes[self.code_position + peek]
     }
 
     fn failure(&mut self) {
-        self.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+        self.has_matched = Some(false);
     }
 }
 
-struct StateContext<'a> {
-    state: State<'a>,
-    ctx: MatchContext,
-    next_ctx: Option<MatchContext>,
-}
-
-impl ContextDrive for StateContext<'_> {
-    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
-        &self.ctx
-    }
-    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
-        &mut self.ctx
-    }
-    fn state(&self) -> &State {
-        &self.state
-    }
-}
-
-impl StateContext<'_> {
-    fn next_ctx_from(&mut self, peek: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
-        self.next_ctx(self.peek_code(peek) as usize + 1, handler)
-    }
-    fn next_ctx(&mut self, offset: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
-        self.next_ctx_at(self.ctx.code_position + offset, handler)
-    }
-    fn next_ctx_at(&mut self, code_position: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
-        self.next_ctx = Some(MatchContext {
-            code_position,
-            has_matched: None,
-            handler: None,
-            ..self.ctx
-        });
-        self.ctx.handler = Some(handler);
-        self.next_ctx.as_mut().unwrap()
-    }
-
-    fn sync_string_position(&mut self) {
-        self.state.string_position = self.ctx.string_position;
-    }
-}
-
-struct StateRefContext<'a> {
-    entity: &'a StateContext<'a>,
-    ctx: MatchContext,
-}
-
-impl ContextDrive for StateRefContext<'_> {
-    fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
-        &self.ctx
-    }
-    fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
-        &mut self.ctx
-    }
-    fn state(&self) -> &State {
-        &self.entity.state
-    }
-}
+// trait ContextDrive<'a, T: StrDrive<'a>> {
+//     fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext;
+//     fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext;
+//     fn state(&self) -> &State<'a, T>;
+
+//     fn popped_ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
+//         self.state().popped_context.as_ref().unwrap()
+//     }
+
+//     fn pattern(&self) -> &[u32] {
+//         &self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position..]
+//     }
+
+//     fn peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
+//         self.state().string.peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
+//     }
+//     fn peek_code(&self, peek: usize) -> u32 {
+//         self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position + peek]
+//     }
+
+//     fn back_peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
+//         self.state().string.back_peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
+//     }
+//     fn back_skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
+//         self.ctx_mut().string_position -= skip_count;
+//         self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
+//             .state()
+//             .string
+//             .back_offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
+//     }
+
+//     fn skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
+//         self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
+//             .state()
+//             .string
+//             .offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
+//         self.ctx_mut().string_position += skip_count;
+//     }
+//     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
+//         self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
+//     }
+//     fn skip_code_from(&mut self, peek: usize) {
+//         self.skip_code(self.peek_code(peek) as usize + 1);
+//     }
+
+//     fn remaining_chars(&self) -> usize {
+//         self.state().end - self.ctx().string_position
+//     }
+//     fn remaining_codes(&self) -> usize {
+//         self.state().pattern_codes.len() - self.ctx().code_position
+//     }
+
+//     fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
+//         // self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start
+//         self.ctx().string_position == 0
+//     }
+//     fn at_end(&self) -> bool {
+//         self.ctx().string_position == self.state().end
+//     }
+//     fn at_linebreak(&self) -> bool {
+//         !self.at_end() && is_linebreak(self.peek_char())
+//     }
+//     fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(&self, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
+//         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end() {
+//             return false;
+//         }
+//         let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char());
+//         let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
+//         this != that
+//     }
+//     fn at_non_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(&self, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
+//         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end() {
+//             return false;
+//         }
+//         let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char());
+//         let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
+//         this == that
+//     }
+
+//     fn can_success(&self) -> bool {
+//         if !self.ctx().toplevel {
+//             return true;
+//         }
+//         if self.state().match_all && !self.at_end() {
+//             return false;
+//         }
+//         if self.state().must_advance && self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start {
+//             return false;
+//         }
+//         true
+//     }
+
+//     fn success(&mut self) {
+//         self.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
+//     }
+
+//     fn failure(&mut self) {
+//         self.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
+//     }
+// }
+
+// struct StateContext<'a, S: StrDrive<'a>> {
+//     state: State<'a, S>,
+//     ctx: MatchContext,
+//     next_ctx: Option<MatchContext>,
+// }
+
+// impl<'a, S: StrDrive<'a>> ContextDrive<'a, S> for StateContext<'a, S> {
+//     fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
+//         &self.ctx
+//     }
+//     fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
+//         &mut self.ctx
+//     }
+//     fn state(&self) -> &State<'a, S> {
+//         &self.state
+//     }
+// }
+
+// impl StateContext<'_> {
+//     fn next_ctx_from(&mut self, peek: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
+//         self.next_ctx(self.peek_code(peek) as usize + 1, handler)
+//     }
+//     fn next_ctx(&mut self, offset: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
+//         self.next_ctx_at(self.ctx.code_position + offset, handler)
+//     }
+//     fn next_ctx_at(&mut self, code_position: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
+//         self.next_ctx = Some(MatchContext {
+//             code_position,
+//             has_matched: None,
+//             handler: None,
+//             ..self.ctx
+//         });
+//         self.ctx.handler = Some(handler);
+//         self.next_ctx.as_mut().unwrap()
+//     }
+
+//     fn sync_string_position(&mut self) {
+//         self.state.string_position = self.ctx.string_position;
+//     }
+// }
+
+// struct StateRefContext<'a> {
+//     entity: &'a StateContext<'a>,
+//     ctx: MatchContext,
+// }
+
+// impl ContextDrive for StateRefContext<'_> {
+//     fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
+//         &self.ctx
+//     }
+//     fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
+//         &mut self.ctx
+//     }
+//     fn state(&self) -> &State {
+//         &self.entity.state
+//     }
+// }
 
 fn char_loc_ignore(code: u32, c: u32) -> bool {
     code == c || code == lower_locate(c) || code == upper_locate(c)
@@ -1074,77 +1135,77 @@ fn charset_loc_ignore(set: &[u32], c: u32) -> bool {
     up != lo && charset(set, up)
 }
 
-fn general_op_groupref<F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(drive: &mut StateContext, mut f: F) {
-    let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
-    let (group_start, group_end) = match (group_start, group_end) {
-        (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => (start, end),
-        _ => {
-            return drive.failure();
-        }
-    };
-
-    let mut wdrive = StateRefContext {
-        entity: drive,
-        ctx: drive.ctx,
-    };
-    let mut gdrive = StateRefContext {
-        entity: drive,
-        ctx: MatchContext {
-            string_position: group_start,
-            // TODO: cache the offset
-            string_offset: drive.state.string.offset(0, group_start),
-            ..drive.ctx
-        },
-    };
-
-    for _ in group_start..group_end {
-        if wdrive.at_end() || f(wdrive.peek_char()) != f(gdrive.peek_char()) {
-            return drive.failure();
-        }
-        wdrive.skip_char(1);
-        gdrive.skip_char(1);
-    }
-
-    let position = wdrive.ctx.string_position;
-    let offset = wdrive.ctx.string_offset;
-    drive.skip_code(2);
-    drive.ctx.string_position = position;
-    drive.ctx.string_offset = offset;
-}
-
-fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StateContext, f: F) {
-    if drive.at_end() || !f(drive.peek_code(1), drive.peek_char()) {
-        drive.failure();
-    } else {
-        drive.skip_code(2);
-        drive.skip_char(1);
-    }
-}
-
-fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StateContext, f: F) {
-    if drive.at_end() || !f(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char()) {
-        drive.failure();
-    } else {
-        drive.skip_code_from(1);
-        drive.skip_char(1);
-    }
-}
-
-fn at(drive: &StateContext, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
-    match atcode {
-        SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => drive.at_beginning(),
-        SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => drive.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(drive.back_peek_char()),
-        SreAtCode::BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_word),
-        SreAtCode::NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_word),
-        SreAtCode::END => (drive.remaining_chars() == 1 && drive.at_linebreak()) || drive.at_end(),
-        SreAtCode::END_LINE => drive.at_linebreak() || drive.at_end(),
-        SreAtCode::END_STRING => drive.at_end(),
-        SreAtCode::LOC_BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_loc_word),
-        SreAtCode::LOC_NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_loc_word),
-        SreAtCode::UNI_BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_uni_word),
-        SreAtCode::UNI_NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_uni_word),
-    }
-}
+// fn general_op_groupref<F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(drive: &mut StateContext, mut f: F) {
+//     let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
+//     let (group_start, group_end) = match (group_start, group_end) {
+//         (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => (start, end),
+//         _ => {
+//             return drive.failure();
+//         }
+//     };
+
+//     let mut wdrive = StateRefContext {
+//         entity: drive,
+//         ctx: drive.ctx,
+//     };
+//     let mut gdrive = StateRefContext {
+//         entity: drive,
+//         ctx: MatchContext {
+//             string_position: group_start,
+//             // TODO: cache the offset
+//             string_offset: drive.state.string.offset(0, group_start),
+//             ..drive.ctx
+//         },
+//     };
+
+//     for _ in group_start..group_end {
+//         if wdrive.at_end() || f(wdrive.peek_char()) != f(gdrive.peek_char()) {
+//             return drive.failure();
+//         }
+//         wdrive.skip_char(1);
+//         gdrive.skip_char(1);
+//     }
+
+//     let position = wdrive.ctx.string_position;
+//     let offset = wdrive.ctx.string_offset;
+//     drive.skip_code(2);
+//     drive.ctx.string_position = position;
+//     drive.ctx.string_offset = offset;
+// }
+
+// fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StateContext, f: F) {
+//     if drive.at_end() || !f(drive.peek_code(1), drive.peek_char()) {
+//         drive.failure();
+//     } else {
+//         drive.skip_code(2);
+//         drive.skip_char(1);
+//     }
+// }
+
+// fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StateContext, f: F) {
+//     if drive.at_end() || !f(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char()) {
+//         drive.failure();
+//     } else {
+//         drive.skip_code_from(1);
+//         drive.skip_char(1);
+//     }
+// }
+
+// fn at(drive: &StateContext, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
+//     match atcode {
+//         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => drive.at_beginning(),
+//         SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => drive.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(drive.back_peek_char()),
+//         SreAtCode::BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_word),
+//         SreAtCode::NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_word),
+//         SreAtCode::END => (drive.remaining_chars() == 1 && drive.at_linebreak()) || drive.at_end(),
+//         SreAtCode::END_LINE => drive.at_linebreak() || drive.at_end(),
+//         SreAtCode::END_STRING => drive.at_end(),
+//         SreAtCode::LOC_BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_loc_word),
+//         SreAtCode::LOC_NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_loc_word),
+//         SreAtCode::UNI_BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_uni_word),
+//         SreAtCode::UNI_NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_uni_word),
+//     }
+// }
 
 fn category(catcode: SreCatCode, c: u32) -> bool {
     match catcode {
@@ -1262,95 +1323,95 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
-/* General case */
-fn general_count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize) -> usize {
-    let mut count = 0;
-    let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, drive.remaining_chars());
-
-    let save_ctx = drive.ctx;
-    drive.skip_code(4);
-    let reset_position = drive.ctx.code_position;
-
-    while count < max_count {
-        drive.ctx.code_position = reset_position;
-        let code = drive.peek_code(0);
-        let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-        dispatch(code, drive, stacks);
-        if drive.ctx.has_matched == Some(false) {
-            break;
-        }
-        count += 1;
-    }
-    drive.ctx = save_ctx;
-    count
-}
-
-fn _count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize) -> usize {
-    let save_ctx = drive.ctx;
-    let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, drive.remaining_chars());
-    let end = drive.ctx.string_position + max_count;
-    let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(0)).unwrap();
-
-    match opcode {
-        SreOpcode::ANY => {
-            while !drive.ctx.string_position < end && !drive.at_linebreak() {
-                drive.skip_char(1);
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-            drive.skip_char(max_count);
-        }
-        SreOpcode::IN => {
-            while !drive.ctx.string_position < end
-                && charset(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char())
-            {
-                drive.skip_char(1);
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == c as u32);
-        }
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != c as u32);
-        }
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
-        }
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
-        }
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, end, char_loc_ignore);
-        }
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
-        }
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
-        }
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
-        }
-        _ => {
-            return general_count(drive, stacks, max_count);
-        }
-    }
-
-    let count = drive.ctx.string_position - drive.state.string_position;
-    drive.ctx = save_ctx;
-    count
-}
-
-fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
-    drive: &mut StateContext,
-    end: usize,
-    mut f: F,
-) {
-    let ch = drive.peek_code(1);
-    while !drive.ctx.string_position < end && f(ch, drive.peek_char()) {
-        drive.skip_char(1);
-    }
-}
+// /* General case */
+// fn general_count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize) -> usize {
+//     let mut count = 0;
+//     let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, drive.remaining_chars());
+
+//     let save_ctx = drive.ctx;
+//     drive.skip_code(4);
+//     let reset_position = drive.ctx.code_position;
+
+//     while count < max_count {
+//         drive.ctx.code_position = reset_position;
+//         let code = drive.peek_code(0);
+//         let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
+//         dispatch(code, drive, stacks);
+//         if drive.ctx.has_matched == Some(false) {
+//             break;
+//         }
+//         count += 1;
+//     }
+//     drive.ctx = save_ctx;
+//     count
+// }
+
+// fn _count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize) -> usize {
+//     let save_ctx = drive.ctx;
+//     let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, drive.remaining_chars());
+//     let end = drive.ctx.string_position + max_count;
+//     let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(0)).unwrap();
+
+//     match opcode {
+//         SreOpcode::ANY => {
+//             while !drive.ctx.string_position < end && !drive.at_linebreak() {
+//                 drive.skip_char(1);
+//             }
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
+//             drive.skip_char(max_count);
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::IN => {
+//             while !drive.ctx.string_position < end
+//                 && charset(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char())
+//             {
+//                 drive.skip_char(1);
+//             }
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
+//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == c as u32);
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
+//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != c as u32);
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
+//             general_count_literal(drive, end, char_loc_ignore);
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
+//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+//         }
+//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
+//         }
+//         _ => {
+//             return general_count(drive, stacks, max_count);
+//         }
+//     }
+
+//     let count = drive.ctx.string_position - drive.state.string_position;
+//     drive.ctx = save_ctx;
+//     count
+// }
+
+// fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
+//     drive: &mut StateContext,
+//     end: usize,
+//     mut f: F,
+// ) {
+//     let ch = drive.peek_code(1);
+//     while !drive.ctx.string_position < end && f(ch, drive.peek_char()) {
+//         drive.skip_char(1);
+//     }
+// }
 
 fn is_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
     ch == '_' as u32

From 34bde45a2c0906a3a3e03dca79a4426b4cf57655 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 1 Aug 2022 22:19:49 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 055/705] pass compile

---
 benches/benches.rs |   22 +-
 src/engine.rs      | 1802 ++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 tests/tests.rs     |   20 +-
 3 files changed, 821 insertions(+), 1023 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/benches.rs b/benches/benches.rs
index b86a592967..d000ceb62e 100644
--- a/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/benches/benches.rs
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ pub struct Pattern {
 }
 
 impl Pattern {
-    pub fn state<'a>(
+    pub fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
         &self,
-        string: impl Into<engine::StrDrive<'a>>,
+        string: S,
         range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
-    ) -> engine::State<'a> {
-        engine::State::new(string.into(), range.start, range.end, self.flags, self.code)
+    ) -> engine::State<'a, S> {
+        engine::State::new(string, range.start, range.end, self.flags, self.code)
     }
 }
 #[bench]
@@ -84,28 +84,28 @@ fn benchmarks(b: &mut Bencher) {
     b.iter(move || {
         for (p, s) in &tests {
             let mut state = p.state(s.clone(), 0..usize::MAX);
-            state = state.search();
+            state.search();
             assert!(state.has_matched);
             state = p.state(s.clone(), 0..usize::MAX);
-            state = state.pymatch();
+            state.pymatch();
             assert!(state.has_matched);
             state = p.state(s.clone(), 0..usize::MAX);
             state.match_all = true;
-            state = state.pymatch();
+            state.pymatch();
             assert!(state.has_matched);
             let s2 = format!("{}{}{}", " ".repeat(10000), s, " ".repeat(10000));
             state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 0..usize::MAX);
-            state = state.search();
+            state.search();
             assert!(state.has_matched);
             state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 10000..usize::MAX);
-            state = state.pymatch();
+            state.pymatch();
             assert!(state.has_matched);
             state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
-            state = state.pymatch();
+            state.pymatch();
             assert!(state.has_matched);
             state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
             state.match_all = true;
-            state = state.pymatch();
+            state.pymatch();
             assert!(state.has_matched);
         }
     })
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 8865eb6a39..b0717e1671 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -19,21 +19,45 @@ pub struct State<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     pub lastindex: isize,
     marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
     context_stack: Vec<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
-    // branch_stack: Vec<BranchContext>,
-    // min_repeat_one_stack: Vec<MinRepeatOneContext>,
-    // repeat_one_stack: Vec<RepeatOneContext>,
-    // repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
-    // min_until_stack: Vec<MinUntilContext>,
-    // max_until_stack: Vec<MaxUntilContext>,
-    // _stacks: Option<Box<Stacks>>,
+    repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
     pub string_position: usize,
-    popped_context: Option<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
     next_context: Option<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
+    popped_has_matched: bool,
     pub has_matched: bool,
     pub match_all: bool,
     pub must_advance: bool,
 }
 
+macro_rules! next_ctx {
+    (offset $offset:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {
+        next_ctx!(position $ctx.code_position + $offset, $state, $ctx, $handler)
+    };
+    (from $peek:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {
+        next_ctx!(position $ctx.peek_code($state, $peek) as usize + 1, $state, $ctx, $handler)
+    };
+    (position $position:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {
+        {$state.next_context.insert(MatchContext {
+            code_position: $position,
+            has_matched: None,
+            handler: Some($handler),
+            ..*$ctx
+        })}
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! mark {
+    (push, $state:expr) => {
+        $state
+            .marks_stack
+            .push(($state.marks.clone(), $state.lastindex))
+    };
+    (pop, $state:expr) => {
+        let (marks, lastindex) = $state.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
+        $state.marks = marks;
+        $state.lastindex = lastindex;
+    };
+}
+
 impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
     pub fn new(
         string: S,
@@ -54,16 +78,10 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
             lastindex: -1,
             marks_stack: Vec::new(),
             context_stack: Vec::new(),
-            // branch_stack: Vec::new(),
-            // min_repeat_one_stack: Vec::new(),
-            // repeat_one_stack: Vec::new(),
-            // repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
-            // min_until_stack: Vec::new(),
-            // max_until_stack: Vec::new(),
-            // _stacks: Default::default(),
+            repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
             string_position: start,
-            popped_context: None,
             next_context: None,
+            popped_has_matched: false,
             has_matched: false,
             match_all: false,
             must_advance: false,
@@ -75,15 +93,10 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
         self.marks.clear();
         self.marks_stack.clear();
         self.context_stack.clear();
-        // self.branch_stack.clear();
-        // self.min_repeat_one_stack.clear();
-        // self.repeat_one_stack.clear();
-        // self.repeat_stack.clear();
-        // self.min_until_stack.clear();
-        // self.max_until_stack.clear();
+        self.repeat_stack.clear();
         self.string_position = self.start;
-        self.popped_context = None;
         self.next_context = None;
+        self.popped_has_matched = false;
         self.has_matched = false;
     }
 
@@ -104,14 +117,14 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
             (None, None)
         }
     }
-    fn marks_push(&mut self) {
-        self.marks_stack.push((self.marks.clone(), self.lastindex));
-    }
-    fn marks_pop(&mut self) {
-        let (marks, lastindex) = self.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
-        self.marks = marks;
-        self.lastindex = lastindex;
-    }
+    // fn marks_push(&mut self) {
+    //     self.marks_stack.push((self.marks.clone(), self.lastindex));
+    // }
+    // fn marks_pop(&mut self) {
+    //     let (marks, lastindex) = self.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
+    //     self.marks = marks;
+    //     self.lastindex = lastindex;
+    // }
     fn marks_pop_keep(&mut self) {
         let (marks, lastindex) = self.marks_stack.last().unwrap().clone();
         self.marks = marks;
@@ -121,46 +134,31 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
         self.marks_stack.pop();
     }
 
-    fn _match(&mut self)  {
+    fn _match(&mut self) {
         while let Some(mut ctx) = self.context_stack.pop() {
-            // let mut drive = StateContext {
-            //     state: self,
-            //     ctx,
-            //     next_ctx: None,
-            // };
-            // let mut state = self;
-
-            if let Some(handler) = ctx.handler {
+            if let Some(handler) = ctx.handler.take() {
                 handler(self, &mut ctx);
             } else if ctx.remaining_codes(self) > 0 {
                 let code = ctx.peek_code(self, 0);
                 let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-                self.dispatch(code, &mut ctx);
+                dispatch(self, &mut ctx, code);
             } else {
                 ctx.failure();
             }
 
-            // let StateContext {
-            //     mut state,
-            //     ctx,
-            //     next_ctx,
-            // } = drive;
-
-            if ctx.has_matched.is_some() {
-                self.popped_context = Some(ctx);
+            if let Some(has_matched) = ctx.has_matched {
+                self.popped_has_matched = has_matched;
             } else {
                 self.context_stack.push(ctx);
                 if let Some(next_ctx) = self.next_context.take() {
                     self.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
                 }
             }
-            // self = state
         }
-        self.has_matched = self.popped_context.take().unwrap().has_matched == Some(true);
-        // self
+        self.has_matched = self.popped_has_matched;
     }
 
-    pub fn pymatch(mut self) -> Self {
+    pub fn pymatch(&mut self) {
         let ctx = MatchContext {
             string_position: self.start,
             string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
@@ -169,18 +167,18 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
             toplevel: true,
             handler: None,
             repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
+            count: -1,
         };
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
 
         self._match();
-        self
     }
 
-    pub fn search(mut self) -> Self {
+    pub fn search(&mut self) {
         // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
 
         if self.start > self.end {
-            return self;
+            return;
         }
 
         let mut start_offset = self.string.offset(0, self.start);
@@ -193,6 +191,7 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
             toplevel: true,
             handler: None,
             repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
+            count: -1,
         };
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
         self._match();
@@ -211,643 +210,503 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
                 toplevel: false,
                 handler: None,
                 repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
+                count: -1,
             };
             self.context_stack.push(ctx);
             self._match();
         }
+    }
+}
+
+fn dispatch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    opcode: SreOpcode,
+) {
+    match opcode {
+        SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
+            ctx.failure();
+        }
+        SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
+            if ctx.can_success(state) {
+                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                ctx.success();
+            } else {
+                ctx.failure();
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::ANY => {
+            if ctx.at_end(state) || ctx.at_linebreak(state) {
+                ctx.failure();
+            } else {
+                ctx.skip_code(1);
+                ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
+            if ctx.at_end(state) {
+                ctx.failure();
+            } else {
+                ctx.skip_code(1);
+                ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+            }
+        }
+        /* assert subpattern */
+        /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
+        SreOpcode::ASSERT => op_assert(state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => op_assert_not(state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::AT => {
+            let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(state, 1)).unwrap();
+            if at(state, ctx, atcode) {
+                ctx.skip_code(2);
+            } else {
+                ctx.failure();
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::BRANCH => op_branch(state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
+            let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(state, 1)).unwrap();
+            if ctx.at_end(state) || !category(catcode, ctx.peek_char(state)) {
+                ctx.failure();
+            } else {
+                ctx.skip_code(2);
+                ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::IN => general_op_in(state, ctx, charset),
+        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => general_op_in(state, ctx, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c))),
+        SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => {
+            general_op_in(state, ctx, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c)))
+        }
+        SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in(state, ctx, charset_loc_ignore),
+        SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1),
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL => general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code == c),
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code != c),
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+            general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c))
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+            general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c))
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+            general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c))
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+            general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c))
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_literal(state, ctx, char_loc_ignore),
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
+            general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c))
+        }
+        SreOpcode::MARK => {
+            state.set_mark(ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize, ctx.string_position);
+            ctx.skip_code(2);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => op_max_until(state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => op_min_until(state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::REPEAT => op_repeat(state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => op_repeat_one(state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => op_min_repeat_one(state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => general_op_groupref(state, ctx, |x| x),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(state, ctx, lower_ascii),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(state, ctx, lower_locate),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(state, ctx, lower_unicode),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
+            let (group_start, group_end) = state.get_marks(ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize);
+            match (group_start, group_end) {
+                (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => {
+                    ctx.skip_code(3);
+                }
+                _ => ctx.skip_code_from(state, 2),
+            }
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
+    }
+}
 
-        self
+/* assert subpattern */
+/* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
+fn op_assert<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    let back = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize;
+    if ctx.string_position < back {
+        return ctx.failure();
     }
 
-    fn dispatch(&mut self, opcode: SreOpcode, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
-        match opcode {
-            SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
-                ctx.has_matched = Some(false);
+    // let next_ctx = state.next_ctx(ctx, 3, |state, ctx| {
+    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 3, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        if state.popped_has_matched {
+            ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
+        } else {
+            ctx.failure();
+        }
+    });
+    next_ctx.back_skip_char(&state.string, back);
+    state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
+    next_ctx.toplevel = false;
+}
+
+/* assert not subpattern */
+/* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
+fn op_assert_not<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    let back = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize;
+
+    if ctx.string_position < back {
+        return ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
+    }
+
+    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 3, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        if state.popped_has_matched {
+            ctx.failure();
+        } else {
+            ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
+        }
+    });
+    next_ctx.back_skip_char(&state.string, back);
+    state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
+    next_ctx.toplevel = false;
+}
+
+// alternation
+// <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
+fn op_branch<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    // state.marks_push();
+    mark!(push, state);
+
+    ctx.count = 1;
+    create_context(state, ctx);
+
+    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+        let branch_offset = ctx.count as usize;
+        let next_length = ctx.peek_code(state, branch_offset) as isize;
+        if next_length == 0 {
+            state.marks_pop_discard();
+            return ctx.failure();
+        }
+
+        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+        ctx.count += next_length;
+        next_ctx!(offset branch_offset + 1, state, ctx, callback);
+    }
+
+    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+        if state.popped_has_matched {
+            return ctx.success();
+        }
+        state.marks_pop_keep();
+        create_context(state, ctx);
+    }
+}
+
+/* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
+fn op_min_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    let min_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize;
+    // let max_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize;
+
+    if ctx.remaining_chars(state) < min_count {
+        return ctx.failure();
+    }
+
+    state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+    ctx.count = if min_count == 0 {
+        0
+    } else {
+        let count = _count(state, ctx, min_count);
+        if count < min_count {
+            return ctx.failure();
+        }
+        ctx.skip_char(state, count);
+        count as isize
+    };
+
+    let next_code = ctx.peek_code(state, ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize + 1);
+    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(state) {
+        // tail is empty. we're finished
+        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+        return ctx.success();
+    }
+
+    mark!(push, state);
+    create_context(state, ctx);
+
+    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+        let max_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize;
+
+        if max_count == MAXREPEAT || ctx.count as usize <= max_count {
+            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+            next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, callback);
+        } else {
+            state.marks_pop_discard();
+            ctx.failure();
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+        if state.popped_has_matched {
+            return ctx.success();
+        }
+
+        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+        if _count(state, ctx, 1) == 0 {
+            state.marks_pop_discard();
+            return ctx.failure();
+        }
+
+        ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+        ctx.count += 1;
+        state.marks_pop_keep();
+        create_context(state, ctx);
+    }
+}
+
+/* match repeated sequence (maximizing regexp) */
+/* this operator only works if the repeated item is
+exactly one character wide, and we're not already
+collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
+use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
+/* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
+fn op_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    let min_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize;
+    let max_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize;
+
+    if ctx.remaining_chars(state) < min_count {
+        return ctx.failure();
+    }
+
+    state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+    let count = _count(state, ctx, max_count);
+    ctx.skip_char(state, count);
+    if count < min_count {
+        return ctx.failure();
+    }
+
+    let next_code = ctx.peek_code(state, ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize + 1);
+    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(state) {
+        // tail is empty. we're finished
+        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+        return ctx.success();
+    }
+
+    mark!(push, state);
+    ctx.count = count as isize;
+    create_context(state, ctx);
+
+    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as isize;
+        let next_code = ctx.peek_code(state, ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize + 1);
+        if next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32 {
+            // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
+            // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
+            let c = ctx.peek_code(state, ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize + 2);
+            while ctx.at_end(state) || ctx.peek_char(state) != c {
+                if ctx.count <= min_count {
+                    state.marks_pop_discard();
+                    return ctx.failure();
+                }
+                ctx.back_skip_char(&state.string, 1);
+                ctx.count -= 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+        // General case: backtracking
+        next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, callback);
+    }
+
+    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+        if state.popped_has_matched {
+            return ctx.success();
+        }
+
+        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as isize;
+
+        if ctx.count <= min_count {
+            state.marks_pop_discard();
+            return ctx.failure();
+        }
+
+        ctx.back_skip_char(&state.string, 1);
+        ctx.count -= 1;
+
+        state.marks_pop_keep();
+        create_context(state, ctx);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+struct RepeatContext {
+    count: isize,
+    min_count: usize,
+    max_count: usize,
+    code_position: usize,
+    last_position: usize,
+    prev_id: usize,
+}
+
+/* create repeat context.  all the hard work is done
+by the UNTIL operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL) */
+/* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
+fn op_repeat<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
+        count: -1,
+        min_count: ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize,
+        max_count: ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize,
+        code_position: ctx.code_position,
+        last_position: std::usize::MAX,
+        prev_id: ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
+    };
+
+    state.repeat_stack.push(repeat_ctx);
+
+    state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        ctx.has_matched = Some(state.popped_has_matched);
+        state.repeat_stack.pop();
+    });
+    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = state.repeat_stack.len() - 1;
+}
+
+/* minimizing repeat */
+fn op_min_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    let repeat_ctx = state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+
+    state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+    repeat_ctx.count += 1;
+
+    if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
+        // not enough matches
+        next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+            if state.popped_has_matched {
+                ctx.success();
+            } else {
+                state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
+                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                ctx.failure();
+            }
+        });
+        return;
+    }
+
+    mark!(push, state);
+
+    ctx.count = ctx.repeat_ctx_id as isize;
+
+    // see if the tail matches
+    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        if state.popped_has_matched {
+            return ctx.success();
+        }
+
+        ctx.repeat_ctx_id = ctx.count as usize;
+
+        let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+
+        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+        mark!(pop, state);
+
+        // match more until tail matches
+
+        if repeat_ctx.count as usize >= repeat_ctx.max_count && repeat_ctx.max_count != MAXREPEAT
+            || state.string_position == repeat_ctx.last_position
+        {
+            repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
+            return ctx.failure();
+        }
+
+        /* zero-width match protection */
+        repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
+
+        next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+            if state.popped_has_matched {
+                ctx.success();
+            } else {
+                state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
+                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                ctx.failure();
+            }
+        });
+    });
+    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+}
+
+/* maximizing repeat */
+fn op_max_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+
+    state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+    repeat_ctx.count += 1;
+
+    if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
+        // not enough matches
+        next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+            if state.popped_has_matched {
+                ctx.success();
+            } else {
+                state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
+                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                ctx.failure();
+            }
+        });
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if ((repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.max_count || repeat_ctx.max_count == MAXREPEAT)
+        && state.string_position != repeat_ctx.last_position
+    {
+        /* we may have enough matches, but if we can
+        match another item, do so */
+        mark!(push, state);
+
+        ctx.count = repeat_ctx.last_position as isize;
+        repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
+
+        next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+            let save_last_position = ctx.count as usize;
+            let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+            repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
+
+            if state.popped_has_matched {
+                state.marks_pop_discard();
+                return ctx.success();
             }
-            SreOpcode::SUCCESS => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::ANY => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::AT => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::BRANCH => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::CALL => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::CATEGORY => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::CHARSET => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::IN => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::INFO => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::JUMP => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::MARK => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::NEGATE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::RANGE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
-            SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
+
+        mark!(pop, state);
+            repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
+
+            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+            /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
+            tail matches */
+            let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, tail_callback);
+            next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+        });
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
+    tail matches */
+    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, tail_callback);
+    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+
+    fn tail_callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+        if state.popped_has_matched {
+            ctx.success();
+        } else {
+            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+            ctx.failure();
         }
     }
 }
 
-// fn dispatch(opcode: SreOpcode, drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//     match opcode {
-//         SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
-//             drive.failure();
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
-//             drive.ctx.has_matched = Some(drive.can_success());
-//             if drive.ctx.has_matched == Some(true) {
-//                 drive.state.string_position = drive.ctx.string_position;
-//             }
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::ANY => {
-//             if drive.at_end() || drive.at_linebreak() {
-//                 drive.failure();
-//             } else {
-//                 drive.skip_code(1);
-//                 drive.skip_char(1);
-//             }
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-//             if drive.at_end() {
-//                 drive.failure();
-//             } else {
-//                 drive.skip_code(1);
-//                 drive.skip_char(1);
-//             }
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::ASSERT => op_assert(drive),
-//         SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => op_assert_not(drive),
-//         SreOpcode::AT => {
-//             let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
-//             if at(drive, atcode) {
-//                 drive.skip_code(2);
-//             } else {
-//                 drive.failure();
-//             }
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::BRANCH => op_branch(drive, stacks),
-//         SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
-//             let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(drive.peek_code(1)).unwrap();
-//             if drive.at_end() || !category(catcode, drive.peek_char()) {
-//                 drive.failure();
-//             } else {
-//                 drive.skip_code(2);
-//                 drive.skip_char(1);
-//             }
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::IN => general_op_in(drive, charset),
-//         SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c))),
-//         SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c))),
-//         SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in(drive, charset_loc_ignore),
-//         SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => drive.skip_code_from(1),
-//         SreOpcode::LITERAL => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == c),
-//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != c),
-//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c)),
-//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-//             general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c))
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-//             general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c))
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-//             general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c))
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_literal(drive, char_loc_ignore),
-//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-//             general_op_literal(drive, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c))
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::MARK => {
-//             drive
-//                 .state
-//                 .set_mark(drive.peek_code(1) as usize, drive.ctx.string_position);
-//             drive.skip_code(2);
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => op_max_until(drive, stacks),
-//         SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => op_min_until(drive, stacks),
-//         SreOpcode::REPEAT => op_repeat(drive, stacks),
-//         SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => op_repeat_one(drive, stacks),
-//         SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => op_min_repeat_one(drive, stacks),
-//         SreOpcode::GROUPREF => general_op_groupref(drive, |x| x),
-//         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_ascii),
-//         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_locate),
-//         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(drive, lower_unicode),
-//         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
-//             let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
-//             match (group_start, group_end) {
-//                 (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => {
-//                     drive.skip_code(3);
-//                 }
-//                 _ => drive.skip_code_from(2),
-//             }
-//         }
-//         _ => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
-//     }
-// }
-
-// /* assert subpattern */
-// /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-// fn op_assert(drive: &mut StateContext) {
-//     let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-
-//     if drive.ctx.string_position < back {
-//         return drive.failure();
-//     }
-
-//     let offset = drive
-//         .state
-//         .string
-//         .back_offset(drive.ctx.string_offset, back);
-//     let position = drive.ctx.string_position - back;
-
-//     drive.state.string_position = position;
-
-//     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(3, |drive, _| {
-//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//             drive.ctx.handler = None;
-//             drive.skip_code_from(1);
-//         } else {
-//             drive.failure();
-//         }
-//     });
-//     next_ctx.string_position = position;
-//     next_ctx.string_offset = offset;
-//     next_ctx.toplevel = false;
-// }
-
-// /* assert not subpattern */
-// /* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-// fn op_assert_not(drive: &mut StateContext) {
-//     let back = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-
-//     if drive.ctx.string_position < back {
-//         return drive.skip_code_from(1);
-//     }
-
-//     let offset = drive
-//         .state
-//         .string
-//         .back_offset(drive.ctx.string_offset, back);
-//     let position = drive.ctx.string_position - back;
-
-//     drive.state.string_position = position;
-
-//     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(3, |drive, _| {
-//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//             drive.failure();
-//         } else {
-//             drive.ctx.handler = None;
-//             drive.skip_code_from(1);
-//         }
-//     });
-//     next_ctx.string_position = position;
-//     next_ctx.string_offset = offset;
-//     next_ctx.toplevel = false;
-// }
-
-// #[derive(Debug)]
-// struct BranchContext {
-//     branch_offset: usize,
-// }
-
-// // alternation
-// // <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
-// fn op_branch(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//     drive.state.marks_push();
-//     stacks.branch.push(BranchContext { branch_offset: 1 });
-//     create_context(drive, stacks);
-
-//     fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//         let branch_offset = stacks.branch_last().branch_offset;
-//         let next_length = drive.peek_code(branch_offset) as usize;
-//         if next_length == 0 {
-//             drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-//             stacks.branch.pop();
-//             return drive.failure();
-//         }
-
-//         drive.sync_string_position();
-
-//         stacks.branch_last().branch_offset += next_length;
-//         drive.next_ctx(branch_offset + 1, callback);
-//     }
-
-//     fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//             stacks.branch.pop();
-//             return drive.success();
-//         }
-//         drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
-//         drive.ctx.handler = Some(create_context)
-//     }
-// }
-
-// #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-// struct MinRepeatOneContext {
-//     count: usize,
-//     max_count: usize,
-// }
-
-// /* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-// fn op_min_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//     let min_count = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-//     let max_count = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
-
-//     if drive.remaining_chars() < min_count {
-//         return drive.failure();
-//     }
-
-//     drive.sync_string_position();
-
-//     let count = if min_count == 0 {
-//         0
-//     } else {
-//         let count = _count(drive, stacks, min_count);
-//         if count < min_count {
-//             return drive.failure();
-//         }
-//         drive.skip_char(count);
-//         count
-//     };
-
-//     let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-//     if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
-//         // tail is empty. we're finished
-//         drive.sync_string_position();
-//         return drive.success();
-//     }
-
-//     drive.state.marks_push();
-//     stacks
-//         .min_repeat_one
-//         .push(MinRepeatOneContext { count, max_count });
-//     create_context(drive, stacks);
-
-//     fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//         let MinRepeatOneContext { count, max_count } = *stacks.min_repeat_one_last();
-
-//         if max_count == MAXREPEAT || count <= max_count {
-//             drive.sync_string_position();
-//             drive.next_ctx_from(1, callback);
-//         } else {
-//             drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-//             stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
-//             drive.failure();
-//         }
-//     }
-
-//     fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//             stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
-//             return drive.success();
-//         }
-
-//         drive.sync_string_position();
-
-//         if _count(drive, stacks, 1) == 0 {
-//             drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-//             stacks.min_repeat_one.pop();
-//             return drive.failure();
-//         }
-
-//         drive.skip_char(1);
-//         stacks.min_repeat_one_last().count += 1;
-//         drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
-//         create_context(drive, stacks);
-//     }
-// }
-
-// #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-// struct RepeatOneContext {
-//     count: usize,
-//     min_count: usize,
-//     following_literal: Option<u32>,
-// }
-
-// /* match repeated sequence (maximizing regexp) */
-
-// /* this operator only works if the repeated item is
-// exactly one character wide, and we're not already
-// collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
-// use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
-
-// /* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-// fn op_repeat_one(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//     let min_count = drive.peek_code(2) as usize;
-//     let max_count = drive.peek_code(3) as usize;
-
-//     if drive.remaining_chars() < min_count {
-//         return drive.failure();
-//     }
-
-//     drive.sync_string_position();
-
-//     let count = _count(drive, stacks, max_count);
-//     drive.skip_char(count);
-//     if count < min_count {
-//         return drive.failure();
-//     }
-
-//     let next_code = drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 1);
-//     if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && drive.can_success() {
-//         // tail is empty. we're finished
-//         drive.sync_string_position();
-//         return drive.success();
-//     }
-
-//     // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
-//     // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
-//     let following_literal = (next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32)
-//         .then(|| drive.peek_code(drive.peek_code(1) as usize + 2));
-
-//     drive.state.marks_push();
-//     stacks.repeat_one.push(RepeatOneContext {
-//         count,
-//         min_count,
-//         following_literal,
-//     });
-//     create_context(drive, stacks);
-
-//     fn create_context(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//         let RepeatOneContext {
-//             mut count,
-//             min_count,
-//             following_literal,
-//         } = *stacks.repeat_one_last();
-
-//         if let Some(c) = following_literal {
-//             while drive.at_end() || drive.peek_char() != c {
-//                 if count <= min_count {
-//                     drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-//                     stacks.repeat_one.pop();
-//                     return drive.failure();
-//                 }
-//                 drive.back_skip_char(1);
-//                 count -= 1;
-//             }
-//         }
-//         stacks.repeat_one_last().count = count;
-
-//         drive.sync_string_position();
-
-//         // General case: backtracking
-//         drive.next_ctx_from(1, callback);
-//     }
-
-//     fn callback(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//             stacks.repeat_one.pop();
-//             return drive.success();
-//         }
-
-//         let RepeatOneContext {
-//             count,
-//             min_count,
-//             following_literal: _,
-//         } = stacks.repeat_one_last();
-
-//         if count <= min_count {
-//             drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-//             stacks.repeat_one.pop();
-//             return drive.failure();
-//         }
-
-//         drive.back_skip_char(1);
-//         *count -= 1;
-
-//         drive.state.marks_pop_keep();
-//         create_context(drive, stacks);
-//     }
-// }
-
-// #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-// struct RepeatContext {
-//     count: isize,
-//     min_count: usize,
-//     max_count: usize,
-//     code_position: usize,
-//     last_position: usize,
-//     prev_id: usize,
-// }
-
-// /* create repeat context.  all the hard work is done
-// by the UNTIL operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL) */
-// /* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
-// fn op_repeat(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//     let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
-//         count: -1,
-//         min_count: drive.peek_code(2) as usize,
-//         max_count: drive.peek_code(3) as usize,
-//         code_position: drive.ctx.code_position,
-//         last_position: std::usize::MAX,
-//         prev_id: drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
-//     };
-
-//     stacks.repeat.push(repeat_ctx);
-
-//     drive.sync_string_position();
-
-//     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx_from(1, |drive, stacks| {
-//         drive.ctx.has_matched = drive.popped_ctx().has_matched;
-//         stacks.repeat.pop();
-//     });
-//     next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = stacks.repeat.len() - 1;
-// }
-
-// #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-// struct MinUntilContext {
-//     save_repeat_ctx_id: usize,
-// }
-
-// /* minimizing repeat */
-// fn op_min_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//     let repeat_ctx = stacks.repeat.last_mut().unwrap();
-
-//     drive.sync_string_position();
-
-//     repeat_ctx.count += 1;
-
-//     if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
-//         // not enough matches
-//         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
-//             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//                 drive.success();
-//             } else {
-//                 stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
-//                 drive.sync_string_position();
-//                 drive.failure();
-//             }
-//         });
-//         return;
-//     }
-
-//     drive.state.marks_push();
-
-//     stacks.min_until.push(MinUntilContext {
-//         save_repeat_ctx_id: drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
-//     });
-
-//     // see if the tail matches
-//     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, |drive, stacks| {
-//         drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id = stacks.min_until.pop().unwrap().save_repeat_ctx_id;
-
-//         let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-
-//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//             return drive.success();
-//         }
-
-//         drive.sync_string_position();
-
-//         drive.state.marks_pop();
-
-//         // match more until tail matches
-
-//         if repeat_ctx.count as usize >= repeat_ctx.max_count && repeat_ctx.max_count != MAXREPEAT
-//             || drive.state.string_position == repeat_ctx.last_position
-//         {
-//             repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
-//             return drive.failure();
-//         }
-
-//         /* zero-width match protection */
-//         repeat_ctx.last_position = drive.state.string_position;
-
-//         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
-//             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//                 drive.success();
-//             } else {
-//                 stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
-//                 drive.sync_string_position();
-//                 drive.failure();
-//             }
-//         });
-//     });
-//     next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
-// }
-
-// #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-// struct MaxUntilContext {
-//     save_last_position: usize,
-// }
-
-// /* maximizing repeat */
-// fn op_max_until(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//     let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-
-//     drive.sync_string_position();
-
-//     repeat_ctx.count += 1;
-
-//     if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
-//         // not enough matches
-//         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
-//             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//                 drive.success();
-//             } else {
-//                 stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
-//                 drive.sync_string_position();
-//                 drive.failure();
-//             }
-//         });
-//         return;
-//     }
-
-//     stacks.max_until.push(MaxUntilContext {
-//         save_last_position: repeat_ctx.last_position,
-//     });
-
-//     if ((repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.max_count || repeat_ctx.max_count == MAXREPEAT)
-//         && drive.state.string_position != repeat_ctx.last_position
-//     {
-//         /* we may have enough matches, but if we can
-//         match another item, do so */
-//         repeat_ctx.last_position = drive.state.string_position;
-
-//         drive.state.marks_push();
-
-//         drive.next_ctx_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, |drive, stacks| {
-//             let save_last_position = stacks.max_until.pop().unwrap().save_last_position;
-//             let repeat_ctx = &mut stacks.repeat[drive.ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-//             repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
-
-//             if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//                 drive.state.marks_pop_discard();
-//                 return drive.success();
-//             }
-
-//             drive.state.marks_pop();
-//             repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
-//             drive.sync_string_position();
-
-//             /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
-//             tail matches */
-//             let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, tail_callback);
-//             next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
-//         });
-//         return;
-//     }
-
-//     /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
-//     tail matches */
-//     let next_ctx = drive.next_ctx(1, tail_callback);
-//     next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
-
-//     fn tail_callback(drive: &mut StateContext, _stacks: &mut Stacks) {
-//         if drive.popped_ctx().has_matched == Some(true) {
-//             drive.success();
-//         } else {
-//             drive.sync_string_position();
-//             drive.failure();
-//         }
-//     }
-// }
-
-// #[derive(Debug, Default)]
-// struct Stacks {
-// }
-
-// impl Stacks {
-//     fn clear(&mut self) {
-//         self.branch.clear();
-//         self.min_repeat_one.clear();
-//         self.repeat_one.clear();
-//         self.repeat.clear();
-//         self.min_until.clear();
-//         self.max_until.clear();
-//     }
-
-//     fn branch_last(&mut self) -> &mut BranchContext {
-//         self.branch.last_mut().unwrap()
-//     }
-//     fn min_repeat_one_last(&mut self) -> &mut MinRepeatOneContext {
-//         self.min_repeat_one.last_mut().unwrap()
-//     }
-//     fn repeat_one_last(&mut self) -> &mut RepeatOneContext {
-//         self.repeat_one.last_mut().unwrap()
-//     }
-// }
-
-pub trait StrDrive {
+pub trait StrDrive: Copy {
     fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize;
     fn count(&self) -> usize;
     fn peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32;
@@ -855,7 +714,6 @@ pub trait StrDrive {
     fn back_offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize;
 }
 
-
 impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a str {
     fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
         self.get(offset..)
@@ -934,6 +792,7 @@ struct MatchContext<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     toplevel: bool,
     handler: Option<fn(&mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self)>,
     repeat_ctx_id: usize,
+    count: isize,
 }
 
 impl<'a, S: StrDrive> std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext<'a, S> {
@@ -945,182 +804,188 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext<'a, S> {
             .field("has_matched", &self.has_matched)
             .field("toplevel", &self.toplevel)
             .field("handler", &self.handler.map(|x| x as usize))
+            .field("count", &self.count)
             .finish()
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
+    fn pattern(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> &[u32] {
+        &state.pattern_codes[self.code_position..]
+    }
+
     fn remaining_codes(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> usize {
         state.pattern_codes.len() - self.code_position
     }
-    
+
+    fn remaining_chars(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> usize {
+        state.end - self.string_position
+    }
+
+    fn peek_char(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> u32 {
+        state.string.peek(self.string_offset)
+    }
+
+    fn skip_char(&mut self, state: &State<'a, S>, skip: usize) {
+        self.string_position += skip;
+        self.string_offset = state.string.offset(self.string_offset, skip);
+    }
+
+    fn back_peek_char(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> u32 {
+        state.string.back_peek(self.string_offset)
+    }
+
+    fn back_skip_char(&mut self, string: &S, skip: usize) {
+        self.string_position -= skip;
+        self.string_offset = string.back_offset(self.string_offset, skip);
+    }
+
     fn peek_code(&self, state: &State<'a, S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
         state.pattern_codes[self.code_position + peek]
     }
 
+    fn skip_code(&mut self, skip: usize) {
+        self.code_position += skip;
+    }
+
+    fn skip_code_from(&mut self, state: &State<'a, S>, peek: usize) {
+        self.skip_code(self.peek_code(state, peek) as usize + 1);
+    }
+
+    fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
+        // self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start
+        self.string_position == 0
+    }
+
+    fn at_end(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> bool {
+        self.string_position == state.end
+    }
+
+    fn at_linebreak(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> bool {
+        !self.at_end(state) && is_linebreak(self.peek_char(state))
+    }
+
+    fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
+        &self,
+        state: &State<'a, S>,
+        mut word_checker: F,
+    ) -> bool {
+        if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(state) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char(state));
+        let this = !self.at_end(state) && word_checker(self.peek_char(state));
+        this != that
+    }
+
+    fn at_non_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
+        &self,
+        state: &State<'a, S>,
+        mut word_checker: F,
+    ) -> bool {
+        if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(state) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char(state));
+        let this = !self.at_end(state) && word_checker(self.peek_char(state));
+        this == that
+    }
+
+    fn can_success(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> bool {
+        if !self.toplevel {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if state.match_all && !self.at_end(state) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if state.must_advance && self.string_position == state.start {
+            return false;
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn success(&mut self) {
+        self.has_matched = Some(true);
+    }
+
     fn failure(&mut self) {
         self.has_matched = Some(false);
     }
 }
 
-// trait ContextDrive<'a, T: StrDrive<'a>> {
-//     fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext;
-//     fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext;
-//     fn state(&self) -> &State<'a, T>;
-
-//     fn popped_ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
-//         self.state().popped_context.as_ref().unwrap()
-//     }
-
-//     fn pattern(&self) -> &[u32] {
-//         &self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position..]
-//     }
-
-//     fn peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
-//         self.state().string.peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
-//     }
-//     fn peek_code(&self, peek: usize) -> u32 {
-//         self.state().pattern_codes[self.ctx().code_position + peek]
-//     }
-
-//     fn back_peek_char(&self) -> u32 {
-//         self.state().string.back_peek(self.ctx().string_offset)
-//     }
-//     fn back_skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
-//         self.ctx_mut().string_position -= skip_count;
-//         self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
-//             .state()
-//             .string
-//             .back_offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
-//     }
-
-//     fn skip_char(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
-//         self.ctx_mut().string_offset = self
-//             .state()
-//             .string
-//             .offset(self.ctx().string_offset, skip_count);
-//         self.ctx_mut().string_position += skip_count;
-//     }
-//     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip_count: usize) {
-//         self.ctx_mut().code_position += skip_count;
-//     }
-//     fn skip_code_from(&mut self, peek: usize) {
-//         self.skip_code(self.peek_code(peek) as usize + 1);
-//     }
-
-//     fn remaining_chars(&self) -> usize {
-//         self.state().end - self.ctx().string_position
-//     }
-//     fn remaining_codes(&self) -> usize {
-//         self.state().pattern_codes.len() - self.ctx().code_position
-//     }
-
-//     fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
-//         // self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start
-//         self.ctx().string_position == 0
-//     }
-//     fn at_end(&self) -> bool {
-//         self.ctx().string_position == self.state().end
-//     }
-//     fn at_linebreak(&self) -> bool {
-//         !self.at_end() && is_linebreak(self.peek_char())
-//     }
-//     fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(&self, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
-//         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end() {
-//             return false;
-//         }
-//         let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char());
-//         let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
-//         this != that
-//     }
-//     fn at_non_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(&self, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
-//         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end() {
-//             return false;
-//         }
-//         let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char());
-//         let this = !self.at_end() && word_checker(self.peek_char());
-//         this == that
-//     }
-
-//     fn can_success(&self) -> bool {
-//         if !self.ctx().toplevel {
-//             return true;
-//         }
-//         if self.state().match_all && !self.at_end() {
-//             return false;
-//         }
-//         if self.state().must_advance && self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start {
-//             return false;
-//         }
-//         true
-//     }
-
-//     fn success(&mut self) {
-//         self.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(true);
-//     }
-
-//     fn failure(&mut self) {
-//         self.ctx_mut().has_matched = Some(false);
-//     }
-// }
-
-// struct StateContext<'a, S: StrDrive<'a>> {
-//     state: State<'a, S>,
-//     ctx: MatchContext,
-//     next_ctx: Option<MatchContext>,
-// }
-
-// impl<'a, S: StrDrive<'a>> ContextDrive<'a, S> for StateContext<'a, S> {
-//     fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
-//         &self.ctx
-//     }
-//     fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
-//         &mut self.ctx
-//     }
-//     fn state(&self) -> &State<'a, S> {
-//         &self.state
-//     }
-// }
-
-// impl StateContext<'_> {
-//     fn next_ctx_from(&mut self, peek: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
-//         self.next_ctx(self.peek_code(peek) as usize + 1, handler)
-//     }
-//     fn next_ctx(&mut self, offset: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
-//         self.next_ctx_at(self.ctx.code_position + offset, handler)
-//     }
-//     fn next_ctx_at(&mut self, code_position: usize, handler: OpcodeHandler) -> &mut MatchContext {
-//         self.next_ctx = Some(MatchContext {
-//             code_position,
-//             has_matched: None,
-//             handler: None,
-//             ..self.ctx
-//         });
-//         self.ctx.handler = Some(handler);
-//         self.next_ctx.as_mut().unwrap()
-//     }
-
-//     fn sync_string_position(&mut self) {
-//         self.state.string_position = self.ctx.string_position;
-//     }
-// }
-
-// struct StateRefContext<'a> {
-//     entity: &'a StateContext<'a>,
-//     ctx: MatchContext,
-// }
-
-// impl ContextDrive for StateRefContext<'_> {
-//     fn ctx(&self) -> &MatchContext {
-//         &self.ctx
-//     }
-//     fn ctx_mut(&mut self) -> &mut MatchContext {
-//         &mut self.ctx
-//     }
-//     fn state(&self) -> &State {
-//         &self.entity.state
-//     }
-// }
+fn at<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &State<'a, S>, ctx: &MatchContext<'a, S>, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
+    match atcode {
+        SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => ctx.at_beginning(),
+        SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => ctx.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(ctx.back_peek_char(state)),
+        SreAtCode::BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(state, is_word),
+        SreAtCode::NON_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_non_boundary(state, is_word),
+        SreAtCode::END => {
+            (ctx.remaining_chars(state) == 1 && ctx.at_linebreak(state)) || ctx.at_end(state)
+        }
+        SreAtCode::END_LINE => ctx.at_linebreak(state) || ctx.at_end(state),
+        SreAtCode::END_STRING => ctx.at_end(state),
+        SreAtCode::LOC_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(state, is_loc_word),
+        SreAtCode::LOC_NON_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_non_boundary(state, is_loc_word),
+        SreAtCode::UNI_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(state, is_uni_word),
+        SreAtCode::UNI_NON_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_non_boundary(state, is_uni_word),
+    }
+}
+
+fn general_op_literal<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(
+    state: &State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    f: F,
+) {
+    if ctx.at_end(state) || !f(ctx.peek_code(state, 1), ctx.peek_char(state)) {
+        ctx.failure();
+    } else {
+        ctx.skip_code(2);
+        ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+fn general_op_in<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(
+    state: &State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    f: F,
+) {
+    if ctx.at_end(state) || !f(&ctx.pattern(state)[2..], ctx.peek_char(state)) {
+        ctx.failure();
+    } else {
+        ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
+        ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+    }
+}
+
+fn general_op_groupref<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(
+    state: &State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    mut f: F,
+) {
+    let (group_start, group_end) = state.get_marks(ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize);
+    let (group_start, group_end) = match (group_start, group_end) {
+        (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => (start, end),
+        _ => {
+            return ctx.failure();
+        }
+    };
+
+    let mut gctx = MatchContext {
+        string_position: group_start,
+        string_offset: state.string.offset(0, group_start),
+        ..*ctx
+    };
+
+    for _ in group_start..group_end {
+        if ctx.at_end(state) || f(ctx.peek_char(state)) != f(gctx.peek_char(state)) {
+            return ctx.failure();
+        }
+        ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+        gctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+    }
+
+    ctx.skip_code(2);
+}
 
 fn char_loc_ignore(code: u32, c: u32) -> bool {
     code == c || code == lower_locate(c) || code == upper_locate(c)
@@ -1135,78 +1000,6 @@ fn charset_loc_ignore(set: &[u32], c: u32) -> bool {
     up != lo && charset(set, up)
 }
 
-// fn general_op_groupref<F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(drive: &mut StateContext, mut f: F) {
-//     let (group_start, group_end) = drive.state.get_marks(drive.peek_code(1) as usize);
-//     let (group_start, group_end) = match (group_start, group_end) {
-//         (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => (start, end),
-//         _ => {
-//             return drive.failure();
-//         }
-//     };
-
-//     let mut wdrive = StateRefContext {
-//         entity: drive,
-//         ctx: drive.ctx,
-//     };
-//     let mut gdrive = StateRefContext {
-//         entity: drive,
-//         ctx: MatchContext {
-//             string_position: group_start,
-//             // TODO: cache the offset
-//             string_offset: drive.state.string.offset(0, group_start),
-//             ..drive.ctx
-//         },
-//     };
-
-//     for _ in group_start..group_end {
-//         if wdrive.at_end() || f(wdrive.peek_char()) != f(gdrive.peek_char()) {
-//             return drive.failure();
-//         }
-//         wdrive.skip_char(1);
-//         gdrive.skip_char(1);
-//     }
-
-//     let position = wdrive.ctx.string_position;
-//     let offset = wdrive.ctx.string_offset;
-//     drive.skip_code(2);
-//     drive.ctx.string_position = position;
-//     drive.ctx.string_offset = offset;
-// }
-
-// fn general_op_literal<F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StateContext, f: F) {
-//     if drive.at_end() || !f(drive.peek_code(1), drive.peek_char()) {
-//         drive.failure();
-//     } else {
-//         drive.skip_code(2);
-//         drive.skip_char(1);
-//     }
-// }
-
-// fn general_op_in<F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(drive: &mut StateContext, f: F) {
-//     if drive.at_end() || !f(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char()) {
-//         drive.failure();
-//     } else {
-//         drive.skip_code_from(1);
-//         drive.skip_char(1);
-//     }
-// }
-
-// fn at(drive: &StateContext, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
-//     match atcode {
-//         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => drive.at_beginning(),
-//         SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => drive.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(drive.back_peek_char()),
-//         SreAtCode::BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_word),
-//         SreAtCode::NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_word),
-//         SreAtCode::END => (drive.remaining_chars() == 1 && drive.at_linebreak()) || drive.at_end(),
-//         SreAtCode::END_LINE => drive.at_linebreak() || drive.at_end(),
-//         SreAtCode::END_STRING => drive.at_end(),
-//         SreAtCode::LOC_BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_loc_word),
-//         SreAtCode::LOC_NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_loc_word),
-//         SreAtCode::UNI_BOUNDARY => drive.at_boundary(is_uni_word),
-//         SreAtCode::UNI_NON_BOUNDARY => drive.at_non_boundary(is_uni_word),
-//     }
-// }
-
 fn category(catcode: SreCatCode, c: u32) -> bool {
     match catcode {
         SreCatCode::DIGIT => is_digit(c),
@@ -1323,95 +1116,100 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
-// /* General case */
-// fn general_count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize) -> usize {
-//     let mut count = 0;
-//     let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, drive.remaining_chars());
-
-//     let save_ctx = drive.ctx;
-//     drive.skip_code(4);
-//     let reset_position = drive.ctx.code_position;
-
-//     while count < max_count {
-//         drive.ctx.code_position = reset_position;
-//         let code = drive.peek_code(0);
-//         let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-//         dispatch(code, drive, stacks);
-//         if drive.ctx.has_matched == Some(false) {
-//             break;
-//         }
-//         count += 1;
-//     }
-//     drive.ctx = save_ctx;
-//     count
-// }
-
-// fn _count(drive: &mut StateContext, stacks: &mut Stacks, max_count: usize) -> usize {
-//     let save_ctx = drive.ctx;
-//     let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, drive.remaining_chars());
-//     let end = drive.ctx.string_position + max_count;
-//     let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(drive.peek_code(0)).unwrap();
-
-//     match opcode {
-//         SreOpcode::ANY => {
-//             while !drive.ctx.string_position < end && !drive.at_linebreak() {
-//                 drive.skip_char(1);
-//             }
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-//             drive.skip_char(max_count);
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::IN => {
-//             while !drive.ctx.string_position < end
-//                 && charset(&drive.pattern()[2..], drive.peek_char())
-//             {
-//                 drive.skip_char(1);
-//             }
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
-//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == c as u32);
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
-//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != c as u32);
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-//             general_count_literal(drive, end, char_loc_ignore);
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c) as u32);
-//         }
-//         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-//             general_count_literal(drive, end, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c) as u32);
-//         }
-//         _ => {
-//             return general_count(drive, stacks, max_count);
-//         }
-//     }
-
-//     let count = drive.ctx.string_position - drive.state.string_position;
-//     drive.ctx = save_ctx;
-//     count
-// }
-
-// fn general_count_literal<F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
-//     drive: &mut StateContext,
-//     end: usize,
-//     mut f: F,
-// ) {
-//     let ch = drive.peek_code(1);
-//     while !drive.ctx.string_position < end && f(ch, drive.peek_char()) {
-//         drive.skip_char(1);
-//     }
-// }
+fn _count<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    max_count: usize,
+) -> usize {
+    let mut ctx = *ctx;
+    let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, ctx.remaining_chars(state));
+    let end = ctx.string_position + max_count;
+    let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(state, 0)).unwrap();
+
+    match opcode {
+        SreOpcode::ANY => {
+            while !ctx.string_position < end && !ctx.at_linebreak(state) {
+                ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
+            ctx.skip_char(state, max_count);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::IN => {
+            while !ctx.string_position < end
+                && charset(&ctx.pattern(state)[2..], ctx.peek_char(state))
+            {
+                ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
+            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == c as u32);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
+            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != c as u32);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
+                code == lower_ascii(c) as u32
+            });
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
+                code != lower_ascii(c) as u32
+            });
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, char_loc_ignore);
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+        }
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
+                code == lower_unicode(c) as u32
+            });
+        }
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
+                code != lower_unicode(c) as u32
+            });
+        }
+        _ => {
+            /* General case */
+            let mut count = 0;
+
+            ctx.skip_code(4);
+            let reset_position = ctx.code_position;
+
+            while count < max_count {
+                ctx.code_position = reset_position;
+                let code = ctx.peek_code(state, 0);
+                let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
+                dispatch(state, &mut ctx, code);
+                if ctx.has_matched == Some(false) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                count += 1;
+            }
+            return count;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: return offset
+    ctx.string_position - state.string_position
+}
+
+fn general_count_literal<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
+    state: &State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    end: usize,
+    mut f: F,
+) {
+    let ch = ctx.peek_code(state, 1);
+    while !ctx.string_position < end && f(ch, ctx.peek_char(state)) {
+        ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+    }
+}
 
 fn is_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
     ch == '_' as u32
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index e8ae487029..cc5c4d1f38 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -7,12 +7,12 @@ struct Pattern {
 }
 
 impl Pattern {
-    fn state<'a>(
+    fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
         &self,
-        string: impl Into<engine::StrDrive<'a>>,
+        string: S,
         range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
-    ) -> engine::State<'a> {
-        engine::State::new(string.into(), range.start, range.end, self.flags, self.code)
+    ) -> engine::State<'a, S> {
+        engine::State::new(string, range.start, range.end, self.flags, self.code)
     }
 }
 
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fn test_2427() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
     // END GENERATED
     let mut state = lookbehind.state("x", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state = state.pymatch();
+    state.pymatch();
     assert!(state.has_matched);
 }
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn test_assert() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let positive_lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 99, 1, 17, 100, 17, 101, 17, 102, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
     // END GENERATED
     let mut state = positive_lookbehind.state("abcdef", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state = state.search();
+    state.search();
     assert!(state.has_matched);
 }
 
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn test_string_boundaries() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let big_b = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 11, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
     // END GENERATED
     let mut state = big_b.state("", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state = state.search();
+    state.search();
     assert!(!state.has_matched);
 }
 
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ fn test_zerowidth() {
     // END GENERATED
     let mut state = p.state("a:", 0..usize::MAX);
     state.must_advance = true;
-    state = state.search();
+    state.search();
     assert!(state.string_position == 1);
 }
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 25, 0, 4294967295, 27, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 24, 11, 0, 1, 18, 0, 17, 120, 17, 120, 18, 1, 20, 17, 122, 19, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
     // END GENERATED
     let mut state = p.state("axxzaz", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state = state.pymatch();
+    state.pymatch();
     assert!(state.marks == vec![Some(1), Some(3)]);
 }
 
@@ -79,6 +79,6 @@ fn test_double_max_until() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 18, 0, 4294967295, 18, 0, 24, 9, 0, 1, 18, 2, 17, 49, 18, 3, 19, 18, 1, 19, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
     // END GENERATED
     let mut state = p.state("1111", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state = state.pymatch();
+    state.pymatch();
     assert!(state.string_position == 4);
 }

From 982d8f53f2eea5eb80d37a0d22c807aebd694445 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Aug 2022 21:10:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 056/705] fix next_ctx

---
 src/engine.rs | 14 ++++++++------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index b0717e1671..64043cee53 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -35,14 +35,16 @@ macro_rules! next_ctx {
     (from $peek:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {
         next_ctx!(position $ctx.peek_code($state, $peek) as usize + 1, $state, $ctx, $handler)
     };
-    (position $position:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {
-        {$state.next_context.insert(MatchContext {
+    (position $position:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {{
+        $ctx.handler = Some($handler);
+        $state.next_context.insert(MatchContext {
             code_position: $position,
             has_matched: None,
-            handler: Some($handler),
+            handler: None,
+            count: -1,
             ..*$ctx
-        })}
-    };
+        })
+    }};
 }
 
 macro_rules! mark {
@@ -678,7 +680,7 @@ fn op_max_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
                 return ctx.success();
             }
 
-        mark!(pop, state);
+            mark!(pop, state);
             repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
 
             state.string_position = ctx.string_position;

From ccae898885496a1390a10fa6fca4cf394445dd35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Aug 2022 21:24:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 057/705] fix next_ctx bug

---
 src/engine.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 64043cee53..4acc172bc6 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ macro_rules! next_ctx {
         next_ctx!(position $ctx.code_position + $offset, $state, $ctx, $handler)
     };
     (from $peek:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {
-        next_ctx!(position $ctx.peek_code($state, $peek) as usize + 1, $state, $ctx, $handler)
+        next_ctx!(offset $ctx.peek_code($state, $peek) as usize + 1, $state, $ctx, $handler)
     };
     (position $position:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {{
         $ctx.handler = Some($handler);

From f3b30443aab82095ed2ce786482309e659f9c107 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Aug 2022 21:05:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 058/705] fix lifetime

---
 src/engine.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 4acc172bc6..810e011c95 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ pub trait StrDrive: Copy {
     fn back_offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize;
 }
 
-impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a str {
+impl StrDrive for &str {
     fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
         self.get(offset..)
             .and_then(|s| s.char_indices().nth(skip).map(|x| x.0 + offset))

From ca20b5951d7092cf0ec25198f01d3620a69e61e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Aug 2022 21:08:14 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 059/705] update version to 0.3.0

---
 Cargo.toml    | 2 +-
 src/engine.rs | 5 -----
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 00123d92c5..98b632a4dc 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.3.0"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 810e011c95..1302667d1d 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -253,8 +253,6 @@ fn dispatch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
                 ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
             }
         }
-        /* assert subpattern */
-        /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
         SreOpcode::ASSERT => op_assert(state, ctx),
         SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => op_assert_not(state, ctx),
         SreOpcode::AT => {
@@ -334,7 +332,6 @@ fn op_assert<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'
         return ctx.failure();
     }
 
-    // let next_ctx = state.next_ctx(ctx, 3, |state, ctx| {
     let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 3, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
@@ -371,7 +368,6 @@ fn op_assert_not<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchConte
 // alternation
 // <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
 fn op_branch<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
-    // state.marks_push();
     mark!(push, state);
 
     ctx.count = 1;
@@ -403,7 +399,6 @@ fn op_branch<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'
 /* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
 fn op_min_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
     let min_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize;
-    // let max_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize;
 
     if ctx.remaining_chars(state) < min_count {
         return ctx.failure();

From a48f5b07c5671b690e262b935b81f0a7a832b566 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Aug 2022 21:49:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 060/705] impl op_info

---
 src/engine.rs | 10 +++++++++-
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 1302667d1d..fcade829f2 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -279,7 +279,15 @@ fn dispatch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
             general_op_in(state, ctx, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c)))
         }
         SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in(state, ctx, charset_loc_ignore),
-        SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1),
+        SreOpcode::INFO => {
+            let min = ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize;
+            if ctx.remaining_chars(state) < min {
+                ctx.failure();
+            } else {
+                ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
+            }
+        }
+        SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1),
         SreOpcode::LITERAL => general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code == c),
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code != c),
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {

From 8b1fcea7ec27aa22f698d485ee203dbe2a552334 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Aug 2022 08:10:52 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 061/705] update version to 0.3.1

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 98b632a4dc..4b403f2861 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"

From c31462d51b7d3adbf8f121403c4e8b305a9dab6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Aug 2022 16:29:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 062/705] refactor split State with Request

---
 src/engine.rs | 669 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 420 insertions(+), 249 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index fcade829f2..5e1f1457ec 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
-use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreOpcode};
+use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreInfo, SreOpcode};
 use super::MAXREPEAT;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 
@@ -8,26 +8,37 @@ const fn is_py_ascii_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
     matches!(b, b'\t' | b'\n' | b'\x0C' | b'\r' | b' ' | b'\x0B')
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct State<'a, S: StrDrive> {
+pub struct Request<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     pub string: S,
     pub start: usize,
     pub end: usize,
-    _flags: SreFlag,
-    pattern_codes: &'a [u32],
-    pub marks: Vec<Option<usize>>,
-    pub lastindex: isize,
-    marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
-    context_stack: Vec<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
-    repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
-    pub string_position: usize,
-    next_context: Option<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
-    popped_has_matched: bool,
-    pub has_matched: bool,
+    pub pattern_codes: &'a [u32],
     pub match_all: bool,
     pub must_advance: bool,
 }
 
+impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Request<'a, S> {
+    pub fn new(
+        string: S,
+        start: usize,
+        end: usize,
+        pattern_codes: &'a [u32],
+        match_all: bool,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let end = std::cmp::min(end, string.count());
+        let start = std::cmp::min(start, end);
+
+        Self {
+            string,
+            start,
+            end,
+            pattern_codes,
+            match_all,
+            must_advance: false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 macro_rules! next_ctx {
     (offset $offset:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {
         next_ctx!(position $ctx.code_position + $offset, $state, $ctx, $handler)
@@ -60,43 +71,41 @@ macro_rules! mark {
     };
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct State<'a, S: StrDrive> {
+    pub marks: Vec<Option<usize>>,
+    pub lastindex: isize,
+    marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
+    context_stack: Vec<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
+    repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
+    pub string_position: usize,
+    next_context: Option<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
+    popped_has_matched: bool,
+    has_matched: bool,
+}
+
 impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
-    pub fn new(
-        string: S,
-        start: usize,
-        end: usize,
-        flags: SreFlag,
-        pattern_codes: &'a [u32],
-    ) -> Self {
-        let end = std::cmp::min(end, string.count());
-        let start = std::cmp::min(start, end);
+    pub fn new(string_position: usize) -> Self {
         Self {
-            string,
-            start,
-            end,
-            _flags: flags,
-            pattern_codes,
             marks: Vec::new(),
             lastindex: -1,
             marks_stack: Vec::new(),
             context_stack: Vec::new(),
             repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
-            string_position: start,
+            string_position,
             next_context: None,
             popped_has_matched: false,
             has_matched: false,
-            match_all: false,
-            must_advance: false,
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, string_position: usize) {
         self.lastindex = -1;
         self.marks.clear();
         self.marks_stack.clear();
         self.context_stack.clear();
         self.repeat_stack.clear();
-        self.string_position = self.start;
+        self.string_position = string_position;
         self.next_context = None;
         self.popped_has_matched = false;
         self.has_matched = false;
@@ -136,14 +145,14 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
         self.marks_stack.pop();
     }
 
-    fn _match(&mut self) {
+    fn _match(&mut self, req: &mut Request<'a, S>) {
         while let Some(mut ctx) = self.context_stack.pop() {
             if let Some(handler) = ctx.handler.take() {
-                handler(self, &mut ctx);
-            } else if ctx.remaining_codes(self) > 0 {
-                let code = ctx.peek_code(self, 0);
+                handler(req, self, &mut ctx);
+            } else if ctx.remaining_codes(req) > 0 {
+                let code = ctx.peek_code(req, 0);
                 let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-                dispatch(self, &mut ctx, code);
+                dispatch(req, self, &mut ctx, code);
             } else {
                 ctx.failure();
             }
@@ -160,10 +169,10 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
         self.has_matched = self.popped_has_matched;
     }
 
-    pub fn pymatch(&mut self) {
+    pub fn pymatch(&mut self, req: &mut Request<'a, S>) {
         let ctx = MatchContext {
-            string_position: self.start,
-            string_offset: self.string.offset(0, self.start),
+            string_position: req.start,
+            string_offset: req.string.offset(0, req.start),
             code_position: 0,
             has_matched: None,
             toplevel: true,
@@ -173,20 +182,22 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
         };
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
 
-        self._match();
+        self._match(req);
     }
 
-    pub fn search(&mut self) {
+    pub fn search(&mut self, req: &mut Request<'a, S>) {
         // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
-
-        if self.start > self.end {
+        if req.start > req.end {
             return;
         }
 
-        let mut start_offset = self.string.offset(0, self.start);
+        // let start = self.start;
+        // let end = self.end;
 
-        let ctx = MatchContext {
-            string_position: self.start,
+        let mut start_offset = req.string.offset(0, req.start);
+
+        let mut ctx = MatchContext {
+            string_position: req.start,
             string_offset: start_offset,
             code_position: 0,
             has_matched: None,
@@ -195,17 +206,26 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
             repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
             count: -1,
         };
+
+        // if ctx.peek_code(self, 0) == SreOpcode::INFO as u32 {
+        //     search_op_info(self, &mut ctx);
+        //     if let Some(has_matched) = ctx.has_matched {
+        //         self.has_matched = has_matched;
+        //         return;
+        //     }
+        // }
+
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-        self._match();
+        self._match(req);
 
-        self.must_advance = false;
-        while !self.has_matched && self.start < self.end {
-            self.start += 1;
-            start_offset = self.string.offset(start_offset, 1);
-            self.reset();
+        req.must_advance = false;
+        while !self.has_matched && req.start < req.end {
+            req.start += 1;
+            start_offset = req.string.offset(start_offset, 1);
+            self.reset(req.start);
 
             let ctx = MatchContext {
-                string_position: self.start,
+                string_position: req.start,
                 string_offset: start_offset,
                 code_position: 0,
                 has_matched: None,
@@ -215,12 +235,13 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
                 count: -1,
             };
             self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-            self._match();
+            self._match(req);
         }
     }
 }
 
 fn dispatch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
     state: &mut State<'a, S>,
     ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
     opcode: SreOpcode,
@@ -230,7 +251,7 @@ fn dispatch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
             ctx.failure();
         }
         SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
-            if ctx.can_success(state) {
+            if ctx.can_success(req) {
                 state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
                 ctx.success();
             } else {
@@ -238,152 +259,224 @@ fn dispatch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::ANY => {
-            if ctx.at_end(state) || ctx.at_linebreak(state) {
+            if ctx.at_end(req) || ctx.at_linebreak(req) {
                 ctx.failure();
             } else {
                 ctx.skip_code(1);
-                ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-            if ctx.at_end(state) {
+            if ctx.at_end(req) {
                 ctx.failure();
             } else {
                 ctx.skip_code(1);
-                ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
             }
         }
-        SreOpcode::ASSERT => op_assert(state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => op_assert_not(state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::ASSERT => op_assert(req, state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => op_assert_not(req, state, ctx),
         SreOpcode::AT => {
-            let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(state, 1)).unwrap();
-            if at(state, ctx, atcode) {
+            let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
+            if at(req, ctx, atcode) {
                 ctx.skip_code(2);
             } else {
                 ctx.failure();
             }
         }
-        SreOpcode::BRANCH => op_branch(state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::BRANCH => op_branch(req, state, ctx),
         SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
-            let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(state, 1)).unwrap();
-            if ctx.at_end(state) || !category(catcode, ctx.peek_char(state)) {
+            let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
+            if ctx.at_end(req) || !category(catcode, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
                 ctx.failure();
             } else {
                 ctx.skip_code(2);
-                ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
             }
         }
-        SreOpcode::IN => general_op_in(state, ctx, charset),
-        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => general_op_in(state, ctx, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c))),
+        SreOpcode::IN => general_op_in(req, ctx, charset),
+        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => general_op_in(req, ctx, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c))),
         SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_in(state, ctx, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c)))
+            general_op_in(req, ctx, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c)))
         }
-        SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in(state, ctx, charset_loc_ignore),
+        SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in(req, ctx, charset_loc_ignore),
         SreOpcode::INFO => {
-            let min = ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize;
-            if ctx.remaining_chars(state) < min {
+            let min = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
+            if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min {
                 ctx.failure();
             } else {
-                ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
+                ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
             }
         }
-        SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1),
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL => general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code == c),
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code != c),
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c))
-        }
+        SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1),
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL => general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code == c),
+        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code != c),
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c)),
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c))
+            general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c))
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c))
+            general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c))
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c))
+            general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c))
         }
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_literal(state, ctx, char_loc_ignore),
+        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_literal(req, ctx, char_loc_ignore),
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(state, ctx, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c))
+            general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c))
         }
         SreOpcode::MARK => {
-            state.set_mark(ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize, ctx.string_position);
+            state.set_mark(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize, ctx.string_position);
             ctx.skip_code(2);
         }
         SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => op_max_until(state, ctx),
         SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => op_min_until(state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::REPEAT => op_repeat(state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => op_repeat_one(state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => op_min_repeat_one(state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => general_op_groupref(state, ctx, |x| x),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(state, ctx, lower_ascii),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(state, ctx, lower_locate),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(state, ctx, lower_unicode),
+        SreOpcode::REPEAT => op_repeat(req, state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => op_repeat_one(req, state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => op_min_repeat_one(req, state, ctx),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => general_op_groupref(req, state, ctx, |x| x),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(req, state, ctx, lower_ascii),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(req, state, ctx, lower_locate),
+        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(req, state, ctx, lower_unicode),
         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
-            let (group_start, group_end) = state.get_marks(ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize);
+            let (group_start, group_end) = state.get_marks(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
             match (group_start, group_end) {
                 (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => {
                     ctx.skip_code(3);
                 }
-                _ => ctx.skip_code_from(state, 2),
+                _ => ctx.skip_code_from(req, 2),
             }
         }
         _ => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
     }
 }
 
+/* optimization info block */
+/* <INFO> <1=skip> <2=flags> <3=min> <4=max> <5=prefix info>  */
+// fn search_op_info<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+//     let min = ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize;
+
+//     if ctx.remaining_chars(state) < min {
+//         return ctx.failure();
+//     }
+
+//     if min > 1 {
+//         /* adjust end point (but make sure we leave at least one
+//         character in there, so literal search will work) */
+//         // no overflow can happen as remaining chars >= min
+//         state.end -= min - 1;
+
+//         // adjust ctx position
+//         if state.end < ctx.string_position {
+//             ctx.string_position = state.end;
+//             ctx.string_offset = state.string.offset(0, ctx.string_position);
+//         }
+//     }
+
+//     let flags = SreInfo::from_bits_truncate(ctx.peek_code(state, 2));
+
+//     if flags.contains(SreInfo::PREFIX) {
+//         /* pattern starts with a known prefix */
+//         /* <length> <skip> <prefix data> <overlap data> */
+//         let len = ctx.peek_code(state, 5) as usize;
+//         let skip = ctx.peek_code(state, 6) as usize;
+//         let prefix = &ctx.pattern(state)[7..];
+//         let overlap = &prefix[len - 1..];
+
+//         ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
+
+//         if len == 1 {
+//             // pattern starts with a literal character
+//             let c = prefix[0];
+//             let end = state.end;
+
+//             while (!ctx.at_end(state)) {
+//                 // find the next matched literal
+//                 while (ctx.peek_char(state) != c) {
+//                     ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+//                     if (ctx.at_end(state)) {
+//                         return ctx.failure();
+//                     }
+//                 }
+
+//                 // literal only
+//                 if flags.contains(SreInfo::LITERAL) {
+//                     return ctx.success();
+//                 }
+//             }
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+
 /* assert subpattern */
 /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-fn op_assert<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
-    let back = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize;
+fn op_assert<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
+    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+) {
+    let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
     if ctx.string_position < back {
         return ctx.failure();
     }
 
-    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 3, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+    // let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 3, state, ctx, |req, state, ctx| {
+    let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(3, state, |req, state, ctx| {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
-            ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
+            ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
         } else {
             ctx.failure();
         }
     });
-    next_ctx.back_skip_char(&state.string, back);
-    state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
     next_ctx.toplevel = false;
+    next_ctx.back_skip_char(req, back);
+    state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
 }
 
 /* assert not subpattern */
 /* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-fn op_assert_not<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
-    let back = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize;
+fn op_assert_not<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
+    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+) {
+    let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
 
     if ctx.string_position < back {
-        return ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
+        return ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
     }
 
-    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 3, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 3, state, ctx, |req, state, ctx| {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             ctx.failure();
         } else {
-            ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
+            ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
         }
     });
-    next_ctx.back_skip_char(&state.string, back);
-    state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
     next_ctx.toplevel = false;
+    next_ctx.back_skip_char(req, back);
+    state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
 }
 
 // alternation
 // <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
-fn op_branch<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+fn op_branch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
+    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+) {
     mark!(push, state);
 
     ctx.count = 1;
-    create_context(state, ctx);
+    create_context(req, state, ctx);
 
-    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+        req: &Request<'a, S>,
+        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    ) {
         let branch_offset = ctx.count as usize;
-        let next_length = ctx.peek_code(state, branch_offset) as isize;
+        let next_length = ctx.peek_code(req, branch_offset) as isize;
         if next_length == 0 {
             state.marks_pop_discard();
             return ctx.failure();
@@ -395,20 +488,28 @@ fn op_branch<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'
         next_ctx!(offset branch_offset + 1, state, ctx, callback);
     }
 
-    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+        req: &Request<'a, S>,
+        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    ) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
         state.marks_pop_keep();
-        create_context(state, ctx);
+        create_context(req, state, ctx);
     }
 }
 
 /* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-fn op_min_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
-    let min_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize;
+fn op_min_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
+    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+) {
+    let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
 
-    if ctx.remaining_chars(state) < min_count {
+    if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min_count {
         return ctx.failure();
     }
 
@@ -417,52 +518,61 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchC
     ctx.count = if min_count == 0 {
         0
     } else {
-        let count = _count(state, ctx, min_count);
+        let count = _count(req, state, ctx, min_count);
         if count < min_count {
             return ctx.failure();
         }
-        ctx.skip_char(state, count);
+        ctx.skip_char(req, count);
         count as isize
     };
 
-    let next_code = ctx.peek_code(state, ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize + 1);
-    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(state) {
+    let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
+    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(req) {
         // tail is empty. we're finished
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
         return ctx.success();
     }
 
     mark!(push, state);
-    create_context(state, ctx);
+    create_context(req, state, ctx);
 
-    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
-        let max_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize;
+    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+        req: &Request<'a, S>,
+        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    ) {
+        let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
 
         if max_count == MAXREPEAT || ctx.count as usize <= max_count {
             state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-            next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, callback);
+            // next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, callback);
+            ctx.next_from(1, req, state, callback);
         } else {
             state.marks_pop_discard();
             ctx.failure();
         }
     }
 
-    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+        req: &Request<'a, S>,
+        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    ) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
 
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
-        if _count(state, ctx, 1) == 0 {
+        if _count(req, state, ctx, 1) == 0 {
             state.marks_pop_discard();
             return ctx.failure();
         }
 
-        ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
         ctx.count += 1;
         state.marks_pop_keep();
-        create_context(state, ctx);
+        create_context(req, state, ctx);
     }
 }
 
@@ -472,24 +582,28 @@ exactly one character wide, and we're not already
 collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
 use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
 /* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-fn op_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
-    let min_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize;
-    let max_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize;
+fn op_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
+    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+) {
+    let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
+    let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
 
-    if ctx.remaining_chars(state) < min_count {
+    if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min_count {
         return ctx.failure();
     }
 
     state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
-    let count = _count(state, ctx, max_count);
-    ctx.skip_char(state, count);
+    let count = _count(req, state, ctx, max_count);
+    ctx.skip_char(req, count);
     if count < min_count {
         return ctx.failure();
     }
 
-    let next_code = ctx.peek_code(state, ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize + 1);
-    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(state) {
+    let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
+    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(req) {
         // tail is empty. we're finished
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
         return ctx.success();
@@ -497,21 +611,25 @@ fn op_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchConte
 
     mark!(push, state);
     ctx.count = count as isize;
-    create_context(state, ctx);
-
-    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
-        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as isize;
-        let next_code = ctx.peek_code(state, ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize + 1);
+    create_context(req, state, ctx);
+
+    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+        req: &Request<'a, S>,
+        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    ) {
+        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as isize;
+        let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
         if next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32 {
             // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
             // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
-            let c = ctx.peek_code(state, ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize + 2);
-            while ctx.at_end(state) || ctx.peek_char(state) != c {
+            let c = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 2);
+            while ctx.at_end(req) || ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
                 if ctx.count <= min_count {
                     state.marks_pop_discard();
                     return ctx.failure();
                 }
-                ctx.back_skip_char(&state.string, 1);
+                ctx.back_skip_char(req, 1);
                 ctx.count -= 1;
             }
         }
@@ -519,26 +637,31 @@ fn op_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchConte
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
         // General case: backtracking
-        next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, callback);
+        // next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, callback);
+        ctx.next_from(1, req, state, callback);
     }
 
-    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+        req: &Request<'a, S>,
+        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    ) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
 
-        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as isize;
+        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as isize;
 
         if ctx.count <= min_count {
             state.marks_pop_discard();
             return ctx.failure();
         }
 
-        ctx.back_skip_char(&state.string, 1);
+        ctx.back_skip_char(req, 1);
         ctx.count -= 1;
 
         state.marks_pop_keep();
-        create_context(state, ctx);
+        create_context(req, state, ctx);
     }
 }
 
@@ -555,11 +678,15 @@ struct RepeatContext {
 /* create repeat context.  all the hard work is done
 by the UNTIL operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL) */
 /* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
-fn op_repeat<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+fn op_repeat<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
+    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+) {
     let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
         count: -1,
-        min_count: ctx.peek_code(state, 2) as usize,
-        max_count: ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize,
+        min_count: ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize,
+        max_count: ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize,
         code_position: ctx.code_position,
         last_position: std::usize::MAX,
         prev_id: ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
@@ -569,11 +696,14 @@ fn op_repeat<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'
 
     state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
-    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+    let repeat_ctx_id = state.repeat_stack.len();
+
+    // let next_ctx = next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+    let next_ctx = ctx.next_from(1, req, state, |req, state, ctx| {
         ctx.has_matched = Some(state.popped_has_matched);
         state.repeat_stack.pop();
     });
-    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = state.repeat_stack.len() - 1;
+    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_id;
 }
 
 /* minimizing repeat */
@@ -586,7 +716,8 @@ fn op_min_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
 
     if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
         // not enough matches
-        next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        // next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |req, state, ctx| {
             if state.popped_has_matched {
                 ctx.success();
             } else {
@@ -602,8 +733,11 @@ fn op_min_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
 
     ctx.count = ctx.repeat_ctx_id as isize;
 
+    let repeat_ctx_prev_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+
     // see if the tail matches
-    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+    // let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+    let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, state, |req, state, ctx| {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
@@ -628,7 +762,8 @@ fn op_min_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
         /* zero-width match protection */
         repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
 
-        next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        // next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |req, state, ctx| {
             if state.popped_has_matched {
                 ctx.success();
             } else {
@@ -638,7 +773,7 @@ fn op_min_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
             }
         });
     });
-    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_prev_id;
 }
 
 /* maximizing repeat */
@@ -651,7 +786,8 @@ fn op_max_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
 
     if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
         // not enough matches
-        next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        // next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |req, state, ctx| {
             if state.popped_has_matched {
                 ctx.success();
             } else {
@@ -673,7 +809,7 @@ fn op_max_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
         ctx.count = repeat_ctx.last_position as isize;
         repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
 
-        next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
+        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |req, state, ctx| {
             let save_last_position = ctx.count as usize;
             let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
             repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
@@ -701,7 +837,11 @@ fn op_max_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
     let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, tail_callback);
     next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
 
-    fn tail_callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+    fn tail_callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+        req: &Request<'a, S>,
+        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
+        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    ) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             ctx.success();
         } else {
@@ -786,8 +926,6 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a [u8] {
     }
 }
 
-// type OpcodeHandler = for<'a>fn(&mut StateContext<'a, S>, &mut Stacks);
-
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct MatchContext<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     string_position: usize,
@@ -795,7 +933,7 @@ struct MatchContext<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     code_position: usize,
     has_matched: Option<bool>,
     toplevel: bool,
-    handler: Option<fn(&mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self)>,
+    handler: Option<fn(&Request<'a, S>, &mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self)>,
     repeat_ctx_id: usize,
     count: isize,
 }
@@ -809,52 +947,53 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext<'a, S> {
             .field("has_matched", &self.has_matched)
             .field("toplevel", &self.toplevel)
             .field("handler", &self.handler.map(|x| x as usize))
+            .field("repeat_ctx_id", &self.repeat_ctx_id)
             .field("count", &self.count)
             .finish()
     }
 }
 
 impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
-    fn pattern(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> &[u32] {
-        &state.pattern_codes[self.code_position..]
+    fn pattern(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> &'a [u32] {
+        &req.pattern_codes[self.code_position..]
     }
 
-    fn remaining_codes(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> usize {
-        state.pattern_codes.len() - self.code_position
+    fn remaining_codes(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> usize {
+        req.pattern_codes.len() - self.code_position
     }
 
-    fn remaining_chars(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> usize {
-        state.end - self.string_position
+    fn remaining_chars(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> usize {
+        req.end - self.string_position
     }
 
-    fn peek_char(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> u32 {
-        state.string.peek(self.string_offset)
+    fn peek_char(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> u32 {
+        req.string.peek(self.string_offset)
     }
 
-    fn skip_char(&mut self, state: &State<'a, S>, skip: usize) {
+    fn skip_char(&mut self, req: &Request<'a, S>, skip: usize) {
         self.string_position += skip;
-        self.string_offset = state.string.offset(self.string_offset, skip);
+        self.string_offset = req.string.offset(self.string_offset, skip);
     }
 
-    fn back_peek_char(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> u32 {
-        state.string.back_peek(self.string_offset)
+    fn back_peek_char(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> u32 {
+        req.string.back_peek(self.string_offset)
     }
 
-    fn back_skip_char(&mut self, string: &S, skip: usize) {
+    fn back_skip_char(&mut self, req: &Request<'a, S>, skip: usize) {
         self.string_position -= skip;
-        self.string_offset = string.back_offset(self.string_offset, skip);
+        self.string_offset = req.string.back_offset(self.string_offset, skip);
     }
 
-    fn peek_code(&self, state: &State<'a, S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
-        state.pattern_codes[self.code_position + peek]
+    fn peek_code(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
+        req.pattern_codes[self.code_position + peek]
     }
 
     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip: usize) {
         self.code_position += skip;
     }
 
-    fn skip_code_from(&mut self, state: &State<'a, S>, peek: usize) {
-        self.skip_code(self.peek_code(state, peek) as usize + 1);
+    fn skip_code_from(&mut self, req: &Request<'a, S>, peek: usize) {
+        self.skip_code(self.peek_code(req, peek) as usize + 1);
     }
 
     fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
@@ -862,48 +1001,48 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
         self.string_position == 0
     }
 
-    fn at_end(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> bool {
-        self.string_position == state.end
+    fn at_end(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> bool {
+        self.string_position == req.end
     }
 
-    fn at_linebreak(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> bool {
-        !self.at_end(state) && is_linebreak(self.peek_char(state))
+    fn at_linebreak(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> bool {
+        !self.at_end(req) && is_linebreak(self.peek_char(req))
     }
 
     fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
         &self,
-        state: &State<'a, S>,
+        req: &Request<'a, S>,
         mut word_checker: F,
     ) -> bool {
-        if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(state) {
+        if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(req) {
             return false;
         }
-        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char(state));
-        let this = !self.at_end(state) && word_checker(self.peek_char(state));
+        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char(req));
+        let this = !self.at_end(req) && word_checker(self.peek_char(req));
         this != that
     }
 
     fn at_non_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
         &self,
-        state: &State<'a, S>,
+        req: &Request<'a, S>,
         mut word_checker: F,
     ) -> bool {
-        if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(state) {
+        if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(req) {
             return false;
         }
-        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char(state));
-        let this = !self.at_end(state) && word_checker(self.peek_char(state));
+        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char(req));
+        let this = !self.at_end(req) && word_checker(self.peek_char(req));
         this == that
     }
 
-    fn can_success(&self, state: &State<'a, S>) -> bool {
+    fn can_success(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> bool {
         if !self.toplevel {
             return true;
         }
-        if state.match_all && !self.at_end(state) {
+        if req.match_all && !self.at_end(req) {
             return false;
         }
-        if state.must_advance && self.string_position == state.start {
+        if req.must_advance && self.string_position == req.start {
             return false;
         }
         true
@@ -916,58 +1055,94 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
     fn failure(&mut self) {
         self.has_matched = Some(false);
     }
+
+    fn next_from<'b>(
+        &mut self,
+        peek: usize,
+        req: &Request<'a, S>,
+        state: &'b mut State<'a, S>,
+        f: fn(&Request<'a, S>, &mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self),
+    ) -> &'b mut Self {
+        self.next_offset(self.peek_code(req, peek) as usize + 1, state, f)
+    }
+
+    fn next_offset<'b>(
+        &mut self,
+        offset: usize,
+        state: &'b mut State<'a, S>,
+        f: fn(&Request<'a, S>, &mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self),
+    ) -> &'b mut Self {
+        self.next_at(self.code_position + offset, state, f)
+    }
+
+    fn next_at<'b>(
+        &mut self,
+        code_position: usize,
+        state: &'b mut State<'a, S>,
+        f: fn(&Request<'a, S>, &mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self),
+    ) -> &'b mut Self {
+        self.handler = Some(f);
+        state.next_context.insert(MatchContext {
+            code_position,
+            has_matched: None,
+            handler: None,
+            count: -1,
+            ..*self
+        })
+    }
 }
 
-fn at<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &State<'a, S>, ctx: &MatchContext<'a, S>, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
+fn at<'a, S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'a, S>, ctx: &MatchContext<'a, S>, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
     match atcode {
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => ctx.at_beginning(),
-        SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => ctx.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(ctx.back_peek_char(state)),
-        SreAtCode::BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(state, is_word),
-        SreAtCode::NON_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_non_boundary(state, is_word),
+        SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => ctx.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(ctx.back_peek_char(req)),
+        SreAtCode::BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(req, is_word),
+        SreAtCode::NON_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_non_boundary(req, is_word),
         SreAtCode::END => {
-            (ctx.remaining_chars(state) == 1 && ctx.at_linebreak(state)) || ctx.at_end(state)
+            (ctx.remaining_chars(req) == 1 && ctx.at_linebreak(req)) || ctx.at_end(req)
         }
-        SreAtCode::END_LINE => ctx.at_linebreak(state) || ctx.at_end(state),
-        SreAtCode::END_STRING => ctx.at_end(state),
-        SreAtCode::LOC_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(state, is_loc_word),
-        SreAtCode::LOC_NON_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_non_boundary(state, is_loc_word),
-        SreAtCode::UNI_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(state, is_uni_word),
-        SreAtCode::UNI_NON_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_non_boundary(state, is_uni_word),
+        SreAtCode::END_LINE => ctx.at_linebreak(req) || ctx.at_end(req),
+        SreAtCode::END_STRING => ctx.at_end(req),
+        SreAtCode::LOC_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(req, is_loc_word),
+        SreAtCode::LOC_NON_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_non_boundary(req, is_loc_word),
+        SreAtCode::UNI_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(req, is_uni_word),
+        SreAtCode::UNI_NON_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_non_boundary(req, is_uni_word),
     }
 }
 
 fn general_op_literal<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(
-    state: &State<'a, S>,
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
     ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
     f: F,
 ) {
-    if ctx.at_end(state) || !f(ctx.peek_code(state, 1), ctx.peek_char(state)) {
+    if ctx.at_end(req) || !f(ctx.peek_code(req, 1), ctx.peek_char(req)) {
         ctx.failure();
     } else {
         ctx.skip_code(2);
-        ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
     }
 }
 
 fn general_op_in<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(
-    state: &State<'a, S>,
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
     ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
     f: F,
 ) {
-    if ctx.at_end(state) || !f(&ctx.pattern(state)[2..], ctx.peek_char(state)) {
+    if ctx.at_end(req) || !f(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char(req)) {
         ctx.failure();
     } else {
-        ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
-        ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+        ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
     }
 }
 
 fn general_op_groupref<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
     state: &State<'a, S>,
     ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
     mut f: F,
 ) {
-    let (group_start, group_end) = state.get_marks(ctx.peek_code(state, 1) as usize);
+    let (group_start, group_end) = state.get_marks(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
     let (group_start, group_end) = match (group_start, group_end) {
         (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => (start, end),
         _ => {
@@ -977,16 +1152,16 @@ fn general_op_groupref<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(
 
     let mut gctx = MatchContext {
         string_position: group_start,
-        string_offset: state.string.offset(0, group_start),
+        string_offset: req.string.offset(0, group_start),
         ..*ctx
     };
 
     for _ in group_start..group_end {
-        if ctx.at_end(state) || f(ctx.peek_char(state)) != f(gctx.peek_char(state)) {
+        if ctx.at_end(req) || f(ctx.peek_char(req)) != f(gctx.peek_char(req)) {
             return ctx.failure();
         }
-        ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
-        gctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+        gctx.skip_char(req, 1);
     }
 
     ctx.skip_code(2);
@@ -1122,60 +1297,56 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn _count<'a, S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
     state: &mut State<'a, S>,
     ctx: &MatchContext<'a, S>,
     max_count: usize,
 ) -> usize {
     let mut ctx = *ctx;
-    let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, ctx.remaining_chars(state));
+    let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, ctx.remaining_chars(req));
     let end = ctx.string_position + max_count;
-    let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(state, 0)).unwrap();
+    let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 0)).unwrap();
 
     match opcode {
         SreOpcode::ANY => {
-            while !ctx.string_position < end && !ctx.at_linebreak(state) {
-                ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+            while !ctx.string_position < end && !ctx.at_linebreak(req) {
+                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-            ctx.skip_char(state, max_count);
+            ctx.skip_char(req, max_count);
         }
         SreOpcode::IN => {
-            while !ctx.string_position < end
-                && charset(&ctx.pattern(state)[2..], ctx.peek_char(state))
+            while !ctx.string_position < end && charset(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char(req))
             {
-                ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == c as u32);
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == c as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != c as u32);
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != c as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
-                code == lower_ascii(c) as u32
-            });
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
-                code != lower_ascii(c) as u32
-            });
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, char_loc_ignore);
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, char_loc_ignore);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
                 code == lower_unicode(c) as u32
             });
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(state, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
                 code != lower_unicode(c) as u32
             });
         }
@@ -1188,9 +1359,9 @@ fn _count<'a, S: StrDrive>(
 
             while count < max_count {
                 ctx.code_position = reset_position;
-                let code = ctx.peek_code(state, 0);
+                let code = ctx.peek_code(req, 0);
                 let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-                dispatch(state, &mut ctx, code);
+                dispatch(req, state, &mut ctx, code);
                 if ctx.has_matched == Some(false) {
                     break;
                 }
@@ -1205,14 +1376,14 @@ fn _count<'a, S: StrDrive>(
 }
 
 fn general_count_literal<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
-    state: &State<'a, S>,
+    req: &Request<'a, S>,
     ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
     end: usize,
     mut f: F,
 ) {
-    let ch = ctx.peek_code(state, 1);
-    while !ctx.string_position < end && f(ch, ctx.peek_char(state)) {
-        ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
+    let ch = ctx.peek_code(req, 1);
+    while !ctx.string_position < end && f(ch, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
+        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
     }
 }
 

From c15387e97289386bbf0891a7ed18367220b59a15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Aug 2022 16:44:47 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 063/705] refactor tests

---
 generate_tests.py |  2 +-
 src/engine.rs     |  4 ++--
 tests/tests.rs    | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 3 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/generate_tests.py b/generate_tests.py
index b432720cd1..8adf043f29 100644
--- a/generate_tests.py
+++ b/generate_tests.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def compile(cls, pattern, flags=0):
 def replace_compiled(m):
     line, indent, varname, pattern = m.groups()
     pattern = eval(pattern, {"re": CompiledPattern})
-    pattern = f"Pattern {{ code: &{json.dumps(pattern.code)}, flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate({int(pattern.flags)}) }}"
+    pattern = f"Pattern {{ code: &{json.dumps(pattern.code)} }}"
     return f'''{line}
 {indent}// START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
 {indent}#[rustfmt::skip] let {varname} = {pattern};
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 5e1f1457ec..b9487a2fd2 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pub struct State<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     pub string_position: usize,
     next_context: Option<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
     popped_has_matched: bool,
-    has_matched: bool,
+    pub has_matched: bool,
 }
 
 impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ fn op_repeat<'a, S: StrDrive>(
 
     state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
-    let repeat_ctx_id = state.repeat_stack.len();
+    let repeat_ctx_id = state.repeat_stack.len() - 1;
 
     // let next_ctx = next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
     let next_ctx = ctx.next_from(1, req, state, |req, state, ctx| {
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index cc5c4d1f38..b4ad09f7be 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
-use sre_engine::constants::SreFlag;
 use sre_engine::engine;
 
 struct Pattern {
     code: &'static [u32],
-    flags: SreFlag,
 }
 
 impl Pattern {
     fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
         &self,
         string: S,
-        range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
-    ) -> engine::State<'a, S> {
-        engine::State::new(string, range.start, range.end, self.flags, self.code)
+    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<'a, S>) {
+        let req = engine::Request::new(string, 0, usize::MAX, self.code, false);
+        let state = engine::State::new(0);
+        (req, state)
     }
 }
 
@@ -20,10 +19,10 @@ impl Pattern {
 fn test_2427() {
     // pattern lookbehind = re.compile(r'(?<!\.)x\b')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let mut state = lookbehind.state("x", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state.pymatch();
+    let (mut req, mut state) = lookbehind.state("x");
+    state.pymatch(&mut req);
     assert!(state.has_matched);
 }
 
@@ -31,10 +30,10 @@ fn test_2427() {
 fn test_assert() {
     // pattern positive_lookbehind = re.compile(r'(?<=abc)def')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let positive_lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 99, 1, 17, 100, 17, 101, 17, 102, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let positive_lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 99, 1, 17, 100, 17, 101, 17, 102, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let mut state = positive_lookbehind.state("abcdef", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state.search();
+    let (mut req, mut state) = positive_lookbehind.state("abcdef");
+    state.search(&mut req);
     assert!(state.has_matched);
 }
 
@@ -42,10 +41,10 @@ fn test_assert() {
 fn test_string_boundaries() {
     // pattern big_b = re.compile(r'\B')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let big_b = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 11, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let big_b = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 11, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let mut state = big_b.state("", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state.search();
+    let (mut req, mut state) = big_b.state("");
+    state.search(&mut req);
     assert!(!state.has_matched);
 }
 
@@ -53,11 +52,11 @@ fn test_string_boundaries() {
 fn test_zerowidth() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'\b|:+')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 7, 5, 6, 10, 16, 12, 10, 25, 6, 1, 4294967295, 17, 58, 1, 16, 2, 0, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 7, 5, 6, 10, 16, 12, 10, 25, 6, 1, 4294967295, 17, 58, 1, 16, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let mut state = p.state("a:", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state.must_advance = true;
-    state.search();
+    let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("a:");
+    req.must_advance = true;
+    state.search(&mut req);
     assert!(state.string_position == 1);
 }
 
@@ -65,10 +64,10 @@ fn test_zerowidth() {
 fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'(?:a*?(xx)??z)*')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 25, 0, 4294967295, 27, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 24, 11, 0, 1, 18, 0, 17, 120, 17, 120, 18, 1, 20, 17, 122, 19, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 25, 0, 4294967295, 27, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 24, 11, 0, 1, 18, 0, 17, 120, 17, 120, 18, 1, 20, 17, 122, 19, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let mut state = p.state("axxzaz", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state.pymatch();
+    let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("axxzaz");
+    state.pymatch(&mut req);
     assert!(state.marks == vec![Some(1), Some(3)]);
 }
 
@@ -76,9 +75,9 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
 fn test_double_max_until() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'((1)?)*')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 18, 0, 4294967295, 18, 0, 24, 9, 0, 1, 18, 2, 17, 49, 18, 3, 19, 18, 1, 19, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 18, 0, 4294967295, 18, 0, 24, 9, 0, 1, 18, 2, 17, 49, 18, 3, 19, 18, 1, 19, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let mut state = p.state("1111", 0..usize::MAX);
-    state.pymatch();
+    let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("1111");
+    state.pymatch(&mut req);
     assert!(state.string_position == 4);
 }

From 942063d4efa6d7a3c4f795a55f03d5c621d95c61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Aug 2022 16:54:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 064/705] refactor benches

---
 benches/benches.rs | 95 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/benches.rs b/benches/benches.rs
index d000ceb62e..e24ea2f972 100644
--- a/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/benches/benches.rs
@@ -3,68 +3,77 @@
 extern crate test;
 use test::Bencher;
 
-use sre_engine::constants::SreFlag;
 use sre_engine::engine;
-pub struct Pattern {
-    pub code: &'static [u32],
-    pub flags: SreFlag,
+
+struct Pattern {
+    code: &'static [u32],
 }
 
 impl Pattern {
-    pub fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
+    fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
+        &self,
+        string: S,
+    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<'a, S>) {
+        self.state_range(string, 0..usize::MAX)
+    }
+
+    fn state_range<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
         &self,
         string: S,
         range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
-    ) -> engine::State<'a, S> {
-        engine::State::new(string, range.start, range.end, self.flags, self.code)
+    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<'a, S>) {
+        let req = engine::Request::new(string, range.start, range.end, self.code, false);
+        let state = engine::State::new(0);
+        (req, state)
     }
 }
+
 #[bench]
 fn benchmarks(b: &mut Bencher) {
     // # test common prefix
     // pattern p1 = re.compile('Python|Perl') # , 'Perl'),    # Alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p1 = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p1 = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p2 = re.compile('(Python|Perl)') #, 'Perl'),  # Grouped alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p2 = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 0, 80, 0, 18, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 18, 1, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p2 = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 0, 80, 0, 18, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 18, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    // pattern pn = re.compile('Python|Perl|Tcl') #, 'Perl'),        # Alternation
+    // pattern p3 = re.compile('Python|Perl|Tcl') #, 'Perl'),        # Alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p3 = Pattern { code: &[15, 9, 4, 3, 6, 17, 80, 17, 84, 0, 7, 15, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 22, 11, 17, 80, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 11, 9, 17, 84, 17, 99, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p3 = Pattern { code: &[15, 9, 4, 3, 6, 17, 80, 17, 84, 0, 7, 15, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 22, 11, 17, 80, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 11, 9, 17, 84, 17, 99, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    // pattern pn = re.compile('(Python|Perl|Tcl)') #, 'Perl'),      # Grouped alternation
+    // pattern p4 = re.compile('(Python|Perl|Tcl)') #, 'Perl'),      # Grouped alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p4 = Pattern { code: &[15, 9, 4, 3, 6, 17, 80, 17, 84, 0, 18, 0, 7, 15, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 22, 11, 17, 80, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 11, 9, 17, 84, 17, 99, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 18, 1, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p4 = Pattern { code: &[15, 9, 4, 3, 6, 17, 80, 17, 84, 0, 18, 0, 7, 15, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 22, 11, 17, 80, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 11, 9, 17, 84, 17, 99, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 18, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    // pattern pn = re.compile('(Python)\\1') #, 'PythonPython'),    # Backreference
+    // pattern p5 = re.compile('(Python)\\1') #, 'PythonPython'),    # Backreference
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p5 = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 12, 0, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p5 = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 12, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    // pattern pn = re.compile('([0a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+') #, 'a5,b7,c9,'), # Disable the fastmap optimization
+    // pattern p6 = re.compile('([0a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+') #, 'a5,b7,c9,'), # Disable the fastmap optimization
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p6 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 24, 31, 1, 4294967295, 18, 0, 14, 7, 17, 48, 23, 97, 122, 0, 25, 13, 0, 4294967295, 14, 8, 23, 97, 122, 23, 48, 57, 0, 1, 17, 44, 18, 1, 19, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p6 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 24, 31, 1, 4294967295, 18, 0, 14, 7, 17, 48, 23, 97, 122, 0, 25, 13, 0, 4294967295, 14, 8, 23, 97, 122, 23, 48, 57, 0, 1, 17, 44, 18, 1, 19, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    // pattern pn = re.compile('([a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+') #, 'a5,b7,c9,'), # A few sets
+    // pattern p7 = re.compile('([a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+') #, 'a5,b7,c9,'), # A few sets
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p7 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 24, 29, 1, 4294967295, 18, 0, 14, 5, 23, 97, 122, 0, 25, 13, 0, 4294967295, 14, 8, 23, 97, 122, 23, 48, 57, 0, 1, 17, 44, 18, 1, 19, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p7 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 24, 29, 1, 4294967295, 18, 0, 14, 5, 23, 97, 122, 0, 25, 13, 0, 4294967295, 14, 8, 23, 97, 122, 23, 48, 57, 0, 1, 17, 44, 18, 1, 19, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    // pattern pn = re.compile('Python') #, 'Python'),               # Simple text literal
+    // pattern p8 = re.compile('Python') #, 'Python'),               # Simple text literal
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p8 = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p8 = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    // pattern pn = re.compile('.*Python') #, 'Python'),             # Bad text literal
+    // pattern p9 = re.compile('.*Python') #, 'Python'),             # Bad text literal
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p9 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p9 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    // pattern pn = re.compile('.*Python.*') #, 'Python'),           # Worse text literal
+    // pattern p10 = re.compile('.*Python.*') #, 'Python'),           # Worse text literal
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p10 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p10 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    // pattern pn = re.compile('.*(Python)') #, 'Python'),           # Bad text literal with grouping
+    // pattern p11 = re.compile('.*(Python)') #, 'Python'),           # Bad text literal with grouping
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p11 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 18, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 1], flags: SreFlag::from_bits_truncate(32) };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p11 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 18, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
 
     let tests = [
@@ -83,29 +92,29 @@ fn benchmarks(b: &mut Bencher) {
 
     b.iter(move || {
         for (p, s) in &tests {
-            let mut state = p.state(s.clone(), 0..usize::MAX);
-            state.search();
+            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
+            state.search(&mut req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
-            state = p.state(s.clone(), 0..usize::MAX);
-            state.pymatch();
+            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
+            state.pymatch(&mut req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
-            state = p.state(s.clone(), 0..usize::MAX);
-            state.match_all = true;
-            state.pymatch();
+            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
+            req.match_all = true;
+            state.pymatch(&mut req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
             let s2 = format!("{}{}{}", " ".repeat(10000), s, " ".repeat(10000));
-            state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 0..usize::MAX);
-            state.search();
+            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 0..usize::MAX);
+            state.search(&mut req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
-            state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 10000..usize::MAX);
-            state.pymatch();
+            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..usize::MAX);
+            state.pymatch(&mut req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
-            state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
-            state.pymatch();
+            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
+            state.pymatch(&mut req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
-            state = p.state(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
-            state.match_all = true;
-            state.pymatch();
+            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
+            req.match_all = true;
+            state.pymatch(&mut req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
         }
     })

From de8973d77a40303693e8e15da70fe63f6f974546 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Aug 2022 17:34:03 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 065/705] simplify lifetime

---
 benches/benches.rs |   6 +-
 src/engine.rs      | 265 ++++++++++++++++++---------------------------
 tests/tests.rs     |   4 +-
 3 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 165 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/benches.rs b/benches/benches.rs
index e24ea2f972..8e0e87935a 100644
--- a/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/benches/benches.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ impl Pattern {
     fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
         &self,
         string: S,
-    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<'a, S>) {
+    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<S>) {
         self.state_range(string, 0..usize::MAX)
     }
 
@@ -21,9 +21,9 @@ impl Pattern {
         &self,
         string: S,
         range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
-    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<'a, S>) {
+    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<S>) {
         let req = engine::Request::new(string, range.start, range.end, self.code, false);
-        let state = engine::State::new(0);
+        let state = engine::State::new();
         (req, state)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index b9487a2fd2..ace75d1a36 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -39,25 +39,6 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Request<'a, S> {
     }
 }
 
-macro_rules! next_ctx {
-    (offset $offset:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {
-        next_ctx!(position $ctx.code_position + $offset, $state, $ctx, $handler)
-    };
-    (from $peek:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {
-        next_ctx!(offset $ctx.peek_code($state, $peek) as usize + 1, $state, $ctx, $handler)
-    };
-    (position $position:expr, $state:expr, $ctx:expr, $handler:expr) => {{
-        $ctx.handler = Some($handler);
-        $state.next_context.insert(MatchContext {
-            code_position: $position,
-            has_matched: None,
-            handler: None,
-            count: -1,
-            ..*$ctx
-        })
-    }};
-}
-
 macro_rules! mark {
     (push, $state:expr) => {
         $state
@@ -72,27 +53,27 @@ macro_rules! mark {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct State<'a, S: StrDrive> {
+pub struct State<S: StrDrive> {
     pub marks: Vec<Option<usize>>,
     pub lastindex: isize,
     marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
-    context_stack: Vec<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
+    context_stack: Vec<MatchContext<S>>,
     repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
     pub string_position: usize,
-    next_context: Option<MatchContext<'a, S>>,
+    next_context: Option<MatchContext<S>>,
     popped_has_matched: bool,
     pub has_matched: bool,
 }
 
-impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
-    pub fn new(string_position: usize) -> Self {
+impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
         Self {
             marks: Vec::new(),
             lastindex: -1,
             marks_stack: Vec::new(),
             context_stack: Vec::new(),
             repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
-            string_position,
+            string_position: 0,
             next_context: None,
             popped_has_matched: false,
             has_matched: false,
@@ -145,7 +126,7 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
         self.marks_stack.pop();
     }
 
-    fn _match(&mut self, req: &mut Request<'a, S>) {
+    fn _match(&mut self, req: &mut Request<S>) {
         while let Some(mut ctx) = self.context_stack.pop() {
             if let Some(handler) = ctx.handler.take() {
                 handler(req, self, &mut ctx);
@@ -169,7 +150,9 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
         self.has_matched = self.popped_has_matched;
     }
 
-    pub fn pymatch(&mut self, req: &mut Request<'a, S>) {
+    pub fn pymatch(&mut self, req: &mut Request<S>) {
+        self.string_position = req.start;
+
         let ctx = MatchContext {
             string_position: req.start,
             string_offset: req.string.offset(0, req.start),
@@ -185,7 +168,9 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
         self._match(req);
     }
 
-    pub fn search(&mut self, req: &mut Request<'a, S>) {
+    pub fn search(&mut self, req: &mut Request<S>) {
+        self.string_position = req.start;
+
         // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
         if req.start > req.end {
             return;
@@ -196,7 +181,7 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
 
         let mut start_offset = req.string.offset(0, req.start);
 
-        let mut ctx = MatchContext {
+        let ctx = MatchContext {
             string_position: req.start,
             string_offset: start_offset,
             code_position: 0,
@@ -240,10 +225,10 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> State<'a, S> {
     }
 }
 
-fn dispatch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+fn dispatch<S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<S>,
+    state: &mut State<S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
     opcode: SreOpcode,
 ) {
     match opcode {
@@ -410,11 +395,7 @@ fn dispatch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
 
 /* assert subpattern */
 /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-fn op_assert<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
-) {
+fn op_assert<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
     let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
     if ctx.string_position < back {
         return ctx.failure();
@@ -435,18 +416,14 @@ fn op_assert<'a, S: StrDrive>(
 
 /* assert not subpattern */
 /* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-fn op_assert_not<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
-) {
+fn op_assert_not<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
     let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
 
     if ctx.string_position < back {
         return ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
     }
 
-    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 3, state, ctx, |req, state, ctx| {
+    let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(3, state, |req, state, ctx| {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             ctx.failure();
         } else {
@@ -460,20 +437,16 @@ fn op_assert_not<'a, S: StrDrive>(
 
 // alternation
 // <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
-fn op_branch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
-) {
+fn op_branch<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
     mark!(push, state);
 
     ctx.count = 1;
     create_context(req, state, ctx);
 
-    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-        req: &Request<'a, S>,
-        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(
+        req: &Request<S>,
+        state: &mut State<S>,
+        ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
     ) {
         let branch_offset = ctx.count as usize;
         let next_length = ctx.peek_code(req, branch_offset) as isize;
@@ -485,14 +458,10 @@ fn op_branch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
         ctx.count += next_length;
-        next_ctx!(offset branch_offset + 1, state, ctx, callback);
+        ctx.next_offset(branch_offset + 1, state, callback);
     }
 
-    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-        req: &Request<'a, S>,
-        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
-    ) {
+    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
@@ -502,10 +471,10 @@ fn op_branch<'a, S: StrDrive>(
 }
 
 /* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-fn op_min_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<S>,
+    state: &mut State<S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
 ) {
     let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
 
@@ -536,10 +505,10 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(
     mark!(push, state);
     create_context(req, state, ctx);
 
-    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-        req: &Request<'a, S>,
-        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(
+        req: &Request<S>,
+        state: &mut State<S>,
+        ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
     ) {
         let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
 
@@ -553,11 +522,7 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(
         }
     }
 
-    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-        req: &Request<'a, S>,
-        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
-    ) {
+    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
@@ -582,11 +547,7 @@ exactly one character wide, and we're not already
 collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
 use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
 /* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-fn op_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
-) {
+fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
     let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
     let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
 
@@ -613,10 +574,10 @@ fn op_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(
     ctx.count = count as isize;
     create_context(req, state, ctx);
 
-    fn create_context<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-        req: &Request<'a, S>,
-        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(
+        req: &Request<S>,
+        state: &mut State<S>,
+        ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
     ) {
         let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as isize;
         let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
@@ -641,11 +602,7 @@ fn op_repeat_one<'a, S: StrDrive>(
         ctx.next_from(1, req, state, callback);
     }
 
-    fn callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-        req: &Request<'a, S>,
-        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
-    ) {
+    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
@@ -678,11 +635,7 @@ struct RepeatContext {
 /* create repeat context.  all the hard work is done
 by the UNTIL operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL) */
 /* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
-fn op_repeat<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
-) {
+fn op_repeat<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
     let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
         count: -1,
         min_count: ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize,
@@ -698,8 +651,7 @@ fn op_repeat<'a, S: StrDrive>(
 
     let repeat_ctx_id = state.repeat_stack.len() - 1;
 
-    // let next_ctx = next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
-    let next_ctx = ctx.next_from(1, req, state, |req, state, ctx| {
+    let next_ctx = ctx.next_from(1, req, state, |_, state, ctx| {
         ctx.has_matched = Some(state.popped_has_matched);
         state.repeat_stack.pop();
     });
@@ -707,7 +659,7 @@ fn op_repeat<'a, S: StrDrive>(
 }
 
 /* minimizing repeat */
-fn op_min_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+fn op_min_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
     let repeat_ctx = state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
 
     state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
@@ -716,8 +668,7 @@ fn op_min_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
 
     if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
         // not enough matches
-        // next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
-        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |req, state, ctx| {
+        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |_, state, ctx| {
             if state.popped_has_matched {
                 ctx.success();
             } else {
@@ -736,8 +687,7 @@ fn op_min_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
     let repeat_ctx_prev_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
 
     // see if the tail matches
-    // let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
-    let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, state, |req, state, ctx| {
+    let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, state, |_, state, ctx| {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
@@ -762,8 +712,7 @@ fn op_min_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
         /* zero-width match protection */
         repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
 
-        // next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
-        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |req, state, ctx| {
+        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |_, state, ctx| {
             if state.popped_has_matched {
                 ctx.success();
             } else {
@@ -777,7 +726,7 @@ fn op_min_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
 }
 
 /* maximizing repeat */
-fn op_max_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
+fn op_max_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
     let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
 
     state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
@@ -786,8 +735,7 @@ fn op_max_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
 
     if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
         // not enough matches
-        // next_ctx!(position repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, ctx, |state, ctx| {
-        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |req, state, ctx| {
+        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |_, state, ctx| {
             if state.popped_has_matched {
                 ctx.success();
             } else {
@@ -809,7 +757,7 @@ fn op_max_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
         ctx.count = repeat_ctx.last_position as isize;
         repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
 
-        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |req, state, ctx| {
+        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |_, state, ctx| {
             let save_last_position = ctx.count as usize;
             let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
             repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
@@ -826,22 +774,21 @@ fn op_max_until<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContex
 
             /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
             tail matches */
-            let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, tail_callback);
-            next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+            let repeat_ctx_prev_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+            let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, state, tail_callback);
+            next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_prev_id;
         });
         return;
     }
 
     /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
     tail matches */
-    let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, tail_callback);
-    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+    // let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, tail_callback);
+    let repeat_ctx_prev_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+    let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, state, tail_callback);
+    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_prev_id;
 
-    fn tail_callback<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-        req: &Request<'a, S>,
-        state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-        ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
-    ) {
+    fn tail_callback<S: StrDrive>(_: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             ctx.success();
         } else {
@@ -926,19 +873,21 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a [u8] {
     }
 }
 
+type OpFunc<S> = for<'a> fn(&Request<'a, S>, &mut State<S>, &mut MatchContext<S>);
+
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct MatchContext<'a, S: StrDrive> {
+struct MatchContext<S: StrDrive> {
     string_position: usize,
     string_offset: usize,
     code_position: usize,
     has_matched: Option<bool>,
     toplevel: bool,
-    handler: Option<fn(&Request<'a, S>, &mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self)>,
+    handler: Option<OpFunc<S>>,
     repeat_ctx_id: usize,
     count: isize,
 }
 
-impl<'a, S: StrDrive> std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext<'a, S> {
+impl<'a, S: StrDrive> std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext<S> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("MatchContext")
             .field("string_position", &self.string_position)
@@ -953,38 +902,38 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext<'a, S> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
-    fn pattern(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> &'a [u32] {
+impl<S: StrDrive> MatchContext<S> {
+    fn pattern<'a>(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> &'a [u32] {
         &req.pattern_codes[self.code_position..]
     }
 
-    fn remaining_codes(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> usize {
+    fn remaining_codes(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> usize {
         req.pattern_codes.len() - self.code_position
     }
 
-    fn remaining_chars(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> usize {
+    fn remaining_chars(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> usize {
         req.end - self.string_position
     }
 
-    fn peek_char(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> u32 {
+    fn peek_char(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> u32 {
         req.string.peek(self.string_offset)
     }
 
-    fn skip_char(&mut self, req: &Request<'a, S>, skip: usize) {
+    fn skip_char(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, skip: usize) {
         self.string_position += skip;
         self.string_offset = req.string.offset(self.string_offset, skip);
     }
 
-    fn back_peek_char(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> u32 {
+    fn back_peek_char(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> u32 {
         req.string.back_peek(self.string_offset)
     }
 
-    fn back_skip_char(&mut self, req: &Request<'a, S>, skip: usize) {
+    fn back_skip_char(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, skip: usize) {
         self.string_position -= skip;
         self.string_offset = req.string.back_offset(self.string_offset, skip);
     }
 
-    fn peek_code(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
+    fn peek_code(&self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
         req.pattern_codes[self.code_position + peek]
     }
 
@@ -992,7 +941,7 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
         self.code_position += skip;
     }
 
-    fn skip_code_from(&mut self, req: &Request<'a, S>, peek: usize) {
+    fn skip_code_from(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) {
         self.skip_code(self.peek_code(req, peek) as usize + 1);
     }
 
@@ -1001,19 +950,15 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
         self.string_position == 0
     }
 
-    fn at_end(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> bool {
+    fn at_end(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
         self.string_position == req.end
     }
 
-    fn at_linebreak(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> bool {
+    fn at_linebreak(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
         !self.at_end(req) && is_linebreak(self.peek_char(req))
     }
 
-    fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
-        &self,
-        req: &Request<'a, S>,
-        mut word_checker: F,
-    ) -> bool {
+    fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(&self, req: &Request<S>, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(req) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -1024,7 +969,7 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
 
     fn at_non_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
         &self,
-        req: &Request<'a, S>,
+        req: &Request<S>,
         mut word_checker: F,
     ) -> bool {
         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(req) {
@@ -1035,7 +980,7 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
         this == that
     }
 
-    fn can_success(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> bool {
+    fn can_success(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
         if !self.toplevel {
             return true;
         }
@@ -1059,9 +1004,9 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
     fn next_from<'b>(
         &mut self,
         peek: usize,
-        req: &Request<'a, S>,
-        state: &'b mut State<'a, S>,
-        f: fn(&Request<'a, S>, &mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self),
+        req: &Request<S>,
+        state: &'b mut State<S>,
+        f: OpFunc<S>,
     ) -> &'b mut Self {
         self.next_offset(self.peek_code(req, peek) as usize + 1, state, f)
     }
@@ -1069,8 +1014,8 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
     fn next_offset<'b>(
         &mut self,
         offset: usize,
-        state: &'b mut State<'a, S>,
-        f: fn(&Request<'a, S>, &mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self),
+        state: &'b mut State<S>,
+        f: OpFunc<S>,
     ) -> &'b mut Self {
         self.next_at(self.code_position + offset, state, f)
     }
@@ -1078,8 +1023,8 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
     fn next_at<'b>(
         &mut self,
         code_position: usize,
-        state: &'b mut State<'a, S>,
-        f: fn(&Request<'a, S>, &mut State<'a, S>, &mut Self),
+        state: &'b mut State<S>,
+        f: OpFunc<S>,
     ) -> &'b mut Self {
         self.handler = Some(f);
         state.next_context.insert(MatchContext {
@@ -1092,7 +1037,7 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> MatchContext<'a, S> {
     }
 }
 
-fn at<'a, S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'a, S>, ctx: &MatchContext<'a, S>, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
+fn at<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, ctx: &MatchContext<S>, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
     match atcode {
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => ctx.at_beginning(),
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => ctx.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(ctx.back_peek_char(req)),
@@ -1110,9 +1055,9 @@ fn at<'a, S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'a, S>, ctx: &MatchContext<'a, S>, atcode:
     }
 }
 
-fn general_op_literal<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+fn general_op_literal<S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(
+    req: &Request<S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
     f: F,
 ) {
     if ctx.at_end(req) || !f(ctx.peek_code(req, 1), ctx.peek_char(req)) {
@@ -1123,9 +1068,9 @@ fn general_op_literal<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(
     }
 }
 
-fn general_op_in<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+fn general_op_in<S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(
+    req: &Request<S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
     f: F,
 ) {
     if ctx.at_end(req) || !f(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char(req)) {
@@ -1136,10 +1081,10 @@ fn general_op_in<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(
     }
 }
 
-fn general_op_groupref<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    state: &State<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+fn general_op_groupref<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(
+    req: &Request<S>,
+    state: &State<S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
     mut f: F,
 ) {
     let (group_start, group_end) = state.get_marks(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
@@ -1296,10 +1241,10 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
     false
 }
 
-fn _count<'a, S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    state: &mut State<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &MatchContext<'a, S>,
+fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &Request<S>,
+    state: &mut State<S>,
+    ctx: &MatchContext<S>,
     max_count: usize,
 ) -> usize {
     let mut ctx = *ctx;
@@ -1375,9 +1320,9 @@ fn _count<'a, S: StrDrive>(
     ctx.string_position - state.string_position
 }
 
-fn general_count_literal<'a, S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
-    req: &Request<'a, S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>,
+fn general_count_literal<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
+    req: &Request<S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
     end: usize,
     mut f: F,
 ) {
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index b4ad09f7be..ead111c74a 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ impl Pattern {
     fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
         &self,
         string: S,
-    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<'a, S>) {
+    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<S>) {
         let req = engine::Request::new(string, 0, usize::MAX, self.code, false);
-        let state = engine::State::new(0);
+        let state = engine::State::new();
         (req, state)
     }
 }

From c494feb7f776e8e15185710f72d41b603db995d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Aug 2022 21:34:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 066/705] refactor split Marks

---
 Cargo.toml         |   1 +
 benches/benches.rs |   2 +-
 src/engine.rs      | 242 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 tests/tests.rs     |   5 +-
 4 files changed, 166 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 4b403f2861..8993c1e71d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@ include = ["LICENSE", "src/**/*.rs"]
 [dependencies]
 num_enum = "0.5"
 bitflags = "1.2"
+optional = "0.5"
diff --git a/benches/benches.rs b/benches/benches.rs
index 8e0e87935a..f19b92d64b 100644
--- a/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/benches/benches.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl Pattern {
         range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
     ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<S>) {
         let req = engine::Request::new(string, range.start, range.end, self.code, false);
-        let state = engine::State::new();
+        let state = engine::State::default();
         (req, state)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index ace75d1a36..087d64e8cd 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,9 @@
 
 use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreInfo, SreOpcode};
 use super::MAXREPEAT;
+use optional::Optioned;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
+use std::ops::Deref;
 
 const fn is_py_ascii_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
     matches!(b, b'\t' | b'\n' | b'\x0C' | b'\r' | b' ' | b'\x0B')
@@ -39,24 +41,98 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Request<'a, S> {
     }
 }
 
-macro_rules! mark {
-    (push, $state:expr) => {
-        $state
-            .marks_stack
-            .push(($state.marks.clone(), $state.lastindex))
-    };
-    (pop, $state:expr) => {
-        let (marks, lastindex) = $state.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
-        $state.marks = marks;
-        $state.lastindex = lastindex;
-    };
+// macro_rules! mark {
+//     (push, $state:expr) => {
+//         $state
+//             .marks_stack
+//             .push(($state.marks.clone(), $state.lastindex))
+//     };
+//     (pop, $state:expr) => {
+//         let (marks, lastindex) = $state.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
+//         $state.marks = marks;
+//         $state.lastindex = lastindex;
+//     };
+// }
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Marks {
+    last_index: isize,
+    marks: Vec<Optioned<usize>>,
+    marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Optioned<usize>>, isize)>,
+}
+
+impl Default for Marks {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            last_index: -1,
+            marks: Vec::new(),
+            marks_stack: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for Marks {
+    type Target = Vec<Optioned<usize>>;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.marks
+    }
+}
+
+impl Marks {
+    pub fn get(&self, group_index: usize) -> (Optioned<usize>, Optioned<usize>) {
+        let marks_index = 2 * group_index;
+        if marks_index + 1 < self.marks.len() {
+            (self.marks[marks_index], self.marks[marks_index + 1])
+        } else {
+            (Optioned::none(), Optioned::none())
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn last_index(&self) -> isize {
+        self.last_index
+    }
+
+    fn set(&mut self, mark_nr: usize, position: usize) {
+        if mark_nr & 1 != 0 {
+            self.last_index = mark_nr as isize / 2 + 1;
+        }
+        if mark_nr >= self.marks.len() {
+            self.marks.resize(mark_nr + 1, Optioned::none());
+        }
+        self.marks[mark_nr] = Optioned::some(position);
+    }
+
+    fn push(&mut self) {
+        self.marks_stack.push((self.marks.clone(), self.last_index));
+    }
+
+    fn pop(&mut self) {
+        let (marks, last_index) = self.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
+        self.marks = marks;
+        self.last_index = last_index;
+    }
+
+    fn pop_keep(&mut self) {
+        let (marks, last_index) = self.marks_stack.last().unwrap().clone();
+        self.marks = marks;
+        self.last_index = last_index;
+    }
+
+    fn pop_discard(&mut self) {
+        self.marks_stack.pop();
+    }
+
+    fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.last_index = -1;
+        self.marks.clear();
+        self.marks_stack.clear();
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct State<S: StrDrive> {
-    pub marks: Vec<Option<usize>>,
-    pub lastindex: isize,
-    marks_stack: Vec<(Vec<Option<usize>>, isize)>,
+    pub marks: Marks,
     context_stack: Vec<MatchContext<S>>,
     repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
     pub string_position: usize,
@@ -65,25 +141,23 @@ pub struct State<S: StrDrive> {
     pub has_matched: bool,
 }
 
-impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
-    pub fn new() -> Self {
+impl<S: StrDrive> Default for State<S> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            marks: Vec::new(),
-            lastindex: -1,
-            marks_stack: Vec::new(),
-            context_stack: Vec::new(),
-            repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
-            string_position: 0,
-            next_context: None,
-            popped_has_matched: false,
-            has_matched: false,
+            marks: Default::default(),
+            context_stack: Default::default(),
+            repeat_stack: Default::default(),
+            string_position: Default::default(),
+            next_context: Default::default(),
+            popped_has_matched: Default::default(),
+            has_matched: Default::default(),
         }
     }
+}
 
+impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
     pub fn reset(&mut self, string_position: usize) {
-        self.lastindex = -1;
         self.marks.clear();
-        self.marks_stack.clear();
         self.context_stack.clear();
         self.repeat_stack.clear();
         self.string_position = string_position;
@@ -92,23 +166,23 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
         self.has_matched = false;
     }
 
-    fn set_mark(&mut self, mark_nr: usize, position: usize) {
-        if mark_nr & 1 != 0 {
-            self.lastindex = mark_nr as isize / 2 + 1;
-        }
-        if mark_nr >= self.marks.len() {
-            self.marks.resize(mark_nr + 1, None);
-        }
-        self.marks[mark_nr] = Some(position);
-    }
-    fn get_marks(&self, group_index: usize) -> (Option<usize>, Option<usize>) {
-        let marks_index = 2 * group_index;
-        if marks_index + 1 < self.marks.len() {
-            (self.marks[marks_index], self.marks[marks_index + 1])
-        } else {
-            (None, None)
-        }
-    }
+    // fn set_mark(&mut self, mark_nr: usize, position: usize) {
+    //     if mark_nr & 1 != 0 {
+    //         self.lastindex = mark_nr as isize / 2 + 1;
+    //     }
+    //     if mark_nr >= self.marks.len() {
+    //         self.marks.resize(mark_nr + 1, None);
+    //     }
+    //     self.marks[mark_nr] = Some(position);
+    // }
+    // fn get_marks(&self, group_index: usize) -> (Option<usize>, Option<usize>) {
+    //     let marks_index = 2 * group_index;
+    //     if marks_index + 1 < self.marks.len() {
+    //         (self.marks[marks_index], self.marks[marks_index + 1])
+    //     } else {
+    //         (None, None)
+    //     }
+    // }
     // fn marks_push(&mut self) {
     //     self.marks_stack.push((self.marks.clone(), self.lastindex));
     // }
@@ -117,14 +191,14 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
     //     self.marks = marks;
     //     self.lastindex = lastindex;
     // }
-    fn marks_pop_keep(&mut self) {
-        let (marks, lastindex) = self.marks_stack.last().unwrap().clone();
-        self.marks = marks;
-        self.lastindex = lastindex;
-    }
-    fn marks_pop_discard(&mut self) {
-        self.marks_stack.pop();
-    }
+    // fn marks_pop_keep(&mut self) {
+    //     let (marks, lastindex) = self.marks_stack.last().unwrap().clone();
+    //     self.marks = marks;
+    //     self.lastindex = lastindex;
+    // }
+    // fn marks_pop_discard(&mut self) {
+    //     self.marks_stack.pop();
+    // }
 
     fn _match(&mut self, req: &mut Request<S>) {
         while let Some(mut ctx) = self.context_stack.pop() {
@@ -311,7 +385,9 @@ fn dispatch<S: StrDrive>(
             general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c))
         }
         SreOpcode::MARK => {
-            state.set_mark(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize, ctx.string_position);
+            state
+                .marks
+                .set(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize, ctx.string_position);
             ctx.skip_code(2);
         }
         SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => op_max_until(state, ctx),
@@ -324,12 +400,14 @@ fn dispatch<S: StrDrive>(
         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(req, state, ctx, lower_locate),
         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(req, state, ctx, lower_unicode),
         SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
-            let (group_start, group_end) = state.get_marks(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
-            match (group_start, group_end) {
-                (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => {
-                    ctx.skip_code(3);
-                }
-                _ => ctx.skip_code_from(req, 2),
+            let (group_start, group_end) = state.marks.get(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
+            if group_start.is_some()
+                && group_end.is_some()
+                && group_start.unpack() <= group_end.unpack()
+            {
+                ctx.skip_code(3);
+            } else {
+                ctx.skip_code_from(req, 2)
             }
         }
         _ => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
@@ -438,7 +516,7 @@ fn op_assert_not<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut
 // alternation
 // <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
 fn op_branch<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
-    mark!(push, state);
+    state.marks.push();
 
     ctx.count = 1;
     create_context(req, state, ctx);
@@ -451,7 +529,7 @@ fn op_branch<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut Matc
         let branch_offset = ctx.count as usize;
         let next_length = ctx.peek_code(req, branch_offset) as isize;
         if next_length == 0 {
-            state.marks_pop_discard();
+            state.marks.pop_discard();
             return ctx.failure();
         }
 
@@ -465,7 +543,7 @@ fn op_branch<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut Matc
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
-        state.marks_pop_keep();
+        state.marks.pop_keep();
         create_context(req, state, ctx);
     }
 }
@@ -502,7 +580,7 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(
         return ctx.success();
     }
 
-    mark!(push, state);
+    state.marks.push();
     create_context(req, state, ctx);
 
     fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(
@@ -517,7 +595,7 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(
             // next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, callback);
             ctx.next_from(1, req, state, callback);
         } else {
-            state.marks_pop_discard();
+            state.marks.pop_discard();
             ctx.failure();
         }
     }
@@ -530,13 +608,13 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
         if _count(req, state, ctx, 1) == 0 {
-            state.marks_pop_discard();
+            state.marks.pop_discard();
             return ctx.failure();
         }
 
         ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
         ctx.count += 1;
-        state.marks_pop_keep();
+        state.marks.pop_keep();
         create_context(req, state, ctx);
     }
 }
@@ -570,7 +648,7 @@ fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut
         return ctx.success();
     }
 
-    mark!(push, state);
+    state.marks.push();
     ctx.count = count as isize;
     create_context(req, state, ctx);
 
@@ -587,7 +665,7 @@ fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut
             let c = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 2);
             while ctx.at_end(req) || ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
                 if ctx.count <= min_count {
-                    state.marks_pop_discard();
+                    state.marks.pop_discard();
                     return ctx.failure();
                 }
                 ctx.back_skip_char(req, 1);
@@ -610,14 +688,14 @@ fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut
         let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as isize;
 
         if ctx.count <= min_count {
-            state.marks_pop_discard();
+            state.marks.pop_discard();
             return ctx.failure();
         }
 
         ctx.back_skip_char(req, 1);
         ctx.count -= 1;
 
-        state.marks_pop_keep();
+        state.marks.pop_keep();
         create_context(req, state, ctx);
     }
 }
@@ -680,7 +758,7 @@ fn op_min_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
         return;
     }
 
-    mark!(push, state);
+    state.marks.push();
 
     ctx.count = ctx.repeat_ctx_id as isize;
 
@@ -698,7 +776,7 @@ fn op_min_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
 
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
-        mark!(pop, state);
+        state.marks.pop();
 
         // match more until tail matches
 
@@ -752,7 +830,7 @@ fn op_max_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
     {
         /* we may have enough matches, but if we can
         match another item, do so */
-        mark!(push, state);
+        state.marks.push();
 
         ctx.count = repeat_ctx.last_position as isize;
         repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
@@ -763,11 +841,11 @@ fn op_max_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
             repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
 
             if state.popped_has_matched {
-                state.marks_pop_discard();
+                state.marks.pop_discard();
                 return ctx.success();
             }
 
-            mark!(pop, state);
+            state.marks.pop();
             repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
 
             state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
@@ -1087,12 +1165,14 @@ fn general_op_groupref<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(
     ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
     mut f: F,
 ) {
-    let (group_start, group_end) = state.get_marks(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
-    let (group_start, group_end) = match (group_start, group_end) {
-        (Some(start), Some(end)) if start <= end => (start, end),
-        _ => {
-            return ctx.failure();
-        }
+    let (group_start, group_end) = state.marks.get(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
+    let (group_start, group_end) = if group_start.is_some()
+        && group_end.is_some()
+        && group_start.unpack() <= group_end.unpack()
+    {
+        (group_start.unpack(), group_end.unpack())
+    } else {
+        return ctx.failure();
     };
 
     let mut gctx = MatchContext {
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index ead111c74a..cb11db3483 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ impl Pattern {
         string: S,
     ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<S>) {
         let req = engine::Request::new(string, 0, usize::MAX, self.code, false);
-        let state = engine::State::new();
+        let state = engine::State::default();
         (req, state)
     }
 }
@@ -62,13 +62,14 @@ fn test_zerowidth() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
+    use optional::Optioned;
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'(?:a*?(xx)??z)*')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 25, 0, 4294967295, 27, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 24, 11, 0, 1, 18, 0, 17, 120, 17, 120, 18, 1, 20, 17, 122, 19, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("axxzaz");
     state.pymatch(&mut req);
-    assert!(state.marks == vec![Some(1), Some(3)]);
+    assert!(*state.marks == vec![Optioned::some(1), Optioned::some(3)]);
 }
 
 #[test]

From 18258000cde2c848198b745e92f74a89d48c7fe8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Aug 2022 22:17:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 067/705] clearup

---
 src/engine.rs | 78 +++++++++++----------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 087d64e8cd..652ca04c27 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
-use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreInfo, SreOpcode};
+use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreOpcode};
 use super::MAXREPEAT;
 use optional::Optioned;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
@@ -41,19 +41,6 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Request<'a, S> {
     }
 }
 
-// macro_rules! mark {
-//     (push, $state:expr) => {
-//         $state
-//             .marks_stack
-//             .push(($state.marks.clone(), $state.lastindex))
-//     };
-//     (pop, $state:expr) => {
-//         let (marks, lastindex) = $state.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
-//         $state.marks = marks;
-//         $state.lastindex = lastindex;
-//     };
-// }
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Marks {
     last_index: isize,
@@ -135,6 +122,7 @@ pub struct State<S: StrDrive> {
     pub marks: Marks,
     context_stack: Vec<MatchContext<S>>,
     repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
+    pub start: usize,
     pub string_position: usize,
     next_context: Option<MatchContext<S>>,
     popped_has_matched: bool,
@@ -144,62 +132,30 @@ pub struct State<S: StrDrive> {
 impl<S: StrDrive> Default for State<S> {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            marks: Default::default(),
-            context_stack: Default::default(),
-            repeat_stack: Default::default(),
-            string_position: Default::default(),
-            next_context: Default::default(),
-            popped_has_matched: Default::default(),
-            has_matched: Default::default(),
+            marks: Marks::default(),
+            context_stack: Vec::new(),
+            repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
+            start: 0,
+            string_position: 0,
+            next_context: None,
+            popped_has_matched: false,
+            has_matched: false,
         }
     }
 }
 
 impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
-    pub fn reset(&mut self, string_position: usize) {
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, start: usize) {
         self.marks.clear();
         self.context_stack.clear();
         self.repeat_stack.clear();
-        self.string_position = string_position;
+        self.start = start;
+        self.string_position = start;
         self.next_context = None;
         self.popped_has_matched = false;
         self.has_matched = false;
     }
 
-    // fn set_mark(&mut self, mark_nr: usize, position: usize) {
-    //     if mark_nr & 1 != 0 {
-    //         self.lastindex = mark_nr as isize / 2 + 1;
-    //     }
-    //     if mark_nr >= self.marks.len() {
-    //         self.marks.resize(mark_nr + 1, None);
-    //     }
-    //     self.marks[mark_nr] = Some(position);
-    // }
-    // fn get_marks(&self, group_index: usize) -> (Option<usize>, Option<usize>) {
-    //     let marks_index = 2 * group_index;
-    //     if marks_index + 1 < self.marks.len() {
-    //         (self.marks[marks_index], self.marks[marks_index + 1])
-    //     } else {
-    //         (None, None)
-    //     }
-    // }
-    // fn marks_push(&mut self) {
-    //     self.marks_stack.push((self.marks.clone(), self.lastindex));
-    // }
-    // fn marks_pop(&mut self) {
-    //     let (marks, lastindex) = self.marks_stack.pop().unwrap();
-    //     self.marks = marks;
-    //     self.lastindex = lastindex;
-    // }
-    // fn marks_pop_keep(&mut self) {
-    //     let (marks, lastindex) = self.marks_stack.last().unwrap().clone();
-    //     self.marks = marks;
-    //     self.lastindex = lastindex;
-    // }
-    // fn marks_pop_discard(&mut self) {
-    //     self.marks_stack.pop();
-    // }
-
     fn _match(&mut self, req: &mut Request<S>) {
         while let Some(mut ctx) = self.context_stack.pop() {
             if let Some(handler) = ctx.handler.take() {
@@ -225,6 +181,7 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
     }
 
     pub fn pymatch(&mut self, req: &mut Request<S>) {
+        self.start = req.start;
         self.string_position = req.start;
 
         let ctx = MatchContext {
@@ -243,6 +200,7 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
     }
 
     pub fn search(&mut self, req: &mut Request<S>) {
+        self.start = req.start;
         self.string_position = req.start;
 
         // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
@@ -479,7 +437,6 @@ fn op_assert<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut Matc
         return ctx.failure();
     }
 
-    // let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 3, state, ctx, |req, state, ctx| {
     let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(3, state, |req, state, ctx| {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
@@ -592,7 +549,6 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(
 
         if max_count == MAXREPEAT || ctx.count as usize <= max_count {
             state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-            // next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, callback);
             ctx.next_from(1, req, state, callback);
         } else {
             state.marks.pop_discard();
@@ -676,7 +632,6 @@ fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
         // General case: backtracking
-        // next_ctx!(from 1, state, ctx, callback);
         ctx.next_from(1, req, state, callback);
     }
 
@@ -861,7 +816,6 @@ fn op_max_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
 
     /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
     tail matches */
-    // let next_ctx = next_ctx!(offset 1, state, ctx, tail_callback);
     let repeat_ctx_prev_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
     let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, state, tail_callback);
     next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_prev_id;
@@ -965,7 +919,7 @@ struct MatchContext<S: StrDrive> {
     count: isize,
 }
 
-impl<'a, S: StrDrive> std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext<S> {
+impl<S: StrDrive> std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext<S> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("MatchContext")
             .field("string_position", &self.string_position)

From e42df1d8597bf964fb7f70b606df9e0be696c624 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Aug 2022 22:18:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 068/705] update version to 0.4.0

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8993c1e71d..373166d6db 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"

From c4f10edc95ab7dc1f20bed2c9b4bddfc520fa660 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Aug 2022 20:46:20 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 069/705] impl opinfo single literal

---
 benches/benches.rs |  24 +++----
 src/engine.rs      | 173 +++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 tests/tests.rs     |  51 +++++++++----
 3 files changed, 139 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/benches.rs b/benches/benches.rs
index f19b92d64b..604cf91f42 100644
--- a/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/benches/benches.rs
@@ -92,29 +92,29 @@ fn benchmarks(b: &mut Bencher) {
 
     b.iter(move || {
         for (p, s) in &tests {
-            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
-            state.search(&mut req);
+            let (req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
+            state.search(req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
-            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
-            state.pymatch(&mut req);
+            let (req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
+            state.pymatch(req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
             let (mut req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
             req.match_all = true;
-            state.pymatch(&mut req);
+            state.pymatch(req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
             let s2 = format!("{}{}{}", " ".repeat(10000), s, " ".repeat(10000));
-            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 0..usize::MAX);
-            state.search(&mut req);
+            let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 0..usize::MAX);
+            state.search(req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
-            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..usize::MAX);
-            state.pymatch(&mut req);
+            let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..usize::MAX);
+            state.pymatch(req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
-            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
-            state.pymatch(&mut req);
+            let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
+            state.pymatch(req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
             let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
             req.match_all = true;
-            state.pymatch(&mut req);
+            state.pymatch(req);
             assert!(state.has_matched);
         }
     })
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 652ca04c27..0d645e046d 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
+use crate::constants::SreInfo;
+
 use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreOpcode};
 use super::MAXREPEAT;
 use optional::Optioned;
@@ -10,6 +12,7 @@ const fn is_py_ascii_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
     matches!(b, b'\t' | b'\n' | b'\x0C' | b'\r' | b' ' | b'\x0B')
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct Request<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     pub string: S,
     pub start: usize,
@@ -180,7 +183,7 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
         self.has_matched = self.popped_has_matched;
     }
 
-    pub fn pymatch(&mut self, req: &mut Request<S>) {
+    pub fn pymatch(&mut self, mut req: Request<S>) {
         self.start = req.start;
         self.string_position = req.start;
 
@@ -196,10 +199,10 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
         };
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
 
-        self._match(req);
+        self._match(&mut req);
     }
 
-    pub fn search(&mut self, req: &mut Request<S>) {
+    pub fn search(&mut self, mut req: Request<S>) {
         self.start = req.start;
         self.string_position = req.start;
 
@@ -208,12 +211,11 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
             return;
         }
 
-        // let start = self.start;
-        // let end = self.end;
+        let mut end = req.end;
 
         let mut start_offset = req.string.offset(0, req.start);
 
-        let ctx = MatchContext {
+        let mut ctx = MatchContext {
             string_position: req.start,
             string_offset: start_offset,
             code_position: 0,
@@ -224,35 +226,97 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
             count: -1,
         };
 
-        // if ctx.peek_code(self, 0) == SreOpcode::INFO as u32 {
-        //     search_op_info(self, &mut ctx);
-        //     if let Some(has_matched) = ctx.has_matched {
-        //         self.has_matched = has_matched;
-        //         return;
-        //     }
-        // }
+        if ctx.peek_code(&req, 0) == SreOpcode::INFO as u32 {
+            /* optimization info block */
+            /* <INFO> <1=skip> <2=flags> <3=min> <4=max> <5=prefix info>  */
+            let req = &mut req;
+            let min = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
+
+            if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if min > 1 {
+                /* adjust end point (but make sure we leave at least one
+                character in there, so literal search will work) */
+                // no overflow can happen as remaining chars >= min
+                end -= min - 1;
+
+                // adjust ctx position
+                if end < ctx.string_position {
+                    ctx.string_position = end;
+                    ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, ctx.string_position);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let flags = SreInfo::from_bits_truncate(ctx.peek_code(req, 2));
+
+            if flags.contains(SreInfo::PREFIX) {
+                /* pattern starts with a known prefix */
+                /* <length> <skip> <prefix data> <overlap data> */
+                let len = ctx.peek_code(req, 5) as usize;
+                let skip = ctx.peek_code(req, 6) as usize;
+                let prefix = &ctx.pattern(req)[7..];
+                let overlap = &prefix[len - 1..];
+
+                if len == 1 {
+                    // pattern starts with a literal character
+                    ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                    let c = prefix[0];
+                    req.must_advance = false;
+
+                    while !ctx.at_end(req) {
+                        // find the next matched literal
+                        while ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
+                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                                return;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        req.start = ctx.string_position;
+                        self.reset(req.start);
+                        // self.start = ctx.string_position;
+                        self.string_position += skip;
+
+                        // literal only
+                        if flags.contains(SreInfo::LITERAL) {
+                            self.has_matched = true;
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        let mut next_ctx = ctx;
+                        next_ctx.skip_char(req, skip);
+                        next_ctx.skip_code(2 * skip);
+
+                        self.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
+                        self._match(req);
+
+                        if self.has_matched {
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                    }
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-        self._match(req);
+        self._match(&mut req);
 
         req.must_advance = false;
-        while !self.has_matched && req.start < req.end {
+        ctx.toplevel = false;
+        while !self.has_matched && req.start < end {
             req.start += 1;
             start_offset = req.string.offset(start_offset, 1);
             self.reset(req.start);
+            ctx.string_position = req.start;
+            ctx.string_offset = start_offset;
 
-            let ctx = MatchContext {
-                string_position: req.start,
-                string_offset: start_offset,
-                code_position: 0,
-                has_matched: None,
-                toplevel: false,
-                handler: None,
-                repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
-                count: -1,
-            };
             self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-            self._match(req);
+            self._match(&mut req);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -372,63 +436,6 @@ fn dispatch<S: StrDrive>(
     }
 }
 
-/* optimization info block */
-/* <INFO> <1=skip> <2=flags> <3=min> <4=max> <5=prefix info>  */
-// fn search_op_info<'a, S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<'a, S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<'a, S>) {
-//     let min = ctx.peek_code(state, 3) as usize;
-
-//     if ctx.remaining_chars(state) < min {
-//         return ctx.failure();
-//     }
-
-//     if min > 1 {
-//         /* adjust end point (but make sure we leave at least one
-//         character in there, so literal search will work) */
-//         // no overflow can happen as remaining chars >= min
-//         state.end -= min - 1;
-
-//         // adjust ctx position
-//         if state.end < ctx.string_position {
-//             ctx.string_position = state.end;
-//             ctx.string_offset = state.string.offset(0, ctx.string_position);
-//         }
-//     }
-
-//     let flags = SreInfo::from_bits_truncate(ctx.peek_code(state, 2));
-
-//     if flags.contains(SreInfo::PREFIX) {
-//         /* pattern starts with a known prefix */
-//         /* <length> <skip> <prefix data> <overlap data> */
-//         let len = ctx.peek_code(state, 5) as usize;
-//         let skip = ctx.peek_code(state, 6) as usize;
-//         let prefix = &ctx.pattern(state)[7..];
-//         let overlap = &prefix[len - 1..];
-
-//         ctx.skip_code_from(state, 1);
-
-//         if len == 1 {
-//             // pattern starts with a literal character
-//             let c = prefix[0];
-//             let end = state.end;
-
-//             while (!ctx.at_end(state)) {
-//                 // find the next matched literal
-//                 while (ctx.peek_char(state) != c) {
-//                     ctx.skip_char(state, 1);
-//                     if (ctx.at_end(state)) {
-//                         return ctx.failure();
-//                     }
-//                 }
-
-//                 // literal only
-//                 if flags.contains(SreInfo::LITERAL) {
-//                     return ctx.success();
-//                 }
-//             }
-//         }
-//     }
-// }
-
 /* assert subpattern */
 /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
 fn op_assert<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index cb11db3483..31f032f0a4 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,8 @@ fn test_2427() {
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
     #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let (mut req, mut state) = lookbehind.state("x");
-    state.pymatch(&mut req);
+    let (req, mut state) = lookbehind.state("x");
+    state.pymatch(req);
     assert!(state.has_matched);
 }
 
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ fn test_assert() {
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
     #[rustfmt::skip] let positive_lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 99, 1, 17, 100, 17, 101, 17, 102, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let (mut req, mut state) = positive_lookbehind.state("abcdef");
-    state.search(&mut req);
+    let (req, mut state) = positive_lookbehind.state("abcdef");
+    state.search(req);
     assert!(state.has_matched);
 }
 
@@ -43,8 +43,8 @@ fn test_string_boundaries() {
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
     #[rustfmt::skip] let big_b = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 11, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let (mut req, mut state) = big_b.state("");
-    state.search(&mut req);
+    let (req, mut state) = big_b.state("");
+    state.search(req);
     assert!(!state.has_matched);
 }
 
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ fn test_zerowidth() {
     // END GENERATED
     let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("a:");
     req.must_advance = true;
-    state.search(&mut req);
-    assert!(state.string_position == 1);
+    state.search(req);
+    assert_eq!(state.string_position, 1);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 25, 0, 4294967295, 27, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 24, 11, 0, 1, 18, 0, 17, 120, 17, 120, 18, 1, 20, 17, 122, 19, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("axxzaz");
-    state.pymatch(&mut req);
-    assert!(*state.marks == vec![Optioned::some(1), Optioned::some(3)]);
+    let (req, mut state) = p.state("axxzaz");
+    state.pymatch(req);
+    assert_eq!(*state.marks, vec![Optioned::some(1), Optioned::some(3)]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -78,7 +78,30 @@ fn test_double_max_until() {
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 18, 0, 4294967295, 18, 0, 24, 9, 0, 1, 18, 2, 17, 49, 18, 3, 19, 18, 1, 19, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
-    let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("1111");
-    state.pymatch(&mut req);
-    assert!(state.string_position == 4);
+    let (req, mut state) = p.state("1111");
+    state.pymatch(req);
+    assert_eq!(state.string_position, 4);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_info_single() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile(r'aa*')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 1, 4294967295, 1, 1, 97, 0, 17, 97, 25, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 1] };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let (req, mut state) = p.state("baaaa");
+    state.search(req);
+    assert_eq!(state.start, 1);
+    assert_eq!(state.string_position, 5);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_info_single2() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile(r'Python|Perl')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1] };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let (req, mut state) = p.state("Perl");
+    state.search(req);
+    assert!(state.has_matched);
 }

From 236631141fa3d2681e9a53eb3550c96219cb0cf7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 19:55:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 070/705] impl opinfo literal

---
 src/engine.rs  | 81 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 tests/tests.rs | 22 ++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 0d645e046d..53181c5043 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -256,13 +256,17 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
                 /* <length> <skip> <prefix data> <overlap data> */
                 let len = ctx.peek_code(req, 5) as usize;
                 let skip = ctx.peek_code(req, 6) as usize;
-                let prefix = &ctx.pattern(req)[7..];
-                let overlap = &prefix[len - 1..];
+                let prefix = &ctx.pattern(req)[7..7 + len];
+                let overlap = &ctx.pattern(req)[7 + len - 1..7 + len * 2];
 
                 if len == 1 {
                     // pattern starts with a literal character
-                    ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                     let c = prefix[0];
+
+                    // code_position ready for tail match
+                    ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                    ctx.skip_code(2 * skip);
+
                     req.must_advance = false;
 
                     while !ctx.at_end(req) {
@@ -275,9 +279,8 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
                         }
 
                         req.start = ctx.string_position;
-                        self.reset(req.start);
-                        // self.start = ctx.string_position;
-                        self.string_position += skip;
+                        self.start = ctx.string_position;
+                        self.string_position = ctx.string_position + skip;
 
                         // literal only
                         if flags.contains(SreInfo::LITERAL) {
@@ -287,7 +290,6 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
 
                         let mut next_ctx = ctx;
                         next_ctx.skip_char(req, skip);
-                        next_ctx.skip_code(2 * skip);
 
                         self.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
                         self._match(req);
@@ -297,6 +299,71 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
                         }
 
                         ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        self.marks.clear();
+                    }
+                    return;
+                } else if len > 1 {
+                    // code_position ready for tail match
+                    ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                    ctx.skip_code(2 * skip);
+
+                    req.must_advance = false;
+
+                    while !ctx.at_end(req) {
+                        let c = prefix[0];
+                        while ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
+                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                                return;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+
+                        let mut i = 1;
+                        loop {
+                            if ctx.peek_char(req) == prefix[i] {
+                                i += 1;
+                                if i != len {
+                                    ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                                    if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                                        return;
+                                    }
+                                    continue;
+                                }
+
+                                req.start = ctx.string_position - (len - 1);
+                                self.start = req.start;
+                                self.string_position = self.start + skip;
+
+                                if flags.contains(SreInfo::LITERAL) {
+                                    self.has_matched = true;
+                                    return;
+                                }
+
+                                let mut next_ctx = ctx;
+                                // next_ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                                next_ctx.string_position = self.string_position;
+                                next_ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, self.string_position);
+                                self.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
+                                self._match(req);
+                                if self.has_matched {
+                                    return;
+                                }
+
+                                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                                if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                                    return;
+                                }
+                                self.marks.clear();
+                            }
+                            i = overlap[i] as usize;
+                            if i == 0 {
+                                break;
+                            }
+                        }
                     }
                     return;
                 }
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 31f032f0a4..21bc89d40c 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -105,3 +105,25 @@ fn test_info_single2() {
     state.search(req);
     assert!(state.has_matched);
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_info_literal() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile(r'ababc+')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 14, 1, 5, 4294967295, 4, 4, 97, 98, 97, 98, 0, 0, 1, 2, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 97, 17, 98, 25, 6, 1, 4294967295, 17, 99, 1, 1] };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let (req, mut state) = p.state("!ababc");
+    state.search(req);
+    assert!(state.has_matched);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_info_literal2() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile(r'(python)\1')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 112, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 17, 112, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 12, 0, 1] };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let (req, mut state) = p.state("pythonpython");
+    state.search(req);
+    assert!(state.has_matched);
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 646c8ac6578977b847e8f871e1f83fb422b3e39a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 20:09:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 071/705] impl opinfo charset

---
 src/engine.rs | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 53181c5043..fe7ee438e9 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -367,6 +367,31 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
                     }
                     return;
                 }
+            } else if flags.contains(SreInfo::CHARSET) {
+                let set = &ctx.pattern(req)[5..];
+                ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                req.must_advance = false;
+                loop {
+                    while !ctx.at_end(req) && !charset(set, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
+                        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                    }
+                    if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    req.start = ctx.string_position;
+                    self.start = ctx.string_position;
+                    self.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+                    self.context_stack.push(ctx);
+                    self._match(req);
+
+                    if self.has_matched {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                    self.marks.clear();
+                }
             }
         }
 

From 7e7b9734810947155876cc52028d873ba953b5f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 20:36:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 072/705] clearup

---
 src/engine.rs | 301 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------------
 1 file changed, 163 insertions(+), 138 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index fe7ee438e9..7a644f0671 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -252,147 +252,16 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
             let flags = SreInfo::from_bits_truncate(ctx.peek_code(req, 2));
 
             if flags.contains(SreInfo::PREFIX) {
-                /* pattern starts with a known prefix */
-                /* <length> <skip> <prefix data> <overlap data> */
-                let len = ctx.peek_code(req, 5) as usize;
-                let skip = ctx.peek_code(req, 6) as usize;
-                let prefix = &ctx.pattern(req)[7..7 + len];
-                let overlap = &ctx.pattern(req)[7 + len - 1..7 + len * 2];
-
-                if len == 1 {
-                    // pattern starts with a literal character
-                    let c = prefix[0];
-
-                    // code_position ready for tail match
-                    ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-                    ctx.skip_code(2 * skip);
-
-                    req.must_advance = false;
-
-                    while !ctx.at_end(req) {
-                        // find the next matched literal
-                        while ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
-                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                            if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                                return;
-                            }
-                        }
-
-                        req.start = ctx.string_position;
-                        self.start = ctx.string_position;
-                        self.string_position = ctx.string_position + skip;
-
-                        // literal only
-                        if flags.contains(SreInfo::LITERAL) {
-                            self.has_matched = true;
-                            return;
-                        }
-
-                        let mut next_ctx = ctx;
-                        next_ctx.skip_char(req, skip);
-
-                        self.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
-                        self._match(req);
-
-                        if self.has_matched {
-                            return;
-                        }
-
-                        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                        self.marks.clear();
-                    }
-                    return;
-                } else if len > 1 {
-                    // code_position ready for tail match
-                    ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-                    ctx.skip_code(2 * skip);
-
-                    req.must_advance = false;
-
-                    while !ctx.at_end(req) {
-                        let c = prefix[0];
-                        while ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
-                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                            if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                                return;
-                            }
-                        }
-                        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                        if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                            return;
-                        }
-
-                        let mut i = 1;
-                        loop {
-                            if ctx.peek_char(req) == prefix[i] {
-                                i += 1;
-                                if i != len {
-                                    ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                                    if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                                        return;
-                                    }
-                                    continue;
-                                }
-
-                                req.start = ctx.string_position - (len - 1);
-                                self.start = req.start;
-                                self.string_position = self.start + skip;
-
-                                if flags.contains(SreInfo::LITERAL) {
-                                    self.has_matched = true;
-                                    return;
-                                }
-
-                                let mut next_ctx = ctx;
-                                // next_ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                                next_ctx.string_position = self.string_position;
-                                next_ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, self.string_position);
-                                self.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
-                                self._match(req);
-                                if self.has_matched {
-                                    return;
-                                }
-
-                                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                                if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                                    return;
-                                }
-                                self.marks.clear();
-                            }
-                            i = overlap[i] as usize;
-                            if i == 0 {
-                                break;
-                            }
-                        }
-                    }
-                    return;
+                if flags.contains(SreInfo::LITERAL) {
+                    search_info_literal::<true, S>(req, self, ctx);
+                } else {
+                    search_info_literal::<false, S>(req, self, ctx);
                 }
+                return;
             } else if flags.contains(SreInfo::CHARSET) {
-                let set = &ctx.pattern(req)[5..];
-                ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-                req.must_advance = false;
-                loop {
-                    while !ctx.at_end(req) && !charset(set, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
-                        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                    }
-                    if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                        return;
-                    }
-                    req.start = ctx.string_position;
-                    self.start = ctx.string_position;
-                    self.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-                    self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-                    self._match(req);
-
-                    if self.has_matched {
-                        return;
-                    }
-
-                    ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                    self.marks.clear();
-                }
+                return search_info_charset(req, self, ctx);
             }
+            // fallback to general search
         }
 
         self.context_stack.push(ctx);
@@ -528,6 +397,162 @@ fn dispatch<S: StrDrive>(
     }
 }
 
+fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &mut Request<S>,
+    state: &mut State<S>,
+    mut ctx: MatchContext<S>,
+) {
+    /* pattern starts with a known prefix */
+    /* <length> <skip> <prefix data> <overlap data> */
+    let len = ctx.peek_code(req, 5) as usize;
+    let skip = ctx.peek_code(req, 6) as usize;
+    let prefix = &ctx.pattern(req)[7..7 + len];
+    let overlap = &ctx.pattern(req)[7 + len - 1..7 + len * 2];
+
+    // code_position ready for tail match
+    ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+    ctx.skip_code(2 * skip);
+
+    req.must_advance = false;
+
+    if len == 1 {
+        // pattern starts with a literal character
+        let c = prefix[0];
+
+        while !ctx.at_end(req) {
+            // find the next matched literal
+            while ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
+                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+
+            req.start = ctx.string_position;
+            state.start = ctx.string_position;
+            state.string_position = ctx.string_position + skip;
+
+            // literal only
+            if LITERAL {
+                state.has_matched = true;
+                return;
+            }
+
+            let mut next_ctx = ctx;
+            next_ctx.skip_char(req, skip);
+
+            state.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
+            state._match(req);
+
+            if state.has_matched {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+            state.marks.clear();
+        }
+    } else {
+        while !ctx.at_end(req) {
+            let c = prefix[0];
+            while ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
+                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+            if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            let mut i = 1;
+            loop {
+                if ctx.peek_char(req) == prefix[i] {
+                    i += 1;
+                    if i != len {
+                        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                            return;
+                        }
+                        continue;
+                    }
+
+                    req.start = ctx.string_position - (len - 1);
+                    state.start = req.start;
+                    state.string_position = state.start + skip;
+
+                    // literal only
+                    if LITERAL {
+                        state.has_matched = true;
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    let mut next_ctx = ctx;
+                    if skip != 0 {
+                        next_ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                    } else {
+                        next_ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
+                        next_ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
+                    }
+
+                    state.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
+                    state._match(req);
+
+                    if state.has_matched {
+                        return;
+                    }
+
+                    ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                    if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    state.marks.clear();
+                }
+
+                i = overlap[i] as usize;
+                if i == 0 {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn search_info_charset<S: StrDrive>(
+    req: &mut Request<S>,
+    state: &mut State<S>,
+    mut ctx: MatchContext<S>,
+) {
+    let set = &ctx.pattern(req)[5..];
+
+    ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+
+    req.must_advance = false;
+
+    loop {
+        while !ctx.at_end(req) && !charset(set, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
+            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+        }
+        if ctx.at_end(req) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        req.start = ctx.string_position;
+        state.start = ctx.string_position;
+        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+        state.context_stack.push(ctx);
+        state._match(req);
+
+        if state.has_matched {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+        state.marks.clear();
+    }
+}
+
 /* assert subpattern */
 /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
 fn op_assert<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {

From 26a78dbaa4e4e78f1e5d8dcea9c32054ae07fdd3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 20:36:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 073/705] update to 0.4.1

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 373166d6db..53524f1446 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.4.1"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"

From 4e6b27144a407bb4daf341048310cad26570a7b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Aug 2022 21:30:40 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 074/705] introduce SearchIter

---
 src/engine.rs  | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/tests.rs |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 7a644f0671..7334516c2f 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -282,6 +282,32 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
     }
 }
 
+pub struct SearchIter<'a, S: StrDrive> {
+    pub req: Request<'a, S>,
+    pub state: State<S>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Iterator for SearchIter<'a, S> {
+    type Item = ();
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.req.start > self.req.end {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        self.state.reset(self.req.start);
+        self.state.search(self.req);
+        if !self.state.has_matched {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        self.req.must_advance = self.state.string_position == self.state.start;
+        self.req.start = self.state.string_position;
+
+        Some(())
+    }
+}
+
 fn dispatch<S: StrDrive>(
     req: &Request<S>,
     state: &mut State<S>,
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 21bc89d40c..5212226f4e 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -126,4 +126,4 @@ fn test_info_literal2() {
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("pythonpython");
     state.search(req);
     assert!(state.has_matched);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}

From 285ba765a70ab243ee0f881604e60b999c5771af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 7 Oct 2023 14:40:45 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 075/705] 0.4.2 with dependency update

---
 Cargo.toml | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 53524f1446..30e403b54c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.4.1"
+version = "0.4.2"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"
 license = "MIT"
-edition = "2018"
+edition = "2021"
 keywords = ["regex"]
 include = ["LICENSE", "src/**/*.rs"]
 
 [dependencies]
-num_enum = "0.5"
-bitflags = "1.2"
+num_enum = "0.5.9"
+bitflags = "2"
 optional = "0.5"

From a777d22a537bdda61a7df5f4c6af6369de1cadc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Dec 2023 22:36:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 076/705] fix _count

---
 src/constants.rs |  1 +
 src/engine.rs    | 23 +++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/constants.rs b/src/constants.rs
index f3962b339a..0d5bb41939 100644
--- a/src/constants.rs
+++ b/src/constants.rs
@@ -101,6 +101,7 @@ pub enum SreCatCode {
     UNI_NOT_LINEBREAK = 17,
 }
 bitflags! {
+    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
     pub struct SreFlag: u16 {
         const TEMPLATE = 1;
         const IGNORECASE = 2;
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 7334516c2f..f49560c2c6 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -672,7 +672,9 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(
     ctx.count = if min_count == 0 {
         0
     } else {
-        let count = _count(req, state, ctx, min_count);
+        let mut next_ctx = *ctx;
+        next_ctx.skip_code(4);
+        let count = _count(req, state, next_ctx, min_count);
         if count < min_count {
             return ctx.failure();
         }
@@ -713,7 +715,9 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(
 
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
-        if _count(req, state, ctx, 1) == 0 {
+        let mut next_ctx = *ctx;
+        next_ctx.skip_code(4);
+        if _count(req, state, next_ctx, 1) == 0 {
             state.marks.pop_discard();
             return ctx.failure();
         }
@@ -741,7 +745,9 @@ fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut
 
     state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
-    let count = _count(req, state, ctx, max_count);
+    let mut next_ctx = *ctx;
+    next_ctx.skip_code(4);
+    let count = _count(req, state, next_ctx, max_count);
     ctx.skip_char(req, count);
     if count < min_count {
         return ctx.failure();
@@ -1428,17 +1434,16 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
 fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
     req: &Request<S>,
     state: &mut State<S>,
-    ctx: &MatchContext<S>,
+    mut ctx: MatchContext<S>,
     max_count: usize,
 ) -> usize {
-    let mut ctx = *ctx;
     let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, ctx.remaining_chars(req));
     let end = ctx.string_position + max_count;
     let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 0)).unwrap();
 
     match opcode {
         SreOpcode::ANY => {
-            while !ctx.string_position < end && !ctx.at_linebreak(req) {
+            while ctx.string_position < end && !ctx.at_linebreak(req) {
                 ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
             }
         }
@@ -1446,8 +1451,7 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
             ctx.skip_char(req, max_count);
         }
         SreOpcode::IN => {
-            while !ctx.string_position < end && charset(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char(req))
-            {
+            while ctx.string_position < end && charset(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char(req)) {
                 ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
             }
         }
@@ -1483,7 +1487,6 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
             /* General case */
             let mut count = 0;
 
-            ctx.skip_code(4);
             let reset_position = ctx.code_position;
 
             while count < max_count {
@@ -1511,7 +1514,7 @@ fn general_count_literal<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
     mut f: F,
 ) {
     let ch = ctx.peek_code(req, 1);
-    while !ctx.string_position < end && f(ch, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
+    while ctx.string_position < end && f(ch, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
         ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
     }
 }

From d73cc5f58c94e2589efadf1b21f4b5a811869682 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 8 Dec 2023 22:42:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 077/705] update version and dependency

---
 Cargo.toml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 30e403b54c..de1d68cf6d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.4.3"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"
@@ -10,6 +10,6 @@ keywords = ["regex"]
 include = ["LICENSE", "src/**/*.rs"]
 
 [dependencies]
-num_enum = "0.5.9"
+num_enum = "0.7"
 bitflags = "2"
 optional = "0.5"

From 9070e12e0df3ece6949dc3d9d650fa2d37d8eb54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 10 Dec 2023 20:50:43 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 078/705] refactor _match with nest loop

---
 benches/benches.rs |  28 +-
 src/engine.rs      | 894 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 tests/tests.rs     |  30 +-
 3 files changed, 677 insertions(+), 275 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/benches.rs b/benches/benches.rs
index 604cf91f42..fe470d023c 100644
--- a/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/benches/benches.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,7 @@ struct Pattern {
 }
 
 impl Pattern {
-    fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
-        &self,
-        string: S,
-    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<S>) {
+    fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(&self, string: S) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State) {
         self.state_range(string, 0..usize::MAX)
     }
 
@@ -21,7 +18,7 @@ impl Pattern {
         &self,
         string: S,
         range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
-    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<S>) {
+    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State) {
         let req = engine::Request::new(string, range.start, range.end, self.code, false);
         let state = engine::State::default();
         (req, state)
@@ -93,29 +90,22 @@ fn benchmarks(b: &mut Bencher) {
     b.iter(move || {
         for (p, s) in &tests {
             let (req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
-            state.search(req);
-            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            assert!(state.search(req));
             let (req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
-            state.pymatch(req);
-            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
             let (mut req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
             req.match_all = true;
-            state.pymatch(req);
-            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
             let s2 = format!("{}{}{}", " ".repeat(10000), s, " ".repeat(10000));
             let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 0..usize::MAX);
-            state.search(req);
-            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            assert!(state.search(req));
             let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..usize::MAX);
-            state.pymatch(req);
-            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
             let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
-            state.pymatch(req);
-            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
             let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
             req.match_all = true;
-            state.pymatch(req);
-            assert!(state.has_matched);
+            assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
         }
     })
 }
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index f49560c2c6..7474f29013 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -6,14 +6,13 @@ use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreOpcode};
 use super::MAXREPEAT;
 use optional::Optioned;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
-use std::ops::Deref;
 
 const fn is_py_ascii_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
     matches!(b, b'\t' | b'\n' | b'\x0C' | b'\r' | b' ' | b'\x0B')
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct Request<'a, S: StrDrive> {
+pub struct Request<'a, S> {
     pub string: S,
     pub start: usize,
     pub end: usize,
@@ -61,14 +60,6 @@ impl Default for Marks {
     }
 }
 
-impl Deref for Marks {
-    type Target = Vec<Optioned<usize>>;
-
-    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
-        &self.marks
-    }
-}
-
 impl Marks {
     pub fn get(&self, group_index: usize) -> (Optioned<usize>, Optioned<usize>) {
         let marks_index = 2 * group_index;
@@ -83,6 +74,10 @@ impl Marks {
         self.last_index
     }
 
+    pub fn raw(&self) -> &[Optioned<usize>] {
+        self.marks.as_slice()
+    }
+
     fn set(&mut self, mark_nr: usize, position: usize) {
         if mark_nr & 1 != 0 {
             self.last_index = mark_nr as isize / 2 + 1;
@@ -120,70 +115,23 @@ impl Marks {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub struct State<S: StrDrive> {
-    pub marks: Marks,
-    context_stack: Vec<MatchContext<S>>,
-    repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+pub struct State {
     pub start: usize,
+    pub marks: Marks,
     pub string_position: usize,
-    next_context: Option<MatchContext<S>>,
-    popped_has_matched: bool,
-    pub has_matched: bool,
-}
-
-impl<S: StrDrive> Default for State<S> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            marks: Marks::default(),
-            context_stack: Vec::new(),
-            repeat_stack: Vec::new(),
-            start: 0,
-            string_position: 0,
-            next_context: None,
-            popped_has_matched: false,
-            has_matched: false,
-        }
-    }
+    repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
 }
 
-impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
+impl State {
     pub fn reset(&mut self, start: usize) {
         self.marks.clear();
-        self.context_stack.clear();
         self.repeat_stack.clear();
         self.start = start;
         self.string_position = start;
-        self.next_context = None;
-        self.popped_has_matched = false;
-        self.has_matched = false;
-    }
-
-    fn _match(&mut self, req: &mut Request<S>) {
-        while let Some(mut ctx) = self.context_stack.pop() {
-            if let Some(handler) = ctx.handler.take() {
-                handler(req, self, &mut ctx);
-            } else if ctx.remaining_codes(req) > 0 {
-                let code = ctx.peek_code(req, 0);
-                let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-                dispatch(req, self, &mut ctx, code);
-            } else {
-                ctx.failure();
-            }
-
-            if let Some(has_matched) = ctx.has_matched {
-                self.popped_has_matched = has_matched;
-            } else {
-                self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-                if let Some(next_ctx) = self.next_context.take() {
-                    self.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        self.has_matched = self.popped_has_matched;
     }
 
-    pub fn pymatch(&mut self, mut req: Request<S>) {
+    pub fn pymatch<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
         self.start = req.start;
         self.string_position = req.start;
 
@@ -191,24 +139,20 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
             string_position: req.start,
             string_offset: req.string.offset(0, req.start),
             code_position: 0,
-            has_matched: None,
             toplevel: true,
-            handler: None,
+            jump: Jump::OpCode,
             repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
             count: -1,
         };
-        self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-
-        self._match(&mut req);
+        _match(&req, self, ctx)
     }
 
-    pub fn search(&mut self, mut req: Request<S>) {
+    pub fn search<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, mut req: Request<S>) -> bool {
         self.start = req.start;
         self.string_position = req.start;
 
-        // TODO: optimize by op info and skip prefix
         if req.start > req.end {
-            return;
+            return false;
         }
 
         let mut end = req.end;
@@ -219,9 +163,8 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
             string_position: req.start,
             string_offset: start_offset,
             code_position: 0,
-            has_matched: None,
             toplevel: true,
-            handler: None,
+            jump: Jump::OpCode,
             repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
             count: -1,
         };
@@ -229,11 +172,10 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
         if ctx.peek_code(&req, 0) == SreOpcode::INFO as u32 {
             /* optimization info block */
             /* <INFO> <1=skip> <2=flags> <3=min> <4=max> <5=prefix info>  */
-            let req = &mut req;
-            let min = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
+            let min = ctx.peek_code(&req, 3) as usize;
 
-            if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min {
-                return;
+            if ctx.remaining_chars(&req) < min {
+                return false;
             }
 
             if min > 1 {
@@ -249,42 +191,44 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> State<S> {
                 }
             }
 
-            let flags = SreInfo::from_bits_truncate(ctx.peek_code(req, 2));
+            let flags = SreInfo::from_bits_truncate(ctx.peek_code(&req, 2));
 
             if flags.contains(SreInfo::PREFIX) {
                 if flags.contains(SreInfo::LITERAL) {
-                    search_info_literal::<true, S>(req, self, ctx);
+                    return search_info_literal::<true, S>(&mut req, self, ctx);
                 } else {
-                    search_info_literal::<false, S>(req, self, ctx);
+                    return search_info_literal::<false, S>(&mut req, self, ctx);
                 }
-                return;
             } else if flags.contains(SreInfo::CHARSET) {
-                return search_info_charset(req, self, ctx);
+                return search_info_charset(&mut req, self, ctx);
             }
             // fallback to general search
         }
 
-        self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-        self._match(&mut req);
+        if _match(&req, self, ctx) {
+            return true;
+        }
 
         req.must_advance = false;
         ctx.toplevel = false;
-        while !self.has_matched && req.start < end {
+        while req.start < end {
             req.start += 1;
             start_offset = req.string.offset(start_offset, 1);
             self.reset(req.start);
             ctx.string_position = req.start;
             ctx.string_offset = start_offset;
 
-            self.context_stack.push(ctx);
-            self._match(&mut req);
+            if _match(&req, self, ctx) {
+                return true;
+            }
         }
+        false
     }
 }
 
 pub struct SearchIter<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     pub req: Request<'a, S>,
-    pub state: State<S>,
+    pub state: State,
 }
 
 impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Iterator for SearchIter<'a, S> {
@@ -296,8 +240,7 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Iterator for SearchIter<'a, S> {
         }
 
         self.state.reset(self.req.start);
-        self.state.search(self.req);
-        if !self.state.has_matched {
+        if !self.state.search(self.req) {
             return None;
         }
 
@@ -308,10 +251,537 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Iterator for SearchIter<'a, S> {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+enum Jump {
+    OpCode,
+    Assert1,
+    AssertNot1,
+    Branch1,
+    Branch2,
+    Repeat1,
+    UntilBacktrace,
+    MaxUntil2,
+    MaxUntil3,
+    MinUntil1,
+    RepeatOne1,
+    RepeatOne2,
+    MinRepeatOne1,
+    MinRepeatOne2,
+}
+
+fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -> bool {
+    let mut context_stack = vec![ctx];
+    let mut popped_result = false;
+
+    'coro: loop {
+        let Some(mut ctx) = context_stack.pop() else {
+            break;
+        };
+
+        popped_result = 'result: loop {
+            let yield_ = 'context: loop {
+                match ctx.jump {
+                    Jump::OpCode => {}
+                    Jump::Assert1 => {
+                        if popped_result {
+                            ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                        } else {
+                            break 'result false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Jump::AssertNot1 => {
+                        if popped_result {
+                            break 'result false;
+                        }
+                        ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                    }
+                    Jump::Branch1 => {
+                        let branch_offset = ctx.count as usize;
+                        let next_length = ctx.peek_code(req, branch_offset) as isize;
+                        if next_length == 0 {
+                            state.marks.pop_discard();
+                            break 'result false;
+                        }
+                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(branch_offset + 1, Jump::Branch2);
+                        ctx.count += next_length;
+                        break 'context next_ctx;
+                    }
+                    Jump::Branch2 => {
+                        if popped_result {
+                            break 'result true;
+                        }
+                        state.marks.pop_keep();
+                        ctx.jump = Jump::Branch1;
+                        continue 'context;
+                    }
+                    Jump::Repeat1 => {
+                        state.repeat_stack.pop();
+                        break 'result popped_result;
+                    }
+                    Jump::UntilBacktrace => {
+                        if !popped_result {
+                            state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        }
+                        break 'result popped_result;
+                    }
+                    Jump::MaxUntil2 => {
+                        let save_last_position = ctx.count as usize;
+                        let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+                        repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
+
+                        if popped_result {
+                            state.marks.pop_discard();
+                            break 'result true;
+                        }
+
+                        state.marks.pop();
+                        repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
+                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+                        /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
+                        tail matches */
+                        let mut next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, Jump::MaxUntil3);
+                        next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+                        break 'context next_ctx;
+                    }
+                    Jump::MaxUntil3 => {
+                        if !popped_result {
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        }
+                        break 'result popped_result;
+                    }
+                    Jump::MinUntil1 => {
+                        if popped_result {
+                            break 'result true;
+                        }
+                        ctx.repeat_ctx_id = ctx.count as usize;
+                        let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        state.marks.pop();
+
+                        // match more until tail matches
+                        if repeat_ctx.count as usize >= repeat_ctx.max_count
+                            && repeat_ctx.max_count != MAXREPEAT
+                            || state.string_position == repeat_ctx.last_position
+                        {
+                            repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
+                            break 'result false;
+                        }
+
+                        /* zero-width match protection */
+                        repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
+
+                        break 'context ctx
+                            .next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, Jump::UntilBacktrace);
+                    }
+                    Jump::RepeatOne1 => {
+                        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as isize;
+                        let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
+                        if next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32 {
+                            // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
+                            // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
+                            let c = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 2);
+                            while ctx.at_end(req) || ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
+                                if ctx.count <= min_count {
+                                    state.marks.pop_discard();
+                                    break 'result false;
+                                }
+                                ctx.back_skip_char(req, 1);
+                                ctx.count -= 1;
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        // General case: backtracking
+                        break 'context ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, Jump::RepeatOne2);
+                    }
+                    Jump::RepeatOne2 => {
+                        if popped_result {
+                            break 'result true;
+                        }
+
+                        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as isize;
+                        if ctx.count <= min_count {
+                            state.marks.pop_discard();
+                            break 'result false;
+                        }
+
+                        ctx.back_skip_char(req, 1);
+                        ctx.count -= 1;
+
+                        state.marks.pop_keep();
+                        ctx.jump = Jump::RepeatOne1;
+                        continue 'context;
+                    }
+                    Jump::MinRepeatOne1 => {
+                        let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
+                        if max_count == MAXREPEAT || ctx.count as usize <= max_count {
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            break 'context ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, Jump::MinRepeatOne2);
+                        } else {
+                            state.marks.pop_discard();
+                            break 'result false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Jump::MinRepeatOne2 => {
+                        if popped_result {
+                            break 'result true;
+                        }
+
+                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+                        let mut count_ctx = ctx;
+                        count_ctx.skip_code(4);
+                        if _count(req, state, count_ctx, 1) == 0 {
+                            state.marks.pop_discard();
+                            break 'result false;
+                        }
+
+                        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        ctx.count += 1;
+                        state.marks.pop_keep();
+                        ctx.jump = Jump::MinRepeatOne1;
+                        continue 'context;
+                    }
+                }
+                ctx.jump = Jump::OpCode;
+
+                loop {
+                    macro_rules! general_op_literal {
+                        ($f:expr) => {{
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !$f(ctx.peek_code(req, 1), ctx.peek_char(req)) {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+                            ctx.skip_code(2);
+                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        }};
+                    }
+
+                    macro_rules! general_op_in {
+                        ($f:expr) => {{
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !$f(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char(req)) {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+                            ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        }};
+                    }
+
+                    macro_rules! general_op_groupref {
+                        ($f:expr) => {{
+                            let (group_start, group_end) =
+                                state.marks.get(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
+                            let (group_start, group_end) = if group_start.is_some()
+                                && group_end.is_some()
+                                && group_start.unpack() <= group_end.unpack()
+                            {
+                                (group_start.unpack(), group_end.unpack())
+                            } else {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            };
+
+                            let mut gctx = MatchContext {
+                                string_position: group_start,
+                                string_offset: req.string.offset(0, group_start),
+                                ..ctx
+                            };
+
+                            for _ in group_start..group_end {
+                                if ctx.at_end(req)
+                                    || $f(ctx.peek_char(req)) != $f(gctx.peek_char(req))
+                                {
+                                    break 'result false;
+                                }
+                                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                                gctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                            }
+
+                            ctx.skip_code(2);
+                        }};
+                    }
+
+                    if ctx.remaining_codes(req) == 0 {
+                        break 'result false;
+                    }
+                    let opcode = ctx.peek_code(req, 0);
+                    let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(opcode).unwrap();
+
+                    match opcode {
+                        SreOpcode::FAILURE => break 'result false,
+                        SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
+                            if ctx.can_success(req) {
+                                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                                break 'result true;
+                            }
+                            break 'result false;
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::ANY => {
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) || ctx.at_linebreak(req) {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+                            ctx.skip_code(1);
+                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+                            ctx.skip_code(1);
+                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::ASSERT => {
+                            let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
+                            if ctx.string_position < back {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+
+                            let mut next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(3, Jump::Assert1);
+                            next_ctx.toplevel = false;
+                            next_ctx.back_skip_char(req, back);
+                            state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
+                            break 'context next_ctx;
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => {
+                            let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
+                            if ctx.string_position < back {
+                                ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                                continue;
+                            }
+
+                            let mut next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(3, Jump::AssertNot1);
+                            next_ctx.toplevel = false;
+                            next_ctx.back_skip_char(req, back);
+                            state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
+                            break 'context next_ctx;
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::AT => {
+                            let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
+                            if at(req, &ctx, atcode) {
+                                ctx.skip_code(2);
+                            } else {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::BRANCH => {
+                            state.marks.push();
+                            ctx.count = 1;
+                            ctx.jump = Jump::Branch1;
+                            continue 'context;
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
+                            let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !category(catcode, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+                            ctx.skip_code(2);
+                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::IN => general_op_in!(charset),
+                        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => {
+                            general_op_in!(|set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c)))
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => {
+                            general_op_in!(|set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c)))
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in!(charset_loc_ignore),
+                        SreOpcode::INFO => {
+                            let min = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
+                            if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+                            ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::MARK => {
+                            state
+                                .marks
+                                .set(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize, ctx.string_position);
+                            ctx.skip_code(2);
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1),
+                        SreOpcode::REPEAT => {
+                            let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
+                                count: -1,
+                                min_count: ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize,
+                                max_count: ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize,
+                                code_position: ctx.code_position,
+                                last_position: std::usize::MAX,
+                                prev_id: ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
+                            };
+                            state.repeat_stack.push(repeat_ctx);
+                            let repeat_ctx_id = state.repeat_stack.len() - 1;
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            let mut next_ctx = ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, Jump::Repeat1);
+                            next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_id;
+                            break 'context next_ctx;
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => {
+                            let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            repeat_ctx.count += 1;
+
+                            if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
+                                // not enough matches
+                                break 'context ctx
+                                    .next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, Jump::UntilBacktrace);
+                            }
+
+                            if ((repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.max_count
+                                || repeat_ctx.max_count == MAXREPEAT)
+                                && state.string_position != repeat_ctx.last_position
+                            {
+                                /* we may have enough matches, but if we can
+                                match another item, do so */
+                                state.marks.push();
+                                ctx.count = repeat_ctx.last_position as isize;
+                                repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
+
+                                break 'context ctx
+                                    .next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, Jump::MaxUntil2);
+                            }
+
+                            /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
+                            tail matches */
+                            let mut next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, Jump::MaxUntil3);
+                            next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+                            break 'context next_ctx;
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => {
+                            let repeat_ctx = state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            repeat_ctx.count += 1;
+
+                            if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
+                                // not enough matches
+                                break 'context ctx
+                                    .next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, Jump::UntilBacktrace);
+                            }
+
+                            state.marks.push();
+                            ctx.count = ctx.repeat_ctx_id as isize;
+                            let mut next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, Jump::MinUntil1);
+                            next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
+                            break 'context next_ctx;
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => {
+                            let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
+                            let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
+
+                            if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min_count {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+
+                            let mut next_ctx = ctx;
+                            next_ctx.skip_code(4);
+                            let count = _count(req, state, next_ctx, max_count);
+                            ctx.skip_char(req, count);
+                            if count < min_count {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+
+                            let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
+                            if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(req) {
+                                // tail is empty. we're finished
+                                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                                break 'result true;
+                            }
+
+                            state.marks.push();
+                            ctx.count = count as isize;
+                            ctx.jump = Jump::RepeatOne1;
+                            continue 'context;
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => {
+                            let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
+                            if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min_count {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            ctx.count = if min_count == 0 {
+                                0
+                            } else {
+                                let mut count_ctx = ctx;
+                                count_ctx.skip_code(4);
+                                let count = _count(req, state, count_ctx, min_count);
+                                if count < min_count {
+                                    break 'result false;
+                                }
+                                ctx.skip_char(req, count);
+                                count as isize
+                            };
+
+                            let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
+                            if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(req) {
+                                // tail is empty. we're finished
+                                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                                break 'result true;
+                            }
+
+                            state.marks.push();
+                            ctx.jump = Jump::MinRepeatOne1;
+                            continue 'context;
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::LITERAL => general_op_literal!(|code, c| code == c),
+                        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => general_op_literal!(|code, c| code != c),
+                        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+                            general_op_literal!(|code, c| code == lower_ascii(c))
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
+                            general_op_literal!(|code, c| code != lower_ascii(c))
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+                            general_op_literal!(|code, c| code == lower_unicode(c))
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
+                            general_op_literal!(|code, c| code != lower_unicode(c))
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_literal!(char_loc_ignore),
+                        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
+                            general_op_literal!(|code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c))
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => general_op_groupref!(|x| x),
+                        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => general_op_groupref!(lower_ascii),
+                        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_groupref!(lower_locate),
+                        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_groupref!(lower_unicode),
+                        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
+                            let (group_start, group_end) =
+                                state.marks.get(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
+                            if group_start.is_some()
+                                && group_end.is_some()
+                                && group_start.unpack() <= group_end.unpack()
+                            {
+                                ctx.skip_code(3);
+                            } else {
+                                ctx.skip_code_from(req, 2)
+                            }
+                        }
+                        SreOpcode::CALL => todo!(),
+                        SreOpcode::CHARSET => todo!(),
+                        SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => todo!(),
+                        SreOpcode::NEGATE => todo!(),
+                        SreOpcode::RANGE => todo!(),
+                        SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
+                        SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => todo!(),
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+            context_stack.push(ctx);
+            context_stack.push(yield_);
+            continue 'coro;
+        };
+    }
+    popped_result
+}
+
+/*
 fn dispatch<S: StrDrive>(
     req: &Request<S>,
-    state: &mut State<S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
+    state: &mut State,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext,
     opcode: SreOpcode,
 ) {
     match opcode {
@@ -422,12 +892,13 @@ fn dispatch<S: StrDrive>(
         _ => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
     }
 }
+*/
 
 fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
     req: &mut Request<S>,
-    state: &mut State<S>,
-    mut ctx: MatchContext<S>,
-) {
+    state: &mut State,
+    mut ctx: MatchContext,
+) -> bool {
     /* pattern starts with a known prefix */
     /* <length> <skip> <prefix data> <overlap data> */
     let len = ctx.peek_code(req, 5) as usize;
@@ -450,7 +921,7 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
             while ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
                 ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
                 if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                    return;
+                    return false;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -460,18 +931,14 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
 
             // literal only
             if LITERAL {
-                state.has_matched = true;
-                return;
+                return true;
             }
 
             let mut next_ctx = ctx;
             next_ctx.skip_char(req, skip);
 
-            state.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
-            state._match(req);
-
-            if state.has_matched {
-                return;
+            if _match(req, state, next_ctx) {
+                return true;
             }
 
             ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
@@ -483,12 +950,12 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
             while ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
                 ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
                 if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                    return;
+                    return false;
                 }
             }
             ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
             if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                return;
+                return false;
             }
 
             let mut i = 1;
@@ -498,7 +965,7 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
                     if i != len {
                         ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
                         if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                            return;
+                            return false;
                         }
                         continue;
                     }
@@ -509,8 +976,7 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
 
                     // literal only
                     if LITERAL {
-                        state.has_matched = true;
-                        return;
+                        return true;
                     }
 
                     let mut next_ctx = ctx;
@@ -521,16 +987,13 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
                         next_ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
                     }
 
-                    state.context_stack.push(next_ctx);
-                    state._match(req);
-
-                    if state.has_matched {
-                        return;
+                    if _match(req, state, next_ctx) {
+                        return true;
                     }
 
                     ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
                     if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                        return;
+                        return false;
                     }
                     state.marks.clear();
                 }
@@ -542,13 +1005,14 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
             }
         }
     }
+    false
 }
 
 fn search_info_charset<S: StrDrive>(
     req: &mut Request<S>,
-    state: &mut State<S>,
-    mut ctx: MatchContext<S>,
-) {
+    state: &mut State,
+    mut ctx: MatchContext,
+) -> bool {
     let set = &ctx.pattern(req)[5..];
 
     ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
@@ -560,18 +1024,15 @@ fn search_info_charset<S: StrDrive>(
             ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
         }
         if ctx.at_end(req) {
-            return;
+            return false;
         }
 
         req.start = ctx.string_position;
         state.start = ctx.string_position;
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
-        state.context_stack.push(ctx);
-        state._match(req);
-
-        if state.has_matched {
-            return;
+        if _match(req, state, ctx) {
+            return true;
         }
 
         ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
@@ -579,9 +1040,10 @@ fn search_info_charset<S: StrDrive>(
     }
 }
 
+/*
 /* assert subpattern */
 /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-fn op_assert<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+fn op_assert<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
     let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
     if ctx.string_position < back {
         return ctx.failure();
@@ -601,7 +1063,7 @@ fn op_assert<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut Matc
 
 /* assert not subpattern */
 /* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-fn op_assert_not<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+fn op_assert_not<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
     let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
 
     if ctx.string_position < back {
@@ -622,17 +1084,13 @@ fn op_assert_not<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut
 
 // alternation
 // <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
-fn op_branch<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+fn op_branch<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
     state.marks.push();
 
     ctx.count = 1;
     create_context(req, state, ctx);
 
-    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(
-        req: &Request<S>,
-        state: &mut State<S>,
-        ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
-    ) {
+    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
         let branch_offset = ctx.count as usize;
         let next_length = ctx.peek_code(req, branch_offset) as isize;
         if next_length == 0 {
@@ -646,7 +1104,7 @@ fn op_branch<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut Matc
         ctx.next_offset(branch_offset + 1, state, callback);
     }
 
-    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
@@ -656,11 +1114,7 @@ fn op_branch<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut Matc
 }
 
 /* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<S>,
-    state: &mut State<S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
-) {
+fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
     let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
 
     if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min_count {
@@ -692,23 +1146,19 @@ fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(
     state.marks.push();
     create_context(req, state, ctx);
 
-    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(
-        req: &Request<S>,
-        state: &mut State<S>,
-        ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
-    ) {
+    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
         let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
 
         if max_count == MAXREPEAT || ctx.count as usize <= max_count {
             state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-            ctx.next_from(1, req, state, callback);
+            ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, state, callback);
         } else {
             state.marks.pop_discard();
             ctx.failure();
         }
     }
 
-    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
@@ -735,7 +1185,7 @@ exactly one character wide, and we're not already
 collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
 use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
 /* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
     let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
     let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
 
@@ -764,11 +1214,7 @@ fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut
     ctx.count = count as isize;
     create_context(req, state, ctx);
 
-    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(
-        req: &Request<S>,
-        state: &mut State<S>,
-        ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
-    ) {
+    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
         let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as isize;
         let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
         if next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32 {
@@ -788,10 +1234,10 @@ fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut
         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
 
         // General case: backtracking
-        ctx.next_from(1, req, state, callback);
+        ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, state, callback);
     }
 
-    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             return ctx.success();
         }
@@ -810,6 +1256,7 @@ fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut
         create_context(req, state, ctx);
     }
 }
+*/
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 struct RepeatContext {
@@ -821,10 +1268,11 @@ struct RepeatContext {
     prev_id: usize,
 }
 
+/*
 /* create repeat context.  all the hard work is done
 by the UNTIL operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL) */
 /* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
-fn op_repeat<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+fn op_repeat<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
     let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
         count: -1,
         min_count: ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize,
@@ -840,7 +1288,7 @@ fn op_repeat<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut Matc
 
     let repeat_ctx_id = state.repeat_stack.len() - 1;
 
-    let next_ctx = ctx.next_from(1, req, state, |_, state, ctx| {
+    let next_ctx = ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, state, |_, state, ctx| {
         ctx.has_matched = Some(state.popped_has_matched);
         state.repeat_stack.pop();
     });
@@ -848,7 +1296,7 @@ fn op_repeat<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut Matc
 }
 
 /* minimizing repeat */
-fn op_min_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+fn op_min_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
     let repeat_ctx = state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
 
     state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
@@ -915,7 +1363,7 @@ fn op_min_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
 }
 
 /* maximizing repeat */
-fn op_max_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+fn op_max_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
     let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
 
     state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
@@ -976,7 +1424,7 @@ fn op_max_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
     let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, state, tail_callback);
     next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_prev_id;
 
-    fn tail_callback<S: StrDrive>(_: &Request<S>, state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
+    fn tail_callback<S: StrDrive>(_: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
         if state.popped_has_matched {
             ctx.success();
         } else {
@@ -985,6 +1433,7 @@ fn op_max_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State<S>, ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>) {
         }
     }
 }
+*/
 
 pub trait StrDrive: Copy {
     fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize;
@@ -1061,67 +1510,49 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a [u8] {
     }
 }
 
-type OpFunc<S> = for<'a> fn(&Request<'a, S>, &mut State<S>, &mut MatchContext<S>);
-
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
-struct MatchContext<S: StrDrive> {
+struct MatchContext {
     string_position: usize,
     string_offset: usize,
     code_position: usize,
-    has_matched: Option<bool>,
     toplevel: bool,
-    handler: Option<OpFunc<S>>,
+    jump: Jump,
     repeat_ctx_id: usize,
     count: isize,
 }
 
-impl<S: StrDrive> std::fmt::Debug for MatchContext<S> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("MatchContext")
-            .field("string_position", &self.string_position)
-            .field("string_offset", &self.string_offset)
-            .field("code_position", &self.code_position)
-            .field("has_matched", &self.has_matched)
-            .field("toplevel", &self.toplevel)
-            .field("handler", &self.handler.map(|x| x as usize))
-            .field("repeat_ctx_id", &self.repeat_ctx_id)
-            .field("count", &self.count)
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<S: StrDrive> MatchContext<S> {
-    fn pattern<'a>(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> &'a [u32] {
+impl MatchContext {
+    fn pattern<'a, S>(&self, req: &Request<'a, S>) -> &'a [u32] {
         &req.pattern_codes[self.code_position..]
     }
 
-    fn remaining_codes(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> usize {
+    fn remaining_codes<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> usize {
         req.pattern_codes.len() - self.code_position
     }
 
-    fn remaining_chars(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> usize {
+    fn remaining_chars<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> usize {
         req.end - self.string_position
     }
 
-    fn peek_char(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> u32 {
+    fn peek_char<S: StrDrive>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> u32 {
         req.string.peek(self.string_offset)
     }
 
-    fn skip_char(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, skip: usize) {
+    fn skip_char<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, skip: usize) {
         self.string_position += skip;
         self.string_offset = req.string.offset(self.string_offset, skip);
     }
 
-    fn back_peek_char(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> u32 {
+    fn back_peek_char<S: StrDrive>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> u32 {
         req.string.back_peek(self.string_offset)
     }
 
-    fn back_skip_char(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, skip: usize) {
+    fn back_skip_char<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, skip: usize) {
         self.string_position -= skip;
         self.string_offset = req.string.back_offset(self.string_offset, skip);
     }
 
-    fn peek_code(&self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
+    fn peek_code<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
         req.pattern_codes[self.code_position + peek]
     }
 
@@ -1129,7 +1560,7 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> MatchContext<S> {
         self.code_position += skip;
     }
 
-    fn skip_code_from(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) {
+    fn skip_code_from<S>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) {
         self.skip_code(self.peek_code(req, peek) as usize + 1);
     }
 
@@ -1138,15 +1569,19 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> MatchContext<S> {
         self.string_position == 0
     }
 
-    fn at_end(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
+    fn at_end<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
         self.string_position == req.end
     }
 
-    fn at_linebreak(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
+    fn at_linebreak<S: StrDrive>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
         !self.at_end(req) && is_linebreak(self.peek_char(req))
     }
 
-    fn at_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(&self, req: &Request<S>, mut word_checker: F) -> bool {
+    fn at_boundary<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
+        &self,
+        req: &Request<S>,
+        mut word_checker: F,
+    ) -> bool {
         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(req) {
             return false;
         }
@@ -1155,7 +1590,7 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> MatchContext<S> {
         this != that
     }
 
-    fn at_non_boundary<F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
+    fn at_non_boundary<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
         &self,
         req: &Request<S>,
         mut word_checker: F,
@@ -1168,7 +1603,7 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> MatchContext<S> {
         this == that
     }
 
-    fn can_success(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
+    fn can_success<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
         if !self.toplevel {
             return true;
         }
@@ -1181,51 +1616,29 @@ impl<S: StrDrive> MatchContext<S> {
         true
     }
 
-    fn success(&mut self) {
-        self.has_matched = Some(true);
+    #[must_use]
+    fn next_peek_from<S>(&mut self, peek: usize, req: &Request<S>, jump: Jump) -> Self {
+        self.next_offset(self.peek_code(req, peek) as usize + 1, jump)
     }
 
-    fn failure(&mut self) {
-        self.has_matched = Some(false);
+    #[must_use]
+    fn next_offset(&mut self, offset: usize, jump: Jump) -> Self {
+        self.next_at(self.code_position + offset, jump)
     }
 
-    fn next_from<'b>(
-        &mut self,
-        peek: usize,
-        req: &Request<S>,
-        state: &'b mut State<S>,
-        f: OpFunc<S>,
-    ) -> &'b mut Self {
-        self.next_offset(self.peek_code(req, peek) as usize + 1, state, f)
-    }
-
-    fn next_offset<'b>(
-        &mut self,
-        offset: usize,
-        state: &'b mut State<S>,
-        f: OpFunc<S>,
-    ) -> &'b mut Self {
-        self.next_at(self.code_position + offset, state, f)
-    }
-
-    fn next_at<'b>(
-        &mut self,
-        code_position: usize,
-        state: &'b mut State<S>,
-        f: OpFunc<S>,
-    ) -> &'b mut Self {
-        self.handler = Some(f);
-        state.next_context.insert(MatchContext {
+    #[must_use]
+    fn next_at(&mut self, code_position: usize, jump: Jump) -> Self {
+        self.jump = jump;
+        MatchContext {
             code_position,
-            has_matched: None,
-            handler: None,
+            jump: Jump::OpCode,
             count: -1,
             ..*self
-        })
+        }
     }
 }
 
-fn at<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, ctx: &MatchContext<S>, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
+fn at<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, ctx: &MatchContext, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
     match atcode {
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => ctx.at_beginning(),
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => ctx.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(ctx.back_peek_char(req)),
@@ -1243,9 +1656,10 @@ fn at<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, ctx: &MatchContext<S>, atcode: SreAtCode) -
     }
 }
 
+/*
 fn general_op_literal<S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(
     req: &Request<S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext,
     f: F,
 ) {
     if ctx.at_end(req) || !f(ctx.peek_code(req, 1), ctx.peek_char(req)) {
@@ -1258,7 +1672,7 @@ fn general_op_literal<S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(
 
 fn general_op_in<S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(
     req: &Request<S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext,
     f: F,
 ) {
     if ctx.at_end(req) || !f(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char(req)) {
@@ -1271,8 +1685,8 @@ fn general_op_in<S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(
 
 fn general_op_groupref<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(
     req: &Request<S>,
-    state: &State<S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
+    state: &State,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext,
     mut f: F,
 ) {
     let (group_start, group_end) = state.marks.get(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
@@ -1301,6 +1715,7 @@ fn general_op_groupref<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(
 
     ctx.skip_code(2);
 }
+*/
 
 fn char_loc_ignore(code: u32, c: u32) -> bool {
     code == c || code == lower_locate(c) || code == upper_locate(c)
@@ -1433,8 +1848,8 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
 
 fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
     req: &Request<S>,
-    state: &mut State<S>,
-    mut ctx: MatchContext<S>,
+    state: &mut State,
+    mut ctx: MatchContext,
     max_count: usize,
 ) -> usize {
     let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, ctx.remaining_chars(req));
@@ -1491,12 +1906,15 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
 
             while count < max_count {
                 ctx.code_position = reset_position;
-                let code = ctx.peek_code(req, 0);
-                let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-                dispatch(req, state, &mut ctx, code);
-                if ctx.has_matched == Some(false) {
+                if !_match(req, state, ctx) {
                     break;
                 }
+                // let code = ctx.peek_code(req, 0);
+                // let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
+                // dispatch(req, state, &mut ctx, code);
+                // if ctx.has_matched == Some(false) {
+                //     break;
+                // }
                 count += 1;
             }
             return count;
@@ -1509,7 +1927,7 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
 
 fn general_count_literal<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
     req: &Request<S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext<S>,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext,
     end: usize,
     mut f: F,
 ) {
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 5212226f4e..4e282a6f97 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ impl Pattern {
     fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
         &self,
         string: S,
-    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State<S>) {
+    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State) {
         let req = engine::Request::new(string, 0, usize::MAX, self.code, false);
         let state = engine::State::default();
         (req, state)
@@ -22,8 +22,7 @@ fn test_2427() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = lookbehind.state("x");
-    state.pymatch(req);
-    assert!(state.has_matched);
+    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -33,8 +32,7 @@ fn test_assert() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let positive_lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 99, 1, 17, 100, 17, 101, 17, 102, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = positive_lookbehind.state("abcdef");
-    state.search(req);
-    assert!(state.has_matched);
+    assert!(state.search(req));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -44,8 +42,7 @@ fn test_string_boundaries() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let big_b = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 11, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = big_b.state("");
-    state.search(req);
-    assert!(!state.has_matched);
+    assert!(!state.search(req));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -56,7 +53,7 @@ fn test_zerowidth() {
     // END GENERATED
     let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("a:");
     req.must_advance = true;
-    state.search(req);
+    assert!(state.search(req));
     assert_eq!(state.string_position, 1);
 }
 
@@ -68,8 +65,8 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 25, 0, 4294967295, 27, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 24, 11, 0, 1, 18, 0, 17, 120, 17, 120, 18, 1, 20, 17, 122, 19, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("axxzaz");
-    state.pymatch(req);
-    assert_eq!(*state.marks, vec![Optioned::some(1), Optioned::some(3)]);
+    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+    assert_eq!(*state.marks.raw(), vec![Optioned::some(1), Optioned::some(3)]);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -79,7 +76,7 @@ fn test_double_max_until() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 18, 0, 4294967295, 18, 0, 24, 9, 0, 1, 18, 2, 17, 49, 18, 3, 19, 18, 1, 19, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("1111");
-    state.pymatch(req);
+    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
     assert_eq!(state.string_position, 4);
 }
 
@@ -90,7 +87,7 @@ fn test_info_single() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 1, 4294967295, 1, 1, 97, 0, 17, 97, 25, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("baaaa");
-    state.search(req);
+    assert!(state.search(req));
     assert_eq!(state.start, 1);
     assert_eq!(state.string_position, 5);
 }
@@ -102,8 +99,7 @@ fn test_info_single2() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("Perl");
-    state.search(req);
-    assert!(state.has_matched);
+    assert!(state.search(req));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -113,8 +109,7 @@ fn test_info_literal() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 14, 1, 5, 4294967295, 4, 4, 97, 98, 97, 98, 0, 0, 1, 2, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 97, 17, 98, 25, 6, 1, 4294967295, 17, 99, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("!ababc");
-    state.search(req);
-    assert!(state.has_matched);
+    assert!(state.search(req));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -124,6 +119,5 @@ fn test_info_literal2() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 112, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 17, 112, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 12, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("pythonpython");
-    state.search(req);
-    assert!(state.has_matched);
+    assert!(state.search(req));
 }

From 39c0106e873645ff8f212bcfa21c79216e5f7d89 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 20:17:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 079/705] update to cpython 3.12 op code

---
 benches/benches.rs | 22 +++++++-------
 src/constants.rs   | 72 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 src/engine.rs      |  4 ++-
 tests/tests.rs     | 20 ++++++-------
 4 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/benches.rs b/benches/benches.rs
index fe470d023c..f70138f920 100644
--- a/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/benches/benches.rs
@@ -30,47 +30,47 @@ fn benchmarks(b: &mut Bencher) {
     // # test common prefix
     // pattern p1 = re.compile('Python|Perl') # , 'Perl'),    # Alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p1 = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p1 = Pattern { code: &[14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 16, 80, 7, 13, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 11, 9, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p2 = re.compile('(Python|Perl)') #, 'Perl'),  # Grouped alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p2 = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 0, 80, 0, 18, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 18, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p2 = Pattern { code: &[14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 0, 80, 0, 17, 0, 16, 80, 7, 13, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 11, 9, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 17, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p3 = re.compile('Python|Perl|Tcl') #, 'Perl'),        # Alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p3 = Pattern { code: &[15, 9, 4, 3, 6, 17, 80, 17, 84, 0, 7, 15, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 22, 11, 17, 80, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 11, 9, 17, 84, 17, 99, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p3 = Pattern { code: &[14, 9, 4, 3, 6, 16, 80, 16, 84, 0, 7, 15, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 22, 11, 16, 80, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 11, 9, 16, 84, 16, 99, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p4 = re.compile('(Python|Perl|Tcl)') #, 'Perl'),      # Grouped alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p4 = Pattern { code: &[15, 9, 4, 3, 6, 17, 80, 17, 84, 0, 18, 0, 7, 15, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 22, 11, 17, 80, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 11, 9, 17, 84, 17, 99, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 18, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p4 = Pattern { code: &[14, 9, 4, 3, 6, 16, 80, 16, 84, 0, 17, 0, 7, 15, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 22, 11, 16, 80, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 11, 9, 16, 84, 16, 99, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 17, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p5 = re.compile('(Python)\\1') #, 'PythonPython'),    # Backreference
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p5 = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 12, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p5 = Pattern { code: &[14, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 0, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 17, 1, 11, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p6 = re.compile('([0a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+') #, 'a5,b7,c9,'), # Disable the fastmap optimization
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p6 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 24, 31, 1, 4294967295, 18, 0, 14, 7, 17, 48, 23, 97, 122, 0, 25, 13, 0, 4294967295, 14, 8, 23, 97, 122, 23, 48, 57, 0, 1, 17, 44, 18, 1, 19, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p6 = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 23, 31, 1, 4294967295, 17, 0, 13, 7, 16, 48, 22, 97, 122, 0, 24, 13, 0, 4294967295, 13, 8, 22, 97, 122, 22, 48, 57, 0, 1, 16, 44, 17, 1, 18, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p7 = re.compile('([a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+') #, 'a5,b7,c9,'), # A few sets
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p7 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 24, 29, 1, 4294967295, 18, 0, 14, 5, 23, 97, 122, 0, 25, 13, 0, 4294967295, 14, 8, 23, 97, 122, 23, 48, 57, 0, 1, 17, 44, 18, 1, 19, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p7 = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 23, 29, 1, 4294967295, 17, 0, 13, 5, 22, 97, 122, 0, 24, 13, 0, 4294967295, 13, 8, 22, 97, 122, 22, 48, 57, 0, 1, 16, 44, 17, 1, 18, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p8 = re.compile('Python') #, 'Python'),               # Simple text literal
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p8 = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p8 = Pattern { code: &[14, 18, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p9 = re.compile('.*Python') #, 'Python'),             # Bad text literal
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p9 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p9 = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p10 = re.compile('.*Python.*') #, 'Python'),           # Worse text literal
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p10 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p10 = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p11 = re.compile('.*(Python)') #, 'Python'),           # Bad text literal with grouping
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p11 = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 25, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 18, 0, 17, 80, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p11 = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 0, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 17, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
 
     let tests = [
diff --git a/src/constants.rs b/src/constants.rs
index 0d5bb41939..dc61c33b2c 100644
--- a/src/constants.rs
+++ b/src/constants.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
-pub const SRE_MAGIC: usize = 20171005;
+pub const SRE_MAGIC: usize = 20221023;
 #[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
 #[repr(u32)]
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types, clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
@@ -26,39 +26,41 @@ pub enum SreOpcode {
     ASSERT_NOT = 5,
     AT = 6,
     BRANCH = 7,
-    CALL = 8,
-    CATEGORY = 9,
-    CHARSET = 10,
-    BIGCHARSET = 11,
-    GROUPREF = 12,
-    GROUPREF_EXISTS = 13,
-    IN = 14,
-    INFO = 15,
-    JUMP = 16,
-    LITERAL = 17,
-    MARK = 18,
-    MAX_UNTIL = 19,
-    MIN_UNTIL = 20,
-    NOT_LITERAL = 21,
-    NEGATE = 22,
-    RANGE = 23,
-    REPEAT = 24,
-    REPEAT_ONE = 25,
-    SUBPATTERN = 26,
-    MIN_REPEAT_ONE = 27,
-    GROUPREF_IGNORE = 28,
-    IN_IGNORE = 29,
-    LITERAL_IGNORE = 30,
-    NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE = 31,
-    GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE = 32,
-    IN_LOC_IGNORE = 33,
-    LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE = 34,
-    NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE = 35,
-    GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE = 36,
-    IN_UNI_IGNORE = 37,
-    LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE = 38,
-    NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE = 39,
-    RANGE_UNI_IGNORE = 40,
+    CATEGORY = 8,
+    CHARSET = 9,
+    BIGCHARSET = 10,
+    GROUPREF = 11,
+    GROUPREF_EXISTS = 12,
+    IN = 13,
+    INFO = 14,
+    JUMP = 15,
+    LITERAL = 16,
+    MARK = 17,
+    MAX_UNTIL = 18,
+    MIN_UNTIL = 19,
+    NOT_LITERAL = 20,
+    NEGATE = 21,
+    RANGE = 22,
+    REPEAT = 23,
+    REPEAT_ONE = 24,
+    SUBPATTERN = 25,
+    MIN_REPEAT_ONE = 26,
+    ATOMIC_GROUP = 27,
+    POSSESSIVE_REPEAT = 28,
+    POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE = 29,
+    GROUPREF_IGNORE = 30,
+    IN_IGNORE = 31,
+    LITERAL_IGNORE = 32,
+    NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE = 33,
+    GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE = 34,
+    IN_LOC_IGNORE = 35,
+    LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE = 36,
+    NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE = 37,
+    GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE = 38,
+    IN_UNI_IGNORE = 39,
+    LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE = 40,
+    NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE = 41,
+    RANGE_UNI_IGNORE = 42,
 }
 #[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
 #[repr(u32)]
@@ -101,7 +103,7 @@ pub enum SreCatCode {
     UNI_NOT_LINEBREAK = 17,
 }
 bitflags! {
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
     pub struct SreFlag: u16 {
         const TEMPLATE = 1;
         const IGNORECASE = 2;
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 7474f29013..e44a1f4a09 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -759,13 +759,15 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                                 ctx.skip_code_from(req, 2)
                             }
                         }
-                        SreOpcode::CALL => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::CHARSET => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::NEGATE => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::RANGE => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => todo!(),
+                        SreOpcode::ATOMIC_GROUP => todo!(),
+                        SreOpcode::POSSESSIVE_REPEAT => todo!(),
+                        SreOpcode::POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE => todo!(),
                     }
                 }
             };
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 4e282a6f97..0a1dc407fc 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ impl Pattern {
 fn test_2427() {
     // pattern lookbehind = re.compile(r'(?<!\.)x\b')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 17, 46, 1, 17, 120, 6, 10, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 16, 46, 1, 16, 120, 6, 10, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = lookbehind.state("x");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ fn test_2427() {
 fn test_assert() {
     // pattern positive_lookbehind = re.compile(r'(?<=abc)def')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let positive_lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 99, 1, 17, 100, 17, 101, 17, 102, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let positive_lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 16, 97, 16, 98, 16, 99, 1, 16, 100, 16, 101, 16, 102, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = positive_lookbehind.state("abcdef");
     assert!(state.search(req));
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ fn test_assert() {
 fn test_string_boundaries() {
     // pattern big_b = re.compile(r'\B')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let big_b = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 11, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let big_b = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 11, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = big_b.state("");
     assert!(!state.search(req));
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn test_string_boundaries() {
 fn test_zerowidth() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'\b|:+')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 7, 5, 6, 10, 16, 12, 10, 25, 6, 1, 4294967295, 17, 58, 1, 16, 2, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 7, 5, 6, 10, 15, 12, 10, 24, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 58, 1, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("a:");
     req.must_advance = true;
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
     use optional::Optioned;
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'(?:a*?(xx)??z)*')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 25, 0, 4294967295, 27, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 24, 11, 0, 1, 18, 0, 17, 120, 17, 120, 18, 1, 20, 17, 122, 19, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 23, 25, 0, 4294967295, 26, 6, 0, 4294967295, 16, 97, 1, 23, 11, 0, 1, 17, 0, 16, 120, 16, 120, 17, 1, 19, 16, 122, 18, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("axxzaz");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
 fn test_double_max_until() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'((1)?)*')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 18, 0, 4294967295, 18, 0, 24, 9, 0, 1, 18, 2, 17, 49, 18, 3, 19, 18, 1, 19, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 23, 18, 0, 4294967295, 17, 0, 23, 9, 0, 1, 17, 2, 16, 49, 17, 3, 18, 17, 1, 18, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("1111");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ fn test_double_max_until() {
 fn test_info_single() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'aa*')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 1, 4294967295, 1, 1, 97, 0, 17, 97, 25, 6, 0, 4294967295, 17, 97, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 8, 1, 1, 4294967295, 1, 1, 97, 0, 16, 97, 24, 6, 0, 4294967295, 16, 97, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("baaaa");
     assert!(state.search(req));
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn test_info_single() {
 fn test_info_single2() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'Python|Perl')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 17, 80, 7, 13, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 16, 11, 9, 17, 101, 17, 114, 17, 108, 16, 2, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 16, 80, 7, 13, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 11, 9, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("Perl");
     assert!(state.search(req));
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ fn test_info_single2() {
 fn test_info_literal() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'ababc+')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 14, 1, 5, 4294967295, 4, 4, 97, 98, 97, 98, 0, 0, 1, 2, 17, 97, 17, 98, 17, 97, 17, 98, 25, 6, 1, 4294967295, 17, 99, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 14, 1, 5, 4294967295, 4, 4, 97, 98, 97, 98, 0, 0, 1, 2, 16, 97, 16, 98, 16, 97, 16, 98, 24, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 99, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("!ababc");
     assert!(state.search(req));
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ fn test_info_literal() {
 fn test_info_literal2() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'(python)\1')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[15, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 112, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 18, 0, 17, 112, 17, 121, 17, 116, 17, 104, 17, 111, 17, 110, 18, 1, 12, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 112, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 0, 16, 112, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 17, 1, 11, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("pythonpython");
     assert!(state.search(req));

From a9ed7de28df33c73a75912d094ea699502aa77e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 2023 22:28:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 080/705] fix _count general case

---
 src/engine.rs  | 18 ++++++++----------
 tests/tests.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index e44a1f4a09..3a24fe812b 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -1904,19 +1904,17 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
             /* General case */
             let mut count = 0;
 
-            let reset_position = ctx.code_position;
-
             while count < max_count {
-                ctx.code_position = reset_position;
-                if !_match(req, state, ctx) {
+                let sub_ctx = MatchContext {
+                    toplevel: true,
+                    jump: Jump::OpCode,
+                    repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
+                    count: -1,
+                    ..ctx
+                };
+                if !_match(req, state, sub_ctx) {
                     break;
                 }
-                // let code = ctx.peek_code(req, 0);
-                // let code = SreOpcode::try_from(code).unwrap();
-                // dispatch(req, state, &mut ctx, code);
-                // if ctx.has_matched == Some(false) {
-                //     break;
-                // }
                 count += 1;
             }
             return count;
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 0a1dc407fc..a452efb740 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -121,3 +121,13 @@ fn test_info_literal2() {
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("pythonpython");
     assert!(state.search(req));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_repeat_in_assertions() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile('^([ab]*?)(?=(b)?)c', re.IGNORECASE)
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 4294967295, 6, 0, 17, 0, 26, 10, 0, 4294967295, 39, 5, 22, 97, 98, 0, 1, 17, 1, 4, 14, 0, 23, 9, 0, 1, 17, 2, 40, 98, 17, 3, 18, 1, 40, 99, 1] };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let (req, mut state) = p.state("abc");
+    assert!(state.search(req));
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 99ed744c57c7aa8e3a0d33bf7893b26d5be86434 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 21:53:30 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 081/705] impl atomic group & possessive repeat

---
 src/engine.rs  | 108 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 tests/tests.rs |  32 +++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 3a24fe812b..daed81212f 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -267,6 +267,11 @@ enum Jump {
     RepeatOne2,
     MinRepeatOne1,
     MinRepeatOne2,
+    AtomicGroup1,
+    PossessiveRepeat1,
+    PossessiveRepeat2,
+    PossessiveRepeat3,
+    PossessiveRepeat4,
 }
 
 fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -> bool {
@@ -445,6 +450,73 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                         ctx.jump = Jump::MinRepeatOne1;
                         continue 'context;
                     }
+                    Jump::AtomicGroup1 => {
+                        if popped_result {
+                            ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                            ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
+                            ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
+                            // dispatch opcode
+                        } else {
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            break 'result false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Jump::PossessiveRepeat1 => {
+                        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as isize;
+                        if ctx.count < min_count {
+                            break 'context ctx.next_offset(4, Jump::PossessiveRepeat2);
+                        }
+                        // zero match protection
+                        ctx.string_position = usize::MAX;
+                        ctx.jump = Jump::PossessiveRepeat3;
+                        continue 'context;
+                    }
+                    Jump::PossessiveRepeat2 => {
+                        if popped_result {
+                            ctx.count += 1;
+                            ctx.jump = Jump::PossessiveRepeat1;
+                            continue 'context;
+                        } else {
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            break 'result false;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Jump::PossessiveRepeat3 => {
+                        let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
+                        if ((ctx.count as usize) < max_count || max_count == MAXREPEAT)
+                            && ctx.string_position != state.string_position
+                        {
+                            state.marks.push();
+                            ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
+                            ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
+                            break 'context ctx.next_offset(4, Jump::PossessiveRepeat4);
+                        }
+                        ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
+                        ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
+                        // popped_result = false;
+                        // ctx.jump = Jump::PossessiveRepeat4;
+                        // continue 'context;
+                        ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                        ctx.skip_code(1);
+                        // if ctx.remaining_codes(req) > 1 && ctx.toplevel {
+                        //     ctx.skip_code(1);
+                        // }
+                    }
+                    Jump::PossessiveRepeat4 => {
+                        if popped_result {
+                            state.marks.pop_discard();
+                            ctx.count += 1;
+                            ctx.jump = Jump::PossessiveRepeat3;
+                            continue 'context;
+                        }
+                        state.marks.pop();
+                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                        ctx.skip_code(1);
+                        // if ctx.remaining_codes(req) > 1 && ctx.toplevel {
+                        //     ctx.skip_code(1);
+                        // }
+                    }
                 }
                 ctx.jump = Jump::OpCode;
 
@@ -759,15 +831,43 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                                 ctx.skip_code_from(req, 2)
                             }
                         }
+                        /* <ATOMIC_GROUP> <skip> pattern <SUCCESS> tail */
+                        SreOpcode::ATOMIC_GROUP => {
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            break 'context ctx.next_offset(2, Jump::AtomicGroup1);
+                        }
+                        /* <POSSESSIVE_REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> pattern
+                        <SUCCESS> tail */
+                        SreOpcode::POSSESSIVE_REPEAT => {
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            ctx.count = 0;
+                            ctx.jump = Jump::PossessiveRepeat1;
+                            continue 'context;
+                        }
+                        /* <POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS>
+                        tail */
+                        SreOpcode::POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE => {
+                            let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
+                            let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
+                            if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min_count {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            let mut count_ctx = ctx;
+                            count_ctx.skip_code(4);
+                            let count = _count(req, state, count_ctx, max_count);
+                            if count < min_count {
+                                break 'result false;
+                            }
+                            ctx.skip_char(req, count);
+                            ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
+                        }
                         SreOpcode::CHARSET => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::NEGATE => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::RANGE => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
                         SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => todo!(),
-                        SreOpcode::ATOMIC_GROUP => todo!(),
-                        SreOpcode::POSSESSIVE_REPEAT => todo!(),
-                        SreOpcode::POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE => todo!(),
                     }
                 }
             };
@@ -1906,7 +2006,7 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
 
             while count < max_count {
                 let sub_ctx = MatchContext {
-                    toplevel: true,
+                    toplevel: false,
                     jump: Jump::OpCode,
                     repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
                     count: -1,
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index a452efb740..4c56c42fae 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -130,4 +130,36 @@ fn test_repeat_in_assertions() {
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("abc");
     assert!(state.search(req));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_possessive_quantifier() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile('e++a')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 29, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 101, 1, 16, 97, 1] };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let (req, mut state) = p.state("eeea");
+    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_possessive_atomic_group() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile('(?>x)++x')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 28, 8, 1, 4294967295, 27, 4, 16, 120, 1, 1, 16, 120, 1] };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let (req, mut state) = p.state("xxx");
+    assert!(!state.pymatch(&req));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_bug_20998() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile('[a-c]+', re.I)
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 4294967295, 24, 10, 1, 4294967295, 39, 5, 22, 97, 99, 0, 1, 1] };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("ABC");
+    req.match_all = true;
+    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+    assert_eq!(state.string_position, 3);
 }
\ No newline at end of file

From 9378497346147500328d6b96e59386caecbfbeab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 21:59:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 082/705] clearup

---
 src/engine.rs | 592 ++------------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 578 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index daed81212f..3486c52d9f 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -493,14 +493,8 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                         }
                         ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
                         ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
-                        // popped_result = false;
-                        // ctx.jump = Jump::PossessiveRepeat4;
-                        // continue 'context;
                         ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                         ctx.skip_code(1);
-                        // if ctx.remaining_codes(req) > 1 && ctx.toplevel {
-                        //     ctx.skip_code(1);
-                        // }
                     }
                     Jump::PossessiveRepeat4 => {
                         if popped_result {
@@ -513,9 +507,6 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                         state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
                         ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                         ctx.skip_code(1);
-                        // if ctx.remaining_codes(req) > 1 && ctx.toplevel {
-                        //     ctx.skip_code(1);
-                        // }
                     }
                 }
                 ctx.jump = Jump::OpCode;
@@ -603,6 +594,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                             ctx.skip_code(1);
                             ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
                         }
+                        /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
                         SreOpcode::ASSERT => {
                             let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
                             if ctx.string_position < back {
@@ -615,6 +607,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                             state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
                             break 'context next_ctx;
                         }
+                        /* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
                         SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => {
                             let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
                             if ctx.string_position < back {
@@ -636,6 +629,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
                         }
+                        // <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
                         SreOpcode::BRANCH => {
                             state.marks.push();
                             ctx.count = 1;
@@ -672,6 +666,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                             ctx.skip_code(2);
                         }
                         SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1),
+                        /* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
                         SreOpcode::REPEAT => {
                             let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
                                 count: -1,
@@ -736,6 +731,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                             next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
                             break 'context next_ctx;
                         }
+                        /* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
                         SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => {
                             let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
                             let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
@@ -766,6 +762,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                             ctx.jump = Jump::RepeatOne1;
                             continue 'context;
                         }
+                        /* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
                         SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => {
                             let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
                             if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min_count {
@@ -862,12 +859,14 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                             ctx.skip_char(req, count);
                             ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                         }
-                        SreOpcode::CHARSET => todo!(),
-                        SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => todo!(),
-                        SreOpcode::NEGATE => todo!(),
-                        SreOpcode::RANGE => todo!(),
-                        SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE => todo!(),
-                        SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => todo!(),
+                        SreOpcode::CHARSET
+                        | SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET
+                        | SreOpcode::NEGATE
+                        | SreOpcode::RANGE
+                        | SreOpcode::RANGE_UNI_IGNORE
+                        | SreOpcode::SUBPATTERN => {
+                            unreachable!("unexpected opcode on main dispatch")
+                        }
                     }
                 }
             };
@@ -879,123 +878,6 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
     popped_result
 }
 
-/*
-fn dispatch<S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<S>,
-    state: &mut State,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext,
-    opcode: SreOpcode,
-) {
-    match opcode {
-        SreOpcode::FAILURE => {
-            ctx.failure();
-        }
-        SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
-            if ctx.can_success(req) {
-                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-                ctx.success();
-            } else {
-                ctx.failure();
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::ANY => {
-            if ctx.at_end(req) || ctx.at_linebreak(req) {
-                ctx.failure();
-            } else {
-                ctx.skip_code(1);
-                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-            if ctx.at_end(req) {
-                ctx.failure();
-            } else {
-                ctx.skip_code(1);
-                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::ASSERT => op_assert(req, state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => op_assert_not(req, state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::AT => {
-            let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
-            if at(req, ctx, atcode) {
-                ctx.skip_code(2);
-            } else {
-                ctx.failure();
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::BRANCH => op_branch(req, state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
-            let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
-            if ctx.at_end(req) || !category(catcode, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
-                ctx.failure();
-            } else {
-                ctx.skip_code(2);
-                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::IN => general_op_in(req, ctx, charset),
-        SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => general_op_in(req, ctx, |set, c| charset(set, lower_ascii(c))),
-        SreOpcode::IN_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_in(req, ctx, |set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c)))
-        }
-        SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in(req, ctx, charset_loc_ignore),
-        SreOpcode::INFO => {
-            let min = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
-            if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min {
-                ctx.failure();
-            } else {
-                ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-            }
-        }
-        SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1),
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL => general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code == c),
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code != c),
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c)),
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c))
-        }
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c))
-        }
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c))
-        }
-        SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_literal(req, ctx, char_loc_ignore),
-        SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_op_literal(req, ctx, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c))
-        }
-        SreOpcode::MARK => {
-            state
-                .marks
-                .set(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize, ctx.string_position);
-            ctx.skip_code(2);
-        }
-        SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => op_max_until(state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => op_min_until(state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::REPEAT => op_repeat(req, state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::REPEAT_ONE => op_repeat_one(req, state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::MIN_REPEAT_ONE => op_min_repeat_one(req, state, ctx),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF => general_op_groupref(req, state, ctx, |x| x),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(req, state, ctx, lower_ascii),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(req, state, ctx, lower_locate),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE => general_op_groupref(req, state, ctx, lower_unicode),
-        SreOpcode::GROUPREF_EXISTS => {
-            let (group_start, group_end) = state.marks.get(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
-            if group_start.is_some()
-                && group_end.is_some()
-                && group_start.unpack() <= group_end.unpack()
-            {
-                ctx.skip_code(3);
-            } else {
-                ctx.skip_code_from(req, 2)
-            }
-        }
-        _ => unreachable!("unexpected opcode"),
-    }
-}
-*/
-
 fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
     req: &mut Request<S>,
     state: &mut State,
@@ -1142,224 +1024,6 @@ fn search_info_charset<S: StrDrive>(
     }
 }
 
-/*
-/* assert subpattern */
-/* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-fn op_assert<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-    let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
-    if ctx.string_position < back {
-        return ctx.failure();
-    }
-
-    let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(3, state, |req, state, ctx| {
-        if state.popped_has_matched {
-            ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-        } else {
-            ctx.failure();
-        }
-    });
-    next_ctx.toplevel = false;
-    next_ctx.back_skip_char(req, back);
-    state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
-}
-
-/* assert not subpattern */
-/* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
-fn op_assert_not<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-    let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
-
-    if ctx.string_position < back {
-        return ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-    }
-
-    let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(3, state, |req, state, ctx| {
-        if state.popped_has_matched {
-            ctx.failure();
-        } else {
-            ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-        }
-    });
-    next_ctx.toplevel = false;
-    next_ctx.back_skip_char(req, back);
-    state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
-}
-
-// alternation
-// <BRANCH> <0=skip> code <JUMP> ... <NULL>
-fn op_branch<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-    state.marks.push();
-
-    ctx.count = 1;
-    create_context(req, state, ctx);
-
-    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-        let branch_offset = ctx.count as usize;
-        let next_length = ctx.peek_code(req, branch_offset) as isize;
-        if next_length == 0 {
-            state.marks.pop_discard();
-            return ctx.failure();
-        }
-
-        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-        ctx.count += next_length;
-        ctx.next_offset(branch_offset + 1, state, callback);
-    }
-
-    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-        if state.popped_has_matched {
-            return ctx.success();
-        }
-        state.marks.pop_keep();
-        create_context(req, state, ctx);
-    }
-}
-
-/* <MIN_REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-fn op_min_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-    let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
-
-    if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min_count {
-        return ctx.failure();
-    }
-
-    state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-    ctx.count = if min_count == 0 {
-        0
-    } else {
-        let mut next_ctx = *ctx;
-        next_ctx.skip_code(4);
-        let count = _count(req, state, next_ctx, min_count);
-        if count < min_count {
-            return ctx.failure();
-        }
-        ctx.skip_char(req, count);
-        count as isize
-    };
-
-    let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
-    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(req) {
-        // tail is empty. we're finished
-        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-        return ctx.success();
-    }
-
-    state.marks.push();
-    create_context(req, state, ctx);
-
-    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-        let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
-
-        if max_count == MAXREPEAT || ctx.count as usize <= max_count {
-            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-            ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, state, callback);
-        } else {
-            state.marks.pop_discard();
-            ctx.failure();
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-        if state.popped_has_matched {
-            return ctx.success();
-        }
-
-        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-        let mut next_ctx = *ctx;
-        next_ctx.skip_code(4);
-        if _count(req, state, next_ctx, 1) == 0 {
-            state.marks.pop_discard();
-            return ctx.failure();
-        }
-
-        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-        ctx.count += 1;
-        state.marks.pop_keep();
-        create_context(req, state, ctx);
-    }
-}
-
-/* match repeated sequence (maximizing regexp) */
-/* this operator only works if the repeated item is
-exactly one character wide, and we're not already
-collecting backtracking points.  for other cases,
-use the MAX_REPEAT operator */
-/* <REPEAT_ONE> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <SUCCESS> tail */
-fn op_repeat_one<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-    let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
-    let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
-
-    if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min_count {
-        return ctx.failure();
-    }
-
-    state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-    let mut next_ctx = *ctx;
-    next_ctx.skip_code(4);
-    let count = _count(req, state, next_ctx, max_count);
-    ctx.skip_char(req, count);
-    if count < min_count {
-        return ctx.failure();
-    }
-
-    let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
-    if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(req) {
-        // tail is empty. we're finished
-        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-        return ctx.success();
-    }
-
-    state.marks.push();
-    ctx.count = count as isize;
-    create_context(req, state, ctx);
-
-    fn create_context<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as isize;
-        let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
-        if next_code == SreOpcode::LITERAL as u32 {
-            // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
-            // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
-            let c = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 2);
-            while ctx.at_end(req) || ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
-                if ctx.count <= min_count {
-                    state.marks.pop_discard();
-                    return ctx.failure();
-                }
-                ctx.back_skip_char(req, 1);
-                ctx.count -= 1;
-            }
-        }
-
-        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-        // General case: backtracking
-        ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, state, callback);
-    }
-
-    fn callback<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-        if state.popped_has_matched {
-            return ctx.success();
-        }
-
-        let min_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as isize;
-
-        if ctx.count <= min_count {
-            state.marks.pop_discard();
-            return ctx.failure();
-        }
-
-        ctx.back_skip_char(req, 1);
-        ctx.count -= 1;
-
-        state.marks.pop_keep();
-        create_context(req, state, ctx);
-    }
-}
-*/
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 struct RepeatContext {
     count: isize,
@@ -1370,173 +1034,6 @@ struct RepeatContext {
     prev_id: usize,
 }
 
-/*
-/* create repeat context.  all the hard work is done
-by the UNTIL operator (MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL) */
-/* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
-fn op_repeat<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-    let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {
-        count: -1,
-        min_count: ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize,
-        max_count: ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize,
-        code_position: ctx.code_position,
-        last_position: std::usize::MAX,
-        prev_id: ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
-    };
-
-    state.repeat_stack.push(repeat_ctx);
-
-    state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-    let repeat_ctx_id = state.repeat_stack.len() - 1;
-
-    let next_ctx = ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, state, |_, state, ctx| {
-        ctx.has_matched = Some(state.popped_has_matched);
-        state.repeat_stack.pop();
-    });
-    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_id;
-}
-
-/* minimizing repeat */
-fn op_min_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-    let repeat_ctx = state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-
-    state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-    repeat_ctx.count += 1;
-
-    if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
-        // not enough matches
-        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |_, state, ctx| {
-            if state.popped_has_matched {
-                ctx.success();
-            } else {
-                state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
-                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-                ctx.failure();
-            }
-        });
-        return;
-    }
-
-    state.marks.push();
-
-    ctx.count = ctx.repeat_ctx_id as isize;
-
-    let repeat_ctx_prev_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
-
-    // see if the tail matches
-    let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, state, |_, state, ctx| {
-        if state.popped_has_matched {
-            return ctx.success();
-        }
-
-        ctx.repeat_ctx_id = ctx.count as usize;
-
-        let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-
-        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-        state.marks.pop();
-
-        // match more until tail matches
-
-        if repeat_ctx.count as usize >= repeat_ctx.max_count && repeat_ctx.max_count != MAXREPEAT
-            || state.string_position == repeat_ctx.last_position
-        {
-            repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
-            return ctx.failure();
-        }
-
-        /* zero-width match protection */
-        repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
-
-        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |_, state, ctx| {
-            if state.popped_has_matched {
-                ctx.success();
-            } else {
-                state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
-                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-                ctx.failure();
-            }
-        });
-    });
-    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_prev_id;
-}
-
-/* maximizing repeat */
-fn op_max_until<S: StrDrive>(state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-    let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-
-    state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-    repeat_ctx.count += 1;
-
-    if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
-        // not enough matches
-        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |_, state, ctx| {
-            if state.popped_has_matched {
-                ctx.success();
-            } else {
-                state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
-                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-                ctx.failure();
-            }
-        });
-        return;
-    }
-
-    if ((repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.max_count || repeat_ctx.max_count == MAXREPEAT)
-        && state.string_position != repeat_ctx.last_position
-    {
-        /* we may have enough matches, but if we can
-        match another item, do so */
-        state.marks.push();
-
-        ctx.count = repeat_ctx.last_position as isize;
-        repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
-
-        ctx.next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, state, |_, state, ctx| {
-            let save_last_position = ctx.count as usize;
-            let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-            repeat_ctx.last_position = save_last_position;
-
-            if state.popped_has_matched {
-                state.marks.pop_discard();
-                return ctx.success();
-            }
-
-            state.marks.pop();
-            repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
-
-            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-
-            /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
-            tail matches */
-            let repeat_ctx_prev_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
-            let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, state, tail_callback);
-            next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_prev_id;
-        });
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
-    tail matches */
-    let repeat_ctx_prev_id = repeat_ctx.prev_id;
-    let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(1, state, tail_callback);
-    next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_prev_id;
-
-    fn tail_callback<S: StrDrive>(_: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: &mut MatchContext) {
-        if state.popped_has_matched {
-            ctx.success();
-        } else {
-            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
-            ctx.failure();
-        }
-    }
-}
-*/
-
 pub trait StrDrive: Copy {
     fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize;
     fn count(&self) -> usize;
@@ -1758,67 +1255,6 @@ fn at<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, ctx: &MatchContext, atcode: SreAtCode) -> b
     }
 }
 
-/*
-fn general_op_literal<S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(u32, u32) -> bool>(
-    req: &Request<S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext,
-    f: F,
-) {
-    if ctx.at_end(req) || !f(ctx.peek_code(req, 1), ctx.peek_char(req)) {
-        ctx.failure();
-    } else {
-        ctx.skip_code(2);
-        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-    }
-}
-
-fn general_op_in<S: StrDrive, F: FnOnce(&[u32], u32) -> bool>(
-    req: &Request<S>,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext,
-    f: F,
-) {
-    if ctx.at_end(req) || !f(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char(req)) {
-        ctx.failure();
-    } else {
-        ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-    }
-}
-
-fn general_op_groupref<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> u32>(
-    req: &Request<S>,
-    state: &State,
-    ctx: &mut MatchContext,
-    mut f: F,
-) {
-    let (group_start, group_end) = state.marks.get(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize);
-    let (group_start, group_end) = if group_start.is_some()
-        && group_end.is_some()
-        && group_start.unpack() <= group_end.unpack()
-    {
-        (group_start.unpack(), group_end.unpack())
-    } else {
-        return ctx.failure();
-    };
-
-    let mut gctx = MatchContext {
-        string_position: group_start,
-        string_offset: req.string.offset(0, group_start),
-        ..*ctx
-    };
-
-    for _ in group_start..group_end {
-        if ctx.at_end(req) || f(ctx.peek_char(req)) != f(gctx.peek_char(req)) {
-            return ctx.failure();
-        }
-        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-        gctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-    }
-
-    ctx.skip_code(2);
-}
-*/
-
 fn char_loc_ignore(code: u32, c: u32) -> bool {
     code == c || code == lower_locate(c) || code == upper_locate(c)
 }

From 003c45dbffbfefe5a7a47899836d042bddfbb8a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 22:00:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 083/705] remove unneccesary INFO logic on main dispatch

---
 src/engine.rs | 9 +--------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 3486c52d9f..5cf79ea147 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -652,20 +652,13 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                             general_op_in!(|set, c| charset(set, lower_unicode(c)))
                         }
                         SreOpcode::IN_LOC_IGNORE => general_op_in!(charset_loc_ignore),
-                        SreOpcode::INFO => {
-                            let min = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
-                            if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min {
-                                break 'result false;
-                            }
-                            ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-                        }
                         SreOpcode::MARK => {
                             state
                                 .marks
                                 .set(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize, ctx.string_position);
                             ctx.skip_code(2);
                         }
-                        SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1),
+                        SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1),
                         /* <REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> item <UNTIL> tail */
                         SreOpcode::REPEAT => {
                             let repeat_ctx = RepeatContext {

From 41bdcfe2212d08c4068595babe3c497cd2a035fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 22:13:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 084/705] bump version to 0.5.0

---
 Cargo.toml    | 2 +-
 src/engine.rs | 8 +++-----
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index de1d68cf6d..b0ec8eab2d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.5.0"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 5cf79ea147..5ee9af7d1b 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
-use crate::constants::SreInfo;
-
-use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreOpcode};
+use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreOpcode, SreInfo};
 use super::MAXREPEAT;
 use optional::Optioned;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
@@ -284,7 +282,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
         };
 
         popped_result = 'result: loop {
-            let yield_ = 'context: loop {
+            let yielded = 'context: loop {
                 match ctx.jump {
                     Jump::OpCode => {}
                     Jump::Assert1 => {
@@ -864,7 +862,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                 }
             };
             context_stack.push(ctx);
-            context_stack.push(yield_);
+            context_stack.push(yielded);
             continue 'coro;
         };
     }

From 169368b7f06fd502a5a77fd56cf5b7ec46e3a975 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Dec 2023 22:43:17 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 085/705] fix some clippy

---
 src/engine.rs | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 5ee9af7d1b..b6bf6a6fb6 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl State {
             repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
             count: -1,
         };
-        _match(&req, self, ctx)
+        _match(req, self, ctx)
     }
 
     pub fn search<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, mut req: Request<S>) -> bool {
@@ -1400,16 +1400,16 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == c as u32);
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == c);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != c as u32);
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != c);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c));
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c) as u32);
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c));
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
             general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, char_loc_ignore);
@@ -1419,12 +1419,12 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
             general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
-                code == lower_unicode(c) as u32
+                code == lower_unicode(c)
             });
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
             general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
-                code != lower_unicode(c) as u32
+                code != lower_unicode(c)
             });
         }
         _ => {

From 454aa4b6544cc53b3443328015ff923103f906c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Jan 2024 15:34:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 086/705] fix count not advance

---
 src/engine.rs  | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 tests/tests.rs | 13 ++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index b6bf6a6fb6..86b8d20d8a 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
-use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreOpcode, SreInfo};
+use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreInfo, SreOpcode};
 use super::MAXREPEAT;
 use optional::Optioned;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
@@ -1418,31 +1418,31 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
             general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
-                code == lower_unicode(c)
-            });
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c));
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| {
-                code != lower_unicode(c)
-            });
+            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c));
         }
         _ => {
             /* General case */
             let mut count = 0;
 
+            let mut sub_ctx = MatchContext {
+                toplevel: false,
+                jump: Jump::OpCode,
+                repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
+                count: -1,
+                ..ctx
+            };
+
             while count < max_count {
-                let sub_ctx = MatchContext {
-                    toplevel: false,
-                    jump: Jump::OpCode,
-                    repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
-                    count: -1,
-                    ..ctx
-                };
                 if !_match(req, state, sub_ctx) {
                     break;
                 }
                 count += 1;
+                sub_ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                // ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
+                // ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
             }
             return count;
         }
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index 4c56c42fae..efeb2d2838 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -162,4 +162,15 @@ fn test_bug_20998() {
     req.match_all = true;
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
     assert_eq!(state.string_position, 3);
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_bigcharset() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile('[a-z]*', re.I)
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 97, 0, 4294967295, 39, 92, 10, 3, 33685760, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 0, 0, 0, 134217726, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 131072, 0, 2147483648, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1] };
+    // END GENERATED
+    let (req, mut state) = p.state("x ");
+    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+    assert_eq!(state.string_position, 1);
+}

From 17e1152de63cd9b70e4ad3b061979baa7ee54a35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Jan 2024 17:17:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 087/705] fix assert not mark

---
 src/engine.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 86b8d20d8a..964775fd8f 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -296,6 +296,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                         if popped_result {
                             break 'result false;
                         }
+                        state.marks.pop();
                         ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                     }
                     Jump::Branch1 => {
@@ -612,6 +613,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                                 ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                                 continue;
                             }
+                            state.marks.push();
 
                             let mut next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(3, Jump::AssertNot1);
                             next_ctx.toplevel = false;

From 2fe129252fd0d798dc0cdac78737bd641825d48b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 4 Jan 2024 07:51:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 088/705] improve ctx in _match lazy create stack vec

---
 src/constants.rs |  4 ++--
 src/engine.rs    | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/constants.rs b/src/constants.rs
index dc61c33b2c..9fe792ce17 100644
--- a/src/constants.rs
+++ b/src/constants.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 
 pub const SRE_MAGIC: usize = 20221023;
-#[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
+#[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[repr(u32)]
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types, clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
 pub enum SreOpcode {
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub enum SreOpcode {
     NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE = 41,
     RANGE_UNI_IGNORE = 42,
 }
-#[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug)]
+#[derive(num_enum::TryFromPrimitive, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[repr(u32)]
 #[allow(non_camel_case_types, clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
 pub enum SreAtCode {
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 964775fd8f..c23ffb7a2f 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -207,6 +207,15 @@ impl State {
             return true;
         }
 
+        if ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreOpcode, _>(&req, 1).unwrap() == SreOpcode::AT
+            && (ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreAtCode, _>(&req, 2).unwrap() == SreAtCode::BEGINNING
+                || ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreAtCode, _>(&req, 2).unwrap()
+                    == SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING)
+        {
+            self.reset(req.end);
+            return false;
+        }
+
         req.must_advance = false;
         ctx.toplevel = false;
         while req.start < end {
@@ -272,15 +281,11 @@ enum Jump {
     PossessiveRepeat4,
 }
 
-fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -> bool {
-    let mut context_stack = vec![ctx];
+fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContext) -> bool {
+    let mut context_stack = vec![];
     let mut popped_result = false;
 
     'coro: loop {
-        let Some(mut ctx) = context_stack.pop() else {
-            break;
-        };
-
         popped_result = 'result: loop {
             let yielded = 'context: loop {
                 match ctx.jump {
@@ -864,9 +869,14 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, ctx: MatchContext) -
                 }
             };
             context_stack.push(ctx);
-            context_stack.push(yielded);
+            ctx = yielded;
             continue 'coro;
         };
+        if let Some(popped_ctx) = context_stack.pop() {
+            ctx = popped_ctx;
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
     }
     popped_result
 }
@@ -1148,6 +1158,13 @@ impl MatchContext {
         req.pattern_codes[self.code_position + peek]
     }
 
+    fn try_peek_code_as<T, S>(&self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) -> Result<T, T::Error>
+    where
+        T: TryFrom<u32>,
+    {
+        self.peek_code(req, peek).try_into()
+    }
+
     fn skip_code(&mut self, skip: usize) {
         self.code_position += skip;
     }

From f9b2d10c710d45ebd0cc9788294cd5806cc9e8ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Jan 2024 07:23:50 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 089/705] improve search at_beginning

---
 src/engine.rs | 8 +++++---
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index c23ffb7a2f..dbb58025fe 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -201,15 +201,17 @@ impl State {
                 return search_info_charset(&mut req, self, ctx);
             }
             // fallback to general search
+            // skip OP INFO
+            ctx.skip_code_from(&req, 1);
         }
 
         if _match(&req, self, ctx) {
             return true;
         }
 
-        if ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreOpcode, _>(&req, 1).unwrap() == SreOpcode::AT
-            && (ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreAtCode, _>(&req, 2).unwrap() == SreAtCode::BEGINNING
-                || ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreAtCode, _>(&req, 2).unwrap()
+        if ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreOpcode, _>(&req, 0).unwrap() == SreOpcode::AT
+            && (ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreAtCode, _>(&req, 1).unwrap() == SreAtCode::BEGINNING
+                || ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreAtCode, _>(&req, 1).unwrap()
                     == SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING)
         {
             self.reset(req.end);

From 118a00c012810900fe89277cebe6a5f09ff286d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 7 Jan 2024 08:42:18 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 090/705] refactor _count general case

---
 src/engine.rs | 28 +++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index dbb58025fe..ca44f4994a 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -1446,26 +1446,20 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
         }
         _ => {
             /* General case */
-            let mut count = 0;
-
-            let mut sub_ctx = MatchContext {
-                toplevel: false,
-                jump: Jump::OpCode,
-                repeat_ctx_id: usize::MAX,
-                count: -1,
-                ..ctx
+            ctx.toplevel = false;
+            ctx.jump = Jump::OpCode;
+            ctx.repeat_ctx_id = usize::MAX;
+            ctx.count = -1;
+
+            let mut sub_state = State {
+                marks: Marks::default(),
+                repeat_stack: vec![],
+                ..*state
             };
 
-            while count < max_count {
-                if !_match(req, state, sub_ctx) {
-                    break;
-                }
-                count += 1;
-                sub_ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                // ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
-                // ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
+            while ctx.string_position < end && _match(req, &mut sub_state, ctx) {
+                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
             }
-            return count;
         }
     }
 

From c93ea30b3b5849edc3ac888a1bfec69f08b537c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 13 Jan 2024 16:03:38 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 091/705] improve use StringCursor replace index based position

---
 Cargo.toml         |   2 +-
 benches/benches.rs |  12 +-
 src/engine.rs      | 511 ++++++++++++++-------------------------------
 src/lib.rs         |   5 +
 src/string.rs      | 381 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tests/tests.rs     |  31 +--
 6 files changed, 562 insertions(+), 380 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/string.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b0ec8eab2d..e54f124ac0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.6.0"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"
diff --git a/benches/benches.rs b/benches/benches.rs
index f70138f920..e89adab0dd 100644
--- a/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/benches/benches.rs
@@ -3,24 +3,24 @@
 extern crate test;
 use test::Bencher;
 
-use sre_engine::engine;
+use sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
 
 struct Pattern {
     code: &'static [u32],
 }
 
 impl Pattern {
-    fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(&self, string: S) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State) {
+    fn state<'a, S: StrDrive>(&self, string: S) -> (Request<'a, S>, State) {
         self.state_range(string, 0..usize::MAX)
     }
 
-    fn state_range<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
+    fn state_range<'a, S: StrDrive>(
         &self,
         string: S,
         range: std::ops::Range<usize>,
-    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State) {
-        let req = engine::Request::new(string, range.start, range.end, self.code, false);
-        let state = engine::State::default();
+    ) -> (Request<'a, S>, State) {
+        let req = Request::new(string, range.start, range.end, self.code, false);
+        let state = State::default();
         (req, state)
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index ca44f4994a..97489633d8 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 // good luck to those that follow; here be dragons
 
-use super::constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreInfo, SreOpcode};
-use super::MAXREPEAT;
+use crate::string::{
+    is_digit, is_linebreak, is_loc_word, is_space, is_uni_digit, is_uni_linebreak, is_uni_space,
+    is_uni_word, is_word, lower_ascii, lower_locate, lower_unicode, upper_locate, upper_unicode,
+};
+
+use super::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreInfo, SreOpcode, StrDrive, StringCursor, MAXREPEAT};
 use optional::Optioned;
 use std::convert::TryFrom;
 
-const fn is_py_ascii_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
-    matches!(b, b'\t' | b'\n' | b'\x0C' | b'\r' | b' ' | b'\x0B')
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct Request<'a, S> {
     pub string: S,
@@ -117,25 +117,29 @@ impl Marks {
 pub struct State {
     pub start: usize,
     pub marks: Marks,
-    pub string_position: usize,
+    pub cursor: StringCursor,
     repeat_stack: Vec<RepeatContext>,
 }
 
 impl State {
-    pub fn reset(&mut self, start: usize) {
+    pub fn reset<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, start: usize) {
         self.marks.clear();
         self.repeat_stack.clear();
         self.start = start;
-        self.string_position = start;
+        if self.cursor.ptr.is_null() || self.cursor.position > self.start {
+            self.cursor = req.string.create_cursor(self.start);
+        } else if self.cursor.position < self.start {
+            let skip = self.start - self.cursor.position;
+            S::skip(&mut self.cursor, skip);
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn pymatch<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
         self.start = req.start;
-        self.string_position = req.start;
+        self.cursor = req.string.create_cursor(self.start);
 
         let ctx = MatchContext {
-            string_position: req.start,
-            string_offset: req.string.offset(0, req.start),
+            cursor: self.cursor,
             code_position: 0,
             toplevel: true,
             jump: Jump::OpCode,
@@ -147,7 +151,7 @@ impl State {
 
     pub fn search<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, mut req: Request<S>) -> bool {
         self.start = req.start;
-        self.string_position = req.start;
+        self.cursor = req.string.create_cursor(self.start);
 
         if req.start > req.end {
             return false;
@@ -155,11 +159,8 @@ impl State {
 
         let mut end = req.end;
 
-        let mut start_offset = req.string.offset(0, req.start);
-
         let mut ctx = MatchContext {
-            string_position: req.start,
-            string_offset: start_offset,
+            cursor: self.cursor,
             code_position: 0,
             toplevel: true,
             jump: Jump::OpCode,
@@ -183,9 +184,9 @@ impl State {
                 end -= min - 1;
 
                 // adjust ctx position
-                if end < ctx.string_position {
-                    ctx.string_position = end;
-                    ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, ctx.string_position);
+                if end < ctx.cursor.position {
+                    let skip = end - self.cursor.position;
+                    S::skip(&mut self.cursor, skip);
                 }
             }
 
@@ -214,7 +215,7 @@ impl State {
                 || ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreAtCode, _>(&req, 1).unwrap()
                     == SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING)
         {
-            self.reset(req.end);
+            self.reset(&req, req.end);
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -222,10 +223,8 @@ impl State {
         ctx.toplevel = false;
         while req.start < end {
             req.start += 1;
-            start_offset = req.string.offset(start_offset, 1);
-            self.reset(req.start);
-            ctx.string_position = req.start;
-            ctx.string_offset = start_offset;
+            self.reset(&req, req.start);
+            ctx.cursor = self.cursor;
 
             if _match(&req, self, ctx) {
                 return true;
@@ -248,13 +247,13 @@ impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Iterator for SearchIter<'a, S> {
             return None;
         }
 
-        self.state.reset(self.req.start);
+        self.state.reset(&self.req, self.req.start);
         if !self.state.search(self.req) {
             return None;
         }
 
-        self.req.must_advance = self.state.string_position == self.state.start;
-        self.req.start = self.state.string_position;
+        self.req.must_advance = self.state.cursor.position == self.state.start;
+        self.req.start = self.state.cursor.position;
 
         Some(())
     }
@@ -313,7 +312,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             state.marks.pop_discard();
                             break 'result false;
                         }
-                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                         let next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(branch_offset + 1, Jump::Branch2);
                         ctx.count += next_length;
                         break 'context next_ctx;
@@ -333,7 +332,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                     Jump::UntilBacktrace => {
                         if !popped_result {
                             state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id].count -= 1;
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                         }
                         break 'result popped_result;
                     }
@@ -349,7 +348,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
 
                         state.marks.pop();
                         repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
-                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
 
                         /* cannot match more repeated items here.  make sure the
                         tail matches */
@@ -359,7 +358,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                     }
                     Jump::MaxUntil3 => {
                         if !popped_result {
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                         }
                         break 'result popped_result;
                     }
@@ -369,20 +368,20 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                         }
                         ctx.repeat_ctx_id = ctx.count as usize;
                         let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                         state.marks.pop();
 
                         // match more until tail matches
                         if repeat_ctx.count as usize >= repeat_ctx.max_count
                             && repeat_ctx.max_count != MAXREPEAT
-                            || state.string_position == repeat_ctx.last_position
+                            || state.cursor.position == repeat_ctx.last_position
                         {
                             repeat_ctx.count -= 1;
                             break 'result false;
                         }
 
                         /* zero-width match protection */
-                        repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
+                        repeat_ctx.last_position = state.cursor.position;
 
                         break 'context ctx
                             .next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, Jump::UntilBacktrace);
@@ -394,17 +393,17 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             // Special case: Tail starts with a literal. Skip positions where
                             // the rest of the pattern cannot possibly match.
                             let c = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 2);
-                            while ctx.at_end(req) || ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
+                            while ctx.at_end(req) || ctx.peek_char::<S>() != c {
                                 if ctx.count <= min_count {
                                     state.marks.pop_discard();
                                     break 'result false;
                                 }
-                                ctx.back_skip_char(req, 1);
+                                ctx.back_advance_char::<S>();
                                 ctx.count -= 1;
                             }
                         }
 
-                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                         // General case: backtracking
                         break 'context ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, Jump::RepeatOne2);
                     }
@@ -419,7 +418,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             break 'result false;
                         }
 
-                        ctx.back_skip_char(req, 1);
+                        ctx.back_advance_char::<S>();
                         ctx.count -= 1;
 
                         state.marks.pop_keep();
@@ -429,7 +428,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                     Jump::MinRepeatOne1 => {
                         let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
                         if max_count == MAXREPEAT || ctx.count as usize <= max_count {
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             break 'context ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, Jump::MinRepeatOne2);
                         } else {
                             state.marks.pop_discard();
@@ -441,7 +440,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             break 'result true;
                         }
 
-                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
 
                         let mut count_ctx = ctx;
                         count_ctx.skip_code(4);
@@ -450,7 +449,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             break 'result false;
                         }
 
-                        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                         ctx.count += 1;
                         state.marks.pop_keep();
                         ctx.jump = Jump::MinRepeatOne1;
@@ -459,11 +458,10 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                     Jump::AtomicGroup1 => {
                         if popped_result {
                             ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-                            ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
-                            ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
+                            ctx.cursor = state.cursor;
                             // dispatch opcode
                         } else {
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             break 'result false;
                         }
                     }
@@ -473,7 +471,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             break 'context ctx.next_offset(4, Jump::PossessiveRepeat2);
                         }
                         // zero match protection
-                        ctx.string_position = usize::MAX;
+                        ctx.cursor.position = usize::MAX;
                         ctx.jump = Jump::PossessiveRepeat3;
                         continue 'context;
                     }
@@ -483,22 +481,20 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             ctx.jump = Jump::PossessiveRepeat1;
                             continue 'context;
                         } else {
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             break 'result false;
                         }
                     }
                     Jump::PossessiveRepeat3 => {
                         let max_count = ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize;
                         if ((ctx.count as usize) < max_count || max_count == MAXREPEAT)
-                            && ctx.string_position != state.string_position
+                            && ctx.cursor.position != state.cursor.position
                         {
                             state.marks.push();
-                            ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
-                            ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
+                            ctx.cursor = state.cursor;
                             break 'context ctx.next_offset(4, Jump::PossessiveRepeat4);
                         }
-                        ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
-                        ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
+                        ctx.cursor = state.cursor;
                         ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                         ctx.skip_code(1);
                     }
@@ -510,7 +506,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             continue 'context;
                         }
                         state.marks.pop();
-                        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                        state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                         ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                         ctx.skip_code(1);
                     }
@@ -520,21 +516,22 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                 loop {
                     macro_rules! general_op_literal {
                         ($f:expr) => {{
-                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !$f(ctx.peek_code(req, 1), ctx.peek_char(req)) {
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !$f(ctx.peek_code(req, 1), ctx.peek_char::<S>()) {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
                             ctx.skip_code(2);
-                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                            ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                         }};
                     }
 
                     macro_rules! general_op_in {
                         ($f:expr) => {{
-                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !$f(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char(req)) {
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !$f(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char::<S>())
+                            {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
                             ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
-                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                            ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                         }};
                     }
 
@@ -552,19 +549,18 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             };
 
                             let mut gctx = MatchContext {
-                                string_position: group_start,
-                                string_offset: req.string.offset(0, group_start),
+                                cursor: req.string.create_cursor(group_start),
                                 ..ctx
                             };
 
                             for _ in group_start..group_end {
                                 if ctx.at_end(req)
-                                    || $f(ctx.peek_char(req)) != $f(gctx.peek_char(req))
+                                    || $f(ctx.peek_char::<S>()) != $f(gctx.peek_char::<S>())
                                 {
                                     break 'result false;
                                 }
-                                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-                                gctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                                ctx.advance_char::<S>();
+                                gctx.advance_char::<S>();
                             }
 
                             ctx.skip_code(2);
@@ -581,7 +577,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                         SreOpcode::FAILURE => break 'result false,
                         SreOpcode::SUCCESS => {
                             if ctx.can_success(req) {
-                                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                                state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                                 break 'result true;
                             }
                             break 'result false;
@@ -591,32 +587,32 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
                             ctx.skip_code(1);
-                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                            ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                         }
                         SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
                             if ctx.at_end(req) {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
                             ctx.skip_code(1);
-                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                            ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                         }
                         /* <ASSERT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
                         SreOpcode::ASSERT => {
                             let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
-                            if ctx.string_position < back {
+                            if ctx.cursor.position < back {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
 
                             let mut next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(3, Jump::Assert1);
                             next_ctx.toplevel = false;
-                            next_ctx.back_skip_char(req, back);
-                            state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
+                            next_ctx.back_skip_char::<S>(back);
+                            state.cursor = next_ctx.cursor;
                             break 'context next_ctx;
                         }
                         /* <ASSERT_NOT> <skip> <back> <pattern> */
                         SreOpcode::ASSERT_NOT => {
                             let back = ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize;
-                            if ctx.string_position < back {
+                            if ctx.cursor.position < back {
                                 ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                                 continue;
                             }
@@ -624,8 +620,8 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
 
                             let mut next_ctx = ctx.next_offset(3, Jump::AssertNot1);
                             next_ctx.toplevel = false;
-                            next_ctx.back_skip_char(req, back);
-                            state.string_position = next_ctx.string_position;
+                            next_ctx.back_skip_char::<S>(back);
+                            state.cursor = next_ctx.cursor;
                             break 'context next_ctx;
                         }
                         SreOpcode::AT => {
@@ -645,11 +641,11 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                         }
                         SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
                             let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
-                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !category(catcode, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !category(catcode, ctx.peek_char::<S>()) {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
                             ctx.skip_code(2);
-                            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                            ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                         }
                         SreOpcode::IN => general_op_in!(charset),
                         SreOpcode::IN_IGNORE => {
@@ -662,7 +658,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                         SreOpcode::MARK => {
                             state
                                 .marks
-                                .set(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize, ctx.string_position);
+                                .set(ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize, ctx.cursor.position);
                             ctx.skip_code(2);
                         }
                         SreOpcode::INFO | SreOpcode::JUMP => ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1),
@@ -678,14 +674,14 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             };
                             state.repeat_stack.push(repeat_ctx);
                             let repeat_ctx_id = state.repeat_stack.len() - 1;
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             let mut next_ctx = ctx.next_peek_from(1, req, Jump::Repeat1);
                             next_ctx.repeat_ctx_id = repeat_ctx_id;
                             break 'context next_ctx;
                         }
                         SreOpcode::MAX_UNTIL => {
                             let repeat_ctx = &mut state.repeat_stack[ctx.repeat_ctx_id];
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             repeat_ctx.count += 1;
 
                             if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
@@ -696,13 +692,13 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
 
                             if ((repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.max_count
                                 || repeat_ctx.max_count == MAXREPEAT)
-                                && state.string_position != repeat_ctx.last_position
+                                && state.cursor.position != repeat_ctx.last_position
                             {
                                 /* we may have enough matches, but if we can
                                 match another item, do so */
                                 state.marks.push();
                                 ctx.count = repeat_ctx.last_position as isize;
-                                repeat_ctx.last_position = state.string_position;
+                                repeat_ctx.last_position = state.cursor.position;
 
                                 break 'context ctx
                                     .next_at(repeat_ctx.code_position + 4, Jump::MaxUntil2);
@@ -716,7 +712,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                         }
                         SreOpcode::MIN_UNTIL => {
                             let repeat_ctx = state.repeat_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             repeat_ctx.count += 1;
 
                             if (repeat_ctx.count as usize) < repeat_ctx.min_count {
@@ -740,12 +736,12 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
 
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
 
                             let mut next_ctx = ctx;
                             next_ctx.skip_code(4);
                             let count = _count(req, state, next_ctx, max_count);
-                            ctx.skip_char(req, count);
+                            ctx.skip_char::<S>(count);
                             if count < min_count {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
@@ -753,7 +749,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
                             if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(req) {
                                 // tail is empty. we're finished
-                                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                                state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                                 break 'result true;
                             }
 
@@ -769,7 +765,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
 
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             ctx.count = if min_count == 0 {
                                 0
                             } else {
@@ -779,14 +775,14 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                                 if count < min_count {
                                     break 'result false;
                                 }
-                                ctx.skip_char(req, count);
+                                ctx.skip_char::<S>(count);
                                 count as isize
                             };
 
                             let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
                             if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(req) {
                                 // tail is empty. we're finished
-                                state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                                state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                                 break 'result true;
                             }
 
@@ -830,13 +826,13 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                         }
                         /* <ATOMIC_GROUP> <skip> pattern <SUCCESS> tail */
                         SreOpcode::ATOMIC_GROUP => {
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             break 'context ctx.next_offset(2, Jump::AtomicGroup1);
                         }
                         /* <POSSESSIVE_REPEAT> <skip> <1=min> <2=max> pattern
                         <SUCCESS> tail */
                         SreOpcode::POSSESSIVE_REPEAT => {
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             ctx.count = 0;
                             ctx.jump = Jump::PossessiveRepeat1;
                             continue 'context;
@@ -849,14 +845,14 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             if ctx.remaining_chars(req) < min_count {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
-                            state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+                            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             let mut count_ctx = ctx;
                             count_ctx.skip_code(4);
                             let count = _count(req, state, count_ctx, max_count);
                             if count < min_count {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
-                            ctx.skip_char(req, count);
+                            ctx.skip_char::<S>(count);
                             ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                         }
                         SreOpcode::CHARSET
@@ -907,16 +903,17 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
 
         while !ctx.at_end(req) {
             // find the next matched literal
-            while ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
-                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+            while ctx.peek_char::<S>() != c {
+                ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                 if ctx.at_end(req) {
                     return false;
                 }
             }
 
-            req.start = ctx.string_position;
-            state.start = ctx.string_position;
-            state.string_position = ctx.string_position + skip;
+            req.start = ctx.cursor.position;
+            state.start = req.start;
+            state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
+            S::skip(&mut state.cursor, skip);
 
             // literal only
             if LITERAL {
@@ -924,44 +921,46 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
             }
 
             let mut next_ctx = ctx;
-            next_ctx.skip_char(req, skip);
+            next_ctx.skip_char::<S>(skip);
 
             if _match(req, state, next_ctx) {
                 return true;
             }
 
-            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+            ctx.advance_char::<S>();
             state.marks.clear();
         }
     } else {
         while !ctx.at_end(req) {
             let c = prefix[0];
-            while ctx.peek_char(req) != c {
-                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+            while ctx.peek_char::<S>() != c {
+                ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                 if ctx.at_end(req) {
                     return false;
                 }
             }
-            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+            ctx.advance_char::<S>();
             if ctx.at_end(req) {
                 return false;
             }
 
             let mut i = 1;
             loop {
-                if ctx.peek_char(req) == prefix[i] {
+                if ctx.peek_char::<S>() == prefix[i] {
                     i += 1;
                     if i != len {
-                        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                         if ctx.at_end(req) {
                             return false;
                         }
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    req.start = ctx.string_position - (len - 1);
-                    state.start = req.start;
-                    state.string_position = state.start + skip;
+                    req.start = ctx.cursor.position - (len - 1);
+                    state.reset(req, req.start);
+                    S::skip(&mut state.cursor, skip);
+                    // state.start = req.start;
+                    // state.cursor = req.string.create_cursor(req.start + skip);
 
                     // literal only
                     if LITERAL {
@@ -970,17 +969,16 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
 
                     let mut next_ctx = ctx;
                     if skip != 0 {
-                        next_ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                        next_ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                     } else {
-                        next_ctx.string_position = state.string_position;
-                        next_ctx.string_offset = req.string.offset(0, state.string_position);
+                        next_ctx.cursor = state.cursor;
                     }
 
                     if _match(req, state, next_ctx) {
                         return true;
                     }
 
-                    ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+                    ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                     if ctx.at_end(req) {
                         return false;
                     }
@@ -1009,22 +1007,22 @@ fn search_info_charset<S: StrDrive>(
     req.must_advance = false;
 
     loop {
-        while !ctx.at_end(req) && !charset(set, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
-            ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+        while !ctx.at_end(req) && !charset(set, ctx.peek_char::<S>()) {
+            ctx.advance_char::<S>();
         }
         if ctx.at_end(req) {
             return false;
         }
 
-        req.start = ctx.string_position;
-        state.start = ctx.string_position;
-        state.string_position = ctx.string_position;
+        req.start = ctx.cursor.position;
+        state.start = ctx.cursor.position;
+        state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
 
         if _match(req, state, ctx) {
             return true;
         }
 
-        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+        ctx.advance_char::<S>();
         state.marks.clear();
     }
 }
@@ -1039,85 +1037,9 @@ struct RepeatContext {
     prev_id: usize,
 }
 
-pub trait StrDrive: Copy {
-    fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize;
-    fn count(&self) -> usize;
-    fn peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32;
-    fn back_peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32;
-    fn back_offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize;
-}
-
-impl StrDrive for &str {
-    fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
-        self.get(offset..)
-            .and_then(|s| s.char_indices().nth(skip).map(|x| x.0 + offset))
-            .unwrap_or(self.len())
-    }
-
-    fn count(&self) -> usize {
-        self.chars().count()
-    }
-
-    fn peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32 {
-        unsafe { self.get_unchecked(offset..) }
-            .chars()
-            .next()
-            .unwrap() as u32
-    }
-
-    fn back_peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32 {
-        let bytes = self.as_bytes();
-        let back_offset = utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes, offset);
-        match offset - back_offset {
-            1 => u32::from_be_bytes([0, 0, 0, bytes[offset - 1]]),
-            2 => u32::from_be_bytes([0, 0, bytes[offset - 2], bytes[offset - 1]]),
-            3 => u32::from_be_bytes([0, bytes[offset - 3], bytes[offset - 2], bytes[offset - 1]]),
-            4 => u32::from_be_bytes([
-                bytes[offset - 4],
-                bytes[offset - 3],
-                bytes[offset - 2],
-                bytes[offset - 1],
-            ]),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn back_offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
-        let bytes = self.as_bytes();
-        let mut back_offset = offset;
-        for _ in 0..skip {
-            back_offset = utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes, back_offset);
-        }
-        back_offset
-    }
-}
-
-impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a [u8] {
-    fn offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
-        offset + skip
-    }
-
-    fn count(&self) -> usize {
-        self.len()
-    }
-
-    fn peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32 {
-        self[offset] as u32
-    }
-
-    fn back_peek(&self, offset: usize) -> u32 {
-        self[offset - 1] as u32
-    }
-
-    fn back_offset(&self, offset: usize, skip: usize) -> usize {
-        offset - skip
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 struct MatchContext {
-    string_position: usize,
-    string_offset: usize,
+    cursor: StringCursor,
     code_position: usize,
     toplevel: bool,
     jump: Jump,
@@ -1135,25 +1057,31 @@ impl MatchContext {
     }
 
     fn remaining_chars<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> usize {
-        req.end - self.string_position
+        req.end - self.cursor.position
+    }
+
+    fn peek_char<S: StrDrive>(&self) -> u32 {
+        S::peek(&self.cursor)
+    }
+
+    fn skip_char<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, skip: usize) {
+        S::skip(&mut self.cursor, skip);
     }
 
-    fn peek_char<S: StrDrive>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> u32 {
-        req.string.peek(self.string_offset)
+    fn advance_char<S: StrDrive>(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        S::advance(&mut self.cursor)
     }
 
-    fn skip_char<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, skip: usize) {
-        self.string_position += skip;
-        self.string_offset = req.string.offset(self.string_offset, skip);
+    fn back_peek_char<S: StrDrive>(&self) -> u32 {
+        S::back_peek(&self.cursor)
     }
 
-    fn back_peek_char<S: StrDrive>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> u32 {
-        req.string.back_peek(self.string_offset)
+    fn back_skip_char<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, skip: usize) {
+        S::back_skip(&mut self.cursor, skip);
     }
 
-    fn back_skip_char<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, skip: usize) {
-        self.string_position -= skip;
-        self.string_offset = req.string.back_offset(self.string_offset, skip);
+    fn back_advance_char<S: StrDrive>(&mut self) -> u32 {
+        S::back_advance(&mut self.cursor)
     }
 
     fn peek_code<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
@@ -1177,15 +1105,15 @@ impl MatchContext {
 
     fn at_beginning(&self) -> bool {
         // self.ctx().string_position == self.state().start
-        self.string_position == 0
+        self.cursor.position == 0
     }
 
     fn at_end<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
-        self.string_position == req.end
+        self.cursor.position == req.end
     }
 
     fn at_linebreak<S: StrDrive>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
-        !self.at_end(req) && is_linebreak(self.peek_char(req))
+        !self.at_end(req) && is_linebreak(self.peek_char::<S>())
     }
 
     fn at_boundary<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
@@ -1196,8 +1124,8 @@ impl MatchContext {
         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(req) {
             return false;
         }
-        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char(req));
-        let this = !self.at_end(req) && word_checker(self.peek_char(req));
+        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char::<S>());
+        let this = !self.at_end(req) && word_checker(self.peek_char::<S>());
         this != that
     }
 
@@ -1209,8 +1137,8 @@ impl MatchContext {
         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(req) {
             return false;
         }
-        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char(req));
-        let this = !self.at_end(req) && word_checker(self.peek_char(req));
+        let that = !self.at_beginning() && word_checker(self.back_peek_char::<S>());
+        let this = !self.at_end(req) && word_checker(self.peek_char::<S>());
         this == that
     }
 
@@ -1221,7 +1149,7 @@ impl MatchContext {
         if req.match_all && !self.at_end(req) {
             return false;
         }
-        if req.must_advance && self.string_position == req.start {
+        if req.must_advance && self.cursor.position == req.start {
             return false;
         }
         true
@@ -1252,7 +1180,7 @@ impl MatchContext {
 fn at<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, ctx: &MatchContext, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
     match atcode {
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => ctx.at_beginning(),
-        SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => ctx.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(ctx.back_peek_char(req)),
+        SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => ctx.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(ctx.back_peek_char::<S>()),
         SreAtCode::BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(req, is_word),
         SreAtCode::NON_BOUNDARY => ctx.at_non_boundary(req, is_word),
         SreAtCode::END => {
@@ -1403,21 +1331,22 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
     max_count: usize,
 ) -> usize {
     let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, ctx.remaining_chars(req));
-    let end = ctx.string_position + max_count;
+    let end = ctx.cursor.position + max_count;
     let opcode = SreOpcode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 0)).unwrap();
 
     match opcode {
         SreOpcode::ANY => {
-            while ctx.string_position < end && !ctx.at_linebreak(req) {
-                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+            while ctx.cursor.position < end && !ctx.at_linebreak(req) {
+                ctx.advance_char::<S>();
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::ANY_ALL => {
-            ctx.skip_char(req, max_count);
+            ctx.skip_char::<S>(max_count);
         }
         SreOpcode::IN => {
-            while ctx.string_position < end && charset(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char(req)) {
-                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+            while ctx.cursor.position < end && charset(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char::<S>())
+            {
+                ctx.advance_char::<S>();
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
@@ -1457,14 +1386,14 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
                 ..*state
             };
 
-            while ctx.string_position < end && _match(req, &mut sub_state, ctx) {
-                ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
+            while ctx.cursor.position < end && _match(req, &mut sub_state, ctx) {
+                ctx.advance_char::<S>();
             }
         }
     }
 
     // TODO: return offset
-    ctx.string_position - state.string_position
+    ctx.cursor.position - state.cursor.position
 }
 
 fn general_count_literal<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
@@ -1474,145 +1403,7 @@ fn general_count_literal<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
     mut f: F,
 ) {
     let ch = ctx.peek_code(req, 1);
-    while ctx.string_position < end && f(ch, ctx.peek_char(req)) {
-        ctx.skip_char(req, 1);
-    }
-}
-
-fn is_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    ch == '_' as u32
-        || u8::try_from(ch)
-            .map(|x| x.is_ascii_alphanumeric())
-            .unwrap_or(false)
-}
-fn is_space(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    u8::try_from(ch)
-        .map(is_py_ascii_whitespace)
-        .unwrap_or(false)
-}
-fn is_digit(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    u8::try_from(ch)
-        .map(|x| x.is_ascii_digit())
-        .unwrap_or(false)
-}
-fn is_loc_alnum(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    // FIXME: Ignore the locales
-    u8::try_from(ch)
-        .map(|x| x.is_ascii_alphanumeric())
-        .unwrap_or(false)
-}
-fn is_loc_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    ch == '_' as u32 || is_loc_alnum(ch)
-}
-fn is_linebreak(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    ch == '\n' as u32
-}
-pub fn lower_ascii(ch: u32) -> u32 {
-    u8::try_from(ch)
-        .map(|x| x.to_ascii_lowercase() as u32)
-        .unwrap_or(ch)
-}
-fn lower_locate(ch: u32) -> u32 {
-    // FIXME: Ignore the locales
-    lower_ascii(ch)
-}
-fn upper_locate(ch: u32) -> u32 {
-    // FIXME: Ignore the locales
-    u8::try_from(ch)
-        .map(|x| x.to_ascii_uppercase() as u32)
-        .unwrap_or(ch)
-}
-fn is_uni_digit(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    // TODO: check with cpython
-    char::try_from(ch)
-        .map(|x| x.is_ascii_digit())
-        .unwrap_or(false)
-}
-fn is_uni_space(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    // TODO: check with cpython
-    is_space(ch)
-        || matches!(
-            ch,
-            0x0009
-                | 0x000A
-                | 0x000B
-                | 0x000C
-                | 0x000D
-                | 0x001C
-                | 0x001D
-                | 0x001E
-                | 0x001F
-                | 0x0020
-                | 0x0085
-                | 0x00A0
-                | 0x1680
-                | 0x2000
-                | 0x2001
-                | 0x2002
-                | 0x2003
-                | 0x2004
-                | 0x2005
-                | 0x2006
-                | 0x2007
-                | 0x2008
-                | 0x2009
-                | 0x200A
-                | 0x2028
-                | 0x2029
-                | 0x202F
-                | 0x205F
-                | 0x3000
-        )
-}
-fn is_uni_linebreak(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    matches!(
-        ch,
-        0x000A | 0x000B | 0x000C | 0x000D | 0x001C | 0x001D | 0x001E | 0x0085 | 0x2028 | 0x2029
-    )
-}
-fn is_uni_alnum(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    // TODO: check with cpython
-    char::try_from(ch)
-        .map(|x| x.is_alphanumeric())
-        .unwrap_or(false)
-}
-fn is_uni_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
-    ch == '_' as u32 || is_uni_alnum(ch)
-}
-pub fn lower_unicode(ch: u32) -> u32 {
-    // TODO: check with cpython
-    char::try_from(ch)
-        .map(|x| x.to_lowercase().next().unwrap() as u32)
-        .unwrap_or(ch)
-}
-pub fn upper_unicode(ch: u32) -> u32 {
-    // TODO: check with cpython
-    char::try_from(ch)
-        .map(|x| x.to_uppercase().next().unwrap() as u32)
-        .unwrap_or(ch)
-}
-
-fn is_utf8_first_byte(b: u8) -> bool {
-    // In UTF-8, there are three kinds of byte...
-    // 0xxxxxxx : ASCII
-    // 10xxxxxx : 2nd, 3rd or 4th byte of code
-    // 11xxxxxx : 1st byte of multibyte code
-    (b & 0b10000000 == 0) || (b & 0b11000000 == 0b11000000)
-}
-
-fn utf8_back_peek_offset(bytes: &[u8], offset: usize) -> usize {
-    let mut offset = offset - 1;
-    if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
-        offset -= 1;
-        if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
-            offset -= 1;
-            if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
-                offset -= 1;
-                if !is_utf8_first_byte(bytes[offset]) {
-                    panic!("not utf-8 code point");
-                }
-            }
-        }
+    while ctx.cursor.position < end && f(ch, ctx.peek_char::<S>()) {
+        ctx.advance_char::<S>();
     }
-    offset
 }
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index c23e807501..fd9f367dc6 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 pub mod constants;
 pub mod engine;
+pub mod string;
+
+pub use constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreInfo, SreOpcode, SRE_MAGIC};
+pub use engine::{Request, SearchIter, State};
+pub use string::{StrDrive, StringCursor};
 
 pub const CODESIZE: usize = 4;
 
diff --git a/src/string.rs b/src/string.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..464901af83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/string.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct StringCursor {
+    pub(crate) ptr: *const u8,
+    pub position: usize,
+}
+
+impl Default for StringCursor {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            ptr: std::ptr::null(),
+            position: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait StrDrive: Copy {
+    fn count(&self) -> usize;
+    fn create_cursor(&self, n: usize) -> StringCursor;
+    fn advance(cursor: &mut StringCursor) -> u32;
+    fn peek(cursor: &StringCursor) -> u32;
+    fn skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize);
+    fn back_advance(cursor: &mut StringCursor) -> u32;
+    fn back_peek(cursor: &StringCursor) -> u32;
+    fn back_skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize);
+}
+
+impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a [u8] {
+    #[inline]
+    fn count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn create_cursor(&self, n: usize) -> StringCursor {
+        StringCursor {
+            ptr: self[n..].as_ptr(),
+            position: n,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn advance(cursor: &mut StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        cursor.position += 1;
+        unsafe { cursor.ptr = cursor.ptr.add(1) };
+        unsafe { *cursor.ptr as u32 }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn peek(cursor: &StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        unsafe { *cursor.ptr as u32 }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize) {
+        cursor.position += n;
+        unsafe { cursor.ptr = cursor.ptr.add(n) };
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn back_advance(cursor: &mut StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        cursor.position -= 1;
+        unsafe { cursor.ptr = cursor.ptr.sub(1) };
+        unsafe { *cursor.ptr as u32 }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn back_peek(cursor: &StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        unsafe { *cursor.ptr.offset(-1) as u32 }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn back_skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize) {
+        cursor.position -= n;
+        unsafe { cursor.ptr = cursor.ptr.sub(n) };
+    }
+}
+
+impl StrDrive for &str {
+    #[inline]
+    fn count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.chars().count()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn create_cursor(&self, n: usize) -> StringCursor {
+        let mut ptr = self.as_ptr();
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            unsafe { next_code_point(&mut ptr) };
+        }
+        StringCursor { ptr, position: n }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn advance(cursor: &mut StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        cursor.position += 1;
+        unsafe { next_code_point(&mut cursor.ptr) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn peek(cursor: &StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        let mut ptr = cursor.ptr;
+        unsafe { next_code_point(&mut ptr) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize) {
+        cursor.position += n;
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            unsafe { next_code_point(&mut cursor.ptr) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn back_advance(cursor: &mut StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        cursor.position -= 1;
+        unsafe { next_code_point_reverse(&mut cursor.ptr) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn back_peek(cursor: &StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        let mut ptr = cursor.ptr;
+        unsafe { next_code_point_reverse(&mut ptr) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn back_skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize) {
+        cursor.position -= n;
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            unsafe { next_code_point_reverse(&mut cursor.ptr) };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Reads the next code point out of a byte iterator (assuming a
+/// UTF-8-like encoding).
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `bytes` must produce a valid UTF-8-like (UTF-8 or WTF-8) string
+#[inline]
+unsafe fn next_code_point(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
+    // Decode UTF-8
+    let x = **ptr;
+    *ptr = ptr.offset(1);
+
+    if x < 128 {
+        return x as u32;
+    }
+
+    // Multibyte case follows
+    // Decode from a byte combination out of: [[[x y] z] w]
+    // NOTE: Performance is sensitive to the exact formulation here
+    let init = utf8_first_byte(x, 2);
+    // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+    // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+    let y = **ptr;
+    *ptr = ptr.offset(1);
+    let mut ch = utf8_acc_cont_byte(init, y);
+    if x >= 0xE0 {
+        // [[x y z] w] case
+        // 5th bit in 0xE0 .. 0xEF is always clear, so `init` is still valid
+        // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+        // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+        let z = **ptr;
+        *ptr = ptr.offset(1);
+        let y_z = utf8_acc_cont_byte((y & CONT_MASK) as u32, z);
+        ch = init << 12 | y_z;
+        if x >= 0xF0 {
+            // [x y z w] case
+            // use only the lower 3 bits of `init`
+            // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+            // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+            let w = **ptr;
+            *ptr = ptr.offset(1);
+            ch = (init & 7) << 18 | utf8_acc_cont_byte(y_z, w);
+        }
+    }
+
+    ch
+}
+
+/// Reads the last code point out of a byte iterator (assuming a
+/// UTF-8-like encoding).
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `bytes` must produce a valid UTF-8-like (UTF-8 or WTF-8) string
+#[inline]
+unsafe fn next_code_point_reverse(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
+    // Decode UTF-8
+    *ptr = ptr.offset(-1);
+    let w = match **ptr {
+        next_byte if next_byte < 128 => return next_byte as u32,
+        back_byte => back_byte,
+    };
+
+    // Multibyte case follows
+    // Decode from a byte combination out of: [x [y [z w]]]
+    let mut ch;
+    // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+    // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+    *ptr = ptr.offset(-1);
+    let z = **ptr;
+    ch = utf8_first_byte(z, 2);
+    if utf8_is_cont_byte(z) {
+        // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+        // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+        *ptr = ptr.offset(-1);
+        let y = **ptr;
+        ch = utf8_first_byte(y, 3);
+        if utf8_is_cont_byte(y) {
+            // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+            // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+            *ptr = ptr.offset(-1);
+            let x = **ptr;
+            ch = utf8_first_byte(x, 4);
+            ch = utf8_acc_cont_byte(ch, y);
+        }
+        ch = utf8_acc_cont_byte(ch, z);
+    }
+    ch = utf8_acc_cont_byte(ch, w);
+
+    ch
+}
+
+/// Returns the initial codepoint accumulator for the first byte.
+/// The first byte is special, only want bottom 5 bits for width 2, 4 bits
+/// for width 3, and 3 bits for width 4.
+#[inline]
+const fn utf8_first_byte(byte: u8, width: u32) -> u32 {
+    (byte & (0x7F >> width)) as u32
+}
+
+/// Returns the value of `ch` updated with continuation byte `byte`.
+#[inline]
+const fn utf8_acc_cont_byte(ch: u32, byte: u8) -> u32 {
+    (ch << 6) | (byte & CONT_MASK) as u32
+}
+
+/// Checks whether the byte is a UTF-8 continuation byte (i.e., starts with the
+/// bits `10`).
+#[inline]
+const fn utf8_is_cont_byte(byte: u8) -> bool {
+    (byte as i8) < -64
+}
+
+/// Mask of the value bits of a continuation byte.
+const CONT_MASK: u8 = 0b0011_1111;
+
+const fn is_py_ascii_whitespace(b: u8) -> bool {
+    matches!(b, b'\t' | b'\n' | b'\x0C' | b'\r' | b' ' | b'\x0B')
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    ch == '_' as u32
+        || u8::try_from(ch)
+            .map(|x| x.is_ascii_alphanumeric())
+            .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_space(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    u8::try_from(ch)
+        .map(is_py_ascii_whitespace)
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_digit(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    u8::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.is_ascii_digit())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_loc_alnum(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    // FIXME: Ignore the locales
+    u8::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.is_ascii_alphanumeric())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_loc_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    ch == '_' as u32 || is_loc_alnum(ch)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_linebreak(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    ch == '\n' as u32
+}
+#[inline]
+pub fn lower_ascii(ch: u32) -> u32 {
+    u8::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.to_ascii_lowercase() as u32)
+        .unwrap_or(ch)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn lower_locate(ch: u32) -> u32 {
+    // FIXME: Ignore the locales
+    lower_ascii(ch)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn upper_locate(ch: u32) -> u32 {
+    // FIXME: Ignore the locales
+    u8::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.to_ascii_uppercase() as u32)
+        .unwrap_or(ch)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_uni_digit(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    char::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.is_ascii_digit())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_uni_space(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    is_space(ch)
+        || matches!(
+            ch,
+            0x0009
+                | 0x000A
+                | 0x000B
+                | 0x000C
+                | 0x000D
+                | 0x001C
+                | 0x001D
+                | 0x001E
+                | 0x001F
+                | 0x0020
+                | 0x0085
+                | 0x00A0
+                | 0x1680
+                | 0x2000
+                | 0x2001
+                | 0x2002
+                | 0x2003
+                | 0x2004
+                | 0x2005
+                | 0x2006
+                | 0x2007
+                | 0x2008
+                | 0x2009
+                | 0x200A
+                | 0x2028
+                | 0x2029
+                | 0x202F
+                | 0x205F
+                | 0x3000
+        )
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_uni_linebreak(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    matches!(
+        ch,
+        0x000A | 0x000B | 0x000C | 0x000D | 0x001C | 0x001D | 0x001E | 0x0085 | 0x2028 | 0x2029
+    )
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_uni_alnum(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    char::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.is_alphanumeric())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub(crate) fn is_uni_word(ch: u32) -> bool {
+    ch == '_' as u32 || is_uni_alnum(ch)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub fn lower_unicode(ch: u32) -> u32 {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    char::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.to_lowercase().next().unwrap() as u32)
+        .unwrap_or(ch)
+}
+#[inline]
+pub fn upper_unicode(ch: u32) -> u32 {
+    // TODO: check with cpython
+    char::try_from(ch)
+        .map(|x| x.to_uppercase().next().unwrap() as u32)
+        .unwrap_or(ch)
+}
diff --git a/tests/tests.rs b/tests/tests.rs
index efeb2d2838..f589c62e6e 100644
--- a/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/tests/tests.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,13 @@
-use sre_engine::engine;
+use sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
 
 struct Pattern {
     code: &'static [u32],
 }
 
 impl Pattern {
-    fn state<'a, S: engine::StrDrive>(
-        &self,
-        string: S,
-    ) -> (engine::Request<'a, S>, engine::State) {
-        let req = engine::Request::new(string, 0, usize::MAX, self.code, false);
-        let state = engine::State::default();
+    fn state<'a, S: StrDrive>(&self, string: S) -> (Request<'a, S>, State) {
+        let req = Request::new(string, 0, usize::MAX, self.code, false);
+        let state = State::default();
         (req, state)
     }
 }
@@ -54,7 +51,7 @@ fn test_zerowidth() {
     let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("a:");
     req.must_advance = true;
     assert!(state.search(req));
-    assert_eq!(state.string_position, 1);
+    assert_eq!(state.cursor.position, 1);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -66,7 +63,10 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("axxzaz");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
-    assert_eq!(*state.marks.raw(), vec![Optioned::some(1), Optioned::some(3)]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        *state.marks.raw(),
+        vec![Optioned::some(1), Optioned::some(3)]
+    );
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ fn test_double_max_until() {
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("1111");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
-    assert_eq!(state.string_position, 4);
+    assert_eq!(state.cursor.position, 4);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ fn test_info_single() {
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("baaaa");
     assert!(state.search(req));
     assert_eq!(state.start, 1);
-    assert_eq!(state.string_position, 5);
+    assert_eq!(state.cursor.position, 5);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ fn test_bug_20998() {
     let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("ABC");
     req.match_all = true;
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
-    assert_eq!(state.string_position, 3);
+    assert_eq!(state.cursor.position, 3);
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -172,5 +172,10 @@ fn test_bigcharset() {
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("x ");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
-    assert_eq!(state.string_position, 1);
+    assert_eq!(state.cursor.position, 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_search_nonascii() {
+    // pattern p = re.compile('\xe0+')
 }

From 10e51ba68909e9f09860c4a5d727c00a74cb0d7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Jan 2024 10:03:01 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 092/705] improve: use adjust_cursor reduce double calc

---
 src/engine.rs | 17 +++++++----------
 src/string.rs | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index 97489633d8..a854f8d898 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::string::{
 
 use super::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreInfo, SreOpcode, StrDrive, StringCursor, MAXREPEAT};
 use optional::Optioned;
-use std::convert::TryFrom;
+use std::{convert::TryFrom, ptr::null};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct Request<'a, S> {
@@ -126,17 +126,12 @@ impl State {
         self.marks.clear();
         self.repeat_stack.clear();
         self.start = start;
-        if self.cursor.ptr.is_null() || self.cursor.position > self.start {
-            self.cursor = req.string.create_cursor(self.start);
-        } else if self.cursor.position < self.start {
-            let skip = self.start - self.cursor.position;
-            S::skip(&mut self.cursor, skip);
-        }
+        req.string.adjust_cursor(&mut self.cursor, start);
     }
 
     pub fn pymatch<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
         self.start = req.start;
-        self.cursor = req.string.create_cursor(self.start);
+        req.string.adjust_cursor(&mut self.cursor, self.start);
 
         let ctx = MatchContext {
             cursor: self.cursor,
@@ -151,7 +146,7 @@ impl State {
 
     pub fn search<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, mut req: Request<S>) -> bool {
         self.start = req.start;
-        self.cursor = req.string.create_cursor(self.start);
+        req.string.adjust_cursor(&mut self.cursor, self.start);
 
         if req.start > req.end {
             return false;
@@ -215,7 +210,9 @@ impl State {
                 || ctx.try_peek_code_as::<SreAtCode, _>(&req, 1).unwrap()
                     == SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING)
         {
-            self.reset(&req, req.end);
+            self.cursor.position = req.end;
+            self.cursor.ptr = null();
+            // self.reset(&req, req.end);
             return false;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/string.rs b/src/string.rs
index 464901af83..1340c37423 100644
--- a/src/string.rs
+++ b/src/string.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ impl Default for StringCursor {
 pub trait StrDrive: Copy {
     fn count(&self) -> usize;
     fn create_cursor(&self, n: usize) -> StringCursor;
+    fn adjust_cursor(&self, cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize);
     fn advance(cursor: &mut StringCursor) -> u32;
     fn peek(cursor: &StringCursor) -> u32;
     fn skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize);
@@ -38,6 +39,12 @@ impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a [u8] {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    fn adjust_cursor(&self, cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize) {
+        cursor.position = n;
+        cursor.ptr = self[n..].as_ptr();
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     fn advance(cursor: &mut StringCursor) -> u32 {
         cursor.position += 1;
@@ -83,11 +90,21 @@ impl StrDrive for &str {
 
     #[inline]
     fn create_cursor(&self, n: usize) -> StringCursor {
-        let mut ptr = self.as_ptr();
-        for _ in 0..n {
-            unsafe { next_code_point(&mut ptr) };
+        let mut cursor = StringCursor {
+            ptr: self.as_ptr(),
+            position: 0,
+        };
+        Self::skip(&mut cursor, n);
+        cursor
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn adjust_cursor(&self, cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize) {
+        if cursor.ptr.is_null() || cursor.position > n {
+            *cursor = Self::create_cursor(&self, n);
+        } else if cursor.position < n {
+            Self::skip(cursor, n - cursor.position);
         }
-        StringCursor { ptr, position: n }
     }
 
     #[inline]

From 21fc2059b70ebd5bf4a7c524c40e7d4347e065dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Jan 2024 16:02:05 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 093/705] improve: fix double count on _count

---
 src/engine.rs | 38 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/engine.rs b/src/engine.rs
index a854f8d898..34f00234e5 100644
--- a/src/engine.rs
+++ b/src/engine.rs
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
 
                         let mut count_ctx = ctx;
                         count_ctx.skip_code(4);
-                        if _count(req, state, count_ctx, 1) == 0 {
+                        if _count(req, state, &mut count_ctx, 1) == 0 {
                             state.marks.pop_discard();
                             break 'result false;
                         }
@@ -735,13 +735,13 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
 
                             state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
 
-                            let mut next_ctx = ctx;
-                            next_ctx.skip_code(4);
-                            let count = _count(req, state, next_ctx, max_count);
-                            ctx.skip_char::<S>(count);
+                            let mut count_ctx = ctx;
+                            count_ctx.skip_code(4);
+                            let count = _count(req, state, &mut count_ctx, max_count);
                             if count < min_count {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
+                            ctx.cursor = count_ctx.cursor;
 
                             let next_code = ctx.peek_code(req, ctx.peek_code(req, 1) as usize + 1);
                             if next_code == SreOpcode::SUCCESS as u32 && ctx.can_success(req) {
@@ -768,11 +768,11 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             } else {
                                 let mut count_ctx = ctx;
                                 count_ctx.skip_code(4);
-                                let count = _count(req, state, count_ctx, min_count);
+                                let count = _count(req, state, &mut count_ctx, min_count);
                                 if count < min_count {
                                     break 'result false;
                                 }
-                                ctx.skip_char::<S>(count);
+                                ctx.cursor = count_ctx.cursor;
                                 count as isize
                             };
 
@@ -845,11 +845,11 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             state.cursor = ctx.cursor;
                             let mut count_ctx = ctx;
                             count_ctx.skip_code(4);
-                            let count = _count(req, state, count_ctx, max_count);
+                            let count = _count(req, state, &mut count_ctx, max_count);
                             if count < min_count {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
-                            ctx.skip_char::<S>(count);
+                            ctx.cursor = count_ctx.cursor;
                             ctx.skip_code_from(req, 1);
                         }
                         SreOpcode::CHARSET
@@ -1324,7 +1324,7 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
 fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
     req: &Request<S>,
     state: &mut State,
-    mut ctx: MatchContext,
+    ctx: &mut MatchContext,
     max_count: usize,
 ) -> usize {
     let max_count = std::cmp::min(max_count, ctx.remaining_chars(req));
@@ -1347,28 +1347,28 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
             }
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == c);
+            general_count_literal(req, ctx, end, |code, c| code == c);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != c);
+            general_count_literal(req, ctx, end, |code, c| code != c);
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c));
+            general_count_literal(req, ctx, end, |code, c| code == lower_ascii(c));
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c));
+            general_count_literal(req, ctx, end, |code, c| code != lower_ascii(c));
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, char_loc_ignore);
+            general_count_literal(req, ctx, end, char_loc_ignore);
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
+            general_count_literal(req, ctx, end, |code, c| !char_loc_ignore(code, c));
         }
         SreOpcode::LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c));
+            general_count_literal(req, ctx, end, |code, c| code == lower_unicode(c));
         }
         SreOpcode::NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE => {
-            general_count_literal(req, &mut ctx, end, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c));
+            general_count_literal(req, ctx, end, |code, c| code != lower_unicode(c));
         }
         _ => {
             /* General case */
@@ -1383,7 +1383,7 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
                 ..*state
             };
 
-            while ctx.cursor.position < end && _match(req, &mut sub_state, ctx) {
+            while ctx.cursor.position < end && _match(req, &mut sub_state, *ctx) {
                 ctx.advance_char::<S>();
             }
         }

From 35229721ead1e96a9135e26d74ae9b0d36f7efa4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 24 Feb 2024 12:32:16 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 094/705] Fix test_cmd_line.py

The failing test was unsetting `PYTHONPATH`, but neglecting to unset
`RUSTPYTHONPATH`, which obviously was not significant for the original
CPython test. Including `RUSTPYTHONPATH` in the test fixes it.
---
 Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
index 02f060ba2c..88ff71726f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
@@ -411,7 +411,8 @@ def test_empty_PYTHONPATH_issue16309(self):
             path = ":".join(sys.path)
             path = path.encode("ascii", "backslashreplace")
             sys.stdout.buffer.write(path)"""
-        rc1, out1, err1 = assert_python_ok('-c', code, PYTHONPATH="")
+        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON we must unset RUSTPYTHONPATH as well
+        rc1, out1, err1 = assert_python_ok('-c', code, PYTHONPATH="", RUSTPYTHONPATH="")
         rc2, out2, err2 = assert_python_ok('-c', code, __isolated=False)
         # regarding to Posix specification, outputs should be equal
         # for empty and unset PYTHONPATH

From ead42beff6265d95c4dc18016735229daef1a56d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 24 Feb 2024 13:25:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 095/705] Disable test_locale in test_format.py

See https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/5181
---
 Lib/test/test_format.py | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_format.py b/Lib/test/test_format.py
index f6c11a4aad..66e2b077bf 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_format.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_format.py
@@ -420,6 +420,9 @@ def test_non_ascii(self):
         self.assertEqual(format(1+2j, "\u2007^8"), "\u2007(1+2j)\u2007")
         self.assertEqual(format(0j, "\u2007^4"), "\u20070j\u2007")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON formatting does not support locales
+    # See https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/5181
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_locale(self):
         try:
             oldloc = locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL)

From de7e4e49dab823358e37823ae547cd66b8e7bfaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 24 Feb 2024 13:46:22 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 096/705] Disable broken test_socket.py tests

There are a substantial number of socket tests that are disabled due to
`bind(): bad family` errors. It seems like RustPython only supports a
small subset of the required connection families, so the failing tests
are broken for the same reasons.
---
 Lib/test/test_socket.py | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_socket.py b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
index 35f94a4e22..17e9dae8c0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_socket.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
@@ -2161,12 +2161,16 @@ def testCreateISOTPSocket(self):
         with socket.socket(socket.PF_CAN, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.CAN_ISOTP) as s:
             pass
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, OSError: bind(): bad family
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testTooLongInterfaceName(self):
         # most systems limit IFNAMSIZ to 16, take 1024 to be sure
         with socket.socket(socket.PF_CAN, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.CAN_ISOTP) as s:
             with self.assertRaisesRegex(OSError, 'interface name too long'):
                 s.bind(('x' * 1024, 1, 2))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, OSError: bind(): bad family
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testBind(self):
         try:
             with socket.socket(socket.PF_CAN, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.CAN_ISOTP) as s:

From 9b974bda0d8792dfafcc25af5a09d6bd6386704a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 10 Mar 2024 22:23:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 097/705] Re-enable test_format.test_locale

Technically speaking, my system was misconfigured, leading me to disable
the test in the first place.

`test_locale` calls `locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')`, which reads
the value of the `LANG` environment variable and uses that to look up
and reset all the locale settings. My system has `LANG=en_US.UTF-8`,
which is apparently not what this test was expecting. If `LANG` is unset
or set to `C`, the test passes, as it does in CI.
---
 Lib/test/test_format.py | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_format.py b/Lib/test/test_format.py
index 66e2b077bf..f6c11a4aad 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_format.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_format.py
@@ -420,9 +420,6 @@ def test_non_ascii(self):
         self.assertEqual(format(1+2j, "\u2007^8"), "\u2007(1+2j)\u2007")
         self.assertEqual(format(0j, "\u2007^4"), "\u20070j\u2007")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON formatting does not support locales
-    # See https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/5181
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_locale(self):
         try:
             oldloc = locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL)

From 23ebbd021b7f65883e05c6430aa80108d5cb3461 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 10 Mar 2024 22:53:39 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 098/705] Skip test_format.test_locale

I had previously `test_locale` as expected to fail, as it did indeed
fail on my system due to unimplemented functionality. As it happens, it
passes in CI because the locale settings used there (`C`, I believe)
just happen to format integers the same with "%d" as "%n".

I mistakenly un-marked it because I thought I misunderstood the problem.
---
 Lib/test/test_format.py | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_format.py b/Lib/test/test_format.py
index f6c11a4aad..187270d5b6 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_format.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_format.py
@@ -420,6 +420,9 @@ def test_non_ascii(self):
         self.assertEqual(format(1+2j, "\u2007^8"), "\u2007(1+2j)\u2007")
         self.assertEqual(format(0j, "\u2007^4"), "\u20070j\u2007")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON formatting does not support locales
+    # See https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/5181
+    @unittest.skip("formatting does not support locales")
     def test_locale(self):
         try:
             oldloc = locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL)

From 2fde8e91e5dbc070b06060c5b356a60f7e85fb3d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: wellweek <148746285+wellweek@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Mar 2024 14:01:37 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 099/705] fix some typos (#5187)

Signed-off-by: wellweek <xiezitai@outlook.com>
---
 Lib/test/test_unpack.py       | 2 +-
 architecture/architecture.md  | 2 +-
 benches/benchmarks/pystone.py | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unpack.py b/Lib/test/test_unpack.py
index f5ca1d455b..515ec128a0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unpack.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unpack.py
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ def test_extended_oparg_not_ignored(self):
         ns = {}
         exec(code, ns)
         unpack_400 = ns["unpack_400"]
-        # Warm up the the function for quickening (PEP 659)
+        # Warm up the function for quickening (PEP 659)
         for _ in range(30):
             y = unpack_400(range(400))
             self.assertEqual(y, 399)
diff --git a/architecture/architecture.md b/architecture/architecture.md
index 5b1ae9cc68..a59b6498bf 100644
--- a/architecture/architecture.md
+++ b/architecture/architecture.md
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Part of the Python standard library that's implemented in Rust. The modules that
 
 ### Lib
 
-Python side of the standard libary, copied over (with care) from CPython sourcecode.
+Python side of the standard library, copied over (with care) from CPython sourcecode.
 
 #### Lib/test
 
diff --git a/benches/benchmarks/pystone.py b/benches/benchmarks/pystone.py
index 3faf675ae7..755b4ba85c 100644
--- a/benches/benchmarks/pystone.py
+++ b/benches/benchmarks/pystone.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 Version History:
 
-                Inofficial version 1.1.1 by Chris Arndt:
+                Unofficial version 1.1.1 by Chris Arndt:
 
                 - Make it run under Python 2 and 3 by using
                   "from __future__ import print_function".

From 7f02324dcec46bf97ccf0e9cc0b94a8ad5057abb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kirill Podoprigora <kirill.bast9@mail.ru>
Date: Mon, 11 Mar 2024 15:04:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 100/705] Update Lib/test/test_hmac.py to 3.12 version (#5188)

---
 Lib/test/test_hmac.py | 12 ++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_hmac.py b/Lib/test/test_hmac.py
index bc2e02528d..8e1a4a204c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_hmac.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_hmac.py
@@ -389,6 +389,18 @@ def test_with_digestmod_no_default(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'required.*digestmod'):
             hmac.HMAC(key, msg=data, digestmod='')
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_with_fallback(self):
+        cache = getattr(hashlib, '__builtin_constructor_cache')
+        try:
+            cache['foo'] = hashlib.sha256
+            hexdigest = hmac.digest(b'key', b'message', 'foo').hex()
+            expected = '6e9ef29b75fffc5b7abae527d58fdadb2fe42e7219011976917343065f58ed4a'
+            self.assertEqual(hexdigest, expected)
+        finally:
+            cache.pop('foo')
+
 
 class ConstructorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 

From 83d1ad8a2cfaa6cb96d7d1646923ed58c030b8df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kirill Podoprigora <kirill.bast9@mail.ru>
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2024 15:35:21 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 101/705] Update test_operator.py to 3.12 (#5194)

---
 Lib/test/test_operator.py | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_operator.py b/Lib/test/test_operator.py
index b7e38c2334..1db738d228 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_operator.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_operator.py
@@ -208,6 +208,9 @@ def test_indexOf(self):
         nan = float("nan")
         self.assertEqual(operator.indexOf([nan, nan, 21], nan), 0)
         self.assertEqual(operator.indexOf([{}, 1, {}, 2], {}), 0)
+        it = iter('leave the iterator at exactly the position after the match')
+        self.assertEqual(operator.indexOf(it, 'a'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(next(it), 'v')
 
     def test_invert(self):
         operator = self.module

From 4e7b3bc8f247bf8a31ba1bd791844e83307dde09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kirill Podoprigora <kirill.bast9@mail.ru>
Date: Tue, 12 Mar 2024 15:36:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 102/705] Update pprint.py and test_pprint.py to 3.12 (#5195)

---
 Lib/pprint.py           | 16 ----------------
 Lib/test/test_pprint.py |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/pprint.py b/Lib/pprint.py
index 575688d8eb..34ed12637e 100644
--- a/Lib/pprint.py
+++ b/Lib/pprint.py
@@ -637,19 +637,6 @@ def _recursion(object):
             % (type(object).__name__, id(object)))
 
 
-def _perfcheck(object=None):
-    import time
-    if object is None:
-        object = [("string", (1, 2), [3, 4], {5: 6, 7: 8})] * 100000
-    p = PrettyPrinter()
-    t1 = time.perf_counter()
-    p._safe_repr(object, {}, None, 0, True)
-    t2 = time.perf_counter()
-    p.pformat(object)
-    t3 = time.perf_counter()
-    print("_safe_repr:", t2 - t1)
-    print("pformat:", t3 - t2)
-
 def _wrap_bytes_repr(object, width, allowance):
     current = b''
     last = len(object) // 4 * 4
@@ -666,6 +653,3 @@ def _wrap_bytes_repr(object, width, allowance):
             current = candidate
     if current:
         yield repr(current)
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    _perfcheck()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pprint.py b/Lib/test/test_pprint.py
index c7b9893943..6ea7e7db2c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_pprint.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_pprint.py
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ def test_knotted(self):
     def test_unreadable(self):
         # Not recursive but not readable anyway
         pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter()
-        for unreadable in type(3), pprint, pprint.isrecursive:
+        for unreadable in object(), int, pprint, pprint.isrecursive:
             # module-level convenience functions
             self.assertFalse(pprint.isrecursive(unreadable),
                              "expected not isrecursive for %r" % (unreadable,))

From 855fa1411fc20de7c7cfd76c807bcb435e6873f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kirill Podoprigora <kirill.bast9@mail.ru>
Date: Wed, 13 Mar 2024 00:35:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 103/705] Update ftplib and test_ftplib to 3.12 (#5196)

---
 Lib/ftplib.py           | 36 +++++++-----------------------------
 Lib/test/test_ftplib.py | 22 ++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/ftplib.py b/Lib/ftplib.py
index 7c5a50715f..a56e0c3085 100644
--- a/Lib/ftplib.py
+++ b/Lib/ftplib.py
@@ -434,10 +434,7 @@ def retrbinary(self, cmd, callback, blocksize=8192, rest=None):
         """
         self.voidcmd('TYPE I')
         with self.transfercmd(cmd, rest) as conn:
-            while 1:
-                data = conn.recv(blocksize)
-                if not data:
-                    break
+            while data := conn.recv(blocksize):
                 callback(data)
             # shutdown ssl layer
             if _SSLSocket is not None and isinstance(conn, _SSLSocket):
@@ -496,10 +493,7 @@ def storbinary(self, cmd, fp, blocksize=8192, callback=None, rest=None):
         """
         self.voidcmd('TYPE I')
         with self.transfercmd(cmd, rest) as conn:
-            while 1:
-                buf = fp.read(blocksize)
-                if not buf:
-                    break
+            while buf := fp.read(blocksize):
                 conn.sendall(buf)
                 if callback:
                     callback(buf)
@@ -561,7 +555,7 @@ def dir(self, *args):
         LIST command.  (This *should* only be used for a pathname.)'''
         cmd = 'LIST'
         func = None
-        if args[-1:] and type(args[-1]) != type(''):
+        if args[-1:] and not isinstance(args[-1], str):
             args, func = args[:-1], args[-1]
         for arg in args:
             if arg:
@@ -713,28 +707,12 @@ class FTP_TLS(FTP):
         '221 Goodbye.'
         >>>
         '''
-        ssl_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT
 
         def __init__(self, host='', user='', passwd='', acct='',
-                     keyfile=None, certfile=None, context=None,
-                     timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_address=None, *,
-                     encoding='utf-8'):
-            if context is not None and keyfile is not None:
-                raise ValueError("context and keyfile arguments are mutually "
-                                 "exclusive")
-            if context is not None and certfile is not None:
-                raise ValueError("context and certfile arguments are mutually "
-                                 "exclusive")
-            if keyfile is not None or certfile is not None:
-                import warnings
-                warnings.warn("keyfile and certfile are deprecated, use a "
-                              "custom context instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-            self.keyfile = keyfile
-            self.certfile = certfile
+                     *, context=None, timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                     source_address=None, encoding='utf-8'):
             if context is None:
-                context = ssl._create_stdlib_context(self.ssl_version,
-                                                     certfile=certfile,
-                                                     keyfile=keyfile)
+                context = ssl._create_stdlib_context()
             self.context = context
             self._prot_p = False
             super().__init__(host, user, passwd, acct,
@@ -749,7 +727,7 @@ def auth(self):
             '''Set up secure control connection by using TLS/SSL.'''
             if isinstance(self.sock, ssl.SSLSocket):
                 raise ValueError("Already using TLS")
-            if self.ssl_version >= ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS:
+            if self.context.protocol >= ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS:
                 resp = self.voidcmd('AUTH TLS')
             else:
                 resp = self.voidcmd('AUTH SSL')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ftplib.py b/Lib/test/test_ftplib.py
index e8c126ddc4..7e632efa4c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ftplib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ftplib.py
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@
 from test.support import threading_helper
 from test.support import socket_helper
 from test.support import warnings_helper
+from test.support import asynchat
+from test.support import asyncore
 from test.support.socket_helper import HOST, HOSTv6
 
 import sys
@@ -992,11 +994,11 @@ def test_context(self):
         ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
         ctx.check_hostname = False
         ctx.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ftplib.FTP_TLS, keyfile=CERTFILE,
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ftplib.FTP_TLS, keyfile=CERTFILE,
                           context=ctx)
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ftplib.FTP_TLS, certfile=CERTFILE,
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ftplib.FTP_TLS, certfile=CERTFILE,
                           context=ctx)
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ftplib.FTP_TLS, certfile=CERTFILE,
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ftplib.FTP_TLS, certfile=CERTFILE,
                           keyfile=CERTFILE, context=ctx)
 
         self.client = ftplib.FTP_TLS(context=ctx, timeout=TIMEOUT)
@@ -1160,18 +1162,10 @@ def test__all__(self):
         support.check__all__(self, ftplib, not_exported=not_exported)
 
 
-def test_main():
-    tests = [TestFTPClass, TestTimeouts,
-             TestIPv6Environment,
-             TestTLS_FTPClassMixin, TestTLS_FTPClass,
-             MiscTestCase]
-
+def setUpModule():
     thread_info = threading_helper.threading_setup()
-    try:
-        support.run_unittest(*tests)
-    finally:
-        threading_helper.threading_cleanup(*thread_info)
+    unittest.addModuleCleanup(threading_helper.threading_cleanup, *thread_info)
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    test_main()
+    unittest.main()

From d8f2bd04ace5c0f07e3855f633c4bfdb0564e713 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kirill Podoprigora <kirill.bast9@mail.ru>
Date: Wed, 13 Mar 2024 08:22:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 104/705] Update cgitb.py to 3.12 (#5197)

---
 Lib/cgitb.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/cgitb.py b/Lib/cgitb.py
index 8ce0e833a9..f6b97f25c5 100644
--- a/Lib/cgitb.py
+++ b/Lib/cgitb.py
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ def lookup(name, frame, locals):
         return 'global', frame.f_globals[name]
     if '__builtins__' in frame.f_globals:
         builtins = frame.f_globals['__builtins__']
-        if type(builtins) is type({}):
+        if isinstance(builtins, dict):
             if name in builtins:
                 return 'builtin', builtins[name]
         else:

From 92c8b371ae5db0d95bd8199bc42b08af115bb88a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kirill Podoprigora <kirill.bast9@mail.ru>
Date: Wed, 13 Mar 2024 08:22:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 105/705] Update colorsys.py and test_colorsys.py to 3.12
 (#5198)

---
 Lib/colorsys.py           |  2 +-
 Lib/test/test_colorsys.py | 10 ++++++++++
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/colorsys.py b/Lib/colorsys.py
index 9bdc83e377..bc897bd0f9 100644
--- a/Lib/colorsys.py
+++ b/Lib/colorsys.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def rgb_to_hls(r, g, b):
     if l <= 0.5:
         s = rangec / sumc
     else:
-        s = rangec / (2.0-sumc)
+        s = rangec / (2.0-maxc-minc)  # Not always 2.0-sumc: gh-106498.
     rc = (maxc-r) / rangec
     gc = (maxc-g) / rangec
     bc = (maxc-b) / rangec
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_colorsys.py b/Lib/test/test_colorsys.py
index a24e3adcb4..74d76294b0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_colorsys.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_colorsys.py
@@ -69,6 +69,16 @@ def test_hls_values(self):
             self.assertTripleEqual(hls, colorsys.rgb_to_hls(*rgb))
             self.assertTripleEqual(rgb, colorsys.hls_to_rgb(*hls))
 
+    def test_hls_nearwhite(self):  # gh-106498
+        values = (
+            # rgb, hls: these do not work in reverse
+            ((0.9999999999999999, 1, 1), (0.5, 1.0, 1.0)),
+            ((1, 0.9999999999999999, 0.9999999999999999), (0.0, 1.0, 1.0)),
+        )
+        for rgb, hls in values:
+            self.assertTripleEqual(hls, colorsys.rgb_to_hls(*rgb))
+            self.assertTripleEqual((1.0, 1.0, 1.0), colorsys.hls_to_rgb(*hls))
+
     def test_yiq_roundtrip(self):
         for r in frange(0.0, 1.0, 0.2):
             for g in frange(0.0, 1.0, 0.2):

From 426e582ba039492b789b114d26b29f3dfa86c56e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nikita Sobolev <mail@sobolevn.me>
Date: Fri, 15 Mar 2024 16:15:45 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 106/705] Remove incorrect `@expectedFailure`s from
 `test_cmd_line` (#5201)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

After you suggestion in https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/116504#issuecomment-1999239012 I went to take a look at `test_cmd_line` in RustPython (it was so long ago I contributed to this amazing project, so may thing had changed!), and I've noticed this.

This is a problem, here' the simplest demo:

```python
import unittest

class TestMe(unittest.TestCase):
    @unittest.expectedFailure
    def test_me(self):
        def run():
            raise ValueError

        with self.subTest(run=run):
            run()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
```

This works as expected:

```
» ./python.exe ex.py
x
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s

OK (expected failures=1)
```

This does not:

```python
import unittest

class TestMe(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_me(self):
        @unittest.expectedFailure
        def run():
            raise ValueError

        with self.subTest(run=run):
            run()

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()
```

Produces:

```
» ./python.exe ex.py
E
======================================================================
ERROR: test_me (__main__.TestMe.test_me) (run=<function TestMe.test_me.<locals>.run at 0x1057a2150>)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/sobolev/Desktop/cpython2/ex.py", line 10, in test_me
    run()
    ~~~^^
  File "/Users/sobolev/Desktop/cpython2/ex.py", line 7, in run
    raise ValueError
ValueError

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s

FAILED (errors=1)
```

So, I propose to remove these decorators, let's only keep `TODO` comments to indicate separate failures.
---
 Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
index 88ff71726f..6644a3cd5c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
@@ -278,13 +278,11 @@ def test_invalid_utf8_arg(self):
         code = 'import sys, os; s=os.fsencode(sys.argv[1]); print(ascii(s))'
 
         # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
         def run_default(arg):
             cmd = [sys.executable, '-c', code, arg]
             return subprocess.run(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, text=True)
 
         # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
         def run_c_locale(arg):
             cmd = [sys.executable, '-c', code, arg]
             env = dict(os.environ)
@@ -293,7 +291,6 @@ def run_c_locale(arg):
                                   text=True, env=env)
 
         # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
         def run_utf8_mode(arg):
             cmd = [sys.executable, '-X', 'utf8', '-c', code, arg]
             return subprocess.run(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, text=True)

From 12601d0b44c719183d559fa73d76ab6561255ed9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 18 Mar 2024 16:57:28 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 107/705] integrate sre_engine crate to workspace

---
 Cargo.lock                   | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 Cargo.toml                   |  5 +++--
 vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml     |  8 ++++----
 vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index c8d0342708..52afbb053f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1428,7 +1428,16 @@ version = "0.5.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8d829733185c1ca374f17e52b762f24f535ec625d2cc1f070e34c8a9068f341b"
 dependencies = [
- "num_enum_derive",
+ "num_enum_derive 0.5.9",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num_enum"
+version = "0.7.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "02339744ee7253741199f897151b38e72257d13802d4ee837285cc2990a90845"
+dependencies = [
+ "num_enum_derive 0.7.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1443,6 +1452,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 1.0.107",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "num_enum_derive"
+version = "0.7.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "681030a937600a36906c185595136d26abfebb4aa9c65701cefcaf8578bb982b"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro-crate",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.32",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
 version = "1.18.0"
@@ -2165,6 +2186,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-derive",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
+version = "0.6.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "num_enum 0.7.2",
+ "optional",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-stdlib"
 version = "0.3.0"
@@ -2200,7 +2230,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-complex",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
- "num_enum",
+ "num_enum 0.7.2",
  "once_cell",
  "openssl",
  "openssl-probe",
@@ -2270,7 +2300,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
  "num_cpus",
- "num_enum",
+ "num_enum 0.7.2",
  "once_cell",
  "optional",
  "parking_lot",
@@ -2527,7 +2557,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a490c5c46c35dba9a6f5e7ee8e4d67e775eb2d2da0f115750b8d10e1c1ac2d28"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "num_enum",
+ "num_enum 0.5.9",
  "optional",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index bfc882fdc5..0f4fb49dc3 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ include = ["LICENSE", "Cargo.toml", "src/**/*.rs"]
 resolver = "2"
 members = [
     "compiler", "compiler/core", "compiler/codegen",
-    ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "pylib", "stdlib", "wasm/lib", "derive-impl",
+    ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "vm/sre_engine", "pylib", "stdlib", "wasm/lib", "derive-impl",
 ]
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ rustpython-jit = { path = "jit", version = "0.3.0" }
 rustpython-vm = { path = "vm", default-features = false, version = "0.3.0" }
 rustpython-pylib = { path = "pylib", version = "0.3.0" }
 rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.3.0" }
+rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.6.0" }
 rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
 
 rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", rev = "29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303" }
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ malachite-base = "0.4.4"
 num-complex = "0.4.0"
 num-integer = "0.1.44"
 num-traits = "0.2"
-num_enum = "0.5.7"
+num_enum = "0.7"
 once_cell = "1.18"
 parking_lot = "0.12.1"
 paste = "1.0.7"
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
index e54f124ac0..2caa8b73e5 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 [package]
-name = "sre-engine"
+name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
 version = "0.6.0"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine"
+repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
 license = "MIT"
 edition = "2021"
 keywords = ["regex"]
 include = ["LICENSE", "src/**/*.rs"]
 
 [dependencies]
-num_enum = "0.7"
-bitflags = "2"
+num_enum = { workspace = true }
+bitflags = { workspace = true }
 optional = "0.5"
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs b/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
index f589c62e6e..53494c5e3d 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
+use rustpython_sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
 
 struct Pattern {
     code: &'static [u32],

From ac7851704487ba7f37479946ef8957ead2e68097 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 2024 01:44:03 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 108/705] Skip TestScander.test_uninstantiable (#5204)

This test was marked as an expected failure. Because the garbage
collector is missing, that meant that the `os.scandir` object went
unclosed. This object was squatting on the file descriptors of all the
files contained in the test directory, which was breaking test_zipfile.
---
 Lib/test/test_os.py | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_os.py b/Lib/test/test_os.py
index 097124b7b5..c880a9b902 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_os.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_os.py
@@ -4249,7 +4249,8 @@ def assert_stat_equal(self, stat1, stat2, skip_fields):
             self.assertEqual(stat1, stat2)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPPYTHON (AssertionError: TypeError not raised by ScandirIter)
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    # TODO: See https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/5190 for skip rationale 
+    @unittest.skip("skipping to avoid the unclosed scandir from squatting on file descriptors")
     def test_uninstantiable(self):
         scandir_iter = os.scandir(self.path)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, type(scandir_iter))

From 3737f2a0918d94312b9e40b974f3939ce0f44013 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 2024 21:48:29 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 109/705] make adding a single module simpler for interpreter
 users (#4792)

---
 src/interpreter.rs | 11 ++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/interpreter.rs b/src/interpreter.rs
index b84f167ae4..6b0d2b5bde 100644
--- a/src/interpreter.rs
+++ b/src/interpreter.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use rustpython_vm::{Interpreter, Settings, VirtualMachine};
+use rustpython_vm::{builtins::PyModule, Interpreter, PyRef, Settings, VirtualMachine};
 
 pub type InitHook = Box<dyn FnOnce(&mut VirtualMachine)>;
 
@@ -63,6 +63,15 @@ impl InterpreterConfig {
         self.init_hooks.push(hook);
         self
     }
+    pub fn add_native_module(
+        self,
+        name: String,
+        make_module: fn(&VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        self.init_hook(Box::new(move |vm| {
+            vm.add_native_module(name, Box::new(make_module))
+        }))
+    }
     #[cfg(feature = "stdlib")]
     pub fn init_stdlib(self) -> Self {
         self.init_hook(Box::new(init_stdlib))

From 5ee5531f327d7505739276686607c3b32eaeff63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 2024 08:51:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 110/705] Properly unload modules between tests (#5192)

There seems to have been a bug in the libregrtest code which unloaded
modules between tests. The previous state was calculated using
`sys.modules.keys()`, which is actually a mutable object that is updated
as the underlying `sys.modules` is updated. The result was that modules
were not unloaded between tests, which is the root cause for
`test_unittest` failing when run after `test_import` and
`test_importlib`.

This code is copied from 3.12. Ideally all of `libregrtest` should
probably be updated as it seems wildly out of date, but that's a lot
more work.
---
 Lib/test/libregrtest/main.py | 18 +++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/libregrtest/main.py b/Lib/test/libregrtest/main.py
index fba24e4f32..e1d19e1e4a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/libregrtest/main.py
+++ b/Lib/test/libregrtest/main.py
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ def run_tests_sequential(self):
             import trace
             self.tracer = trace.Trace(trace=False, count=True)
 
-        save_modules = sys.modules.keys()
+        save_modules = set(sys.modules)
 
         print("Run tests sequentially")
 
@@ -409,10 +409,18 @@ def run_tests_sequential(self):
                 # be quiet: say nothing if the test passed shortly
                 previous_test = None
 
-            # Unload the newly imported modules (best effort finalization)
-            for module in sys.modules.keys():
-                if module not in save_modules and module.startswith("test."):
-                    import_helper.unload(module)
+            # Unload the newly imported test modules (best effort finalization)
+            new_modules = [module for module in sys.modules
+                           if module not in save_modules and
+                                module.startswith(("test.", "test_"))]
+            for module in new_modules:
+                sys.modules.pop(module, None)
+                # Remove the attribute of the parent module.
+                parent, _, name = module.rpartition('.')
+                try:
+                    delattr(sys.modules[parent], name)
+                except (KeyError, AttributeError):
+                    pass
 
         if previous_test:
             print(previous_test)

From 85c427b8423bc8620d9b39bf22743da4ea05cb03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 2024 11:12:01 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 111/705] Reset exception in WithCleanupFinish (#5203)

Context managers have an `__exit__` function that returns a boolean-like
object. If the object is truthy, then exceptions are suppressed.

If an exception was thrown while resolving that boolean, it would leak
and live on in the error stack, getting tacked on to all future
exceptions. This caused several mysterious test failures which would
only trigger after this very specific event was tested in `test_with`.

The solution is to move a call to `vm.set_exception()` before
attempting the `try_to_bool()` which threw the error.

Minimal example to reproduce the bug:
```py
import sys
import traceback

class cm(object):
    def __init__(self):
        pass

    def __enter__(self):
        return 3

    def __exit__(self, a, b, c):
        class Bool:
            def __bool__(self):
                1 // 0
        return Bool()

try:
    with cm():
        raise Exception("Should NOT see this")
except ZeroDivisionError:
    print("exception caught, as expected")

print("There should now be no exception")
traceback.print_exc()
print(sys.exc_info())
```
---
 vm/src/frame.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index a0af23336f..56e0f433da 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -939,10 +939,10 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                     _ => self.fatal("WithCleanupFinish expects a FinallyHandler block on stack"),
                 };
 
-                let suppress_exception = self.pop_value().try_to_bool(vm)?;
-
                 vm.set_exception(prev_exc);
 
+                let suppress_exception = self.pop_value().try_to_bool(vm)?;
+
                 if suppress_exception {
                     Ok(None)
                 } else if let Some(reason) = reason {

From e3150776300045da5ddf74afbd97abe89d7481bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 2024 11:28:33 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 112/705] Add TODO: RUSTPYTHON to skip reason

---
 Lib/test/test_os.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_os.py b/Lib/test/test_os.py
index c880a9b902..21ce9bc329 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_os.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_os.py
@@ -4250,7 +4250,7 @@ def assert_stat_equal(self, stat1, stat2, skip_fields):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPPYTHON (AssertionError: TypeError not raised by ScandirIter)
     # TODO: See https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/5190 for skip rationale 
-    @unittest.skip("skipping to avoid the unclosed scandir from squatting on file descriptors")
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, avoid the unclosed scandir from squatting on file descriptors")
     def test_uninstantiable(self):
         scandir_iter = os.scandir(self.path)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, type(scandir_iter))

From e6c73883eadb1c3feb6c8422826107a98efa0ecb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 2024 13:36:28 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 113/705] Revert test skip

---
 Lib/test/test_os.py | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_os.py b/Lib/test/test_os.py
index 21ce9bc329..e9ab681357 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_os.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_os.py
@@ -4248,9 +4248,8 @@ def assert_stat_equal(self, stat1, stat2, skip_fields):
         else:
             self.assertEqual(stat1, stat2)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPPYTHON (AssertionError: TypeError not raised by ScandirIter)
-    # TODO: See https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/5190 for skip rationale 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, avoid the unclosed scandir from squatting on file descriptors")
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON (AssertionError: TypeError not raised by ScandirIter)
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_uninstantiable(self):
         scandir_iter = os.scandir(self.path)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, type(scandir_iter))

From 0a24e106baa25db64783ff25534f4e53a29005f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 2024 13:37:46 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 114/705] Increase threshold for zipfile test_many_opens

It turns out that there are many other tests that can impact
test_many_opens by leaving unclosed file handles. Rather than fix them
all, it is easier to simply increase the threshold for the problematic
test.
---
 Lib/test/test_zipfile.py | 9 +++++++--
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zipfile.py b/Lib/test/test_zipfile.py
index fd4a3918e6..43178ca26b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_zipfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zipfile.py
@@ -2561,17 +2561,22 @@ def test_write_after_read(self):
             self.assertEqual(data1, self.data1)
             self.assertEqual(data2, self.data2)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON other tests can impact the file descriptor incrementor
+    # by leaving file handles unclosed. If there are more than 100 files in
+    # TESTFN and references to them are left unclosed and ungarbage collected
+    # in another test, then fileno() will always be too high for this test to
+    # pass. The solution is to increase the number of files from 100 to 200
     def test_many_opens(self):
         # Verify that read() and open() promptly close the file descriptor,
         # and don't rely on the garbage collector to free resources.
         self.make_test_archive(TESTFN2)
         with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, mode="r") as zipf:
-            for x in range(100):
+            for x in range(200):
                 zipf.read('ones')
                 with zipf.open('ones') as zopen1:
                     pass
         with open(os.devnull, "rb") as f:
-            self.assertLess(f.fileno(), 100)
+            self.assertLess(f.fileno(), 200)
 
     def test_write_while_reading(self):
         with zipfile.ZipFile(TESTFN2, 'w', zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zipf:

From 90724b32ec1283c941f992132baf398fa87a1a2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 2024 21:25:53 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 115/705] Implement new clippy lints (#5208)

* Implement new clippy lints

clippy was just updated and has a few minor issues with the code base.

* Forgotten lint hidden behind feature
---
 common/src/static_cell.rs | 2 +-
 common/src/str.rs         | 2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/memory.rs | 2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs       | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/static_cell.rs b/common/src/static_cell.rs
index 01a54db29c..7f16dad399 100644
--- a/common/src/static_cell.rs
+++ b/common/src/static_cell.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ mod non_threading {
             F: FnOnce() -> Result<T, E>,
         {
             self.inner
-                .with(|x| x.get_or_try_init(|| f().map(leak)).map(|&x| x))
+                .with(|x| x.get_or_try_init(|| f().map(leak)).copied())
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index cdee03f14f..48fdb0f95a 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ pub mod levenshtein {
 
     pub fn levenshtein_distance(a: &str, b: &str, max_cost: usize) -> usize {
         thread_local! {
-            static BUFFER: RefCell<[usize; MAX_STRING_SIZE]> = RefCell::new([0usize; MAX_STRING_SIZE]);
+            static BUFFER: RefCell<[usize; MAX_STRING_SIZE]> = const { RefCell::new([0usize; MAX_STRING_SIZE]) };
         }
 
         if a == b {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
index 2c436ca316..aca2114bf0 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ impl Hashable for PyMemoryView {
                 }
                 Ok(zelf.contiguous_or_collect(|bytes| vm.state.hash_secret.hash_bytes(bytes)))
             })
-            .map(|&x| x)
+            .copied()
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 376c18fb3a..bd76c8ed95 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
                     if self.is_symlink(vm)? {
                         do_stat(true)
                     } else {
-                        lstat().map(Clone::clone)
+                        lstat().cloned()
                     }
                 })?
             } else {

From df363c0ba7613e54588f1f4b4b60981eb49d516f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 21 Mar 2024 21:26:40 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 116/705] Skip typing test which causes other failures (#5207)

---
 Lib/test/test_typing.py | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_typing.py b/Lib/test/test_typing.py
index 95fd3748e6..b6a167f998 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_typing.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_typing.py
@@ -1466,6 +1466,10 @@ def __new__(cls, *args):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             C[int](a=42)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON the last line breaks any tests that use unittest.mock
+    # See https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/5190#issuecomment-2010535802
+    # It's possible that updating typing to 3.12 will resolve this
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON this test breaks other tests that use unittest.mock")
     def test_protocols_bad_subscripts(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         S = TypeVar('S')

From 1dd9a2fbe45f7f34f5c505d5e9774603bd34d6bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 22 Mar 2024 11:28:49 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 117/705] suppress clippy warnings

---
 vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs | 5 +++++
 vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
index 34f00234e5..fb7d766e29 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
@@ -283,6 +283,8 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
     let mut context_stack = vec![];
     let mut popped_result = false;
 
+    // NOTE: 'result loop is not an actual loop but break label
+    #[allow(clippy::never_loop)]
     'coro: loop {
         popped_result = 'result: loop {
             let yielded = 'context: loop {
@@ -513,6 +515,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                 loop {
                     macro_rules! general_op_literal {
                         ($f:expr) => {{
+                            #[allow(clippy::redundant_closure_call)]
                             if ctx.at_end(req) || !$f(ctx.peek_code(req, 1), ctx.peek_char::<S>()) {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
@@ -523,6 +526,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
 
                     macro_rules! general_op_in {
                         ($f:expr) => {{
+                            #[allow(clippy::redundant_closure_call)]
                             if ctx.at_end(req) || !$f(&ctx.pattern(req)[2..], ctx.peek_char::<S>())
                             {
                                 break 'result false;
@@ -551,6 +555,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                             };
 
                             for _ in group_start..group_end {
+                                #[allow(clippy::redundant_closure_call)]
                                 if ctx.at_end(req)
                                     || $f(ctx.peek_char::<S>()) != $f(gctx.peek_char::<S>())
                                 {
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
index 1340c37423..e3f14ef019 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ impl StrDrive for &str {
     #[inline]
     fn adjust_cursor(&self, cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize) {
         if cursor.ptr.is_null() || cursor.position > n {
-            *cursor = Self::create_cursor(&self, n);
+            *cursor = Self::create_cursor(self, n);
         } else if cursor.position < n {
             Self::skip(cursor, n - cursor.position);
         }

From 280337a305b66d7bb9da13efa48f33dba9980766 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Nov 2023 15:29:58 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 118/705] Add Lib/re/* from CPython 3.12

---
 Lib/{re.py => re/__init__.py} |  221 ++++---
 Lib/re/_casefix.py            |  106 ++++
 Lib/re/_compiler.py           |  763 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/re/_constants.py          |  219 +++++++
 Lib/re/_parser.py             | 1081 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 2301 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-)
 rename Lib/{re.py => re/__init__.py} (69%)
 create mode 100644 Lib/re/_casefix.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/re/_compiler.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/re/_constants.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/re/_parser.py

diff --git a/Lib/re.py b/Lib/re/__init__.py
similarity index 69%
rename from Lib/re.py
rename to Lib/re/__init__.py
index bfb7b1ccd9..428d1b0d5f 100644
--- a/Lib/re.py
+++ b/Lib/re/__init__.py
@@ -122,65 +122,40 @@
 """
 
 import enum
-import sre_compile
-import sre_parse
+from . import _compiler, _parser
 import functools
-try:
-    import _locale
-except ImportError:
-    _locale = None
+import _sre
 
 
 # public symbols
 __all__ = [
     "match", "fullmatch", "search", "sub", "subn", "split",
-    "findall", "finditer", "compile", "purge", "template", "escape",
+    "findall", "finditer", "compile", "purge", "escape",
     "error", "Pattern", "Match", "A", "I", "L", "M", "S", "X", "U",
     "ASCII", "IGNORECASE", "LOCALE", "MULTILINE", "DOTALL", "VERBOSE",
-    "UNICODE",
+    "UNICODE", "NOFLAG", "RegexFlag",
 ]
 
 __version__ = "2.2.1"
 
-class RegexFlag(enum.IntFlag):
-    ASCII = A = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_ASCII # assume ascii "locale"
-    IGNORECASE = I = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE # ignore case
-    LOCALE = L = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_LOCALE # assume current 8-bit locale
-    UNICODE = U = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_UNICODE # assume unicode "locale"
-    MULTILINE = M = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE # make anchors look for newline
-    DOTALL = S = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_DOTALL # make dot match newline
-    VERBOSE = X = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE # ignore whitespace and comments
+@enum.global_enum
+@enum._simple_enum(enum.IntFlag, boundary=enum.KEEP)
+class RegexFlag:
+    NOFLAG = 0
+    ASCII = A = _compiler.SRE_FLAG_ASCII # assume ascii "locale"
+    IGNORECASE = I = _compiler.SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE # ignore case
+    LOCALE = L = _compiler.SRE_FLAG_LOCALE # assume current 8-bit locale
+    UNICODE = U = _compiler.SRE_FLAG_UNICODE # assume unicode "locale"
+    MULTILINE = M = _compiler.SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE # make anchors look for newline
+    DOTALL = S = _compiler.SRE_FLAG_DOTALL # make dot match newline
+    VERBOSE = X = _compiler.SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE # ignore whitespace and comments
     # sre extensions (experimental, don't rely on these)
-    TEMPLATE = T = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE # disable backtracking
-    DEBUG = sre_compile.SRE_FLAG_DEBUG # dump pattern after compilation
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        if self._name_ is not None:
-            return f're.{self._name_}'
-        value = self._value_
-        members = []
-        negative = value < 0
-        if negative:
-            value = ~value
-        for m in self.__class__:
-            if value & m._value_:
-                value &= ~m._value_
-                members.append(f're.{m._name_}')
-        if value:
-            members.append(hex(value))
-        res = '|'.join(members)
-        if negative:
-            if len(members) > 1:
-                res = f'~({res})'
-            else:
-                res = f'~{res}'
-        return res
+    DEBUG = _compiler.SRE_FLAG_DEBUG # dump pattern after compilation
     __str__ = object.__str__
-
-globals().update(RegexFlag.__members__)
+    _numeric_repr_ = hex
 
 # sre exception
-error = sre_compile.error
+error = _compiler.error
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # public interface
@@ -200,16 +175,39 @@ def search(pattern, string, flags=0):
     a Match object, or None if no match was found."""
     return _compile(pattern, flags).search(string)
 
-def sub(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0):
+class _ZeroSentinel(int):
+    pass
+_zero_sentinel = _ZeroSentinel()
+
+def sub(pattern, repl, string, *args, count=_zero_sentinel, flags=_zero_sentinel):
     """Return the string obtained by replacing the leftmost
     non-overlapping occurrences of the pattern in string by the
     replacement repl.  repl can be either a string or a callable;
     if a string, backslash escapes in it are processed.  If it is
     a callable, it's passed the Match object and must return
     a replacement string to be used."""
+    if args:
+        if count is not _zero_sentinel:
+            raise TypeError("sub() got multiple values for argument 'count'")
+        count, *args = args
+        if args:
+            if flags is not _zero_sentinel:
+                raise TypeError("sub() got multiple values for argument 'flags'")
+            flags, *args = args
+            if args:
+                raise TypeError("sub() takes from 3 to 5 positional arguments "
+                                "but %d were given" % (5 + len(args)))
+
+        import warnings
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'count' is passed as positional argument",
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
+        )
+
     return _compile(pattern, flags).sub(repl, string, count)
+sub.__text_signature__ = '(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)'
 
-def subn(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0):
+def subn(pattern, repl, string, *args, count=_zero_sentinel, flags=_zero_sentinel):
     """Return a 2-tuple containing (new_string, number).
     new_string is the string obtained by replacing the leftmost
     non-overlapping occurrences of the pattern in the source
@@ -218,9 +216,28 @@ def subn(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0):
     callable; if a string, backslash escapes in it are processed.
     If it is a callable, it's passed the Match object and must
     return a replacement string to be used."""
+    if args:
+        if count is not _zero_sentinel:
+            raise TypeError("subn() got multiple values for argument 'count'")
+        count, *args = args
+        if args:
+            if flags is not _zero_sentinel:
+                raise TypeError("subn() got multiple values for argument 'flags'")
+            flags, *args = args
+            if args:
+                raise TypeError("subn() takes from 3 to 5 positional arguments "
+                                "but %d were given" % (5 + len(args)))
+
+        import warnings
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'count' is passed as positional argument",
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
+        )
+
     return _compile(pattern, flags).subn(repl, string, count)
+subn.__text_signature__ = '(pattern, repl, string, count=0, flags=0)'
 
-def split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0):
+def split(pattern, string, *args, maxsplit=_zero_sentinel, flags=_zero_sentinel):
     """Split the source string by the occurrences of the pattern,
     returning a list containing the resulting substrings.  If
     capturing parentheses are used in pattern, then the text of all
@@ -228,7 +245,26 @@ def split(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0):
     list.  If maxsplit is nonzero, at most maxsplit splits occur,
     and the remainder of the string is returned as the final element
     of the list."""
+    if args:
+        if maxsplit is not _zero_sentinel:
+            raise TypeError("split() got multiple values for argument 'maxsplit'")
+        maxsplit, *args = args
+        if args:
+            if flags is not _zero_sentinel:
+                raise TypeError("split() got multiple values for argument 'flags'")
+            flags, *args = args
+            if args:
+                raise TypeError("split() takes from 2 to 4 positional arguments "
+                                "but %d were given" % (4 + len(args)))
+
+        import warnings
+        warnings.warn(
+            "'maxsplit' is passed as positional argument",
+            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2
+        )
+
     return _compile(pattern, flags).split(string, maxsplit)
+split.__text_signature__ = '(pattern, string, maxsplit=0, flags=0)'
 
 def findall(pattern, string, flags=0):
     """Return a list of all non-overlapping matches in the string.
@@ -254,11 +290,9 @@ def compile(pattern, flags=0):
 def purge():
     "Clear the regular expression caches"
     _cache.clear()
-    _compile_repl.cache_clear()
+    _cache2.clear()
+    _compile_template.cache_clear()
 
-def template(pattern, flags=0):
-    "Compile a template pattern, returning a Pattern object"
-    return _compile(pattern, flags|T)
 
 # SPECIAL_CHARS
 # closing ')', '}' and ']'
@@ -277,60 +311,69 @@ def escape(pattern):
         pattern = str(pattern, 'latin1')
         return pattern.translate(_special_chars_map).encode('latin1')
 
-Pattern = type(sre_compile.compile('', 0))
-Match = type(sre_compile.compile('', 0).match(''))
+Pattern = type(_compiler.compile('', 0))
+Match = type(_compiler.compile('', 0).match(''))
 
 # --------------------------------------------------------------------
 # internals
 
-_cache = {}  # ordered!
-
+# Use the fact that dict keeps the insertion order.
+# _cache2 uses the simple FIFO policy which has better latency.
+# _cache uses the LRU policy which has better hit rate.
+_cache = {}  # LRU
+_cache2 = {}  # FIFO
 _MAXCACHE = 512
+_MAXCACHE2 = 256
+assert _MAXCACHE2 < _MAXCACHE
+
 def _compile(pattern, flags):
     # internal: compile pattern
     if isinstance(flags, RegexFlag):
         flags = flags.value
     try:
-        return _cache[type(pattern), pattern, flags]
+        return _cache2[type(pattern), pattern, flags]
     except KeyError:
         pass
-    if isinstance(pattern, Pattern):
-        if flags:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "cannot process flags argument with a compiled pattern")
-        return pattern
-    if not sre_compile.isstring(pattern):
-        raise TypeError("first argument must be string or compiled pattern")
-    p = sre_compile.compile(pattern, flags)
-    if not (flags & DEBUG):
+
+    key = (type(pattern), pattern, flags)
+    # Item in _cache should be moved to the end if found.
+    p = _cache.pop(key, None)
+    if p is None:
+        if isinstance(pattern, Pattern):
+            if flags:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "cannot process flags argument with a compiled pattern")
+            return pattern
+        if not _compiler.isstring(pattern):
+            raise TypeError("first argument must be string or compiled pattern")
+        p = _compiler.compile(pattern, flags)
+        if flags & DEBUG:
+            return p
         if len(_cache) >= _MAXCACHE:
-            # Drop the oldest item
+            # Drop the least recently used item.
+            # next(iter(_cache)) is known to have linear amortized time,
+            # but it is used here to avoid a dependency from using OrderedDict.
+            # For the small _MAXCACHE value it doesn't make much of a difference.
             try:
                 del _cache[next(iter(_cache))]
             except (StopIteration, RuntimeError, KeyError):
                 pass
-        _cache[type(pattern), pattern, flags] = p
+    # Append to the end.
+    _cache[key] = p
+
+    if len(_cache2) >= _MAXCACHE2:
+        # Drop the oldest item.
+        try:
+            del _cache2[next(iter(_cache2))]
+        except (StopIteration, RuntimeError, KeyError):
+            pass
+    _cache2[key] = p
     return p
 
 @functools.lru_cache(_MAXCACHE)
-def _compile_repl(repl, pattern):
+def _compile_template(pattern, repl):
     # internal: compile replacement pattern
-    return sre_parse.parse_template(repl, pattern)
-
-def _expand(pattern, match, template):
-    # internal: Match.expand implementation hook
-    template = sre_parse.parse_template(template, pattern)
-    return sre_parse.expand_template(template, match)
-
-def _subx(pattern, template):
-    # internal: Pattern.sub/subn implementation helper
-    template = _compile_repl(template, pattern)
-    if not template[0] and len(template[1]) == 1:
-        # literal replacement
-        return template[1][0]
-    def filter(match, template=template):
-        return sre_parse.expand_template(template, match)
-    return filter
+    return _sre.template(pattern, _parser.parse_template(repl, pattern))
 
 # register myself for pickling
 
@@ -346,22 +389,22 @@ def _pickle(p):
 
 class Scanner:
     def __init__(self, lexicon, flags=0):
-        from sre_constants import BRANCH, SUBPATTERN
+        from ._constants import BRANCH, SUBPATTERN
         if isinstance(flags, RegexFlag):
             flags = flags.value
         self.lexicon = lexicon
         # combine phrases into a compound pattern
         p = []
-        s = sre_parse.State()
+        s = _parser.State()
         s.flags = flags
         for phrase, action in lexicon:
             gid = s.opengroup()
-            p.append(sre_parse.SubPattern(s, [
-                (SUBPATTERN, (gid, 0, 0, sre_parse.parse(phrase, flags))),
+            p.append(_parser.SubPattern(s, [
+                (SUBPATTERN, (gid, 0, 0, _parser.parse(phrase, flags))),
                 ]))
             s.closegroup(gid, p[-1])
-        p = sre_parse.SubPattern(s, [(BRANCH, (None, p))])
-        self.scanner = sre_compile.compile(p)
+        p = _parser.SubPattern(s, [(BRANCH, (None, p))])
+        self.scanner = _compiler.compile(p)
     def scan(self, string):
         result = []
         append = result.append
diff --git a/Lib/re/_casefix.py b/Lib/re/_casefix.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06507d08be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/re/_casefix.py
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+# Auto-generated by Tools/scripts/generate_re_casefix.py.
+
+# Maps the code of lowercased character to codes of different lowercased
+# characters which have the same uppercase.
+_EXTRA_CASES = {
+    # LATIN SMALL LETTER I: LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I
+    0x0069: (0x0131,), # 'i': 'ı'
+    # LATIN SMALL LETTER S: LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S
+    0x0073: (0x017f,), # 's': 'ſ'
+    # MICRO SIGN: GREEK SMALL LETTER MU
+    0x00b5: (0x03bc,), # 'µ': 'μ'
+    # LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I: LATIN SMALL LETTER I
+    0x0131: (0x0069,), # 'ı': 'i'
+    # LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S: LATIN SMALL LETTER S
+    0x017f: (0x0073,), # 'ſ': 's'
+    # COMBINING GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA, GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI
+    0x0345: (0x03b9, 0x1fbe), # '\u0345': 'ιι'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA
+    0x0390: (0x1fd3,), # 'ΐ': 'ΐ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA
+    0x03b0: (0x1fe3,), # 'ΰ': 'ΰ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA: GREEK BETA SYMBOL
+    0x03b2: (0x03d0,), # 'β': 'ϐ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON: GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL
+    0x03b5: (0x03f5,), # 'ε': 'ϵ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA: GREEK THETA SYMBOL
+    0x03b8: (0x03d1,), # 'θ': 'ϑ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA: COMBINING GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI, GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI
+    0x03b9: (0x0345, 0x1fbe), # 'ι': '\u0345ι'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA: GREEK KAPPA SYMBOL
+    0x03ba: (0x03f0,), # 'κ': 'ϰ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER MU: MICRO SIGN
+    0x03bc: (0x00b5,), # 'μ': 'µ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER PI: GREEK PI SYMBOL
+    0x03c0: (0x03d6,), # 'π': 'ϖ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO: GREEK RHO SYMBOL
+    0x03c1: (0x03f1,), # 'ρ': 'ϱ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA: GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA
+    0x03c2: (0x03c3,), # 'ς': 'σ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA: GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA
+    0x03c3: (0x03c2,), # 'σ': 'ς'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI: GREEK PHI SYMBOL
+    0x03c6: (0x03d5,), # 'φ': 'ϕ'
+    # GREEK BETA SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA
+    0x03d0: (0x03b2,), # 'ϐ': 'β'
+    # GREEK THETA SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA
+    0x03d1: (0x03b8,), # 'ϑ': 'θ'
+    # GREEK PHI SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI
+    0x03d5: (0x03c6,), # 'ϕ': 'φ'
+    # GREEK PI SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER PI
+    0x03d6: (0x03c0,), # 'ϖ': 'π'
+    # GREEK KAPPA SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA
+    0x03f0: (0x03ba,), # 'ϰ': 'κ'
+    # GREEK RHO SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO
+    0x03f1: (0x03c1,), # 'ϱ': 'ρ'
+    # GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL: GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON
+    0x03f5: (0x03b5,), # 'ϵ': 'ε'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ROUNDED VE
+    0x0432: (0x1c80,), # 'в': 'ᲀ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LONG-LEGGED DE
+    0x0434: (0x1c81,), # 'д': 'ᲁ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O
+    0x043e: (0x1c82,), # 'о': 'ᲂ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER WIDE ES
+    0x0441: (0x1c83,), # 'с': 'ᲃ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL TE, CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER THREE-LEGGED TE
+    0x0442: (0x1c84, 0x1c85), # 'т': 'ᲄᲅ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL HARD SIGN
+    0x044a: (0x1c86,), # 'ъ': 'ᲆ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YAT: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL YAT
+    0x0463: (0x1c87,), # 'ѣ': 'ᲇ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ROUNDED VE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE
+    0x1c80: (0x0432,), # 'ᲀ': 'в'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER LONG-LEGGED DE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE
+    0x1c81: (0x0434,), # 'ᲁ': 'д'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O
+    0x1c82: (0x043e,), # 'ᲂ': 'о'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER WIDE ES: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES
+    0x1c83: (0x0441,), # 'ᲃ': 'с'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL TE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE, CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER THREE-LEGGED TE
+    0x1c84: (0x0442, 0x1c85), # 'ᲄ': 'тᲅ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER THREE-LEGGED TE: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE, CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL TE
+    0x1c85: (0x0442, 0x1c84), # 'ᲅ': 'тᲄ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL HARD SIGN: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HARD SIGN
+    0x1c86: (0x044a,), # 'ᲆ': 'ъ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TALL YAT: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YAT
+    0x1c87: (0x0463,), # 'ᲇ': 'ѣ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UNBLENDED UK: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK
+    0x1c88: (0xa64b,), # 'ᲈ': 'ꙋ'
+    # LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE: LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DOT ABOVE
+    0x1e61: (0x1e9b,), # 'ṡ': 'ẛ'
+    # LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DOT ABOVE: LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE
+    0x1e9b: (0x1e61,), # 'ẛ': 'ṡ'
+    # GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI: COMBINING GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI, GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA
+    0x1fbe: (0x0345, 0x03b9), # 'ι': '\u0345ι'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA: GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS
+    0x1fd3: (0x0390,), # 'ΐ': 'ΐ'
+    # GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA: GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS
+    0x1fe3: (0x03b0,), # 'ΰ': 'ΰ'
+    # CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK: CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UNBLENDED UK
+    0xa64b: (0x1c88,), # 'ꙋ': 'ᲈ'
+    # LATIN SMALL LIGATURE LONG S T: LATIN SMALL LIGATURE ST
+    0xfb05: (0xfb06,), # 'ſt': 'st'
+    # LATIN SMALL LIGATURE ST: LATIN SMALL LIGATURE LONG S T
+    0xfb06: (0xfb05,), # 'st': 'ſt'
+}
diff --git a/Lib/re/_compiler.py b/Lib/re/_compiler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f87712d6d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/re/_compiler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,763 @@
+#
+# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine
+#
+# convert template to internal format
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1997-2001 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# See the __init__.py file for information on usage and redistribution.
+#
+
+"""Internal support module for sre"""
+
+import _sre
+from . import _parser
+from ._constants import *
+from ._casefix import _EXTRA_CASES
+
+assert _sre.MAGIC == MAGIC, "SRE module mismatch"
+
+_LITERAL_CODES = {LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL}
+_SUCCESS_CODES = {SUCCESS, FAILURE}
+_ASSERT_CODES = {ASSERT, ASSERT_NOT}
+_UNIT_CODES = _LITERAL_CODES | {ANY, IN}
+
+_REPEATING_CODES = {
+    MIN_REPEAT: (REPEAT, MIN_UNTIL, MIN_REPEAT_ONE),
+    MAX_REPEAT: (REPEAT, MAX_UNTIL, REPEAT_ONE),
+    POSSESSIVE_REPEAT: (POSSESSIVE_REPEAT, SUCCESS, POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE),
+}
+
+def _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags,
+                   TYPE_FLAGS=_parser.TYPE_FLAGS):
+    if add_flags & TYPE_FLAGS:
+        flags &= ~TYPE_FLAGS
+    return (flags | add_flags) & ~del_flags
+
+def _compile(code, pattern, flags):
+    # internal: compile a (sub)pattern
+    emit = code.append
+    _len = len
+    LITERAL_CODES = _LITERAL_CODES
+    REPEATING_CODES = _REPEATING_CODES
+    SUCCESS_CODES = _SUCCESS_CODES
+    ASSERT_CODES = _ASSERT_CODES
+    iscased = None
+    tolower = None
+    fixes = None
+    if flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and not flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
+        if flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
+            iscased = _sre.unicode_iscased
+            tolower = _sre.unicode_tolower
+            fixes = _EXTRA_CASES
+        else:
+            iscased = _sre.ascii_iscased
+            tolower = _sre.ascii_tolower
+    for op, av in pattern:
+        if op in LITERAL_CODES:
+            if not flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE:
+                emit(op)
+                emit(av)
+            elif flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
+                emit(OP_LOCALE_IGNORE[op])
+                emit(av)
+            elif not iscased(av):
+                emit(op)
+                emit(av)
+            else:
+                lo = tolower(av)
+                if not fixes:  # ascii
+                    emit(OP_IGNORE[op])
+                    emit(lo)
+                elif lo not in fixes:
+                    emit(OP_UNICODE_IGNORE[op])
+                    emit(lo)
+                else:
+                    emit(IN_UNI_IGNORE)
+                    skip = _len(code); emit(0)
+                    if op is NOT_LITERAL:
+                        emit(NEGATE)
+                    for k in (lo,) + fixes[lo]:
+                        emit(LITERAL)
+                        emit(k)
+                    emit(FAILURE)
+                    code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
+        elif op is IN:
+            charset, hascased = _optimize_charset(av, iscased, tolower, fixes)
+            if flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
+                emit(IN_LOC_IGNORE)
+            elif not hascased:
+                emit(IN)
+            elif not fixes:  # ascii
+                emit(IN_IGNORE)
+            else:
+                emit(IN_UNI_IGNORE)
+            skip = _len(code); emit(0)
+            _compile_charset(charset, flags, code)
+            code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
+        elif op is ANY:
+            if flags & SRE_FLAG_DOTALL:
+                emit(ANY_ALL)
+            else:
+                emit(ANY)
+        elif op in REPEATING_CODES:
+            if _simple(av[2]):
+                emit(REPEATING_CODES[op][2])
+                skip = _len(code); emit(0)
+                emit(av[0])
+                emit(av[1])
+                _compile(code, av[2], flags)
+                emit(SUCCESS)
+                code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
+            else:
+                emit(REPEATING_CODES[op][0])
+                skip = _len(code); emit(0)
+                emit(av[0])
+                emit(av[1])
+                _compile(code, av[2], flags)
+                code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
+                emit(REPEATING_CODES[op][1])
+        elif op is SUBPATTERN:
+            group, add_flags, del_flags, p = av
+            if group:
+                emit(MARK)
+                emit((group-1)*2)
+            # _compile_info(code, p, _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags))
+            _compile(code, p, _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags))
+            if group:
+                emit(MARK)
+                emit((group-1)*2+1)
+        elif op is ATOMIC_GROUP:
+            # Atomic Groups are handled by starting with an Atomic
+            # Group op code, then putting in the atomic group pattern
+            # and finally a success op code to tell any repeat
+            # operations within the Atomic Group to stop eating and
+            # pop their stack if they reach it
+            emit(ATOMIC_GROUP)
+            skip = _len(code); emit(0)
+            _compile(code, av, flags)
+            emit(SUCCESS)
+            code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
+        elif op in SUCCESS_CODES:
+            emit(op)
+        elif op in ASSERT_CODES:
+            emit(op)
+            skip = _len(code); emit(0)
+            if av[0] >= 0:
+                emit(0) # look ahead
+            else:
+                lo, hi = av[1].getwidth()
+                if lo > MAXCODE:
+                    raise error("looks too much behind")
+                if lo != hi:
+                    raise error("look-behind requires fixed-width pattern")
+                emit(lo) # look behind
+            _compile(code, av[1], flags)
+            emit(SUCCESS)
+            code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
+        elif op is AT:
+            emit(op)
+            if flags & SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE:
+                av = AT_MULTILINE.get(av, av)
+            if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
+                av = AT_LOCALE.get(av, av)
+            elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
+                av = AT_UNICODE.get(av, av)
+            emit(av)
+        elif op is BRANCH:
+            emit(op)
+            tail = []
+            tailappend = tail.append
+            for av in av[1]:
+                skip = _len(code); emit(0)
+                # _compile_info(code, av, flags)
+                _compile(code, av, flags)
+                emit(JUMP)
+                tailappend(_len(code)); emit(0)
+                code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
+            emit(FAILURE) # end of branch
+            for tail in tail:
+                code[tail] = _len(code) - tail
+        elif op is CATEGORY:
+            emit(op)
+            if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
+                av = CH_LOCALE[av]
+            elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
+                av = CH_UNICODE[av]
+            emit(av)
+        elif op is GROUPREF:
+            if not flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE:
+                emit(op)
+            elif flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
+                emit(GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE)
+            elif not fixes:  # ascii
+                emit(GROUPREF_IGNORE)
+            else:
+                emit(GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE)
+            emit(av-1)
+        elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS:
+            emit(op)
+            emit(av[0]-1)
+            skipyes = _len(code); emit(0)
+            _compile(code, av[1], flags)
+            if av[2]:
+                emit(JUMP)
+                skipno = _len(code); emit(0)
+                code[skipyes] = _len(code) - skipyes + 1
+                _compile(code, av[2], flags)
+                code[skipno] = _len(code) - skipno
+            else:
+                code[skipyes] = _len(code) - skipyes + 1
+        else:
+            raise error("internal: unsupported operand type %r" % (op,))
+
+def _compile_charset(charset, flags, code):
+    # compile charset subprogram
+    emit = code.append
+    for op, av in charset:
+        emit(op)
+        if op is NEGATE:
+            pass
+        elif op is LITERAL:
+            emit(av)
+        elif op is RANGE or op is RANGE_UNI_IGNORE:
+            emit(av[0])
+            emit(av[1])
+        elif op is CHARSET:
+            code.extend(av)
+        elif op is BIGCHARSET:
+            code.extend(av)
+        elif op is CATEGORY:
+            if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
+                emit(CH_LOCALE[av])
+            elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
+                emit(CH_UNICODE[av])
+            else:
+                emit(av)
+        else:
+            raise error("internal: unsupported set operator %r" % (op,))
+    emit(FAILURE)
+
+def _optimize_charset(charset, iscased=None, fixup=None, fixes=None):
+    # internal: optimize character set
+    out = []
+    tail = []
+    charmap = bytearray(256)
+    hascased = False
+    for op, av in charset:
+        while True:
+            try:
+                if op is LITERAL:
+                    if fixup:
+                        lo = fixup(av)
+                        charmap[lo] = 1
+                        if fixes and lo in fixes:
+                            for k in fixes[lo]:
+                                charmap[k] = 1
+                        if not hascased and iscased(av):
+                            hascased = True
+                    else:
+                        charmap[av] = 1
+                elif op is RANGE:
+                    r = range(av[0], av[1]+1)
+                    if fixup:
+                        if fixes:
+                            for i in map(fixup, r):
+                                charmap[i] = 1
+                                if i in fixes:
+                                    for k in fixes[i]:
+                                        charmap[k] = 1
+                        else:
+                            for i in map(fixup, r):
+                                charmap[i] = 1
+                        if not hascased:
+                            hascased = any(map(iscased, r))
+                    else:
+                        for i in r:
+                            charmap[i] = 1
+                elif op is NEGATE:
+                    out.append((op, av))
+                else:
+                    tail.append((op, av))
+            except IndexError:
+                if len(charmap) == 256:
+                    # character set contains non-UCS1 character codes
+                    charmap += b'\0' * 0xff00
+                    continue
+                # Character set contains non-BMP character codes.
+                # For range, all BMP characters in the range are already
+                # proceeded.
+                if fixup:
+                    hascased = True
+                    # For now, IN_UNI_IGNORE+LITERAL and
+                    # IN_UNI_IGNORE+RANGE_UNI_IGNORE work for all non-BMP
+                    # characters, because two characters (at least one of
+                    # which is not in the BMP) match case-insensitively
+                    # if and only if:
+                    # 1) c1.lower() == c2.lower()
+                    # 2) c1.lower() == c2 or c1.lower().upper() == c2
+                    # Also, both c.lower() and c.lower().upper() are single
+                    # characters for every non-BMP character.
+                    if op is RANGE:
+                        op = RANGE_UNI_IGNORE
+                tail.append((op, av))
+            break
+
+    # compress character map
+    runs = []
+    q = 0
+    while True:
+        p = charmap.find(1, q)
+        if p < 0:
+            break
+        if len(runs) >= 2:
+            runs = None
+            break
+        q = charmap.find(0, p)
+        if q < 0:
+            runs.append((p, len(charmap)))
+            break
+        runs.append((p, q))
+    if runs is not None:
+        # use literal/range
+        for p, q in runs:
+            if q - p == 1:
+                out.append((LITERAL, p))
+            else:
+                out.append((RANGE, (p, q - 1)))
+        out += tail
+        # if the case was changed or new representation is more compact
+        if hascased or len(out) < len(charset):
+            return out, hascased
+        # else original character set is good enough
+        return charset, hascased
+
+    # use bitmap
+    if len(charmap) == 256:
+        data = _mk_bitmap(charmap)
+        out.append((CHARSET, data))
+        out += tail
+        return out, hascased
+
+    # To represent a big charset, first a bitmap of all characters in the
+    # set is constructed. Then, this bitmap is sliced into chunks of 256
+    # characters, duplicate chunks are eliminated, and each chunk is
+    # given a number. In the compiled expression, the charset is
+    # represented by a 32-bit word sequence, consisting of one word for
+    # the number of different chunks, a sequence of 256 bytes (64 words)
+    # of chunk numbers indexed by their original chunk position, and a
+    # sequence of 256-bit chunks (8 words each).
+
+    # Compression is normally good: in a typical charset, large ranges of
+    # Unicode will be either completely excluded (e.g. if only cyrillic
+    # letters are to be matched), or completely included (e.g. if large
+    # subranges of Kanji match). These ranges will be represented by
+    # chunks of all one-bits or all zero-bits.
+
+    # Matching can be also done efficiently: the more significant byte of
+    # the Unicode character is an index into the chunk number, and the
+    # less significant byte is a bit index in the chunk (just like the
+    # CHARSET matching).
+
+    charmap = bytes(charmap) # should be hashable
+    comps = {}
+    mapping = bytearray(256)
+    block = 0
+    data = bytearray()
+    for i in range(0, 65536, 256):
+        chunk = charmap[i: i + 256]
+        if chunk in comps:
+            mapping[i // 256] = comps[chunk]
+        else:
+            mapping[i // 256] = comps[chunk] = block
+            block += 1
+            data += chunk
+    data = _mk_bitmap(data)
+    data[0:0] = [block] + _bytes_to_codes(mapping)
+    out.append((BIGCHARSET, data))
+    out += tail
+    return out, hascased
+
+_CODEBITS = _sre.CODESIZE * 8
+MAXCODE = (1 << _CODEBITS) - 1
+_BITS_TRANS = b'0' + b'1' * 255
+def _mk_bitmap(bits, _CODEBITS=_CODEBITS, _int=int):
+    s = bits.translate(_BITS_TRANS)[::-1]
+    return [_int(s[i - _CODEBITS: i], 2)
+            for i in range(len(s), 0, -_CODEBITS)]
+
+def _bytes_to_codes(b):
+    # Convert block indices to word array
+    a = memoryview(b).cast('I')
+    assert a.itemsize == _sre.CODESIZE
+    assert len(a) * a.itemsize == len(b)
+    return a.tolist()
+
+def _simple(p):
+    # check if this subpattern is a "simple" operator
+    if len(p) != 1:
+        return False
+    op, av = p[0]
+    if op is SUBPATTERN:
+        return av[0] is None and _simple(av[-1])
+    return op in _UNIT_CODES
+
+def _generate_overlap_table(prefix):
+    """
+    Generate an overlap table for the following prefix.
+    An overlap table is a table of the same size as the prefix which
+    informs about the potential self-overlap for each index in the prefix:
+    - if overlap[i] == 0, prefix[i:] can't overlap prefix[0:...]
+    - if overlap[i] == k with 0 < k <= i, prefix[i-k+1:i+1] overlaps with
+      prefix[0:k]
+    """
+    table = [0] * len(prefix)
+    for i in range(1, len(prefix)):
+        idx = table[i - 1]
+        while prefix[i] != prefix[idx]:
+            if idx == 0:
+                table[i] = 0
+                break
+            idx = table[idx - 1]
+        else:
+            table[i] = idx + 1
+    return table
+
+def _get_iscased(flags):
+    if not flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE:
+        return None
+    elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
+        return _sre.unicode_iscased
+    else:
+        return _sre.ascii_iscased
+
+def _get_literal_prefix(pattern, flags):
+    # look for literal prefix
+    prefix = []
+    prefixappend = prefix.append
+    prefix_skip = None
+    iscased = _get_iscased(flags)
+    for op, av in pattern.data:
+        if op is LITERAL:
+            if iscased and iscased(av):
+                break
+            prefixappend(av)
+        elif op is SUBPATTERN:
+            group, add_flags, del_flags, p = av
+            flags1 = _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags)
+            if flags1 & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags1 & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
+                break
+            prefix1, prefix_skip1, got_all = _get_literal_prefix(p, flags1)
+            if prefix_skip is None:
+                if group is not None:
+                    prefix_skip = len(prefix)
+                elif prefix_skip1 is not None:
+                    prefix_skip = len(prefix) + prefix_skip1
+            prefix.extend(prefix1)
+            if not got_all:
+                break
+        else:
+            break
+    else:
+        return prefix, prefix_skip, True
+    return prefix, prefix_skip, False
+
+def _get_charset_prefix(pattern, flags):
+    while True:
+        if not pattern.data:
+            return None
+        op, av = pattern.data[0]
+        if op is not SUBPATTERN:
+            break
+        group, add_flags, del_flags, pattern = av
+        flags = _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags)
+        if flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
+            return None
+
+    iscased = _get_iscased(flags)
+    if op is LITERAL:
+        if iscased and iscased(av):
+            return None
+        return [(op, av)]
+    elif op is BRANCH:
+        charset = []
+        charsetappend = charset.append
+        for p in av[1]:
+            if not p:
+                return None
+            op, av = p[0]
+            if op is LITERAL and not (iscased and iscased(av)):
+                charsetappend((op, av))
+            else:
+                return None
+        return charset
+    elif op is IN:
+        charset = av
+        if iscased:
+            for op, av in charset:
+                if op is LITERAL:
+                    if iscased(av):
+                        return None
+                elif op is RANGE:
+                    if av[1] > 0xffff:
+                        return None
+                    if any(map(iscased, range(av[0], av[1]+1))):
+                        return None
+        return charset
+    return None
+
+def _compile_info(code, pattern, flags):
+    # internal: compile an info block.  in the current version,
+    # this contains min/max pattern width, and an optional literal
+    # prefix or a character map
+    lo, hi = pattern.getwidth()
+    if hi > MAXCODE:
+        hi = MAXCODE
+    if lo == 0:
+        code.extend([INFO, 4, 0, lo, hi])
+        return
+    # look for a literal prefix
+    prefix = []
+    prefix_skip = 0
+    charset = [] # not used
+    if not (flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE):
+        # look for literal prefix
+        prefix, prefix_skip, got_all = _get_literal_prefix(pattern, flags)
+        # if no prefix, look for charset prefix
+        if not prefix:
+            charset = _get_charset_prefix(pattern, flags)
+##     if prefix:
+##         print("*** PREFIX", prefix, prefix_skip)
+##     if charset:
+##         print("*** CHARSET", charset)
+    # add an info block
+    emit = code.append
+    emit(INFO)
+    skip = len(code); emit(0)
+    # literal flag
+    mask = 0
+    if prefix:
+        mask = SRE_INFO_PREFIX
+        if prefix_skip is None and got_all:
+            mask = mask | SRE_INFO_LITERAL
+    elif charset:
+        mask = mask | SRE_INFO_CHARSET
+    emit(mask)
+    # pattern length
+    if lo < MAXCODE:
+        emit(lo)
+    else:
+        emit(MAXCODE)
+        prefix = prefix[:MAXCODE]
+    emit(hi)
+    # add literal prefix
+    if prefix:
+        emit(len(prefix)) # length
+        if prefix_skip is None:
+            prefix_skip =  len(prefix)
+        emit(prefix_skip) # skip
+        code.extend(prefix)
+        # generate overlap table
+        code.extend(_generate_overlap_table(prefix))
+    elif charset:
+        charset, hascased = _optimize_charset(charset)
+        assert not hascased
+        _compile_charset(charset, flags, code)
+    code[skip] = len(code) - skip
+
+def isstring(obj):
+    return isinstance(obj, (str, bytes))
+
+def _code(p, flags):
+
+    flags = p.state.flags | flags
+    code = []
+
+    # compile info block
+    _compile_info(code, p, flags)
+
+    # compile the pattern
+    _compile(code, p.data, flags)
+
+    code.append(SUCCESS)
+
+    return code
+
+def _hex_code(code):
+    return '[%s]' % ', '.join('%#0*x' % (_sre.CODESIZE*2+2, x) for x in code)
+
+def dis(code):
+    import sys
+
+    labels = set()
+    level = 0
+    offset_width = len(str(len(code) - 1))
+
+    def dis_(start, end):
+        def print_(*args, to=None):
+            if to is not None:
+                labels.add(to)
+                args += ('(to %d)' % (to,),)
+            print('%*d%s ' % (offset_width, start, ':' if start in labels else '.'),
+                  end='  '*(level-1))
+            print(*args)
+
+        def print_2(*args):
+            print(end=' '*(offset_width + 2*level))
+            print(*args)
+
+        nonlocal level
+        level += 1
+        i = start
+        while i < end:
+            start = i
+            op = code[i]
+            i += 1
+            op = OPCODES[op]
+            if op in (SUCCESS, FAILURE, ANY, ANY_ALL,
+                      MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL, NEGATE):
+                print_(op)
+            elif op in (LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL,
+                        LITERAL_IGNORE, NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE,
+                        LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE, NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE,
+                        LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE, NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE):
+                arg = code[i]
+                i += 1
+                print_(op, '%#02x (%r)' % (arg, chr(arg)))
+            elif op is AT:
+                arg = code[i]
+                i += 1
+                arg = str(ATCODES[arg])
+                assert arg[:3] == 'AT_'
+                print_(op, arg[3:])
+            elif op is CATEGORY:
+                arg = code[i]
+                i += 1
+                arg = str(CHCODES[arg])
+                assert arg[:9] == 'CATEGORY_'
+                print_(op, arg[9:])
+            elif op in (IN, IN_IGNORE, IN_UNI_IGNORE, IN_LOC_IGNORE):
+                skip = code[i]
+                print_(op, skip, to=i+skip)
+                dis_(i+1, i+skip)
+                i += skip
+            elif op in (RANGE, RANGE_UNI_IGNORE):
+                lo, hi = code[i: i+2]
+                i += 2
+                print_(op, '%#02x %#02x (%r-%r)' % (lo, hi, chr(lo), chr(hi)))
+            elif op is CHARSET:
+                print_(op, _hex_code(code[i: i + 256//_CODEBITS]))
+                i += 256//_CODEBITS
+            elif op is BIGCHARSET:
+                arg = code[i]
+                i += 1
+                mapping = list(b''.join(x.to_bytes(_sre.CODESIZE, sys.byteorder)
+                                        for x in code[i: i + 256//_sre.CODESIZE]))
+                print_(op, arg, mapping)
+                i += 256//_sre.CODESIZE
+                level += 1
+                for j in range(arg):
+                    print_2(_hex_code(code[i: i + 256//_CODEBITS]))
+                    i += 256//_CODEBITS
+                level -= 1
+            elif op in (MARK, GROUPREF, GROUPREF_IGNORE, GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE,
+                        GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE):
+                arg = code[i]
+                i += 1
+                print_(op, arg)
+            elif op is JUMP:
+                skip = code[i]
+                print_(op, skip, to=i+skip)
+                i += 1
+            elif op is BRANCH:
+                skip = code[i]
+                print_(op, skip, to=i+skip)
+                while skip:
+                    dis_(i+1, i+skip)
+                    i += skip
+                    start = i
+                    skip = code[i]
+                    if skip:
+                        print_('branch', skip, to=i+skip)
+                    else:
+                        print_(FAILURE)
+                i += 1
+            elif op in (REPEAT, REPEAT_ONE, MIN_REPEAT_ONE,
+                        POSSESSIVE_REPEAT, POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE):
+                skip, min, max = code[i: i+3]
+                if max == MAXREPEAT:
+                    max = 'MAXREPEAT'
+                print_(op, skip, min, max, to=i+skip)
+                dis_(i+3, i+skip)
+                i += skip
+            elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS:
+                arg, skip = code[i: i+2]
+                print_(op, arg, skip, to=i+skip)
+                i += 2
+            elif op in (ASSERT, ASSERT_NOT):
+                skip, arg = code[i: i+2]
+                print_(op, skip, arg, to=i+skip)
+                dis_(i+2, i+skip)
+                i += skip
+            elif op is ATOMIC_GROUP:
+                skip = code[i]
+                print_(op, skip, to=i+skip)
+                dis_(i+1, i+skip)
+                i += skip
+            elif op is INFO:
+                skip, flags, min, max = code[i: i+4]
+                if max == MAXREPEAT:
+                    max = 'MAXREPEAT'
+                print_(op, skip, bin(flags), min, max, to=i+skip)
+                start = i+4
+                if flags & SRE_INFO_PREFIX:
+                    prefix_len, prefix_skip = code[i+4: i+6]
+                    print_2('  prefix_skip', prefix_skip)
+                    start = i + 6
+                    prefix = code[start: start+prefix_len]
+                    print_2('  prefix',
+                            '[%s]' % ', '.join('%#02x' % x for x in prefix),
+                            '(%r)' % ''.join(map(chr, prefix)))
+                    start += prefix_len
+                    print_2('  overlap', code[start: start+prefix_len])
+                    start += prefix_len
+                if flags & SRE_INFO_CHARSET:
+                    level += 1
+                    print_2('in')
+                    dis_(start, i+skip)
+                    level -= 1
+                i += skip
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(op)
+
+        level -= 1
+
+    dis_(0, len(code))
+
+
+def compile(p, flags=0):
+    # internal: convert pattern list to internal format
+
+    if isstring(p):
+        pattern = p
+        p = _parser.parse(p, flags)
+    else:
+        pattern = None
+
+    code = _code(p, flags)
+
+    if flags & SRE_FLAG_DEBUG:
+        print()
+        dis(code)
+
+    # map in either direction
+    groupindex = p.state.groupdict
+    indexgroup = [None] * p.state.groups
+    for k, i in groupindex.items():
+        indexgroup[i] = k
+
+    return _sre.compile(
+        pattern, flags | p.state.flags, code,
+        p.state.groups-1,
+        groupindex, tuple(indexgroup)
+        )
diff --git a/Lib/re/_constants.py b/Lib/re/_constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8e483ac4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/re/_constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+#
+# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine
+#
+# various symbols used by the regular expression engine.
+# run this script to update the _sre include files!
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1998-2001 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# See the __init__.py file for information on usage and redistribution.
+#
+
+"""Internal support module for sre"""
+
+# update when constants are added or removed
+
+MAGIC = 20230612
+
+from _sre import MAXREPEAT, MAXGROUPS
+
+# SRE standard exception (access as sre.error)
+# should this really be here?
+
+class error(Exception):
+    """Exception raised for invalid regular expressions.
+
+    Attributes:
+
+        msg: The unformatted error message
+        pattern: The regular expression pattern
+        pos: The index in the pattern where compilation failed (may be None)
+        lineno: The line corresponding to pos (may be None)
+        colno: The column corresponding to pos (may be None)
+    """
+
+    __module__ = 're'
+
+    def __init__(self, msg, pattern=None, pos=None):
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.pattern = pattern
+        self.pos = pos
+        if pattern is not None and pos is not None:
+            msg = '%s at position %d' % (msg, pos)
+            if isinstance(pattern, str):
+                newline = '\n'
+            else:
+                newline = b'\n'
+            self.lineno = pattern.count(newline, 0, pos) + 1
+            self.colno = pos - pattern.rfind(newline, 0, pos)
+            if newline in pattern:
+                msg = '%s (line %d, column %d)' % (msg, self.lineno, self.colno)
+        else:
+            self.lineno = self.colno = None
+        super().__init__(msg)
+
+
+class _NamedIntConstant(int):
+    def __new__(cls, value, name):
+        self = super(_NamedIntConstant, cls).__new__(cls, value)
+        self.name = name
+        return self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.name
+
+    __reduce__ = None
+
+MAXREPEAT = _NamedIntConstant(MAXREPEAT, 'MAXREPEAT')
+
+def _makecodes(*names):
+    items = [_NamedIntConstant(i, name) for i, name in enumerate(names)]
+    globals().update({item.name: item for item in items})
+    return items
+
+# operators
+OPCODES = _makecodes(
+    # failure=0 success=1 (just because it looks better that way :-)
+    'FAILURE', 'SUCCESS',
+
+    'ANY', 'ANY_ALL',
+    'ASSERT', 'ASSERT_NOT',
+    'AT',
+    'BRANCH',
+    'CATEGORY',
+    'CHARSET', 'BIGCHARSET',
+    'GROUPREF', 'GROUPREF_EXISTS',
+    'IN',
+    'INFO',
+    'JUMP',
+    'LITERAL',
+    'MARK',
+    'MAX_UNTIL',
+    'MIN_UNTIL',
+    'NOT_LITERAL',
+    'NEGATE',
+    'RANGE',
+    'REPEAT',
+    'REPEAT_ONE',
+    'SUBPATTERN',
+    'MIN_REPEAT_ONE',
+    'ATOMIC_GROUP',
+    'POSSESSIVE_REPEAT',
+    'POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE',
+
+    'GROUPREF_IGNORE',
+    'IN_IGNORE',
+    'LITERAL_IGNORE',
+    'NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE',
+
+    'GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE',
+    'IN_LOC_IGNORE',
+    'LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE',
+    'NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE',
+
+    'GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE',
+    'IN_UNI_IGNORE',
+    'LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE',
+    'NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE',
+    'RANGE_UNI_IGNORE',
+
+    # The following opcodes are only occurred in the parser output,
+    # but not in the compiled code.
+    'MIN_REPEAT', 'MAX_REPEAT',
+)
+del OPCODES[-2:] # remove MIN_REPEAT and MAX_REPEAT
+
+# positions
+ATCODES = _makecodes(
+    'AT_BEGINNING', 'AT_BEGINNING_LINE', 'AT_BEGINNING_STRING',
+    'AT_BOUNDARY', 'AT_NON_BOUNDARY',
+    'AT_END', 'AT_END_LINE', 'AT_END_STRING',
+
+    'AT_LOC_BOUNDARY', 'AT_LOC_NON_BOUNDARY',
+
+    'AT_UNI_BOUNDARY', 'AT_UNI_NON_BOUNDARY',
+)
+
+# categories
+CHCODES = _makecodes(
+    'CATEGORY_DIGIT', 'CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT',
+    'CATEGORY_SPACE', 'CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE',
+    'CATEGORY_WORD', 'CATEGORY_NOT_WORD',
+    'CATEGORY_LINEBREAK', 'CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK',
+
+    'CATEGORY_LOC_WORD', 'CATEGORY_LOC_NOT_WORD',
+
+    'CATEGORY_UNI_DIGIT', 'CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_DIGIT',
+    'CATEGORY_UNI_SPACE', 'CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_SPACE',
+    'CATEGORY_UNI_WORD', 'CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_WORD',
+    'CATEGORY_UNI_LINEBREAK', 'CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_LINEBREAK',
+)
+
+
+# replacement operations for "ignore case" mode
+OP_IGNORE = {
+    LITERAL: LITERAL_IGNORE,
+    NOT_LITERAL: NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE,
+}
+
+OP_LOCALE_IGNORE = {
+    LITERAL: LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE,
+    NOT_LITERAL: NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE,
+}
+
+OP_UNICODE_IGNORE = {
+    LITERAL: LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE,
+    NOT_LITERAL: NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE,
+}
+
+AT_MULTILINE = {
+    AT_BEGINNING: AT_BEGINNING_LINE,
+    AT_END: AT_END_LINE
+}
+
+AT_LOCALE = {
+    AT_BOUNDARY: AT_LOC_BOUNDARY,
+    AT_NON_BOUNDARY: AT_LOC_NON_BOUNDARY
+}
+
+AT_UNICODE = {
+    AT_BOUNDARY: AT_UNI_BOUNDARY,
+    AT_NON_BOUNDARY: AT_UNI_NON_BOUNDARY
+}
+
+CH_LOCALE = {
+    CATEGORY_DIGIT: CATEGORY_DIGIT,
+    CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT: CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT,
+    CATEGORY_SPACE: CATEGORY_SPACE,
+    CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE: CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE,
+    CATEGORY_WORD: CATEGORY_LOC_WORD,
+    CATEGORY_NOT_WORD: CATEGORY_LOC_NOT_WORD,
+    CATEGORY_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_LINEBREAK,
+    CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK
+}
+
+CH_UNICODE = {
+    CATEGORY_DIGIT: CATEGORY_UNI_DIGIT,
+    CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_DIGIT,
+    CATEGORY_SPACE: CATEGORY_UNI_SPACE,
+    CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_SPACE,
+    CATEGORY_WORD: CATEGORY_UNI_WORD,
+    CATEGORY_NOT_WORD: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_WORD,
+    CATEGORY_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_UNI_LINEBREAK,
+    CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_LINEBREAK
+}
+
+# flags
+SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE = 2 # case insensitive
+SRE_FLAG_LOCALE = 4 # honour system locale
+SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE = 8 # treat target as multiline string
+SRE_FLAG_DOTALL = 16 # treat target as a single string
+SRE_FLAG_UNICODE = 32 # use unicode "locale"
+SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE = 64 # ignore whitespace and comments
+SRE_FLAG_DEBUG = 128 # debugging
+SRE_FLAG_ASCII = 256 # use ascii "locale"
+
+# flags for INFO primitive
+SRE_INFO_PREFIX = 1 # has prefix
+SRE_INFO_LITERAL = 2 # entire pattern is literal (given by prefix)
+SRE_INFO_CHARSET = 4 # pattern starts with character from given set
diff --git a/Lib/re/_parser.py b/Lib/re/_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f3c779340f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/re/_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1081 @@
+#
+# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine
+#
+# convert re-style regular expression to sre pattern
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1998-2001 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
+#
+# See the __init__.py file for information on usage and redistribution.
+#
+
+"""Internal support module for sre"""
+
+# XXX: show string offset and offending character for all errors
+
+from ._constants import *
+
+SPECIAL_CHARS = ".\\[{()*+?^$|"
+REPEAT_CHARS = "*+?{"
+
+DIGITS = frozenset("0123456789")
+
+OCTDIGITS = frozenset("01234567")
+HEXDIGITS = frozenset("0123456789abcdefABCDEF")
+ASCIILETTERS = frozenset("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ")
+
+WHITESPACE = frozenset(" \t\n\r\v\f")
+
+_REPEATCODES = frozenset({MIN_REPEAT, MAX_REPEAT, POSSESSIVE_REPEAT})
+_UNITCODES = frozenset({ANY, RANGE, IN, LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL, CATEGORY})
+
+ESCAPES = {
+    r"\a": (LITERAL, ord("\a")),
+    r"\b": (LITERAL, ord("\b")),
+    r"\f": (LITERAL, ord("\f")),
+    r"\n": (LITERAL, ord("\n")),
+    r"\r": (LITERAL, ord("\r")),
+    r"\t": (LITERAL, ord("\t")),
+    r"\v": (LITERAL, ord("\v")),
+    r"\\": (LITERAL, ord("\\"))
+}
+
+CATEGORIES = {
+    r"\A": (AT, AT_BEGINNING_STRING), # start of string
+    r"\b": (AT, AT_BOUNDARY),
+    r"\B": (AT, AT_NON_BOUNDARY),
+    r"\d": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_DIGIT)]),
+    r"\D": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT)]),
+    r"\s": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_SPACE)]),
+    r"\S": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE)]),
+    r"\w": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_WORD)]),
+    r"\W": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_WORD)]),
+    r"\Z": (AT, AT_END_STRING), # end of string
+}
+
+FLAGS = {
+    # standard flags
+    "i": SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE,
+    "L": SRE_FLAG_LOCALE,
+    "m": SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE,
+    "s": SRE_FLAG_DOTALL,
+    "x": SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE,
+    # extensions
+    "a": SRE_FLAG_ASCII,
+    "u": SRE_FLAG_UNICODE,
+}
+
+TYPE_FLAGS = SRE_FLAG_ASCII | SRE_FLAG_LOCALE | SRE_FLAG_UNICODE
+GLOBAL_FLAGS = SRE_FLAG_DEBUG
+
+# Maximal value returned by SubPattern.getwidth().
+# Must be larger than MAXREPEAT, MAXCODE and sys.maxsize.
+MAXWIDTH = 1 << 64
+
+class State:
+    # keeps track of state for parsing
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.flags = 0
+        self.groupdict = {}
+        self.groupwidths = [None]  # group 0
+        self.lookbehindgroups = None
+        self.grouprefpos = {}
+    @property
+    def groups(self):
+        return len(self.groupwidths)
+    def opengroup(self, name=None):
+        gid = self.groups
+        self.groupwidths.append(None)
+        if self.groups > MAXGROUPS:
+            raise error("too many groups")
+        if name is not None:
+            ogid = self.groupdict.get(name, None)
+            if ogid is not None:
+                raise error("redefinition of group name %r as group %d; "
+                            "was group %d" % (name, gid,  ogid))
+            self.groupdict[name] = gid
+        return gid
+    def closegroup(self, gid, p):
+        self.groupwidths[gid] = p.getwidth()
+    def checkgroup(self, gid):
+        return gid < self.groups and self.groupwidths[gid] is not None
+
+    def checklookbehindgroup(self, gid, source):
+        if self.lookbehindgroups is not None:
+            if not self.checkgroup(gid):
+                raise source.error('cannot refer to an open group')
+            if gid >= self.lookbehindgroups:
+                raise source.error('cannot refer to group defined in the same '
+                                   'lookbehind subpattern')
+
+class SubPattern:
+    # a subpattern, in intermediate form
+    def __init__(self, state, data=None):
+        self.state = state
+        if data is None:
+            data = []
+        self.data = data
+        self.width = None
+
+    def dump(self, level=0):
+        seqtypes = (tuple, list)
+        for op, av in self.data:
+            print(level*"  " + str(op), end='')
+            if op is IN:
+                # member sublanguage
+                print()
+                for op, a in av:
+                    print((level+1)*"  " + str(op), a)
+            elif op is BRANCH:
+                print()
+                for i, a in enumerate(av[1]):
+                    if i:
+                        print(level*"  " + "OR")
+                    a.dump(level+1)
+            elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS:
+                condgroup, item_yes, item_no = av
+                print('', condgroup)
+                item_yes.dump(level+1)
+                if item_no:
+                    print(level*"  " + "ELSE")
+                    item_no.dump(level+1)
+            elif isinstance(av, SubPattern):
+                print()
+                av.dump(level+1)
+            elif isinstance(av, seqtypes):
+                nl = False
+                for a in av:
+                    if isinstance(a, SubPattern):
+                        if not nl:
+                            print()
+                        a.dump(level+1)
+                        nl = True
+                    else:
+                        if not nl:
+                            print(' ', end='')
+                        print(a, end='')
+                        nl = False
+                if not nl:
+                    print()
+            else:
+                print('', av)
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return repr(self.data)
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.data)
+    def __delitem__(self, index):
+        del self.data[index]
+    def __getitem__(self, index):
+        if isinstance(index, slice):
+            return SubPattern(self.state, self.data[index])
+        return self.data[index]
+    def __setitem__(self, index, code):
+        self.data[index] = code
+    def insert(self, index, code):
+        self.data.insert(index, code)
+    def append(self, code):
+        self.data.append(code)
+    def getwidth(self):
+        # determine the width (min, max) for this subpattern
+        if self.width is not None:
+            return self.width
+        lo = hi = 0
+        for op, av in self.data:
+            if op is BRANCH:
+                i = MAXWIDTH
+                j = 0
+                for av in av[1]:
+                    l, h = av.getwidth()
+                    i = min(i, l)
+                    j = max(j, h)
+                lo = lo + i
+                hi = hi + j
+            elif op is ATOMIC_GROUP:
+                i, j = av.getwidth()
+                lo = lo + i
+                hi = hi + j
+            elif op is SUBPATTERN:
+                i, j = av[-1].getwidth()
+                lo = lo + i
+                hi = hi + j
+            elif op in _REPEATCODES:
+                i, j = av[2].getwidth()
+                lo = lo + i * av[0]
+                if av[1] == MAXREPEAT and j:
+                    hi = MAXWIDTH
+                else:
+                    hi = hi + j * av[1]
+            elif op in _UNITCODES:
+                lo = lo + 1
+                hi = hi + 1
+            elif op is GROUPREF:
+                i, j = self.state.groupwidths[av]
+                lo = lo + i
+                hi = hi + j
+            elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS:
+                i, j = av[1].getwidth()
+                if av[2] is not None:
+                    l, h = av[2].getwidth()
+                    i = min(i, l)
+                    j = max(j, h)
+                else:
+                    i = 0
+                lo = lo + i
+                hi = hi + j
+            elif op is SUCCESS:
+                break
+        self.width = min(lo, MAXWIDTH), min(hi, MAXWIDTH)
+        return self.width
+
+class Tokenizer:
+    def __init__(self, string):
+        self.istext = isinstance(string, str)
+        self.string = string
+        if not self.istext:
+            string = str(string, 'latin1')
+        self.decoded_string = string
+        self.index = 0
+        self.next = None
+        self.__next()
+    def __next(self):
+        index = self.index
+        try:
+            char = self.decoded_string[index]
+        except IndexError:
+            self.next = None
+            return
+        if char == "\\":
+            index += 1
+            try:
+                char += self.decoded_string[index]
+            except IndexError:
+                raise error("bad escape (end of pattern)",
+                            self.string, len(self.string) - 1) from None
+        self.index = index + 1
+        self.next = char
+    def match(self, char):
+        if char == self.next:
+            self.__next()
+            return True
+        return False
+    def get(self):
+        this = self.next
+        self.__next()
+        return this
+    def getwhile(self, n, charset):
+        result = ''
+        for _ in range(n):
+            c = self.next
+            if c not in charset:
+                break
+            result += c
+            self.__next()
+        return result
+    def getuntil(self, terminator, name):
+        result = ''
+        while True:
+            c = self.next
+            self.__next()
+            if c is None:
+                if not result:
+                    raise self.error("missing " + name)
+                raise self.error("missing %s, unterminated name" % terminator,
+                                 len(result))
+            if c == terminator:
+                if not result:
+                    raise self.error("missing " + name, 1)
+                break
+            result += c
+        return result
+    @property
+    def pos(self):
+        return self.index - len(self.next or '')
+    def tell(self):
+        return self.index - len(self.next or '')
+    def seek(self, index):
+        self.index = index
+        self.__next()
+
+    def error(self, msg, offset=0):
+        if not self.istext:
+            msg = msg.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace').decode('ascii')
+        return error(msg, self.string, self.tell() - offset)
+
+    def checkgroupname(self, name, offset):
+        if not (self.istext or name.isascii()):
+            msg = "bad character in group name %a" % name
+            raise self.error(msg, len(name) + offset)
+        if not name.isidentifier():
+            msg = "bad character in group name %r" % name
+            raise self.error(msg, len(name) + offset)
+
+def _class_escape(source, escape):
+    # handle escape code inside character class
+    code = ESCAPES.get(escape)
+    if code:
+        return code
+    code = CATEGORIES.get(escape)
+    if code and code[0] is IN:
+        return code
+    try:
+        c = escape[1:2]
+        if c == "x":
+            # hexadecimal escape (exactly two digits)
+            escape += source.getwhile(2, HEXDIGITS)
+            if len(escape) != 4:
+                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
+            return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16)
+        elif c == "u" and source.istext:
+            # unicode escape (exactly four digits)
+            escape += source.getwhile(4, HEXDIGITS)
+            if len(escape) != 6:
+                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
+            return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16)
+        elif c == "U" and source.istext:
+            # unicode escape (exactly eight digits)
+            escape += source.getwhile(8, HEXDIGITS)
+            if len(escape) != 10:
+                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
+            c = int(escape[2:], 16)
+            chr(c) # raise ValueError for invalid code
+            return LITERAL, c
+        elif c == "N" and source.istext:
+            import unicodedata
+            # named unicode escape e.g. \N{EM DASH}
+            if not source.match('{'):
+                raise source.error("missing {")
+            charname = source.getuntil('}', 'character name')
+            try:
+                c = ord(unicodedata.lookup(charname))
+            except (KeyError, TypeError):
+                raise source.error("undefined character name %r" % charname,
+                                   len(charname) + len(r'\N{}')) from None
+            return LITERAL, c
+        elif c in OCTDIGITS:
+            # octal escape (up to three digits)
+            escape += source.getwhile(2, OCTDIGITS)
+            c = int(escape[1:], 8)
+            if c > 0o377:
+                raise source.error('octal escape value %s outside of '
+                                   'range 0-0o377' % escape, len(escape))
+            return LITERAL, c
+        elif c in DIGITS:
+            raise ValueError
+        if len(escape) == 2:
+            if c in ASCIILETTERS:
+                raise source.error('bad escape %s' % escape, len(escape))
+            return LITERAL, ord(escape[1])
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    raise source.error("bad escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
+
+def _escape(source, escape, state):
+    # handle escape code in expression
+    code = CATEGORIES.get(escape)
+    if code:
+        return code
+    code = ESCAPES.get(escape)
+    if code:
+        return code
+    try:
+        c = escape[1:2]
+        if c == "x":
+            # hexadecimal escape
+            escape += source.getwhile(2, HEXDIGITS)
+            if len(escape) != 4:
+                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
+            return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16)
+        elif c == "u" and source.istext:
+            # unicode escape (exactly four digits)
+            escape += source.getwhile(4, HEXDIGITS)
+            if len(escape) != 6:
+                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
+            return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16)
+        elif c == "U" and source.istext:
+            # unicode escape (exactly eight digits)
+            escape += source.getwhile(8, HEXDIGITS)
+            if len(escape) != 10:
+                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
+            c = int(escape[2:], 16)
+            chr(c) # raise ValueError for invalid code
+            return LITERAL, c
+        elif c == "N" and source.istext:
+            import unicodedata
+            # named unicode escape e.g. \N{EM DASH}
+            if not source.match('{'):
+                raise source.error("missing {")
+            charname = source.getuntil('}', 'character name')
+            try:
+                c = ord(unicodedata.lookup(charname))
+            except (KeyError, TypeError):
+                raise source.error("undefined character name %r" % charname,
+                                   len(charname) + len(r'\N{}')) from None
+            return LITERAL, c
+        elif c == "0":
+            # octal escape
+            escape += source.getwhile(2, OCTDIGITS)
+            return LITERAL, int(escape[1:], 8)
+        elif c in DIGITS:
+            # octal escape *or* decimal group reference (sigh)
+            if source.next in DIGITS:
+                escape += source.get()
+                if (escape[1] in OCTDIGITS and escape[2] in OCTDIGITS and
+                    source.next in OCTDIGITS):
+                    # got three octal digits; this is an octal escape
+                    escape += source.get()
+                    c = int(escape[1:], 8)
+                    if c > 0o377:
+                        raise source.error('octal escape value %s outside of '
+                                           'range 0-0o377' % escape,
+                                           len(escape))
+                    return LITERAL, c
+            # not an octal escape, so this is a group reference
+            group = int(escape[1:])
+            if group < state.groups:
+                if not state.checkgroup(group):
+                    raise source.error("cannot refer to an open group",
+                                       len(escape))
+                state.checklookbehindgroup(group, source)
+                return GROUPREF, group
+            raise source.error("invalid group reference %d" % group, len(escape) - 1)
+        if len(escape) == 2:
+            if c in ASCIILETTERS:
+                raise source.error("bad escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
+            return LITERAL, ord(escape[1])
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    raise source.error("bad escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
+
+def _uniq(items):
+    return list(dict.fromkeys(items))
+
+def _parse_sub(source, state, verbose, nested):
+    # parse an alternation: a|b|c
+
+    items = []
+    itemsappend = items.append
+    sourcematch = source.match
+    start = source.tell()
+    while True:
+        itemsappend(_parse(source, state, verbose, nested + 1,
+                           not nested and not items))
+        if not sourcematch("|"):
+            break
+        if not nested:
+            verbose = state.flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE
+
+    if len(items) == 1:
+        return items[0]
+
+    subpattern = SubPattern(state)
+
+    # check if all items share a common prefix
+    while True:
+        prefix = None
+        for item in items:
+            if not item:
+                break
+            if prefix is None:
+                prefix = item[0]
+            elif item[0] != prefix:
+                break
+        else:
+            # all subitems start with a common "prefix".
+            # move it out of the branch
+            for item in items:
+                del item[0]
+            subpattern.append(prefix)
+            continue # check next one
+        break
+
+    # check if the branch can be replaced by a character set
+    set = []
+    for item in items:
+        if len(item) != 1:
+            break
+        op, av = item[0]
+        if op is LITERAL:
+            set.append((op, av))
+        elif op is IN and av[0][0] is not NEGATE:
+            set.extend(av)
+        else:
+            break
+    else:
+        # we can store this as a character set instead of a
+        # branch (the compiler may optimize this even more)
+        subpattern.append((IN, _uniq(set)))
+        return subpattern
+
+    subpattern.append((BRANCH, (None, items)))
+    return subpattern
+
+def _parse(source, state, verbose, nested, first=False):
+    # parse a simple pattern
+    subpattern = SubPattern(state)
+
+    # precompute constants into local variables
+    subpatternappend = subpattern.append
+    sourceget = source.get
+    sourcematch = source.match
+    _len = len
+    _ord = ord
+
+    while True:
+
+        this = source.next
+        if this is None:
+            break # end of pattern
+        if this in "|)":
+            break # end of subpattern
+        sourceget()
+
+        if verbose:
+            # skip whitespace and comments
+            if this in WHITESPACE:
+                continue
+            if this == "#":
+                while True:
+                    this = sourceget()
+                    if this is None or this == "\n":
+                        break
+                continue
+
+        if this[0] == "\\":
+            code = _escape(source, this, state)
+            subpatternappend(code)
+
+        elif this not in SPECIAL_CHARS:
+            subpatternappend((LITERAL, _ord(this)))
+
+        elif this == "[":
+            here = source.tell() - 1
+            # character set
+            set = []
+            setappend = set.append
+##          if sourcematch(":"):
+##              pass # handle character classes
+            if source.next == '[':
+                import warnings
+                warnings.warn(
+                    'Possible nested set at position %d' % source.tell(),
+                    FutureWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6
+                )
+            negate = sourcematch("^")
+            # check remaining characters
+            while True:
+                this = sourceget()
+                if this is None:
+                    raise source.error("unterminated character set",
+                                       source.tell() - here)
+                if this == "]" and set:
+                    break
+                elif this[0] == "\\":
+                    code1 = _class_escape(source, this)
+                else:
+                    if set and this in '-&~|' and source.next == this:
+                        import warnings
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            'Possible set %s at position %d' % (
+                                'difference' if this == '-' else
+                                'intersection' if this == '&' else
+                                'symmetric difference' if this == '~' else
+                                'union',
+                                source.tell() - 1),
+                            FutureWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6
+                        )
+                    code1 = LITERAL, _ord(this)
+                if sourcematch("-"):
+                    # potential range
+                    that = sourceget()
+                    if that is None:
+                        raise source.error("unterminated character set",
+                                           source.tell() - here)
+                    if that == "]":
+                        if code1[0] is IN:
+                            code1 = code1[1][0]
+                        setappend(code1)
+                        setappend((LITERAL, _ord("-")))
+                        break
+                    if that[0] == "\\":
+                        code2 = _class_escape(source, that)
+                    else:
+                        if that == '-':
+                            import warnings
+                            warnings.warn(
+                                'Possible set difference at position %d' % (
+                                    source.tell() - 2),
+                                FutureWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6
+                            )
+                        code2 = LITERAL, _ord(that)
+                    if code1[0] != LITERAL or code2[0] != LITERAL:
+                        msg = "bad character range %s-%s" % (this, that)
+                        raise source.error(msg, len(this) + 1 + len(that))
+                    lo = code1[1]
+                    hi = code2[1]
+                    if hi < lo:
+                        msg = "bad character range %s-%s" % (this, that)
+                        raise source.error(msg, len(this) + 1 + len(that))
+                    setappend((RANGE, (lo, hi)))
+                else:
+                    if code1[0] is IN:
+                        code1 = code1[1][0]
+                    setappend(code1)
+
+            set = _uniq(set)
+            # XXX: <fl> should move set optimization to compiler!
+            if _len(set) == 1 and set[0][0] is LITERAL:
+                # optimization
+                if negate:
+                    subpatternappend((NOT_LITERAL, set[0][1]))
+                else:
+                    subpatternappend(set[0])
+            else:
+                if negate:
+                    set.insert(0, (NEGATE, None))
+                # charmap optimization can't be added here because
+                # global flags still are not known
+                subpatternappend((IN, set))
+
+        elif this in REPEAT_CHARS:
+            # repeat previous item
+            here = source.tell()
+            if this == "?":
+                min, max = 0, 1
+            elif this == "*":
+                min, max = 0, MAXREPEAT
+
+            elif this == "+":
+                min, max = 1, MAXREPEAT
+            elif this == "{":
+                if source.next == "}":
+                    subpatternappend((LITERAL, _ord(this)))
+                    continue
+
+                min, max = 0, MAXREPEAT
+                lo = hi = ""
+                while source.next in DIGITS:
+                    lo += sourceget()
+                if sourcematch(","):
+                    while source.next in DIGITS:
+                        hi += sourceget()
+                else:
+                    hi = lo
+                if not sourcematch("}"):
+                    subpatternappend((LITERAL, _ord(this)))
+                    source.seek(here)
+                    continue
+
+                if lo:
+                    min = int(lo)
+                    if min >= MAXREPEAT:
+                        raise OverflowError("the repetition number is too large")
+                if hi:
+                    max = int(hi)
+                    if max >= MAXREPEAT:
+                        raise OverflowError("the repetition number is too large")
+                    if max < min:
+                        raise source.error("min repeat greater than max repeat",
+                                           source.tell() - here)
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError("unsupported quantifier %r" % (char,))
+            # figure out which item to repeat
+            if subpattern:
+                item = subpattern[-1:]
+            else:
+                item = None
+            if not item or item[0][0] is AT:
+                raise source.error("nothing to repeat",
+                                   source.tell() - here + len(this))
+            if item[0][0] in _REPEATCODES:
+                raise source.error("multiple repeat",
+                                   source.tell() - here + len(this))
+            if item[0][0] is SUBPATTERN:
+                group, add_flags, del_flags, p = item[0][1]
+                if group is None and not add_flags and not del_flags:
+                    item = p
+            if sourcematch("?"):
+                # Non-Greedy Match
+                subpattern[-1] = (MIN_REPEAT, (min, max, item))
+            elif sourcematch("+"):
+                # Possessive Match (Always Greedy)
+                subpattern[-1] = (POSSESSIVE_REPEAT, (min, max, item))
+            else:
+                # Greedy Match
+                subpattern[-1] = (MAX_REPEAT, (min, max, item))
+
+        elif this == ".":
+            subpatternappend((ANY, None))
+
+        elif this == "(":
+            start = source.tell() - 1
+            capture = True
+            atomic = False
+            name = None
+            add_flags = 0
+            del_flags = 0
+            if sourcematch("?"):
+                # options
+                char = sourceget()
+                if char is None:
+                    raise source.error("unexpected end of pattern")
+                if char == "P":
+                    # python extensions
+                    if sourcematch("<"):
+                        # named group: skip forward to end of name
+                        name = source.getuntil(">", "group name")
+                        source.checkgroupname(name, 1)
+                    elif sourcematch("="):
+                        # named backreference
+                        name = source.getuntil(")", "group name")
+                        source.checkgroupname(name, 1)
+                        gid = state.groupdict.get(name)
+                        if gid is None:
+                            msg = "unknown group name %r" % name
+                            raise source.error(msg, len(name) + 1)
+                        if not state.checkgroup(gid):
+                            raise source.error("cannot refer to an open group",
+                                               len(name) + 1)
+                        state.checklookbehindgroup(gid, source)
+                        subpatternappend((GROUPREF, gid))
+                        continue
+
+                    else:
+                        char = sourceget()
+                        if char is None:
+                            raise source.error("unexpected end of pattern")
+                        raise source.error("unknown extension ?P" + char,
+                                           len(char) + 2)
+                elif char == ":":
+                    # non-capturing group
+                    capture = False
+                elif char == "#":
+                    # comment
+                    while True:
+                        if source.next is None:
+                            raise source.error("missing ), unterminated comment",
+                                               source.tell() - start)
+                        if sourceget() == ")":
+                            break
+                    continue
+
+                elif char in "=!<":
+                    # lookahead assertions
+                    dir = 1
+                    if char == "<":
+                        char = sourceget()
+                        if char is None:
+                            raise source.error("unexpected end of pattern")
+                        if char not in "=!":
+                            raise source.error("unknown extension ?<" + char,
+                                               len(char) + 2)
+                        dir = -1 # lookbehind
+                        lookbehindgroups = state.lookbehindgroups
+                        if lookbehindgroups is None:
+                            state.lookbehindgroups = state.groups
+                    p = _parse_sub(source, state, verbose, nested + 1)
+                    if dir < 0:
+                        if lookbehindgroups is None:
+                            state.lookbehindgroups = None
+                    if not sourcematch(")"):
+                        raise source.error("missing ), unterminated subpattern",
+                                           source.tell() - start)
+                    if char == "=":
+                        subpatternappend((ASSERT, (dir, p)))
+                    elif p:
+                        subpatternappend((ASSERT_NOT, (dir, p)))
+                    else:
+                        subpatternappend((FAILURE, ()))
+                    continue
+
+                elif char == "(":
+                    # conditional backreference group
+                    condname = source.getuntil(")", "group name")
+                    if not (condname.isdecimal() and condname.isascii()):
+                        source.checkgroupname(condname, 1)
+                        condgroup = state.groupdict.get(condname)
+                        if condgroup is None:
+                            msg = "unknown group name %r" % condname
+                            raise source.error(msg, len(condname) + 1)
+                    else:
+                        condgroup = int(condname)
+                        if not condgroup:
+                            raise source.error("bad group number",
+                                               len(condname) + 1)
+                        if condgroup >= MAXGROUPS:
+                            msg = "invalid group reference %d" % condgroup
+                            raise source.error(msg, len(condname) + 1)
+                        if condgroup not in state.grouprefpos:
+                            state.grouprefpos[condgroup] = (
+                                source.tell() - len(condname) - 1
+                            )
+                        if not (condname.isdecimal() and condname.isascii()):
+                            import warnings
+                            warnings.warn(
+                                "bad character in group name %s at position %d" %
+                                (repr(condname) if source.istext else ascii(condname),
+                                 source.tell() - len(condname) - 1),
+                                DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6
+                            )
+                    state.checklookbehindgroup(condgroup, source)
+                    item_yes = _parse(source, state, verbose, nested + 1)
+                    if source.match("|"):
+                        item_no = _parse(source, state, verbose, nested + 1)
+                        if source.next == "|":
+                            raise source.error("conditional backref with more than two branches")
+                    else:
+                        item_no = None
+                    if not source.match(")"):
+                        raise source.error("missing ), unterminated subpattern",
+                                           source.tell() - start)
+                    subpatternappend((GROUPREF_EXISTS, (condgroup, item_yes, item_no)))
+                    continue
+
+                elif char == ">":
+                    # non-capturing, atomic group
+                    capture = False
+                    atomic = True
+                elif char in FLAGS or char == "-":
+                    # flags
+                    flags = _parse_flags(source, state, char)
+                    if flags is None:  # global flags
+                        if not first or subpattern:
+                            raise source.error('global flags not at the start '
+                                               'of the expression',
+                                               source.tell() - start)
+                        verbose = state.flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE
+                        continue
+
+                    add_flags, del_flags = flags
+                    capture = False
+                else:
+                    raise source.error("unknown extension ?" + char,
+                                       len(char) + 1)
+
+            # parse group contents
+            if capture:
+                try:
+                    group = state.opengroup(name)
+                except error as err:
+                    raise source.error(err.msg, len(name) + 1) from None
+            else:
+                group = None
+            sub_verbose = ((verbose or (add_flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE)) and
+                           not (del_flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE))
+            p = _parse_sub(source, state, sub_verbose, nested + 1)
+            if not source.match(")"):
+                raise source.error("missing ), unterminated subpattern",
+                                   source.tell() - start)
+            if group is not None:
+                state.closegroup(group, p)
+            if atomic:
+                assert group is None
+                subpatternappend((ATOMIC_GROUP, p))
+            else:
+                subpatternappend((SUBPATTERN, (group, add_flags, del_flags, p)))
+
+        elif this == "^":
+            subpatternappend((AT, AT_BEGINNING))
+
+        elif this == "$":
+            subpatternappend((AT, AT_END))
+
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("unsupported special character %r" % (char,))
+
+    # unpack non-capturing groups
+    for i in range(len(subpattern))[::-1]:
+        op, av = subpattern[i]
+        if op is SUBPATTERN:
+            group, add_flags, del_flags, p = av
+            if group is None and not add_flags and not del_flags:
+                subpattern[i: i+1] = p
+
+    return subpattern
+
+def _parse_flags(source, state, char):
+    sourceget = source.get
+    add_flags = 0
+    del_flags = 0
+    if char != "-":
+        while True:
+            flag = FLAGS[char]
+            if source.istext:
+                if char == 'L':
+                    msg = "bad inline flags: cannot use 'L' flag with a str pattern"
+                    raise source.error(msg)
+            else:
+                if char == 'u':
+                    msg = "bad inline flags: cannot use 'u' flag with a bytes pattern"
+                    raise source.error(msg)
+            add_flags |= flag
+            if (flag & TYPE_FLAGS) and (add_flags & TYPE_FLAGS) != flag:
+                msg = "bad inline flags: flags 'a', 'u' and 'L' are incompatible"
+                raise source.error(msg)
+            char = sourceget()
+            if char is None:
+                raise source.error("missing -, : or )")
+            if char in ")-:":
+                break
+            if char not in FLAGS:
+                msg = "unknown flag" if char.isalpha() else "missing -, : or )"
+                raise source.error(msg, len(char))
+    if char == ")":
+        state.flags |= add_flags
+        return None
+    if add_flags & GLOBAL_FLAGS:
+        raise source.error("bad inline flags: cannot turn on global flag", 1)
+    if char == "-":
+        char = sourceget()
+        if char is None:
+            raise source.error("missing flag")
+        if char not in FLAGS:
+            msg = "unknown flag" if char.isalpha() else "missing flag"
+            raise source.error(msg, len(char))
+        while True:
+            flag = FLAGS[char]
+            if flag & TYPE_FLAGS:
+                msg = "bad inline flags: cannot turn off flags 'a', 'u' and 'L'"
+                raise source.error(msg)
+            del_flags |= flag
+            char = sourceget()
+            if char is None:
+                raise source.error("missing :")
+            if char == ":":
+                break
+            if char not in FLAGS:
+                msg = "unknown flag" if char.isalpha() else "missing :"
+                raise source.error(msg, len(char))
+    assert char == ":"
+    if del_flags & GLOBAL_FLAGS:
+        raise source.error("bad inline flags: cannot turn off global flag", 1)
+    if add_flags & del_flags:
+        raise source.error("bad inline flags: flag turned on and off", 1)
+    return add_flags, del_flags
+
+def fix_flags(src, flags):
+    # Check and fix flags according to the type of pattern (str or bytes)
+    if isinstance(src, str):
+        if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
+            raise ValueError("cannot use LOCALE flag with a str pattern")
+        if not flags & SRE_FLAG_ASCII:
+            flags |= SRE_FLAG_UNICODE
+        elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
+            raise ValueError("ASCII and UNICODE flags are incompatible")
+    else:
+        if flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
+            raise ValueError("cannot use UNICODE flag with a bytes pattern")
+        if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE and flags & SRE_FLAG_ASCII:
+            raise ValueError("ASCII and LOCALE flags are incompatible")
+    return flags
+
+def parse(str, flags=0, state=None):
+    # parse 're' pattern into list of (opcode, argument) tuples
+
+    source = Tokenizer(str)
+
+    if state is None:
+        state = State()
+    state.flags = flags
+    state.str = str
+
+    p = _parse_sub(source, state, flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE, 0)
+    p.state.flags = fix_flags(str, p.state.flags)
+
+    if source.next is not None:
+        assert source.next == ")"
+        raise source.error("unbalanced parenthesis")
+
+    for g in p.state.grouprefpos:
+        if g >= p.state.groups:
+            msg = "invalid group reference %d" % g
+            raise error(msg, str, p.state.grouprefpos[g])
+
+    if flags & SRE_FLAG_DEBUG:
+        p.dump()
+
+    return p
+
+def parse_template(source, pattern):
+    # parse 're' replacement string into list of literals and
+    # group references
+    s = Tokenizer(source)
+    sget = s.get
+    result = []
+    literal = []
+    lappend = literal.append
+    def addliteral():
+        if s.istext:
+            result.append(''.join(literal))
+        else:
+            # The tokenizer implicitly decodes bytes objects as latin-1, we must
+            # therefore re-encode the final representation.
+            result.append(''.join(literal).encode('latin-1'))
+        del literal[:]
+    def addgroup(index, pos):
+        if index > pattern.groups:
+            raise s.error("invalid group reference %d" % index, pos)
+        addliteral()
+        result.append(index)
+    groupindex = pattern.groupindex
+    while True:
+        this = sget()
+        if this is None:
+            break # end of replacement string
+        if this[0] == "\\":
+            # group
+            c = this[1]
+            if c == "g":
+                if not s.match("<"):
+                    raise s.error("missing <")
+                name = s.getuntil(">", "group name")
+                if not (name.isdecimal() and name.isascii()):
+                    s.checkgroupname(name, 1)
+                    try:
+                        index = groupindex[name]
+                    except KeyError:
+                        raise IndexError("unknown group name %r" % name) from None
+                else:
+                    index = int(name)
+                    if index >= MAXGROUPS:
+                        raise s.error("invalid group reference %d" % index,
+                                      len(name) + 1)
+                    if not (name.isdecimal() and name.isascii()):
+                        import warnings
+                        warnings.warn(
+                            "bad character in group name %s at position %d" %
+                            (repr(name) if s.istext else ascii(name),
+                             s.tell() - len(name) - 1),
+                            DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=5
+                        )
+                addgroup(index, len(name) + 1)
+            elif c == "0":
+                if s.next in OCTDIGITS:
+                    this += sget()
+                    if s.next in OCTDIGITS:
+                        this += sget()
+                lappend(chr(int(this[1:], 8) & 0xff))
+            elif c in DIGITS:
+                isoctal = False
+                if s.next in DIGITS:
+                    this += sget()
+                    if (c in OCTDIGITS and this[2] in OCTDIGITS and
+                        s.next in OCTDIGITS):
+                        this += sget()
+                        isoctal = True
+                        c = int(this[1:], 8)
+                        if c > 0o377:
+                            raise s.error('octal escape value %s outside of '
+                                          'range 0-0o377' % this, len(this))
+                        lappend(chr(c))
+                if not isoctal:
+                    addgroup(int(this[1:]), len(this) - 1)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    this = chr(ESCAPES[this][1])
+                except KeyError:
+                    if c in ASCIILETTERS:
+                        raise s.error('bad escape %s' % this, len(this)) from None
+                lappend(this)
+        else:
+            lappend(this)
+    addliteral()
+    return result

From ebe555203a09cf55c981177c9b1cbd6489076a19 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 18 Nov 2023 20:47:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 119/705] Replace Lib/sre_* from CPython

---
 Lib/re/_compiler.py  |    3 +
 Lib/re/_constants.py |    4 +-
 Lib/re/_parser.py    |    7 +-
 Lib/sre_compile.py   |  789 +------------------------------
 Lib/sre_constants.py |  220 +--------
 Lib/sre_parse.py     | 1069 +-----------------------------------------
 6 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 2065 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/re/_compiler.py b/Lib/re/_compiler.py
index f87712d6d6..861bbdb130 100644
--- a/Lib/re/_compiler.py
+++ b/Lib/re/_compiler.py
@@ -101,6 +101,8 @@ def _compile(code, pattern, flags):
             else:
                 emit(ANY)
         elif op in REPEATING_CODES:
+            if flags & SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE:
+                raise error("internal: unsupported template operator %r" % (op,))
             if _simple(av[2]):
                 emit(REPEATING_CODES[op][2])
                 skip = _len(code); emit(0)
@@ -761,3 +763,4 @@ def compile(p, flags=0):
         p.state.groups-1,
         groupindex, tuple(indexgroup)
         )
+
diff --git a/Lib/re/_constants.py b/Lib/re/_constants.py
index d8e483ac4f..92494e385c 100644
--- a/Lib/re/_constants.py
+++ b/Lib/re/_constants.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 # update when constants are added or removed
 
-MAGIC = 20230612
+MAGIC = 20221023
 
 from _sre import MAXREPEAT, MAXGROUPS
 
@@ -204,6 +204,7 @@ def _makecodes(*names):
 }
 
 # flags
+SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE = 1 # template mode (unknown purpose, deprecated)
 SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE = 2 # case insensitive
 SRE_FLAG_LOCALE = 4 # honour system locale
 SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE = 8 # treat target as multiline string
@@ -217,3 +218,4 @@ def _makecodes(*names):
 SRE_INFO_PREFIX = 1 # has prefix
 SRE_INFO_LITERAL = 2 # entire pattern is literal (given by prefix)
 SRE_INFO_CHARSET = 4 # pattern starts with character from given set
+RE_INFO_CHARSET = 4 # pattern starts with character from given set
diff --git a/Lib/re/_parser.py b/Lib/re/_parser.py
index f3c779340f..4a492b79e8 100644
--- a/Lib/re/_parser.py
+++ b/Lib/re/_parser.py
@@ -61,11 +61,12 @@
     "x": SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE,
     # extensions
     "a": SRE_FLAG_ASCII,
+    "t": SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE,
     "u": SRE_FLAG_UNICODE,
 }
 
 TYPE_FLAGS = SRE_FLAG_ASCII | SRE_FLAG_LOCALE | SRE_FLAG_UNICODE
-GLOBAL_FLAGS = SRE_FLAG_DEBUG
+GLOBAL_FLAGS = SRE_FLAG_DEBUG | SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE
 
 # Maximal value returned by SubPattern.getwidth().
 # Must be larger than MAXREPEAT, MAXCODE and sys.maxsize.
@@ -780,10 +781,8 @@ def _parse(source, state, verbose, nested, first=False):
                                            source.tell() - start)
                     if char == "=":
                         subpatternappend((ASSERT, (dir, p)))
-                    elif p:
-                        subpatternappend((ASSERT_NOT, (dir, p)))
                     else:
-                        subpatternappend((FAILURE, ()))
+                        subpatternappend((ASSERT_NOT, (dir, p)))
                     continue
 
                 elif char == "(":
diff --git a/Lib/sre_compile.py b/Lib/sre_compile.py
index c6398bfb83..f9da61e648 100644
--- a/Lib/sre_compile.py
+++ b/Lib/sre_compile.py
@@ -1,784 +1,7 @@
-#
-# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine
-#
-# convert template to internal format
-#
-# Copyright (c) 1997-2001 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
-#
-# See the sre.py file for information on usage and redistribution.
-#
+import warnings
+warnings.warn(f"module {__name__!r} is deprecated",
+              DeprecationWarning,
+              stacklevel=2)
 
-"""Internal support module for sre"""
-
-import _sre
-import sre_parse
-from sre_constants import *
-
-assert _sre.MAGIC == MAGIC, "SRE module mismatch"
-
-_LITERAL_CODES = {LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL}
-_REPEATING_CODES = {REPEAT, MIN_REPEAT, MAX_REPEAT}
-_SUCCESS_CODES = {SUCCESS, FAILURE}
-_ASSERT_CODES = {ASSERT, ASSERT_NOT}
-_UNIT_CODES = _LITERAL_CODES | {ANY, IN}
-
-# Sets of lowercase characters which have the same uppercase.
-_equivalences = (
-    # LATIN SMALL LETTER I, LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I
-    (0x69, 0x131), # iı
-    # LATIN SMALL LETTER S, LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S
-    (0x73, 0x17f), # sſ
-    # MICRO SIGN, GREEK SMALL LETTER MU
-    (0xb5, 0x3bc), # µμ
-    # COMBINING GREEK YPOGEGRAMMENI, GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA, GREEK PROSGEGRAMMENI
-    (0x345, 0x3b9, 0x1fbe), # \u0345ιι
-    # GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS, GREEK SMALL LETTER IOTA WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA
-    (0x390, 0x1fd3), # ΐΐ
-    # GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND TONOS, GREEK SMALL LETTER UPSILON WITH DIALYTIKA AND OXIA
-    (0x3b0, 0x1fe3), # ΰΰ
-    # GREEK SMALL LETTER BETA, GREEK BETA SYMBOL
-    (0x3b2, 0x3d0), # βϐ
-    # GREEK SMALL LETTER EPSILON, GREEK LUNATE EPSILON SYMBOL
-    (0x3b5, 0x3f5), # εϵ
-    # GREEK SMALL LETTER THETA, GREEK THETA SYMBOL
-    (0x3b8, 0x3d1), # θϑ
-    # GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA, GREEK KAPPA SYMBOL
-    (0x3ba, 0x3f0), # κϰ
-    # GREEK SMALL LETTER PI, GREEK PI SYMBOL
-    (0x3c0, 0x3d6), # πϖ
-    # GREEK SMALL LETTER RHO, GREEK RHO SYMBOL
-    (0x3c1, 0x3f1), # ρϱ
-    # GREEK SMALL LETTER FINAL SIGMA, GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA
-    (0x3c2, 0x3c3), # ςσ
-    # GREEK SMALL LETTER PHI, GREEK PHI SYMBOL
-    (0x3c6, 0x3d5), # φϕ
-    # LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH DOT ABOVE, LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S WITH DOT ABOVE
-    (0x1e61, 0x1e9b), # ṡẛ
-    # LATIN SMALL LIGATURE LONG S T, LATIN SMALL LIGATURE ST
-    (0xfb05, 0xfb06), # ſtst
-)
-
-# Maps the lowercase code to lowercase codes which have the same uppercase.
-_ignorecase_fixes = {i: tuple(j for j in t if i != j)
-                     for t in _equivalences for i in t}
-
-def _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags,
-                   TYPE_FLAGS=sre_parse.TYPE_FLAGS):
-    if add_flags & TYPE_FLAGS:
-        flags &= ~TYPE_FLAGS
-    return (flags | add_flags) & ~del_flags
-
-def _compile(code, pattern, flags):
-    # internal: compile a (sub)pattern
-    emit = code.append
-    _len = len
-    LITERAL_CODES = _LITERAL_CODES
-    REPEATING_CODES = _REPEATING_CODES
-    SUCCESS_CODES = _SUCCESS_CODES
-    ASSERT_CODES = _ASSERT_CODES
-    iscased = None
-    tolower = None
-    fixes = None
-    if flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and not flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
-        if flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
-            iscased = _sre.unicode_iscased
-            tolower = _sre.unicode_tolower
-            fixes = _ignorecase_fixes
-        else:
-            iscased = _sre.ascii_iscased
-            tolower = _sre.ascii_tolower
-    for op, av in pattern:
-        if op in LITERAL_CODES:
-            if not flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE:
-                emit(op)
-                emit(av)
-            elif flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
-                emit(OP_LOCALE_IGNORE[op])
-                emit(av)
-            elif not iscased(av):
-                emit(op)
-                emit(av)
-            else:
-                lo = tolower(av)
-                if not fixes:  # ascii
-                    emit(OP_IGNORE[op])
-                    emit(lo)
-                elif lo not in fixes:
-                    emit(OP_UNICODE_IGNORE[op])
-                    emit(lo)
-                else:
-                    emit(IN_UNI_IGNORE)
-                    skip = _len(code); emit(0)
-                    if op is NOT_LITERAL:
-                        emit(NEGATE)
-                    for k in (lo,) + fixes[lo]:
-                        emit(LITERAL)
-                        emit(k)
-                    emit(FAILURE)
-                    code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
-        elif op is IN:
-            charset, hascased = _optimize_charset(av, iscased, tolower, fixes)
-            if flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
-                emit(IN_LOC_IGNORE)
-            elif not hascased:
-                emit(IN)
-            elif not fixes:  # ascii
-                emit(IN_IGNORE)
-            else:
-                emit(IN_UNI_IGNORE)
-            skip = _len(code); emit(0)
-            _compile_charset(charset, flags, code)
-            code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
-        elif op is ANY:
-            if flags & SRE_FLAG_DOTALL:
-                emit(ANY_ALL)
-            else:
-                emit(ANY)
-        elif op in REPEATING_CODES:
-            if flags & SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE:
-                raise error("internal: unsupported template operator %r" % (op,))
-            if _simple(av[2]):
-                if op is MAX_REPEAT:
-                    emit(REPEAT_ONE)
-                else:
-                    emit(MIN_REPEAT_ONE)
-                skip = _len(code); emit(0)
-                emit(av[0])
-                emit(av[1])
-                _compile(code, av[2], flags)
-                emit(SUCCESS)
-                code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
-            else:
-                emit(REPEAT)
-                skip = _len(code); emit(0)
-                emit(av[0])
-                emit(av[1])
-                _compile(code, av[2], flags)
-                code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
-                if op is MAX_REPEAT:
-                    emit(MAX_UNTIL)
-                else:
-                    emit(MIN_UNTIL)
-        elif op is SUBPATTERN:
-            group, add_flags, del_flags, p = av
-            if group:
-                emit(MARK)
-                emit((group-1)*2)
-            # _compile_info(code, p, _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags))
-            _compile(code, p, _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags))
-            if group:
-                emit(MARK)
-                emit((group-1)*2+1)
-        elif op in SUCCESS_CODES:
-            emit(op)
-        elif op in ASSERT_CODES:
-            emit(op)
-            skip = _len(code); emit(0)
-            if av[0] >= 0:
-                emit(0) # look ahead
-            else:
-                lo, hi = av[1].getwidth()
-                if lo != hi:
-                    raise error("look-behind requires fixed-width pattern")
-                emit(lo) # look behind
-            _compile(code, av[1], flags)
-            emit(SUCCESS)
-            code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
-        elif op is CALL:
-            emit(op)
-            skip = _len(code); emit(0)
-            _compile(code, av, flags)
-            emit(SUCCESS)
-            code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
-        elif op is AT:
-            emit(op)
-            if flags & SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE:
-                av = AT_MULTILINE.get(av, av)
-            if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
-                av = AT_LOCALE.get(av, av)
-            elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
-                av = AT_UNICODE.get(av, av)
-            emit(av)
-        elif op is BRANCH:
-            emit(op)
-            tail = []
-            tailappend = tail.append
-            for av in av[1]:
-                skip = _len(code); emit(0)
-                # _compile_info(code, av, flags)
-                _compile(code, av, flags)
-                emit(JUMP)
-                tailappend(_len(code)); emit(0)
-                code[skip] = _len(code) - skip
-            emit(FAILURE) # end of branch
-            for tail in tail:
-                code[tail] = _len(code) - tail
-        elif op is CATEGORY:
-            emit(op)
-            if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
-                av = CH_LOCALE[av]
-            elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
-                av = CH_UNICODE[av]
-            emit(av)
-        elif op is GROUPREF:
-            if not flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE:
-                emit(op)
-            elif flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
-                emit(GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE)
-            elif not fixes:  # ascii
-                emit(GROUPREF_IGNORE)
-            else:
-                emit(GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE)
-            emit(av-1)
-        elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS:
-            emit(op)
-            emit(av[0]-1)
-            skipyes = _len(code); emit(0)
-            _compile(code, av[1], flags)
-            if av[2]:
-                emit(JUMP)
-                skipno = _len(code); emit(0)
-                code[skipyes] = _len(code) - skipyes + 1
-                _compile(code, av[2], flags)
-                code[skipno] = _len(code) - skipno
-            else:
-                code[skipyes] = _len(code) - skipyes + 1
-        else:
-            raise error("internal: unsupported operand type %r" % (op,))
-
-def _compile_charset(charset, flags, code):
-    # compile charset subprogram
-    emit = code.append
-    for op, av in charset:
-        emit(op)
-        if op is NEGATE:
-            pass
-        elif op is LITERAL:
-            emit(av)
-        elif op is RANGE or op is RANGE_UNI_IGNORE:
-            emit(av[0])
-            emit(av[1])
-        elif op is CHARSET:
-            code.extend(av)
-        elif op is BIGCHARSET:
-            code.extend(av)
-        elif op is CATEGORY:
-            if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
-                emit(CH_LOCALE[av])
-            elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
-                emit(CH_UNICODE[av])
-            else:
-                emit(av)
-        else:
-            raise error("internal: unsupported set operator %r" % (op,))
-    emit(FAILURE)
-
-def _optimize_charset(charset, iscased=None, fixup=None, fixes=None):
-    # internal: optimize character set
-    out = []
-    tail = []
-    charmap = bytearray(256)
-    hascased = False
-    for op, av in charset:
-        while True:
-            try:
-                if op is LITERAL:
-                    if fixup:
-                        lo = fixup(av)
-                        charmap[lo] = 1
-                        if fixes and lo in fixes:
-                            for k in fixes[lo]:
-                                charmap[k] = 1
-                        if not hascased and iscased(av):
-                            hascased = True
-                    else:
-                        charmap[av] = 1
-                elif op is RANGE:
-                    r = range(av[0], av[1]+1)
-                    if fixup:
-                        if fixes:
-                            for i in map(fixup, r):
-                                charmap[i] = 1
-                                if i in fixes:
-                                    for k in fixes[i]:
-                                        charmap[k] = 1
-                        else:
-                            for i in map(fixup, r):
-                                charmap[i] = 1
-                        if not hascased:
-                            hascased = any(map(iscased, r))
-                    else:
-                        for i in r:
-                            charmap[i] = 1
-                elif op is NEGATE:
-                    out.append((op, av))
-                else:
-                    tail.append((op, av))
-            except IndexError:
-                if len(charmap) == 256:
-                    # character set contains non-UCS1 character codes
-                    charmap += b'\0' * 0xff00
-                    continue
-                # Character set contains non-BMP character codes.
-                if fixup:
-                    hascased = True
-                    # There are only two ranges of cased non-BMP characters:
-                    # 10400-1044F (Deseret) and 118A0-118DF (Warang Citi),
-                    # and for both ranges RANGE_UNI_IGNORE works.
-                    if op is RANGE:
-                        op = RANGE_UNI_IGNORE
-                tail.append((op, av))
-            break
-
-    # compress character map
-    runs = []
-    q = 0
-    while True:
-        p = charmap.find(1, q)
-        if p < 0:
-            break
-        if len(runs) >= 2:
-            runs = None
-            break
-        q = charmap.find(0, p)
-        if q < 0:
-            runs.append((p, len(charmap)))
-            break
-        runs.append((p, q))
-    if runs is not None:
-        # use literal/range
-        for p, q in runs:
-            if q - p == 1:
-                out.append((LITERAL, p))
-            else:
-                out.append((RANGE, (p, q - 1)))
-        out += tail
-        # if the case was changed or new representation is more compact
-        if hascased or len(out) < len(charset):
-            return out, hascased
-        # else original character set is good enough
-        return charset, hascased
-
-    # use bitmap
-    if len(charmap) == 256:
-        data = _mk_bitmap(charmap)
-        out.append((CHARSET, data))
-        out += tail
-        return out, hascased
-
-    # To represent a big charset, first a bitmap of all characters in the
-    # set is constructed. Then, this bitmap is sliced into chunks of 256
-    # characters, duplicate chunks are eliminated, and each chunk is
-    # given a number. In the compiled expression, the charset is
-    # represented by a 32-bit word sequence, consisting of one word for
-    # the number of different chunks, a sequence of 256 bytes (64 words)
-    # of chunk numbers indexed by their original chunk position, and a
-    # sequence of 256-bit chunks (8 words each).
-
-    # Compression is normally good: in a typical charset, large ranges of
-    # Unicode will be either completely excluded (e.g. if only cyrillic
-    # letters are to be matched), or completely included (e.g. if large
-    # subranges of Kanji match). These ranges will be represented by
-    # chunks of all one-bits or all zero-bits.
-
-    # Matching can be also done efficiently: the more significant byte of
-    # the Unicode character is an index into the chunk number, and the
-    # less significant byte is a bit index in the chunk (just like the
-    # CHARSET matching).
-
-    charmap = bytes(charmap) # should be hashable
-    comps = {}
-    mapping = bytearray(256)
-    block = 0
-    data = bytearray()
-    for i in range(0, 65536, 256):
-        chunk = charmap[i: i + 256]
-        if chunk in comps:
-            mapping[i // 256] = comps[chunk]
-        else:
-            mapping[i // 256] = comps[chunk] = block
-            block += 1
-            data += chunk
-    data = _mk_bitmap(data)
-    data[0:0] = [block] + _bytes_to_codes(mapping)
-    out.append((BIGCHARSET, data))
-    out += tail
-    return out, hascased
-
-_CODEBITS = _sre.CODESIZE * 8
-MAXCODE = (1 << _CODEBITS) - 1
-_BITS_TRANS = b'0' + b'1' * 255
-def _mk_bitmap(bits, _CODEBITS=_CODEBITS, _int=int):
-    s = bits.translate(_BITS_TRANS)[::-1]
-    return [_int(s[i - _CODEBITS: i], 2)
-            for i in range(len(s), 0, -_CODEBITS)]
-
-def _bytes_to_codes(b):
-    # Convert block indices to word array
-    a = memoryview(b).cast('I')
-    assert a.itemsize == _sre.CODESIZE
-    assert len(a) * a.itemsize == len(b)
-    return a.tolist()
-
-def _simple(p):
-    # check if this subpattern is a "simple" operator
-    if len(p) != 1:
-        return False
-    op, av = p[0]
-    if op is SUBPATTERN:
-        return av[0] is None and _simple(av[-1])
-    return op in _UNIT_CODES
-
-def _generate_overlap_table(prefix):
-    """
-    Generate an overlap table for the following prefix.
-    An overlap table is a table of the same size as the prefix which
-    informs about the potential self-overlap for each index in the prefix:
-    - if overlap[i] == 0, prefix[i:] can't overlap prefix[0:...]
-    - if overlap[i] == k with 0 < k <= i, prefix[i-k+1:i+1] overlaps with
-      prefix[0:k]
-    """
-    table = [0] * len(prefix)
-    for i in range(1, len(prefix)):
-        idx = table[i - 1]
-        while prefix[i] != prefix[idx]:
-            if idx == 0:
-                table[i] = 0
-                break
-            idx = table[idx - 1]
-        else:
-            table[i] = idx + 1
-    return table
-
-def _get_iscased(flags):
-    if not flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE:
-        return None
-    elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
-        return _sre.unicode_iscased
-    else:
-        return _sre.ascii_iscased
-
-def _get_literal_prefix(pattern, flags):
-    # look for literal prefix
-    prefix = []
-    prefixappend = prefix.append
-    prefix_skip = None
-    iscased = _get_iscased(flags)
-    for op, av in pattern.data:
-        if op is LITERAL:
-            if iscased and iscased(av):
-                break
-            prefixappend(av)
-        elif op is SUBPATTERN:
-            group, add_flags, del_flags, p = av
-            flags1 = _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags)
-            if flags1 & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags1 & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
-                break
-            prefix1, prefix_skip1, got_all = _get_literal_prefix(p, flags1)
-            if prefix_skip is None:
-                if group is not None:
-                    prefix_skip = len(prefix)
-                elif prefix_skip1 is not None:
-                    prefix_skip = len(prefix) + prefix_skip1
-            prefix.extend(prefix1)
-            if not got_all:
-                break
-        else:
-            break
-    else:
-        return prefix, prefix_skip, True
-    return prefix, prefix_skip, False
-
-def _get_charset_prefix(pattern, flags):
-    while True:
-        if not pattern.data:
-            return None
-        op, av = pattern.data[0]
-        if op is not SUBPATTERN:
-            break
-        group, add_flags, del_flags, pattern = av
-        flags = _combine_flags(flags, add_flags, del_flags)
-        if flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
-            return None
-
-    iscased = _get_iscased(flags)
-    if op is LITERAL:
-        if iscased and iscased(av):
-            return None
-        return [(op, av)]
-    elif op is BRANCH:
-        charset = []
-        charsetappend = charset.append
-        for p in av[1]:
-            if not p:
-                return None
-            op, av = p[0]
-            if op is LITERAL and not (iscased and iscased(av)):
-                charsetappend((op, av))
-            else:
-                return None
-        return charset
-    elif op is IN:
-        charset = av
-        if iscased:
-            for op, av in charset:
-                if op is LITERAL:
-                    if iscased(av):
-                        return None
-                elif op is RANGE:
-                    if av[1] > 0xffff:
-                        return None
-                    if any(map(iscased, range(av[0], av[1]+1))):
-                        return None
-        return charset
-    return None
-
-def _compile_info(code, pattern, flags):
-    # internal: compile an info block.  in the current version,
-    # this contains min/max pattern width, and an optional literal
-    # prefix or a character map
-    lo, hi = pattern.getwidth()
-    if hi > MAXCODE:
-        hi = MAXCODE
-    if lo == 0:
-        code.extend([INFO, 4, 0, lo, hi])
-        return
-    # look for a literal prefix
-    prefix = []
-    prefix_skip = 0
-    charset = [] # not used
-    if not (flags & SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE and flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE):
-        # look for literal prefix
-        prefix, prefix_skip, got_all = _get_literal_prefix(pattern, flags)
-        # if no prefix, look for charset prefix
-        if not prefix:
-            charset = _get_charset_prefix(pattern, flags)
-##     if prefix:
-##         print("*** PREFIX", prefix, prefix_skip)
-##     if charset:
-##         print("*** CHARSET", charset)
-    # add an info block
-    emit = code.append
-    emit(INFO)
-    skip = len(code); emit(0)
-    # literal flag
-    mask = 0
-    if prefix:
-        mask = SRE_INFO_PREFIX
-        if prefix_skip is None and got_all:
-            mask = mask | SRE_INFO_LITERAL
-    elif charset:
-        mask = mask | SRE_INFO_CHARSET
-    emit(mask)
-    # pattern length
-    if lo < MAXCODE:
-        emit(lo)
-    else:
-        emit(MAXCODE)
-        prefix = prefix[:MAXCODE]
-    emit(min(hi, MAXCODE))
-    # add literal prefix
-    if prefix:
-        emit(len(prefix)) # length
-        if prefix_skip is None:
-            prefix_skip =  len(prefix)
-        emit(prefix_skip) # skip
-        code.extend(prefix)
-        # generate overlap table
-        code.extend(_generate_overlap_table(prefix))
-    elif charset:
-        charset, hascased = _optimize_charset(charset)
-        assert not hascased
-        _compile_charset(charset, flags, code)
-    code[skip] = len(code) - skip
-
-def isstring(obj):
-    return isinstance(obj, (str, bytes))
-
-def _code(p, flags):
-
-    flags = p.state.flags | flags
-    code = []
-
-    # compile info block
-    _compile_info(code, p, flags)
-
-    # compile the pattern
-    _compile(code, p.data, flags)
-
-    code.append(SUCCESS)
-
-    return code
-
-def _hex_code(code):
-    return '[%s]' % ', '.join('%#0*x' % (_sre.CODESIZE*2+2, x) for x in code)
-
-def dis(code):
-    import sys
-
-    labels = set()
-    level = 0
-    offset_width = len(str(len(code) - 1))
-
-    def dis_(start, end):
-        def print_(*args, to=None):
-            if to is not None:
-                labels.add(to)
-                args += ('(to %d)' % (to,),)
-            print('%*d%s ' % (offset_width, start, ':' if start in labels else '.'),
-                  end='  '*(level-1))
-            print(*args)
-
-        def print_2(*args):
-            print(end=' '*(offset_width + 2*level))
-            print(*args)
-
-        nonlocal level
-        level += 1
-        i = start
-        while i < end:
-            start = i
-            op = code[i]
-            i += 1
-            op = OPCODES[op]
-            if op in (SUCCESS, FAILURE, ANY, ANY_ALL,
-                      MAX_UNTIL, MIN_UNTIL, NEGATE):
-                print_(op)
-            elif op in (LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL,
-                        LITERAL_IGNORE, NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE,
-                        LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE, NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE,
-                        LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE, NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE):
-                arg = code[i]
-                i += 1
-                print_(op, '%#02x (%r)' % (arg, chr(arg)))
-            elif op is AT:
-                arg = code[i]
-                i += 1
-                arg = str(ATCODES[arg])
-                assert arg[:3] == 'AT_'
-                print_(op, arg[3:])
-            elif op is CATEGORY:
-                arg = code[i]
-                i += 1
-                arg = str(CHCODES[arg])
-                assert arg[:9] == 'CATEGORY_'
-                print_(op, arg[9:])
-            elif op in (IN, IN_IGNORE, IN_UNI_IGNORE, IN_LOC_IGNORE):
-                skip = code[i]
-                print_(op, skip, to=i+skip)
-                dis_(i+1, i+skip)
-                i += skip
-            elif op in (RANGE, RANGE_UNI_IGNORE):
-                lo, hi = code[i: i+2]
-                i += 2
-                print_(op, '%#02x %#02x (%r-%r)' % (lo, hi, chr(lo), chr(hi)))
-            elif op is CHARSET:
-                print_(op, _hex_code(code[i: i + 256//_CODEBITS]))
-                i += 256//_CODEBITS
-            elif op is BIGCHARSET:
-                arg = code[i]
-                i += 1
-                mapping = list(b''.join(x.to_bytes(_sre.CODESIZE, sys.byteorder)
-                                        for x in code[i: i + 256//_sre.CODESIZE]))
-                print_(op, arg, mapping)
-                i += 256//_sre.CODESIZE
-                level += 1
-                for j in range(arg):
-                    print_2(_hex_code(code[i: i + 256//_CODEBITS]))
-                    i += 256//_CODEBITS
-                level -= 1
-            elif op in (MARK, GROUPREF, GROUPREF_IGNORE, GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE,
-                        GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE):
-                arg = code[i]
-                i += 1
-                print_(op, arg)
-            elif op is JUMP:
-                skip = code[i]
-                print_(op, skip, to=i+skip)
-                i += 1
-            elif op is BRANCH:
-                skip = code[i]
-                print_(op, skip, to=i+skip)
-                while skip:
-                    dis_(i+1, i+skip)
-                    i += skip
-                    start = i
-                    skip = code[i]
-                    if skip:
-                        print_('branch', skip, to=i+skip)
-                    else:
-                        print_(FAILURE)
-                i += 1
-            elif op in (REPEAT, REPEAT_ONE, MIN_REPEAT_ONE):
-                skip, min, max = code[i: i+3]
-                if max == MAXREPEAT:
-                    max = 'MAXREPEAT'
-                print_(op, skip, min, max, to=i+skip)
-                dis_(i+3, i+skip)
-                i += skip
-            elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS:
-                arg, skip = code[i: i+2]
-                print_(op, arg, skip, to=i+skip)
-                i += 2
-            elif op in (ASSERT, ASSERT_NOT):
-                skip, arg = code[i: i+2]
-                print_(op, skip, arg, to=i+skip)
-                dis_(i+2, i+skip)
-                i += skip
-            elif op is INFO:
-                skip, flags, min, max = code[i: i+4]
-                if max == MAXREPEAT:
-                    max = 'MAXREPEAT'
-                print_(op, skip, bin(flags), min, max, to=i+skip)
-                start = i+4
-                if flags & SRE_INFO_PREFIX:
-                    prefix_len, prefix_skip = code[i+4: i+6]
-                    print_2('  prefix_skip', prefix_skip)
-                    start = i + 6
-                    prefix = code[start: start+prefix_len]
-                    print_2('  prefix',
-                            '[%s]' % ', '.join('%#02x' % x for x in prefix),
-                            '(%r)' % ''.join(map(chr, prefix)))
-                    start += prefix_len
-                    print_2('  overlap', code[start: start+prefix_len])
-                    start += prefix_len
-                if flags & SRE_INFO_CHARSET:
-                    level += 1
-                    print_2('in')
-                    dis_(start, i+skip)
-                    level -= 1
-                i += skip
-            else:
-                raise ValueError(op)
-
-        level -= 1
-
-    dis_(0, len(code))
-
-
-def compile(p, flags=0):
-    # internal: convert pattern list to internal format
-
-    if isstring(p):
-        pattern = p
-        p = sre_parse.parse(p, flags)
-    else:
-        pattern = None
-
-    code = _code(p, flags)
-
-    if flags & SRE_FLAG_DEBUG:
-        print()
-        dis(code)
-
-    # map in either direction
-    groupindex = p.state.groupdict
-    indexgroup = [None] * p.state.groups
-    for k, i in groupindex.items():
-        indexgroup[i] = k
-
-    return _sre.compile(
-        pattern, flags | p.state.flags, code,
-        p.state.groups-1,
-        groupindex, tuple(indexgroup)
-        )
+from re import _compiler as _
+globals().update({k: v for k, v in vars(_).items() if k[:2] != '__'})
diff --git a/Lib/sre_constants.py b/Lib/sre_constants.py
index 8360acb695..8543e2bc8c 100644
--- a/Lib/sre_constants.py
+++ b/Lib/sre_constants.py
@@ -1,218 +1,10 @@
-#
-# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine
-#
-# various symbols used by the regular expression engine.
-# run this script to update the _sre include files!
-#
-# Copyright (c) 1998-2001 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
-#
-# See the sre.py file for information on usage and redistribution.
-#
+import warnings
+warnings.warn(f"module {__name__!r} is deprecated",
+              DeprecationWarning,
+              stacklevel=2)
 
-"""Internal support module for sre"""
-
-# update when constants are added or removed
-
-MAGIC = 20171005
-
-from _sre import MAXREPEAT, MAXGROUPS
-
-# SRE standard exception (access as sre.error)
-# should this really be here?
-
-class error(Exception):
-    """Exception raised for invalid regular expressions.
-
-    Attributes:
-
-        msg: The unformatted error message
-        pattern: The regular expression pattern
-        pos: The index in the pattern where compilation failed (may be None)
-        lineno: The line corresponding to pos (may be None)
-        colno: The column corresponding to pos (may be None)
-    """
-
-    __module__ = 're'
-
-    def __init__(self, msg, pattern=None, pos=None):
-        self.msg = msg
-        self.pattern = pattern
-        self.pos = pos
-        if pattern is not None and pos is not None:
-            msg = '%s at position %d' % (msg, pos)
-            if isinstance(pattern, str):
-                newline = '\n'
-            else:
-                newline = b'\n'
-            self.lineno = pattern.count(newline, 0, pos) + 1
-            self.colno = pos - pattern.rfind(newline, 0, pos)
-            if newline in pattern:
-                msg = '%s (line %d, column %d)' % (msg, self.lineno, self.colno)
-        else:
-            self.lineno = self.colno = None
-        super().__init__(msg)
-
-
-class _NamedIntConstant(int):
-    def __new__(cls, value, name):
-        self = super(_NamedIntConstant, cls).__new__(cls, value)
-        self.name = name
-        return self
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return self.name
-
-MAXREPEAT = _NamedIntConstant(MAXREPEAT, 'MAXREPEAT')
-
-def _makecodes(names):
-    names = names.strip().split()
-    items = [_NamedIntConstant(i, name) for i, name in enumerate(names)]
-    globals().update({item.name: item for item in items})
-    return items
-
-# operators
-# failure=0 success=1 (just because it looks better that way :-)
-OPCODES = _makecodes("""
-    FAILURE SUCCESS
-
-    ANY ANY_ALL
-    ASSERT ASSERT_NOT
-    AT
-    BRANCH
-    CALL
-    CATEGORY
-    CHARSET BIGCHARSET
-    GROUPREF GROUPREF_EXISTS
-    IN
-    INFO
-    JUMP
-    LITERAL
-    MARK
-    MAX_UNTIL
-    MIN_UNTIL
-    NOT_LITERAL
-    NEGATE
-    RANGE
-    REPEAT
-    REPEAT_ONE
-    SUBPATTERN
-    MIN_REPEAT_ONE
-
-    GROUPREF_IGNORE
-    IN_IGNORE
-    LITERAL_IGNORE
-    NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE
-
-    GROUPREF_LOC_IGNORE
-    IN_LOC_IGNORE
-    LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE
-    NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE
-
-    GROUPREF_UNI_IGNORE
-    IN_UNI_IGNORE
-    LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE
-    NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE
-    RANGE_UNI_IGNORE
-
-    MIN_REPEAT MAX_REPEAT
-""")
-del OPCODES[-2:] # remove MIN_REPEAT and MAX_REPEAT
-
-# positions
-ATCODES = _makecodes("""
-    AT_BEGINNING AT_BEGINNING_LINE AT_BEGINNING_STRING
-    AT_BOUNDARY AT_NON_BOUNDARY
-    AT_END AT_END_LINE AT_END_STRING
-
-    AT_LOC_BOUNDARY AT_LOC_NON_BOUNDARY
-
-    AT_UNI_BOUNDARY AT_UNI_NON_BOUNDARY
-""")
-
-# categories
-CHCODES = _makecodes("""
-    CATEGORY_DIGIT CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT
-    CATEGORY_SPACE CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE
-    CATEGORY_WORD CATEGORY_NOT_WORD
-    CATEGORY_LINEBREAK CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK
-
-    CATEGORY_LOC_WORD CATEGORY_LOC_NOT_WORD
-
-    CATEGORY_UNI_DIGIT CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_DIGIT
-    CATEGORY_UNI_SPACE CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_SPACE
-    CATEGORY_UNI_WORD CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_WORD
-    CATEGORY_UNI_LINEBREAK CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_LINEBREAK
-""")
-
-
-# replacement operations for "ignore case" mode
-OP_IGNORE = {
-    LITERAL: LITERAL_IGNORE,
-    NOT_LITERAL: NOT_LITERAL_IGNORE,
-}
-
-OP_LOCALE_IGNORE = {
-    LITERAL: LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE,
-    NOT_LITERAL: NOT_LITERAL_LOC_IGNORE,
-}
-
-OP_UNICODE_IGNORE = {
-    LITERAL: LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE,
-    NOT_LITERAL: NOT_LITERAL_UNI_IGNORE,
-}
-
-AT_MULTILINE = {
-    AT_BEGINNING: AT_BEGINNING_LINE,
-    AT_END: AT_END_LINE
-}
-
-AT_LOCALE = {
-    AT_BOUNDARY: AT_LOC_BOUNDARY,
-    AT_NON_BOUNDARY: AT_LOC_NON_BOUNDARY
-}
-
-AT_UNICODE = {
-    AT_BOUNDARY: AT_UNI_BOUNDARY,
-    AT_NON_BOUNDARY: AT_UNI_NON_BOUNDARY
-}
-
-CH_LOCALE = {
-    CATEGORY_DIGIT: CATEGORY_DIGIT,
-    CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT: CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT,
-    CATEGORY_SPACE: CATEGORY_SPACE,
-    CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE: CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE,
-    CATEGORY_WORD: CATEGORY_LOC_WORD,
-    CATEGORY_NOT_WORD: CATEGORY_LOC_NOT_WORD,
-    CATEGORY_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_LINEBREAK,
-    CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK
-}
-
-CH_UNICODE = {
-    CATEGORY_DIGIT: CATEGORY_UNI_DIGIT,
-    CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_DIGIT,
-    CATEGORY_SPACE: CATEGORY_UNI_SPACE,
-    CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_SPACE,
-    CATEGORY_WORD: CATEGORY_UNI_WORD,
-    CATEGORY_NOT_WORD: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_WORD,
-    CATEGORY_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_UNI_LINEBREAK,
-    CATEGORY_NOT_LINEBREAK: CATEGORY_UNI_NOT_LINEBREAK
-}
-
-# flags
-SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE = 1 # template mode (disable backtracking)
-SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE = 2 # case insensitive
-SRE_FLAG_LOCALE = 4 # honour system locale
-SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE = 8 # treat target as multiline string
-SRE_FLAG_DOTALL = 16 # treat target as a single string
-SRE_FLAG_UNICODE = 32 # use unicode "locale"
-SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE = 64 # ignore whitespace and comments
-SRE_FLAG_DEBUG = 128 # debugging
-SRE_FLAG_ASCII = 256 # use ascii "locale"
-
-# flags for INFO primitive
-SRE_INFO_PREFIX = 1 # has prefix
-SRE_INFO_LITERAL = 2 # entire pattern is literal (given by prefix)
-SRE_INFO_CHARSET = 4 # pattern starts with character from given set
+from re import _constants as _
+globals().update({k: v for k, v in vars(_).items() if k[:2] != '__'})
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     def dump(f, d, typ, int_t, prefix):
diff --git a/Lib/sre_parse.py b/Lib/sre_parse.py
index 83119168e6..25a3f557d4 100644
--- a/Lib/sre_parse.py
+++ b/Lib/sre_parse.py
@@ -1,1064 +1,7 @@
-#
-# Secret Labs' Regular Expression Engine
-#
-# convert re-style regular expression to sre pattern
-#
-# Copyright (c) 1998-2001 by Secret Labs AB.  All rights reserved.
-#
-# See the sre.py file for information on usage and redistribution.
-#
+import warnings
+warnings.warn(f"module {__name__!r} is deprecated",
+              DeprecationWarning,
+              stacklevel=2)
 
-"""Internal support module for sre"""
-
-# XXX: show string offset and offending character for all errors
-
-from sre_constants import *
-
-SPECIAL_CHARS = ".\\[{()*+?^$|"
-REPEAT_CHARS = "*+?{"
-
-DIGITS = frozenset("0123456789")
-
-OCTDIGITS = frozenset("01234567")
-HEXDIGITS = frozenset("0123456789abcdefABCDEF")
-ASCIILETTERS = frozenset("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ")
-
-WHITESPACE = frozenset(" \t\n\r\v\f")
-
-_REPEATCODES = frozenset({MIN_REPEAT, MAX_REPEAT})
-_UNITCODES = frozenset({ANY, RANGE, IN, LITERAL, NOT_LITERAL, CATEGORY})
-
-ESCAPES = {
-    r"\a": (LITERAL, ord("\a")),
-    r"\b": (LITERAL, ord("\b")),
-    r"\f": (LITERAL, ord("\f")),
-    r"\n": (LITERAL, ord("\n")),
-    r"\r": (LITERAL, ord("\r")),
-    r"\t": (LITERAL, ord("\t")),
-    r"\v": (LITERAL, ord("\v")),
-    r"\\": (LITERAL, ord("\\"))
-}
-
-CATEGORIES = {
-    r"\A": (AT, AT_BEGINNING_STRING), # start of string
-    r"\b": (AT, AT_BOUNDARY),
-    r"\B": (AT, AT_NON_BOUNDARY),
-    r"\d": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_DIGIT)]),
-    r"\D": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_DIGIT)]),
-    r"\s": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_SPACE)]),
-    r"\S": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_SPACE)]),
-    r"\w": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_WORD)]),
-    r"\W": (IN, [(CATEGORY, CATEGORY_NOT_WORD)]),
-    r"\Z": (AT, AT_END_STRING), # end of string
-}
-
-FLAGS = {
-    # standard flags
-    "i": SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE,
-    "L": SRE_FLAG_LOCALE,
-    "m": SRE_FLAG_MULTILINE,
-    "s": SRE_FLAG_DOTALL,
-    "x": SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE,
-    # extensions
-    "a": SRE_FLAG_ASCII,
-    "t": SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE,
-    "u": SRE_FLAG_UNICODE,
-}
-
-TYPE_FLAGS = SRE_FLAG_ASCII | SRE_FLAG_LOCALE | SRE_FLAG_UNICODE
-GLOBAL_FLAGS = SRE_FLAG_DEBUG | SRE_FLAG_TEMPLATE
-
-class Verbose(Exception):
-    pass
-
-class State:
-    # keeps track of state for parsing
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.flags = 0
-        self.groupdict = {}
-        self.groupwidths = [None]  # group 0
-        self.lookbehindgroups = None
-    @property
-    def groups(self):
-        return len(self.groupwidths)
-    def opengroup(self, name=None):
-        gid = self.groups
-        self.groupwidths.append(None)
-        if self.groups > MAXGROUPS:
-            raise error("too many groups")
-        if name is not None:
-            ogid = self.groupdict.get(name, None)
-            if ogid is not None:
-                raise error("redefinition of group name %r as group %d; "
-                            "was group %d" % (name, gid,  ogid))
-            self.groupdict[name] = gid
-        return gid
-    def closegroup(self, gid, p):
-        self.groupwidths[gid] = p.getwidth()
-    def checkgroup(self, gid):
-        return gid < self.groups and self.groupwidths[gid] is not None
-
-    def checklookbehindgroup(self, gid, source):
-        if self.lookbehindgroups is not None:
-            if not self.checkgroup(gid):
-                raise source.error('cannot refer to an open group')
-            if gid >= self.lookbehindgroups:
-                raise source.error('cannot refer to group defined in the same '
-                                   'lookbehind subpattern')
-
-class SubPattern:
-    # a subpattern, in intermediate form
-    def __init__(self, state, data=None):
-        self.state = state
-        if data is None:
-            data = []
-        self.data = data
-        self.width = None
-
-    def dump(self, level=0):
-        nl = True
-        seqtypes = (tuple, list)
-        for op, av in self.data:
-            print(level*"  " + str(op), end='')
-            if op is IN:
-                # member sublanguage
-                print()
-                for op, a in av:
-                    print((level+1)*"  " + str(op), a)
-            elif op is BRANCH:
-                print()
-                for i, a in enumerate(av[1]):
-                    if i:
-                        print(level*"  " + "OR")
-                    a.dump(level+1)
-            elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS:
-                condgroup, item_yes, item_no = av
-                print('', condgroup)
-                item_yes.dump(level+1)
-                if item_no:
-                    print(level*"  " + "ELSE")
-                    item_no.dump(level+1)
-            elif isinstance(av, seqtypes):
-                nl = False
-                for a in av:
-                    if isinstance(a, SubPattern):
-                        if not nl:
-                            print()
-                        a.dump(level+1)
-                        nl = True
-                    else:
-                        if not nl:
-                            print(' ', end='')
-                        print(a, end='')
-                        nl = False
-                if not nl:
-                    print()
-            else:
-                print('', av)
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return repr(self.data)
-    def __len__(self):
-        return len(self.data)
-    def __delitem__(self, index):
-        del self.data[index]
-    def __getitem__(self, index):
-        if isinstance(index, slice):
-            return SubPattern(self.state, self.data[index])
-        return self.data[index]
-    def __setitem__(self, index, code):
-        self.data[index] = code
-    def insert(self, index, code):
-        self.data.insert(index, code)
-    def append(self, code):
-        self.data.append(code)
-    def getwidth(self):
-        # determine the width (min, max) for this subpattern
-        if self.width is not None:
-            return self.width
-        lo = hi = 0
-        for op, av in self.data:
-            if op is BRANCH:
-                i = MAXREPEAT - 1
-                j = 0
-                for av in av[1]:
-                    l, h = av.getwidth()
-                    i = min(i, l)
-                    j = max(j, h)
-                lo = lo + i
-                hi = hi + j
-            elif op is CALL:
-                i, j = av.getwidth()
-                lo = lo + i
-                hi = hi + j
-            elif op is SUBPATTERN:
-                i, j = av[-1].getwidth()
-                lo = lo + i
-                hi = hi + j
-            elif op in _REPEATCODES:
-                i, j = av[2].getwidth()
-                lo = lo + i * av[0]
-                hi = hi + j * av[1]
-            elif op in _UNITCODES:
-                lo = lo + 1
-                hi = hi + 1
-            elif op is GROUPREF:
-                i, j = self.state.groupwidths[av]
-                lo = lo + i
-                hi = hi + j
-            elif op is GROUPREF_EXISTS:
-                i, j = av[1].getwidth()
-                if av[2] is not None:
-                    l, h = av[2].getwidth()
-                    i = min(i, l)
-                    j = max(j, h)
-                else:
-                    i = 0
-                lo = lo + i
-                hi = hi + j
-            elif op is SUCCESS:
-                break
-        self.width = min(lo, MAXREPEAT - 1), min(hi, MAXREPEAT)
-        return self.width
-
-class Tokenizer:
-    def __init__(self, string):
-        self.istext = isinstance(string, str)
-        self.string = string
-        if not self.istext:
-            string = str(string, 'latin1')
-        self.decoded_string = string
-        self.index = 0
-        self.next = None
-        self.__next()
-    def __next(self):
-        index = self.index
-        try:
-            char = self.decoded_string[index]
-        except IndexError:
-            self.next = None
-            return
-        if char == "\\":
-            index += 1
-            try:
-                char += self.decoded_string[index]
-            except IndexError:
-                raise error("bad escape (end of pattern)",
-                            self.string, len(self.string) - 1) from None
-        self.index = index + 1
-        self.next = char
-    def match(self, char):
-        if char == self.next:
-            self.__next()
-            return True
-        return False
-    def get(self):
-        this = self.next
-        self.__next()
-        return this
-    def getwhile(self, n, charset):
-        result = ''
-        for _ in range(n):
-            c = self.next
-            if c not in charset:
-                break
-            result += c
-            self.__next()
-        return result
-    def getuntil(self, terminator, name):
-        result = ''
-        while True:
-            c = self.next
-            self.__next()
-            if c is None:
-                if not result:
-                    raise self.error("missing " + name)
-                raise self.error("missing %s, unterminated name" % terminator,
-                                 len(result))
-            if c == terminator:
-                if not result:
-                    raise self.error("missing " + name, 1)
-                break
-            result += c
-        return result
-    @property
-    def pos(self):
-        return self.index - len(self.next or '')
-    def tell(self):
-        return self.index - len(self.next or '')
-    def seek(self, index):
-        self.index = index
-        self.__next()
-
-    def error(self, msg, offset=0):
-        return error(msg, self.string, self.tell() - offset)
-
-def _class_escape(source, escape):
-    # handle escape code inside character class
-    code = ESCAPES.get(escape)
-    if code:
-        return code
-    code = CATEGORIES.get(escape)
-    if code and code[0] is IN:
-        return code
-    try:
-        c = escape[1:2]
-        if c == "x":
-            # hexadecimal escape (exactly two digits)
-            escape += source.getwhile(2, HEXDIGITS)
-            if len(escape) != 4:
-                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
-            return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16)
-        elif c == "u" and source.istext:
-            # unicode escape (exactly four digits)
-            escape += source.getwhile(4, HEXDIGITS)
-            if len(escape) != 6:
-                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
-            return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16)
-        elif c == "U" and source.istext:
-            # unicode escape (exactly eight digits)
-            escape += source.getwhile(8, HEXDIGITS)
-            if len(escape) != 10:
-                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
-            c = int(escape[2:], 16)
-            chr(c) # raise ValueError for invalid code
-            return LITERAL, c
-        elif c == "N" and source.istext:
-            import unicodedata
-            # named unicode escape e.g. \N{EM DASH}
-            if not source.match('{'):
-                raise source.error("missing {")
-            charname = source.getuntil('}', 'character name')
-            try:
-                c = ord(unicodedata.lookup(charname))
-            except KeyError:
-                raise source.error("undefined character name %r" % charname,
-                                   len(charname) + len(r'\N{}'))
-            return LITERAL, c
-        elif c in OCTDIGITS:
-            # octal escape (up to three digits)
-            escape += source.getwhile(2, OCTDIGITS)
-            c = int(escape[1:], 8)
-            if c > 0o377:
-                raise source.error('octal escape value %s outside of '
-                                   'range 0-0o377' % escape, len(escape))
-            return LITERAL, c
-        elif c in DIGITS:
-            raise ValueError
-        if len(escape) == 2:
-            if c in ASCIILETTERS:
-                raise source.error('bad escape %s' % escape, len(escape))
-            return LITERAL, ord(escape[1])
-    except ValueError:
-        pass
-    raise source.error("bad escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
-
-def _escape(source, escape, state):
-    # handle escape code in expression
-    code = CATEGORIES.get(escape)
-    if code:
-        return code
-    code = ESCAPES.get(escape)
-    if code:
-        return code
-    try:
-        c = escape[1:2]
-        if c == "x":
-            # hexadecimal escape
-            escape += source.getwhile(2, HEXDIGITS)
-            if len(escape) != 4:
-                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
-            return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16)
-        elif c == "u" and source.istext:
-            # unicode escape (exactly four digits)
-            escape += source.getwhile(4, HEXDIGITS)
-            if len(escape) != 6:
-                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
-            return LITERAL, int(escape[2:], 16)
-        elif c == "U" and source.istext:
-            # unicode escape (exactly eight digits)
-            escape += source.getwhile(8, HEXDIGITS)
-            if len(escape) != 10:
-                raise source.error("incomplete escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
-            c = int(escape[2:], 16)
-            chr(c) # raise ValueError for invalid code
-            return LITERAL, c
-        elif c == "N" and source.istext:
-            import unicodedata
-            # named unicode escape e.g. \N{EM DASH}
-            if not source.match('{'):
-                raise source.error("missing {")
-            charname = source.getuntil('}', 'character name')
-            try:
-                c = ord(unicodedata.lookup(charname))
-            except KeyError:
-                raise source.error("undefined character name %r" % charname,
-                                   len(charname) + len(r'\N{}'))
-            return LITERAL, c
-        elif c == "0":
-            # octal escape
-            escape += source.getwhile(2, OCTDIGITS)
-            return LITERAL, int(escape[1:], 8)
-        elif c in DIGITS:
-            # octal escape *or* decimal group reference (sigh)
-            if source.next in DIGITS:
-                escape += source.get()
-                if (escape[1] in OCTDIGITS and escape[2] in OCTDIGITS and
-                    source.next in OCTDIGITS):
-                    # got three octal digits; this is an octal escape
-                    escape += source.get()
-                    c = int(escape[1:], 8)
-                    if c > 0o377:
-                        raise source.error('octal escape value %s outside of '
-                                           'range 0-0o377' % escape,
-                                           len(escape))
-                    return LITERAL, c
-            # not an octal escape, so this is a group reference
-            group = int(escape[1:])
-            if group < state.groups:
-                if not state.checkgroup(group):
-                    raise source.error("cannot refer to an open group",
-                                       len(escape))
-                state.checklookbehindgroup(group, source)
-                return GROUPREF, group
-            raise source.error("invalid group reference %d" % group, len(escape) - 1)
-        if len(escape) == 2:
-            if c in ASCIILETTERS:
-                raise source.error("bad escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
-            return LITERAL, ord(escape[1])
-    except ValueError:
-        pass
-    raise source.error("bad escape %s" % escape, len(escape))
-
-def _uniq(items):
-    return list(dict.fromkeys(items))
-
-def _parse_sub(source, state, verbose, nested):
-    # parse an alternation: a|b|c
-
-    items = []
-    itemsappend = items.append
-    sourcematch = source.match
-    start = source.tell()
-    while True:
-        itemsappend(_parse(source, state, verbose, nested + 1,
-                           not nested and not items))
-        if not sourcematch("|"):
-            break
-
-    if len(items) == 1:
-        return items[0]
-
-    subpattern = SubPattern(state)
-
-    # check if all items share a common prefix
-    while True:
-        prefix = None
-        for item in items:
-            if not item:
-                break
-            if prefix is None:
-                prefix = item[0]
-            elif item[0] != prefix:
-                break
-        else:
-            # all subitems start with a common "prefix".
-            # move it out of the branch
-            for item in items:
-                del item[0]
-            subpattern.append(prefix)
-            continue # check next one
-        break
-
-    # check if the branch can be replaced by a character set
-    set = []
-    for item in items:
-        if len(item) != 1:
-            break
-        op, av = item[0]
-        if op is LITERAL:
-            set.append((op, av))
-        elif op is IN and av[0][0] is not NEGATE:
-            set.extend(av)
-        else:
-            break
-    else:
-        # we can store this as a character set instead of a
-        # branch (the compiler may optimize this even more)
-        subpattern.append((IN, _uniq(set)))
-        return subpattern
-
-    subpattern.append((BRANCH, (None, items)))
-    return subpattern
-
-def _parse(source, state, verbose, nested, first=False):
-    # parse a simple pattern
-    subpattern = SubPattern(state)
-
-    # precompute constants into local variables
-    subpatternappend = subpattern.append
-    sourceget = source.get
-    sourcematch = source.match
-    _len = len
-    _ord = ord
-
-    while True:
-
-        this = source.next
-        if this is None:
-            break # end of pattern
-        if this in "|)":
-            break # end of subpattern
-        sourceget()
-
-        if verbose:
-            # skip whitespace and comments
-            if this in WHITESPACE:
-                continue
-            if this == "#":
-                while True:
-                    this = sourceget()
-                    if this is None or this == "\n":
-                        break
-                continue
-
-        if this[0] == "\\":
-            code = _escape(source, this, state)
-            subpatternappend(code)
-
-        elif this not in SPECIAL_CHARS:
-            subpatternappend((LITERAL, _ord(this)))
-
-        elif this == "[":
-            here = source.tell() - 1
-            # character set
-            set = []
-            setappend = set.append
-##          if sourcematch(":"):
-##              pass # handle character classes
-            if source.next == '[':
-                import warnings
-                warnings.warn(
-                    'Possible nested set at position %d' % source.tell(),
-                    FutureWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6
-                )
-            negate = sourcematch("^")
-            # check remaining characters
-            while True:
-                this = sourceget()
-                if this is None:
-                    raise source.error("unterminated character set",
-                                       source.tell() - here)
-                if this == "]" and set:
-                    break
-                elif this[0] == "\\":
-                    code1 = _class_escape(source, this)
-                else:
-                    if set and this in '-&~|' and source.next == this:
-                        import warnings
-                        warnings.warn(
-                            'Possible set %s at position %d' % (
-                                'difference' if this == '-' else
-                                'intersection' if this == '&' else
-                                'symmetric difference' if this == '~' else
-                                'union',
-                                source.tell() - 1),
-                            FutureWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6
-                        )
-                    code1 = LITERAL, _ord(this)
-                if sourcematch("-"):
-                    # potential range
-                    that = sourceget()
-                    if that is None:
-                        raise source.error("unterminated character set",
-                                           source.tell() - here)
-                    if that == "]":
-                        if code1[0] is IN:
-                            code1 = code1[1][0]
-                        setappend(code1)
-                        setappend((LITERAL, _ord("-")))
-                        break
-                    if that[0] == "\\":
-                        code2 = _class_escape(source, that)
-                    else:
-                        if that == '-':
-                            import warnings
-                            warnings.warn(
-                                'Possible set difference at position %d' % (
-                                    source.tell() - 2),
-                                FutureWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6
-                            )
-                        code2 = LITERAL, _ord(that)
-                    if code1[0] != LITERAL or code2[0] != LITERAL:
-                        msg = "bad character range %s-%s" % (this, that)
-                        raise source.error(msg, len(this) + 1 + len(that))
-                    lo = code1[1]
-                    hi = code2[1]
-                    if hi < lo:
-                        msg = "bad character range %s-%s" % (this, that)
-                        raise source.error(msg, len(this) + 1 + len(that))
-                    setappend((RANGE, (lo, hi)))
-                else:
-                    if code1[0] is IN:
-                        code1 = code1[1][0]
-                    setappend(code1)
-
-            set = _uniq(set)
-            # XXX: <fl> should move set optimization to compiler!
-            if _len(set) == 1 and set[0][0] is LITERAL:
-                # optimization
-                if negate:
-                    subpatternappend((NOT_LITERAL, set[0][1]))
-                else:
-                    subpatternappend(set[0])
-            else:
-                if negate:
-                    set.insert(0, (NEGATE, None))
-                # charmap optimization can't be added here because
-                # global flags still are not known
-                subpatternappend((IN, set))
-
-        elif this in REPEAT_CHARS:
-            # repeat previous item
-            here = source.tell()
-            if this == "?":
-                min, max = 0, 1
-            elif this == "*":
-                min, max = 0, MAXREPEAT
-
-            elif this == "+":
-                min, max = 1, MAXREPEAT
-            elif this == "{":
-                if source.next == "}":
-                    subpatternappend((LITERAL, _ord(this)))
-                    continue
-
-                min, max = 0, MAXREPEAT
-                lo = hi = ""
-                while source.next in DIGITS:
-                    lo += sourceget()
-                if sourcematch(","):
-                    while source.next in DIGITS:
-                        hi += sourceget()
-                else:
-                    hi = lo
-                if not sourcematch("}"):
-                    subpatternappend((LITERAL, _ord(this)))
-                    source.seek(here)
-                    continue
-
-                if lo:
-                    min = int(lo)
-                    if min >= MAXREPEAT:
-                        raise OverflowError("the repetition number is too large")
-                if hi:
-                    max = int(hi)
-                    if max >= MAXREPEAT:
-                        raise OverflowError("the repetition number is too large")
-                    if max < min:
-                        raise source.error("min repeat greater than max repeat",
-                                           source.tell() - here)
-            else:
-                raise AssertionError("unsupported quantifier %r" % (char,))
-            # figure out which item to repeat
-            if subpattern:
-                item = subpattern[-1:]
-            else:
-                item = None
-            if not item or item[0][0] is AT:
-                raise source.error("nothing to repeat",
-                                   source.tell() - here + len(this))
-            if item[0][0] in _REPEATCODES:
-                raise source.error("multiple repeat",
-                                   source.tell() - here + len(this))
-            if item[0][0] is SUBPATTERN:
-                group, add_flags, del_flags, p = item[0][1]
-                if group is None and not add_flags and not del_flags:
-                    item = p
-            if sourcematch("?"):
-                subpattern[-1] = (MIN_REPEAT, (min, max, item))
-            else:
-                subpattern[-1] = (MAX_REPEAT, (min, max, item))
-
-        elif this == ".":
-            subpatternappend((ANY, None))
-
-        elif this == "(":
-            start = source.tell() - 1
-            group = True
-            name = None
-            add_flags = 0
-            del_flags = 0
-            if sourcematch("?"):
-                # options
-                char = sourceget()
-                if char is None:
-                    raise source.error("unexpected end of pattern")
-                if char == "P":
-                    # python extensions
-                    if sourcematch("<"):
-                        # named group: skip forward to end of name
-                        name = source.getuntil(">", "group name")
-                        if not name.isidentifier():
-                            msg = "bad character in group name %r" % name
-                            raise source.error(msg, len(name) + 1)
-                    elif sourcematch("="):
-                        # named backreference
-                        name = source.getuntil(")", "group name")
-                        if not name.isidentifier():
-                            msg = "bad character in group name %r" % name
-                            raise source.error(msg, len(name) + 1)
-                        gid = state.groupdict.get(name)
-                        if gid is None:
-                            msg = "unknown group name %r" % name
-                            raise source.error(msg, len(name) + 1)
-                        if not state.checkgroup(gid):
-                            raise source.error("cannot refer to an open group",
-                                               len(name) + 1)
-                        state.checklookbehindgroup(gid, source)
-                        subpatternappend((GROUPREF, gid))
-                        continue
-
-                    else:
-                        char = sourceget()
-                        if char is None:
-                            raise source.error("unexpected end of pattern")
-                        raise source.error("unknown extension ?P" + char,
-                                           len(char) + 2)
-                elif char == ":":
-                    # non-capturing group
-                    group = None
-                elif char == "#":
-                    # comment
-                    while True:
-                        if source.next is None:
-                            raise source.error("missing ), unterminated comment",
-                                               source.tell() - start)
-                        if sourceget() == ")":
-                            break
-                    continue
-
-                elif char in "=!<":
-                    # lookahead assertions
-                    dir = 1
-                    if char == "<":
-                        char = sourceget()
-                        if char is None:
-                            raise source.error("unexpected end of pattern")
-                        if char not in "=!":
-                            raise source.error("unknown extension ?<" + char,
-                                               len(char) + 2)
-                        dir = -1 # lookbehind
-                        lookbehindgroups = state.lookbehindgroups
-                        if lookbehindgroups is None:
-                            state.lookbehindgroups = state.groups
-                    p = _parse_sub(source, state, verbose, nested + 1)
-                    if dir < 0:
-                        if lookbehindgroups is None:
-                            state.lookbehindgroups = None
-                    if not sourcematch(")"):
-                        raise source.error("missing ), unterminated subpattern",
-                                           source.tell() - start)
-                    if char == "=":
-                        subpatternappend((ASSERT, (dir, p)))
-                    else:
-                        subpatternappend((ASSERT_NOT, (dir, p)))
-                    continue
-
-                elif char == "(":
-                    # conditional backreference group
-                    condname = source.getuntil(")", "group name")
-                    if condname.isidentifier():
-                        condgroup = state.groupdict.get(condname)
-                        if condgroup is None:
-                            msg = "unknown group name %r" % condname
-                            raise source.error(msg, len(condname) + 1)
-                    else:
-                        try:
-                            condgroup = int(condname)
-                            if condgroup < 0:
-                                raise ValueError
-                        except ValueError:
-                            msg = "bad character in group name %r" % condname
-                            raise source.error(msg, len(condname) + 1) from None
-                        if not condgroup:
-                            raise source.error("bad group number",
-                                               len(condname) + 1)
-                        if condgroup >= MAXGROUPS:
-                            msg = "invalid group reference %d" % condgroup
-                            raise source.error(msg, len(condname) + 1)
-                    state.checklookbehindgroup(condgroup, source)
-                    item_yes = _parse(source, state, verbose, nested + 1)
-                    if source.match("|"):
-                        item_no = _parse(source, state, verbose, nested + 1)
-                        if source.next == "|":
-                            raise source.error("conditional backref with more than two branches")
-                    else:
-                        item_no = None
-                    if not source.match(")"):
-                        raise source.error("missing ), unterminated subpattern",
-                                           source.tell() - start)
-                    subpatternappend((GROUPREF_EXISTS, (condgroup, item_yes, item_no)))
-                    continue
-
-                elif char in FLAGS or char == "-":
-                    # flags
-                    flags = _parse_flags(source, state, char)
-                    if flags is None:  # global flags
-                        if not first or subpattern:
-                            import warnings
-                            warnings.warn(
-                                'Flags not at the start of the expression %r%s' % (
-                                    source.string[:20],  # truncate long regexes
-                                    ' (truncated)' if len(source.string) > 20 else '',
-                                ),
-                                DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=nested + 6
-                            )
-                        if (state.flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE) and not verbose:
-                            raise Verbose
-                        continue
-
-                    add_flags, del_flags = flags
-                    group = None
-                else:
-                    raise source.error("unknown extension ?" + char,
-                                       len(char) + 1)
-
-            # parse group contents
-            if group is not None:
-                try:
-                    group = state.opengroup(name)
-                except error as err:
-                    raise source.error(err.msg, len(name) + 1) from None
-            sub_verbose = ((verbose or (add_flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE)) and
-                           not (del_flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE))
-            p = _parse_sub(source, state, sub_verbose, nested + 1)
-            if not source.match(")"):
-                raise source.error("missing ), unterminated subpattern",
-                                   source.tell() - start)
-            if group is not None:
-                state.closegroup(group, p)
-            subpatternappend((SUBPATTERN, (group, add_flags, del_flags, p)))
-
-        elif this == "^":
-            subpatternappend((AT, AT_BEGINNING))
-
-        elif this == "$":
-            subpatternappend((AT, AT_END))
-
-        else:
-            raise AssertionError("unsupported special character %r" % (char,))
-
-    # unpack non-capturing groups
-    for i in range(len(subpattern))[::-1]:
-        op, av = subpattern[i]
-        if op is SUBPATTERN:
-            group, add_flags, del_flags, p = av
-            if group is None and not add_flags and not del_flags:
-                subpattern[i: i+1] = p
-
-    return subpattern
-
-def _parse_flags(source, state, char):
-    sourceget = source.get
-    add_flags = 0
-    del_flags = 0
-    if char != "-":
-        while True:
-            flag = FLAGS[char]
-            if source.istext:
-                if char == 'L':
-                    msg = "bad inline flags: cannot use 'L' flag with a str pattern"
-                    raise source.error(msg)
-            else:
-                if char == 'u':
-                    msg = "bad inline flags: cannot use 'u' flag with a bytes pattern"
-                    raise source.error(msg)
-            add_flags |= flag
-            if (flag & TYPE_FLAGS) and (add_flags & TYPE_FLAGS) != flag:
-                msg = "bad inline flags: flags 'a', 'u' and 'L' are incompatible"
-                raise source.error(msg)
-            char = sourceget()
-            if char is None:
-                raise source.error("missing -, : or )")
-            if char in ")-:":
-                break
-            if char not in FLAGS:
-                msg = "unknown flag" if char.isalpha() else "missing -, : or )"
-                raise source.error(msg, len(char))
-    if char == ")":
-        state.flags |= add_flags
-        return None
-    if add_flags & GLOBAL_FLAGS:
-        raise source.error("bad inline flags: cannot turn on global flag", 1)
-    if char == "-":
-        char = sourceget()
-        if char is None:
-            raise source.error("missing flag")
-        if char not in FLAGS:
-            msg = "unknown flag" if char.isalpha() else "missing flag"
-            raise source.error(msg, len(char))
-        while True:
-            flag = FLAGS[char]
-            if flag & TYPE_FLAGS:
-                msg = "bad inline flags: cannot turn off flags 'a', 'u' and 'L'"
-                raise source.error(msg)
-            del_flags |= flag
-            char = sourceget()
-            if char is None:
-                raise source.error("missing :")
-            if char == ":":
-                break
-            if char not in FLAGS:
-                msg = "unknown flag" if char.isalpha() else "missing :"
-                raise source.error(msg, len(char))
-    assert char == ":"
-    if del_flags & GLOBAL_FLAGS:
-        raise source.error("bad inline flags: cannot turn off global flag", 1)
-    if add_flags & del_flags:
-        raise source.error("bad inline flags: flag turned on and off", 1)
-    return add_flags, del_flags
-
-def fix_flags(src, flags):
-    # Check and fix flags according to the type of pattern (str or bytes)
-    if isinstance(src, str):
-        if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE:
-            raise ValueError("cannot use LOCALE flag with a str pattern")
-        if not flags & SRE_FLAG_ASCII:
-            flags |= SRE_FLAG_UNICODE
-        elif flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
-            raise ValueError("ASCII and UNICODE flags are incompatible")
-    else:
-        if flags & SRE_FLAG_UNICODE:
-            raise ValueError("cannot use UNICODE flag with a bytes pattern")
-        if flags & SRE_FLAG_LOCALE and flags & SRE_FLAG_ASCII:
-            raise ValueError("ASCII and LOCALE flags are incompatible")
-    return flags
-
-def parse(str, flags=0, state=None):
-    # parse 're' pattern into list of (opcode, argument) tuples
-
-    source = Tokenizer(str)
-
-    if state is None:
-        state = State()
-    state.flags = flags
-    state.str = str
-
-    try:
-        p = _parse_sub(source, state, flags & SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE, 0)
-    except Verbose:
-        # the VERBOSE flag was switched on inside the pattern.  to be
-        # on the safe side, we'll parse the whole thing again...
-        state = State()
-        state.flags = flags | SRE_FLAG_VERBOSE
-        state.str = str
-        source.seek(0)
-        p = _parse_sub(source, state, True, 0)
-
-    p.state.flags = fix_flags(str, p.state.flags)
-
-    if source.next is not None:
-        assert source.next == ")"
-        raise source.error("unbalanced parenthesis")
-
-    if flags & SRE_FLAG_DEBUG:
-        p.dump()
-
-    return p
-
-def parse_template(source, state):
-    # parse 're' replacement string into list of literals and
-    # group references
-    s = Tokenizer(source)
-    sget = s.get
-    groups = []
-    literals = []
-    literal = []
-    lappend = literal.append
-    def addgroup(index, pos):
-        if index > state.groups:
-            raise s.error("invalid group reference %d" % index, pos)
-        if literal:
-            literals.append(''.join(literal))
-            del literal[:]
-        groups.append((len(literals), index))
-        literals.append(None)
-    groupindex = state.groupindex
-    while True:
-        this = sget()
-        if this is None:
-            break # end of replacement string
-        if this[0] == "\\":
-            # group
-            c = this[1]
-            if c == "g":
-                name = ""
-                if not s.match("<"):
-                    raise s.error("missing <")
-                name = s.getuntil(">", "group name")
-                if name.isidentifier():
-                    try:
-                        index = groupindex[name]
-                    except KeyError:
-                        raise IndexError("unknown group name %r" % name)
-                else:
-                    try:
-                        index = int(name)
-                        if index < 0:
-                            raise ValueError
-                    except ValueError:
-                        raise s.error("bad character in group name %r" % name,
-                                      len(name) + 1) from None
-                    if index >= MAXGROUPS:
-                        raise s.error("invalid group reference %d" % index,
-                                      len(name) + 1)
-                addgroup(index, len(name) + 1)
-            elif c == "0":
-                if s.next in OCTDIGITS:
-                    this += sget()
-                    if s.next in OCTDIGITS:
-                        this += sget()
-                lappend(chr(int(this[1:], 8) & 0xff))
-            elif c in DIGITS:
-                isoctal = False
-                if s.next in DIGITS:
-                    this += sget()
-                    if (c in OCTDIGITS and this[2] in OCTDIGITS and
-                        s.next in OCTDIGITS):
-                        this += sget()
-                        isoctal = True
-                        c = int(this[1:], 8)
-                        if c > 0o377:
-                            raise s.error('octal escape value %s outside of '
-                                          'range 0-0o377' % this, len(this))
-                        lappend(chr(c))
-                if not isoctal:
-                    addgroup(int(this[1:]), len(this) - 1)
-            else:
-                try:
-                    this = chr(ESCAPES[this][1])
-                except KeyError:
-                    if c in ASCIILETTERS:
-                        raise s.error('bad escape %s' % this, len(this))
-                lappend(this)
-        else:
-            lappend(this)
-    if literal:
-        literals.append(''.join(literal))
-    if not isinstance(source, str):
-        # The tokenizer implicitly decodes bytes objects as latin-1, we must
-        # therefore re-encode the final representation.
-        literals = [None if s is None else s.encode('latin-1') for s in literals]
-    return groups, literals
-
-def expand_template(template, match):
-    g = match.group
-    empty = match.string[:0]
-    groups, literals = template
-    literals = literals[:]
-    try:
-        for index, group in groups:
-            literals[index] = g(group) or empty
-    except IndexError:
-        raise error("invalid group reference %d" % index)
-    return empty.join(literals)
+from re import _parser as _
+globals().update({k: v for k, v in vars(_).items() if k[:2] != '__'})

From 1e3d57817cbb8a08b6b7c7dc04eefe0e566975ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 22 Nov 2023 23:20:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 120/705] Replace re_test.py from CPython 3.12 and mark failed
 tests

---
 Cargo.lock          |  37 +-
 Lib/test/test_re.py | 844 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 vm/Cargo.toml       |   4 +-
 3 files changed, 658 insertions(+), 227 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 52afbb053f..da13a2a33c 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1422,34 +1422,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "num_enum"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8d829733185c1ca374f17e52b762f24f535ec625d2cc1f070e34c8a9068f341b"
-dependencies = [
- "num_enum_derive 0.5.9",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "num_enum"
 version = "0.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "02339744ee7253741199f897151b38e72257d13802d4ee837285cc2990a90845"
 dependencies = [
- "num_enum_derive 0.7.2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "num_enum_derive"
-version = "0.5.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2be1598bf1c313dcdd12092e3f1920f463462525a21b7b4e11b4168353d0123e"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-crate",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "num_enum_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2191,7 +2170,7 @@ name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
 version = "0.6.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.4.0",
- "num_enum 0.7.2",
+ "num_enum",
  "optional",
 ]
 
@@ -2230,7 +2209,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-complex",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
- "num_enum 0.7.2",
+ "num_enum",
  "once_cell",
  "openssl",
  "openssl-probe",
@@ -2300,7 +2279,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
  "num_cpus",
- "num_enum 0.7.2",
+ "num_enum",
  "once_cell",
  "optional",
  "parking_lot",
@@ -2552,12 +2531,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.4.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a490c5c46c35dba9a6f5e7ee8e4d67e775eb2d2da0f115750b8d10e1c1ac2d28"
+version = "0.6.0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "num_enum 0.5.9",
+ "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "num_enum",
  "optional",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_re.py b/Lib/test/test_re.py
index 9b30b4137c..1fd2432aae 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_re.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_re.py
@@ -1,15 +1,25 @@
 from test.support import (gc_collect, bigmemtest, _2G,
                           cpython_only, captured_stdout,
-                          check_disallow_instantiation)
+                          check_disallow_instantiation, is_emscripten, is_wasi,
+                          SHORT_TIMEOUT)
 import locale
 import re
-import sre_compile
 import string
+import sys
+import time
 import unittest
 import warnings
 from re import Scanner
 from weakref import proxy
 
+# some platforms lack working multiprocessing
+try:
+    import _multiprocessing
+except ImportError:
+    multiprocessing = None
+else:
+    import multiprocessing
+
 # Misc tests from Tim Peters' re.doc
 
 # WARNING: Don't change details in these tests if you don't know
@@ -85,10 +95,29 @@ def test_search_star_plus(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.match('x*', 'xxxa').span(), (0, 3))
         self.assertIsNone(re.match('a+', 'xxx'))
 
+    def test_branching(self):
+        """Test Branching
+        Test expressions using the OR ('|') operator."""
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(ab|ba)', 'ab').span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(ab|ba)', 'ba').span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(abc|bac|ca|cb)', 'abc').span(),
+                         (0, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(abc|bac|ca|cb)', 'bac').span(),
+                         (0, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(abc|bac|ca|cb)', 'ca').span(),
+                         (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(abc|bac|ca|cb)', 'cb').span(),
+                         (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('((a)|(b)|(c))', 'a').span(), (0, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('((a)|(b)|(c))', 'b').span(), (0, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('((a)|(b)|(c))', 'c').span(), (0, 1))
+
     def bump_num(self, matchobj):
         int_value = int(matchobj.group(0))
         return str(int_value + 1)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_basic_re_sub(self):
         self.assertTypedEqual(re.sub('y', 'a', 'xyz'), 'xaz')
         self.assertTypedEqual(re.sub('y', S('a'), S('xyz')), 'xaz')
@@ -119,6 +148,7 @@ def test_basic_re_sub(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('(?P<a>x)', r'\g<a>\g<1>', 'xx'), 'xxxx')
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('(?P<unk>x)', r'\g<unk>\g<unk>', 'xx'), 'xxxx')
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('(?P<unk>x)', r'\g<1>\g<1>', 'xx'), 'xxxx')
+        self.assertEqual(re.sub('()x', r'\g<0>\g<0>', 'xx'), 'xxxx')
 
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('a', r'\t\n\v\r\f\a\b', 'a'), '\t\n\v\r\f\a\b')
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('a', '\t\n\v\r\f\a\b', 'a'), '\t\n\v\r\f\a\b')
@@ -131,11 +161,15 @@ def test_basic_re_sub(self):
 
         self.assertEqual(re.sub(r'^\s*', 'X', 'test'), 'Xtest')
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_449964(self):
         # fails for group followed by other escape
         self.assertEqual(re.sub(r'(?P<unk>x)', r'\g<1>\g<1>\b', 'xx'),
                          'xx\bxx\b')
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_449000(self):
         # Test for sub() on escaped characters
         self.assertEqual(re.sub(r'\r\n', r'\n', 'abc\r\ndef\r\n'),
@@ -159,6 +193,8 @@ def test_bug_3629(self):
         # A regex that triggered a bug in the sre-code validator
         re.compile("(?P<quote>)(?(quote))")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_sub_template_numeric_escape(self):
         # bug 776311 and friends
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('x', r'\0', 'x'), '\0')
@@ -212,6 +248,8 @@ def test_qualified_re_sub(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('a', 'b', 'aaaaa', 1), 'baaaa')
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('a', 'b', 'aaaaa', count=1), 'baaaa')
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_114660(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.sub(r'(\S)\s+(\S)', r'\1 \2', 'hello  there'),
                          'hello there')
@@ -258,7 +296,15 @@ def test_symbolic_groups_errors(self):
         self.checkPatternError('(?P<©>x)', "bad character in group name '©'", 4)
         self.checkPatternError('(?P=©)', "bad character in group name '©'", 4)
         self.checkPatternError('(?(©)y)', "bad character in group name '©'", 3)
+        self.checkPatternError(b'(?P<\xc2\xb5>x)',
+                               r"bad character in group name '\xc2\xb5'", 4)
+        self.checkPatternError(b'(?P=\xc2\xb5)',
+                               r"bad character in group name '\xc2\xb5'", 4)
+        self.checkPatternError(b'(?(\xc2\xb5)y)',
+                               r"bad character in group name '\xc2\xb5'", 3)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_symbolic_refs(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('(?P<a>x)|(?P<b>y)', r'\g<b>', 'xx'), '')
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('(?P<a>x)|(?P<b>y)', r'\2', 'xx'), '')
@@ -270,6 +316,8 @@ def test_symbolic_refs(self):
         pat = '|'.join('x(?P<a%d>%x)y' % (i, i) for i in range(1, 200 + 1))
         self.assertEqual(re.sub(pat, r'\g<200>', 'xc8yzxc8y'), 'c8zc8')
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_symbolic_refs_errors(self):
         self.checkTemplateError('(?P<a>x)', r'\g<a', 'xx',
                                 'missing >, unterminated name', 3)
@@ -290,12 +338,22 @@ def test_symbolic_refs_errors(self):
             re.sub('(?P<a>x)', r'\g<ab>', 'xx')
         self.checkTemplateError('(?P<a>x)', r'\g<-1>', 'xx',
                                 "bad character in group name '-1'", 3)
+        self.checkTemplateError('(?P<a>x)', r'\g<+1>', 'xx',
+                                "bad character in group name '+1'", 3)
+        self.checkTemplateError('()'*10, r'\g<1_0>', 'xx',
+                                "bad character in group name '1_0'", 3)
+        self.checkTemplateError('(?P<a>x)', r'\g< 1 >', 'xx',
+                                "bad character in group name ' 1 '", 3)
         self.checkTemplateError('(?P<a>x)', r'\g<©>', 'xx',
                                 "bad character in group name '©'", 3)
+        self.checkTemplateError(b'(?P<a>x)', b'\\g<\xc2\xb5>', b'xx',
+                                r"bad character in group name '\xc2\xb5'", 3)
         self.checkTemplateError('(?P<a>x)', r'\g<㊀>', 'xx',
                                 "bad character in group name '㊀'", 3)
         self.checkTemplateError('(?P<a>x)', r'\g<¹>', 'xx',
                                 "bad character in group name '¹'", 3)
+        self.checkTemplateError('(?P<a>x)', r'\g<१>', 'xx',
+                                "bad character in group name '१'", 3)
 
     def test_re_subn(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.subn("(?i)b+", "x", "bbbb BBBB"), ('x x', 2))
@@ -557,16 +615,22 @@ def test_re_groupref_exists(self):
         pat = '(?:%s)(?(200)z)' % pat
         self.assertEqual(re.match(pat, 'xc8yz').span(), (0, 5))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_re_groupref_exists_errors(self):
         self.checkPatternError(r'(?P<a>)(?(0)a|b)', 'bad group number', 10)
         self.checkPatternError(r'()(?(-1)a|b)',
                                "bad character in group name '-1'", 5)
+        self.checkPatternError(r'()(?(+1)a|b)',
+                               "bad character in group name '+1'", 5)
+        self.checkPatternError(r'()'*10 + r'(?(1_0)a|b)',
+                               "bad character in group name '1_0'", 23)
+        self.checkPatternError(r'()(?( 1 )a|b)',
+                               "bad character in group name ' 1 '", 5)
         self.checkPatternError(r'()(?(㊀)a|b)',
                                "bad character in group name '㊀'", 5)
         self.checkPatternError(r'()(?(¹)a|b)',
                                "bad character in group name '¹'", 5)
+        self.checkPatternError(r'()(?(१)a|b)',
+                               "bad character in group name '१'", 5)
         self.checkPatternError(r'()(?(1',
                                "missing ), unterminated name", 5)
         self.checkPatternError(r'()(?(1)a',
@@ -582,8 +646,15 @@ def test_re_groupref_exists_errors(self):
         self.checkPatternError(r'()(?(2)a)',
                                "invalid group reference 2", 5)
 
+    def test_re_groupref_exists_validation_bug(self):
+        for i in range(256):
+            with self.subTest(code=i):
+                re.compile(r'()(?(1)\x%02x?)' % i)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_re_groupref_overflow(self):
-        from sre_constants import MAXGROUPS
+        from re._constants import MAXGROUPS
         self.checkTemplateError('()', r'\g<%s>' % MAXGROUPS, 'xx',
                                 'invalid group reference %d' % MAXGROUPS, 3)
         self.checkPatternError(r'(?P<a>)(?(%d))' % MAXGROUPS,
@@ -608,6 +679,8 @@ def test_groupdict(self):
                                   'first second').groupdict(),
                          {'first':'first', 'second':'second'})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_expand(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.match("(?P<first>first) (?P<second>second)",
                                   "first second")
@@ -871,8 +944,6 @@ def test_lookbehind(self):
         self.assertRaises(re.error, re.compile, r'(a)b(?<=(a)(?(2)b|x))(c)')
         self.assertRaises(re.error, re.compile, r'(a)b(?<=(.)(?<=\2))(c)')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ignore_case(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.match("abc", "ABC", re.I).group(0), "ABC")
         self.assertEqual(re.match(b"abc", b"ABC", re.I).group(0), b"ABC")
@@ -913,8 +984,6 @@ def test_ignore_case(self):
         self.assertTrue(re.match(r'\ufb05', '\ufb06', re.I))
         self.assertTrue(re.match(r'\ufb06', '\ufb05', re.I))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ignore_case_set(self):
         self.assertTrue(re.match(r'[19A]', 'A', re.I))
         self.assertTrue(re.match(r'[19a]', 'a', re.I))
@@ -953,8 +1022,6 @@ def test_ignore_case_set(self):
         self.assertTrue(re.match(r'[19\ufb05]', '\ufb06', re.I))
         self.assertTrue(re.match(r'[19\ufb06]', '\ufb05', re.I))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ignore_case_range(self):
         # Issues #3511, #17381.
         self.assertTrue(re.match(r'[9-a]', '_', re.I))
@@ -1005,33 +1072,6 @@ def test_ignore_case_range(self):
     def test_category(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.match(r"(\s)", " ").group(1), " ")
 
-    @cpython_only
-    def test_case_helpers(self):
-        import _sre
-        for i in range(128):
-            c = chr(i)
-            lo = ord(c.lower())
-            self.assertEqual(_sre.ascii_tolower(i), lo)
-            self.assertEqual(_sre.unicode_tolower(i), lo)
-            iscased = c in string.ascii_letters
-            self.assertEqual(_sre.ascii_iscased(i), iscased)
-            self.assertEqual(_sre.unicode_iscased(i), iscased)
-
-        for i in list(range(128, 0x1000)) + [0x10400, 0x10428]:
-            c = chr(i)
-            self.assertEqual(_sre.ascii_tolower(i), i)
-            if i != 0x0130:
-                self.assertEqual(_sre.unicode_tolower(i), ord(c.lower()))
-            iscased = c != c.lower() or c != c.upper()
-            self.assertFalse(_sre.ascii_iscased(i))
-            self.assertEqual(_sre.unicode_iscased(i),
-                             c != c.lower() or c != c.upper())
-
-        self.assertEqual(_sre.ascii_tolower(0x0130), 0x0130)
-        self.assertEqual(_sre.unicode_tolower(0x0130), ord('i'))
-        self.assertFalse(_sre.ascii_iscased(0x0130))
-        self.assertTrue(_sre.unicode_iscased(0x0130))
-
     def test_not_literal(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.search(r"\s([^a])", " b").group(1), "b")
         self.assertEqual(re.search(r"\s([^a]*)", " bb").group(1), "bb")
@@ -1332,11 +1372,13 @@ def test_nothing_to_repeat(self):
                                        'nothing to repeat', 3)
 
     def test_multiple_repeat(self):
-        for outer_reps in '*', '+', '{1,2}':
-            for outer_mod in '', '?':
+        for outer_reps in '*', '+', '?', '{1,2}':
+            for outer_mod in '', '?', '+':
                 outer_op = outer_reps + outer_mod
                 for inner_reps in '*', '+', '?', '{1,2}':
-                    for inner_mod in '', '?':
+                    for inner_mod in '', '?', '+':
+                        if inner_mod + outer_reps in ('?', '+'):
+                            continue
                         inner_op = inner_reps + inner_mod
                         self.checkPatternError(r'x%s%s' % (inner_op, outer_op),
                                 'multiple repeat', 1 + len(inner_op))
@@ -1491,8 +1533,6 @@ def test_empty_array(self):
             self.assertIsNone(re.compile(b"bla").match(a))
             self.assertEqual(re.compile(b"").match(a).groups(), ())
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_inline_flags(self):
         # Bug #1700
         upper_char = '\u1ea0' # Latin Capital Letter A with Dot Below
@@ -1536,70 +1576,27 @@ def test_inline_flags(self):
         self.assertTrue(re.match('(?x) (?i) ' + upper_char, lower_char))
         self.assertTrue(re.match(' (?x) (?i) ' + upper_char, lower_char, re.X))
 
-        p = upper_char + '(?i)'
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as warns:
-            self.assertTrue(re.match(p, lower_char))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            str(warns.warnings[0].message),
-            'Flags not at the start of the expression %r'
-            ' but at position 1' % p
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(warns.warnings[0].filename, __file__)
-
-        p = upper_char + '(?i)%s' % ('.?' * 100)
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as warns:
-            self.assertTrue(re.match(p, lower_char))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            str(warns.warnings[0].message),
-            'Flags not at the start of the expression %r (truncated)'
-            ' but at position 1' % p[:20]
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(warns.warnings[0].filename, __file__)
+        msg = "global flags not at the start of the expression"
+        self.checkPatternError(upper_char + '(?i)', msg, 1)
 
         # bpo-30605: Compiling a bytes instance regex was throwing a BytesWarning
         with warnings.catch_warnings():
             warnings.simplefilter('error', BytesWarning)
-            p = b'A(?i)'
-            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as warns:
-                self.assertTrue(re.match(p, b'a'))
-            self.assertEqual(
-                str(warns.warnings[0].message),
-                'Flags not at the start of the expression %r'
-                ' but at position 1' % p
-            )
-            self.assertEqual(warns.warnings[0].filename, __file__)
-
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            self.assertTrue(re.match('(?s).(?i)' + upper_char, '\n' + lower_char))
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            self.assertTrue(re.match('(?i) ' + upper_char + ' (?x)', lower_char))
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            self.assertTrue(re.match(' (?x) (?i) ' + upper_char, lower_char))
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            self.assertTrue(re.match('^(?i)' + upper_char, lower_char))
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            self.assertTrue(re.match('$|(?i)' + upper_char, lower_char))
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as warns:
-            self.assertTrue(re.match('(?:(?i)' + upper_char + ')', lower_char))
-        self.assertRegex(str(warns.warnings[0].message),
-                         'Flags not at the start')
-        self.assertEqual(warns.warnings[0].filename, __file__)
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as warns:
-            self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch('(^)?(?(1)(?i)' + upper_char + ')',
-                                         lower_char))
-        self.assertRegex(str(warns.warnings[0].message),
-                         'Flags not at the start')
-        self.assertEqual(warns.warnings[0].filename, __file__)
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as warns:
-            self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch('($)?(?(1)|(?i)' + upper_char + ')',
-                                         lower_char))
-        self.assertRegex(str(warns.warnings[0].message),
-                         'Flags not at the start')
-        self.assertEqual(warns.warnings[0].filename, __file__)
+            self.checkPatternError(b'A(?i)', msg, 1)
+
+        self.checkPatternError('(?s).(?i)' + upper_char, msg, 5)
+        self.checkPatternError('(?i) ' + upper_char + ' (?x)', msg, 7)
+        self.checkPatternError(' (?x) (?i) ' + upper_char, msg, 1)
+        self.checkPatternError('^(?i)' + upper_char, msg, 1)
+        self.checkPatternError('$|(?i)' + upper_char, msg, 2)
+        self.checkPatternError('(?:(?i)' + upper_char + ')', msg, 3)
+        self.checkPatternError('(^)?(?(1)(?i)' + upper_char + ')', msg, 9)
+        self.checkPatternError('($)?(?(1)|(?i)' + upper_char + ')', msg, 10)
 
 
     def test_dollar_matches_twice(self):
-        "$ matches the end of string, and just before the terminating \n"
+        r"""Test that $ does not include \n
+        $ matches the end of string, and just before the terminating \n"""
         pattern = re.compile('$')
         self.assertEqual(pattern.sub('#', 'a\nb\n'), 'a\nb#\n#')
         self.assertEqual(pattern.sub('#', 'a\nb\nc'), 'a\nb\nc#')
@@ -1757,6 +1754,8 @@ def test_comments(self):
         self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch('(?x)#x\na|#y\nb', 'a'))
         self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch('(?x)#x\na|#y\nb', 'b'))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_6509(self):
         # Replacement strings of both types must parse properly.
         # all strings
@@ -1775,24 +1774,6 @@ def test_bug_6509(self):
         pat = re.compile(b'..')
         self.assertEqual(pat.sub(lambda m: b'bytes', b'a5'), b'bytes')
 
-    # RUSTPYTHON: here in rustpython, we borrow the string only at the
-    # time of matching, so we will not check the string type when creating
-    # SRE_Scanner, expect this, other tests has passed
-    @cpython_only
-    def test_dealloc(self):
-        # issue 3299: check for segfault in debug build
-        import _sre
-        # the overflow limit is different on wide and narrow builds and it
-        # depends on the definition of SRE_CODE (see sre.h).
-        # 2**128 should be big enough to overflow on both. For smaller values
-        # a RuntimeError is raised instead of OverflowError.
-        long_overflow = 2**128
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, re.finditer, "a", {})
-        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
-            _sre.compile("abc", 0, [long_overflow], 0, {}, ())
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            _sre.compile({}, 0, [], 0, [], [])
-
     def test_search_dot_unicode(self):
         self.assertTrue(re.search("123.*-", '123abc-'))
         self.assertTrue(re.search("123.*-", '123\xe9-'))
@@ -1850,20 +1831,28 @@ def test_repeat_minmax_overflow(self):
         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, re.compile, r".{%d,}?" % 2**128)
         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, re.compile, r".{%d,%d}" % (2**129, 2**128))
 
-    @cpython_only
-    def test_repeat_minmax_overflow_maxrepeat(self):
-        try:
-            from _sre import MAXREPEAT
-        except ImportError:
-            self.skipTest('requires _sre.MAXREPEAT constant')
-        string = "x" * 100000
-        self.assertIsNone(re.match(r".{%d}" % (MAXREPEAT - 1), string))
-        self.assertEqual(re.match(r".{,%d}" % (MAXREPEAT - 1), string).span(),
-                         (0, 100000))
-        self.assertIsNone(re.match(r".{%d,}?" % (MAXREPEAT - 1), string))
-        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, re.compile, r".{%d}" % MAXREPEAT)
-        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, re.compile, r".{,%d}" % MAXREPEAT)
-        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, re.compile, r".{%d,}?" % MAXREPEAT)
+    def test_look_behind_overflow(self):
+        string = "x" * 2_500_000
+        p1 = r"(?<=((.{%d}){%d}){%d})"
+        p2 = r"(?<!((.{%d}){%d}){%d})"
+        # Test that the templates are valid and look-behind with width 2**21
+        # (larger than sys.maxunicode) are supported.
+        self.assertEqual(re.search(p1 % (2**7, 2**7, 2**7), string).span(),
+                         (2**21, 2**21))
+        self.assertEqual(re.search(p2 % (2**7, 2**7, 2**7), string).span(),
+                         (0, 0))
+        # Test that 2**22 is accepted as a repetition number and look-behind
+        # width.
+        re.compile(p1 % (2**22, 1, 1))
+        re.compile(p1 % (1, 2**22, 1))
+        re.compile(p1 % (1, 1, 2**22))
+        re.compile(p2 % (2**22, 1, 1))
+        re.compile(p2 % (1, 2**22, 1))
+        re.compile(p2 % (1, 1, 2**22))
+        # But 2**66 is too large for look-behind width.
+        errmsg = "looks too much behind"
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(re.error, errmsg, re.compile, p1 % (2**22, 2**22, 2**22))
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(re.error, errmsg, re.compile, p2 % (2**22, 2**22, 2**22))
 
     def test_backref_group_name_in_exception(self):
         # Issue 17341: Poor error message when compiling invalid regex
@@ -1913,6 +1902,8 @@ def test_match_repr(self):
         )
         self.assertRegex(repr(second), pattern)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_zerowidth(self):
         # Issues 852532, 1647489, 3262, 25054.
         self.assertEqual(re.split(r"\b", "a::bc"), ['', 'a', '::', 'bc', ''])
@@ -1933,9 +1924,6 @@ def test_zerowidth(self):
         self.assertEqual([m.span() for m in re.finditer(r"\b|\w+", "a::bc")],
                          [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 5)])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    # @unittest.expectedFailure
-    @unittest.skip("")
     def test_bug_2537(self):
         # issue 2537: empty submatches
         for outer_op in ('{0,}', '*', '+', '{1,187}'):
@@ -1946,60 +1934,6 @@ def test_bug_2537(self):
                 self.assertEqual(m.group(1), "")
                 self.assertEqual(m.group(2), "y")
 
-    @cpython_only
-    def test_debug_flag(self):
-        pat = r'(\.)(?:[ch]|py)(?(1)$|: )'
-        with captured_stdout() as out:
-            re.compile(pat, re.DEBUG)
-        self.maxDiff = None
-        dump = '''\
-SUBPATTERN 1 0 0
-  LITERAL 46
-BRANCH
-  IN
-    LITERAL 99
-    LITERAL 104
-OR
-  LITERAL 112
-  LITERAL 121
-GROUPREF_EXISTS 1
-  AT AT_END
-ELSE
-  LITERAL 58
-  LITERAL 32
-
- 0. INFO 8 0b1 2 5 (to 9)
-      prefix_skip 0
-      prefix [0x2e] ('.')
-      overlap [0]
- 9: MARK 0
-11. LITERAL 0x2e ('.')
-13. MARK 1
-15. BRANCH 10 (to 26)
-17.   IN 6 (to 24)
-19.     LITERAL 0x63 ('c')
-21.     LITERAL 0x68 ('h')
-23.     FAILURE
-24:   JUMP 9 (to 34)
-26: branch 7 (to 33)
-27.   LITERAL 0x70 ('p')
-29.   LITERAL 0x79 ('y')
-31.   JUMP 2 (to 34)
-33: FAILURE
-34: GROUPREF_EXISTS 0 6 (to 41)
-37. AT END
-39. JUMP 5 (to 45)
-41: LITERAL 0x3a (':')
-43. LITERAL 0x20 (' ')
-45: SUCCESS
-'''
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), dump)
-        # Debug output is output again even a second time (bypassing
-        # the cache -- issue #20426).
-        with captured_stdout() as out:
-            re.compile(pat, re.DEBUG)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), dump)
-
     def test_keyword_parameters(self):
         # Issue #20283: Accepting the string keyword parameter.
         pat = re.compile(r'(ab)')
@@ -2023,6 +1957,10 @@ def test_bug_20998(self):
         # with ignore case.
         self.assertEqual(re.fullmatch('[a-c]+', 'ABC', re.I).span(), (0, 3))
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        is_emscripten or is_wasi,
+        "musl libc issue on Emscripten/WASI, bpo-46390"
+    )
     def test_locale_caching(self):
         # Issue #22410
         oldlocale = locale.setlocale(locale.LC_CTYPE)
@@ -2059,6 +1997,10 @@ def check_en_US_utf8(self):
         self.assertIsNone(re.match(b'(?Li)\xc5', b'\xe5'))
         self.assertIsNone(re.match(b'(?Li)\xe5', b'\xc5'))
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        is_emscripten or is_wasi,
+        "musl libc issue on Emscripten/WASI, bpo-46390"
+    )
     def test_locale_compiled(self):
         oldlocale = locale.setlocale(locale.LC_CTYPE)
         self.addCleanup(locale.setlocale, locale.LC_CTYPE, oldlocale)
@@ -2236,6 +2178,416 @@ def test_bug_34294(self):
                           {'tag': 'foo', 'text': None},
                           {'tag': 'foo', 'text': None}])
 
+    def test_MARK_PUSH_macro_bug(self):
+        # issue35859, MARK_PUSH() macro didn't protect MARK-0 if it
+        # was the only available mark.
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(r'(ab|a)*?b', 'ab').groups(), ('a',))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(r'(ab|a)+?b', 'ab').groups(), ('a',))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(r'(ab|a){0,2}?b', 'ab').groups(), ('a',))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(r'(.b|a)*?b', 'ab').groups(), ('a',))
+
+    def test_MIN_UNTIL_mark_bug(self):
+        # Fixed in issue35859, reported in issue9134.
+        # JUMP_MIN_UNTIL_2 should MARK_PUSH() if in a repeat
+        s = 'axxzbcz'
+        p = r'(?:(?:a|bc)*?(xx)??z)*'
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(p, s).groups(), ('xx',))
+
+        # test-case provided by issue9134
+        s = 'xtcxyzxc'
+        p = r'((x|yz)+?(t)??c)*'
+        m = re.match(p, s)
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(), (0, 8))
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(2), (6, 7))
+        self.assertEqual(m.groups(), ('xyzxc', 'x', 't'))
+
+    def test_REPEAT_ONE_mark_bug(self):
+        # issue35859
+        # JUMP_REPEAT_ONE_1 should MARK_PUSH() if in a repeat
+        s = 'aabaab'
+        p = r'(?:[^b]*a(?=(b)|(a))ab)*'
+        m = re.match(p, s)
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(), (0, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(2), (4, 5))
+        self.assertEqual(m.groups(), (None, 'a'))
+
+        # JUMP_REPEAT_ONE_2 should MARK_PUSH() if in a repeat
+        s = 'abab'
+        p = r'(?:[^b]*(?=(b)|(a))ab)*'
+        m = re.match(p, s)
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(), (0, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(2), (2, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(m.groups(), (None, 'a'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(r'(ab?)*?b', 'ab').groups(), ('a',))
+
+    def test_MIN_REPEAT_ONE_mark_bug(self):
+        # issue35859
+        # JUMP_MIN_REPEAT_ONE should MARK_PUSH() if in a repeat
+        s = 'abab'
+        p = r'(?:.*?(?=(a)|(b))b)*'
+        m = re.match(p, s)
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(), (0, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(2), (3, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(m.groups(), (None, 'b'))
+
+        s = 'axxzaz'
+        p = r'(?:a*?(xx)??z)*'
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(p, s).groups(), ('xx',))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_ASSERT_NOT_mark_bug(self):
+        # Fixed in issue35859, reported in issue725149.
+        # JUMP_ASSERT_NOT should LASTMARK_SAVE()
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(r'(?!(..)c)', 'ab').groups(), (None,))
+
+        # JUMP_ASSERT_NOT should MARK_PUSH() if in a repeat
+        m = re.match(r'((?!(ab)c)(.))*', 'abab')
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(), (0, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(1), (3, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(m.span(3), (3, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(m.groups(), ('b', None, 'b'))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_bug_40736(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "got 'int'"):
+            re.search("x*", 5)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "got 'type'"):
+            re.search("x*", type)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_search_anchor_at_beginning(self):
+        s = 'x'*10**7
+        start = time.perf_counter()
+        for p in r'\Ay', r'^y':
+            self.assertIsNone(re.search(p, s))
+            self.assertEqual(re.split(p, s), [s])
+            self.assertEqual(re.findall(p, s), [])
+            self.assertEqual(list(re.finditer(p, s)), [])
+            self.assertEqual(re.sub(p, '', s), s)
+        t = time.perf_counter() - start
+        # Without optimization it takes 1 second on my computer.
+        # With optimization -- 0.0003 seconds.
+        self.assertLess(t, 0.1)
+
+    @unittest.skip('dead lock')
+    def test_possessive_quantifiers(self):
+        """Test Possessive Quantifiers
+        Test quantifiers of the form @+ for some repetition operator @,
+        e.g. x{3,5}+ meaning match from 3 to 5 greadily and proceed
+        without creating a stack frame for rolling the stack back and
+        trying 1 or more fewer matches."""
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match('e*+e', 'eeee'))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('e++a', 'eeea').group(0), 'eeea')
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('e?+a', 'ea').group(0), 'ea')
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('e{2,4}+a', 'eeea').group(0), 'eeea')
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match('(.)++.', 'ee'))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(ae)*+a', 'aea').groups(), ('ae',))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('([ae][ae])?+a', 'aea').groups(),
+                         ('ae',))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(e?){2,4}+a', 'eeea').groups(),
+                         ('',))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('()*+a', 'a').groups(), ('',))
+        self.assertEqual(re.search('x*+', 'axx').span(), (0, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(re.search('x++', 'axx').span(), (1, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('a*+', 'xxx').span(), (0, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('x*+', 'xxxa').span(), (0, 3))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match('a++', 'xxx'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match(r"^(\w){1}+$", "abc"))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match(r"^(\w){1,2}+$", "abc"))
+
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(r"^(\w){3}+$", "abc").group(1), "c")
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(r"^(\w){1,3}+$", "abc").group(1), "c")
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(r"^(\w){1,4}+$", "abc").group(1), "c")
+
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match("^x{1}+$", "xxx"))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match("^x{1,2}+$", "xxx"))
+
+        self.assertTrue(re.match("^x{3}+$", "xxx"))
+        self.assertTrue(re.match("^x{1,3}+$", "xxx"))
+        self.assertTrue(re.match("^x{1,4}+$", "xxx"))
+
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match("^x{}+$", "xxx"))
+        self.assertTrue(re.match("^x{}+$", "x{}"))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_fullmatch_possessive_quantifiers(self):
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'a++', 'a'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'a*+', 'a'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'a?+', 'a'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'a{1,3}+', 'a'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'a++', 'ab'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'a*+', 'ab'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'a?+', 'ab'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'a{1,3}+', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'a++b', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'a*+b', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'a?+b', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'a{1,3}+b', 'ab'))
+
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab)++', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab)*+', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab)?+', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab){1,3}+', 'ab'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab)++', 'abc'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab)*+', 'abc'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab)?+', 'abc'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab){1,3}+', 'abc'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab)++c', 'abc'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab)*+c', 'abc'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab)?+c', 'abc'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab){1,3}+c', 'abc'))
+
+    @unittest.skip("dead lock")
+    def test_findall_possessive_quantifiers(self):
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'a++', 'aab'), ['aa'])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'a*+', 'aab'), ['aa', '', ''])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'a?+', 'aab'), ['a', 'a', '', ''])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'a{1,3}+', 'aab'), ['aa'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?:ab)++', 'ababc'), ['abab'])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?:ab)*+', 'ababc'), ['abab', '', ''])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?:ab)?+', 'ababc'), ['ab', 'ab', '', ''])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?:ab){1,3}+', 'ababc'), ['abab'])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_atomic_grouping(self):
+        """Test Atomic Grouping
+        Test non-capturing groups of the form (?>...), which does
+        not maintain any stack point created within the group once the
+        group is finished being evaluated."""
+        pattern1 = re.compile(r'a(?>bc|b)c')
+        self.assertIsNone(pattern1.match('abc'))
+        self.assertTrue(pattern1.match('abcc'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match(r'(?>.*).', 'abc'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.match(r'(?>x)++', 'xxx'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.match(r'(?>x++)', 'xxx'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match(r'(?>x)++x', 'xxx'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match(r'(?>x++)x', 'xxx'))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_fullmatch_atomic_grouping(self):
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a+)', 'a'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a*)', 'a'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a?)', 'a'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a{1,3})', 'a'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a+)', 'ab'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a*)', 'ab'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a?)', 'ab'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a{1,3})', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a+)b', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a*)b', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a?)b', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>a{1,3})b', 'ab'))
+
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab)+)', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab)*)', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab)?)', 'ab'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab){1,3})', 'ab'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab)+)', 'abc'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab)*)', 'abc'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab)?)', 'abc'))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab){1,3})', 'abc'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab)+)c', 'abc'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab)*)c', 'abc'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab)?)c', 'abc'))
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab){1,3})c', 'abc'))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_findall_atomic_grouping(self):
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>a+)', 'aab'), ['aa'])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>a*)', 'aab'), ['aa', '', ''])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>a?)', 'aab'), ['a', 'a', '', ''])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>a{1,3})', 'aab'), ['aa'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>(?:ab)+)', 'ababc'), ['abab'])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>(?:ab)*)', 'ababc'), ['abab', '', ''])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>(?:ab)?)', 'ababc'), ['ab', 'ab', '', ''])
+        self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>(?:ab){1,3})', 'ababc'), ['abab'])
+
+    def test_bug_gh91616(self):
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?s:(?>.*?\.).*)\Z', "a.txt")) # reproducer
+        self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?s:(?=(?P<g0>.*?\.))(?P=g0).*)\Z', "a.txt"))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_template_function_and_flag_is_deprecated(self):
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
+            template_re1 = re.template(r'a')
+        self.assertIn('re.template()', str(cm.warning))
+        self.assertIn('is deprecated', str(cm.warning))
+        self.assertIn('function', str(cm.warning))
+        self.assertNotIn('flag', str(cm.warning))
+
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as cm:
+            # we deliberately use more flags here to test that that still
+            # triggers the warning
+            # if paranoid, we could test multiple different combinations,
+            # but it's probably not worth it
+            template_re2 = re.compile(r'a', flags=re.TEMPLATE|re.UNICODE)
+        self.assertIn('re.TEMPLATE', str(cm.warning))
+        self.assertIn('is deprecated', str(cm.warning))
+        self.assertIn('flag', str(cm.warning))
+        self.assertNotIn('function', str(cm.warning))
+
+        # while deprecated, is should still function
+        self.assertEqual(template_re1, template_re2)
+        self.assertTrue(template_re1.match('ahoy'))
+        self.assertFalse(template_re1.match('nope'))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_bug_gh106052(self):
+        # gh-100061
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(?>(?:.(?!D))+)', 'ABCDE').span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(?:.(?!D))++', 'ABCDE').span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(?>(?:.(?!D))*)', 'ABCDE').span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(?:.(?!D))*+', 'ABCDE').span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(?>(?:.(?!D))?)', 'CDE').span(), (0, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(?:.(?!D))?+', 'CDE').span(), (0, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(?>(?:.(?!D)){1,3})', 'ABCDE').span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match('(?:.(?!D)){1,3}+', 'ABCDE').span(), (0, 2))
+        # gh-106052
+        self.assertEqual(re.match("(?>(?:ab?c)+)", "aca").span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match("(?:ab?c)++", "aca").span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match("(?>(?:ab?c)*)", "aca").span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match("(?:ab?c)*+", "aca").span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match("(?>(?:ab?c)?)", "a").span(), (0, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match("(?:ab?c)?+", "a").span(), (0, 0))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match("(?>(?:ab?c){1,3})", "aca").span(), (0, 2))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match("(?:ab?c){1,3}+", "aca").span(), (0, 2))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == 'linux', 'multiprocessing related issue')
+    @unittest.skipIf(multiprocessing is None, 'test requires multiprocessing')
+    def test_regression_gh94675(self):
+        pattern = re.compile(r'(?<=[({}])(((//[^\n]*)?[\n])([\000-\040])*)*'
+                             r'((/[^/\[\n]*(([^\n]|(\[\n]*(]*)*\]))'
+                             r'[^/\[]*)*/))((((//[^\n]*)?[\n])'
+                             r'([\000-\040]|(/\*[^*]*\*+'
+                             r'([^/*]\*+)*/))*)+(?=[^\000-\040);\]}]))')
+        input_js = '''a(function() {
+            ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+        });'''
+        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=pattern.sub, args=('', input_js))
+        p.start()
+        p.join(SHORT_TIMEOUT)
+        try:
+            self.assertFalse(p.is_alive(), 'pattern.sub() timed out')
+        finally:
+            if p.is_alive():
+                p.terminate()
+                p.join()
+
+
+def get_debug_out(pat):
+    with captured_stdout() as out:
+        re.compile(pat, re.DEBUG)
+    return out.getvalue()
+
+
+@cpython_only
+class DebugTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    maxDiff = None
+
+    def test_debug_flag(self):
+        pat = r'(\.)(?:[ch]|py)(?(1)$|: )'
+        dump = '''\
+SUBPATTERN 1 0 0
+  LITERAL 46
+BRANCH
+  IN
+    LITERAL 99
+    LITERAL 104
+OR
+  LITERAL 112
+  LITERAL 121
+GROUPREF_EXISTS 1
+  AT AT_END
+ELSE
+  LITERAL 58
+  LITERAL 32
+
+ 0. INFO 8 0b1 2 5 (to 9)
+      prefix_skip 0
+      prefix [0x2e] ('.')
+      overlap [0]
+ 9: MARK 0
+11. LITERAL 0x2e ('.')
+13. MARK 1
+15. BRANCH 10 (to 26)
+17.   IN 6 (to 24)
+19.     LITERAL 0x63 ('c')
+21.     LITERAL 0x68 ('h')
+23.     FAILURE
+24:   JUMP 9 (to 34)
+26: branch 7 (to 33)
+27.   LITERAL 0x70 ('p')
+29.   LITERAL 0x79 ('y')
+31.   JUMP 2 (to 34)
+33: FAILURE
+34: GROUPREF_EXISTS 0 6 (to 41)
+37. AT END
+39. JUMP 5 (to 45)
+41: LITERAL 0x3a (':')
+43. LITERAL 0x20 (' ')
+45: SUCCESS
+'''
+        self.assertEqual(get_debug_out(pat), dump)
+        # Debug output is output again even a second time (bypassing
+        # the cache -- issue #20426).
+        self.assertEqual(get_debug_out(pat), dump)
+
+    def test_atomic_group(self):
+        self.assertEqual(get_debug_out(r'(?>ab?)'), '''\
+ATOMIC_GROUP
+  LITERAL 97
+  MAX_REPEAT 0 1
+    LITERAL 98
+
+ 0. INFO 4 0b0 1 2 (to 5)
+ 5: ATOMIC_GROUP 11 (to 17)
+ 7.   LITERAL 0x61 ('a')
+ 9.   REPEAT_ONE 6 0 1 (to 16)
+13.     LITERAL 0x62 ('b')
+15.     SUCCESS
+16:   SUCCESS
+17: SUCCESS
+''')
+
+    def test_possesive_repeat_one(self):
+        self.assertEqual(get_debug_out(r'a?+'), '''\
+POSSESSIVE_REPEAT 0 1
+  LITERAL 97
+
+ 0. INFO 4 0b0 0 1 (to 5)
+ 5: POSSESSIVE_REPEAT_ONE 6 0 1 (to 12)
+ 9.   LITERAL 0x61 ('a')
+11.   SUCCESS
+12: SUCCESS
+''')
+
+    def test_possesive_repeat(self):
+        self.assertEqual(get_debug_out(r'(?:ab)?+'), '''\
+POSSESSIVE_REPEAT 0 1
+  LITERAL 97
+  LITERAL 98
+
+ 0. INFO 4 0b0 0 2 (to 5)
+ 5: POSSESSIVE_REPEAT 7 0 1 (to 13)
+ 9.   LITERAL 0x61 ('a')
+11.   LITERAL 0x62 ('b')
+13: SUCCESS
+14. SUCCESS
+''')
+
 
 class PatternReprTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def check(self, pattern, expected):
@@ -2312,11 +2664,13 @@ def test_flags_repr(self):
                          "re.IGNORECASE|re.DOTALL|re.VERBOSE")
         self.assertEqual(repr(re.I|re.S|re.X|(1<<20)),
                          "re.IGNORECASE|re.DOTALL|re.VERBOSE|0x100000")
-        self.assertEqual(repr(~re.I), "~re.IGNORECASE")
+        self.assertEqual(
+                repr(~re.I),
+                "re.ASCII|re.LOCALE|re.UNICODE|re.MULTILINE|re.DOTALL|re.VERBOSE|re.TEMPLATE|re.DEBUG")
         self.assertEqual(repr(~(re.I|re.S|re.X)),
-                         "~(re.IGNORECASE|re.DOTALL|re.VERBOSE)")
+                         "re.ASCII|re.LOCALE|re.UNICODE|re.MULTILINE|re.TEMPLATE|re.DEBUG")
         self.assertEqual(repr(~(re.I|re.S|re.X|(1<<20))),
-                         "~(re.IGNORECASE|re.DOTALL|re.VERBOSE|0x100000)")
+                         "re.ASCII|re.LOCALE|re.UNICODE|re.MULTILINE|re.TEMPLATE|re.DEBUG|0xffe00")
 
 
 class ImplementationTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -2337,7 +2691,7 @@ def test_immutable(self):
             tp.foo = 1
 
     def test_overlap_table(self):
-        f = sre_compile._generate_overlap_table
+        f = re._compiler._generate_overlap_table
         self.assertEqual(f(""), [])
         self.assertEqual(f("a"), [0])
         self.assertEqual(f("abcd"), [0, 0, 0, 0])
@@ -2346,8 +2700,8 @@ def test_overlap_table(self):
         self.assertEqual(f("abcabdac"), [0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 0])
 
     def test_signedness(self):
-        self.assertGreaterEqual(sre_compile.MAXREPEAT, 0)
-        self.assertGreaterEqual(sre_compile.MAXGROUPS, 0)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(re._compiler.MAXREPEAT, 0)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(re._compiler.MAXGROUPS, 0)
 
     @cpython_only
     def test_disallow_instantiation(self):
@@ -2357,6 +2711,106 @@ def test_disallow_instantiation(self):
         pat = re.compile("")
         check_disallow_instantiation(self, type(pat.scanner("")))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_deprecated_modules(self):
+        deprecated = {
+            'sre_compile': ['compile', 'error',
+                            'SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE', 'SUBPATTERN',
+                            '_compile_info'],
+            'sre_constants': ['error', 'SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE', 'SUBPATTERN',
+                              '_NamedIntConstant'],
+            'sre_parse': ['SubPattern', 'parse',
+                          'SRE_FLAG_IGNORECASE', 'SUBPATTERN',
+                          '_parse_sub'],
+        }
+        for name in deprecated:
+            with self.subTest(module=name):
+                sys.modules.pop(name, None)
+                with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning) as w:
+                    __import__(name)
+                self.assertEqual(str(w.warning),
+                                 f"module {name!r} is deprecated")
+                self.assertEqual(w.filename, __file__)
+                self.assertIn(name, sys.modules)
+                mod = sys.modules[name]
+                self.assertEqual(mod.__name__, name)
+                self.assertEqual(mod.__package__, '')
+                for attr in deprecated[name]:
+                    self.assertTrue(hasattr(mod, attr))
+                del sys.modules[name]
+
+    @cpython_only
+    def test_case_helpers(self):
+        import _sre
+        for i in range(128):
+            c = chr(i)
+            lo = ord(c.lower())
+            self.assertEqual(_sre.ascii_tolower(i), lo)
+            self.assertEqual(_sre.unicode_tolower(i), lo)
+            iscased = c in string.ascii_letters
+            self.assertEqual(_sre.ascii_iscased(i), iscased)
+            self.assertEqual(_sre.unicode_iscased(i), iscased)
+
+        for i in list(range(128, 0x1000)) + [0x10400, 0x10428]:
+            c = chr(i)
+            self.assertEqual(_sre.ascii_tolower(i), i)
+            if i != 0x0130:
+                self.assertEqual(_sre.unicode_tolower(i), ord(c.lower()))
+            iscased = c != c.lower() or c != c.upper()
+            self.assertFalse(_sre.ascii_iscased(i))
+            self.assertEqual(_sre.unicode_iscased(i),
+                             c != c.lower() or c != c.upper())
+
+        self.assertEqual(_sre.ascii_tolower(0x0130), 0x0130)
+        self.assertEqual(_sre.unicode_tolower(0x0130), ord('i'))
+        self.assertFalse(_sre.ascii_iscased(0x0130))
+        self.assertTrue(_sre.unicode_iscased(0x0130))
+
+    @cpython_only
+    def test_dealloc(self):
+        # issue 3299: check for segfault in debug build
+        import _sre
+        # the overflow limit is different on wide and narrow builds and it
+        # depends on the definition of SRE_CODE (see sre.h).
+        # 2**128 should be big enough to overflow on both. For smaller values
+        # a RuntimeError is raised instead of OverflowError.
+        long_overflow = 2**128
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, re.finditer, "a", {})
+        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+            _sre.compile("abc", 0, [long_overflow], 0, {}, ())
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            _sre.compile({}, 0, [], 0, [], [])
+        # gh-110590: `TypeError` was overwritten with `OverflowError`:
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            _sre.compile('', 0, ['abc'], 0, {}, ())
+
+    @cpython_only
+    def test_repeat_minmax_overflow_maxrepeat(self):
+        try:
+            from _sre import MAXREPEAT
+        except ImportError:
+            self.skipTest('requires _sre.MAXREPEAT constant')
+        string = "x" * 100000
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match(r".{%d}" % (MAXREPEAT - 1), string))
+        self.assertEqual(re.match(r".{,%d}" % (MAXREPEAT - 1), string).span(),
+                         (0, 100000))
+        self.assertIsNone(re.match(r".{%d,}?" % (MAXREPEAT - 1), string))
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, re.compile, r".{%d}" % MAXREPEAT)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, re.compile, r".{,%d}" % MAXREPEAT)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, re.compile, r".{%d,}?" % MAXREPEAT)
+
+    @cpython_only
+    def test_sre_template_invalid_group_index(self):
+        # see gh-106524
+        import _sre
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
+            _sre.template("", ["", -1, ""])
+        self.assertIn("invalid template", str(cm.exception))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
+            _sre.template("", ["", (), ""])
+        self.assertIn("an integer is required", str(cm.exception))
+
 
 class ExternalTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index f061f54a85..aa8c6df307 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ result-like = "0.4.5"
 timsort = "0.1.2"
 
 # RustPython crates implementing functionality based on CPython
-sre-engine = "0.4.1"
+# sre-engine = "0.4.1"
 # to work on sre-engine locally or git version
 # sre-engine = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine", rev = "refs/pull/14/head" }
 # sre-engine = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine" }
-# sre-engine = { path = "../../sre-engine" }
+sre-engine = { path = "../../sre-engine" }
 
 ## unicode stuff
 unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }

From d9375b9fe19c7f27ac3b71a7160f612acd7fbe2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Nov 2023 22:17:24 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 121/705] impl re.template(), template_compile template_expand
 subx

---
 Cargo.lock           |   1 +
 Lib/string.py        |  31 ++++++-
 Lib/test/test_re.py  |  38 +-------
 vm/Cargo.toml        |   3 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs | 215 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 5 files changed, 191 insertions(+), 97 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index da13a2a33c..0080135c26 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2532,6 +2532,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "sre-engine"
 version = "0.6.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine?rev=refs/pull/17/head#9725808c302b13e873ff7f955dd4c1632f1137fd"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.4.0",
  "num_enum",
diff --git a/Lib/string.py b/Lib/string.py
index 489777b10c..2eab6d4f59 100644
--- a/Lib/string.py
+++ b/Lib/string.py
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ def capwords(s, sep=None):
     sep is used to split and join the words.
 
     """
-    return (sep or ' ').join(x.capitalize() for x in s.split(sep))
+    return (sep or ' ').join(map(str.capitalize, s.split(sep)))
 
 
 ####################################################################
@@ -141,6 +141,35 @@ def convert(mo):
                              self.pattern)
         return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)
 
+    def is_valid(self):
+        for mo in self.pattern.finditer(self.template):
+            if mo.group('invalid') is not None:
+                return False
+            if (mo.group('named') is None
+                and mo.group('braced') is None
+                and mo.group('escaped') is None):
+                # If all the groups are None, there must be
+                # another group we're not expecting
+                raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
+                    self.pattern)
+        return True
+
+    def get_identifiers(self):
+        ids = []
+        for mo in self.pattern.finditer(self.template):
+            named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')
+            if named is not None and named not in ids:
+                # add a named group only the first time it appears
+                ids.append(named)
+            elif (named is None
+                and mo.group('invalid') is None
+                and mo.group('escaped') is None):
+                # If all the groups are None, there must be
+                # another group we're not expecting
+                raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',
+                    self.pattern)
+        return ids
+
 # Initialize Template.pattern.  __init_subclass__() is automatically called
 # only for subclasses, not for the Template class itself.
 Template.__init_subclass__()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_re.py b/Lib/test/test_re.py
index 1fd2432aae..5b442acbb1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_re.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_re.py
@@ -116,8 +116,6 @@ def bump_num(self, matchobj):
         int_value = int(matchobj.group(0))
         return str(int_value + 1)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_basic_re_sub(self):
         self.assertTypedEqual(re.sub('y', 'a', 'xyz'), 'xaz')
         self.assertTypedEqual(re.sub('y', S('a'), S('xyz')), 'xaz')
@@ -161,15 +159,11 @@ def test_basic_re_sub(self):
 
         self.assertEqual(re.sub(r'^\s*', 'X', 'test'), 'Xtest')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_449964(self):
         # fails for group followed by other escape
         self.assertEqual(re.sub(r'(?P<unk>x)', r'\g<1>\g<1>\b', 'xx'),
                          'xx\bxx\b')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_449000(self):
         # Test for sub() on escaped characters
         self.assertEqual(re.sub(r'\r\n', r'\n', 'abc\r\ndef\r\n'),
@@ -193,8 +187,6 @@ def test_bug_3629(self):
         # A regex that triggered a bug in the sre-code validator
         re.compile("(?P<quote>)(?(quote))")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_sub_template_numeric_escape(self):
         # bug 776311 and friends
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('x', r'\0', 'x'), '\0')
@@ -248,8 +240,6 @@ def test_qualified_re_sub(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('a', 'b', 'aaaaa', 1), 'baaaa')
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('a', 'b', 'aaaaa', count=1), 'baaaa')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_114660(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.sub(r'(\S)\s+(\S)', r'\1 \2', 'hello  there'),
                          'hello there')
@@ -303,8 +293,6 @@ def test_symbolic_groups_errors(self):
         self.checkPatternError(b'(?(\xc2\xb5)y)',
                                r"bad character in group name '\xc2\xb5'", 3)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_symbolic_refs(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('(?P<a>x)|(?P<b>y)', r'\g<b>', 'xx'), '')
         self.assertEqual(re.sub('(?P<a>x)|(?P<b>y)', r'\2', 'xx'), '')
@@ -316,8 +304,6 @@ def test_symbolic_refs(self):
         pat = '|'.join('x(?P<a%d>%x)y' % (i, i) for i in range(1, 200 + 1))
         self.assertEqual(re.sub(pat, r'\g<200>', 'xc8yzxc8y'), 'c8zc8')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_symbolic_refs_errors(self):
         self.checkTemplateError('(?P<a>x)', r'\g<a', 'xx',
                                 'missing >, unterminated name', 3)
@@ -651,8 +637,6 @@ def test_re_groupref_exists_validation_bug(self):
             with self.subTest(code=i):
                 re.compile(r'()(?(1)\x%02x?)' % i)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_re_groupref_overflow(self):
         from re._constants import MAXGROUPS
         self.checkTemplateError('()', r'\g<%s>' % MAXGROUPS, 'xx',
@@ -1754,8 +1738,6 @@ def test_comments(self):
         self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch('(?x)#x\na|#y\nb', 'a'))
         self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch('(?x)#x\na|#y\nb', 'b'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_6509(self):
         # Replacement strings of both types must parse properly.
         # all strings
@@ -1902,8 +1884,6 @@ def test_match_repr(self):
         )
         self.assertRegex(repr(second), pattern)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_zerowidth(self):
         # Issues 852532, 1647489, 3262, 25054.
         self.assertEqual(re.split(r"\b", "a::bc"), ['', 'a', '::', 'bc', ''])
@@ -2235,8 +2215,6 @@ def test_MIN_REPEAT_ONE_mark_bug(self):
         p = r'(?:a*?(xx)??z)*'
         self.assertEqual(re.match(p, s).groups(), ('xx',))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ASSERT_NOT_mark_bug(self):
         # Fixed in issue35859, reported in issue725149.
         # JUMP_ASSERT_NOT should LASTMARK_SAVE()
@@ -2249,16 +2227,12 @@ def test_ASSERT_NOT_mark_bug(self):
         self.assertEqual(m.span(3), (3, 4))
         self.assertEqual(m.groups(), ('b', None, 'b'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_40736(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "got 'int'"):
             re.search("x*", 5)
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "got 'type'"):
             re.search("x*", type)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_search_anchor_at_beginning(self):
         s = 'x'*10**7
         start = time.perf_counter()
@@ -2273,7 +2247,8 @@ def test_search_anchor_at_beginning(self):
         # With optimization -- 0.0003 seconds.
         self.assertLess(t, 0.1)
 
-    @unittest.skip('dead lock')
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_possessive_quantifiers(self):
         """Test Possessive Quantifiers
         Test quantifiers of the form @+ for some repetition operator @,
@@ -2342,7 +2317,6 @@ def test_fullmatch_possessive_quantifiers(self):
         self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab)?+c', 'abc'))
         self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?:ab){1,3}+c', 'abc'))
 
-    @unittest.skip("dead lock")
     def test_findall_possessive_quantifiers(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'a++', 'aab'), ['aa'])
         self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'a*+', 'aab'), ['aa', '', ''])
@@ -2354,8 +2328,6 @@ def test_findall_possessive_quantifiers(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?:ab)?+', 'ababc'), ['ab', 'ab', '', ''])
         self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?:ab){1,3}+', 'ababc'), ['abab'])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_atomic_grouping(self):
         """Test Atomic Grouping
         Test non-capturing groups of the form (?>...), which does
@@ -2399,8 +2371,6 @@ def test_fullmatch_atomic_grouping(self):
         self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab)?)c', 'abc'))
         self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?>(?:ab){1,3})c', 'abc'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_findall_atomic_grouping(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>a+)', 'aab'), ['aa'])
         self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>a*)', 'aab'), ['aa', '', ''])
@@ -2412,6 +2382,8 @@ def test_findall_atomic_grouping(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>(?:ab)?)', 'ababc'), ['ab', 'ab', '', ''])
         self.assertEqual(re.findall(r'(?>(?:ab){1,3})', 'ababc'), ['abab'])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_gh91616(self):
         self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?s:(?>.*?\.).*)\Z', "a.txt")) # reproducer
         self.assertTrue(re.fullmatch(r'(?s:(?=(?P<g0>.*?\.))(?P=g0).*)\Z', "a.txt"))
@@ -2442,8 +2414,6 @@ def test_template_function_and_flag_is_deprecated(self):
         self.assertTrue(template_re1.match('ahoy'))
         self.assertFalse(template_re1.match('nope'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_gh106052(self):
         # gh-100061
         self.assertEqual(re.match('(?>(?:.(?!D))+)', 'ABCDE').span(), (0, 2))
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index aa8c6df307..5efd01d442 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -80,9 +80,8 @@ timsort = "0.1.2"
 # RustPython crates implementing functionality based on CPython
 # sre-engine = "0.4.1"
 # to work on sre-engine locally or git version
-# sre-engine = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine", rev = "refs/pull/14/head" }
+sre-engine = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine", rev = "refs/pull/17/head" }
 # sre-engine = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine" }
-sre-engine = { path = "../../sre-engine" }
 
 ## unicode stuff
 unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index 93ecd7c24e..b51320cfd2 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -5,13 +5,13 @@ mod _sre {
     use crate::{
         atomic_func,
         builtins::{
-            PyCallableIterator, PyDictRef, PyGenericAlias, PyInt, PyList, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple,
-            PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef,
+            PyCallableIterator, PyDictRef, PyGenericAlias, PyInt, PyList, PyListRef, PyStr,
+            PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef,
         },
         common::{ascii, hash::PyHash},
         convert::ToPyObject,
         function::{ArgCallable, OptionalArg, PosArgs, PyComparisonValue},
-        protocol::{PyBuffer, PyMappingMethods},
+        protocol::{PyBuffer, PyCallable, PyMappingMethods},
         stdlib::sys,
         types::{AsMapping, Comparable, Hashable, Representable},
         Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject,
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ mod _sre {
     use itertools::Itertools;
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
     use sre_engine::{
-        constants::SreFlag,
-        engine::{lower_ascii, lower_unicode, upper_unicode, Request, SearchIter, State, StrDrive},
+        string::{lower_ascii, lower_unicode, upper_unicode},
+        Request, SearchIter, SreFlag, State, StrDrive,
     };
 
     #[pyattr]
-    pub use sre_engine::{constants::SRE_MAGIC as MAGIC, CODESIZE, MAXGROUPS, MAXREPEAT};
+    pub use sre_engine::{CODESIZE, MAXGROUPS, MAXREPEAT, SRE_MAGIC as MAGIC};
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getcodesize() -> usize {
@@ -103,6 +103,58 @@ mod _sre {
         })
     }
 
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "SRE_Template")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    struct Template {
+        literal: PyObjectRef,
+        items: Vec<(usize, PyObjectRef)>,
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass]
+    impl Template {
+        fn compile(
+            pattern: PyRef<Pattern>,
+            repl: PyObjectRef,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<PyRef<Self>> {
+            let re = vm.import("re", None, 0)?;
+            let func = re.get_attr("_compile_template", vm)?;
+            let result = func.call((pattern, repl.clone()), vm)?;
+            result
+                .downcast::<Self>()
+                .map_err(|_| vm.new_runtime_error("expected SRE_Template".to_owned()))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn template(
+        _pattern: PyObjectRef,
+        template: PyListRef,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<Template> {
+        let err = || vm.new_type_error("invalid template".to_owned());
+
+        let mut items = Vec::with_capacity(1);
+        let v = template.borrow_vec();
+        let literal = v.first().ok_or_else(err)?.clone();
+        let trunks = v[1..].chunks_exact(2);
+
+        if !trunks.remainder().is_empty() {
+            return Err(err());
+        }
+
+        for trunk in trunks {
+            let index: usize = trunk[0]
+                .payload::<PyInt>()
+                .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_type_error("expected usize".to_owned()))?
+                .try_to_primitive(vm)?;
+            items.push((index, trunk[1].clone()));
+        }
+
+        Ok(Template { literal, items })
+    }
+
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct StringArgs {
         string: PyObjectRef,
@@ -157,9 +209,9 @@ mod _sre {
         where
             F: FnOnce(&str) -> PyResult<R>,
         {
-            let string = string
-                .payload::<PyStr>()
-                .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_type_error("expected string".to_owned()))?;
+            let string = string.payload::<PyStr>().ok_or_else(|| {
+                vm.new_type_error(format!("expected string got '{}'", string.class()))
+            })?;
             f(string.as_str())
         }
 
@@ -184,10 +236,9 @@ mod _sre {
             with_sre_str!(zelf, &string.clone(), vm, |x| {
                 let req = x.create_request(&zelf, pos, endpos);
                 let mut state = State::default();
-                state.pymatch(req);
                 Ok(state
-                    .has_matched
-                    .then(|| Match::new(&state, zelf.clone(), string).into_ref(&vm.ctx)))
+                    .pymatch(&req)
+                    .then(|| Match::new(&mut state, zelf.clone(), string).into_ref(&vm.ctx)))
             })
         }
 
@@ -201,9 +252,8 @@ mod _sre {
                 let mut req = x.create_request(&zelf, string_args.pos, string_args.endpos);
                 req.match_all = true;
                 let mut state = State::default();
-                state.pymatch(req);
-                Ok(state.has_matched.then(|| {
-                    Match::new(&state, zelf.clone(), string_args.string).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+                Ok(state.pymatch(&req).then(|| {
+                    Match::new(&mut state, zelf.clone(), string_args.string).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
                 }))
             })
         }
@@ -217,9 +267,8 @@ mod _sre {
             with_sre_str!(zelf, &string_args.string.clone(), vm, |x| {
                 let req = x.create_request(&zelf, string_args.pos, string_args.endpos);
                 let mut state = State::default();
-                state.search(req);
-                Ok(state.has_matched.then(|| {
-                    Match::new(&state, zelf.clone(), string_args.string).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+                Ok(state.search(req).then(|| {
+                    Match::new(&mut state, zelf.clone(), string_args.string).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
                 }))
             })
         }
@@ -237,7 +286,7 @@ mod _sre {
                 let mut iter = SearchIter { req, state };
 
                 while iter.next().is_some() {
-                    let m = Match::new(&iter.state, zelf.clone(), string_args.string.clone());
+                    let m = Match::new(&mut iter.state, zelf.clone(), string_args.string.clone());
 
                     let item = if zelf.groups == 0 || zelf.groups == 1 {
                         m.get_slice(zelf.groups, s, vm)
@@ -318,7 +367,7 @@ mod _sre {
                     /* get segment before this match */
                     splitlist.push(s.slice(last, iter.state.start, vm));
 
-                    let m = Match::new(&iter.state, zelf.clone(), split_args.string.clone());
+                    let m = Match::new(&mut iter.state, zelf.clone(), split_args.string.clone());
 
                     // add groups (if any)
                     for i in 1..=zelf.groups {
@@ -326,7 +375,7 @@ mod _sre {
                     }
 
                     n += 1;
-                    last = iter.state.string_position;
+                    last = iter.state.cursor.position;
                 }
 
                 // get segment following last match (even if empty)
@@ -365,23 +414,48 @@ mod _sre {
                 count,
             } = sub_args;
 
-            let (is_callable, filter) = if repl.is_callable() {
-                (true, repl)
+            enum FilterType<'a> {
+                Literal(PyObjectRef),
+                Callable(PyCallable<'a>),
+                Template(PyRef<Template>),
+            }
+
+            let filter = if let Some(callable) = repl.to_callable() {
+                FilterType::Callable(callable)
             } else {
                 let is_template = if zelf.isbytes {
-                    Self::with_bytes(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains(&b'\\')))
+                    Self::with_bytes(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains(&b'\\')))?
                 } else {
-                    Self::with_str(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains('\\')))
-                }?;
+                    Self::with_str(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains('\\')))?
+                };
+
                 if is_template {
-                    let re = vm.import("re", None, 0)?;
-                    let func = re.get_attr("_subx", vm)?;
-                    let filter = func.call((zelf.clone(), repl), vm)?;
-                    (filter.is_callable(), filter)
+                    FilterType::Template(Template::compile(zelf.clone(), repl, vm)?)
                 } else {
-                    (false, repl)
+                    FilterType::Literal(repl)
                 }
             };
+            // };
+            // Self::with_bytes(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains(&b'\\')))?
+            //     || Self::with_str(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains('\\')))?
+            // {
+            //     FilterType::Template(Template::compile(zelf.clone(), repl, vm)?)
+            // } else {
+            //     FilterType::Literal(repl)
+            // };
+
+            // let (is_callable, filter) = if repl.is_callable() {
+            //     (true, repl)
+            // } else {
+            //     if is_template {
+            //         let re = vm.import("re", None, 0)?;
+            //         let func = re.get_attr("_compile_template", vm)?;
+            //         let filter = func.call((zelf.clone(), repl), vm)?;
+            //         (filter.is_callable(), filter)
+            //     } else {
+            //         (false, repl)
+            //     }
+            // };
 
             with_sre_str!(zelf, &string, vm, |s| {
                 let req = s.create_request(&zelf, 0, usize::MAX);
@@ -397,15 +471,36 @@ mod _sre {
                         sublist.push(s.slice(last_pos, iter.state.start, vm));
                     }
 
-                    if is_callable {
-                        let m = Match::new(&iter.state, zelf.clone(), string.clone());
-                        let ret = filter.call((m.into_ref(&vm.ctx),), vm)?;
-                        sublist.push(ret);
-                    } else {
-                        sublist.push(filter.clone());
-                    }
+                    match &filter {
+                        FilterType::Literal(literal) => sublist.push(literal.clone()),
+                        FilterType::Callable(callable) => {
+                            let m = Match::new(&mut iter.state, zelf.clone(), string.clone())
+                                .into_ref(&vm.ctx);
+                            sublist.push(callable.invoke((m,), vm)?);
+                        }
+                        FilterType::Template(template) => {
+                            let m = Match::new(&mut iter.state, zelf.clone(), string.clone());
+                            // template.expand(m)?
+                            // let mut list = vec![template.literal.clone()];
+                            sublist.push(template.literal.clone());
+                            for (index, literal) in template.items.iter().cloned() {
+                                if let Some(item) = m.get_slice(index, s, vm) {
+                                    sublist.push(item);
+                                }
+                                sublist.push(literal);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    // if is_callable {
+                    //     let m = Match::new(&iter.state, zelf.clone(), string.clone());
+                    //     let ret = filter.call((m.into_ref(&vm.ctx),), vm)?;
+                    //     sublist.push(ret);
+                    // } else {
+                    //     sublist.push(filter.clone());
+                    // }
 
-                    last_pos = iter.state.string_position;
+                    last_pos = iter.state.cursor.position;
                     n += 1;
                 }
 
@@ -528,17 +623,15 @@ mod _sre {
 
     #[pyclass(with(AsMapping, Representable))]
     impl Match {
-        pub(crate) fn new<S: StrDrive>(
-            state: &State<S>,
-            pattern: PyRef<Pattern>,
-            string: PyObjectRef,
-        ) -> Self {
-            let mut regs = vec![(state.start as isize, state.string_position as isize)];
+        pub(crate) fn new(state: &mut State, pattern: PyRef<Pattern>, string: PyObjectRef) -> Self {
+            let string_position = state.cursor.position;
+            let marks = &state.marks;
+            let mut regs = vec![(state.start as isize, string_position as isize)];
             for group in 0..pattern.groups {
                 let mark_index = 2 * group;
-                if mark_index + 1 < state.marks.len() {
-                    let start = state.marks[mark_index];
-                    let end = state.marks[mark_index + 1];
+                if mark_index + 1 < marks.raw().len() {
+                    let start = marks.raw()[mark_index];
+                    let end = marks.raw()[mark_index + 1];
                     if start.is_some() && end.is_some() {
                         regs.push((start.unpack() as isize, end.unpack() as isize));
                         continue;
@@ -550,8 +643,8 @@ mod _sre {
                 string,
                 pattern,
                 pos: state.start,
-                endpos: state.string_position,
-                lastindex: state.marks.last_index(),
+                endpos: string_position,
+                lastindex: marks.last_index(),
                 regs,
             }
         }
@@ -796,14 +889,15 @@ mod _sre {
                 let mut req = s.create_request(&self.pattern, self.start.load(), self.end);
                 let mut state = State::default();
                 req.must_advance = self.must_advance.load();
-                state.pymatch(req);
+                let has_matched = state.pymatch(&req);
 
                 self.must_advance
-                    .store(state.string_position == state.start);
-                self.start.store(state.string_position);
+                    .store(state.cursor.position == state.start);
+                self.start.store(state.cursor.position);
 
-                Ok(state.has_matched.then(|| {
-                    Match::new(&state, self.pattern.clone(), self.string.clone()).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+                Ok(has_matched.then(|| {
+                    Match::new(&mut state, self.pattern.clone(), self.string.clone())
+                        .into_ref(&vm.ctx)
                 }))
             })
         }
@@ -818,14 +912,15 @@ mod _sre {
                 let mut state = State::default();
                 req.must_advance = self.must_advance.load();
 
-                state.search(req);
+                let has_matched = state.search(req);
 
                 self.must_advance
-                    .store(state.string_position == state.start);
-                self.start.store(state.string_position);
+                    .store(state.cursor.position == state.start);
+                self.start.store(state.cursor.position);
 
-                Ok(state.has_matched.then(|| {
-                    Match::new(&state, self.pattern.clone(), self.string.clone()).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+                Ok(has_matched.then(|| {
+                    Match::new(&mut state, self.pattern.clone(), self.string.clone())
+                        .into_ref(&vm.ctx)
                 }))
             })
         }

From f5fbb5b06ff928a28d6a76a29134d3bad1fc93c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 18 Mar 2024 17:19:08 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 122/705] replace sre-engine to rustpython-sre_engine

---
 Cargo.lock           | 12 +-----------
 vm/Cargo.toml        |  7 +------
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 0080135c26..5a1d0f32e3 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2298,10 +2298,10 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-literal",
  "rustpython-parser",
  "rustpython-parser-core",
+ "rustpython-sre_engine",
  "rustyline",
  "schannel",
  "serde",
- "sre-engine",
  "static_assertions",
  "strum",
  "strum_macros",
@@ -2529,16 +2529,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "sre-engine"
-version = "0.6.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine?rev=refs/pull/17/head#9725808c302b13e873ff7f955dd4c1632f1137fd"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
- "num_enum",
- "optional",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "static_assertions"
 version = "1.1.0"
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 5efd01d442..3fb3b0b605 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-literal = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-format = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-sre_engine = { workspace = true }
 
 ascii = { workspace = true }
 ahash = { workspace = true }
@@ -77,12 +78,6 @@ optional = "0.5.0"
 result-like = "0.4.5"
 timsort = "0.1.2"
 
-# RustPython crates implementing functionality based on CPython
-# sre-engine = "0.4.1"
-# to work on sre-engine locally or git version
-sre-engine = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine", rev = "refs/pull/17/head" }
-# sre-engine = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/sre-engine" }
-
 ## unicode stuff
 unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
 # TODO: use unic for this; needed for title case:
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index b51320cfd2..07feb67bba 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ mod _sre {
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use itertools::Itertools;
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
-    use sre_engine::{
+    use rustpython_sre_engine::{
         string::{lower_ascii, lower_unicode, upper_unicode},
         Request, SearchIter, SreFlag, State, StrDrive,
     };
 
     #[pyattr]
-    pub use sre_engine::{CODESIZE, MAXGROUPS, MAXREPEAT, SRE_MAGIC as MAGIC};
+    pub use rustpython_sre_engine::{CODESIZE, MAXGROUPS, MAXREPEAT, SRE_MAGIC as MAGIC};
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getcodesize() -> usize {

From 57e7f4db95c68936279cd24c062c02b9d9faa720 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 3 Jan 2024 15:47:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 123/705] bump string.py mark passed tests

---
 Lib/test/test_string.py | 4 ----
 1 file changed, 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_string.py b/Lib/test/test_string.py
index 2d2e5a6754..824b89ad51 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_string.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_string.py
@@ -475,8 +475,6 @@ class PieDelims(Template):
         self.assertEqual(s.substitute(dict(who='tim', what='ham')),
                          'tim likes to eat a bag of ham worth $100')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_is_valid(self):
         eq = self.assertEqual
         s = Template('$who likes to eat a bag of ${what} worth $$100')
@@ -498,8 +496,6 @@ class BadPattern(Template):
         s = BadPattern('@bag.foo.who likes to eat a bag of @bag.what')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, s.is_valid)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_identifiers(self):
         eq = self.assertEqual
         raises = self.assertRaises

From 34ffa93945029549280bc50a28b88b3fdac31a22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 30 Mar 2024 18:49:33 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 124/705] Remove commented out code

---
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs | 28 ----------------------------
 1 file changed, 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index 07feb67bba..17a84ac150 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -435,27 +435,6 @@ mod _sre {
                     FilterType::Literal(repl)
                 }
             };
-            // };
-            // Self::with_bytes(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains(&b'\\')))?
-            //     || Self::with_str(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains('\\')))?
-            // {
-            //     FilterType::Template(Template::compile(zelf.clone(), repl, vm)?)
-            // } else {
-            //     FilterType::Literal(repl)
-            // };
-
-            // let (is_callable, filter) = if repl.is_callable() {
-            //     (true, repl)
-            // } else {
-            //     if is_template {
-            //         let re = vm.import("re", None, 0)?;
-            //         let func = re.get_attr("_compile_template", vm)?;
-            //         let filter = func.call((zelf.clone(), repl), vm)?;
-            //         (filter.is_callable(), filter)
-            //     } else {
-            //         (false, repl)
-            //     }
-            // };
 
             with_sre_str!(zelf, &string, vm, |s| {
                 let req = s.create_request(&zelf, 0, usize::MAX);
@@ -492,13 +471,6 @@ mod _sre {
                         }
                     };
 
-                    // if is_callable {
-                    //     let m = Match::new(&iter.state, zelf.clone(), string.clone());
-                    //     let ret = filter.call((m.into_ref(&vm.ctx),), vm)?;
-                    //     sublist.push(ret);
-                    // } else {
-                    //     sublist.push(filter.clone());
-                    // }
 
                     last_pos = iter.state.cursor.position;
                     n += 1;

From da53eeea5743fbc608e475d651421dfc69a24d81 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hunter Harloff <harloff@umich.edu>
Date: Wed, 27 Mar 2024 23:19:36 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 125/705] Add itertools.batched Support

---
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs | 71 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index 3bc26c0a8f..6b946887c2 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -1952,4 +1952,75 @@ mod decl {
             Ok(PyIterReturn::Return(vm.new_tuple((old, new)).into()))
         }
     }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "batched")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    struct PyItertoolsBatched {
+        exhausted: AtomicCell<bool>,
+        iterable: PyIter,
+        n: AtomicCell<usize>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(FromArgs)]
+    struct BatchedNewArgs {
+        #[pyarg(positional)]
+        iterable: PyIter,
+        #[pyarg(positional)]
+        n: PyIntRef,
+    }
+
+    impl Constructor for PyItertoolsBatched {
+        type Args = BatchedNewArgs;
+
+        fn py_new(
+            cls: PyTypeRef,
+            Self::Args { iterable, n }: Self::Args,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult {
+            let n = n.as_bigint();
+            if n.is_negative() {
+                return Err(vm.new_value_error("n must be at least one".to_owned()));
+            }
+            let n = n.to_usize().unwrap();
+
+            Self {
+                iterable,
+                n: AtomicCell::new(n),
+                exhausted: AtomicCell::new(false),
+            }
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
+            .map(Into::into)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(with(IterNext, Iterable, Constructor), flags(BASETYPE, HAS_DICT))]
+    impl PyItertoolsBatched {}
+
+    impl SelfIter for PyItertoolsBatched {}
+
+    impl IterNext for PyItertoolsBatched {
+        fn next(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyIterReturn> {
+            if zelf.exhausted.load() {
+                return Ok(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(None));
+            }
+            let mut result: Vec<PyObjectRef> = Vec::new();
+            let n = zelf.n.load();
+            for _ in 0..n {
+                match zelf.iterable.next(vm)? {
+                    PyIterReturn::Return(obj) => {
+                        result.push(obj);
+                    }
+                    PyIterReturn::StopIteration(_) => {
+                        zelf.exhausted.store(true);
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            match result.len() {
+                0 => Ok(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(None)),
+                _ => Ok(PyIterReturn::Return(vm.ctx.new_tuple(result).into())),
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }

From 880036c0ae33c633d7c488ebf4e7e4409b757509 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hunter Harloff <harloff@umich.edu>
Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2024 22:37:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 126/705] CPython Compliance: throw ValueError before TypeError

---
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs | 13 ++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index 6b946887c2..4ca4ade86c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,9 @@ mod decl {
         VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
+    use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
+    use num_traits::One;
+
     use num_traits::{Signed, ToPrimitive};
     use std::fmt;
 
@@ -1965,7 +1968,7 @@ mod decl {
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct BatchedNewArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional)]
-        iterable: PyIter,
+        iterable_ref: PyObjectRef,
         #[pyarg(positional)]
         n: PyIntRef,
     }
@@ -1975,14 +1978,18 @@ mod decl {
 
         fn py_new(
             cls: PyTypeRef,
-            Self::Args { iterable, n }: Self::Args,
+            Self::Args { iterable_ref, n }: Self::Args,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
         ) -> PyResult {
             let n = n.as_bigint();
-            if n.is_negative() {
+            if n.lt(&BigInt::one()) {
                 return Err(vm.new_value_error("n must be at least one".to_owned()));
             }
             let n = n.to_usize().unwrap();
+            let iterable = match iterable_ref.get_iter(vm) {
+                Ok(it) => it,
+                Err(e) => return Err(e),
+            };
 
             Self {
                 iterable,

From f6569313d705d9cc1d39a91fbcc6fd559ad9c44d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hunter Harloff <harloff@umich.edu>
Date: Thu, 28 Mar 2024 22:39:25 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 127/705] Move test_itertools to CPython 3.12 Spec

---
 Lib/test/test_itertools.py | 287 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 282 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_itertools.py b/Lib/test/test_itertools.py
index cf1107c45a..e7b00da71c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_itertools.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_itertools.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import doctest
 import unittest
 from test import support
-from test.support import threading_helper
+from test.support import threading_helper, script_helper
 from itertools import *
 import weakref
 from decimal import Decimal
@@ -15,6 +15,26 @@
 import struct
 import threading
 import gc
+import warnings
+
+def pickle_deprecated(testfunc):
+    """ Run the test three times.
+    First, verify that a Deprecation Warning is raised.
+    Second, run normally but with DeprecationWarnings temporarily disabled.
+    Third, run with warnings promoted to errors.
+    """
+    def inner(self):
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            testfunc(self)
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category=DeprecationWarning)
+            testfunc(self)
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter("error", category=DeprecationWarning)
+            with self.assertRaises((DeprecationWarning, AssertionError, SystemError)):
+                testfunc(self)
+
+    return inner
 
 maxsize = support.MAX_Py_ssize_t
 minsize = -maxsize-1
@@ -126,6 +146,7 @@ def expand(it, i=0):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_accumulate(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(accumulate(range(10))),               # one positional arg
                           [0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45])
@@ -161,6 +182,44 @@ def test_accumulate(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             list(accumulate([10, 20], 100))
 
+    def test_batched(self):
+        self.assertEqual(list(batched('ABCDEFG', 3)),
+                             [('A', 'B', 'C'), ('D', 'E', 'F'), ('G',)])
+        self.assertEqual(list(batched('ABCDEFG', 2)),
+                             [('A', 'B'), ('C', 'D'), ('E', 'F'), ('G',)])
+        self.assertEqual(list(batched('ABCDEFG', 1)),
+                            [('A',), ('B',), ('C',), ('D',), ('E',), ('F',), ('G',)])
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):          # Too few arguments
+            list(batched('ABCDEFG'))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            list(batched('ABCDEFG', 3, None))       # Too many arguments
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            list(batched(None, 3))                  # Non-iterable input
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            list(batched('ABCDEFG', 'hello'))       # n is a string
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            list(batched('ABCDEFG', 0))             # n is zero
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            list(batched('ABCDEFG', -1))            # n is negative
+
+        data = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
+        for n in range(1, 6):
+            for i in range(len(data)):
+                s = data[:i]
+                batches = list(batched(s, n))
+                with self.subTest(s=s, n=n, batches=batches):
+                    # Order is preserved and no data is lost
+                    self.assertEqual(''.join(chain(*batches)), s)
+                    # Each batch is an exact tuple
+                    self.assertTrue(all(type(batch) is tuple for batch in batches))
+                    # All but the last batch is of size n
+                    if batches:
+                        last_batch = batches.pop()
+                        self.assertTrue(all(len(batch) == n for batch in batches))
+                        self.assertTrue(len(last_batch) <= n)
+                        batches.append(last_batch)
+
     def test_chain(self):
 
         def chain2(*iterables):
@@ -182,7 +241,11 @@ def test_chain_from_iterable(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(chain.from_iterable([''])), [])
         self.assertEqual(take(4, chain.from_iterable(['abc', 'def'])), list('abcd'))
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, list, chain.from_iterable([2, 3]))
+        self.assertEqual(list(islice(chain.from_iterable(repeat(range(5))), 2)), [0, 1])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_chain_reducible(self):
         for oper in [copy.deepcopy] + picklecopiers:
             it = chain('abc', 'def')
@@ -196,6 +259,9 @@ def test_chain_reducible(self):
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             self.pickletest(proto, chain('abc', 'def'), compare=list('abcdef'))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_chain_setstate(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, chain().__setstate__, ())
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, chain().__setstate__, [])
@@ -211,6 +277,7 @@ def test_chain_setstate(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_combinations(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, combinations, 'abc')       # missing r argument
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, combinations, 'abc', 2, 1) # too many arguments
@@ -234,7 +301,6 @@ def test_combinations(self):
             self.assertEqual(list(op(testIntermediate)),
                              [(0,1,3), (0,2,3), (1,2,3)])
 
-
         def combinations1(iterable, r):
             'Pure python version shown in the docs'
             pool = tuple(iterable)
@@ -304,6 +370,7 @@ def test_combinations_tuple_reuse(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_combinations_with_replacement(self):
         cwr = combinations_with_replacement
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, cwr, 'abc')       # missing r argument
@@ -394,6 +461,7 @@ def test_combinations_with_replacement_tuple_reuse(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_permutations(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, permutations)              # too few arguments
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, permutations, 'abc', 2, 1) # too many arguments
@@ -500,6 +568,9 @@ def test_combinatorics(self):
                 self.assertEqual(comb, list(filter(set(perm).__contains__, cwr)))     # comb: cwr that is a perm
                 self.assertEqual(comb, sorted(set(cwr) & set(perm)))            # comb: both a cwr and a perm
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_compress(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(compress(data='ABCDEF', selectors=[1,0,1,0,1,1])), list('ACEF'))
         self.assertEqual(list(compress('ABCDEF', [1,0,1,0,1,1])), list('ACEF'))
@@ -533,7 +604,9 @@ def test_compress(self):
                     next(testIntermediate)
                     self.assertEqual(list(op(testIntermediate)), list(result2))
 
-
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_count(self):
         self.assertEqual(lzip('abc',count()), [('a', 0), ('b', 1), ('c', 2)])
         self.assertEqual(lzip('abc',count(3)), [('a', 3), ('b', 4), ('c', 5)])
@@ -584,6 +657,7 @@ def test_count(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_count_with_stride(self):
         self.assertEqual(lzip('abc',count(2,3)), [('a', 2), ('b', 5), ('c', 8)])
         self.assertEqual(lzip('abc',count(start=2,step=3)),
@@ -648,6 +722,7 @@ def test_cycle(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_cycle_copy_pickle(self):
         # check copy, deepcopy, pickle
         c = cycle('abc')
@@ -686,6 +761,7 @@ def test_cycle_copy_pickle(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_cycle_unpickle_compat(self):
         testcases = [
             b'citertools\ncycle\n(c__builtin__\niter\n((lI1\naI2\naI3\natRI1\nbtR((lI1\naI0\ntb.',
@@ -719,6 +795,7 @@ def test_cycle_unpickle_compat(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_cycle_setstate(self):
         # Verify both modes for restoring state
 
@@ -757,6 +834,7 @@ def test_cycle_setstate(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_groupby(self):
         # Check whether it accepts arguments correctly
         self.assertEqual([], list(groupby([])))
@@ -914,6 +992,9 @@ def test_filter(self):
             c = filter(isEven, range(6))
             self.pickletest(proto, c)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_filterfalse(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(filterfalse(isEven, range(6))), [1,3,5])
         self.assertEqual(list(filterfalse(None, [0,1,0,2,0])), [0,0,0])
@@ -944,6 +1025,7 @@ def test_zip(self):
                          lzip('abc', 'def'))
 
     @support.impl_detail("tuple reuse is specific to CPython")
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_zip_tuple_reuse(self):
         ids = list(map(id, zip('abc', 'def')))
         self.assertEqual(min(ids), max(ids))
@@ -1019,6 +1101,9 @@ def test_zip_longest_tuple_reuse(self):
         ids = list(map(id, list(zip_longest('abc', 'def'))))
         self.assertEqual(len(dict.fromkeys(ids)), len(ids))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_zip_longest_pickling(self):
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             self.pickletest(proto, zip_longest("abc", "def"))
@@ -1097,6 +1182,82 @@ def test_pairwise(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             pairwise(None)                                  # non-iterable argument
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, hangs")
+    def test_pairwise_reenter(self):
+        def check(reenter_at, expected):
+            class I:
+                count = 0
+                def __iter__(self):
+                    return self
+                def __next__(self):
+                    self.count +=1
+                    if self.count in reenter_at:
+                        return next(it)
+                    return [self.count]  # new object
+
+            it = pairwise(I())
+            for item in expected:
+                self.assertEqual(next(it), item)
+
+        check({1}, [
+            (([2], [3]), [4]),
+            ([4], [5]),
+        ])
+        check({2}, [
+            ([1], ([1], [3])),
+            (([1], [3]), [4]),
+            ([4], [5]),
+        ])
+        check({3}, [
+            ([1], [2]),
+            ([2], ([2], [4])),
+            (([2], [4]), [5]),
+            ([5], [6]),
+        ])
+        check({1, 2}, [
+            ((([3], [4]), [5]), [6]),
+            ([6], [7]),
+        ])
+        check({1, 3}, [
+            (([2], ([2], [4])), [5]),
+            ([5], [6]),
+        ])
+        check({1, 4}, [
+            (([2], [3]), (([2], [3]), [5])),
+            ((([2], [3]), [5]), [6]),
+            ([6], [7]),
+        ])
+        check({2, 3}, [
+            ([1], ([1], ([1], [4]))),
+            (([1], ([1], [4])), [5]),
+            ([5], [6]),
+        ])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, hangs")
+    def test_pairwise_reenter2(self):
+        def check(maxcount, expected):
+            class I:
+                count = 0
+                def __iter__(self):
+                    return self
+                def __next__(self):
+                    if self.count >= maxcount:
+                        raise StopIteration
+                    self.count +=1
+                    if self.count == 1:
+                        return next(it, None)
+                    return [self.count]  # new object
+
+            it = pairwise(I())
+            self.assertEqual(list(it), expected)
+
+        check(1, [])
+        check(2, [])
+        check(3, [])
+        check(4, [(([2], [3]), [4])])
+
     def test_product(self):
         for args, result in [
             ([], [()]),                     # zero iterables
@@ -1165,7 +1326,9 @@ def test_product_tuple_reuse(self):
         self.assertEqual(len(set(map(id, product('abc', 'def')))), 1)
         self.assertNotEqual(len(set(map(id, list(product('abc', 'def'))))), 1)
 
-
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_product_pickling(self):
         # check copy, deepcopy, pickle
         for args, result in [
@@ -1183,6 +1346,7 @@ def test_product_pickling(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_product_issue_25021(self):
         # test that indices are properly clamped to the length of the tuples
         p = product((1, 2),(3,))
@@ -1193,6 +1357,9 @@ def test_product_issue_25021(self):
         p.__setstate__((0, 0, 0x1000))  # will access tuple element 1 if not clamped
         self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, p)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_repeat(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(repeat(object='a', times=3)), ['a', 'a', 'a'])
         self.assertEqual(lzip(range(3),repeat('a')),
@@ -1227,6 +1394,7 @@ def test_repeat_with_negative_times(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_map(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(map(operator.pow, range(3), range(1,7))),
                          [0**1, 1**2, 2**3])
@@ -1257,6 +1425,9 @@ def test_map(self):
             c = map(tupleize, 'abc', count())
             self.pickletest(proto, c)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_starmap(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(starmap(operator.pow, zip(range(3), range(1,7)))),
                          [0**1, 1**2, 2**3])
@@ -1286,6 +1457,7 @@ def test_starmap(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_islice(self):
         for args in [          # islice(args) should agree with range(args)
                 (10, 20, 3),
@@ -1380,6 +1552,9 @@ def __index__(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(islice(range(100), IntLike(10), IntLike(50), IntLike(5))),
                          list(range(10,50,5)))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_takewhile(self):
         data = [1, 3, 5, 20, 2, 4, 6, 8]
         self.assertEqual(list(takewhile(underten, data)), [1, 3, 5])
@@ -1402,6 +1577,7 @@ def test_takewhile(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_dropwhile(self):
         data = [1, 3, 5, 20, 2, 4, 6, 8]
         self.assertEqual(list(dropwhile(underten, data)), [20, 2, 4, 6, 8])
@@ -1421,6 +1597,7 @@ def test_dropwhile(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_tee(self):
         n = 200
 
@@ -1570,6 +1747,14 @@ def test_tee(self):
             self.pickletest(proto, a, compare=ans)
             self.pickletest(proto, b, compare=ans)
 
+    def test_tee_dealloc_segfault(self):
+        # gh-115874: segfaults when accessing module state in tp_dealloc.
+        script = (
+            "import typing, copyreg, itertools; "
+            "copyreg.buggy_tee = itertools.tee(())"
+        )
+        script_helper.assert_python_ok("-c", script)
+
     # Issue 13454: Crash when deleting backward iterator from tee()
     def test_tee_del_backward(self):
         forward, backward = tee(repeat(None, 20000000))
@@ -1687,12 +1872,47 @@ def test_zip_longest_result_gc(self):
         gc.collect()
         self.assertTrue(gc.is_tracked(next(it)))
 
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_immutable_types(self):
+        from itertools import _grouper, _tee, _tee_dataobject
+        dataset = (
+            accumulate,
+            batched,
+            chain,
+            combinations,
+            combinations_with_replacement,
+            compress,
+            count,
+            cycle,
+            dropwhile,
+            filterfalse,
+            groupby,
+            _grouper,
+            islice,
+            pairwise,
+            permutations,
+            product,
+            repeat,
+            starmap,
+            takewhile,
+            _tee,
+            _tee_dataobject,
+            zip_longest,
+        )
+        for tp in dataset:
+            with self.subTest(tp=tp):
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "immutable"):
+                    tp.foobar = 1
+
 
 class TestExamples(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_accumulate(self):
         self.assertEqual(list(accumulate([1,2,3,4,5])), [1, 3, 6, 10, 15])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_accumulate_reducible(self):
         # check copy, deepcopy, pickle
         data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
@@ -1710,6 +1930,7 @@ def test_accumulate_reducible(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @pickle_deprecated
     def test_accumulate_reducible_none(self):
         # Issue #25718: total is None
         it = accumulate([None, None, None], operator.is_)
@@ -1802,6 +2023,31 @@ def test_takewhile(self):
 
 class TestPurePythonRoughEquivalents(unittest.TestCase):
 
+    def test_batched_recipe(self):
+        def batched_recipe(iterable, n):
+            "Batch data into tuples of length n. The last batch may be shorter."
+            # batched('ABCDEFG', 3) --> ABC DEF G
+            if n < 1:
+                raise ValueError('n must be at least one')
+            it = iter(iterable)
+            while batch := tuple(islice(it, n)):
+                yield batch
+
+        for iterable, n in product(
+                ['', 'a', 'ab', 'abc', 'abcd', 'abcde', 'abcdef', 'abcdefg', None],
+                [-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, None]):
+            with self.subTest(iterable=iterable, n=n):
+                try:
+                    e1, r1 = None, list(batched(iterable, n))
+                except Exception as e:
+                    e1, r1 = type(e), None
+                try:
+                    e2, r2 = None, list(batched_recipe(iterable, n))
+                except Exception as e:
+                    e2, r2 = type(e), None
+                self.assertEqual(r1, r2)
+                self.assertEqual(e1, e2)
+
     @staticmethod
     def islice(iterable, *args):
         s = slice(*args)
@@ -1853,6 +2099,10 @@ def test_accumulate(self):
         a = []
         self.makecycle(accumulate([1,2,a,3]), a)
 
+    def test_batched(self):
+        a = []
+        self.makecycle(batched([1,2,a,3], 2), a)
+
     def test_chain(self):
         a = []
         self.makecycle(chain(a), a)
@@ -2010,6 +2260,20 @@ def __iter__(self):
     def __next__(self):
         3 // 0
 
+class E2:
+    'Test propagation of exceptions after two iterations'
+    def __init__(self, seqn):
+        self.seqn = seqn
+        self.i = 0
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+    def __next__(self):
+        if self.i == 2:
+            raise ZeroDivisionError
+        v = self.seqn[self.i]
+        self.i += 1
+        return v
+
 class S:
     'Test immediate stop'
     def __init__(self, seqn):
@@ -2037,6 +2301,19 @@ def test_accumulate(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, accumulate, N(s))
         self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, list, accumulate(E(s)))
 
+    def test_batched(self):
+        s = 'abcde'
+        r = [('a', 'b'), ('c', 'd'), ('e',)]
+        n = 2
+        for g in (G, I, Ig, L, R):
+            with self.subTest(g=g):
+                self.assertEqual(list(batched(g(s), n)), r)
+        self.assertEqual(list(batched(S(s), 2)), [])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, batched, X(s), 2)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, batched, N(s), 2)
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, list, batched(E(s), 2))
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, list, batched(E2(s), 4))
+
     def test_chain(self):
         for s in ("123", "", range(1000), ('do', 1.2), range(2000,2200,5)):
             for g in (G, I, Ig, S, L, R):
@@ -2263,6 +2540,7 @@ def gen2(x):
         self.assertEqual(hist, [0,1])
 
     @support.skip_if_pgo_task
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_long_chain_of_empty_iterables(self):
         # Make sure itertools.chain doesn't run into recursion limits when
         # dealing with long chains of empty iterables. Even with a high
@@ -2296,7 +2574,6 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
 
 
 class SubclassWithKwargsTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_keywords_in_subclass(self):

From c5550cd4664cb4e1ff81dd5864e0e042496bde48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hunter Harloff <harloff@umich.edu>
Date: Sun, 31 Mar 2024 19:59:48 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 128/705] Simplify Optional Syntax

Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index 4ca4ade86c..d10d026470 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -1986,10 +1986,7 @@ mod decl {
                 return Err(vm.new_value_error("n must be at least one".to_owned()));
             }
             let n = n.to_usize().unwrap();
-            let iterable = match iterable_ref.get_iter(vm) {
-                Ok(it) => it,
-                Err(e) => return Err(e),
-            };
+            let iterable = iterable_ref.get_iter(vm)?;
 
             Self {
                 iterable,

From 6a53ec3c5df4076e891ea77aaf49f6563851e26e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hunter Harloff <harloff@umich.edu>
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2024 19:55:38 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 129/705] Handle usize > usize::MAX case

---
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index d10d026470..44a8ffef3b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -1985,7 +1985,9 @@ mod decl {
             if n.lt(&BigInt::one()) {
                 return Err(vm.new_value_error("n must be at least one".to_owned()));
             }
-            let n = n.to_usize().unwrap();
+            let n = n
+                .to_usize()
+                .ok_or(vm.new_value_error("Python int too large to convert to usize".to_owned()))?;
             let iterable = iterable_ref.get_iter(vm)?;
 
             Self {

From 9f7eb08fcae0910895481774ce1ff002fbb95c10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hunter Harloff <harloff@umich.edu>
Date: Mon, 1 Apr 2024 19:59:55 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 130/705] Change to overflow error

---
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index 44a8ffef3b..08a3469191 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -1985,9 +1985,9 @@ mod decl {
             if n.lt(&BigInt::one()) {
                 return Err(vm.new_value_error("n must be at least one".to_owned()));
             }
-            let n = n
-                .to_usize()
-                .ok_or(vm.new_value_error("Python int too large to convert to usize".to_owned()))?;
+            let n = n.to_usize().ok_or(
+                vm.new_overflow_error("Python int too large to convert to usize".to_owned()),
+            )?;
             let iterable = iterable_ref.get_iter(vm)?;
 
             Self {

From 90ab0e33a2295e87062c6115b2d2b63fe5cdf08e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 6 Apr 2024 19:15:15 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 131/705] apply rustfmt

---
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index 17a84ac150..93ea46ea87 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -471,7 +471,6 @@ mod _sre {
                         }
                     };
 
-
                     last_pos = iter.state.cursor.position;
                     n += 1;
                 }

From 6eed8f42c78627ade69c4c9a5ba9c96f9204fe84 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 8 Apr 2024 00:07:38 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 132/705] split vm.import and vm.import_from (#5212)

---
 examples/call_between_rust_and_python.rs |  2 +-
 examples/package_embed.rs                |  2 +-
 src/lib.rs                               |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/array.rs                      |  4 +--
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs                     |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/module.rs                |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/object.rs                |  4 +--
 vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs                 |  7 +++++
 vm/src/frame.rs                          |  9 +++---
 vm/src/import.rs                         |  4 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs                  |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs                      |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs                |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs                     |  4 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs                     |  4 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs                |  2 +-
 vm/src/vm/compile.rs                     |  2 +-
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs                         | 38 ++++++++++++++----------
 vm/src/warn.rs                           |  2 +-
 19 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.rs b/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.rs
index 98fb434fa0..78eef62200 100644
--- a/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.rs
+++ b/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub fn main() {
         vm.insert_sys_path(vm.new_pyobj("examples"))
             .expect("add path");
 
-        let module = vm.import("call_between_rust_and_python", None, 0).unwrap();
+        let module = vm.import("call_between_rust_and_python", 0).unwrap();
         let init_fn = module.get_attr("python_callback", vm).unwrap();
         init_fn.call((), vm).unwrap();
 
diff --git a/examples/package_embed.rs b/examples/package_embed.rs
index b35d063928..fffa98623a 100644
--- a/examples/package_embed.rs
+++ b/examples/package_embed.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn py_main(interp: &Interpreter) -> vm::PyResult<PyStrRef> {
         // Add local library path
         vm.insert_sys_path(vm.new_pyobj("examples"))
             .expect("add examples to sys.path failed");
-        let module = vm.import("package_embed", None, 0)?;
+        let module = vm.import("package_embed", 0)?;
         let name_func = module.get_attr("context", vm)?;
         let result = name_func.call((), vm)?;
         let result: PyStrRef = result.get_attr("name", vm)?.try_into_value(vm)?;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index f916dd6828..822ea7b44c 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ fn run_rustpython(vm: &VirtualMachine, run_mode: RunMode, quiet: bool) -> PyResu
         )?;
     }
 
-    let site_result = vm.import("site", None, 0);
+    let site_result = vm.import("site", 0);
     if site_result.is_err() {
         warn!(
             "Failed to import site, consider adding the Lib directory to your RUSTPYTHONPATH \
diff --git a/stdlib/src/array.rs b/stdlib/src/array.rs
index a0beb5d1ee..9f4540aa24 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/array.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/array.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
         .expect("Expect array has array type.");
 
     let collections_abc = vm
-        .import("collections.abc", None, 0)
+        .import("collections.abc", 0)
         .expect("Expect collections exist.");
     let abc = collections_abc
         .get_attr("abc", vm)
@@ -1165,7 +1165,7 @@ mod array {
             let bytes = vm.ctx.new_bytes(array.get_bytes().to_vec());
             let code = MachineFormatCode::from_typecode(array.typecode()).unwrap();
             let code = PyInt::from(u8::from(code)).into_pyobject(vm);
-            let module = vm.import("array", None, 0)?;
+            let module = vm.import("array", 0)?;
             let func = module.get_attr("_array_reconstructor", vm)?;
             Ok((
                 func,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index ecc5fea71c..e24b7e475f 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -1301,7 +1301,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn iterdump(zelf: PyRef<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            let module = vm.import("sqlite3.dump", None, 0)?;
+            let module = vm.import("sqlite3.dump", 0)?;
             let func = module.get_attr("_iterdump", vm)?;
             func.call((zelf,), vm)
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/module.rs b/vm/src/builtins/module.rs
index 58174082d5..de55b9deae 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/module.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/module.rs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ impl GetAttr for PyModule {
 impl Representable for PyModule {
     #[inline]
     fn repr(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyStrRef> {
-        let importlib = vm.import("_frozen_importlib", None, 0)?;
+        let importlib = vm.import("_frozen_importlib", 0)?;
         let module_repr = importlib.get_attr("_module_repr", vm)?;
         let repr = module_repr.call((zelf.to_owned(),), vm)?;
         repr.downcast()
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
index 3b3d1ab365..fca68a9f34 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
@@ -366,11 +366,11 @@ pub fn init(ctx: &Context) {
 
 fn common_reduce(obj: PyObjectRef, proto: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
     if proto >= 2 {
-        let reducelib = vm.import("__reducelib", None, 0)?;
+        let reducelib = vm.import("__reducelib", 0)?;
         let reduce_2 = reducelib.get_attr("reduce_2", vm)?;
         reduce_2.call((obj,), vm)
     } else {
-        let copyreg = vm.import("copyreg", None, 0)?;
+        let copyreg = vm.import("copyreg", 0)?;
         let reduce_ex = copyreg.get_attr("_reduce_ex", vm)?;
         reduce_ex.call((obj, proto), vm)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
index 63cd3e4335..cf267a63b8 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
@@ -510,6 +510,13 @@ impl<T: TransmuteFromObject> AsRef<[T]> for PyTupleTyped<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: TransmuteFromObject> PyTupleTyped<T> {
+    pub fn empty(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            tuple: vm.ctx.empty_tuple.clone(),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[T] {
         unsafe { &*(self.tuple.as_slice() as *const [PyObjectRef] as *const [T]) }
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 56e0f433da..93417e6557 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1136,12 +1136,13 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "flame-it", flame("Frame"))]
-    fn import(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine, module: Option<&Py<PyStr>>) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let module = module.unwrap_or(vm.ctx.empty_str);
-        let from_list = <Option<PyTupleTyped<PyStrRef>>>::try_from_object(vm, self.pop_value())?;
+    fn import(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine, module_name: Option<&Py<PyStr>>) -> PyResult<()> {
+        let module_name = module_name.unwrap_or(vm.ctx.empty_str);
+        let from_list = <Option<PyTupleTyped<PyStrRef>>>::try_from_object(vm, self.pop_value())?
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| PyTupleTyped::empty(vm));
         let level = usize::try_from_object(vm, self.pop_value())?;
 
-        let module = vm.import(module, from_list, level)?;
+        let module = vm.import_from(module_name, from_list, level)?;
 
         self.push_value(module);
         Ok(())
diff --git a/vm/src/import.rs b/vm/src/import.rs
index 918424296e..e3ffbbddbc 100644
--- a/vm/src/import.rs
+++ b/vm/src/import.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ pub(crate) fn init_importlib_package(vm: &VirtualMachine, importlib: PyObjectRef
         let install_external = importlib.get_attr("_install_external_importers", vm)?;
         install_external.call((), vm)?;
         // Set pyc magic number to commit hash. Should be changed when bytecode will be more stable.
-        let importlib_external = vm.import("_frozen_importlib_external", None, 0)?;
+        let importlib_external = vm.import("_frozen_importlib_external", 0)?;
         let mut magic = get_git_revision().into_bytes();
         magic.truncate(4);
         if magic.len() != 4 {
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub(crate) fn init_importlib_package(vm: &VirtualMachine, importlib: PyObjectRef
         let magic: PyObjectRef = vm.ctx.new_bytes(magic).into();
         importlib_external.set_attr("MAGIC_NUMBER", magic, vm)?;
         let zipimport_res = (|| -> PyResult<()> {
-            let zipimport = vm.import("zipimport", None, 0)?;
+            let zipimport = vm.import("zipimport", 0)?;
             let zipimporter = zipimport.get_attr("zipimporter", vm)?;
             let path_hooks = vm.sys_module.get_attr("path_hooks", vm)?;
             let path_hooks = list::PyListRef::try_from_object(vm, path_hooks)?;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
index 349122fcd3..b4051d5c48 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@ mod _codecs {
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult {
         let f = cell.get_or_try_init(|| {
-            let module = vm.import("_pycodecs", None, 0)?;
+            let module = vm.import("_pycodecs", 0)?;
             module.get_attr(name, vm)
         })?;
         f.call(args, vm)
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index f6af1f9f94..edebde1377 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -2204,7 +2204,7 @@ mod _io {
                 Some(enc) if enc.as_str() != "locale" => enc,
                 _ => {
                     // None without utf8_mode or "locale" encoding
-                    vm.import("locale", None, 0)?
+                    vm.import("locale", 0)?
                         .get_attr("getencoding", vm)?
                         .call((), vm)?
                         .try_into_value(vm)?
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
index 6035e002aa..35dd08fb21 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ mod _operator {
             } else {
                 // If we have kwargs, create a partial function that contains them and pass back that
                 // along with the args.
-                let partial = vm.import("functools", None, 0)?.get_attr("partial", vm)?;
+                let partial = vm.import("functools", 0)?.get_attr("partial", vm)?;
                 let args = FuncArgs::new(
                     vec![zelf.class().to_owned().into(), zelf.name.clone().into()],
                     KwArgs::new(zelf.args.kwargs.clone()),
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index 93ea46ea87..8442002fa5 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ mod _sre {
             repl: PyObjectRef,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
         ) -> PyResult<PyRef<Self>> {
-            let re = vm.import("re", None, 0)?;
+            let re = vm.import("re", 0)?;
             let func = re.get_attr("_compile_template", vm)?;
             let result = func.call((pattern, repl.clone()), vm)?;
             result
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ mod _sre {
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn expand(zelf: PyRef<Match>, template: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            let re = vm.import("re", None, 0)?;
+            let re = vm.import("re", 0)?;
             let func = re.get_attr("_expand", vm)?;
             func.call((zelf.pattern.clone(), zelf, template), vm)
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index 4c8b6a060f..f6d7a122a4 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ mod sys {
             (&env_var[..(env_var.len() - last.len() - 1)], last)
         };
 
-        let module = match vm.import(&vm.ctx.new_str(module_path), None, 0) {
+        let module = match vm.import(&vm.ctx.new_str(module_path), 0) {
             Ok(module) => module,
             Err(_) => {
                 return print_unimportable_module_warn();
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ mod sys {
         }
 
         // TODO: print received unraisable.exc_traceback
-        let tb_module = vm.import("traceback", None, 0)?;
+        let tb_module = vm.import("traceback", 0)?;
         let print_stack = tb_module.get_attr("print_stack", vm)?;
         print_stack.call((), vm)?;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs
index ef72490f14..be5ad8131e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ pub fn warn(
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
 ) -> PyResult<()> {
     // TODO: use rust warnings module
-    if let Ok(module) = vm.import("warnings", None, 0) {
+    if let Ok(module) = vm.import("warnings", 0) {
         if let Ok(func) = module.get_attr("warn", vm) {
             let _ = func.call((message, category.to_owned(), stack_level), vm);
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/compile.rs b/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
index c44158f209..1088568d64 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     pub fn run_script(&self, scope: Scope, path: &str) -> PyResult<()> {
         if get_importer(path, self)?.is_some() {
             self.insert_sys_path(self.new_pyobj(path))?;
-            let runpy = self.import("runpy", None, 0)?;
+            let runpy = self.import("runpy", 0)?;
             let run_module_as_main = runpy.get_attr("_run_module_as_main", self)?;
             run_module_as_main.call((identifier!(self, __main__).to_owned(), false), self)?;
             return Ok(());
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index e943ab7fab..bd44eaed38 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     /// init_importlib must be called before this call
     #[cfg(feature = "encodings")]
     fn import_encodings(&mut self) -> PyResult<()> {
-        self.import("encodings", None, 0).map_err(|import_err| {
+        self.import("encodings", 0).map_err(|import_err| {
             let rustpythonpath_env = std::env::var("RUSTPYTHONPATH").ok();
             let pythonpath_env = std::env::var("PYTHONPATH").ok();
             let env_set = rustpythonpath_env.as_ref().is_some() || pythonpath_env.as_ref().is_some();
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
 
     #[cold]
     pub fn run_unraisable(&self, e: PyBaseExceptionRef, msg: Option<String>, object: PyObjectRef) {
-        let sys_module = self.import("sys", None, 0).unwrap();
+        let sys_module = self.import("sys", 0).unwrap();
         let unraisablehook = sys_module.get_attr("unraisablehook", self).unwrap();
 
         let exc_type = e.class().to_owned();
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
 
     pub fn try_class(&self, module: &'static str, class: &'static str) -> PyResult<PyTypeRef> {
         let class = self
-            .import(module, None, 0)?
+            .import(module, 0)?
             .get_attr(class, self)?
             .downcast()
             .expect("not a class");
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
 
     pub fn class(&self, module: &'static str, class: &'static str) -> PyTypeRef {
         let module = self
-            .import(module, None, 0)
+            .import(module, 0)
             .unwrap_or_else(|_| panic!("unable to import {module}"));
 
         let class = module
@@ -513,11 +513,24 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         class.downcast().expect("not a class")
     }
 
+    /// Call Python __import__ function without from_list.
+    /// Roughly equivalent to `import module_name` or `import top.submodule`.
+    ///
+    /// See also [`import_from`] for more advanced import.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn import<'a>(
+    pub fn import<'a>(&self, module_name: impl AsPyStr<'a>, level: usize) -> PyResult {
+        let module_name = module_name.as_pystr(&self.ctx);
+        let from_list = PyTupleTyped::empty(self);
+        self.import_inner(module_name, from_list, level)
+    }
+
+    /// Call Python __import__ function caller with from_list.
+    /// Roughly equivalent to `from module_name import item1, item2` or `from top.submodule import item1, item2`
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn import_from<'a>(
         &self,
         module_name: impl AsPyStr<'a>,
-        from_list: Option<PyTupleTyped<PyStrRef>>,
+        from_list: PyTupleTyped<PyStrRef>,
         level: usize,
     ) -> PyResult {
         let module_name = module_name.as_pystr(&self.ctx);
@@ -527,14 +540,12 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     fn import_inner(
         &self,
         module: &Py<PyStr>,
-        from_list: Option<PyTupleTyped<PyStrRef>>,
+        from_list: PyTupleTyped<PyStrRef>,
         level: usize,
     ) -> PyResult {
         // if the import inputs seem weird, e.g a package import or something, rather than just
         // a straight `import ident`
-        let weird = module.as_str().contains('.')
-            || level != 0
-            || from_list.as_ref().map_or(false, |x| !x.is_empty());
+        let weird = module.as_str().contains('.') || level != 0 || !from_list.is_empty();
 
         let cached_module = if weird {
             None
@@ -567,10 +578,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                 } else {
                     (None, None)
                 };
-                let from_list = match from_list {
-                    Some(tup) => tup.to_pyobject(self),
-                    None => self.new_tuple(()).into(),
-                };
+                let from_list = from_list.to_pyobject(self);
                 import_func
                     .call((module.to_owned(), globals, locals, from_list, level), self)
                     .map_err(|exc| import::remove_importlib_frames(self, &exc))
@@ -859,7 +867,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     }
 
     pub fn run_module(&self, module: &str) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let runpy = self.import("runpy", None, 0)?;
+        let runpy = self.import("runpy", 0)?;
         let run_module_as_main = runpy.get_attr("_run_module_as_main", self)?;
         run_module_as_main.call((module,), self)?;
         Ok(())
diff --git a/vm/src/warn.rs b/vm/src/warn.rs
index d0acccbf29..c1e4dc3473 100644
--- a/vm/src/warn.rs
+++ b/vm/src/warn.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ fn get_warnings_attr(
             .finalizing
             .load(std::sync::atomic::Ordering::SeqCst)
     {
-        match vm.import("warnings", None, 0) {
+        match vm.import("warnings", 0) {
             Ok(module) => module,
             Err(_) => return Ok(None),
         }

From 6adb72727e2a40798b28dc3d54e0e8dbeb966bb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 8 Apr 2024 00:06:41 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 133/705] Add vm.finalize and enter/run docs

---
 vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
index 9fcd2ea1d2..b505cd1628 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use super::{setting::Settings, thread, Context, VirtualMachine};
 use crate::{
     stdlib::{atexit, sys},
+    vm::PyBaseExceptionRef,
     PyResult,
 };
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
@@ -59,6 +60,15 @@ impl Interpreter {
         Self { vm }
     }
 
+    /// Run a function with the main virtual machine and return a PyResult of the result.
+    ///
+    /// To enter vm context multiple times or to avoid buffer/exception management, this function is preferred.
+    /// `enter` is lightweight and it returns a python object in PyResult.
+    /// You can stop or continue the execution multiple times by calling `enter`.
+    ///
+    /// To finalize the vm once all desired `enter`s are called, calling `finalize` will be helpful.
+    ///
+    /// See also [`run`] for managed way to run the interpreter.
     pub fn enter<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> R
     where
         F: FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> R,
@@ -66,19 +76,41 @@ impl Interpreter {
         thread::enter_vm(&self.vm, || f(&self.vm))
     }
 
+    /// Run a function with the main virtual machine and return exit code.
+    ///
+    /// To enter vm context only once and safely terminate the vm, this function is preferred.
+    /// Unlike [`enter`], `run` calls finalize and returns exit code.
+    /// You will not be able to obtain Python exception in this way.
+    ///
+    /// See [`finalize`] for the finalization steps.
+    /// See also [`enter`] for pure function call to obtain Python exception.
     pub fn run<F, R>(self, f: F) -> u8
     where
         F: FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<R>,
     {
+        let res = self.enter(|vm| f(vm));
+        self.finalize(res.err())
+    }
+
+    /// Finalize vm and turns an exception to exit code.
+    ///
+    /// Finalization steps including 4 steps:
+    /// 1. Flush stdout and stderr.
+    /// 1. Handle exit exception and turn it to exit code.
+    /// 1. Run atexit exit functions.
+    /// 1. Mark vm as finalized.
+    ///
+    /// Note that calling `finalize` is not necessary by purpose though.
+    pub fn finalize(self, exc: Option<PyBaseExceptionRef>) -> u8 {
         self.enter(|vm| {
-            let res = f(vm);
             flush_std(vm);
 
             // See if any exception leaked out:
-            let exit_code = res
-                .map(|_| 0)
-                .map_err(|exc| vm.handle_exit_exception(exc))
-                .unwrap_or_else(|code| code);
+            let exit_code = if let Some(exc) = exc {
+                vm.handle_exit_exception(exc)
+            } else {
+                0
+            };
 
             atexit::_run_exitfuncs(vm);
 

From 35141266c1c0294d9b58dd0620a3570834def659 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 8 Apr 2024 00:43:17 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 134/705] vm.enter_and_expect

---
 vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
index b505cd1628..4213d81ba9 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
@@ -76,6 +76,23 @@ impl Interpreter {
         thread::enter_vm(&self.vm, || f(&self.vm))
     }
 
+    /// Run [`enter`] and call `expect_pyresult` for the result.
+    ///
+    /// This function is useful when you want to expect a result from the function,
+    /// but also print useful panic information when exception raised.
+    ///
+    /// See [`enter`] for more information.
+    /// See [`expect_pyresult`] for more information.
+    pub fn enter_and_expect<F, R>(&self, f: F, msg: &str) -> R
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<R>,
+    {
+        self.enter(|vm| {
+            let result = f(vm);
+            vm.expect_pyresult(result, msg)
+        })
+    }
+
     /// Run a function with the main virtual machine and return exit code.
     ///
     /// To enter vm context only once and safely terminate the vm, this function is preferred.

From f541ca9dda37380b99c89bf2acdd321f3401e191 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Apr 2024 01:01:46 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 135/705] Require cpu resource to
 test_search_anchor_at_beginning (#5218)

cherry-pick python/cpython#117616

Co-authored-by: CPython Developers <>
---
 Lib/test/test_re.py | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_re.py b/Lib/test/test_re.py
index 5b442acbb1..bd4f43e545 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_re.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_re.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 from test.support import (gc_collect, bigmemtest, _2G,
                           cpython_only, captured_stdout,
                           check_disallow_instantiation, is_emscripten, is_wasi,
-                          SHORT_TIMEOUT)
+                          SHORT_TIMEOUT, requires_resource)
 import locale
 import re
 import string
@@ -2233,6 +2233,7 @@ def test_bug_40736(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "got 'type'"):
             re.search("x*", type)
 
+    @requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_search_anchor_at_beginning(self):
         s = 'x'*10**7
         start = time.perf_counter()

From 220594f2630f589f84edc9943722a0c83c3c2301 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Apr 2024 01:04:27 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 136/705] always print exceptions when panic by expect_pyresult
 (#5215)

if users want simple panic, Result::expect could be used.
---
 vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs | 19 +++----------------
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs         |  2 +-
 vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs   | 23 ++++++++++++++---------
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
index 4213d81ba9..515a93bfb6 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
 use super::{setting::Settings, thread, Context, VirtualMachine};
-use crate::{
-    stdlib::{atexit, sys},
-    vm::PyBaseExceptionRef,
-    PyResult,
-};
+use crate::{stdlib::atexit, vm::PyBaseExceptionRef, PyResult};
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
 /// The general interface for the VM
@@ -120,7 +116,7 @@ impl Interpreter {
     /// Note that calling `finalize` is not necessary by purpose though.
     pub fn finalize(self, exc: Option<PyBaseExceptionRef>) -> u8 {
         self.enter(|vm| {
-            flush_std(vm);
+            vm.flush_std();
 
             // See if any exception leaked out:
             let exit_code = if let Some(exc) = exc {
@@ -133,22 +129,13 @@ impl Interpreter {
 
             vm.state.finalizing.store(true, Ordering::Release);
 
-            flush_std(vm);
+            vm.flush_std();
 
             exit_code
         })
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn flush_std(vm: &VirtualMachine) {
-    if let Ok(stdout) = sys::get_stdout(vm) {
-        let _ = vm.call_method(&stdout, identifier!(vm, flush).as_str(), ());
-    }
-    if let Ok(stderr) = sys::get_stderr(vm) {
-        let _ = vm.call_method(&stderr, identifier!(vm, flush).as_str(), ());
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index bd44eaed38..4c2498b268 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -830,7 +830,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                     );
                     let result = unsafe { sigaction(SIGINT, &action) };
                     if result.is_ok() {
-                        interpreter::flush_std(self);
+                        self.flush_std();
                         kill(getpid(), SIGINT).expect("Expect to be killed.");
                     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
index a957ed66ca..8f0f158553 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     function::IntoFuncArgs,
     identifier,
     object::{AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult},
+    stdlib::sys,
     vm::VirtualMachine,
 };
 
@@ -14,15 +15,9 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     fn _py_panic_failed(&self, exc: PyBaseExceptionRef, msg: &str) -> ! {
         #[cfg(not(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi"))))]
         {
-            let show_backtrace =
-                std::env::var_os("RUST_BACKTRACE").map_or(cfg!(target_os = "wasi"), |v| &v != "0");
-            let after = if show_backtrace {
-                self.print_exception(exc);
-                "exception backtrace above"
-            } else {
-                "run with RUST_BACKTRACE=1 to see Python backtrace"
-            };
-            panic!("{msg}; {after}")
+            self.print_exception(exc);
+            self.flush_std();
+            panic!("{msg}")
         }
         #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
         {
@@ -39,6 +34,16 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         }
     }
 
+    pub(crate) fn flush_std(&self) {
+        let vm = self;
+        if let Ok(stdout) = sys::get_stdout(vm) {
+            let _ = vm.call_method(&stdout, identifier!(vm, flush).as_str(), ());
+        }
+        if let Ok(stderr) = sys::get_stderr(vm) {
+            let _ = vm.call_method(&stderr, identifier!(vm, flush).as_str(), ());
+        }
+    }
+
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn unwrap_pyresult<T>(&self, result: PyResult<T>) -> T {
         match result {

From 5a5ac35f36919dab66067b4195725ca87419bb41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Apr 2024 02:12:15 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 137/705] Update a few deps (#5217)

Co-authored-by: ognevnydemon <maksapple2306@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock        | 78 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 Cargo.toml        |  6 ++--
 stdlib/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 vm/Cargo.toml     |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 5a1d0f32e3..1e220b1d56 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@ checksum = "aae1277d39aeec15cb388266ecc24b11c80469deae6067e17a1a7aa9e5c1f234"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ahash"
-version = "0.8.7"
+version = "0.8.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "77c3a9648d43b9cd48db467b3f87fdd6e146bcc88ab0180006cef2179fe11d01"
+checksum = "e89da841a80418a9b391ebaea17f5c112ffaaa96f621d2c285b5174da76b9011"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "getrandom",
@@ -133,9 +133,9 @@ checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.4.0"
+version = "2.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b4682ae6287fcf752ecaabbfcc7b6f9b72aa33933dc23a554d853aea8eea8635"
+checksum = "cf4b9d6a944f767f8e5e0db018570623c85f3d925ac718db4e06d0187adb21c1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "blake2"
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "scratch",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ checksum = "086c685979a698443656e5cf7856c95c642295a38599f12fb1ff76fb28d19892"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustc_version",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "base64",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ checksum = "36b732da54fd4ea34452f2431cf464ac7be94ca4b339c9cd3d3d12eb06fe7aab"
 dependencies = [
  "flame",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -788,9 +788,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.0.25"
+version = "1.0.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8a2db397cb1c8772f31494cb8917e48cd1e64f0fa7efac59fbd741a0a8ce841"
+checksum = "46303f565772937ffe1d394a4fac6f411c6013172fadde9dcdb1e147a086940e"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
  "libz-sys",
@@ -858,9 +858,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.2.8"
+version = "0.2.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c05aeb6a22b8f62540c194aac980f2115af067bfe15a0734d7277a768d396b31"
+checksum = "94b22e06ecb0110981051723910cbf0b5f5e09a2062dd7663334ee79a9d1286c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
@@ -1325,9 +1325,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
-version = "0.6.2"
+version = "0.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b275950c28b37e794e8c55d88aeb5e139d0ce23fdbbeda68f8d7174abdf9e8fa"
+checksum = "9d811f3e15f28568be3407c8e7fdb6514c1cda3cb30683f15b6a1a1dc4ea14a7"
 dependencies = [
  "adler",
 ]
@@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2eb04e9c688eff1c89d72b407f168cf79bb9e867a9d3323ed6c01519eb9cc053"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
  "memoffset 0.9.0",
@@ -1461,7 +1461,7 @@ version = "0.10.62"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8cde4d2d9200ad5909f8dac647e29482e07c3a35de8a13fce7c9c7747ad9f671"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "foreign-types",
  "libc",
@@ -1478,7 +1478,7 @@ checksum = "b501e44f11665960c7e7fcf062c7d96a14ade4aa98116c004b2e37b5be7d736c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1634,7 +1634,7 @@ checksum = "3894e5d549cccbe44afecf72922f277f603cd4bb0219c8342631ef18fffbe004"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1908,7 +1908,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pmutil 0.5.3",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
  "syn-ext",
 ]
 
@@ -1933,7 +1933,7 @@ version = "0.38.28"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "72e572a5e8ca657d7366229cdde4bd14c4eb5499a9573d4d366fe1b599daa316"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
@@ -1980,7 +1980,7 @@ name = "rustpython-codegen"
 version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "indexmap",
  "insta",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -1998,7 +1998,7 @@ name = "rustpython-common"
 version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ascii",
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "bstr",
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -2032,7 +2032,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
 version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "lz4_flex",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2047,7 +2047,7 @@ version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
  "rustpython-compiler",
  "rustpython-derive-impl",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2062,7 +2062,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-doc",
  "rustpython-parser-core",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
  "syn-ext",
  "textwrap 0.15.2",
 ]
@@ -2080,7 +2080,7 @@ name = "rustpython-format"
 version = "0.3.1"
 source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303#29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "num-traits",
@@ -2169,7 +2169,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
 version = "0.6.0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "num_enum",
  "optional",
 ]
@@ -2253,7 +2253,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "ascii",
  "atty",
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "bstr",
  "caseless",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -2352,7 +2352,7 @@ version = "13.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "02a2d683a4ac90aeef5b1013933f6d977bd37d51ff3f4dad829d4931a7e6be86"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.4.0",
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "clipboard-win",
  "fd-lock",
@@ -2449,7 +2449,7 @@ checksum = "af487d118eecd09402d70a5d72551860e788df87b464af30e5ea6a38c75c541e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2557,7 +2557,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2568,9 +2568,9 @@ checksum = "6bdef32e8150c2a081110b42772ffe7d7c9032b606bc226c8260fd97e0976601"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.107"
+version = "1.0.109"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1f4064b5b16e03ae50984a5a8ed5d4f8803e6bc1fd170a3cda91a1be4b18e3f5"
+checksum = "72b64191b275b66ffe2469e8af2c1cfe3bafa67b529ead792a6d0160888b4237"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2594,7 +2594,7 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9b86cb2b68c5b3c078cac02588bc23f3c04bb828c5d3aedd17980876ec6a7be6"
 dependencies = [
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2674,7 +2674,7 @@ checksum = "1fb327af4685e4d03fa8cbcf1716380da910eeb2bb8be417e7f9fd3fb164f36f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3006,7 +3006,7 @@ checksum = "c1b300a878652a387d2a0de915bdae8f1a548f0c6d45e072fe2688794b656cc9"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3071,7 +3071,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
@@ -3105,7 +3105,7 @@ checksum = "2aff81306fcac3c7515ad4e177f521b5c9a15f2b08f4e32d823066102f35a5f6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.107",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0f4fb49dc3..7d6c23a10e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", rev = "2
 # rustpython-ast = { path = "../RustPython-parser/ast" }
 # rustpython-format = { path = "../RustPython-parser/format" }
 
-ahash = "0.8.3"
+ahash = "0.8.11"
 ascii = "1.0"
 atty = "0.2.14"
-bitflags = "2.4.0"
+bitflags = "2.4.1"
 bstr = "0.2.17"
 cfg-if = "1.0"
 chrono = "0.4.31"
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ rustyline = "13"
 serde = { version = "1.0.133", default-features = false }
 schannel = "0.1.22"
 static_assertions = "1.1"
-syn = "1.0.91"
+syn = "1.0.109"
 thiserror = "1.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.4"
 unicode_names2 = "1.1.0"
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index d077603c4b..72620b3d26 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ ucd = "0.1.1"
 # compression
 adler32 = "1.2.0"
 crc32fast = "1.3.2"
-flate2 = "1.0.23"
+flate2 = "1.0.28"
 bzip2 = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 
 # uuid
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 3fb3b0b605..a24c3a948d 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ thiserror = { workspace = true }
 thread_local = { workspace = true }
 
 caseless = "0.2.1"
-getrandom = { version = "0.2.6", features = ["js"] }
+getrandom = { version = "0.2.12", features = ["js"] }
 flamer = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 half = "1.8.2"
 memchr = "2.4.1"

From 247572863ab5aec469d038acc7a88617f989b33f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Apr 2024 02:37:30 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 138/705] rustpython_vm::import::import_source (#5214)

* rustpython_vm::import::import_source

* always print exceptions when panic by expect_pyresult

if users want simple panic, Result::expect could be used.
---
 vm/src/import.rs               | 19 ++++++++++++++++---
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs               |  1 +
 wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/import.rs b/vm/src/import.rs
index e3ffbbddbc..f14ae31ef4 100644
--- a/vm/src/import.rs
+++ b/vm/src/import.rs
@@ -106,19 +106,32 @@ pub fn import_file(
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
     module_name: &str,
     file_path: String,
-    content: String,
+    content: &str,
 ) -> PyResult {
     let code = vm
         .compile_with_opts(
-            &content,
+            content,
             crate::compiler::Mode::Exec,
             file_path,
             vm.compile_opts(),
         )
-        .map_err(|err| vm.new_syntax_error(&err, Some(&content)))?;
+        .map_err(|err| vm.new_syntax_error(&err, Some(content)))?;
     import_codeobj(vm, module_name, code, true)
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
+pub fn import_source(vm: &VirtualMachine, module_name: &str, content: &str) -> PyResult {
+    let code = vm
+        .compile_with_opts(
+            content,
+            crate::compiler::Mode::Exec,
+            "<source>".to_owned(),
+            vm.compile_opts(),
+        )
+        .map_err(|err| vm.new_syntax_error(&err, Some(content)))?;
+    import_codeobj(vm, module_name, code, false)
+}
+
 pub fn import_codeobj(
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
     module_name: &str,
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 4c2498b268..3588dd2af5 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -517,6 +517,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     /// Roughly equivalent to `import module_name` or `import top.submodule`.
     ///
     /// See also [`import_from`] for more advanced import.
+    /// See also [`rustpython_vm::import::import_source`] and other primitive import functions.
     #[inline]
     pub fn import<'a>(&self, module_name: impl AsPyStr<'a>, level: usize) -> PyResult {
         let module_name = module_name.as_pystr(&self.ctx);
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs b/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs
index 32e7877a53..4e5704dc24 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ mod _browser {
         class::PyClassImpl,
         convert::ToPyObject,
         function::{ArgCallable, OptionalArg},
-        import::import_file,
+        import::import_source,
         PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use wasm_bindgen::{prelude::*, JsCast};
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ mod _browser {
                 .expect("that the vm is valid when the promise resolves");
             stored_vm.interp.enter(move |vm| {
                 let resp_text = text.as_string().unwrap();
-                let res = import_file(vm, module.as_str(), "WEB".to_owned(), resp_text);
+                let res = import_source(vm, module.as_str(), &resp_text);
                 match res {
                     Ok(_) => Ok(JsValue::null()),
                     Err(err) => Err(convert::py_err_to_js_err(vm, &err)),

From 3f691de7a367d09424e443f15ebf01d75a6a0570 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 9 Apr 2024 04:13:39 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 139/705] Update chrono (#5220)

---
 Cargo.lock            |  6 +++---
 Cargo.toml            |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 16 ++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1e220b1d56..f837c901f2 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -229,16 +229,16 @@ checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.31"
+version = "0.4.37"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7f2c685bad3eb3d45a01354cedb7d5faa66194d1d58ba6e267a8de788f79db38"
+checksum = "8a0d04d43504c61aa6c7531f1871dd0d418d91130162063b789da00fd7057a5e"
 dependencies = [
  "android-tzdata",
  "iana-time-zone",
  "js-sys",
  "num-traits",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-targets 0.48.5",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7d6c23a10e..e3e470e9a4 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ atty = "0.2.14"
 bitflags = "2.4.1"
 bstr = "0.2.17"
 cfg-if = "1.0"
-chrono = "0.4.31"
+chrono = "0.4.37"
 crossbeam-utils = "0.8.16"
 flame = "0.2.2"
 glob = "0.3"
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 9717a69665..f023f69459 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ mod time {
     };
     use chrono::{
         naive::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime},
-        Datelike, Timelike,
+        DateTime, Datelike, Timelike,
     };
     use std::time::Duration;
 
@@ -110,17 +110,17 @@ mod time {
         Ok(get_perf_time(vm)?.as_nanos())
     }
 
-    fn pyobj_to_naive_date_time(
+    fn pyobj_to_date_time(
         value: Either<f64, i64>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<NaiveDateTime> {
+    ) -> PyResult<DateTime<chrono::offset::Utc>> {
         let timestamp = match value {
             Either::A(float) => {
                 let secs = float.trunc() as i64;
                 let nsecs = (float.fract() * 1e9) as u32;
-                NaiveDateTime::from_timestamp_opt(secs, nsecs)
+                DateTime::<chrono::offset::Utc>::from_timestamp(secs, nsecs)
             }
-            Either::B(int) => NaiveDateTime::from_timestamp_opt(int, 0),
+            Either::B(int) => DateTime::<chrono::offset::Utc>::from_timestamp(int, 0),
         };
         timestamp.ok_or_else(|| {
             vm.new_overflow_error("timestamp out of range for platform time_t".to_owned())
@@ -131,14 +131,14 @@ mod time {
         /// Construct a localtime from the optional seconds, or get the current local time.
         fn naive_or_local(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<NaiveDateTime> {
             Ok(match self {
-                OptionalArg::Present(secs) => pyobj_to_naive_date_time(secs, vm)?,
+                OptionalArg::Present(secs) => pyobj_to_date_time(secs, vm)?.naive_utc(),
                 OptionalArg::Missing => chrono::offset::Local::now().naive_local(),
             })
         }
 
         fn naive_or_utc(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<NaiveDateTime> {
             Ok(match self {
-                OptionalArg::Present(secs) => pyobj_to_naive_date_time(secs, vm)?,
+                OptionalArg::Present(secs) => pyobj_to_date_time(secs, vm)?.naive_utc(),
                 OptionalArg::Missing => chrono::offset::Utc::now().naive_utc(),
             })
         }
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ mod time {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn mktime(t: PyStructTime, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
         let datetime = t.to_date_time(vm)?;
-        let seconds_since_epoch = datetime.timestamp() as f64;
+        let seconds_since_epoch = datetime.and_utc().timestamp() as f64;
         Ok(seconds_since_epoch)
     }
 

From a0b6c36928a0388465f65924e5d03c2b330409e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 9 Apr 2024 03:59:41 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 140/705] Update indexmap

---
 Cargo.lock                  | 80 +++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 Cargo.toml                  |  7 ++--
 derive-impl/Cargo.toml      |  2 +-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml           |  4 +-
 stdlib/src/csv.rs           | 18 ++++-----
 vm/Cargo.toml               |  6 +--
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs     |  2 +-
 vm/src/function/argument.rs |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index f837c901f2..b4b01a0acf 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -717,6 +717,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "termcolor",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "equivalent"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
 version = "0.3.8"
@@ -781,7 +787,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c3cc29a6c0dfa26d3a0e80021edda5671eeed79381130897737cdd273ea18909"
 dependencies = [
  "flame",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
 ]
@@ -887,6 +893,12 @@ version = "0.12.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.14.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "290f1a1d9242c78d09ce40a5e87e7554ee637af1351968159f4952f028f75604"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
 version = "0.4.1"
@@ -963,7 +975,17 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bd070e393353796e801d209ad339e89596eb4c8d430d18ede6a1cced8fafbd99"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
- "hashbrown",
+ "hashbrown 0.12.3",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "indexmap"
+version = "2.2.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "168fb715dda47215e360912c096649d23d58bf392ac62f73919e831745e40f26"
+dependencies = [
+ "equivalent",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.3",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -974,15 +996,14 @@ checksum = "1e186cfbae8084e513daff4240b4797e342f988cecda4fb6c939150f96315fd8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "insta"
-version = "1.33.0"
+version = "1.38.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1aa511b2e298cd49b1856746f6bb73e17036bcd66b25f5e92cdcdbec9bd75686"
+checksum = "3eab73f58e59ca6526037208f0e98851159ec1633cf17b6cd2e1f2c3fd5d53cc"
 dependencies = [
  "console",
  "lazy_static 1.4.0",
  "linked-hash-map",
  "similar",
- "yaml-rust",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1283,9 +1304,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
-version = "2.5.0"
+version = "2.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2dffe52ecf27772e601905b7522cb4ef790d2cc203488bbd0e2fe85fcb74566d"
+checksum = "6c8640c5d730cb13ebd907d8d04b52f55ac9a2eec55b440c8892f40d56c76c1d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memmap2"
@@ -1316,9 +1337,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.9.0"
+version = "0.9.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5a634b1c61a95585bd15607c6ab0c4e5b226e695ff2800ba0cdccddf208c406c"
+checksum = "488016bfae457b036d996092f6cb448677611ce4449e970ceaf42695203f218a"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
 ]
@@ -1372,7 +1393,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
- "memoffset 0.9.0",
+ "memoffset 0.9.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1445,9 +1466,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.18.0"
+version = "1.19.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dd8b5dd2ae5ed71462c540258bedcb51965123ad7e7ccf4b9a8cafaa4a63576d"
+checksum = "3fdb12b2476b595f9358c5161aa467c2438859caa136dec86c26fdd2efe17b92"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
@@ -1666,18 +1687,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.66"
+version = "1.0.79"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "18fb31db3f9bddb2ea821cde30a9f70117e3f119938b5ee630b7403aa6e2ead9"
+checksum = "e835ff2298f5721608eb1a980ecaee1aef2c132bf95ecc026a11b7bf3c01c02e"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "puruspe"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fe7765e19fb2ba6fd4373b8d90399f5321683ea7c11b598c6bbaa3a72e9c83b8"
+checksum = "06a1eed715f625eaa95fba5e049dcf7bc06fa396d6d2e55015b3764e234dfd3f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
@@ -1688,7 +1709,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "indoc",
  "libc",
- "memoffset 0.9.0",
+ "memoffset 0.9.1",
  "parking_lot",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "pyo3-ffi",
@@ -1892,18 +1913,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "result-like"
-version = "0.4.5"
+version = "0.4.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7b80fe0296795a96913be20558326b797a187bb3986ce84ed82dee0fb7414428"
+checksum = "ccc7ce6435c33898517a30e85578cd204cbb696875efb93dec19a2d31294f810"
 dependencies = [
  "result-like-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "result-like-derive"
-version = "0.4.5"
+version = "0.4.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2a29c8a4ac7839f1dcb8b899263b501e0d6932f210300c8a0d271323727b35c1"
+checksum = "1fabf0a2e54f711c68c50d49f648a1a8a37adcb57353f518ac4df374f0788f42"
 dependencies = [
  "pmutil 0.5.3",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -1981,7 +2002,7 @@ version = "0.3.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 2.2.6",
  "insta",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "log",
@@ -2266,14 +2287,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "half",
  "hex",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 2.2.6",
  "is-macro",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "libc",
  "log",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "memchr",
- "memoffset 0.6.5",
+ "memoffset 0.9.1",
  "nix 0.27.1",
  "num-complex",
  "num-integer",
@@ -2766,7 +2787,7 @@ version = "0.18.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "56c59d8dd7d0dcbc6428bf7aa2f0e823e26e43b3c9aca15bbc9475d23e5fa12b"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
  "nom8",
  "toml_datetime",
 ]
@@ -3464,15 +3485,6 @@ version = "0.8.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "52839dc911083a8ef63efa4d039d1f58b5e409f923e44c80828f206f66e5541c"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "yaml-rust"
-version = "0.4.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "56c1936c4cc7a1c9ab21a1ebb602eb942ba868cbd44a99cb7cdc5892335e1c85"
-dependencies = [
- "linked-hash-map",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
 version = "0.7.32"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e3e470e9a4..8b354c05a5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ crossbeam-utils = "0.8.16"
 flame = "0.2.2"
 glob = "0.3"
 hex = "0.4.3"
-indexmap = { version = "1.9.3", features = ["std"] }
-insta = "1.33.0"
+indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
+insta = "1.38.0"
 itertools = "0.11.0"
 is-macro = "0.3.0"
 libc = "0.2.151"
@@ -62,11 +62,12 @@ nix = { version = "0.27", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "
 malachite-bigint = "0.2.0"
 malachite-q = "0.4.4"
 malachite-base = "0.4.4"
+memchr = "2.7.2"
 num-complex = "0.4.0"
 num-integer = "0.1.44"
 num-traits = "0.2"
 num_enum = "0.7"
-once_cell = "1.18"
+once_cell = "1.19.0"
 parking_lot = "0.12.1"
 paste = "1.0.7"
 rand = "0.8.5"
diff --git a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
index 2b2b4131b3..7f55078d5f 100644
--- a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ once_cell = { workspace = true }
 syn = { workspace = true, features = ["full", "extra-traits"] }
 
 maplit = "1.0.2"
-proc-macro2 = "1.0.60"
+proc-macro2 = "1.0.79"
 quote = "1.0.18"
 syn-ext = { version = "0.4.0", features = ["full"] }
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false }
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 72620b3d26..7f89636b33 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ num_enum = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true }
 
-memchr = "2.4.1"
+memchr = { workspace = true }
 base64 = "0.13.0"
 csv-core = "0.1.10"
 dyn-clone = "1.0.10"
 libz-sys = { version = "1.1.5", optional = true }
-puruspe = "0.2.0"
+puruspe = "0.2.4"
 xml-rs = "0.8.14"
 
 # random
diff --git a/stdlib/src/csv.rs b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
index 96aa1c1fe0..2dd7f2ae12 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/csv.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ mod _csv {
     impl FromArgs for FormatOptions {
         fn from_args(vm: &VirtualMachine, args: &mut FuncArgs) -> Result<Self, ArgumentError> {
             let mut res = FormatOptions::default();
-            if let Some(dialect) = args.kwargs.remove("dialect") {
+            if let Some(dialect) = args.kwargs.swap_remove("dialect") {
                 res.dialect = prase_dialect_item_from_arg(vm, dialect)?;
             } else if let Some(dialect) = args.args.first() {
                 res.dialect = prase_dialect_item_from_arg(vm, dialect.clone())?;
@@ -572,11 +572,11 @@ mod _csv {
                 res.dialect = DialectItem::None;
             };
 
-            if let Some(delimiter) = args.kwargs.remove("delimiter") {
+            if let Some(delimiter) = args.kwargs.swap_remove("delimiter") {
                 res.delimiter = Some(parse_delimiter_from_obj(vm, &delimiter)?);
             }
 
-            if let Some(escapechar) = args.kwargs.remove("escapechar") {
+            if let Some(escapechar) = args.kwargs.swap_remove("escapechar") {
                 res.escapechar = match_class!(match escapechar {
                     s @ PyStr => Some(s.as_str().bytes().exactly_one().map_err(|_| {
                         let msg = r#""escapechar" must be a 1-character string"#;
@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@ mod _csv {
                     _ => None,
                 })
             };
-            if let Some(lineterminator) = args.kwargs.remove("lineterminator") {
+            if let Some(lineterminator) = args.kwargs.swap_remove("lineterminator") {
                 res.lineterminator = Some(csv_core::Terminator::Any(
                     lineterminator
                         .try_to_value::<&str>(vm)?
@@ -597,19 +597,19 @@ mod _csv {
                         })?,
                 ))
             };
-            if let Some(doublequote) = args.kwargs.remove("doublequote") {
+            if let Some(doublequote) = args.kwargs.swap_remove("doublequote") {
                 res.doublequote = Some(doublequote.try_to_bool(vm).map_err(|_| {
                     let msg = r#""doublequote" must be a bool"#;
                     vm.new_type_error(msg.to_owned())
                 })?)
             };
-            if let Some(skipinitialspace) = args.kwargs.remove("skipinitialspace") {
+            if let Some(skipinitialspace) = args.kwargs.swap_remove("skipinitialspace") {
                 res.skipinitialspace = Some(skipinitialspace.try_to_bool(vm).map_err(|_| {
                     let msg = r#""skipinitialspace" must be a bool"#;
                     vm.new_type_error(msg.to_owned())
                 })?)
             };
-            if let Some(quoting) = args.kwargs.remove("quoting") {
+            if let Some(quoting) = args.kwargs.swap_remove("quoting") {
                 res.quoting = match_class!(match quoting {
                     i @ PyInt =>
                         Some(i.try_to_primitive::<isize>(vm)?.try_into().map_err(|_e| {
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ mod _csv {
                     }
                 });
             };
-            if let Some(quotechar) = args.kwargs.remove("quotechar") {
+            if let Some(quotechar) = args.kwargs.swap_remove("quotechar") {
                 res.quotechar = match_class!(match quotechar {
                     s @ PyStr => Some(Some(s.as_str().bytes().exactly_one().map_err(|_| {
                         let msg = r#""quotechar" must be a 1-character string"#;
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ mod _csv {
                     }
                 })
             };
-            if let Some(strict) = args.kwargs.remove("strict") {
+            if let Some(strict) = args.kwargs.swap_remove("strict") {
                 res.strict = Some(strict.try_to_bool(vm).map_err(|_| {
                     let msg = r#""strict" must be a int enum"#;
                     vm.new_type_error(msg.to_owned())
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index a24c3a948d..98c2e2b834 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -67,15 +67,15 @@ serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 static_assertions = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
 thread_local = { workspace = true }
+memchr = { workspace = true }
 
 caseless = "0.2.1"
 getrandom = { version = "0.2.12", features = ["js"] }
 flamer = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 half = "1.8.2"
-memchr = "2.4.1"
-memoffset = "0.6.5"
+memoffset = "0.9.1"
 optional = "0.5.0"
-result-like = "0.4.5"
+result-like = "0.4.6"
 timsort = "0.1.2"
 
 ## unicode stuff
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index 6e1ddebb25..391d022d1c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@ impl SetAttr for PyType {
         if let PySetterValue::Assign(value) = value {
             zelf.attributes.write().insert(attr_name, value);
         } else {
-            let prev_value = zelf.attributes.write().remove(attr_name);
+            let prev_value = zelf.attributes.write().shift_remove(attr_name); // TODO: swap_remove applicable?
             if prev_value.is_none() {
                 return Err(vm.new_exception(
                     vm.ctx.exceptions.attribute_error.to_owned(),
diff --git a/vm/src/function/argument.rs b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
index bcc711a1e9..6111bf935f 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/argument.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
@@ -342,7 +342,7 @@ impl<T> KwArgs<T> {
     }
 
     pub fn pop_kwarg(&mut self, name: &str) -> Option<T> {
-        self.0.remove(name)
+        self.0.swap_remove(name)
     }
 
     pub fn is_empty(self) -> bool {

From 9f24841f6ddd8ed2c619707997bda9701a9e9e86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 9 Apr 2024 11:18:14 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 141/705] remove -u from macOS/windows

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index e147497805..553fa6b1ef 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -276,11 +276,11 @@ jobs:
         run: target/release/rustpython -m test -j 1 -u all --slowest --fail-env-changed -v -x ${{ env.PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS }}
       - if: runner.os == 'macOS'
         name: run cpython platform-dependent tests (MacOS)
-        run: target/release/rustpython -m test -j 1 -u all --slowest --fail-env-changed -v -x ${{ env.PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS }} ${{ env.MACOS_SKIPS }}
+        run: target/release/rustpython -m test -j 1 all --slowest --fail-env-changed -v -x ${{ env.PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS }} ${{ env.MACOS_SKIPS }}
       - if: runner.os == 'Windows'
         name: run cpython platform-dependent tests (windows partial - fixme)
         run:
-          target/release/rustpython -m test -j 1 -u all --slowest --fail-env-changed -v -x ${{ env.PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS }} ${{ env.WINDOWS_SKIPS }}
+          target/release/rustpython -m test -j 1 all --slowest --fail-env-changed -v -x ${{ env.PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS }} ${{ env.WINDOWS_SKIPS }}
       - if: runner.os != 'Windows'
         name: check that --install-pip succeeds
         run: |

From 8816cd41d5c0bbf8baaa14fcc9c3e5f8b0ca3863 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 9 Apr 2024 03:21:51 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 142/705] 0.3.1

---
 Cargo.lock                  | 79 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 Cargo.toml                  | 42 ++++++++++----------
 common/Cargo.toml           |  2 +-
 compiler/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 compiler/core/Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 derive-impl/Cargo.toml      |  2 +-
 derive/Cargo.toml           |  2 +-
 jit/Cargo.toml              |  4 +-
 pylib/Cargo.toml            |  4 +-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml           |  4 +-
 vm/Cargo.toml               |  2 +-
 vm/src/exceptions.rs        |  2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 wapm.toml                   |  2 +-
 wasm/lib/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 16 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b4b01a0acf..01118ff8a9 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -227,6 +227,12 @@ version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cfg_aliases"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fd16c4719339c4530435d38e511904438d07cce7950afa3718a84ac36c10e89e"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
 version = "0.4.37"
@@ -525,12 +531,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
-version = "0.8.16"
+version = "0.8.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5a22b2d63d4d1dc0b7f1b6b2747dd0088008a9be28b6ddf0b1e7d335e3037294"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
-]
+checksum = "248e3bacc7dc6baa3b21e405ee045c3047101a49145e7e9eca583ab4c2ca5345"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crunchy"
@@ -1111,9 +1114,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.151"
+version = "0.2.153"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "302d7ab3130588088d277783b1e2d2e10c9e9e4a16dd9050e6ec93fb3e7048f4"
+checksum = "9c198f91728a82281a64e1f4f9eeb25d82cb32a5de251c6bd1b5154d63a8e7bd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libffi"
@@ -1396,6 +1399,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "memoffset 0.9.1",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nix"
+version = "0.28.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ab2156c4fce2f8df6c499cc1c763e4394b7482525bf2a9701c9d79d215f519e4"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "cfg_aliases",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nom8"
 version = "0.2.0"
@@ -1963,7 +1978,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -1987,7 +2002,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-ast"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303#29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -1998,7 +2013,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-codegen"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
@@ -2016,7 +2031,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-common"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "ascii",
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
@@ -2042,7 +2057,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-compiler"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "rustpython-codegen",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
@@ -2051,7 +2066,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -2064,7 +2079,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-derive"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "rustpython-compiler",
  "rustpython-derive-impl",
@@ -2073,7 +2088,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-derive-impl"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "maplit",
@@ -2099,7 +2114,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-format"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303#29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -2110,7 +2125,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-jit"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "approx",
  "cranelift",
@@ -2126,7 +2141,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-literal"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303#29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
 dependencies = [
  "hexf-parse",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2138,7 +2153,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303#29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2161,7 +2176,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-core"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303#29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "memchr",
@@ -2171,7 +2186,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-vendored"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303#29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2179,7 +2194,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-pylib"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
@@ -2188,7 +2203,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "num_enum",
@@ -2197,7 +2212,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-stdlib"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "adler32",
  "ahash",
@@ -2269,7 +2284,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-vm"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "ascii",
@@ -2345,7 +2360,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython_wasm"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 dependencies = [
  "console_error_panic_hook",
  "js-sys",
@@ -2369,9 +2384,9 @@ checksum = "5583e89e108996506031660fe09baa5011b9dd0341b89029313006d1fb508d70"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustyline"
-version = "13.0.0"
+version = "14.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "02a2d683a4ac90aeef5b1013933f6d977bd37d51ff3f4dad829d4931a7e6be86"
+checksum = "7803e8936da37efd9b6d4478277f4b2b9bb5cdb37a113e8d63222e58da647e63"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -2381,12 +2396,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "log",
  "memchr",
- "nix 0.27.1",
+ "nix 0.28.0",
  "radix_trie",
  "unicode-segmentation",
  "unicode-width",
  "utf8parse",
- "winapi",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3160,9 +3175,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "widestring"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "17882f045410753661207383517a6f62ec3dbeb6a4ed2acce01f0728238d1983"
+checksum = "7219d36b6eac893fa81e84ebe06485e7dcbb616177469b142df14f1f4deb1311"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 8b354c05a5..2255a827f0 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.67.1"
@@ -17,24 +17,24 @@ members = [
 ]
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-rustpython-compiler-core = { path = "compiler/core", version = "0.3.0" }
-rustpython-compiler = { path = "compiler", version = "0.3.0" }
-rustpython-codegen = { path = "compiler/codegen", version = "0.3.0" }
-rustpython-common = { path = "common", version = "0.3.0" }
-rustpython-derive = { path = "derive", version = "0.3.0" }
-rustpython-derive-impl = { path = "derive-impl", version = "0.3.0" }
-rustpython-jit = { path = "jit", version = "0.3.0" }
-rustpython-vm = { path = "vm", default-features = false, version = "0.3.0" }
-rustpython-pylib = { path = "pylib", version = "0.3.0" }
-rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.3.0" }
-rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.6.0" }
+rustpython-compiler-core = { path = "compiler/core", version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-compiler = { path = "compiler", version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-codegen = { path = "compiler/codegen", version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-common = { path = "common", version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-derive = { path = "derive", version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-derive-impl = { path = "derive-impl", version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-jit = { path = "jit", version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-vm = { path = "vm", default-features = false, version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-pylib = { path = "pylib", version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.3.1" }
 rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
 
-rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", rev = "29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303" }
-rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", rev = "29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303" }
-rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", rev = "29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303" }
-rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", rev = "29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303" }
-rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", rev = "29c4728dbedc7e69cc2560b9b34058bbba9b1303" }
+rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f" }
+rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f" }
+rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f" }
+rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f" }
+rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f" }
 # rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
 # rustpython-parser = { path = "../RustPython-parser/parser" }
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ bitflags = "2.4.1"
 bstr = "0.2.17"
 cfg-if = "1.0"
 chrono = "0.4.37"
-crossbeam-utils = "0.8.16"
+crossbeam-utils = "0.8.19"
 flame = "0.2.2"
 glob = "0.3"
 hex = "0.4.3"
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
 insta = "1.38.0"
 itertools = "0.11.0"
 is-macro = "0.3.0"
-libc = "0.2.151"
+libc = "0.2.153"
 log = "0.4.16"
 nix = { version = "0.27", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
 malachite-bigint = "0.2.0"
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ once_cell = "1.19.0"
 parking_lot = "0.12.1"
 paste = "1.0.7"
 rand = "0.8.5"
-rustyline = "13"
+rustyline = "14.0.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0.133", default-features = false }
 schannel = "0.1.22"
 static_assertions = "1.1"
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ syn = "1.0.109"
 thiserror = "1.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.4"
 unicode_names2 = "1.1.0"
-widestring = "0.5.1"
+widestring = "1.1.0"
 
 [features]
 default = ["threading", "stdlib", "zlib", "importlib"]
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 397897f491..2d5ba72ec6 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-common"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 description = "General python functions and algorithms for use in RustPython"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
diff --git a/compiler/Cargo.toml b/compiler/Cargo.toml
index 8dec426b2b..bc28b774d2 100644
--- a/compiler/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-compiler"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 description = "A usability wrapper around rustpython-parser and rustpython-compiler-core"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index 8cfd485b82..9b68abaafa 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-codegen"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 description = "Compiler for python code into bytecode for the rustpython VM."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
index 12413b7b9e..7db471bf22 100644
--- a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
 description = "RustPython specific bytecode."
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
index 7f55078d5f..dc2e859d77 100644
--- a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-derive-impl"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 description = "Rust language extensions and macros specific to rustpython."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/derive/Cargo.toml b/derive/Cargo.toml
index 5010877a6c..a945be073a 100644
--- a/derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-derive"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 description = "Rust language extensions and macros specific to rustpython."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/jit/Cargo.toml b/jit/Cargo.toml
index 71f8822cc9..f628e4b560 100644
--- a/jit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/jit/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-jit"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 description = "Experimental JIT(just in time) compiler for python code."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ cranelift-module = "0.88.0"
 libffi = "3.1.0"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-rustpython-derive = { path = "../derive", version = "0.3.0" }
+rustpython-derive = { path = "../derive", version = "0.3.1" }
 
 approx = "0.5.1"
 
diff --git a/pylib/Cargo.toml b/pylib/Cargo.toml
index 256dbe9d61..21daaee59b 100644
--- a/pylib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/pylib/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-pylib"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 description = "A subset of the Python standard library for use with RustPython"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ freeze-stdlib = []
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-derive = { version = "0.3.0", path = "../derive" }
+rustpython-derive = { version = "0.3.1", path = "../derive" }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 glob = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 7f89636b33..e7b983f422 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-stdlib"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 description = "RustPython standard libraries in Rust."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "openssl/vendored", "openssl-probe"]
 [dependencies]
 # rustpython crates
 rustpython-derive = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-vm = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-vm = { workspace = true, features = ["compiler"] }
 rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
 
 ahash = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 98c2e2b834..f9061ba0b0 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-vm"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 description = "RustPython virtual machine."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index d83e7e48d8..b41c902e49 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -1006,7 +1006,7 @@ impl ToPyException for std::ffi::NulError {
 }
 
 #[cfg(windows)]
-impl<C: widestring::UChar> ToPyException for widestring::NulError<C> {
+impl<C> ToPyException for widestring::error::ContainsNul<C> {
     fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
         cstring_error(vm)
     }
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
index 2caa8b73e5..a628744428 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
-version = "0.6.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/wapm.toml b/wapm.toml
index 98bf96bed1..13f10f1558 100644
--- a/wapm.toml
+++ b/wapm.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 description = "A Python-3 (CPython >= 3.5.0) Interpreter written in Rust 🐍 😱 🤘"
 license-file = "LICENSE"
 readme = "README.md"
diff --git a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
index 309607e70f..f7f736401a 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython_wasm"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 license = "MIT"
 description = "A Python-3 (CPython >= 3.5.0) Interpreter written in Rust, compiled to WASM"

From ccf650d4caae0c6e0cbfeefe102fea1698d26056 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 10 Apr 2024 19:08:14 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 143/705] Fix rustpython-vm --no-default-features build

---
 stdlib/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 vm/src/compiler.rs        | 13 +++++++------
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs |  3 +--
 vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs       |  5 +++--
 4 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index e7b983f422..97a290711a 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "openssl/vendored", "openssl-probe"]
 [dependencies]
 # rustpython crates
 rustpython-derive = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-vm = { workspace = true, features = ["compiler"] }
+rustpython-vm = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
 
 ahash = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/src/compiler.rs b/vm/src/compiler.rs
index 1e35d3b7a6..c81475b6d1 100644
--- a/vm/src/compiler.rs
+++ b/vm/src/compiler.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-use crate::{builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef, convert::ToPyException, VirtualMachine};
-
 #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-codegen")]
 pub use rustpython_codegen::CompileOpts;
 #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
 pub use rustpython_compiler::*;
+#[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
+pub use rustpython_compiler_core::Mode;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
 pub use rustpython_compiler_core as core;
 
-#[cfg(all(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"), feature = "rustpython-parser"))]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
 pub use rustpython_parser_core as parser;
 
 #[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
@@ -26,13 +26,14 @@ mod error {
         Parse(#[from] rustpython_parser::error::ParseErrorType),
     }
 
-    pub type CompileError = rustpython_compiler_core::CompileError<CompileErrorType>;
+    pub type CompileError = rustpython_parser_core::source_code::LocatedError<CompileErrorType>;
 }
 #[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
 pub use error::{CompileError, CompileErrorType};
 
-impl ToPyException for (CompileError, Option<&str>) {
-    fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+#[cfg(any(feature = "rustpython-parser", feature = "rustpython-codegen"))]
+impl crate::convert::ToPyException for (CompileError, Option<&str>) {
+    fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &crate::VirtualMachine) -> crate::builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef {
         vm.new_syntax_error(&self.0, self.1)
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index 4cc3a53634..fbe1170c03 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ mod builtins {
             PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyDictRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType,
         },
         common::{hash::PyHash, str::to_ascii},
-        convert::ToPyException,
         function::{
             ArgBytesLike, ArgCallable, ArgIndex, ArgIntoBool, ArgIterable, ArgMapping,
             ArgStrOrBytesLike, Either, FsPath, FuncArgs, KwArgs, OptionalArg, OptionalOption,
@@ -147,7 +146,7 @@ mod builtins {
             }
             #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-parser")]
             {
-                use crate::builtins::PyBytesRef;
+                use crate::{builtins::PyBytesRef, convert::ToPyException};
                 use num_traits::Zero;
                 use rustpython_parser as parser;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
index 9cf6931d90..922c137a08 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,6 @@ use crate::{
     convert::ToPyObject,
     function::{IntoPyNativeFn, PyMethodFlags},
     scope::Scope,
-    source::AtLocation,
-    source_code::SourceLocation,
     vm::VirtualMachine,
     AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef,
 };
@@ -255,6 +253,9 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         error: &crate::compiler::CompileError,
         source: Option<&str>,
     ) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        use crate::source::AtLocation;
+        use crate::source_code::SourceLocation;
+
         let syntax_error_type = match &error.error {
             #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-parser")]
             crate::compiler::CompileErrorType::Parse(p) if p.is_indentation_error() => {

From 8c7b81113522b9800a3dded4a267edd100304c87 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 11 Apr 2024 20:50:50 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 144/705] Fix _sha512 support

---
 Lib/test/test_hashlib.py |  2 --
 stdlib/src/lib.rs        |  3 ++-
 stdlib/src/sha256.rs     |  7 ++++++-
 stdlib/src/sha512.rs     | 24 +++++++++++++-----------
 vm/src/class.rs          |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_hashlib.py b/Lib/test/test_hashlib.py
index c03208427a..da62486e0b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_hashlib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_hashlib.py
@@ -1118,8 +1118,6 @@ def _test_pbkdf2_hmac(self, pbkdf2, supported):
                 iterations=1, dklen=None)
             self.assertEqual(out, self.pbkdf2_results['sha1'][0][0])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(builtin_hashlib is None, "test requires builtin_hashlib")
     def test_pbkdf2_hmac_py(self):
         with warnings_helper.check_warnings():
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 2a1a7d5ce0..97aaa8b89b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ mod md5;
 mod sha1;
 mod sha256;
 mod sha3;
+mod sha512;
 
 mod json;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "_sha1" => sha1::make_module,
             "_sha3" => sha3::make_module,
             "_sha256" => sha256::make_module,
-            // "_sha512" => sha512::make_module, // TODO: RUSPYTHON fix strange fail on vm: 'static type has not been initialized'
+            "_sha512" => sha512::make_module,
             "_md5" => md5::make_module,
             "_blake2" => blake2::make_module,
             "_json" => json::make_module,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sha256.rs b/stdlib/src/sha256.rs
index bae22fa4cc..cae0172666 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sha256.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sha256.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-pub(crate) use _sha256::make_module;
+use crate::vm::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+
+pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
+    let _ = vm.import("_hashlib", 0);
+    _sha256::make_module(vm)
+}
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _sha256 {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sha512.rs b/stdlib/src/sha512.rs
index bb93fc9dba..8c510fb730 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sha512.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sha512.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore usedforsecurity HASHXOF
+use crate::vm::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
 
-pub(crate) use _sha512::make_module;
+pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
+    let _ = vm.import("_hashlib", 0);
+    _sha512::make_module(vm)
+}
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _sha512 {
-    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{HashArgs, HashWrapper, PyHasher};
-    use crate::vm::{PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
-    use sha2::{Sha384, Sha512};
+    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{local_sha384, local_sha512, HashArgs};
+    use crate::vm::{PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 
-    #[pyfunction(name = "sha384")]
-    fn sha384(args: HashArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
-        Ok(PyHasher::new("sha384", HashWrapper::new::<Sha384>(args.string)).into_pyobject(vm))
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn sha384(args: HashArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        Ok(local_sha384(args).into_pyobject(vm))
     }
 
-    #[pyfunction(name = "sha512")]
-    fn sha512(args: HashArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
-        Ok(PyHasher::new("sha512", HashWrapper::new::<Sha512>(args.string)).into_pyobject(vm))
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn sha512(args: HashArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        Ok(local_sha512(args).into_pyobject(vm))
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/class.rs b/vm/src/class.rs
index 6ce73d32ce..d6893bf152 100644
--- a/vm/src/class.rs
+++ b/vm/src/class.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub trait StaticType {
     fn static_type() -> &'static Py<PyType> {
         Self::static_cell()
             .get()
-            .expect("static type has not been initialized")
+            .expect("static type has not been initialized. e.g. the native types defined in different module may be used before importing library.")
     }
     fn init_manually(typ: PyTypeRef) -> &'static Py<PyType> {
         let cell = Self::static_cell();

From 4d5cf249a07df9e96b6f7ce6f1ad9e0325685169 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lee Dogeon <dev.moreal@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Apr 2024 13:03:48 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 145/705] Allow update `__class__` for mutable types or module
 subclasses (#5225)

* Allow update `__class__` for module subclasses

* Set `IMMUTABLETYPE` flag for static classes

* Unmark fixed tests
---
 Lib/test/test_opcache.py   |  4 ----
 derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs |  3 +++
 vm/src/builtins/object.rs  | 17 +++++++++++++++--
 3 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_opcache.py b/Lib/test/test_opcache.py
index 978cc93053..8f1f8764b1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_opcache.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_opcache.py
@@ -152,8 +152,6 @@ def f():
         for _ in range(1025):
             self.assertTrue(f())
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_metaclass_swap(self):
         class OldMetaclass(type):
             @property
@@ -411,8 +409,6 @@ def f():
         for _ in range(1025):
             self.assertTrue(f())
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_metaclass_swap(self):
         class OldMetaclass(type):
             @property
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
index 8f688b366a..a8371d889b 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
@@ -1497,6 +1497,9 @@ fn extract_impl_attrs(attr: AttributeArgs, item: &Ident) -> Result<ExtractedImpl
                              .union(::rustpython_vm::types::PyTypeFlags::#ident)
                         });
                     }
+                    flags.push(quote! {
+                        .union(::rustpython_vm::types::PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE)
+                    });
                 } else {
                     bail_span!(path, "Unknown pyimpl attribute")
                 }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
index fca68a9f34..1fbebf2729 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::{PyDictRef, PyList, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::common::hash::PyHash;
+use crate::types::PyTypeFlags;
 use crate::{
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{Either, FuncArgs, PyArithmeticValue, PyComparisonValue, PySetterValue},
@@ -281,7 +282,18 @@ impl PyBaseObject {
 
     #[pygetset(name = "__class__", setter)]
     fn set_class(instance: PyObjectRef, value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        if instance.payload_is::<PyBaseObject>() {
+        let both_module = instance.class().fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.types.module_type)
+            && value.class().fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.types.module_type);
+        let both_mutable = !instance
+            .class()
+            .slots
+            .flags
+            .has_feature(PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE)
+            && !value
+                .downcast_ref::<PyType>()
+                .map(|t| t.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE))
+                .unwrap_or(false);
+        if both_mutable || both_module {
             match value.downcast::<PyType>() {
                 Ok(cls) => {
                     // FIXME(#1979) cls instances might have a payload
@@ -298,7 +310,8 @@ impl PyBaseObject {
             }
         } else {
             Err(vm.new_type_error(
-                "__class__ assignment only supported for types without a payload".to_owned(),
+                "__class__ assignment only supported for mutable types or ModuleType subclasses"
+                    .to_owned(),
             ))
         }
     }

From 21c5eae717ae329d27cc102cfb6b1b89b3611036 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Moreal <dev.moreal@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Apr 2024 12:01:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 146/705] Add testcase for `__ne__` method

---
 Lib/test/test_builtin.py | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
index 9e13fbb2c8..e096776051 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
@@ -610,6 +610,11 @@ def __dir__(self):
         # test that object has a __dir__()
         self.assertEqual(sorted([].__dir__()), dir([]))
 
+    def test___ne__(self):
+        self.assertFalse(None.__ne__(None))
+        self.assertIs(None.__ne__(0), NotImplemented)
+        self.assertIs(None.__ne__("abc"), NotImplemented)
+
     def test_divmod(self):
         self.assertEqual(divmod(12, 7), (1, 5))
         self.assertEqual(divmod(-12, 7), (-2, 2))

From bf985c8ac60f64863048df6cda29971228ea7579 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Moreal <dev.moreal@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Apr 2024 12:07:52 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 147/705] Fix `None.__ne__` bug

---
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_none.py |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/singletons.rs        | 29 +++-------------------------
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_none.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_none.py
index c8a07f518d..d605f1d742 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_none.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_none.py
@@ -22,4 +22,4 @@ def none2():
 assert None.__eq__(3) is NotImplemented
 assert None.__ne__(3) is NotImplemented
 assert None.__eq__(None) is True
-assert None.__ne__(None) is NotImplemented
+assert None.__ne__(None) is False
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/singletons.rs b/vm/src/builtins/singletons.rs
index d4487b586d..65b171a262 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/singletons.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/singletons.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ use super::{PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::ToPyObject,
-    function::{PyArithmeticValue, PyComparisonValue},
     protocol::PyNumberMethods,
-    types::{AsNumber, Comparable, Constructor, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
-    Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    types::{AsNumber, Constructor, Representable},
+    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "NoneType")]
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ impl Constructor for PyNone {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, Comparable, AsNumber, Representable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Constructor, AsNumber, Representable))]
 impl PyNone {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn bool(&self) -> bool {
@@ -73,28 +72,6 @@ impl AsNumber for PyNone {
     }
 }
 
-impl Comparable for PyNone {
-    fn cmp(
-        _zelf: &Py<Self>,
-        other: &PyObject,
-        op: PyComparisonOp,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyComparisonValue> {
-        let value = match op {
-            PyComparisonOp::Eq => {
-                if vm.is_none(other) {
-                    PyArithmeticValue::Implemented(true)
-                } else {
-                    PyArithmeticValue::NotImplemented
-                }
-            }
-            _ => PyComparisonValue::NotImplemented,
-        };
-
-        Ok(value)
-    }
-}
-
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "NotImplementedType")]
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct PyNotImplemented;

From b1c3c9a9d6145bbb1872feb383e0fdd7c0dd10d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Moreal <dev.moreal@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Apr 2024 12:22:23 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 148/705] Bump CPython version to 3.12.3 in CI

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 553fa6b1ef..0c80cc894e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ env:
     test_weakref
     test_yield_from
   # Python version targeted by the CI.
-  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.12.0"
+  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.12.3"
 
 jobs:
   rust_tests:
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: run rust tests
         run: cargo test --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm --verbose --features threading ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }}
-        if: runner.os != 'macOS'  
+        if: runner.os != 'macOS'
       # temp skip ssl linking for Mac to avoid CI failure
       - name: run rust tests (MacOS no ssl)
         run: cargo test --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm --verbose --no-default-features --features threading,stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,jit

From 21ae739eec9ac164a1f59b9cfc37a10ab342128c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Moreal <dev.moreal@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Apr 2024 15:27:36 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 149/705] Check downcast to type first

---
 vm/src/builtins/object.rs | 51 ++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
index 1fbebf2729..0b00b4422d 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
@@ -282,37 +282,34 @@ impl PyBaseObject {
 
     #[pygetset(name = "__class__", setter)]
     fn set_class(instance: PyObjectRef, value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let both_module = instance.class().fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.types.module_type)
-            && value.class().fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.types.module_type);
-        let both_mutable = !instance
-            .class()
-            .slots
-            .flags
-            .has_feature(PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE)
-            && !value
-                .downcast_ref::<PyType>()
-                .map(|t| t.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE))
-                .unwrap_or(false);
-        if both_mutable || both_module {
-            match value.downcast::<PyType>() {
-                Ok(cls) => {
-                    // FIXME(#1979) cls instances might have a payload
+        match value.downcast::<PyType>() {
+            Ok(cls) => {
+                let both_module = instance.class().fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.types.module_type)
+                    && cls.fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.types.module_type);
+                let both_mutable = !instance
+                    .class()
+                    .slots
+                    .flags
+                    .has_feature(PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE)
+                    && !cls.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE);
+                // FIXME(#1979) cls instances might have a payload
+                if both_mutable || both_module {
                     instance.set_class(cls, vm);
                     Ok(())
-                }
-                Err(value) => {
-                    let value_class = value.class();
-                    let type_repr = &value_class.name();
-                    Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                        "__class__ must be set to a class, not '{type_repr}' object"
-                    )))
+                } else {
+                    Err(vm.new_type_error(
+                        "__class__ assignment only supported for mutable types or ModuleType subclasses"
+                            .to_owned(),
+                    ))
                 }
             }
-        } else {
-            Err(vm.new_type_error(
-                "__class__ assignment only supported for mutable types or ModuleType subclasses"
-                    .to_owned(),
-            ))
+            Err(value) => {
+                let value_class = value.class();
+                let type_repr = &value_class.name();
+                Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                    "__class__ must be set to a class, not '{type_repr}' object"
+                )))
+            }
         }
     }
 

From 959e7c11ce98c5fb66b8139a02c7ad266ff6e107 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Moreal <dev.moreal@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Apr 2024 16:48:19 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 150/705] Unmark fixed tests

---
 Lib/test/test_descr.py               |  2 --
 Lib/test/test_importlib/test_lazy.py | 18 ------------------
 2 files changed, 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_descr.py b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
index e634458e00..98fd839950 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_descr.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
@@ -1052,8 +1052,6 @@ class Cdict(object):
         self.assertEqual(x.foo, 1)
         self.assertEqual(x.__dict__, {'foo': 1})
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_object_class_assignment_between_heaptypes_and_nonheaptypes(self):
         class SubType(types.ModuleType):
             a = 1
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_lazy.py b/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_lazy.py
index 7539a8c435..cc993f333e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_lazy.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_lazy.py
@@ -75,8 +75,6 @@ def new_module(self, source_code=None):
         self.assertIsNone(loader.loaded)
         return module
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_e2e(self):
         # End-to-end test to verify the load is in fact lazy.
         importer = TestingImporter()
@@ -90,24 +88,18 @@ def test_e2e(self):
         self.assertIsNotNone(importer.loaded)
         self.assertEqual(module, importer.loaded)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_attr_unchanged(self):
         # An attribute only mutated as a side-effect of import should not be
         # changed needlessly.
         module = self.new_module()
         self.assertEqual(TestingImporter.mutated_name, module.__name__)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_new_attr(self):
         # A new attribute should persist.
         module = self.new_module()
         module.new_attr = 42
         self.assertEqual(42, module.new_attr)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_mutated_preexisting_attr(self):
         # Changing an attribute that already existed on the module --
         # e.g. __name__ -- should persist.
@@ -115,8 +107,6 @@ def test_mutated_preexisting_attr(self):
         module.__name__ = 'bogus'
         self.assertEqual('bogus', module.__name__)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_mutated_attr(self):
         # Changing an attribute that comes into existence after an import
         # should persist.
@@ -124,23 +114,17 @@ def test_mutated_attr(self):
         module.attr = 6
         self.assertEqual(6, module.attr)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_delete_eventual_attr(self):
         # Deleting an attribute should stay deleted.
         module = self.new_module()
         del module.attr
         self.assertFalse(hasattr(module, 'attr'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_delete_preexisting_attr(self):
         module = self.new_module()
         del module.__name__
         self.assertFalse(hasattr(module, '__name__'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_module_substitution_error(self):
         with test_util.uncache(TestingImporter.module_name):
             fresh_module = types.ModuleType(TestingImporter.module_name)
@@ -149,8 +133,6 @@ def test_module_substitution_error(self):
             with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "substituted"):
                 module.__name__
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_module_already_in_sys(self):
         with test_util.uncache(TestingImporter.module_name):
             module = self.new_module()

From 60993b9d23276b39d5b9e541ce8fd63b3180ec6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lee Dogeon <dev.moreal@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Apr 2024 01:33:14 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 151/705] Bump shutil to 3.12.3 (#5228)

* Bump shutil to 3.12.3

* Implement windows platform target `is_junction` with junction library

* Add _winapi.NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePath

---------

Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
---
 Cargo.lock              |   11 +
 Lib/shutil.py           |  607 +++++++----
 Lib/test/test_shutil.py | 2264 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 stdlib/Cargo.toml       |    1 +
 vm/Cargo.toml           |    3 +
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs     |   12 +
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs |   11 +
 7 files changed, 1894 insertions(+), 1015 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 01118ff8a9..ab03881fc4 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1055,6 +1055,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "junction"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ca39ef0d69b18e6a2fd14c2f0a1d593200f4a4ed949b240b5917ab51fac754cb"
+dependencies = [
+ "scopeguard",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "keccak"
 version = "0.1.3"
@@ -2305,6 +2315,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "indexmap 2.2.6",
  "is-macro",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "junction",
  "libc",
  "log",
  "malachite-bigint",
diff --git a/Lib/shutil.py b/Lib/shutil.py
index 31336e08e8..6803ee3ce6 100644
--- a/Lib/shutil.py
+++ b/Lib/shutil.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 import fnmatch
 import collections
 import errno
+import warnings
 
 try:
     import zlib
@@ -32,16 +33,6 @@
 except ImportError:
     _LZMA_SUPPORTED = False
 
-try:
-    from pwd import getpwnam
-except ImportError:
-    getpwnam = None
-
-try:
-    from grp import getgrnam
-except ImportError:
-    getgrnam = None
-
 _WINDOWS = os.name == 'nt'
 posix = nt = None
 if os.name == 'posix':
@@ -49,10 +40,20 @@
 elif _WINDOWS:
     import nt
 
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    import _winapi
+else:
+    _winapi = None
+
 COPY_BUFSIZE = 1024 * 1024 if _WINDOWS else 64 * 1024
+# This should never be removed, see rationale in:
+# https://bugs.python.org/issue43743#msg393429
 _USE_CP_SENDFILE = hasattr(os, "sendfile") and sys.platform.startswith("linux")
 _HAS_FCOPYFILE = posix and hasattr(posix, "_fcopyfile")  # macOS
 
+# CMD defaults in Windows 10
+_WIN_DEFAULT_PATHEXT = ".COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.JS;.WS;.MSC"
+
 __all__ = ["copyfileobj", "copyfile", "copymode", "copystat", "copy", "copy2",
            "copytree", "move", "rmtree", "Error", "SpecialFileError",
            "ExecError", "make_archive", "get_archive_formats",
@@ -189,21 +190,19 @@ def _copyfileobj_readinto(fsrc, fdst, length=COPY_BUFSIZE):
                 break
             elif n < length:
                 with mv[:n] as smv:
-                    fdst.write(smv)
+                    fdst_write(smv)
+                break
             else:
                 fdst_write(mv)
 
 def copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst, length=0):
     """copy data from file-like object fsrc to file-like object fdst"""
-    # Localize variable access to minimize overhead.
     if not length:
         length = COPY_BUFSIZE
+    # Localize variable access to minimize overhead.
     fsrc_read = fsrc.read
     fdst_write = fdst.write
-    while True:
-        buf = fsrc_read(length)
-        if not buf:
-            break
+    while buf := fsrc_read(length):
         fdst_write(buf)
 
 def _samefile(src, dst):
@@ -260,28 +259,37 @@ def copyfile(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
     if not follow_symlinks and _islink(src):
         os.symlink(os.readlink(src), dst)
     else:
-        with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc, open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
-            # macOS
-            if _HAS_FCOPYFILE:
-                try:
-                    _fastcopy_fcopyfile(fsrc, fdst, posix._COPYFILE_DATA)
-                    return dst
-                except _GiveupOnFastCopy:
-                    pass
-            # Linux
-            elif _USE_CP_SENDFILE:
-                try:
-                    _fastcopy_sendfile(fsrc, fdst)
-                    return dst
-                except _GiveupOnFastCopy:
-                    pass
-            # Windows, see:
-            # https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/7160#discussion_r195405230
-            elif _WINDOWS and file_size > 0:
-                _copyfileobj_readinto(fsrc, fdst, min(file_size, COPY_BUFSIZE))
-                return dst
-
-            copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
+        with open(src, 'rb') as fsrc:
+            try:
+                with open(dst, 'wb') as fdst:
+                    # macOS
+                    if _HAS_FCOPYFILE:
+                        try:
+                            _fastcopy_fcopyfile(fsrc, fdst, posix._COPYFILE_DATA)
+                            return dst
+                        except _GiveupOnFastCopy:
+                            pass
+                    # Linux
+                    elif _USE_CP_SENDFILE:
+                        try:
+                            _fastcopy_sendfile(fsrc, fdst)
+                            return dst
+                        except _GiveupOnFastCopy:
+                            pass
+                    # Windows, see:
+                    # https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/7160#discussion_r195405230
+                    elif _WINDOWS and file_size > 0:
+                        _copyfileobj_readinto(fsrc, fdst, min(file_size, COPY_BUFSIZE))
+                        return dst
+
+                    copyfileobj(fsrc, fdst)
+
+            # Issue 43219, raise a less confusing exception
+            except IsADirectoryError as e:
+                if not os.path.exists(dst):
+                    raise FileNotFoundError(f'Directory does not exist: {dst}') from e
+                else:
+                    raise
 
     return dst
 
@@ -296,11 +304,15 @@ def copymode(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
     sys.audit("shutil.copymode", src, dst)
 
     if not follow_symlinks and _islink(src) and os.path.islink(dst):
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            stat_func, chmod_func = os.lstat, os.chmod
+        elif hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
             stat_func, chmod_func = os.lstat, os.lchmod
         else:
             return
     else:
+        if os.name == 'nt' and os.path.islink(dst):
+            dst = os.path.realpath(dst, strict=True)
         stat_func, chmod_func = _stat, os.chmod
 
     st = stat_func(src)
@@ -328,7 +340,7 @@ def _copyxattr(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
                 os.setxattr(dst, name, value, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
             except OSError as e:
                 if e.errno not in (errno.EPERM, errno.ENOTSUP, errno.ENODATA,
-                                   errno.EINVAL):
+                                   errno.EINVAL, errno.EACCES):
                     raise
 else:
     def _copyxattr(*args, **kwargs):
@@ -376,8 +388,16 @@ def lookup(name):
     # We must copy extended attributes before the file is (potentially)
     # chmod()'ed read-only, otherwise setxattr() will error with -EACCES.
     _copyxattr(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow)
+    _chmod = lookup("chmod")
+    if os.name == 'nt':
+        if follow:
+            if os.path.islink(dst):
+                dst = os.path.realpath(dst, strict=True)
+        else:
+            def _chmod(*args, **kwargs):
+                os.chmod(*args)
     try:
-        lookup("chmod")(dst, mode, follow_symlinks=follow)
+        _chmod(dst, mode, follow_symlinks=follow)
     except NotImplementedError:
         # if we got a NotImplementedError, it's because
         #   * follow_symlinks=False,
@@ -431,6 +451,29 @@ def copy2(src, dst, *, follow_symlinks=True):
     """
     if os.path.isdir(dst):
         dst = os.path.join(dst, os.path.basename(src))
+
+    if hasattr(_winapi, "CopyFile2"):
+        src_ = os.fsdecode(src)
+        dst_ = os.fsdecode(dst)
+        flags = _winapi.COPY_FILE_ALLOW_DECRYPTED_DESTINATION # for compat
+        if not follow_symlinks:
+            flags |= _winapi.COPY_FILE_COPY_SYMLINK
+        try:
+            _winapi.CopyFile2(src_, dst_, flags)
+            return dst
+        except OSError as exc:
+            if (exc.winerror == _winapi.ERROR_PRIVILEGE_NOT_HELD
+                and not follow_symlinks):
+                # Likely encountered a symlink we aren't allowed to create.
+                # Fall back on the old code
+                pass
+            elif exc.winerror == _winapi.ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED:
+                # Possibly encountered a hidden or readonly file we can't
+                # overwrite. Fall back on old code
+                pass
+            else:
+                raise
+
     copyfile(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
     copystat(src, dst, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
     return dst
@@ -452,7 +495,7 @@ def _copytree(entries, src, dst, symlinks, ignore, copy_function,
     if ignore is not None:
         ignored_names = ignore(os.fspath(src), [x.name for x in entries])
     else:
-        ignored_names = set()
+        ignored_names = ()
 
     os.makedirs(dst, exist_ok=dirs_exist_ok)
     errors = []
@@ -487,12 +530,13 @@ def _copytree(entries, src, dst, symlinks, ignore, copy_function,
                     # otherwise let the copy occur. copy2 will raise an error
                     if srcentry.is_dir():
                         copytree(srcobj, dstname, symlinks, ignore,
-                                 copy_function, dirs_exist_ok=dirs_exist_ok)
+                                 copy_function, ignore_dangling_symlinks,
+                                 dirs_exist_ok)
                     else:
                         copy_function(srcobj, dstname)
             elif srcentry.is_dir():
                 copytree(srcobj, dstname, symlinks, ignore, copy_function,
-                         dirs_exist_ok=dirs_exist_ok)
+                         ignore_dangling_symlinks, dirs_exist_ok)
             else:
                 # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
                 copy_function(srcobj, dstname)
@@ -516,9 +560,6 @@ def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2,
              ignore_dangling_symlinks=False, dirs_exist_ok=False):
     """Recursively copy a directory tree and return the destination directory.
 
-    dirs_exist_ok dictates whether to raise an exception in case dst or any
-    missing parent directory already exists.
-
     If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised with a list of reasons.
 
     If the optional symlinks flag is true, symbolic links in the
@@ -549,6 +590,11 @@ def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2,
     destination path as arguments. By default, copy2() is used, but any
     function that supports the same signature (like copy()) can be used.
 
+    If dirs_exist_ok is false (the default) and `dst` already exists, a
+    `FileExistsError` is raised. If `dirs_exist_ok` is true, the copying
+    operation will continue if it encounters existing directories, and files
+    within the `dst` tree will be overwritten by corresponding files from the
+    `src` tree.
     """
     sys.audit("shutil.copytree", src, dst)
     with os.scandir(src) as itr:
@@ -559,18 +605,6 @@ def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2,
                      dirs_exist_ok=dirs_exist_ok)
 
 if hasattr(os.stat_result, 'st_file_attributes'):
-    # Special handling for directory junctions to make them behave like
-    # symlinks for shutil.rmtree, since in general they do not appear as
-    # regular links.
-    def _rmtree_isdir(entry):
-        try:
-            st = entry.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
-            return (stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) and not
-                (st.st_file_attributes & stat.FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT
-                 and st.st_reparse_tag == stat.IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT))
-        except OSError:
-            return False
-
     def _rmtree_islink(path):
         try:
             st = os.lstat(path)
@@ -580,54 +614,53 @@ def _rmtree_islink(path):
         except OSError:
             return False
 else:
-    def _rmtree_isdir(entry):
-        try:
-            return entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=False)
-        except OSError:
-            return False
-
     def _rmtree_islink(path):
         return os.path.islink(path)
 
 # version vulnerable to race conditions
-def _rmtree_unsafe(path, onerror):
+def _rmtree_unsafe(path, onexc):
     try:
         with os.scandir(path) as scandir_it:
             entries = list(scandir_it)
-    except OSError:
-        onerror(os.scandir, path, sys.exc_info())
+    except OSError as err:
+        onexc(os.scandir, path, err)
         entries = []
     for entry in entries:
         fullname = entry.path
-        if _rmtree_isdir(entry):
+        try:
+            is_dir = entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=False)
+        except OSError:
+            is_dir = False
+
+        if is_dir and not entry.is_junction():
             try:
                 if entry.is_symlink():
                     # This can only happen if someone replaces
                     # a directory with a symlink after the call to
                     # os.scandir or entry.is_dir above.
                     raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
-            except OSError:
-                onerror(os.path.islink, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+            except OSError as err:
+                onexc(os.path.islink, fullname, err)
                 continue
-            _rmtree_unsafe(fullname, onerror)
+            _rmtree_unsafe(fullname, onexc)
         else:
             try:
                 os.unlink(fullname)
-            except OSError:
-                onerror(os.unlink, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+            except OSError as err:
+                onexc(os.unlink, fullname, err)
     try:
         os.rmdir(path)
-    except OSError:
-        onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+    except OSError as err:
+        onexc(os.rmdir, path, err)
 
 # Version using fd-based APIs to protect against races
-def _rmtree_safe_fd(topfd, path, onerror):
+def _rmtree_safe_fd(topfd, path, onexc):
     try:
         with os.scandir(topfd) as scandir_it:
             entries = list(scandir_it)
     except OSError as err:
         err.filename = path
-        onerror(os.scandir, path, sys.exc_info())
+        onexc(os.scandir, path, err)
         return
     for entry in entries:
         fullname = os.path.join(path, entry.name)
@@ -640,22 +673,30 @@ def _rmtree_safe_fd(topfd, path, onerror):
                 try:
                     orig_st = entry.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
                     is_dir = stat.S_ISDIR(orig_st.st_mode)
-                except OSError:
-                    onerror(os.lstat, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+                except OSError as err:
+                    onexc(os.lstat, fullname, err)
                     continue
         if is_dir:
             try:
-                dirfd = os.open(entry.name, os.O_RDONLY, dir_fd=topfd)
-            except OSError:
-                onerror(os.open, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+                dirfd = os.open(entry.name, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NONBLOCK, dir_fd=topfd)
+                dirfd_closed = False
+            except OSError as err:
+                onexc(os.open, fullname, err)
             else:
                 try:
                     if os.path.samestat(orig_st, os.fstat(dirfd)):
-                        _rmtree_safe_fd(dirfd, fullname, onerror)
+                        _rmtree_safe_fd(dirfd, fullname, onexc)
+                        try:
+                            os.close(dirfd)
+                        except OSError as err:
+                            # close() should not be retried after an error.
+                            dirfd_closed = True
+                            onexc(os.close, fullname, err)
+                        dirfd_closed = True
                         try:
                             os.rmdir(entry.name, dir_fd=topfd)
-                        except OSError:
-                            onerror(os.rmdir, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+                        except OSError as err:
+                            onexc(os.rmdir, fullname, err)
                     else:
                         try:
                             # This can only happen if someone replaces
@@ -663,39 +704,67 @@ def _rmtree_safe_fd(topfd, path, onerror):
                             # os.scandir or stat.S_ISDIR above.
                             raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic "
                                           "link")
-                        except OSError:
-                            onerror(os.path.islink, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+                        except OSError as err:
+                            onexc(os.path.islink, fullname, err)
                 finally:
-                    os.close(dirfd)
+                    if not dirfd_closed:
+                        try:
+                            os.close(dirfd)
+                        except OSError as err:
+                            onexc(os.close, fullname, err)
         else:
             try:
                 os.unlink(entry.name, dir_fd=topfd)
-            except OSError:
-                onerror(os.unlink, fullname, sys.exc_info())
+            except OSError as err:
+                onexc(os.unlink, fullname, err)
 
 _use_fd_functions = ({os.open, os.stat, os.unlink, os.rmdir} <=
                      os.supports_dir_fd and
                      os.scandir in os.supports_fd and
                      os.stat in os.supports_follow_symlinks)
 
-def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):
+def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None, *, onexc=None, dir_fd=None):
     """Recursively delete a directory tree.
 
-    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onerror
-    is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
+    If dir_fd is not None, it should be a file descriptor open to a directory;
+    path will then be relative to that directory.
+    dir_fd may not be implemented on your platform.
+    If it is unavailable, using it will raise a NotImplementedError.
+
+    If ignore_errors is set, errors are ignored; otherwise, if onexc or
+    onerror is set, it is called to handle the error with arguments (func,
     path, exc_info) where func is platform and implementation dependent;
     path is the argument to that function that caused it to fail; and
-    exc_info is a tuple returned by sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors
-    is false and onerror is None, an exception is raised.
+    the value of exc_info describes the exception. For onexc it is the
+    exception instance, and for onerror it is a tuple as returned by
+    sys.exc_info().  If ignore_errors is false and both onexc and
+    onerror are None, the exception is reraised.
 
+    onerror is deprecated and only remains for backwards compatibility.
+    If both onerror and onexc are set, onerror is ignored and onexc is used.
     """
-    sys.audit("shutil.rmtree", path)
+
+    sys.audit("shutil.rmtree", path, dir_fd)
     if ignore_errors:
-        def onerror(*args):
+        def onexc(*args):
             pass
-    elif onerror is None:
-        def onerror(*args):
+    elif onerror is None and onexc is None:
+        def onexc(*args):
             raise
+    elif onexc is None:
+        if onerror is None:
+            def onexc(*args):
+                raise
+        else:
+            # delegate to onerror
+            def onexc(*args):
+                func, path, exc = args
+                if exc is None:
+                    exc_info = None, None, None
+                else:
+                    exc_info = type(exc), exc, exc.__traceback__
+                return onerror(func, path, exc_info)
+
     if _use_fd_functions:
         # While the unsafe rmtree works fine on bytes, the fd based does not.
         if isinstance(path, bytes):
@@ -703,48 +772,74 @@ def onerror(*args):
         # Note: To guard against symlink races, we use the standard
         # lstat()/open()/fstat() trick.
         try:
-            orig_st = os.lstat(path)
-        except Exception:
-            onerror(os.lstat, path, sys.exc_info())
+            orig_st = os.lstat(path, dir_fd=dir_fd)
+        except Exception as err:
+            onexc(os.lstat, path, err)
             return
         try:
-            fd = os.open(path, os.O_RDONLY)
-        except Exception:
-            onerror(os.lstat, path, sys.exc_info())
+            fd = os.open(path, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_NONBLOCK, dir_fd=dir_fd)
+            fd_closed = False
+        except Exception as err:
+            onexc(os.open, path, err)
             return
         try:
             if os.path.samestat(orig_st, os.fstat(fd)):
-                _rmtree_safe_fd(fd, path, onerror)
+                _rmtree_safe_fd(fd, path, onexc)
+                try:
+                    os.close(fd)
+                except OSError as err:
+                    # close() should not be retried after an error.
+                    fd_closed = True
+                    onexc(os.close, path, err)
+                fd_closed = True
                 try:
-                    os.rmdir(path)
-                except OSError:
-                    onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
+                    os.rmdir(path, dir_fd=dir_fd)
+                except OSError as err:
+                    onexc(os.rmdir, path, err)
             else:
                 try:
                     # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
                     raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
-                except OSError:
-                    onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
+                except OSError as err:
+                    onexc(os.path.islink, path, err)
         finally:
-            os.close(fd)
+            if not fd_closed:
+                try:
+                    os.close(fd)
+                except OSError as err:
+                    onexc(os.close, path, err)
     else:
+        if dir_fd is not None:
+            raise NotImplementedError("dir_fd unavailable on this platform")
         try:
             if _rmtree_islink(path):
                 # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
                 raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
-        except OSError:
-            onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
-            # can't continue even if onerror hook returns
+        except OSError as err:
+            onexc(os.path.islink, path, err)
+            # can't continue even if onexc hook returns
             return
-        return _rmtree_unsafe(path, onerror)
+        return _rmtree_unsafe(path, onexc)
 
 # Allow introspection of whether or not the hardening against symlink
 # attacks is supported on the current platform
 rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks = _use_fd_functions
 
 def _basename(path):
-    # A basename() variant which first strips the trailing slash, if present.
-    # Thus we always get the last component of the path, even for directories.
+    """A basename() variant which first strips the trailing slash, if present.
+    Thus we always get the last component of the path, even for directories.
+
+    path: Union[PathLike, str]
+
+    e.g.
+    >>> os.path.basename('/bar/foo')
+    'foo'
+    >>> os.path.basename('/bar/foo/')
+    ''
+    >>> _basename('/bar/foo/')
+    'foo'
+    """
+    path = os.fspath(path)
     sep = os.path.sep + (os.path.altsep or '')
     return os.path.basename(path.rstrip(sep))
 
@@ -753,12 +848,12 @@ def move(src, dst, copy_function=copy2):
     similar to the Unix "mv" command. Return the file or directory's
     destination.
 
-    If the destination is a directory or a symlink to a directory, the source
-    is moved inside the directory. The destination path must not already
-    exist.
+    If dst is an existing directory or a symlink to a directory, then src is
+    moved inside that directory. The destination path in that directory must
+    not already exist.
 
-    If the destination already exists but is not a directory, it may be
-    overwritten depending on os.rename() semantics.
+    If dst already exists but is not a directory, it may be overwritten
+    depending on os.rename() semantics.
 
     If the destination is on our current filesystem, then rename() is used.
     Otherwise, src is copied to the destination and then removed. Symlinks are
@@ -777,13 +872,16 @@ def move(src, dst, copy_function=copy2):
     sys.audit("shutil.move", src, dst)
     real_dst = dst
     if os.path.isdir(dst):
-        if _samefile(src, dst):
+        if _samefile(src, dst) and not os.path.islink(src):
             # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
             # perform the rename anyway.
             os.rename(src, dst)
             return
 
+        # Using _basename instead of os.path.basename is important, as we must
+        # ignore any trailing slash to avoid the basename returning ''
         real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
+
         if os.path.exists(real_dst):
             raise Error("Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst)
     try:
@@ -797,6 +895,12 @@ def move(src, dst, copy_function=copy2):
             if _destinsrc(src, dst):
                 raise Error("Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself"
                             " '%s'." % (src, dst))
+            if (_is_immutable(src)
+                    or (not os.access(src, os.W_OK) and os.listdir(src)
+                        and sys.platform == 'darwin')):
+                raise PermissionError("Cannot move the non-empty directory "
+                                      "'%s': Lacking write permission to '%s'."
+                                      % (src, src))
             copytree(src, real_dst, copy_function=copy_function,
                      symlinks=True)
             rmtree(src)
@@ -814,10 +918,21 @@ def _destinsrc(src, dst):
         dst += os.path.sep
     return dst.startswith(src)
 
+def _is_immutable(src):
+    st = _stat(src)
+    immutable_states = [stat.UF_IMMUTABLE, stat.SF_IMMUTABLE]
+    return hasattr(st, 'st_flags') and st.st_flags in immutable_states
+
 def _get_gid(name):
     """Returns a gid, given a group name."""
-    if getgrnam is None or name is None:
+    if name is None:
+        return None
+
+    try:
+        from grp import getgrnam
+    except ImportError:
         return None
+
     try:
         result = getgrnam(name)
     except KeyError:
@@ -828,8 +943,14 @@ def _get_gid(name):
 
 def _get_uid(name):
     """Returns an uid, given a user name."""
-    if getpwnam is None or name is None:
+    if name is None:
         return None
+
+    try:
+        from pwd import getpwnam
+    except ImportError:
+        return None
+
     try:
         result = getpwnam(name)
     except KeyError:
@@ -839,7 +960,7 @@ def _get_uid(name):
     return None
 
 def _make_tarball(base_name, base_dir, compress="gzip", verbose=0, dry_run=0,
-                  owner=None, group=None, logger=None):
+                  owner=None, group=None, logger=None, root_dir=None):
     """Create a (possibly compressed) tar file from all the files under
     'base_dir'.
 
@@ -896,14 +1017,20 @@ def _set_uid_gid(tarinfo):
 
     if not dry_run:
         tar = tarfile.open(archive_name, 'w|%s' % tar_compression)
+        arcname = base_dir
+        if root_dir is not None:
+            base_dir = os.path.join(root_dir, base_dir)
         try:
-            tar.add(base_dir, filter=_set_uid_gid)
+            tar.add(base_dir, arcname, filter=_set_uid_gid)
         finally:
             tar.close()
 
+    if root_dir is not None:
+        archive_name = os.path.abspath(archive_name)
     return archive_name
 
-def _make_zipfile(base_name, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0, logger=None):
+def _make_zipfile(base_name, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0,
+                  logger=None, owner=None, group=None, root_dir=None):
     """Create a zip file from all the files under 'base_dir'.
 
     The output zip file will be named 'base_name' + ".zip".  Returns the
@@ -927,28 +1054,48 @@ def _make_zipfile(base_name, base_dir, verbose=0, dry_run=0, logger=None):
     if not dry_run:
         with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_filename, "w",
                              compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED) as zf:
-            path = os.path.normpath(base_dir)
-            if path != os.curdir:
-                zf.write(path, path)
+            arcname = os.path.normpath(base_dir)
+            if root_dir is not None:
+                base_dir = os.path.join(root_dir, base_dir)
+            base_dir = os.path.normpath(base_dir)
+            if arcname != os.curdir:
+                zf.write(base_dir, arcname)
                 if logger is not None:
-                    logger.info("adding '%s'", path)
+                    logger.info("adding '%s'", base_dir)
             for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(base_dir):
+                arcdirpath = dirpath
+                if root_dir is not None:
+                    arcdirpath = os.path.relpath(arcdirpath, root_dir)
+                arcdirpath = os.path.normpath(arcdirpath)
                 for name in sorted(dirnames):
-                    path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
-                    zf.write(path, path)
+                    path = os.path.join(dirpath, name)
+                    arcname = os.path.join(arcdirpath, name)
+                    zf.write(path, arcname)
                     if logger is not None:
                         logger.info("adding '%s'", path)
                 for name in filenames:
-                    path = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(dirpath, name))
+                    path = os.path.join(dirpath, name)
+                    path = os.path.normpath(path)
                     if os.path.isfile(path):
-                        zf.write(path, path)
+                        arcname = os.path.join(arcdirpath, name)
+                        zf.write(path, arcname)
                         if logger is not None:
                             logger.info("adding '%s'", path)
 
+    if root_dir is not None:
+        zip_filename = os.path.abspath(zip_filename)
     return zip_filename
 
+_make_tarball.supports_root_dir = True
+_make_zipfile.supports_root_dir = True
+
+# Maps the name of the archive format to a tuple containing:
+# * the archiving function
+# * extra keyword arguments
+# * description
 _ARCHIVE_FORMATS = {
-    'tar':   (_make_tarball, [('compress', None)], "uncompressed tar file"),
+    'tar':   (_make_tarball, [('compress', None)],
+              "uncompressed tar file"),
 }
 
 if _ZLIB_SUPPORTED:
@@ -1017,36 +1164,44 @@ def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
     uses the current owner and group.
     """
     sys.audit("shutil.make_archive", base_name, format, root_dir, base_dir)
-    save_cwd = os.getcwd()
-    if root_dir is not None:
-        if logger is not None:
-            logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
-        base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
-        if not dry_run:
-            os.chdir(root_dir)
-
-    if base_dir is None:
-        base_dir = os.curdir
-
-    kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}
-
     try:
         format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
     except KeyError:
         raise ValueError("unknown archive format '%s'" % format) from None
 
+    kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger,
+              'owner': owner, 'group': group}
+
     func = format_info[0]
     for arg, val in format_info[1]:
         kwargs[arg] = val
 
-    if format != 'zip':
-        kwargs['owner'] = owner
-        kwargs['group'] = group
+    if base_dir is None:
+        base_dir = os.curdir
+
+    supports_root_dir = getattr(func, 'supports_root_dir', False)
+    save_cwd = None
+    if root_dir is not None:
+        stmd = os.stat(root_dir).st_mode
+        if not stat.S_ISDIR(stmd):
+            raise NotADirectoryError(errno.ENOTDIR, 'Not a directory', root_dir)
+
+        if supports_root_dir:
+            # Support path-like base_name here for backwards-compatibility.
+            base_name = os.fspath(base_name)
+            kwargs['root_dir'] = root_dir
+        else:
+            save_cwd = os.getcwd()
+            if logger is not None:
+                logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
+            base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
+            if not dry_run:
+                os.chdir(root_dir)
 
     try:
         filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
     finally:
-        if root_dir is not None:
+        if save_cwd is not None:
             if logger is not None:
                 logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)
             os.chdir(save_cwd)
@@ -1132,24 +1287,20 @@ def _unpack_zipfile(filename, extract_dir):
             if name.startswith('/') or '..' in name:
                 continue
 
-            target = os.path.join(extract_dir, *name.split('/'))
-            if not target:
+            targetpath = os.path.join(extract_dir, *name.split('/'))
+            if not targetpath:
                 continue
 
-            _ensure_directory(target)
+            _ensure_directory(targetpath)
             if not name.endswith('/'):
                 # file
-                data = zip.read(info.filename)
-                f = open(target, 'wb')
-                try:
-                    f.write(data)
-                finally:
-                    f.close()
-                    del data
+                with zip.open(name, 'r') as source, \
+                        open(targetpath, 'wb') as target:
+                    copyfileobj(source, target)
     finally:
         zip.close()
 
-def _unpack_tarfile(filename, extract_dir):
+def _unpack_tarfile(filename, extract_dir, *, filter=None):
     """Unpack tar/tar.gz/tar.bz2/tar.xz `filename` to `extract_dir`
     """
     import tarfile  # late import for breaking circular dependency
@@ -1159,10 +1310,15 @@ def _unpack_tarfile(filename, extract_dir):
         raise ReadError(
             "%s is not a compressed or uncompressed tar file" % filename)
     try:
-        tarobj.extractall(extract_dir)
+        tarobj.extractall(extract_dir, filter=filter)
     finally:
         tarobj.close()
 
+# Maps the name of the unpack format to a tuple containing:
+# * extensions
+# * the unpacking function
+# * extra keyword arguments
+# * description
 _UNPACK_FORMATS = {
     'tar':   (['.tar'], _unpack_tarfile, [], "uncompressed tar file"),
     'zip':   (['.zip'], _unpack_zipfile, [], "ZIP file"),
@@ -1187,7 +1343,7 @@ def _find_unpack_format(filename):
                 return name
     return None
 
-def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir=None, format=None):
+def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir=None, format=None, *, filter=None):
     """Unpack an archive.
 
     `filename` is the name of the archive.
@@ -1201,6 +1357,9 @@ def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir=None, format=None):
     was registered for that extension.
 
     In case none is found, a ValueError is raised.
+
+    If `filter` is given, it is passed to the underlying
+    extraction function.
     """
     sys.audit("shutil.unpack_archive", filename, extract_dir, format)
 
@@ -1210,6 +1369,10 @@ def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir=None, format=None):
     extract_dir = os.fspath(extract_dir)
     filename = os.fspath(filename)
 
+    if filter is None:
+        filter_kwargs = {}
+    else:
+        filter_kwargs = {'filter': filter}
     if format is not None:
         try:
             format_info = _UNPACK_FORMATS[format]
@@ -1217,7 +1380,7 @@ def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir=None, format=None):
             raise ValueError("Unknown unpack format '{0}'".format(format)) from None
 
         func = format_info[1]
-        func(filename, extract_dir, **dict(format_info[2]))
+        func(filename, extract_dir, **dict(format_info[2]), **filter_kwargs)
     else:
         # we need to look at the registered unpackers supported extensions
         format = _find_unpack_format(filename)
@@ -1225,7 +1388,7 @@ def unpack_archive(filename, extract_dir=None, format=None):
             raise ReadError("Unknown archive format '{0}'".format(filename))
 
         func = _UNPACK_FORMATS[format][1]
-        kwargs = dict(_UNPACK_FORMATS[format][2])
+        kwargs = dict(_UNPACK_FORMATS[format][2]) | filter_kwargs
         func(filename, extract_dir, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -1336,9 +1499,9 @@ def get_terminal_size(fallback=(80, 24)):
             # os.get_terminal_size() is unsupported
             size = os.terminal_size(fallback)
         if columns <= 0:
-            columns = size.columns
+            columns = size.columns or fallback[0]
         if lines <= 0:
-            lines = size.lines
+            lines = size.lines or fallback[1]
 
     return os.terminal_size((columns, lines))
 
@@ -1351,6 +1514,16 @@ def _access_check(fn, mode):
             and not os.path.isdir(fn))
 
 
+def _win_path_needs_curdir(cmd, mode):
+    """
+    On Windows, we can use NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePath to figure out
+    if we should add the cwd to PATH when searching for executables if
+    the mode is executable.
+    """
+    return (not (mode & os.X_OK)) or _winapi.NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePath(
+                os.fsdecode(cmd))
+
+
 def which(cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None):
     """Given a command, mode, and a PATH string, return the path which
     conforms to the given mode on the PATH, or None if there is no such
@@ -1361,58 +1534,62 @@ def which(cmd, mode=os.F_OK | os.X_OK, path=None):
     path.
 
     """
-    # If we're given a path with a directory part, look it up directly rather
-    # than referring to PATH directories. This includes checking relative to the
-    # current directory, e.g. ./script
-    if os.path.dirname(cmd):
-        if _access_check(cmd, mode):
-            return cmd
-        return None
-
     use_bytes = isinstance(cmd, bytes)
 
-    if path is None:
-        path = os.environ.get("PATH", None)
-        if path is None:
-            try:
-                path = os.confstr("CS_PATH")
-            except (AttributeError, ValueError):
-                # os.confstr() or CS_PATH is not available
-                path = os.defpath
-        # bpo-35755: Don't use os.defpath if the PATH environment variable is
-        # set to an empty string
-
-    # PATH='' doesn't match, whereas PATH=':' looks in the current directory
-    if not path:
-        return None
-
-    if use_bytes:
-        path = os.fsencode(path)
-        path = path.split(os.fsencode(os.pathsep))
+    # If we're given a path with a directory part, look it up directly rather
+    # than referring to PATH directories. This includes checking relative to
+    # the current directory, e.g. ./script
+    dirname, cmd = os.path.split(cmd)
+    if dirname:
+        path = [dirname]
     else:
-        path = os.fsdecode(path)
-        path = path.split(os.pathsep)
+        if path is None:
+            path = os.environ.get("PATH", None)
+            if path is None:
+                try:
+                    path = os.confstr("CS_PATH")
+                except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+                    # os.confstr() or CS_PATH is not available
+                    path = os.defpath
+            # bpo-35755: Don't use os.defpath if the PATH environment variable
+            # is set to an empty string
+
+        # PATH='' doesn't match, whereas PATH=':' looks in the current
+        # directory
+        if not path:
+            return None
 
-    if sys.platform == "win32":
-        # The current directory takes precedence on Windows.
-        curdir = os.curdir
         if use_bytes:
-            curdir = os.fsencode(curdir)
-        if curdir not in path:
+            path = os.fsencode(path)
+            path = path.split(os.fsencode(os.pathsep))
+        else:
+            path = os.fsdecode(path)
+            path = path.split(os.pathsep)
+
+        if sys.platform == "win32" and _win_path_needs_curdir(cmd, mode):
+            curdir = os.curdir
+            if use_bytes:
+                curdir = os.fsencode(curdir)
             path.insert(0, curdir)
 
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
         # PATHEXT is necessary to check on Windows.
-        pathext = os.environ.get("PATHEXT", "").split(os.pathsep)
+        pathext_source = os.getenv("PATHEXT") or _WIN_DEFAULT_PATHEXT
+        pathext = [ext for ext in pathext_source.split(os.pathsep) if ext]
+
         if use_bytes:
             pathext = [os.fsencode(ext) for ext in pathext]
-        # See if the given file matches any of the expected path extensions.
-        # This will allow us to short circuit when given "python.exe".
-        # If it does match, only test that one, otherwise we have to try
-        # others.
-        if any(cmd.lower().endswith(ext.lower()) for ext in pathext):
-            files = [cmd]
-        else:
-            files = [cmd + ext for ext in pathext]
+
+        files = ([cmd] + [cmd + ext for ext in pathext])
+
+        # gh-109590. If we are looking for an executable, we need to look
+        # for a PATHEXT match. The first cmd is the direct match
+        # (e.g. python.exe instead of python)
+        # Check that direct match first if and only if the extension is in PATHEXT
+        # Otherwise check it last
+        suffix = os.path.splitext(files[0])[1].upper()
+        if mode & os.X_OK and not any(suffix == ext.upper() for ext in pathext):
+            files.append(files.pop(0))
     else:
         # On other platforms you don't have things like PATHEXT to tell you
         # what file suffixes are executable, so just pass on cmd as-is.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
index fba98972dd..1342355069 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
                     unregister_unpack_format, get_unpack_formats,
                     SameFileError, _GiveupOnFastCopy)
 import tarfile
+import warnings
 import zipfile
 try:
     import posix
@@ -32,9 +33,13 @@
 from test import support
 from test.support import os_helper
 from test.support.os_helper import TESTFN, FakePath
+from test.support import warnings_helper
 
 TESTFN2 = TESTFN + "2"
+TESTFN_SRC = TESTFN + "_SRC"
+TESTFN_DST = TESTFN + "_DST"
 MACOS = sys.platform.startswith("darwin")
+SOLARIS = sys.platform.startswith("sunos")
 AIX = sys.platform[:3] == 'aix'
 try:
     import grp
@@ -48,6 +53,9 @@
 except ImportError:
     _winapi = None
 
+no_chdir = unittest.mock.patch('os.chdir',
+        side_effect=AssertionError("shouldn't call os.chdir()"))
+
 def _fake_rename(*args, **kwargs):
     # Pretend the destination path is on a different filesystem.
     raise OSError(getattr(errno, 'EXDEV', 18), "Invalid cross-device link")
@@ -72,7 +80,9 @@ def write_file(path, content, binary=False):
     """
     if isinstance(path, tuple):
         path = os.path.join(*path)
-    with open(path, 'wb' if binary else 'w') as fp:
+    mode = 'wb' if binary else 'w'
+    encoding = None if binary else "utf-8"
+    with open(path, mode, encoding=encoding) as fp:
         fp.write(content)
 
 def write_test_file(path, size):
@@ -102,7 +112,9 @@ def read_file(path, binary=False):
     """
     if isinstance(path, tuple):
         path = os.path.join(*path)
-    with open(path, 'rb' if binary else 'r') as fp:
+    mode = 'rb' if binary else 'r'
+    encoding = None if binary else "utf-8"
+    with open(path, mode, encoding=encoding) as fp:
         return fp.read()
 
 def rlistdir(path):
@@ -124,12 +136,12 @@ def supports_file2file_sendfile():
     srcname = None
     dstname = None
     try:
-        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile("wb", delete=False) as f:
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile("wb", dir=os.getcwd(), delete=False) as f:
             srcname = f.name
             f.write(b"0123456789")
 
         with open(srcname, "rb") as src:
-            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile("wb", delete=False) as dst:
+            with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile("wb", dir=os.getcwd(), delete=False) as dst:
                 dstname = dst.name
                 infd = src.fileno()
                 outfd = dst.fileno()
@@ -160,31 +172,21 @@ def _maxdataOK():
     else:
         return True
 
-class TestShutil(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        super(TestShutil, self).setUp()
-        self.tempdirs = []
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        super(TestShutil, self).tearDown()
-        while self.tempdirs:
-            d = self.tempdirs.pop()
-            shutil.rmtree(d, os.name in ('nt', 'cygwin'))
 
+class BaseTest:
 
-    def mkdtemp(self):
+    def mkdtemp(self, prefix=None):
         """Create a temporary directory that will be cleaned up.
 
         Returns the path of the directory.
         """
-        basedir = None
-        if sys.platform == "win32":
-            basedir = os.path.realpath(os.getcwd())
-        d = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=basedir)
-        self.tempdirs.append(d)
+        d = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix=prefix, dir=os.getcwd())
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.rmtree, d)
         return d
 
+
+class TestRmTree(BaseTest, unittest.TestCase):
+
     def test_rmtree_works_on_bytes(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
         victim = os.path.join(tmp, 'killme')
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ def test_rmtree_works_on_bytes(self):
         shutil.rmtree(victim)
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_rmtree_fails_on_symlink(self):
+    def test_rmtree_fails_on_symlink_onerror(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
         dir_ = os.path.join(tmp, 'dir')
         os.mkdir(dir_)
@@ -213,6 +215,25 @@ def onerror(*args):
         self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], link)
         self.assertIsInstance(errors[0][2][1], OSError)
 
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_rmtree_fails_on_symlink_onexc(self):
+        tmp = self.mkdtemp()
+        dir_ = os.path.join(tmp, 'dir')
+        os.mkdir(dir_)
+        link = os.path.join(tmp, 'link')
+        os.symlink(dir_, link)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, shutil.rmtree, link)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(dir_))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.lexists(link))
+        errors = []
+        def onexc(*args):
+            errors.append(args)
+        shutil.rmtree(link, onexc=onexc)
+        self.assertEqual(len(errors), 1)
+        self.assertIs(errors[0][0], os.path.islink)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], link)
+        self.assertIsInstance(errors[0][2], OSError)
+
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_rmtree_works_on_symlinks(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -236,12 +257,13 @@ def test_rmtree_works_on_symlinks(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(file1))
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(_winapi, 'only relevant on Windows')
-    def test_rmtree_fails_on_junctions(self):
+    def test_rmtree_fails_on_junctions_onerror(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
         dir_ = os.path.join(tmp, 'dir')
         os.mkdir(dir_)
         link = os.path.join(tmp, 'link')
         _winapi.CreateJunction(dir_, link)
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, link)
         self.assertRaises(OSError, shutil.rmtree, link)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(dir_))
         self.assertTrue(os.path.lexists(link))
@@ -254,6 +276,26 @@ def onerror(*args):
         self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], link)
         self.assertIsInstance(errors[0][2][1], OSError)
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(_winapi, 'only relevant on Windows')
+    def test_rmtree_fails_on_junctions_onexc(self):
+        tmp = self.mkdtemp()
+        dir_ = os.path.join(tmp, 'dir')
+        os.mkdir(dir_)
+        link = os.path.join(tmp, 'link')
+        _winapi.CreateJunction(dir_, link)
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, link)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, shutil.rmtree, link)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(dir_))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.lexists(link))
+        errors = []
+        def onexc(*args):
+            errors.append(args)
+        shutil.rmtree(link, onexc=onexc)
+        self.assertEqual(len(errors), 1)
+        self.assertIs(errors[0][0], os.path.islink)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], link)
+        self.assertIsInstance(errors[0][2], OSError)
+
     @unittest.skipUnless(_winapi, 'only relevant on Windows')
     def test_rmtree_works_on_junctions(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -278,9 +320,9 @@ def test_rmtree_works_on_junctions(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_rmtree_errors(self):
+    def test_rmtree_errors_onerror(self):
         # filename is guaranteed not to exist
-        filename = tempfile.mktemp()
+        filename = tempfile.mktemp(dir=self.mkdtemp())
         self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, shutil.rmtree, filename)
         # test that ignore_errors option is honored
         shutil.rmtree(filename, ignore_errors=True)
@@ -291,10 +333,7 @@ def test_rmtree_errors(self):
         filename = os.path.join(tmpdir, "tstfile")
         with self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError) as cm:
             shutil.rmtree(filename)
-        # The reason for this rather odd construct is that Windows sprinkles
-        # a \*.* at the end of file names. But only sometimes on some buildbots
-        possible_args = [filename, os.path.join(filename, '*.*')]
-        self.assertIn(cm.exception.filename, possible_args)
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.filename, filename)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename))
         # test that ignore_errors option is honored
         shutil.rmtree(filename, ignore_errors=True)
@@ -307,17 +346,50 @@ def onerror(*args):
         self.assertIs(errors[0][0], os.scandir)
         self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], filename)
         self.assertIsInstance(errors[0][2][1], NotADirectoryError)
-        self.assertIn(errors[0][2][1].filename, possible_args)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[0][2][1].filename, filename)
         self.assertIs(errors[1][0], os.rmdir)
         self.assertEqual(errors[1][1], filename)
         self.assertIsInstance(errors[1][2][1], NotADirectoryError)
-        self.assertIn(errors[1][2][1].filename, possible_args)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[1][2][1].filename, filename)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_rmtree_errors_onexc(self):
+        # filename is guaranteed not to exist
+        filename = tempfile.mktemp(dir=self.mkdtemp())
+        self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, shutil.rmtree, filename)
+        # test that ignore_errors option is honored
+        shutil.rmtree(filename, ignore_errors=True)
 
+        # existing file
+        tmpdir = self.mkdtemp()
+        write_file((tmpdir, "tstfile"), "")
+        filename = os.path.join(tmpdir, "tstfile")
+        with self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError) as cm:
+            shutil.rmtree(filename)
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.filename, filename)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename))
+        # test that ignore_errors option is honored
+        shutil.rmtree(filename, ignore_errors=True)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename))
+        errors = []
+        def onexc(*args):
+            errors.append(args)
+        shutil.rmtree(filename, onexc=onexc)
+        self.assertEqual(len(errors), 2)
+        self.assertIs(errors[0][0], os.scandir)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], filename)
+        self.assertIsInstance(errors[0][2], NotADirectoryError)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[0][2].filename, filename)
+        self.assertIs(errors[1][0], os.rmdir)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[1][1], filename)
+        self.assertIsInstance(errors[1][2], NotADirectoryError)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[1][2].filename, filename)
 
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform[:6] == 'cygwin',
                      "This test can't be run on Cygwin (issue #1071513).")
-    @unittest.skipIf(hasattr(os, 'geteuid') and os.geteuid() == 0,
-                     "This test can't be run reliably as root (issue #1076467).")
+    @os_helper.skip_if_dac_override
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_working_chmod
     def test_on_error(self):
         self.errorState = 0
         os.mkdir(TESTFN)
@@ -372,6 +444,104 @@ def check_args_to_onerror(self, func, arg, exc):
             self.assertTrue(issubclass(exc[0], OSError))
             self.errorState = 3
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform[:6] == 'cygwin',
+                     "This test can't be run on Cygwin (issue #1071513).")
+    @os_helper.skip_if_dac_override
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_working_chmod
+    def test_on_exc(self):
+        self.errorState = 0
+        os.mkdir(TESTFN)
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, TESTFN)
+
+        self.child_file_path = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'a')
+        self.child_dir_path = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'b')
+        os_helper.create_empty_file(self.child_file_path)
+        os.mkdir(self.child_dir_path)
+        old_dir_mode = os.stat(TESTFN).st_mode
+        old_child_file_mode = os.stat(self.child_file_path).st_mode
+        old_child_dir_mode = os.stat(self.child_dir_path).st_mode
+        # Make unwritable.
+        new_mode = stat.S_IREAD|stat.S_IEXEC
+        os.chmod(self.child_file_path, new_mode)
+        os.chmod(self.child_dir_path, new_mode)
+        os.chmod(TESTFN, new_mode)
+
+        self.addCleanup(os.chmod, TESTFN, old_dir_mode)
+        self.addCleanup(os.chmod, self.child_file_path, old_child_file_mode)
+        self.addCleanup(os.chmod, self.child_dir_path, old_child_dir_mode)
+
+        shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, onexc=self.check_args_to_onexc)
+        # Test whether onexc has actually been called.
+        self.assertEqual(self.errorState, 3,
+                         "Expected call to onexc function did not happen.")
+
+    def check_args_to_onexc(self, func, arg, exc):
+        # test_rmtree_errors deliberately runs rmtree
+        # on a directory that is chmod 500, which will fail.
+        # This function is run when shutil.rmtree fails.
+        # 99.9% of the time it initially fails to remove
+        # a file in the directory, so the first time through
+        # func is os.remove.
+        # However, some Linux machines running ZFS on
+        # FUSE experienced a failure earlier in the process
+        # at os.listdir.  The first failure may legally
+        # be either.
+        if self.errorState < 2:
+            if func is os.unlink:
+                self.assertEqual(arg, self.child_file_path)
+            elif func is os.rmdir:
+                self.assertEqual(arg, self.child_dir_path)
+            else:
+                self.assertIs(func, os.listdir)
+                self.assertIn(arg, [TESTFN, self.child_dir_path])
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(exc, OSError))
+            self.errorState += 1
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(func, os.rmdir)
+            self.assertEqual(arg, TESTFN)
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(exc, OSError))
+            self.errorState = 3
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform[:6] == 'cygwin',
+                     "This test can't be run on Cygwin (issue #1071513).")
+    @os_helper.skip_if_dac_override
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_working_chmod
+    def test_both_onerror_and_onexc(self):
+        onerror_called = False
+        onexc_called = False
+
+        def onerror(*args):
+            nonlocal onerror_called
+            onerror_called = True
+
+        def onexc(*args):
+            nonlocal onexc_called
+            onexc_called = True
+
+        os.mkdir(TESTFN)
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, TESTFN)
+
+        self.child_file_path = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'a')
+        self.child_dir_path = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'b')
+        os_helper.create_empty_file(self.child_file_path)
+        os.mkdir(self.child_dir_path)
+        old_dir_mode = os.stat(TESTFN).st_mode
+        old_child_file_mode = os.stat(self.child_file_path).st_mode
+        old_child_dir_mode = os.stat(self.child_dir_path).st_mode
+        # Make unwritable.
+        new_mode = stat.S_IREAD|stat.S_IEXEC
+        os.chmod(self.child_file_path, new_mode)
+        os.chmod(self.child_dir_path, new_mode)
+        os.chmod(TESTFN, new_mode)
+
+        self.addCleanup(os.chmod, TESTFN, old_dir_mode)
+        self.addCleanup(os.chmod, self.child_file_path, old_child_file_mode)
+        self.addCleanup(os.chmod, self.child_dir_path, old_child_dir_mode)
+
+        shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, onerror=onerror, onexc=onexc)
+        self.assertTrue(onexc_called)
+        self.assertFalse(onerror_called)
+
     def test_rmtree_does_not_choke_on_failing_lstat(self):
         try:
             orig_lstat = os.lstat
@@ -388,115 +558,613 @@ def raiser(fn, *args, **kwargs):
         finally:
             os.lstat = orig_lstat
 
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copymode_follow_symlinks(self):
+    def test_rmtree_uses_safe_fd_version_if_available(self):
+        _use_fd_functions = ({os.open, os.stat, os.unlink, os.rmdir} <=
+                             os.supports_dir_fd and
+                             os.listdir in os.supports_fd and
+                             os.stat in os.supports_follow_symlinks)
+        if _use_fd_functions:
+            self.assertTrue(shutil._use_fd_functions)
+            self.assertTrue(shutil.rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks)
+            tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+            d = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'a')
+            os.mkdir(d)
+            try:
+                real_rmtree = shutil._rmtree_safe_fd
+                class Called(Exception): pass
+                def _raiser(*args, **kwargs):
+                    raise Called
+                shutil._rmtree_safe_fd = _raiser
+                self.assertRaises(Called, shutil.rmtree, d)
+            finally:
+                shutil._rmtree_safe_fd = real_rmtree
+        else:
+            self.assertFalse(shutil._use_fd_functions)
+            self.assertFalse(shutil.rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(shutil._use_fd_functions, "requires safe rmtree")
+    def test_rmtree_fails_on_close(self):
+        # Test that the error handler is called for failed os.close() and that
+        # os.close() is only called once for a file descriptor.
+        tmp = self.mkdtemp()
+        dir1 = os.path.join(tmp, 'dir1')
+        os.mkdir(dir1)
+        dir2 = os.path.join(dir1, 'dir2')
+        os.mkdir(dir2)
+        def close(fd):
+            orig_close(fd)
+            nonlocal close_count
+            close_count += 1
+            raise OSError
+
+        close_count = 0
+        with support.swap_attr(os, 'close', close) as orig_close:
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+                shutil.rmtree(dir1)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(dir2))
+        self.assertEqual(close_count, 2)
+
+        close_count = 0
+        errors = []
+        def onexc(*args):
+            errors.append(args)
+        with support.swap_attr(os, 'close', close) as orig_close:
+            shutil.rmtree(dir1, onexc=onexc)
+        self.assertEqual(len(errors), 2)
+        self.assertIs(errors[0][0], close)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], dir2)
+        self.assertIs(errors[1][0], close)
+        self.assertEqual(errors[1][1], dir1)
+        self.assertEqual(close_count, 2)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(shutil._use_fd_functions, "dir_fd is not supported")
+    def test_rmtree_with_dir_fd(self):
         tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
-        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
-        src_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'baz')
-        dst_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'quux')
-        write_file(src, 'foo')
-        write_file(dst, 'foo')
-        os.symlink(src, src_link)
-        os.symlink(dst, dst_link)
-        os.chmod(src, stat.S_IRWXU|stat.S_IRWXG)
-        # file to file
-        os.chmod(dst, stat.S_IRWXO)
-        self.assertNotEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
-        shutil.copymode(src, dst)
-        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
-        # On Windows, os.chmod does not follow symlinks (issue #15411)
-        if os.name != 'nt':
-            # follow src link
-            os.chmod(dst, stat.S_IRWXO)
-            shutil.copymode(src_link, dst)
-            self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
-            # follow dst link
-            os.chmod(dst, stat.S_IRWXO)
-            shutil.copymode(src, dst_link)
-            self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
-            # follow both links
-            os.chmod(dst, stat.S_IRWXO)
-            shutil.copymode(src_link, dst_link)
-            self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'lchmod'), 'requires os.lchmod')
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copymode_symlink_to_symlink(self):
+        victim = 'killme'
+        fullname = os.path.join(tmp_dir, victim)
+        dir_fd = os.open(tmp_dir, os.O_RDONLY)
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, dir_fd)
+        os.mkdir(fullname)
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(fullname, 'subdir'))
+        write_file(os.path.join(fullname, 'subdir', 'somefile'), 'foo')
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(fullname))
+        shutil.rmtree(victim, dir_fd=dir_fd)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(fullname))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(shutil._use_fd_functions, "dir_fd is supported")
+    def test_rmtree_with_dir_fd_unsupported(self):
         tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
-        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
-        src_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'baz')
-        dst_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'quux')
-        write_file(src, 'foo')
-        write_file(dst, 'foo')
-        os.symlink(src, src_link)
-        os.symlink(dst, dst_link)
-        os.chmod(src, stat.S_IRWXU|stat.S_IRWXG)
-        os.chmod(dst, stat.S_IRWXU)
-        os.lchmod(src_link, stat.S_IRWXO|stat.S_IRWXG)
-        # link to link
-        os.lchmod(dst_link, stat.S_IRWXO)
-        shutil.copymode(src_link, dst_link, follow_symlinks=False)
-        self.assertEqual(os.lstat(src_link).st_mode,
-                         os.lstat(dst_link).st_mode)
-        self.assertNotEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
-        # src link - use chmod
-        os.lchmod(dst_link, stat.S_IRWXO)
-        shutil.copymode(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=False)
-        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
-        # dst link - use chmod
-        os.lchmod(dst_link, stat.S_IRWXO)
-        shutil.copymode(src, dst_link, follow_symlinks=False)
-        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
+        with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
+            shutil.rmtree(tmp_dir, dir_fd=0)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(tmp_dir))
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(hasattr(os, 'lchmod'), 'requires os.lchmod to be missing')
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copymode_symlink_to_symlink_wo_lchmod(self):
-        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
-        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
-        src_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'baz')
-        dst_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'quux')
-        write_file(src, 'foo')
-        write_file(dst, 'foo')
-        os.symlink(src, src_link)
-        os.symlink(dst, dst_link)
-        shutil.copymode(src_link, dst_link, follow_symlinks=False)  # silent fail
+    def test_rmtree_dont_delete_file(self):
+        # When called on a file instead of a directory, don't delete it.
+        handle, path = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=self.mkdtemp())
+        os.close(handle)
+        self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError, shutil.rmtree, path)
+        os.remove(path)
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copystat_symlinks(self):
-        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
-        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
-        src_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'baz')
-        dst_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'qux')
-        write_file(src, 'foo')
-        src_stat = os.stat(src)
-        os.utime(src, (src_stat.st_atime,
-                       src_stat.st_mtime - 42.0))  # ensure different mtimes
-        write_file(dst, 'bar')
-        self.assertNotEqual(os.stat(src).st_mtime, os.stat(dst).st_mtime)
-        os.symlink(src, src_link)
-        os.symlink(dst, dst_link)
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
-            os.lchmod(src_link, stat.S_IRWXO)
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchflags') and hasattr(stat, 'UF_NODUMP'):
-            os.lchflags(src_link, stat.UF_NODUMP)
-        src_link_stat = os.lstat(src_link)
-        # follow
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
-            shutil.copystat(src_link, dst_link, follow_symlinks=True)
-            self.assertNotEqual(src_link_stat.st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
-        # don't follow
-        shutil.copystat(src_link, dst_link, follow_symlinks=False)
-        dst_link_stat = os.lstat(dst_link)
-        if os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks:
-            for attr in 'st_atime', 'st_mtime':
-                # The modification times may be truncated in the new file.
-                self.assertLessEqual(getattr(src_link_stat, attr),
-                                     getattr(dst_link_stat, attr) + 1)
+    def test_rmtree_on_symlink(self):
+        # bug 1669.
+        os.mkdir(TESTFN)
+        try:
+            src = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'cheese')
+            dst = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'shop')
+            os.mkdir(src)
+            os.symlink(src, dst)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, shutil.rmtree, dst)
+            shutil.rmtree(dst, ignore_errors=True)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, ignore_errors=True)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(_winapi, 'only relevant on Windows')
+    def test_rmtree_on_junction(self):
+        os.mkdir(TESTFN)
+        try:
+            src = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'cheese')
+            dst = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'shop')
+            os.mkdir(src)
+            open(os.path.join(src, 'spam'), 'wb').close()
+            _winapi.CreateJunction(src, dst)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, shutil.rmtree, dst)
+            shutil.rmtree(dst, ignore_errors=True)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, ignore_errors=True)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "mkfifo"), 'requires os.mkfifo()')
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "vxworks",
+                    "fifo requires special path on VxWorks")
+    def test_rmtree_on_named_pipe(self):
+        os.mkfifo(TESTFN)
+        try:
+            with self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError):
+                shutil.rmtree(TESTFN)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(TESTFN))
+        finally:
+            os.unlink(TESTFN)
+
+        os.mkdir(TESTFN)
+        os.mkfifo(os.path.join(TESTFN, 'mypipe'))
+        shutil.rmtree(TESTFN)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(TESTFN))
+
+
+class TestCopyTree(BaseTest, unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_copytree_simple(self):
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, src_dir)
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, os.path.dirname(dst_dir))
+        write_file((src_dir, 'test.txt'), '123')
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'test_dir'))
+        write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'), '456')
+
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'test.txt')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'test_dir')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'test_dir',
+                                                    'test.txt')))
+        actual = read_file((dst_dir, 'test.txt'))
+        self.assertEqual(actual, '123')
+        actual = read_file((dst_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'))
+        self.assertEqual(actual, '456')
+
+    def test_copytree_dirs_exist_ok(self):
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, src_dir)
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, dst_dir)
+
+        write_file((src_dir, 'nonexisting.txt'), '123')
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'existing_dir'))
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'existing_dir'))
+        write_file((dst_dir, 'existing_dir', 'existing.txt'), 'will be replaced')
+        write_file((src_dir, 'existing_dir', 'existing.txt'), 'has been replaced')
+
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, dirs_exist_ok=True)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'nonexisting.txt')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'existing_dir')))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'existing_dir',
+                                                    'existing.txt')))
+        actual = read_file((dst_dir, 'nonexisting.txt'))
+        self.assertEqual(actual, '123')
+        actual = read_file((dst_dir, 'existing_dir', 'existing.txt'))
+        self.assertEqual(actual, 'has been replaced')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError):
+            shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, dirs_exist_ok=False)
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_copytree_symlinks(self):
+        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src_dir = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'src')
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'dst')
+        sub_dir = os.path.join(src_dir, 'sub')
+        os.mkdir(src_dir)
+        os.mkdir(sub_dir)
+        write_file((src_dir, 'file.txt'), 'foo')
+        src_link = os.path.join(sub_dir, 'link')
+        dst_link = os.path.join(dst_dir, 'sub/link')
+        os.symlink(os.path.join(src_dir, 'file.txt'),
+                   src_link)
         if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
+            os.lchmod(src_link, stat.S_IRWXU | stat.S_IRWXO)
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchflags') and hasattr(stat, 'UF_NODUMP'):
+            os.lchflags(src_link, stat.UF_NODUMP)
+        src_stat = os.lstat(src_link)
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, symlinks=True)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'sub', 'link')))
+        actual = os.readlink(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'sub', 'link'))
+        # Bad practice to blindly strip the prefix as it may be required to
+        # correctly refer to the file, but we're only comparing paths here.
+        if os.name == 'nt' and actual.startswith('\\\\?\\'):
+            actual = actual[4:]
+        self.assertEqual(actual, os.path.join(src_dir, 'file.txt'))
+        dst_stat = os.lstat(dst_link)
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
+            self.assertEqual(dst_stat.st_mode, src_stat.st_mode)
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchflags'):
+            self.assertEqual(dst_stat.st_flags, src_stat.st_flags)
+
+    def test_copytree_with_exclude(self):
+        # creating data
+        join = os.path.join
+        exists = os.path.exists
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        try:
+            dst_dir = join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
+            write_file((src_dir, 'test.txt'), '123')
+            write_file((src_dir, 'test.tmp'), '123')
+            os.mkdir(join(src_dir, 'test_dir'))
+            write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'), '456')
+            os.mkdir(join(src_dir, 'test_dir2'))
+            write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir2', 'test.txt'), '456')
+            os.mkdir(join(src_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir'))
+            os.mkdir(join(src_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir2'))
+            write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir', 'test.txt'), '456')
+            write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir2', 'test.py'), '456')
+
+            # testing glob-like patterns
+            try:
+                patterns = shutil.ignore_patterns('*.tmp', 'test_dir2')
+                shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, ignore=patterns)
+                # checking the result: some elements should not be copied
+                self.assertTrue(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test.txt')))
+                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test.tmp')))
+                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir2')))
+            finally:
+                shutil.rmtree(dst_dir)
+            try:
+                patterns = shutil.ignore_patterns('*.tmp', 'subdir*')
+                shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, ignore=patterns)
+                # checking the result: some elements should not be copied
+                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test.tmp')))
+                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir2')))
+                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir')))
+            finally:
+                shutil.rmtree(dst_dir)
+
+            # testing callable-style
+            try:
+                def _filter(src, names):
+                    res = []
+                    for name in names:
+                        path = os.path.join(src, name)
+
+                        if (os.path.isdir(path) and
+                            path.split()[-1] == 'subdir'):
+                            res.append(name)
+                        elif os.path.splitext(path)[-1] in ('.py'):
+                            res.append(name)
+                    return res
+
+                shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, ignore=_filter)
+
+                # checking the result: some elements should not be copied
+                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir2',
+                                             'test.py')))
+                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir')))
+
+            finally:
+                shutil.rmtree(dst_dir)
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(src_dir)
+            shutil.rmtree(os.path.dirname(dst_dir))
+
+    def test_copytree_arg_types_of_ignore(self):
+        join = os.path.join
+        exists = os.path.exists
+
+        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src_dir = join(tmp_dir, "source")
+
+        os.mkdir(join(src_dir))
+        os.mkdir(join(src_dir, 'test_dir'))
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'test_dir', 'subdir'))
+        write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir', 'subdir', 'test.txt'), '456')
+
+        invokations = []
+
+        def _ignore(src, names):
+            invokations.append(src)
+            self.assertIsInstance(src, str)
+            self.assertIsInstance(names, list)
+            self.assertEqual(len(names), len(set(names)))
+            for name in names:
+                self.assertIsInstance(name, str)
+            return []
+
+        dst_dir = join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, ignore=_ignore)
+        self.assertTrue(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir', 'subdir',
+                                    'test.txt')))
+
+        dst_dir = join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
+        shutil.copytree(pathlib.Path(src_dir), dst_dir, ignore=_ignore)
+        self.assertTrue(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir', 'subdir',
+                                    'test.txt')))
+
+        dst_dir = join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
+        src_dir_entry = list(os.scandir(tmp_dir))[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(src_dir_entry, os.DirEntry)
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir_entry, dst_dir, ignore=_ignore)
+        self.assertTrue(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir', 'subdir',
+                                    'test.txt')))
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(invokations), 9)
+
+    def test_copytree_retains_permissions(self):
+        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src_dir = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'source')
+        os.mkdir(src_dir)
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'destination')
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, tmp_dir)
+
+        os.chmod(src_dir, 0o777)
+        write_file((src_dir, 'permissive.txt'), '123')
+        os.chmod(os.path.join(src_dir, 'permissive.txt'), 0o777)
+        write_file((src_dir, 'restrictive.txt'), '456')
+        os.chmod(os.path.join(src_dir, 'restrictive.txt'), 0o600)
+        restrictive_subdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=src_dir)
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.rmtree, restrictive_subdir)
+        os.chmod(restrictive_subdir, 0o600)
+
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src_dir).st_mode, os.stat(dst_dir).st_mode)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(os.path.join(src_dir, 'permissive.txt')).st_mode,
+                          os.stat(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'permissive.txt')).st_mode)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(os.path.join(src_dir, 'restrictive.txt')).st_mode,
+                          os.stat(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'restrictive.txt')).st_mode)
+        restrictive_subdir_dst = os.path.join(dst_dir,
+                                              os.path.split(restrictive_subdir)[1])
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(restrictive_subdir).st_mode,
+                          os.stat(restrictive_subdir_dst).st_mode)
+
+    @unittest.mock.patch('os.chmod')
+    def test_copytree_winerror(self, mock_patch):
+        # When copying to VFAT, copystat() raises OSError. On Windows, the
+        # exception object has a meaningful 'winerror' attribute, but not
+        # on other operating systems. Do not assume 'winerror' is set.
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, src_dir)
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, os.path.dirname(dst_dir))
+
+        mock_patch.side_effect = PermissionError('ka-boom')
+        with self.assertRaises(shutil.Error):
+            shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir)
+
+    def test_copytree_custom_copy_function(self):
+        # See: https://bugs.python.org/issue35648
+        def custom_cpfun(a, b):
+            flag.append(None)
+            self.assertIsInstance(a, str)
+            self.assertIsInstance(b, str)
+            self.assertEqual(a, os.path.join(src, 'foo'))
+            self.assertEqual(b, os.path.join(dst, 'foo'))
+
+        flag = []
+        src = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst = tempfile.mktemp(dir=self.mkdtemp())
+        with open(os.path.join(src, 'foo'), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            f.close()
+        shutil.copytree(src, dst, copy_function=custom_cpfun)
+        self.assertEqual(len(flag), 1)
+
+    # Issue #3002: copyfile and copytree block indefinitely on named pipes
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "mkfifo"), 'requires os.mkfifo()')
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "vxworks",
+                    "fifo requires special path on VxWorks")
+    def test_copytree_named_pipe(self):
+        os.mkdir(TESTFN)
+        try:
+            subdir = os.path.join(TESTFN, "subdir")
+            os.mkdir(subdir)
+            pipe = os.path.join(subdir, "mypipe")
+            try:
+                os.mkfifo(pipe)
+            except PermissionError as e:
+                self.skipTest('os.mkfifo(): %s' % e)
+            try:
+                shutil.copytree(TESTFN, TESTFN2)
+            except shutil.Error as e:
+                errors = e.args[0]
+                self.assertEqual(len(errors), 1)
+                src, dst, error_msg = errors[0]
+                self.assertEqual("`%s` is a named pipe" % pipe, error_msg)
+            else:
+                self.fail("shutil.Error should have been raised")
+        finally:
+            shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, ignore_errors=True)
+            shutil.rmtree(TESTFN2, ignore_errors=True)
+
+    def test_copytree_special_func(self):
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
+        write_file((src_dir, 'test.txt'), '123')
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'test_dir'))
+        write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'), '456')
+
+        copied = []
+        def _copy(src, dst):
+            copied.append((src, dst))
+
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, copy_function=_copy)
+        self.assertEqual(len(copied), 2)
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_copytree_dangling_symlinks(self):
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        valid_file = os.path.join(src_dir, 'test.txt')
+        write_file(valid_file, 'abc')
+        dir_a = os.path.join(src_dir, 'dir_a')
+        os.mkdir(dir_a)
+        for d in src_dir, dir_a:
+            os.symlink('IDONTEXIST', os.path.join(d, 'broken'))
+            os.symlink(valid_file, os.path.join(d, 'valid'))
+
+        # A dangling symlink should raise an error.
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
+        self.assertRaises(Error, shutil.copytree, src_dir, dst_dir)
+
+        # Dangling symlinks should be ignored with the proper flag.
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination2')
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, ignore_dangling_symlinks=True)
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(dst_dir):
+            self.assertNotIn('broken', files)
+            self.assertIn('valid', files)
+
+        # a dangling symlink is copied if symlinks=True
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination3')
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, symlinks=True)
+        self.assertIn('test.txt', os.listdir(dst_dir))
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_copytree_symlink_dir(self):
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
+        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'real_dir'))
+        with open(os.path.join(src_dir, 'real_dir', 'test.txt'), 'wb'):
+            pass
+        os.symlink(os.path.join(src_dir, 'real_dir'),
+                   os.path.join(src_dir, 'link_to_dir'),
+                   target_is_directory=True)
+
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, symlinks=False)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.islink(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'link_to_dir')))
+        self.assertIn('test.txt', os.listdir(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'link_to_dir')))
+
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination2')
+        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, symlinks=True)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'link_to_dir')))
+        self.assertIn('test.txt', os.listdir(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'link_to_dir')))
+
+    def test_copytree_return_value(self):
+        # copytree returns its destination path.
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst_dir = src_dir + "dest"
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, dst_dir, True)
+        src = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
+        write_file(src, 'foo')
+        rv = shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir)
+        self.assertEqual(['foo'], os.listdir(rv))
+
+    def test_copytree_subdirectory(self):
+        # copytree where dst is a subdirectory of src, see Issue 38688
+        base_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, base_dir, ignore_errors=True)
+        src_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, "t", "pg")
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(src_dir, "somevendor", "1.0")
+        os.makedirs(src_dir)
+        src = os.path.join(src_dir, 'pol')
+        write_file(src, 'pol')
+        rv = shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir)
+        self.assertEqual(['pol'], os.listdir(rv))
+
+class TestCopy(BaseTest, unittest.TestCase):
+
+    ### shutil.copymode
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_copymode_follow_symlinks(self):
+        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
+        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
+        src_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'baz')
+        dst_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'quux')
+        write_file(src, 'foo')
+        write_file(dst, 'foo')
+        os.symlink(src, src_link)
+        os.symlink(dst, dst_link)
+        os.chmod(src, stat.S_IRWXU|stat.S_IRWXG)
+        # file to file
+        os.chmod(dst, stat.S_IRWXO)
+        self.assertNotEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
+        shutil.copymode(src, dst)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
+        # On Windows, os.chmod does not follow symlinks (issue #15411)
+        # follow src link
+        os.chmod(dst, stat.S_IRWXO)
+        shutil.copymode(src_link, dst)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
+        # follow dst link
+        os.chmod(dst, stat.S_IRWXO)
+        shutil.copymode(src, dst_link)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
+        # follow both links
+        os.chmod(dst, stat.S_IRWXO)
+        shutil.copymode(src_link, dst_link)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'lchmod') or os.name == 'nt', 'requires os.lchmod')
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_copymode_symlink_to_symlink(self):
+        _lchmod = os.chmod if os.name == 'nt' else os.lchmod
+        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
+        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
+        src_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'baz')
+        dst_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'quux')
+        write_file(src, 'foo')
+        write_file(dst, 'foo')
+        os.symlink(src, src_link)
+        os.symlink(dst, dst_link)
+        os.chmod(src, stat.S_IRWXU|stat.S_IRWXG)
+        os.chmod(dst, stat.S_IRWXU)
+        _lchmod(src_link, stat.S_IRWXO|stat.S_IRWXG)
+        # link to link
+        _lchmod(dst_link, stat.S_IRWXO)
+        old_mode = os.stat(dst).st_mode
+        shutil.copymode(src_link, dst_link, follow_symlinks=False)
+        self.assertEqual(os.lstat(src_link).st_mode,
+                         os.lstat(dst_link).st_mode)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(dst).st_mode, old_mode)
+        # src link - use chmod
+        _lchmod(dst_link, stat.S_IRWXO)
+        shutil.copymode(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=False)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
+        # dst link - use chmod
+        _lchmod(dst_link, stat.S_IRWXO)
+        shutil.copymode(src, dst_link, follow_symlinks=False)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(hasattr(os, 'lchmod'), 'requires os.lchmod to be missing')
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_copymode_symlink_to_symlink_wo_lchmod(self):
+        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
+        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
+        src_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'baz')
+        dst_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'quux')
+        write_file(src, 'foo')
+        write_file(dst, 'foo')
+        os.symlink(src, src_link)
+        os.symlink(dst, dst_link)
+        shutil.copymode(src_link, dst_link, follow_symlinks=False)  # silent fail
+
+    ### shutil.copystat
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_copystat_symlinks(self):
+        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
+        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
+        src_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'baz')
+        dst_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'qux')
+        write_file(src, 'foo')
+        src_stat = os.stat(src)
+        os.utime(src, (src_stat.st_atime,
+                       src_stat.st_mtime - 42.0))  # ensure different mtimes
+        write_file(dst, 'bar')
+        self.assertNotEqual(os.stat(src).st_mtime, os.stat(dst).st_mtime)
+        os.symlink(src, src_link)
+        os.symlink(dst, dst_link)
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
+            os.lchmod(src_link, stat.S_IRWXO)
+        elif os.name == 'nt':
+            os.chmod(src_link, stat.S_IRWXO)
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchflags') and hasattr(stat, 'UF_NODUMP'):
+            os.lchflags(src_link, stat.UF_NODUMP)
+        src_link_stat = os.lstat(src_link)
+        # follow
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod') or os.name == 'nt':
+            shutil.copystat(src_link, dst_link, follow_symlinks=True)
+            self.assertNotEqual(src_link_stat.st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
+        # don't follow
+        shutil.copystat(src_link, dst_link, follow_symlinks=False)
+        dst_link_stat = os.lstat(dst_link)
+        if os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks:
+            for attr in 'st_atime', 'st_mtime':
+                # The modification times may be truncated in the new file.
+                self.assertLessEqual(getattr(src_link_stat, attr),
+                                     getattr(dst_link_stat, attr) + 1)
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod') or os.name == 'nt':
             self.assertEqual(src_link_stat.st_mode, dst_link_stat.st_mode)
         if hasattr(os, 'lchflags') and hasattr(src_link_stat, 'st_flags'):
             self.assertEqual(src_link_stat.st_flags, dst_link_stat.st_flags)
@@ -534,6 +1202,8 @@ def _chflags_raiser(path, flags, *, follow_symlinks=True):
         finally:
             os.chflags = old_chflags
 
+    ### shutil.copyxattr
+
     @os_helper.skip_unless_xattr
     def test_copyxattr(self):
         tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -600,8 +1270,7 @@ def _raise_on_src(fname, *, follow_symlinks=True):
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @os_helper.skip_unless_xattr
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'geteuid') and os.geteuid() == 0,
-                         'root privileges required')
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_dac_override
     def test_copyxattr_symlinks(self):
         # On Linux, it's only possible to access non-user xattr for symlinks;
         # which in turn require root privileges. This test should be expanded
@@ -623,31 +1292,26 @@ def test_copyxattr_symlinks(self):
         shutil._copyxattr(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=False)
         self.assertEqual(os.getxattr(dst, 'trusted.foo'), b'43')
 
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copy_symlinks(self):
-        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
-        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
-        src_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'baz')
-        write_file(src, 'foo')
-        os.symlink(src, src_link)
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
-            os.lchmod(src_link, stat.S_IRWXU | stat.S_IRWXO)
-        # don't follow
-        shutil.copy(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=True)
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.islink(dst))
-        self.assertEqual(read_file(src), read_file(dst))
-        os.remove(dst)
-        # follow
-        shutil.copy(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=False)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dst))
-        self.assertEqual(os.readlink(dst), os.readlink(src_link))
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
-            self.assertEqual(os.lstat(src_link).st_mode,
-                             os.lstat(dst).st_mode)
+    ### shutil.copy
+
+    def _copy_file(self, method):
+        fname = 'test.txt'
+        tmpdir = self.mkdtemp()
+        write_file((tmpdir, fname), 'xxx')
+        file1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, fname)
+        tmpdir2 = self.mkdtemp()
+        method(file1, tmpdir2)
+        file2 = os.path.join(tmpdir2, fname)
+        return (file1, file2)
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        # Ensure that the copied file exists and has the same mode bits.
+        file1, file2 = self._copy_file(shutil.copy)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(file2))
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(file1).st_mode, os.stat(file2).st_mode)
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copy2_symlinks(self):
+    def test_copy_symlinks(self):
         tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
         src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
         dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
@@ -656,333 +1320,142 @@ def test_copy2_symlinks(self):
         os.symlink(src, src_link)
         if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
             os.lchmod(src_link, stat.S_IRWXU | stat.S_IRWXO)
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchflags') and hasattr(stat, 'UF_NODUMP'):
-            os.lchflags(src_link, stat.UF_NODUMP)
-        src_stat = os.stat(src)
-        src_link_stat = os.lstat(src_link)
-        # follow
-        shutil.copy2(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=True)
+        # don't follow
+        shutil.copy(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=True)
         self.assertFalse(os.path.islink(dst))
         self.assertEqual(read_file(src), read_file(dst))
         os.remove(dst)
-        # don't follow
-        shutil.copy2(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=False)
+        # follow
+        shutil.copy(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=False)
         self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dst))
         self.assertEqual(os.readlink(dst), os.readlink(src_link))
-        dst_stat = os.lstat(dst)
-        if os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks:
-            for attr in 'st_atime', 'st_mtime':
-                # The modification times may be truncated in the new file.
-                self.assertLessEqual(getattr(src_link_stat, attr),
-                                     getattr(dst_stat, attr) + 1)
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
-            self.assertEqual(src_link_stat.st_mode, dst_stat.st_mode)
-            self.assertNotEqual(src_stat.st_mode, dst_stat.st_mode)
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchflags') and hasattr(src_link_stat, 'st_flags'):
-            self.assertEqual(src_link_stat.st_flags, dst_stat.st_flags)
-
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_xattr
-    def test_copy2_xattr(self):
-        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
-        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
-        write_file(src, 'foo')
-        os.setxattr(src, 'user.foo', b'42')
-        shutil.copy2(src, dst)
-        self.assertEqual(
-                os.getxattr(src, 'user.foo'),
-                os.getxattr(dst, 'user.foo'))
-        os.remove(dst)
-
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copyfile_symlinks(self):
-        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'src')
-        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'dst')
-        dst_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'dst_link')
-        link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'link')
-        write_file(src, 'foo')
-        os.symlink(src, link)
-        # don't follow
-        shutil.copyfile(link, dst_link, follow_symlinks=False)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dst_link))
-        self.assertEqual(os.readlink(link), os.readlink(dst_link))
-        # follow
-        shutil.copyfile(link, dst)
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.islink(dst))
-
-    def test_rmtree_uses_safe_fd_version_if_available(self):
-        _use_fd_functions = ({os.open, os.stat, os.unlink, os.rmdir} <=
-                             os.supports_dir_fd and
-                             os.listdir in os.supports_fd and
-                             os.stat in os.supports_follow_symlinks)
-        if _use_fd_functions:
-            self.assertTrue(shutil._use_fd_functions)
-            self.assertTrue(shutil.rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks)
-            tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-            d = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'a')
-            os.mkdir(d)
-            try:
-                real_rmtree = shutil._rmtree_safe_fd
-                class Called(Exception): pass
-                def _raiser(*args, **kwargs):
-                    raise Called
-                shutil._rmtree_safe_fd = _raiser
-                self.assertRaises(Called, shutil.rmtree, d)
-            finally:
-                shutil._rmtree_safe_fd = real_rmtree
-        else:
-            self.assertFalse(shutil._use_fd_functions)
-            self.assertFalse(shutil.rmtree.avoids_symlink_attacks)
-
-    def test_rmtree_dont_delete_file(self):
-        # When called on a file instead of a directory, don't delete it.
-        handle, path = tempfile.mkstemp()
-        os.close(handle)
-        self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError, shutil.rmtree, path)
-        os.remove(path)
-
-    def test_copytree_simple(self):
-        src_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(tempfile.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, src_dir)
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, os.path.dirname(dst_dir))
-        write_file((src_dir, 'test.txt'), '123')
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'test_dir'))
-        write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'), '456')
-
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'test.txt')))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'test_dir')))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'test_dir',
-                                                    'test.txt')))
-        actual = read_file((dst_dir, 'test.txt'))
-        self.assertEqual(actual, '123')
-        actual = read_file((dst_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'))
-        self.assertEqual(actual, '456')
-
-    def test_copytree_dirs_exist_ok(self):
-        src_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        dst_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, src_dir)
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, dst_dir)
-
-        write_file((src_dir, 'nonexisting.txt'), '123')
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'existing_dir'))
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'existing_dir'))
-        write_file((dst_dir, 'existing_dir', 'existing.txt'), 'will be replaced')
-        write_file((src_dir, 'existing_dir', 'existing.txt'), 'has been replaced')
-
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, dirs_exist_ok=True)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'nonexisting.txt')))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'existing_dir')))
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'existing_dir',
-                                                    'existing.txt')))
-        actual = read_file((dst_dir, 'nonexisting.txt'))
-        self.assertEqual(actual, '123')
-        actual = read_file((dst_dir, 'existing_dir', 'existing.txt'))
-        self.assertEqual(actual, 'has been replaced')
-
-        with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError):
-            shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, dirs_exist_ok=False)
-
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copytree_symlinks(self):
-        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        src_dir = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'src')
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'dst')
-        sub_dir = os.path.join(src_dir, 'sub')
-        os.mkdir(src_dir)
-        os.mkdir(sub_dir)
-        write_file((src_dir, 'file.txt'), 'foo')
-        src_link = os.path.join(sub_dir, 'link')
-        dst_link = os.path.join(dst_dir, 'sub/link')
-        os.symlink(os.path.join(src_dir, 'file.txt'),
-                   src_link)
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
-            os.lchmod(src_link, stat.S_IRWXU | stat.S_IRWXO)
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchflags') and hasattr(stat, 'UF_NODUMP'):
-            os.lchflags(src_link, stat.UF_NODUMP)
-        src_stat = os.lstat(src_link)
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, symlinks=True)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'sub', 'link')))
-        actual = os.readlink(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'sub', 'link'))
-        # Bad practice to blindly strip the prefix as it may be required to
-        # correctly refer to the file, but we're only comparing paths here.
-        if os.name == 'nt' and actual.startswith('\\\\?\\'):
-            actual = actual[4:]
-        self.assertEqual(actual, os.path.join(src_dir, 'file.txt'))
-        dst_stat = os.lstat(dst_link)
         if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
-            self.assertEqual(dst_stat.st_mode, src_stat.st_mode)
-        if hasattr(os, 'lchflags'):
-            self.assertEqual(dst_stat.st_flags, src_stat.st_flags)
-
-    def test_copytree_with_exclude(self):
-        # creating data
-        join = os.path.join
-        exists = os.path.exists
-        src_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        try:
-            dst_dir = join(tempfile.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
-            write_file((src_dir, 'test.txt'), '123')
-            write_file((src_dir, 'test.tmp'), '123')
-            os.mkdir(join(src_dir, 'test_dir'))
-            write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'), '456')
-            os.mkdir(join(src_dir, 'test_dir2'))
-            write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir2', 'test.txt'), '456')
-            os.mkdir(join(src_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir'))
-            os.mkdir(join(src_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir2'))
-            write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir', 'test.txt'), '456')
-            write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir2', 'test.py'), '456')
-
-            # testing glob-like patterns
-            try:
-                patterns = shutil.ignore_patterns('*.tmp', 'test_dir2')
-                shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, ignore=patterns)
-                # checking the result: some elements should not be copied
-                self.assertTrue(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test.txt')))
-                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test.tmp')))
-                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir2')))
-            finally:
-                shutil.rmtree(dst_dir)
-            try:
-                patterns = shutil.ignore_patterns('*.tmp', 'subdir*')
-                shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, ignore=patterns)
-                # checking the result: some elements should not be copied
-                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test.tmp')))
-                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir2')))
-                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir')))
-            finally:
-                shutil.rmtree(dst_dir)
-
-            # testing callable-style
-            try:
-                def _filter(src, names):
-                    res = []
-                    for name in names:
-                        path = os.path.join(src, name)
-
-                        if (os.path.isdir(path) and
-                            path.split()[-1] == 'subdir'):
-                            res.append(name)
-                        elif os.path.splitext(path)[-1] in ('.py'):
-                            res.append(name)
-                    return res
-
-                shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, ignore=_filter)
-
-                # checking the result: some elements should not be copied
-                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir2',
-                                             'test.py')))
-                self.assertFalse(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir2', 'subdir')))
-
-            finally:
-                shutil.rmtree(dst_dir)
-        finally:
-            shutil.rmtree(src_dir)
-            shutil.rmtree(os.path.dirname(dst_dir))
-
-    def test_copytree_arg_types_of_ignore(self):
-        join = os.path.join
-        exists = os.path.exists
-
-        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        src_dir = join(tmp_dir, "source")
-
-        os.mkdir(join(src_dir))
-        os.mkdir(join(src_dir, 'test_dir'))
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'test_dir', 'subdir'))
-        write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir', 'subdir', 'test.txt'), '456')
-
-        invokations = []
-
-        def _ignore(src, names):
-            invokations.append(src)
-            self.assertIsInstance(src, str)
-            self.assertIsInstance(names, list)
-            self.assertEqual(len(names), len(set(names)))
-            for name in names:
-                self.assertIsInstance(name, str)
-            return []
+            self.assertEqual(os.lstat(src_link).st_mode,
+                             os.lstat(dst).st_mode)
 
-        dst_dir = join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, ignore=_ignore)
-        self.assertTrue(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir', 'subdir',
-                                    'test.txt')))
+    ### shutil.copy2
 
-        dst_dir = join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
-        shutil.copytree(pathlib.Path(src_dir), dst_dir, ignore=_ignore)
-        self.assertTrue(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir', 'subdir',
-                                    'test.txt')))
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'utime'), 'requires os.utime')
+    def test_copy2(self):
+        # Ensure that the copied file exists and has the same mode and
+        # modification time bits.
+        file1, file2 = self._copy_file(shutil.copy2)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(file2))
+        file1_stat = os.stat(file1)
+        file2_stat = os.stat(file2)
+        self.assertEqual(file1_stat.st_mode, file2_stat.st_mode)
+        for attr in 'st_atime', 'st_mtime':
+            # The modification times may be truncated in the new file.
+            self.assertLessEqual(getattr(file1_stat, attr),
+                                 getattr(file2_stat, attr) + 1)
+        if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(file1_stat, 'st_flags'):
+            self.assertEqual(getattr(file1_stat, 'st_flags'),
+                             getattr(file2_stat, 'st_flags'))
 
-        dst_dir = join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
-        src_dir_entry = list(os.scandir(tmp_dir))[0]
-        self.assertIsInstance(src_dir_entry, os.DirEntry)
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir_entry, dst_dir, ignore=_ignore)
-        self.assertTrue(exists(join(dst_dir, 'test_dir', 'subdir',
-                                    'test.txt')))
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_copy2_symlinks(self):
+        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
+        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
+        src_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'baz')
+        write_file(src, 'foo')
+        os.symlink(src, src_link)
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
+            os.lchmod(src_link, stat.S_IRWXU | stat.S_IRWXO)
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchflags') and hasattr(stat, 'UF_NODUMP'):
+            os.lchflags(src_link, stat.UF_NODUMP)
+        src_stat = os.stat(src)
+        src_link_stat = os.lstat(src_link)
+        # follow
+        shutil.copy2(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=True)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.islink(dst))
+        self.assertEqual(read_file(src), read_file(dst))
+        os.remove(dst)
+        # don't follow
+        shutil.copy2(src_link, dst, follow_symlinks=False)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dst))
+        self.assertEqual(os.readlink(dst), os.readlink(src_link))
+        dst_stat = os.lstat(dst)
+        if os.utime in os.supports_follow_symlinks:
+            for attr in 'st_atime', 'st_mtime':
+                # The modification times may be truncated in the new file.
+                self.assertLessEqual(getattr(src_link_stat, attr),
+                                     getattr(dst_stat, attr) + 1)
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchmod'):
+            self.assertEqual(src_link_stat.st_mode, dst_stat.st_mode)
+            self.assertNotEqual(src_stat.st_mode, dst_stat.st_mode)
+        if hasattr(os, 'lchflags') and hasattr(src_link_stat, 'st_flags'):
+            self.assertEqual(src_link_stat.st_flags, dst_stat.st_flags)
 
-        self.assertEqual(len(invokations), 9)
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_xattr
+    def test_copy2_xattr(self):
+        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'foo')
+        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'bar')
+        write_file(src, 'foo')
+        os.setxattr(src, 'user.foo', b'42')
+        shutil.copy2(src, dst)
+        self.assertEqual(
+                os.getxattr(src, 'user.foo'),
+                os.getxattr(dst, 'user.foo'))
+        os.remove(dst)
 
-    def test_copytree_retains_permissions(self):
-        tmp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        src_dir = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'source')
-        os.mkdir(src_dir)
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'destination')
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, tmp_dir)
+    def test_copy_return_value(self):
+        # copy and copy2 both return their destination path.
+        for fn in (shutil.copy, shutil.copy2):
+            src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+            dst_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+            src = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
+            write_file(src, 'foo')
+            rv = fn(src, dst_dir)
+            self.assertEqual(rv, os.path.join(dst_dir, 'foo'))
+            rv = fn(src, os.path.join(dst_dir, 'bar'))
+            self.assertEqual(rv, os.path.join(dst_dir, 'bar'))
 
-        os.chmod(src_dir, 0o777)
-        write_file((src_dir, 'permissive.txt'), '123')
-        os.chmod(os.path.join(src_dir, 'permissive.txt'), 0o777)
-        write_file((src_dir, 'restrictive.txt'), '456')
-        os.chmod(os.path.join(src_dir, 'restrictive.txt'), 0o600)
-        restrictive_subdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=src_dir)
-        os.chmod(restrictive_subdir, 0o600)
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_copy_dir(self):
+        self._test_copy_dir(shutil.copy)
 
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir)
-        self.assertEqual(os.stat(src_dir).st_mode, os.stat(dst_dir).st_mode)
-        self.assertEqual(os.stat(os.path.join(src_dir, 'permissive.txt')).st_mode,
-                          os.stat(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'permissive.txt')).st_mode)
-        self.assertEqual(os.stat(os.path.join(src_dir, 'restrictive.txt')).st_mode,
-                          os.stat(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'restrictive.txt')).st_mode)
-        restrictive_subdir_dst = os.path.join(dst_dir,
-                                              os.path.split(restrictive_subdir)[1])
-        self.assertEqual(os.stat(restrictive_subdir).st_mode,
-                          os.stat(restrictive_subdir_dst).st_mode)
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_copy2_dir(self):
+        self._test_copy_dir(shutil.copy2)
 
-    @unittest.mock.patch('os.chmod')
-    def test_copytree_winerror(self, mock_patch):
-        # When copying to VFAT, copystat() raises OSError. On Windows, the
-        # exception object has a meaningful 'winerror' attribute, but not
-        # on other operating systems. Do not assume 'winerror' is set.
-        src_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(tempfile.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, src_dir)
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, os.path.dirname(dst_dir))
+    def _test_copy_dir(self, copy_func):
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src_file = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
+        dir2 = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst = os.path.join(src_dir, 'does_not_exist/')
+        write_file(src_file, 'foo')
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            err = PermissionError
+        else:
+            err = IsADirectoryError
+        self.assertRaises(err, copy_func, dir2, src_dir)
 
-        mock_patch.side_effect = PermissionError('ka-boom')
-        with self.assertRaises(shutil.Error):
-            shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir)
+        # raise *err* because of src rather than FileNotFoundError because of dst
+        self.assertRaises(err, copy_func, dir2, dst)
+        copy_func(src_file, dir2)     # should not raise exceptions
 
-    def test_copytree_custom_copy_function(self):
-        # See: https://bugs.python.org/issue35648
-        def custom_cpfun(a, b):
-            flag.append(None)
-            self.assertIsInstance(a, str)
-            self.assertIsInstance(b, str)
-            self.assertEqual(a, os.path.join(src, 'foo'))
-            self.assertEqual(b, os.path.join(dst, 'foo'))
+    ### shutil.copyfile
 
-        flag = []
-        src = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        self.addCleanup(os_helper.rmtree, src)
-        dst = tempfile.mktemp()
-        self.addCleanup(os_helper.rmtree, dst)
-        with open(os.path.join(src, 'foo'), 'w') as f:
-            f.close()
-        shutil.copytree(src, dst, copy_function=custom_cpfun)
-        self.assertEqual(len(flag), 1)
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_copyfile_symlinks(self):
+        tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'src')
+        dst = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'dst')
+        dst_link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'dst_link')
+        link = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'link')
+        write_file(src, 'foo')
+        os.symlink(src, link)
+        # don't follow
+        shutil.copyfile(link, dst_link, follow_symlinks=False)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dst_link))
+        self.assertEqual(os.readlink(link), os.readlink(dst_link))
+        # follow
+        shutil.copyfile(link, dst)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.islink(dst))
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'link'), 'requires os.link')
     def test_dont_copy_file_onto_link_to_itself(self):
@@ -991,14 +1464,14 @@ def test_dont_copy_file_onto_link_to_itself(self):
         src = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'cheese')
         dst = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'shop')
         try:
-            with open(src, 'w') as f:
+            with open(src, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 f.write('cheddar')
             try:
                 os.link(src, dst)
             except PermissionError as e:
                 self.skipTest('os.link(): %s' % e)
             self.assertRaises(shutil.SameFileError, shutil.copyfile, src, dst)
-            with open(src, 'r') as f:
+            with open(src, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'cheddar')
             os.remove(dst)
         finally:
@@ -1011,49 +1484,23 @@ def test_dont_copy_file_onto_symlink_to_itself(self):
         src = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'cheese')
         dst = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'shop')
         try:
-            with open(src, 'w') as f:
+            with open(src, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 f.write('cheddar')
             # Using `src` here would mean we end up with a symlink pointing
             # to TESTFN/TESTFN/cheese, while it should point at
             # TESTFN/cheese.
             os.symlink('cheese', dst)
             self.assertRaises(shutil.SameFileError, shutil.copyfile, src, dst)
-            with open(src, 'r') as f:
+            with open(src, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'cheddar')
             os.remove(dst)
         finally:
             shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, ignore_errors=True)
 
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_rmtree_on_symlink(self):
-        # bug 1669.
-        os.mkdir(TESTFN)
-        try:
-            src = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'cheese')
-            dst = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'shop')
-            os.mkdir(src)
-            os.symlink(src, dst)
-            self.assertRaises(OSError, shutil.rmtree, dst)
-            shutil.rmtree(dst, ignore_errors=True)
-        finally:
-            shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, ignore_errors=True)
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(_winapi, 'only relevant on Windows')
-    def test_rmtree_on_junction(self):
-        os.mkdir(TESTFN)
-        try:
-            src = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'cheese')
-            dst = os.path.join(TESTFN, 'shop')
-            os.mkdir(src)
-            open(os.path.join(src, 'spam'), 'wb').close()
-            _winapi.CreateJunction(src, dst)
-            self.assertRaises(OSError, shutil.rmtree, dst)
-            shutil.rmtree(dst, ignore_errors=True)
-        finally:
-            shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, ignore_errors=True)
-
     # Issue #3002: copyfile and copytree block indefinitely on named pipes
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "mkfifo"), 'requires os.mkfifo()')
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "vxworks",
+                    "fifo requires special path on VxWorks")
     def test_copyfile_named_pipe(self):
         try:
             os.mkfifo(TESTFN)
@@ -1067,121 +1514,68 @@ def test_copyfile_named_pipe(self):
         finally:
             os.remove(TESTFN)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "mkfifo"), 'requires os.mkfifo()')
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copytree_named_pipe(self):
-        os.mkdir(TESTFN)
-        try:
-            subdir = os.path.join(TESTFN, "subdir")
-            os.mkdir(subdir)
-            pipe = os.path.join(subdir, "mypipe")
-            try:
-                os.mkfifo(pipe)
-            except PermissionError as e:
-                self.skipTest('os.mkfifo(): %s' % e)
-            try:
-                shutil.copytree(TESTFN, TESTFN2)
-            except shutil.Error as e:
-                errors = e.args[0]
-                self.assertEqual(len(errors), 1)
-                src, dst, error_msg = errors[0]
-                self.assertEqual("`%s` is a named pipe" % pipe, error_msg)
-            else:
-                self.fail("shutil.Error should have been raised")
-        finally:
-            shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, ignore_errors=True)
-            shutil.rmtree(TESTFN2, ignore_errors=True)
-
-    def test_copytree_special_func(self):
-
-        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
-        write_file((src_dir, 'test.txt'), '123')
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'test_dir'))
-        write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'), '456')
-
-        copied = []
-        def _copy(src, dst):
-            copied.append((src, dst))
-
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, copy_function=_copy)
-        self.assertEqual(len(copied), 2)
-
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copytree_dangling_symlinks(self):
-
-        # a dangling symlink raises an error at the end
+    def test_copyfile_return_value(self):
+        # copytree returns its destination path.
         src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
-        os.symlink('IDONTEXIST', os.path.join(src_dir, 'test.txt'))
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'test_dir'))
-        write_file((src_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'), '456')
-        self.assertRaises(Error, shutil.copytree, src_dir, dst_dir)
-
-        # a dangling symlink is ignored with the proper flag
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination2')
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, ignore_dangling_symlinks=True)
-        self.assertNotIn('test.txt', os.listdir(dst_dir))
-
-        # a dangling symlink is copied if symlinks=True
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination3')
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, symlinks=True)
-        self.assertIn('test.txt', os.listdir(dst_dir))
+        dst_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst_file = os.path.join(dst_dir, 'bar')
+        src_file = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
+        write_file(src_file, 'foo')
+        rv = shutil.copyfile(src_file, dst_file)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(rv))
+        self.assertEqual(read_file(src_file), read_file(dst_file))
 
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
-    def test_copytree_symlink_dir(self):
+    def test_copyfile_same_file(self):
+        # copyfile() should raise SameFileError if the source and destination
+        # are the same.
         src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination')
-        os.mkdir(os.path.join(src_dir, 'real_dir'))
-        with open(os.path.join(src_dir, 'real_dir', 'test.txt'), 'w'):
-            pass
-        os.symlink(os.path.join(src_dir, 'real_dir'),
-                   os.path.join(src_dir, 'link_to_dir'),
-                   target_is_directory=True)
+        src_file = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
+        write_file(src_file, 'foo')
+        self.assertRaises(SameFileError, shutil.copyfile, src_file, src_file)
+        # But Error should work too, to stay backward compatible.
+        self.assertRaises(Error, shutil.copyfile, src_file, src_file)
+        # Make sure file is not corrupted.
+        self.assertEqual(read_file(src_file), 'foo')
 
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, symlinks=False)
-        self.assertFalse(os.path.islink(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'link_to_dir')))
-        self.assertIn('test.txt', os.listdir(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'link_to_dir')))
+    @unittest.skipIf(MACOS or SOLARIS or _winapi, 'On MACOS, Solaris and Windows the errors are not confusing (though different)')
+    # gh-92670: The test uses a trailing slash to force the OS consider
+    # the path as a directory, but on AIX the trailing slash has no effect
+    # and is considered as a file.
+    @unittest.skipIf(AIX, 'Not valid on AIX, see gh-92670')
+    def test_copyfile_nonexistent_dir(self):
+        # Issue 43219
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src_file = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
+        dst = os.path.join(src_dir, 'does_not_exist/')
+        write_file(src_file, 'foo')
+        self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, shutil.copyfile, src_file, dst)
 
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'destination2')
-        shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, symlinks=True)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'link_to_dir')))
-        self.assertIn('test.txt', os.listdir(os.path.join(dst_dir, 'link_to_dir')))
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_copyfile_copy_dir(self):
+        # Issue 45234
+        # test copy() and copyfile() raising proper exceptions when src and/or
+        # dst are directories
+        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        src_file = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
+        dir2 = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst = os.path.join(src_dir, 'does_not_exist/')
+        write_file(src_file, 'foo')
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            err = PermissionError
+        else:
+            err = IsADirectoryError
 
-    def _copy_file(self, method):
-        fname = 'test.txt'
-        tmpdir = self.mkdtemp()
-        write_file((tmpdir, fname), 'xxx')
-        file1 = os.path.join(tmpdir, fname)
-        tmpdir2 = self.mkdtemp()
-        method(file1, tmpdir2)
-        file2 = os.path.join(tmpdir2, fname)
-        return (file1, file2)
+        self.assertRaises(err, shutil.copyfile, src_dir, dst)
+        self.assertRaises(err, shutil.copyfile, src_file, src_dir)
+        self.assertRaises(err, shutil.copyfile, dir2, src_dir)
 
-    def test_copy(self):
-        # Ensure that the copied file exists and has the same mode bits.
-        file1, file2 = self._copy_file(shutil.copy)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(file2))
-        self.assertEqual(os.stat(file1).st_mode, os.stat(file2).st_mode)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'utime'), 'requires os.utime')
-    def test_copy2(self):
-        # Ensure that the copied file exists and has the same mode and
-        # modification time bits.
-        file1, file2 = self._copy_file(shutil.copy2)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(file2))
-        file1_stat = os.stat(file1)
-        file2_stat = os.stat(file2)
-        self.assertEqual(file1_stat.st_mode, file2_stat.st_mode)
-        for attr in 'st_atime', 'st_mtime':
-            # The modification times may be truncated in the new file.
-            self.assertLessEqual(getattr(file1_stat, attr),
-                                 getattr(file2_stat, attr) + 1)
-        if hasattr(os, 'chflags') and hasattr(file1_stat, 'st_flags'):
-            self.assertEqual(getattr(file1_stat, 'st_flags'),
-                             getattr(file2_stat, 'st_flags'))
+class TestArchives(BaseTest, unittest.TestCase):
+
+    ### shutil.make_archive
 
-    @support.requires_zlib
+    @support.requires_zlib()
     def test_make_tarball(self):
         # creating something to tar
         root_dir, base_dir = self._create_files('')
@@ -1193,7 +1587,7 @@ def test_make_tarball(self):
         work_dir = os.path.dirname(tmpdir2)
         rel_base_name = os.path.join(os.path.basename(tmpdir2), 'archive')
 
-        with os_helper.change_cwd(work_dir):
+        with os_helper.change_cwd(work_dir), no_chdir:
             base_name = os.path.abspath(rel_base_name)
             tarball = make_archive(rel_base_name, 'gztar', root_dir, '.')
 
@@ -1207,7 +1601,7 @@ def test_make_tarball(self):
                                    './file1', './file2', './sub/file3'])
 
         # trying an uncompressed one
-        with os_helper.change_cwd(work_dir):
+        with os_helper.change_cwd(work_dir), no_chdir:
             tarball = make_archive(rel_base_name, 'tar', root_dir, '.')
         self.assertEqual(tarball, base_name + '.tar')
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(tarball))
@@ -1237,13 +1631,14 @@ def _create_files(self, base_dir='dist'):
             write_file((root_dir, 'outer'), 'xxx')
         return root_dir, base_dir
 
-    @support.requires_zlib
+    @support.requires_zlib()
     @unittest.skipUnless(shutil.which('tar'),
                          'Need the tar command to run')
     def test_tarfile_vs_tar(self):
         root_dir, base_dir = self._create_files()
         base_name = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'archive')
-        tarball = make_archive(base_name, 'gztar', root_dir, base_dir)
+        with no_chdir:
+            tarball = make_archive(base_name, 'gztar', root_dir, base_dir)
 
         # check if the compressed tarball was created
         self.assertEqual(tarball, base_name + '.tar.gz')
@@ -1252,6 +1647,17 @@ def test_tarfile_vs_tar(self):
         # now create another tarball using `tar`
         tarball2 = os.path.join(root_dir, 'archive2.tar')
         tar_cmd = ['tar', '-cf', 'archive2.tar', base_dir]
+        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+            # macOS tar can include extended attributes,
+            # ACLs and other mac specific metadata into the
+            # archive (an recentish version of the OS).
+            #
+            # This feature can be disabled with the
+            # '--no-mac-metadata' option on macOS 11 or
+            # later.
+            import platform
+            if int(platform.mac_ver()[0].split('.')[0]) >= 11:
+                tar_cmd.insert(1, '--no-mac-metadata')
         subprocess.check_call(tar_cmd, cwd=root_dir,
                               stdout=subprocess.DEVNULL)
 
@@ -1260,17 +1666,19 @@ def test_tarfile_vs_tar(self):
         self.assertEqual(self._tarinfo(tarball), self._tarinfo(tarball2))
 
         # trying an uncompressed one
-        tarball = make_archive(base_name, 'tar', root_dir, base_dir)
+        with no_chdir:
+            tarball = make_archive(base_name, 'tar', root_dir, base_dir)
         self.assertEqual(tarball, base_name + '.tar')
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(tarball))
 
         # now for a dry_run
-        tarball = make_archive(base_name, 'tar', root_dir, base_dir,
-                               dry_run=True)
+        with no_chdir:
+            tarball = make_archive(base_name, 'tar', root_dir, base_dir,
+                                   dry_run=True)
         self.assertEqual(tarball, base_name + '.tar')
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(tarball))
 
-    @support.requires_zlib
+    @support.requires_zlib()
     def test_make_zipfile(self):
         # creating something to zip
         root_dir, base_dir = self._create_files()
@@ -1282,7 +1690,7 @@ def test_make_zipfile(self):
         work_dir = os.path.dirname(tmpdir2)
         rel_base_name = os.path.join(os.path.basename(tmpdir2), 'archive')
 
-        with os_helper.change_cwd(work_dir):
+        with os_helper.change_cwd(work_dir), no_chdir:
             base_name = os.path.abspath(rel_base_name)
             res = make_archive(rel_base_name, 'zip', root_dir)
 
@@ -1295,7 +1703,7 @@ def test_make_zipfile(self):
                      'dist/file1', 'dist/file2', 'dist/sub/file3',
                      'outer'])
 
-        with os_helper.change_cwd(work_dir):
+        with os_helper.change_cwd(work_dir), no_chdir:
             base_name = os.path.abspath(rel_base_name)
             res = make_archive(rel_base_name, 'zip', root_dir, base_dir)
 
@@ -1307,13 +1715,14 @@ def test_make_zipfile(self):
                     ['dist/', 'dist/sub/', 'dist/sub2/',
                      'dist/file1', 'dist/file2', 'dist/sub/file3'])
 
-    @support.requires_zlib
+    @support.requires_zlib()
     @unittest.skipUnless(shutil.which('zip'),
                          'Need the zip command to run')
     def test_zipfile_vs_zip(self):
         root_dir, base_dir = self._create_files()
         base_name = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'archive')
-        archive = make_archive(base_name, 'zip', root_dir, base_dir)
+        with no_chdir:
+            archive = make_archive(base_name, 'zip', root_dir, base_dir)
 
         # check if ZIP file  was created
         self.assertEqual(archive, base_name + '.zip')
@@ -1333,13 +1742,14 @@ def test_zipfile_vs_zip(self):
             names2 = zf.namelist()
         self.assertEqual(sorted(names), sorted(names2))
 
-    @support.requires_zlib
+    @support.requires_zlib()
     @unittest.skipUnless(shutil.which('unzip'),
                          'Need the unzip command to run')
     def test_unzip_zipfile(self):
         root_dir, base_dir = self._create_files()
         base_name = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'archive')
-        archive = make_archive(base_name, 'zip', root_dir, base_dir)
+        with no_chdir:
+            archive = make_archive(base_name, 'zip', root_dir, base_dir)
 
         # check if ZIP file  was created
         self.assertEqual(archive, base_name + '.zip')
@@ -1362,7 +1772,7 @@ def test_make_archive(self):
         base_name = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'archive')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, make_archive, base_name, 'xxx')
 
-    @support.requires_zlib
+    @support.requires_zlib()
     def test_make_archive_owner_group(self):
         # testing make_archive with owner and group, with various combinations
         # this works even if there's not gid/uid support
@@ -1390,14 +1800,14 @@ def test_make_archive_owner_group(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(res))
 
 
-    @support.requires_zlib
+    @support.requires_zlib()
     @unittest.skipUnless(UID_GID_SUPPORT, "Requires grp and pwd support")
     def test_tarfile_root_owner(self):
         root_dir, base_dir = self._create_files()
         base_name = os.path.join(self.mkdtemp(), 'archive')
         group = grp.getgrgid(0)[0]
         owner = pwd.getpwuid(0)[0]
-        with os_helper.change_cwd(root_dir):
+        with os_helper.change_cwd(root_dir), no_chdir:
             archive_name = make_archive(base_name, 'gztar', root_dir, 'dist',
                                         owner=owner, group=group)
 
@@ -1413,17 +1823,61 @@ def test_tarfile_root_owner(self):
         finally:
             archive.close()
 
+    def test_make_archive_cwd_default(self):
+        current_dir = os.getcwd()
+        def archiver(base_name, base_dir, **kw):
+            self.assertNotIn('root_dir', kw)
+            self.assertEqual(base_name, 'basename')
+            self.assertEqual(os.getcwd(), current_dir)
+            raise RuntimeError()
+
+        register_archive_format('xxx', archiver, [], 'xxx file')
+        try:
+            with no_chdir:
+                with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+                    make_archive('basename', 'xxx')
+            self.assertEqual(os.getcwd(), current_dir)
+        finally:
+            unregister_archive_format('xxx')
+
     def test_make_archive_cwd(self):
         current_dir = os.getcwd()
-        def _breaks(*args, **kw):
+        root_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        def archiver(base_name, base_dir, **kw):
+            self.assertNotIn('root_dir', kw)
+            self.assertEqual(base_name, os.path.join(current_dir, 'basename'))
+            self.assertEqual(os.getcwd(), root_dir)
             raise RuntimeError()
+        dirs = []
+        def _chdir(path):
+            dirs.append(path)
+            orig_chdir(path)
 
-        register_archive_format('xxx', _breaks, [], 'xxx file')
+        register_archive_format('xxx', archiver, [], 'xxx file')
         try:
-            try:
-                make_archive('xxx', 'xxx', root_dir=self.mkdtemp())
-            except Exception:
-                pass
+            with support.swap_attr(os, 'chdir', _chdir) as orig_chdir:
+                with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+                    make_archive('basename', 'xxx', root_dir=root_dir)
+            self.assertEqual(os.getcwd(), current_dir)
+            self.assertEqual(dirs, [root_dir, current_dir])
+        finally:
+            unregister_archive_format('xxx')
+
+    def test_make_archive_cwd_supports_root_dir(self):
+        current_dir = os.getcwd()
+        root_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        def archiver(base_name, base_dir, **kw):
+            self.assertEqual(base_name, 'basename')
+            self.assertEqual(kw['root_dir'], root_dir)
+            self.assertEqual(os.getcwd(), current_dir)
+            raise RuntimeError()
+        archiver.supports_root_dir = True
+
+        register_archive_format('xxx', archiver, [], 'xxx file')
+        try:
+            with no_chdir:
+                with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+                    make_archive('basename', 'xxx', root_dir=root_dir)
             self.assertEqual(os.getcwd(), current_dir)
         finally:
             unregister_archive_format('xxx')
@@ -1431,15 +1885,15 @@ def _breaks(*args, **kw):
     def test_make_tarfile_in_curdir(self):
         # Issue #21280
         root_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        with os_helper.change_cwd(root_dir):
+        with os_helper.change_cwd(root_dir), no_chdir:
             self.assertEqual(make_archive('test', 'tar'), 'test.tar')
             self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile('test.tar'))
 
-    @support.requires_zlib
+    @support.requires_zlib()
     def test_make_zipfile_in_curdir(self):
         # Issue #21280
         root_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        with os_helper.change_cwd(root_dir):
+        with os_helper.change_cwd(root_dir), no_chdir:
             self.assertEqual(make_archive('test', 'zip'), 'test.zip')
             self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile('test.zip'))
 
@@ -1459,12 +1913,59 @@ def test_register_archive_format(self):
         formats = [name for name, params in get_archive_formats()]
         self.assertNotIn('xxx', formats)
 
-    def check_unpack_archive(self, format):
-        self.check_unpack_archive_with_converter(format, lambda path: path)
-        self.check_unpack_archive_with_converter(format, pathlib.Path)
-        self.check_unpack_archive_with_converter(format, FakePath)
-
-    def check_unpack_archive_with_converter(self, format, converter):
+    def test_make_tarfile_rootdir_nodir(self):
+        # GH-99203
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, f'{TESTFN}.tar')
+        for dry_run in (False, True):
+            with self.subTest(dry_run=dry_run):
+                tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+                nonexisting_file = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'nonexisting')
+                with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError) as cm:
+                    make_archive(TESTFN, 'tar', nonexisting_file, dry_run=dry_run)
+                self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ENOENT)
+                self.assertEqual(cm.exception.filename, nonexisting_file)
+                self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(f'{TESTFN}.tar'))
+
+                tmp_fd, tmp_file = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=tmp_dir)
+                os.close(tmp_fd)
+                with self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError) as cm:
+                    make_archive(TESTFN, 'tar', tmp_file, dry_run=dry_run)
+                self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ENOTDIR)
+                self.assertEqual(cm.exception.filename, tmp_file)
+                self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(f'{TESTFN}.tar'))
+
+    @support.requires_zlib()
+    def test_make_zipfile_rootdir_nodir(self):
+        # GH-99203
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, f'{TESTFN}.zip')
+        for dry_run in (False, True):
+            with self.subTest(dry_run=dry_run):
+                tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+                nonexisting_file = os.path.join(tmp_dir, 'nonexisting')
+                with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError) as cm:
+                    make_archive(TESTFN, 'zip', nonexisting_file, dry_run=dry_run)
+                self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ENOENT)
+                self.assertEqual(cm.exception.filename, nonexisting_file)
+                self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(f'{TESTFN}.zip'))
+
+                tmp_fd, tmp_file = tempfile.mkstemp(dir=tmp_dir)
+                os.close(tmp_fd)
+                with self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError) as cm:
+                    make_archive(TESTFN, 'zip', tmp_file, dry_run=dry_run)
+                self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ENOTDIR)
+                self.assertEqual(cm.exception.filename, tmp_file)
+                self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(f'{TESTFN}.zip'))
+
+    ### shutil.unpack_archive
+
+    def check_unpack_archive(self, format, **kwargs):
+        self.check_unpack_archive_with_converter(
+            format, lambda path: path, **kwargs)
+        self.check_unpack_archive_with_converter(
+            format, pathlib.Path, **kwargs)
+        self.check_unpack_archive_with_converter(format, FakePath, **kwargs)
+
+    def check_unpack_archive_with_converter(self, format, converter, **kwargs):
         root_dir, base_dir = self._create_files()
         expected = rlistdir(root_dir)
         expected.remove('outer')
@@ -1474,36 +1975,52 @@ def check_unpack_archive_with_converter(self, format, converter):
 
         # let's try to unpack it now
         tmpdir2 = self.mkdtemp()
-        unpack_archive(converter(filename), converter(tmpdir2))
+        unpack_archive(converter(filename), converter(tmpdir2), **kwargs)
         self.assertEqual(rlistdir(tmpdir2), expected)
 
         # and again, this time with the format specified
         tmpdir3 = self.mkdtemp()
-        unpack_archive(converter(filename), converter(tmpdir3), format=format)
+        unpack_archive(converter(filename), converter(tmpdir3), format=format,
+                       **kwargs)
         self.assertEqual(rlistdir(tmpdir3), expected)
 
-        self.assertRaises(shutil.ReadError, unpack_archive, converter(TESTFN))
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, unpack_archive, converter(TESTFN), format='xxx')
+        with self.assertRaises(shutil.ReadError):
+            unpack_archive(converter(TESTFN), **kwargs)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            unpack_archive(converter(TESTFN), format='xxx', **kwargs)
+
+    def check_unpack_tarball(self, format):
+        self.check_unpack_archive(format, filter='fully_trusted')
+        self.check_unpack_archive(format, filter='data')
+        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(
+                ('Python 3.14', DeprecationWarning)):
+            self.check_unpack_archive(format)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_unpack_archive_tar(self):
-        self.check_unpack_archive('tar')
+        self.check_unpack_tarball('tar')
 
-    @support.requires_zlib
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @support.requires_zlib()
     def test_unpack_archive_gztar(self):
-        self.check_unpack_archive('gztar')
+        self.check_unpack_tarball('gztar')
 
-    @support.requires_bz2
+    @support.requires_bz2()
     def test_unpack_archive_bztar(self):
-        self.check_unpack_archive('bztar')
+        self.check_unpack_tarball('bztar')
 
-    @support.requires_lzma
+    @support.requires_lzma()
     @unittest.skipIf(AIX and not _maxdataOK(), "AIX MAXDATA must be 0x20000000 or larger")
     def test_unpack_archive_xztar(self):
-        self.check_unpack_archive('xztar')
+        self.check_unpack_tarball('xztar')
 
-    @support.requires_zlib
+    @support.requires_zlib()
     def test_unpack_archive_zip(self):
         self.check_unpack_archive('zip')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            self.check_unpack_archive('zip', filter='data')
 
     def test_unpack_registry(self):
 
@@ -1531,6 +2048,9 @@ def _boo(filename, extract_dir, extra):
         unregister_unpack_format('Boo2')
         self.assertEqual(get_unpack_formats(), formats)
 
+
+class TestMisc(BaseTest, unittest.TestCase):
+
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(shutil, 'disk_usage'),
                          "disk_usage not available on this platform")
     def test_disk_usage(self):
@@ -1549,8 +2069,6 @@ def test_disk_usage(self):
     @unittest.skipUnless(UID_GID_SUPPORT, "Requires grp and pwd support")
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'chown'), 'requires os.chown')
     def test_chown(self):
-
-        # cleaned-up automatically by TestShutil.tearDown method
         dirname = self.mkdtemp()
         filename = tempfile.mktemp(dir=dirname)
         write_file(filename, 'testing chown function')
@@ -1598,76 +2116,23 @@ def check_chown(path, uid=None, gid=None):
         shutil.chown(dirname, group=gid)
         check_chown(dirname, gid=gid)
 
-        user = pwd.getpwuid(uid)[0]
-        group = grp.getgrgid(gid)[0]
-        shutil.chown(filename, user, group)
-        check_chown(filename, uid, gid)
-        shutil.chown(dirname, user, group)
-        check_chown(dirname, uid, gid)
-
-    def test_copy_return_value(self):
-        # copy and copy2 both return their destination path.
-        for fn in (shutil.copy, shutil.copy2):
-            src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-            dst_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-            src = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
-            write_file(src, 'foo')
-            rv = fn(src, dst_dir)
-            self.assertEqual(rv, os.path.join(dst_dir, 'foo'))
-            rv = fn(src, os.path.join(dst_dir, 'bar'))
-            self.assertEqual(rv, os.path.join(dst_dir, 'bar'))
-
-    def test_copyfile_return_value(self):
-        # copytree returns its destination path.
-        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        dst_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        dst_file = os.path.join(dst_dir, 'bar')
-        src_file = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
-        write_file(src_file, 'foo')
-        rv = shutil.copyfile(src_file, dst_file)
-        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(rv))
-        self.assertEqual(read_file(src_file), read_file(dst_file))
-
-    def test_copyfile_same_file(self):
-        # copyfile() should raise SameFileError if the source and destination
-        # are the same.
-        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        src_file = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
-        write_file(src_file, 'foo')
-        self.assertRaises(SameFileError, shutil.copyfile, src_file, src_file)
-        # But Error should work too, to stay backward compatible.
-        self.assertRaises(Error, shutil.copyfile, src_file, src_file)
-        # Make sure file is not corrupted.
-        self.assertEqual(read_file(src_file), 'foo')
-
-    def test_copytree_return_value(self):
-        # copytree returns its destination path.
-        src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        dst_dir = src_dir + "dest"
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, dst_dir, True)
-        src = os.path.join(src_dir, 'foo')
-        write_file(src, 'foo')
-        rv = shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir)
-        self.assertEqual(['foo'], os.listdir(rv))
-
-    def test_copytree_subdirectory(self):
-        # copytree where dst is a subdirectory of src, see Issue 38688
-        base_dir = self.mkdtemp()
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, base_dir, ignore_errors=True)
-        src_dir = os.path.join(base_dir, "t", "pg")
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(src_dir, "somevendor", "1.0")
-        os.makedirs(src_dir)
-        src = os.path.join(src_dir, 'pol')
-        write_file(src, 'pol')
-        rv = shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir)
-        self.assertEqual(['pol'], os.listdir(rv))
+        try:
+            user = pwd.getpwuid(uid)[0]
+            group = grp.getgrgid(gid)[0]
+        except KeyError:
+            # On some systems uid/gid cannot be resolved.
+            pass
+        else:
+            shutil.chown(filename, user, group)
+            check_chown(filename, uid, gid)
+            shutil.chown(dirname, user, group)
+            check_chown(dirname, uid, gid)
 
 
-class TestWhich(unittest.TestCase):
+class TestWhich(BaseTest, unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="Tmp")
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, self.temp_dir, True)
+        self.temp_dir = self.mkdtemp(prefix="Tmp")
         # Give the temp_file an ".exe" suffix for all.
         # It's needed on Windows and not harmful on other platforms.
         self.temp_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(dir=self.temp_dir,
@@ -1680,6 +2145,14 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.curdir = os.curdir
         self.ext = ".EXE"
 
+    def to_text_type(self, s):
+        '''
+        In this class we're testing with str, so convert s to a str
+        '''
+        if isinstance(s, bytes):
+            return s.decode()
+        return s
+
     def test_basic(self):
         # Given an EXE in a directory, it should be returned.
         rv = shutil.which(self.file, path=self.dir)
@@ -1704,20 +2177,69 @@ def test_relative_cmd(self):
             rv = shutil.which(relpath, path=base_dir)
             self.assertIsNone(rv)
 
-    def test_cwd(self):
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform != "win32",
+                         "test is for non win32")
+    def test_cwd_non_win32(self):
         # Issue #16957
         base_dir = os.path.dirname(self.dir)
         with os_helper.change_cwd(path=self.dir):
             rv = shutil.which(self.file, path=base_dir)
-            if sys.platform == "win32":
-                # Windows: current directory implicitly on PATH
+            # non-win32: shouldn't match in the current directory.
+            self.assertIsNone(rv)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32",
+                         "test is for win32")
+    def test_cwd_win32(self):
+        base_dir = os.path.dirname(self.dir)
+        with os_helper.change_cwd(path=self.dir):
+            with unittest.mock.patch('shutil._win_path_needs_curdir', return_value=True):
+                rv = shutil.which(self.file, path=base_dir)
+                # Current directory implicitly on PATH
                 self.assertEqual(rv, os.path.join(self.curdir, self.file))
-            else:
-                # Other platforms: shouldn't match in the current directory.
+            with unittest.mock.patch('shutil._win_path_needs_curdir', return_value=False):
+                rv = shutil.which(self.file, path=base_dir)
+                # Current directory not on PATH
                 self.assertIsNone(rv)
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(hasattr(os, 'geteuid') and os.geteuid() == 0,
-                     'non-root user required')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32",
+                         "test is for win32")
+    def test_cwd_win32_added_before_all_other_path(self):
+        base_dir = pathlib.Path(os.fsdecode(self.dir))
+
+        elsewhere_in_path_dir = base_dir / 'dir1'
+        elsewhere_in_path_dir.mkdir()
+        match_elsewhere_in_path = elsewhere_in_path_dir / 'hello.exe'
+        match_elsewhere_in_path.touch()
+
+        exe_in_cwd = base_dir / 'hello.exe'
+        exe_in_cwd.touch()
+
+        with os_helper.change_cwd(path=base_dir):
+            with unittest.mock.patch('shutil._win_path_needs_curdir', return_value=True):
+                rv = shutil.which('hello.exe', path=elsewhere_in_path_dir)
+
+            self.assertEqual(os.path.abspath(rv), os.path.abspath(exe_in_cwd))
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32",
+                         "test is for win32")
+    def test_pathext_match_before_path_full_match(self):
+        base_dir = pathlib.Path(os.fsdecode(self.dir))
+        dir1 = base_dir / 'dir1'
+        dir2 = base_dir / 'dir2'
+        dir1.mkdir()
+        dir2.mkdir()
+
+        pathext_match = dir1 / 'hello.com.exe'
+        path_match = dir2 / 'hello.com'
+        pathext_match.touch()
+        path_match.touch()
+
+        test_path = os.pathsep.join([str(dir1), str(dir2)])
+        assert os.path.basename(shutil.which(
+            'hello.com', path=test_path, mode = os.F_OK
+        )).lower() == 'hello.com.exe'
+
+    @os_helper.skip_if_dac_override
     def test_non_matching_mode(self):
         # Set the file read-only and ask for writeable files.
         os.chmod(self.temp_file.name, stat.S_IREAD)
@@ -1818,9 +2340,9 @@ def test_empty_path_no_PATH(self):
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'test specific to Windows')
     def test_pathext(self):
-        ext = ".xyz"
+        ext = self.to_text_type(".xyz")
         temp_filexyz = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(dir=self.temp_dir,
-                                                   prefix="Tmp2", suffix=ext)
+                                                   prefix=self.to_text_type("Tmp2"), suffix=ext)
         os.chmod(temp_filexyz.name, stat.S_IXUSR)
         self.addCleanup(temp_filexyz.close)
 
@@ -1829,10 +2351,98 @@ def test_pathext(self):
         program = os.path.splitext(program)[0]
 
         with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
-            env['PATHEXT'] = ext
+            env['PATHEXT'] = ext if isinstance(ext, str) else ext.decode()
             rv = shutil.which(program, path=self.temp_dir)
             self.assertEqual(rv, temp_filexyz.name)
 
+    # Issue 40592: See https://bugs.python.org/issue40592
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'test specific to Windows')
+    def test_pathext_with_empty_str(self):
+        ext = self.to_text_type(".xyz")
+        temp_filexyz = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(dir=self.temp_dir,
+                                                   prefix=self.to_text_type("Tmp2"), suffix=ext)
+        self.addCleanup(temp_filexyz.close)
+
+        # strip path and extension
+        program = os.path.basename(temp_filexyz.name)
+        program = os.path.splitext(program)[0]
+
+        with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
+            env['PATHEXT'] = f"{ext if isinstance(ext, str) else ext.decode()};"  # note the ;
+            rv = shutil.which(program, path=self.temp_dir)
+            self.assertEqual(rv, temp_filexyz.name)
+
+    # See GH-75586
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'test specific to Windows')
+    def test_pathext_applied_on_files_in_path(self):
+        with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
+            env["PATH"] = self.temp_dir if isinstance(self.temp_dir, str) else self.temp_dir.decode()
+            env["PATHEXT"] = ".test"
+
+            test_path = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, self.to_text_type("test_program.test"))
+            open(test_path, 'w').close()
+            os.chmod(test_path, 0o755)
+
+            self.assertEqual(shutil.which(self.to_text_type("test_program")), test_path)
+
+    # See GH-75586
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'test specific to Windows')
+    def test_win_path_needs_curdir(self):
+        with unittest.mock.patch('_winapi.NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePath', return_value=True) as need_curdir_mock:
+            self.assertTrue(shutil._win_path_needs_curdir('dontcare', os.X_OK))
+            need_curdir_mock.assert_called_once_with('dontcare')
+            need_curdir_mock.reset_mock()
+            self.assertTrue(shutil._win_path_needs_curdir('dontcare', 0))
+            need_curdir_mock.assert_not_called()
+
+        with unittest.mock.patch('_winapi.NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePath', return_value=False) as need_curdir_mock:
+            self.assertFalse(shutil._win_path_needs_curdir('dontcare', os.X_OK))
+            need_curdir_mock.assert_called_once_with('dontcare')
+
+    # See GH-109590
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'test specific to Windows')
+    def test_pathext_preferred_for_execute(self):
+        with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
+            env["PATH"] = self.temp_dir if isinstance(self.temp_dir, str) else self.temp_dir.decode()
+            env["PATHEXT"] = ".test"
+
+            exe = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, self.to_text_type("test.exe"))
+            open(exe, 'w').close()
+            os.chmod(exe, 0o755)
+
+            # default behavior allows a direct match if nothing in PATHEXT matches
+            self.assertEqual(shutil.which(self.to_text_type("test.exe")), exe)
+
+            dot_test = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, self.to_text_type("test.exe.test"))
+            open(dot_test, 'w').close()
+            os.chmod(dot_test, 0o755)
+
+            # now we have a PATHEXT match, so it take precedence
+            self.assertEqual(shutil.which(self.to_text_type("test.exe")), dot_test)
+
+            # but if we don't use os.X_OK we don't change the order based off PATHEXT
+            # and therefore get the direct match.
+            self.assertEqual(shutil.which(self.to_text_type("test.exe"), mode=os.F_OK), exe)
+
+    # See GH-109590
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", 'test specific to Windows')
+    def test_pathext_given_extension_preferred(self):
+        with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
+            env["PATH"] = self.temp_dir if isinstance(self.temp_dir, str) else self.temp_dir.decode()
+            env["PATHEXT"] = ".exe2;.exe"
+
+            exe = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, self.to_text_type("test.exe"))
+            open(exe, 'w').close()
+            os.chmod(exe, 0o755)
+
+            exe2 = os.path.join(self.temp_dir, self.to_text_type("test.exe2"))
+            open(exe2, 'w').close()
+            os.chmod(exe2, 0o755)
+
+            # even though .exe2 is preferred in PATHEXT, we matched directly to test.exe
+            self.assertEqual(shutil.which(self.to_text_type("test.exe")), exe)
+            self.assertEqual(shutil.which(self.to_text_type("test")), exe2)
+
 
 class TestWhichBytes(TestWhich):
     def setUp(self):
@@ -1840,32 +2450,30 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.dir = os.fsencode(self.dir)
         self.file = os.fsencode(self.file)
         self.temp_file.name = os.fsencode(self.temp_file.name)
+        self.temp_dir = os.fsencode(self.temp_dir)
         self.curdir = os.fsencode(self.curdir)
         self.ext = os.fsencode(self.ext)
 
+    def to_text_type(self, s):
+        '''
+        In this class we're testing with bytes, so convert s to a bytes
+        '''
+        if isinstance(s, str):
+            return s.encode()
+        return s
 
-class TestMove(unittest.TestCase):
+
+class TestMove(BaseTest, unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         filename = "foo"
-        basedir = None
-        if sys.platform == "win32":
-            basedir = os.path.realpath(os.getcwd())
-        self.src_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=basedir)
-        self.dst_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(dir=basedir)
+        self.src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        self.dst_dir = self.mkdtemp()
         self.src_file = os.path.join(self.src_dir, filename)
         self.dst_file = os.path.join(self.dst_dir, filename)
         with open(self.src_file, "wb") as f:
             f.write(b"spam")
 
-    def tearDown(self):
-        for d in (self.src_dir, self.dst_dir):
-            try:
-                if d:
-                    shutil.rmtree(d)
-            except:
-                pass
-
     def _check_move_file(self, src, dst, real_dst):
         with open(src, "rb") as f:
             contents = f.read()
@@ -1888,6 +2496,16 @@ def test_move_file_to_dir(self):
         # Move a file inside an existing dir on the same filesystem.
         self._check_move_file(self.src_file, self.dst_dir, self.dst_file)
 
+    def test_move_file_to_dir_pathlike_src(self):
+        # Move a pathlike file to another location on the same filesystem.
+        src = pathlib.Path(self.src_file)
+        self._check_move_file(src, self.dst_dir, self.dst_file)
+
+    def test_move_file_to_dir_pathlike_dst(self):
+        # Move a file to another pathlike location on the same filesystem.
+        dst = pathlib.Path(self.dst_dir)
+        self._check_move_file(self.src_file, dst, self.dst_file)
+
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_file_other_fs(self):
         # Move a file to an existing dir on another filesystem.
@@ -1900,14 +2518,11 @@ def test_move_file_to_dir_other_fs(self):
 
     def test_move_dir(self):
         # Move a dir to another location on the same filesystem.
-        dst_dir = tempfile.mktemp()
+        dst_dir = tempfile.mktemp(dir=self.mkdtemp())
         try:
             self._check_move_dir(self.src_dir, dst_dir, dst_dir)
         finally:
-            try:
-                shutil.rmtree(dst_dir)
-            except:
-                pass
+            os_helper.rmtree(dst_dir)
 
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_dir_other_fs(self):
@@ -1954,7 +2569,7 @@ def test_destinsrc_false_negative(self):
                              msg='_destinsrc() wrongly concluded that '
                              'dst (%s) is not in src (%s)' % (dst, src))
         finally:
-            shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, ignore_errors=True)
+            os_helper.rmtree(TESTFN)
 
     def test_destinsrc_false_positive(self):
         os.mkdir(TESTFN)
@@ -1966,7 +2581,7 @@ def test_destinsrc_false_positive(self):
                             msg='_destinsrc() wrongly concluded that '
                             'dst (%s) is in src (%s)' % (dst, src))
         finally:
-            shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, ignore_errors=True)
+            os_helper.rmtree(TESTFN)
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @mock_rename
@@ -2038,10 +2653,88 @@ def _copy(src, dst):
         shutil.move(self.src_dir, self.dst_dir, copy_function=_copy)
         self.assertEqual(len(moved), 3)
 
+    def test_move_dir_caseinsensitive(self):
+        # Renames a folder to the same name
+        # but a different case.
 
-class TestCopyFile(unittest.TestCase):
+        self.src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
+        dst_dir = os.path.join(
+                os.path.dirname(self.src_dir),
+                os.path.basename(self.src_dir).upper())
+        self.assertNotEqual(self.src_dir, dst_dir)
+
+        try:
+            shutil.move(self.src_dir, dst_dir)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(dst_dir))
+        finally:
+            os.rmdir(dst_dir)
+
+    # bpo-26791: Check that a symlink to a directory can
+    #            be moved into that directory.
+    @mock_rename
+    def _test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_dir(self, dst):
+        src = os.path.join(self.src_dir, 'linktodir')
+        dst_link = os.path.join(self.dst_dir, 'linktodir')
+        os.symlink(self.dst_dir, src, target_is_directory=True)
+        shutil.move(src, dst)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dst_link))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.samefile(self.dst_dir, dst_link))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(src))
+
+        # Repeat the move operation with the destination
+        # symlink already in place (should raise shutil.Error).
+        os.symlink(self.dst_dir, src, target_is_directory=True)
+        with self.assertRaises(shutil.Error):
+            shutil.move(src, dst)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.samefile(self.dst_dir, dst_link))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(src))
 
-    _delete = False
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_dir(self):
+        self._test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_dir(self.dst_dir)
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_symlink_to_dir(self):
+        dst = os.path.join(self.src_dir, 'otherlinktodir')
+        os.symlink(self.dst_dir, dst, target_is_directory=True)
+        self._test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_dir(dst)
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_dac_override
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'lchflags')
+                         and hasattr(stat, 'SF_IMMUTABLE')
+                         and hasattr(stat, 'UF_OPAQUE'),
+                         'requires lchflags')
+    def test_move_dir_permission_denied(self):
+        # bpo-42782: shutil.move should not create destination directories
+        # if the source directory cannot be removed.
+        try:
+            os.mkdir(TESTFN_SRC)
+            os.lchflags(TESTFN_SRC, stat.SF_IMMUTABLE)
+
+            # Testing on an empty immutable directory
+            # TESTFN_DST should not exist if shutil.move failed
+            self.assertRaises(PermissionError, shutil.move, TESTFN_SRC, TESTFN_DST)
+            self.assertFalse(TESTFN_DST in os.listdir())
+
+            # Create a file and keep the directory immutable
+            os.lchflags(TESTFN_SRC, stat.UF_OPAQUE)
+            os_helper.create_empty_file(os.path.join(TESTFN_SRC, 'child'))
+            os.lchflags(TESTFN_SRC, stat.SF_IMMUTABLE)
+
+            # Testing on a non-empty immutable directory
+            # TESTFN_DST should not exist if shutil.move failed
+            self.assertRaises(PermissionError, shutil.move, TESTFN_SRC, TESTFN_DST)
+            self.assertFalse(TESTFN_DST in os.listdir())
+        finally:
+            if os.path.exists(TESTFN_SRC):
+                os.lchflags(TESTFN_SRC, stat.UF_OPAQUE)
+                os_helper.rmtree(TESTFN_SRC)
+            if os.path.exists(TESTFN_DST):
+                os.lchflags(TESTFN_DST, stat.UF_OPAQUE)
+                os_helper.rmtree(TESTFN_DST)
+
+
+class TestCopyFile(unittest.TestCase):
 
     class Faux(object):
         _entered = False
@@ -2061,27 +2754,18 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
                 raise OSError("Cannot close")
             return self._suppress_at_exit
 
-    def tearDown(self):
-        if self._delete:
-            del shutil.open
-
-    def _set_shutil_open(self, func):
-        shutil.open = func
-        self._delete = True
-
     def test_w_source_open_fails(self):
         def _open(filename, mode='r'):
             if filename == 'srcfile':
                 raise OSError('Cannot open "srcfile"')
             assert 0  # shouldn't reach here.
 
-        self._set_shutil_open(_open)
-
-        self.assertRaises(OSError, shutil.copyfile, 'srcfile', 'destfile')
+        with support.swap_attr(shutil, 'open', _open):
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+                shutil.copyfile('srcfile', 'destfile')
 
     @unittest.skipIf(MACOS, "skipped on macOS")
     def test_w_dest_open_fails(self):
-
         srcfile = self.Faux()
 
         def _open(filename, mode='r'):
@@ -2091,9 +2775,8 @@ def _open(filename, mode='r'):
                 raise OSError('Cannot open "destfile"')
             assert 0  # shouldn't reach here.
 
-        self._set_shutil_open(_open)
-
-        shutil.copyfile('srcfile', 'destfile')
+        with support.swap_attr(shutil, 'open', _open):
+            shutil.copyfile('srcfile', 'destfile')
         self.assertTrue(srcfile._entered)
         self.assertTrue(srcfile._exited_with[0] is OSError)
         self.assertEqual(srcfile._exited_with[1].args,
@@ -2101,7 +2784,6 @@ def _open(filename, mode='r'):
 
     @unittest.skipIf(MACOS, "skipped on macOS")
     def test_w_dest_close_fails(self):
-
         srcfile = self.Faux()
         destfile = self.Faux(True)
 
@@ -2112,9 +2794,8 @@ def _open(filename, mode='r'):
                 return destfile
             assert 0  # shouldn't reach here.
 
-        self._set_shutil_open(_open)
-
-        shutil.copyfile('srcfile', 'destfile')
+        with support.swap_attr(shutil, 'open', _open):
+            shutil.copyfile('srcfile', 'destfile')
         self.assertTrue(srcfile._entered)
         self.assertTrue(destfile._entered)
         self.assertTrue(destfile._raised)
@@ -2135,33 +2816,15 @@ def _open(filename, mode='r'):
                 return destfile
             assert 0  # shouldn't reach here.
 
-        self._set_shutil_open(_open)
-
-        self.assertRaises(OSError,
-                          shutil.copyfile, 'srcfile', 'destfile')
+        with support.swap_attr(shutil, 'open', _open):
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+                shutil.copyfile('srcfile', 'destfile')
         self.assertTrue(srcfile._entered)
         self.assertTrue(destfile._entered)
         self.assertFalse(destfile._raised)
         self.assertTrue(srcfile._exited_with[0] is None)
         self.assertTrue(srcfile._raised)
 
-    def test_move_dir_caseinsensitive(self):
-        # Renames a folder to the same name
-        # but a different case.
-
-        self.src_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, self.src_dir, True)
-        dst_dir = os.path.join(
-                os.path.dirname(self.src_dir),
-                os.path.basename(self.src_dir).upper())
-        self.assertNotEqual(self.src_dir, dst_dir)
-
-        try:
-            shutil.move(self.src_dir, dst_dir)
-            self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(dst_dir))
-        finally:
-            os.rmdir(dst_dir)
-
 
 class TestCopyFileObj(unittest.TestCase):
     FILESIZE = 2 * 1024 * 1024
@@ -2218,7 +2881,7 @@ def test_win_impl(self):
 
         # If file size < 1 MiB memoryview() length must be equal to
         # the actual file size.
-        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as f:
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(dir=os.getcwd(), delete=False) as f:
             f.write(b'foo')
         fname = f.name
         self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, fname)
@@ -2227,7 +2890,7 @@ def test_win_impl(self):
         self.assertEqual(m.call_args[0][2], 3)
 
         # Empty files should not rely on readinto() variant.
-        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(delete=False) as f:
+        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(dir=os.getcwd(), delete=False) as f:
             pass
         fname = f.name
         self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, fname)
@@ -2287,13 +2950,13 @@ def test_regular_copy(self):
     def test_same_file(self):
         self.addCleanup(self.reset)
         with self.get_files() as (src, dst):
-            with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+            with self.assertRaises((OSError, _GiveupOnFastCopy)):
                 self.zerocopy_fun(src, src)
         # Make sure src file is not corrupted.
         self.assertEqual(read_file(TESTFN, binary=True), self.FILEDATA)
 
     def test_non_existent_src(self):
-        name = tempfile.mktemp()
+        name = tempfile.mktemp(dir=os.getcwd())
         with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError) as cm:
             shutil.copyfile(name, "new")
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.filename, name)
@@ -2466,7 +3129,7 @@ def zerocopy_fun(self, src, dst):
         return shutil._fastcopy_fcopyfile(src, dst, posix._COPYFILE_DATA)
 
 
-class TermsizeTests(unittest.TestCase):
+class TestGetTerminalSize(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_does_not_crash(self):
         """Check if get_terminal_size() returns a meaningful value.
 
@@ -2524,6 +3187,7 @@ def test_stty_match(self):
 
         self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "WASI has no /dev/null")
     def test_fallback(self):
         with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
             del env['LINES']
@@ -2537,7 +3201,7 @@ def test_fallback(self):
 
             # sys.__stdout__ is not a terminal on Unix
             # or fileno() not in (0, 1, 2) on Windows
-            with open(os.devnull, 'w') as f, \
+            with open(os.devnull, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f, \
                  support.swap_attr(sys, '__stdout__', f):
                 size = shutil.get_terminal_size(fallback=(30, 40))
             self.assertEqual(size.columns, 30)
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 97a290711a..4e77b9f720 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ features = [
   "Win32_NetworkManagement_IpHelper",
   "Win32_NetworkManagement_Ndis",
   "Win32_Security_Cryptography",
+  "Win32_System_Environment",
 ]
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index f9061ba0b0..dc248a1667 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -106,6 +106,9 @@ schannel = { workspace = true }
 widestring = { workspace = true }
 winreg = "0.10.1"
 
+[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.junction]
+version = "1.0.0"
+
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows]
 version = "0.52.0"
 features = [
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index bd76c8ed95..092c42f6b2 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -737,6 +737,18 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
             Ok(self.ino.load())
         }
 
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn is_junction(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
+            Ok(false)
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn is_junction(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
+            Ok(junction::exists(self.pathval.clone()).unwrap_or(false))
+        }
+
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn fspath(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
             self.path(vm)
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index ed88fabceb..8fce91be44 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -246,6 +246,17 @@ mod _winapi {
         ))
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePath(exe_name: PyStrRef) -> bool {
+        let exe_name = exe_name.as_str().to_wides_with_nul();
+        let return_value = unsafe {
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::Environment::NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePathW(
+                exe_name.as_ptr(),
+            )
+        };
+        return_value != 0
+    }
+
     fn getenvironment(env: ArgMapping, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u16>> {
         let keys = env.mapping().keys(vm)?;
         let values = env.mapping().values(vm)?;

From 4d05416ce36cea29a713c759f7c8f58b16219e71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Thu, 2 Nov 2023 09:37:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 152/705] Update ensurepip from CPython 3.12

---
 Lib/ensurepip/__init__.py                     |  18 ++++-----
 ...ne-any.whl => pip-23.2.1-py3-none-any.whl} | Bin 2051534 -> 2086091 bytes
 .../setuptools-65.5.0-py3-none-any.whl        | Bin 1232695 -> 0 bytes
 Lib/test/test_ensurepip.py                    |  35 ++++++------------
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)
 rename Lib/ensurepip/_bundled/{pip-22.3.1-py3-none-any.whl => pip-23.2.1-py3-none-any.whl} (54%)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/ensurepip/_bundled/setuptools-65.5.0-py3-none-any.whl

diff --git a/Lib/ensurepip/__init__.py b/Lib/ensurepip/__init__.py
index 1a2f57c07b..1fb1d505cf 100644
--- a/Lib/ensurepip/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/ensurepip/__init__.py
@@ -9,11 +9,9 @@
 
 
 __all__ = ["version", "bootstrap"]
-_PACKAGE_NAMES = ('setuptools', 'pip')
-_SETUPTOOLS_VERSION = "65.5.0"
-_PIP_VERSION = "22.3.1"
+_PACKAGE_NAMES = ('pip',)
+_PIP_VERSION = "23.2.1"
 _PROJECTS = [
-    ("setuptools", _SETUPTOOLS_VERSION, "py3"),
     ("pip", _PIP_VERSION, "py3"),
 ]
 
@@ -153,17 +151,17 @@ def _bootstrap(*, root=None, upgrade=False, user=False,
 
     _disable_pip_configuration_settings()
 
-    # By default, installing pip and setuptools installs all of the
+    # By default, installing pip installs all of the
     # following scripts (X.Y == running Python version):
     #
-    #   pip, pipX, pipX.Y, easy_install, easy_install-X.Y
+    #   pip, pipX, pipX.Y
     #
     # pip 1.5+ allows ensurepip to request that some of those be left out
     if altinstall:
-        # omit pip, pipX and easy_install
+        # omit pip, pipX
         os.environ["ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS"] = "altinstall"
     elif not default_pip:
-        # omit pip and easy_install
+        # omit pip
         os.environ["ENSUREPIP_OPTIONS"] = "install"
 
     with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
@@ -271,14 +269,14 @@ def _main(argv=None):
         action="store_true",
         default=False,
         help=("Make an alternate install, installing only the X.Y versioned "
-              "scripts (Default: pipX, pipX.Y, easy_install-X.Y)."),
+              "scripts (Default: pipX, pipX.Y)."),
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "--default-pip",
         action="store_true",
         default=False,
         help=("Make a default pip install, installing the unqualified pip "
-              "and easy_install in addition to the versioned scripts."),
+              "in addition to the versioned scripts."),
     )
 
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
diff --git a/Lib/ensurepip/_bundled/pip-22.3.1-py3-none-any.whl b/Lib/ensurepip/_bundled/pip-23.2.1-py3-none-any.whl
similarity index 54%
rename from Lib/ensurepip/_bundled/pip-22.3.1-py3-none-any.whl
rename to Lib/ensurepip/_bundled/pip-23.2.1-py3-none-any.whl
index c5b7753e757df23620ad5f039050e7dcd49fffb5..ba28ef02e265f032560e28e40b2be0bd6e2e964f 100644
GIT binary patch
delta 1039830
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diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ensurepip.py b/Lib/test/test_ensurepip.py
index bfca0cd7fb..69ab2a4fea 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ensurepip.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ensurepip.py
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ def test_version(self):
         # Test version()
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
             self.touch(tmpdir, "pip-1.2.3b1-py2.py3-none-any.whl")
-            self.touch(tmpdir, "setuptools-49.1.3-py3-none-any.whl")
             with (unittest.mock.patch.object(ensurepip, '_PACKAGES', None),
                   unittest.mock.patch.object(ensurepip, '_WHEEL_PKG_DIR', tmpdir)):
                 self.assertEqual(ensurepip.version(), '1.2.3b1')
@@ -36,15 +35,12 @@ def test_get_packages_no_dir(self):
 
         # use bundled wheel packages
         self.assertIsNotNone(packages['pip'].wheel_name)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(packages['setuptools'].wheel_name)
 
     def test_get_packages_with_dir(self):
         # Test _get_packages() with a wheel package directory
-        setuptools_filename = "setuptools-49.1.3-py3-none-any.whl"
         pip_filename = "pip-20.2.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl"
 
         with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmpdir:
-            self.touch(tmpdir, setuptools_filename)
             self.touch(tmpdir, pip_filename)
             # not used, make sure that it's ignored
             self.touch(tmpdir, "wheel-0.34.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl")
@@ -53,15 +49,12 @@ def test_get_packages_with_dir(self):
                   unittest.mock.patch.object(ensurepip, '_WHEEL_PKG_DIR', tmpdir)):
                 packages = ensurepip._get_packages()
 
-            self.assertEqual(packages['setuptools'].version, '49.1.3')
-            self.assertEqual(packages['setuptools'].wheel_path,
-                             os.path.join(tmpdir, setuptools_filename))
             self.assertEqual(packages['pip'].version, '20.2.2')
             self.assertEqual(packages['pip'].wheel_path,
                              os.path.join(tmpdir, pip_filename))
 
             # wheel package is ignored
-            self.assertEqual(sorted(packages), ['pip', 'setuptools'])
+            self.assertEqual(sorted(packages), ['pip'])
 
 
 class EnsurepipMixin:
@@ -92,13 +85,13 @@ def test_basic_bootstrapping(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "install", "--no-cache-dir", "--no-index", "--find-links",
-                unittest.mock.ANY, "setuptools", "pip",
+                unittest.mock.ANY, "pip",
             ],
             unittest.mock.ANY,
         )
 
         additional_paths = self.run_pip.call_args[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(len(additional_paths), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(additional_paths), 1)
 
     def test_bootstrapping_with_root(self):
         ensurepip.bootstrap(root="/foo/bar/")
@@ -107,7 +100,7 @@ def test_bootstrapping_with_root(self):
             [
                 "install", "--no-cache-dir", "--no-index", "--find-links",
                 unittest.mock.ANY, "--root", "/foo/bar/",
-                "setuptools", "pip",
+                "pip",
             ],
             unittest.mock.ANY,
         )
@@ -118,7 +111,7 @@ def test_bootstrapping_with_user(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "install", "--no-cache-dir", "--no-index", "--find-links",
-                unittest.mock.ANY, "--user", "setuptools", "pip",
+                unittest.mock.ANY, "--user", "pip",
             ],
             unittest.mock.ANY,
         )
@@ -129,7 +122,7 @@ def test_bootstrapping_with_upgrade(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "install", "--no-cache-dir", "--no-index", "--find-links",
-                unittest.mock.ANY, "--upgrade", "setuptools", "pip",
+                unittest.mock.ANY, "--upgrade", "pip",
             ],
             unittest.mock.ANY,
         )
@@ -140,7 +133,7 @@ def test_bootstrapping_with_verbosity_1(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "install", "--no-cache-dir", "--no-index", "--find-links",
-                unittest.mock.ANY, "-v", "setuptools", "pip",
+                unittest.mock.ANY, "-v", "pip",
             ],
             unittest.mock.ANY,
         )
@@ -151,7 +144,7 @@ def test_bootstrapping_with_verbosity_2(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "install", "--no-cache-dir", "--no-index", "--find-links",
-                unittest.mock.ANY, "-vv", "setuptools", "pip",
+                unittest.mock.ANY, "-vv", "pip",
             ],
             unittest.mock.ANY,
         )
@@ -162,7 +155,7 @@ def test_bootstrapping_with_verbosity_3(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "install", "--no-cache-dir", "--no-index", "--find-links",
-                unittest.mock.ANY, "-vvv", "setuptools", "pip",
+                unittest.mock.ANY, "-vvv", "pip",
             ],
             unittest.mock.ANY,
         )
@@ -239,7 +232,6 @@ def test_uninstall(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "uninstall", "-y", "--disable-pip-version-check", "pip",
-                "setuptools",
             ]
         )
 
@@ -250,7 +242,6 @@ def test_uninstall_with_verbosity_1(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "uninstall", "-y", "--disable-pip-version-check", "-v", "pip",
-                "setuptools",
             ]
         )
 
@@ -261,7 +252,6 @@ def test_uninstall_with_verbosity_2(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "uninstall", "-y", "--disable-pip-version-check", "-vv", "pip",
-                "setuptools",
             ]
         )
 
@@ -272,7 +262,7 @@ def test_uninstall_with_verbosity_3(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "uninstall", "-y", "--disable-pip-version-check", "-vvv",
-                "pip", "setuptools",
+                "pip"
             ]
         )
 
@@ -312,13 +302,13 @@ def test_basic_bootstrapping(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "install", "--no-cache-dir", "--no-index", "--find-links",
-                unittest.mock.ANY, "setuptools", "pip",
+                unittest.mock.ANY, "pip",
             ],
             unittest.mock.ANY,
         )
 
         additional_paths = self.run_pip.call_args[0][1]
-        self.assertEqual(len(additional_paths), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(additional_paths), 1)
         self.assertEqual(exit_code, 0)
 
     def test_bootstrapping_error_code(self):
@@ -344,7 +334,6 @@ def test_basic_uninstall(self):
         self.run_pip.assert_called_once_with(
             [
                 "uninstall", "-y", "--disable-pip-version-check", "pip",
-                "setuptools",
             ]
         )
 

From 6c37e8f4e75a3a503690bd52468e4bbc81cfd4d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hydrogen602 <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 17 Apr 2024 01:00:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 153/705] compat fix for test_field_metadata_custom_mapping in
 test_dataclasses.py

---
 Lib/test/test_dataclasses.py    |  2 --
 vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs | 11 +++++------
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_dataclasses.py b/Lib/test/test_dataclasses.py
index 2e51e43ae8..62ae5622a8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_dataclasses.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_dataclasses.py
@@ -1843,8 +1843,6 @@ class C:
                                     'does not support item assignment'):
             fields(C)[0].metadata['test'] = 3
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_field_metadata_custom_mapping(self):
         # Try a custom mapping.
         class SimpleNameSpace:
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
index a5400ee6de..cf0fd9b5bb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
@@ -93,13 +93,12 @@ impl Constructor for PyMappingProxy {
 ))]
 impl PyMappingProxy {
     fn get_inner(&self, key: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<PyObjectRef>> {
-        let opt = match &self.mapping {
-            MappingProxyInner::Class(class) => key
+        match &self.mapping {
+            MappingProxyInner::Class(class) => Ok(key
                 .as_interned_str(vm)
-                .and_then(|key| class.attributes.read().get(key).cloned()),
-            MappingProxyInner::Mapping(mapping) => mapping.mapping().subscript(&*key, vm).ok(),
-        };
-        Ok(opt)
+                .and_then(|key| class.attributes.read().get(key).cloned())),
+            MappingProxyInner::Mapping(mapping) => mapping.mapping().subscript(&*key, vm).map(Some),
+        }
     }
 
     #[pymethod]

From f0f46333462897cc453f04e4b7cffe2570cdcc4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 17 Apr 2024 01:00:17 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 154/705] Fix nightly clippy

---
 common/src/refcount.rs        |  2 +-
 src/settings.rs               |  4 ++--
 stdlib/src/cmath.rs           | 10 ++++++----
 stdlib/src/math.rs            |  6 ++++--
 vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs |  2 +-
 vm/src/convert/try_from.rs    |  8 ++++----
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs    |  2 +-
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs              |  2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs   |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/refcount.rs b/common/src/refcount.rs
index 910eef436a..cfafa98a99 100644
--- a/common/src/refcount.rs
+++ b/common/src/refcount.rs
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl RefCount {
 
     pub fn leak(&self) {
         debug_assert!(!self.is_leaked());
-        const BIT_MARKER: usize = (std::isize::MAX as usize) + 1;
+        const BIT_MARKER: usize = (isize::MAX as usize) + 1;
         debug_assert_eq!(BIT_MARKER.count_ones(), 1);
         debug_assert_eq!(BIT_MARKER.leading_zeros(), 0);
         self.strong.fetch_add(BIT_MARKER, Relaxed);
diff --git a/src/settings.rs b/src/settings.rs
index 494d594de4..d5132a06d0 100644
--- a/src/settings.rs
+++ b/src/settings.rs
@@ -248,10 +248,10 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
         settings.safe_path = true;
     }
 
-    settings.check_hash_based_pycs = matches
+    matches
         .value_of("check-hash-based-pycs")
         .unwrap_or("default")
-        .to_owned();
+        .clone_into(&mut settings.check_hash_based_pycs);
 
     let mut dev_mode = false;
     let mut warn_default_encoding = false;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/cmath.rs b/stdlib/src/cmath.rs
index 4a9590c5f4..c5badcf72a 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/cmath.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/cmath.rs
@@ -12,12 +12,14 @@ mod cmath {
     // Constants
     #[pyattr]
     use std::f64::consts::{E as e, PI as pi, TAU as tau};
-    #[pyattr]
-    use std::f64::{INFINITY as inf, NAN as nan};
+    #[pyattr(name = "inf")]
+    const INF: f64 = f64::INFINITY;
+    #[pyattr(name = "nan")]
+    const NAN: f64 = f64::NAN;
     #[pyattr(name = "infj")]
-    const INFJ: Complex64 = Complex64::new(0., std::f64::INFINITY);
+    const INFJ: Complex64 = Complex64::new(0., f64::INFINITY);
     #[pyattr(name = "nanj")]
-    const NANJ: Complex64 = Complex64::new(0., std::f64::NAN);
+    const NANJ: Complex64 = Complex64::new(0., f64::NAN);
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn phase(z: ArgIntoComplex) -> f64 {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index bc977e2a53..65aafb8880 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,10 @@ mod math {
     // Constants
     #[pyattr]
     use std::f64::consts::{E as e, PI as pi, TAU as tau};
-    #[pyattr]
-    use std::f64::{INFINITY as inf, NAN as nan};
+    #[pyattr(name = "inf")]
+    const INF: f64 = f64::INFINITY;
+    #[pyattr(name = "nan")]
+    const NAN: f64 = f64::NAN;
 
     // Helper macro:
     macro_rules! call_math_func {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
index 6b92e4c36b..ffce4db5e7 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ impl PyMemberDescriptor {
         Ok(if qualname.is_none() {
             drop(qualname);
             let calculated = calculate_qualname(&self.common, vm)?;
-            *self.common.qualname.write() = calculated.to_owned();
+            calculated.clone_into(&mut self.common.qualname.write());
             calculated
         } else {
             qualname.to_owned()
diff --git a/vm/src/convert/try_from.rs b/vm/src/convert/try_from.rs
index 028cc91033..8abe829803 100644
--- a/vm/src/convert/try_from.rs
+++ b/vm/src/convert/try_from.rs
@@ -31,16 +31,16 @@ impl PyObjectRef {
 }
 
 impl PyObject {
-    pub fn try_to_value<'a, T: 'a>(&'a self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<T>
+    pub fn try_to_value<'a, T>(&'a self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<T>
     where
-        T: TryFromBorrowedObject<'a>,
+        T: 'a + TryFromBorrowedObject<'a>,
     {
         T::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, self)
     }
 
-    pub fn try_to_ref<'a, T: 'a>(&'a self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&'a Py<T>>
+    pub fn try_to_ref<'a, T>(&'a self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&'a Py<T>>
     where
-        T: PyPayload,
+        T: 'a + PyPayload,
     {
         self.try_to_value::<&Py<T>>(vm)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index 08a3469191..f3d476497d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -1585,7 +1585,7 @@ mod decl {
                     for i in idx as usize..r {
                         let index = indices[i];
                         let elem = &zelf.pool[index];
-                        result[i] = elem.to_owned();
+                        elem.clone_into(&mut result[i]);
                     }
 
                     result.to_vec()
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 3588dd2af5..0edfe58ce8 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         // TODO: fix extend to do this check (?), see test_extend in Lib/test/list_tests.py,
         // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.9.0/Objects/listobject.c#L922-L928
         if let Some(cap) = cap {
-            if cap >= isize::max_value() as usize {
+            if cap >= isize::MAX as usize {
                 return Ok(Vec::new());
             }
         }
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
index fb7d766e29..ca269c73d0 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
@@ -671,7 +671,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
                                 min_count: ctx.peek_code(req, 2) as usize,
                                 max_count: ctx.peek_code(req, 3) as usize,
                                 code_position: ctx.code_position,
-                                last_position: std::usize::MAX,
+                                last_position: usize::MAX,
                                 prev_id: ctx.repeat_ctx_id,
                             };
                             state.repeat_stack.push(repeat_ctx);

From 6c4ee951e02333eb1917bf4108cc3a8c77958500 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 18 Apr 2024 03:10:10 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 155/705] fix windows OSError

---
 Lib/test/test_subprocess.py |   2 -
 vm/src/exceptions.rs        | 102 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 102 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
index 0a72ffade8..b6f517ca81 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
@@ -1465,7 +1465,6 @@ def test_handles_closed_on_exception(self):
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(ofname))
         self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(efname))
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_communicate_epipe(self):
         # Issue 10963: communicate() should hide EPIPE
         p = subprocess.Popen(ZERO_RETURN_CMD,
@@ -1496,7 +1495,6 @@ def test_repr(self):
                 p.returncode = code
                 self.assertEqual(repr(p), sx)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_communicate_epipe_only_stdin(self):
         # Issue 10963: communicate() should hide EPIPE
         p = subprocess.Popen(ZERO_RETURN_CMD,
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index b41c902e49..3e498f1277 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -1019,6 +1019,8 @@ pub(crate) fn raw_os_error_to_exc_type(
 ) -> Option<&'static Py<PyType>> {
     use crate::stdlib::errno::errors;
     let excs = &vm.ctx.exceptions;
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    let errno = win_error_to_errno(errno as u32);
     match errno {
         errors::EWOULDBLOCK => Some(excs.blocking_io_error),
         errors::EALREADY => Some(excs.blocking_io_error),
@@ -1043,6 +1045,106 @@ pub(crate) fn raw_os_error_to_exc_type(
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub(crate) fn win_error_to_errno(winerror: u32) -> i32 {
+    use crate::stdlib::errno::errors;
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::*;
+    // Unwrap FACILITY_WIN32 HRESULT errors.
+    // if ((winerror & 0xFFFF0000) == 0x80070000) {
+    //     winerror &= 0x0000FFFF;
+    // }
+
+    // Winsock error codes (10000-11999) are errno values.
+    // if winerror >= 10000 && winerror < 12000 {
+    //     match winerror {
+    //         WSAEINTR | WSAEBADF | WSAEACCES | WSAEFAULT | WSAEINVAL | WSAEMFILE => {
+    //             // Winsock definitions of errno values. See WinSock2.h
+    //             return winerror - 10000;
+    //         },
+    //         _ => return winerror,
+    //     }
+    // }
+
+    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+    match winerror {
+        ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
+        | ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND
+        | ERROR_INVALID_DRIVE
+        | ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES
+        | ERROR_BAD_NETPATH
+        | ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME
+        | ERROR_BAD_PATHNAME
+        | ERROR_FILENAME_EXCED_RANGE => errors::ENOENT,
+        ERROR_BAD_ENVIRONMENT => errors::E2BIG,
+        ERROR_BAD_FORMAT
+        | ERROR_INVALID_STARTING_CODESEG
+        | ERROR_INVALID_STACKSEG
+        | ERROR_INVALID_MODULETYPE
+        | ERROR_INVALID_EXE_SIGNATURE
+        | ERROR_EXE_MARKED_INVALID
+        | ERROR_BAD_EXE_FORMAT
+        | ERROR_ITERATED_DATA_EXCEEDS_64k
+        | ERROR_INVALID_MINALLOCSIZE
+        | ERROR_DYNLINK_FROM_INVALID_RING
+        | ERROR_IOPL_NOT_ENABLED
+        | ERROR_INVALID_SEGDPL
+        | ERROR_AUTODATASEG_EXCEEDS_64k
+        | ERROR_RING2SEG_MUST_BE_MOVABLE
+        | ERROR_RELOC_CHAIN_XEEDS_SEGLIM
+        | ERROR_INFLOOP_IN_RELOC_CHAIN => errors::ENOEXEC,
+        ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE | ERROR_INVALID_TARGET_HANDLE | ERROR_DIRECT_ACCESS_HANDLE => {
+            errors::EBADF
+        }
+        ERROR_WAIT_NO_CHILDREN | ERROR_CHILD_NOT_COMPLETE => errors::ECHILD,
+        ERROR_NO_PROC_SLOTS | ERROR_MAX_THRDS_REACHED | ERROR_NESTING_NOT_ALLOWED => errors::EAGAIN,
+        ERROR_ARENA_TRASHED
+        | ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY
+        | ERROR_INVALID_BLOCK
+        | ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_QUOTA => errors::ENOMEM,
+        ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED
+        | ERROR_CURRENT_DIRECTORY
+        | ERROR_WRITE_PROTECT
+        | ERROR_BAD_UNIT
+        | ERROR_NOT_READY
+        | ERROR_BAD_COMMAND
+        | ERROR_CRC
+        | ERROR_BAD_LENGTH
+        | ERROR_SEEK
+        | ERROR_NOT_DOS_DISK
+        | ERROR_SECTOR_NOT_FOUND
+        | ERROR_OUT_OF_PAPER
+        | ERROR_WRITE_FAULT
+        | ERROR_READ_FAULT
+        | ERROR_GEN_FAILURE
+        | ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION
+        | ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION
+        | ERROR_WRONG_DISK
+        | ERROR_SHARING_BUFFER_EXCEEDED
+        | ERROR_NETWORK_ACCESS_DENIED
+        | ERROR_CANNOT_MAKE
+        | ERROR_FAIL_I24
+        | ERROR_DRIVE_LOCKED
+        | ERROR_SEEK_ON_DEVICE
+        | ERROR_NOT_LOCKED
+        | ERROR_LOCK_FAILED
+        | 35 => errors::EACCES,
+        ERROR_FILE_EXISTS | ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS => errors::EEXIST,
+        ERROR_NOT_SAME_DEVICE => errors::EXDEV,
+        ERROR_DIRECTORY => errors::ENOTDIR,
+        ERROR_TOO_MANY_OPEN_FILES => errors::EMFILE,
+        ERROR_DISK_FULL => errors::ENOSPC,
+        ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE | ERROR_NO_DATA => errors::EPIPE,
+        ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY => errors::ENOTEMPTY,
+        ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION => errors::EILSEQ,
+        ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
+        | ERROR_INVALID_ACCESS
+        | ERROR_INVALID_DATA
+        | ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER
+        | ERROR_NEGATIVE_SEEK => errors::EINVAL,
+        _ => errors::EINVAL,
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
 pub(crate) fn raw_os_error_to_exc_type(
     _errno: i32,

From 79e7015a32bdfe3ef8217e020a7bbac66bd60e82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 17 Apr 2024 03:39:14 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 156/705] CreateJunction

---
 Cargo.lock              |  1 +
 Cargo.toml              |  1 +
 stdlib/Cargo.toml       |  1 +
 vm/Cargo.toml           |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs | 12 ++++++++++++
 5 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ab03881fc4..60a1d67ef1 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2242,6 +2242,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "gethostname",
  "hex",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "junction",
  "libc",
  "libsqlite3-sys",
  "libz-sys",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2255a827f0..e58a3da91e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@ indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
 insta = "1.38.0"
 itertools = "0.11.0"
 is-macro = "0.3.0"
+junction = "1.0.0"
 libc = "0.2.153"
 log = "0.4.16"
 nix = { version = "0.27", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 4e77b9f720..ad36d109e7 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ foreign-types-shared = { version = "0.1.1", optional = true }
 libsqlite3-sys = { version = "0.25", features = ["min_sqlite_version_3_7_16", "bundled"] }
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
+junction = { workspace = true }
 paste = { workspace = true }
 schannel = { workspace = true }
 widestring = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index dc248a1667..fee7dcbb94 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ widestring = { workspace = true }
 winreg = "0.10.1"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.junction]
-version = "1.0.0"
+workspace = true
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows]
 version = "0.52.0"
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index 8fce91be44..429ce479dd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -257,6 +257,18 @@ mod _winapi {
         return_value != 0
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn CreateJunction(
+        src_path: PyStrRef,
+        dest_path: PyStrRef,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<()> {
+        let src_path = std::path::Path::new(src_path.as_str());
+        let dest_path = std::path::Path::new(dest_path.as_str());
+
+        junction::create(dest_path, src_path).map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))
+    }
+
     fn getenvironment(env: ArgMapping, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u16>> {
         let keys = env.mapping().keys(vm)?;
         let values = env.mapping().values(vm)?;

From d57287b89b95d437a590d817c41c72f7a5bcca96 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2024 01:45:45 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 157/705] Fix OSError.winerror and errno/winerror converions

---
 Cargo.lock                |   1 +
 Cargo.toml                |   1 +
 Lib/test/test_tempfile.py |   1 -
 common/Cargo.toml         |   4 +
 common/src/crt_fd.rs      |  25 +-----
 common/src/os.rs          | 178 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 stdlib/Cargo.toml         |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/socket.rs      |  16 ++--
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs         |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/termios.rs     |   3 +-
 vm/Cargo.toml             |   2 +-
 vm/src/exceptions.rs      | 126 +++------------------------
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs       |  34 ++++++--
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs       |   4 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs       |   4 +-
 15 files changed, 234 insertions(+), 169 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 60a1d67ef1..d96db01ccb 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2063,6 +2063,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "siphasher",
  "volatile",
  "widestring",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e58a3da91e..fa53396d96 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ thiserror = "1.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.4"
 unicode_names2 = "1.1.0"
 widestring = "1.1.0"
+windows-sys = "0.52.0"
 
 [features]
 default = ["threading", "stdlib", "zlib", "importlib"]
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tempfile.py b/Lib/test/test_tempfile.py
index 1a175fa654..913897de40 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_tempfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tempfile.py
@@ -1418,7 +1418,6 @@ def do_create2(self, path, recurse=1, dirs=1, files=1):
             with open(os.path.join(path, "test%d.txt" % i), "wb") as f:
                 f.write(b"Hello world!")
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_mkdtemp_failure(self):
         # Check no additional exception if mkdtemp fails
         # Previously would raise AttributeError instead
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 2d5ba72ec6..28f6c4098e 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -35,3 +35,7 @@ volatile = "0.3"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 widestring = { workspace = true }
+windows-sys = { workspace = true, features = [
+    "Win32_Foundation",
+    "Win32_Networking_WinSock",
+] }
diff --git a/common/src/crt_fd.rs b/common/src/crt_fd.rs
index 8eef8d4df0..14f61b8059 100644
--- a/common/src/crt_fd.rs
+++ b/common/src/crt_fd.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub type Offset = libc::c_longlong;
 #[inline]
 fn cvt<T, I: num_traits::PrimInt>(ret: I, f: impl FnOnce(I) -> T) -> io::Result<T> {
     if ret < I::zero() {
-        Err(crate::os::errno())
+        Err(crate::os::last_os_error())
     } else {
         Ok(f(ret))
     }
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ impl Fd {
     }
 }
 
-impl io::Write for &Fd {
+impl io::Write for Fd {
     fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
         let count = cmp::min(buf.len(), MAX_RW);
         cvt(
@@ -101,19 +101,7 @@ impl io::Write for &Fd {
     }
 }
 
-impl io::Write for Fd {
-    #[inline]
-    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        (&*self).write(buf)
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
-        (&*self).flush()
-    }
-}
-
-impl io::Read for &Fd {
+impl io::Read for Fd {
     fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
         let count = cmp::min(buf.len(), MAX_RW);
         cvt(
@@ -122,10 +110,3 @@ impl io::Read for &Fd {
         )
     }
 }
-
-impl io::Read for Fd {
-    #[inline]
-    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
-        (&*self).read(buf)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/common/src/os.rs b/common/src/os.rs
index c583647ce7..c16ec014c5 100644
--- a/common/src/os.rs
+++ b/common/src/os.rs
@@ -2,26 +2,64 @@
 
 use std::{io, str::Utf8Error};
 
+pub trait ErrorExt {
+    fn posix_errno(&self) -> i32;
+}
+
+impl ErrorExt for io::Error {
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    fn posix_errno(&self) -> i32 {
+        self.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(0)
+    }
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    fn posix_errno(&self) -> i32 {
+        let winerror = self.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(0);
+        winerror_to_errno(winerror)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(windows)]
-pub fn errno() -> io::Error {
+pub fn last_os_error() -> io::Error {
     let err = io::Error::last_os_error();
     // FIXME: probably not ideal, we need a bigger dichotomy between GetLastError and errno
     if err.raw_os_error() == Some(0) {
         extern "C" {
             fn _get_errno(pValue: *mut i32) -> i32;
         }
-        let mut e = 0;
-        unsafe { suppress_iph!(_get_errno(&mut e)) };
-        io::Error::from_raw_os_error(e)
+        let mut errno = 0;
+        unsafe { suppress_iph!(_get_errno(&mut errno)) };
+        let errno = errno_to_winerror(errno);
+        io::Error::from_raw_os_error(errno)
     } else {
         err
     }
 }
+
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
-pub fn errno() -> io::Error {
+pub fn last_os_error() -> io::Error {
     io::Error::last_os_error()
 }
 
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub fn last_posix_errno() -> i32 {
+    let err = io::Error::last_os_error();
+    if err.raw_os_error() == Some(0) {
+        extern "C" {
+            fn _get_errno(pValue: *mut i32) -> i32;
+        }
+        let mut errno = 0;
+        unsafe { suppress_iph!(_get_errno(&mut errno)) };
+        errno
+    } else {
+        err.posix_errno()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+pub fn last_posix_errno() -> i32 {
+    last_os_error().posix_errno()
+}
+
 #[cfg(unix)]
 pub fn bytes_as_osstr(b: &[u8]) -> Result<&std::ffi::OsStr, Utf8Error> {
     use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
@@ -37,3 +75,133 @@ pub fn bytes_as_osstr(b: &[u8]) -> Result<&std::ffi::OsStr, Utf8Error> {
 pub use std::os::unix::ffi;
 #[cfg(target_os = "wasi")]
 pub use std::os::wasi::ffi;
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub fn errno_to_winerror(errno: i32) -> i32 {
+    use libc::*;
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::*;
+    let winerror = match errno {
+        ENOENT => ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND,
+        E2BIG => ERROR_BAD_ENVIRONMENT,
+        ENOEXEC => ERROR_BAD_FORMAT,
+        EBADF => ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE,
+        ECHILD => ERROR_WAIT_NO_CHILDREN,
+        EAGAIN => ERROR_NO_PROC_SLOTS,
+        ENOMEM => ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY,
+        EACCES => ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED,
+        EEXIST => ERROR_FILE_EXISTS,
+        EXDEV => ERROR_NOT_SAME_DEVICE,
+        ENOTDIR => ERROR_DIRECTORY,
+        EMFILE => ERROR_TOO_MANY_OPEN_FILES,
+        ENOSPC => ERROR_DISK_FULL,
+        EPIPE => ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE,
+        ENOTEMPTY => ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY,
+        EILSEQ => ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION,
+        EINVAL => ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION,
+        _ => ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION,
+    };
+    winerror as _
+}
+
+// winerror: https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/debug/system-error-codes--0-499-
+// errno: https://learn.microsoft.com/cpp/c-runtime-library/errno-constants?view=msvc-170
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub fn winerror_to_errno(winerror: i32) -> i32 {
+    use libc::*;
+    use windows_sys::Win32::{
+        Foundation::*,
+        Networking::WinSock::{WSAEACCES, WSAEBADF, WSAEFAULT, WSAEINTR, WSAEINVAL, WSAEMFILE},
+    };
+    // Unwrap FACILITY_WIN32 HRESULT errors.
+    // if ((winerror & 0xFFFF0000) == 0x80070000) {
+    //     winerror &= 0x0000FFFF;
+    // }
+
+    // Winsock error codes (10000-11999) are errno values.
+    if (10000..12000).contains(&winerror) {
+        match winerror {
+            WSAEINTR | WSAEBADF | WSAEACCES | WSAEFAULT | WSAEINVAL | WSAEMFILE => {
+                // Winsock definitions of errno values. See WinSock2.h
+                return winerror - 10000;
+            }
+            _ => return winerror as _,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+    match winerror as u32 {
+        ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
+        | ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND
+        | ERROR_INVALID_DRIVE
+        | ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES
+        | ERROR_BAD_NETPATH
+        | ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME
+        | ERROR_BAD_PATHNAME
+        | ERROR_FILENAME_EXCED_RANGE => ENOENT,
+        ERROR_BAD_ENVIRONMENT => E2BIG,
+        ERROR_BAD_FORMAT
+        | ERROR_INVALID_STARTING_CODESEG
+        | ERROR_INVALID_STACKSEG
+        | ERROR_INVALID_MODULETYPE
+        | ERROR_INVALID_EXE_SIGNATURE
+        | ERROR_EXE_MARKED_INVALID
+        | ERROR_BAD_EXE_FORMAT
+        | ERROR_ITERATED_DATA_EXCEEDS_64k
+        | ERROR_INVALID_MINALLOCSIZE
+        | ERROR_DYNLINK_FROM_INVALID_RING
+        | ERROR_IOPL_NOT_ENABLED
+        | ERROR_INVALID_SEGDPL
+        | ERROR_AUTODATASEG_EXCEEDS_64k
+        | ERROR_RING2SEG_MUST_BE_MOVABLE
+        | ERROR_RELOC_CHAIN_XEEDS_SEGLIM
+        | ERROR_INFLOOP_IN_RELOC_CHAIN => ENOEXEC,
+        ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE | ERROR_INVALID_TARGET_HANDLE | ERROR_DIRECT_ACCESS_HANDLE => EBADF,
+        ERROR_WAIT_NO_CHILDREN | ERROR_CHILD_NOT_COMPLETE => ECHILD,
+        ERROR_NO_PROC_SLOTS | ERROR_MAX_THRDS_REACHED | ERROR_NESTING_NOT_ALLOWED => EAGAIN,
+        ERROR_ARENA_TRASHED
+        | ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY
+        | ERROR_INVALID_BLOCK
+        | ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_QUOTA => ENOMEM,
+        ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED
+        | ERROR_CURRENT_DIRECTORY
+        | ERROR_WRITE_PROTECT
+        | ERROR_BAD_UNIT
+        | ERROR_NOT_READY
+        | ERROR_BAD_COMMAND
+        | ERROR_CRC
+        | ERROR_BAD_LENGTH
+        | ERROR_SEEK
+        | ERROR_NOT_DOS_DISK
+        | ERROR_SECTOR_NOT_FOUND
+        | ERROR_OUT_OF_PAPER
+        | ERROR_WRITE_FAULT
+        | ERROR_READ_FAULT
+        | ERROR_GEN_FAILURE
+        | ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION
+        | ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION
+        | ERROR_WRONG_DISK
+        | ERROR_SHARING_BUFFER_EXCEEDED
+        | ERROR_NETWORK_ACCESS_DENIED
+        | ERROR_CANNOT_MAKE
+        | ERROR_FAIL_I24
+        | ERROR_DRIVE_LOCKED
+        | ERROR_SEEK_ON_DEVICE
+        | ERROR_NOT_LOCKED
+        | ERROR_LOCK_FAILED
+        | 35 => EACCES,
+        ERROR_FILE_EXISTS | ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS => EEXIST,
+        ERROR_NOT_SAME_DEVICE => EXDEV,
+        ERROR_DIRECTORY => ENOTDIR,
+        ERROR_TOO_MANY_OPEN_FILES => EMFILE,
+        ERROR_DISK_FULL => ENOSPC,
+        ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE | ERROR_NO_DATA => EPIPE,
+        ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY => ENOTEMPTY,
+        ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION => EILSEQ,
+        ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
+        | ERROR_INVALID_ACCESS
+        | ERROR_INVALID_DATA
+        | ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER
+        | ERROR_NEGATIVE_SEEK => EINVAL,
+        _ => EINVAL,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index ad36d109e7..052a583eb7 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ features = [
 ]
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows-sys]
-version = "0.52.0"
+workspace = true
 features = [
   "Win32_Networking_WinSock",
   "Win32_NetworkManagement_IpHelper",
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 12231bac99..ad823201e1 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ mod _socket {
     use crate::common::lock::{PyMappedRwLockReadGuard, PyRwLock, PyRwLockReadGuard};
     use crate::vm::{
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyListRef, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
+        common::os::ErrorExt,
         convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject, TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject},
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgMemoryBuffer, Either, FsPath, OptionalArg, OptionalOption},
         types::{DefaultConstructor, Initializer, Representable},
@@ -1018,7 +1019,7 @@ mod _socket {
                     let sock = self.sock()?;
                     let err = sock.take_error()?;
                     match err {
-                        Some(e) if e.raw_os_error() == Some(libc::EISCONN) => Ok(()),
+                        Some(e) if e.posix_errno() == libc::EISCONN => Ok(()),
                         Some(e) => Err(e),
                         // TODO: is this accurate?
                         None => Ok(()),
@@ -1408,7 +1409,7 @@ mod _socket {
                     )
                 };
                 if ret < 0 {
-                    return Err(crate::common::os::errno().into());
+                    return Err(crate::common::os::last_os_error().into());
                 }
                 Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(flag).into())
             } else {
@@ -1429,7 +1430,7 @@ mod _socket {
                     )
                 };
                 if ret < 0 {
-                    return Err(crate::common::os::errno().into());
+                    return Err(crate::common::os::last_os_error().into());
                 }
                 buf.truncate(buflen as usize);
                 Ok(vm.ctx.new_bytes(buf).into())
@@ -1470,7 +1471,7 @@ mod _socket {
                 }
             };
             if ret < 0 {
-                Err(crate::common::os::errno().into())
+                Err(crate::common::os::last_os_error().into())
             } else {
                 Ok(())
             }
@@ -1694,10 +1695,7 @@ mod _socket {
         fn errno(self) -> PyResult<i32> {
             match self {
                 Self::Timeout => Ok(errcode!(EWOULDBLOCK)),
-                Self::Io(err) => {
-                    // TODO: just unwrap()?
-                    Ok(err.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(1))
-                }
+                Self::Io(err) => Ok(err.posix_errno()),
                 Self::Py(exc) => Err(exc),
             }
         }
@@ -2354,7 +2352,7 @@ mod _socket {
         use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::closesocket as close;
         let ret = unsafe { close(x as _) };
         if ret < 0 {
-            let err = crate::common::os::errno();
+            let err = crate::common::os::last_os_error();
             if err.raw_os_error() != Some(errcode!(ECONNRESET)) {
                 return Err(err);
             }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index cf3a802038..51b22e3666 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ mod _ssl {
                     )
                 };
                 if ret != 1 {
-                    let errno = std::io::Error::last_os_error().raw_os_error().unwrap();
+                    let errno = crate::common::os::last_posix_errno();
                     let err = if errno != 0 {
                         crate::vm::stdlib::os::errno_err(vm)
                     } else {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/termios.rs b/stdlib/src/termios.rs
index 637e9185a6..84c12b2b68 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/termios.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/termios.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ pub(crate) use self::termios::make_module;
 mod termios {
     use crate::vm::{
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytes, PyInt, PyListRef, PyTypeRef},
+        common::os::ErrorExt,
         convert::ToPyObject,
         PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
@@ -259,7 +260,7 @@ mod termios {
         vm.new_exception(
             error_type(vm),
             vec![
-                err.raw_os_error().to_pyobject(vm),
+                err.posix_errno().to_pyobject(vm),
                 vm.ctx.new_str(err.to_string()).into(),
             ],
         )
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index fee7dcbb94..e31472371e 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ features = [
 ]
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows-sys]
-version = "0.52.0"
+workspace = true
 features = [
   "Win32_Foundation",
   "Win32_Networking_WinSock",
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 3e498f1277..5f4993afe6 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -800,10 +800,8 @@ impl ExceptionZoo {
             // second exception filename
             "filename2" => ctx.none(),
         });
-        // TODO: this isn't really accurate
         #[cfg(windows)]
-        excs.os_error
-            .set_str_attr("winerror", errno_getter.clone(), ctx);
+        excs.os_error.set_str_attr("winerror", ctx.none(), ctx);
 
         extend_exception!(PyBlockingIOError, ctx, excs.blocking_io_error);
         extend_exception!(PyChildProcessError, ctx, excs.child_process_error);
@@ -1013,14 +1011,9 @@ impl<C> ToPyException for widestring::error::ContainsNul<C> {
 }
 
 #[cfg(any(unix, windows, target_os = "wasi"))]
-pub(crate) fn raw_os_error_to_exc_type(
-    errno: i32,
-    vm: &VirtualMachine,
-) -> Option<&'static Py<PyType>> {
+pub(crate) fn errno_to_exc_type(errno: i32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<&'static Py<PyType>> {
     use crate::stdlib::errno::errors;
     let excs = &vm.ctx.exceptions;
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    let errno = win_error_to_errno(errno as u32);
     match errno {
         errors::EWOULDBLOCK => Some(excs.blocking_io_error),
         errors::EALREADY => Some(excs.blocking_io_error),
@@ -1045,111 +1038,8 @@ pub(crate) fn raw_os_error_to_exc_type(
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(windows)]
-pub(crate) fn win_error_to_errno(winerror: u32) -> i32 {
-    use crate::stdlib::errno::errors;
-    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::*;
-    // Unwrap FACILITY_WIN32 HRESULT errors.
-    // if ((winerror & 0xFFFF0000) == 0x80070000) {
-    //     winerror &= 0x0000FFFF;
-    // }
-
-    // Winsock error codes (10000-11999) are errno values.
-    // if winerror >= 10000 && winerror < 12000 {
-    //     match winerror {
-    //         WSAEINTR | WSAEBADF | WSAEACCES | WSAEFAULT | WSAEINVAL | WSAEMFILE => {
-    //             // Winsock definitions of errno values. See WinSock2.h
-    //             return winerror - 10000;
-    //         },
-    //         _ => return winerror,
-    //     }
-    // }
-
-    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
-    match winerror {
-        ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
-        | ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND
-        | ERROR_INVALID_DRIVE
-        | ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES
-        | ERROR_BAD_NETPATH
-        | ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME
-        | ERROR_BAD_PATHNAME
-        | ERROR_FILENAME_EXCED_RANGE => errors::ENOENT,
-        ERROR_BAD_ENVIRONMENT => errors::E2BIG,
-        ERROR_BAD_FORMAT
-        | ERROR_INVALID_STARTING_CODESEG
-        | ERROR_INVALID_STACKSEG
-        | ERROR_INVALID_MODULETYPE
-        | ERROR_INVALID_EXE_SIGNATURE
-        | ERROR_EXE_MARKED_INVALID
-        | ERROR_BAD_EXE_FORMAT
-        | ERROR_ITERATED_DATA_EXCEEDS_64k
-        | ERROR_INVALID_MINALLOCSIZE
-        | ERROR_DYNLINK_FROM_INVALID_RING
-        | ERROR_IOPL_NOT_ENABLED
-        | ERROR_INVALID_SEGDPL
-        | ERROR_AUTODATASEG_EXCEEDS_64k
-        | ERROR_RING2SEG_MUST_BE_MOVABLE
-        | ERROR_RELOC_CHAIN_XEEDS_SEGLIM
-        | ERROR_INFLOOP_IN_RELOC_CHAIN => errors::ENOEXEC,
-        ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE | ERROR_INVALID_TARGET_HANDLE | ERROR_DIRECT_ACCESS_HANDLE => {
-            errors::EBADF
-        }
-        ERROR_WAIT_NO_CHILDREN | ERROR_CHILD_NOT_COMPLETE => errors::ECHILD,
-        ERROR_NO_PROC_SLOTS | ERROR_MAX_THRDS_REACHED | ERROR_NESTING_NOT_ALLOWED => errors::EAGAIN,
-        ERROR_ARENA_TRASHED
-        | ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY
-        | ERROR_INVALID_BLOCK
-        | ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_QUOTA => errors::ENOMEM,
-        ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED
-        | ERROR_CURRENT_DIRECTORY
-        | ERROR_WRITE_PROTECT
-        | ERROR_BAD_UNIT
-        | ERROR_NOT_READY
-        | ERROR_BAD_COMMAND
-        | ERROR_CRC
-        | ERROR_BAD_LENGTH
-        | ERROR_SEEK
-        | ERROR_NOT_DOS_DISK
-        | ERROR_SECTOR_NOT_FOUND
-        | ERROR_OUT_OF_PAPER
-        | ERROR_WRITE_FAULT
-        | ERROR_READ_FAULT
-        | ERROR_GEN_FAILURE
-        | ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION
-        | ERROR_LOCK_VIOLATION
-        | ERROR_WRONG_DISK
-        | ERROR_SHARING_BUFFER_EXCEEDED
-        | ERROR_NETWORK_ACCESS_DENIED
-        | ERROR_CANNOT_MAKE
-        | ERROR_FAIL_I24
-        | ERROR_DRIVE_LOCKED
-        | ERROR_SEEK_ON_DEVICE
-        | ERROR_NOT_LOCKED
-        | ERROR_LOCK_FAILED
-        | 35 => errors::EACCES,
-        ERROR_FILE_EXISTS | ERROR_ALREADY_EXISTS => errors::EEXIST,
-        ERROR_NOT_SAME_DEVICE => errors::EXDEV,
-        ERROR_DIRECTORY => errors::ENOTDIR,
-        ERROR_TOO_MANY_OPEN_FILES => errors::EMFILE,
-        ERROR_DISK_FULL => errors::ENOSPC,
-        ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE | ERROR_NO_DATA => errors::EPIPE,
-        ERROR_DIR_NOT_EMPTY => errors::ENOTEMPTY,
-        ERROR_NO_UNICODE_TRANSLATION => errors::EILSEQ,
-        ERROR_INVALID_FUNCTION
-        | ERROR_INVALID_ACCESS
-        | ERROR_INVALID_DATA
-        | ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER
-        | ERROR_NEGATIVE_SEEK => errors::EINVAL,
-        _ => errors::EINVAL,
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
-pub(crate) fn raw_os_error_to_exc_type(
-    _errno: i32,
-    _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-) -> Option<&'static Py<PyType>> {
+pub(crate) fn errno_to_exc_type(_errno: i32, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<&'static Py<PyType>> {
     None
 }
 
@@ -1359,7 +1249,7 @@ pub(super) mod types {
                 errno
                     .payload_if_subclass::<PyInt>(vm)
                     .and_then(|errno| errno.try_to_primitive::<i32>(vm).ok())
-                    .and_then(|errno| super::raw_os_error_to_exc_type(errno, vm))
+                    .and_then(|errno| super::errno_to_exc_type(errno, vm))
                     .and_then(|typ| vm.invoke_exception(typ.to_owned(), args.to_vec()).ok())
             } else {
                 None
@@ -1392,8 +1282,12 @@ pub(super) mod types {
             let mut new_args = args;
             if (3..=5).contains(&len) {
                 zelf.set_attr("filename", new_args.args[2].clone(), vm)?;
-                if len == 5 {
-                    zelf.set_attr("filename2", new_args.args[4].clone(), vm)?;
+                #[cfg(windows)]
+                if let Some(winerror) = new_args.args.get(3) {
+                    zelf.set_attr("winerror", winerror.clone(), vm)?;
+                }
+                if let Some(filename2) = new_args.args.get(4) {
+                    zelf.set_attr("filename2", filename2.clone(), vm)?;
                 }
 
                 new_args.args.truncate(2);
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index edebde1377..deea3eafbc 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -10,9 +10,9 @@ cfg_if::cfg_if! {
 }
 
 use crate::{
-    builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
-    builtins::PyModule,
-    convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyException, ToPyObject},
+    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyModule},
+    common::os::ErrorExt,
+    convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyException},
     PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 pub use _io::io_open as open;
@@ -28,14 +28,32 @@ impl ToPyException for std::io::Error {
             ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => excs.permission_error,
             ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => excs.file_exists_error,
             ErrorKind::WouldBlock => excs.blocking_io_error,
-            _ => self
-                .raw_os_error()
-                .and_then(|errno| crate::exceptions::raw_os_error_to_exc_type(errno, vm))
+            _ => crate::exceptions::errno_to_exc_type(self.posix_errno(), vm)
                 .unwrap_or(excs.os_error),
         };
-        let errno = self.raw_os_error().to_pyobject(vm);
+
+        let errno = self.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(0);
+        let errno_obj = vm.new_pyobj(errno);
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let (winerror_obj, errno_obj) = {
+            let winerror = errno;
+            let winerror_obj = errno_obj.clone();
+            let errno = crate::common::os::winerror_to_errno(winerror);
+            (winerror_obj, vm.new_pyobj(errno))
+        };
+
         let msg = vm.ctx.new_str(self.to_string()).into();
-        vm.new_exception(exc_type.to_owned(), vec![errno, msg])
+        #[allow(clippy::let_and_return)]
+        let exc = vm.new_exception(exc_type.to_owned(), vec![errno_obj, msg]);
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        {
+            // FIXME: manual setup winerror due to lack of OSError.__init__ support
+            use crate::object::AsObject;
+            exc.as_object()
+                .set_attr("winerror", vm.new_pyobj(winerror_obj), vm)
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+        exc
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 206faa82e1..2da8f5e0dc 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
     use crate::builtins::PyListRef;
     use crate::{
         builtins::{PyDictRef, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef},
-        common::{crt_fd::Fd, os::errno, suppress_iph},
+        common::{crt_fd::Fd, os::last_os_error, suppress_iph},
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::Either,
         function::OptionalArg,
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
             Foundation::SetHandleInformation(handle as _, Foundation::HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, flags)
         };
         if res == 0 {
-            Err(errno())
+            Err(last_os_error())
         } else {
             Ok(())
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 092c42f6b2..3121b7944d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyModule, PySet},
     common::crt_fd::Fd,
-    convert::IntoPyException,
+    convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyException},
     function::{ArgumentError, FromArgs, FsPath, FuncArgs},
     AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ impl IntoPyException for IOErrorBuilder {
 /// Convert the error stored in the `errno` variable into an Exception
 #[inline]
 pub fn errno_err(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-    crate::common::os::errno().into_pyexception(vm)
+    crate::common::os::last_os_error().to_pyexception(vm)
 }
 
 #[allow(dead_code)]

From c9c07a6bbcf1dc304522e05071f80212988379e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2024 04:26:11 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 158/705] vm/ospath module

---
 Lib/test/test_shutil.py                 |   4 -
 Lib/test/test_unicode_file_functions.py |   6 -
 stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs           |   3 +-
 vm/src/lib.rs                           |   2 +
 vm/src/ospath.rs                        | 198 +++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs                     |   4 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs                     |   5 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs                     | 247 ++++--------------------
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs                  |  37 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs           |   3 +-
 10 files changed, 263 insertions(+), 246 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 vm/src/ospath.rs

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
index 1342355069..aba7340a1d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
@@ -318,8 +318,6 @@ def test_rmtree_works_on_junctions(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(dir3))
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(file1))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_rmtree_errors_onerror(self):
         # filename is guaranteed not to exist
         filename = tempfile.mktemp(dir=self.mkdtemp())
@@ -352,8 +350,6 @@ def onerror(*args):
         self.assertIsInstance(errors[1][2][1], NotADirectoryError)
         self.assertEqual(errors[1][2][1].filename, filename)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_rmtree_errors_onexc(self):
         # filename is guaranteed not to exist
         filename = tempfile.mktemp(dir=self.mkdtemp())
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unicode_file_functions.py b/Lib/test/test_unicode_file_functions.py
index 4095528788..47619c8807 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unicode_file_functions.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unicode_file_functions.py
@@ -94,8 +94,6 @@ def _apply_failure(self, fn, filename,
                              "with bad filename in the exception: %a" %
                              (fn.__name__, filename, exc_filename))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_failures(self):
         # Pass non-existing Unicode filenames all over the place.
         for name in self.files:
@@ -113,8 +111,6 @@ def test_failures(self):
     else:
         _listdir_failure = NotADirectoryError
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_open(self):
         for name in self.files:
             f = open(name, 'wb')
@@ -127,8 +123,6 @@ def test_open(self):
     # NFD (a variant of Unicode NFD form). Normalize the filename to NFC, NFKC,
     # NFKD in Python is useless, because darwin will normalize it later and so
     # open(), os.stat(), etc. don't raise any exception.
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'darwin', 'irrelevant test on Mac OS X')
     @unittest.skipIf(
         support.is_emscripten or support.is_wasi,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
index 5f8cb3f5b9..cbc78d962b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use crate::vm::{
     builtins::PyListRef,
     function::ArgSequence,
-    stdlib::{os::OsPath, posix},
+    ospath::OsPath,
+    stdlib::posix,
     {PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine},
 };
 use nix::{errno::Errno, unistd};
diff --git a/vm/src/lib.rs b/vm/src/lib.rs
index aae29a9a28..3c99e382f6 100644
--- a/vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@ pub mod import;
 mod intern;
 pub mod iter;
 pub mod object;
+#[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))]
+pub mod ospath;
 pub mod prelude;
 pub mod protocol;
 pub mod py_io;
diff --git a/vm/src/ospath.rs b/vm/src/ospath.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac574339f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/ospath.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+use crate::{
+    builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
+    convert::{ToPyException, TryFromObject},
+    function::FsPath,
+    object::AsObject,
+    PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+// path_ without allow_fd in CPython
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct OsPath {
+    pub path: std::ffi::OsString,
+    pub(super) mode: OutputMode,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+pub(super) enum OutputMode {
+    String,
+    Bytes,
+}
+
+impl OutputMode {
+    pub(super) fn process_path(self, path: impl Into<PathBuf>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        fn inner(mode: OutputMode, path: PathBuf, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            let path_as_string = |p: PathBuf| {
+                p.into_os_string().into_string().map_err(|_| {
+                    vm.new_unicode_decode_error(
+                        "Can't convert OS path to valid UTF-8 string".into(),
+                    )
+                })
+            };
+            match mode {
+                OutputMode::String => path_as_string(path).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()),
+                OutputMode::Bytes => {
+                    #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
+                    {
+                        use rustpython_common::os::ffi::OsStringExt;
+                        Ok(vm.ctx.new_bytes(path.into_os_string().into_vec()).into())
+                    }
+                    #[cfg(windows)]
+                    {
+                        path_as_string(path).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_bytes(s.into_bytes()).into())
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        inner(self, path.into(), vm)
+    }
+}
+
+impl OsPath {
+    pub fn new_str(path: impl Into<std::ffi::OsString>) -> Self {
+        let path = path.into();
+        Self {
+            path,
+            mode: OutputMode::String,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn from_fspath(fspath: FsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<OsPath> {
+        let path = fspath.as_os_str(vm)?.to_owned();
+        let mode = match fspath {
+            FsPath::Str(_) => OutputMode::String,
+            FsPath::Bytes(_) => OutputMode::Bytes,
+        };
+        Ok(OsPath { path, mode })
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_path(&self) -> &Path {
+        Path::new(&self.path)
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.path.into_encoded_bytes()
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> std::borrow::Cow<'_, str> {
+        self.path.to_string_lossy()
+    }
+
+    pub fn into_cstring(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<std::ffi::CString> {
+        std::ffi::CString::new(self.into_bytes()).map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    pub fn to_widecstring(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<widestring::WideCString> {
+        widestring::WideCString::from_os_str(&self.path).map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))
+    }
+
+    pub fn filename(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        self.mode.process_path(self.path.clone(), vm)
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Path> for OsPath {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Path {
+        self.as_path()
+    }
+}
+
+impl TryFromObject for OsPath {
+    // TODO: path_converter with allow_fd=0 in CPython
+    fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let fspath = FsPath::try_from(obj, true, vm)?;
+        Self::from_fspath(fspath, vm)
+    }
+}
+
+// path_t with allow_fd in CPython
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum OsPathOrFd {
+    Path(OsPath),
+    Fd(i32),
+}
+
+impl TryFromObject for OsPathOrFd {
+    fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let r = match obj.try_index_opt(vm) {
+            Some(int) => Self::Fd(int?.try_to_primitive(vm)?),
+            None => Self::Path(obj.try_into_value(vm)?),
+        };
+        Ok(r)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<OsPath> for OsPathOrFd {
+    fn from(path: OsPath) -> Self {
+        Self::Path(path)
+    }
+}
+
+impl OsPathOrFd {
+    pub fn filename(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => path.filename(vm).unwrap_or_else(|_| vm.ctx.none()),
+            OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd) => vm.ctx.new_int(*fd).into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO: preserve the input `PyObjectRef` of filename and filename2 (Failing check `self.assertIs(err.filename, name, str(func)`)
+pub struct IOErrorBuilder<'a> {
+    error: &'a std::io::Error,
+    filename: Option<OsPathOrFd>,
+    filename2: Option<OsPathOrFd>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> IOErrorBuilder<'a> {
+    pub fn new(error: &'a std::io::Error) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            error,
+            filename: None,
+            filename2: None,
+        }
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn filename(mut self, filename: impl Into<OsPathOrFd>) -> Self {
+        let filename = filename.into();
+        self.filename.replace(filename);
+        self
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn filename2(mut self, filename: impl Into<OsPathOrFd>) -> Self {
+        let filename = filename.into();
+        self.filename2.replace(filename);
+        self
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn with_filename(
+        error: &'a std::io::Error,
+        filename: impl Into<OsPathOrFd>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        let zelf = Self {
+            error,
+            filename: Some(filename.into()),
+            filename2: None,
+        };
+        zelf.to_pyexception(vm)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> ToPyException for IOErrorBuilder<'a> {
+    fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        let excp = self.error.to_pyexception(vm);
+
+        if let Some(filename) = &self.filename {
+            excp.as_object()
+                .set_attr("filename", filename.filename(vm), vm)
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+        if let Some(filename2) = &self.filename2 {
+            excp.as_object()
+                .set_attr("filename2", filename2.filename(vm), vm)
+                .unwrap();
+        }
+        excp
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index deea3eafbc..3091250663 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -3570,7 +3570,7 @@ mod _io {
 
         // check file descriptor validity
         #[cfg(unix)]
-        if let Ok(crate::stdlib::os::OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd)) = file.clone().try_into_value(vm) {
+        if let Ok(crate::ospath::OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd)) = file.clone().try_into_value(vm) {
             nix::fcntl::fcntl(fd, nix::fcntl::F_GETFD)
                 .map_err(|_| crate::stdlib::os::errno_err(vm))?;
         }
@@ -3901,7 +3901,7 @@ mod fileio {
             } else if let Some(i) = name.payload::<crate::builtins::PyInt>() {
                 i.try_to_primitive(vm)?
             } else {
-                let path = os::OsPath::try_from_object(vm, name.clone())?;
+                let path = crate::ospath::OsPath::try_from_object(vm, name.clone())?;
                 if !args.closefd {
                     return Err(
                         vm.new_value_error("Cannot use closefd=False with file name".to_owned())
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 2da8f5e0dc..9fa69291fb 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -18,9 +18,8 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::Either,
         function::OptionalArg,
-        stdlib::os::{
-            errno_err, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, OsPath, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, _os,
-        },
+        ospath::OsPath,
+        stdlib::os::{errno_err, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, _os},
         PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use libc::intptr_t;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 3121b7944d..636f6cd335 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -1,97 +1,11 @@
 use crate::{
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyModule, PySet},
     common::crt_fd::Fd,
-    convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyException},
-    function::{ArgumentError, FromArgs, FsPath, FuncArgs},
-    AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+    convert::ToPyException,
+    function::{ArgumentError, FromArgs, FuncArgs},
+    AsObject, Py, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
-
-use std::{
-    ffi, fs, io,
-    path::{Path, PathBuf},
-};
-
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
-pub(super) enum OutputMode {
-    String,
-    Bytes,
-}
-
-impl OutputMode {
-    pub(super) fn process_path(self, path: impl Into<PathBuf>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        fn inner(mode: OutputMode, path: PathBuf, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            let path_as_string = |p: PathBuf| {
-                p.into_os_string().into_string().map_err(|_| {
-                    vm.new_unicode_decode_error(
-                        "Can't convert OS path to valid UTF-8 string".into(),
-                    )
-                })
-            };
-            match mode {
-                OutputMode::String => path_as_string(path).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()),
-                OutputMode::Bytes => {
-                    #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
-                    {
-                        use rustpython_common::os::ffi::OsStringExt;
-                        Ok(vm.ctx.new_bytes(path.into_os_string().into_vec()).into())
-                    }
-                    #[cfg(windows)]
-                    {
-                        path_as_string(path).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_bytes(s.into_bytes()).into())
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        inner(self, path.into(), vm)
-    }
-}
-
-// path_ without allow_fd in CPython
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub struct OsPath {
-    pub path: ffi::OsString,
-    pub(super) mode: OutputMode,
-}
-
-impl OsPath {
-    pub fn new_str(path: impl Into<ffi::OsString>) -> Self {
-        let path = path.into();
-        Self {
-            path,
-            mode: OutputMode::String,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn from_fspath(fspath: FsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<OsPath> {
-        let path = fspath.as_os_str(vm)?.to_owned();
-        let mode = match fspath {
-            FsPath::Str(_) => OutputMode::String,
-            FsPath::Bytes(_) => OutputMode::Bytes,
-        };
-        Ok(OsPath { path, mode })
-    }
-
-    pub fn as_path(&self) -> &Path {
-        Path::new(&self.path)
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<u8> {
-        self.path.into_encoded_bytes()
-    }
-
-    pub fn into_cstring(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<ffi::CString> {
-        ffi::CString::new(self.into_bytes()).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    pub fn to_widecstring(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<widestring::WideCString> {
-        widestring::WideCString::from_os_str(&self.path).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
-    }
-
-    pub fn filename(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        self.mode.process_path(self.path.clone(), vm)
-    }
-}
+use std::{ffi, fs, io, path::Path};
 
 pub(super) fn fs_metadata<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     path: P,
@@ -104,104 +18,13 @@ pub(super) fn fs_metadata<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     }
 }
 
-impl AsRef<Path> for OsPath {
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Path {
-        self.as_path()
-    }
-}
-
-impl TryFromObject for OsPath {
-    // TODO: path_converter with allow_fd=0 in CPython
-    fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let fspath = FsPath::try_from(obj, true, vm)?;
-        Self::from_fspath(fspath, vm)
-    }
-}
-
-// path_t with allow_fd in CPython
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub(crate) enum OsPathOrFd {
-    Path(OsPath),
-    Fd(i32),
-}
-
-impl TryFromObject for OsPathOrFd {
-    fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let r = match obj.try_index_opt(vm) {
-            Some(int) => Self::Fd(int?.try_to_primitive(vm)?),
-            None => Self::Path(obj.try_into_value(vm)?),
-        };
-        Ok(r)
-    }
-}
-
-impl From<OsPath> for OsPathOrFd {
-    fn from(path: OsPath) -> Self {
-        Self::Path(path)
-    }
-}
-
-impl OsPathOrFd {
-    pub fn filename(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match self {
-            OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => path.filename(vm).unwrap_or_else(|_| vm.ctx.none()),
-            OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd) => vm.ctx.new_int(*fd).into(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(unix)]
-impl IntoPyException for nix::Error {
+impl crate::convert::IntoPyException for nix::Error {
     fn into_pyexception(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
         io::Error::from(self).into_pyexception(vm)
     }
 }
 
-// TODO: preserve the input `PyObjectRef` of filename and filename2 (Failing check `self.assertIs(err.filename, name, str(func)`)
-pub struct IOErrorBuilder {
-    error: io::Error,
-    filename: Option<OsPathOrFd>,
-    filename2: Option<OsPathOrFd>,
-}
-
-impl IOErrorBuilder {
-    pub fn new(error: io::Error) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            error,
-            filename: None,
-            filename2: None,
-        }
-    }
-    pub(crate) fn filename(mut self, filename: impl Into<OsPathOrFd>) -> Self {
-        let filename = filename.into();
-        self.filename.replace(filename);
-        self
-    }
-    pub(crate) fn filename2(mut self, filename: impl Into<OsPathOrFd>) -> Self {
-        let filename = filename.into();
-        self.filename2.replace(filename);
-        self
-    }
-}
-
-impl IntoPyException for IOErrorBuilder {
-    fn into_pyexception(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-        let excp = self.error.into_pyexception(vm);
-
-        if let Some(filename) = self.filename {
-            excp.as_object()
-                .set_attr("filename", filename.filename(vm), vm)
-                .unwrap();
-        }
-        if let Some(filename2) = self.filename2 {
-            excp.as_object()
-                .set_attr("filename2", filename2.filename(vm), vm)
-                .unwrap();
-        }
-        excp
-    }
-}
-
 /// Convert the error stored in the `errno` variable into an Exception
 #[inline]
 pub fn errno_err(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
@@ -295,10 +118,7 @@ fn bytes_as_osstr<'a>(b: &'a [u8], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&'a ffi::OsS
 
 #[pymodule(sub)]
 pub(super) mod _os {
-    use super::{
-        errno_err, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, IOErrorBuilder, OsPath, OsPathOrFd, OutputMode,
-        SupportFunc,
-    };
+    use super::{errno_err, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, SupportFunc};
     use crate::{
         builtins::{
             PyBytesRef, PyGenericAlias, PyIntRef, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef,
@@ -308,6 +128,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         common::suppress_iph,
         convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject},
         function::{ArgBytesLike, Either, FsPath, FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
+        ospath::{IOErrorBuilder, OsPath, OsPathOrFd, OutputMode},
         protocol::PyIterReturn,
         recursion::ReprGuard,
         types::{IterNext, Iterable, PyStructSequence, Representable, SelfIter},
@@ -407,7 +228,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
             }
         };
         fd.map(|fd| fd.0)
-            .map_err(|e| IOErrorBuilder::new(e).filename(name).into_pyexception(vm))
+            .map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, name, vm))
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -449,7 +270,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         } else {
             fs::remove_file(&path)
         };
-        res.map_err(|e| IOErrorBuilder::new(e).filename(path).into_pyexception(vm))
+        res.map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path, vm))
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(windows))]
@@ -486,8 +307,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn rmdir(path: OsPath, dir_fd: DirFd<0>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         let [] = dir_fd.0;
-        fs::remove_dir(&path)
-            .map_err(|e| IOErrorBuilder::new(e).filename(path).into_pyexception(vm))
+        fs::remove_dir(&path).map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path, vm))
     }
 
     const LISTDIR_FD: bool = cfg!(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")));
@@ -497,13 +317,16 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         let path = path.unwrap_or_else(|| OsPathOrFd::Path(OsPath::new_str(".")));
         let list = match path {
             OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => {
-                let dir_iter = fs::read_dir(&path).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
+                let dir_iter = match fs::read_dir(&path) {
+                    Ok(iter) => iter,
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        return Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path, vm));
+                    }
+                };
                 dir_iter
                     .map(|entry| match entry {
                         Ok(entry_path) => path.mode.process_path(entry_path.file_name(), vm),
-                        Err(e) => Err(IOErrorBuilder::new(e)
-                            .filename(path.clone())
-                            .into_pyexception(vm)),
+                        Err(err) => Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path.clone(), vm)),
                     })
                     .collect::<PyResult<_>>()?
             }
@@ -593,8 +416,8 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
     fn readlink(path: OsPath, dir_fd: DirFd<0>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         let mode = path.mode;
         let [] = dir_fd.0;
-        let path = fs::read_link(&path)
-            .map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::new(err).filename(path).into_pyexception(vm))?;
+        let path =
+            fs::read_link(&path).map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path, vm))?;
         mode.process_path(path, vm)
     }
 
@@ -861,7 +684,8 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn scandir(path: OptionalArg<OsPath>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         let path = path.unwrap_or_else(|| OsPath::new_str("."));
-        let entries = fs::read_dir(path.path).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
+        let entries = fs::read_dir(&path.path)
+            .map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path.clone(), vm))?;
         Ok(ScandirIterator {
             entries: PyRwLock::new(Some(entries)),
             mode: path.mode,
@@ -1113,7 +937,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult {
         let stat = stat_inner(file.clone(), dir_fd, follow_symlinks)
-            .map_err(|e| IOErrorBuilder::new(e).filename(file).into_pyexception(vm))?
+            .map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, file, vm))?
             .ok_or_else(|| crate::exceptions::cstring_error(vm))?;
         Ok(StatResult::from_stat(&stat, vm).to_pyobject(vm))
     }
@@ -1144,7 +968,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn chdir(path: OsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         env::set_current_dir(&path.path)
-            .map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::new(err).filename(path).into_pyexception(vm))
+            .map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path, vm))
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -1156,7 +980,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
     #[pyfunction(name = "replace")]
     fn rename(src: OsPath, dst: OsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         fs::rename(&src.path, &dst.path).map_err(|err| {
-            IOErrorBuilder::new(err)
+            IOErrorBuilder::new(&err)
                 .filename(src)
                 .filename2(dst)
                 .into_pyexception(vm)
@@ -1238,7 +1062,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn link(src: OsPath, dst: OsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         fs::hard_link(&src.path, &dst.path).map_err(|err| {
-            IOErrorBuilder::new(err)
+            IOErrorBuilder::new(&err)
                 .filename(src)
                 .filename2(dst)
                 .into_pyexception(vm)
@@ -1552,14 +1376,23 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         if let Ok(fd) = path.try_to_value(vm) {
             return ftruncate(fd, length, vm);
         }
+
+        #[cold]
+        fn error(
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+            error: std::io::Error,
+            path: OsPath,
+        ) -> crate::builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef {
+            IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&error, path, vm)
+        }
+
         let path = OsPath::try_from_object(vm, path)?;
         // TODO: just call libc::truncate() on POSIX
-        let f = OpenOptions::new()
-            .write(true)
-            .open(path)
-            .map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))?;
-        f.set_len(length as u64)
-            .map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))?;
+        let f = match OpenOptions::new().write(true).open(&path) {
+            Ok(f) => f,
+            Err(e) => return Err(error(vm, e, path)),
+        };
+        f.set_len(length as u64).map_err(|e| error(vm, e, path))?;
         drop(f);
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 4351acf86b..58b13c46db 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -24,9 +24,9 @@ pub mod module {
         builtins::{PyDictRef, PyInt, PyListRef, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
         convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject, TryFromObject},
         function::{Either, KwArgs, OptionalArg},
+        ospath::{IOErrorBuilder, OsPath, OsPathOrFd},
         stdlib::os::{
-            errno_err, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, OsPath, OsPathOrFd, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory,
-            _os, fs_metadata, IOErrorBuilder,
+            errno_err, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, _os, fs_metadata,
         },
         types::{Constructor, Representable},
         utils::ToCString,
@@ -279,14 +279,15 @@ pub mod module {
         )
         })?;
 
-        let metadata = fs::metadata(path.path);
+        let metadata = fs::metadata(path.path.clone());
 
         // if it's only checking for F_OK
         if flags == AccessFlags::F_OK {
             return Ok(metadata.is_ok());
         }
 
-        let metadata = metadata.map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
+        let metadata =
+            metadata.map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path.clone(), vm))?;
 
         let user_id = metadata.uid();
         let group_id = metadata.gid();
@@ -356,13 +357,12 @@ pub mod module {
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn chroot(path: OsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        use crate::stdlib::os::IOErrorBuilder;
+        use crate::ospath::IOErrorBuilder;
 
         nix::unistd::chroot(&*path.path).map_err(|err| {
             // Use `From<nix::Error> for io::Error` when it is available
-            IOErrorBuilder::new(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(err as i32))
-                .filename(path)
-                .into_pyexception(vm)
+            let err = io::Error::from_raw_os_error(err as i32);
+            IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path, vm)
         })
     }
 
@@ -408,9 +408,8 @@ pub mod module {
         }
         .map_err(|err| {
             // Use `From<nix::Error> for io::Error` when it is available
-            IOErrorBuilder::new(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(err as i32))
-                .filename(path)
-                .into_pyexception(vm)
+            let err = io::Error::from_raw_os_error(err as i32);
+            IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path, vm)
         })
     }
 
@@ -919,11 +918,7 @@ pub mod module {
             permissions.set_mode(mode);
             fs::set_permissions(&path, permissions)
         };
-        body().map_err(|err| {
-            IOErrorBuilder::new(err)
-                .filename(err_path)
-                .into_pyexception(vm)
-        })
+        body().map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, err_path, vm))
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
@@ -1474,9 +1469,8 @@ pub mod module {
                         }
                     };
                     if ret != 0 {
-                        return Err(IOErrorBuilder::new(std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(ret))
-                            .filename(self.path)
-                            .into_pyexception(vm));
+                        let err = std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(ret);
+                        return Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, self.path, vm));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1548,9 +1542,8 @@ pub mod module {
             if ret == 0 {
                 Ok(pid)
             } else {
-                Err(IOErrorBuilder::new(std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(ret))
-                    .filename(self.path)
-                    .into_pyexception(vm))
+                let err = std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(ret);
+                Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, self.path, vm))
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs
index 3f939dce10..95ed932fe5 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 pub(crate) mod module {
     use crate::{
         builtins::PyStrRef,
-        stdlib::os::{DirFd, OsPath, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, _os},
+        ospath::OsPath,
+        stdlib::os::{DirFd, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, _os},
         PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use std::env;

From b3666060d4cf859b3a0d5e716f05c69b67bd07cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2024 15:53:11 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 159/705] better OSError.filename  (#5239)

* Fix OSError message

* IOError with filename

* more filenames
---
 vm/src/exceptions.rs   |  4 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs    | 54 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs | 15 +++++++-----
 3 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 5f4993afe6..ffa714195d 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -1307,14 +1307,14 @@ pub(super) mod types {
 
                 let s = match obj.get_attr("filename", vm) {
                     Ok(filename) => match obj.get_attr("filename2", vm) {
-                        Ok(filename2) => format!(
+                        Ok(filename2) if !vm.is_none(&filename2) => format!(
                             "[Errno {}] {}: '{}' -> '{}'",
                             errno,
                             msg,
                             filename.str(vm)?,
                             filename2.str(vm)?
                         ),
-                        Err(_) => format!("[Errno {}] {}: '{}'", errno, msg, filename.str(vm)?),
+                        _ => format!("[Errno {}] {}: '{}'", errno, msg, filename.str(vm)?),
                     },
                     Err(_) => {
                         format!("[Errno {errno}] {msg}")
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 3091250663..97c79fad60 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -3730,7 +3730,7 @@ mod _io {
 mod fileio {
     use super::{Offset, _io::*};
     use crate::{
-        builtins::{PyStr, PyStrRef},
+        builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyStr, PyStrRef},
         common::crt_fd::Fd,
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgMemoryBuffer, OptionalArg, OptionalOption},
@@ -3947,6 +3947,20 @@ mod fileio {
         flags(BASETYPE, HAS_DICT)
     )]
     impl FileIO {
+        fn io_error(
+            zelf: &Py<Self>,
+            error: std::io::Error,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+            let exc = error.to_pyexception(vm);
+            if let Ok(name) = zelf.as_object().get_attr("name", vm) {
+                exc.as_object()
+                    .set_attr("filename", name, vm)
+                    .expect("OSError.filename set must success");
+            }
+            exc
+        }
+
         #[pygetset]
         fn closed(&self) -> bool {
             self.fd.load() < 0
@@ -4006,26 +4020,30 @@ mod fileio {
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn read(&self, read_byte: OptionalSize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            if !self.mode.load().contains(Mode::READABLE) {
+        fn read(
+            zelf: &Py<Self>,
+            read_byte: OptionalSize,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            if !zelf.mode.load().contains(Mode::READABLE) {
                 return Err(new_unsupported_operation(
                     vm,
                     "File or stream is not readable".to_owned(),
                 ));
             }
-            let mut handle = self.get_fd(vm)?;
+            let mut handle = zelf.get_fd(vm)?;
             let bytes = if let Some(read_byte) = read_byte.to_usize() {
                 let mut bytes = vec![0; read_byte];
                 let n = handle
                     .read(&mut bytes)
-                    .map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))?;
+                    .map_err(|err| Self::io_error(zelf, err, vm))?;
                 bytes.truncate(n);
                 bytes
             } else {
                 let mut bytes = vec![];
                 handle
                     .read_to_end(&mut bytes)
-                    .map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))?;
+                    .map_err(|err| Self::io_error(zelf, err, vm))?;
                 bytes
             };
 
@@ -4033,44 +4051,46 @@ mod fileio {
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn readinto(&self, obj: ArgMemoryBuffer, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
-            if !self.mode.load().contains(Mode::READABLE) {
+        fn readinto(zelf: &Py<Self>, obj: ArgMemoryBuffer, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
+            if !zelf.mode.load().contains(Mode::READABLE) {
                 return Err(new_unsupported_operation(
                     vm,
                     "File or stream is not readable".to_owned(),
                 ));
             }
 
-            let handle = self.get_fd(vm)?;
+            let handle = zelf.get_fd(vm)?;
 
             let mut buf = obj.borrow_buf_mut();
             let mut f = handle.take(buf.len() as _);
-            let ret = f.read(&mut buf).map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
+            let ret = f
+                .read(&mut buf)
+                .map_err(|err| Self::io_error(zelf, err, vm))?;
 
             Ok(ret)
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn write(&self, obj: ArgBytesLike, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
-            if !self.mode.load().contains(Mode::WRITABLE) {
+        fn write(zelf: &Py<Self>, obj: ArgBytesLike, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
+            if !zelf.mode.load().contains(Mode::WRITABLE) {
                 return Err(new_unsupported_operation(
                     vm,
                     "File or stream is not writable".to_owned(),
                 ));
             }
 
-            let mut handle = self.get_fd(vm)?;
+            let mut handle = zelf.get_fd(vm)?;
 
             let len = obj
                 .with_ref(|b| handle.write(b))
-                .map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))?;
+                .map_err(|err| Self::io_error(zelf, err, vm))?;
 
             //return number of bytes written
             Ok(len)
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn close(zelf: PyRef<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        fn close(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
             let res = iobase_close(zelf.as_object(), vm);
             if !zelf.closefd.load() {
                 zelf.fd.store(-1);
@@ -4078,7 +4098,9 @@ mod fileio {
             }
             let fd = zelf.fd.swap(-1);
             if fd >= 0 {
-                Fd(fd).close().map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
+                Fd(fd)
+                    .close()
+                    .map_err(|err| Self::io_error(zelf, err, vm))?;
             }
             res
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 58b13c46db..352233be09 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ pub mod module {
         )
         })?;
 
-        let metadata = fs::metadata(path.path.clone());
+        let metadata = fs::metadata(&path.path);
 
         // if it's only checking for F_OK
         if flags == AccessFlags::F_OK {
@@ -1982,20 +1982,23 @@ pub mod module {
 
         Errno::clear();
         debug_assert_eq!(errno::errno(), 0);
-        let raw = match path {
+        let raw = match &path {
             OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => {
-                let path = CString::new(path.into_bytes())
-                    .map_err(|_| vm.new_value_error("embedded null character".to_owned()))?;
+                let path = path.clone().into_cstring(vm)?;
                 unsafe { libc::pathconf(path.as_ptr(), name) }
             }
-            OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd) => unsafe { libc::fpathconf(fd, name) },
+            OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd) => unsafe { libc::fpathconf(*fd, name) },
         };
 
         if raw == -1 {
             if errno::errno() == 0 {
                 Ok(None)
             } else {
-                Err(io::Error::from(Errno::last()).into_pyexception(vm))
+                Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(
+                    &io::Error::from(Errno::last()),
+                    path,
+                    vm,
+                ))
             }
         } else {
             Ok(Some(raw))

From 6a7be1e1424ea9ad34de455087edf9503e1474ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonathan Rotter <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2024 02:44:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 160/705] compat fix for testHashStuff in test_class.py (#5240)

* compat fix for testHashStuff in test_class.py

* accidently fixed 3 more tests
---
 Lib/test/test_class.py   | 2 --
 Lib/test/test_hash.py    | 4 ----
 Lib/test/test_weakset.py | 2 --
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs  | 8 ++++++++
 4 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_class.py b/Lib/test/test_class.py
index a6c99fbddf..24ba57f3d3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_class.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_class.py
@@ -489,8 +489,6 @@ def index(x):
         for f in [float, complex, str, repr, bytes, bin, oct, hex, bool, index]:
             self.assertRaises(TypeError, f, BadTypeClass())
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testHashStuff(self):
         # Test correct errors from hash() on objects with comparisons but
         #  no __hash__
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_hash.py b/Lib/test/test_hash.py
index 02d55e7012..9fae17db7b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_hash.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_hash.py
@@ -132,8 +132,6 @@ def test_fixed_hash(self):
         for obj in self.fixed_expected:
             self.assertEqual(hash(obj), _FIXED_HASH_VALUE)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_error_hash(self):
         for obj in self.error_expected:
             self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, obj)
@@ -144,8 +142,6 @@ def test_hashable(self):
         for obj in objects:
             self.assertIsInstance(obj, Hashable)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_not_hashable(self):
         for obj in self.error_expected:
             self.assertNotIsInstance(obj, Hashable)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_weakset.py b/Lib/test/test_weakset.py
index b93ecfdb79..587b17b34c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_weakset.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_weakset.py
@@ -203,8 +203,6 @@ def test_constructor_identity(self):
         t = WeakSet(s)
         self.assertNotEqual(id(s), id(t))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_hash(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, self.s)
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index 391d022d1c..e71497d601 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -733,6 +733,14 @@ impl PyType {
             .entry(identifier!(vm, __qualname__))
             .or_insert_with(|| vm.ctx.new_str(name.as_str()).into());
 
+        if attributes.get(identifier!(vm, __eq__)).is_some()
+            && attributes.get(identifier!(vm, __hash__)).is_none()
+        {
+            // if __eq__ exists but __hash__ doesn't, overwrite it with None so it doesn't inherit the default hash
+            // https://docs.python.org/3/reference/datamodel.html#object.__hash__
+            attributes.insert(identifier!(vm, __hash__), vm.ctx.none.clone().into());
+        }
+
         // All *classes* should have a dict. Exceptions are *instances* of
         // classes that define __slots__ and instances of built-in classes
         // (with exceptions, e.g function)

From 192b0a8fb5a5f0342019bd20fc3737d9380d678a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2024 19:21:35 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 161/705] fileutils and fstat (#5242)

---
 Lib/test/test_ntpath.py |   1 -
 vm/src/fileutils.rs     | 230 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/lib.rs           |   2 +
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs     |  47 +++-----
 4 files changed, 248 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 vm/src/fileutils.rs

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
index f75fce6e06..8c01cdc79e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
@@ -806,7 +806,6 @@ def check_error(exc, paths):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, ntpath.commonpath,
                           ['Program Files', b'C:\\Program Files\\Foo'])
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @unittest.skipIf(is_emscripten, "Emscripten cannot fstat unnamed files.")
     def test_sameopenfile(self):
         with TemporaryFile() as tf1, TemporaryFile() as tf2:
diff --git a/vm/src/fileutils.rs b/vm/src/fileutils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a81ab83bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+// Python/fileutils.c in CPython
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+pub use libc::stat as StatStruct;
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub use windows::{fstat, StatStruct};
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+mod windows {
+    use crate::common::suppress_iph;
+    use libc::{S_IFCHR, S_IFMT};
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::SetLastError;
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::FILETIME;
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::{ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE, HANDLE, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE};
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
+        FileBasicInfo, FileIdInfo, GetFileInformationByHandle, GetFileInformationByHandleEx,
+        GetFileType, FILE_TYPE_CHAR, FILE_TYPE_DISK, FILE_TYPE_PIPE, FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+    };
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
+        BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY,
+        FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT, FILE_BASIC_INFO, FILE_ID_INFO,
+    };
+
+    pub const S_IFIFO: libc::c_int = 0o010000;
+    pub const S_IFLNK: libc::c_int = 0o120000;
+
+    pub const SECS_BETWEEN_EPOCHS: i64 = 11644473600; // Seconds between 1.1.1601 and 1.1.1970
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    pub struct StatStruct {
+        pub st_dev: libc::c_ulong,
+        pub st_ino: u64,
+        pub st_mode: libc::c_ushort,
+        pub st_nlink: i32,
+        pub st_uid: i32,
+        pub st_gid: i32,
+        pub st_rdev: libc::c_ulong,
+        pub st_size: u64,
+        pub st_atime: libc::time_t,
+        pub st_atime_nsec: i32,
+        pub st_mtime: libc::time_t,
+        pub st_mtime_nsec: i32,
+        pub st_ctime: libc::time_t,
+        pub st_ctime_nsec: i32,
+        pub st_birthtime: libc::time_t,
+        pub st_birthtime_nsec: i32,
+        pub st_file_attributes: libc::c_ulong,
+        pub st_reparse_tag: u32,
+        pub st_ino_high: u64,
+    }
+
+    extern "C" {
+        fn _get_osfhandle(fd: i32) -> libc::intptr_t;
+    }
+
+    fn get_osfhandle(fd: i32) -> std::io::Result<isize> {
+        let ret = unsafe { suppress_iph!(_get_osfhandle(fd)) };
+        if ret as HANDLE == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
+            Err(crate::common::os::last_os_error())
+        } else {
+            Ok(ret)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // _Py_fstat_noraise in cpython
+    pub fn fstat(fd: libc::c_int) -> std::io::Result<StatStruct> {
+        let h = get_osfhandle(fd);
+        if h.is_err() {
+            unsafe { SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE) };
+        }
+        let h = h?;
+        // reset stat?
+
+        let file_type = unsafe { GetFileType(h) };
+        if file_type == FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+        }
+        if file_type != FILE_TYPE_DISK {
+            let st_mode = if file_type == FILE_TYPE_CHAR {
+                S_IFCHR
+            } else if file_type == FILE_TYPE_PIPE {
+                S_IFIFO
+            } else {
+                0
+            } as u16;
+            return Ok(StatStruct {
+                st_mode,
+                ..Default::default()
+            });
+        }
+
+        let mut info = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
+        let mut basic_info: FILE_BASIC_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
+        let mut id_info: FILE_ID_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
+
+        if unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(h, &mut info) } == 0
+            || unsafe {
+                GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
+                    h,
+                    FileBasicInfo,
+                    &mut basic_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                    std::mem::size_of_val(&basic_info) as u32,
+                )
+            } == 0
+        {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+        }
+
+        let p_id_info = if unsafe {
+            GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
+                h,
+                FileIdInfo,
+                &mut id_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                std::mem::size_of_val(&id_info) as u32,
+            )
+        } == 0
+        {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(&id_info)
+        };
+
+        Ok(attribute_data_to_stat(
+            &info,
+            0,
+            Some(&basic_info),
+            p_id_info,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn i64_to_time_t_nsec(input: i64) -> (libc::time_t, libc::c_int) {
+        let nsec_out = (input % 10_000_000) * 100; // FILETIME is in units of 100 nsec.
+        let time_out = ((input / 10_000_000) - SECS_BETWEEN_EPOCHS) as libc::time_t;
+        (time_out, nsec_out as _)
+    }
+
+    fn file_time_to_time_t_nsec(in_ptr: &FILETIME) -> (libc::time_t, libc::c_int) {
+        let in_val: i64 = unsafe { std::mem::transmute_copy(in_ptr) };
+        let nsec_out = (in_val % 10_000_000) * 100; // FILETIME is in units of 100 nsec.
+        let time_out = (in_val / 10_000_000) - SECS_BETWEEN_EPOCHS;
+        (time_out, nsec_out as _)
+    }
+
+    fn attribute_data_to_stat(
+        info: &BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION,
+        reparse_tag: u32,
+        basic_info: Option<&FILE_BASIC_INFO>,
+        id_info: Option<&FILE_ID_INFO>,
+    ) -> StatStruct {
+        use windows_sys::Win32::System::SystemServices::IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK;
+
+        let mut st_mode: u16 = attributes_to_mode(info.dwFileAttributes) as _;
+        let st_size = ((info.nFileSizeHigh as u64) << 32) + info.nFileSizeLow as u64;
+        let st_dev: libc::c_ulong = if let Some(id_info) = id_info {
+            id_info.VolumeSerialNumber as _
+        } else {
+            info.dwVolumeSerialNumber
+        };
+        let st_rdev = 0;
+
+        let (st_birth_time, st_ctime, st_mtime, st_atime) = if let Some(basic_info) = basic_info {
+            (
+                i64_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.CreationTime),
+                i64_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.ChangeTime),
+                i64_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.LastWriteTime),
+                i64_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.LastAccessTime),
+            )
+        } else {
+            (
+                file_time_to_time_t_nsec(&info.ftCreationTime),
+                (0, 0),
+                file_time_to_time_t_nsec(&info.ftLastWriteTime),
+                file_time_to_time_t_nsec(&info.ftLastAccessTime),
+            )
+        };
+        let st_nlink = info.nNumberOfLinks as i32;
+
+        let st_ino = if let Some(id_info) = id_info {
+            let file_id: [u64; 2] = unsafe { std::mem::transmute_copy(&id_info.FileId) };
+            file_id
+        } else {
+            let ino = ((info.nFileIndexHigh as u64) << 32) + info.nFileIndexLow as u64;
+            [ino, 0]
+        };
+
+        if info.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT != 0
+            && reparse_tag == IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK
+        {
+            st_mode = (st_mode & !(S_IFMT as u16)) | (S_IFLNK as u16);
+        }
+        let st_file_attributes = info.dwFileAttributes;
+
+        StatStruct {
+            st_dev,
+            st_ino: st_ino[0],
+            st_mode,
+            st_nlink,
+            st_uid: 0,
+            st_gid: 0,
+            st_rdev,
+            st_size,
+            st_atime: st_atime.0,
+            st_atime_nsec: st_atime.1,
+            st_mtime: st_mtime.0,
+            st_mtime_nsec: st_mtime.1,
+            st_ctime: st_ctime.0,
+            st_ctime_nsec: st_ctime.1,
+            st_birthtime: st_birth_time.0,
+            st_birthtime_nsec: st_birth_time.1,
+            st_file_attributes,
+            st_reparse_tag: reparse_tag,
+            st_ino_high: st_ino[1],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn attributes_to_mode(attr: u32) -> libc::c_int {
+        let mut m = 0;
+        if attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY != 0 {
+            m |= libc::S_IFDIR | 0o111; // IFEXEC for user,group,other
+        } else {
+            m |= libc::S_IFREG;
+        }
+        if attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY != 0 {
+            m |= 0o444;
+        } else {
+            m |= 0o666;
+        }
+        m
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/lib.rs b/vm/src/lib.rs
index 3c99e382f6..b7f79ee485 100644
--- a/vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ mod dictdatatype;
 #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
 pub mod eval;
 pub mod exceptions;
+#[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))]
+mod fileutils;
 pub mod format;
 pub mod frame;
 pub mod function;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 636f6cd335..2f49432d1f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         common::lock::{OnceCell, PyRwLock},
         common::suppress_iph,
         convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject},
+        fileutils::StatStruct,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, Either, FsPath, FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
         ospath::{IOErrorBuilder, OsPath, OsPathOrFd, OutputMode},
         protocol::PyIterReturn,
@@ -724,6 +725,8 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         pub st_mtime_ns: i128,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
         pub st_ctime_ns: i128,
+        #[pyarg(any, default)]
+        pub st_reparse_tag: u32,
     }
 
     #[pyclass(with(PyStructSequence))]
@@ -753,6 +756,12 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
             const NANOS_PER_SEC: u32 = 1_000_000_000;
             let to_f64 = |(s, ns)| (s as f64) + (ns as f64) / (NANOS_PER_SEC as f64);
             let to_ns = |(s, ns)| s as i128 * NANOS_PER_SEC as i128 + ns as i128;
+
+            #[cfg(windows)]
+            let st_reparse_tag = stat.st_reparse_tag;
+            #[cfg(not(windows))]
+            let st_reparse_tag = 0;
+
             StatResult {
                 st_mode: vm.ctx.new_pyref(stat.st_mode),
                 st_ino: vm.ctx.new_pyref(stat.st_ino),
@@ -770,6 +779,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
                 st_atime_ns: to_ns(atime),
                 st_mtime_ns: to_ns(mtime),
                 st_ctime_ns: to_ns(ctime),
+                st_reparse_tag,
             }
         }
 
@@ -800,26 +810,6 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(windows))]
-    use libc::stat as StatStruct;
-
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    struct StatStruct {
-        st_dev: libc::c_ulong,
-        st_ino: u64,
-        st_mode: libc::c_ushort,
-        st_nlink: i32,
-        st_uid: i32,
-        st_gid: i32,
-        st_size: u64,
-        st_atime: libc::time_t,
-        st_atime_nsec: i32,
-        st_mtime: libc::time_t,
-        st_mtime_nsec: i32,
-        st_ctime: libc::time_t,
-        st_ctime_nsec: i32,
-    }
-
     #[cfg(windows)]
     fn meta_to_stat(meta: &fs::Metadata) -> io::Result<StatStruct> {
         let st_mode = {
@@ -860,6 +850,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
             st_atime_nsec: nsec(atime),
             st_mtime_nsec: nsec(mtime),
             st_ctime_nsec: nsec(ctime),
+            ..Default::default()
         })
     }
 
@@ -871,17 +862,11 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
     ) -> io::Result<Option<StatStruct>> {
         // TODO: replicate CPython's win32_xstat
         let [] = dir_fd.0;
-        let meta = match file {
-            OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => super::fs_metadata(path, follow_symlinks.0)?,
-            OsPathOrFd::Fd(fno) => {
-                use std::os::windows::io::FromRawHandle;
-                let handle = Fd(fno).to_raw_handle()?;
-                let file =
-                    std::mem::ManuallyDrop::new(unsafe { std::fs::File::from_raw_handle(handle) });
-                file.metadata()?
-            }
-        };
-        meta_to_stat(&meta).map(Some)
+        match file {
+            OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => meta_to_stat(&super::fs_metadata(path, follow_symlinks.0)?),
+            OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd) => crate::fileutils::fstat(fd),
+        }
+        .map(Some)
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(windows))]

From 41979f082361dae372bf46e206be821479ff98ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: toofooboo <167498142+toofooboo@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2024 20:10:22 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 162/705] chore: fix some typos in comments (#5243)

Signed-off-by: toofooboo <cmaker@foxmail.com>
---
 Lib/test/test_exception_group.py             | 2 +-
 extra_tests/custom_text_test_runner.py       | 2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py         | 2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_array.py         | 2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/syntax_comprehension.py | 2 +-
 5 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py b/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
index da9d33e930..c867ed861d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
@@ -507,7 +507,7 @@ def leaf_generator(exc, tbs=None):
 
 class LeafGeneratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
     # The leaf_generator is mentioned in PEP 654 as a suggestion
-    # on how to iterate over leaf nodes of an EG. Is is also
+    # on how to iterate over leaf nodes of an EG. It is also
     # used below as a test utility. So we test it here.
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
diff --git a/extra_tests/custom_text_test_runner.py b/extra_tests/custom_text_test_runner.py
index cc3a8bbfff..8e91d7c39d 100644
--- a/extra_tests/custom_text_test_runner.py
+++ b/extra_tests/custom_text_test_runner.py
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ def startTestRun(self):
         self.suite_map = {}
 
     def stopTestRun(self):
-        # if no tests or some failure occured execution time may not have been set
+        # if no tests or some failure occurred execution time may not have been set
         try:
             self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['execution_time'] = format(self.suite_execution_time, '.%sf' %CustomTextTestResult._execution_time_significant_digits)
         except:
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py
index 3261da100d..6fde1011ea 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
 l.remove(4) 
 assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: l.index(4)) # element 4 must not be in the list
 
-# Test no panic occured when list elements was deleted in __eq__
+# Test no panic occurred when list elements was deleted in __eq__
 class rewrite_list_eq(list):
     pass
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_array.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_array.py
index 9d9f99695d..6c4af54597 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_array.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_array.py
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def test_array_frombytes():
 
 test_str = '🌉abc🌐def🌉🌐'
 u = array('u', test_str)
-# skip as 2 bytes character enviroment with CPython is failing the test
+# skip as 2 bytes character environment with CPython is failing the test
 if u.itemsize >= 4:
     assert u.__reduce_ex__(1)[1][1] == list(test_str)
     assert loads(dumps(u, 1)) == loads(dumps(u, 3))
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_comprehension.py b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_comprehension.py
index 41bd1ec851..6445c65530 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_comprehension.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_comprehension.py
@@ -43,5 +43,5 @@
 
 
 def f():
-    # Test no panic occured.
+    # Test no panic occurred.
     [[x := 1 for j in range(5)] for i in range(5)]

From 5c527c2a2820af13d183e055f4084ae414f849f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2024 17:06:42 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 163/705] Fix shutil test_copy_dir

---
 Lib/test/test_fileio.py  |  8 ----
 Lib/test/test_pathlib.py |  2 -
 Lib/test/test_shutil.py  |  6 ---
 Lib/test/test_zipapp.py  |  2 -
 vm/Cargo.toml            |  1 +
 vm/src/fileutils.rs      | 13 ++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs      | 99 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs      |  1 -
 8 files changed, 93 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_fileio.py b/Lib/test/test_fileio.py
index a1a6a245c6..d1a2452d88 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_fileio.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_fileio.py
@@ -381,9 +381,6 @@ def testMethods(self):
     def testOpenDirFD(self):
         super().testOpenDirFD()
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIf(sys.platform != "win32", "TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
-    def testOpendir(self):
-        super().testOpendir()
 
 @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "TODO: RUSTPYTHON, test setUp errors on Windows")
 class PyAutoFileTests(AutoFileTests, unittest.TestCase):
@@ -617,11 +614,6 @@ class COtherFileTests(OtherFileTests, unittest.TestCase):
     FileIO = _io.FileIO
     modulename = '_io'
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def testInvalidFd(self):
-        super().testInvalidFd()
-
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testUnclosedFDOnException(self):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py b/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py
index 5c4480cf31..bf3fc5fb24 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py
@@ -2467,8 +2467,6 @@ def _check_symlink_loop(self, *args, strict=True):
         with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
             print(path.resolve(strict))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_open_mode(self):
         old_mask = os.umask(0)
         self.addCleanup(os.umask, old_mask)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
index aba7340a1d..42a050292f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
@@ -1408,13 +1408,9 @@ def test_copy_return_value(self):
             rv = fn(src, os.path.join(dst_dir, 'bar'))
             self.assertEqual(rv, os.path.join(dst_dir, 'bar'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_copy_dir(self):
         self._test_copy_dir(shutil.copy)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_copy2_dir(self):
         self._test_copy_dir(shutil.copy2)
 
@@ -1546,8 +1542,6 @@ def test_copyfile_nonexistent_dir(self):
         write_file(src_file, 'foo')
         self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, shutil.copyfile, src_file, dst)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_copyfile_copy_dir(self):
         # Issue 45234
         # test copy() and copyfile() raising proper exceptions when src and/or
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zipapp.py b/Lib/test/test_zipapp.py
index 84ccb1bf1f..69f2e55d56 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_zipapp.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zipapp.py
@@ -310,8 +310,6 @@ def test_shebang_is_executable(self):
         zipapp.create_archive(str(source), str(target), interpreter='python')
         self.assertTrue(target.stat().st_mode & stat.S_IEXEC)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32',
                      'Windows does not support an executable bit')
     def test_no_shebang_is_not_executable(self):
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index e31472371e..f4a000b8c4 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -127,6 +127,7 @@ features = [
   "Win32_Storage_FileSystem",
   "Win32_System_Console",
   "Win32_System_Diagnostics_Debug",
+  "Win32_System_Environment",
   "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
   "Win32_System_Memory",
   "Win32_System_Performance",
diff --git a/vm/src/fileutils.rs b/vm/src/fileutils.rs
index 0a81ab83bd..b91fb674de 100644
--- a/vm/src/fileutils.rs
+++ b/vm/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,19 @@ pub use libc::stat as StatStruct;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 pub use windows::{fstat, StatStruct};
 
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+pub fn fstat(fd: libc::c_int) -> std::io::Result<StatStruct> {
+    let mut stat = std::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit();
+    unsafe {
+        let ret = libc::fstat(fd, stat.as_mut_ptr());
+        if ret == -1 {
+            Err(crate::common::os::last_os_error())
+        } else {
+            Ok(stat.assume_init())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(windows)]
 mod windows {
     use crate::common::suppress_iph;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 97c79fad60..6da63bc345 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -3395,6 +3395,7 @@ mod _io {
     }
 
     #[repr(u8)]
+    #[derive(Debug)]
     enum FileMode {
         Read = b'r',
         Write = b'w',
@@ -3402,10 +3403,12 @@ mod _io {
         Append = b'a',
     }
     #[repr(u8)]
+    #[derive(Debug)]
     enum EncodeMode {
         Text = b't',
         Bytes = b'b',
     }
+    #[derive(Debug)]
     struct Mode {
         file: FileMode,
         encode: EncodeMode,
@@ -3734,6 +3737,7 @@ mod fileio {
         common::crt_fd::Fd,
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgMemoryBuffer, OptionalArg, OptionalOption},
+        ospath::{IOErrorBuilder, OsPath, OsPathOrFd},
         stdlib::os,
         types::{DefaultConstructor, Initializer, Representable},
         AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
@@ -3867,7 +3871,7 @@ mod fileio {
         fn default() -> Self {
             Self {
                 fd: AtomicCell::new(-1),
-                closefd: AtomicCell::new(false),
+                closefd: AtomicCell::new(true),
                 mode: AtomicCell::new(Mode::empty()),
                 seekable: AtomicCell::new(None),
             }
@@ -3880,45 +3884,100 @@ mod fileio {
         type Args = FileIOArgs;
 
         fn init(zelf: PyRef<Self>, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            // TODO: let atomic_flag_works
+            let name = args.name;
+            let arg_fd = if let Some(i) = name.payload::<crate::builtins::PyInt>() {
+                let fd = i.try_to_primitive(vm)?;
+                if fd < 0 {
+                    return Err(vm.new_value_error("negative file descriptor".to_owned()));
+                }
+                Some(fd)
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+
             let mode_obj = args
                 .mode
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| PyStr::from("rb").into_ref(&vm.ctx));
             let mode_str = mode_obj.as_str();
-            let name = args.name;
             let (mode, flags) =
                 compute_mode(mode_str).map_err(|e| vm.new_value_error(e.error_msg(mode_str)))?;
             zelf.mode.store(mode);
-            let fd = if let Some(opener) = args.opener {
-                let fd = opener.call((name.clone(), flags), vm)?;
-                if !fd.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.types.int_type) {
-                    return Err(vm.new_type_error("expected integer from opener".to_owned()));
-                }
-                let fd = i32::try_from_object(vm, fd)?;
-                if fd < 0 {
-                    return Err(vm.new_value_error(format!("opener returned {fd}")));
-                }
-                fd
-            } else if let Some(i) = name.payload::<crate::builtins::PyInt>() {
-                i.try_to_primitive(vm)?
+
+            let (fd, filename) = if let Some(fd) = arg_fd {
+                zelf.closefd.store(args.closefd);
+                (fd, OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd))
             } else {
-                let path = crate::ospath::OsPath::try_from_object(vm, name.clone())?;
+                zelf.closefd.store(true);
                 if !args.closefd {
                     return Err(
                         vm.new_value_error("Cannot use closefd=False with file name".to_owned())
                     );
                 }
-                os::open(path, flags as _, None, Default::default(), vm)?
+
+                if let Some(opener) = args.opener {
+                    let fd = opener.call((name.clone(), flags), vm)?;
+                    if !fd.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.types.int_type) {
+                        return Err(vm.new_type_error("expected integer from opener".to_owned()));
+                    }
+                    let fd = i32::try_from_object(vm, fd)?;
+                    if fd < 0 {
+                        return Err(vm.new_value_error(format!("opener returned {fd}")));
+                    }
+                    (
+                        fd,
+                        OsPathOrFd::try_from_object(vm, name.clone()).unwrap_or(OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd)),
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    let path = OsPath::try_from_object(vm, name.clone())?;
+                    #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
+                    let fd = Fd::open(&path.clone().into_cstring(vm)?, flags, 0o666);
+                    #[cfg(windows)]
+                    let fd = Fd::wopen(&path.to_widecstring(vm)?, flags, 0o666);
+                    let filename = OsPathOrFd::Path(path);
+                    match fd {
+                        Ok(fd) => (fd.0, filename),
+                        Err(e) => return Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&e, filename, vm)),
+                    }
+                }
             };
+            zelf.fd.store(fd);
 
-            if mode.contains(Mode::APPENDING) {
-                let _ = os::lseek(fd as _, 0, libc::SEEK_END, vm);
+            // TODO: _Py_set_inheritable
+
+            let fd_fstat = crate::fileutils::fstat(fd);
+
+            #[cfg(windows)]
+            {
+                if let Err(err) = fd_fstat {
+                    return Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, filename, vm));
+                }
+            }
+            #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
+            {
+                match fd_fstat {
+                    Ok(status) => {
+                        if (status.st_mode & libc::S_IFMT) == libc::S_IFDIR {
+                            let err = std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(libc::EISDIR);
+                            return Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, filename, vm));
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(err) => {
+                        if err.raw_os_error() == Some(libc::EBADF) {
+                            return Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, filename, vm));
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
             }
 
-            zelf.fd.store(fd);
-            zelf.closefd.store(args.closefd);
             #[cfg(windows)]
             crate::stdlib::msvcrt::setmode_binary(fd);
             zelf.as_object().set_attr("name", name, vm)?;
+
+            if mode.contains(Mode::APPENDING) {
+                let _ = os::lseek(fd as _, 0, libc::SEEK_END, vm);
+            }
+
             Ok(())
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 2f49432d1f..040429e8eb 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -1566,7 +1566,6 @@ pub fn extend_module(vm: &VirtualMachine, module: &Py<PyModule>) {
         "error" => vm.ctx.exceptions.os_error.to_owned(),
     });
 }
-pub(crate) use _os::os_open as open;
 
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 use super::posix as platform;

From 13c491712b68c88da1599e624d30d5fd9567431a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2024 22:04:39 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 164/705] add six install to CI

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 0c80cc894e..3bcc7166bf 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -286,6 +286,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           mkdir site-packages
           target/release/rustpython --install-pip ensurepip --user
+          target/release/rustpython -m pip install six
       - if: runner.os != 'Windows'
         name: Check that ensurepip succeeds.
         run: |

From 142d333c5c0cb449ae921a0e418a03de54d117cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 19 Apr 2024 23:47:35 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 165/705] Fix os.unsetenv

---
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs | 3 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs | 2 +-
 vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs | 9 +++++++++
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 9fa69291fb..1b2dd55e91 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -16,8 +16,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         builtins::{PyDictRef, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef},
         common::{crt_fd::Fd, os::last_os_error, suppress_iph},
         convert::ToPyException,
-        function::Either,
-        function::OptionalArg,
+        function::{Either, OptionalArg},
         ospath::OsPath,
         stdlib::os::{errno_err, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, _os},
         PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 040429e8eb..bb2f6808ef 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("embedded null byte".to_string()));
         }
         if key.is_empty() || key.contains('=') {
-            return Err(vm.new_value_error("illegal environment variable name".to_string()));
+            return Err(vm.new_errno_error(22, "Invalid argument".to_owned()));
         }
         env::remove_var(key);
         Ok(())
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
index 922c137a08..4677d196f4 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
@@ -189,6 +189,15 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         self.new_exception_msg(os_error, msg)
     }
 
+    pub fn new_errno_error(&self, errno: i32, msg: String) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        let vm = self;
+        let exc_type =
+            crate::exceptions::errno_to_exc_type(errno, vm).unwrap_or(vm.ctx.exceptions.os_error);
+
+        let errno_obj = vm.new_pyobj(errno);
+        vm.new_exception(exc_type.to_owned(), vec![errno_obj, vm.new_pyobj(msg)])
+    }
+
     pub fn new_system_error(&self, msg: String) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
         let sys_error = self.ctx.exceptions.system_error.to_owned();
         self.new_exception_msg(sys_error, msg)

From 39822d7e57d9f7fb632b187d830625e438734f90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Apr 2024 01:32:33 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 166/705] use less vm.new_os_error (#5245)

* vm.new_errno_error

* replace new_os_error in mmap

* replace posix new_os_error to new_errno_error
---
 stdlib/src/mmap.rs     | 68 +++++++++++++++++-------------------------
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs    | 39 ++++++++----------------
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs | 17 +++++++----
 3 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
index d3207e60a1..8b657532c4 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ mod mmap {
         atomic_func,
         builtins::{PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyTypeRef},
         byte::{bytes_from_object, value_from_object},
+        convert::ToPyException,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
         protocol::{
             BufferDescriptor, BufferMethods, PyBuffer, PyMappingMethods, PySequenceMethods,
@@ -348,9 +349,7 @@ mod mmap {
 
             if fd != -1 {
                 let file = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(fd) };
-                let metadata = file
-                    .metadata()
-                    .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?;
+                let metadata = file.metadata().map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))?;
                 let file_len: libc::off_t = metadata.len().try_into().expect("file size overflow");
                 // File::from_raw_fd will consume the fd, so we
                 // have to  get it again.
@@ -379,32 +378,23 @@ mod mmap {
             let mut mmap_opt = MmapOptions::new();
             let mmap_opt = mmap_opt.offset(offset.try_into().unwrap()).len(map_size);
 
-            let (fd, mmap) = if fd == -1 {
-                (
-                    fd,
-                    MmapObj::Write(
-                        mmap_opt
-                            .map_anon()
-                            .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?,
-                    ),
-                )
-            } else {
-                let new_fd = unistd::dup(fd).map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?;
-                let mmap = match access {
-                    AccessMode::Default | AccessMode::Write => MmapObj::Write(
-                        unsafe { mmap_opt.map_mut(fd) }
-                            .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?,
-                    ),
-                    AccessMode::Read => MmapObj::Read(
-                        unsafe { mmap_opt.map(fd) }.map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?,
-                    ),
-                    AccessMode::Copy => MmapObj::Write(
-                        unsafe { mmap_opt.map_copy(fd) }
-                            .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?,
-                    ),
-                };
-                (new_fd, mmap)
-            };
+            let (fd, mmap) = || -> std::io::Result<_> {
+                if fd == -1 {
+                    let mmap = MmapObj::Write(mmap_opt.map_anon()?);
+                    Ok((fd, mmap))
+                } else {
+                    let new_fd = unistd::dup(fd)?;
+                    let mmap = match access {
+                        AccessMode::Default | AccessMode::Write => {
+                            MmapObj::Write(unsafe { mmap_opt.map_mut(fd) }?)
+                        }
+                        AccessMode::Read => MmapObj::Read(unsafe { mmap_opt.map(fd) }?),
+                        AccessMode::Copy => MmapObj::Write(unsafe { mmap_opt.map_copy(fd) }?),
+                    };
+                    Ok((new_fd, mmap))
+                }
+            }()
+            .map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
 
             let m_obj = Self {
                 closed: AtomicCell::new(false),
@@ -662,7 +652,7 @@ mod mmap {
                 MmapObj::Read(_mmap) => {}
                 MmapObj::Write(mmap) => {
                     mmap.flush_range(offset, size)
-                        .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?;
+                        .map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
                 }
             }
 
@@ -681,7 +671,7 @@ mod mmap {
                 MmapObj::Read(mmap) => mmap.advise(advice),
                 MmapObj::Write(mmap) => mmap.advise(advice),
             }
-            .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?;
+            .map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
 
             Ok(())
         }
@@ -728,7 +718,7 @@ mod mmap {
                 let src_buf = mmap[src..src_end].to_vec();
                 (&mut mmap[dest..dest_end])
                     .write(&src_buf)
-                    .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?;
+                    .map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
                 Ok(())
             })?
         }
@@ -867,14 +857,10 @@ mod mmap {
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn size(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyIntRef> {
-            let new_fd = unistd::dup(self.fd).map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?;
+        fn size(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> std::io::Result<PyIntRef> {
+            let new_fd = unistd::dup(self.fd)?;
             let file = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(new_fd) };
-            let file_len = match file.metadata() {
-                Ok(m) => m.len(),
-                Err(e) => return Err(vm.new_os_error(e.to_string())),
-            };
-
+            let file_len = file.metadata()?.len();
             Ok(PyInt::from(file_len).into_ref(&vm.ctx))
         }
 
@@ -897,7 +883,7 @@ mod mmap {
             let len = self.try_writable(vm, |mmap| {
                 (&mut mmap[pos..(pos + data.len())])
                     .write(&data)
-                    .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?;
+                    .map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))?;
                 Ok(data.len())
             })??;
 
@@ -1066,7 +1052,7 @@ mod mmap {
                 self.try_writable(vm, |mmap| {
                     (&mut mmap[range])
                         .write(&bytes)
-                        .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?;
+                        .map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))?;
                     Ok(())
                 })?
             } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 6da63bc345..4add9b3bd4 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -19,38 +19,23 @@ pub use _io::io_open as open;
 
 impl ToPyException for std::io::Error {
     fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-        use std::io::ErrorKind;
-
-        let excs = &vm.ctx.exceptions;
-        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)] // some errors are just aliases of each other
-        let exc_type = match self.kind() {
-            ErrorKind::NotFound => excs.file_not_found_error,
-            ErrorKind::PermissionDenied => excs.permission_error,
-            ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => excs.file_exists_error,
-            ErrorKind::WouldBlock => excs.blocking_io_error,
-            _ => crate::exceptions::errno_to_exc_type(self.posix_errno(), vm)
-                .unwrap_or(excs.os_error),
-        };
-
-        let errno = self.raw_os_error().unwrap_or(0);
-        let errno_obj = vm.new_pyobj(errno);
-        #[cfg(windows)]
-        let (winerror_obj, errno_obj) = {
-            let winerror = errno;
-            let winerror_obj = errno_obj.clone();
-            let errno = crate::common::os::winerror_to_errno(winerror);
-            (winerror_obj, vm.new_pyobj(errno))
-        };
-
-        let msg = vm.ctx.new_str(self.to_string()).into();
+        let errno = self.posix_errno();
+        let msg = self.to_string();
         #[allow(clippy::let_and_return)]
-        let exc = vm.new_exception(exc_type.to_owned(), vec![errno_obj, msg]);
+        let exc = vm.new_errno_error(errno, msg);
+
         #[cfg(windows)]
         {
-            // FIXME: manual setup winerror due to lack of OSError.__init__ support
             use crate::object::AsObject;
+            let winerror = if let Some(winerror) = self.raw_os_error() {
+                vm.new_pyobj(winerror)
+            } else {
+                vm.ctx.none()
+            };
+
+            // FIXME: manual setup winerror due to lack of OSError.__init__ support
             exc.as_object()
-                .set_attr("winerror", vm.new_pyobj(winerror_obj), vm)
+                .set_attr("winerror", vm.new_pyobj(winerror), vm)
                 .unwrap();
         }
         exc
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 352233be09..c49fab56ad 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -1098,14 +1098,16 @@ pub mod module {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn setgid(gid: Option<Gid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let gid = gid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_os_error("Invalid argument".to_string()))?;
+        let gid =
+            gid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
         unistd::setgid(gid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn setegid(egid: Option<Gid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let egid = egid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_os_error("Invalid argument".to_string()))?;
+        let egid =
+            egid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
         unistd::setegid(egid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
@@ -1160,14 +1162,16 @@ pub mod module {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn setuid(uid: Option<Uid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let uid = uid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_os_error("Invalid argument".to_string()))?;
+        let uid =
+            uid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
         unistd::setuid(uid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn seteuid(euid: Option<Uid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let euid = euid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_os_error("Invalid argument".to_string()))?;
+        let euid =
+            euid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
         unistd::seteuid(euid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
@@ -1320,7 +1324,8 @@ pub mod module {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn initgroups(user_name: PyStrRef, gid: Option<Gid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         let user = CString::new(user_name.as_str()).unwrap();
-        let gid = gid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_os_error("Invalid argument".to_string()))?;
+        let gid =
+            gid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
         unistd::initgroups(&user, gid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
@@ -1334,7 +1339,7 @@ pub mod module {
         let gids = group_ids
             .iter(vm)?
             .collect::<Result<Option<Vec<_>>, _>>()?
-            .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_os_error("Invalid argument".to_string()))?;
+            .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
         let ret = unistd::setgroups(&gids);
         ret.map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }

From 49cfcd817d68a70f6ca40bd23a89b93674a8a2fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Apr 2024 03:00:27 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 167/705] remove some skipIf and enable shutil CI for windows
 (#5235)

* mark failing shtuil tests in windows

* unsetenv raise more informed error

* Remove a few skipIf for windows
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml         |  1 -
 Lib/test/test_builtin.py          |  2 +-
 Lib/test/test_regrtest.py         |  4 ++--
 Lib/test/test_shutil.py           | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/test/test_subprocess.py       |  2 +-
 Lib/test/test_support.py          |  2 +-
 Lib/test/test_threadedtempfile.py |  1 -
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs               |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 3bcc7166bf..e98952ff18 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ env:
     test_os
     test_pathlib
     test_posixpath
-    test_shutil
     test_venv
   # configparser: https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/4995#issuecomment-1582397417
   # socketserver: seems related to configparser crash.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
index e096776051..74f61a26e1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
@@ -1363,7 +1363,7 @@ def test_open_default_encoding(self):
             os.environ.clear()
             os.environ.update(old_environ)
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', 'TODO: RUSTPYTHON Windows')
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows('TODO: RUSTPYTHON Windows')
     @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_open_non_inheritable(self):
         fileobj = open(__file__, encoding="utf-8")
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_regrtest.py b/Lib/test/test_regrtest.py
index 57d70fae62..aab2d9f7ae 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_regrtest.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_regrtest.py
@@ -945,7 +945,7 @@ def test_leak(self):
         """)
         self.check_leak(code, 'file descriptors')
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', 'TODO: RUSTPYTHON Windows')
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows('TODO: RUSTPYTHON Windows')
     def test_list_tests(self):
         # test --list-tests
         tests = [self.create_test() for i in range(5)]
@@ -953,7 +953,7 @@ def test_list_tests(self):
         self.assertEqual(output.rstrip().splitlines(),
                          tests)
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', 'TODO: RUSTPYTHON Windows')
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows('TODO: RUSTPYTHON Windows')
     def test_list_cases(self):
         # test --list-cases
         code = textwrap.dedent("""
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
index 42a050292f..4115a1351c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
@@ -196,6 +196,7 @@ def test_rmtree_works_on_bytes(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(victim, bytes)
         shutil.rmtree(victim)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_rmtree_fails_on_symlink_onerror(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -215,6 +216,7 @@ def onerror(*args):
         self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], link)
         self.assertIsInstance(errors[0][2][1], OSError)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_rmtree_fails_on_symlink_onexc(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -234,6 +236,7 @@ def onexc(*args):
         self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], link)
         self.assertIsInstance(errors[0][2], OSError)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_rmtree_works_on_symlinks(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -256,6 +259,7 @@ def test_rmtree_works_on_symlinks(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(dir3))
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(file1))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @unittest.skipUnless(_winapi, 'only relevant on Windows')
     def test_rmtree_fails_on_junctions_onerror(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -276,6 +280,7 @@ def onerror(*args):
         self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], link)
         self.assertIsInstance(errors[0][2][1], OSError)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @unittest.skipUnless(_winapi, 'only relevant on Windows')
     def test_rmtree_fails_on_junctions_onexc(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -296,6 +301,7 @@ def onexc(*args):
         self.assertEqual(errors[0][1], link)
         self.assertIsInstance(errors[0][2], OSError)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @unittest.skipUnless(_winapi, 'only relevant on Windows')
     def test_rmtree_works_on_junctions(self):
         tmp = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -655,6 +661,7 @@ def test_rmtree_on_symlink(self):
         finally:
             shutil.rmtree(TESTFN, ignore_errors=True)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @unittest.skipUnless(_winapi, 'only relevant on Windows')
     def test_rmtree_on_junction(self):
         os.mkdir(TESTFN)
@@ -708,6 +715,7 @@ def test_copytree_simple(self):
         actual = read_file((dst_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'))
         self.assertEqual(actual, '456')
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_copytree_dirs_exist_ok(self):
         src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
         dst_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -733,6 +741,7 @@ def test_copytree_dirs_exist_ok(self):
         with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError):
             shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, dirs_exist_ok=False)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_copytree_symlinks(self):
         tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -972,6 +981,7 @@ def _copy(src, dst):
         shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, copy_function=_copy)
         self.assertEqual(len(copied), 2)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_copytree_dangling_symlinks(self):
         src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -999,6 +1009,7 @@ def test_copytree_dangling_symlinks(self):
         shutil.copytree(src_dir, dst_dir, symlinks=True)
         self.assertIn('test.txt', os.listdir(dst_dir))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_copytree_symlink_dir(self):
         src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -1045,6 +1056,7 @@ class TestCopy(BaseTest, unittest.TestCase):
 
     ### shutil.copymode
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_copymode_follow_symlinks(self):
         tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -1126,6 +1138,7 @@ def test_copymode_symlink_to_symlink_wo_lchmod(self):
 
     ### shutil.copystat
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_copystat_symlinks(self):
         tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -1306,6 +1319,7 @@ def test_copy(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(file2))
         self.assertEqual(os.stat(file1).st_mode, os.stat(file2).st_mode)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_copy_symlinks(self):
         tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -1348,6 +1362,7 @@ def test_copy2(self):
             self.assertEqual(getattr(file1_stat, 'st_flags'),
                              getattr(file2_stat, 'st_flags'))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_copy2_symlinks(self):
         tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -1432,6 +1447,7 @@ def _test_copy_dir(self, copy_func):
 
     ### shutil.copyfile
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_copyfile_symlinks(self):
         tmp_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -1542,6 +1558,7 @@ def test_copyfile_nonexistent_dir(self):
         write_file(src_file, 'foo')
         self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, shutil.copyfile, src_file, dst)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_copyfile_copy_dir(self):
         # Issue 45234
         # test copy() and copyfile() raising proper exceptions when src and/or
@@ -2482,15 +2499,18 @@ def test_move_file(self):
         # Move a file to another location on the same filesystem.
         self._check_move_file(self.src_file, self.dst_file, self.dst_file)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_file_to_dir(self):
         # Move a file inside an existing dir on the same filesystem.
         self._check_move_file(self.src_file, self.dst_dir, self.dst_file)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_file_to_dir_pathlike_src(self):
         # Move a pathlike file to another location on the same filesystem.
         src = pathlib.Path(self.src_file)
         self._check_move_file(src, self.dst_dir, self.dst_file)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_file_to_dir_pathlike_dst(self):
         # Move a file to another pathlike location on the same filesystem.
         dst = pathlib.Path(self.dst_dir)
@@ -2501,6 +2521,7 @@ def test_move_file_other_fs(self):
         # Move a file to an existing dir on another filesystem.
         self.test_move_file()
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_file_to_dir_other_fs(self):
         # Move a file to another location on another filesystem.
@@ -2519,25 +2540,30 @@ def test_move_dir_other_fs(self):
         # Move a dir to another location on another filesystem.
         self.test_move_dir()
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_dir_to_dir(self):
         # Move a dir inside an existing dir on the same filesystem.
         self._check_move_dir(self.src_dir, self.dst_dir,
             os.path.join(self.dst_dir, os.path.basename(self.src_dir)))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_dir_to_dir_other_fs(self):
         # Move a dir inside an existing dir on another filesystem.
         self.test_move_dir_to_dir()
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_dir_sep_to_dir(self):
         self._check_move_dir(self.src_dir + os.path.sep, self.dst_dir,
             os.path.join(self.dst_dir, os.path.basename(self.src_dir)))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @unittest.skipUnless(os.path.altsep, 'requires os.path.altsep')
     def test_move_dir_altsep_to_dir(self):
         self._check_move_dir(self.src_dir + os.path.altsep, self.dst_dir,
             os.path.join(self.dst_dir, os.path.basename(self.src_dir)))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_existing_file_inside_dest_dir(self):
         # A file with the same name inside the destination dir already exists.
         with open(self.dst_file, "wb"):
@@ -2573,6 +2599,7 @@ def test_destinsrc_false_positive(self):
         finally:
             os_helper.rmtree(TESTFN)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_file_symlink(self):
@@ -2582,6 +2609,7 @@ def test_move_file_symlink(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(self.dst_file))
         self.assertTrue(os.path.samefile(self.src_file, self.dst_file))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_file_symlink_to_dir(self):
@@ -2593,6 +2621,7 @@ def test_move_file_symlink_to_dir(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(final_link))
         self.assertTrue(os.path.samefile(self.src_file, final_link))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_dangling_symlink(self):
@@ -2604,6 +2633,7 @@ def test_move_dangling_symlink(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dst_link))
         self.assertEqual(os.path.realpath(src), os.path.realpath(dst_link))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_dir_symlink(self):
@@ -2616,6 +2646,7 @@ def test_move_dir_symlink(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dst_link))
         self.assertTrue(os.path.samefile(src, dst_link))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_return_value(self):
         rv = shutil.move(self.src_file, self.dst_dir)
         self.assertEqual(rv,
@@ -2625,6 +2656,7 @@ def test_move_as_rename_return_value(self):
         rv = shutil.move(self.src_file, os.path.join(self.dst_dir, 'bar'))
         self.assertEqual(rv, os.path.join(self.dst_dir, 'bar'))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_file_special_function(self):
         moved = []
@@ -2633,6 +2665,7 @@ def _copy(src, dst):
         shutil.move(self.src_file, self.dst_dir, copy_function=_copy)
         self.assertEqual(len(moved), 1)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_dir_special_function(self):
         moved = []
@@ -2661,6 +2694,7 @@ def test_move_dir_caseinsensitive(self):
 
     # bpo-26791: Check that a symlink to a directory can
     #            be moved into that directory.
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @mock_rename
     def _test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_dir(self, dst):
         src = os.path.join(self.src_dir, 'linktodir')
@@ -2679,10 +2713,12 @@ def _test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_dir(self, dst):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.samefile(self.dst_dir, dst_link))
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(src))
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_dir(self):
         self._test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_dir(self.dst_dir)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_symlink_to_dir(self):
         dst = os.path.join(self.src_dir, 'otherlinktodir')
@@ -2859,6 +2895,7 @@ def test_file_offset(self):
             self.assertEqual(src.tell(), self.FILESIZE)
             self.assertEqual(dst.tell(), self.FILESIZE)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @unittest.skipIf(os.name != 'nt', "Windows only")
     def test_win_impl(self):
         # Make sure alternate Windows implementation is called.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
index b6f517ca81..c2ebcd7565 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ def is_env_var_to_ignore(n):
                                if not is_env_var_to_ignore(k)]
             self.assertEqual(child_env_names, [])
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "TODO: RUSTPYTHON, null byte is not checked")
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, null byte is not checked")
     def test_invalid_cmd(self):
         # null character in the command name
         cmd = sys.executable + '\0'
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_support.py b/Lib/test/test_support.py
index 673160c20b..4381a82b6b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_support.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_support.py
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ def test_temp_cwd__name_none(self):
     def test_sortdict(self):
         self.assertEqual(support.sortdict({3:3, 2:2, 1:1}), "{1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3}")
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "TODO: RUSTPYTHON; actual c fds on windows")
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; actual c fds on windows")
     def test_make_bad_fd(self):
         fd = os_helper.make_bad_fd()
         with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_threadedtempfile.py b/Lib/test/test_threadedtempfile.py
index b088f5baf7..12feb465db 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_threadedtempfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_threadedtempfile.py
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ def run(self):
 
 
 class ThreadedTempFileTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', 'TODO: RUSTPYTHON Windows')
     def test_main(self):
         threads = [TempFileGreedy() for i in range(NUM_THREADS)]
         with threading_helper.start_threads(threads, startEvent.set):
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index bb2f6808ef..b95f9f2e79 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("embedded null byte".to_string()));
         }
         if key.is_empty() || key.contains('=') {
-            return Err(vm.new_errno_error(22, "Invalid argument".to_owned()));
+            return Err(vm.new_errno_error(22, format!("Invalid argument: {key}")));
         }
         env::remove_var(key);
         Ok(())

From 1034477f1e22c3da6cc8447cd053d7eb515c7c2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonathan Rotter <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Apr 2024 11:30:20 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 168/705] unit test fix - only allow catching exceptions -
 test_catch_non_BaseException (#5249)

* test_baseexception.test_catch_non_BaseException

* enabling test_except_star_invalid_exception_type
---
 Lib/test/test_baseexception.py |  2 --
 Lib/test/test_exceptions.py    |  2 --
 vm/src/frame.rs                | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py b/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py
index 2be9405bcc..a7a20dc415 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py
@@ -196,8 +196,6 @@ def test_raise_string(self):
         # Raising a string raises TypeError.
         self.raise_fails("spam")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_catch_non_BaseException(self):
         # Trying to catch an object that does not inherit from BaseException
         # is not allowed.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py b/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py
index 3dc4d6d6fa..000ef02d91 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py
@@ -2613,8 +2613,6 @@ def test_incorrect_constructor(self):
 
 
 class TestInvalidExceptionMatcher(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_except_star_invalid_exception_type(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             try:
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 93417e6557..49307541fb 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1836,7 +1836,27 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             bytecode::TestOperator::IsNot => !a.is(&b),
             bytecode::TestOperator::In => self._in(vm, a, &b)?,
             bytecode::TestOperator::NotIn => self._not_in(vm, a, &b)?,
-            bytecode::TestOperator::ExceptionMatch => a.is_instance(&b, vm)?,
+            bytecode::TestOperator::ExceptionMatch => {
+                if let Some(tuple_of_exceptions) = b.downcast_ref::<PyTuple>() {
+                    for exception in tuple_of_exceptions.iter() {
+                        if !exception
+                            .is_subclass(vm.ctx.exceptions.base_exception_type.into(), vm)?
+                        {
+                            return Err(vm.new_type_error(
+                                "catching classes that do not inherit from BaseException is not allowed"
+                                    .to_owned(),
+                            ));
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else if !b.is_subclass(vm.ctx.exceptions.base_exception_type.into(), vm)? {
+                    return Err(vm.new_type_error(
+                        "catching classes that do not inherit from BaseException is not allowed"
+                            .to_owned(),
+                    ));
+                }
+
+                a.is_instance(&b, vm)?
+            }
         };
 
         self.push_value(vm.ctx.new_bool(value).into());

From 4a939141f6a4906d14986f411e99bac85b2e8ee0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 07:07:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 169/705] Fix macos shutil (#5248)

* Fix macos shutil

* chmod+follow_symlinks=False calls lchmod
---
 Lib/test/test_shutil.py |  5 +----
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs     |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs  | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
index 4115a1351c..cd1897090a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
@@ -1088,8 +1088,7 @@ def test_copymode_follow_symlinks(self):
         shutil.copymode(src_link, dst_link)
         self.assertEqual(os.stat(src).st_mode, os.stat(dst).st_mode)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'lchmod') or os.name == 'nt', 'requires os.lchmod')
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_copymode_symlink_to_symlink(self):
@@ -3008,7 +3007,6 @@ def test_unhandled_exception(self):
             self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError,
                               shutil.copyfile, TESTFN, TESTFN2)
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "darwin", "TODO: RUSTPYTHON, OSError.error on macOS")
     def test_exception_on_first_call(self):
         # Emulate a case where the first call to the zero-copy
         # function raises an exception in which case the function is
@@ -3019,7 +3017,6 @@ def test_exception_on_first_call(self):
                 with self.assertRaises(_GiveupOnFastCopy):
                     self.zerocopy_fun(src, dst)
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "darwin", "TODO: RUSTPYTHON, OSError.error on macOS")
     def test_filesystem_full(self):
         # Emulate a case where filesystem is full and sendfile() fails
         # on first call.
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index b95f9f2e79..fd7ef0b8c4 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ cfg_if::cfg_if! {
 const DEFAULT_DIR_FD: Fd = Fd(AT_FDCWD);
 
 // XXX: AVAILABLE should be a bool, but we can't yet have it as a bool and just cast it to usize
-#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct DirFd<const AVAILABLE: usize>(pub(crate) [Fd; AVAILABLE]);
 
 impl<const AVAILABLE: usize> Default for DirFd<AVAILABLE> {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index c49fab56ad..56f374ce78 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -940,7 +940,13 @@ pub mod module {
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<()> {
         match path {
-            OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => _chmod(path, dir_fd, mode, follow_symlinks, vm),
+            OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => {
+                #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "freebsd", target_os = "netbsd",))]
+                if !follow_symlinks.0 && dir_fd == Default::default() {
+                    return lchmod(path, mode, vm);
+                }
+                _chmod(path, dir_fd, mode, follow_symlinks, vm)
+            }
             OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd) => _fchmod(fd, mode, vm),
         }
     }
@@ -963,10 +969,19 @@ pub mod module {
         _fchmod(fd, mode, vm)
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "freebsd", target_os = "netbsd",))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn lchmod(path: OsPath, mode: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        _chmod(path, DirFd::default(), mode, FollowSymlinks(false), vm)
+        extern "C" {
+            fn lchmod(path: *const libc::c_char, mode: libc::mode_t) -> libc::c_int;
+        }
+        let c_path = path.clone().into_cstring(vm)?;
+        if unsafe { lchmod(c_path.as_ptr(), mode as libc::mode_t) } == 0 {
+            Ok(())
+        } else {
+            let err = std::io::Error::last_os_error();
+            Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path, vm))
+        }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -1691,7 +1706,16 @@ pub mod module {
 
     pub(crate) fn support_funcs() -> Vec<SupportFunc> {
         vec![
-            SupportFunc::new("chmod", Some(false), Some(false), Some(false)),
+            SupportFunc::new(
+                "chmod",
+                Some(false),
+                Some(false),
+                Some(cfg!(any(
+                    target_os = "macos",
+                    target_os = "freebsd",
+                    target_os = "netbsd"
+                ))),
+            ),
             #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
             SupportFunc::new("chroot", Some(false), None, None),
             #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]

From be6ea2a7b819481854d295e118225400ae41e0fc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hydrogen602 <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 20 Apr 2024 16:11:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 170/705] fix for test test_bool.BoolTest.test_subclass

---
 Lib/test/test_bool.py  | 2 --
 vm/src/builtins/int.rs | 6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_bool.py b/Lib/test/test_bool.py
index 3e83e4aceb..09eefd422b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_bool.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_bool.py
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@
 
 class BoolTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_subclass(self):
         try:
             class C(bool):
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
index 9d5463a464..3022213e4b 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
@@ -212,6 +212,12 @@ impl Constructor for PyInt {
     type Args = IntOptions;
 
     fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, options: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.bool_type) {
+            return Err(
+                vm.new_type_error("int.__new__(bool) is not safe, use bool.__new__()".to_owned())
+            );
+        }
+
         let value = if let OptionalArg::Present(val) = options.val_options {
             if let OptionalArg::Present(base) = options.base {
                 let base = base

From 3286e683e6e86aea9ecfc9ac19c7c911154dbd60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 22:02:09 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 171/705] win32_xstat (#5247)

* win32_xstat

* vm::windows

* Add file_id
---
 Cargo.lock                   |   4 +-
 Lib/test/test_genericpath.py |  26 ---
 Lib/test/test_ntpath.py      |  20 --
 Lib/test/test_shutil.py      |  16 --
 Lib/test/test_tarfile.py     |   8 +-
 common/Cargo.toml            |   4 +
 common/src/fileutils.rs      | 442 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 common/src/lib.rs            |   2 +
 common/src/windows.rs        |   4 +-
 stdlib/src/select.rs         |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/socket.rs         |   2 +-
 vm/Cargo.toml                |   5 +-
 vm/src/fileutils.rs          | 243 -------------------
 vm/src/lib.rs                |   2 -
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs          |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs          |  10 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs          |  60 +----
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs      |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs      |   4 +-
 vm/src/windows.rs            | 135 +++++++++++
 20 files changed, 606 insertions(+), 387 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 common/src/fileutils.rs
 delete mode 100644 vm/src/fileutils.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d96db01ccb..20fa9a531b 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1975,9 +1975,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.28"
+version = "0.38.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "72e572a5e8ca657d7366229cdde4bd14c4eb5499a9573d4d366fe1b599daa316"
+checksum = "65e04861e65f21776e67888bfbea442b3642beaa0138fdb1dd7a84a52dffdb89"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "errno",
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_genericpath.py b/Lib/test/test_genericpath.py
index aef6bf9d16..1ff7f75ad3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_genericpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_genericpath.py
@@ -242,7 +242,6 @@ def _test_samefile_on_link_func(self, func):
         create_file(test_fn2)
         self.assertFalse(self.pathmodule.samefile(test_fn1, test_fn2))
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; properly implement stat st_dev/st_ino")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_samefile_on_symlink(self):
         self._test_samefile_on_link_func(os.symlink)
@@ -285,7 +284,6 @@ def _test_samestat_on_link_func(self, func):
         self.assertFalse(self.pathmodule.samestat(os.stat(test_fn1),
                                                   os.stat(test_fn2)))
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; properly implement stat st_dev/st_ino")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_samestat_on_symlink(self):
         self._test_samestat_on_link_func(os.symlink)
@@ -314,30 +312,6 @@ class TestGenericTest(GenericTest, unittest.TestCase):
     # and is only meant to be inherited by others.
     pathmodule = genericpath
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    if sys.platform == "win32":
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
-        def test_samefile(self):
-            super().test_samefile()
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    if sys.platform == "win32":
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
-        def test_samefile_on_link(self):
-            super().test_samefile_on_link()
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    if sys.platform == "win32":
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
-        def test_samestat(self):
-            super().test_samestat()
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    if sys.platform == "win32":
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
-        def test_samestat_on_link(self):
-            super().test_samestat_on_link()
-
     def test_invalid_paths(self):
         for attr in GenericTest.common_attributes:
             # os.path.commonprefix doesn't raise ValueError
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
index 8c01cdc79e..1260098842 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
@@ -912,26 +912,6 @@ def test_expandvars(self):  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; remove when done
         def test_expandvars_nonascii(self):  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; remove when done
             super().test_expandvars_nonascii()
 
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
-        def test_samefile(self):  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; remove when done
-            super().test_samefile()
-
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
-        def test_samefile_on_link(self):  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; remove when done
-            super().test_samefile_on_link()
-
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
-        def test_samestat(self):  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; remove when done
-            super().test_samestat()
-
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
-        def test_samestat_on_link(self):  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; remove when done
-            super().test_samestat_on_link()
-
 
 class PathLikeTests(NtpathTestCase):
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
index cd1897090a..16416547c1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
@@ -715,7 +715,6 @@ def test_copytree_simple(self):
         actual = read_file((dst_dir, 'test_dir', 'test.txt'))
         self.assertEqual(actual, '456')
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_copytree_dirs_exist_ok(self):
         src_dir = self.mkdtemp()
         dst_dir = self.mkdtemp()
@@ -1557,7 +1556,6 @@ def test_copyfile_nonexistent_dir(self):
         write_file(src_file, 'foo')
         self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, shutil.copyfile, src_file, dst)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_copyfile_copy_dir(self):
         # Issue 45234
         # test copy() and copyfile() raising proper exceptions when src and/or
@@ -2498,18 +2496,15 @@ def test_move_file(self):
         # Move a file to another location on the same filesystem.
         self._check_move_file(self.src_file, self.dst_file, self.dst_file)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_file_to_dir(self):
         # Move a file inside an existing dir on the same filesystem.
         self._check_move_file(self.src_file, self.dst_dir, self.dst_file)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_file_to_dir_pathlike_src(self):
         # Move a pathlike file to another location on the same filesystem.
         src = pathlib.Path(self.src_file)
         self._check_move_file(src, self.dst_dir, self.dst_file)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_file_to_dir_pathlike_dst(self):
         # Move a file to another pathlike location on the same filesystem.
         dst = pathlib.Path(self.dst_dir)
@@ -2520,7 +2515,6 @@ def test_move_file_other_fs(self):
         # Move a file to an existing dir on another filesystem.
         self.test_move_file()
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_file_to_dir_other_fs(self):
         # Move a file to another location on another filesystem.
@@ -2539,30 +2533,25 @@ def test_move_dir_other_fs(self):
         # Move a dir to another location on another filesystem.
         self.test_move_dir()
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_dir_to_dir(self):
         # Move a dir inside an existing dir on the same filesystem.
         self._check_move_dir(self.src_dir, self.dst_dir,
             os.path.join(self.dst_dir, os.path.basename(self.src_dir)))
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_dir_to_dir_other_fs(self):
         # Move a dir inside an existing dir on another filesystem.
         self.test_move_dir_to_dir()
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_dir_sep_to_dir(self):
         self._check_move_dir(self.src_dir + os.path.sep, self.dst_dir,
             os.path.join(self.dst_dir, os.path.basename(self.src_dir)))
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @unittest.skipUnless(os.path.altsep, 'requires os.path.altsep')
     def test_move_dir_altsep_to_dir(self):
         self._check_move_dir(self.src_dir + os.path.altsep, self.dst_dir,
             os.path.join(self.dst_dir, os.path.basename(self.src_dir)))
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_existing_file_inside_dest_dir(self):
         # A file with the same name inside the destination dir already exists.
         with open(self.dst_file, "wb"):
@@ -2645,7 +2634,6 @@ def test_move_dir_symlink(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.islink(dst_link))
         self.assertTrue(os.path.samefile(src, dst_link))
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_move_return_value(self):
         rv = shutil.move(self.src_file, self.dst_dir)
         self.assertEqual(rv,
@@ -2655,7 +2643,6 @@ def test_move_as_rename_return_value(self):
         rv = shutil.move(self.src_file, os.path.join(self.dst_dir, 'bar'))
         self.assertEqual(rv, os.path.join(self.dst_dir, 'bar'))
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_file_special_function(self):
         moved = []
@@ -2664,7 +2651,6 @@ def _copy(src, dst):
         shutil.move(self.src_file, self.dst_dir, copy_function=_copy)
         self.assertEqual(len(moved), 1)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @mock_rename
     def test_move_dir_special_function(self):
         moved = []
@@ -2693,7 +2679,6 @@ def test_move_dir_caseinsensitive(self):
 
     # bpo-26791: Check that a symlink to a directory can
     #            be moved into that directory.
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @mock_rename
     def _test_move_symlink_to_dir_into_dir(self, dst):
         src = os.path.join(self.src_dir, 'linktodir')
@@ -2894,7 +2879,6 @@ def test_file_offset(self):
             self.assertEqual(src.tell(), self.FILESIZE)
             self.assertEqual(dst.tell(), self.FILESIZE)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @unittest.skipIf(os.name != 'nt', "Windows only")
     def test_win_impl(self):
         # Make sure alternate Windows implementation is called.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
index 3d6e5a5a97..4ae81cb99f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
@@ -1299,6 +1299,7 @@ def test_link_size(self):
             os_helper.unlink(target)
             os_helper.unlink(link)
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_symlink_size(self):
         path = os.path.join(TEMPDIR, "symlink")
@@ -1496,13 +1497,6 @@ def expectedSuccess(test_item):
         def test_cwd(self):
             super().test_cwd()
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    if sys.platform == "win32":
-        @expectedSuccess
-        def test_symlink_size(self):
-            super().test_symlink_size()
-    pass
-
 
 class Bz2WriteTest(Bz2Test, WriteTest):
     pass
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 28f6c4098e..654a7e6535 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -38,4 +38,8 @@ widestring = { workspace = true }
 windows-sys = { workspace = true, features = [
     "Win32_Foundation",
     "Win32_Networking_WinSock",
+    "Win32_Storage_FileSystem",
+    "Win32_System_Ioctl",
+    "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
+    "Win32_System_SystemServices",
 ] }
diff --git a/common/src/fileutils.rs b/common/src/fileutils.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..104c6bcd28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,442 @@
+// Python/fileutils.c in CPython
+#![allow(non_snake_case)]
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+pub use libc::stat as StatStruct;
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub use windows::{fstat, StatStruct};
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+pub fn fstat(fd: libc::c_int) -> std::io::Result<StatStruct> {
+    let mut stat = std::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit();
+    unsafe {
+        let ret = libc::fstat(fd, stat.as_mut_ptr());
+        if ret == -1 {
+            Err(crate::os::last_os_error())
+        } else {
+            Ok(stat.assume_init())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+pub mod windows {
+    use crate::suppress_iph;
+    use crate::windows::ToWideString;
+    use libc::{S_IFCHR, S_IFDIR, S_IFMT};
+    use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr, OsString};
+    use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
+    use std::sync::OnceLock;
+    use windows_sys::core::PCWSTR;
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::{
+        FreeLibrary, SetLastError, BOOL, ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE, ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, FILETIME,
+        HANDLE, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
+    };
+    use windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
+        FileBasicInfo, FileIdInfo, GetFileInformationByHandle, GetFileInformationByHandleEx,
+        GetFileType, BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY,
+        FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT, FILE_BASIC_INFO, FILE_ID_INFO, FILE_TYPE_CHAR,
+        FILE_TYPE_DISK, FILE_TYPE_PIPE, FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+    };
+    use windows_sys::Win32::System::LibraryLoader::{GetProcAddress, LoadLibraryW};
+    use windows_sys::Win32::System::SystemServices::IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK;
+
+    pub const S_IFIFO: libc::c_int = 0o010000;
+    pub const S_IFLNK: libc::c_int = 0o120000;
+
+    pub const SECS_BETWEEN_EPOCHS: i64 = 11644473600; // Seconds between 1.1.1601 and 1.1.1970
+
+    #[derive(Default)]
+    pub struct StatStruct {
+        pub st_dev: libc::c_ulong,
+        pub st_ino: u64,
+        pub st_mode: libc::c_ushort,
+        pub st_nlink: i32,
+        pub st_uid: i32,
+        pub st_gid: i32,
+        pub st_rdev: libc::c_ulong,
+        pub st_size: u64,
+        pub st_atime: libc::time_t,
+        pub st_atime_nsec: i32,
+        pub st_mtime: libc::time_t,
+        pub st_mtime_nsec: i32,
+        pub st_ctime: libc::time_t,
+        pub st_ctime_nsec: i32,
+        pub st_birthtime: libc::time_t,
+        pub st_birthtime_nsec: i32,
+        pub st_file_attributes: libc::c_ulong,
+        pub st_reparse_tag: u32,
+        pub st_ino_high: u64,
+    }
+
+    impl StatStruct {
+        // update_st_mode_from_path in cpython
+        pub fn update_st_mode_from_path(&mut self, path: &OsStr, attr: u32) {
+            if attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY == 0 {
+                let file_extension = path
+                    .encode_wide()
+                    .collect::<Vec<u16>>()
+                    .split(|&c| c == '.' as u16)
+                    .last()
+                    .and_then(|s| String::from_utf16(s).ok());
+
+                if let Some(file_extension) = file_extension {
+                    if file_extension.eq_ignore_ascii_case("exe")
+                        || file_extension.eq_ignore_ascii_case("bat")
+                        || file_extension.eq_ignore_ascii_case("cmd")
+                        || file_extension.eq_ignore_ascii_case("com")
+                    {
+                        self.st_mode |= 0o111;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    extern "C" {
+        fn _get_osfhandle(fd: i32) -> libc::intptr_t;
+    }
+
+    fn get_osfhandle(fd: i32) -> std::io::Result<isize> {
+        let ret = unsafe { suppress_iph!(_get_osfhandle(fd)) };
+        if ret as HANDLE == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
+            Err(crate::os::last_os_error())
+        } else {
+            Ok(ret)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // _Py_fstat_noraise in cpython
+    pub fn fstat(fd: libc::c_int) -> std::io::Result<StatStruct> {
+        let h = get_osfhandle(fd);
+        if h.is_err() {
+            unsafe { SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE) };
+        }
+        let h = h?;
+        // reset stat?
+
+        let file_type = unsafe { GetFileType(h) };
+        if file_type == FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+        }
+        if file_type != FILE_TYPE_DISK {
+            let st_mode = if file_type == FILE_TYPE_CHAR {
+                S_IFCHR
+            } else if file_type == FILE_TYPE_PIPE {
+                S_IFIFO
+            } else {
+                0
+            } as u16;
+            return Ok(StatStruct {
+                st_mode,
+                ..Default::default()
+            });
+        }
+
+        let mut info = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
+        let mut basic_info: FILE_BASIC_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
+        let mut id_info: FILE_ID_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
+
+        if unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(h, &mut info) } == 0
+            || unsafe {
+                GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
+                    h,
+                    FileBasicInfo,
+                    &mut basic_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                    std::mem::size_of_val(&basic_info) as u32,
+                )
+            } == 0
+        {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+        }
+
+        let p_id_info = if unsafe {
+            GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
+                h,
+                FileIdInfo,
+                &mut id_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
+                std::mem::size_of_val(&id_info) as u32,
+            )
+        } == 0
+        {
+            None
+        } else {
+            Some(&id_info)
+        };
+
+        Ok(attribute_data_to_stat(
+            &info,
+            0,
+            Some(&basic_info),
+            p_id_info,
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn large_integer_to_time_t_nsec(input: i64) -> (libc::time_t, libc::c_int) {
+        let nsec_out = (input % 10_000_000) * 100; // FILETIME is in units of 100 nsec.
+        let time_out = ((input / 10_000_000) - SECS_BETWEEN_EPOCHS) as libc::time_t;
+        (time_out, nsec_out as _)
+    }
+
+    fn file_time_to_time_t_nsec(in_ptr: &FILETIME) -> (libc::time_t, libc::c_int) {
+        let in_val: i64 = unsafe { std::mem::transmute_copy(in_ptr) };
+        let nsec_out = (in_val % 10_000_000) * 100; // FILETIME is in units of 100 nsec.
+        let time_out = (in_val / 10_000_000) - SECS_BETWEEN_EPOCHS;
+        (time_out, nsec_out as _)
+    }
+
+    fn attribute_data_to_stat(
+        info: &BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION,
+        reparse_tag: u32,
+        basic_info: Option<&FILE_BASIC_INFO>,
+        id_info: Option<&FILE_ID_INFO>,
+    ) -> StatStruct {
+        let mut st_mode = attributes_to_mode(info.dwFileAttributes);
+        let st_size = ((info.nFileSizeHigh as u64) << 32) + info.nFileSizeLow as u64;
+        let st_dev: libc::c_ulong = if let Some(id_info) = id_info {
+            id_info.VolumeSerialNumber as _
+        } else {
+            info.dwVolumeSerialNumber
+        };
+        let st_rdev = 0;
+
+        let (st_birthtime, st_ctime, st_mtime, st_atime) = if let Some(basic_info) = basic_info {
+            (
+                large_integer_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.CreationTime),
+                large_integer_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.ChangeTime),
+                large_integer_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.LastWriteTime),
+                large_integer_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.LastAccessTime),
+            )
+        } else {
+            (
+                file_time_to_time_t_nsec(&info.ftCreationTime),
+                (0, 0),
+                file_time_to_time_t_nsec(&info.ftLastWriteTime),
+                file_time_to_time_t_nsec(&info.ftLastAccessTime),
+            )
+        };
+        let st_nlink = info.nNumberOfLinks as i32;
+
+        let st_ino = if let Some(id_info) = id_info {
+            let file_id: [u64; 2] = unsafe { std::mem::transmute_copy(&id_info.FileId) };
+            file_id
+        } else {
+            let ino = ((info.nFileIndexHigh as u64) << 32) + info.nFileIndexLow as u64;
+            [ino, 0]
+        };
+
+        if info.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT != 0
+            && reparse_tag == IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK
+        {
+            st_mode = (st_mode & !(S_IFMT as u16)) | (S_IFLNK as u16);
+        }
+        let st_file_attributes = info.dwFileAttributes;
+
+        StatStruct {
+            st_dev,
+            st_ino: st_ino[0],
+            st_mode,
+            st_nlink,
+            st_uid: 0,
+            st_gid: 0,
+            st_rdev,
+            st_size,
+            st_atime: st_atime.0,
+            st_atime_nsec: st_atime.1,
+            st_mtime: st_mtime.0,
+            st_mtime_nsec: st_mtime.1,
+            st_ctime: st_ctime.0,
+            st_ctime_nsec: st_ctime.1,
+            st_birthtime: st_birthtime.0,
+            st_birthtime_nsec: st_birthtime.1,
+            st_file_attributes,
+            st_reparse_tag: reparse_tag,
+            st_ino_high: st_ino[1],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn attributes_to_mode(attr: u32) -> u16 {
+        let mut m = 0;
+        if attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY != 0 {
+            m |= libc::S_IFDIR | 0o111; // IFEXEC for user,group,other
+        } else {
+            m |= libc::S_IFREG;
+        }
+        if attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY != 0 {
+            m |= 0o444;
+        } else {
+            m |= 0o666;
+        }
+        m as _
+    }
+
+    #[repr(C)]
+    pub struct FILE_STAT_BASIC_INFORMATION {
+        pub FileId: i64,
+        pub CreationTime: i64,
+        pub LastAccessTime: i64,
+        pub LastWriteTime: i64,
+        pub ChangeTime: i64,
+        pub AllocationSize: i64,
+        pub EndOfFile: i64,
+        pub FileAttributes: u32,
+        pub ReparseTag: u32,
+        pub NumberOfLinks: u32,
+        pub DeviceType: u32,
+        pub DeviceCharacteristics: u32,
+        pub Reserved: u32,
+        pub VolumeSerialNumber: i64,
+        pub FileId128: [u64; 2],
+    }
+
+    #[repr(C)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub enum FILE_INFO_BY_NAME_CLASS {
+        FileStatByNameInfo,
+        FileStatLxByNameInfo,
+        FileCaseSensitiveByNameInfo,
+        FileStatBasicByNameInfo,
+        MaximumFileInfoByNameClass,
+    }
+
+    // _Py_GetFileInformationByName in cpython
+    pub fn get_file_information_by_name(
+        file_name: &OsStr,
+        file_information_class: FILE_INFO_BY_NAME_CLASS,
+    ) -> std::io::Result<FILE_STAT_BASIC_INFORMATION> {
+        static GET_FILE_INFORMATION_BY_NAME: OnceLock<
+            Option<
+                unsafe extern "system" fn(
+                    PCWSTR,
+                    FILE_INFO_BY_NAME_CLASS,
+                    *mut libc::c_void,
+                    u32,
+                ) -> BOOL,
+            >,
+        > = OnceLock::new();
+
+        let GetFileInformationByName = GET_FILE_INFORMATION_BY_NAME
+            .get_or_init(|| {
+                let library_name = OsString::from("api-ms-win-core-file-l2-1-4").to_wide_with_nul();
+                let module = unsafe { LoadLibraryW(library_name.as_ptr()) };
+                if module == 0 {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                let name = CString::new("GetFileInformationByName").unwrap();
+                if let Some(proc) =
+                    unsafe { GetProcAddress(module, name.as_bytes_with_nul().as_ptr()) }
+                {
+                    Some(unsafe { std::mem::transmute(proc) })
+                } else {
+                    unsafe { FreeLibrary(module) };
+                    None
+                }
+            })
+            .ok_or_else(|| std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED as _))?;
+
+        let file_name = file_name.to_wide_with_nul();
+        let file_info_buffer_size = std::mem::size_of::<FILE_STAT_BASIC_INFORMATION>() as u32;
+        let mut file_info_buffer = std::mem::MaybeUninit::<FILE_STAT_BASIC_INFORMATION>::uninit();
+        unsafe {
+            if GetFileInformationByName(
+                file_name.as_ptr(),
+                file_information_class as _,
+                file_info_buffer.as_mut_ptr() as _,
+                file_info_buffer_size,
+            ) == 0
+            {
+                Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error())
+            } else {
+                Ok(file_info_buffer.assume_init())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn stat_basic_info_to_stat(info: &FILE_STAT_BASIC_INFORMATION) -> StatStruct {
+        use windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem;
+        use windows_sys::Win32::System::Ioctl;
+
+        const S_IFMT: u16 = self::S_IFMT as _;
+        const S_IFDIR: u16 = self::S_IFDIR as _;
+        const S_IFCHR: u16 = self::S_IFCHR as _;
+        const S_IFIFO: u16 = self::S_IFIFO as _;
+        const S_IFLNK: u16 = self::S_IFLNK as _;
+
+        let mut st_mode = attributes_to_mode(info.FileAttributes);
+        let st_size = info.EndOfFile as u64;
+        let st_birthtime = large_integer_to_time_t_nsec(info.CreationTime);
+        let st_ctime = large_integer_to_time_t_nsec(info.ChangeTime);
+        let st_mtime = large_integer_to_time_t_nsec(info.LastWriteTime);
+        let st_atime = large_integer_to_time_t_nsec(info.LastAccessTime);
+        let st_nlink = info.NumberOfLinks as _;
+        let st_dev = info.VolumeSerialNumber as u32;
+        // File systems with less than 128-bits zero pad into this field
+        let st_ino = info.FileId128;
+        // bpo-37834: Only actual symlinks set the S_IFLNK flag. But lstat() will
+        // open other name surrogate reparse points without traversing them. To
+        // detect/handle these, check st_file_attributes and st_reparse_tag.
+        let st_reparse_tag = info.ReparseTag;
+        if info.FileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT != 0
+            && info.ReparseTag == IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK
+        {
+            // set the bits that make this a symlink
+            st_mode = (st_mode & !S_IFMT) | S_IFLNK;
+        }
+        let st_file_attributes = info.FileAttributes;
+        match info.DeviceType {
+            FileSystem::FILE_DEVICE_DISK
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_VIRTUAL_DISK
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_DFS
+            | FileSystem::FILE_DEVICE_CD_ROM
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_CONTROLLER
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_DATALINK => {}
+            Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_DISK_FILE_SYSTEM
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_CD_ROM_FILE_SYSTEM
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_NETWORK_FILE_SYSTEM => {
+                st_mode = (st_mode & !S_IFMT) | 0x6000; // _S_IFBLK
+            }
+            Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_CONSOLE
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_NULL
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_KEYBOARD
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_MODEM
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_MOUSE
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_PARALLEL_PORT
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_PRINTER
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_SCREEN
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_SERIAL_PORT
+            | Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_SOUND => {
+                st_mode = (st_mode & !S_IFMT) | S_IFCHR;
+            }
+            Ioctl::FILE_DEVICE_NAMED_PIPE => {
+                st_mode = (st_mode & !S_IFMT) | S_IFIFO;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                if info.FileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY != 0 {
+                    st_mode = (st_mode & !S_IFMT) | S_IFDIR;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        StatStruct {
+            st_dev,
+            st_ino: st_ino[0],
+            st_mode,
+            st_nlink,
+            st_uid: 0,
+            st_gid: 0,
+            st_rdev: 0,
+            st_size,
+            st_atime: st_atime.0,
+            st_atime_nsec: st_atime.1,
+            st_mtime: st_mtime.0,
+            st_mtime_nsec: st_mtime.1,
+            st_ctime: st_ctime.0,
+            st_ctime_nsec: st_ctime.1,
+            st_birthtime: st_birthtime.0,
+            st_birthtime_nsec: st_birthtime.1,
+            st_file_attributes,
+            st_reparse_tag,
+            st_ino_high: st_ino[1],
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/common/src/lib.rs b/common/src/lib.rs
index ffd027a0e6..8a94b939b5 100644
--- a/common/src/lib.rs
+++ b/common/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ pub mod cmp;
 #[cfg(any(unix, windows, target_os = "wasi"))]
 pub mod crt_fd;
 pub mod encodings;
+#[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))]
+pub mod fileutils;
 pub mod float_ops;
 pub mod hash;
 pub mod int;
diff --git a/common/src/windows.rs b/common/src/windows.rs
index e1f296c941..4a922ce435 100644
--- a/common/src/windows.rs
+++ b/common/src/windows.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use std::{
 
 pub trait ToWideString {
     fn to_wide(&self) -> Vec<u16>;
-    fn to_wides_with_nul(&self) -> Vec<u16>;
+    fn to_wide_with_nul(&self) -> Vec<u16>;
 }
 impl<T> ToWideString for T
 where
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ where
     fn to_wide(&self) -> Vec<u16> {
         self.as_ref().encode_wide().collect()
     }
-    fn to_wides_with_nul(&self) -> Vec<u16> {
+    fn to_wide_with_nul(&self) -> Vec<u16> {
         self.as_ref().encode_wide().chain(Some(0)).collect()
     }
 }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index 48705f4c9b..1e624605f6 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{io, mem};
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     #[cfg(windows)]
-    crate::vm::stdlib::nt::init_winsock();
+    crate::vm::windows::init_winsock();
 
     #[cfg(unix)]
     {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index ad823201e1..5aea7be117 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ pub(super) use _socket::{sock_select, timeout_error_msg, PySocket, SelectKind};
 
 pub fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     #[cfg(windows)]
-    crate::vm::stdlib::nt::init_winsock();
+    crate::vm::windows::init_winsock();
     _socket::make_module(vm)
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index f4a000b8c4..02586f89c5 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -102,13 +102,11 @@ which = "4.2.5"
 num_cpus = "1.13.1"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
+junction = { workspace = true }
 schannel = { workspace = true }
 widestring = { workspace = true }
 winreg = "0.10.1"
 
-[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.junction]
-workspace = true
-
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows]
 version = "0.52.0"
 features = [
@@ -128,6 +126,7 @@ features = [
   "Win32_System_Console",
   "Win32_System_Diagnostics_Debug",
   "Win32_System_Environment",
+  "Win32_System_Ioctl",
   "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
   "Win32_System_Memory",
   "Win32_System_Performance",
diff --git a/vm/src/fileutils.rs b/vm/src/fileutils.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index b91fb674de..0000000000
--- a/vm/src/fileutils.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
-// Python/fileutils.c in CPython
-#[cfg(not(windows))]
-pub use libc::stat as StatStruct;
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-pub use windows::{fstat, StatStruct};
-
-#[cfg(not(windows))]
-pub fn fstat(fd: libc::c_int) -> std::io::Result<StatStruct> {
-    let mut stat = std::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit();
-    unsafe {
-        let ret = libc::fstat(fd, stat.as_mut_ptr());
-        if ret == -1 {
-            Err(crate::common::os::last_os_error())
-        } else {
-            Ok(stat.assume_init())
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[cfg(windows)]
-mod windows {
-    use crate::common::suppress_iph;
-    use libc::{S_IFCHR, S_IFMT};
-    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::SetLastError;
-    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::FILETIME;
-    use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::{ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE, HANDLE, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE};
-    use windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
-        FileBasicInfo, FileIdInfo, GetFileInformationByHandle, GetFileInformationByHandleEx,
-        GetFileType, FILE_TYPE_CHAR, FILE_TYPE_DISK, FILE_TYPE_PIPE, FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
-    };
-    use windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
-        BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY,
-        FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT, FILE_BASIC_INFO, FILE_ID_INFO,
-    };
-
-    pub const S_IFIFO: libc::c_int = 0o010000;
-    pub const S_IFLNK: libc::c_int = 0o120000;
-
-    pub const SECS_BETWEEN_EPOCHS: i64 = 11644473600; // Seconds between 1.1.1601 and 1.1.1970
-
-    #[derive(Default)]
-    pub struct StatStruct {
-        pub st_dev: libc::c_ulong,
-        pub st_ino: u64,
-        pub st_mode: libc::c_ushort,
-        pub st_nlink: i32,
-        pub st_uid: i32,
-        pub st_gid: i32,
-        pub st_rdev: libc::c_ulong,
-        pub st_size: u64,
-        pub st_atime: libc::time_t,
-        pub st_atime_nsec: i32,
-        pub st_mtime: libc::time_t,
-        pub st_mtime_nsec: i32,
-        pub st_ctime: libc::time_t,
-        pub st_ctime_nsec: i32,
-        pub st_birthtime: libc::time_t,
-        pub st_birthtime_nsec: i32,
-        pub st_file_attributes: libc::c_ulong,
-        pub st_reparse_tag: u32,
-        pub st_ino_high: u64,
-    }
-
-    extern "C" {
-        fn _get_osfhandle(fd: i32) -> libc::intptr_t;
-    }
-
-    fn get_osfhandle(fd: i32) -> std::io::Result<isize> {
-        let ret = unsafe { suppress_iph!(_get_osfhandle(fd)) };
-        if ret as HANDLE == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
-            Err(crate::common::os::last_os_error())
-        } else {
-            Ok(ret)
-        }
-    }
-
-    // _Py_fstat_noraise in cpython
-    pub fn fstat(fd: libc::c_int) -> std::io::Result<StatStruct> {
-        let h = get_osfhandle(fd);
-        if h.is_err() {
-            unsafe { SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE) };
-        }
-        let h = h?;
-        // reset stat?
-
-        let file_type = unsafe { GetFileType(h) };
-        if file_type == FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN {
-            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
-        }
-        if file_type != FILE_TYPE_DISK {
-            let st_mode = if file_type == FILE_TYPE_CHAR {
-                S_IFCHR
-            } else if file_type == FILE_TYPE_PIPE {
-                S_IFIFO
-            } else {
-                0
-            } as u16;
-            return Ok(StatStruct {
-                st_mode,
-                ..Default::default()
-            });
-        }
-
-        let mut info = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
-        let mut basic_info: FILE_BASIC_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
-        let mut id_info: FILE_ID_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
-
-        if unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(h, &mut info) } == 0
-            || unsafe {
-                GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
-                    h,
-                    FileBasicInfo,
-                    &mut basic_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
-                    std::mem::size_of_val(&basic_info) as u32,
-                )
-            } == 0
-        {
-            return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
-        }
-
-        let p_id_info = if unsafe {
-            GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
-                h,
-                FileIdInfo,
-                &mut id_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
-                std::mem::size_of_val(&id_info) as u32,
-            )
-        } == 0
-        {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(&id_info)
-        };
-
-        Ok(attribute_data_to_stat(
-            &info,
-            0,
-            Some(&basic_info),
-            p_id_info,
-        ))
-    }
-
-    fn i64_to_time_t_nsec(input: i64) -> (libc::time_t, libc::c_int) {
-        let nsec_out = (input % 10_000_000) * 100; // FILETIME is in units of 100 nsec.
-        let time_out = ((input / 10_000_000) - SECS_BETWEEN_EPOCHS) as libc::time_t;
-        (time_out, nsec_out as _)
-    }
-
-    fn file_time_to_time_t_nsec(in_ptr: &FILETIME) -> (libc::time_t, libc::c_int) {
-        let in_val: i64 = unsafe { std::mem::transmute_copy(in_ptr) };
-        let nsec_out = (in_val % 10_000_000) * 100; // FILETIME is in units of 100 nsec.
-        let time_out = (in_val / 10_000_000) - SECS_BETWEEN_EPOCHS;
-        (time_out, nsec_out as _)
-    }
-
-    fn attribute_data_to_stat(
-        info: &BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION,
-        reparse_tag: u32,
-        basic_info: Option<&FILE_BASIC_INFO>,
-        id_info: Option<&FILE_ID_INFO>,
-    ) -> StatStruct {
-        use windows_sys::Win32::System::SystemServices::IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK;
-
-        let mut st_mode: u16 = attributes_to_mode(info.dwFileAttributes) as _;
-        let st_size = ((info.nFileSizeHigh as u64) << 32) + info.nFileSizeLow as u64;
-        let st_dev: libc::c_ulong = if let Some(id_info) = id_info {
-            id_info.VolumeSerialNumber as _
-        } else {
-            info.dwVolumeSerialNumber
-        };
-        let st_rdev = 0;
-
-        let (st_birth_time, st_ctime, st_mtime, st_atime) = if let Some(basic_info) = basic_info {
-            (
-                i64_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.CreationTime),
-                i64_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.ChangeTime),
-                i64_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.LastWriteTime),
-                i64_to_time_t_nsec(basic_info.LastAccessTime),
-            )
-        } else {
-            (
-                file_time_to_time_t_nsec(&info.ftCreationTime),
-                (0, 0),
-                file_time_to_time_t_nsec(&info.ftLastWriteTime),
-                file_time_to_time_t_nsec(&info.ftLastAccessTime),
-            )
-        };
-        let st_nlink = info.nNumberOfLinks as i32;
-
-        let st_ino = if let Some(id_info) = id_info {
-            let file_id: [u64; 2] = unsafe { std::mem::transmute_copy(&id_info.FileId) };
-            file_id
-        } else {
-            let ino = ((info.nFileIndexHigh as u64) << 32) + info.nFileIndexLow as u64;
-            [ino, 0]
-        };
-
-        if info.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT != 0
-            && reparse_tag == IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK
-        {
-            st_mode = (st_mode & !(S_IFMT as u16)) | (S_IFLNK as u16);
-        }
-        let st_file_attributes = info.dwFileAttributes;
-
-        StatStruct {
-            st_dev,
-            st_ino: st_ino[0],
-            st_mode,
-            st_nlink,
-            st_uid: 0,
-            st_gid: 0,
-            st_rdev,
-            st_size,
-            st_atime: st_atime.0,
-            st_atime_nsec: st_atime.1,
-            st_mtime: st_mtime.0,
-            st_mtime_nsec: st_mtime.1,
-            st_ctime: st_ctime.0,
-            st_ctime_nsec: st_ctime.1,
-            st_birthtime: st_birth_time.0,
-            st_birthtime_nsec: st_birth_time.1,
-            st_file_attributes,
-            st_reparse_tag: reparse_tag,
-            st_ino_high: st_ino[1],
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn attributes_to_mode(attr: u32) -> libc::c_int {
-        let mut m = 0;
-        if attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY != 0 {
-            m |= libc::S_IFDIR | 0o111; // IFEXEC for user,group,other
-        } else {
-            m |= libc::S_IFREG;
-        }
-        if attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY != 0 {
-            m |= 0o444;
-        } else {
-            m |= 0o666;
-        }
-        m
-    }
-}
diff --git a/vm/src/lib.rs b/vm/src/lib.rs
index b7f79ee485..3c99e382f6 100644
--- a/vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -53,8 +53,6 @@ mod dictdatatype;
 #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
 pub mod eval;
 pub mod exceptions;
-#[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))]
-mod fileutils;
 pub mod format;
 pub mod frame;
 pub mod function;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 4add9b3bd4..11d2ab8a5b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -3930,7 +3930,7 @@ mod fileio {
 
             // TODO: _Py_set_inheritable
 
-            let fd_fstat = crate::fileutils::fstat(fd);
+            let fd_fstat = crate::common::fileutils::fstat(fd);
 
             #[cfg(windows)]
             {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 1b2dd55e91..4508162f12 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn raw_set_handle_inheritable(handle: intptr_t, inheritable: bool) -> io::Result<()> {
+    pub fn raw_set_handle_inheritable(handle: intptr_t, inheritable: bool) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         let flags = if inheritable {
             Foundation::HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT
         } else {
@@ -420,11 +420,3 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         Vec::new()
     }
 }
-
-pub fn init_winsock() {
-    static WSA_INIT: parking_lot::Once = parking_lot::Once::new();
-    WSA_INIT.call_once(|| unsafe {
-        let mut wsa_data = std::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit();
-        let _ = windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::WSAStartup(0x0101, wsa_data.as_mut_ptr());
-    })
-}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index fd7ef0b8c4..7b054c7d38 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use std::{ffi, fs, io, path::Path};
 
-pub(super) fn fs_metadata<P: AsRef<Path>>(
+pub(crate) fn fs_metadata<P: AsRef<Path>>(
     path: P,
     follow_symlink: bool,
 ) -> io::Result<fs::Metadata> {
@@ -123,11 +123,13 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         builtins::{
             PyBytesRef, PyGenericAlias, PyIntRef, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef,
         },
-        common::crt_fd::{Fd, Offset},
-        common::lock::{OnceCell, PyRwLock},
-        common::suppress_iph,
+        common::{
+            crt_fd::{Fd, Offset},
+            fileutils::StatStruct,
+            lock::{OnceCell, PyRwLock},
+            suppress_iph,
+        },
         convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject},
-        fileutils::StatStruct,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, Either, FsPath, FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
         ospath::{IOErrorBuilder, OsPath, OsPathOrFd, OutputMode},
         protocol::PyIterReturn,
@@ -810,50 +812,6 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    fn meta_to_stat(meta: &fs::Metadata) -> io::Result<StatStruct> {
-        let st_mode = {
-            // Based on CPython fileutils.c' attributes_to_mode
-            let mut m = 0;
-            if meta.is_dir() {
-                m |= libc::S_IFDIR | 0o111; /* IFEXEC for user,group,other */
-            } else {
-                m |= libc::S_IFREG;
-            }
-            if meta.permissions().readonly() {
-                m |= 0o444;
-            } else {
-                m |= 0o666;
-            }
-            m as _
-        };
-        let (atime, mtime, ctime) = (meta.accessed()?, meta.modified()?, meta.created()?);
-        let sec = |systime: SystemTime| match systime.duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH) {
-            Ok(d) => d.as_secs() as libc::time_t,
-            Err(e) => -(e.duration().as_secs() as libc::time_t),
-        };
-        let nsec = |systime: SystemTime| match systime.duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH) {
-            Ok(d) => d.subsec_nanos() as i32,
-            Err(e) => -(e.duration().subsec_nanos() as i32),
-        };
-        Ok(StatStruct {
-            st_dev: 0,
-            st_ino: 0,
-            st_mode,
-            st_nlink: 0,
-            st_uid: 0,
-            st_gid: 0,
-            st_size: meta.len(),
-            st_atime: sec(atime),
-            st_mtime: sec(mtime),
-            st_ctime: sec(ctime),
-            st_atime_nsec: nsec(atime),
-            st_mtime_nsec: nsec(mtime),
-            st_ctime_nsec: nsec(ctime),
-            ..Default::default()
-        })
-    }
-
     #[cfg(windows)]
     fn stat_inner(
         file: OsPathOrFd,
@@ -863,8 +821,8 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         // TODO: replicate CPython's win32_xstat
         let [] = dir_fd.0;
         match file {
-            OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => meta_to_stat(&super::fs_metadata(path, follow_symlinks.0)?),
-            OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd) => crate::fileutils::fstat(fd),
+            OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => crate::windows::win32_xstat(&path.path, follow_symlinks.0),
+            OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd) => crate::common::fileutils::fstat(fd),
         }
         .map(Some)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index 4a698a7633..cc332b08be 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
         let is_socket = if fd != INVALID_WAKEUP {
             use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock;
 
-            crate::stdlib::nt::init_winsock();
+            crate::windows::init_winsock();
             let mut res = 0i32;
             let mut res_size = std::mem::size_of::<i32>() as i32;
             let res = unsafe {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index 429ce479dd..8570b3d8a5 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ mod _winapi {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePath(exe_name: PyStrRef) -> bool {
-        let exe_name = exe_name.as_str().to_wides_with_nul();
+        let exe_name = exe_name.as_str().to_wide_with_nul();
         let return_value = unsafe {
             windows_sys::Win32::System::Environment::NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePathW(
                 exe_name.as_ptr(),
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ mod _winapi {
     // TODO: ctypes.LibraryLoader.LoadLibrary
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     fn LoadLibrary(path: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<isize> {
-        let path = path.as_str().to_wides_with_nul();
+        let path = path.as_str().to_wide_with_nul();
         let handle = unsafe {
             windows::Win32::System::LibraryLoader::LoadLibraryW(PCWSTR::from_raw(path.as_ptr()))
                 .unwrap()
diff --git a/vm/src/windows.rs b/vm/src/windows.rs
index e749241c07..0308ce32ce 100644
--- a/vm/src/windows.rs
+++ b/vm/src/windows.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
+use crate::common::fileutils::{
+    windows::{get_file_information_by_name, FILE_INFO_BY_NAME_CLASS},
+    StatStruct,
+};
 use crate::{
     convert::{ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
     stdlib::os::errno_err,
     PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
+use std::{ffi::OsStr, time::SystemTime};
 use windows::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
 use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::{BOOL, HANDLE as RAW_HANDLE, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE};
 
@@ -66,3 +71,133 @@ impl ToPyObject for HANDLE {
         (self.0 as HandleInt).to_pyobject(vm)
     }
 }
+
+pub fn init_winsock() {
+    static WSA_INIT: parking_lot::Once = parking_lot::Once::new();
+    WSA_INIT.call_once(|| unsafe {
+        let mut wsa_data = std::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit();
+        let _ = windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::WSAStartup(0x0101, wsa_data.as_mut_ptr());
+    })
+}
+
+// win32_xstat in cpython
+pub fn win32_xstat(path: &OsStr, traverse: bool) -> std::io::Result<StatStruct> {
+    let mut result = win32_xstat_impl(path, traverse)?;
+    // ctime is only deprecated from 3.12, so we copy birthtime across
+    result.st_ctime = result.st_birthtime;
+    result.st_ctime_nsec = result.st_birthtime_nsec;
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+fn is_reparse_tag_name_surrogate(tag: u32) -> bool {
+    (tag & 0x20000000) > 0
+}
+
+fn win32_xstat_impl(path: &OsStr, traverse: bool) -> std::io::Result<StatStruct> {
+    use windows_sys::Win32::{Foundation, Storage::FileSystem::FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT};
+
+    let stat_info =
+        get_file_information_by_name(path, FILE_INFO_BY_NAME_CLASS::FileStatBasicByNameInfo);
+    match stat_info {
+        Ok(stat_info) => {
+            if (stat_info.FileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT == 0)
+                || (!traverse && is_reparse_tag_name_surrogate(stat_info.ReparseTag))
+            {
+                let mut result =
+                    crate::common::fileutils::windows::stat_basic_info_to_stat(&stat_info);
+                result.update_st_mode_from_path(path, stat_info.FileAttributes);
+                return Ok(result);
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => {
+            if let Some(errno) = e.raw_os_error() {
+                if matches!(
+                    errno as u32,
+                    Foundation::ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND
+                        | Foundation::ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND
+                        | Foundation::ERROR_NOT_READY
+                        | Foundation::ERROR_BAD_NET_NAME
+                ) {
+                    return Err(e);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: check if win32_xstat_slow_impl(&path, result, traverse) is required
+    meta_to_stat(
+        &crate::stdlib::os::fs_metadata(path, traverse)?,
+        file_id(path)?,
+    )
+}
+
+// Ported from zed: https://github.com/zed-industries/zed/blob/v0.131.6/crates/fs/src/fs.rs#L1532-L1562
+// can we get file id not open the file twice?
+// https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/63010
+fn file_id(path: &OsStr) -> std::io::Result<u64> {
+    use std::os::windows::{fs::OpenOptionsExt, io::AsRawHandle};
+    use windows_sys::Win32::{
+        Foundation::HANDLE,
+        Storage::FileSystem::{
+            GetFileInformationByHandle, BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION, FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,
+        },
+    };
+
+    let file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
+        .read(true)
+        .custom_flags(FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS)
+        .open(path)?;
+
+    let mut info: BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
+    // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/fileapi/nf-fileapi-getfileinformationbyhandle
+    // This function supports Windows XP+
+    let ret = unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(file.as_raw_handle() as HANDLE, &mut info) };
+    if ret == 0 {
+        return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+    };
+
+    Ok(((info.nFileIndexHigh as u64) << 32) | (info.nFileIndexLow as u64))
+}
+
+fn meta_to_stat(meta: &std::fs::Metadata, file_id: u64) -> std::io::Result<StatStruct> {
+    let st_mode = {
+        // Based on CPython fileutils.c' attributes_to_mode
+        let mut m = 0;
+        if meta.is_dir() {
+            m |= libc::S_IFDIR | 0o111; /* IFEXEC for user,group,other */
+        } else {
+            m |= libc::S_IFREG;
+        }
+        if meta.permissions().readonly() {
+            m |= 0o444;
+        } else {
+            m |= 0o666;
+        }
+        m as _
+    };
+    let (atime, mtime, ctime) = (meta.accessed()?, meta.modified()?, meta.created()?);
+    let sec = |systime: SystemTime| match systime.duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH) {
+        Ok(d) => d.as_secs() as libc::time_t,
+        Err(e) => -(e.duration().as_secs() as libc::time_t),
+    };
+    let nsec = |systime: SystemTime| match systime.duration_since(SystemTime::UNIX_EPOCH) {
+        Ok(d) => d.subsec_nanos() as i32,
+        Err(e) => -(e.duration().subsec_nanos() as i32),
+    };
+    Ok(StatStruct {
+        st_dev: 0,
+        st_ino: file_id,
+        st_mode,
+        st_nlink: 0,
+        st_uid: 0,
+        st_gid: 0,
+        st_size: meta.len(),
+        st_atime: sec(atime),
+        st_mtime: sec(mtime),
+        st_birthtime: sec(ctime),
+        st_atime_nsec: nsec(atime),
+        st_mtime_nsec: nsec(mtime),
+        st_birthtime_nsec: nsec(ctime),
+        ..Default::default()
+    })
+}

From 84099514e683da49511d44c05bb86de8eb83eed6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 21:21:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 172/705] Implement socket.socket.sendmsg (#5205)

* Implement socket.socket.sendmsg

* debugger-friendly newlines

* Fix control_buf error on macOS

---------

Co-authored-by: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
---
 Cargo.lock           |   6 +-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml    |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/socket.rs | 163 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 165 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 20fa9a531b..b45f6b2e5c 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2570,12 +2570,12 @@ checksum = "a507befe795404456341dfab10cef66ead4c041f62b8b11bbb92bffe5d0953e0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
-version = "0.5.5"
+version = "0.5.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7b5fac59a5cb5dd637972e5fca70daf0523c9067fcdc4842f053dae04a18f8e9"
+checksum = "05ffd9c0a93b7543e062e759284fcf5f5e3b098501104bfbdde4d404db792871"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 052a583eb7..d4386b24ab 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ termios = "0.3.3"
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 gethostname = "0.2.3"
-socket2 = { version = "0.5.4", features = ["all"] }
+socket2 = { version = "0.5.6", features = ["all"] }
 dns-lookup = "2"
 openssl = { version = "0.10.62", optional = true }
 openssl-sys = { version = "0.9.80", optional = true }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 5aea7be117..f3a86141e2 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -822,7 +822,8 @@ mod _socket {
 
     impl PySocket {
         pub fn sock_opt(&self) -> Option<PyMappedRwLockReadGuard<'_, Socket>> {
-            PyRwLockReadGuard::try_map(self.sock.read(), |sock| sock.as_ref()).ok()
+            let sock = PyRwLockReadGuard::try_map(self.sock.read(), |sock| sock.as_ref());
+            sock.ok()
         }
 
         pub fn sock(&self) -> io::Result<PyMappedRwLockReadGuard<'_, Socket>> {
@@ -869,7 +870,8 @@ mod _socket {
         where
             F: FnMut() -> io::Result<R>,
         {
-            self.sock_op_timeout_err(vm, select, self.get_timeout().ok(), f)
+            let timeout = self.get_timeout().ok();
+            self.sock_op_timeout_err(vm, select, timeout, f)
         }
 
         fn sock_op_timeout_err<F, R>(
@@ -1319,6 +1321,121 @@ mod _socket {
             })
         }
 
+        #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn sendmsg(
+            &self,
+            buffers: Vec<ArgBytesLike>,
+            ancdata: OptionalArg,
+            flags: OptionalArg<i32>,
+            addr: OptionalOption,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<usize> {
+            let flags = flags.unwrap_or(0);
+            let mut msg = socket2::MsgHdr::new();
+
+            let sockaddr;
+            if let Some(addr) = addr.flatten() {
+                sockaddr = self
+                    .extract_address(addr, "sendmsg", vm)
+                    .map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))?;
+                msg = msg.with_addr(&sockaddr);
+            }
+
+            let buffers = buffers
+                .iter()
+                .map(|buf| buf.borrow_buf())
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            let buffers = buffers
+                .iter()
+                .map(|buf| io::IoSlice::new(buf))
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+            msg = msg.with_buffers(&buffers);
+
+            let control_buf;
+            if let OptionalArg::Present(ancdata) = ancdata {
+                let cmsgs = vm.extract_elements_with(
+                    &ancdata,
+                    |obj| -> PyResult<(i32, i32, ArgBytesLike)> {
+                        let seq: Vec<PyObjectRef> = obj.try_into_value(vm)?;
+                        let [lvl, typ, data]: [PyObjectRef; 3] = seq.try_into().map_err(|_| {
+                            vm.new_type_error("expected a sequence of length 3".to_owned())
+                        })?;
+                        Ok((
+                            lvl.try_into_value(vm)?,
+                            typ.try_into_value(vm)?,
+                            data.try_into_value(vm)?,
+                        ))
+                    },
+                )?;
+                control_buf = Self::pack_cmsgs_to_send(&cmsgs, vm)?;
+                if !control_buf.is_empty() {
+                    msg = msg.with_control(&control_buf);
+                }
+            }
+
+            self.sock_op(vm, SelectKind::Write, || {
+                let sock = self.sock()?;
+                sock.sendmsg(&msg, flags)
+            })
+            .map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))
+        }
+
+        // based on nix's implementation
+        #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
+        fn pack_cmsgs_to_send(
+            cmsgs: &[(i32, i32, ArgBytesLike)],
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            use std::{mem, ptr};
+
+            if cmsgs.is_empty() {
+                return Ok(vec![]);
+            }
+
+            let capacity = cmsgs
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(_, _, buf)| buf.len())
+                .try_fold(0, |sum, len| {
+                    let space = checked_cmsg_space(len).ok_or_else(|| {
+                        vm.new_os_error("ancillary data item too large".to_owned())
+                    })?;
+                    usize::checked_add(sum, space)
+                        .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_os_error("too much ancillary data".to_owned()))
+                })?;
+
+            let mut cmsg_buffer = vec![0u8; capacity];
+
+            // make a dummy msghdr so we can use the CMSG_* apis
+            let mut mhdr = unsafe { mem::zeroed::<libc::msghdr>() };
+            mhdr.msg_control = cmsg_buffer.as_mut_ptr().cast();
+            mhdr.msg_controllen = capacity as _;
+
+            let mut pmhdr: *mut libc::cmsghdr = unsafe { libc::CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&mhdr) };
+            for (lvl, typ, buf) in cmsgs {
+                if pmhdr.is_null() {
+                    return Err(vm.new_runtime_error(
+                        "unexpected NULL result from CMSG_FIRSTHDR/CMSG_NXTHDR".to_owned(),
+                    ));
+                }
+                let data = &*buf.borrow_buf();
+                assert_eq!(data.len(), buf.len());
+                // Safe because we know that pmhdr is valid, and we initialized it with
+                // sufficient space
+                unsafe {
+                    (*pmhdr).cmsg_level = *lvl;
+                    (*pmhdr).cmsg_type = *typ;
+                    (*pmhdr).cmsg_len = data.len() as _;
+                    ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(data.as_ptr(), libc::CMSG_DATA(pmhdr), data.len());
+                }
+
+                // Safe because mhdr is valid
+                pmhdr = unsafe { libc::CMSG_NXTHDR(&mhdr, pmhdr) };
+            }
+
+            Ok(cmsg_buffer)
+        }
+
         #[pymethod]
         fn close(&self) -> io::Result<()> {
             let sock = self.detach();
@@ -2364,4 +2481,46 @@ mod _socket {
         HError,
         GaiError,
     }
+
+    #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
+    fn checked_cmsg_len(len: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+        // SAFETY: CMSG_LEN is always safe
+        let cmsg_len = |length| unsafe { libc::CMSG_LEN(length) };
+        if len as u64 > (i32::MAX as u64 - cmsg_len(0) as u64) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let res = cmsg_len(len as _) as usize;
+        if res > i32::MAX as usize || res < len {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(res)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
+    fn checked_cmsg_space(len: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+        // SAFETY: CMSG_SPACE is always safe
+        let cmsg_space = |length| unsafe { libc::CMSG_SPACE(length) };
+        if len as u64 > (i32::MAX as u64 - cmsg_space(1) as u64) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let res = cmsg_space(len as _) as usize;
+        if res > i32::MAX as usize || res < len {
+            return None;
+        }
+        Some(res)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
+    #[pyfunction(name = "CMSG_LEN")]
+    fn cmsg_len(length: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
+        checked_cmsg_len(length)
+            .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_overflow_error("CMSG_LEN() argument out of range".to_owned()))
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
+    #[pyfunction(name = "CMSG_SPACE")]
+    fn cmsg_space(length: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
+        checked_cmsg_space(length)
+            .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_overflow_error("CMSG_SPACE() argument out of range".to_owned()))
+    }
 }

From 97e3e969e40dd4911769d8199bdbe708605d5685 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Mon, 22 Apr 2024 08:38:14 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 173/705] Update glob from CPython 3.12.2

---
 Lib/glob.py           |  3 ++-
 Lib/test/test_glob.py | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/glob.py b/Lib/glob.py
index a7256422d5..50beef37f4 100644
--- a/Lib/glob.py
+++ b/Lib/glob.py
@@ -132,7 +132,8 @@ def glob1(dirname, pattern):
 
 def _glob2(dirname, pattern, dir_fd, dironly, include_hidden=False):
     assert _isrecursive(pattern)
-    yield pattern[:0]
+    if not dirname or _isdir(dirname, dir_fd):
+        yield pattern[:0]
     yield from _rlistdir(dirname, dir_fd, dironly,
                          include_hidden=include_hidden)
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_glob.py b/Lib/test/test_glob.py
index f4b5821f40..e11ea81a7d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_glob.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_glob.py
@@ -40,6 +40,11 @@ def setUp(self):
             os.symlink(self.norm('broken'), self.norm('sym1'))
             os.symlink('broken', self.norm('sym2'))
             os.symlink(os.path.join('a', 'bcd'), self.norm('sym3'))
+        self.open_dirfd()
+
+    def open_dirfd(self):
+        if self.dir_fd is not None:
+            os.close(self.dir_fd)
         if {os.open, os.stat} <= os.supports_dir_fd and os.scandir in os.supports_fd:
             self.dir_fd = os.open(self.tempdir, os.O_RDONLY | os.O_DIRECTORY)
         else:
@@ -332,6 +337,33 @@ def test_recursive_glob(self):
             eq(glob.glob('**', recursive=True, include_hidden=True),
                [join(*i) for i in full+rec])
 
+    def test_glob_non_directory(self):
+        eq = self.assertSequencesEqual_noorder
+        eq(self.rglob('EF'), self.joins(('EF',)))
+        eq(self.rglob('EF', ''), [])
+        eq(self.rglob('EF', '*'), [])
+        eq(self.rglob('EF', '**'), [])
+        eq(self.rglob('nonexistent'), [])
+        eq(self.rglob('nonexistent', ''), [])
+        eq(self.rglob('nonexistent', '*'), [])
+        eq(self.rglob('nonexistent', '**'), [])
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "mkfifo"), 'requires os.mkfifo()')
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "vxworks",
+                    "fifo requires special path on VxWorks")
+    def test_glob_named_pipe(self):
+        path = os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'mypipe')
+        os.mkfifo(path)
+
+        # gh-117127: Reopen self.dir_fd to pick up directory changes
+        self.open_dirfd()
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.rglob('mypipe'), [path])
+        self.assertEqual(self.rglob('mypipe*'), [path])
+        self.assertEqual(self.rglob('mypipe', ''), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.rglob('mypipe', 'sub'), [])
+        self.assertEqual(self.rglob('mypipe', '*'), [])
+
     def test_glob_many_open_files(self):
         depth = 30
         base = os.path.join(self.tempdir, 'deep')

From b018123f19ea3cb0997b74c47fe4b98d6b8b0b05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Mon, 22 Apr 2024 08:57:28 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 174/705] Update getopt from CPython 3.12.2

---
 Lib/getopt.py           |  2 +-
 Lib/test/test_getopt.py | 73 +++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/getopt.py b/Lib/getopt.py
index 9d4cab1bac..5419d77f5d 100644
--- a/Lib/getopt.py
+++ b/Lib/getopt.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def getopt(args, shortopts, longopts = []):
     """
 
     opts = []
-    if type(longopts) == type(""):
+    if isinstance(longopts, str):
         longopts = [longopts]
     else:
         longopts = list(longopts)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_getopt.py b/Lib/test/test_getopt.py
index 64b9ce01e0..c8b3442de4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_getopt.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_getopt.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # test_getopt.py
 # David Goodger <dgoodger@bigfoot.com> 2000-08-19
 
-from test.support import verbose, run_doctest
 from test.support.os_helper import EnvironmentVarGuard
+import doctest
 import unittest
 
 import getopt
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def test_do_longs(self):
 
         # Much like the preceding, except with a non-alpha character ("-") in
         # option name that precedes "="; failed in
-        # http://python.org/sf/126863
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue126863
         opts, args = getopt.do_longs([], 'foo=42', ['foo-bar', 'foo=',], [])
         self.assertEqual(opts, [('--foo', '42')])
         self.assertEqual(args, [])
@@ -134,48 +134,49 @@ def test_gnu_getopt(self):
         self.assertEqual(opts, [('-a', '')])
         self.assertEqual(args, ['arg1', '-b', '1', '--alpha', '--beta=2'])
 
-    def test_libref_examples(self):
-        s = """
-        Examples from the Library Reference:  Doc/lib/libgetopt.tex
+    def test_issue4629(self):
+        longopts, shortopts = getopt.getopt(['--help='], '', ['help='])
+        self.assertEqual(longopts, [('--help', '')])
+        longopts, shortopts = getopt.getopt(['--help=x'], '', ['help='])
+        self.assertEqual(longopts, [('--help', 'x')])
+        self.assertRaises(getopt.GetoptError, getopt.getopt, ['--help='], '', ['help'])
 
-        An example using only Unix style options:
+def test_libref_examples():
+    """
+    Examples from the Library Reference:  Doc/lib/libgetopt.tex
 
+    An example using only Unix style options:
 
-        >>> import getopt
-        >>> args = '-a -b -cfoo -d bar a1 a2'.split()
-        >>> args
-        ['-a', '-b', '-cfoo', '-d', 'bar', 'a1', 'a2']
-        >>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'abc:d:')
-        >>> optlist
-        [('-a', ''), ('-b', ''), ('-c', 'foo'), ('-d', 'bar')]
-        >>> args
-        ['a1', 'a2']
 
-        Using long option names is equally easy:
+    >>> import getopt
+    >>> args = '-a -b -cfoo -d bar a1 a2'.split()
+    >>> args
+    ['-a', '-b', '-cfoo', '-d', 'bar', 'a1', 'a2']
+    >>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'abc:d:')
+    >>> optlist
+    [('-a', ''), ('-b', ''), ('-c', 'foo'), ('-d', 'bar')]
+    >>> args
+    ['a1', 'a2']
 
+    Using long option names is equally easy:
 
-        >>> s = '--condition=foo --testing --output-file abc.def -x a1 a2'
-        >>> args = s.split()
-        >>> args
-        ['--condition=foo', '--testing', '--output-file', 'abc.def', '-x', 'a1', 'a2']
-        >>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'x', [
-        ...     'condition=', 'output-file=', 'testing'])
-        >>> optlist
-        [('--condition', 'foo'), ('--testing', ''), ('--output-file', 'abc.def'), ('-x', '')]
-        >>> args
-        ['a1', 'a2']
-        """
 
-        import types
-        m = types.ModuleType("libreftest", s)
-        run_doctest(m, verbose)
+    >>> s = '--condition=foo --testing --output-file abc.def -x a1 a2'
+    >>> args = s.split()
+    >>> args
+    ['--condition=foo', '--testing', '--output-file', 'abc.def', '-x', 'a1', 'a2']
+    >>> optlist, args = getopt.getopt(args, 'x', [
+    ...     'condition=', 'output-file=', 'testing'])
+    >>> optlist
+    [('--condition', 'foo'), ('--testing', ''), ('--output-file', 'abc.def'), ('-x', '')]
+    >>> args
+    ['a1', 'a2']
+    """
+
+def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
+    tests.addTest(doctest.DocTestSuite())
+    return tests
 
-    def test_issue4629(self):
-        longopts, shortopts = getopt.getopt(['--help='], '', ['help='])
-        self.assertEqual(longopts, [('--help', '')])
-        longopts, shortopts = getopt.getopt(['--help=x'], '', ['help='])
-        self.assertEqual(longopts, [('--help', 'x')])
-        self.assertRaises(getopt.GetoptError, getopt.getopt, ['--help='], '', ['help'])
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

From 9f65a305040bf62059e67c53d84f53209cfa418b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Mon, 22 Apr 2024 09:15:30 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 175/705] Update encodings from CPyhton 3.12.2

---
 Lib/encodings/__init__.py         |   4 +
 Lib/encodings/cp65001.py          |  43 -----
 Lib/encodings/idna.py             |  42 ++--
 Lib/encodings/mac_centeuro.py     | 307 ------------------------------
 Lib/encodings/unicode_internal.py |  45 -----
 5 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 412 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/encodings/cp65001.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/encodings/mac_centeuro.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/encodings/unicode_internal.py

diff --git a/Lib/encodings/__init__.py b/Lib/encodings/__init__.py
index 4b37d3321c..f9075b8f0d 100644
--- a/Lib/encodings/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/encodings/__init__.py
@@ -156,6 +156,10 @@ def search_function(encoding):
 codecs.register(search_function)
 
 if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    # bpo-671666, bpo-46668: If Python does not implement a codec for current
+    # Windows ANSI code page, use the "mbcs" codec instead:
+    # WideCharToMultiByte() and MultiByteToWideChar() functions with CP_ACP.
+    # Python does not support custom code pages.
     def _alias_mbcs(encoding):
         try:
             import _winapi
diff --git a/Lib/encodings/cp65001.py b/Lib/encodings/cp65001.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 95cb2aecf0..0000000000
--- a/Lib/encodings/cp65001.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Code page 65001: Windows UTF-8 (CP_UTF8).
-"""
-
-import codecs
-import functools
-
-if not hasattr(codecs, 'code_page_encode'):
-    raise LookupError("cp65001 encoding is only available on Windows")
-
-### Codec APIs
-
-encode = functools.partial(codecs.code_page_encode, 65001)
-_decode = functools.partial(codecs.code_page_decode, 65001)
-
-def decode(input, errors='strict'):
-    return codecs.code_page_decode(65001, input, errors, True)
-
-class IncrementalEncoder(codecs.IncrementalEncoder):
-    def encode(self, input, final=False):
-        return encode(input, self.errors)[0]
-
-class IncrementalDecoder(codecs.BufferedIncrementalDecoder):
-    _buffer_decode = _decode
-
-class StreamWriter(codecs.StreamWriter):
-    encode = encode
-
-class StreamReader(codecs.StreamReader):
-    decode = _decode
-
-### encodings module API
-
-def getregentry():
-    return codecs.CodecInfo(
-        name='cp65001',
-        encode=encode,
-        decode=decode,
-        incrementalencoder=IncrementalEncoder,
-        incrementaldecoder=IncrementalDecoder,
-        streamreader=StreamReader,
-        streamwriter=StreamWriter,
-    )
diff --git a/Lib/encodings/idna.py b/Lib/encodings/idna.py
index ea4058512f..5396047a7f 100644
--- a/Lib/encodings/idna.py
+++ b/Lib/encodings/idna.py
@@ -39,23 +39,21 @@ def nameprep(label):
 
     # Check bidi
     RandAL = [stringprep.in_table_d1(x) for x in label]
-    for c in RandAL:
-        if c:
-            # There is a RandAL char in the string. Must perform further
-            # tests:
-            # 1) The characters in section 5.8 MUST be prohibited.
-            # This is table C.8, which was already checked
-            # 2) If a string contains any RandALCat character, the string
-            # MUST NOT contain any LCat character.
-            if any(stringprep.in_table_d2(x) for x in label):
-                raise UnicodeError("Violation of BIDI requirement 2")
-
-            # 3) If a string contains any RandALCat character, a
-            # RandALCat character MUST be the first character of the
-            # string, and a RandALCat character MUST be the last
-            # character of the string.
-            if not RandAL[0] or not RandAL[-1]:
-                raise UnicodeError("Violation of BIDI requirement 3")
+    if any(RandAL):
+        # There is a RandAL char in the string. Must perform further
+        # tests:
+        # 1) The characters in section 5.8 MUST be prohibited.
+        # This is table C.8, which was already checked
+        # 2) If a string contains any RandALCat character, the string
+        # MUST NOT contain any LCat character.
+        if any(stringprep.in_table_d2(x) for x in label):
+            raise UnicodeError("Violation of BIDI requirement 2")
+        # 3) If a string contains any RandALCat character, a
+        # RandALCat character MUST be the first character of the
+        # string, and a RandALCat character MUST be the last
+        # character of the string.
+        if not RandAL[0] or not RandAL[-1]:
+            raise UnicodeError("Violation of BIDI requirement 3")
 
     return label
 
@@ -103,6 +101,16 @@ def ToASCII(label):
     raise UnicodeError("label empty or too long")
 
 def ToUnicode(label):
+    if len(label) > 1024:
+        # Protection from https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/98433.
+        # https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5894#section-6
+        # doesn't specify a label size limit prior to NAMEPREP. But having
+        # one makes practical sense.
+        # This leaves ample room for nameprep() to remove Nothing characters
+        # per https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3454#section-3.1 while still
+        # preventing us from wasting time decoding a big thing that'll just
+        # hit the actual <= 63 length limit in Step 6.
+        raise UnicodeError("label way too long")
     # Step 1: Check for ASCII
     if isinstance(label, bytes):
         pure_ascii = True
diff --git a/Lib/encodings/mac_centeuro.py b/Lib/encodings/mac_centeuro.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5785a0ec12..0000000000
--- a/Lib/encodings/mac_centeuro.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,307 +0,0 @@
-""" Python Character Mapping Codec mac_centeuro generated from 'MAPPINGS/VENDORS/APPLE/CENTEURO.TXT' with gencodec.py.
-
-"""#"
-
-import codecs
-
-### Codec APIs
-
-class Codec(codecs.Codec):
-
-    def encode(self,input,errors='strict'):
-        return codecs.charmap_encode(input,errors,encoding_table)
-
-    def decode(self,input,errors='strict'):
-        return codecs.charmap_decode(input,errors,decoding_table)
-
-class IncrementalEncoder(codecs.IncrementalEncoder):
-    def encode(self, input, final=False):
-        return codecs.charmap_encode(input,self.errors,encoding_table)[0]
-
-class IncrementalDecoder(codecs.IncrementalDecoder):
-    def decode(self, input, final=False):
-        return codecs.charmap_decode(input,self.errors,decoding_table)[0]
-
-class StreamWriter(Codec,codecs.StreamWriter):
-    pass
-
-class StreamReader(Codec,codecs.StreamReader):
-    pass
-
-### encodings module API
-
-def getregentry():
-    return codecs.CodecInfo(
-        name='mac-centeuro',
-        encode=Codec().encode,
-        decode=Codec().decode,
-        incrementalencoder=IncrementalEncoder,
-        incrementaldecoder=IncrementalDecoder,
-        streamreader=StreamReader,
-        streamwriter=StreamWriter,
-    )
-
-
-### Decoding Table
-
-decoding_table = (
-    '\x00'     #  0x00 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x01'     #  0x01 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x02'     #  0x02 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x03'     #  0x03 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x04'     #  0x04 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x05'     #  0x05 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x06'     #  0x06 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x07'     #  0x07 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x08'     #  0x08 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\t'       #  0x09 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\n'       #  0x0A -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x0b'     #  0x0B -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x0c'     #  0x0C -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\r'       #  0x0D -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x0e'     #  0x0E -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x0f'     #  0x0F -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x10'     #  0x10 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x11'     #  0x11 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x12'     #  0x12 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x13'     #  0x13 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x14'     #  0x14 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x15'     #  0x15 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x16'     #  0x16 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x17'     #  0x17 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x18'     #  0x18 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x19'     #  0x19 -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x1a'     #  0x1A -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x1b'     #  0x1B -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x1c'     #  0x1C -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x1d'     #  0x1D -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x1e'     #  0x1E -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\x1f'     #  0x1F -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    ' '        #  0x20 -> SPACE
-    '!'        #  0x21 -> EXCLAMATION MARK
-    '"'        #  0x22 -> QUOTATION MARK
-    '#'        #  0x23 -> NUMBER SIGN
-    '$'        #  0x24 -> DOLLAR SIGN
-    '%'        #  0x25 -> PERCENT SIGN
-    '&'        #  0x26 -> AMPERSAND
-    "'"        #  0x27 -> APOSTROPHE
-    '('        #  0x28 -> LEFT PARENTHESIS
-    ')'        #  0x29 -> RIGHT PARENTHESIS
-    '*'        #  0x2A -> ASTERISK
-    '+'        #  0x2B -> PLUS SIGN
-    ','        #  0x2C -> COMMA
-    '-'        #  0x2D -> HYPHEN-MINUS
-    '.'        #  0x2E -> FULL STOP
-    '/'        #  0x2F -> SOLIDUS
-    '0'        #  0x30 -> DIGIT ZERO
-    '1'        #  0x31 -> DIGIT ONE
-    '2'        #  0x32 -> DIGIT TWO
-    '3'        #  0x33 -> DIGIT THREE
-    '4'        #  0x34 -> DIGIT FOUR
-    '5'        #  0x35 -> DIGIT FIVE
-    '6'        #  0x36 -> DIGIT SIX
-    '7'        #  0x37 -> DIGIT SEVEN
-    '8'        #  0x38 -> DIGIT EIGHT
-    '9'        #  0x39 -> DIGIT NINE
-    ':'        #  0x3A -> COLON
-    ';'        #  0x3B -> SEMICOLON
-    '<'        #  0x3C -> LESS-THAN SIGN
-    '='        #  0x3D -> EQUALS SIGN
-    '>'        #  0x3E -> GREATER-THAN SIGN
-    '?'        #  0x3F -> QUESTION MARK
-    '@'        #  0x40 -> COMMERCIAL AT
-    'A'        #  0x41 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A
-    'B'        #  0x42 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER B
-    'C'        #  0x43 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C
-    'D'        #  0x44 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D
-    'E'        #  0x45 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E
-    'F'        #  0x46 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER F
-    'G'        #  0x47 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G
-    'H'        #  0x48 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER H
-    'I'        #  0x49 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I
-    'J'        #  0x4A -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J
-    'K'        #  0x4B -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K
-    'L'        #  0x4C -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L
-    'M'        #  0x4D -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER M
-    'N'        #  0x4E -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N
-    'O'        #  0x4F -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O
-    'P'        #  0x50 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER P
-    'Q'        #  0x51 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q
-    'R'        #  0x52 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R
-    'S'        #  0x53 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S
-    'T'        #  0x54 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T
-    'U'        #  0x55 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U
-    'V'        #  0x56 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER V
-    'W'        #  0x57 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER W
-    'X'        #  0x58 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X
-    'Y'        #  0x59 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y
-    'Z'        #  0x5A -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z
-    '['        #  0x5B -> LEFT SQUARE BRACKET
-    '\\'       #  0x5C -> REVERSE SOLIDUS
-    ']'        #  0x5D -> RIGHT SQUARE BRACKET
-    '^'        #  0x5E -> CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT
-    '_'        #  0x5F -> LOW LINE
-    '`'        #  0x60 -> GRAVE ACCENT
-    'a'        #  0x61 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER A
-    'b'        #  0x62 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER B
-    'c'        #  0x63 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER C
-    'd'        #  0x64 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER D
-    'e'        #  0x65 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER E
-    'f'        #  0x66 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER F
-    'g'        #  0x67 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER G
-    'h'        #  0x68 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER H
-    'i'        #  0x69 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER I
-    'j'        #  0x6A -> LATIN SMALL LETTER J
-    'k'        #  0x6B -> LATIN SMALL LETTER K
-    'l'        #  0x6C -> LATIN SMALL LETTER L
-    'm'        #  0x6D -> LATIN SMALL LETTER M
-    'n'        #  0x6E -> LATIN SMALL LETTER N
-    'o'        #  0x6F -> LATIN SMALL LETTER O
-    'p'        #  0x70 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER P
-    'q'        #  0x71 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER Q
-    'r'        #  0x72 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER R
-    's'        #  0x73 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER S
-    't'        #  0x74 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER T
-    'u'        #  0x75 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER U
-    'v'        #  0x76 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER V
-    'w'        #  0x77 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER W
-    'x'        #  0x78 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER X
-    'y'        #  0x79 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER Y
-    'z'        #  0x7A -> LATIN SMALL LETTER Z
-    '{'        #  0x7B -> LEFT CURLY BRACKET
-    '|'        #  0x7C -> VERTICAL LINE
-    '}'        #  0x7D -> RIGHT CURLY BRACKET
-    '~'        #  0x7E -> TILDE
-    '\x7f'     #  0x7F -> CONTROL CHARACTER
-    '\xc4'     #  0x80 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
-    '\u0100'   #  0x81 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH MACRON
-    '\u0101'   #  0x82 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH MACRON
-    '\xc9'     #  0x83 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0104'   #  0x84 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEK
-    '\xd6'     #  0x85 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
-    '\xdc'     #  0x86 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
-    '\xe1'     #  0x87 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0105'   #  0x88 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEK
-    '\u010c'   #  0x89 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CARON
-    '\xe4'     #  0x8A -> LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
-    '\u010d'   #  0x8B -> LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CARON
-    '\u0106'   #  0x8C -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0107'   #  0x8D -> LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH ACUTE
-    '\xe9'     #  0x8E -> LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0179'   #  0x8F -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE
-    '\u017a'   #  0x90 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH ACUTE
-    '\u010e'   #  0x91 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH CARON
-    '\xed'     #  0x92 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
-    '\u010f'   #  0x93 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH CARON
-    '\u0112'   #  0x94 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH MACRON
-    '\u0113'   #  0x95 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH MACRON
-    '\u0116'   #  0x96 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE
-    '\xf3'     #  0x97 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0117'   #  0x98 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DOT ABOVE
-    '\xf4'     #  0x99 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
-    '\xf6'     #  0x9A -> LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
-    '\xf5'     #  0x9B -> LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH TILDE
-    '\xfa'     #  0x9C -> LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
-    '\u011a'   #  0x9D -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CARON
-    '\u011b'   #  0x9E -> LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CARON
-    '\xfc'     #  0x9F -> LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
-    '\u2020'   #  0xA0 -> DAGGER
-    '\xb0'     #  0xA1 -> DEGREE SIGN
-    '\u0118'   #  0xA2 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEK
-    '\xa3'     #  0xA3 -> POUND SIGN
-    '\xa7'     #  0xA4 -> SECTION SIGN
-    '\u2022'   #  0xA5 -> BULLET
-    '\xb6'     #  0xA6 -> PILCROW SIGN
-    '\xdf'     #  0xA7 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S
-    '\xae'     #  0xA8 -> REGISTERED SIGN
-    '\xa9'     #  0xA9 -> COPYRIGHT SIGN
-    '\u2122'   #  0xAA -> TRADE MARK SIGN
-    '\u0119'   #  0xAB -> LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK
-    '\xa8'     #  0xAC -> DIAERESIS
-    '\u2260'   #  0xAD -> NOT EQUAL TO
-    '\u0123'   #  0xAE -> LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA
-    '\u012e'   #  0xAF -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH OGONEK
-    '\u012f'   #  0xB0 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEK
-    '\u012a'   #  0xB1 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH MACRON
-    '\u2264'   #  0xB2 -> LESS-THAN OR EQUAL TO
-    '\u2265'   #  0xB3 -> GREATER-THAN OR EQUAL TO
-    '\u012b'   #  0xB4 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH MACRON
-    '\u0136'   #  0xB5 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA
-    '\u2202'   #  0xB6 -> PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
-    '\u2211'   #  0xB7 -> N-ARY SUMMATION
-    '\u0142'   #  0xB8 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH STROKE
-    '\u013b'   #  0xB9 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA
-    '\u013c'   #  0xBA -> LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CEDILLA
-    '\u013d'   #  0xBB -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH CARON
-    '\u013e'   #  0xBC -> LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH CARON
-    '\u0139'   #  0xBD -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH ACUTE
-    '\u013a'   #  0xBE -> LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0145'   #  0xBF -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA
-    '\u0146'   #  0xC0 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CEDILLA
-    '\u0143'   #  0xC1 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH ACUTE
-    '\xac'     #  0xC2 -> NOT SIGN
-    '\u221a'   #  0xC3 -> SQUARE ROOT
-    '\u0144'   #  0xC4 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0147'   #  0xC5 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH CARON
-    '\u2206'   #  0xC6 -> INCREMENT
-    '\xab'     #  0xC7 -> LEFT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
-    '\xbb'     #  0xC8 -> RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
-    '\u2026'   #  0xC9 -> HORIZONTAL ELLIPSIS
-    '\xa0'     #  0xCA -> NO-BREAK SPACE
-    '\u0148'   #  0xCB -> LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH CARON
-    '\u0150'   #  0xCC -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE
-    '\xd5'     #  0xCD -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH TILDE
-    '\u0151'   #  0xCE -> LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE
-    '\u014c'   #  0xCF -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH MACRON
-    '\u2013'   #  0xD0 -> EN DASH
-    '\u2014'   #  0xD1 -> EM DASH
-    '\u201c'   #  0xD2 -> LEFT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
-    '\u201d'   #  0xD3 -> RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK
-    '\u2018'   #  0xD4 -> LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
-    '\u2019'   #  0xD5 -> RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK
-    '\xf7'     #  0xD6 -> DIVISION SIGN
-    '\u25ca'   #  0xD7 -> LOZENGE
-    '\u014d'   #  0xD8 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH MACRON
-    '\u0154'   #  0xD9 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0155'   #  0xDA -> LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0158'   #  0xDB -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH CARON
-    '\u2039'   #  0xDC -> SINGLE LEFT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
-    '\u203a'   #  0xDD -> SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK
-    '\u0159'   #  0xDE -> LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CARON
-    '\u0156'   #  0xDF -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH CEDILLA
-    '\u0157'   #  0xE0 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH CEDILLA
-    '\u0160'   #  0xE1 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON
-    '\u201a'   #  0xE2 -> SINGLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK
-    '\u201e'   #  0xE3 -> DOUBLE LOW-9 QUOTATION MARK
-    '\u0161'   #  0xE4 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CARON
-    '\u015a'   #  0xE5 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH ACUTE
-    '\u015b'   #  0xE6 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH ACUTE
-    '\xc1'     #  0xE7 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0164'   #  0xE8 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH CARON
-    '\u0165'   #  0xE9 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH CARON
-    '\xcd'     #  0xEA -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
-    '\u017d'   #  0xEB -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH CARON
-    '\u017e'   #  0xEC -> LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON
-    '\u016a'   #  0xED -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH MACRON
-    '\xd3'     #  0xEE -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
-    '\xd4'     #  0xEF -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
-    '\u016b'   #  0xF0 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH MACRON
-    '\u016e'   #  0xF1 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE
-    '\xda'     #  0xF2 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
-    '\u016f'   #  0xF3 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE
-    '\u0170'   #  0xF4 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE
-    '\u0171'   #  0xF5 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE
-    '\u0172'   #  0xF6 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH OGONEK
-    '\u0173'   #  0xF7 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK
-    '\xdd'     #  0xF8 -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
-    '\xfd'     #  0xF9 -> LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE
-    '\u0137'   #  0xFA -> LATIN SMALL LETTER K WITH CEDILLA
-    '\u017b'   #  0xFB -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE
-    '\u0141'   #  0xFC -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH STROKE
-    '\u017c'   #  0xFD -> LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH DOT ABOVE
-    '\u0122'   #  0xFE -> LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH CEDILLA
-    '\u02c7'   #  0xFF -> CARON
-)
-
-### Encoding table
-encoding_table=codecs.charmap_build(decoding_table)
diff --git a/Lib/encodings/unicode_internal.py b/Lib/encodings/unicode_internal.py
deleted file mode 100644
index df3e7752d2..0000000000
--- a/Lib/encodings/unicode_internal.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
-""" Python 'unicode-internal' Codec
-
-
-Written by Marc-Andre Lemburg (mal@lemburg.com).
-
-(c) Copyright CNRI, All Rights Reserved. NO WARRANTY.
-
-"""
-import codecs
-
-### Codec APIs
-
-class Codec(codecs.Codec):
-
-    # Note: Binding these as C functions will result in the class not
-    # converting them to methods. This is intended.
-    encode = codecs.unicode_internal_encode
-    decode = codecs.unicode_internal_decode
-
-class IncrementalEncoder(codecs.IncrementalEncoder):
-    def encode(self, input, final=False):
-        return codecs.unicode_internal_encode(input, self.errors)[0]
-
-class IncrementalDecoder(codecs.IncrementalDecoder):
-    def decode(self, input, final=False):
-        return codecs.unicode_internal_decode(input, self.errors)[0]
-
-class StreamWriter(Codec,codecs.StreamWriter):
-    pass
-
-class StreamReader(Codec,codecs.StreamReader):
-    pass
-
-### encodings module API
-
-def getregentry():
-    return codecs.CodecInfo(
-        name='unicode-internal',
-        encode=Codec.encode,
-        decode=Codec.decode,
-        incrementalencoder=IncrementalEncoder,
-        incrementaldecoder=IncrementalDecoder,
-        streamwriter=StreamWriter,
-        streamreader=StreamReader,
-    )

From 153ec2823d82b18802ed6dc6baf5a1d77fe1f8b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 11:33:44 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 176/705] Update __future__ from CPython 3.12.2

---
 Lib/__future__.py                             |  6 +-
 Lib/test/test_future_stmt/__init__.py         |  6 ++
 .../badsyntax_future10.py                     |  0
 .../badsyntax_future3.py                      |  0
 .../badsyntax_future4.py                      |  0
 .../badsyntax_future5.py                      |  0
 .../badsyntax_future6.py                      |  0
 .../badsyntax_future7.py                      |  0
 .../badsyntax_future8.py                      |  0
 .../badsyntax_future9.py                      |  0
 .../{ => test_future_stmt}/future_test1.py    |  0
 .../{ => test_future_stmt}/future_test2.py    |  0
 .../{ => test_future_stmt}/test_future.py     | 61 ++++++++++++-------
 .../test_future_flags.py}                     |  0
 .../test_future_multiple_features.py}         |  0
 .../test_future_multiple_imports.py}          |  0
 .../test_future_single_import.py}             |  0
 17 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_future_stmt/__init__.py
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/badsyntax_future10.py (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/badsyntax_future3.py (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/badsyntax_future4.py (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/badsyntax_future5.py (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/badsyntax_future6.py (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/badsyntax_future7.py (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/badsyntax_future8.py (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/badsyntax_future9.py (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/future_test1.py (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/future_test2.py (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => test_future_stmt}/test_future.py (89%)
 rename Lib/test/{test___future__.py => test_future_stmt/test_future_flags.py} (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{test_future5.py => test_future_stmt/test_future_multiple_features.py} (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{test_future4.py => test_future_stmt/test_future_multiple_imports.py} (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{test_future3.py => test_future_stmt/test_future_single_import.py} (100%)

diff --git a/Lib/__future__.py b/Lib/__future__.py
index 97dc90c6e4..39720a5e41 100644
--- a/Lib/__future__.py
+++ b/Lib/__future__.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 to use the feature in question, but may continue to use such imports.
 
 MandatoryRelease may also be None, meaning that a planned feature got
-dropped.
+dropped or that the release version is undetermined.
 
 Instances of class _Feature have two corresponding methods,
 .getOptionalRelease() and .getMandatoryRelease().
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def getMandatoryRelease(self):
         """Return release in which this feature will become mandatory.
 
         This is a 5-tuple, of the same form as sys.version_info, or, if
-        the feature was dropped, is None.
+        the feature was dropped, or the release date is undetermined, is None.
         """
         return self.mandatory
 
@@ -143,5 +143,5 @@ def __repr__(self):
                           CO_FUTURE_GENERATOR_STOP)
 
 annotations = _Feature((3, 7, 0, "beta", 1),
-                       (3, 11, 0, "alpha", 0),
+                       None,
                        CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2a39a3fe2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+import os
+from test import support
+
+
+def load_tests(*args):
+    return support.load_package_tests(os.path.dirname(__file__), *args)
diff --git a/Lib/test/badsyntax_future10.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future10.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/badsyntax_future10.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future10.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/badsyntax_future3.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future3.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/badsyntax_future3.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future3.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/badsyntax_future4.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future4.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/badsyntax_future4.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future4.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/badsyntax_future5.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future5.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/badsyntax_future5.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future5.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/badsyntax_future6.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future6.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/badsyntax_future6.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future6.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/badsyntax_future7.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future7.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/badsyntax_future7.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future7.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/badsyntax_future8.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future8.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/badsyntax_future8.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future8.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/badsyntax_future9.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future9.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/badsyntax_future9.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/badsyntax_future9.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/future_test1.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/future_test1.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/future_test1.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/future_test1.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/future_test2.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/future_test2.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/future_test2.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/future_test2.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_future.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
similarity index 89%
rename from Lib/test/test_future.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
index 41d855f43f..b00beb6b88 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_future.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 import __future__
 import ast
 import unittest
-from test import support
 from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support.script_helper import spawn_python, kill_python
 from textwrap import dedent
 import os
 import re
@@ -25,73 +25,87 @@ def check_syntax_error(self, err, basename, lineno, offset=1):
         self.assertEqual(err.offset, offset)
 
     def test_future1(self):
-        with import_helper.CleanImport('future_test1'):
-            from test import future_test1
+        with import_helper.CleanImport('test.test_future_stmt.future_test1'):
+            from test.test_future_stmt import future_test1
             self.assertEqual(future_test1.result, 6)
 
     def test_future2(self):
-        with import_helper.CleanImport('future_test2'):
-            from test import future_test2
+        with import_helper.CleanImport('test.test_future_stmt.future_test2'):
+            from test.test_future_stmt import future_test2
             self.assertEqual(future_test2.result, 6)
 
-    def test_future3(self):
-        with import_helper.CleanImport('test_future3'):
-            from test import test_future3
+    def test_future_single_import(self):
+        with import_helper.CleanImport(
+            'test.test_future_stmt.test_future_single_import',
+        ):
+            from test.test_future_stmt import test_future_single_import
+
+    def test_future_multiple_imports(self):
+        with import_helper.CleanImport(
+            'test.test_future_stmt.test_future_multiple_imports',
+        ):
+            from test.test_future_stmt import test_future_multiple_imports
+
+    def test_future_multiple_features(self):
+        with import_helper.CleanImport(
+            "test.test_future_stmt.test_future_multiple_features",
+        ):
+            from test.test_future_stmt import test_future_multiple_features
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture3(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
-            from test import badsyntax_future3
+            from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future3
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future3", 3)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture4(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
-            from test import badsyntax_future4
+            from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future4
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future4", 3)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture5(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
-            from test import badsyntax_future5
+            from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future5
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future5", 4)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture6(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
-            from test import badsyntax_future6
+            from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future6
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future6", 3)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture7(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
-            from test import badsyntax_future7
-        self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future7", 3, 53)
+            from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future7
+        self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future7", 3, 54)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture8(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
-            from test import badsyntax_future8
+            from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future8
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future8", 3)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture9(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
-            from test import badsyntax_future9
+            from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future9
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future9", 3)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture10(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
-            from test import badsyntax_future10
+            from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future10
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future10", 3)
 
     def test_ensure_flags_dont_clash(self):
@@ -129,15 +143,20 @@ def test_parserhack(self):
         else:
             self.fail("syntax error didn't occur")
 
-    def test_multiple_features(self):
-        with import_helper.CleanImport("test.test_future5"):
-            from test import test_future5
-
     def test_unicode_literals_exec(self):
         scope = {}
         exec("from __future__ import unicode_literals; x = ''", {}, scope)
         self.assertIsInstance(scope["x"], str)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_syntactical_future_repl(self):
+        p = spawn_python('-i')
+        p.stdin.write(b"from __future__ import barry_as_FLUFL\n")
+        p.stdin.write(b"2 <> 3\n")
+        out = kill_python(p)
+        self.assertNotIn(b'SyntaxError: invalid syntax', out)
+
 class AnnotationsFutureTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     template = dedent(
         """
diff --git a/Lib/test/test___future__.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future_flags.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/test___future__.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future_flags.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_future5.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future_multiple_features.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/test_future5.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future_multiple_features.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_future4.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future_multiple_imports.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/test_future4.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future_multiple_imports.py
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_future3.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future_single_import.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/test_future3.py
rename to Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future_single_import.py

From a5f8d42d341378c2f9ec1141c1b7ccb47f704db0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 12:45:14 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 177/705] Update os from CPython 3.12.2

---
 Lib/os.py           | 184 ++++++------
 Lib/test/test_os.py | 694 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 611 insertions(+), 267 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/os.py b/Lib/os.py
index d26cfc9993..7ee7d695d9 100644
--- a/Lib/os.py
+++ b/Lib/os.py
@@ -288,7 +288,8 @@ def walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False):
         dirpath, dirnames, filenames
 
     dirpath is a string, the path to the directory.  dirnames is a list of
-    the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (excluding '.' and '..').
+    the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (including symlinks to directories,
+    and excluding '.' and '..').
     filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.
     Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.
     To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in
@@ -331,97 +332,103 @@ def walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None, followlinks=False):
     import os
     from os.path import join, getsize
     for root, dirs, files in os.walk('python/Lib/email'):
-        print(root, "consumes", end="")
-        print(sum(getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files), end="")
+        print(root, "consumes ")
+        print(sum(getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files), end=" ")
         print("bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files")
         if 'CVS' in dirs:
             dirs.remove('CVS')  # don't visit CVS directories
 
     """
     sys.audit("os.walk", top, topdown, onerror, followlinks)
-    return _walk(fspath(top), topdown, onerror, followlinks)
-
-def _walk(top, topdown, onerror, followlinks):
-    dirs = []
-    nondirs = []
-    walk_dirs = []
-
-    # We may not have read permission for top, in which case we can't
-    # get a list of the files the directory contains.  os.walk
-    # always suppressed the exception then, rather than blow up for a
-    # minor reason when (say) a thousand readable directories are still
-    # left to visit.  That logic is copied here.
-    try:
-        # Note that scandir is global in this module due
-        # to earlier import-*.
-        scandir_it = scandir(top)
-    except OSError as error:
-        if onerror is not None:
-            onerror(error)
-        return
 
-    with scandir_it:
-        while True:
-            try:
+    stack = [fspath(top)]
+    islink, join = path.islink, path.join
+    while stack:
+        top = stack.pop()
+        if isinstance(top, tuple):
+            yield top
+            continue
+
+        dirs = []
+        nondirs = []
+        walk_dirs = []
+
+        # We may not have read permission for top, in which case we can't
+        # get a list of the files the directory contains.
+        # We suppress the exception here, rather than blow up for a
+        # minor reason when (say) a thousand readable directories are still
+        # left to visit.
+        try:
+            scandir_it = scandir(top)
+        except OSError as error:
+            if onerror is not None:
+                onerror(error)
+            continue
+
+        cont = False
+        with scandir_it:
+            while True:
                 try:
-                    entry = next(scandir_it)
-                except StopIteration:
+                    try:
+                        entry = next(scandir_it)
+                    except StopIteration:
+                        break
+                except OSError as error:
+                    if onerror is not None:
+                        onerror(error)
+                    cont = True
                     break
-            except OSError as error:
-                if onerror is not None:
-                    onerror(error)
-                return
-
-            try:
-                is_dir = entry.is_dir()
-            except OSError:
-                # If is_dir() raises an OSError, consider that the entry is not
-                # a directory, same behaviour than os.path.isdir().
-                is_dir = False
 
-            if is_dir:
-                dirs.append(entry.name)
-            else:
-                nondirs.append(entry.name)
+                try:
+                    is_dir = entry.is_dir()
+                except OSError:
+                    # If is_dir() raises an OSError, consider the entry not to
+                    # be a directory, same behaviour as os.path.isdir().
+                    is_dir = False
 
-            if not topdown and is_dir:
-                # Bottom-up: recurse into sub-directory, but exclude symlinks to
-                # directories if followlinks is False
-                if followlinks:
-                    walk_into = True
+                if is_dir:
+                    dirs.append(entry.name)
                 else:
-                    try:
-                        is_symlink = entry.is_symlink()
-                    except OSError:
-                        # If is_symlink() raises an OSError, consider that the
-                        # entry is not a symbolic link, same behaviour than
-                        # os.path.islink().
-                        is_symlink = False
-                    walk_into = not is_symlink
-
-                if walk_into:
-                    walk_dirs.append(entry.path)
-
-    # Yield before recursion if going top down
-    if topdown:
-        yield top, dirs, nondirs
-
-        # Recurse into sub-directories
-        islink, join = path.islink, path.join
-        for dirname in dirs:
-            new_path = join(top, dirname)
-            # Issue #23605: os.path.islink() is used instead of caching
-            # entry.is_symlink() result during the loop on os.scandir() because
-            # the caller can replace the directory entry during the "yield"
-            # above.
-            if followlinks or not islink(new_path):
-                yield from _walk(new_path, topdown, onerror, followlinks)
-    else:
-        # Recurse into sub-directories
-        for new_path in walk_dirs:
-            yield from _walk(new_path, topdown, onerror, followlinks)
-        # Yield after recursion if going bottom up
-        yield top, dirs, nondirs
+                    nondirs.append(entry.name)
+
+                if not topdown and is_dir:
+                    # Bottom-up: traverse into sub-directory, but exclude
+                    # symlinks to directories if followlinks is False
+                    if followlinks:
+                        walk_into = True
+                    else:
+                        try:
+                            is_symlink = entry.is_symlink()
+                        except OSError:
+                            # If is_symlink() raises an OSError, consider the
+                            # entry not to be a symbolic link, same behaviour
+                            # as os.path.islink().
+                            is_symlink = False
+                        walk_into = not is_symlink
+
+                    if walk_into:
+                        walk_dirs.append(entry.path)
+        if cont:
+            continue
+
+        if topdown:
+            # Yield before sub-directory traversal if going top down
+            yield top, dirs, nondirs
+            # Traverse into sub-directories
+            for dirname in reversed(dirs):
+                new_path = join(top, dirname)
+                # bpo-23605: os.path.islink() is used instead of caching
+                # entry.is_symlink() result during the loop on os.scandir() because
+                # the caller can replace the directory entry during the "yield"
+                # above.
+                if followlinks or not islink(new_path):
+                    stack.append(new_path)
+        else:
+            # Yield after sub-directory traversal if going bottom up
+            stack.append((top, dirs, nondirs))
+            # Traverse into sub-directories
+            for new_path in reversed(walk_dirs):
+                stack.append(new_path)
 
 __all__.append("walk")
 
@@ -461,13 +468,12 @@ def fwalk(top=".", topdown=True, onerror=None, *, follow_symlinks=False, dir_fd=
                 dirs.remove('CVS')  # don't visit CVS directories
         """
         sys.audit("os.fwalk", top, topdown, onerror, follow_symlinks, dir_fd)
-        if not isinstance(top, int) or not hasattr(top, '__index__'):
-            top = fspath(top)
+        top = fspath(top)
         # Note: To guard against symlink races, we use the standard
         # lstat()/open()/fstat() trick.
         if not follow_symlinks:
             orig_st = stat(top, follow_symlinks=False, dir_fd=dir_fd)
-        topfd = open(top, O_RDONLY, dir_fd=dir_fd)
+        topfd = open(top, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK, dir_fd=dir_fd)
         try:
             if (follow_symlinks or (st.S_ISDIR(orig_st.st_mode) and
                                     path.samestat(orig_st, stat(topfd)))):
@@ -516,7 +522,7 @@ def _fwalk(topfd, toppath, isbytes, topdown, onerror, follow_symlinks):
                         assert entries is not None
                         name, entry = name
                         orig_st = entry.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
-                dirfd = open(name, O_RDONLY, dir_fd=topfd)
+                dirfd = open(name, O_RDONLY | O_NONBLOCK, dir_fd=topfd)
             except OSError as err:
                 if onerror is not None:
                     onerror(err)
@@ -704,9 +710,11 @@ def __len__(self):
         return len(self._data)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return 'environ({{{}}})'.format(', '.join(
-            ('{!r}: {!r}'.format(self.decodekey(key), self.decodevalue(value))
-            for key, value in self._data.items())))
+        formatted_items = ", ".join(
+            f"{self.decodekey(key)!r}: {self.decodevalue(value)!r}"
+            for key, value in self._data.items()
+        )
+        return f"environ({{{formatted_items}}})"
 
     def copy(self):
         return dict(self)
@@ -980,7 +988,7 @@ def popen(cmd, mode="r", buffering=-1):
             raise ValueError("invalid mode %r" % mode)
         if buffering == 0 or buffering is None:
             raise ValueError("popen() does not support unbuffered streams")
-        import subprocess, io
+        import subprocess
         if mode == "r":
             proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
                                     shell=True, text=True,
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_os.py b/Lib/test/test_os.py
index e9ab681357..083c5017f6 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_os.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_os.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # does add tests for a few functions which have been determined to be more
 # portable than they had been thought to be.
 
+import asyncio
 import codecs
 import contextlib
 import decimal
@@ -10,11 +11,6 @@
 import fractions
 import itertools
 import locale
-# XXX: RUSTPYTHON
-try:
-    import mmap
-except ImportError:
-    pass
 import os
 import pickle
 import select
@@ -28,7 +24,6 @@
 import sysconfig
 import tempfile
 import textwrap
-import threading
 import time
 import types
 import unittest
@@ -38,15 +33,10 @@
 from test.support import import_helper
 from test.support import os_helper
 from test.support import socket_helper
-from test.support import threading_helper
+from test.support import set_recursion_limit
 from test.support import warnings_helper
 from platform import win32_is_iot
 
-with warnings.catch_warnings():
-    warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
-    import asynchat
-    import asyncore
-
 try:
     import resource
 except ImportError:
@@ -70,9 +60,9 @@
     INT_MAX = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX = sys.maxsize
 
 try:
-    import _testcapi
+    import mmap
 except ImportError:
-    _testcapi = None
+    mmap = None
 
 from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok
 from test.support import unix_shell
@@ -110,6 +100,10 @@ def create_file(filename, content=b'content'):
                                        'on AIX, splice() only accepts sockets')
 
 
+def tearDownModule():
+    asyncio.set_event_loop_policy(None)
+
+
 class MiscTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_getcwd(self):
         cwd = os.getcwd()
@@ -191,6 +185,12 @@ def test_access(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.access(os_helper.TESTFN, os.W_OK))
 
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "TODO: RUSTPYTHON, BrokenPipeError: (32, 'The process cannot access the file because it is being used by another process. (os error 32)')")
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten, "Test is unstable under Emscripten."
+    )
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_wasi, "WASI does not support dup."
+    )
     def test_closerange(self):
         first = os.open(os_helper.TESTFN, os.O_CREAT|os.O_RDWR)
         # We must allocate two consecutive file descriptors, otherwise
@@ -557,6 +557,15 @@ def trunc(x): return x
             nanosecondy = getattr(result, name + "_ns") // 10000
             self.assertAlmostEqual(floaty, nanosecondy, delta=2)
 
+        # Ensure both birthtime and birthtime_ns roughly agree, if present
+        try:
+            floaty = int(result.st_birthtime * 100000)
+            nanosecondy = result.st_birthtime_ns // 10000
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(floaty, nanosecondy, delta=2)
+
         try:
             result[200]
             self.fail("No exception raised")
@@ -608,12 +617,13 @@ def test_stat_attributes_bytes(self):
     def test_stat_result_pickle(self):
         result = os.stat(self.fname)
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
-            p = pickle.dumps(result, proto)
-            self.assertIn(b'stat_result', p)
-            if proto < 4:
-                self.assertIn(b'cos\nstat_result\n', p)
-            unpickled = pickle.loads(p)
-            self.assertEqual(result, unpickled)
+            with self.subTest(f'protocol {proto}'):
+                p = pickle.dumps(result, proto)
+                self.assertIn(b'stat_result', p)
+                if proto < 4:
+                    self.assertIn(b'cos\nstat_result\n', p)
+                unpickled = pickle.loads(p)
+                self.assertEqual(result, unpickled)
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'statvfs'), 'test needs os.statvfs()')
     def test_statvfs_attributes(self):
@@ -730,7 +740,7 @@ def test_access_denied(self):
         # denied. See issue 28075.
         # os.environ['TEMP'] should be located on a volume that
         # supports file ACLs.
-        fname = os.path.join(os.environ['TEMP'], self.fname)
+        fname = os.path.join(os.environ['TEMP'], self.fname + "_access")
         self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, fname)
         create_file(fname, b'ABC')
         # Deny the right to [S]YNCHRONIZE on the file to
@@ -744,6 +754,7 @@ def test_access_denied(self):
         )
         result = os.stat(fname)
         self.assertNotEqual(result.st_size, 0)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(fname))
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON os.stat (PermissionError: [Errno 1] Incorrect function.)")
     @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", "Win32 specific tests")
@@ -1013,6 +1024,7 @@ def _empty_mapping(self):
     @unittest.skipUnless(unix_shell and os.path.exists(unix_shell),
                          'requires a shell')
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'popen'), "needs os.popen()")
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_update2(self):
         os.environ.clear()
         os.environ.update(HELLO="World")
@@ -1023,6 +1035,7 @@ def test_update2(self):
     @unittest.skipUnless(unix_shell and os.path.exists(unix_shell),
                          'requires a shell')
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'popen'), "needs os.popen()")
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_os_popen_iter(self):
         with os.popen("%s -c 'echo \"line1\nline2\nline3\"'"
                       % unix_shell) as popen:
@@ -1047,9 +1060,11 @@ def test_items(self):
     def test___repr__(self):
         """Check that the repr() of os.environ looks like environ({...})."""
         env = os.environ
-        self.assertEqual(repr(env), 'environ({{{}}})'.format(', '.join(
-            '{!r}: {!r}'.format(key, value)
-            for key, value in env.items())))
+        formatted_items = ", ".join(
+            f"{key!r}: {value!r}"
+            for key, value in env.items()
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(repr(env), f"environ({{{formatted_items}}})")
 
     def test_get_exec_path(self):
         defpath_list = os.defpath.split(os.pathsep)
@@ -1118,6 +1133,7 @@ def test_environb(self):
         value_str = value.decode(sys.getfilesystemencoding(), 'surrogateescape')
         self.assertEqual(os.environ['bytes'], value_str)
 
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_putenv_unsetenv(self):
         name = "PYTHONTESTVAR"
         value = "testvalue"
@@ -1142,9 +1158,12 @@ def test_putenv_unsetenv(self):
     def test_putenv_unsetenv_error(self):
         # Empty variable name is invalid.
         # "=" and null character are not allowed in a variable name.
-        for name in ('', '=name', 'na=me', 'name=', 'name\0', 'na\0me'):
+        for name in ('', '=name', 'na=me', 'name='):
             self.assertRaises((OSError, ValueError), os.putenv, name, "value")
             self.assertRaises((OSError, ValueError), os.unsetenv, name)
+        for name in ('name\0', 'na\0me'):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.putenv, name, "value")
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.unsetenv, name)
 
         if sys.platform == "win32":
             # On Windows, an environment variable string ("name=value" string)
@@ -1195,6 +1214,8 @@ def test_iter_error_when_changing_os_environ_values(self):
     def _test_underlying_process_env(self, var, expected):
         if not (unix_shell and os.path.exists(unix_shell)):
             return
+        elif not support.has_subprocess_support:
+            return
 
         with os.popen(f"{unix_shell} -c 'echo ${var}'") as popen:
             value = popen.read().strip()
@@ -1285,6 +1306,7 @@ def test_ror_operator(self):
 
 class WalkTests(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests for os.walk()."""
+    is_fwalk = False
 
     # Wrapper to hide minor differences between os.walk and os.fwalk
     # to tests both functions with the same code base
@@ -1319,14 +1341,14 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.sub11_path = join(self.sub1_path, "SUB11")
         sub2_path = join(self.walk_path, "SUB2")
         sub21_path = join(sub2_path, "SUB21")
-        tmp1_path = join(self.walk_path, "tmp1")
+        self.tmp1_path = join(self.walk_path, "tmp1")
         tmp2_path = join(self.sub1_path, "tmp2")
         tmp3_path = join(sub2_path, "tmp3")
         tmp5_path = join(sub21_path, "tmp3")
         self.link_path = join(sub2_path, "link")
         t2_path = join(os_helper.TESTFN, "TEST2")
         tmp4_path = join(os_helper.TESTFN, "TEST2", "tmp4")
-        broken_link_path = join(sub2_path, "broken_link")
+        self.broken_link_path = join(sub2_path, "broken_link")
         broken_link2_path = join(sub2_path, "broken_link2")
         broken_link3_path = join(sub2_path, "broken_link3")
 
@@ -1336,13 +1358,13 @@ def setUp(self):
         os.makedirs(sub21_path)
         os.makedirs(t2_path)
 
-        for path in tmp1_path, tmp2_path, tmp3_path, tmp4_path, tmp5_path:
+        for path in self.tmp1_path, tmp2_path, tmp3_path, tmp4_path, tmp5_path:
             with open(path, "x", encoding='utf-8') as f:
                 f.write("I'm " + path + " and proud of it.  Blame test_os.\n")
 
         if os_helper.can_symlink():
             os.symlink(os.path.abspath(t2_path), self.link_path)
-            os.symlink('broken', broken_link_path, True)
+            os.symlink('broken', self.broken_link_path, True)
             os.symlink(join('tmp3', 'broken'), broken_link2_path, True)
             os.symlink(join('SUB21', 'tmp5'), broken_link3_path, True)
             self.sub2_tree = (sub2_path, ["SUB21", "link"],
@@ -1351,7 +1373,9 @@ def setUp(self):
         else:
             self.sub2_tree = (sub2_path, ["SUB21"], ["tmp3"])
 
-        os.chmod(sub21_path, 0)
+        if not support.is_emscripten:
+            # Emscripten fails with inaccessible directory
+            os.chmod(sub21_path, 0)
         try:
             os.listdir(sub21_path)
         except PermissionError:
@@ -1436,6 +1460,11 @@ def test_walk_symlink(self):
         else:
             self.fail("Didn't follow symlink with followlinks=True")
 
+        walk_it = self.walk(self.broken_link_path, follow_symlinks=True)
+        if self.is_fwalk:
+            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, next, walk_it)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, walk_it)
+
     def test_walk_bad_dir(self):
         # Walk top-down.
         errors = []
@@ -1457,6 +1486,73 @@ def test_walk_bad_dir(self):
         finally:
             os.rename(path1new, path1)
 
+    def test_walk_bad_dir2(self):
+        walk_it = self.walk('nonexisting')
+        if self.is_fwalk:
+            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, next, walk_it)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, walk_it)
+
+        walk_it = self.walk('nonexisting', follow_symlinks=True)
+        if self.is_fwalk:
+            self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, next, walk_it)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, walk_it)
+
+        walk_it = self.walk(self.tmp1_path)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, walk_it)
+
+        walk_it = self.walk(self.tmp1_path, follow_symlinks=True)
+        if self.is_fwalk:
+            self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError, next, walk_it)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, walk_it)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "mkfifo"), 'requires os.mkfifo()')
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "vxworks",
+                    "fifo requires special path on VxWorks")
+    def test_walk_named_pipe(self):
+        path = os_helper.TESTFN + '-pipe'
+        os.mkfifo(path)
+        self.addCleanup(os.unlink, path)
+
+        walk_it = self.walk(path)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, walk_it)
+
+        walk_it = self.walk(path, follow_symlinks=True)
+        if self.is_fwalk:
+            self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError, next, walk_it)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, walk_it)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "mkfifo"), 'requires os.mkfifo()')
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "vxworks",
+                    "fifo requires special path on VxWorks")
+    def test_walk_named_pipe2(self):
+        path = os_helper.TESTFN + '-dir'
+        os.mkdir(path)
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, path)
+        os.mkfifo(os.path.join(path, 'mypipe'))
+
+        errors = []
+        walk_it = self.walk(path, onerror=errors.append)
+        next(walk_it)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, walk_it)
+        self.assertEqual(errors, [])
+
+        errors = []
+        walk_it = self.walk(path, onerror=errors.append)
+        root, dirs, files = next(walk_it)
+        self.assertEqual(root, path)
+        self.assertEqual(dirs, [])
+        self.assertEqual(files, ['mypipe'])
+        dirs.extend(files)
+        files.clear()
+        if self.is_fwalk:
+            self.assertRaises(NotADirectoryError, next, walk_it)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, walk_it)
+        if self.is_fwalk:
+            self.assertEqual(errors, [])
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(len(errors), 1, errors)
+            self.assertIsInstance(errors[0], NotADirectoryError)
+
     def test_walk_many_open_files(self):
         depth = 30
         base = os.path.join(os_helper.TESTFN, 'deep')
@@ -1478,10 +1574,51 @@ def test_walk_many_open_files(self):
                 self.assertEqual(next(it), expected)
             p = os.path.join(p, 'd')
 
+    def test_walk_above_recursion_limit(self):
+        depth = 50
+        os.makedirs(os.path.join(self.walk_path, *(['d'] * depth)))
+        with set_recursion_limit(depth - 5):
+            all = list(self.walk(self.walk_path))
+
+        sub2_path = self.sub2_tree[0]
+        for root, dirs, files in all:
+            if root == sub2_path:
+                dirs.sort()
+                files.sort()
+
+        d_entries = []
+        d_path = self.walk_path
+        for _ in range(depth):
+            d_path = os.path.join(d_path, "d")
+            d_entries.append((d_path, ["d"], []))
+        d_entries[-1][1].clear()
+
+        # Sub-sequences where the order is known
+        sections = {
+            "SUB1": [
+                (self.sub1_path, ["SUB11"], ["tmp2"]),
+                (self.sub11_path, [], []),
+            ],
+            "SUB2": [self.sub2_tree],
+            "d": d_entries,
+        }
+
+        # The ordering of sub-dirs is arbitrary but determines the order in
+        # which sub-sequences appear
+        dirs = all[0][1]
+        expected = [(self.walk_path, dirs, ["tmp1"])]
+        for d in dirs:
+            expected.extend(sections[d])
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(all), depth + 4)
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(dirs), ["SUB1", "SUB2", "d"])
+        self.assertEqual(all, expected)
+
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'fwalk'), "Test needs os.fwalk()")
 class FwalkTests(WalkTests):
     """Tests for os.fwalk()."""
+    is_fwalk = True
 
     def walk(self, top, **kwargs):
         for root, dirs, files, root_fd in self.fwalk(top, **kwargs):
@@ -1534,6 +1671,9 @@ def test_yields_correct_dir_fd(self):
                 # check that listdir() returns consistent information
                 self.assertEqual(set(os.listdir(rootfd)), set(dirs) | set(files))
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten, "Cannot dup stdout on Emscripten"
+    )
     def test_fd_leak(self):
         # Since we're opening a lot of FDs, we must be careful to avoid leaks:
         # we both check that calling fwalk() a large number of times doesn't
@@ -1549,6 +1689,8 @@ def test_fd_leak(self):
 
     # fwalk() keeps file descriptors open
     test_walk_many_open_files = None
+    # fwalk() still uses recursion
+    test_walk_above_recursion_limit = None
 
 
 class BytesWalkTests(WalkTests):
@@ -1616,6 +1758,10 @@ def test_makedir(self):
                             'dir5', 'dir6')
         os.makedirs(path)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten or support.is_wasi,
+        "Emscripten's/WASI's umask is a stub."
+    )
     def test_mode(self):
         with os_helper.temp_umask(0o002):
             base = os_helper.TESTFN
@@ -1629,6 +1775,10 @@ def test_mode(self):
                 self.assertEqual(os.stat(parent).st_mode & 0o777, 0o775)
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON os.umask not implemented yet for all platforms")
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten or support.is_wasi,
+        "Emscripten's/WASI's umask is a stub."
+    )
     def test_exist_ok_existing_directory(self):
         path = os.path.join(os_helper.TESTFN, 'dir1')
         mode = 0o777
@@ -1644,6 +1794,10 @@ def test_exist_ok_existing_directory(self):
         os.makedirs(os.path.abspath('/'), exist_ok=True)
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON os.umask not implemented yet for all platforms")
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten or support.is_wasi,
+        "Emscripten's/WASI's umask is a stub."
+    )
     def test_exist_ok_s_isgid_directory(self):
         path = os.path.join(os_helper.TESTFN, 'dir1')
         S_ISGID = stat.S_ISGID
@@ -1693,7 +1847,7 @@ def tearDown(self):
         os.removedirs(path)
 
 
-@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'chown'), "Test needs chown")
+@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "chown"), "requires os.chown()")
 class ChownFileTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
@@ -1794,6 +1948,7 @@ def test_remove_nothing(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(os_helper.TESTFN))
 
 
+@unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "WASI has no /dev/null")
 class DevNullTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_devnull(self):
         with open(os.devnull, 'wb', 0) as f:
@@ -1989,8 +2144,7 @@ def mock_execve(name, *args):
 
     try:
         orig_execv = os.execv
-        # NOTE: RUSTPYTHON os.execve not implemented yet for all platforms
-        orig_execve = getattr(os, "execve", None)
+        orig_execve = os.execve
         orig_defpath = os.defpath
         os.execv = mock_execv
         os.execve = mock_execve
@@ -1999,10 +2153,7 @@ def mock_execve(name, *args):
         yield calls
     finally:
         os.execv = orig_execv
-        if orig_execve:
-            os.execve = orig_execve
-        else:
-            del os.execve
+        os.execve = orig_execve
         os.defpath = orig_defpath
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'execv'),
@@ -2150,6 +2301,7 @@ def test_chmod(self):
         self.assertRaises(OSError, os.chmod, os_helper.TESTFN, 0)
 
 
+@unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "Cannot create invalid FD on WASI.")
 class TestInvalidFD(unittest.TestCase):
     singles = ["fchdir", "dup", "fdatasync", "fstat",
                "fstatvfs", "fsync", "tcgetpgrp", "ttyname"]
@@ -2161,13 +2313,7 @@ def helper(self):
                 self.check(getattr(os, f))
         return helper
     for f in singles:
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: 'fstat' and 'fsync' currently fail on windows, so we've added the if
-        # statement here to wrap them. When completed remove the if clause and just leave a call to:
-        # locals()["test_"+f] = get_single(f)
-        if f in ("fstat", "fsync"):
-            locals()["test_"+f] = unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON fstat test (OSError: [Errno 18] There are no more files.")(get_single(f))
-        else:
-            locals()["test_"+f] = get_single(f)
+        locals()["test_"+f] = get_single(f)
 
     def check(self, f, *args, **kwargs):
         try:
@@ -2206,6 +2352,26 @@ def test_closerange(self):
     def test_dup2(self):
         self.check(os.dup2, 20)
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'dup2'), 'test needs os.dup2()')
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten,
+        "dup2() with negative fds is broken on Emscripten (see gh-102179)"
+    )
+    def test_dup2_negative_fd(self):
+        valid_fd = os.open(__file__, os.O_RDONLY)
+        self.addCleanup(os.close, valid_fd)
+        fds = [
+            valid_fd,
+            -1,
+            -2**31,
+        ]
+        for fd, fd2 in itertools.product(fds, repeat=2):
+            if fd != fd2:
+                with self.subTest(fd=fd, fd2=fd2):
+                    with self.assertRaises(OSError) as ctx:
+                        os.dup2(fd, fd2)
+                    self.assertEqual(ctx.exception.errno, errno.EBADF)
+
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'fchmod'), 'test needs os.fchmod()')
     def test_fchmod(self):
         self.check(os.fchmod, 0)
@@ -2215,6 +2381,10 @@ def test_fchown(self):
         self.check(os.fchown, -1, -1)
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'fpathconf'), 'test needs os.fpathconf()')
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten or support.is_wasi,
+        "musl libc issue on Emscripten/WASI, bpo-46390"
+    )
     def test_fpathconf(self):
         self.check(os.pathconf, "PC_NAME_MAX")
         self.check(os.fpathconf, "PC_NAME_MAX")
@@ -2254,6 +2424,7 @@ def test_writev(self):
         self.check(os.writev, [b'abc'])
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON os.get_inheritable not implemented yet for all platforms")
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_inheritable(self):
         self.check(os.get_inheritable)
         self.check(os.set_inheritable, True)
@@ -2265,6 +2436,7 @@ def test_blocking(self):
         self.check(os.set_blocking, True)
 
 
+@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'link'), 'requires os.link')
 class LinkTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.file1 = os_helper.TESTFN
@@ -2346,6 +2518,7 @@ def test_setreuid(self):
         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.setreuid, 0, self.UID_OVERFLOW)
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'setreuid'), 'test needs os.setreuid()')
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_setreuid_neg1(self):
         # Needs to accept -1.  We run this in a subprocess to avoid
         # altering the test runner's process state (issue8045).
@@ -2354,6 +2527,7 @@ def test_setreuid_neg1(self):
                 'import os,sys;os.setreuid(-1,-1);sys.exit(0)'])
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'setregid'), 'test needs os.setregid()')
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_setregid(self):
         if os.getuid() != 0 and not HAVE_WHEEL_GROUP:
             self.assertRaises(OSError, os.setregid, 0, 0)
@@ -2363,6 +2537,7 @@ def test_setregid(self):
         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, os.setregid, 0, self.GID_OVERFLOW)
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'setregid'), 'test needs os.setregid()')
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_setregid_neg1(self):
         # Needs to accept -1.  We run this in a subprocess to avoid
         # altering the test runner's process state (issue8045).
@@ -2508,36 +2683,42 @@ def test_kill_int(self):
         # os.kill on Windows can take an int which gets set as the exit code
         self._kill(100)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(mmap is None, "requires mmap")
     def _kill_with_event(self, event, name):
         tagname = "test_os_%s" % uuid.uuid1()
         m = mmap.mmap(-1, 1, tagname)
         m[0] = 0
+
         # Run a script which has console control handling enabled.
-        proc = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable,
-                   os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
-                                "win_console_handler.py"), tagname],
-                   creationflags=subprocess.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP)
-        # Let the interpreter startup before we send signals. See #3137.
-        count, max = 0, 100
-        while count < max and proc.poll() is None:
-            if m[0] == 1:
-                break
-            time.sleep(0.1)
-            count += 1
-        else:
-            # Forcefully kill the process if we weren't able to signal it.
-            os.kill(proc.pid, signal.SIGINT)
-            self.fail("Subprocess didn't finish initialization")
-        os.kill(proc.pid, event)
-        # proc.send_signal(event) could also be done here.
-        # Allow time for the signal to be passed and the process to exit.
-        time.sleep(0.5)
-        if not proc.poll():
-            # Forcefully kill the process if we weren't able to signal it.
-            os.kill(proc.pid, signal.SIGINT)
-            self.fail("subprocess did not stop on {}".format(name))
+        script = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                              "win_console_handler.py")
+        cmd = [sys.executable, script, tagname]
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd,
+                                creationflags=subprocess.CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP)
+
+        with proc:
+            # Let the interpreter startup before we send signals. See #3137.
+            for _ in support.sleeping_retry(support.SHORT_TIMEOUT):
+                if proc.poll() is None:
+                    break
+            else:
+                # Forcefully kill the process if we weren't able to signal it.
+                proc.kill()
+                self.fail("Subprocess didn't finish initialization")
+
+            os.kill(proc.pid, event)
+
+            try:
+                # proc.send_signal(event) could also be done here.
+                # Allow time for the signal to be passed and the process to exit.
+                proc.wait(timeout=support.SHORT_TIMEOUT)
+            except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
+                # Forcefully kill the process if we weren't able to signal it.
+                proc.kill()
+                self.fail("subprocess did not stop on {}".format(name))
 
     @unittest.skip("subprocesses aren't inheriting Ctrl+C property")
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_CTRL_C_EVENT(self):
         from ctypes import wintypes
         import ctypes
@@ -2558,6 +2739,7 @@ def test_CTRL_C_EVENT(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_CTRL_BREAK_EVENT(self):
         self._kill_with_event(signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT, "CTRL_BREAK_EVENT")
 
@@ -2610,6 +2792,54 @@ def test_listdir_extended_path(self):
                 [os.fsencode(path) for path in self.created_paths])
 
 
+@unittest.skipUnless(os.name == "nt", "NT specific tests")
+class Win32ListdriveTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test listdrive, listmounts and listvolume on Windows."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # Get drives and volumes from fsutil
+        out = subprocess.check_output(
+            ["fsutil.exe", "volume", "list"],
+            cwd=os.path.join(os.getenv("SystemRoot", "\\Windows"), "System32"),
+            encoding="mbcs",
+            errors="ignore",
+        )
+        lines = out.splitlines()
+        self.known_volumes = {l for l in lines if l.startswith('\\\\?\\')}
+        self.known_drives = {l for l in lines if l[1:] == ':\\'}
+        self.known_mounts = {l for l in lines if l[1:3] == ':\\'}
+
+    def test_listdrives(self):
+        drives = os.listdrives()
+        self.assertIsInstance(drives, list)
+        self.assertSetEqual(
+            self.known_drives,
+            self.known_drives & set(drives),
+        )
+
+    def test_listvolumes(self):
+        volumes = os.listvolumes()
+        self.assertIsInstance(volumes, list)
+        self.assertSetEqual(
+            self.known_volumes,
+            self.known_volumes & set(volumes),
+        )
+
+    def test_listmounts(self):
+        for volume in os.listvolumes():
+            try:
+                mounts = os.listmounts(volume)
+            except OSError as ex:
+                if support.verbose:
+                    print("Skipping", volume, "because of", ex)
+            else:
+                self.assertIsInstance(mounts, list)
+                self.assertSetEqual(
+                    set(mounts),
+                    self.known_mounts & set(mounts),
+                )
+
+
 @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'readlink'), 'needs os.readlink()')
 class ReadlinkTests(unittest.TestCase):
     filelink = 'readlinktest'
@@ -2843,6 +3073,7 @@ def test_appexeclink(self):
             self.assertEqual(st, os.stat(alias))
             self.assertFalse(stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode))
             self.assertEqual(st.st_reparse_tag, stat.IO_REPARSE_TAG_APPEXECLINK)
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(alias))
             # testing the first one we see is sufficient
             break
         else:
@@ -2935,6 +3166,7 @@ def test_getfinalpathname_handles(self):
         self.assertEqual(0, handle_delta)
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON os.stat (PermissionError: [Errno 5] Access is denied.)")
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_stat_unlink_race(self):
         # bpo-46785: the implementation of os.stat() falls back to reading
         # the parent directory if CreateFileW() fails with a permission
@@ -2976,6 +3208,65 @@ def test_stat_unlink_race(self):
             except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
                 proc.terminate()
 
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
+    def test_stat_inaccessible_file(self):
+        filename = os_helper.TESTFN
+        ICACLS = os.path.expandvars(r"%SystemRoot%\System32\icacls.exe")
+
+        with open(filename, "wb") as f:
+            f.write(b'Test data')
+
+        stat1 = os.stat(filename)
+
+        try:
+            # Remove all permissions from the file
+            subprocess.check_output([ICACLS, filename, "/inheritance:r"],
+                                    stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError as ex:
+            if support.verbose:
+                print(ICACLS, filename, "/inheritance:r", "failed.")
+                print(ex.stdout.decode("oem", "replace").rstrip())
+            try:
+                os.unlink(filename)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+            self.skipTest("Unable to create inaccessible file")
+
+        def cleanup():
+            # Give delete permission. We are the file owner, so we can do this
+            # even though we removed all permissions earlier.
+            subprocess.check_output([ICACLS, filename, "/grant", "Everyone:(D)"],
+                                    stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
+            os.unlink(filename)
+
+        self.addCleanup(cleanup)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print("File:", filename)
+            print("stat with access:", stat1)
+
+        # First test - we shouldn't raise here, because we still have access to
+        # the directory and can extract enough information from its metadata.
+        stat2 = os.stat(filename)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(" without access:", stat2)
+
+        # We may not get st_dev/st_ino, so ensure those are 0 or match
+        self.assertIn(stat2.st_dev, (0, stat1.st_dev))
+        self.assertIn(stat2.st_ino, (0, stat1.st_ino))
+
+        # st_mode and st_size should match (for a normal file, at least)
+        self.assertEqual(stat1.st_mode, stat2.st_mode)
+        self.assertEqual(stat1.st_size, stat2.st_size)
+
+        # st_ctime and st_mtime should be the same
+        self.assertEqual(stat1.st_ctime, stat2.st_ctime)
+        self.assertEqual(stat1.st_mtime, stat2.st_mtime)
+
+        # st_atime should be the same or later
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(stat1.st_atime, stat2.st_atime)
+
 
 @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
 class NonLocalSymlinkTests(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -3034,20 +3325,26 @@ def test_bad_fd(self):
     @unittest.skipUnless(os.isatty(0) and not win32_is_iot() and (sys.platform.startswith('win') or
             (hasattr(locale, 'nl_langinfo') and hasattr(locale, 'CODESET'))),
             'test requires a tty and either Windows or nl_langinfo(CODESET)')
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten, "Cannot get encoding of stdin on Emscripten"
+    )
     def test_device_encoding(self):
         encoding = os.device_encoding(0)
         self.assertIsNotNone(encoding)
         self.assertTrue(codecs.lookup(encoding))
 
 
+@support.requires_subprocess()
 class PidTests(unittest.TestCase):
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'getppid'), "test needs os.getppid")
     def test_getppid(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-c',
+        p = subprocess.Popen([sys._base_executable, '-c',
                               'import os; print(os.getppid())'],
-                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
-        stdout, _ = p.communicate()
+                             stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                             stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+        stdout, error = p.communicate()
         # We are the parent of our subprocess
+        self.assertEqual(error, b'')
         self.assertEqual(int(stdout), os.getpid())
 
     def check_waitpid(self, code, exitcode, callback=None):
@@ -3101,7 +3398,7 @@ def test_waitstatus_to_exitcode_windows(self):
             os.waitstatus_to_exitcode((max_exitcode + 1) << 8)
         with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
             os.waitstatus_to_exitcode(-1)
-            
+
     # Skip the test on Windows
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'SIGKILL'), 'need signal.SIGKILL')
     def test_waitstatus_to_exitcode_kill(self):
@@ -3114,7 +3411,16 @@ def kill_process(pid):
         self.check_waitpid(code, exitcode=-signum, callback=kill_process)
 
 
+@support.requires_subprocess()
 class SpawnTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @staticmethod
+    def quote_args(args):
+        # On Windows, os.spawn* simply joins arguments with spaces:
+        # arguments need to be quoted
+        if os.name != 'nt':
+            return args
+        return [f'"{arg}"' if " " in arg.strip() else arg for arg in args]
+
     def create_args(self, *, with_env=False, use_bytes=False):
         self.exitcode = 17
 
@@ -3135,70 +3441,72 @@ def create_args(self, *, with_env=False, use_bytes=False):
         with open(filename, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
             fp.write(code)
 
-        args = [sys.executable, filename]
+        program = sys.executable
+        args = self.quote_args([program, filename])
         if use_bytes:
+            program = os.fsencode(program)
             args = [os.fsencode(a) for a in args]
             self.env = {os.fsencode(k): os.fsencode(v)
                         for k, v in self.env.items()}
 
-        return args
-    
+        return program, args
+
     @requires_os_func('spawnl')
     def test_spawnl(self):
-        args = self.create_args()
-        exitcode = os.spawnl(os.P_WAIT, args[0], *args)
+        program, args = self.create_args()
+        exitcode = os.spawnl(os.P_WAIT, program, *args)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, self.exitcode)
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnle')
     def test_spawnle(self):
-        args = self.create_args(with_env=True)
-        exitcode = os.spawnle(os.P_WAIT, args[0], *args, self.env)
+        program, args = self.create_args(with_env=True)
+        exitcode = os.spawnle(os.P_WAIT, program, *args, self.env)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, self.exitcode)
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnlp')
     def test_spawnlp(self):
-        args = self.create_args()
-        exitcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, args[0], *args)
+        program, args = self.create_args()
+        exitcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, program, *args)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, self.exitcode)
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnlpe')
     def test_spawnlpe(self):
-        args = self.create_args(with_env=True)
-        exitcode = os.spawnlpe(os.P_WAIT, args[0], *args, self.env)
+        program, args = self.create_args(with_env=True)
+        exitcode = os.spawnlpe(os.P_WAIT, program, *args, self.env)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, self.exitcode)
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnv')
     def test_spawnv(self):
-        args = self.create_args()
-        exitcode = os.spawnv(os.P_WAIT, args[0], args)
+        program, args = self.create_args()
+        exitcode = os.spawnv(os.P_WAIT, program, args)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, self.exitcode)
 
         # Test for PyUnicode_FSConverter()
-        exitcode = os.spawnv(os.P_WAIT, FakePath(args[0]), args)
+        exitcode = os.spawnv(os.P_WAIT, FakePath(program), args)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, self.exitcode)
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnve')
     def test_spawnve(self):
-        args = self.create_args(with_env=True)
-        exitcode = os.spawnve(os.P_WAIT, args[0], args, self.env)
+        program, args = self.create_args(with_env=True)
+        exitcode = os.spawnve(os.P_WAIT, program, args, self.env)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, self.exitcode)
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnvp')
     def test_spawnvp(self):
-        args = self.create_args()
-        exitcode = os.spawnvp(os.P_WAIT, args[0], args)
+        program, args = self.create_args()
+        exitcode = os.spawnvp(os.P_WAIT, program, args)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, self.exitcode)
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnvpe')
     def test_spawnvpe(self):
-        args = self.create_args(with_env=True)
-        exitcode = os.spawnvpe(os.P_WAIT, args[0], args, self.env)
+        program, args = self.create_args(with_env=True)
+        exitcode = os.spawnvpe(os.P_WAIT, program, args, self.env)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, self.exitcode)
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnv')
     def test_nowait(self):
-        args = self.create_args()
-        pid = os.spawnv(os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], args)
+        program, args = self.create_args()
+        pid = os.spawnv(os.P_NOWAIT, program, args)
         support.wait_process(pid, exitcode=self.exitcode)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON fix spawnv bytes
@@ -3206,46 +3514,47 @@ def test_nowait(self):
     @requires_os_func('spawnve')
     def test_spawnve_bytes(self):
         # Test bytes handling in parse_arglist and parse_envlist (#28114)
-        args = self.create_args(with_env=True, use_bytes=True)
-        exitcode = os.spawnve(os.P_WAIT, args[0], args, self.env)
+        program, args = self.create_args(with_env=True, use_bytes=True)
+        exitcode = os.spawnve(os.P_WAIT, program, args, self.env)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, self.exitcode)
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnl')
     def test_spawnl_noargs(self):
-        args = self.create_args()
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnl, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0])
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnl, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], '')
+        program, __ = self.create_args()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnl, os.P_NOWAIT, program)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnl, os.P_NOWAIT, program, '')
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnle')
     def test_spawnle_noargs(self):
-        args = self.create_args()
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnle, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], {})
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnle, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], '', {})
+        program, __ = self.create_args()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnle, os.P_NOWAIT, program, {})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnle, os.P_NOWAIT, program, '', {})
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnv')
     def test_spawnv_noargs(self):
-        args = self.create_args()
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnv, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], ())
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnv, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], [])
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnv, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], ('',))
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnv, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], [''])
+        program, __ = self.create_args()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnv, os.P_NOWAIT, program, ())
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnv, os.P_NOWAIT, program, [])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnv, os.P_NOWAIT, program, ('',))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnv, os.P_NOWAIT, program, [''])
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnve')
     def test_spawnve_noargs(self):
-        args = self.create_args()
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnve, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], (), {})
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnve, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], [], {})
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnve, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], ('',), {})
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnve, os.P_NOWAIT, args[0], [''], {})
+        program, __ = self.create_args()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnve, os.P_NOWAIT, program, (), {})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnve, os.P_NOWAIT, program, [], {})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnve, os.P_NOWAIT, program, ('',), {})
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, os.spawnve, os.P_NOWAIT, program, [''], {})
 
     def _test_invalid_env(self, spawn):
-        args = [sys.executable, '-c', 'pass']
+        program = sys.executable
+        args = self.quote_args([program, '-c', 'pass'])
 
         # null character in the environment variable name
         newenv = os.environ.copy()
         newenv["FRUIT\0VEGETABLE"] = "cabbage"
         try:
-            exitcode = spawn(os.P_WAIT, args[0], args, newenv)
+            exitcode = spawn(os.P_WAIT, program, args, newenv)
         except ValueError:
             pass
         else:
@@ -3255,7 +3564,7 @@ def _test_invalid_env(self, spawn):
         newenv = os.environ.copy()
         newenv["FRUIT"] = "orange\0VEGETABLE=cabbage"
         try:
-            exitcode = spawn(os.P_WAIT, args[0], args, newenv)
+            exitcode = spawn(os.P_WAIT, program, args, newenv)
         except ValueError:
             pass
         else:
@@ -3265,7 +3574,7 @@ def _test_invalid_env(self, spawn):
         newenv = os.environ.copy()
         newenv["FRUIT=ORANGE"] = "lemon"
         try:
-            exitcode = spawn(os.P_WAIT, args[0], args, newenv)
+            exitcode = spawn(os.P_WAIT, program, args, newenv)
         except ValueError:
             pass
         else:
@@ -3278,10 +3587,11 @@ def _test_invalid_env(self, spawn):
             fp.write('import sys, os\n'
                      'if os.getenv("FRUIT") != "orange=lemon":\n'
                      '    raise AssertionError')
-        args = [sys.executable, filename]
+
+        args = self.quote_args([program, filename])
         newenv = os.environ.copy()
         newenv["FRUIT"] = "orange=lemon"
-        exitcode = spawn(os.P_WAIT, args[0], args, newenv)
+        exitcode = spawn(os.P_WAIT, program, args, newenv)
         self.assertEqual(exitcode, 0)
 
     @requires_os_func('spawnve')
@@ -3309,24 +3619,27 @@ class ProgramPriorityTests(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests for os.getpriority() and os.setpriority()."""
 
     def test_set_get_priority(self):
-
         base = os.getpriority(os.PRIO_PROCESS, os.getpid())
-        os.setpriority(os.PRIO_PROCESS, os.getpid(), base + 1)
-        try:
-            new_prio = os.getpriority(os.PRIO_PROCESS, os.getpid())
-            if base >= 19 and new_prio <= 19:
-                raise unittest.SkipTest("unable to reliably test setpriority "
-                                        "at current nice level of %s" % base)
-            else:
-                self.assertEqual(new_prio, base + 1)
-        finally:
-            try:
-                os.setpriority(os.PRIO_PROCESS, os.getpid(), base)
-            except OSError as err:
-                if err.errno != errno.EACCES:
-                    raise
+        code = f"""if 1:
+        import os
+        os.setpriority(os.PRIO_PROCESS, os.getpid(), {base} + 1)
+        print(os.getpriority(os.PRIO_PROCESS, os.getpid()))
+        """
+
+        # Subprocess inherits the current process' priority.
+        _, out, _ = assert_python_ok("-c", code)
+        new_prio = int(out)
+        # nice value cap is 19 for linux and 20 for FreeBSD
+        if base >= 19 and new_prio <= base:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("unable to reliably test setpriority "
+                                    "at current nice level of %s" % base)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(new_prio, base + 1)
 
 
+import asyncore
+import asynchat
+import threading
 class SendfileTestServer(asyncore.dispatcher, threading.Thread):
 
     class Handler(asynchat.async_chat):
@@ -3427,12 +3740,10 @@ class TestSendfile(unittest.TestCase):
 
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
-        cls.key = threading_helper.threading_setup()
         create_file(os_helper.TESTFN, cls.DATA)
 
     @classmethod
     def tearDownClass(cls):
-        threading_helper.threading_cleanup(*cls.key)
         os_helper.unlink(os_helper.TESTFN)
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -3769,6 +4080,19 @@ def test_stty_match(self):
             raise
         self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == 'win32', 'Windows specific test')
+    def test_windows_fd(self):
+        """Check if get_terminal_size() returns a meaningful value in Windows"""
+        try:
+            conout = open('conout$', 'w')
+        except OSError:
+            self.skipTest('failed to open conout$')
+        with conout:
+            size = os.get_terminal_size(conout.fileno())
+
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(size.columns, 0)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(size.lines, 0)
+
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'memfd_create'), 'requires os.memfd_create')
 @support.requires_linux_version(3, 17)
@@ -3888,8 +4212,6 @@ class Str(str):
         else:
             encoded = os.fsencode(os_helper.TESTFN)
         self.bytes_filenames.append(encoded)
-        self.bytes_filenames.append(bytearray(encoded))
-        self.bytes_filenames.append(memoryview(encoded))
 
         self.filenames = self.bytes_filenames + self.unicode_filenames
 
@@ -3898,27 +4220,17 @@ class Str(str):
     def test_oserror_filename(self):
         funcs = [
             (self.filenames, os.chdir,),
-            (self.filenames, os.chmod, 0o777),
             (self.filenames, os.lstat,),
             (self.filenames, os.open, os.O_RDONLY),
             (self.filenames, os.rmdir,),
             (self.filenames, os.stat,),
             (self.filenames, os.unlink,),
+            (self.filenames, os.listdir,),
+            (self.filenames, os.rename, "dst"),
+            (self.filenames, os.replace, "dst"),
         ]
-        if sys.platform == "win32":
-            funcs.extend((
-                (self.bytes_filenames, os.rename, b"dst"),
-                (self.bytes_filenames, os.replace, b"dst"),
-                (self.unicode_filenames, os.rename, "dst"),
-                (self.unicode_filenames, os.replace, "dst"),
-                (self.unicode_filenames, os.listdir, ),
-            ))
-        else:
-            funcs.extend((
-                (self.filenames, os.listdir,),
-                (self.filenames, os.rename, "dst"),
-                (self.filenames, os.replace, "dst"),
-            ))
+        if os_helper.can_chmod():
+            funcs.append((self.filenames, os.chmod, 0o777))
         if hasattr(os, "chown"):
             funcs.append((self.filenames, os.chown, 0, 0))
         if hasattr(os, "lchown"):
@@ -3932,11 +4244,7 @@ def test_oserror_filename(self):
         if hasattr(os, "chroot"):
             funcs.append((self.filenames, os.chroot,))
         if hasattr(os, "link"):
-            if sys.platform == "win32":
-                funcs.append((self.bytes_filenames, os.link, b"dst"))
-                funcs.append((self.unicode_filenames, os.link, "dst"))
-            else:
-                funcs.append((self.filenames, os.link, "dst"))
+            funcs.append((self.filenames, os.link, "dst"))
         if hasattr(os, "listxattr"):
             funcs.extend((
                 (self.filenames, os.listxattr,),
@@ -3949,21 +4257,16 @@ def test_oserror_filename(self):
         if hasattr(os, "readlink"):
             funcs.append((self.filenames, os.readlink,))
 
-
         for filenames, func, *func_args in funcs:
             for name in filenames:
                 try:
-                    if isinstance(name, (str, bytes)):
-                        func(name, *func_args)
-                    else:
-                        with self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, 'should be'):
-                            func(name, *func_args)
+                    func(name, *func_args)
                 except OSError as err:
                     self.assertIs(err.filename, name, str(func))
                 except UnicodeDecodeError:
                     pass
                 else:
-                    self.fail("No exception thrown by {}".format(func))
+                    self.fail(f"No exception thrown by {func}")
 
 class CPUCountTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_cpu_count(self):
@@ -3975,6 +4278,8 @@ def test_cpu_count(self):
             self.skipTest("Could not determine the number of CPUs")
 
 
+# FD inheritance check is only useful for systems with process support.
+@support.requires_subprocess()
 class FDInheritanceTests(unittest.TestCase):
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON os.get_inheritable not implemented yet for all platforms")
     def test_get_set_inheritable(self):
@@ -4111,7 +4416,7 @@ class PathTConverterTests(unittest.TestCase):
         ('access', False, (os.F_OK,), None),
         ('chflags', False, (0,), None),
         ('lchflags', False, (0,), None),
-        ('open', False, (0,), getattr(os, 'close', None)),
+        ('open', False, (os.O_RDONLY,), getattr(os, 'close', None)),
     ]
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON (AssertionError: TypeError not raised)
@@ -4172,6 +4477,8 @@ def test_path_t_converter_and_custom_class(self):
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'get_blocking'),
                      'needs os.get_blocking() and os.set_blocking()')
+@unittest.skipIf(support.is_emscripten, "Cannot unset blocking flag")
+@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', 'Windows only supports blocking on pipes')
 class BlockingTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_blocking(self):
         fd = os.open(__file__, os.O_RDONLY)
@@ -4240,7 +4547,8 @@ def assert_stat_equal(self, stat1, stat2, skip_fields):
             for attr in dir(stat1):
                 if not attr.startswith("st_"):
                     continue
-                if attr in ("st_dev", "st_ino", "st_nlink"):
+                if attr in ("st_dev", "st_ino", "st_nlink", "st_ctime",
+                            "st_ctime_ns"):
                     continue
                 self.assertEqual(getattr(stat1, attr),
                                  getattr(stat2, attr),
@@ -4283,6 +4591,8 @@ def check_entry(self, entry, name, is_dir, is_file, is_symlink):
         self.assertEqual(entry.is_file(follow_symlinks=False),
                          stat.S_ISREG(entry_lstat.st_mode))
 
+        self.assertEqual(entry.is_junction(), os.path.isjunction(entry.path))
+
         self.assert_stat_equal(entry.stat(),
                                entry_stat,
                                os.name == 'nt' and not is_symlink)
@@ -4332,6 +4642,21 @@ def test_attributes(self):
             entry = entries['symlink_file.txt']
             self.check_entry(entry, 'symlink_file.txt', False, True, True)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform != 'win32', "Can only test junctions with creation on win32.")
+    def test_attributes_junctions(self):
+        dirname = os.path.join(self.path, "tgtdir")
+        os.mkdir(dirname)
+
+        import _winapi
+        try:
+            _winapi.CreateJunction(dirname, os.path.join(self.path, "srcjunc"))
+        except OSError:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('creating the test junction failed')
+
+        entries = self.get_entries(['srcjunc', 'tgtdir'])
+        self.assertEqual(entries['srcjunc'].is_junction(), True)
+        self.assertEqual(entries['tgtdir'].is_junction(), False)
+
     def get_entry(self, name):
         path = self.bytes_path if isinstance(name, bytes) else self.path
         entries = list(os.scandir(path))
@@ -4451,23 +4776,13 @@ def test_bytes(self):
         self.assertEqual(entry.path,
                          os.fsencode(os.path.join(self.path, 'file.txt')))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bytes_like(self):
         self.create_file("file.txt")
 
         for cls in bytearray, memoryview:
             path_bytes = cls(os.fsencode(self.path))
-            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-                entries = list(os.scandir(path_bytes))
-            self.assertEqual(len(entries), 1, entries)
-            entry = entries[0]
-
-            self.assertEqual(entry.name, b'file.txt')
-            self.assertEqual(entry.path,
-                             os.fsencode(os.path.join(self.path, 'file.txt')))
-            self.assertIs(type(entry.name), bytes)
-            self.assertIs(type(entry.path), bytes)
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                os.scandir(path_bytes)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
@@ -4498,6 +4813,7 @@ def test_fd(self):
                     self.assertEqual(entry.stat(follow_symlinks=False), st)
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON (AssertionError: FileNotFoundError not raised by scandir)")
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "WASI maps '' to cwd")
     def test_empty_path(self):
         self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, os.scandir, '')
 
@@ -4643,7 +4959,7 @@ def test_times(self):
             self.assertEqual(times.elapsed, 0)
 
 
-@requires_os_func('fork')
+@support.requires_fork()
 class ForkTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_fork(self):
         # bpo-42540: ensure os.fork() with non-default memory allocator does
@@ -4658,7 +4974,8 @@ def test_fork(self):
         assert_python_ok("-c", code)
         assert_python_ok("-c", code, PYTHONMALLOC="malloc_debug")
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(_testcapi is None, 'TODO: RUSTPYTHON; needs _testcapi')
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; requires _testcapi
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform in ("linux", "darwin"),
                          "Only Linux and macOS detect this today.")
     def test_fork_warns_when_non_python_thread_exists(self):
@@ -4687,6 +5004,25 @@ def test_fork_warns_when_non_python_thread_exists(self):
         self.assertEqual(err.decode("utf-8"), "")
         self.assertEqual(out.decode("utf-8"), "")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_fork_at_finalization(self):
+        code = """if 1:
+            import atexit
+            import os
+
+            class AtFinalization:
+                def __del__(self):
+                    print("OK")
+                    pid = os.fork()
+                    if pid != 0:
+                        print("shouldn't be printed")
+            at_finalization = AtFinalization()
+        """
+        _, out, err = assert_python_ok("-c", code)
+        self.assertEqual(b"OK\n", out)
+        self.assertIn(b"can't fork at interpreter shutdown", err)
+
 
 # Only test if the C version is provided, otherwise TestPEP519 already tested
 # the pure Python implementation.

From 8f6cf6fef79c0ad3c845efbd9c77126270008249 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 12:39:46 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 178/705] Update test_posix from CPython 3.12.2

---
 Lib/test/test_posix.py | 225 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 198 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_posix.py b/Lib/test/test_posix.py
index f8e1e7bc20..cec1cb6ce4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_posix.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_posix.py
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@
 from test.support import warnings_helper
 from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok
 
-# Skip these tests if there is no posix module.
-posix = import_helper.import_module('posix')
-
 import errno
 import sys
 import signal
@@ -22,6 +19,11 @@
 import textwrap
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 
+try:
+    import posix
+except ImportError:
+    import nt as posix
+
 try:
     import pwd
 except ImportError:
@@ -231,6 +233,9 @@ def test_register_at_fork(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError, msg="Invalid arg was allowed"):
             # Ensure a combination of valid and invalid is an error.
             os.register_at_fork(before=None, after_in_parent=lambda: 3)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError, msg="At least one argument is required"):
+            # when no arg is passed
+            os.register_at_fork()
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError, msg="Invalid arg was allowed"):
             # Ensure a combination of valid and invalid is an error.
             os.register_at_fork(before=lambda: None, after_in_child='')
@@ -630,13 +635,11 @@ def test_fstat(self):
         finally:
             fp.close()
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: AssertionError: DeprecationWarning not triggered by stat
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_stat(self):
         self.assertTrue(posix.stat(os_helper.TESTFN))
         self.assertTrue(posix.stat(os.fsencode(os_helper.TESTFN)))
 
-        self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning,
+        self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
                 'should be string, bytes, os.PathLike or integer, not',
                 posix.stat, bytearray(os.fsencode(os_helper.TESTFN)))
         self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
@@ -788,7 +791,7 @@ def check_stat(uid, gid):
             self.assertRaises(TypeError, chown_func, first_param, uid, t(gid))
             check_stat(uid, gid)
 
-    @os_helper.skip_unless_working_chmod
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "chown"), "requires os.chown()")
     @unittest.skipIf(support.is_emscripten, "getgid() is a stub")
     def test_chown(self):
         # raise an OSError if the file does not exist
@@ -841,15 +844,10 @@ def test_listdir_bytes(self):
         # the returned strings are of type bytes.
         self.assertIn(os.fsencode(os_helper.TESTFN), posix.listdir(b'.'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: AssertionError: DeprecationWarning not triggered
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_listdir_bytes_like(self):
         for cls in bytearray, memoryview:
-            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-                names = posix.listdir(cls(b'.'))
-            self.assertIn(os.fsencode(os_helper.TESTFN), names)
-            for name in names:
-                self.assertIs(type(name), bytes)
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                posix.listdir(cls(b'.'))
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(posix.listdir in os.supports_fd,
                          "test needs fd support for posix.listdir()")
@@ -937,6 +935,124 @@ def test_utime(self):
         posix.utime(os_helper.TESTFN, (int(now), int(now)))
         posix.utime(os_helper.TESTFN, (now, now))
 
+    def check_chmod(self, chmod_func, target, **kwargs):
+        mode = os.stat(target).st_mode
+        try:
+            new_mode = mode & ~(stat.S_IWOTH | stat.S_IWGRP | stat.S_IWUSR)
+            chmod_func(target, new_mode, **kwargs)
+            self.assertEqual(os.stat(target).st_mode, new_mode)
+            if stat.S_ISREG(mode):
+                try:
+                    with open(target, 'wb+'):
+                        pass
+                except PermissionError:
+                    pass
+            new_mode = mode | (stat.S_IWOTH | stat.S_IWGRP | stat.S_IWUSR)
+            chmod_func(target, new_mode, **kwargs)
+            self.assertEqual(os.stat(target).st_mode, new_mode)
+            if stat.S_ISREG(mode):
+                with open(target, 'wb+'):
+                    pass
+        finally:
+            posix.chmod(target, mode)
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_working_chmod
+    def test_chmod_file(self):
+        self.check_chmod(posix.chmod, os_helper.TESTFN)
+
+    def tempdir(self):
+        target = os_helper.TESTFN + 'd'
+        posix.mkdir(target)
+        self.addCleanup(posix.rmdir, target)
+        return target
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_working_chmod
+    def test_chmod_dir(self):
+        target = self.tempdir()
+        self.check_chmod(posix.chmod, target)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lchmod'), 'test needs os.lchmod()')
+    def test_lchmod_file(self):
+        self.check_chmod(posix.lchmod, os_helper.TESTFN)
+        self.check_chmod(posix.chmod, os_helper.TESTFN, follow_symlinks=False)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lchmod'), 'test needs os.lchmod()')
+    def test_lchmod_dir(self):
+        target = self.tempdir()
+        self.check_chmod(posix.lchmod, target)
+        self.check_chmod(posix.chmod, target, follow_symlinks=False)
+
+    def check_chmod_link(self, chmod_func, target, link, **kwargs):
+        target_mode = os.stat(target).st_mode
+        link_mode = os.lstat(link).st_mode
+        try:
+            new_mode = target_mode & ~(stat.S_IWOTH | stat.S_IWGRP | stat.S_IWUSR)
+            chmod_func(link, new_mode, **kwargs)
+            self.assertEqual(os.stat(target).st_mode, new_mode)
+            self.assertEqual(os.lstat(link).st_mode, link_mode)
+            new_mode = target_mode | (stat.S_IWOTH | stat.S_IWGRP | stat.S_IWUSR)
+            chmod_func(link, new_mode, **kwargs)
+            self.assertEqual(os.stat(target).st_mode, new_mode)
+            self.assertEqual(os.lstat(link).st_mode, link_mode)
+        finally:
+            posix.chmod(target, target_mode)
+
+    def check_lchmod_link(self, chmod_func, target, link, **kwargs):
+        target_mode = os.stat(target).st_mode
+        link_mode = os.lstat(link).st_mode
+        new_mode = link_mode & ~(stat.S_IWOTH | stat.S_IWGRP | stat.S_IWUSR)
+        chmod_func(link, new_mode, **kwargs)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(target).st_mode, target_mode)
+        self.assertEqual(os.lstat(link).st_mode, new_mode)
+        new_mode = link_mode | (stat.S_IWOTH | stat.S_IWGRP | stat.S_IWUSR)
+        chmod_func(link, new_mode, **kwargs)
+        self.assertEqual(os.stat(target).st_mode, target_mode)
+        self.assertEqual(os.lstat(link).st_mode, new_mode)
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_chmod_file_symlink(self):
+        target = os_helper.TESTFN
+        link = os_helper.TESTFN + '-link'
+        os.symlink(target, link)
+        self.addCleanup(posix.unlink, link)
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            self.check_lchmod_link(posix.chmod, target, link)
+        else:
+            self.check_chmod_link(posix.chmod, target, link)
+            self.check_chmod_link(posix.chmod, target, link, follow_symlinks=True)
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_chmod_dir_symlink(self):
+        target = self.tempdir()
+        link = os_helper.TESTFN + '-link'
+        os.symlink(target, link, target_is_directory=True)
+        self.addCleanup(posix.unlink, link)
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            self.check_lchmod_link(posix.chmod, target, link)
+        else:
+            self.check_chmod_link(posix.chmod, target, link)
+            self.check_chmod_link(posix.chmod, target, link, follow_symlinks=True)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lchmod'), 'test needs os.lchmod()')
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_lchmod_file_symlink(self):
+        target = os_helper.TESTFN
+        link = os_helper.TESTFN + '-link'
+        os.symlink(target, link)
+        self.addCleanup(posix.unlink, link)
+        self.check_lchmod_link(posix.chmod, target, link, follow_symlinks=False)
+        self.check_lchmod_link(posix.lchmod, target, link)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'lchmod'), 'test needs os.lchmod()')
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_lchmod_dir_symlink(self):
+        target = self.tempdir()
+        link = os_helper.TESTFN + '-link'
+        os.symlink(target, link)
+        self.addCleanup(posix.unlink, link)
+        self.check_lchmod_link(posix.chmod, target, link, follow_symlinks=False)
+        self.check_lchmod_link(posix.lchmod, target, link)
+
     def _test_chflags_regular_file(self, chflags_func, target_file, **kwargs):
         st = os.stat(target_file)
         self.assertTrue(hasattr(st, 'st_flags'))
@@ -1016,16 +1132,17 @@ def test_environ(self):
     def test_putenv(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             os.putenv('FRUIT\0VEGETABLE', 'cabbage')
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            os.putenv(b'FRUIT\0VEGETABLE', b'cabbage')
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             os.putenv('FRUIT', 'orange\0VEGETABLE=cabbage')
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            os.putenv(b'FRUIT', b'orange\0VEGETABLE=cabbage')
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             os.putenv('FRUIT=ORANGE', 'lemon')
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            os.putenv(b'FRUIT=ORANGE', b'lemon')
+        if os.name == 'posix':
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                os.putenv(b'FRUIT\0VEGETABLE', b'cabbage')
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                os.putenv(b'FRUIT', b'orange\0VEGETABLE=cabbage')
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                os.putenv(b'FRUIT=ORANGE', b'lemon')
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'getcwd'), 'test needs posix.getcwd()')
     def test_getcwd_long_pathnames(self):
@@ -1209,12 +1326,22 @@ def test_sched_getaffinity(self):
     @requires_sched_affinity
     def test_sched_setaffinity(self):
         mask = posix.sched_getaffinity(0)
+        self.addCleanup(posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, list(mask))
+
         if len(mask) > 1:
             # Empty masks are forbidden
             mask.pop()
         posix.sched_setaffinity(0, mask)
         self.assertEqual(posix.sched_getaffinity(0), mask)
-        self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, [])
+
+        try:
+            posix.sched_setaffinity(0, [])
+            # gh-117061: On RHEL9, sched_setaffinity(0, []) does not fail
+        except OSError:
+            # sched_setaffinity() manual page documents EINVAL error
+            # when the mask is empty.
+            pass
+
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, [-10])
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, map(int, "0X"))
         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, posix.sched_setaffinity, 0, [1<<128])
@@ -1223,6 +1350,7 @@ def test_sched_setaffinity(self):
             self.assertRaises(OSError, posix.sched_setaffinity, -1, mask)
 
     @unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "No dynamic linking on WASI")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.name == 'posix', "POSIX-only test")
     def test_rtld_constants(self):
         # check presence of major RTLD_* constants
         posix.RTLD_LAZY
@@ -1552,6 +1680,8 @@ def test_initgroups(self):
         posix.initgroups(name, g)
         self.assertIn(g, posix.getgroups())
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: TypeError: Unexpected keyword argument setpgroup
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setgroups'),
                          "test needs posix.setgroups()")
     def test_setgroups(self):
@@ -1659,12 +1789,6 @@ def test_resetids(self):
         )
         support.wait_process(pid, exitcode=0)
 
-    def test_resetids_wrong_type(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            self.spawn_func(sys.executable,
-                            [sys.executable, "-c", "pass"],
-                            os.environ, resetids=None)
-
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: TypeError: Unexpected keyword argument setpgroup
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_setpgroup(self):
@@ -2216,6 +2340,53 @@ def test_utime(self):
                 os.utime("path", dir_fd=0)
 
 
+class NamespacesTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for os.unshare() and os.setns()."""
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'unshare'), 'needs os.unshare()')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'setns'), 'needs os.setns()')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(os.path.exists('/proc/self/ns/uts'), 'need /proc/self/ns/uts')
+    @support.requires_linux_version(3, 0, 0)
+    def test_unshare_setns(self):
+        code = """if 1:
+            import errno
+            import os
+            import sys
+            fd = os.open('/proc/self/ns/uts', os.O_RDONLY)
+            try:
+                original = os.readlink('/proc/self/ns/uts')
+                try:
+                    os.unshare(os.CLONE_NEWUTS)
+                except OSError as e:
+                    if e.errno == errno.ENOSPC:
+                        # skip test if limit is exceeded
+                        sys.exit()
+                    raise
+                new = os.readlink('/proc/self/ns/uts')
+                if original == new:
+                    raise Exception('os.unshare failed')
+                os.setns(fd, os.CLONE_NEWUTS)
+                restored = os.readlink('/proc/self/ns/uts')
+                if original != restored:
+                    raise Exception('os.setns failed')
+            except PermissionError:
+                # The calling process did not have the required privileges
+                # for this operation
+                pass
+            except OSError as e:
+                # Skip the test on these errors:
+                # - ENOSYS: syscall not available
+                # - EINVAL: kernel was not configured with the CONFIG_UTS_NS option
+                # - ENOMEM: not enough memory
+                if e.errno not in (errno.ENOSYS, errno.EINVAL, errno.ENOMEM):
+                    raise
+            finally:
+                os.close(fd)
+            """
+
+        assert_python_ok("-c", code)
+
+
 def tearDownModule():
     support.reap_children()
 

From 5c9d6d455d587a1c575a34cc7e4f4a5c6a488e7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 12:16:32 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 179/705] Update genericpath/posixpath from CPython 3.12.2

---
 Lib/genericpath.py           |  14 +++-
 Lib/posixpath.py             | 145 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 Lib/test/test_genericpath.py |  14 +++-
 Lib/test/test_posixpath.py   | 146 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 221 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/genericpath.py b/Lib/genericpath.py
index 309759af25..b767a32981 100644
--- a/Lib/genericpath.py
+++ b/Lib/genericpath.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import stat
 
 __all__ = ['commonprefix', 'exists', 'getatime', 'getctime', 'getmtime',
-           'getsize', 'isdir', 'isfile', 'samefile', 'sameopenfile',
+           'getsize', 'isdir', 'isfile', 'islink', 'samefile', 'sameopenfile',
            'samestat']
 
 
@@ -48,6 +48,18 @@ def isdir(s):
     return stat.S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)
 
 
+# Is a path a symbolic link?
+# This will always return false on systems where os.lstat doesn't exist.
+
+def islink(path):
+    """Test whether a path is a symbolic link"""
+    try:
+        st = os.lstat(path)
+    except (OSError, ValueError, AttributeError):
+        return False
+    return stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)
+
+
 def getsize(filename):
     """Return the size of a file, reported by os.stat()."""
     return os.stat(filename).st_size
diff --git a/Lib/posixpath.py b/Lib/posixpath.py
index 354d7d82d0..e4f155e41a 100644
--- a/Lib/posixpath.py
+++ b/Lib/posixpath.py
@@ -22,23 +22,20 @@
 altsep = None
 devnull = '/dev/null'
 
-try:
-    import os
-except ImportError:
-    import _dummy_os as os
+import os
 import sys
 import stat
 import genericpath
 from genericpath import *
 
-__all__ = ["normcase","isabs","join","splitdrive","split","splitext",
+__all__ = ["normcase","isabs","join","splitdrive","splitroot","split","splitext",
            "basename","dirname","commonprefix","getsize","getmtime",
            "getatime","getctime","islink","exists","lexists","isdir","isfile",
            "ismount", "expanduser","expandvars","normpath","abspath",
            "samefile","sameopenfile","samestat",
            "curdir","pardir","sep","pathsep","defpath","altsep","extsep",
            "devnull","realpath","supports_unicode_filenames","relpath",
-           "commonpath"]
+           "commonpath", "isjunction"]
 
 
 def _get_sep(path):
@@ -138,6 +135,35 @@ def splitdrive(p):
     return p[:0], p
 
 
+def splitroot(p):
+    """Split a pathname into drive, root and tail. On Posix, drive is always
+    empty; the root may be empty, a single slash, or two slashes. The tail
+    contains anything after the root. For example:
+
+        splitroot('foo/bar') == ('', '', 'foo/bar')
+        splitroot('/foo/bar') == ('', '/', 'foo/bar')
+        splitroot('//foo/bar') == ('', '//', 'foo/bar')
+        splitroot('///foo/bar') == ('', '/', '//foo/bar')
+    """
+    p = os.fspath(p)
+    if isinstance(p, bytes):
+        sep = b'/'
+        empty = b''
+    else:
+        sep = '/'
+        empty = ''
+    if p[:1] != sep:
+        # Relative path, e.g.: 'foo'
+        return empty, empty, p
+    elif p[1:2] != sep or p[2:3] == sep:
+        # Absolute path, e.g.: '/foo', '///foo', '////foo', etc.
+        return empty, sep, p[1:]
+    else:
+        # Precisely two leading slashes, e.g.: '//foo'. Implementation defined per POSIX, see
+        # https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_13
+        return empty, p[:2], p[2:]
+
+
 # Return the tail (basename) part of a path, same as split(path)[1].
 
 def basename(p):
@@ -161,16 +187,14 @@ def dirname(p):
     return head
 
 
-# Is a path a symbolic link?
-# This will always return false on systems where os.lstat doesn't exist.
+# Is a path a junction?
+
+def isjunction(path):
+    """Test whether a path is a junction
+    Junctions are not a part of posix semantics"""
+    os.fspath(path)
+    return False
 
-def islink(path):
-    """Test whether a path is a symbolic link"""
-    try:
-        st = os.lstat(path)
-    except (OSError, ValueError, AttributeError):
-        return False
-    return stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)
 
 # Being true for dangling symbolic links is also useful.
 
@@ -198,6 +222,7 @@ def ismount(path):
         if stat.S_ISLNK(s1.st_mode):
             return False
 
+    path = os.fspath(path)
     if isinstance(path, bytes):
         parent = join(path, b'..')
     else:
@@ -244,7 +269,11 @@ def expanduser(path):
         i = len(path)
     if i == 1:
         if 'HOME' not in os.environ:
-            import pwd
+            try:
+                import pwd
+            except ImportError:
+                # pwd module unavailable, return path unchanged
+                return path
             try:
                 userhome = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid()).pw_dir
             except KeyError:
@@ -254,7 +283,11 @@ def expanduser(path):
         else:
             userhome = os.environ['HOME']
     else:
-        import pwd
+        try:
+            import pwd
+        except ImportError:
+            # pwd module unavailable, return path unchanged
+            return path
         name = path[1:i]
         if isinstance(name, bytes):
             name = str(name, 'ASCII')
@@ -337,43 +370,47 @@ def expandvars(path):
 # It should be understood that this may change the meaning of the path
 # if it contains symbolic links!
 
-def normpath(path):
-    """Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc."""
-    path = os.fspath(path)
-    if isinstance(path, bytes):
-        sep = b'/'
-        empty = b''
-        dot = b'.'
-        dotdot = b'..'
-    else:
-        sep = '/'
-        empty = ''
-        dot = '.'
-        dotdot = '..'
-    if path == empty:
-        return dot
-    initial_slashes = path.startswith(sep)
-    # POSIX allows one or two initial slashes, but treats three or more
-    # as single slash.
-    # (see http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_13)
-    if (initial_slashes and
-        path.startswith(sep*2) and not path.startswith(sep*3)):
-        initial_slashes = 2
-    comps = path.split(sep)
-    new_comps = []
-    for comp in comps:
-        if comp in (empty, dot):
-            continue
-        if (comp != dotdot or (not initial_slashes and not new_comps) or
-             (new_comps and new_comps[-1] == dotdot)):
-            new_comps.append(comp)
-        elif new_comps:
-            new_comps.pop()
-    comps = new_comps
-    path = sep.join(comps)
-    if initial_slashes:
-        path = sep*initial_slashes + path
-    return path or dot
+try:
+    from posix import _path_normpath
+
+except ImportError:
+    def normpath(path):
+        """Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc."""
+        path = os.fspath(path)
+        if isinstance(path, bytes):
+            sep = b'/'
+            empty = b''
+            dot = b'.'
+            dotdot = b'..'
+        else:
+            sep = '/'
+            empty = ''
+            dot = '.'
+            dotdot = '..'
+        if path == empty:
+            return dot
+        _, initial_slashes, path = splitroot(path)
+        comps = path.split(sep)
+        new_comps = []
+        for comp in comps:
+            if comp in (empty, dot):
+                continue
+            if (comp != dotdot or (not initial_slashes and not new_comps) or
+                 (new_comps and new_comps[-1] == dotdot)):
+                new_comps.append(comp)
+            elif new_comps:
+                new_comps.pop()
+        comps = new_comps
+        path = initial_slashes + sep.join(comps)
+        return path or dot
+
+else:
+    def normpath(path):
+        """Normalize path, eliminating double slashes, etc."""
+        path = os.fspath(path)
+        if isinstance(path, bytes):
+            return os.fsencode(_path_normpath(os.fsdecode(path))) or b"."
+        return _path_normpath(path) or "."
 
 
 def abspath(path):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_genericpath.py b/Lib/test/test_genericpath.py
index 1ff7f75ad3..4f311c2d49 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_genericpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_genericpath.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import sys
 import unittest
 import warnings
+from test.support import is_emscripten
 from test.support import os_helper
 from test.support import warnings_helper
 from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok
@@ -154,6 +155,7 @@ def test_exists(self):
             self.assertIs(self.pathmodule.lexists(bfilename + b'\x00'), False)
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
+    @unittest.skipIf(is_emscripten, "Emscripten pipe fds have no stat")
     def test_exists_fd(self):
         r, w = os.pipe()
         try:
@@ -246,6 +248,7 @@ def _test_samefile_on_link_func(self, func):
     def test_samefile_on_symlink(self):
         self._test_samefile_on_link_func(os.symlink)
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'link'), 'requires os.link')
     def test_samefile_on_link(self):
         try:
             self._test_samefile_on_link_func(os.link)
@@ -288,6 +291,7 @@ def _test_samestat_on_link_func(self, func):
     def test_samestat_on_symlink(self):
         self._test_samestat_on_link_func(os.symlink)
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'link'), 'requires os.link')
     def test_samestat_on_link(self):
         try:
             self._test_samestat_on_link_func(os.link)
@@ -456,6 +460,10 @@ def test_normpath_issue5827(self):
         for path in ('', '.', '/', '\\', '///foo/.//bar//'):
             self.assertIsInstance(self.pathmodule.normpath(path), str)
 
+    def test_normpath_issue106242(self):
+        for path in ('\x00', 'foo\x00bar', '\x00\x00', '\x00foo', 'foo\x00'):
+            self.assertEqual(self.pathmodule.normpath(path), path)
+
     def test_abspath_issue3426(self):
         # Check that abspath returns unicode when the arg is unicode
         # with both ASCII and non-ASCII cwds.
@@ -476,11 +484,11 @@ def test_abspath_issue3426(self):
 
     def test_nonascii_abspath(self):
         if (os_helper.TESTFN_UNDECODABLE
-        # Mac OS X denies the creation of a directory with an invalid
-        # UTF-8 name. Windows allows creating a directory with an
+        # macOS and Emscripten deny the creation of a directory with an
+        # invalid UTF-8 name. Windows allows creating a directory with an
         # arbitrary bytes name, but fails to enter this directory
         # (when the bytes name is used).
-        and sys.platform not in ('win32', 'darwin')):
+        and sys.platform not in ('win32', 'darwin', 'emscripten', 'wasi')):
             name = os_helper.TESTFN_UNDECODABLE
         elif os_helper.TESTFN_NONASCII:
             name = os_helper.TESTFN_NONASCII
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_posixpath.py b/Lib/test/test_posixpath.py
index ab36d20540..4890bcc75e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_posixpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_posixpath.py
@@ -115,6 +115,32 @@ def test_splitext(self):
         self.splitextTest("........", "........", "")
         self.splitextTest("", "", "")
 
+    def test_splitroot(self):
+        f = posixpath.splitroot
+        self.assertEqual(f(''), ('', '', ''))
+        self.assertEqual(f('a'), ('', '', 'a'))
+        self.assertEqual(f('a/b'), ('', '', 'a/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(f('a/b/'), ('', '', 'a/b/'))
+        self.assertEqual(f('/a'), ('', '/', 'a'))
+        self.assertEqual(f('/a/b'), ('', '/', 'a/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(f('/a/b/'), ('', '/', 'a/b/'))
+        # The root is collapsed when there are redundant slashes
+        # except when there are exactly two leading slashes, which
+        # is a special case in POSIX.
+        self.assertEqual(f('//a'), ('', '//', 'a'))
+        self.assertEqual(f('///a'), ('', '/', '//a'))
+        self.assertEqual(f('///a/b'), ('', '/', '//a/b'))
+        # Paths which look like NT paths aren't treated specially.
+        self.assertEqual(f('c:/a/b'), ('', '', 'c:/a/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(f('\\/a/b'), ('', '', '\\/a/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(f('\\a\\b'), ('', '', '\\a\\b'))
+        # Byte paths are supported
+        self.assertEqual(f(b''), (b'', b'', b''))
+        self.assertEqual(f(b'a'), (b'', b'', b'a'))
+        self.assertEqual(f(b'/a'), (b'', b'/', b'a'))
+        self.assertEqual(f(b'//a'), (b'', b'//', b'a'))
+        self.assertEqual(f(b'///a'), (b'', b'/', b'//a'))
+
     def test_isabs(self):
         self.assertIs(posixpath.isabs(""), False)
         self.assertIs(posixpath.isabs("/"), True)
@@ -179,6 +205,8 @@ def test_islink(self):
     def test_ismount(self):
         self.assertIs(posixpath.ismount("/"), True)
         self.assertIs(posixpath.ismount(b"/"), True)
+        self.assertIs(posixpath.ismount(FakePath("/")), True)
+        self.assertIs(posixpath.ismount(FakePath(b"/")), True)
 
     def test_ismount_non_existent(self):
         # Non-existent mountpoint.
@@ -195,8 +223,7 @@ def test_ismount_non_existent(self):
         self.assertIs(posixpath.ismount(b'/\x00'), False)
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
-    @unittest.skipUnless(os_helper.can_symlink(),
-                         "Test requires symlink support")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_ismount_symlinks(self):
         # Symlinks are never mountpoints.
         try:
@@ -245,6 +272,9 @@ def fake_lstat(path):
         finally:
             os.lstat = save_lstat
 
+    def test_isjunction(self):
+        self.assertFalse(posixpath.isjunction(ABSTFN))
+
     def test_expanduser(self):
         self.assertEqual(posixpath.expanduser("foo"), "foo")
         self.assertEqual(posixpath.expanduser(b"foo"), b"foo")
@@ -306,25 +336,68 @@ def test_expanduser_pwd(self):
                 for path in ('~', '~/.local', '~vstinner/'):
                     self.assertEqual(posixpath.expanduser(path), path)
 
+    NORMPATH_CASES = [
+        ("", "."),
+        ("/", "/"),
+        ("/.", "/"),
+        ("/./", "/"),
+        ("/.//.", "/"),
+        ("/foo", "/foo"),
+        ("/foo/bar", "/foo/bar"),
+        ("//", "//"),
+        ("///", "/"),
+        ("///foo/.//bar//", "/foo/bar"),
+        ("///foo/.//bar//.//..//.//baz///", "/foo/baz"),
+        ("///..//./foo/.//bar", "/foo/bar"),
+        (".", "."),
+        (".//.", "."),
+        ("..", ".."),
+        ("../", ".."),
+        ("../foo", "../foo"),
+        ("../../foo", "../../foo"),
+        ("../foo/../bar", "../bar"),
+        ("../../foo/../bar/./baz/boom/..", "../../bar/baz"),
+        ("/..", "/"),
+        ("/..", "/"),
+        ("/../", "/"),
+        ("/..//", "/"),
+        ("//.", "//"),
+        ("//..", "//"),
+        ("//...", "//..."),
+        ("//../foo", "//foo"),
+        ("//../../foo", "//foo"),
+        ("/../foo", "/foo"),
+        ("/../../foo", "/foo"),
+        ("/../foo/../", "/"),
+        ("/../foo/../bar", "/bar"),
+        ("/../../foo/../bar/./baz/boom/..", "/bar/baz"),
+        ("/../../foo/../bar/./baz/boom/.", "/bar/baz/boom"),
+        ("foo/../bar/baz", "bar/baz"),
+        ("foo/../../bar/baz", "../bar/baz"),
+        ("foo/../../../bar/baz", "../../bar/baz"),
+        ("foo///../bar/.././../baz/boom", "../baz/boom"),
+        ("foo/bar/../..///../../baz/boom", "../../baz/boom"),
+        ("/foo/..", "/"),
+        ("/foo/../..", "/"),
+        ("//foo/..", "//"),
+        ("//foo/../..", "//"),
+        ("///foo/..", "/"),
+        ("///foo/../..", "/"),
+        ("////foo/..", "/"),
+        ("/////foo/..", "/"),
+    ]
+
     def test_normpath(self):
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath(""), ".")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath("/"), "/")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath("//"), "//")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath("///"), "/")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath("///foo/.//bar//"), "/foo/bar")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath("///foo/.//bar//.//..//.//baz"),
-                         "/foo/baz")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath("///..//./foo/.//bar"), "/foo/bar")
-
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath(b""), b".")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath(b"/"), b"/")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath(b"//"), b"//")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath(b"///"), b"/")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath(b"///foo/.//bar//"), b"/foo/bar")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath(b"///foo/.//bar//.//..//.//baz"),
-                         b"/foo/baz")
-        self.assertEqual(posixpath.normpath(b"///..//./foo/.//bar"),
-                         b"/foo/bar")
+        for path, expected in self.NORMPATH_CASES:
+            with self.subTest(path):
+                result = posixpath.normpath(path)
+                self.assertEqual(result, expected)
+
+            path = path.encode('utf-8')
+            expected = expected.encode('utf-8')
+            with self.subTest(path, type=bytes):
+                result = posixpath.normpath(path)
+                self.assertEqual(result, expected)
 
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_curdir(self):
@@ -346,8 +419,7 @@ def test_realpath_pardir(self):
         self.assertEqual(realpath(b'../..'), dirname(dirname(os.getcwdb())))
         self.assertEqual(realpath(b'/'.join([b'..'] * 100)), b'/')
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
-                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_basic(self):
         # Basic operation.
@@ -357,8 +429,7 @@ def test_realpath_basic(self):
         finally:
             os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
-                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_strict(self):
         # Bug #43757: raise FileNotFoundError in strict mode if we encounter
@@ -370,8 +441,7 @@ def test_realpath_strict(self):
         finally:
             os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
-                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_relative(self):
         try:
@@ -380,8 +450,7 @@ def test_realpath_relative(self):
         finally:
             os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
-                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_symlink_loops(self):
         # Bug #930024, return the path unchanged if we get into an infinite
@@ -422,8 +491,7 @@ def test_realpath_symlink_loops(self):
             os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN+"c")
             os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN+"a")
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
-                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_symlink_loops_strict(self):
         # Bug #43757, raise OSError if we get into an infinite symlink loop in
@@ -464,8 +532,7 @@ def test_realpath_symlink_loops_strict(self):
             os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN+"c")
             os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN+"a")
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
-                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_repeated_indirect_symlinks(self):
         # Issue #6975.
@@ -479,8 +546,7 @@ def test_realpath_repeated_indirect_symlinks(self):
             os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN + '/link')
             safe_rmdir(ABSTFN)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
-                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_deep_recursion(self):
         depth = 10
@@ -499,8 +565,7 @@ def test_realpath_deep_recursion(self):
                 os_helper.unlink(ABSTFN + '/%d' % i)
             safe_rmdir(ABSTFN)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
-                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_resolve_parents(self):
         # We also need to resolve any symlinks in the parents of a relative
@@ -519,8 +584,7 @@ def test_realpath_resolve_parents(self):
             safe_rmdir(ABSTFN + "/y")
             safe_rmdir(ABSTFN)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
-                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_resolve_before_normalizing(self):
         # Bug #990669: Symbolic links should be resolved before we
@@ -548,8 +612,7 @@ def test_realpath_resolve_before_normalizing(self):
             safe_rmdir(ABSTFN + "/k")
             safe_rmdir(ABSTFN)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "symlink"),
-                         "Missing symlink implementation")
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @skip_if_ABSTFN_contains_backslash
     def test_realpath_resolve_first(self):
         # Bug #1213894: The first component of the path, if not absolute,
@@ -761,6 +824,9 @@ def test_path_splitext(self):
     def test_path_splitdrive(self):
         self.assertPathEqual(self.path.splitdrive)
 
+    def test_path_splitroot(self):
+        self.assertPathEqual(self.path.splitroot)
+
     def test_path_basename(self):
         self.assertPathEqual(self.path.basename)
 

From 3313fdeb326a2daf29bd34cb7cf8be2a54d707bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonathan Rotter <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 00:07:02 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 180/705] test_builtin.py test_compile unit test fix (#5251)

* compile accepts memoryview now

* Update test_compile to what it is in CPython3.12

* compile optimize flag

* added undocumented flags to flag validator
---
 Lib/test/test_builtin.py  |  5 ++---
 vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs      | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
index 74f61a26e1..fe64006613 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ def test_chr(self):
     def test_cmp(self):
         self.assertTrue(not hasattr(builtins, "cmp"))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON optval=2 does not remove docstrings
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_compile(self):
         compile('print(1)\n', '', 'exec')
@@ -340,11 +340,10 @@ def test_compile(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, compile)
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, 'print(42)\n', '<string>', 'badmode')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, 'print(42)\n', '<string>', 'single', 0xff)
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, chr(0), 'f', 'exec')
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, compile, 'pass', '?', 'exec',
                           mode='eval', source='0', filename='tmp')
         compile('print("\xe5")\n', '', 'exec')
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, chr(0), 'f', 'exec')
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, compile, chr(0), 'f', 'exec')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, compile, str('a = 1'), 'f', 'bad')
 
         # test the optimize argument
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
index 50b3153d0c..8b081294b9 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
@@ -341,8 +341,13 @@ pub(crate) fn compile(
     object: PyObjectRef,
     filename: &str,
     mode: crate::compiler::Mode,
+    optimize: Option<u8>,
 ) -> PyResult {
-    let opts = vm.compile_opts();
+    let mut opts = vm.compile_opts();
+    if let Some(optimize) = optimize {
+        opts.optimize = optimize;
+    }
+
     let ast = Node::ast_from_object(vm, object)?;
     let code = codegen::compile::compile_top(&ast, filename.to_owned(), mode, opts)
         .map_err(|err| (CompileError::from(err), None).to_pyexception(vm))?; // FIXME source
@@ -354,6 +359,43 @@ pub(crate) use _ast::NodeAst;
 // Used by builtins::compile()
 pub const PY_COMPILE_FLAG_AST_ONLY: i32 = 0x0400;
 
+// The following flags match the values from Include/cpython/compile.h
+// Caveat emptor: These flags are undocumented on purpose and depending
+// on their effect outside the standard library is **unsupported**.
+const PY_CF_DONT_IMPLY_DEDENT: i32 = 0x200;
+const PY_CF_ALLOW_INCOMPLETE_INPUT: i32 = 0x4000;
+
+// __future__ flags - sync with Lib/__future__.py
+// TODO: These flags aren't being used in rust code
+//       CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS does make a difference in the codegen,
+//       so it should be used in compile().
+//       see compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+const CO_NESTED: i32 = 0x0010;
+const CO_GENERATOR_ALLOWED: i32 = 0;
+const CO_FUTURE_DIVISION: i32 = 0x20000;
+const CO_FUTURE_ABSOLUTE_IMPORT: i32 = 0x40000;
+const CO_FUTURE_WITH_STATEMENT: i32 = 0x80000;
+const CO_FUTURE_PRINT_FUNCTION: i32 = 0x100000;
+const CO_FUTURE_UNICODE_LITERALS: i32 = 0x200000;
+const CO_FUTURE_BARRY_AS_BDFL: i32 = 0x400000;
+const CO_FUTURE_GENERATOR_STOP: i32 = 0x800000;
+const CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS: i32 = 0x1000000;
+
+// Used by builtins::compile() - the summary of all flags
+pub const PY_COMPILE_FLAGS_MASK: i32 = PY_COMPILE_FLAG_AST_ONLY
+    | PY_CF_DONT_IMPLY_DEDENT
+    | PY_CF_ALLOW_INCOMPLETE_INPUT
+    | CO_NESTED
+    | CO_GENERATOR_ALLOWED
+    | CO_FUTURE_DIVISION
+    | CO_FUTURE_ABSOLUTE_IMPORT
+    | CO_FUTURE_WITH_STATEMENT
+    | CO_FUTURE_PRINT_FUNCTION
+    | CO_FUTURE_UNICODE_LITERALS
+    | CO_FUTURE_BARRY_AS_BDFL
+    | CO_FUTURE_GENERATOR_STOP
+    | CO_FUTURE_ANNOTATIONS;
+
 pub fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let module = _ast::make_module(vm);
     gen::extend_module_nodes(vm, &module);
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index fbe1170c03..bdbdc8b5ed 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -121,6 +121,15 @@ mod builtins {
 
             let mode_str = args.mode.as_str();
 
+            let optimize: i32 = args.optimize.map_or(Ok(-1), |v| v.try_to_primitive(vm))?;
+            let optimize: u8 = if optimize == -1 {
+                vm.state.settings.optimize
+            } else {
+                optimize.try_into().map_err(|_| {
+                    vm.new_value_error("compile() optimize value invalid".to_owned())
+                })?
+            };
+
             if args
                 .source
                 .fast_isinstance(&ast::NodeAst::make_class(&vm.ctx))
@@ -134,7 +143,13 @@ mod builtins {
                     let mode = mode_str
                         .parse::<crate::compiler::Mode>()
                         .map_err(|err| vm.new_value_error(err.to_string()))?;
-                    return ast::compile(vm, args.source, args.filename.as_str(), mode);
+                    return ast::compile(
+                        vm,
+                        args.source,
+                        args.filename.as_str(),
+                        mode,
+                        Some(optimize),
+                    );
                 }
             }
 
@@ -146,20 +161,23 @@ mod builtins {
             }
             #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-parser")]
             {
-                use crate::{builtins::PyBytesRef, convert::ToPyException};
+                use crate::convert::ToPyException;
                 use num_traits::Zero;
                 use rustpython_parser as parser;
 
-                let source = Either::<PyStrRef, PyBytesRef>::try_from_object(vm, args.source)?;
+                let source = ArgStrOrBytesLike::try_from_object(vm, args.source)?;
+                let source = source.borrow_bytes();
+
                 // TODO: compiler::compile should probably get bytes
-                let source = match &source {
-                    Either::A(string) => string.as_str(),
-                    Either::B(bytes) => std::str::from_utf8(bytes)
-                        .map_err(|e| vm.new_unicode_decode_error(e.to_string()))?,
-                };
+                let source = std::str::from_utf8(&source)
+                    .map_err(|e| vm.new_unicode_decode_error(e.to_string()))?;
 
                 let flags = args.flags.map_or(Ok(0), |v| v.try_to_primitive(vm))?;
 
+                if !(flags & !ast::PY_COMPILE_FLAGS_MASK).is_zero() {
+                    return Err(vm.new_value_error("compile() unrecognized flags".to_owned()));
+                }
+
                 if (flags & ast::PY_COMPILE_FLAG_AST_ONLY).is_zero() {
                     #[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
                     {
@@ -170,8 +188,17 @@ mod builtins {
                         let mode = mode_str
                             .parse::<crate::compiler::Mode>()
                             .map_err(|err| vm.new_value_error(err.to_string()))?;
+
+                        let mut opts = vm.compile_opts();
+                        opts.optimize = optimize;
+
                         let code = vm
-                            .compile(source, mode, args.filename.as_str().to_owned())
+                            .compile_with_opts(
+                                source,
+                                mode,
+                                args.filename.as_str().to_owned(),
+                                opts,
+                            )
                             .map_err(|err| (err, Some(source)).to_pyexception(vm))?;
                         Ok(code.into())
                     }

From e5ca631b526fa1e808da63a5b3fd3d1e77749e7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 16:23:31 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 181/705] Add bare ExceptionGroup (#5259)

---
 Lib/test/test_exception_group.py | 16 ----------------
 Lib/test/test_pickle.py          |  2 +-
 vm/src/exceptions.rs             |  8 ++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs        |  1 +
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py b/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
index c867ed861d..03c721d56f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
@@ -72,8 +72,6 @@ def test_bad_EG_construction__nested_non_exceptions(self):
 
 
 class InstanceCreation(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_EG_wraps_Exceptions__creates_EG(self):
         excs = [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)]
         self.assertIs(
@@ -99,8 +97,6 @@ def test_BEG_wraps_BaseException__creates_BEG(self):
         beg = BaseExceptionGroup("beg", [ValueError(1), KeyboardInterrupt(2)])
         self.assertIs(type(beg), BaseExceptionGroup)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_EG_subclass_wraps_non_base_exceptions(self):
         class MyEG(ExceptionGroup):
             pass
@@ -245,8 +241,6 @@ def create_simple_eg():
 
 
 class ExceptionGroupFields(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_basics_ExceptionGroup_fields(self):
         eg = create_simple_eg()
 
@@ -510,8 +504,6 @@ class LeafGeneratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
     # on how to iterate over leaf nodes of an EG. It is also
     # used below as a test utility. So we test it here.
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_leaf_generator(self):
         eg = create_simple_eg()
 
@@ -549,8 +541,6 @@ def create_nested_eg():
 
 
 class NestedExceptionGroupBasicsTest(ExceptionGroupTestBase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_nested_group_matches_template(self):
         eg = create_nested_eg()
         self.assertMatchesTemplate(
@@ -558,16 +548,12 @@ def test_nested_group_matches_template(self):
             ExceptionGroup,
             [[TypeError(bytes)], ValueError(1)])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_nested_group_chaining(self):
         eg = create_nested_eg()
         self.assertIsInstance(eg.exceptions[1].__context__, MemoryError)
         self.assertIsInstance(eg.exceptions[1].__cause__, MemoryError)
         self.assertIsInstance(eg.exceptions[0].__context__, TypeError)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_nested_exception_group_tracebacks(self):
         eg = create_nested_eg()
 
@@ -581,8 +567,6 @@ def test_nested_exception_group_tracebacks(self):
             self.assertEqual(tb.tb_lineno, expected)
             self.assertIsNone(tb.tb_next)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_iteration_full_tracebacks(self):
         eg = create_nested_eg()
         # check that iteration over leaves
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pickle.py b/Lib/test/test_pickle.py
index 9450d8c08e..769677f242 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_pickle.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_pickle.py
@@ -633,7 +633,7 @@ def test_exceptions(self):
                            StopAsyncIteration,
                            RecursionError,
                            EncodingWarning,
-                           #ExceptionGroup, # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+                           ExceptionGroup,
                            BaseExceptionGroup):
                     continue
                 if exc is not OSError and issubclass(exc, OSError):
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index ffa714195d..c726a073ea 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -332,6 +332,7 @@ impl ExceptionCtor {
 pub struct ExceptionZoo {
     pub base_exception_type: &'static Py<PyType>,
     pub base_exception_group: &'static Py<PyType>,
+    pub exception_group: &'static Py<PyType>,
     pub system_exit: &'static Py<PyType>,
     pub keyboard_interrupt: &'static Py<PyType>,
     pub generator_exit: &'static Py<PyType>,
@@ -560,6 +561,7 @@ impl ExceptionZoo {
 
         // Sorted By Hierarchy then alphabetized.
         let base_exception_group = PyBaseExceptionGroup::init_builtin_type();
+        let exception_group = PyExceptionGroup::init_builtin_type();
         let system_exit = PySystemExit::init_builtin_type();
         let keyboard_interrupt = PyKeyboardInterrupt::init_builtin_type();
         let generator_exit = PyGeneratorExit::init_builtin_type();
@@ -646,6 +648,7 @@ impl ExceptionZoo {
         Self {
             base_exception_type,
             base_exception_group,
+            exception_group,
             system_exit,
             keyboard_interrupt,
             generator_exit,
@@ -731,6 +734,7 @@ impl ExceptionZoo {
             "message" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("message", excs.base_exception_group, make_arg_getter(0)),
             "exceptions" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("exceptions", excs.base_exception_group, make_arg_getter(1)),
         });
+        extend_exception!(PyExceptionGroup, ctx, excs.exception_group);
         extend_exception!(PySystemExit, ctx, excs.system_exit, {
             "code" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("code", excs.system_exit, system_exit_code),
         });
@@ -1083,6 +1087,10 @@ pub(super) mod types {
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct PyBaseExceptionGroup {}
 
+    #[pyexception(name, base = "PyBaseExceptionGroup", ctx = "exception_group", impl)]
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct PyExceptionGroup {}
+
     #[pyexception(name, base = "PyBaseException", ctx = "generator_exit", impl)]
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct PyGeneratorExit {}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index bdbdc8b5ed..27b55bc6c9 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -1006,6 +1006,7 @@ pub fn init_module(vm: &VirtualMachine, module: &Py<PyModule>) {
         // Exceptions:
         "BaseException" => ctx.exceptions.base_exception_type.to_owned(),
         "BaseExceptionGroup" => ctx.exceptions.base_exception_group.to_owned(),
+        "ExceptionGroup" => ctx.exceptions.exception_group.to_owned(),
         "SystemExit" => ctx.exceptions.system_exit.to_owned(),
         "KeyboardInterrupt" => ctx.exceptions.keyboard_interrupt.to_owned(),
         "GeneratorExit" => ctx.exceptions.generator_exit.to_owned(),

From 5fd5939395a2cff982f0bd99795bb0c1e14b34a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 16:23:11 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 182/705] skip flaky socket test in macOS

---
 Lib/test/test_socket.py | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_socket.py b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
index 17e9dae8c0..e3d14d0d9a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_socket.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
@@ -2881,6 +2881,7 @@ def _testSendmsgAncillaryGenerator(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.sendmsgToServer([MSG], (o for o in [])),
                          len(MSG))
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "darwin", "flaky on macOS")
     def testSendmsgArray(self):
         # Send data from an array instead of the usual bytes object.
         self.assertEqual(self.serv_sock.recv(len(MSG)), MSG)
@@ -2889,6 +2890,7 @@ def _testSendmsgArray(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.sendmsgToServer([array.array("B", MSG)]),
                          len(MSG))
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "darwin", "flaky on macOS")
     def testSendmsgGather(self):
         # Send message data from more than one buffer (gather write).
         self.assertEqual(self.serv_sock.recv(len(MSG)), MSG)
@@ -2951,6 +2953,7 @@ def _testSendmsgBadMultiCmsg(self):
                           [MSG], [(0, 0, b""), object()])
         self.sendToServer(b"done")
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "darwin", "flaky on macOS")
     def testSendmsgExcessCmsgReject(self):
         # Check that sendmsg() rejects excess ancillary data items
         # when the number that can be sent is limited.

From ca2c1d0b482a3e63e77760f0a12c5579b103ebe0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 15:27:44 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 183/705] Update pickle from CPython 3.12.2

---
 Lib/pickle.py            |  34 +++----
 Lib/test/pickletester.py | 194 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 Lib/test/test_pickle.py  |  34 ++++++-
 Lib/test/test_types.py   |   1 -
 4 files changed, 240 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/pickle.py b/Lib/pickle.py
index f027e04320..6e3c61fd0b 100644
--- a/Lib/pickle.py
+++ b/Lib/pickle.py
@@ -98,12 +98,6 @@ class _Stop(Exception):
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.value = value
 
-# Jython has PyStringMap; it's a dict subclass with string keys
-try:
-    from org.python.core import PyStringMap
-except ImportError:
-    PyStringMap = None
-
 # Pickle opcodes.  See pickletools.py for extensive docs.  The listing
 # here is in kind-of alphabetical order of 1-character pickle code.
 # pickletools groups them by purpose.
@@ -861,13 +855,13 @@ def save_str(self, obj):
             else:
                 self.write(BINUNICODE + pack("<I", n) + encoded)
         else:
-            obj = obj.replace("\\", "\\u005c")
-            obj = obj.replace("\0", "\\u0000")
-            obj = obj.replace("\n", "\\u000a")
-            obj = obj.replace("\r", "\\u000d")
-            obj = obj.replace("\x1a", "\\u001a")  # EOF on DOS
-            self.write(UNICODE + obj.encode('raw-unicode-escape') +
-                       b'\n')
+            # Escape what raw-unicode-escape doesn't, but memoize the original.
+            tmp = obj.replace("\\", "\\u005c")
+            tmp = tmp.replace("\0", "\\u0000")
+            tmp = tmp.replace("\n", "\\u000a")
+            tmp = tmp.replace("\r", "\\u000d")
+            tmp = tmp.replace("\x1a", "\\u001a")  # EOF on DOS
+            self.write(UNICODE + tmp.encode('raw-unicode-escape') + b'\n')
         self.memoize(obj)
     dispatch[str] = save_str
 
@@ -972,8 +966,6 @@ def save_dict(self, obj):
         self._batch_setitems(obj.items())
 
     dispatch[dict] = save_dict
-    if PyStringMap is not None:
-        dispatch[PyStringMap] = save_dict
 
     def _batch_setitems(self, items):
         # Helper to batch up SETITEMS sequences; proto >= 1 only
@@ -1489,7 +1481,7 @@ def _instantiate(self, klass, args):
                 value = klass(*args)
             except TypeError as err:
                 raise TypeError("in constructor for %s: %s" %
-                                (klass.__name__, str(err)), sys.exc_info()[2])
+                                (klass.__name__, str(err)), err.__traceback__)
         else:
             value = klass.__new__(klass)
         self.append(value)
@@ -1799,7 +1791,7 @@ def _test():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description='display contents of the pickle files')
     parser.add_argument(
-        'pickle_file', type=argparse.FileType('br'),
+        'pickle_file',
         nargs='*', help='the pickle file')
     parser.add_argument(
         '-t', '--test', action='store_true',
@@ -1815,6 +1807,10 @@ def _test():
             parser.print_help()
         else:
             import pprint
-            for f in args.pickle_file:
-                obj = load(f)
+            for fn in args.pickle_file:
+                if fn == '-':
+                    obj = load(sys.stdin.buffer)
+                else:
+                    with open(fn, 'rb') as f:
+                        obj = load(f)
                 pprint.pprint(obj)
diff --git a/Lib/test/pickletester.py b/Lib/test/pickletester.py
index 8a4de7a4fd..177e2ed2ca 100644
--- a/Lib/test/pickletester.py
+++ b/Lib/test/pickletester.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import builtins
 import collections
 import copyreg
 import dbm
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@
 import struct
 import sys
 import threading
+import types
 import unittest
 import weakref
 from textwrap import dedent
@@ -1380,6 +1382,7 @@ def test_truncated_data(self):
             self.check_unpickling_error(self.truncated_errors, p)
 
     @threading_helper.reap_threads
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_unpickle_module_race(self):
         # https://bugs.python.org/issue34572
         locker_module = dedent("""
@@ -1822,6 +1825,14 @@ def test_unicode_high_plane(self):
             t2 = self.loads(p)
             self.assert_is_copy(t, t2)
 
+    def test_unicode_memoization(self):
+        # Repeated str is re-used (even when escapes added).
+        for proto in protocols:
+            for s in '', 'xyz', 'xyz\n', 'x\\yz', 'x\xa1yz\r':
+                p = self.dumps((s, s), proto)
+                s1, s2 = self.loads(p)
+                self.assertIs(s1, s2)
+
     def test_bytes(self):
         for proto in protocols:
             for s in b'', b'xyz', b'xyz'*100:
@@ -1853,6 +1864,14 @@ def test_bytearray(self):
                     self.assertNotIn(b'bytearray', p)
                     self.assertTrue(opcode_in_pickle(pickle.BYTEARRAY8, p))
 
+    def test_bytearray_memoization_bug(self):
+        for proto in protocols:
+            for s in b'', b'xyz', b'xyz'*100:
+                b = bytearray(s)
+                p = self.dumps((b, b), proto)
+                b1, b2 = self.loads(p)
+                self.assertIs(b1, b2)
+
     def test_ints(self):
         for proto in protocols:
             n = sys.maxsize
@@ -1971,6 +1990,35 @@ def test_singleton_types(self):
                 u = self.loads(s)
                 self.assertIs(type(singleton), u)
 
+    def test_builtin_types(self):
+        for t in builtins.__dict__.values():
+            if isinstance(t, type) and not issubclass(t, BaseException):
+                for proto in protocols:
+                    s = self.dumps(t, proto)
+                    self.assertIs(self.loads(s), t)
+
+    def test_builtin_exceptions(self):
+        for t in builtins.__dict__.values():
+            if isinstance(t, type) and issubclass(t, BaseException):
+                for proto in protocols:
+                    s = self.dumps(t, proto)
+                    u = self.loads(s)
+                    if proto <= 2 and issubclass(t, OSError) and t is not BlockingIOError:
+                        self.assertIs(u, OSError)
+                    elif proto <= 2 and issubclass(t, ImportError):
+                        self.assertIs(u, ImportError)
+                    else:
+                        self.assertIs(u, t)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_builtin_functions(self):
+        for t in builtins.__dict__.values():
+            if isinstance(t, types.BuiltinFunctionType):
+                for proto in protocols:
+                    s = self.dumps(t, proto)
+                    self.assertIs(self.loads(s), t)
+
     # Tests for protocol 2
 
     def test_proto(self):
@@ -2370,13 +2418,17 @@ def test_reduce_calls_base(self):
             y = self.loads(s)
             self.assertEqual(y._reduce_called, 1)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @no_tracing
     def test_bad_getattr(self):
         # Issue #3514: crash when there is an infinite loop in __getattr__
         x = BadGetattr()
-        for proto in protocols:
+        for proto in range(2):
             with support.infinite_recursion():
                 self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, self.dumps, x, proto)
+        for proto in range(2, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            s = self.dumps(x, proto)
 
     def test_reduce_bad_iterator(self):
         # Issue4176: crash when 4th and 5th items of __reduce__()
@@ -2536,6 +2588,7 @@ def check_frame_opcodes(self, pickled):
             self.assertLess(pos - frameless_start, self.FRAME_SIZE_MIN)
 
     @support.skip_if_pgo_task
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_framing_many_objects(self):
         obj = list(range(10**5))
         for proto in range(4, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
@@ -3024,6 +3077,67 @@ def check_array(arr):
         # 2-D, non-contiguous
         check_array(arr[::2])
 
+    def test_evil_class_mutating_dict(self):
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/92930
+        from random import getrandbits
+
+        global Bad
+        class Bad:
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                return ENABLED
+            def __hash__(self):
+                return 42
+            def __reduce__(self):
+                if getrandbits(6) == 0:
+                    collection.clear()
+                return (Bad, ())
+
+        for proto in protocols:
+            for _ in range(20):
+                ENABLED = False
+                collection = {Bad(): Bad() for _ in range(20)}
+                for bad in collection:
+                    bad.bad = bad
+                    bad.collection = collection
+                ENABLED = True
+                try:
+                    data = self.dumps(collection, proto)
+                    self.loads(data)
+                except RuntimeError as e:
+                    expected = "changed size during iteration"
+                    self.assertIn(expected, str(e))
+
+    def test_evil_pickler_mutating_collection(self):
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/92930
+        if not hasattr(self, "pickler"):
+            raise self.skipTest(f"{type(self)} has no associated pickler type")
+
+        global Clearer
+        class Clearer:
+            pass
+
+        def check(collection):
+            class EvilPickler(self.pickler):
+                def persistent_id(self, obj):
+                    if isinstance(obj, Clearer):
+                        collection.clear()
+                    return None
+            pickler = EvilPickler(io.BytesIO(), proto)
+            try:
+                pickler.dump(collection)
+            except RuntimeError as e:
+                expected = "changed size during iteration"
+                self.assertIn(expected, str(e))
+
+        for proto in protocols:
+            check([Clearer()])
+            check([Clearer(), Clearer()])
+            check({Clearer()})
+            check({Clearer(), Clearer()})
+            check({Clearer(): 1})
+            check({Clearer(): 1, Clearer(): 2})
+            check({1: Clearer(), 2: Clearer()})
+
 
 class BigmemPickleTests:
 
@@ -3363,6 +3477,84 @@ def __init__(self): pass
         self.assertRaises(pickle.PicklingError, BadPickler().dump, 0)
         self.assertRaises(pickle.UnpicklingError, BadUnpickler().load)
 
+    def test_unpickler_bad_file(self):
+        # bpo-38384: Crash in _pickle if the read attribute raises an error.
+        def raises_oserror(self, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise OSError
+        @property
+        def bad_property(self):
+            1/0
+
+        # File without read and readline
+        class F:
+            pass
+        self.assertRaises((AttributeError, TypeError), self.Unpickler, F())
+
+        # File without read
+        class F:
+            readline = raises_oserror
+        self.assertRaises((AttributeError, TypeError), self.Unpickler, F())
+
+        # File without readline
+        class F:
+            read = raises_oserror
+        self.assertRaises((AttributeError, TypeError), self.Unpickler, F())
+
+        # File with bad read
+        class F:
+            read = bad_property
+            readline = raises_oserror
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.Unpickler, F())
+
+        # File with bad readline
+        class F:
+            readline = bad_property
+            read = raises_oserror
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.Unpickler, F())
+
+        # File with bad readline, no read
+        class F:
+            readline = bad_property
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.Unpickler, F())
+
+        # File with bad read, no readline
+        class F:
+            read = bad_property
+        self.assertRaises((AttributeError, ZeroDivisionError), self.Unpickler, F())
+
+        # File with bad peek
+        class F:
+            peek = bad_property
+            read = raises_oserror
+            readline = raises_oserror
+        try:
+            self.Unpickler(F())
+        except ZeroDivisionError:
+            pass
+
+        # File with bad readinto
+        class F:
+            readinto = bad_property
+            read = raises_oserror
+            readline = raises_oserror
+        try:
+            self.Unpickler(F())
+        except ZeroDivisionError:
+            pass
+
+    def test_pickler_bad_file(self):
+        # File without write
+        class F:
+            pass
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.Pickler, F())
+
+        # File with bad write
+        class F:
+            @property
+            def write(self):
+                1/0
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, self.Pickler, F())
+
     def check_dumps_loads_oob_buffers(self, dumps, loads):
         # No need to do the full gamut of tests here, just enough to
         # check that dumps() and loads() redirect their arguments
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pickle.py b/Lib/test/test_pickle.py
index 769677f242..d61570ce10 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_pickle.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_pickle.py
@@ -413,6 +413,34 @@ class CustomCPicklerClass(_pickle.Pickler, AbstractCustomPicklerClass):
             pass
         pickler_class = CustomCPicklerClass
 
+    @support.cpython_only
+    class HeapTypesTests(unittest.TestCase):
+        def setUp(self):
+            pickler = _pickle.Pickler(io.BytesIO())
+            unpickler = _pickle.Unpickler(io.BytesIO())
+
+            self._types = (
+                _pickle.Pickler,
+                _pickle.Unpickler,
+                type(pickler.memo),
+                type(unpickler.memo),
+
+                # We cannot test the _pickle.Pdata;
+                # there's no way to get to it.
+            )
+
+        def test_have_gc(self):
+            import gc
+            for tp in self._types:
+                with self.subTest(tp=tp):
+                    self.assertTrue(gc.is_tracked(tp))
+
+        def test_immutable(self):
+            for tp in self._types:
+                with self.subTest(tp=tp):
+                    with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "immutable"):
+                        tp.foo = "bar"
+
     @support.cpython_only
     class SizeofTests(unittest.TestCase):
         check_sizeof = support.check_sizeof
@@ -633,8 +661,8 @@ def test_exceptions(self):
                            StopAsyncIteration,
                            RecursionError,
                            EncodingWarning,
-                           ExceptionGroup,
-                           BaseExceptionGroup):
+                           BaseExceptionGroup,
+                           ExceptionGroup):
                     continue
                 if exc is not OSError and issubclass(exc, OSError):
                     self.assertEqual(reverse_mapping('builtins', name),
@@ -653,6 +681,8 @@ def test_exceptions(self):
     def test_multiprocessing_exceptions(self):
         module = import_helper.import_module('multiprocessing.context')
         for name, exc in get_exceptions(module):
+            if issubclass(exc, Warning):
+                continue
             with self.subTest(name):
                 self.assertEqual(reverse_mapping('multiprocessing.context', name),
                                  ('multiprocessing', name))
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_types.py b/Lib/test/test_types.py
index 14975ec080..aaf4b62b45 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_types.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_types.py
@@ -392,7 +392,6 @@ def test(i, format_spec, result):
         test(123456, "1=20", '11111111111111123456')
         test(123456, "*=20", '**************123456')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     @run_with_locale('LC_NUMERIC', 'en_US.UTF8')
     def test_float__format__locale(self):

From d0f680b37995fac942dd00087fc2e19a50ad0e48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 18:04:46 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 184/705] Update pickletools from CPython 3.12.3

---
 Lib/pickletools.py           | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 Lib/test/test_pickletools.py |  2 --
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/pickletools.py b/Lib/pickletools.py
index 95706e746c..51ee4a7a26 100644
--- a/Lib/pickletools.py
+++ b/Lib/pickletools.py
@@ -1253,7 +1253,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, code, arg,
       stack_before=[],
       stack_after=[pyint],
       proto=2,
-      doc="""Long integer using found-byte length.
+      doc="""Long integer using four-byte length.
 
       A more efficient encoding of a Python long; the long4 encoding
       says it all."""),
@@ -2848,10 +2848,10 @@ def _test():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
         description='disassemble one or more pickle files')
     parser.add_argument(
-        'pickle_file', type=argparse.FileType('br'),
+        'pickle_file',
         nargs='*', help='the pickle file')
     parser.add_argument(
-        '-o', '--output', default=sys.stdout, type=argparse.FileType('w'),
+        '-o', '--output',
         help='the file where the output should be written')
     parser.add_argument(
         '-m', '--memo', action='store_true',
@@ -2876,15 +2876,26 @@ def _test():
     if args.test:
         _test()
     else:
-        annotate = 30 if args.annotate else 0
         if not args.pickle_file:
             parser.print_help()
-        elif len(args.pickle_file) == 1:
-            dis(args.pickle_file[0], args.output, None,
-                args.indentlevel, annotate)
         else:
+            annotate = 30 if args.annotate else 0
             memo = {} if args.memo else None
-            for f in args.pickle_file:
-                preamble = args.preamble.format(name=f.name)
-                args.output.write(preamble + '\n')
-                dis(f, args.output, memo, args.indentlevel, annotate)
+            if args.output is None:
+                output = sys.stdout
+            else:
+                output = open(args.output, 'w')
+            try:
+                for arg in args.pickle_file:
+                    if len(args.pickle_file) > 1:
+                        name = '<stdin>' if arg == '-' else arg
+                        preamble = args.preamble.format(name=name)
+                        output.write(preamble + '\n')
+                    if arg == '-':
+                        dis(sys.stdin.buffer, output, memo, args.indentlevel, annotate)
+                    else:
+                        with open(arg, 'rb') as f:
+                            dis(f, output, memo, args.indentlevel, annotate)
+            finally:
+                if output is not sys.stdout:
+                    output.close()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pickletools.py b/Lib/test/test_pickletools.py
index 7dde4b17ed..f3b9dccb0d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_pickletools.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_pickletools.py
@@ -65,8 +65,6 @@ def loads(self, buf, **kwds):
     # Test relies on writing by chunks into a file object.
     test_framed_write_sizes_with_delayed_writer = None
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_optimize_long_binget(self):
         data = [str(i) for i in range(257)]
         data.append(data[-1])

From 075c69a3cdbeb51a85aeee3a861e40efe505d71f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 21:58:36 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 185/705] Skip setattr(__doc__) if not given

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 12 +++++++-----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index bf0fbe1dec..ec26515dfb 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -1266,11 +1266,13 @@ impl Compiler {
         // Turn code object into function object:
         emit!(self, Instruction::MakeFunction(func_flags));
 
-        emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
-        self.load_docstring(doc_str);
-        emit!(self, Instruction::Rotate2);
-        let doc = self.name("__doc__");
-        emit!(self, Instruction::StoreAttr { idx: doc });
+        if let Some(value) = doc_str {
+            emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
+            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str { value });
+            emit!(self, Instruction::Rotate2);
+            let doc = self.name("__doc__");
+            emit!(self, Instruction::StoreAttr { idx: doc });
+        }
 
         self.apply_decorators(decorator_list);
 

From b8bf65d68e4452b440a2dc2671e74c447687b513 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 00:36:03 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 186/705] os.listdrives

---
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 4508162f12..548a78655a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -389,6 +389,26 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         }
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn listdrives(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyListRef> {
+        use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::ERROR_MORE_DATA;
+
+        let mut buffer = [0u16; 256];
+        let len =
+            unsafe { FileSystem::GetLogicalDriveStringsW(buffer.len() as _, buffer.as_mut_ptr()) };
+        if len == 0 {
+            return Err(errno_err(vm));
+        }
+        if len as usize >= buffer.len() {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(ERROR_MORE_DATA as _).to_pyexception(vm));
+        }
+        let drives: Vec<_> = buffer[..(len - 1) as usize]
+            .split(|&c| c == 0)
+            .map(|drive| vm.new_pyobj(String::from_utf16_lossy(drive)))
+            .collect();
+        Ok(vm.ctx.new_list(drives))
+    }
+
     #[pyfunction]
     fn set_handle_inheritable(
         handle: intptr_t,

From 566d9bee5cc97456146f954ab145da634f76645b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 00:09:13 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 187/705] Update ntpath from CPython 3.12.3

---
 Lib/ntpath.py           | 202 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 Lib/test/test_ntpath.py | 238 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 315 insertions(+), 125 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/ntpath.py b/Lib/ntpath.py
index 0444b0f65d..df3402d46c 100644
--- a/Lib/ntpath.py
+++ b/Lib/ntpath.py
@@ -24,13 +24,13 @@
 from genericpath import *
 
 
-__all__ = ["normcase","isabs","join","splitdrive","split","splitext",
+__all__ = ["normcase","isabs","join","splitdrive","splitroot","split","splitext",
            "basename","dirname","commonprefix","getsize","getmtime",
            "getatime","getctime", "islink","exists","lexists","isdir","isfile",
            "ismount", "expanduser","expandvars","normpath","abspath",
            "curdir","pardir","sep","pathsep","defpath","altsep",
            "extsep","devnull","realpath","supports_unicode_filenames","relpath",
-           "samefile", "sameopenfile", "samestat", "commonpath"]
+           "samefile", "sameopenfile", "samestat", "commonpath", "isjunction"]
 
 def _get_bothseps(path):
     if isinstance(path, bytes):
@@ -117,19 +117,21 @@ def join(path, *paths):
     try:
         if not paths:
             path[:0] + sep  #23780: Ensure compatible data type even if p is null.
-        result_drive, result_path = splitdrive(path)
+        result_drive, result_root, result_path = splitroot(path)
         for p in map(os.fspath, paths):
-            p_drive, p_path = splitdrive(p)
-            if p_path and p_path[0] in seps:
+            p_drive, p_root, p_path = splitroot(p)
+            if p_root:
                 # Second path is absolute
                 if p_drive or not result_drive:
                     result_drive = p_drive
+                result_root = p_root
                 result_path = p_path
                 continue
             elif p_drive and p_drive != result_drive:
                 if p_drive.lower() != result_drive.lower():
                     # Different drives => ignore the first path entirely
                     result_drive = p_drive
+                    result_root = p_root
                     result_path = p_path
                     continue
                 # Same drive in different case
@@ -139,10 +141,10 @@ def join(path, *paths):
                 result_path = result_path + sep
             result_path = result_path + p_path
         ## add separator between UNC and non-absolute path
-        if (result_path and result_path[0] not in seps and
-            result_drive and result_drive[-1:] != colon):
+        if (result_path and not result_root and
+            result_drive and result_drive[-1:] not in colon + seps):
             return result_drive + sep + result_path
-        return result_drive + result_path
+        return result_drive + result_root + result_path
     except (TypeError, AttributeError, BytesWarning):
         genericpath._check_arg_types('join', path, *paths)
         raise
@@ -169,35 +171,61 @@ def splitdrive(p):
 
     Paths cannot contain both a drive letter and a UNC path.
 
+    """
+    drive, root, tail = splitroot(p)
+    return drive, root + tail
+
+
+def splitroot(p):
+    """Split a pathname into drive, root and tail. The drive is defined
+    exactly as in splitdrive(). On Windows, the root may be a single path
+    separator or an empty string. The tail contains anything after the root.
+    For example:
+
+        splitroot('//server/share/') == ('//server/share', '/', '')
+        splitroot('C:/Users/Barney') == ('C:', '/', 'Users/Barney')
+        splitroot('C:///spam///ham') == ('C:', '/', '//spam///ham')
+        splitroot('Windows/notepad') == ('', '', 'Windows/notepad')
     """
     p = os.fspath(p)
-    if len(p) >= 2:
-        if isinstance(p, bytes):
-            sep = b'\\'
-            altsep = b'/'
-            colon = b':'
-            unc_prefix = b'\\\\?\\UNC\\'
-        else:
-            sep = '\\'
-            altsep = '/'
-            colon = ':'
-            unc_prefix = '\\\\?\\UNC\\'
-        normp = p.replace(altsep, sep)
-        if normp[0:2] == sep * 2:
+    if isinstance(p, bytes):
+        sep = b'\\'
+        altsep = b'/'
+        colon = b':'
+        unc_prefix = b'\\\\?\\UNC\\'
+        empty = b''
+    else:
+        sep = '\\'
+        altsep = '/'
+        colon = ':'
+        unc_prefix = '\\\\?\\UNC\\'
+        empty = ''
+    normp = p.replace(altsep, sep)
+    if normp[:1] == sep:
+        if normp[1:2] == sep:
             # UNC drives, e.g. \\server\share or \\?\UNC\server\share
             # Device drives, e.g. \\.\device or \\?\device
             start = 8 if normp[:8].upper() == unc_prefix else 2
             index = normp.find(sep, start)
             if index == -1:
-                return p, p[:0]
+                return p, empty, empty
             index2 = normp.find(sep, index + 1)
             if index2 == -1:
-                return p, p[:0]
-            return p[:index2], p[index2:]
-        if normp[1:2] == colon:
-            # Drive-letter drives, e.g. X:
-            return p[:2], p[2:]
-    return p[:0], p
+                return p, empty, empty
+            return p[:index2], p[index2:index2 + 1], p[index2 + 1:]
+        else:
+            # Relative path with root, e.g. \Windows
+            return empty, p[:1], p[1:]
+    elif normp[1:2] == colon:
+        if normp[2:3] == sep:
+            # Absolute drive-letter path, e.g. X:\Windows
+            return p[:2], p[2:3], p[3:]
+        else:
+            # Relative path with drive, e.g. X:Windows
+            return p[:2], empty, p[2:]
+    else:
+        # Relative path, e.g. Windows
+        return empty, empty, p
 
 
 # Split a path in head (everything up to the last '/') and tail (the
@@ -212,15 +240,13 @@ def split(p):
     Either part may be empty."""
     p = os.fspath(p)
     seps = _get_bothseps(p)
-    d, p = splitdrive(p)
+    d, r, p = splitroot(p)
     # set i to index beyond p's last slash
     i = len(p)
     while i and p[i-1] not in seps:
         i -= 1
     head, tail = p[:i], p[i:]  # now tail has no slashes
-    # remove trailing slashes from head, unless it's all slashes
-    head = head.rstrip(seps) or head
-    return d + head, tail
+    return d + r + head.rstrip(seps), tail
 
 
 # Split a path in root and extension.
@@ -250,18 +276,23 @@ def dirname(p):
     """Returns the directory component of a pathname"""
     return split(p)[0]
 
-# Is a path a symbolic link?
-# This will always return false on systems where os.lstat doesn't exist.
 
-def islink(path):
-    """Test whether a path is a symbolic link.
-    This will always return false for Windows prior to 6.0.
-    """
-    try:
-        st = os.lstat(path)
-    except (OSError, ValueError, AttributeError):
+# Is a path a junction?
+
+if hasattr(os.stat_result, 'st_reparse_tag'):
+    def isjunction(path):
+        """Test whether a path is a junction"""
+        try:
+            st = os.lstat(path)
+        except (OSError, ValueError, AttributeError):
+            return False
+        return bool(st.st_reparse_tag == stat.IO_REPARSE_TAG_MOUNT_POINT)
+else:
+    def isjunction(path):
+        """Test whether a path is a junction"""
+        os.fspath(path)
         return False
-    return stat.S_ISLNK(st.st_mode)
+
 
 # Being true for dangling symbolic links is also useful.
 
@@ -293,10 +324,10 @@ def ismount(path):
     path = os.fspath(path)
     seps = _get_bothseps(path)
     path = abspath(path)
-    root, rest = splitdrive(path)
-    if root and root[0] in seps:
-        return (not rest) or (rest in seps)
-    if rest and rest in seps:
+    drive, root, rest = splitroot(path)
+    if drive and drive[0] in seps:
+        return not rest
+    if root and not rest:
         return True
 
     if _getvolumepathname:
@@ -507,13 +538,8 @@ def normpath(path):
             curdir = '.'
             pardir = '..'
         path = path.replace(altsep, sep)
-        prefix, path = splitdrive(path)
-
-        # collapse initial backslashes
-        if path.startswith(sep):
-            prefix += sep
-            path = path.lstrip(sep)
-
+        drive, root, path = splitroot(path)
+        prefix = drive + root
         comps = path.split(sep)
         i = 0
         while i < len(comps):
@@ -523,7 +549,7 @@ def normpath(path):
                 if i > 0 and comps[i-1] != pardir:
                     del comps[i-1:i+1]
                     i -= 1
-                elif i == 0 and prefix.endswith(sep):
+                elif i == 0 and root:
                     del comps[i]
                 else:
                     i += 1
@@ -695,6 +721,14 @@ def realpath(path, *, strict=False):
         try:
             path = _getfinalpathname(path)
             initial_winerror = 0
+        except ValueError as ex:
+            # gh-106242: Raised for embedded null characters
+            # In strict mode, we convert into an OSError.
+            # Non-strict mode returns the path as-is, since we've already
+            # made it absolute.
+            if strict:
+                raise OSError(str(ex)) from None
+            path = normpath(path)
         except OSError as ex:
             if strict:
                 raise
@@ -714,6 +748,10 @@ def realpath(path, *, strict=False):
             try:
                 if _getfinalpathname(spath) == path:
                     path = spath
+            except ValueError as ex:
+                # Unexpected, as an invalid path should not have gained a prefix
+                # at any point, but we ignore this error just in case.
+                pass
             except OSError as ex:
                 # If the path does not exist and originally did not exist, then
                 # strip the prefix anyway.
@@ -722,9 +760,8 @@ def realpath(path, *, strict=False):
         return path
 
 
-# Win9x family and earlier have no Unicode filename support.
-supports_unicode_filenames = (hasattr(sys, "getwindowsversion") and
-                              sys.getwindowsversion()[3] >= 2)
+# All supported version have Unicode filename support.
+supports_unicode_filenames = True
 
 def relpath(path, start=None):
     """Return a relative version of a path"""
@@ -748,8 +785,8 @@ def relpath(path, start=None):
     try:
         start_abs = abspath(normpath(start))
         path_abs = abspath(normpath(path))
-        start_drive, start_rest = splitdrive(start_abs)
-        path_drive, path_rest = splitdrive(path_abs)
+        start_drive, _, start_rest = splitroot(start_abs)
+        path_drive, _, path_rest = splitroot(path_abs)
         if normcase(start_drive) != normcase(path_drive):
             raise ValueError("path is on mount %r, start on mount %r" % (
                 path_drive, start_drive))
@@ -799,21 +836,19 @@ def commonpath(paths):
         curdir = '.'
 
     try:
-        drivesplits = [splitdrive(p.replace(altsep, sep).lower()) for p in paths]
-        split_paths = [p.split(sep) for d, p in drivesplits]
+        drivesplits = [splitroot(p.replace(altsep, sep).lower()) for p in paths]
+        split_paths = [p.split(sep) for d, r, p in drivesplits]
 
-        try:
-            isabs, = set(p[:1] == sep for d, p in drivesplits)
-        except ValueError:
-            raise ValueError("Can't mix absolute and relative paths") from None
+        if len({r for d, r, p in drivesplits}) != 1:
+            raise ValueError("Can't mix absolute and relative paths")
 
         # Check that all drive letters or UNC paths match. The check is made only
         # now otherwise type errors for mixing strings and bytes would not be
         # caught.
-        if len(set(d for d, p in drivesplits)) != 1:
+        if len({d for d, r, p in drivesplits}) != 1:
             raise ValueError("Paths don't have the same drive")
 
-        drive, path = splitdrive(paths[0].replace(altsep, sep))
+        drive, root, path = splitroot(paths[0].replace(altsep, sep))
         common = path.split(sep)
         common = [c for c in common if c and c != curdir]
 
@@ -827,19 +862,36 @@ def commonpath(paths):
         else:
             common = common[:len(s1)]
 
-        prefix = drive + sep if isabs else drive
-        return prefix + sep.join(common)
+        return drive + root + sep.join(common)
     except (TypeError, AttributeError):
         genericpath._check_arg_types('commonpath', *paths)
         raise
 
 
 try:
-    # The genericpath.isdir implementation uses os.stat and checks the mode
-    # attribute to tell whether or not the path is a directory.
-    # This is overkill on Windows - just pass the path to GetFileAttributes
-    # and check the attribute from there.
-    from nt import _isdir as isdir
+    # The isdir(), isfile(), islink() and exists() implementations in
+    # genericpath use os.stat(). This is overkill on Windows. Use simpler
+    # builtin functions if they are available.
+    from nt import _path_isdir as isdir
+    from nt import _path_isfile as isfile
+    from nt import _path_islink as islink
+    from nt import _path_exists as exists
 except ImportError:
-    # Use genericpath.isdir as imported above.
+    # Use genericpath.* as imported above
     pass
+
+
+try:
+    from nt import _path_isdevdrive
+except ImportError:
+    def isdevdrive(path):
+        """Determines whether the specified path is on a Windows Dev Drive."""
+        # Never a Dev Drive
+        return False
+else:
+    def isdevdrive(path):
+        """Determines whether the specified path is on a Windows Dev Drive."""
+        try:
+            return _path_isdevdrive(abspath(path))
+        except OSError:
+            return False
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
index 1260098842..fd753b93d0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+import inspect
 import ntpath
 import os
 import string
 import sys
 import unittest
 import warnings
-from test.support import os_helper
+from test.support import cpython_only, os_helper
 from test.support import TestFailed, is_emscripten
 from test.support.os_helper import FakePath
 from test import test_genericpath
@@ -99,58 +100,118 @@ def test_splitext(self):
         tester('ntpath.splitext("c:a/b\\c.d")', ('c:a/b\\c', '.d'))
 
     def test_splitdrive(self):
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("c:\\foo\\bar")',
-               ('c:', '\\foo\\bar'))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("c:/foo/bar")',
-               ('c:', '/foo/bar'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitdrive('')", ('', ''))
+        tester("ntpath.splitdrive('foo')", ('', 'foo'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitdrive('foo\\bar')", ('', 'foo\\bar'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitdrive('foo/bar')", ('', 'foo/bar'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitdrive('\\')", ('', '\\'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitdrive('/')", ('', '/'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitdrive('\\foo\\bar')", ('', '\\foo\\bar'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitdrive('/foo/bar')", ('', '/foo/bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("c:foo\\bar")', ('c:', 'foo\\bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("c:foo/bar")', ('c:', 'foo/bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("c:\\foo\\bar")', ('c:', '\\foo\\bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("c:/foo/bar")', ('c:', '/foo/bar'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitdrive('\\\\')", ('\\\\', ''))
+        tester("ntpath.splitdrive('//')", ('//', ''))
         tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\conky\\mountpoint\\foo\\bar")',
                ('\\\\conky\\mountpoint', '\\foo\\bar'))
         tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//conky/mountpoint/foo/bar")',
                ('//conky/mountpoint', '/foo/bar'))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\\\conky\\mountpoint\\foo\\bar")',
-            ('\\\\\\conky', '\\mountpoint\\foo\\bar'))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("///conky/mountpoint/foo/bar")',
-            ('///conky', '/mountpoint/foo/bar'))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\conky\\\\mountpoint\\foo\\bar")',
-               ('\\\\conky\\', '\\mountpoint\\foo\\bar'))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//conky//mountpoint/foo/bar")',
-               ('//conky/', '/mountpoint/foo/bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share\\dir")',
+               ("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share", "\\dir"))
+        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/UNC/server/share/dir")',
+               ("//?/UNC/server/share", "/dir"))
+
+    def test_splitroot(self):
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('')", ('', '', ''))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('foo')", ('', '', 'foo'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('foo\\bar')", ('', '', 'foo\\bar'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('foo/bar')", ('', '', 'foo/bar'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('\\')", ('', '\\', ''))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('/')", ('', '/', ''))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('\\foo\\bar')", ('', '\\', 'foo\\bar'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('/foo/bar')", ('', '/', 'foo/bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("c:foo\\bar")', ('c:', '', 'foo\\bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("c:foo/bar")', ('c:', '', 'foo/bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("c:\\foo\\bar")', ('c:', '\\', 'foo\\bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("c:/foo/bar")', ('c:', '/', 'foo/bar'))
+
+        # Redundant slashes are not included in the root.
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('c:\\\\a')", ('c:', '\\', '\\a'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('c:\\\\\\a/b')", ('c:', '\\', '\\\\a/b'))
+
+        # Mixed path separators.
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('c:/\\')", ('c:', '/', '\\'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('c:\\/')", ('c:', '\\', '/'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('/\\a/b\\/\\')", ('/\\a/b', '\\', '/\\'))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('\\/a\\b/\\/')", ('\\/a\\b', '/', '\\/'))
+
+        # UNC paths.
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('\\\\')", ('\\\\', '', ''))
+        tester("ntpath.splitroot('//')", ('//', '', ''))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\conky\\mountpoint\\foo\\bar")',
+               ('\\\\conky\\mountpoint', '\\', 'foo\\bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//conky/mountpoint/foo/bar")',
+               ('//conky/mountpoint', '/', 'foo/bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\\\conky\\mountpoint\\foo\\bar")',
+            ('\\\\\\conky', '\\', 'mountpoint\\foo\\bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("///conky/mountpoint/foo/bar")',
+            ('///conky', '/', 'mountpoint/foo/bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\conky\\\\mountpoint\\foo\\bar")',
+               ('\\\\conky\\', '\\', 'mountpoint\\foo\\bar'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//conky//mountpoint/foo/bar")',
+               ('//conky/', '/', 'mountpoint/foo/bar'))
+
         # Issue #19911: UNC part containing U+0130
-        self.assertEqual(ntpath.splitdrive('//conky/MOUNTPOİNT/foo/bar'),
-                         ('//conky/MOUNTPOİNT', '/foo/bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(ntpath.splitroot('//conky/MOUNTPOİNT/foo/bar'),
+                         ('//conky/MOUNTPOİNT', '/', 'foo/bar'))
 
         # gh-81790: support device namespace, including UNC drives.
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/c:")', ("//?/c:", ""))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/c:/")', ("//?/c:", "/"))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/c:/dir")', ("//?/c:", "/dir"))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/UNC")', ("//?/UNC", ""))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/UNC/")', ("//?/UNC/", ""))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/UNC/server/")', ("//?/UNC/server/", ""))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/UNC/server/share")', ("//?/UNC/server/share", ""))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/UNC/server/share/dir")', ("//?/UNC/server/share", "/dir"))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}/spam")',
-               ('//?/VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}', '/spam'))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//?/BootPartition/")', ("//?/BootPartition", "/"))
-
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\c:")', ("\\\\?\\c:", ""))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\c:\\")', ("\\\\?\\c:", "\\"))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\c:\\dir")', ("\\\\?\\c:", "\\dir"))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\UNC")', ("\\\\?\\UNC", ""))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\UNC\\")', ("\\\\?\\UNC\\", ""))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\")', ("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\", ""))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share")', ("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share", ""))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share\\dir")',
-               ("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share", "\\dir"))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}\\spam")',
-               ('\\\\?\\VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}', '\\spam'))
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("\\\\?\\BootPartition\\")', ("\\\\?\\BootPartition", "\\"))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//?/c:")', ("//?/c:", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//./c:")', ("//./c:", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//?/c:/")', ("//?/c:", "/", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//?/c:/dir")', ("//?/c:", "/", "dir"))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//?/UNC")', ("//?/UNC", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//?/UNC/")', ("//?/UNC/", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//?/UNC/server/")', ("//?/UNC/server/", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//?/UNC/server/share")', ("//?/UNC/server/share", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//?/UNC/server/share/dir")', ("//?/UNC/server/share", "/", "dir"))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//?/VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}/spam")',
+               ('//?/VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}', '/', 'spam'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//?/BootPartition/")', ("//?/BootPartition", "/", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//./BootPartition/")', ("//./BootPartition", "/", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//./PhysicalDrive0")', ("//./PhysicalDrive0", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//./nul")', ("//./nul", "", ""))
+
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\?\\c:")', ("\\\\?\\c:", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\.\\c:")', ("\\\\.\\c:", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\?\\c:\\")', ("\\\\?\\c:", "\\", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\?\\c:\\dir")', ("\\\\?\\c:", "\\", "dir"))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\?\\UNC")', ("\\\\?\\UNC", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\?\\UNC\\")', ("\\\\?\\UNC\\", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\")', ("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share")',
+               ("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share\\dir")',
+               ("\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share", "\\", "dir"))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\?\\VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}\\spam")',
+               ('\\\\?\\VOLUME{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}', '\\', 'spam'))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\?\\BootPartition\\")', ("\\\\?\\BootPartition", "\\", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\.\\BootPartition\\")', ("\\\\.\\BootPartition", "\\", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\.\\PhysicalDrive0")', ("\\\\.\\PhysicalDrive0", "", ""))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("\\\\.\\nul")', ("\\\\.\\nul", "", ""))
 
         # gh-96290: support partial/invalid UNC drives
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//")', ("//", ""))  # empty server & missing share
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("///")', ("///", ""))  # empty server & empty share
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("///y")', ("///y", ""))  # empty server & non-empty share
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//x")', ("//x", ""))  # non-empty server & missing share
-        tester('ntpath.splitdrive("//x/")', ("//x/", ""))  # non-empty server & empty share
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//")', ("//", "", ""))  # empty server & missing share
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("///")', ("///", "", ""))  # empty server & empty share
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("///y")', ("///y", "", ""))  # empty server & non-empty share
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//x")', ("//x", "", ""))  # non-empty server & missing share
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("//x/")', ("//x/", "", ""))  # non-empty server & empty share
+
+        # gh-101363: match GetFullPathNameW() drive letter parsing behaviour
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot(" :/foo")', (" :", "/", "foo"))
+        tester('ntpath.splitroot("/:/foo")', ("", "/", ":/foo"))
 
     def test_split(self):
         tester('ntpath.split("c:\\foo\\bar")', ('c:\\foo', 'bar'))
@@ -247,6 +308,11 @@ def test_join(self):
         tester("ntpath.join('//computer/share', 'a', 'b')", '//computer/share\\a\\b')
         tester("ntpath.join('//computer/share', 'a/b')", '//computer/share\\a/b')
 
+        tester("ntpath.join('\\\\', 'computer')", '\\\\computer')
+        tester("ntpath.join('\\\\computer\\', 'share')", '\\\\computer\\share')
+        tester("ntpath.join('\\\\computer\\share\\', 'a')", '\\\\computer\\share\\a')
+        tester("ntpath.join('\\\\computer\\share\\a\\', 'b')", '\\\\computer\\share\\a\\b')
+
     def test_normpath(self):
         tester("ntpath.normpath('A//////././//.//B')", r'A\B')
         tester("ntpath.normpath('A/./B')", r'A\B')
@@ -324,14 +390,14 @@ def test_realpath_basic(self):
 
         # gh-88013: call ntpath.realpath with binary drive name may raise a
         # TypeError. The drive should not exist to reproduce the bug.
-        for c in string.ascii_uppercase:
-            d = f"{c}:\\"
-            if not ntpath.exists(d):
-                break
-        else:
-            raise OSError("No free drive letters available")
+        drives = {f"{c}:\\" for c in string.ascii_uppercase} - set(os.listdrives())
+        d = drives.pop().encode()
         self.assertEqual(ntpath.realpath(d), d)
 
+        # gh-106242: Embedded nulls and non-strict fallback to abspath
+        self.assertEqual(ABSTFN + "\0spam",
+                         ntpath.realpath(os_helper.TESTFN + "\0spam", strict=False))
+
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_GETFINALPATHNAME, 'need _getfinalpathname')
     def test_realpath_strict(self):
@@ -342,6 +408,8 @@ def test_realpath_strict(self):
         self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, ABSTFN)
         self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN, strict=True)
         self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN + "2", strict=True)
+        # gh-106242: Embedded nulls should raise OSError (not ValueError)
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, ntpath.realpath, ABSTFN + "\0spam", strict=True)
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     @unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_GETFINALPATHNAME, 'need _getfinalpathname')
@@ -890,6 +958,72 @@ def test_nt_helpers(self):
             self.assertIsInstance(b_final_path, bytes)
             self.assertGreater(len(b_final_path), 0)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform != 'win32', "Can only test junctions with creation on win32.")
+    def test_isjunction(self):
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as d:
+            with os_helper.change_cwd(d):
+                os.mkdir('tmpdir')
+
+                import _winapi
+                try:
+                    _winapi.CreateJunction('tmpdir', 'testjunc')
+                except OSError:
+                    raise unittest.SkipTest('creating the test junction failed')
+
+                self.assertTrue(ntpath.isjunction('testjunc'))
+                self.assertFalse(ntpath.isjunction('tmpdir'))
+                self.assertPathEqual(ntpath.realpath('testjunc'), ntpath.realpath('tmpdir'))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform != 'win32', "drive letters are a windows concept")
+    def test_isfile_driveletter(self):
+        drive = os.environ.get('SystemDrive')
+        if drive is None or len(drive) != 2 or drive[1] != ':':
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('SystemDrive is not defined or malformed')
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.isfile('\\\\.\\' + drive))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform != 'win32', "windows only")
+    def test_con_device(self):
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.isfile(r"\\.\CON"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.isdir(r"\\.\CON"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.islink(r"\\.\CON"))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(r"\\.\CON"))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform != 'win32', "Fast paths are only for win32")
+    @cpython_only
+    def test_fast_paths_in_use(self):
+        # There are fast paths of these functions implemented in posixmodule.c.
+        # Confirm that they are being used, and not the Python fallbacks in
+        # genericpath.py.
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir is nt._path_isdir)
+        self.assertFalse(inspect.isfunction(os.path.isdir))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile is nt._path_isfile)
+        self.assertFalse(inspect.isfunction(os.path.isfile))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.islink is nt._path_islink)
+        self.assertFalse(inspect.isfunction(os.path.islink))
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists is nt._path_exists)
+        self.assertFalse(inspect.isfunction(os.path.exists))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(os.name != 'nt', "Dev Drives only exist on Win32")
+    def test_isdevdrive(self):
+        # Result may be True or False, but shouldn't raise
+        self.assertIn(ntpath.isdevdrive(os_helper.TESTFN), (True, False))
+        # ntpath.isdevdrive can handle relative paths
+        self.assertIn(ntpath.isdevdrive("."), (True, False))
+        self.assertIn(ntpath.isdevdrive(b"."), (True, False))
+        # Volume syntax is supported
+        self.assertIn(ntpath.isdevdrive(os.listvolumes()[0]), (True, False))
+        # Invalid volume returns False from os.path method
+        self.assertFalse(ntpath.isdevdrive(r"\\?\Volume{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}\\"))
+        # Invalid volume raises from underlying helper
+        with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+            nt._path_isdevdrive(r"\\?\Volume{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000}\\")
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(os.name == 'nt', "isdevdrive fallback only used off Win32")
+    def test_isdevdrive_fallback(self):
+        # Fallback always returns False
+        self.assertFalse(ntpath.isdevdrive(os_helper.TESTFN))
+
+
 class NtCommonTest(test_genericpath.CommonTest, unittest.TestCase):
     pathmodule = ntpath
     attributes = ['relpath']
@@ -932,6 +1066,7 @@ def test_path_normcase(self):
         self._check_function(self.path.normcase)
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             self.assertEqual(ntpath.normcase('\u03a9\u2126'), 'ωΩ')
+            self.assertEqual(ntpath.normcase('abc\x00def'), 'abc\x00def')
 
     def test_path_isabs(self):
         self._check_function(self.path.isabs)
@@ -949,6 +1084,9 @@ def test_path_splitext(self):
     def test_path_splitdrive(self):
         self._check_function(self.path.splitdrive)
 
+    def test_path_splitroot(self):
+        self._check_function(self.path.splitroot)
+
     def test_path_basename(self):
         self._check_function(self.path.basename)
 

From 53b1b4d682f24d3c748c80e41523ea7ccfe0197e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 00:13:34 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 188/705] Mark failing tests in test_ntpath

---
 Lib/test/test_ntpath.py | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
index fd753b93d0..8e23b88676 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
@@ -981,6 +981,8 @@ def test_isfile_driveletter(self):
             raise unittest.SkipTest('SystemDrive is not defined or malformed')
         self.assertFalse(os.path.isfile('\\\\.\\' + drive))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform != 'win32', "windows only")
     def test_con_device(self):
         self.assertFalse(os.path.isfile(r"\\.\CON"))
@@ -1003,6 +1005,8 @@ def test_fast_paths_in_use(self):
         self.assertTrue(os.path.exists is nt._path_exists)
         self.assertFalse(inspect.isfunction(os.path.exists))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(os.name != 'nt', "Dev Drives only exist on Win32")
     def test_isdevdrive(self):
         # Result may be True or False, but shouldn't raise

From 75e868e71eb7e8dab6d85a858348891160cb2062 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 01:12:36 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 189/705] Update multiprocessing from CPython 3.12.3

---
 Lib/multiprocessing/connection.py        | 254 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 Lib/multiprocessing/context.py           |  15 ++
 Lib/multiprocessing/forkserver.py        |   2 +-
 Lib/multiprocessing/managers.py          |  30 +--
 Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py              |   5 +-
 Lib/multiprocessing/popen_spawn_win32.py |  54 +++--
 Lib/multiprocessing/process.py           |  13 +-
 Lib/multiprocessing/queues.py            |  32 ++-
 Lib/multiprocessing/resource_sharer.py   |   2 +-
 Lib/multiprocessing/resource_tracker.py  |  38 +++-
 Lib/multiprocessing/shared_memory.py     |  12 +-
 Lib/multiprocessing/spawn.py             |  28 ++-
 Lib/multiprocessing/synchronize.py       |  14 +-
 Lib/multiprocessing/util.py              |  19 +-
 14 files changed, 419 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/connection.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/connection.py
index 510e4b5aba..d0582e3cd5 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/connection.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/connection.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 __all__ = [ 'Client', 'Listener', 'Pipe', 'wait' ]
 
+import errno
 import io
 import os
 import sys
@@ -73,11 +74,6 @@ def arbitrary_address(family):
     if family == 'AF_INET':
         return ('localhost', 0)
     elif family == 'AF_UNIX':
-        # Prefer abstract sockets if possible to avoid problems with the address
-        # size.  When coding portable applications, some implementations have
-        # sun_path as short as 92 bytes in the sockaddr_un struct.
-        if util.abstract_sockets_supported:
-            return f"\0listener-{os.getpid()}-{next(_mmap_counter)}"
         return tempfile.mktemp(prefix='listener-', dir=util.get_temp_dir())
     elif family == 'AF_PIPE':
         return tempfile.mktemp(prefix=r'\\.\pipe\pyc-%d-%d-' %
@@ -188,10 +184,9 @@ def send_bytes(self, buf, offset=0, size=None):
         self._check_closed()
         self._check_writable()
         m = memoryview(buf)
-        # HACK for byte-indexing of non-bytewise buffers (e.g. array.array)
         if m.itemsize > 1:
-            m = memoryview(bytes(m))
-        n = len(m)
+            m = m.cast('B')
+        n = m.nbytes
         if offset < 0:
             raise ValueError("offset is negative")
         if n < offset:
@@ -277,12 +272,22 @@ class PipeConnection(_ConnectionBase):
         with FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED.
         """
         _got_empty_message = False
+        _send_ov = None
 
         def _close(self, _CloseHandle=_winapi.CloseHandle):
+            ov = self._send_ov
+            if ov is not None:
+                # Interrupt WaitForMultipleObjects() in _send_bytes()
+                ov.cancel()
             _CloseHandle(self._handle)
 
         def _send_bytes(self, buf):
+            if self._send_ov is not None:
+                # A connection should only be used by a single thread
+                raise ValueError("concurrent send_bytes() calls "
+                                 "are not supported")
             ov, err = _winapi.WriteFile(self._handle, buf, overlapped=True)
+            self._send_ov = ov
             try:
                 if err == _winapi.ERROR_IO_PENDING:
                     waitres = _winapi.WaitForMultipleObjects(
@@ -292,7 +297,13 @@ def _send_bytes(self, buf):
                 ov.cancel()
                 raise
             finally:
+                self._send_ov = None
                 nwritten, err = ov.GetOverlappedResult(True)
+            if err == _winapi.ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED:
+                # close() was called by another thread while
+                # WaitForMultipleObjects() was waiting for the overlapped
+                # operation.
+                raise OSError(errno.EPIPE, "handle is closed")
             assert err == 0
             assert nwritten == len(buf)
 
@@ -465,8 +476,9 @@ def accept(self):
         '''
         if self._listener is None:
             raise OSError('listener is closed')
+
         c = self._listener.accept()
-        if self._authkey:
+        if self._authkey is not None:
             deliver_challenge(c, self._authkey)
             answer_challenge(c, self._authkey)
         return c
@@ -728,39 +740,227 @@ def PipeClient(address):
 # Authentication stuff
 #
 
-MESSAGE_LENGTH = 20
+MESSAGE_LENGTH = 40  # MUST be > 20
 
-CHALLENGE = b'#CHALLENGE#'
-WELCOME = b'#WELCOME#'
-FAILURE = b'#FAILURE#'
+_CHALLENGE = b'#CHALLENGE#'
+_WELCOME = b'#WELCOME#'
+_FAILURE = b'#FAILURE#'
 
-def deliver_challenge(connection, authkey):
+# multiprocessing.connection Authentication Handshake Protocol Description
+# (as documented for reference after reading the existing code)
+# =============================================================================
+#
+# On Windows: native pipes with "overlapped IO" are used to send the bytes,
+# instead of the length prefix SIZE scheme described below. (ie: the OS deals
+# with message sizes for us)
+#
+# Protocol error behaviors:
+#
+# On POSIX, any failure to receive the length prefix into SIZE, for SIZE greater
+# than the requested maxsize to receive, or receiving fewer than SIZE bytes
+# results in the connection being closed and auth to fail.
+#
+# On Windows, receiving too few bytes is never a low level _recv_bytes read
+# error, receiving too many will trigger an error only if receive maxsize
+# value was larger than 128 OR the if the data arrived in smaller pieces.
+#
+#      Serving side                           Client side
+#     ------------------------------  ---------------------------------------
+# 0.                                  Open a connection on the pipe.
+# 1.  Accept connection.
+# 2.  Random 20+ bytes -> MESSAGE
+#     Modern servers always send
+#     more than 20 bytes and include
+#     a {digest} prefix on it with
+#     their preferred HMAC digest.
+#     Legacy ones send ==20 bytes.
+# 3.  send 4 byte length (net order)
+#     prefix followed by:
+#       b'#CHALLENGE#' + MESSAGE
+# 4.                                  Receive 4 bytes, parse as network byte
+#                                     order integer. If it is -1, receive an
+#                                     additional 8 bytes, parse that as network
+#                                     byte order. The result is the length of
+#                                     the data that follows -> SIZE.
+# 5.                                  Receive min(SIZE, 256) bytes -> M1
+# 6.                                  Assert that M1 starts with:
+#                                       b'#CHALLENGE#'
+# 7.                                  Strip that prefix from M1 into -> M2
+# 7.1.                                Parse M2: if it is exactly 20 bytes in
+#                                     length this indicates a legacy server
+#                                     supporting only HMAC-MD5. Otherwise the
+# 7.2.                                preferred digest is looked up from an
+#                                     expected "{digest}" prefix on M2. No prefix
+#                                     or unsupported digest? <- AuthenticationError
+# 7.3.                                Put divined algorithm name in -> D_NAME
+# 8.                                  Compute HMAC-D_NAME of AUTHKEY, M2 -> C_DIGEST
+# 9.                                  Send 4 byte length prefix (net order)
+#                                     followed by C_DIGEST bytes.
+# 10. Receive 4 or 4+8 byte length
+#     prefix (#4 dance) -> SIZE.
+# 11. Receive min(SIZE, 256) -> C_D.
+# 11.1. Parse C_D: legacy servers
+#     accept it as is, "md5" -> D_NAME
+# 11.2. modern servers check the length
+#     of C_D, IF it is 16 bytes?
+# 11.2.1. "md5" -> D_NAME
+#         and skip to step 12.
+# 11.3. longer? expect and parse a "{digest}"
+#     prefix into -> D_NAME.
+#     Strip the prefix and store remaining
+#     bytes in -> C_D.
+# 11.4. Don't like D_NAME? <- AuthenticationError
+# 12. Compute HMAC-D_NAME of AUTHKEY,
+#     MESSAGE into -> M_DIGEST.
+# 13. Compare M_DIGEST == C_D:
+# 14a: Match? Send length prefix &
+#       b'#WELCOME#'
+#    <- RETURN
+# 14b: Mismatch? Send len prefix &
+#       b'#FAILURE#'
+#    <- CLOSE & AuthenticationError
+# 15.                                 Receive 4 or 4+8 byte length prefix (net
+#                                     order) again as in #4 into -> SIZE.
+# 16.                                 Receive min(SIZE, 256) bytes -> M3.
+# 17.                                 Compare M3 == b'#WELCOME#':
+# 17a.                                Match? <- RETURN
+# 17b.                                Mismatch? <- CLOSE & AuthenticationError
+#
+# If this RETURNed, the connection remains open: it has been authenticated.
+#
+# Length prefixes are used consistently. Even on the legacy protocol, this
+# was good fortune and allowed us to evolve the protocol by using the length
+# of the opening challenge or length of the returned digest as a signal as
+# to which protocol the other end supports.
+
+_ALLOWED_DIGESTS = frozenset(
+        {b'md5', b'sha256', b'sha384', b'sha3_256', b'sha3_384'})
+_MAX_DIGEST_LEN = max(len(_) for _ in _ALLOWED_DIGESTS)
+
+# Old hmac-md5 only server versions from Python <=3.11 sent a message of this
+# length. It happens to not match the length of any supported digest so we can
+# use a message of this length to indicate that we should work in backwards
+# compatible md5-only mode without a {digest_name} prefix on our response.
+_MD5ONLY_MESSAGE_LENGTH = 20
+_MD5_DIGEST_LEN = 16
+_LEGACY_LENGTHS = (_MD5ONLY_MESSAGE_LENGTH, _MD5_DIGEST_LEN)
+
+
+def _get_digest_name_and_payload(message: bytes) -> (str, bytes):
+    """Returns a digest name and the payload for a response hash.
+
+    If a legacy protocol is detected based on the message length
+    or contents the digest name returned will be empty to indicate
+    legacy mode where MD5 and no digest prefix should be sent.
+    """
+    # modern message format: b"{digest}payload" longer than 20 bytes
+    # legacy message format: 16 or 20 byte b"payload"
+    if len(message) in _LEGACY_LENGTHS:
+        # Either this was a legacy server challenge, or we're processing
+        # a reply from a legacy client that sent an unprefixed 16-byte
+        # HMAC-MD5 response. All messages using the modern protocol will
+        # be longer than either of these lengths.
+        return '', message
+    if (message.startswith(b'{') and
+        (curly := message.find(b'}', 1, _MAX_DIGEST_LEN+2)) > 0):
+        digest = message[1:curly]
+        if digest in _ALLOWED_DIGESTS:
+            payload = message[curly+1:]
+            return digest.decode('ascii'), payload
+    raise AuthenticationError(
+            'unsupported message length, missing digest prefix, '
+            f'or unsupported digest: {message=}')
+
+
+def _create_response(authkey, message):
+    """Create a MAC based on authkey and message
+
+    The MAC algorithm defaults to HMAC-MD5, unless MD5 is not available or
+    the message has a '{digest_name}' prefix. For legacy HMAC-MD5, the response
+    is the raw MAC, otherwise the response is prefixed with '{digest_name}',
+    e.g. b'{sha256}abcdefg...'
+
+    Note: The MAC protects the entire message including the digest_name prefix.
+    """
     import hmac
+    digest_name = _get_digest_name_and_payload(message)[0]
+    # The MAC protects the entire message: digest header and payload.
+    if not digest_name:
+        # Legacy server without a {digest} prefix on message.
+        # Generate a legacy non-prefixed HMAC-MD5 reply.
+        try:
+            return hmac.new(authkey, message, 'md5').digest()
+        except ValueError:
+            # HMAC-MD5 is not available (FIPS mode?), fall back to
+            # HMAC-SHA2-256 modern protocol. The legacy server probably
+            # doesn't support it and will reject us anyways. :shrug:
+            digest_name = 'sha256'
+    # Modern protocol, indicate the digest used in the reply.
+    response = hmac.new(authkey, message, digest_name).digest()
+    return b'{%s}%s' % (digest_name.encode('ascii'), response)
+
+
+def _verify_challenge(authkey, message, response):
+    """Verify MAC challenge
+
+    If our message did not include a digest_name prefix, the client is allowed
+    to select a stronger digest_name from _ALLOWED_DIGESTS.
+
+    In case our message is prefixed, a client cannot downgrade to a weaker
+    algorithm, because the MAC is calculated over the entire message
+    including the '{digest_name}' prefix.
+    """
+    import hmac
+    response_digest, response_mac = _get_digest_name_and_payload(response)
+    response_digest = response_digest or 'md5'
+    try:
+        expected = hmac.new(authkey, message, response_digest).digest()
+    except ValueError:
+        raise AuthenticationError(f'{response_digest=} unsupported')
+    if len(expected) != len(response_mac):
+        raise AuthenticationError(
+                f'expected {response_digest!r} of length {len(expected)} '
+                f'got {len(response_mac)}')
+    if not hmac.compare_digest(expected, response_mac):
+        raise AuthenticationError('digest received was wrong')
+
+
+def deliver_challenge(connection, authkey: bytes, digest_name='sha256'):
     if not isinstance(authkey, bytes):
         raise ValueError(
             "Authkey must be bytes, not {0!s}".format(type(authkey)))
+    assert MESSAGE_LENGTH > _MD5ONLY_MESSAGE_LENGTH, "protocol constraint"
     message = os.urandom(MESSAGE_LENGTH)
-    connection.send_bytes(CHALLENGE + message)
-    digest = hmac.new(authkey, message, 'md5').digest()
+    message = b'{%s}%s' % (digest_name.encode('ascii'), message)
+    # Even when sending a challenge to a legacy client that does not support
+    # digest prefixes, they'll take the entire thing as a challenge and
+    # respond to it with a raw HMAC-MD5.
+    connection.send_bytes(_CHALLENGE + message)
     response = connection.recv_bytes(256)        # reject large message
-    if response == digest:
-        connection.send_bytes(WELCOME)
+    try:
+        _verify_challenge(authkey, message, response)
+    except AuthenticationError:
+        connection.send_bytes(_FAILURE)
+        raise
     else:
-        connection.send_bytes(FAILURE)
-        raise AuthenticationError('digest received was wrong')
+        connection.send_bytes(_WELCOME)
 
-def answer_challenge(connection, authkey):
-    import hmac
+
+def answer_challenge(connection, authkey: bytes):
     if not isinstance(authkey, bytes):
         raise ValueError(
             "Authkey must be bytes, not {0!s}".format(type(authkey)))
     message = connection.recv_bytes(256)         # reject large message
-    assert message[:len(CHALLENGE)] == CHALLENGE, 'message = %r' % message
-    message = message[len(CHALLENGE):]
-    digest = hmac.new(authkey, message, 'md5').digest()
+    if not message.startswith(_CHALLENGE):
+        raise AuthenticationError(
+                f'Protocol error, expected challenge: {message=}')
+    message = message[len(_CHALLENGE):]
+    if len(message) < _MD5ONLY_MESSAGE_LENGTH:
+        raise AuthenticationError('challenge too short: {len(message)} bytes')
+    digest = _create_response(authkey, message)
     connection.send_bytes(digest)
     response = connection.recv_bytes(256)        # reject large message
-    if response != WELCOME:
+    if response != _WELCOME:
         raise AuthenticationError('digest sent was rejected')
 
 #
@@ -943,7 +1143,7 @@ def wait(object_list, timeout=None):
                             return ready
 
 #
-# Make connection and socket objects sharable if possible
+# Make connection and socket objects shareable if possible
 #
 
 if sys.platform == 'win32':
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/context.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/context.py
index 8d0525d5d6..de8a264829 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/context.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/context.py
@@ -223,6 +223,10 @@ class Process(process.BaseProcess):
     def _Popen(process_obj):
         return _default_context.get_context().Process._Popen(process_obj)
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _after_fork():
+        return _default_context.get_context().Process._after_fork()
+
 class DefaultContext(BaseContext):
     Process = Process
 
@@ -254,6 +258,7 @@ def get_start_method(self, allow_none=False):
         return self._actual_context._name
 
     def get_all_start_methods(self):
+        """Returns a list of the supported start methods, default first."""
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             return ['spawn']
         else:
@@ -283,6 +288,11 @@ def _Popen(process_obj):
             from .popen_spawn_posix import Popen
             return Popen(process_obj)
 
+        @staticmethod
+        def _after_fork():
+            # process is spawned, nothing to do
+            pass
+
     class ForkServerProcess(process.BaseProcess):
         _start_method = 'forkserver'
         @staticmethod
@@ -326,6 +336,11 @@ def _Popen(process_obj):
             from .popen_spawn_win32 import Popen
             return Popen(process_obj)
 
+        @staticmethod
+        def _after_fork():
+            # process is spawned, nothing to do
+            pass
+
     class SpawnContext(BaseContext):
         _name = 'spawn'
         Process = SpawnProcess
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/forkserver.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/forkserver.py
index 22a911a7a2..4642707dae 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/forkserver.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/forkserver.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def _stop_unlocked(self):
 
     def set_forkserver_preload(self, modules_names):
         '''Set list of module names to try to load in forkserver process.'''
-        if not all(type(mod) is str for mod in self._preload_modules):
+        if not all(type(mod) is str for mod in modules_names):
             raise TypeError('module_names must be a list of strings')
         self._preload_modules = modules_names
 
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/managers.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/managers.py
index 22292c78b7..75d9c18c20 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/managers.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/managers.py
@@ -49,11 +49,11 @@ def reduce_array(a):
 reduction.register(array.array, reduce_array)
 
 view_types = [type(getattr({}, name)()) for name in ('items','keys','values')]
-if view_types[0] is not list:       # only needed in Py3.0
-    def rebuild_as_list(obj):
-        return list, (list(obj),)
-    for view_type in view_types:
-        reduction.register(view_type, rebuild_as_list)
+def rebuild_as_list(obj):
+    return list, (list(obj),)
+for view_type in view_types:
+    reduction.register(view_type, rebuild_as_list)
+del view_type, view_types
 
 #
 # Type for identifying shared objects
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ def __init__(self, registry, address, authkey, serializer):
         Listener, Client = listener_client[serializer]
 
         # do authentication later
-        self.listener = Listener(address=address, backlog=16)
+        self.listener = Listener(address=address, backlog=128)
         self.address = self.listener.address
 
         self.id_to_obj = {'0': (None, ())}
@@ -433,7 +433,6 @@ def incref(self, c, ident):
                     self.id_to_refcount[ident] = 1
                     self.id_to_obj[ident] = \
                         self.id_to_local_proxy_obj[ident]
-                    obj, exposed, gettypeid = self.id_to_obj[ident]
                     util.debug('Server re-enabled tracking & INCREF %r', ident)
                 else:
                     raise ke
@@ -497,7 +496,7 @@ class BaseManager(object):
     _Server = Server
 
     def __init__(self, address=None, authkey=None, serializer='pickle',
-                 ctx=None):
+                 ctx=None, *, shutdown_timeout=1.0):
         if authkey is None:
             authkey = process.current_process().authkey
         self._address = address     # XXX not final address if eg ('', 0)
@@ -507,6 +506,7 @@ def __init__(self, address=None, authkey=None, serializer='pickle',
         self._serializer = serializer
         self._Listener, self._Client = listener_client[serializer]
         self._ctx = ctx or get_context()
+        self._shutdown_timeout = shutdown_timeout
 
     def get_server(self):
         '''
@@ -570,8 +570,8 @@ def start(self, initializer=None, initargs=()):
         self._state.value = State.STARTED
         self.shutdown = util.Finalize(
             self, type(self)._finalize_manager,
-            args=(self._process, self._address, self._authkey,
-                  self._state, self._Client),
+            args=(self._process, self._address, self._authkey, self._state,
+                  self._Client, self._shutdown_timeout),
             exitpriority=0
             )
 
@@ -656,7 +656,8 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         self.shutdown()
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _finalize_manager(process, address, authkey, state, _Client):
+    def _finalize_manager(process, address, authkey, state, _Client,
+                          shutdown_timeout):
         '''
         Shutdown the manager process; will be registered as a finalizer
         '''
@@ -671,15 +672,17 @@ def _finalize_manager(process, address, authkey, state, _Client):
             except Exception:
                 pass
 
-            process.join(timeout=1.0)
+            process.join(timeout=shutdown_timeout)
             if process.is_alive():
                 util.info('manager still alive')
                 if hasattr(process, 'terminate'):
                     util.info('trying to `terminate()` manager process')
                     process.terminate()
-                    process.join(timeout=1.0)
+                    process.join(timeout=shutdown_timeout)
                     if process.is_alive():
                         util.info('manager still alive after terminate')
+                        process.kill()
+                        process.join()
 
         state.value = State.SHUTDOWN
         try:
@@ -1338,7 +1341,6 @@ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
         def __del__(self):
             util.debug(f"{self.__class__.__name__}.__del__ by pid {getpid()}")
-            pass
 
         def get_server(self):
             'Better than monkeypatching for now; merge into Server ultimately'
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py
index bbe05a550c..4f5d88cb97 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/pool.py
@@ -203,6 +203,9 @@ def __init__(self, processes=None, initializer=None, initargs=(),
             processes = os.cpu_count() or 1
         if processes < 1:
             raise ValueError("Number of processes must be at least 1")
+        if maxtasksperchild is not None:
+            if not isinstance(maxtasksperchild, int) or maxtasksperchild <= 0:
+                raise ValueError("maxtasksperchild must be a positive int or None")
 
         if initializer is not None and not callable(initializer):
             raise TypeError('initializer must be a callable')
@@ -693,7 +696,7 @@ def _terminate_pool(cls, taskqueue, inqueue, outqueue, pool, change_notifier,
 
         if (not result_handler.is_alive()) and (len(cache) != 0):
             raise AssertionError(
-                "Cannot have cache with result_hander not alive")
+                "Cannot have cache with result_handler not alive")
 
         result_handler._state = TERMINATE
         change_notifier.put(None)
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/popen_spawn_win32.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/popen_spawn_win32.py
index 9c4098d0fa..49d4c7eea2 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/popen_spawn_win32.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/popen_spawn_win32.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #
 #
 
+# Exit code used by Popen.terminate()
 TERMINATE = 0x10000
 WINEXE = (sys.platform == 'win32' and getattr(sys, 'frozen', False))
 WINSERVICE = sys.executable.lower().endswith("pythonservice.exe")
@@ -54,19 +55,20 @@ def __init__(self, process_obj):
         wfd = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(whandle, 0)
         cmd = spawn.get_command_line(parent_pid=os.getpid(),
                                      pipe_handle=rhandle)
-        cmd = ' '.join('"%s"' % x for x in cmd)
 
         python_exe = spawn.get_executable()
 
         # bpo-35797: When running in a venv, we bypass the redirect
         # executor and launch our base Python.
         if WINENV and _path_eq(python_exe, sys.executable):
-            python_exe = sys._base_executable
+            cmd[0] = python_exe = sys._base_executable
             env = os.environ.copy()
             env["__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__"] = sys.executable
         else:
             env = None
 
+        cmd = ' '.join('"%s"' % x for x in cmd)
+
         with open(wfd, 'wb', closefd=True) as to_child:
             # start process
             try:
@@ -99,18 +101,20 @@ def duplicate_for_child(self, handle):
         return reduction.duplicate(handle, self.sentinel)
 
     def wait(self, timeout=None):
-        if self.returncode is None:
-            if timeout is None:
-                msecs = _winapi.INFINITE
-            else:
-                msecs = max(0, int(timeout * 1000 + 0.5))
-
-            res = _winapi.WaitForSingleObject(int(self._handle), msecs)
-            if res == _winapi.WAIT_OBJECT_0:
-                code = _winapi.GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle)
-                if code == TERMINATE:
-                    code = -signal.SIGTERM
-                self.returncode = code
+        if self.returncode is not None:
+            return self.returncode
+
+        if timeout is None:
+            msecs = _winapi.INFINITE
+        else:
+            msecs = max(0, int(timeout * 1000 + 0.5))
+
+        res = _winapi.WaitForSingleObject(int(self._handle), msecs)
+        if res == _winapi.WAIT_OBJECT_0:
+            code = _winapi.GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle)
+            if code == TERMINATE:
+                code = -signal.SIGTERM
+            self.returncode = code
 
         return self.returncode
 
@@ -118,12 +122,22 @@ def poll(self):
         return self.wait(timeout=0)
 
     def terminate(self):
-        if self.returncode is None:
-            try:
-                _winapi.TerminateProcess(int(self._handle), TERMINATE)
-            except OSError:
-                if self.wait(timeout=1.0) is None:
-                    raise
+        if self.returncode is not None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            _winapi.TerminateProcess(int(self._handle), TERMINATE)
+        except PermissionError:
+            # ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED (winerror 5) is received when the
+            # process already died.
+            code = _winapi.GetExitCodeProcess(int(self._handle))
+            if code == _winapi.STILL_ACTIVE:
+                raise
+
+        # gh-113009: Don't set self.returncode. Even if GetExitCodeProcess()
+        # returns an exit code different than STILL_ACTIVE, the process can
+        # still be running. Only set self.returncode once WaitForSingleObject()
+        # returns WAIT_OBJECT_0 in wait().
 
     kill = terminate
 
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/process.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/process.py
index 0b2e0b45b2..271ba3fd32 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/process.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/process.py
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def parent_process():
 def _cleanup():
     # check for processes which have finished
     for p in list(_children):
-        if p._popen.poll() is not None:
+        if (child_popen := p._popen) and child_popen.poll() is not None:
             _children.discard(p)
 
 #
@@ -304,8 +304,7 @@ def _bootstrap(self, parent_sentinel=None):
             if threading._HAVE_THREAD_NATIVE_ID:
                 threading.main_thread()._set_native_id()
             try:
-                util._finalizer_registry.clear()
-                util._run_after_forkers()
+                self._after_fork()
             finally:
                 # delay finalization of the old process object until after
                 # _run_after_forkers() is executed
@@ -336,6 +335,13 @@ def _bootstrap(self, parent_sentinel=None):
 
         return exitcode
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def _after_fork():
+        from . import util
+        util._finalizer_registry.clear()
+        util._run_after_forkers()
+
+
 #
 # We subclass bytes to avoid accidental transmission of auth keys over network
 #
@@ -427,6 +433,7 @@ def close(self):
 for name, signum in list(signal.__dict__.items()):
     if name[:3]=='SIG' and '_' not in name:
         _exitcode_to_name[-signum] = f'-{name}'
+del name, signum
 
 # For debug and leak testing
 _dangling = WeakSet()
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/queues.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/queues.py
index f37f114a96..852ae87b27 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/queues.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/queues.py
@@ -158,6 +158,20 @@ def cancel_join_thread(self):
         except AttributeError:
             pass
 
+    def _terminate_broken(self):
+        # Close a Queue on error.
+
+        # gh-94777: Prevent queue writing to a pipe which is no longer read.
+        self._reader.close()
+
+        # gh-107219: Close the connection writer which can unblock
+        # Queue._feed() if it was stuck in send_bytes().
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            self._writer.close()
+
+        self.close()
+        self.join_thread()
+
     def _start_thread(self):
         debug('Queue._start_thread()')
 
@@ -169,13 +183,19 @@ def _start_thread(self):
                   self._wlock, self._reader.close, self._writer.close,
                   self._ignore_epipe, self._on_queue_feeder_error,
                   self._sem),
-            name='QueueFeederThread'
+            name='QueueFeederThread',
+            daemon=True,
         )
-        self._thread.daemon = True
 
-        debug('doing self._thread.start()')
-        self._thread.start()
-        debug('... done self._thread.start()')
+        try:
+            debug('doing self._thread.start()')
+            self._thread.start()
+            debug('... done self._thread.start()')
+        except:
+            # gh-109047: During Python finalization, creating a thread
+            # can fail with RuntimeError.
+            self._thread = None
+            raise
 
         if not self._joincancelled:
             self._jointhread = Finalize(
@@ -280,6 +300,8 @@ def _on_queue_feeder_error(e, obj):
         import traceback
         traceback.print_exc()
 
+    __class_getitem__ = classmethod(types.GenericAlias)
+
 
 _sentinel = object()
 
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/resource_sharer.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/resource_sharer.py
index 66076509a1..b8afb0fbed 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/resource_sharer.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/resource_sharer.py
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ def _start(self):
         from .connection import Listener
         assert self._listener is None, "Already have Listener"
         util.debug('starting listener and thread for sending handles')
-        self._listener = Listener(authkey=process.current_process().authkey)
+        self._listener = Listener(authkey=process.current_process().authkey, backlog=128)
         self._address = self._listener.address
         t = threading.Thread(target=self._serve)
         t.daemon = True
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/resource_tracker.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/resource_tracker.py
index cc42dbdda0..79e96ecf32 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/resource_tracker.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/resource_tracker.py
@@ -51,15 +51,31 @@
     })
 
 
+class ReentrantCallError(RuntimeError):
+    pass
+
+
 class ResourceTracker(object):
 
     def __init__(self):
-        self._lock = threading.Lock()
+        self._lock = threading.RLock()
         self._fd = None
         self._pid = None
 
+    def _reentrant_call_error(self):
+        # gh-109629: this happens if an explicit call to the ResourceTracker
+        # gets interrupted by a garbage collection, invoking a finalizer (*)
+        # that itself calls back into ResourceTracker.
+        #   (*) for example the SemLock finalizer
+        raise ReentrantCallError(
+            "Reentrant call into the multiprocessing resource tracker")
+
     def _stop(self):
         with self._lock:
+            # This should not happen (_stop() isn't called by a finalizer)
+            # but we check for it anyway.
+            if self._lock._recursion_count() > 1:
+                return self._reentrant_call_error()
             if self._fd is None:
                 # not running
                 return
@@ -81,6 +97,9 @@ def ensure_running(self):
         This can be run from any process.  Usually a child process will use
         the resource created by its parent.'''
         with self._lock:
+            if self._lock._recursion_count() > 1:
+                # The code below is certainly not reentrant-safe, so bail out
+                return self._reentrant_call_error()
             if self._fd is not None:
                 # resource tracker was launched before, is it still running?
                 if self._check_alive():
@@ -159,12 +178,22 @@ def unregister(self, name, rtype):
         self._send('UNREGISTER', name, rtype)
 
     def _send(self, cmd, name, rtype):
-        self.ensure_running()
+        try:
+            self.ensure_running()
+        except ReentrantCallError:
+            # The code below might or might not work, depending on whether
+            # the resource tracker was already running and still alive.
+            # Better warn the user.
+            # (XXX is warnings.warn itself reentrant-safe? :-)
+            warnings.warn(
+                f"ResourceTracker called reentrantly for resource cleanup, "
+                f"which is unsupported. "
+                f"The {rtype} object {name!r} might leak.")
         msg = '{0}:{1}:{2}\n'.format(cmd, name, rtype).encode('ascii')
-        if len(name) > 512:
+        if len(msg) > 512:
             # posix guarantees that writes to a pipe of less than PIPE_BUF
             # bytes are atomic, and that PIPE_BUF >= 512
-            raise ValueError('name too long')
+            raise ValueError('msg too long')
         nbytes = os.write(self._fd, msg)
         assert nbytes == len(msg), "nbytes {0:n} but len(msg) {1:n}".format(
             nbytes, len(msg))
@@ -176,6 +205,7 @@ def _send(self, cmd, name, rtype):
 unregister = _resource_tracker.unregister
 getfd = _resource_tracker.getfd
 
+
 def main(fd):
     '''Run resource tracker.'''
     # protect the process from ^C and "killall python" etc
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/shared_memory.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/shared_memory.py
index 122b3fcebf..9a1e5aa17b 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/shared_memory.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/shared_memory.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
     import _posixshmem
     _USE_POSIX = True
 
+from . import resource_tracker
 
 _O_CREX = os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL
 
@@ -116,8 +117,7 @@ def __init__(self, name=None, create=False, size=0):
                 self.unlink()
                 raise
 
-            from .resource_tracker import register
-            register(self._name, "shared_memory")
+            resource_tracker.register(self._name, "shared_memory")
 
         else:
 
@@ -173,7 +173,10 @@ def __init__(self, name=None, create=False, size=0):
                     )
                 finally:
                     _winapi.CloseHandle(h_map)
-                size = _winapi.VirtualQuerySize(p_buf)
+                try:
+                    size = _winapi.VirtualQuerySize(p_buf)
+                finally:
+                    _winapi.UnmapViewOfFile(p_buf)
                 self._mmap = mmap.mmap(-1, size, tagname=name)
 
         self._size = size
@@ -237,9 +240,8 @@ def unlink(self):
         called once (and only once) across all processes which have access
         to the shared memory block."""
         if _USE_POSIX and self._name:
-            from .resource_tracker import unregister
             _posixshmem.shm_unlink(self._name)
-            unregister(self._name, "shared_memory")
+            resource_tracker.unregister(self._name, "shared_memory")
 
 
 _encoding = "utf8"
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/spawn.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/spawn.py
index 7cc129e261..daac1ecc34 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/spawn.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/spawn.py
@@ -31,20 +31,25 @@
     WINSERVICE = False
 else:
     WINEXE = getattr(sys, 'frozen', False)
-    WINSERVICE = sys.executable.lower().endswith("pythonservice.exe")
-
-if WINSERVICE:
-    _python_exe = os.path.join(sys.exec_prefix, 'python.exe')
-else:
-    _python_exe = sys.executable
+    WINSERVICE = sys.executable and sys.executable.lower().endswith("pythonservice.exe")
 
 def set_executable(exe):
     global _python_exe
-    _python_exe = exe
+    if exe is None:
+        _python_exe = exe
+    elif sys.platform == 'win32':
+        _python_exe = os.fsdecode(exe)
+    else:
+        _python_exe = os.fsencode(exe)
 
 def get_executable():
     return _python_exe
 
+if WINSERVICE:
+    set_executable(os.path.join(sys.exec_prefix, 'python.exe'))
+else:
+    set_executable(sys.executable)
+
 #
 #
 #
@@ -86,7 +91,8 @@ def get_command_line(**kwds):
         prog = 'from multiprocessing.spawn import spawn_main; spawn_main(%s)'
         prog %= ', '.join('%s=%r' % item for item in kwds.items())
         opts = util._args_from_interpreter_flags()
-        return [_python_exe] + opts + ['-c', prog, '--multiprocessing-fork']
+        exe = get_executable()
+        return [exe] + opts + ['-c', prog, '--multiprocessing-fork']
 
 
 def spawn_main(pipe_handle, parent_pid=None, tracker_fd=None):
@@ -144,7 +150,11 @@ def _check_not_importing_main():
                 ...
 
         The "freeze_support()" line can be omitted if the program
-        is not going to be frozen to produce an executable.''')
+        is not going to be frozen to produce an executable.
+
+        To fix this issue, refer to the "Safe importing of main module"
+        section in https://docs.python.org/3/library/multiprocessing.html
+        ''')
 
 
 def get_preparation_data(name):
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/synchronize.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/synchronize.py
index d0be48f1fd..3ccbfe311c 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/synchronize.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/synchronize.py
@@ -50,8 +50,8 @@ class SemLock(object):
     def __init__(self, kind, value, maxvalue, *, ctx):
         if ctx is None:
             ctx = context._default_context.get_context()
-        name = ctx.get_start_method()
-        unlink_now = sys.platform == 'win32' or name == 'fork'
+        self._is_fork_ctx = ctx.get_start_method() == 'fork'
+        unlink_now = sys.platform == 'win32' or self._is_fork_ctx
         for i in range(100):
             try:
                 sl = self._semlock = _multiprocessing.SemLock(
@@ -103,6 +103,11 @@ def __getstate__(self):
         if sys.platform == 'win32':
             h = context.get_spawning_popen().duplicate_for_child(sl.handle)
         else:
+            if self._is_fork_ctx:
+                raise RuntimeError('A SemLock created in a fork context is being '
+                                   'shared with a process in a spawn context. This is '
+                                   'not supported. Please use the same context to create '
+                                   'multiprocessing objects and Process.')
             h = sl.handle
         return (h, sl.kind, sl.maxvalue, sl.name)
 
@@ -110,6 +115,8 @@ def __setstate__(self, state):
         self._semlock = _multiprocessing.SemLock._rebuild(*state)
         util.debug('recreated blocker with handle %r' % state[0])
         self._make_methods()
+        # Ensure that deserialized SemLock can be serialized again (gh-108520).
+        self._is_fork_ctx = False
 
     @staticmethod
     def _make_name():
@@ -353,6 +360,9 @@ def wait(self, timeout=None):
                 return True
             return False
 
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        set_status = 'set' if self.is_set() else 'unset'
+        return f"<{type(self).__qualname__} at {id(self):#x} {set_status}>"
 #
 # Barrier
 #
diff --git a/Lib/multiprocessing/util.py b/Lib/multiprocessing/util.py
index 9e07a4e93e..79559823fb 100644
--- a/Lib/multiprocessing/util.py
+++ b/Lib/multiprocessing/util.py
@@ -43,19 +43,19 @@
 
 def sub_debug(msg, *args):
     if _logger:
-        _logger.log(SUBDEBUG, msg, *args)
+        _logger.log(SUBDEBUG, msg, *args, stacklevel=2)
 
 def debug(msg, *args):
     if _logger:
-        _logger.log(DEBUG, msg, *args)
+        _logger.log(DEBUG, msg, *args, stacklevel=2)
 
 def info(msg, *args):
     if _logger:
-        _logger.log(INFO, msg, *args)
+        _logger.log(INFO, msg, *args, stacklevel=2)
 
 def sub_warning(msg, *args):
     if _logger:
-        _logger.log(SUBWARNING, msg, *args)
+        _logger.log(SUBWARNING, msg, *args, stacklevel=2)
 
 def get_logger():
     '''
@@ -130,7 +130,10 @@ def is_abstract_socket_namespace(address):
 #
 
 def _remove_temp_dir(rmtree, tempdir):
-    rmtree(tempdir)
+    def onerror(func, path, err_info):
+        if not issubclass(err_info[0], FileNotFoundError):
+            raise
+    rmtree(tempdir, onerror=onerror)
 
     current_process = process.current_process()
     # current_process() can be None if the finalizer is called
@@ -446,13 +449,15 @@ def _flush_std_streams():
 
 def spawnv_passfds(path, args, passfds):
     import _posixsubprocess
+    import subprocess
     passfds = tuple(sorted(map(int, passfds)))
     errpipe_read, errpipe_write = os.pipe()
     try:
         return _posixsubprocess.fork_exec(
-            args, [os.fsencode(path)], True, passfds, None, None,
+            args, [path], True, passfds, None, None,
             -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, errpipe_read, errpipe_write,
-            False, False, None, None, None, -1, None)
+            False, False, -1, None, None, None, -1, None,
+            subprocess._USE_VFORK)
     finally:
         os.close(errpipe_read)
         os.close(errpipe_write)

From 46410ff933177585e2a48e6888809d818d5527a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 01:15:34 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 190/705] Add test_multiprocessing from CPython 3.12.3

---
 Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py             | 6307 +++++++++++++++++
 .../test_multiprocessing_fork/__init__.py     |   16 +
 .../test_multiprocessing_fork/test_manager.py |    7 +
 .../test_multiprocessing_fork/test_misc.py    |    7 +
 .../test_processes.py                         |    7 +
 .../test_multiprocessing_fork/test_threads.py |    7 +
 .../__init__.py                               |   13 +
 .../test_manager.py                           |    7 +
 .../test_misc.py                              |    7 +
 .../test_processes.py                         |    7 +
 .../test_threads.py                           |    7 +
 .../test_multiprocessing_main_handling.py     |  300 +
 .../test_multiprocessing_spawn/__init__.py    |    9 +
 .../test_manager.py                           |    7 +
 .../test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_misc.py   |    7 +
 .../test_processes.py                         |    7 +
 .../test_threads.py                           |    7 +
 17 files changed, 6729 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_manager.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_misc.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_processes.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_threads.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_manager.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_misc.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_processes.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_threads.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_main_handling.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_manager.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_misc.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_processes.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_threads.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py b/Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e688efb1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/_test_multiprocessing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6307 @@
+#
+# Unit tests for the multiprocessing package
+#
+
+import unittest
+import unittest.mock
+import queue as pyqueue
+import textwrap
+import time
+import io
+import itertools
+import sys
+import os
+import gc
+import errno
+import functools
+import signal
+import array
+import socket
+import random
+import logging
+import subprocess
+import struct
+import operator
+import pathlib
+import pickle
+import weakref
+import warnings
+import test.support
+import test.support.script_helper
+from test import support
+from test.support import hashlib_helper
+from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support import os_helper
+from test.support import script_helper
+from test.support import socket_helper
+from test.support import threading_helper
+from test.support import warnings_helper
+
+
+# Skip tests if _multiprocessing wasn't built.
+_multiprocessing = import_helper.import_module('_multiprocessing')
+# Skip tests if sem_open implementation is broken.
+support.skip_if_broken_multiprocessing_synchronize()
+import threading
+
+import multiprocessing.connection
+import multiprocessing.dummy
+import multiprocessing.heap
+import multiprocessing.managers
+import multiprocessing.pool
+import multiprocessing.queues
+from multiprocessing.connection import wait, AuthenticationError
+
+from multiprocessing import util
+
+try:
+    from multiprocessing import reduction
+    HAS_REDUCTION = reduction.HAVE_SEND_HANDLE
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_REDUCTION = False
+
+try:
+    from multiprocessing.sharedctypes import Value, copy
+    HAS_SHAREDCTYPES = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_SHAREDCTYPES = False
+
+try:
+    from multiprocessing import shared_memory
+    HAS_SHMEM = True
+except ImportError:
+    HAS_SHMEM = False
+
+try:
+    import msvcrt
+except ImportError:
+    msvcrt = None
+
+
+if support.HAVE_ASAN_FORK_BUG:
+    # gh-89363: Skip multiprocessing tests if Python is built with ASAN to
+    # work around a libasan race condition: dead lock in pthread_create().
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("libasan has a pthread_create() dead lock related to thread+fork")
+
+
+# gh-110666: Tolerate a difference of 100 ms when comparing timings
+# (clock resolution)
+CLOCK_RES = 0.100
+
+
+def latin(s):
+    return s.encode('latin')
+
+
+def close_queue(queue):
+    if isinstance(queue, multiprocessing.queues.Queue):
+        queue.close()
+        queue.join_thread()
+
+
+def join_process(process):
+    # Since multiprocessing.Process has the same API than threading.Thread
+    # (join() and is_alive(), the support function can be reused
+    threading_helper.join_thread(process)
+
+
+if os.name == "posix":
+    from multiprocessing import resource_tracker
+
+    def _resource_unlink(name, rtype):
+        resource_tracker._CLEANUP_FUNCS[rtype](name)
+
+
+#
+# Constants
+#
+
+LOG_LEVEL = util.SUBWARNING
+#LOG_LEVEL = logging.DEBUG
+
+DELTA = 0.1
+CHECK_TIMINGS = False     # making true makes tests take a lot longer
+                          # and can sometimes cause some non-serious
+                          # failures because some calls block a bit
+                          # longer than expected
+if CHECK_TIMINGS:
+    TIMEOUT1, TIMEOUT2, TIMEOUT3 = 0.82, 0.35, 1.4
+else:
+    TIMEOUT1, TIMEOUT2, TIMEOUT3 = 0.1, 0.1, 0.1
+
+# BaseManager.shutdown_timeout
+SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT = support.SHORT_TIMEOUT
+
+WAIT_ACTIVE_CHILDREN_TIMEOUT = 5.0
+
+HAVE_GETVALUE = not getattr(_multiprocessing,
+                            'HAVE_BROKEN_SEM_GETVALUE', False)
+
+WIN32 = (sys.platform == "win32")
+
+def wait_for_handle(handle, timeout):
+    if timeout is not None and timeout < 0.0:
+        timeout = None
+    return wait([handle], timeout)
+
+try:
+    MAXFD = os.sysconf("SC_OPEN_MAX")
+except:
+    MAXFD = 256
+
+# To speed up tests when using the forkserver, we can preload these:
+PRELOAD = ['__main__', 'test.test_multiprocessing_forkserver']
+
+#
+# Some tests require ctypes
+#
+
+try:
+    from ctypes import Structure, c_int, c_double, c_longlong
+except ImportError:
+    Structure = object
+    c_int = c_double = c_longlong = None
+
+
+def check_enough_semaphores():
+    """Check that the system supports enough semaphores to run the test."""
+    # minimum number of semaphores available according to POSIX
+    nsems_min = 256
+    try:
+        nsems = os.sysconf("SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX")
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+        # sysconf not available or setting not available
+        return
+    if nsems == -1 or nsems >= nsems_min:
+        return
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("The OS doesn't support enough semaphores "
+                            "to run the test (required: %d)." % nsems_min)
+
+
+def only_run_in_spawn_testsuite(reason):
+    """Returns a decorator: raises SkipTest when SM != spawn at test time.
+
+    This can be useful to save overall Python test suite execution time.
+    "spawn" is the universal mode available on all platforms so this limits the
+    decorated test to only execute within test_multiprocessing_spawn.
+
+    This would not be necessary if we refactored our test suite to split things
+    into other test files when they are not start method specific to be rerun
+    under all start methods.
+    """
+
+    def decorator(test_item):
+
+        @functools.wraps(test_item)
+        def spawn_check_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+            if (start_method := multiprocessing.get_start_method()) != "spawn":
+                raise unittest.SkipTest(f"{start_method=}, not 'spawn'; {reason}")
+            return test_item(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        return spawn_check_wrapper
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+class TestInternalDecorators(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Logic within a test suite that could errantly skip tests? Test it!"""
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "test requires that fork exists.")
+    def test_only_run_in_spawn_testsuite(self):
+        if multiprocessing.get_start_method() != "spawn":
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("only run in test_multiprocessing_spawn.")
+
+        try:
+            @only_run_in_spawn_testsuite("testing this decorator")
+            def return_four_if_spawn():
+                return 4
+        except Exception as err:
+            self.fail(f"expected decorated `def` not to raise; caught {err}")
+
+        orig_start_method = multiprocessing.get_start_method(allow_none=True)
+        try:
+            multiprocessing.set_start_method("spawn", force=True)
+            self.assertEqual(return_four_if_spawn(), 4)
+            multiprocessing.set_start_method("fork", force=True)
+            with self.assertRaises(unittest.SkipTest) as ctx:
+                return_four_if_spawn()
+            self.assertIn("testing this decorator", str(ctx.exception))
+            self.assertIn("start_method=", str(ctx.exception))
+        finally:
+            multiprocessing.set_start_method(orig_start_method, force=True)
+
+
+#
+# Creates a wrapper for a function which records the time it takes to finish
+#
+
+class TimingWrapper(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, func):
+        self.func = func
+        self.elapsed = None
+
+    def __call__(self, *args, **kwds):
+        t = time.monotonic()
+        try:
+            return self.func(*args, **kwds)
+        finally:
+            self.elapsed = time.monotonic() - t
+
+#
+# Base class for test cases
+#
+
+class BaseTestCase(object):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes', 'manager', 'threads')
+
+    def assertTimingAlmostEqual(self, a, b):
+        if CHECK_TIMINGS:
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(a, b, 1)
+
+    def assertReturnsIfImplemented(self, value, func, *args):
+        try:
+            res = func(*args)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            return self.assertEqual(value, res)
+
+    # For the sanity of Windows users, rather than crashing or freezing in
+    # multiple ways.
+    def __reduce__(self, *args):
+        raise NotImplementedError("shouldn't try to pickle a test case")
+
+    __reduce_ex__ = __reduce__
+
+#
+# Return the value of a semaphore
+#
+
+def get_value(self):
+    try:
+        return self.get_value()
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            return self._Semaphore__value
+        except AttributeError:
+            try:
+                return self._value
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise NotImplementedError
+
+#
+# Testcases
+#
+
+class DummyCallable:
+    def __call__(self, q, c):
+        assert isinstance(c, DummyCallable)
+        q.put(5)
+
+
+class _TestProcess(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes', 'threads')
+
+    def test_current(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        current = self.current_process()
+        authkey = current.authkey
+
+        self.assertTrue(current.is_alive())
+        self.assertTrue(not current.daemon)
+        self.assertIsInstance(authkey, bytes)
+        self.assertTrue(len(authkey) > 0)
+        self.assertEqual(current.ident, os.getpid())
+        self.assertEqual(current.exitcode, None)
+
+    def test_set_executable(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            self.skipTest(f'test not appropriate for {self.TYPE}')
+        paths = [
+            sys.executable,               # str
+            sys.executable.encode(),      # bytes
+            pathlib.Path(sys.executable)  # os.PathLike
+        ]
+        for path in paths:
+            self.set_executable(path)
+            p = self.Process()
+            p.start()
+            p.join()
+            self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, 0)
+
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
+    def test_args_argument(self):
+        # bpo-45735: Using list or tuple as *args* in constructor could
+        # achieve the same effect.
+        args_cases = (1, "str", [1], (1,))
+        args_types = (list, tuple)
+
+        test_cases = itertools.product(args_cases, args_types)
+
+        for args, args_type in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(args=args, args_type=args_type):
+                q = self.Queue(1)
+                # pass a tuple or list as args
+                p = self.Process(target=self._test_args, args=args_type((q, args)))
+                p.daemon = True
+                p.start()
+                child_args = q.get()
+                self.assertEqual(child_args, args)
+                p.join()
+                close_queue(q)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_args(cls, q, arg):
+        q.put(arg)
+
+    def test_daemon_argument(self):
+        if self.TYPE == "threads":
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        # By default uses the current process's daemon flag.
+        proc0 = self.Process(target=self._test)
+        self.assertEqual(proc0.daemon, self.current_process().daemon)
+        proc1 = self.Process(target=self._test, daemon=True)
+        self.assertTrue(proc1.daemon)
+        proc2 = self.Process(target=self._test, daemon=False)
+        self.assertFalse(proc2.daemon)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test(cls, q, *args, **kwds):
+        current = cls.current_process()
+        q.put(args)
+        q.put(kwds)
+        q.put(current.name)
+        if cls.TYPE != 'threads':
+            q.put(bytes(current.authkey))
+            q.put(current.pid)
+
+    def test_parent_process_attributes(self):
+        if self.TYPE == "threads":
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        self.assertIsNone(self.parent_process())
+
+        rconn, wconn = self.Pipe(duplex=False)
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_send_parent_process, args=(wconn,))
+        p.start()
+        p.join()
+        parent_pid, parent_name = rconn.recv()
+        self.assertEqual(parent_pid, self.current_process().pid)
+        self.assertEqual(parent_pid, os.getpid())
+        self.assertEqual(parent_name, self.current_process().name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_send_parent_process(cls, wconn):
+        from multiprocessing.process import parent_process
+        wconn.send([parent_process().pid, parent_process().name])
+
+    def test_parent_process(self):
+        if self.TYPE == "threads":
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        # Launch a child process. Make it launch a grandchild process. Kill the
+        # child process and make sure that the grandchild notices the death of
+        # its parent (a.k.a the child process).
+        rconn, wconn = self.Pipe(duplex=False)
+        p = self.Process(
+            target=self._test_create_grandchild_process, args=(wconn, ))
+        p.start()
+
+        if not rconn.poll(timeout=support.LONG_TIMEOUT):
+            raise AssertionError("Could not communicate with child process")
+        parent_process_status = rconn.recv()
+        self.assertEqual(parent_process_status, "alive")
+
+        p.terminate()
+        p.join()
+
+        if not rconn.poll(timeout=support.LONG_TIMEOUT):
+            raise AssertionError("Could not communicate with child process")
+        parent_process_status = rconn.recv()
+        self.assertEqual(parent_process_status, "not alive")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_create_grandchild_process(cls, wconn):
+        p = cls.Process(target=cls._test_report_parent_status, args=(wconn, ))
+        p.start()
+        time.sleep(300)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_report_parent_status(cls, wconn):
+        from multiprocessing.process import parent_process
+        wconn.send("alive" if parent_process().is_alive() else "not alive")
+        parent_process().join(timeout=support.SHORT_TIMEOUT)
+        wconn.send("alive" if parent_process().is_alive() else "not alive")
+
+    def test_process(self):
+        q = self.Queue(1)
+        e = self.Event()
+        args = (q, 1, 2)
+        kwargs = {'hello':23, 'bye':2.54}
+        name = 'SomeProcess'
+        p = self.Process(
+            target=self._test, args=args, kwargs=kwargs, name=name
+            )
+        p.daemon = True
+        current = self.current_process()
+
+        if self.TYPE != 'threads':
+            self.assertEqual(p.authkey, current.authkey)
+        self.assertEqual(p.is_alive(), False)
+        self.assertEqual(p.daemon, True)
+        self.assertNotIn(p, self.active_children())
+        self.assertTrue(type(self.active_children()) is list)
+        self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, None)
+
+        p.start()
+
+        self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, None)
+        self.assertEqual(p.is_alive(), True)
+        self.assertIn(p, self.active_children())
+
+        self.assertEqual(q.get(), args[1:])
+        self.assertEqual(q.get(), kwargs)
+        self.assertEqual(q.get(), p.name)
+        if self.TYPE != 'threads':
+            self.assertEqual(q.get(), current.authkey)
+            self.assertEqual(q.get(), p.pid)
+
+        p.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(p.is_alive(), False)
+        self.assertNotIn(p, self.active_children())
+        close_queue(q)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(threading._HAVE_THREAD_NATIVE_ID, "needs native_id")
+    def test_process_mainthread_native_id(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        current_mainthread_native_id = threading.main_thread().native_id
+
+        q = self.Queue(1)
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_process_mainthread_native_id, args=(q,))
+        p.start()
+
+        child_mainthread_native_id = q.get()
+        p.join()
+        close_queue(q)
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(current_mainthread_native_id, child_mainthread_native_id)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_process_mainthread_native_id(cls, q):
+        mainthread_native_id = threading.main_thread().native_id
+        q.put(mainthread_native_id)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sleep_some(cls):
+        time.sleep(100)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_sleep(cls, delay):
+        time.sleep(delay)
+
+    def _kill_process(self, meth):
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._sleep_some)
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+
+        self.assertEqual(p.is_alive(), True)
+        self.assertIn(p, self.active_children())
+        self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, None)
+
+        join = TimingWrapper(p.join)
+
+        self.assertEqual(join(0), None)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(join.elapsed, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(p.is_alive(), True)
+
+        self.assertEqual(join(-1), None)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(join.elapsed, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(p.is_alive(), True)
+
+        # XXX maybe terminating too soon causes the problems on Gentoo...
+        time.sleep(1)
+
+        meth(p)
+
+        if hasattr(signal, 'alarm'):
+            # On the Gentoo buildbot waitpid() often seems to block forever.
+            # We use alarm() to interrupt it if it blocks for too long.
+            def handler(*args):
+                raise RuntimeError('join took too long: %s' % p)
+            old_handler = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, handler)
+            try:
+                signal.alarm(10)
+                self.assertEqual(join(), None)
+            finally:
+                signal.alarm(0)
+                signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old_handler)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(join(), None)
+
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(join.elapsed, 0.0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(p.is_alive(), False)
+        self.assertNotIn(p, self.active_children())
+
+        p.join()
+
+        return p.exitcode
+
+    def test_terminate(self):
+        exitcode = self._kill_process(multiprocessing.Process.terminate)
+        self.assertEqual(exitcode, -signal.SIGTERM)
+
+    def test_kill(self):
+        exitcode = self._kill_process(multiprocessing.Process.kill)
+        if os.name != 'nt':
+            self.assertEqual(exitcode, -signal.SIGKILL)
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(exitcode, -signal.SIGTERM)
+
+    def test_cpu_count(self):
+        try:
+            cpus = multiprocessing.cpu_count()
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            cpus = 1
+        self.assertTrue(type(cpus) is int)
+        self.assertTrue(cpus >= 1)
+
+    def test_active_children(self):
+        self.assertEqual(type(self.active_children()), list)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=time.sleep, args=(DELTA,))
+        self.assertNotIn(p, self.active_children())
+
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        self.assertIn(p, self.active_children())
+
+        p.join()
+        self.assertNotIn(p, self.active_children())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_recursion(cls, wconn, id):
+        wconn.send(id)
+        if len(id) < 2:
+            for i in range(2):
+                p = cls.Process(
+                    target=cls._test_recursion, args=(wconn, id+[i])
+                    )
+                p.start()
+                p.join()
+
+    def test_recursion(self):
+        rconn, wconn = self.Pipe(duplex=False)
+        self._test_recursion(wconn, [])
+
+        time.sleep(DELTA)
+        result = []
+        while rconn.poll():
+            result.append(rconn.recv())
+
+        expected = [
+            [],
+              [0],
+                [0, 0],
+                [0, 1],
+              [1],
+                [1, 0],
+                [1, 1]
+            ]
+        self.assertEqual(result, expected)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_sentinel(cls, event):
+        event.wait(10.0)
+
+    def test_sentinel(self):
+        if self.TYPE == "threads":
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+        event = self.Event()
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_sentinel, args=(event,))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            p.sentinel
+        p.start()
+        self.addCleanup(p.join)
+        sentinel = p.sentinel
+        self.assertIsInstance(sentinel, int)
+        self.assertFalse(wait_for_handle(sentinel, timeout=0.0))
+        event.set()
+        p.join()
+        self.assertTrue(wait_for_handle(sentinel, timeout=1))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_close(cls, rc=0, q=None):
+        if q is not None:
+            q.get()
+        sys.exit(rc)
+
+    def test_close(self):
+        if self.TYPE == "threads":
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+        q = self.Queue()
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_close, kwargs={'q': q})
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        self.assertEqual(p.is_alive(), True)
+        # Child is still alive, cannot close
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            p.close()
+
+        q.put(None)
+        p.join()
+        self.assertEqual(p.is_alive(), False)
+        self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, 0)
+        p.close()
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            p.is_alive()
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            p.join()
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            p.terminate()
+        p.close()
+
+        wr = weakref.ref(p)
+        del p
+        gc.collect()
+        self.assertIs(wr(), None)
+
+        close_queue(q)
+
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
+    def test_many_processes(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        sm = multiprocessing.get_start_method()
+        N = 5 if sm == 'spawn' else 100
+
+        # Try to overwhelm the forkserver loop with events
+        procs = [self.Process(target=self._test_sleep, args=(0.01,))
+                 for i in range(N)]
+        for p in procs:
+            p.start()
+        for p in procs:
+            join_process(p)
+        for p in procs:
+            self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, 0)
+
+        procs = [self.Process(target=self._sleep_some)
+                 for i in range(N)]
+        for p in procs:
+            p.start()
+        time.sleep(0.001)  # let the children start...
+        for p in procs:
+            p.terminate()
+        for p in procs:
+            join_process(p)
+        if os.name != 'nt':
+            exitcodes = [-signal.SIGTERM]
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                # bpo-31510: On macOS, killing a freshly started process with
+                # SIGTERM sometimes kills the process with SIGKILL.
+                exitcodes.append(-signal.SIGKILL)
+            for p in procs:
+                self.assertIn(p.exitcode, exitcodes)
+
+    def test_lose_target_ref(self):
+        c = DummyCallable()
+        wr = weakref.ref(c)
+        q = self.Queue()
+        p = self.Process(target=c, args=(q, c))
+        del c
+        p.start()
+        p.join()
+        gc.collect()  # For PyPy or other GCs.
+        self.assertIs(wr(), None)
+        self.assertEqual(q.get(), 5)
+        close_queue(q)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_child_fd_inflation(self, evt, q):
+        q.put(os_helper.fd_count())
+        evt.wait()
+
+    def test_child_fd_inflation(self):
+        # Number of fds in child processes should not grow with the
+        # number of running children.
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        sm = multiprocessing.get_start_method()
+        if sm == 'fork':
+            # The fork method by design inherits all fds from the parent,
+            # trying to go against it is a lost battle
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(sm))
+
+        N = 5
+        evt = self.Event()
+        q = self.Queue()
+
+        procs = [self.Process(target=self._test_child_fd_inflation, args=(evt, q))
+                 for i in range(N)]
+        for p in procs:
+            p.start()
+
+        try:
+            fd_counts = [q.get() for i in range(N)]
+            self.assertEqual(len(set(fd_counts)), 1, fd_counts)
+
+        finally:
+            evt.set()
+            for p in procs:
+                p.join()
+            close_queue(q)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_wait_for_threads(self, evt):
+        def func1():
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+            evt.set()
+
+        def func2():
+            time.sleep(20)
+            evt.clear()
+
+        threading.Thread(target=func1).start()
+        threading.Thread(target=func2, daemon=True).start()
+
+    def test_wait_for_threads(self):
+        # A child process should wait for non-daemonic threads to end
+        # before exiting
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        evt = self.Event()
+        proc = self.Process(target=self._test_wait_for_threads, args=(evt,))
+        proc.start()
+        proc.join()
+        self.assertTrue(evt.is_set())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_error_on_stdio_flush(self, evt, break_std_streams={}):
+        for stream_name, action in break_std_streams.items():
+            if action == 'close':
+                stream = io.StringIO()
+                stream.close()
+            else:
+                assert action == 'remove'
+                stream = None
+            setattr(sys, stream_name, None)
+        evt.set()
+
+    def test_error_on_stdio_flush_1(self):
+        # Check that Process works with broken standard streams
+        streams = [io.StringIO(), None]
+        streams[0].close()
+        for stream_name in ('stdout', 'stderr'):
+            for stream in streams:
+                old_stream = getattr(sys, stream_name)
+                setattr(sys, stream_name, stream)
+                try:
+                    evt = self.Event()
+                    proc = self.Process(target=self._test_error_on_stdio_flush,
+                                        args=(evt,))
+                    proc.start()
+                    proc.join()
+                    self.assertTrue(evt.is_set())
+                    self.assertEqual(proc.exitcode, 0)
+                finally:
+                    setattr(sys, stream_name, old_stream)
+
+    def test_error_on_stdio_flush_2(self):
+        # Same as test_error_on_stdio_flush_1(), but standard streams are
+        # broken by the child process
+        for stream_name in ('stdout', 'stderr'):
+            for action in ('close', 'remove'):
+                old_stream = getattr(sys, stream_name)
+                try:
+                    evt = self.Event()
+                    proc = self.Process(target=self._test_error_on_stdio_flush,
+                                        args=(evt, {stream_name: action}))
+                    proc.start()
+                    proc.join()
+                    self.assertTrue(evt.is_set())
+                    self.assertEqual(proc.exitcode, 0)
+                finally:
+                    setattr(sys, stream_name, old_stream)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _sleep_and_set_event(self, evt, delay=0.0):
+        time.sleep(delay)
+        evt.set()
+
+    def check_forkserver_death(self, signum):
+        # bpo-31308: if the forkserver process has died, we should still
+        # be able to create and run new Process instances (the forkserver
+        # is implicitly restarted).
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+        sm = multiprocessing.get_start_method()
+        if sm != 'forkserver':
+            # The fork method by design inherits all fds from the parent,
+            # trying to go against it is a lost battle
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(sm))
+
+        from multiprocessing.forkserver import _forkserver
+        _forkserver.ensure_running()
+
+        # First process sleeps 500 ms
+        delay = 0.5
+
+        evt = self.Event()
+        proc = self.Process(target=self._sleep_and_set_event, args=(evt, delay))
+        proc.start()
+
+        pid = _forkserver._forkserver_pid
+        os.kill(pid, signum)
+        # give time to the fork server to die and time to proc to complete
+        time.sleep(delay * 2.0)
+
+        evt2 = self.Event()
+        proc2 = self.Process(target=self._sleep_and_set_event, args=(evt2,))
+        proc2.start()
+        proc2.join()
+        self.assertTrue(evt2.is_set())
+        self.assertEqual(proc2.exitcode, 0)
+
+        proc.join()
+        self.assertTrue(evt.is_set())
+        self.assertIn(proc.exitcode, (0, 255))
+
+    def test_forkserver_sigint(self):
+        # Catchable signal
+        self.check_forkserver_death(signal.SIGINT)
+
+    def test_forkserver_sigkill(self):
+        # Uncatchable signal
+        if os.name != 'nt':
+            self.check_forkserver_death(signal.SIGKILL)
+
+
+#
+#
+#
+
+class _UpperCaser(multiprocessing.Process):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        multiprocessing.Process.__init__(self)
+        self.child_conn, self.parent_conn = multiprocessing.Pipe()
+
+    def run(self):
+        self.parent_conn.close()
+        for s in iter(self.child_conn.recv, None):
+            self.child_conn.send(s.upper())
+        self.child_conn.close()
+
+    def submit(self, s):
+        assert type(s) is str
+        self.parent_conn.send(s)
+        return self.parent_conn.recv()
+
+    def stop(self):
+        self.parent_conn.send(None)
+        self.parent_conn.close()
+        self.child_conn.close()
+
+class _TestSubclassingProcess(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    def test_subclassing(self):
+        uppercaser = _UpperCaser()
+        uppercaser.daemon = True
+        uppercaser.start()
+        self.assertEqual(uppercaser.submit('hello'), 'HELLO')
+        self.assertEqual(uppercaser.submit('world'), 'WORLD')
+        uppercaser.stop()
+        uppercaser.join()
+
+    def test_stderr_flush(self):
+        # sys.stderr is flushed at process shutdown (issue #13812)
+        if self.TYPE == "threads":
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        testfn = os_helper.TESTFN
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, testfn)
+        proc = self.Process(target=self._test_stderr_flush, args=(testfn,))
+        proc.start()
+        proc.join()
+        with open(testfn, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            err = f.read()
+            # The whole traceback was printed
+            self.assertIn("ZeroDivisionError", err)
+            self.assertIn("test_multiprocessing.py", err)
+            self.assertIn("1/0 # MARKER", err)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_stderr_flush(cls, testfn):
+        fd = os.open(testfn, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL)
+        sys.stderr = open(fd, 'w', encoding="utf-8", closefd=False)
+        1/0 # MARKER
+
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_sys_exit(cls, reason, testfn):
+        fd = os.open(testfn, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL)
+        sys.stderr = open(fd, 'w', encoding="utf-8", closefd=False)
+        sys.exit(reason)
+
+    def test_sys_exit(self):
+        # See Issue 13854
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        testfn = os_helper.TESTFN
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, testfn)
+
+        for reason in (
+            [1, 2, 3],
+            'ignore this',
+        ):
+            p = self.Process(target=self._test_sys_exit, args=(reason, testfn))
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+            join_process(p)
+            self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, 1)
+
+            with open(testfn, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                content = f.read()
+            self.assertEqual(content.rstrip(), str(reason))
+
+            os.unlink(testfn)
+
+        cases = [
+            ((True,), 1),
+            ((False,), 0),
+            ((8,), 8),
+            ((None,), 0),
+            ((), 0),
+            ]
+
+        for args, expected in cases:
+            with self.subTest(args=args):
+                p = self.Process(target=sys.exit, args=args)
+                p.daemon = True
+                p.start()
+                join_process(p)
+                self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, expected)
+
+#
+#
+#
+
+def queue_empty(q):
+    if hasattr(q, 'empty'):
+        return q.empty()
+    else:
+        return q.qsize() == 0
+
+def queue_full(q, maxsize):
+    if hasattr(q, 'full'):
+        return q.full()
+    else:
+        return q.qsize() == maxsize
+
+
+class _TestQueue(BaseTestCase):
+
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_put(cls, queue, child_can_start, parent_can_continue):
+        child_can_start.wait()
+        for i in range(6):
+            queue.get()
+        parent_can_continue.set()
+
+    def test_put(self):
+        MAXSIZE = 6
+        queue = self.Queue(maxsize=MAXSIZE)
+        child_can_start = self.Event()
+        parent_can_continue = self.Event()
+
+        proc = self.Process(
+            target=self._test_put,
+            args=(queue, child_can_start, parent_can_continue)
+            )
+        proc.daemon = True
+        proc.start()
+
+        self.assertEqual(queue_empty(queue), True)
+        self.assertEqual(queue_full(queue, MAXSIZE), False)
+
+        queue.put(1)
+        queue.put(2, True)
+        queue.put(3, True, None)
+        queue.put(4, False)
+        queue.put(5, False, None)
+        queue.put_nowait(6)
+
+        # the values may be in buffer but not yet in pipe so sleep a bit
+        time.sleep(DELTA)
+
+        self.assertEqual(queue_empty(queue), False)
+        self.assertEqual(queue_full(queue, MAXSIZE), True)
+
+        put = TimingWrapper(queue.put)
+        put_nowait = TimingWrapper(queue.put_nowait)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Full, put, 7, False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(put.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Full, put, 7, False, None)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(put.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Full, put_nowait, 7)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(put_nowait.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Full, put, 7, True, TIMEOUT1)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(put.elapsed, TIMEOUT1)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Full, put, 7, False, TIMEOUT2)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(put.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Full, put, 7, True, timeout=TIMEOUT3)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(put.elapsed, TIMEOUT3)
+
+        child_can_start.set()
+        parent_can_continue.wait()
+
+        self.assertEqual(queue_empty(queue), True)
+        self.assertEqual(queue_full(queue, MAXSIZE), False)
+
+        proc.join()
+        close_queue(queue)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_get(cls, queue, child_can_start, parent_can_continue):
+        child_can_start.wait()
+        #queue.put(1)
+        queue.put(2)
+        queue.put(3)
+        queue.put(4)
+        queue.put(5)
+        parent_can_continue.set()
+
+    def test_get(self):
+        queue = self.Queue()
+        child_can_start = self.Event()
+        parent_can_continue = self.Event()
+
+        proc = self.Process(
+            target=self._test_get,
+            args=(queue, child_can_start, parent_can_continue)
+            )
+        proc.daemon = True
+        proc.start()
+
+        self.assertEqual(queue_empty(queue), True)
+
+        child_can_start.set()
+        parent_can_continue.wait()
+
+        time.sleep(DELTA)
+        self.assertEqual(queue_empty(queue), False)
+
+        # Hangs unexpectedly, remove for now
+        #self.assertEqual(queue.get(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(queue.get(True, None), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(queue.get(True), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(queue.get(timeout=1), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(queue.get_nowait(), 5)
+
+        self.assertEqual(queue_empty(queue), True)
+
+        get = TimingWrapper(queue.get)
+        get_nowait = TimingWrapper(queue.get_nowait)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Empty, get, False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(get.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Empty, get, False, None)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(get.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Empty, get_nowait)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(get_nowait.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Empty, get, True, TIMEOUT1)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(get.elapsed, TIMEOUT1)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Empty, get, False, TIMEOUT2)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(get.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Empty, get, timeout=TIMEOUT3)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(get.elapsed, TIMEOUT3)
+
+        proc.join()
+        close_queue(queue)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_fork(cls, queue):
+        for i in range(10, 20):
+            queue.put(i)
+        # note that at this point the items may only be buffered, so the
+        # process cannot shutdown until the feeder thread has finished
+        # pushing items onto the pipe.
+
+    def test_fork(self):
+        # Old versions of Queue would fail to create a new feeder
+        # thread for a forked process if the original process had its
+        # own feeder thread.  This test checks that this no longer
+        # happens.
+
+        queue = self.Queue()
+
+        # put items on queue so that main process starts a feeder thread
+        for i in range(10):
+            queue.put(i)
+
+        # wait to make sure thread starts before we fork a new process
+        time.sleep(DELTA)
+
+        # fork process
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_fork, args=(queue,))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+
+        # check that all expected items are in the queue
+        for i in range(20):
+            self.assertEqual(queue.get(), i)
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Empty, queue.get, False)
+
+        p.join()
+        close_queue(queue)
+
+    def test_qsize(self):
+        q = self.Queue()
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(q.qsize(), 0)
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            self.skipTest('qsize method not implemented')
+        q.put(1)
+        self.assertEqual(q.qsize(), 1)
+        q.put(5)
+        self.assertEqual(q.qsize(), 2)
+        q.get()
+        self.assertEqual(q.qsize(), 1)
+        q.get()
+        self.assertEqual(q.qsize(), 0)
+        close_queue(q)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_task_done(cls, q):
+        for obj in iter(q.get, None):
+            time.sleep(DELTA)
+            q.task_done()
+
+    def test_task_done(self):
+        queue = self.JoinableQueue()
+
+        workers = [self.Process(target=self._test_task_done, args=(queue,))
+                   for i in range(4)]
+
+        for p in workers:
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+
+        for i in range(10):
+            queue.put(i)
+
+        queue.join()
+
+        for p in workers:
+            queue.put(None)
+
+        for p in workers:
+            p.join()
+        close_queue(queue)
+
+    def test_no_import_lock_contention(self):
+        with os_helper.temp_cwd():
+            module_name = 'imported_by_an_imported_module'
+            with open(module_name + '.py', 'w', encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                f.write("""if 1:
+                    import multiprocessing
+
+                    q = multiprocessing.Queue()
+                    q.put('knock knock')
+                    q.get(timeout=3)
+                    q.close()
+                    del q
+                """)
+
+            with import_helper.DirsOnSysPath(os.getcwd()):
+                try:
+                    __import__(module_name)
+                except pyqueue.Empty:
+                    self.fail("Probable regression on import lock contention;"
+                              " see Issue #22853")
+
+    def test_timeout(self):
+        q = multiprocessing.Queue()
+        start = time.monotonic()
+        self.assertRaises(pyqueue.Empty, q.get, True, 0.200)
+        delta = time.monotonic() - start
+        # bpo-30317: Tolerate a delta of 100 ms because of the bad clock
+        # resolution on Windows (usually 15.6 ms). x86 Windows7 3.x once
+        # failed because the delta was only 135.8 ms.
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(delta, 0.100)
+        close_queue(q)
+
+    def test_queue_feeder_donot_stop_onexc(self):
+        # bpo-30414: verify feeder handles exceptions correctly
+        if self.TYPE != 'processes':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        class NotSerializable(object):
+            def __reduce__(self):
+                raise AttributeError
+        with test.support.captured_stderr():
+            q = self.Queue()
+            q.put(NotSerializable())
+            q.put(True)
+            self.assertTrue(q.get(timeout=support.SHORT_TIMEOUT))
+            close_queue(q)
+
+        with test.support.captured_stderr():
+            # bpo-33078: verify that the queue size is correctly handled
+            # on errors.
+            q = self.Queue(maxsize=1)
+            q.put(NotSerializable())
+            q.put(True)
+            try:
+                self.assertEqual(q.qsize(), 1)
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                # qsize is not available on all platform as it
+                # relies on sem_getvalue
+                pass
+            self.assertTrue(q.get(timeout=support.SHORT_TIMEOUT))
+            # Check that the size of the queue is correct
+            self.assertTrue(q.empty())
+            close_queue(q)
+
+    def test_queue_feeder_on_queue_feeder_error(self):
+        # bpo-30006: verify feeder handles exceptions using the
+        # _on_queue_feeder_error hook.
+        if self.TYPE != 'processes':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        class NotSerializable(object):
+            """Mock unserializable object"""
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.reduce_was_called = False
+                self.on_queue_feeder_error_was_called = False
+
+            def __reduce__(self):
+                self.reduce_was_called = True
+                raise AttributeError
+
+        class SafeQueue(multiprocessing.queues.Queue):
+            """Queue with overloaded _on_queue_feeder_error hook"""
+            @staticmethod
+            def _on_queue_feeder_error(e, obj):
+                if (isinstance(e, AttributeError) and
+                        isinstance(obj, NotSerializable)):
+                    obj.on_queue_feeder_error_was_called = True
+
+        not_serializable_obj = NotSerializable()
+        # The captured_stderr reduces the noise in the test report
+        with test.support.captured_stderr():
+            q = SafeQueue(ctx=multiprocessing.get_context())
+            q.put(not_serializable_obj)
+
+            # Verify that q is still functioning correctly
+            q.put(True)
+            self.assertTrue(q.get(timeout=support.SHORT_TIMEOUT))
+
+        # Assert that the serialization and the hook have been called correctly
+        self.assertTrue(not_serializable_obj.reduce_was_called)
+        self.assertTrue(not_serializable_obj.on_queue_feeder_error_was_called)
+
+    def test_closed_queue_put_get_exceptions(self):
+        for q in multiprocessing.Queue(), multiprocessing.JoinableQueue():
+            q.close()
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'is closed'):
+                q.put('foo')
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'is closed'):
+                q.get()
+#
+#
+#
+
+class _TestLock(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def test_lock(self):
+        lock = self.Lock()
+        self.assertEqual(lock.acquire(), True)
+        self.assertEqual(lock.acquire(False), False)
+        self.assertEqual(lock.release(), None)
+        self.assertRaises((ValueError, threading.ThreadError), lock.release)
+
+    def test_rlock(self):
+        lock = self.RLock()
+        self.assertEqual(lock.acquire(), True)
+        self.assertEqual(lock.acquire(), True)
+        self.assertEqual(lock.acquire(), True)
+        self.assertEqual(lock.release(), None)
+        self.assertEqual(lock.release(), None)
+        self.assertEqual(lock.release(), None)
+        self.assertRaises((AssertionError, RuntimeError), lock.release)
+
+    def test_lock_context(self):
+        with self.Lock():
+            pass
+
+
+class _TestSemaphore(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def _test_semaphore(self, sem):
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(2, get_value, sem)
+        self.assertEqual(sem.acquire(), True)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(1, get_value, sem)
+        self.assertEqual(sem.acquire(), True)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(0, get_value, sem)
+        self.assertEqual(sem.acquire(False), False)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(0, get_value, sem)
+        self.assertEqual(sem.release(), None)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(1, get_value, sem)
+        self.assertEqual(sem.release(), None)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(2, get_value, sem)
+
+    def test_semaphore(self):
+        sem = self.Semaphore(2)
+        self._test_semaphore(sem)
+        self.assertEqual(sem.release(), None)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(3, get_value, sem)
+        self.assertEqual(sem.release(), None)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(4, get_value, sem)
+
+    def test_bounded_semaphore(self):
+        sem = self.BoundedSemaphore(2)
+        self._test_semaphore(sem)
+        # Currently fails on OS/X
+        #if HAVE_GETVALUE:
+        #    self.assertRaises(ValueError, sem.release)
+        #    self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(2, get_value, sem)
+
+    def test_timeout(self):
+        if self.TYPE != 'processes':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        sem = self.Semaphore(0)
+        acquire = TimingWrapper(sem.acquire)
+
+        self.assertEqual(acquire(False), False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(acquire.elapsed, 0.0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(acquire(False, None), False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(acquire.elapsed, 0.0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(acquire(False, TIMEOUT1), False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(acquire.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(acquire(True, TIMEOUT2), False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(acquire.elapsed, TIMEOUT2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(acquire(timeout=TIMEOUT3), False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(acquire.elapsed, TIMEOUT3)
+
+
+class _TestCondition(BaseTestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def f(cls, cond, sleeping, woken, timeout=None):
+        cond.acquire()
+        sleeping.release()
+        cond.wait(timeout)
+        woken.release()
+        cond.release()
+
+    def assertReachesEventually(self, func, value):
+        for i in range(10):
+            try:
+                if func() == value:
+                    break
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                break
+            time.sleep(DELTA)
+        time.sleep(DELTA)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(value, func)
+
+    def check_invariant(self, cond):
+        # this is only supposed to succeed when there are no sleepers
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            try:
+                sleepers = (cond._sleeping_count.get_value() -
+                            cond._woken_count.get_value())
+                self.assertEqual(sleepers, 0)
+                self.assertEqual(cond._wait_semaphore.get_value(), 0)
+            except NotImplementedError:
+                pass
+
+    def test_notify(self):
+        cond = self.Condition()
+        sleeping = self.Semaphore(0)
+        woken = self.Semaphore(0)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self.f, args=(cond, sleeping, woken))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        self.addCleanup(p.join)
+
+        p = threading.Thread(target=self.f, args=(cond, sleeping, woken))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        self.addCleanup(p.join)
+
+        # wait for both children to start sleeping
+        sleeping.acquire()
+        sleeping.acquire()
+
+        # check no process/thread has woken up
+        time.sleep(DELTA)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(0, get_value, woken)
+
+        # wake up one process/thread
+        cond.acquire()
+        cond.notify()
+        cond.release()
+
+        # check one process/thread has woken up
+        time.sleep(DELTA)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(1, get_value, woken)
+
+        # wake up another
+        cond.acquire()
+        cond.notify()
+        cond.release()
+
+        # check other has woken up
+        time.sleep(DELTA)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(2, get_value, woken)
+
+        # check state is not mucked up
+        self.check_invariant(cond)
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_notify_all(self):
+        cond = self.Condition()
+        sleeping = self.Semaphore(0)
+        woken = self.Semaphore(0)
+
+        # start some threads/processes which will timeout
+        for i in range(3):
+            p = self.Process(target=self.f,
+                             args=(cond, sleeping, woken, TIMEOUT1))
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+            self.addCleanup(p.join)
+
+            t = threading.Thread(target=self.f,
+                                 args=(cond, sleeping, woken, TIMEOUT1))
+            t.daemon = True
+            t.start()
+            self.addCleanup(t.join)
+
+        # wait for them all to sleep
+        for i in range(6):
+            sleeping.acquire()
+
+        # check they have all timed out
+        for i in range(6):
+            woken.acquire()
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(0, get_value, woken)
+
+        # check state is not mucked up
+        self.check_invariant(cond)
+
+        # start some more threads/processes
+        for i in range(3):
+            p = self.Process(target=self.f, args=(cond, sleeping, woken))
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+            self.addCleanup(p.join)
+
+            t = threading.Thread(target=self.f, args=(cond, sleeping, woken))
+            t.daemon = True
+            t.start()
+            self.addCleanup(t.join)
+
+        # wait for them to all sleep
+        for i in range(6):
+            sleeping.acquire()
+
+        # check no process/thread has woken up
+        time.sleep(DELTA)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(0, get_value, woken)
+
+        # wake them all up
+        cond.acquire()
+        cond.notify_all()
+        cond.release()
+
+        # check they have all woken
+        self.assertReachesEventually(lambda: get_value(woken), 6)
+
+        # check state is not mucked up
+        self.check_invariant(cond)
+
+    def test_notify_n(self):
+        cond = self.Condition()
+        sleeping = self.Semaphore(0)
+        woken = self.Semaphore(0)
+
+        # start some threads/processes
+        for i in range(3):
+            p = self.Process(target=self.f, args=(cond, sleeping, woken))
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+            self.addCleanup(p.join)
+
+            t = threading.Thread(target=self.f, args=(cond, sleeping, woken))
+            t.daemon = True
+            t.start()
+            self.addCleanup(t.join)
+
+        # wait for them to all sleep
+        for i in range(6):
+            sleeping.acquire()
+
+        # check no process/thread has woken up
+        time.sleep(DELTA)
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(0, get_value, woken)
+
+        # wake some of them up
+        cond.acquire()
+        cond.notify(n=2)
+        cond.release()
+
+        # check 2 have woken
+        self.assertReachesEventually(lambda: get_value(woken), 2)
+
+        # wake the rest of them
+        cond.acquire()
+        cond.notify(n=4)
+        cond.release()
+
+        self.assertReachesEventually(lambda: get_value(woken), 6)
+
+        # doesn't do anything more
+        cond.acquire()
+        cond.notify(n=3)
+        cond.release()
+
+        self.assertReturnsIfImplemented(6, get_value, woken)
+
+        # check state is not mucked up
+        self.check_invariant(cond)
+
+    def test_timeout(self):
+        cond = self.Condition()
+        wait = TimingWrapper(cond.wait)
+        cond.acquire()
+        res = wait(TIMEOUT1)
+        cond.release()
+        self.assertEqual(res, False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(wait.elapsed, TIMEOUT1)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_waitfor_f(cls, cond, state):
+        with cond:
+            state.value = 0
+            cond.notify()
+            result = cond.wait_for(lambda : state.value==4)
+            if not result or state.value != 4:
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_SHAREDCTYPES, 'needs sharedctypes')
+    def test_waitfor(self):
+        # based on test in test/lock_tests.py
+        cond = self.Condition()
+        state = self.Value('i', -1)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_waitfor_f, args=(cond, state))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+
+        with cond:
+            result = cond.wait_for(lambda : state.value==0)
+            self.assertTrue(result)
+            self.assertEqual(state.value, 0)
+
+        for i in range(4):
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+            with cond:
+                state.value += 1
+                cond.notify()
+
+        join_process(p)
+        self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, 0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_waitfor_timeout_f(cls, cond, state, success, sem):
+        sem.release()
+        with cond:
+            expected = 0.100
+            dt = time.monotonic()
+            result = cond.wait_for(lambda : state.value==4, timeout=expected)
+            dt = time.monotonic() - dt
+            if not result and (expected - CLOCK_RES) <= dt:
+                success.value = True
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_SHAREDCTYPES, 'needs sharedctypes')
+    def test_waitfor_timeout(self):
+        # based on test in test/lock_tests.py
+        cond = self.Condition()
+        state = self.Value('i', 0)
+        success = self.Value('i', False)
+        sem = self.Semaphore(0)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_waitfor_timeout_f,
+                         args=(cond, state, success, sem))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        self.assertTrue(sem.acquire(timeout=support.LONG_TIMEOUT))
+
+        # Only increment 3 times, so state == 4 is never reached.
+        for i in range(3):
+            time.sleep(0.010)
+            with cond:
+                state.value += 1
+                cond.notify()
+
+        join_process(p)
+        self.assertTrue(success.value)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_wait_result(cls, c, pid):
+        with c:
+            c.notify()
+        time.sleep(1)
+        if pid is not None:
+            os.kill(pid, signal.SIGINT)
+
+    def test_wait_result(self):
+        if isinstance(self, ProcessesMixin) and sys.platform != 'win32':
+            pid = os.getpid()
+        else:
+            pid = None
+
+        c = self.Condition()
+        with c:
+            self.assertFalse(c.wait(0))
+            self.assertFalse(c.wait(0.1))
+
+            p = self.Process(target=self._test_wait_result, args=(c, pid))
+            p.start()
+
+            self.assertTrue(c.wait(60))
+            if pid is not None:
+                self.assertRaises(KeyboardInterrupt, c.wait, 60)
+
+            p.join()
+
+
+class _TestEvent(BaseTestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_event(cls, event):
+        time.sleep(TIMEOUT2)
+        event.set()
+
+    def test_event(self):
+        event = self.Event()
+        wait = TimingWrapper(event.wait)
+
+        # Removed temporarily, due to API shear, this does not
+        # work with threading._Event objects. is_set == isSet
+        self.assertEqual(event.is_set(), False)
+
+        # Removed, threading.Event.wait() will return the value of the __flag
+        # instead of None. API Shear with the semaphore backed mp.Event
+        self.assertEqual(wait(0.0), False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(wait.elapsed, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(wait(TIMEOUT1), False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(wait.elapsed, TIMEOUT1)
+
+        event.set()
+
+        # See note above on the API differences
+        self.assertEqual(event.is_set(), True)
+        self.assertEqual(wait(), True)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(wait.elapsed, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(wait(TIMEOUT1), True)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(wait.elapsed, 0.0)
+        # self.assertEqual(event.is_set(), True)
+
+        event.clear()
+
+        #self.assertEqual(event.is_set(), False)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_event, args=(event,))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        self.assertEqual(wait(), True)
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_repr(self) -> None:
+        event = self.Event()
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            self.assertRegex(repr(event), r"<Event at .* unset>")
+            event.set()
+            self.assertRegex(repr(event), r"<Event at .* set>")
+            event.clear()
+            self.assertRegex(repr(event), r"<Event at .* unset>")
+        elif self.TYPE == 'manager':
+            self.assertRegex(repr(event), r"<EventProxy object, typeid 'Event' at .*")
+            event.set()
+            self.assertRegex(repr(event), r"<EventProxy object, typeid 'Event' at .*")
+
+
+# Tests for Barrier - adapted from tests in test/lock_tests.py
+#
+
+# Many of the tests for threading.Barrier use a list as an atomic
+# counter: a value is appended to increment the counter, and the
+# length of the list gives the value.  We use the class DummyList
+# for the same purpose.
+
+class _DummyList(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        wrapper = multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper(struct.calcsize('i'))
+        lock = multiprocessing.Lock()
+        self.__setstate__((wrapper, lock))
+        self._lengthbuf[0] = 0
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        (self._wrapper, self._lock) = state
+        self._lengthbuf = self._wrapper.create_memoryview().cast('i')
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return (self._wrapper, self._lock)
+
+    def append(self, _):
+        with self._lock:
+            self._lengthbuf[0] += 1
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        with self._lock:
+            return self._lengthbuf[0]
+
+def _wait():
+    # A crude wait/yield function not relying on synchronization primitives.
+    time.sleep(0.01)
+
+
+class Bunch(object):
+    """
+    A bunch of threads.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, namespace, f, args, n, wait_before_exit=False):
+        """
+        Construct a bunch of `n` threads running the same function `f`.
+        If `wait_before_exit` is True, the threads won't terminate until
+        do_finish() is called.
+        """
+        self.f = f
+        self.args = args
+        self.n = n
+        self.started = namespace.DummyList()
+        self.finished = namespace.DummyList()
+        self._can_exit = namespace.Event()
+        if not wait_before_exit:
+            self._can_exit.set()
+
+        threads = []
+        for i in range(n):
+            p = namespace.Process(target=self.task)
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+            threads.append(p)
+
+        def finalize(threads):
+            for p in threads:
+                p.join()
+
+        self._finalizer = weakref.finalize(self, finalize, threads)
+
+    def task(self):
+        pid = os.getpid()
+        self.started.append(pid)
+        try:
+            self.f(*self.args)
+        finally:
+            self.finished.append(pid)
+            self._can_exit.wait(30)
+            assert self._can_exit.is_set()
+
+    def wait_for_started(self):
+        while len(self.started) < self.n:
+            _wait()
+
+    def wait_for_finished(self):
+        while len(self.finished) < self.n:
+            _wait()
+
+    def do_finish(self):
+        self._can_exit.set()
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._finalizer()
+
+
+class AppendTrue(object):
+    def __init__(self, obj):
+        self.obj = obj
+    def __call__(self):
+        self.obj.append(True)
+
+
+class _TestBarrier(BaseTestCase):
+    """
+    Tests for Barrier objects.
+    """
+    N = 5
+    defaultTimeout = 30.0  # XXX Slow Windows buildbots need generous timeout
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.barrier = self.Barrier(self.N, timeout=self.defaultTimeout)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.barrier.abort()
+        self.barrier = None
+
+    def DummyList(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            return []
+        elif self.TYPE == 'manager':
+            return self.manager.list()
+        else:
+            return _DummyList()
+
+    def run_threads(self, f, args):
+        b = Bunch(self, f, args, self.N-1)
+        try:
+            f(*args)
+            b.wait_for_finished()
+        finally:
+            b.close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def multipass(cls, barrier, results, n):
+        m = barrier.parties
+        assert m == cls.N
+        for i in range(n):
+            results[0].append(True)
+            assert len(results[1]) == i * m
+            barrier.wait()
+            results[1].append(True)
+            assert len(results[0]) == (i + 1) * m
+            barrier.wait()
+        try:
+            assert barrier.n_waiting == 0
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            pass
+        assert not barrier.broken
+
+    def test_barrier(self, passes=1):
+        """
+        Test that a barrier is passed in lockstep
+        """
+        results = [self.DummyList(), self.DummyList()]
+        self.run_threads(self.multipass, (self.barrier, results, passes))
+
+    def test_barrier_10(self):
+        """
+        Test that a barrier works for 10 consecutive runs
+        """
+        return self.test_barrier(10)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_wait_return_f(cls, barrier, queue):
+        res = barrier.wait()
+        queue.put(res)
+
+    def test_wait_return(self):
+        """
+        test the return value from barrier.wait
+        """
+        queue = self.Queue()
+        self.run_threads(self._test_wait_return_f, (self.barrier, queue))
+        results = [queue.get() for i in range(self.N)]
+        self.assertEqual(results.count(0), 1)
+        close_queue(queue)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_action_f(cls, barrier, results):
+        barrier.wait()
+        if len(results) != 1:
+            raise RuntimeError
+
+    def test_action(self):
+        """
+        Test the 'action' callback
+        """
+        results = self.DummyList()
+        barrier = self.Barrier(self.N, action=AppendTrue(results))
+        self.run_threads(self._test_action_f, (barrier, results))
+        self.assertEqual(len(results), 1)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_abort_f(cls, barrier, results1, results2):
+        try:
+            i = barrier.wait()
+            if i == cls.N//2:
+                raise RuntimeError
+            barrier.wait()
+            results1.append(True)
+        except threading.BrokenBarrierError:
+            results2.append(True)
+        except RuntimeError:
+            barrier.abort()
+
+    def test_abort(self):
+        """
+        Test that an abort will put the barrier in a broken state
+        """
+        results1 = self.DummyList()
+        results2 = self.DummyList()
+        self.run_threads(self._test_abort_f,
+                         (self.barrier, results1, results2))
+        self.assertEqual(len(results1), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(results2), self.N-1)
+        self.assertTrue(self.barrier.broken)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_reset_f(cls, barrier, results1, results2, results3):
+        i = barrier.wait()
+        if i == cls.N//2:
+            # Wait until the other threads are all in the barrier.
+            while barrier.n_waiting < cls.N-1:
+                time.sleep(0.001)
+            barrier.reset()
+        else:
+            try:
+                barrier.wait()
+                results1.append(True)
+            except threading.BrokenBarrierError:
+                results2.append(True)
+        # Now, pass the barrier again
+        barrier.wait()
+        results3.append(True)
+
+    def test_reset(self):
+        """
+        Test that a 'reset' on a barrier frees the waiting threads
+        """
+        results1 = self.DummyList()
+        results2 = self.DummyList()
+        results3 = self.DummyList()
+        self.run_threads(self._test_reset_f,
+                         (self.barrier, results1, results2, results3))
+        self.assertEqual(len(results1), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(results2), self.N-1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(results3), self.N)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_abort_and_reset_f(cls, barrier, barrier2,
+                                results1, results2, results3):
+        try:
+            i = barrier.wait()
+            if i == cls.N//2:
+                raise RuntimeError
+            barrier.wait()
+            results1.append(True)
+        except threading.BrokenBarrierError:
+            results2.append(True)
+        except RuntimeError:
+            barrier.abort()
+        # Synchronize and reset the barrier.  Must synchronize first so
+        # that everyone has left it when we reset, and after so that no
+        # one enters it before the reset.
+        if barrier2.wait() == cls.N//2:
+            barrier.reset()
+        barrier2.wait()
+        barrier.wait()
+        results3.append(True)
+
+    def test_abort_and_reset(self):
+        """
+        Test that a barrier can be reset after being broken.
+        """
+        results1 = self.DummyList()
+        results2 = self.DummyList()
+        results3 = self.DummyList()
+        barrier2 = self.Barrier(self.N)
+
+        self.run_threads(self._test_abort_and_reset_f,
+                         (self.barrier, barrier2, results1, results2, results3))
+        self.assertEqual(len(results1), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(results2), self.N-1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(results3), self.N)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_timeout_f(cls, barrier, results):
+        i = barrier.wait()
+        if i == cls.N//2:
+            # One thread is late!
+            time.sleep(1.0)
+        try:
+            barrier.wait(0.5)
+        except threading.BrokenBarrierError:
+            results.append(True)
+
+    def test_timeout(self):
+        """
+        Test wait(timeout)
+        """
+        results = self.DummyList()
+        self.run_threads(self._test_timeout_f, (self.barrier, results))
+        self.assertEqual(len(results), self.barrier.parties)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_default_timeout_f(cls, barrier, results):
+        i = barrier.wait(cls.defaultTimeout)
+        if i == cls.N//2:
+            # One thread is later than the default timeout
+            time.sleep(1.0)
+        try:
+            barrier.wait()
+        except threading.BrokenBarrierError:
+            results.append(True)
+
+    def test_default_timeout(self):
+        """
+        Test the barrier's default timeout
+        """
+        barrier = self.Barrier(self.N, timeout=0.5)
+        results = self.DummyList()
+        self.run_threads(self._test_default_timeout_f, (barrier, results))
+        self.assertEqual(len(results), barrier.parties)
+
+    def test_single_thread(self):
+        b = self.Barrier(1)
+        b.wait()
+        b.wait()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_thousand_f(cls, barrier, passes, conn, lock):
+        for i in range(passes):
+            barrier.wait()
+            with lock:
+                conn.send(i)
+
+    def test_thousand(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'manager':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+        passes = 1000
+        lock = self.Lock()
+        conn, child_conn = self.Pipe(False)
+        for j in range(self.N):
+            p = self.Process(target=self._test_thousand_f,
+                           args=(self.barrier, passes, child_conn, lock))
+            p.start()
+            self.addCleanup(p.join)
+
+        for i in range(passes):
+            for j in range(self.N):
+                self.assertEqual(conn.recv(), i)
+
+#
+#
+#
+
+class _TestValue(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    codes_values = [
+        ('i', 4343, 24234),
+        ('d', 3.625, -4.25),
+        ('h', -232, 234),
+        ('q', 2 ** 33, 2 ** 34),
+        ('c', latin('x'), latin('y'))
+        ]
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        if not HAS_SHAREDCTYPES:
+            self.skipTest("requires multiprocessing.sharedctypes")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test(cls, values):
+        for sv, cv in zip(values, cls.codes_values):
+            sv.value = cv[2]
+
+
+    def test_value(self, raw=False):
+        if raw:
+            values = [self.RawValue(code, value)
+                      for code, value, _ in self.codes_values]
+        else:
+            values = [self.Value(code, value)
+                      for code, value, _ in self.codes_values]
+
+        for sv, cv in zip(values, self.codes_values):
+            self.assertEqual(sv.value, cv[1])
+
+        proc = self.Process(target=self._test, args=(values,))
+        proc.daemon = True
+        proc.start()
+        proc.join()
+
+        for sv, cv in zip(values, self.codes_values):
+            self.assertEqual(sv.value, cv[2])
+
+    def test_rawvalue(self):
+        self.test_value(raw=True)
+
+    def test_getobj_getlock(self):
+        val1 = self.Value('i', 5)
+        lock1 = val1.get_lock()
+        obj1 = val1.get_obj()
+
+        val2 = self.Value('i', 5, lock=None)
+        lock2 = val2.get_lock()
+        obj2 = val2.get_obj()
+
+        lock = self.Lock()
+        val3 = self.Value('i', 5, lock=lock)
+        lock3 = val3.get_lock()
+        obj3 = val3.get_obj()
+        self.assertEqual(lock, lock3)
+
+        arr4 = self.Value('i', 5, lock=False)
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(arr4, 'get_lock'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(arr4, 'get_obj'))
+
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, self.Value, 'i', 5, lock='navalue')
+
+        arr5 = self.RawValue('i', 5)
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(arr5, 'get_lock'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(arr5, 'get_obj'))
+
+
+class _TestArray(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def f(cls, seq):
+        for i in range(1, len(seq)):
+            seq[i] += seq[i-1]
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(c_int is None, "requires _ctypes")
+    def test_array(self, raw=False):
+        seq = [680, 626, 934, 821, 150, 233, 548, 982, 714, 831]
+        if raw:
+            arr = self.RawArray('i', seq)
+        else:
+            arr = self.Array('i', seq)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(arr), len(seq))
+        self.assertEqual(arr[3], seq[3])
+        self.assertEqual(list(arr[2:7]), list(seq[2:7]))
+
+        arr[4:8] = seq[4:8] = array.array('i', [1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(arr[:]), seq)
+
+        self.f(seq)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self.f, args=(arr,))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        p.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(arr[:]), seq)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(c_int is None, "requires _ctypes")
+    def test_array_from_size(self):
+        size = 10
+        # Test for zeroing (see issue #11675).
+        # The repetition below strengthens the test by increasing the chances
+        # of previously allocated non-zero memory being used for the new array
+        # on the 2nd and 3rd loops.
+        for _ in range(3):
+            arr = self.Array('i', size)
+            self.assertEqual(len(arr), size)
+            self.assertEqual(list(arr), [0] * size)
+            arr[:] = range(10)
+            self.assertEqual(list(arr), list(range(10)))
+            del arr
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(c_int is None, "requires _ctypes")
+    def test_rawarray(self):
+        self.test_array(raw=True)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(c_int is None, "requires _ctypes")
+    def test_getobj_getlock_obj(self):
+        arr1 = self.Array('i', list(range(10)))
+        lock1 = arr1.get_lock()
+        obj1 = arr1.get_obj()
+
+        arr2 = self.Array('i', list(range(10)), lock=None)
+        lock2 = arr2.get_lock()
+        obj2 = arr2.get_obj()
+
+        lock = self.Lock()
+        arr3 = self.Array('i', list(range(10)), lock=lock)
+        lock3 = arr3.get_lock()
+        obj3 = arr3.get_obj()
+        self.assertEqual(lock, lock3)
+
+        arr4 = self.Array('i', range(10), lock=False)
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(arr4, 'get_lock'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(arr4, 'get_obj'))
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError,
+                          self.Array, 'i', range(10), lock='notalock')
+
+        arr5 = self.RawArray('i', range(10))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(arr5, 'get_lock'))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(arr5, 'get_obj'))
+
+#
+#
+#
+
+class _TestContainers(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('manager',)
+
+    def test_list(self):
+        a = self.list(list(range(10)))
+        self.assertEqual(a[:], list(range(10)))
+
+        b = self.list()
+        self.assertEqual(b[:], [])
+
+        b.extend(list(range(5)))
+        self.assertEqual(b[:], list(range(5)))
+
+        self.assertEqual(b[2], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(b[2:10], [2,3,4])
+
+        b *= 2
+        self.assertEqual(b[:], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
+
+        self.assertEqual(b + [5, 6], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
+
+        self.assertEqual(a[:], list(range(10)))
+
+        d = [a, b]
+        e = self.list(d)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [element[:] for element in e],
+            [[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]
+            )
+
+        f = self.list([a])
+        a.append('hello')
+        self.assertEqual(f[0][:], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 'hello'])
+
+    def test_list_iter(self):
+        a = self.list(list(range(10)))
+        it = iter(a)
+        self.assertEqual(list(it), list(range(10)))
+        self.assertEqual(list(it), [])  # exhausted
+        # list modified during iteration
+        it = iter(a)
+        a[0] = 100
+        self.assertEqual(next(it), 100)
+
+    def test_list_proxy_in_list(self):
+        a = self.list([self.list(range(3)) for _i in range(3)])
+        self.assertEqual([inner[:] for inner in a], [[0, 1, 2]] * 3)
+
+        a[0][-1] = 55
+        self.assertEqual(a[0][:], [0, 1, 55])
+        for i in range(1, 3):
+            self.assertEqual(a[i][:], [0, 1, 2])
+
+        self.assertEqual(a[1].pop(), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(len(a[1]), 2)
+        for i in range(0, 3, 2):
+            self.assertEqual(len(a[i]), 3)
+
+        del a
+
+        b = self.list()
+        b.append(b)
+        del b
+
+    def test_dict(self):
+        d = self.dict()
+        indices = list(range(65, 70))
+        for i in indices:
+            d[i] = chr(i)
+        self.assertEqual(d.copy(), dict((i, chr(i)) for i in indices))
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(d.keys()), indices)
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(d.values()), [chr(i) for i in indices])
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(d.items()), [(i, chr(i)) for i in indices])
+
+    def test_dict_iter(self):
+        d = self.dict()
+        indices = list(range(65, 70))
+        for i in indices:
+            d[i] = chr(i)
+        it = iter(d)
+        self.assertEqual(list(it), indices)
+        self.assertEqual(list(it), [])  # exhausted
+        # dictionary changed size during iteration
+        it = iter(d)
+        d.clear()
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, next, it)
+
+    def test_dict_proxy_nested(self):
+        pets = self.dict(ferrets=2, hamsters=4)
+        supplies = self.dict(water=10, feed=3)
+        d = self.dict(pets=pets, supplies=supplies)
+
+        self.assertEqual(supplies['water'], 10)
+        self.assertEqual(d['supplies']['water'], 10)
+
+        d['supplies']['blankets'] = 5
+        self.assertEqual(supplies['blankets'], 5)
+        self.assertEqual(d['supplies']['blankets'], 5)
+
+        d['supplies']['water'] = 7
+        self.assertEqual(supplies['water'], 7)
+        self.assertEqual(d['supplies']['water'], 7)
+
+        del pets
+        del supplies
+        self.assertEqual(d['pets']['ferrets'], 2)
+        d['supplies']['blankets'] = 11
+        self.assertEqual(d['supplies']['blankets'], 11)
+
+        pets = d['pets']
+        supplies = d['supplies']
+        supplies['water'] = 7
+        self.assertEqual(supplies['water'], 7)
+        self.assertEqual(d['supplies']['water'], 7)
+
+        d.clear()
+        self.assertEqual(len(d), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(supplies['water'], 7)
+        self.assertEqual(pets['hamsters'], 4)
+
+        l = self.list([pets, supplies])
+        l[0]['marmots'] = 1
+        self.assertEqual(pets['marmots'], 1)
+        self.assertEqual(l[0]['marmots'], 1)
+
+        del pets
+        del supplies
+        self.assertEqual(l[0]['marmots'], 1)
+
+        outer = self.list([[88, 99], l])
+        self.assertIsInstance(outer[0], list)  # Not a ListProxy
+        self.assertEqual(outer[-1][-1]['feed'], 3)
+
+    def test_nested_queue(self):
+        a = self.list() # Test queue inside list
+        a.append(self.Queue())
+        a[0].put(123)
+        self.assertEqual(a[0].get(), 123)
+        b = self.dict() # Test queue inside dict
+        b[0] = self.Queue()
+        b[0].put(456)
+        self.assertEqual(b[0].get(), 456)
+
+    def test_namespace(self):
+        n = self.Namespace()
+        n.name = 'Bob'
+        n.job = 'Builder'
+        n._hidden = 'hidden'
+        self.assertEqual((n.name, n.job), ('Bob', 'Builder'))
+        del n.job
+        self.assertEqual(str(n), "Namespace(name='Bob')")
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(n, 'name'))
+        self.assertTrue(not hasattr(n, 'job'))
+
+#
+#
+#
+
+def sqr(x, wait=0.0, event=None):
+    if event is None:
+        time.sleep(wait)
+    else:
+        event.wait(wait)
+    return x*x
+
+def mul(x, y):
+    return x*y
+
+def raise_large_valuerror(wait):
+    time.sleep(wait)
+    raise ValueError("x" * 1024**2)
+
+def identity(x):
+    return x
+
+class CountedObject(object):
+    n_instances = 0
+
+    def __new__(cls):
+        cls.n_instances += 1
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        type(self).n_instances -= 1
+
+class SayWhenError(ValueError): pass
+
+def exception_throwing_generator(total, when):
+    if when == -1:
+        raise SayWhenError("Somebody said when")
+    for i in range(total):
+        if i == when:
+            raise SayWhenError("Somebody said when")
+        yield i
+
+
+class _TestPool(BaseTestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        super().setUpClass()
+        cls.pool = cls.Pool(4)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        cls.pool.terminate()
+        cls.pool.join()
+        cls.pool = None
+        super().tearDownClass()
+
+    def test_apply(self):
+        papply = self.pool.apply
+        self.assertEqual(papply(sqr, (5,)), sqr(5))
+        self.assertEqual(papply(sqr, (), {'x':3}), sqr(x=3))
+
+    def test_map(self):
+        pmap = self.pool.map
+        self.assertEqual(pmap(sqr, list(range(10))), list(map(sqr, list(range(10)))))
+        self.assertEqual(pmap(sqr, list(range(100)), chunksize=20),
+                         list(map(sqr, list(range(100)))))
+
+    def test_starmap(self):
+        psmap = self.pool.starmap
+        tuples = list(zip(range(10), range(9,-1, -1)))
+        self.assertEqual(psmap(mul, tuples),
+                         list(itertools.starmap(mul, tuples)))
+        tuples = list(zip(range(100), range(99,-1, -1)))
+        self.assertEqual(psmap(mul, tuples, chunksize=20),
+                         list(itertools.starmap(mul, tuples)))
+
+    def test_starmap_async(self):
+        tuples = list(zip(range(100), range(99,-1, -1)))
+        self.assertEqual(self.pool.starmap_async(mul, tuples).get(),
+                         list(itertools.starmap(mul, tuples)))
+
+    def test_map_async(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.pool.map_async(sqr, list(range(10))).get(),
+                         list(map(sqr, list(range(10)))))
+
+    def test_map_async_callbacks(self):
+        call_args = self.manager.list() if self.TYPE == 'manager' else []
+        self.pool.map_async(int, ['1'],
+                            callback=call_args.append,
+                            error_callback=call_args.append).wait()
+        self.assertEqual(1, len(call_args))
+        self.assertEqual([1], call_args[0])
+        self.pool.map_async(int, ['a'],
+                            callback=call_args.append,
+                            error_callback=call_args.append).wait()
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(call_args))
+        self.assertIsInstance(call_args[1], ValueError)
+
+    def test_map_unplicklable(self):
+        # Issue #19425 -- failure to pickle should not cause a hang
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+        class A(object):
+            def __reduce__(self):
+                raise RuntimeError('cannot pickle')
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            self.pool.map(sqr, [A()]*10)
+
+    def test_map_chunksize(self):
+        try:
+            self.pool.map_async(sqr, [], chunksize=1).get(timeout=TIMEOUT1)
+        except multiprocessing.TimeoutError:
+            self.fail("pool.map_async with chunksize stalled on null list")
+
+    def test_map_handle_iterable_exception(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'manager':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        # SayWhenError seen at the very first of the iterable
+        with self.assertRaises(SayWhenError):
+            self.pool.map(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(1, -1), 1)
+        # again, make sure it's reentrant
+        with self.assertRaises(SayWhenError):
+            self.pool.map(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(1, -1), 1)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(SayWhenError):
+            self.pool.map(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(10, 3), 1)
+
+        class SpecialIterable:
+            def __iter__(self):
+                return self
+            def __next__(self):
+                raise SayWhenError
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1
+        with self.assertRaises(SayWhenError):
+            self.pool.map(sqr, SpecialIterable(), 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(SayWhenError):
+            self.pool.map(sqr, SpecialIterable(), 1)
+
+    def test_async(self):
+        res = self.pool.apply_async(sqr, (7, TIMEOUT1,))
+        get = TimingWrapper(res.get)
+        self.assertEqual(get(), 49)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(get.elapsed, TIMEOUT1)
+
+    def test_async_timeout(self):
+        p = self.Pool(3)
+        try:
+            event = threading.Event() if self.TYPE == 'threads' else None
+            res = p.apply_async(sqr, (6, TIMEOUT2 + support.SHORT_TIMEOUT, event))
+            get = TimingWrapper(res.get)
+            self.assertRaises(multiprocessing.TimeoutError, get, timeout=TIMEOUT2)
+            self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(get.elapsed, TIMEOUT2)
+        finally:
+            if event is not None:
+                event.set()
+            p.terminate()
+            p.join()
+
+    def test_imap(self):
+        it = self.pool.imap(sqr, list(range(10)))
+        self.assertEqual(list(it), list(map(sqr, list(range(10)))))
+
+        it = self.pool.imap(sqr, list(range(10)))
+        for i in range(10):
+            self.assertEqual(next(it), i*i)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, it.__next__)
+
+        it = self.pool.imap(sqr, list(range(1000)), chunksize=100)
+        for i in range(1000):
+            self.assertEqual(next(it), i*i)
+        self.assertRaises(StopIteration, it.__next__)
+
+    def test_imap_handle_iterable_exception(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'manager':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        # SayWhenError seen at the very first of the iterable
+        it = self.pool.imap(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(1, -1), 1)
+        self.assertRaises(SayWhenError, it.__next__)
+        # again, make sure it's reentrant
+        it = self.pool.imap(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(1, -1), 1)
+        self.assertRaises(SayWhenError, it.__next__)
+
+        it = self.pool.imap(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(10, 3), 1)
+        for i in range(3):
+            self.assertEqual(next(it), i*i)
+        self.assertRaises(SayWhenError, it.__next__)
+
+        # SayWhenError seen at start of problematic chunk's results
+        it = self.pool.imap(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(20, 7), 2)
+        for i in range(6):
+            self.assertEqual(next(it), i*i)
+        self.assertRaises(SayWhenError, it.__next__)
+        it = self.pool.imap(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(20, 7), 4)
+        for i in range(4):
+            self.assertEqual(next(it), i*i)
+        self.assertRaises(SayWhenError, it.__next__)
+
+    def test_imap_unordered(self):
+        it = self.pool.imap_unordered(sqr, list(range(10)))
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(it), list(map(sqr, list(range(10)))))
+
+        it = self.pool.imap_unordered(sqr, list(range(1000)), chunksize=100)
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(it), list(map(sqr, list(range(1000)))))
+
+    def test_imap_unordered_handle_iterable_exception(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'manager':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        # SayWhenError seen at the very first of the iterable
+        it = self.pool.imap_unordered(sqr,
+                                      exception_throwing_generator(1, -1),
+                                      1)
+        self.assertRaises(SayWhenError, it.__next__)
+        # again, make sure it's reentrant
+        it = self.pool.imap_unordered(sqr,
+                                      exception_throwing_generator(1, -1),
+                                      1)
+        self.assertRaises(SayWhenError, it.__next__)
+
+        it = self.pool.imap_unordered(sqr,
+                                      exception_throwing_generator(10, 3),
+                                      1)
+        expected_values = list(map(sqr, list(range(10))))
+        with self.assertRaises(SayWhenError):
+            # imap_unordered makes it difficult to anticipate the SayWhenError
+            for i in range(10):
+                value = next(it)
+                self.assertIn(value, expected_values)
+                expected_values.remove(value)
+
+        it = self.pool.imap_unordered(sqr,
+                                      exception_throwing_generator(20, 7),
+                                      2)
+        expected_values = list(map(sqr, list(range(20))))
+        with self.assertRaises(SayWhenError):
+            for i in range(20):
+                value = next(it)
+                self.assertIn(value, expected_values)
+                expected_values.remove(value)
+
+    def test_make_pool(self):
+        expected_error = (RemoteError if self.TYPE == 'manager'
+                          else ValueError)
+
+        self.assertRaises(expected_error, self.Pool, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(expected_error, self.Pool, 0)
+
+        if self.TYPE != 'manager':
+            p = self.Pool(3)
+            try:
+                self.assertEqual(3, len(p._pool))
+            finally:
+                p.close()
+                p.join()
+
+    def test_terminate(self):
+        # Simulate slow tasks which take "forever" to complete
+        sleep_time = support.LONG_TIMEOUT
+
+        if self.TYPE == 'threads':
+            # Thread pool workers can't be forced to quit, so if the first
+            # task starts early enough, we will end up waiting for it.
+            # Sleep for a shorter time, so the test doesn't block.
+            sleep_time = 1
+
+        p = self.Pool(3)
+        args = [sleep_time for i in range(10_000)]
+        result = p.map_async(time.sleep, args, chunksize=1)
+        time.sleep(0.2)  # give some tasks a chance to start
+        p.terminate()
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_empty_iterable(self):
+        # See Issue 12157
+        p = self.Pool(1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(p.map(sqr, []), [])
+        self.assertEqual(list(p.imap(sqr, [])), [])
+        self.assertEqual(list(p.imap_unordered(sqr, [])), [])
+        self.assertEqual(p.map_async(sqr, []).get(), [])
+
+        p.close()
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_context(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            L = list(range(10))
+            expected = [sqr(i) for i in L]
+            with self.Pool(2) as p:
+                r = p.map_async(sqr, L)
+                self.assertEqual(r.get(), expected)
+            p.join()
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.map_async, sqr, L)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_traceback(cls):
+        raise RuntimeError(123) # some comment
+
+    def test_traceback(self):
+        # We want ensure that the traceback from the child process is
+        # contained in the traceback raised in the main process.
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            with self.Pool(1) as p:
+                try:
+                    p.apply(self._test_traceback)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    exc = e
+                else:
+                    self.fail('expected RuntimeError')
+            p.join()
+            self.assertIs(type(exc), RuntimeError)
+            self.assertEqual(exc.args, (123,))
+            cause = exc.__cause__
+            self.assertIs(type(cause), multiprocessing.pool.RemoteTraceback)
+            self.assertIn('raise RuntimeError(123) # some comment', cause.tb)
+
+            with test.support.captured_stderr() as f1:
+                try:
+                    raise exc
+                except RuntimeError:
+                    sys.excepthook(*sys.exc_info())
+            self.assertIn('raise RuntimeError(123) # some comment',
+                          f1.getvalue())
+            # _helper_reraises_exception should not make the error
+            # a remote exception
+            with self.Pool(1) as p:
+                try:
+                    p.map(sqr, exception_throwing_generator(1, -1), 1)
+                except Exception as e:
+                    exc = e
+                else:
+                    self.fail('expected SayWhenError')
+                self.assertIs(type(exc), SayWhenError)
+                self.assertIs(exc.__cause__, None)
+            p.join()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_wrapped_exception(cls):
+        raise RuntimeError('foo')
+
+    def test_wrapped_exception(self):
+        # Issue #20980: Should not wrap exception when using thread pool
+        with self.Pool(1) as p:
+            with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+                p.apply(self._test_wrapped_exception)
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_map_no_failfast(self):
+        # Issue #23992: the fail-fast behaviour when an exception is raised
+        # during map() would make Pool.join() deadlock, because a worker
+        # process would fill the result queue (after the result handler thread
+        # terminated, hence not draining it anymore).
+
+        t_start = time.monotonic()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            with self.Pool(2) as p:
+                try:
+                    p.map(raise_large_valuerror, [0, 1])
+                finally:
+                    time.sleep(0.5)
+                    p.close()
+                    p.join()
+
+        # check that we indeed waited for all jobs
+        self.assertGreater(time.monotonic() - t_start, 0.9)
+
+    def test_release_task_refs(self):
+        # Issue #29861: task arguments and results should not be kept
+        # alive after we are done with them.
+        objs = [CountedObject() for i in range(10)]
+        refs = [weakref.ref(o) for o in objs]
+        self.pool.map(identity, objs)
+
+        del objs
+        gc.collect()  # For PyPy or other GCs.
+        time.sleep(DELTA)  # let threaded cleanup code run
+        self.assertEqual(set(wr() for wr in refs), {None})
+        # With a process pool, copies of the objects are returned, check
+        # they were released too.
+        self.assertEqual(CountedObject.n_instances, 0)
+
+    def test_enter(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'manager':
+            self.skipTest("test not applicable to manager")
+
+        pool = self.Pool(1)
+        with pool:
+            pass
+            # call pool.terminate()
+        # pool is no longer running
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            # bpo-35477: pool.__enter__() fails if the pool is not running
+            with pool:
+                pass
+        pool.join()
+
+    def test_resource_warning(self):
+        if self.TYPE == 'manager':
+            self.skipTest("test not applicable to manager")
+
+        pool = self.Pool(1)
+        pool.terminate()
+        pool.join()
+
+        # force state to RUN to emit ResourceWarning in __del__()
+        pool._state = multiprocessing.pool.RUN
+
+        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(
+                ('unclosed running multiprocessing pool', ResourceWarning)):
+            pool = None
+            support.gc_collect()
+
+def raising():
+    raise KeyError("key")
+
+def unpickleable_result():
+    return lambda: 42
+
+class _TestPoolWorkerErrors(BaseTestCase):
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes', )
+
+    def test_async_error_callback(self):
+        p = multiprocessing.Pool(2)
+
+        scratchpad = [None]
+        def errback(exc):
+            scratchpad[0] = exc
+
+        res = p.apply_async(raising, error_callback=errback)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, res.get)
+        self.assertTrue(scratchpad[0])
+        self.assertIsInstance(scratchpad[0], KeyError)
+
+        p.close()
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_unpickleable_result(self):
+        from multiprocessing.pool import MaybeEncodingError
+        p = multiprocessing.Pool(2)
+
+        # Make sure we don't lose pool processes because of encoding errors.
+        for iteration in range(20):
+
+            scratchpad = [None]
+            def errback(exc):
+                scratchpad[0] = exc
+
+            res = p.apply_async(unpickleable_result, error_callback=errback)
+            self.assertRaises(MaybeEncodingError, res.get)
+            wrapped = scratchpad[0]
+            self.assertTrue(wrapped)
+            self.assertIsInstance(scratchpad[0], MaybeEncodingError)
+            self.assertIsNotNone(wrapped.exc)
+            self.assertIsNotNone(wrapped.value)
+
+        p.close()
+        p.join()
+
+class _TestPoolWorkerLifetime(BaseTestCase):
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes', )
+
+    def test_pool_worker_lifetime(self):
+        p = multiprocessing.Pool(3, maxtasksperchild=10)
+        self.assertEqual(3, len(p._pool))
+        origworkerpids = [w.pid for w in p._pool]
+        # Run many tasks so each worker gets replaced (hopefully)
+        results = []
+        for i in range(100):
+            results.append(p.apply_async(sqr, (i, )))
+        # Fetch the results and verify we got the right answers,
+        # also ensuring all the tasks have completed.
+        for (j, res) in enumerate(results):
+            self.assertEqual(res.get(), sqr(j))
+        # Refill the pool
+        p._repopulate_pool()
+        # Wait until all workers are alive
+        # (countdown * DELTA = 5 seconds max startup process time)
+        countdown = 50
+        while countdown and not all(w.is_alive() for w in p._pool):
+            countdown -= 1
+            time.sleep(DELTA)
+        finalworkerpids = [w.pid for w in p._pool]
+        # All pids should be assigned.  See issue #7805.
+        self.assertNotIn(None, origworkerpids)
+        self.assertNotIn(None, finalworkerpids)
+        # Finally, check that the worker pids have changed
+        self.assertNotEqual(sorted(origworkerpids), sorted(finalworkerpids))
+        p.close()
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_pool_worker_lifetime_early_close(self):
+        # Issue #10332: closing a pool whose workers have limited lifetimes
+        # before all the tasks completed would make join() hang.
+        p = multiprocessing.Pool(3, maxtasksperchild=1)
+        results = []
+        for i in range(6):
+            results.append(p.apply_async(sqr, (i, 0.3)))
+        p.close()
+        p.join()
+        # check the results
+        for (j, res) in enumerate(results):
+            self.assertEqual(res.get(), sqr(j))
+
+    def test_pool_maxtasksperchild_invalid(self):
+        for value in [0, -1, 0.5, "12"]:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                multiprocessing.Pool(3, maxtasksperchild=value)
+
+    def test_worker_finalization_via_atexit_handler_of_multiprocessing(self):
+        # tests cases against bpo-38744 and bpo-39360
+        cmd = '''if 1:
+            from multiprocessing import Pool
+            problem = None
+            class A:
+                def __init__(self):
+                    self.pool = Pool(processes=1)
+            def test():
+                global problem
+                problem = A()
+                problem.pool.map(float, tuple(range(10)))
+            if __name__ == "__main__":
+                test()
+        '''
+        rc, out, err = test.support.script_helper.assert_python_ok('-c', cmd)
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 0)
+
+#
+# Test of creating a customized manager class
+#
+
+from multiprocessing.managers import BaseManager, BaseProxy, RemoteError
+
+class FooBar(object):
+    def f(self):
+        return 'f()'
+    def g(self):
+        raise ValueError
+    def _h(self):
+        return '_h()'
+
+def baz():
+    for i in range(10):
+        yield i*i
+
+class IteratorProxy(BaseProxy):
+    _exposed_ = ('__next__',)
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+    def __next__(self):
+        return self._callmethod('__next__')
+
+class MyManager(BaseManager):
+    pass
+
+MyManager.register('Foo', callable=FooBar)
+MyManager.register('Bar', callable=FooBar, exposed=('f', '_h'))
+MyManager.register('baz', callable=baz, proxytype=IteratorProxy)
+
+
+class _TestMyManager(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('manager',)
+
+    def test_mymanager(self):
+        manager = MyManager(shutdown_timeout=SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+        manager.start()
+        self.common(manager)
+        manager.shutdown()
+
+        # bpo-30356: BaseManager._finalize_manager() sends SIGTERM
+        # to the manager process if it takes longer than 1 second to stop,
+        # which happens on slow buildbots.
+        self.assertIn(manager._process.exitcode, (0, -signal.SIGTERM))
+
+    def test_mymanager_context(self):
+        manager = MyManager(shutdown_timeout=SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+        with manager:
+            self.common(manager)
+        # bpo-30356: BaseManager._finalize_manager() sends SIGTERM
+        # to the manager process if it takes longer than 1 second to stop,
+        # which happens on slow buildbots.
+        self.assertIn(manager._process.exitcode, (0, -signal.SIGTERM))
+
+    def test_mymanager_context_prestarted(self):
+        manager = MyManager(shutdown_timeout=SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+        manager.start()
+        with manager:
+            self.common(manager)
+        self.assertEqual(manager._process.exitcode, 0)
+
+    def common(self, manager):
+        foo = manager.Foo()
+        bar = manager.Bar()
+        baz = manager.baz()
+
+        foo_methods = [name for name in ('f', 'g', '_h') if hasattr(foo, name)]
+        bar_methods = [name for name in ('f', 'g', '_h') if hasattr(bar, name)]
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo_methods, ['f', 'g'])
+        self.assertEqual(bar_methods, ['f', '_h'])
+
+        self.assertEqual(foo.f(), 'f()')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, foo.g)
+        self.assertEqual(foo._callmethod('f'), 'f()')
+        self.assertRaises(RemoteError, foo._callmethod, '_h')
+
+        self.assertEqual(bar.f(), 'f()')
+        self.assertEqual(bar._h(), '_h()')
+        self.assertEqual(bar._callmethod('f'), 'f()')
+        self.assertEqual(bar._callmethod('_h'), '_h()')
+
+        self.assertEqual(list(baz), [i*i for i in range(10)])
+
+
+#
+# Test of connecting to a remote server and using xmlrpclib for serialization
+#
+
+_queue = pyqueue.Queue()
+def get_queue():
+    return _queue
+
+class QueueManager(BaseManager):
+    '''manager class used by server process'''
+QueueManager.register('get_queue', callable=get_queue)
+
+class QueueManager2(BaseManager):
+    '''manager class which specifies the same interface as QueueManager'''
+QueueManager2.register('get_queue')
+
+
+SERIALIZER = 'xmlrpclib'
+
+class _TestRemoteManager(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('manager',)
+    values = ['hello world', None, True, 2.25,
+              'hall\xe5 v\xe4rlden',
+              '\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0456\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442',
+              b'hall\xe5 v\xe4rlden',
+             ]
+    result = values[:]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _putter(cls, address, authkey):
+        manager = QueueManager2(
+            address=address, authkey=authkey, serializer=SERIALIZER,
+            shutdown_timeout=SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+        manager.connect()
+        queue = manager.get_queue()
+        # Note that xmlrpclib will deserialize object as a list not a tuple
+        queue.put(tuple(cls.values))
+
+    def test_remote(self):
+        authkey = os.urandom(32)
+
+        manager = QueueManager(
+            address=(socket_helper.HOST, 0), authkey=authkey, serializer=SERIALIZER,
+            shutdown_timeout=SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+        manager.start()
+        self.addCleanup(manager.shutdown)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._putter, args=(manager.address, authkey))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+
+        manager2 = QueueManager2(
+            address=manager.address, authkey=authkey, serializer=SERIALIZER,
+            shutdown_timeout=SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+        manager2.connect()
+        queue = manager2.get_queue()
+
+        self.assertEqual(queue.get(), self.result)
+
+        # Because we are using xmlrpclib for serialization instead of
+        # pickle this will cause a serialization error.
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, queue.put, time.sleep)
+
+        # Make queue finalizer run before the server is stopped
+        del queue
+
+
+@hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('sha256')
+class _TestManagerRestart(BaseTestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _putter(cls, address, authkey):
+        manager = QueueManager(
+            address=address, authkey=authkey, serializer=SERIALIZER,
+            shutdown_timeout=SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+        manager.connect()
+        queue = manager.get_queue()
+        queue.put('hello world')
+
+    def test_rapid_restart(self):
+        authkey = os.urandom(32)
+        manager = QueueManager(
+            address=(socket_helper.HOST, 0), authkey=authkey,
+            serializer=SERIALIZER, shutdown_timeout=SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+        try:
+            srvr = manager.get_server()
+            addr = srvr.address
+            # Close the connection.Listener socket which gets opened as a part
+            # of manager.get_server(). It's not needed for the test.
+            srvr.listener.close()
+            manager.start()
+
+            p = self.Process(target=self._putter, args=(manager.address, authkey))
+            p.start()
+            p.join()
+            queue = manager.get_queue()
+            self.assertEqual(queue.get(), 'hello world')
+            del queue
+        finally:
+            if hasattr(manager, "shutdown"):
+                manager.shutdown()
+
+        manager = QueueManager(
+            address=addr, authkey=authkey, serializer=SERIALIZER,
+            shutdown_timeout=SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+        try:
+            manager.start()
+            self.addCleanup(manager.shutdown)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EADDRINUSE:
+                raise
+            # Retry after some time, in case the old socket was lingering
+            # (sporadic failure on buildbots)
+            time.sleep(1.0)
+            manager = QueueManager(
+                address=addr, authkey=authkey, serializer=SERIALIZER,
+                shutdown_timeout=SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT)
+            if hasattr(manager, "shutdown"):
+                self.addCleanup(manager.shutdown)
+
+#
+#
+#
+
+SENTINEL = latin('')
+
+class _TestConnection(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes', 'threads')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _echo(cls, conn):
+        for msg in iter(conn.recv_bytes, SENTINEL):
+            conn.send_bytes(msg)
+        conn.close()
+
+    def test_connection(self):
+        conn, child_conn = self.Pipe()
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._echo, args=(child_conn,))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+
+        seq = [1, 2.25, None]
+        msg = latin('hello world')
+        longmsg = msg * 10
+        arr = array.array('i', list(range(4)))
+
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            self.assertEqual(type(conn.fileno()), int)
+
+        self.assertEqual(conn.send(seq), None)
+        self.assertEqual(conn.recv(), seq)
+
+        self.assertEqual(conn.send_bytes(msg), None)
+        self.assertEqual(conn.recv_bytes(), msg)
+
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            buffer = array.array('i', [0]*10)
+            expected = list(arr) + [0] * (10 - len(arr))
+            self.assertEqual(conn.send_bytes(arr), None)
+            self.assertEqual(conn.recv_bytes_into(buffer),
+                             len(arr) * buffer.itemsize)
+            self.assertEqual(list(buffer), expected)
+
+            buffer = array.array('i', [0]*10)
+            expected = [0] * 3 + list(arr) + [0] * (10 - 3 - len(arr))
+            self.assertEqual(conn.send_bytes(arr), None)
+            self.assertEqual(conn.recv_bytes_into(buffer, 3 * buffer.itemsize),
+                             len(arr) * buffer.itemsize)
+            self.assertEqual(list(buffer), expected)
+
+            buffer = bytearray(latin(' ' * 40))
+            self.assertEqual(conn.send_bytes(longmsg), None)
+            try:
+                res = conn.recv_bytes_into(buffer)
+            except multiprocessing.BufferTooShort as e:
+                self.assertEqual(e.args, (longmsg,))
+            else:
+                self.fail('expected BufferTooShort, got %s' % res)
+
+        poll = TimingWrapper(conn.poll)
+
+        self.assertEqual(poll(), False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(poll.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(poll(-1), False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(poll.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(poll(TIMEOUT1), False)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(poll.elapsed, TIMEOUT1)
+
+        conn.send(None)
+        time.sleep(.1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(poll(TIMEOUT1), True)
+        self.assertTimingAlmostEqual(poll.elapsed, 0)
+
+        self.assertEqual(conn.recv(), None)
+
+        really_big_msg = latin('X') * (1024 * 1024 * 16)   # 16Mb
+        conn.send_bytes(really_big_msg)
+        self.assertEqual(conn.recv_bytes(), really_big_msg)
+
+        conn.send_bytes(SENTINEL)                          # tell child to quit
+        child_conn.close()
+
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            self.assertEqual(conn.readable, True)
+            self.assertEqual(conn.writable, True)
+            self.assertRaises(EOFError, conn.recv)
+            self.assertRaises(EOFError, conn.recv_bytes)
+
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_duplex_false(self):
+        reader, writer = self.Pipe(duplex=False)
+        self.assertEqual(writer.send(1), None)
+        self.assertEqual(reader.recv(), 1)
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            self.assertEqual(reader.readable, True)
+            self.assertEqual(reader.writable, False)
+            self.assertEqual(writer.readable, False)
+            self.assertEqual(writer.writable, True)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, reader.send, 2)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, writer.recv)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, writer.poll)
+
+    def test_spawn_close(self):
+        # We test that a pipe connection can be closed by parent
+        # process immediately after child is spawned.  On Windows this
+        # would have sometimes failed on old versions because
+        # child_conn would be closed before the child got a chance to
+        # duplicate it.
+        conn, child_conn = self.Pipe()
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._echo, args=(child_conn,))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        child_conn.close()    # this might complete before child initializes
+
+        msg = latin('hello')
+        conn.send_bytes(msg)
+        self.assertEqual(conn.recv_bytes(), msg)
+
+        conn.send_bytes(SENTINEL)
+        conn.close()
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_sendbytes(self):
+        if self.TYPE != 'processes':
+            self.skipTest('test not appropriate for {}'.format(self.TYPE))
+
+        msg = latin('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz')
+        a, b = self.Pipe()
+
+        a.send_bytes(msg)
+        self.assertEqual(b.recv_bytes(), msg)
+
+        a.send_bytes(msg, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(b.recv_bytes(), msg[5:])
+
+        a.send_bytes(msg, 7, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(b.recv_bytes(), msg[7:7+8])
+
+        a.send_bytes(msg, 26)
+        self.assertEqual(b.recv_bytes(), latin(''))
+
+        a.send_bytes(msg, 26, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(b.recv_bytes(), latin(''))
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.send_bytes, msg, 27)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.send_bytes, msg, 22, 5)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.send_bytes, msg, 26, 1)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.send_bytes, msg, -1)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.send_bytes, msg, 4, -1)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _is_fd_assigned(cls, fd):
+        try:
+            os.fstat(fd)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno == errno.EBADF:
+                return False
+            raise
+        else:
+            return True
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _writefd(cls, conn, data, create_dummy_fds=False):
+        if create_dummy_fds:
+            for i in range(0, 256):
+                if not cls._is_fd_assigned(i):
+                    os.dup2(conn.fileno(), i)
+        fd = reduction.recv_handle(conn)
+        if msvcrt:
+            fd = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(fd, os.O_WRONLY)
+        os.write(fd, data)
+        os.close(fd)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_REDUCTION, "test needs multiprocessing.reduction")
+    def test_fd_transfer(self):
+        if self.TYPE != 'processes':
+            self.skipTest("only makes sense with processes")
+        conn, child_conn = self.Pipe(duplex=True)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._writefd, args=(child_conn, b"foo"))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, os_helper.TESTFN)
+        with open(os_helper.TESTFN, "wb") as f:
+            fd = f.fileno()
+            if msvcrt:
+                fd = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(fd)
+            reduction.send_handle(conn, fd, p.pid)
+        p.join()
+        with open(os_helper.TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"foo")
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_REDUCTION, "test needs multiprocessing.reduction")
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32",
+                     "test semantics don't make sense on Windows")
+    @unittest.skipIf(MAXFD <= 256,
+                     "largest assignable fd number is too small")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "dup2"),
+                         "test needs os.dup2()")
+    def test_large_fd_transfer(self):
+        # With fd > 256 (issue #11657)
+        if self.TYPE != 'processes':
+            self.skipTest("only makes sense with processes")
+        conn, child_conn = self.Pipe(duplex=True)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._writefd, args=(child_conn, b"bar", True))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, os_helper.TESTFN)
+        with open(os_helper.TESTFN, "wb") as f:
+            fd = f.fileno()
+            for newfd in range(256, MAXFD):
+                if not self._is_fd_assigned(newfd):
+                    break
+            else:
+                self.fail("could not find an unassigned large file descriptor")
+            os.dup2(fd, newfd)
+            try:
+                reduction.send_handle(conn, newfd, p.pid)
+            finally:
+                os.close(newfd)
+        p.join()
+        with open(os_helper.TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"bar")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _send_data_without_fd(self, conn):
+        os.write(conn.fileno(), b"\0")
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(HAS_REDUCTION, "test needs multiprocessing.reduction")
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "doesn't make sense on Windows")
+    def test_missing_fd_transfer(self):
+        # Check that exception is raised when received data is not
+        # accompanied by a file descriptor in ancillary data.
+        if self.TYPE != 'processes':
+            self.skipTest("only makes sense with processes")
+        conn, child_conn = self.Pipe(duplex=True)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._send_data_without_fd, args=(child_conn,))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, reduction.recv_handle, conn)
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_context(self):
+        a, b = self.Pipe()
+
+        with a, b:
+            a.send(1729)
+            self.assertEqual(b.recv(), 1729)
+            if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+                self.assertFalse(a.closed)
+                self.assertFalse(b.closed)
+
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            self.assertTrue(a.closed)
+            self.assertTrue(b.closed)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, a.recv)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, b.recv)
+
+class _TestListener(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    def test_multiple_bind(self):
+        for family in self.connection.families:
+            l = self.connection.Listener(family=family)
+            self.addCleanup(l.close)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, self.connection.Listener,
+                              l.address, family)
+
+    def test_context(self):
+        with self.connection.Listener() as l:
+            with self.connection.Client(l.address) as c:
+                with l.accept() as d:
+                    c.send(1729)
+                    self.assertEqual(d.recv(), 1729)
+
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, l.accept)
+
+    def test_empty_authkey(self):
+        # bpo-43952: allow empty bytes as authkey
+        def handler(*args):
+            raise RuntimeError('Connection took too long...')
+
+        def run(addr, authkey):
+            client = self.connection.Client(addr, authkey=authkey)
+            client.send(1729)
+
+        key = b''
+
+        with self.connection.Listener(authkey=key) as listener:
+            thread = threading.Thread(target=run, args=(listener.address, key))
+            thread.start()
+            try:
+                with listener.accept() as d:
+                    self.assertEqual(d.recv(), 1729)
+            finally:
+                thread.join()
+
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+                listener.accept()
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(util.abstract_sockets_supported,
+                         "test needs abstract socket support")
+    def test_abstract_socket(self):
+        with self.connection.Listener("\0something") as listener:
+            with self.connection.Client(listener.address) as client:
+                with listener.accept() as d:
+                    client.send(1729)
+                    self.assertEqual(d.recv(), 1729)
+
+        if self.TYPE == 'processes':
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, listener.accept)
+
+
+class _TestListenerClient(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes', 'threads')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test(cls, address):
+        conn = cls.connection.Client(address)
+        conn.send('hello')
+        conn.close()
+
+    def test_listener_client(self):
+        for family in self.connection.families:
+            l = self.connection.Listener(family=family)
+            p = self.Process(target=self._test, args=(l.address,))
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+            conn = l.accept()
+            self.assertEqual(conn.recv(), 'hello')
+            p.join()
+            l.close()
+
+    def test_issue14725(self):
+        l = self.connection.Listener()
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test, args=(l.address,))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        time.sleep(1)
+        # On Windows the client process should by now have connected,
+        # written data and closed the pipe handle by now.  This causes
+        # ConnectNamdedPipe() to fail with ERROR_NO_DATA.  See Issue
+        # 14725.
+        conn = l.accept()
+        self.assertEqual(conn.recv(), 'hello')
+        conn.close()
+        p.join()
+        l.close()
+
+    def test_issue16955(self):
+        for fam in self.connection.families:
+            l = self.connection.Listener(family=fam)
+            c = self.connection.Client(l.address)
+            a = l.accept()
+            a.send_bytes(b"hello")
+            self.assertTrue(c.poll(1))
+            a.close()
+            c.close()
+            l.close()
+
+class _TestPoll(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes', 'threads')
+
+    def test_empty_string(self):
+        a, b = self.Pipe()
+        self.assertEqual(a.poll(), False)
+        b.send_bytes(b'')
+        self.assertEqual(a.poll(), True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.poll(), True)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _child_strings(cls, conn, strings):
+        for s in strings:
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            conn.send_bytes(s)
+        conn.close()
+
+    def test_strings(self):
+        strings = (b'hello', b'', b'a', b'b', b'', b'bye', b'', b'lop')
+        a, b = self.Pipe()
+        p = self.Process(target=self._child_strings, args=(b, strings))
+        p.start()
+
+        for s in strings:
+            for i in range(200):
+                if a.poll(0.01):
+                    break
+            x = a.recv_bytes()
+            self.assertEqual(s, x)
+
+        p.join()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _child_boundaries(cls, r):
+        # Polling may "pull" a message in to the child process, but we
+        # don't want it to pull only part of a message, as that would
+        # corrupt the pipe for any other processes which might later
+        # read from it.
+        r.poll(5)
+
+    def test_boundaries(self):
+        r, w = self.Pipe(False)
+        p = self.Process(target=self._child_boundaries, args=(r,))
+        p.start()
+        time.sleep(2)
+        L = [b"first", b"second"]
+        for obj in L:
+            w.send_bytes(obj)
+        w.close()
+        p.join()
+        self.assertIn(r.recv_bytes(), L)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _child_dont_merge(cls, b):
+        b.send_bytes(b'a')
+        b.send_bytes(b'b')
+        b.send_bytes(b'cd')
+
+    def test_dont_merge(self):
+        a, b = self.Pipe()
+        self.assertEqual(a.poll(0.0), False)
+        self.assertEqual(a.poll(0.1), False)
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._child_dont_merge, args=(b,))
+        p.start()
+
+        self.assertEqual(a.recv_bytes(), b'a')
+        self.assertEqual(a.poll(1.0), True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.poll(1.0), True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.recv_bytes(), b'b')
+        self.assertEqual(a.poll(1.0), True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.poll(1.0), True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.poll(0.0), True)
+        self.assertEqual(a.recv_bytes(), b'cd')
+
+        p.join()
+
+#
+# Test of sending connection and socket objects between processes
+#
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(HAS_REDUCTION, "test needs multiprocessing.reduction")
+@hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('sha256')
+class _TestPicklingConnections(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        from multiprocessing import resource_sharer
+        resource_sharer.stop(timeout=support.LONG_TIMEOUT)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _listener(cls, conn, families):
+        for fam in families:
+            l = cls.connection.Listener(family=fam)
+            conn.send(l.address)
+            new_conn = l.accept()
+            conn.send(new_conn)
+            new_conn.close()
+            l.close()
+
+        l = socket.create_server((socket_helper.HOST, 0))
+        conn.send(l.getsockname())
+        new_conn, addr = l.accept()
+        conn.send(new_conn)
+        new_conn.close()
+        l.close()
+
+        conn.recv()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _remote(cls, conn):
+        for (address, msg) in iter(conn.recv, None):
+            client = cls.connection.Client(address)
+            client.send(msg.upper())
+            client.close()
+
+        address, msg = conn.recv()
+        client = socket.socket()
+        client.connect(address)
+        client.sendall(msg.upper())
+        client.close()
+
+        conn.close()
+
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        families = self.connection.families
+
+        lconn, lconn0 = self.Pipe()
+        lp = self.Process(target=self._listener, args=(lconn0, families))
+        lp.daemon = True
+        lp.start()
+        lconn0.close()
+
+        rconn, rconn0 = self.Pipe()
+        rp = self.Process(target=self._remote, args=(rconn0,))
+        rp.daemon = True
+        rp.start()
+        rconn0.close()
+
+        for fam in families:
+            msg = ('This connection uses family %s' % fam).encode('ascii')
+            address = lconn.recv()
+            rconn.send((address, msg))
+            new_conn = lconn.recv()
+            self.assertEqual(new_conn.recv(), msg.upper())
+
+        rconn.send(None)
+
+        msg = latin('This connection uses a normal socket')
+        address = lconn.recv()
+        rconn.send((address, msg))
+        new_conn = lconn.recv()
+        buf = []
+        while True:
+            s = new_conn.recv(100)
+            if not s:
+                break
+            buf.append(s)
+        buf = b''.join(buf)
+        self.assertEqual(buf, msg.upper())
+        new_conn.close()
+
+        lconn.send(None)
+
+        rconn.close()
+        lconn.close()
+
+        lp.join()
+        rp.join()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def child_access(cls, conn):
+        w = conn.recv()
+        w.send('all is well')
+        w.close()
+
+        r = conn.recv()
+        msg = r.recv()
+        conn.send(msg*2)
+
+        conn.close()
+
+    def test_access(self):
+        # On Windows, if we do not specify a destination pid when
+        # using DupHandle then we need to be careful to use the
+        # correct access flags for DuplicateHandle(), or else
+        # DupHandle.detach() will raise PermissionError.  For example,
+        # for a read only pipe handle we should use
+        # access=FILE_GENERIC_READ.  (Unfortunately
+        # DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS does not work.)
+        conn, child_conn = self.Pipe()
+        p = self.Process(target=self.child_access, args=(child_conn,))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        child_conn.close()
+
+        r, w = self.Pipe(duplex=False)
+        conn.send(w)
+        w.close()
+        self.assertEqual(r.recv(), 'all is well')
+        r.close()
+
+        r, w = self.Pipe(duplex=False)
+        conn.send(r)
+        r.close()
+        w.send('foobar')
+        w.close()
+        self.assertEqual(conn.recv(), 'foobar'*2)
+
+        p.join()
+
+#
+#
+#
+
+class _TestHeap(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super().setUp()
+        # Make pristine heap for these tests
+        self.old_heap = multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper._heap
+        multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper._heap = multiprocessing.heap.Heap()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper._heap = self.old_heap
+        super().tearDown()
+
+    def test_heap(self):
+        iterations = 5000
+        maxblocks = 50
+        blocks = []
+
+        # get the heap object
+        heap = multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper._heap
+        heap._DISCARD_FREE_SPACE_LARGER_THAN = 0
+
+        # create and destroy lots of blocks of different sizes
+        for i in range(iterations):
+            size = int(random.lognormvariate(0, 1) * 1000)
+            b = multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper(size)
+            blocks.append(b)
+            if len(blocks) > maxblocks:
+                i = random.randrange(maxblocks)
+                del blocks[i]
+            del b
+
+        # verify the state of the heap
+        with heap._lock:
+            all = []
+            free = 0
+            occupied = 0
+            for L in list(heap._len_to_seq.values()):
+                # count all free blocks in arenas
+                for arena, start, stop in L:
+                    all.append((heap._arenas.index(arena), start, stop,
+                                stop-start, 'free'))
+                    free += (stop-start)
+            for arena, arena_blocks in heap._allocated_blocks.items():
+                # count all allocated blocks in arenas
+                for start, stop in arena_blocks:
+                    all.append((heap._arenas.index(arena), start, stop,
+                                stop-start, 'occupied'))
+                    occupied += (stop-start)
+
+            self.assertEqual(free + occupied,
+                             sum(arena.size for arena in heap._arenas))
+
+            all.sort()
+
+            for i in range(len(all)-1):
+                (arena, start, stop) = all[i][:3]
+                (narena, nstart, nstop) = all[i+1][:3]
+                if arena != narena:
+                    # Two different arenas
+                    self.assertEqual(stop, heap._arenas[arena].size)  # last block
+                    self.assertEqual(nstart, 0)         # first block
+                else:
+                    # Same arena: two adjacent blocks
+                    self.assertEqual(stop, nstart)
+
+        # test free'ing all blocks
+        random.shuffle(blocks)
+        while blocks:
+            blocks.pop()
+
+        self.assertEqual(heap._n_frees, heap._n_mallocs)
+        self.assertEqual(len(heap._pending_free_blocks), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(heap._arenas), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(len(heap._allocated_blocks), 0, heap._allocated_blocks)
+        self.assertEqual(len(heap._len_to_seq), 0)
+
+    def test_free_from_gc(self):
+        # Check that freeing of blocks by the garbage collector doesn't deadlock
+        # (issue #12352).
+        # Make sure the GC is enabled, and set lower collection thresholds to
+        # make collections more frequent (and increase the probability of
+        # deadlock).
+        if not gc.isenabled():
+            gc.enable()
+            self.addCleanup(gc.disable)
+        thresholds = gc.get_threshold()
+        self.addCleanup(gc.set_threshold, *thresholds)
+        gc.set_threshold(10)
+
+        # perform numerous block allocations, with cyclic references to make
+        # sure objects are collected asynchronously by the gc
+        for i in range(5000):
+            a = multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper(1)
+            b = multiprocessing.heap.BufferWrapper(1)
+            # circular references
+            a.buddy = b
+            b.buddy = a
+
+#
+#
+#
+
+class _Foo(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ('x', c_int),
+        ('y', c_double),
+        ('z', c_longlong,)
+        ]
+
+class _TestSharedCTypes(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        if not HAS_SHAREDCTYPES:
+            self.skipTest("requires multiprocessing.sharedctypes")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _double(cls, x, y, z, foo, arr, string):
+        x.value *= 2
+        y.value *= 2
+        z.value *= 2
+        foo.x *= 2
+        foo.y *= 2
+        string.value *= 2
+        for i in range(len(arr)):
+            arr[i] *= 2
+
+    def test_sharedctypes(self, lock=False):
+        x = Value('i', 7, lock=lock)
+        y = Value(c_double, 1.0/3.0, lock=lock)
+        z = Value(c_longlong, 2 ** 33, lock=lock)
+        foo = Value(_Foo, 3, 2, lock=lock)
+        arr = self.Array('d', list(range(10)), lock=lock)
+        string = self.Array('c', 20, lock=lock)
+        string.value = latin('hello')
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._double, args=(x, y, z, foo, arr, string))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        p.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(x.value, 14)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(y.value, 2.0/3.0)
+        self.assertEqual(z.value, 2 ** 34)
+        self.assertEqual(foo.x, 6)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(foo.y, 4.0)
+        for i in range(10):
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(arr[i], i*2)
+        self.assertEqual(string.value, latin('hellohello'))
+
+    def test_synchronize(self):
+        self.test_sharedctypes(lock=True)
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        foo = _Foo(2, 5.0, 2 ** 33)
+        bar = copy(foo)
+        foo.x = 0
+        foo.y = 0
+        foo.z = 0
+        self.assertEqual(bar.x, 2)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(bar.y, 5.0)
+        self.assertEqual(bar.z, 2 ** 33)
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(HAS_SHMEM, "requires multiprocessing.shared_memory")
+@hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('sha256')
+class _TestSharedMemory(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _attach_existing_shmem_then_write(shmem_name_or_obj, binary_data):
+        if isinstance(shmem_name_or_obj, str):
+            local_sms = shared_memory.SharedMemory(shmem_name_or_obj)
+        else:
+            local_sms = shmem_name_or_obj
+        local_sms.buf[:len(binary_data)] = binary_data
+        local_sms.close()
+
+    def _new_shm_name(self, prefix):
+        # Add a PID to the name of a POSIX shared memory object to allow
+        # running multiprocessing tests (test_multiprocessing_fork,
+        # test_multiprocessing_spawn, etc) in parallel.
+        return prefix + str(os.getpid())
+
+    def test_shared_memory_name_with_embedded_null(self):
+        name_tsmb = self._new_shm_name('test01_null')
+        sms = shared_memory.SharedMemory(name_tsmb, create=True, size=512)
+        self.addCleanup(sms.unlink)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            shared_memory.SharedMemory(name_tsmb + '\0a', create=False, size=512)
+        if shared_memory._USE_POSIX:
+            orig_name = sms._name
+            try:
+                sms._name = orig_name + '\0a'
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    sms.unlink()
+            finally:
+                sms._name = orig_name
+
+    def test_shared_memory_basics(self):
+        name_tsmb = self._new_shm_name('test01_tsmb')
+        sms = shared_memory.SharedMemory(name_tsmb, create=True, size=512)
+        self.addCleanup(sms.unlink)
+
+        # Verify attributes are readable.
+        self.assertEqual(sms.name, name_tsmb)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(sms.size, 512)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(sms.buf), sms.size)
+
+        # Verify __repr__
+        self.assertIn(sms.name, str(sms))
+        self.assertIn(str(sms.size), str(sms))
+
+        # Modify contents of shared memory segment through memoryview.
+        sms.buf[0] = 42
+        self.assertEqual(sms.buf[0], 42)
+
+        # Attach to existing shared memory segment.
+        also_sms = shared_memory.SharedMemory(name_tsmb)
+        self.assertEqual(also_sms.buf[0], 42)
+        also_sms.close()
+
+        # Attach to existing shared memory segment but specify a new size.
+        same_sms = shared_memory.SharedMemory(name_tsmb, size=20*sms.size)
+        self.assertLess(same_sms.size, 20*sms.size)  # Size was ignored.
+        same_sms.close()
+
+        # Creating Shared Memory Segment with -ve size
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=-2)
+
+        # Attaching Shared Memory Segment without a name
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=False)
+
+        # Test if shared memory segment is created properly,
+        # when _make_filename returns an existing shared memory segment name
+        with unittest.mock.patch(
+            'multiprocessing.shared_memory._make_filename') as mock_make_filename:
+
+            NAME_PREFIX = shared_memory._SHM_NAME_PREFIX
+            names = [self._new_shm_name('test01_fn'), self._new_shm_name('test02_fn')]
+            # Prepend NAME_PREFIX which can be '/psm_' or 'wnsm_', necessary
+            # because some POSIX compliant systems require name to start with /
+            names = [NAME_PREFIX + name for name in names]
+
+            mock_make_filename.side_effect = names
+            shm1 = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=1)
+            self.addCleanup(shm1.unlink)
+            self.assertEqual(shm1._name, names[0])
+
+            mock_make_filename.side_effect = names
+            shm2 = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=1)
+            self.addCleanup(shm2.unlink)
+            self.assertEqual(shm2._name, names[1])
+
+        if shared_memory._USE_POSIX:
+            # Posix Shared Memory can only be unlinked once.  Here we
+            # test an implementation detail that is not observed across
+            # all supported platforms (since WindowsNamedSharedMemory
+            # manages unlinking on its own and unlink() does nothing).
+            # True release of shared memory segment does not necessarily
+            # happen until process exits, depending on the OS platform.
+            name_dblunlink = self._new_shm_name('test01_dblunlink')
+            sms_uno = shared_memory.SharedMemory(
+                name_dblunlink,
+                create=True,
+                size=5000
+            )
+            with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
+                try:
+                    self.assertGreaterEqual(sms_uno.size, 5000)
+
+                    sms_duo = shared_memory.SharedMemory(name_dblunlink)
+                    sms_duo.unlink()  # First shm_unlink() call.
+                    sms_duo.close()
+                    sms_uno.close()
+
+                finally:
+                    sms_uno.unlink()  # A second shm_unlink() call is bad.
+
+        with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError):
+            # Attempting to create a new shared memory segment with a
+            # name that is already in use triggers an exception.
+            there_can_only_be_one_sms = shared_memory.SharedMemory(
+                name_tsmb,
+                create=True,
+                size=512
+            )
+
+        if shared_memory._USE_POSIX:
+            # Requesting creation of a shared memory segment with the option
+            # to attach to an existing segment, if that name is currently in
+            # use, should not trigger an exception.
+            # Note:  Using a smaller size could possibly cause truncation of
+            # the existing segment but is OS platform dependent.  In the
+            # case of MacOS/darwin, requesting a smaller size is disallowed.
+            class OptionalAttachSharedMemory(shared_memory.SharedMemory):
+                _flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_RDWR
+            ok_if_exists_sms = OptionalAttachSharedMemory(name_tsmb)
+            self.assertEqual(ok_if_exists_sms.size, sms.size)
+            ok_if_exists_sms.close()
+
+        # Attempting to attach to an existing shared memory segment when
+        # no segment exists with the supplied name triggers an exception.
+        with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
+            nonexisting_sms = shared_memory.SharedMemory('test01_notthere')
+            nonexisting_sms.unlink()  # Error should occur on prior line.
+
+        sms.close()
+
+    def test_shared_memory_recreate(self):
+        # Test if shared memory segment is created properly,
+        # when _make_filename returns an existing shared memory segment name
+        with unittest.mock.patch(
+            'multiprocessing.shared_memory._make_filename') as mock_make_filename:
+
+            NAME_PREFIX = shared_memory._SHM_NAME_PREFIX
+            names = [self._new_shm_name('test03_fn'), self._new_shm_name('test04_fn')]
+            # Prepend NAME_PREFIX which can be '/psm_' or 'wnsm_', necessary
+            # because some POSIX compliant systems require name to start with /
+            names = [NAME_PREFIX + name for name in names]
+
+            mock_make_filename.side_effect = names
+            shm1 = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=1)
+            self.addCleanup(shm1.unlink)
+            self.assertEqual(shm1._name, names[0])
+
+            mock_make_filename.side_effect = names
+            shm2 = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=1)
+            self.addCleanup(shm2.unlink)
+            self.assertEqual(shm2._name, names[1])
+
+    def test_invalid_shared_memory_creation(self):
+        # Test creating a shared memory segment with negative size
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            sms_invalid = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=-1)
+
+        # Test creating a shared memory segment with size 0
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            sms_invalid = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=0)
+
+        # Test creating a shared memory segment without size argument
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            sms_invalid = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True)
+
+    def test_shared_memory_pickle_unpickle(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
+                sms = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=512)
+                self.addCleanup(sms.unlink)
+                sms.buf[0:6] = b'pickle'
+
+                # Test pickling
+                pickled_sms = pickle.dumps(sms, protocol=proto)
+
+                # Test unpickling
+                sms2 = pickle.loads(pickled_sms)
+                self.assertIsInstance(sms2, shared_memory.SharedMemory)
+                self.assertEqual(sms.name, sms2.name)
+                self.assertEqual(bytes(sms.buf[0:6]), b'pickle')
+                self.assertEqual(bytes(sms2.buf[0:6]), b'pickle')
+
+                # Test that unpickled version is still the same SharedMemory
+                sms.buf[0:6] = b'newval'
+                self.assertEqual(bytes(sms.buf[0:6]), b'newval')
+                self.assertEqual(bytes(sms2.buf[0:6]), b'newval')
+
+                sms2.buf[0:6] = b'oldval'
+                self.assertEqual(bytes(sms.buf[0:6]), b'oldval')
+                self.assertEqual(bytes(sms2.buf[0:6]), b'oldval')
+
+    def test_shared_memory_pickle_unpickle_dead_object(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
+                sms = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=512)
+                sms.buf[0:6] = b'pickle'
+                pickled_sms = pickle.dumps(sms, protocol=proto)
+
+                # Now, we are going to kill the original object.
+                # So, unpickled one won't be able to attach to it.
+                sms.close()
+                sms.unlink()
+
+                with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
+                    pickle.loads(pickled_sms)
+
+    def test_shared_memory_across_processes(self):
+        # bpo-40135: don't define shared memory block's name in case of
+        # the failure when we run multiprocessing tests in parallel.
+        sms = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=512)
+        self.addCleanup(sms.unlink)
+
+        # Verify remote attachment to existing block by name is working.
+        p = self.Process(
+            target=self._attach_existing_shmem_then_write,
+            args=(sms.name, b'howdy')
+        )
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        p.join()
+        self.assertEqual(bytes(sms.buf[:5]), b'howdy')
+
+        # Verify pickling of SharedMemory instance also works.
+        p = self.Process(
+            target=self._attach_existing_shmem_then_write,
+            args=(sms, b'HELLO')
+        )
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        p.join()
+        self.assertEqual(bytes(sms.buf[:5]), b'HELLO')
+
+        sms.close()
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(os.name != "posix", "not feasible in non-posix platforms")
+    def test_shared_memory_SharedMemoryServer_ignores_sigint(self):
+        # bpo-36368: protect SharedMemoryManager server process from
+        # KeyboardInterrupt signals.
+        smm = multiprocessing.managers.SharedMemoryManager()
+        smm.start()
+
+        # make sure the manager works properly at the beginning
+        sl = smm.ShareableList(range(10))
+
+        # the manager's server should ignore KeyboardInterrupt signals, and
+        # maintain its connection with the current process, and success when
+        # asked to deliver memory segments.
+        os.kill(smm._process.pid, signal.SIGINT)
+
+        sl2 = smm.ShareableList(range(10))
+
+        # test that the custom signal handler registered in the Manager does
+        # not affect signal handling in the parent process.
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyboardInterrupt):
+            os.kill(os.getpid(), signal.SIGINT)
+
+        smm.shutdown()
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(os.name != "posix", "resource_tracker is posix only")
+    def test_shared_memory_SharedMemoryManager_reuses_resource_tracker(self):
+        # bpo-36867: test that a SharedMemoryManager uses the
+        # same resource_tracker process as its parent.
+        cmd = '''if 1:
+            from multiprocessing.managers import SharedMemoryManager
+
+
+            smm = SharedMemoryManager()
+            smm.start()
+            sl = smm.ShareableList(range(10))
+            smm.shutdown()
+        '''
+        rc, out, err = test.support.script_helper.assert_python_ok('-c', cmd)
+
+        # Before bpo-36867 was fixed, a SharedMemoryManager not using the same
+        # resource_tracker process as its parent would make the parent's
+        # tracker complain about sl being leaked even though smm.shutdown()
+        # properly released sl.
+        self.assertFalse(err)
+
+    def test_shared_memory_SharedMemoryManager_basics(self):
+        smm1 = multiprocessing.managers.SharedMemoryManager()
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            smm1.SharedMemory(size=9)  # Fails if SharedMemoryServer not started
+        smm1.start()
+        lol = [ smm1.ShareableList(range(i)) for i in range(5, 10) ]
+        lom = [ smm1.SharedMemory(size=j) for j in range(32, 128, 16) ]
+        doppleganger_list0 = shared_memory.ShareableList(name=lol[0].shm.name)
+        self.assertEqual(len(doppleganger_list0), 5)
+        doppleganger_shm0 = shared_memory.SharedMemory(name=lom[0].name)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(doppleganger_shm0.buf), 32)
+        held_name = lom[0].name
+        smm1.shutdown()
+        if sys.platform != "win32":
+            # Calls to unlink() have no effect on Windows platform; shared
+            # memory will only be released once final process exits.
+            with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
+                # No longer there to be attached to again.
+                absent_shm = shared_memory.SharedMemory(name=held_name)
+
+        with multiprocessing.managers.SharedMemoryManager() as smm2:
+            sl = smm2.ShareableList("howdy")
+            shm = smm2.SharedMemory(size=128)
+            held_name = sl.shm.name
+        if sys.platform != "win32":
+            with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
+                # No longer there to be attached to again.
+                absent_sl = shared_memory.ShareableList(name=held_name)
+
+
+    def test_shared_memory_ShareableList_basics(self):
+        sl = shared_memory.ShareableList(
+            ['howdy', b'HoWdY', -273.154, 100, None, True, 42]
+        )
+        self.addCleanup(sl.shm.unlink)
+
+        # Verify __repr__
+        self.assertIn(sl.shm.name, str(sl))
+        self.assertIn(str(list(sl)), str(sl))
+
+        # Index Out of Range (get)
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            sl[7]
+
+        # Index Out of Range (set)
+        with self.assertRaises(IndexError):
+            sl[7] = 2
+
+        # Assign value without format change (str -> str)
+        current_format = sl._get_packing_format(0)
+        sl[0] = 'howdy'
+        self.assertEqual(current_format, sl._get_packing_format(0))
+
+        # Verify attributes are readable.
+        self.assertEqual(sl.format, '8s8sdqxxxxxx?xxxxxxxx?q')
+
+        # Exercise len().
+        self.assertEqual(len(sl), 7)
+
+        # Exercise index().
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            # Suppress BytesWarning when comparing against b'HoWdY'.
+            warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                sl.index('100')
+            self.assertEqual(sl.index(100), 3)
+
+        # Exercise retrieving individual values.
+        self.assertEqual(sl[0], 'howdy')
+        self.assertEqual(sl[-2], True)
+
+        # Exercise iterability.
+        self.assertEqual(
+            tuple(sl),
+            ('howdy', b'HoWdY', -273.154, 100, None, True, 42)
+        )
+
+        # Exercise modifying individual values.
+        sl[3] = 42
+        self.assertEqual(sl[3], 42)
+        sl[4] = 'some'  # Change type at a given position.
+        self.assertEqual(sl[4], 'some')
+        self.assertEqual(sl.format, '8s8sdq8sxxxxxxx?q')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
+                                    "exceeds available storage"):
+            sl[4] = 'far too many'
+        self.assertEqual(sl[4], 'some')
+        sl[0] = 'encodés'  # Exactly 8 bytes of UTF-8 data
+        self.assertEqual(sl[0], 'encodés')
+        self.assertEqual(sl[1], b'HoWdY')  # no spillage
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
+                                    "exceeds available storage"):
+            sl[0] = 'encodées'  # Exactly 9 bytes of UTF-8 data
+        self.assertEqual(sl[1], b'HoWdY')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError,
+                                    "exceeds available storage"):
+            sl[1] = b'123456789'
+        self.assertEqual(sl[1], b'HoWdY')
+
+        # Exercise count().
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            # Suppress BytesWarning when comparing against b'HoWdY'.
+            warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
+            self.assertEqual(sl.count(42), 2)
+            self.assertEqual(sl.count(b'HoWdY'), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(sl.count(b'adios'), 0)
+
+        # Exercise creating a duplicate.
+        name_duplicate = self._new_shm_name('test03_duplicate')
+        sl_copy = shared_memory.ShareableList(sl, name=name_duplicate)
+        try:
+            self.assertNotEqual(sl.shm.name, sl_copy.shm.name)
+            self.assertEqual(name_duplicate, sl_copy.shm.name)
+            self.assertEqual(list(sl), list(sl_copy))
+            self.assertEqual(sl.format, sl_copy.format)
+            sl_copy[-1] = 77
+            self.assertEqual(sl_copy[-1], 77)
+            self.assertNotEqual(sl[-1], 77)
+            sl_copy.shm.close()
+        finally:
+            sl_copy.shm.unlink()
+
+        # Obtain a second handle on the same ShareableList.
+        sl_tethered = shared_memory.ShareableList(name=sl.shm.name)
+        self.assertEqual(sl.shm.name, sl_tethered.shm.name)
+        sl_tethered[-1] = 880
+        self.assertEqual(sl[-1], 880)
+        sl_tethered.shm.close()
+
+        sl.shm.close()
+
+        # Exercise creating an empty ShareableList.
+        empty_sl = shared_memory.ShareableList()
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(len(empty_sl), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(empty_sl.format, '')
+            self.assertEqual(empty_sl.count('any'), 0)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                empty_sl.index(None)
+            empty_sl.shm.close()
+        finally:
+            empty_sl.shm.unlink()
+
+    def test_shared_memory_ShareableList_pickling(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
+                sl = shared_memory.ShareableList(range(10))
+                self.addCleanup(sl.shm.unlink)
+
+                serialized_sl = pickle.dumps(sl, protocol=proto)
+                deserialized_sl = pickle.loads(serialized_sl)
+                self.assertIsInstance(
+                    deserialized_sl, shared_memory.ShareableList)
+                self.assertEqual(deserialized_sl[-1], 9)
+                self.assertIsNot(sl, deserialized_sl)
+
+                deserialized_sl[4] = "changed"
+                self.assertEqual(sl[4], "changed")
+                sl[3] = "newvalue"
+                self.assertEqual(deserialized_sl[3], "newvalue")
+
+                larger_sl = shared_memory.ShareableList(range(400))
+                self.addCleanup(larger_sl.shm.unlink)
+                serialized_larger_sl = pickle.dumps(larger_sl, protocol=proto)
+                self.assertEqual(len(serialized_sl), len(serialized_larger_sl))
+                larger_sl.shm.close()
+
+                deserialized_sl.shm.close()
+                sl.shm.close()
+
+    def test_shared_memory_ShareableList_pickling_dead_object(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
+                sl = shared_memory.ShareableList(range(10))
+                serialized_sl = pickle.dumps(sl, protocol=proto)
+
+                # Now, we are going to kill the original object.
+                # So, unpickled one won't be able to attach to it.
+                sl.shm.close()
+                sl.shm.unlink()
+
+                with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
+                    pickle.loads(serialized_sl)
+
+    def test_shared_memory_cleaned_after_process_termination(self):
+        cmd = '''if 1:
+            import os, time, sys
+            from multiprocessing import shared_memory
+
+            # Create a shared_memory segment, and send the segment name
+            sm = shared_memory.SharedMemory(create=True, size=10)
+            sys.stdout.write(sm.name + '\\n')
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            time.sleep(100)
+        '''
+        with subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, '-E', '-c', cmd],
+                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              stderr=subprocess.PIPE) as p:
+            name = p.stdout.readline().strip().decode()
+
+            # killing abruptly processes holding reference to a shared memory
+            # segment should not leak the given memory segment.
+            p.terminate()
+            p.wait()
+
+            err_msg = ("A SharedMemory segment was leaked after "
+                       "a process was abruptly terminated")
+            for _ in support.sleeping_retry(support.LONG_TIMEOUT, err_msg):
+                try:
+                    smm = shared_memory.SharedMemory(name, create=False)
+                except FileNotFoundError:
+                    break
+
+            if os.name == 'posix':
+                # Without this line it was raising warnings like:
+                #   UserWarning: resource_tracker:
+                #   There appear to be 1 leaked shared_memory
+                #   objects to clean up at shutdown
+                # See: https://bugs.python.org/issue45209
+                resource_tracker.unregister(f"/{name}", "shared_memory")
+
+                # A warning was emitted by the subprocess' own
+                # resource_tracker (on Windows, shared memory segments
+                # are released automatically by the OS).
+                err = p.stderr.read().decode()
+                self.assertIn(
+                    "resource_tracker: There appear to be 1 leaked "
+                    "shared_memory objects to clean up at shutdown", err)
+
+#
+# Test to verify that `Finalize` works.
+#
+
+class _TestFinalize(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.registry_backup = util._finalizer_registry.copy()
+        util._finalizer_registry.clear()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        gc.collect()  # For PyPy or other GCs.
+        self.assertFalse(util._finalizer_registry)
+        util._finalizer_registry.update(self.registry_backup)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_finalize(cls, conn):
+        class Foo(object):
+            pass
+
+        a = Foo()
+        util.Finalize(a, conn.send, args=('a',))
+        del a           # triggers callback for a
+        gc.collect()  # For PyPy or other GCs.
+
+        b = Foo()
+        close_b = util.Finalize(b, conn.send, args=('b',))
+        close_b()       # triggers callback for b
+        close_b()       # does nothing because callback has already been called
+        del b           # does nothing because callback has already been called
+        gc.collect()  # For PyPy or other GCs.
+
+        c = Foo()
+        util.Finalize(c, conn.send, args=('c',))
+
+        d10 = Foo()
+        util.Finalize(d10, conn.send, args=('d10',), exitpriority=1)
+
+        d01 = Foo()
+        util.Finalize(d01, conn.send, args=('d01',), exitpriority=0)
+        d02 = Foo()
+        util.Finalize(d02, conn.send, args=('d02',), exitpriority=0)
+        d03 = Foo()
+        util.Finalize(d03, conn.send, args=('d03',), exitpriority=0)
+
+        util.Finalize(None, conn.send, args=('e',), exitpriority=-10)
+
+        util.Finalize(None, conn.send, args=('STOP',), exitpriority=-100)
+
+        # call multiprocessing's cleanup function then exit process without
+        # garbage collecting locals
+        util._exit_function()
+        conn.close()
+        os._exit(0)
+
+    def test_finalize(self):
+        conn, child_conn = self.Pipe()
+
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_finalize, args=(child_conn,))
+        p.daemon = True
+        p.start()
+        p.join()
+
+        result = [obj for obj in iter(conn.recv, 'STOP')]
+        self.assertEqual(result, ['a', 'b', 'd10', 'd03', 'd02', 'd01', 'e'])
+
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
+    def test_thread_safety(self):
+        # bpo-24484: _run_finalizers() should be thread-safe
+        def cb():
+            pass
+
+        class Foo(object):
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.ref = self  # create reference cycle
+                # insert finalizer at random key
+                util.Finalize(self, cb, exitpriority=random.randint(1, 100))
+
+        finish = False
+        exc = None
+
+        def run_finalizers():
+            nonlocal exc
+            while not finish:
+                time.sleep(random.random() * 1e-1)
+                try:
+                    # A GC run will eventually happen during this,
+                    # collecting stale Foo's and mutating the registry
+                    util._run_finalizers()
+                except Exception as e:
+                    exc = e
+
+        def make_finalizers():
+            nonlocal exc
+            d = {}
+            while not finish:
+                try:
+                    # Old Foo's get gradually replaced and later
+                    # collected by the GC (because of the cyclic ref)
+                    d[random.getrandbits(5)] = {Foo() for i in range(10)}
+                except Exception as e:
+                    exc = e
+                    d.clear()
+
+        old_interval = sys.getswitchinterval()
+        old_threshold = gc.get_threshold()
+        try:
+            sys.setswitchinterval(1e-6)
+            gc.set_threshold(5, 5, 5)
+            threads = [threading.Thread(target=run_finalizers),
+                       threading.Thread(target=make_finalizers)]
+            with threading_helper.start_threads(threads):
+                time.sleep(4.0)  # Wait a bit to trigger race condition
+                finish = True
+            if exc is not None:
+                raise exc
+        finally:
+            sys.setswitchinterval(old_interval)
+            gc.set_threshold(*old_threshold)
+            gc.collect()  # Collect remaining Foo's
+
+
+#
+# Test that from ... import * works for each module
+#
+
+class _TestImportStar(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def get_module_names(self):
+        import glob
+        folder = os.path.dirname(multiprocessing.__file__)
+        pattern = os.path.join(glob.escape(folder), '*.py')
+        files = glob.glob(pattern)
+        modules = [os.path.splitext(os.path.split(f)[1])[0] for f in files]
+        modules = ['multiprocessing.' + m for m in modules]
+        modules.remove('multiprocessing.__init__')
+        modules.append('multiprocessing')
+        return modules
+
+    def test_import(self):
+        modules = self.get_module_names()
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            modules.remove('multiprocessing.popen_fork')
+            modules.remove('multiprocessing.popen_forkserver')
+            modules.remove('multiprocessing.popen_spawn_posix')
+        else:
+            modules.remove('multiprocessing.popen_spawn_win32')
+            if not HAS_REDUCTION:
+                modules.remove('multiprocessing.popen_forkserver')
+
+        if c_int is None:
+            # This module requires _ctypes
+            modules.remove('multiprocessing.sharedctypes')
+
+        for name in modules:
+            __import__(name)
+            mod = sys.modules[name]
+            self.assertTrue(hasattr(mod, '__all__'), name)
+
+            for attr in mod.__all__:
+                self.assertTrue(
+                    hasattr(mod, attr),
+                    '%r does not have attribute %r' % (mod, attr)
+                    )
+
+#
+# Quick test that logging works -- does not test logging output
+#
+
+class _TestLogging(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    def test_enable_logging(self):
+        logger = multiprocessing.get_logger()
+        logger.setLevel(util.SUBWARNING)
+        self.assertTrue(logger is not None)
+        logger.debug('this will not be printed')
+        logger.info('nor will this')
+        logger.setLevel(LOG_LEVEL)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_level(cls, conn):
+        logger = multiprocessing.get_logger()
+        conn.send(logger.getEffectiveLevel())
+
+    def test_level(self):
+        LEVEL1 = 32
+        LEVEL2 = 37
+
+        logger = multiprocessing.get_logger()
+        root_logger = logging.getLogger()
+        root_level = root_logger.level
+
+        reader, writer = multiprocessing.Pipe(duplex=False)
+
+        logger.setLevel(LEVEL1)
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_level, args=(writer,))
+        p.start()
+        self.assertEqual(LEVEL1, reader.recv())
+        p.join()
+        p.close()
+
+        logger.setLevel(logging.NOTSET)
+        root_logger.setLevel(LEVEL2)
+        p = self.Process(target=self._test_level, args=(writer,))
+        p.start()
+        self.assertEqual(LEVEL2, reader.recv())
+        p.join()
+        p.close()
+
+        root_logger.setLevel(root_level)
+        logger.setLevel(level=LOG_LEVEL)
+
+    def test_filename(self):
+        logger = multiprocessing.get_logger()
+        original_level = logger.level
+        try:
+            logger.setLevel(util.DEBUG)
+            stream = io.StringIO()
+            handler = logging.StreamHandler(stream)
+            logging_format = '[%(levelname)s] [%(filename)s] %(message)s'
+            handler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter(logging_format))
+            logger.addHandler(handler)
+            logger.info('1')
+            util.info('2')
+            logger.debug('3')
+            filename = os.path.basename(__file__)
+            log_record = stream.getvalue()
+            self.assertIn(f'[INFO] [{filename}] 1', log_record)
+            self.assertIn(f'[INFO] [{filename}] 2', log_record)
+            self.assertIn(f'[DEBUG] [{filename}] 3', log_record)
+        finally:
+            logger.setLevel(original_level)
+            logger.removeHandler(handler)
+            handler.close()
+
+
+# class _TestLoggingProcessName(BaseTestCase):
+#
+#     def handle(self, record):
+#         assert record.processName == multiprocessing.current_process().name
+#         self.__handled = True
+#
+#     def test_logging(self):
+#         handler = logging.Handler()
+#         handler.handle = self.handle
+#         self.__handled = False
+#         # Bypass getLogger() and side-effects
+#         logger = logging.getLoggerClass()(
+#                 'multiprocessing.test.TestLoggingProcessName')
+#         logger.addHandler(handler)
+#         logger.propagate = False
+#
+#         logger.warn('foo')
+#         assert self.__handled
+
+#
+# Check that Process.join() retries if os.waitpid() fails with EINTR
+#
+
+class _TestPollEintr(BaseTestCase):
+
+    ALLOWED_TYPES = ('processes',)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _killer(cls, pid):
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        os.kill(pid, signal.SIGUSR1)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'SIGUSR1'), 'requires SIGUSR1')
+    def test_poll_eintr(self):
+        got_signal = [False]
+        def record(*args):
+            got_signal[0] = True
+        pid = os.getpid()
+        oldhandler = signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR1, record)
+        try:
+            killer = self.Process(target=self._killer, args=(pid,))
+            killer.start()
+            try:
+                p = self.Process(target=time.sleep, args=(2,))
+                p.start()
+                p.join()
+            finally:
+                killer.join()
+            self.assertTrue(got_signal[0])
+            self.assertEqual(p.exitcode, 0)
+        finally:
+            signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR1, oldhandler)
+
+#
+# Test to verify handle verification, see issue 3321
+#
+
+class TestInvalidHandle(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(WIN32, "skipped on Windows")
+    def test_invalid_handles(self):
+        conn = multiprocessing.connection.Connection(44977608)
+        # check that poll() doesn't crash
+        try:
+            conn.poll()
+        except (ValueError, OSError):
+            pass
+        finally:
+            # Hack private attribute _handle to avoid printing an error
+            # in conn.__del__
+            conn._handle = None
+        self.assertRaises((ValueError, OSError),
+                          multiprocessing.connection.Connection, -1)
+
+
+
+@hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('sha256')
+class OtherTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    # TODO: add more tests for deliver/answer challenge.
+    def test_deliver_challenge_auth_failure(self):
+        class _FakeConnection(object):
+            def recv_bytes(self, size):
+                return b'something bogus'
+            def send_bytes(self, data):
+                pass
+        self.assertRaises(multiprocessing.AuthenticationError,
+                          multiprocessing.connection.deliver_challenge,
+                          _FakeConnection(), b'abc')
+
+    def test_answer_challenge_auth_failure(self):
+        class _FakeConnection(object):
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.count = 0
+            def recv_bytes(self, size):
+                self.count += 1
+                if self.count == 1:
+                    return multiprocessing.connection._CHALLENGE
+                elif self.count == 2:
+                    return b'something bogus'
+                return b''
+            def send_bytes(self, data):
+                pass
+        self.assertRaises(multiprocessing.AuthenticationError,
+                          multiprocessing.connection.answer_challenge,
+                          _FakeConnection(), b'abc')
+
+
+@hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('md5')
+@hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('sha256')
+class ChallengeResponseTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    authkey = b'supadupasecretkey'
+
+    def create_response(self, message):
+        return multiprocessing.connection._create_response(
+            self.authkey, message
+        )
+
+    def verify_challenge(self, message, response):
+        return multiprocessing.connection._verify_challenge(
+            self.authkey, message, response
+        )
+
+    def test_challengeresponse(self):
+        for algo in [None, "md5", "sha256"]:
+            with self.subTest(f"{algo=}"):
+                msg = b'is-twenty-bytes-long'  # The length of a legacy message.
+                if algo:
+                    prefix = b'{%s}' % algo.encode("ascii")
+                else:
+                    prefix = b''
+                msg = prefix + msg
+                response = self.create_response(msg)
+                if not response.startswith(prefix):
+                    self.fail(response)
+                self.verify_challenge(msg, response)
+
+    # TODO(gpshead): We need integration tests for handshakes between modern
+    # deliver_challenge() and verify_response() code and connections running a
+    # test-local copy of the legacy Python <=3.11 implementations.
+
+    # TODO(gpshead): properly annotate tests for requires_hashdigest rather than
+    # only running these on a platform supporting everything.  otherwise logic
+    # issues preventing it from working on FIPS mode setups will be hidden.
+
+#
+# Test Manager.start()/Pool.__init__() initializer feature - see issue 5585
+#
+
+def initializer(ns):
+    ns.test += 1
+
+@hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('sha256')
+class TestInitializers(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.mgr = multiprocessing.Manager()
+        self.ns = self.mgr.Namespace()
+        self.ns.test = 0
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.mgr.shutdown()
+        self.mgr.join()
+
+    def test_manager_initializer(self):
+        m = multiprocessing.managers.SyncManager()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, m.start, 1)
+        m.start(initializer, (self.ns,))
+        self.assertEqual(self.ns.test, 1)
+        m.shutdown()
+        m.join()
+
+    def test_pool_initializer(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, multiprocessing.Pool, initializer=1)
+        p = multiprocessing.Pool(1, initializer, (self.ns,))
+        p.close()
+        p.join()
+        self.assertEqual(self.ns.test, 1)
+
+#
+# Issue 5155, 5313, 5331: Test process in processes
+# Verifies os.close(sys.stdin.fileno) vs. sys.stdin.close() behavior
+#
+
+def _this_sub_process(q):
+    try:
+        item = q.get(block=False)
+    except pyqueue.Empty:
+        pass
+
+def _test_process():
+    queue = multiprocessing.Queue()
+    subProc = multiprocessing.Process(target=_this_sub_process, args=(queue,))
+    subProc.daemon = True
+    subProc.start()
+    subProc.join()
+
+def _afunc(x):
+    return x*x
+
+def pool_in_process():
+    pool = multiprocessing.Pool(processes=4)
+    x = pool.map(_afunc, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7])
+    pool.close()
+    pool.join()
+
+class _file_like(object):
+    def __init__(self, delegate):
+        self._delegate = delegate
+        self._pid = None
+
+    @property
+    def cache(self):
+        pid = os.getpid()
+        # There are no race conditions since fork keeps only the running thread
+        if pid != self._pid:
+            self._pid = pid
+            self._cache = []
+        return self._cache
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        self.cache.append(data)
+
+    def flush(self):
+        self._delegate.write(''.join(self.cache))
+        self._cache = []
+
+class TestStdinBadfiledescriptor(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_queue_in_process(self):
+        proc = multiprocessing.Process(target=_test_process)
+        proc.start()
+        proc.join()
+
+    def test_pool_in_process(self):
+        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=pool_in_process)
+        p.start()
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_flushing(self):
+        sio = io.StringIO()
+        flike = _file_like(sio)
+        flike.write('foo')
+        proc = multiprocessing.Process(target=lambda: flike.flush())
+        flike.flush()
+        assert sio.getvalue() == 'foo'
+
+
+class TestWait(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _child_test_wait(cls, w, slow):
+        for i in range(10):
+            if slow:
+                time.sleep(random.random() * 0.100)
+            w.send((i, os.getpid()))
+        w.close()
+
+    def test_wait(self, slow=False):
+        from multiprocessing.connection import wait
+        readers = []
+        procs = []
+        messages = []
+
+        for i in range(4):
+            r, w = multiprocessing.Pipe(duplex=False)
+            p = multiprocessing.Process(target=self._child_test_wait, args=(w, slow))
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+            w.close()
+            readers.append(r)
+            procs.append(p)
+            self.addCleanup(p.join)
+
+        while readers:
+            for r in wait(readers):
+                try:
+                    msg = r.recv()
+                except EOFError:
+                    readers.remove(r)
+                    r.close()
+                else:
+                    messages.append(msg)
+
+        messages.sort()
+        expected = sorted((i, p.pid) for i in range(10) for p in procs)
+        self.assertEqual(messages, expected)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _child_test_wait_socket(cls, address, slow):
+        s = socket.socket()
+        s.connect(address)
+        for i in range(10):
+            if slow:
+                time.sleep(random.random() * 0.100)
+            s.sendall(('%s\n' % i).encode('ascii'))
+        s.close()
+
+    def test_wait_socket(self, slow=False):
+        from multiprocessing.connection import wait
+        l = socket.create_server((socket_helper.HOST, 0))
+        addr = l.getsockname()
+        readers = []
+        procs = []
+        dic = {}
+
+        for i in range(4):
+            p = multiprocessing.Process(target=self._child_test_wait_socket,
+                                        args=(addr, slow))
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+            procs.append(p)
+            self.addCleanup(p.join)
+
+        for i in range(4):
+            r, _ = l.accept()
+            readers.append(r)
+            dic[r] = []
+        l.close()
+
+        while readers:
+            for r in wait(readers):
+                msg = r.recv(32)
+                if not msg:
+                    readers.remove(r)
+                    r.close()
+                else:
+                    dic[r].append(msg)
+
+        expected = ''.join('%s\n' % i for i in range(10)).encode('ascii')
+        for v in dic.values():
+            self.assertEqual(b''.join(v), expected)
+
+    def test_wait_slow(self):
+        self.test_wait(True)
+
+    def test_wait_socket_slow(self):
+        self.test_wait_socket(True)
+
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
+    def test_wait_timeout(self):
+        from multiprocessing.connection import wait
+
+        timeout = 5.0  # seconds
+        a, b = multiprocessing.Pipe()
+
+        start = time.monotonic()
+        res = wait([a, b], timeout)
+        delta = time.monotonic() - start
+
+        self.assertEqual(res, [])
+        self.assertGreater(delta, timeout - CLOCK_RES)
+
+        b.send(None)
+        res = wait([a, b], 20)
+        self.assertEqual(res, [a])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def signal_and_sleep(cls, sem, period):
+        sem.release()
+        time.sleep(period)
+
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
+    def test_wait_integer(self):
+        from multiprocessing.connection import wait
+
+        expected = 3
+        sorted_ = lambda l: sorted(l, key=lambda x: id(x))
+        sem = multiprocessing.Semaphore(0)
+        a, b = multiprocessing.Pipe()
+        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=self.signal_and_sleep,
+                                    args=(sem, expected))
+
+        p.start()
+        self.assertIsInstance(p.sentinel, int)
+        self.assertTrue(sem.acquire(timeout=20))
+
+        start = time.monotonic()
+        res = wait([a, p.sentinel, b], expected + 20)
+        delta = time.monotonic() - start
+
+        self.assertEqual(res, [p.sentinel])
+        self.assertLess(delta, expected + 2)
+        self.assertGreater(delta, expected - 2)
+
+        a.send(None)
+
+        start = time.monotonic()
+        res = wait([a, p.sentinel, b], 20)
+        delta = time.monotonic() - start
+
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_(res), sorted_([p.sentinel, b]))
+        self.assertLess(delta, 0.4)
+
+        b.send(None)
+
+        start = time.monotonic()
+        res = wait([a, p.sentinel, b], 20)
+        delta = time.monotonic() - start
+
+        self.assertEqual(sorted_(res), sorted_([a, p.sentinel, b]))
+        self.assertLess(delta, 0.4)
+
+        p.terminate()
+        p.join()
+
+    def test_neg_timeout(self):
+        from multiprocessing.connection import wait
+        a, b = multiprocessing.Pipe()
+        t = time.monotonic()
+        res = wait([a], timeout=-1)
+        t = time.monotonic() - t
+        self.assertEqual(res, [])
+        self.assertLess(t, 1)
+        a.close()
+        b.close()
+
+#
+# Issue 14151: Test invalid family on invalid environment
+#
+
+class TestInvalidFamily(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(WIN32, "skipped on Windows")
+    def test_invalid_family(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            multiprocessing.connection.Listener(r'\\.\test')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(WIN32, "skipped on non-Windows platforms")
+    def test_invalid_family_win32(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            multiprocessing.connection.Listener('/var/test.pipe')
+
+#
+# Issue 12098: check sys.flags of child matches that for parent
+#
+
+class TestFlags(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def run_in_grandchild(cls, conn):
+        conn.send(tuple(sys.flags))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def run_in_child(cls, start_method):
+        import json
+        mp = multiprocessing.get_context(start_method)
+        r, w = mp.Pipe(duplex=False)
+        p = mp.Process(target=cls.run_in_grandchild, args=(w,))
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(category=DeprecationWarning):
+            p.start()
+        grandchild_flags = r.recv()
+        p.join()
+        r.close()
+        w.close()
+        flags = (tuple(sys.flags), grandchild_flags)
+        print(json.dumps(flags))
+
+    def test_flags(self):
+        import json
+        # start child process using unusual flags
+        prog = (
+            'from test._test_multiprocessing import TestFlags; '
+            f'TestFlags.run_in_child({multiprocessing.get_start_method()!r})'
+        )
+        data = subprocess.check_output(
+            [sys.executable, '-E', '-S', '-O', '-c', prog])
+        child_flags, grandchild_flags = json.loads(data.decode('ascii'))
+        self.assertEqual(child_flags, grandchild_flags)
+
+#
+# Test interaction with socket timeouts - see Issue #6056
+#
+
+class TestTimeouts(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_timeout(cls, child, address):
+        time.sleep(1)
+        child.send(123)
+        child.close()
+        conn = multiprocessing.connection.Client(address)
+        conn.send(456)
+        conn.close()
+
+    def test_timeout(self):
+        old_timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
+        try:
+            socket.setdefaulttimeout(0.1)
+            parent, child = multiprocessing.Pipe(duplex=True)
+            l = multiprocessing.connection.Listener(family='AF_INET')
+            p = multiprocessing.Process(target=self._test_timeout,
+                                        args=(child, l.address))
+            p.start()
+            child.close()
+            self.assertEqual(parent.recv(), 123)
+            parent.close()
+            conn = l.accept()
+            self.assertEqual(conn.recv(), 456)
+            conn.close()
+            l.close()
+            join_process(p)
+        finally:
+            socket.setdefaulttimeout(old_timeout)
+
+#
+# Test what happens with no "if __name__ == '__main__'"
+#
+
+class TestNoForkBomb(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_noforkbomb(self):
+        sm = multiprocessing.get_start_method()
+        name = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'mp_fork_bomb.py')
+        if sm != 'fork':
+            rc, out, err = test.support.script_helper.assert_python_failure(name, sm)
+            self.assertEqual(out, b'')
+            self.assertIn(b'RuntimeError', err)
+        else:
+            rc, out, err = test.support.script_helper.assert_python_ok(name, sm)
+            self.assertEqual(out.rstrip(), b'123')
+            self.assertEqual(err, b'')
+
+#
+# Issue #17555: ForkAwareThreadLock
+#
+
+class TestForkAwareThreadLock(unittest.TestCase):
+    # We recursively start processes.  Issue #17555 meant that the
+    # after fork registry would get duplicate entries for the same
+    # lock.  The size of the registry at generation n was ~2**n.
+
+    @classmethod
+    def child(cls, n, conn):
+        if n > 1:
+            p = multiprocessing.Process(target=cls.child, args=(n-1, conn))
+            p.start()
+            conn.close()
+            join_process(p)
+        else:
+            conn.send(len(util._afterfork_registry))
+        conn.close()
+
+    def test_lock(self):
+        r, w = multiprocessing.Pipe(False)
+        l = util.ForkAwareThreadLock()
+        old_size = len(util._afterfork_registry)
+        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=self.child, args=(5, w))
+        p.start()
+        w.close()
+        new_size = r.recv()
+        join_process(p)
+        self.assertLessEqual(new_size, old_size)
+
+#
+# Check that non-forked child processes do not inherit unneeded fds/handles
+#
+
+class TestCloseFds(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def get_high_socket_fd(self):
+        if WIN32:
+            # The child process will not have any socket handles, so
+            # calling socket.fromfd() should produce WSAENOTSOCK even
+            # if there is a handle of the same number.
+            return socket.socket().detach()
+        else:
+            # We want to produce a socket with an fd high enough that a
+            # freshly created child process will not have any fds as high.
+            fd = socket.socket().detach()
+            to_close = []
+            while fd < 50:
+                to_close.append(fd)
+                fd = os.dup(fd)
+            for x in to_close:
+                os.close(x)
+            return fd
+
+    def close(self, fd):
+        if WIN32:
+            socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, fileno=fd).close()
+        else:
+            os.close(fd)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_closefds(cls, conn, fd):
+        try:
+            s = socket.fromfd(fd, socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        except Exception as e:
+            conn.send(e)
+        else:
+            s.close()
+            conn.send(None)
+
+    def test_closefd(self):
+        if not HAS_REDUCTION:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('requires fd pickling')
+
+        reader, writer = multiprocessing.Pipe()
+        fd = self.get_high_socket_fd()
+        try:
+            p = multiprocessing.Process(target=self._test_closefds,
+                                        args=(writer, fd))
+            p.start()
+            writer.close()
+            e = reader.recv()
+            join_process(p)
+        finally:
+            self.close(fd)
+            writer.close()
+            reader.close()
+
+        if multiprocessing.get_start_method() == 'fork':
+            self.assertIs(e, None)
+        else:
+            WSAENOTSOCK = 10038
+            self.assertIsInstance(e, OSError)
+            self.assertTrue(e.errno == errno.EBADF or
+                            e.winerror == WSAENOTSOCK, e)
+
+#
+# Issue #17097: EINTR should be ignored by recv(), send(), accept() etc
+#
+
+class TestIgnoreEINTR(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    # Sending CONN_MAX_SIZE bytes into a multiprocessing pipe must block
+    CONN_MAX_SIZE = max(support.PIPE_MAX_SIZE, support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_ignore(cls, conn):
+        def handler(signum, frame):
+            pass
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR1, handler)
+        conn.send('ready')
+        x = conn.recv()
+        conn.send(x)
+        conn.send_bytes(b'x' * cls.CONN_MAX_SIZE)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'SIGUSR1'), 'requires SIGUSR1')
+    def test_ignore(self):
+        conn, child_conn = multiprocessing.Pipe()
+        try:
+            p = multiprocessing.Process(target=self._test_ignore,
+                                        args=(child_conn,))
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+            child_conn.close()
+            self.assertEqual(conn.recv(), 'ready')
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            os.kill(p.pid, signal.SIGUSR1)
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            conn.send(1234)
+            self.assertEqual(conn.recv(), 1234)
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            os.kill(p.pid, signal.SIGUSR1)
+            self.assertEqual(conn.recv_bytes(), b'x' * self.CONN_MAX_SIZE)
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            p.join()
+        finally:
+            conn.close()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_ignore_listener(cls, conn):
+        def handler(signum, frame):
+            pass
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGUSR1, handler)
+        with multiprocessing.connection.Listener() as l:
+            conn.send(l.address)
+            a = l.accept()
+            a.send('welcome')
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'SIGUSR1'), 'requires SIGUSR1')
+    def test_ignore_listener(self):
+        conn, child_conn = multiprocessing.Pipe()
+        try:
+            p = multiprocessing.Process(target=self._test_ignore_listener,
+                                        args=(child_conn,))
+            p.daemon = True
+            p.start()
+            child_conn.close()
+            address = conn.recv()
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            os.kill(p.pid, signal.SIGUSR1)
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            client = multiprocessing.connection.Client(address)
+            self.assertEqual(client.recv(), 'welcome')
+            p.join()
+        finally:
+            conn.close()
+
+class TestStartMethod(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def _check_context(cls, conn):
+        conn.send(multiprocessing.get_start_method())
+
+    def check_context(self, ctx):
+        r, w = ctx.Pipe(duplex=False)
+        p = ctx.Process(target=self._check_context, args=(w,))
+        p.start()
+        w.close()
+        child_method = r.recv()
+        r.close()
+        p.join()
+        self.assertEqual(child_method, ctx.get_start_method())
+
+    def test_context(self):
+        for method in ('fork', 'spawn', 'forkserver'):
+            try:
+                ctx = multiprocessing.get_context(method)
+            except ValueError:
+                continue
+            self.assertEqual(ctx.get_start_method(), method)
+            self.assertIs(ctx.get_context(), ctx)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, ctx.set_start_method, 'spawn')
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, ctx.set_start_method, None)
+            self.check_context(ctx)
+
+    def test_context_check_module_types(self):
+        try:
+            ctx = multiprocessing.get_context('forkserver')
+        except ValueError:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('forkserver should be available')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'module_names must be a list of strings'):
+            ctx.set_forkserver_preload([1, 2, 3])
+
+    def test_set_get(self):
+        multiprocessing.set_forkserver_preload(PRELOAD)
+        count = 0
+        old_method = multiprocessing.get_start_method()
+        try:
+            for method in ('fork', 'spawn', 'forkserver'):
+                try:
+                    multiprocessing.set_start_method(method, force=True)
+                except ValueError:
+                    continue
+                self.assertEqual(multiprocessing.get_start_method(), method)
+                ctx = multiprocessing.get_context()
+                self.assertEqual(ctx.get_start_method(), method)
+                self.assertTrue(type(ctx).__name__.lower().startswith(method))
+                self.assertTrue(
+                    ctx.Process.__name__.lower().startswith(method))
+                self.check_context(multiprocessing)
+                count += 1
+        finally:
+            multiprocessing.set_start_method(old_method, force=True)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(count, 1)
+
+    def test_get_all(self):
+        methods = multiprocessing.get_all_start_methods()
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            self.assertEqual(methods, ['spawn'])
+        else:
+            self.assertTrue(methods == ['fork', 'spawn'] or
+                            methods == ['spawn', 'fork'] or
+                            methods == ['fork', 'spawn', 'forkserver'] or
+                            methods == ['spawn', 'fork', 'forkserver'])
+
+    def test_preload_resources(self):
+        if multiprocessing.get_start_method() != 'forkserver':
+            self.skipTest("test only relevant for 'forkserver' method")
+        name = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'mp_preload.py')
+        rc, out, err = test.support.script_helper.assert_python_ok(name)
+        out = out.decode()
+        err = err.decode()
+        if out.rstrip() != 'ok' or err != '':
+            print(out)
+            print(err)
+            self.fail("failed spawning forkserver or grandchild")
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32",
+                     "Only Spawn on windows so no risk of mixing")
+    @only_run_in_spawn_testsuite("avoids redundant testing.")
+    def test_mixed_startmethod(self):
+        # Fork-based locks cannot be used with spawned process
+        for process_method in ["spawn", "forkserver"]:
+            queue = multiprocessing.get_context("fork").Queue()
+            process_ctx = multiprocessing.get_context(process_method)
+            p = process_ctx.Process(target=close_queue, args=(queue,))
+            err_msg = "A SemLock created in a fork"
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, err_msg):
+                p.start()
+
+        # non-fork-based locks can be used with all other start methods
+        for queue_method in ["spawn", "forkserver"]:
+            for process_method in multiprocessing.get_all_start_methods():
+                queue = multiprocessing.get_context(queue_method).Queue()
+                process_ctx = multiprocessing.get_context(process_method)
+                p = process_ctx.Process(target=close_queue, args=(queue,))
+                p.start()
+                p.join()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _put_one_in_queue(cls, queue):
+        queue.put(1)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _put_two_and_nest_once(cls, queue):
+        queue.put(2)
+        process = multiprocessing.Process(target=cls._put_one_in_queue, args=(queue,))
+        process.start()
+        process.join()
+
+    def test_nested_startmethod(self):
+        # gh-108520: Regression test to ensure that child process can send its
+        # arguments to another process
+        queue = multiprocessing.Queue()
+
+        process = multiprocessing.Process(target=self._put_two_and_nest_once, args=(queue,))
+        process.start()
+        process.join()
+
+        results = []
+        while not queue.empty():
+            results.append(queue.get())
+
+        # gh-109706: queue.put(1) can write into the queue before queue.put(2),
+        # there is no synchronization in the test.
+        self.assertSetEqual(set(results), set([2, 1]))
+
+
+@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32",
+                 "test semantics don't make sense on Windows")
+class TestResourceTracker(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_resource_tracker(self):
+        #
+        # Check that killing process does not leak named semaphores
+        #
+        cmd = '''if 1:
+            import time, os
+            import multiprocessing as mp
+            from multiprocessing import resource_tracker
+            from multiprocessing.shared_memory import SharedMemory
+
+            mp.set_start_method("spawn")
+
+
+            def create_and_register_resource(rtype):
+                if rtype == "semaphore":
+                    lock = mp.Lock()
+                    return lock, lock._semlock.name
+                elif rtype == "shared_memory":
+                    sm = SharedMemory(create=True, size=10)
+                    return sm, sm._name
+                else:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Resource type {{}} not understood".format(rtype))
+
+
+            resource1, rname1 = create_and_register_resource("{rtype}")
+            resource2, rname2 = create_and_register_resource("{rtype}")
+
+            os.write({w}, rname1.encode("ascii") + b"\\n")
+            os.write({w}, rname2.encode("ascii") + b"\\n")
+
+            time.sleep(10)
+        '''
+        for rtype in resource_tracker._CLEANUP_FUNCS:
+            with self.subTest(rtype=rtype):
+                if rtype == "noop":
+                    # Artefact resource type used by the resource_tracker
+                    continue
+                r, w = os.pipe()
+                p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable,
+                                     '-E', '-c', cmd.format(w=w, rtype=rtype)],
+                                     pass_fds=[w],
+                                     stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+                os.close(w)
+                with open(r, 'rb', closefd=True) as f:
+                    name1 = f.readline().rstrip().decode('ascii')
+                    name2 = f.readline().rstrip().decode('ascii')
+                _resource_unlink(name1, rtype)
+                p.terminate()
+                p.wait()
+
+                err_msg = (f"A {rtype} resource was leaked after a process was "
+                           f"abruptly terminated")
+                for _ in support.sleeping_retry(support.SHORT_TIMEOUT,
+                                                  err_msg):
+                    try:
+                        _resource_unlink(name2, rtype)
+                    except OSError as e:
+                        # docs say it should be ENOENT, but OSX seems to give
+                        # EINVAL
+                        self.assertIn(e.errno, (errno.ENOENT, errno.EINVAL))
+                        break
+
+                err = p.stderr.read().decode('utf-8')
+                p.stderr.close()
+                expected = ('resource_tracker: There appear to be 2 leaked {} '
+                            'objects'.format(
+                            rtype))
+                self.assertRegex(err, expected)
+                self.assertRegex(err, r'resource_tracker: %r: \[Errno' % name1)
+
+    def check_resource_tracker_death(self, signum, should_die):
+        # bpo-31310: if the semaphore tracker process has died, it should
+        # be restarted implicitly.
+        from multiprocessing.resource_tracker import _resource_tracker
+        pid = _resource_tracker._pid
+        if pid is not None:
+            os.kill(pid, signal.SIGKILL)
+            support.wait_process(pid, exitcode=-signal.SIGKILL)
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore")
+            _resource_tracker.ensure_running()
+        pid = _resource_tracker._pid
+
+        os.kill(pid, signum)
+        time.sleep(1.0)  # give it time to die
+
+        ctx = multiprocessing.get_context("spawn")
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as all_warn:
+            warnings.simplefilter("always")
+            sem = ctx.Semaphore()
+            sem.acquire()
+            sem.release()
+            wr = weakref.ref(sem)
+            # ensure `sem` gets collected, which triggers communication with
+            # the semaphore tracker
+            del sem
+            gc.collect()
+            self.assertIsNone(wr())
+            if should_die:
+                self.assertEqual(len(all_warn), 1)
+                the_warn = all_warn[0]
+                self.assertTrue(issubclass(the_warn.category, UserWarning))
+                self.assertTrue("resource_tracker: process died"
+                                in str(the_warn.message))
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(len(all_warn), 0)
+
+    def test_resource_tracker_sigint(self):
+        # Catchable signal (ignored by semaphore tracker)
+        self.check_resource_tracker_death(signal.SIGINT, False)
+
+    def test_resource_tracker_sigterm(self):
+        # Catchable signal (ignored by semaphore tracker)
+        self.check_resource_tracker_death(signal.SIGTERM, False)
+
+    def test_resource_tracker_sigkill(self):
+        # Uncatchable signal.
+        self.check_resource_tracker_death(signal.SIGKILL, True)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _is_resource_tracker_reused(conn, pid):
+        from multiprocessing.resource_tracker import _resource_tracker
+        _resource_tracker.ensure_running()
+        # The pid should be None in the child process, expect for the fork
+        # context. It should not be a new value.
+        reused = _resource_tracker._pid in (None, pid)
+        reused &= _resource_tracker._check_alive()
+        conn.send(reused)
+
+    def test_resource_tracker_reused(self):
+        from multiprocessing.resource_tracker import _resource_tracker
+        _resource_tracker.ensure_running()
+        pid = _resource_tracker._pid
+
+        r, w = multiprocessing.Pipe(duplex=False)
+        p = multiprocessing.Process(target=self._is_resource_tracker_reused,
+                                    args=(w, pid))
+        p.start()
+        is_resource_tracker_reused = r.recv()
+
+        # Clean up
+        p.join()
+        w.close()
+        r.close()
+
+        self.assertTrue(is_resource_tracker_reused)
+
+    def test_too_long_name_resource(self):
+        # gh-96819: Resource names that will make the length of a write to a pipe
+        # greater than PIPE_BUF are not allowed
+        rtype = "shared_memory"
+        too_long_name_resource = "a" * (512 - len(rtype))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            resource_tracker.register(too_long_name_resource, rtype)
+
+
+class TestSimpleQueue(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_empty(cls, queue, child_can_start, parent_can_continue):
+        child_can_start.wait()
+        # issue 30301, could fail under spawn and forkserver
+        try:
+            queue.put(queue.empty())
+            queue.put(queue.empty())
+        finally:
+            parent_can_continue.set()
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        queue = multiprocessing.SimpleQueue()
+        child_can_start = multiprocessing.Event()
+        parent_can_continue = multiprocessing.Event()
+
+        proc = multiprocessing.Process(
+            target=self._test_empty,
+            args=(queue, child_can_start, parent_can_continue)
+        )
+        proc.daemon = True
+        proc.start()
+
+        self.assertTrue(queue.empty())
+
+        child_can_start.set()
+        parent_can_continue.wait()
+
+        self.assertFalse(queue.empty())
+        self.assertEqual(queue.get(), True)
+        self.assertEqual(queue.get(), False)
+        self.assertTrue(queue.empty())
+
+        proc.join()
+
+    def test_close(self):
+        queue = multiprocessing.SimpleQueue()
+        queue.close()
+        # closing a queue twice should not fail
+        queue.close()
+
+    # Test specific to CPython since it tests private attributes
+    @test.support.cpython_only
+    def test_closed(self):
+        queue = multiprocessing.SimpleQueue()
+        queue.close()
+        self.assertTrue(queue._reader.closed)
+        self.assertTrue(queue._writer.closed)
+
+
+class TestPoolNotLeakOnFailure(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_release_unused_processes(self):
+        # Issue #19675: During pool creation, if we can't create a process,
+        # don't leak already created ones.
+        will_fail_in = 3
+        forked_processes = []
+
+        class FailingForkProcess:
+            def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+                self.name = 'Fake Process'
+                self.exitcode = None
+                self.state = None
+                forked_processes.append(self)
+
+            def start(self):
+                nonlocal will_fail_in
+                if will_fail_in <= 0:
+                    raise OSError("Manually induced OSError")
+                will_fail_in -= 1
+                self.state = 'started'
+
+            def terminate(self):
+                self.state = 'stopping'
+
+            def join(self):
+                if self.state == 'stopping':
+                    self.state = 'stopped'
+
+            def is_alive(self):
+                return self.state == 'started' or self.state == 'stopping'
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(OSError, 'Manually induced OSError'):
+            p = multiprocessing.pool.Pool(5, context=unittest.mock.MagicMock(
+                Process=FailingForkProcess))
+            p.close()
+            p.join()
+        self.assertFalse(
+            any(process.is_alive() for process in forked_processes))
+
+
+@hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('sha256')
+class TestSyncManagerTypes(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Test all the types which can be shared between a parent and a
+    child process by using a manager which acts as an intermediary
+    between them.
+
+    In the following unit-tests the base type is created in the parent
+    process, the @classmethod represents the worker process and the
+    shared object is readable and editable between the two.
+
+    # The child.
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_list(cls, obj):
+        assert obj[0] == 5
+        assert obj.append(6)
+
+    # The parent.
+    def test_list(self):
+        o = self.manager.list()
+        o.append(5)
+        self.run_worker(self._test_list, o)
+        assert o[1] == 6
+    """
+    manager_class = multiprocessing.managers.SyncManager
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.manager = self.manager_class()
+        self.manager.start()
+        self.proc = None
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        if self.proc is not None and self.proc.is_alive():
+            self.proc.terminate()
+            self.proc.join()
+        self.manager.shutdown()
+        self.manager = None
+        self.proc = None
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        support.reap_children()
+
+    tearDownClass = setUpClass
+
+    def wait_proc_exit(self):
+        # Only the manager process should be returned by active_children()
+        # but this can take a bit on slow machines, so wait a few seconds
+        # if there are other children too (see #17395).
+        join_process(self.proc)
+
+        timeout = WAIT_ACTIVE_CHILDREN_TIMEOUT
+        start_time = time.monotonic()
+        for _ in support.sleeping_retry(timeout, error=False):
+            if len(multiprocessing.active_children()) <= 1:
+                break
+        else:
+            dt = time.monotonic() - start_time
+            support.environment_altered = True
+            support.print_warning(f"multiprocessing.Manager still has "
+                                  f"{multiprocessing.active_children()} "
+                                  f"active children after {dt:.1f} seconds")
+
+    def run_worker(self, worker, obj):
+        self.proc = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker, args=(obj, ))
+        self.proc.daemon = True
+        self.proc.start()
+        self.wait_proc_exit()
+        self.assertEqual(self.proc.exitcode, 0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_event(cls, obj):
+        assert obj.is_set()
+        obj.wait()
+        obj.clear()
+        obj.wait(0.001)
+
+    def test_event(self):
+        o = self.manager.Event()
+        o.set()
+        self.run_worker(self._test_event, o)
+        assert not o.is_set()
+        o.wait(0.001)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_lock(cls, obj):
+        obj.acquire()
+
+    def test_lock(self, lname="Lock"):
+        o = getattr(self.manager, lname)()
+        self.run_worker(self._test_lock, o)
+        o.release()
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, o.release)  # already released
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_rlock(cls, obj):
+        obj.acquire()
+        obj.release()
+
+    def test_rlock(self, lname="Lock"):
+        o = getattr(self.manager, lname)()
+        self.run_worker(self._test_rlock, o)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_semaphore(cls, obj):
+        obj.acquire()
+
+    def test_semaphore(self, sname="Semaphore"):
+        o = getattr(self.manager, sname)()
+        self.run_worker(self._test_semaphore, o)
+        o.release()
+
+    def test_bounded_semaphore(self):
+        self.test_semaphore(sname="BoundedSemaphore")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_condition(cls, obj):
+        obj.acquire()
+        obj.release()
+
+    def test_condition(self):
+        o = self.manager.Condition()
+        self.run_worker(self._test_condition, o)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_barrier(cls, obj):
+        assert obj.parties == 5
+        obj.reset()
+
+    def test_barrier(self):
+        o = self.manager.Barrier(5)
+        self.run_worker(self._test_barrier, o)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_pool(cls, obj):
+        # TODO: fix https://bugs.python.org/issue35919
+        with obj:
+            pass
+
+    def test_pool(self):
+        o = self.manager.Pool(processes=4)
+        self.run_worker(self._test_pool, o)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_queue(cls, obj):
+        assert obj.qsize() == 2
+        assert obj.full()
+        assert not obj.empty()
+        assert obj.get() == 5
+        assert not obj.empty()
+        assert obj.get() == 6
+        assert obj.empty()
+
+    def test_queue(self, qname="Queue"):
+        o = getattr(self.manager, qname)(2)
+        o.put(5)
+        o.put(6)
+        self.run_worker(self._test_queue, o)
+        assert o.empty()
+        assert not o.full()
+
+    def test_joinable_queue(self):
+        self.test_queue("JoinableQueue")
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_list(cls, obj):
+        case = unittest.TestCase()
+        case.assertEqual(obj[0], 5)
+        case.assertEqual(obj.count(5), 1)
+        case.assertEqual(obj.index(5), 0)
+        obj.sort()
+        obj.reverse()
+        for x in obj:
+            pass
+        case.assertEqual(len(obj), 1)
+        case.assertEqual(obj.pop(0), 5)
+
+    def test_list(self):
+        o = self.manager.list()
+        o.append(5)
+        self.run_worker(self._test_list, o)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(o)
+        self.assertEqual(len(o), 0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_dict(cls, obj):
+        case = unittest.TestCase()
+        case.assertEqual(len(obj), 1)
+        case.assertEqual(obj['foo'], 5)
+        case.assertEqual(obj.get('foo'), 5)
+        case.assertListEqual(list(obj.items()), [('foo', 5)])
+        case.assertListEqual(list(obj.keys()), ['foo'])
+        case.assertListEqual(list(obj.values()), [5])
+        case.assertDictEqual(obj.copy(), {'foo': 5})
+        case.assertTupleEqual(obj.popitem(), ('foo', 5))
+
+    def test_dict(self):
+        o = self.manager.dict()
+        o['foo'] = 5
+        self.run_worker(self._test_dict, o)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(o)
+        self.assertEqual(len(o), 0)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_value(cls, obj):
+        case = unittest.TestCase()
+        case.assertEqual(obj.value, 1)
+        case.assertEqual(obj.get(), 1)
+        obj.set(2)
+
+    def test_value(self):
+        o = self.manager.Value('i', 1)
+        self.run_worker(self._test_value, o)
+        self.assertEqual(o.value, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(o.get(), 2)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_array(cls, obj):
+        case = unittest.TestCase()
+        case.assertEqual(obj[0], 0)
+        case.assertEqual(obj[1], 1)
+        case.assertEqual(len(obj), 2)
+        case.assertListEqual(list(obj), [0, 1])
+
+    def test_array(self):
+        o = self.manager.Array('i', [0, 1])
+        self.run_worker(self._test_array, o)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _test_namespace(cls, obj):
+        case = unittest.TestCase()
+        case.assertEqual(obj.x, 0)
+        case.assertEqual(obj.y, 1)
+
+    def test_namespace(self):
+        o = self.manager.Namespace()
+        o.x = 0
+        o.y = 1
+        self.run_worker(self._test_namespace, o)
+
+
+class TestNamedResource(unittest.TestCase):
+    @only_run_in_spawn_testsuite("spawn specific test.")
+    def test_global_named_resource_spawn(self):
+        #
+        # gh-90549: Check that global named resources in main module
+        # will not leak by a subprocess, in spawn context.
+        #
+        testfn = os_helper.TESTFN
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, testfn)
+        with open(testfn, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            f.write(textwrap.dedent('''\
+                import multiprocessing as mp
+                ctx = mp.get_context('spawn')
+                global_resource = ctx.Semaphore()
+                def submain(): pass
+                if __name__ == '__main__':
+                    p = ctx.Process(target=submain)
+                    p.start()
+                    p.join()
+            '''))
+        rc, out, err = script_helper.assert_python_ok(testfn)
+        # on error, err = 'UserWarning: resource_tracker: There appear to
+        # be 1 leaked semaphore objects to clean up at shutdown'
+        self.assertFalse(err, msg=err.decode('utf-8'))
+
+
+class MiscTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test__all__(self):
+        # Just make sure names in not_exported are excluded
+        support.check__all__(self, multiprocessing, extra=multiprocessing.__all__,
+                             not_exported=['SUBDEBUG', 'SUBWARNING'])
+
+    @only_run_in_spawn_testsuite("avoids redundant testing.")
+    def test_spawn_sys_executable_none_allows_import(self):
+        # Regression test for a bug introduced in
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/90876 that caused an
+        # ImportError in multiprocessing when sys.executable was None.
+        # This can be true in embedded environments.
+        rc, out, err = script_helper.assert_python_ok(
+            "-c",
+            """if 1:
+            import sys
+            sys.executable = None
+            assert "multiprocessing" not in sys.modules, "already imported!"
+            import multiprocessing
+            import multiprocessing.spawn  # This should not fail\n""",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 0)
+        self.assertFalse(err, msg=err.decode('utf-8'))
+
+
+#
+# Mixins
+#
+
+class BaseMixin(object):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.dangling = (multiprocessing.process._dangling.copy(),
+                        threading._dangling.copy())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        # bpo-26762: Some multiprocessing objects like Pool create reference
+        # cycles. Trigger a garbage collection to break these cycles.
+        test.support.gc_collect()
+
+        processes = set(multiprocessing.process._dangling) - set(cls.dangling[0])
+        if processes:
+            test.support.environment_altered = True
+            support.print_warning(f'Dangling processes: {processes}')
+        processes = None
+
+        threads = set(threading._dangling) - set(cls.dangling[1])
+        if threads:
+            test.support.environment_altered = True
+            support.print_warning(f'Dangling threads: {threads}')
+        threads = None
+
+
+class ProcessesMixin(BaseMixin):
+    TYPE = 'processes'
+    Process = multiprocessing.Process
+    connection = multiprocessing.connection
+    current_process = staticmethod(multiprocessing.current_process)
+    parent_process = staticmethod(multiprocessing.parent_process)
+    active_children = staticmethod(multiprocessing.active_children)
+    set_executable = staticmethod(multiprocessing.set_executable)
+    Pool = staticmethod(multiprocessing.Pool)
+    Pipe = staticmethod(multiprocessing.Pipe)
+    Queue = staticmethod(multiprocessing.Queue)
+    JoinableQueue = staticmethod(multiprocessing.JoinableQueue)
+    Lock = staticmethod(multiprocessing.Lock)
+    RLock = staticmethod(multiprocessing.RLock)
+    Semaphore = staticmethod(multiprocessing.Semaphore)
+    BoundedSemaphore = staticmethod(multiprocessing.BoundedSemaphore)
+    Condition = staticmethod(multiprocessing.Condition)
+    Event = staticmethod(multiprocessing.Event)
+    Barrier = staticmethod(multiprocessing.Barrier)
+    Value = staticmethod(multiprocessing.Value)
+    Array = staticmethod(multiprocessing.Array)
+    RawValue = staticmethod(multiprocessing.RawValue)
+    RawArray = staticmethod(multiprocessing.RawArray)
+
+
+class ManagerMixin(BaseMixin):
+    TYPE = 'manager'
+    Process = multiprocessing.Process
+    Queue = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.Queue'))
+    JoinableQueue = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.JoinableQueue'))
+    Lock = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.Lock'))
+    RLock = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.RLock'))
+    Semaphore = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.Semaphore'))
+    BoundedSemaphore = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.BoundedSemaphore'))
+    Condition = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.Condition'))
+    Event = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.Event'))
+    Barrier = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.Barrier'))
+    Value = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.Value'))
+    Array = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.Array'))
+    list = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.list'))
+    dict = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.dict'))
+    Namespace = property(operator.attrgetter('manager.Namespace'))
+
+    @classmethod
+    def Pool(cls, *args, **kwds):
+        return cls.manager.Pool(*args, **kwds)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        super().setUpClass()
+        cls.manager = multiprocessing.Manager()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def tearDownClass(cls):
+        # only the manager process should be returned by active_children()
+        # but this can take a bit on slow machines, so wait a few seconds
+        # if there are other children too (see #17395)
+        timeout = WAIT_ACTIVE_CHILDREN_TIMEOUT
+        start_time = time.monotonic()
+        for _ in support.sleeping_retry(timeout, error=False):
+            if len(multiprocessing.active_children()) <= 1:
+                break
+        else:
+            dt = time.monotonic() - start_time
+            support.environment_altered = True
+            support.print_warning(f"multiprocessing.Manager still has "
+                                  f"{multiprocessing.active_children()} "
+                                  f"active children after {dt:.1f} seconds")
+
+        gc.collect()                       # do garbage collection
+        if cls.manager._number_of_objects() != 0:
+            # This is not really an error since some tests do not
+            # ensure that all processes which hold a reference to a
+            # managed object have been joined.
+            test.support.environment_altered = True
+            support.print_warning('Shared objects which still exist '
+                                  'at manager shutdown:')
+            support.print_warning(cls.manager._debug_info())
+        cls.manager.shutdown()
+        cls.manager.join()
+        cls.manager = None
+
+        super().tearDownClass()
+
+
+class ThreadsMixin(BaseMixin):
+    TYPE = 'threads'
+    Process = multiprocessing.dummy.Process
+    connection = multiprocessing.dummy.connection
+    current_process = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.current_process)
+    active_children = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.active_children)
+    Pool = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.Pool)
+    Pipe = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.Pipe)
+    Queue = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.Queue)
+    JoinableQueue = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.JoinableQueue)
+    Lock = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.Lock)
+    RLock = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.RLock)
+    Semaphore = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.Semaphore)
+    BoundedSemaphore = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.BoundedSemaphore)
+    Condition = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.Condition)
+    Event = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.Event)
+    Barrier = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.Barrier)
+    Value = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.Value)
+    Array = staticmethod(multiprocessing.dummy.Array)
+
+#
+# Functions used to create test cases from the base ones in this module
+#
+
+def install_tests_in_module_dict(remote_globs, start_method,
+                                 only_type=None, exclude_types=False):
+    __module__ = remote_globs['__name__']
+    local_globs = globals()
+    ALL_TYPES = {'processes', 'threads', 'manager'}
+
+    for name, base in local_globs.items():
+        if not isinstance(base, type):
+            continue
+        if issubclass(base, BaseTestCase):
+            if base is BaseTestCase:
+                continue
+            assert set(base.ALLOWED_TYPES) <= ALL_TYPES, base.ALLOWED_TYPES
+            for type_ in base.ALLOWED_TYPES:
+                if only_type and type_ != only_type:
+                    continue
+                if exclude_types:
+                    continue
+                newname = 'With' + type_.capitalize() + name[1:]
+                Mixin = local_globs[type_.capitalize() + 'Mixin']
+                class Temp(base, Mixin, unittest.TestCase):
+                    pass
+                if type_ == 'manager':
+                    Temp = hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('sha256')(Temp)
+                Temp.__name__ = Temp.__qualname__ = newname
+                Temp.__module__ = __module__
+                remote_globs[newname] = Temp
+        elif issubclass(base, unittest.TestCase):
+            if only_type:
+                continue
+
+            class Temp(base, object):
+                pass
+            Temp.__name__ = Temp.__qualname__ = name
+            Temp.__module__ = __module__
+            remote_globs[name] = Temp
+
+    dangling = [None, None]
+    old_start_method = [None]
+
+    def setUpModule():
+        multiprocessing.set_forkserver_preload(PRELOAD)
+        multiprocessing.process._cleanup()
+        dangling[0] = multiprocessing.process._dangling.copy()
+        dangling[1] = threading._dangling.copy()
+        old_start_method[0] = multiprocessing.get_start_method(allow_none=True)
+        try:
+            multiprocessing.set_start_method(start_method, force=True)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest(start_method +
+                                    ' start method not supported')
+
+        if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
+            try:
+                lock = multiprocessing.RLock()
+            except OSError:
+                raise unittest.SkipTest("OSError raises on RLock creation, "
+                                        "see issue 3111!")
+        check_enough_semaphores()
+        util.get_temp_dir()     # creates temp directory
+        multiprocessing.get_logger().setLevel(LOG_LEVEL)
+
+    def tearDownModule():
+        need_sleep = False
+
+        # bpo-26762: Some multiprocessing objects like Pool create reference
+        # cycles. Trigger a garbage collection to break these cycles.
+        test.support.gc_collect()
+
+        multiprocessing.set_start_method(old_start_method[0], force=True)
+        # pause a bit so we don't get warning about dangling threads/processes
+        processes = set(multiprocessing.process._dangling) - set(dangling[0])
+        if processes:
+            need_sleep = True
+            test.support.environment_altered = True
+            support.print_warning(f'Dangling processes: {processes}')
+        processes = None
+
+        threads = set(threading._dangling) - set(dangling[1])
+        if threads:
+            need_sleep = True
+            test.support.environment_altered = True
+            support.print_warning(f'Dangling threads: {threads}')
+        threads = None
+
+        # Sleep 500 ms to give time to child processes to complete.
+        if need_sleep:
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+
+        multiprocessing.util._cleanup_tests()
+
+    remote_globs['setUpModule'] = setUpModule
+    remote_globs['tearDownModule'] = tearDownModule
+
+
+@unittest.skipIf(not hasattr(_multiprocessing, 'SemLock'), 'SemLock not available')
+@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform != "linux", "Linux only")
+class SemLockTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_semlock_subclass(self):
+        class SemLock(_multiprocessing.SemLock):
+            pass
+        name = f'test_semlock_subclass-{os.getpid()}'
+        s = SemLock(1, 0, 10, name, False)
+        _multiprocessing.sem_unlink(name)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aa1fff50b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import os.path
+import sys
+import unittest
+from test import support
+
+if support.PGO:
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("test is not helpful for PGO")
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("fork is not available on Windows")
+
+if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("test may crash on macOS (bpo-33725)")
+
+def load_tests(*args):
+    return support.load_package_tests(os.path.dirname(__file__), *args)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_manager.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9efbb83bbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'fork', only_type="manager")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_misc.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_misc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..891a494020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_misc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'fork', exclude_types=True)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_processes.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_processes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e64e9afc01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_processes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'fork', only_type="processes")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_threads.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_threads.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1670e34cb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_fork/test_threads.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'fork', only_type="threads")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d91715a344
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+import os.path
+import sys
+import unittest
+from test import support
+
+if support.PGO:
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("test is not helpful for PGO")
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("forkserver is not available on Windows")
+
+def load_tests(*args):
+    return support.load_package_tests(os.path.dirname(__file__), *args)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_manager.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14f8f10dfb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'forkserver', only_type="manager")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_misc.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_misc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9cae1b50f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_misc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'forkserver', exclude_types=True)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_processes.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_processes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..360967cf1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_processes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'forkserver', only_type="processes")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_threads.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_threads.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..719c752aa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_forkserver/test_threads.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'forkserver', only_type="threads")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_main_handling.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_main_handling.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6b30a89316
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_main_handling.py
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+# tests __main__ module handling in multiprocessing
+from test import support
+from test.support import import_helper
+# Skip tests if _multiprocessing wasn't built.
+import_helper.import_module('_multiprocessing')
+
+import importlib
+import importlib.machinery
+import unittest
+import sys
+import os
+import os.path
+import py_compile
+
+from test.support import os_helper
+from test.support.script_helper import (
+    make_pkg, make_script, make_zip_pkg, make_zip_script,
+    assert_python_ok)
+
+if support.PGO:
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("test is not helpful for PGO")
+
+# Look up which start methods are available to test
+import multiprocessing
+AVAILABLE_START_METHODS = set(multiprocessing.get_all_start_methods())
+
+# Issue #22332: Skip tests if sem_open implementation is broken.
+support.skip_if_broken_multiprocessing_synchronize()
+
+verbose = support.verbose
+
+test_source = """\
+# multiprocessing includes all sorts of shenanigans to make __main__
+# attributes accessible in the subprocess in a pickle compatible way.
+
+# We run the "doesn't work in the interactive interpreter" example from
+# the docs to make sure it *does* work from an executed __main__,
+# regardless of the invocation mechanism
+
+import sys
+import time
+from multiprocessing import Pool, set_start_method
+from test import support
+
+# We use this __main__ defined function in the map call below in order to
+# check that multiprocessing in correctly running the unguarded
+# code in child processes and then making it available as __main__
+def f(x):
+    return x*x
+
+# Check explicit relative imports
+if "check_sibling" in __file__:
+    # We're inside a package and not in a __main__.py file
+    # so make sure explicit relative imports work correctly
+    from . import sibling
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    start_method = sys.argv[1]
+    set_start_method(start_method)
+    results = []
+    with Pool(5) as pool:
+        pool.map_async(f, [1, 2, 3], callback=results.extend)
+
+        # up to 1 min to report the results
+        for _ in support.sleeping_retry(support.LONG_TIMEOUT,
+                                        "Timed out waiting for results"):
+            if results:
+                break
+
+    results.sort()
+    print(start_method, "->", results)
+
+    pool.join()
+"""
+
+test_source_main_skipped_in_children = """\
+# __main__.py files have an implied "if __name__ == '__main__'" so
+# multiprocessing should always skip running them in child processes
+
+# This means we can't use __main__ defined functions in child processes,
+# so we just use "int" as a passthrough operation below
+
+if __name__ != "__main__":
+    raise RuntimeError("Should only be called as __main__!")
+
+import sys
+import time
+from multiprocessing import Pool, set_start_method
+from test import support
+
+start_method = sys.argv[1]
+set_start_method(start_method)
+results = []
+with Pool(5) as pool:
+    pool.map_async(int, [1, 4, 9], callback=results.extend)
+    # up to 1 min to report the results
+    for _ in support.sleeping_retry(support.LONG_TIMEOUT,
+                                    "Timed out waiting for results"):
+        if results:
+            break
+
+results.sort()
+print(start_method, "->", results)
+
+pool.join()
+"""
+
+# These helpers were copied from test_cmd_line_script & tweaked a bit...
+
+def _make_test_script(script_dir, script_basename,
+                      source=test_source, omit_suffix=False):
+    to_return = make_script(script_dir, script_basename,
+                            source, omit_suffix)
+    # Hack to check explicit relative imports
+    if script_basename == "check_sibling":
+        make_script(script_dir, "sibling", "")
+    importlib.invalidate_caches()
+    return to_return
+
+def _make_test_zip_pkg(zip_dir, zip_basename, pkg_name, script_basename,
+                       source=test_source, depth=1):
+    to_return = make_zip_pkg(zip_dir, zip_basename, pkg_name, script_basename,
+                             source, depth)
+    importlib.invalidate_caches()
+    return to_return
+
+# There's no easy way to pass the script directory in to get
+# -m to work (avoiding that is the whole point of making
+# directories and zipfiles executable!)
+# So we fake it for testing purposes with a custom launch script
+launch_source = """\
+import sys, os.path, runpy
+sys.path.insert(0, %s)
+runpy._run_module_as_main(%r)
+"""
+
+def _make_launch_script(script_dir, script_basename, module_name, path=None):
+    if path is None:
+        path = "os.path.dirname(__file__)"
+    else:
+        path = repr(path)
+    source = launch_source % (path, module_name)
+    to_return = make_script(script_dir, script_basename, source)
+    importlib.invalidate_caches()
+    return to_return
+
+class MultiProcessingCmdLineMixin():
+    maxDiff = None # Show full tracebacks on subprocess failure
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        if self.start_method not in AVAILABLE_START_METHODS:
+            self.skipTest("%r start method not available" % self.start_method)
+
+    def _check_output(self, script_name, exit_code, out, err):
+        if verbose > 1:
+            print("Output from test script %r:" % script_name)
+            print(repr(out))
+        self.assertEqual(exit_code, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(err.decode('utf-8'), '')
+        expected_results = "%s -> [1, 4, 9]" % self.start_method
+        self.assertEqual(out.decode('utf-8').strip(), expected_results)
+
+    def _check_script(self, script_name, *cmd_line_switches):
+        if not __debug__:
+            cmd_line_switches += ('-' + 'O' * sys.flags.optimize,)
+        run_args = cmd_line_switches + (script_name, self.start_method)
+        rc, out, err = assert_python_ok(*run_args, __isolated=False)
+        self._check_output(script_name, rc, out, err)
+
+    def test_basic_script(self):
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            script_name = _make_test_script(script_dir, 'script')
+            self._check_script(script_name)
+
+    def test_basic_script_no_suffix(self):
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            script_name = _make_test_script(script_dir, 'script',
+                                            omit_suffix=True)
+            self._check_script(script_name)
+
+    def test_ipython_workaround(self):
+        # Some versions of the IPython launch script are missing the
+        # __name__ = "__main__" guard, and multiprocessing has long had
+        # a workaround for that case
+        # See https://github.com/ipython/ipython/issues/4698
+        source = test_source_main_skipped_in_children
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            script_name = _make_test_script(script_dir, 'ipython',
+                                            source=source)
+            self._check_script(script_name)
+            script_no_suffix = _make_test_script(script_dir, 'ipython',
+                                                 source=source,
+                                                 omit_suffix=True)
+            self._check_script(script_no_suffix)
+
+    def test_script_compiled(self):
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            script_name = _make_test_script(script_dir, 'script')
+            py_compile.compile(script_name, doraise=True)
+            os.remove(script_name)
+            pyc_file = import_helper.make_legacy_pyc(script_name)
+            self._check_script(pyc_file)
+
+    def test_directory(self):
+        source = self.main_in_children_source
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            script_name = _make_test_script(script_dir, '__main__',
+                                            source=source)
+            self._check_script(script_dir)
+
+    def test_directory_compiled(self):
+        source = self.main_in_children_source
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            script_name = _make_test_script(script_dir, '__main__',
+                                            source=source)
+            py_compile.compile(script_name, doraise=True)
+            os.remove(script_name)
+            pyc_file = import_helper.make_legacy_pyc(script_name)
+            self._check_script(script_dir)
+
+    def test_zipfile(self):
+        source = self.main_in_children_source
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            script_name = _make_test_script(script_dir, '__main__',
+                                            source=source)
+            zip_name, run_name = make_zip_script(script_dir, 'test_zip', script_name)
+            self._check_script(zip_name)
+
+    def test_zipfile_compiled(self):
+        source = self.main_in_children_source
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            script_name = _make_test_script(script_dir, '__main__',
+                                            source=source)
+            compiled_name = py_compile.compile(script_name, doraise=True)
+            zip_name, run_name = make_zip_script(script_dir, 'test_zip', compiled_name)
+            self._check_script(zip_name)
+
+    def test_module_in_package(self):
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            pkg_dir = os.path.join(script_dir, 'test_pkg')
+            make_pkg(pkg_dir)
+            script_name = _make_test_script(pkg_dir, 'check_sibling')
+            launch_name = _make_launch_script(script_dir, 'launch',
+                                              'test_pkg.check_sibling')
+            self._check_script(launch_name)
+
+    def test_module_in_package_in_zipfile(self):
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            zip_name, run_name = _make_test_zip_pkg(script_dir, 'test_zip', 'test_pkg', 'script')
+            launch_name = _make_launch_script(script_dir, 'launch', 'test_pkg.script', zip_name)
+            self._check_script(launch_name)
+
+    def test_module_in_subpackage_in_zipfile(self):
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            zip_name, run_name = _make_test_zip_pkg(script_dir, 'test_zip', 'test_pkg', 'script', depth=2)
+            launch_name = _make_launch_script(script_dir, 'launch', 'test_pkg.test_pkg.script', zip_name)
+            self._check_script(launch_name)
+
+    def test_package(self):
+        source = self.main_in_children_source
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            pkg_dir = os.path.join(script_dir, 'test_pkg')
+            make_pkg(pkg_dir)
+            script_name = _make_test_script(pkg_dir, '__main__',
+                                            source=source)
+            launch_name = _make_launch_script(script_dir, 'launch', 'test_pkg')
+            self._check_script(launch_name)
+
+    def test_package_compiled(self):
+        source = self.main_in_children_source
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as script_dir:
+            pkg_dir = os.path.join(script_dir, 'test_pkg')
+            make_pkg(pkg_dir)
+            script_name = _make_test_script(pkg_dir, '__main__',
+                                            source=source)
+            compiled_name = py_compile.compile(script_name, doraise=True)
+            os.remove(script_name)
+            pyc_file = import_helper.make_legacy_pyc(script_name)
+            launch_name = _make_launch_script(script_dir, 'launch', 'test_pkg')
+            self._check_script(launch_name)
+
+# Test all supported start methods (setupClass skips as appropriate)
+
+class SpawnCmdLineTest(MultiProcessingCmdLineMixin, unittest.TestCase):
+    start_method = 'spawn'
+    main_in_children_source = test_source_main_skipped_in_children
+
+class ForkCmdLineTest(MultiProcessingCmdLineMixin, unittest.TestCase):
+    start_method = 'fork'
+    main_in_children_source = test_source
+
+class ForkServerCmdLineTest(MultiProcessingCmdLineMixin, unittest.TestCase):
+    start_method = 'forkserver'
+    main_in_children_source = test_source_main_skipped_in_children
+
+def tearDownModule():
+    support.reap_children()
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fd0f9b390
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import os.path
+import unittest
+from test import support
+
+if support.PGO:
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("test is not helpful for PGO")
+
+def load_tests(*args):
+    return support.load_package_tests(os.path.dirname(__file__), *args)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_manager.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_manager.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b40bea0bf6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_manager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'spawn', only_type="manager")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_misc.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_misc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..32f37c5cc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_misc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'spawn', exclude_types=True)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_processes.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_processes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af764b0d84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_processes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'spawn', only_type="processes")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_threads.py b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_threads.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1257749b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_multiprocessing_spawn/test_threads.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+import unittest
+from test._test_multiprocessing import install_tests_in_module_dict
+
+install_tests_in_module_dict(globals(), 'spawn', only_type="threads")
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

From 99a4bf5eb55dd42a0832280c0c5941ef608b3df6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 13:42:03 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 191/705] remove import dummp_os

---
 Lib/genericpath.py | 5 +----
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/genericpath.py b/Lib/genericpath.py
index b767a32981..1bd5b3897c 100644
--- a/Lib/genericpath.py
+++ b/Lib/genericpath.py
@@ -3,10 +3,7 @@
 Do not use directly.  The OS specific modules import the appropriate
 functions from this module themselves.
 """
-try:
-    import os
-except ImportError:
-    import _dummy_os as os
+import os
 import stat
 
 __all__ = ['commonprefix', 'exists', 'getatime', 'getctime', 'getmtime',

From c6fc9cee8e68395bff53e5ac05c2d5a9e2fcbd7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 13:42:45 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 192/705] Update filecmp from CPython 3.12.2

---
 Lib/filecmp.py | 13 +++++--------
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/filecmp.py b/Lib/filecmp.py
index 950b2afd4c..30bd900fa8 100644
--- a/Lib/filecmp.py
+++ b/Lib/filecmp.py
@@ -10,10 +10,7 @@
 
 """
 
-try:
-    import os
-except ImportError:
-    import _dummy_os as os
+import os
 import stat
 from itertools import filterfalse
 from types import GenericAlias
@@ -160,17 +157,17 @@ def phase2(self): # Distinguish files, directories, funnies
             a_path = os.path.join(self.left, x)
             b_path = os.path.join(self.right, x)
 
-            ok = 1
+            ok = True
             try:
                 a_stat = os.stat(a_path)
             except OSError:
                 # print('Can\'t stat', a_path, ':', why.args[1])
-                ok = 0
+                ok = False
             try:
                 b_stat = os.stat(b_path)
             except OSError:
                 # print('Can\'t stat', b_path, ':', why.args[1])
-                ok = 0
+                ok = False
 
             if ok:
                 a_type = stat.S_IFMT(a_stat.st_mode)
@@ -245,7 +242,7 @@ def report_full_closure(self): # Report on self and subdirs recursively
 
     methodmap = dict(subdirs=phase4,
                      same_files=phase3, diff_files=phase3, funny_files=phase3,
-                     common_dirs = phase2, common_files=phase2, common_funny=phase2,
+                     common_dirs=phase2, common_files=phase2, common_funny=phase2,
                      common=phase1, left_only=phase1, right_only=phase1,
                      left_list=phase0, right_list=phase0)
 

From c107a938be0558922ad0b70a68772f193472497f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 23 Apr 2024 14:52:12 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 193/705] remove `-u all` from mac/windows

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index e98952ff18..ca64bfa29a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -275,11 +275,11 @@ jobs:
         run: target/release/rustpython -m test -j 1 -u all --slowest --fail-env-changed -v -x ${{ env.PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS }}
       - if: runner.os == 'macOS'
         name: run cpython platform-dependent tests (MacOS)
-        run: target/release/rustpython -m test -j 1 all --slowest --fail-env-changed -v -x ${{ env.PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS }} ${{ env.MACOS_SKIPS }}
+        run: target/release/rustpython -m test -j 1 --slowest --fail-env-changed -v -x ${{ env.PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS }} ${{ env.MACOS_SKIPS }}
       - if: runner.os == 'Windows'
         name: run cpython platform-dependent tests (windows partial - fixme)
         run:
-          target/release/rustpython -m test -j 1 all --slowest --fail-env-changed -v -x ${{ env.PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS }} ${{ env.WINDOWS_SKIPS }}
+          target/release/rustpython -m test -j 1 --slowest --fail-env-changed -v -x ${{ env.PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS }} ${{ env.WINDOWS_SKIPS }}
       - if: runner.os != 'Windows'
         name: check that --install-pip succeeds
         run: |

From a7b761a89c4c156d64ea4740abb25c22a8d3b00f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 01:45:44 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 194/705] windows symlink flag

---
 vm/src/windows.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/windows.rs b/vm/src/windows.rs
index 0308ce32ce..f98bb1de63 100644
--- a/vm/src/windows.rs
+++ b/vm/src/windows.rs
@@ -168,6 +168,9 @@ fn meta_to_stat(meta: &std::fs::Metadata, file_id: u64) -> std::io::Result<StatS
         } else {
             m |= libc::S_IFREG;
         }
+        if meta.is_symlink() {
+            m |= 0o100000;
+        }
         if meta.permissions().readonly() {
             m |= 0o444;
         } else {

From 5ba677cd363d1425d9c2ac3e15b1aa1248522d74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hardlydearly <799511800@qq.com>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 15:33:34 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 195/705] chore: fix some typos in comments

Signed-off-by: hardlydearly <799511800@qq.com>
---
 vm/src/object/traverse.rs        | 6 +++---
 vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
index 572bacafcc..5110f31b52 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ pub trait MaybeTraverse {
 /// impl `traverse()` with caution! Following those guideline so traverse doesn't cause memory error!:
 /// - Make sure that every owned object(Every PyObjectRef/PyRef) is called with traverse_fn **at most once**.
 /// If some field is not called, the worst results is just memory leak,
-/// but if some field is called repeatly, panic and deadlock can happen.
+/// but if some field is called repeatedly, panic and deadlock can happen.
 ///
 /// - _**DO NOT**_ clone a `PyObjectRef` or `Pyef<T>` in `traverse()`
 pub unsafe trait Traverse {
     /// impl `traverse()` with caution! Following those guideline so traverse doesn't cause memory error!:
     /// - Make sure that every owned object(Every PyObjectRef/PyRef) is called with traverse_fn **at most once**.
     /// If some field is not called, the worst results is just memory leak,
-    /// but if some field is called repeatly, panic and deadlock can happen.
+    /// but if some field is called repeatedly, panic and deadlock can happen.
     ///
     /// - _**DO NOT**_ clone a `PyObjectRef` or `Pyef<T>` in `traverse()`
     fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn);
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ unsafe impl<A: Traverse, B: Traverse> Traverse for Either<A, B> {
 }
 
 // only tuple with 12 elements or less is supported,
-// because long tuple is extremly rare in almost every case
+// because long tuple is extremely rare in almost every case
 unsafe impl<A: Traverse> Traverse for (A,) {
     #[inline]
     fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
diff --git a/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs b/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
index 38d91b2ac3..b7476c8498 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ unsafe impl<T: PyObjectPayload> Traverse for PyInner<T> {
     /// Type is known, so we can call `try_trace` directly instead of using erased type vtable
     fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
         // 1. trace `dict` and `slots` field(`typ` can't trace for it's a AtomicRef while is leaked by design)
-        // 2. call corrsponding `try_trace` function to trace payload
+        // 2. call corresponding `try_trace` function to trace payload
         // (No need to call vtable's trace function because we already know the type)
         // self.typ.trace(tracer_fn);
         self.dict.traverse(tracer_fn);

From 75e790836a5f6ed08841a2abf8c2806893e5c61d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 05:23:46 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 196/705] debuggable

---
 compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 vm/src/frame.rs            | 12 ++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
index de7055e0d7..9f1a86e51d 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
@@ -234,14 +234,14 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                 eprintln!("===BLOCK {}===", block.0);
             }
             let block = &self.blocks[block];
-            for i in &block.instructions {
-                let instr = &i.instr;
-                let effect = instr.stack_effect(i.arg, false);
+            for ins in &block.instructions {
+                let instr = &ins.instr;
+                let effect = instr.stack_effect(ins.arg, false);
                 if DEBUG {
-                    let display_arg = if i.target == BlockIdx::NULL {
-                        i.arg
+                    let display_arg = if ins.target == BlockIdx::NULL {
+                        ins.arg
                     } else {
-                        OpArg(i.target.0)
+                        OpArg(ins.target.0)
                     };
                     let instr_display = instr.display(display_arg, self);
                     eprint!("{instr_display}: {depth} {effect:+} => ");
@@ -256,18 +256,18 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                 // we don't want to worry about Break/Continue, they use unwinding to jump to
                 // their targets and as such the stack size is taken care of in frame.rs by setting
                 // it back to the level it was at when SetupLoop was run
-                if i.target != BlockIdx::NULL
+                if ins.target != BlockIdx::NULL
                     && !matches!(
                         instr,
                         Instruction::Continue { .. } | Instruction::Break { .. }
                     )
                 {
-                    let effect = instr.stack_effect(i.arg, true);
+                    let effect = instr.stack_effect(ins.arg, true);
                     let target_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).unwrap();
                     if target_depth > maxdepth {
                         maxdepth = target_depth
                     }
-                    stackdepth_push(&mut stack, &mut start_depths, i.target, target_depth);
+                    stackdepth_push(&mut stack, &mut start_depths, ins.target, target_depth);
                 }
                 depth = new_depth;
                 if instr.unconditional_branch() {
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 49307541fb..55081257bc 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -486,7 +486,10 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     ) -> FrameResult {
         vm.check_signals()?;
 
-        flame_guard!(format!("Frame::execute_instruction({:?})", instruction));
+        flame_guard!(format!(
+            "Frame::execute_instruction({})",
+            instruction.display(arg, &self.code.code).to_string()
+        ));
 
         #[cfg(feature = "vm-tracing-logging")]
         {
@@ -497,7 +500,10 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             }
             */
             trace!("  {:#?}", self);
-            trace!("  Executing op code: {:?}", instruction);
+            trace!(
+                "  Executing op code: {}",
+                instruction.display(arg, &self.code.code).to_string()
+            );
             trace!("=======");
         }
 
@@ -1926,6 +1932,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
+    #[track_caller] // not a real track_caller but pop_value is not very useful
     fn pop_value(&mut self) -> PyObjectRef {
         match self.state.stack.pop() {
             Some(x) => x,
@@ -1959,6 +1966,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
 
     #[cold]
     #[inline(never)]
+    #[track_caller]
     fn fatal(&self, msg: &'static str) -> ! {
         dbg!(self);
         panic!("{}", msg)

From a349b9bdfeba12fb6aeeeb3f70d68454b2b967bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 21:32:27 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 197/705] frame debug codes

---
 vm/src/frame.rs | 37 ++++++++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 55081257bc..d62e538051 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             ..
         }) = self.code.instructions.get(self.lasti() as usize)
         {
-            Some(self.last_value_ref())
+            Some(self.top_value())
         } else {
             None
         }
@@ -670,16 +670,15 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::Duplicate => {
                 // Duplicate top of stack
-                let value = self.last_value();
-                self.push_value(value);
+                let value = self.top_value();
+                self.push_value(value.to_owned());
                 Ok(None)
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::Duplicate2 => {
                 // Duplicate top 2 of stack
-                let top = self.last_value();
-                let second_to_top = self.nth_value(1).to_owned();
-                self.push_value(second_to_top);
-                self.push_value(top);
+                let len = self.state.stack.len();
+                self.push_value(self.state.stack[len - 2].clone());
+                self.push_value(self.state.stack[len - 1].clone());
                 Ok(None)
             }
             // splitting the instructions like this offloads the cost of "dynamic" dispatch (on the
@@ -749,7 +748,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             bytecode::Instruction::DictUpdate => {
                 let other = self.pop_value();
                 let dict = self
-                    .last_value_ref()
+                    .top_value()
                     .downcast_ref::<PyDict>()
                     .expect("exact dict expected");
                 dict.merge_object(other, vm)?;
@@ -994,7 +993,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 Ok(None)
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::GetANext => {
-                let aiter = self.last_value();
+                let aiter = self.top_value();
                 let awaitable = vm.call_special_method(&aiter, identifier!(vm, __anext__), ())?;
                 let awaitable = if awaitable.payload_is::<PyCoroutine>() {
                     awaitable
@@ -1156,11 +1155,11 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "flame-it", flame("Frame"))]
     fn import_from(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine, idx: bytecode::NameIdx) -> PyResult {
-        let module = self.last_value();
+        let module = self.top_value();
         let name = self.code.names[idx as usize];
         let err = || vm.new_import_error(format!("cannot import name '{name}'"), name.to_owned());
         // Load attribute, and transform any error into import error.
-        if let Some(obj) = vm.get_attribute_opt(module.clone(), name)? {
+        if let Some(obj) = vm.get_attribute_opt(module.to_owned(), name)? {
             return Ok(obj);
         }
         // fallback to importing '{module.__name__}.{name}' from sys.modules
@@ -1485,7 +1484,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     fn execute_yield_from(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> FrameResult {
         // Value send into iterator:
         let val = self.pop_value();
-        let coro = self.last_value_ref();
+        let coro = self.top_value();
         let result = self._send(coro, val, vm)?;
 
         // PyIterReturn returned from e.g. gen.__next__() or gen.send()
@@ -1558,8 +1557,8 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         target: bytecode::Label,
         flag: bool,
     ) -> FrameResult {
-        let obj = self.last_value();
-        let value = obj.try_to_bool(vm)?;
+        let obj = self.top_value();
+        let value = obj.to_owned().try_to_bool(vm)?;
         if value == flag {
             self.jump(target);
         } else {
@@ -1570,7 +1569,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
 
     /// The top of stack contains the iterator, lets push it forward
     fn execute_for_iter(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine, target: bytecode::Label) -> FrameResult {
-        let top_of_stack = PyIter::new(self.last_value());
+        let top_of_stack = PyIter::new(self.top_value());
         let next_obj = top_of_stack.next(vm);
 
         // Check the next object:
@@ -1946,12 +1945,8 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn last_value(&self) -> PyObjectRef {
-        self.last_value_ref().to_owned()
-    }
-
-    #[inline]
-    fn last_value_ref(&self) -> &PyObject {
+    #[track_caller] // not a real track_caller but pop_value is not very useful
+    fn top_value(&self) -> &PyObject {
         match &*self.state.stack {
             [.., last] => last,
             [] => self.fatal("tried to get top of stack but stack is empty"),

From 1c4e99cf2c881188f869de2baab8265892182cff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 01:10:17 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 198/705] popblock debug

---
 vm/src/frame.rs | 12 +++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index d62e538051..ff5e2d723d 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1911,8 +1911,18 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         });
     }
 
+    #[track_caller]
     fn pop_block(&mut self) -> Block {
         let block = self.state.blocks.pop().expect("No more blocks to pop!");
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        if self.state.stack.len() < block.level {
+            dbg!(&self);
+            panic!(
+                "stack size reversion: current size({}) < truncates target({}).",
+                self.state.stack.len(),
+                block.level
+            );
+        }
         self.state.stack.truncate(block.level);
         block
     }
@@ -1945,7 +1955,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    #[track_caller] // not a real track_caller but pop_value is not very useful
+    #[track_caller] // not a real track_caller but top_value is not very useful
     fn top_value(&self) -> &PyObject {
         match &*self.state.stack {
             [.., last] => last,

From 462f54f90693c8067ff38b7fd83c55ec305178f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 14:46:44 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 199/705] Fix with __exit__ error handling

---
 vm/src/frame.rs | 13 ++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index ff5e2d723d..80f848fc94 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                     _ => None,
                 };
 
-                let exit = self.pop_value();
+                let exit = self.top_value();
 
                 let args = if let Some(exc) = exc {
                     vm.split_exception(exc)
@@ -933,7 +933,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                     (vm.ctx.none(), vm.ctx.none(), vm.ctx.none())
                 };
                 let exit_res = exit.call(args, vm)?;
-                self.push_value(exit_res);
+                self.replace_top(exit_res);
 
                 Ok(None)
             }
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::GetANext => {
                 let aiter = self.top_value();
-                let awaitable = vm.call_special_method(&aiter, identifier!(vm, __anext__), ())?;
+                let awaitable = vm.call_special_method(aiter, identifier!(vm, __anext__), ())?;
                 let awaitable = if awaitable.payload_is::<PyCoroutine>() {
                     awaitable
                 } else {
@@ -1954,6 +1954,13 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         self.state.stack.drain(stack_len - count..)
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    fn replace_top(&mut self, mut top: PyObjectRef) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let last = self.state.stack.last_mut().unwrap();
+        std::mem::swap(&mut top, last);
+        top
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     #[track_caller] // not a real track_caller but top_value is not very useful
     fn top_value(&self) -> &PyObject {

From af8bed6d3f6bae091bcf13b92baaafd5a5129e3a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hydrogen602 <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 01:09:12 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 200/705] filter out doc strings with opt level 2

---
 Lib/test/test_builtin.py        |  2 --
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 17 ++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
index fe64006613..f6ae8ee5ad 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
@@ -327,8 +327,6 @@ def test_chr(self):
     def test_cmp(self):
         self.assertTrue(not hasattr(builtins, "cmp"))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON optval=2 does not remove docstrings
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_compile(self):
         compile('print(1)\n', '', 'exec')
         bom = b'\xef\xbb\xbf'
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index ec26515dfb..0f59846ac3 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         let size_before = self.code_stack.len();
         self.symbol_table_stack.push(symbol_table);
 
-        let (doc, statements) = split_doc(body);
+        let (doc, statements) = split_doc(body, &self.opts);
         if let Some(value) = doc {
             self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str { value });
             let doc = self.name("__doc__");
@@ -1187,7 +1187,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         let qualified_name = self.qualified_path.join(".");
         self.push_qualified_path("<locals>");
 
-        let (doc_str, body) = split_doc(body);
+        let (doc_str, body) = split_doc(body, &self.opts);
 
         self.current_code_info()
             .constants
@@ -1383,7 +1383,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         self.push_output(bytecode::CodeFlags::empty(), 0, 0, 0, name.to_owned());
 
-        let (doc_str, body) = split_doc(body);
+        let (doc_str, body) = split_doc(body, &self.opts);
 
         let dunder_name = self.name("__name__");
         emit!(self, Instruction::LoadGlobal(dunder_name));
@@ -2875,10 +2875,17 @@ impl EmitArg<bytecode::Label> for ir::BlockIdx {
     }
 }
 
-fn split_doc(body: &[located_ast::Stmt]) -> (Option<String>, &[located_ast::Stmt]) {
+fn split_doc<'a>(
+    body: &'a [located_ast::Stmt],
+    opts: &CompileOpts,
+) -> (Option<String>, &'a [located_ast::Stmt]) {
     if let Some((located_ast::Stmt::Expr(expr), body_rest)) = body.split_first() {
         if let Some(doc) = try_get_constant_string(std::slice::from_ref(&expr.value)) {
-            return (Some(doc), body_rest);
+            if opts.optimize < 2 {
+                return (Some(doc), body_rest);
+            } else {
+                return (None, body_rest);
+            }
         }
     }
     (None, body)

From 794a2a1892476f23bec873ab011274096864433b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 15:19:32 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 201/705] remove pop-push

---
 vm/src/frame.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 80f848fc94..0a2bfa32ae 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1496,8 +1496,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             }
             PyIterReturn::StopIteration(value) => {
                 let value = vm.unwrap_or_none(value);
-                self.pop_value();
-                self.push_value(value);
+                self.replace_top(value);
                 Ok(None)
             }
         }

From acd9ea57d72c042af63769af874bd6069db6f0d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 17:16:48 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 202/705] Fix async for block

---
 vm/src/frame.rs | 5 ++++-
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 0a2bfa32ae..e9ac41aacb 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1005,7 +1005,9 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::EndAsyncFor => {
                 let exc = self.pop_value();
-                self.pop_value(); // async iterator we were calling __anext__ on
+                let except_block = self.pop_block(); // pushed by TryExcept unwind
+                debug_assert_eq!(except_block.level, self.state.stack.len());
+                let _async_iterator = self.pop_value(); // __anext__ provider in the loop
                 if exc.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.stop_async_iteration) {
                     vm.take_exception().expect("Should have exception in stack");
                     Ok(None)
@@ -1932,6 +1934,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
+    #[track_caller] // not a real track_caller but push_value is not very useful
     fn push_value(&mut self, obj: PyObjectRef) {
         match self.state.stack.try_push(obj) {
             Ok(()) => {}

From 3949ecc054e159431e42d03eda9631b2c1a43329 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 18:59:13 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 203/705] implement more GetANext

---
 vm/src/frame.rs | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index e9ac41aacb..03809d45d9 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -994,11 +994,40 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::GetANext => {
                 let aiter = self.top_value();
-                let awaitable = vm.call_special_method(aiter, identifier!(vm, __anext__), ())?;
-                let awaitable = if awaitable.payload_is::<PyCoroutine>() {
-                    awaitable
+                let awaitable = if aiter.class().is(vm.ctx.types.async_generator) {
+                    vm.call_special_method(aiter, identifier!(vm, __anext__), ())?
                 } else {
-                    vm.call_special_method(&awaitable, identifier!(vm, __await__), ())?
+                    if !aiter.has_attr("__anext__", vm).unwrap_or(false) {
+                        // TODO: __anext__ must be protocol
+                        let msg = format!(
+                            "'async for' requires an iterator with __anext__ method, got {:.100}",
+                            aiter.class().name()
+                        );
+                        return Err(vm.new_type_error(msg));
+                    }
+                    let next_iter =
+                        vm.call_special_method(aiter, identifier!(vm, __anext__), ())?;
+
+                    // _PyCoro_GetAwaitableIter in CPython
+                    fn get_awaitable_iter(next_iter: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+                        let gen_is_coroutine = |_| {
+                            // TODO: cpython gen_is_coroutine
+                            true
+                        };
+                        if next_iter.class().is(vm.ctx.types.coroutine_type)
+                            || gen_is_coroutine(next_iter)
+                        {
+                            return Ok(next_iter.to_owned());
+                        }
+                        // TODO: error handling
+                        vm.call_special_method(next_iter, identifier!(vm, __await__), ())
+                    }
+                    get_awaitable_iter(&next_iter, vm).map_err(|_| {
+                        vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                            "'async for' received an invalid object from __anext__: {:.200}",
+                            next_iter.class().name()
+                        ))
+                    })?
                 };
                 self.push_value(awaitable);
                 Ok(None)

From 2856aff75798d51551fec671c83c4458b8b84913 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aaron Long <aaron.long.c@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 5 Mar 2021 22:56:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 204/705] Begin async list comprehension implementation

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 0f59846ac3..b012edc450 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2677,13 +2677,31 @@ impl Compiler {
 
             loop_labels.push((loop_block, after_block));
 
-            self.switch_to_block(loop_block);
-            emit!(
-                self,
-                Instruction::ForIter {
+            if generator.is_async {
+                let check_asynciter_block = self.new_block();
+
+                self.emit(Instruction::GetAIter);
+                self.switch_to_block(loop_block);
+                self.emit(Instruction::SetupExcept {
+                    handler: check_asynciter_block,
+                });
+                self.emit(Instruction::GetANext);
+                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+                self.emit(Instruction::YieldFrom);
+                self.compile_store(&generator.target)?;
+                self.emit(Instruction::PopBlock);
+
+            } else {
+                // Get iterator / turn item into an iterator
+                self.emit(Instruction::GetIter);
+
+                self.switch_to_block(loop_block);
+                self.emit(Instruction::ForIter {
                     target: after_block,
-                }
-            );
+                });
+
+                self.compile_store(&generator.target)?;
+            }
 
             self.compile_store(&generator.target)?;
 

From 61f37b10e298b45fb058d0eceec19e3f6dd85353 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: HyeockJinKim <kherootz@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 25 Aug 2021 18:58:48 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 205/705] implement async for function in compiler

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 59 ++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index b012edc450..0baa08b6b5 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2656,11 +2656,8 @@ impl Compiler {
         }
 
         let mut loop_labels = vec![];
+        let mut is_async = false;
         for generator in generators {
-            if generator.is_async {
-                unimplemented!("async for comprehensions");
-            }
-
             let loop_block = self.new_block();
             let after_block = self.new_block();
 
@@ -2672,35 +2669,31 @@ impl Compiler {
                 self.compile_expression(&generator.iter)?;
 
                 // Get iterator / turn item into an iterator
-                emit!(self, Instruction::GetIter);
+                if generator.is_async {
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::GetAIter);
+                } else {
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::GetIter);
+                }
             }
 
             loop_labels.push((loop_block, after_block));
-
+            self.switch_to_block(loop_block);
             if generator.is_async {
-                let check_asynciter_block = self.new_block();
-
-                self.emit(Instruction::GetAIter);
-                self.switch_to_block(loop_block);
-                self.emit(Instruction::SetupExcept {
-                    handler: check_asynciter_block,
+                is_async = true;
+                emit!(self, Instruction::SetupExcept {
+                    handler: after_block,
                 });
-                self.emit(Instruction::GetANext);
+                emit!(self, Instruction::GetANext);
                 self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
-                self.emit(Instruction::YieldFrom);
-                self.compile_store(&generator.target)?;
-                self.emit(Instruction::PopBlock);
-
+                emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
+                emit!(self, Instruction::PopBlock);
             } else {
-                // Get iterator / turn item into an iterator
-                self.emit(Instruction::GetIter);
-
-                self.switch_to_block(loop_block);
-                self.emit(Instruction::ForIter {
-                    target: after_block,
-                });
-
-                self.compile_store(&generator.target)?;
+                emit!(
+                    self,
+                    Instruction::ForIter {
+                        target: after_block,
+                    }
+                );
             }
 
             self.compile_store(&generator.target)?;
@@ -2719,6 +2712,9 @@ impl Compiler {
 
             // End of for loop:
             self.switch_to_block(after_block);
+            if is_async {
+                emit!(self, Instruction::EndAsyncFor);
+            }
         }
 
         if return_none {
@@ -2755,10 +2751,19 @@ impl Compiler {
         self.compile_expression(&generators[0].iter)?;
 
         // Get iterator / turn item into an iterator
-        emit!(self, Instruction::GetIter);
+        if is_async {
+            emit!(self, Instruction::GetAIter);
+        } else {
+            emit!(self, Instruction::GetIter);
+        };
 
         // Call just created <listcomp> function:
         emit!(self, Instruction::CallFunctionPositional { nargs: 1 });
+        if is_async {
+            emit!(self, Instruction::GetAwaitable);
+            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+            emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
+        }
         Ok(())
     }
 

From f3501f44cb490b112d20f7d0c8dca152136a5fd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 14:10:00 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 206/705] Basic async for comprehension support

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 vm/src/frame.rs                 |  2 ++
 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 0baa08b6b5..b04821b80f 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2629,24 +2629,30 @@ impl Compiler {
         compile_element: &dyn Fn(&mut Self) -> CompileResult<()>,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         let prev_ctx = self.ctx;
+        let is_async = generators.iter().any(|g| g.is_async);
 
         self.ctx = CompileContext {
             loop_data: None,
             in_class: prev_ctx.in_class,
-            func: FunctionContext::Function,
+            func: if is_async {
+                FunctionContext::AsyncFunction
+            } else {
+                FunctionContext::Function
+            },
         };
 
         // We must have at least one generator:
         assert!(!generators.is_empty());
 
+        let flags = bytecode::CodeFlags::NEW_LOCALS | bytecode::CodeFlags::IS_OPTIMIZED;
+        let flags = if is_async {
+            flags | bytecode::CodeFlags::IS_COROUTINE
+        } else {
+            flags
+        };
+
         // Create magnificent function <listcomp>:
-        self.push_output(
-            bytecode::CodeFlags::NEW_LOCALS | bytecode::CodeFlags::IS_OPTIMIZED,
-            1,
-            1,
-            0,
-            name.to_owned(),
-        );
+        self.push_output(flags, 1, 1, 0, name.to_owned());
         let arg0 = self.varname(".0")?;
 
         let return_none = init_collection.is_none();
@@ -2656,11 +2662,12 @@ impl Compiler {
         }
 
         let mut loop_labels = vec![];
-        let mut is_async = false;
         for generator in generators {
             let loop_block = self.new_block();
             let after_block = self.new_block();
 
+            // emit!(self, Instruction::SetupLoop);
+
             if loop_labels.is_empty() {
                 // Load iterator onto stack (passed as first argument):
                 emit!(self, Instruction::LoadFast(arg0));
@@ -2679,13 +2686,16 @@ impl Compiler {
             loop_labels.push((loop_block, after_block));
             self.switch_to_block(loop_block);
             if generator.is_async {
-                is_async = true;
-                emit!(self, Instruction::SetupExcept {
-                    handler: after_block,
-                });
+                emit!(
+                    self,
+                    Instruction::SetupExcept {
+                        handler: after_block,
+                    }
+                );
                 emit!(self, Instruction::GetANext);
                 self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
+                self.compile_store(&generator.target)?;
                 emit!(self, Instruction::PopBlock);
             } else {
                 emit!(
@@ -2694,10 +2704,9 @@ impl Compiler {
                         target: after_block,
                     }
                 );
+                self.compile_store(&generator.target)?;
             }
 
-            self.compile_store(&generator.target)?;
-
             // Now evaluate the ifs:
             for if_condition in &generator.ifs {
                 self.compile_jump_if(if_condition, false, loop_block)?
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 03809d45d9..f0d433c063 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1944,6 +1944,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     #[track_caller]
     fn pop_block(&mut self) -> Block {
         let block = self.state.blocks.pop().expect("No more blocks to pop!");
+        // eprintln!("popped block: {:?} stack: {} truncate to {}", block.typ, self.state.stack.len(), block.level);
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         if self.state.stack.len() < block.level {
             dbg!(&self);
@@ -2002,6 +2003,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     }
 
     #[inline]
+    #[track_caller]
     fn nth_value(&self, depth: u32) -> &PyObject {
         let stack = &self.state.stack;
         &stack[stack.len() - depth as usize - 1]

From b58bdc9e328f7e34b21bdd5f6b82b3c7f9836da6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 20:11:33 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 207/705] Uncomment async for tests

---
 Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py | 46 +++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py b/Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py
index f6d05a6143..183d887b74 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py
@@ -513,16 +513,15 @@ def __anext__(self):
                     return self.yielded
         self.check_async_iterator_anext(MyAsyncIterWithTypesCoro)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: async for gen expression compilation
-    # def test_async_gen_aiter(self):
-    #     async def gen():
-    #         yield 1
-    #         yield 2
-    #     g = gen()
-    #     async def consume():
-    #         return [i async for i in aiter(g)]
-    #     res = self.loop.run_until_complete(consume())
-    #     self.assertEqual(res, [1, 2])
+    def test_async_gen_aiter(self):
+        async def gen():
+            yield 1
+            yield 2
+        g = gen()
+        async def consume():
+            return [i async for i in aiter(g)]
+        res = self.loop.run_until_complete(consume())
+        self.assertEqual(res, [1, 2])
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, NameError: name 'aiter' is not defined
     @unittest.expectedFailure
@@ -1569,22 +1568,23 @@ async def main():
         self.assertIn('unhandled exception during asyncio.run() shutdown',
                       message['message'])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: async for gen expression compilation
-    # def test_async_gen_expression_01(self):
-    #     async def arange(n):
-    #         for i in range(n):
-    #             await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
-    #             yield i
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; TypeError: object async_generator can't be used in 'await' expression
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_async_gen_expression_01(self):
+        async def arange(n):
+            for i in range(n):
+                await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
+                yield i
 
-    #     def make_arange(n):
-    #         # This syntax is legal starting with Python 3.7
-    #         return (i * 2 async for i in arange(n))
+        def make_arange(n):
+            # This syntax is legal starting with Python 3.7
+            return (i * 2 async for i in arange(n))
 
-    #     async def run():
-    #         return [i async for i in make_arange(10)]
+        async def run():
+            return [i async for i in make_arange(10)]
 
-    #     res = self.loop.run_until_complete(run())
-    #     self.assertEqual(res, [i * 2 for i in range(10)])
+        res = self.loop.run_until_complete(run())
+        self.assertEqual(res, [i * 2 for i in range(10)])
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: async for gen expression compilation
     # def test_async_gen_expression_02(self):

From f6d88042b55207cd1f6c52af3008af9acffc8d4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 20:14:56 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 208/705] Uncomment test_grammar tests

---
 Lib/test/test_grammar.py | 74 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_grammar.py b/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
index c7076252ce..a797fd2b22 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
@@ -418,44 +418,46 @@ def test_var_annot_simple_exec(self):
             gns['__annotations__']
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    # def test_var_annot_custom_maps(self):
-    #     # tests with custom locals() and __annotations__
-    #     ns = {'__annotations__': CNS()}
-    #     exec('X: int; Z: str = "Z"; (w): complex = 1j', ns)
-    #     self.assertEqual(ns['__annotations__']['x'], int)
-    #     self.assertEqual(ns['__annotations__']['z'], str)
-    #     with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-    #         ns['__annotations__']['w']
-    #     nonloc_ns = {}
-    #     class CNS2:
-    #         def __init__(self):
-    #             self._dct = {}
-    #         def __setitem__(self, item, value):
-    #             nonlocal nonloc_ns
-    #             self._dct[item] = value
-    #             nonloc_ns[item] = value
-    #         def __getitem__(self, item):
-    #             return self._dct[item]
-    #     exec('x: int = 1', {}, CNS2())
-    #     self.assertEqual(nonloc_ns['__annotations__']['x'], int)
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_var_annot_custom_maps(self):
+        # tests with custom locals() and __annotations__
+        ns = {'__annotations__': CNS()}
+        exec('X: int; Z: str = "Z"; (w): complex = 1j', ns)
+        self.assertEqual(ns['__annotations__']['x'], int)
+        self.assertEqual(ns['__annotations__']['z'], str)
+        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
+            ns['__annotations__']['w']
+        nonloc_ns = {}
+        class CNS2:
+            def __init__(self):
+                self._dct = {}
+            def __setitem__(self, item, value):
+                nonlocal nonloc_ns
+                self._dct[item] = value
+                nonloc_ns[item] = value
+            def __getitem__(self, item):
+                return self._dct[item]
+        exec('x: int = 1', {}, CNS2())
+        self.assertEqual(nonloc_ns['__annotations__']['x'], int)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    # def test_var_annot_refleak(self):
-    #     # complex case: custom locals plus custom __annotations__
-    #     # this was causing refleak
-    #     cns = CNS()
-    #     nonloc_ns = {'__annotations__': cns}
-    #     class CNS2:
-    #         def __init__(self):
-    #             self._dct = {'__annotations__': cns}
-    #         def __setitem__(self, item, value):
-    #             nonlocal nonloc_ns
-    #             self._dct[item] = value
-    #             nonloc_ns[item] = value
-    #         def __getitem__(self, item):
-    #             return self._dct[item]
-    #     exec('X: str', {}, CNS2())
-    #     self.assertEqual(nonloc_ns['__annotations__']['x'], str)
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_var_annot_refleak(self):
+        # complex case: custom locals plus custom __annotations__
+        # this was causing refleak
+        cns = CNS()
+        nonloc_ns = {'__annotations__': cns}
+        class CNS2:
+            def __init__(self):
+                self._dct = {'__annotations__': cns}
+            def __setitem__(self, item, value):
+                nonlocal nonloc_ns
+                self._dct[item] = value
+                nonloc_ns[item] = value
+            def __getitem__(self, item):
+                return self._dct[item]
+        exec('X: str', {}, CNS2())
+        self.assertEqual(nonloc_ns['__annotations__']['x'], str)
 
 
     def test_var_annot_rhs(self):

From 408459b8833b800cdf82fb35ccd01a299b610006 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 20:31:54 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 209/705] vm runtime debug prints

---
 vm/src/frame.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index f0d433c063..6bbe4d15a6 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -351,6 +351,10 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         let mut arg_state = bytecode::OpArgState::default();
         loop {
             let idx = self.lasti() as usize;
+            // eprintln!(
+            //     "location: {:?} {}",
+            //     self.code.locations[idx], self.code.source_path
+            // );
             self.update_lasti(|i| *i += 1);
             let bytecode::CodeUnit { op, arg } = instrs[idx];
             let arg = arg_state.extend(arg);
@@ -993,6 +997,9 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 Ok(None)
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::GetANext => {
+                #[cfg(debug_assertions)] // remove when GetANext is fully implemented
+                let orig_stack_len = self.state.stack.len();
+
                 let aiter = self.top_value();
                 let awaitable = if aiter.class().is(vm.ctx.types.async_generator) {
                     vm.call_special_method(aiter, identifier!(vm, __anext__), ())?
@@ -1030,6 +1037,8 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                     })?
                 };
                 self.push_value(awaitable);
+                #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+                debug_assert_eq!(orig_stack_len + 1, self.state.stack.len());
                 Ok(None)
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::EndAsyncFor => {
@@ -1238,6 +1247,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     fn unwind_blocks(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine, reason: UnwindReason) -> FrameResult {
         // First unwind all existing blocks on the block stack:
         while let Some(block) = self.current_block() {
+            // eprintln!("unwinding block: {:.60?} {:.60?}", block.typ, reason);
             match block.typ {
                 BlockType::Loop => match reason {
                     UnwindReason::Break { target } => {
@@ -1935,6 +1945,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     }
 
     fn push_block(&mut self, typ: BlockType) {
+        // eprintln!("block pushed: {:.60?} {}", typ, self.state.stack.len());
         self.state.blocks.push(Block {
             typ,
             level: self.state.stack.len(),
@@ -1944,7 +1955,12 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     #[track_caller]
     fn pop_block(&mut self) -> Block {
         let block = self.state.blocks.pop().expect("No more blocks to pop!");
-        // eprintln!("popped block: {:?} stack: {} truncate to {}", block.typ, self.state.stack.len(), block.level);
+        // eprintln!(
+        //     "block popped: {:.60?}  {} -> {} ",
+        //     block.typ,
+        //     self.state.stack.len(),
+        //     block.level
+        // );
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         if self.state.stack.len() < block.level {
             dbg!(&self);
@@ -1966,6 +1982,11 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     #[inline]
     #[track_caller] // not a real track_caller but push_value is not very useful
     fn push_value(&mut self, obj: PyObjectRef) {
+        // eprintln!(
+        //     "push_value {} / len: {} +1",
+        //     obj.class().name(),
+        //     self.state.stack.len()
+        // );
         match self.state.stack.try_push(obj) {
             Ok(()) => {}
             Err(_e) => self.fatal("tried to push value onto stack but overflowed max_stackdepth"),
@@ -1976,7 +1997,14 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     #[track_caller] // not a real track_caller but pop_value is not very useful
     fn pop_value(&mut self) -> PyObjectRef {
         match self.state.stack.pop() {
-            Some(x) => x,
+            Some(x) => {
+                // eprintln!(
+                //     "pop_value {} / len: {}",
+                //     x.class().name(),
+                //     self.state.stack.len()
+                // );
+                x
+            }
             None => self.fatal("tried to pop value but there was nothing on the stack"),
         }
     }

From 1cec856c63efc9fe025cf73d94190e590d87e879 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 02:43:09 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 210/705] skip flaky test_socket sendmsg tests in macos

---
 Lib/test/test_socket.py | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_socket.py b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
index e3d14d0d9a..5b82853102 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_socket.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
@@ -2881,7 +2881,6 @@ def _testSendmsgAncillaryGenerator(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.sendmsgToServer([MSG], (o for o in [])),
                          len(MSG))
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "darwin", "flaky on macOS")
     def testSendmsgArray(self):
         # Send data from an array instead of the usual bytes object.
         self.assertEqual(self.serv_sock.recv(len(MSG)), MSG)
@@ -2890,7 +2889,6 @@ def _testSendmsgArray(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.sendmsgToServer([array.array("B", MSG)]),
                          len(MSG))
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "darwin", "flaky on macOS")
     def testSendmsgGather(self):
         # Send message data from more than one buffer (gather write).
         self.assertEqual(self.serv_sock.recv(len(MSG)), MSG)
@@ -2953,7 +2951,6 @@ def _testSendmsgBadMultiCmsg(self):
                           [MSG], [(0, 0, b""), object()])
         self.sendToServer(b"done")
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "darwin", "flaky on macOS")
     def testSendmsgExcessCmsgReject(self):
         # Check that sendmsg() rejects excess ancillary data items
         # when the number that can be sent is limited.
@@ -4413,6 +4410,7 @@ class SendrecvmsgUnixStreamTestBase(SendrecvmsgConnectedBase,
                                     ConnectedStreamTestMixin, UnixStreamBase):
     pass
 
+@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "darwin", "flaky on macOS")
 @requireAttrs(socket.socket, "sendmsg")
 @requireAttrs(socket, "AF_UNIX")
 class SendmsgUnixStreamTest(SendmsgStreamTests, SendrecvmsgUnixStreamTestBase):

From ed51d8dcf6f74d7d192cb9cbf3be630c00c48855 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 23:04:35 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 211/705] upgrade geckodriver

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index ca64bfa29a..9005e2d655 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -354,9 +354,9 @@ jobs:
         run: curl https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-pack/installer/init.sh -sSf | sh
       - name: install geckodriver
         run: |
-          wget https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases/download/v0.30.0/geckodriver-v0.30.0-linux64.tar.gz
+          wget https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases/download/v0.34.0/geckodriver-v0.34.0-linux64.tar.gz
           mkdir geckodriver
-          tar -xzf geckodriver-v0.30.0-linux64.tar.gz -C geckodriver
+          tar -xzf geckodriver-v0.34.0-linux64.tar.gz -C geckodriver
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}

From 0273d78de949cd07866cda0756af1586a5d5751f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 23:27:18 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 212/705] Update signal from CPython 3.12.3

---
 Lib/signal.py           |   6 +-
 Lib/test/test_signal.py | 140 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/signal.py b/Lib/signal.py
index 50b215b29d..c8cd3d4f59 100644
--- a/Lib/signal.py
+++ b/Lib/signal.py
@@ -22,9 +22,11 @@
 
 
 def _int_to_enum(value, enum_klass):
-    """Convert a numeric value to an IntEnum member.
-    If it's not a known member, return the numeric value itself.
+    """Convert a possible numeric value to an IntEnum member.
+    If it's not a known member, return the value itself.
     """
+    if not isinstance(value, int):
+        return value
     try:
         return enum_klass(value)
     except ValueError:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_signal.py b/Lib/test/test_signal.py
index e59f609121..e05467f776 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_signal.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_signal.py
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+import enum
 import errno
+import functools
 import inspect
 import os
 import random
@@ -13,6 +15,7 @@
 from test import support
 from test.support import os_helper
 from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok, spawn_python
+from test.support import threading_helper
 try:
     import _testcapi
 except ImportError:
@@ -21,6 +24,8 @@
 
 class GenericTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_enums(self):
         for name in dir(signal):
             sig = getattr(signal, name)
@@ -34,6 +39,32 @@ def test_enums(self):
                 self.assertIsInstance(sig, signal.Signals)
                 self.assertEqual(sys.platform, "win32")
 
+        CheckedSignals = enum._old_convert_(
+                enum.IntEnum, 'Signals', 'signal',
+                lambda name:
+                    name.isupper()
+                    and (name.startswith('SIG') and not name.startswith('SIG_'))
+                    or name.startswith('CTRL_'),
+                source=signal,
+                )
+        enum._test_simple_enum(CheckedSignals, signal.Signals)
+
+        CheckedHandlers = enum._old_convert_(
+                enum.IntEnum, 'Handlers', 'signal',
+                lambda name: name in ('SIG_DFL', 'SIG_IGN'),
+                source=signal,
+                )
+        enum._test_simple_enum(CheckedHandlers, signal.Handlers)
+
+        Sigmasks = getattr(signal, 'Sigmasks', None)
+        if Sigmasks is not None:
+            CheckedSigmasks = enum._old_convert_(
+                    enum.IntEnum, 'Sigmasks', 'signal',
+                    lambda name: name in ('SIG_BLOCK', 'SIG_UNBLOCK', 'SIG_SETMASK'),
+                    source=signal,
+                    )
+            enum._test_simple_enum(CheckedSigmasks, Sigmasks)
+
     def test_functions_module_attr(self):
         # Issue #27718: If __all__ is not defined all non-builtin functions
         # should have correct __module__ to be displayed by pydoc.
@@ -48,6 +79,9 @@ class PosixTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def trivial_signal_handler(self, *args):
         pass
 
+    def create_handler_with_partial(self, argument):
+        return functools.partial(self.trivial_signal_handler, argument)
+
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_out_of_range_signal_number_raises_error(self):
@@ -70,6 +104,28 @@ def test_getsignal(self):
         signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, hup)
         self.assertEqual(signal.getsignal(signal.SIGHUP), hup)
 
+    def test_no_repr_is_called_on_signal_handler(self):
+        # See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/112559.
+
+        class MyArgument:
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.repr_count = 0
+
+            def __repr__(self):
+                self.repr_count += 1
+                return super().__repr__()
+
+        argument = MyArgument()
+        self.assertEqual(0, argument.repr_count)
+
+        handler = self.create_handler_with_partial(argument)
+        hup = signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, handler)
+        self.assertIsInstance(hup, signal.Handlers)
+        self.assertEqual(signal.getsignal(signal.SIGHUP), handler)
+        signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, hup)
+        self.assertEqual(signal.getsignal(signal.SIGHUP), hup)
+        self.assertEqual(0, argument.repr_count)
+
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_strsignal(self):
@@ -87,6 +143,10 @@ def test_interprocess_signal(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        hasattr(signal, "valid_signals"),
+        "requires signal.valid_signals"
+    )
     def test_valid_signals(self):
         s = signal.valid_signals()
         self.assertIsInstance(s, set)
@@ -96,7 +156,21 @@ def test_valid_signals(self):
         self.assertNotIn(signal.NSIG, s)
         self.assertLess(len(s), signal.NSIG)
 
+        # gh-91145: Make sure that all SIGxxx constants exposed by the Python
+        # signal module have a number in the [0; signal.NSIG-1] range.
+        for name in dir(signal):
+            if not name.startswith("SIG"):
+                continue
+            if name in {"SIG_IGN", "SIG_DFL"}:
+                # SIG_IGN and SIG_DFL are pointers
+                continue
+            with self.subTest(name=name):
+                signum = getattr(signal, name)
+                self.assertGreaterEqual(signum, 0)
+                self.assertLess(signum, signal.NSIG)
+
     @unittest.skipUnless(sys.executable, "sys.executable required.")
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_keyboard_interrupt_exit_code(self):
         """KeyboardInterrupt triggers exit via SIGINT."""
         process = subprocess.run(
@@ -153,6 +227,7 @@ def test_issue9324(self):
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(sys.executable, "sys.executable required.")
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_keyboard_interrupt_exit_code(self):
         """KeyboardInterrupt triggers an exit using STATUS_CONTROL_C_EXIT."""
         # We don't test via os.kill(os.getpid(), signal.CTRL_C_EVENT) here
@@ -185,6 +260,7 @@ def test_invalid_fd(self):
                           signal.set_wakeup_fd, fd)
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(support.has_socket_support, "needs working sockets.")
     def test_invalid_socket(self):
         sock = socket.socket()
         fd = sock.fileno()
@@ -193,6 +269,10 @@ def test_invalid_socket(self):
                           signal.set_wakeup_fd, fd)
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+    # Emscripten does not support fstat on pipes yet.
+    # https://github.com/emscripten-core/emscripten/issues/16414
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_emscripten, "Emscripten cannot fstat pipes.")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
     def test_set_wakeup_fd_result(self):
         r1, w1 = os.pipe()
         self.addCleanup(os.close, r1)
@@ -211,6 +291,8 @@ def test_set_wakeup_fd_result(self):
         self.assertEqual(signal.set_wakeup_fd(-1), -1)
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_emscripten, "Emscripten cannot fstat pipes.")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(support.has_socket_support, "needs working sockets.")
     def test_set_wakeup_fd_socket_result(self):
         sock1 = socket.socket()
         self.addCleanup(sock1.close)
@@ -230,6 +312,8 @@ def test_set_wakeup_fd_socket_result(self):
     # On Windows, files are always blocking and Windows does not provide a
     # function to test if a socket is in non-blocking mode.
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "tests specific to POSIX")
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_emscripten, "Emscripten cannot fstat pipes.")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
     def test_set_wakeup_fd_blocking(self):
         rfd, wfd = os.pipe()
         self.addCleanup(os.close, rfd)
@@ -290,6 +374,7 @@ def check_signum(signals):
         assert_python_ok('-c', code)
 
     @unittest.skipIf(_testcapi is None, 'need _testcapi')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
     def test_wakeup_write_error(self):
         # Issue #16105: write() errors in the C signal handler should not
         # pass silently.
@@ -628,6 +713,8 @@ def handler(signum, frame):
 
 @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "Not valid on Windows")
 @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'siginterrupt'), "needs signal.siginterrupt()")
+@support.requires_subprocess()
+@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
 class SiginterruptTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def readpipe_interrupted(self, interrupt):
@@ -708,6 +795,7 @@ def test_siginterrupt_on(self):
         interrupted = self.readpipe_interrupted(True)
         self.assertTrue(interrupted)
 
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
     def test_siginterrupt_off(self):
         # If a signal handler is installed and siginterrupt is called with
         # a false value for the second argument, when that signal arrives, it
@@ -781,15 +869,12 @@ def test_itimer_virtual(self):
         signal.signal(signal.SIGVTALRM, self.sig_vtalrm)
         signal.setitimer(self.itimer, 0.3, 0.2)
 
-        start_time = time.monotonic()
-        while time.monotonic() - start_time < 60.0:
+        for _ in support.busy_retry(support.LONG_TIMEOUT):
             # use up some virtual time by doing real work
             _ = pow(12345, 67890, 10000019)
             if signal.getitimer(self.itimer) == (0.0, 0.0):
-                break # sig_vtalrm handler stopped this itimer
-        else: # Issue 8424
-            self.skipTest("timeout: likely cause: machine too slow or load too "
-                          "high")
+                # sig_vtalrm handler stopped this itimer
+                break
 
         # virtual itimer should be (0.0, 0.0) now
         self.assertEqual(signal.getitimer(self.itimer), (0.0, 0.0))
@@ -803,15 +888,12 @@ def test_itimer_prof(self):
         signal.signal(signal.SIGPROF, self.sig_prof)
         signal.setitimer(self.itimer, 0.2, 0.2)
 
-        start_time = time.monotonic()
-        while time.monotonic() - start_time < 60.0:
+        for _ in support.busy_retry(support.LONG_TIMEOUT):
             # do some work
             _ = pow(12345, 67890, 10000019)
             if signal.getitimer(self.itimer) == (0.0, 0.0):
-                break # sig_prof handler stopped this itimer
-        else: # Issue 8424
-            self.skipTest("timeout: likely cause: machine too slow or load too "
-                          "high")
+                # sig_prof handler stopped this itimer
+                break
 
         # profiling itimer should be (0.0, 0.0) now
         self.assertEqual(signal.getitimer(self.itimer), (0.0, 0.0))
@@ -873,6 +955,7 @@ def handler(signum, frame):
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'pthread_kill'),
                          'need signal.pthread_kill()')
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_pthread_kill(self):
         code = """if 1:
             import signal
@@ -1009,6 +1092,7 @@ def test_sigtimedwait_negative_timeout(self):
                          'need signal.sigwait()')
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'pthread_sigmask'),
                          'need signal.pthread_sigmask()')
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_sigwait_thread(self):
         # Check that calling sigwait() from a thread doesn't suspend the whole
         # process. A new interpreter is spawned to avoid problems when mixing
@@ -1064,6 +1148,7 @@ def test_pthread_sigmask_valid_signals(self):
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'pthread_sigmask'),
                          'need signal.pthread_sigmask()')
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_pthread_sigmask(self):
         code = """if 1:
         import signal
@@ -1141,6 +1226,7 @@ def read_sigmask():
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, 'pthread_kill'),
                          'need signal.pthread_kill()')
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_pthread_kill_main_thread(self):
         # Test that a signal can be sent to the main thread with pthread_kill()
         # before any other thread has been created (see issue #12392).
@@ -1276,8 +1362,6 @@ def handler(signum, frame):
         self.setsig(signal.SIGALRM, handler)  # for ITIMER_REAL
 
         expected_sigs = 0
-        deadline = time.monotonic() + support.SHORT_TIMEOUT
-
         while expected_sigs < N:
             # Hopefully the SIGALRM will be received somewhere during
             # initial processing of SIGUSR1.
@@ -1286,16 +1370,19 @@ def handler(signum, frame):
 
             expected_sigs += 2
             # Wait for handlers to run to avoid signal coalescing
-            while len(sigs) < expected_sigs and time.monotonic() < deadline:
-                time.sleep(1e-5)
+            for _ in support.sleeping_retry(support.SHORT_TIMEOUT):
+                if len(sigs) >= expected_sigs:
+                    break
 
         # All ITIMER_REAL signals should have been delivered to the
         # Python handler
         self.assertEqual(len(sigs), N, "Some signals were lost")
 
     @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; hang")
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "darwin", "crashes due to system bug (FB13453490)")
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, "SIGUSR1"),
                          "test needs SIGUSR1")
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_stress_modifying_handlers(self):
         # bpo-43406: race condition between trip_signal() and signal.signal
         signum = signal.SIGUSR1
@@ -1314,7 +1401,7 @@ def set_interrupts():
                 num_sent_signals += 1
 
         def cycle_handlers():
-            while num_sent_signals < 100:
+            while num_sent_signals < 100 or num_received_signals < 1:
                 for i in range(20000):
                     # Cycle between a Python-defined and a non-Python handler
                     for handler in [custom_handler, signal.SIG_IGN]:
@@ -1347,7 +1434,7 @@ def cycle_handlers():
             if not ignored:
                 # Sanity check that some signals were received, but not all
                 self.assertGreater(num_received_signals, 0)
-            self.assertLess(num_received_signals, num_sent_signals)
+            self.assertLessEqual(num_received_signals, num_sent_signals)
         finally:
             do_stop = True
             t.join()
@@ -1388,6 +1475,23 @@ def handler(a, b):
         signal.raise_signal(signal.SIGINT)
         self.assertTrue(is_ok)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test__thread_interrupt_main(self):
+        # See https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/102397
+        code = """if 1:
+        import _thread
+        class Foo():
+            def __del__(self):
+                _thread.interrupt_main()
+
+        x = Foo()
+        """
+
+        rc, out, err = assert_python_ok('-c', code)
+        self.assertIn(b'OSError: Signal 2 ignored due to race condition', err)
+
+
 
 class PidfdSignalTest(unittest.TestCase):
 

From a392d8425e4854e6af57581a1dd9595e6c83c037 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 26 Apr 2024 20:55:42 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 213/705] Fix wasmer example

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index c4d1fc9a7d..4673f01f1f 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ cargo build --target wasm32-wasi --no-default-features --features freeze-stdlib,
 Run by wasmer
 
 ```bash
-wasmer run --dir . target/wasm32-wasi/release/rustpython.wasm extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py
+wasmer run --dir `pwd` -- target/wasm32-wasi/release/rustpython.wasm `pwd`/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py
 ```
 
 Run by wapm

From 2c0e439d0d7e7e2a9c30a9a71a207a8ffcaab3c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 26 Apr 2024 23:41:32 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 214/705] Disable jit for macos from CI to avoid arm64 CI
 failure

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 9 ++++++---
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 9005e2d655..c23d677a16 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 env:
-  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,ssl,jit
+  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,ssl
   # Skip additional tests on Windows. They are checked on Linux and MacOS.
   WINDOWS_SKIPS: >-
     test_glob
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ jobs:
         if: runner.os != 'macOS'
       # temp skip ssl linking for Mac to avoid CI failure
       - name: run rust tests (MacOS no ssl)
-        run: cargo test --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm --verbose --no-default-features --features threading,stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,jit
+        run: cargo test --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm --exclude rustpython-jit --verbose --no-default-features --features threading,stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings
         if: runner.os == 'macOS'
 
       - name: check compilation without threading
@@ -257,9 +257,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up the Mac environment
         run: brew install autoconf automake libtool openssl@3
         if: runner.os == 'macOS'
-
       - name: build rustpython
         run: cargo build --release --verbose --features=threading ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }}
+        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+      - name: build rustpython
+        run: cargo build --release --verbose --features=threading ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }},jit
+        if: runner.os != 'macOS'
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}

From 621640ca711c2d44ceab94197d8b15c1a8a4fdd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 26 Apr 2024 01:33:55 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 215/705] Add const-only signals for wasm32

---
 vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs    |  7 +-----
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs | 51 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
index 5b177b4b0b..a6046ac72a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ pub mod posix;
 pub(crate) mod msvcrt;
 #[cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "redox"))))]
 mod pwd;
-#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub(crate) mod signal;
 pub mod sys;
 #[cfg(windows)]
@@ -82,6 +81,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> StdlibMap {
             "_io" => io::make_module,
             "marshal" => marshal::make_module,
             "_operator" => operator::make_module,
+            "_signal" => signal::make_module,
             "_sre" => sre::make_module,
             "_string" => string::make_module,
             "time" => time::make_module,
@@ -105,11 +105,6 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> StdlibMap {
             "posix" => posix::make_module,
             // "fcntl" => fcntl::make_module,
         }
-        // disable some modules on WASM
-        #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-        {
-            "_signal" => signal::make_module,
-        }
         #[cfg(feature = "threading")]
         {
             "_thread" => thread::make_module,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index cc332b08be..2f421ae07b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use crate::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let module = _signal::make_module(vm);
 
+    #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
     _signal::init_signal_handlers(&module, vm);
 
     module
@@ -11,12 +12,17 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 #[pymodule]
 pub(crate) mod _signal {
     use crate::{
-        builtins::PyModule,
         convert::{IntoPyException, TryFromBorrowedObject},
         signal, Py, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use std::sync::atomic::{self, Ordering};
 
+    #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
+    use libc::sighandler_t;
+    #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+    #[cfg(not(any(unix, windows)))]
+    type sighandler_t = usize;
+
     cfg_if::cfg_if! {
         if #[cfg(windows)] {
             type WakeupFd = libc::SOCKET;
@@ -33,23 +39,23 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
     }
 
     #[cfg(unix)]
-    pub use nix::unistd::alarm as sig_alarm;
-
-    #[cfg(not(windows))]
     pub use libc::SIG_ERR;
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    pub use nix::unistd::alarm as sig_alarm;
 
-    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    #[cfg(unix)]
     #[pyattr]
     pub use libc::{SIG_DFL, SIG_IGN};
 
-    #[cfg(windows)]
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
     #[pyattr]
-    pub const SIG_DFL: libc::sighandler_t = 0;
-    #[cfg(windows)]
+    pub const SIG_DFL: sighandler_t = 0;
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
     #[pyattr]
-    pub const SIG_IGN: libc::sighandler_t = 1;
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    pub const SIG_ERR: libc::sighandler_t = !0;
+    pub const SIG_IGN: sighandler_t = 1;
+    #[cfg(not(unix))]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub const SIG_ERR: sighandler_t = -1 as _;
 
     #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
     extern "C" {
@@ -59,6 +65,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
     #[pyattr]
     use crate::signal::NSIG;
 
+    #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
     #[pyattr]
     pub use libc::{SIGABRT, SIGFPE, SIGILL, SIGINT, SIGSEGV, SIGTERM};
 
@@ -80,7 +87,11 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
     #[pyattr]
     use libc::{SIGPWR, SIGSTKFLT};
 
-    pub(super) fn init_signal_handlers(module: &Py<PyModule>, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
+    pub(super) fn init_signal_handlers(
+        module: &Py<crate::builtins::PyModule>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) {
         let sig_dfl = vm.new_pyobj(SIG_DFL as u8);
         let sig_ign = vm.new_pyobj(SIG_IGN as u8);
 
@@ -107,6 +118,17 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(any(unix, windows)))]
+    #[pyfunction]
+    pub fn signal(
+        _signalnum: i32,
+        _handler: PyObjectRef,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<Option<PyObjectRef>> {
+        Err(vm.new_not_implemented_error("signal is not implemented on this platform".to_owned()))
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
     #[pyfunction]
     pub fn signal(
         signalnum: i32,
@@ -123,7 +145,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
             match usize::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, &handler).ok() {
                 Some(SIG_DFL) => SIG_DFL,
                 Some(SIG_IGN) => SIG_IGN,
-                None if handler.is_callable() => run_signal as libc::sighandler_t,
+                None if handler.is_callable() => run_signal as sighandler_t,
                 _ => return Err(vm.new_type_error(
                     "signal handler must be signal.SIG_IGN, signal.SIG_DFL, or a callable object"
                         .to_owned(),
@@ -226,7 +248,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
         } else {
             false
         };
-        #[cfg(not(windows))]
+        #[cfg(unix)]
         if fd != INVALID_WAKEUP {
             use nix::fcntl;
             let oflags = fcntl::fcntl(fd, fcntl::F_GETFL).map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))?;
@@ -256,6 +278,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
         }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
     pub extern "C" fn run_signal(signum: i32) {
         signal::TRIGGERS[signum as usize].store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
         signal::set_triggered();

From 3556e1320d852287514e3caf1eea4deb1fd96932 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 2024 14:42:02 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 216/705] wasm os.getpid

---
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs | 9 ++++++++-
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 7b054c7d38..4375d972e2 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -932,7 +932,14 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getpid(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let pid = std::process::id();
+        let pid = if cfg!(target_arch = "wasm32") {
+            // Return an arbitrary value, greater than 1 which is special.
+            // The value 42 is picked from wasi-libc
+            // https://github.com/WebAssembly/wasi-libc/blob/wasi-sdk-21/libc-bottom-half/getpid/getpid.c
+            42
+        } else {
+            std::process::id()
+        };
         vm.ctx.new_int(pid).into()
     }
 

From 6b7b08082756382a9eef6f5b14426dfd53c6c75b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 30 Apr 2024 22:14:51 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 217/705] Add sys._stdlib_dir when freeze-stdlib

---
 src/interpreter.rs | 14 +++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/interpreter.rs b/src/interpreter.rs
index 6b0d2b5bde..984fd8af80 100644
--- a/src/interpreter.rs
+++ b/src/interpreter.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,19 @@ pub fn init_stdlib(vm: &mut VirtualMachine) {
 
     // if we're on freeze-stdlib, the core stdlib modules will be included anyway
     #[cfg(feature = "freeze-stdlib")]
-    vm.add_frozen(rustpython_pylib::FROZEN_STDLIB);
+    {
+        vm.add_frozen(rustpython_pylib::FROZEN_STDLIB);
+
+        // FIXME: Remove this hack once sys._stdlib_dir is properly implemented or _frozen_importlib doesn't depend on it anymore.
+        assert!(vm.sys_module.get_attr("_stdlib_dir", vm).is_err());
+        vm.sys_module
+            .set_attr(
+                "_stdlib_dir",
+                vm.new_pyobj(rustpython_pylib::LIB_PATH.to_owned()),
+                vm,
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+    }
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "freeze-stdlib"))]
     {

From 1bc137070119a896b1a43468ba2170b717a578ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 30 Apr 2024 22:20:34 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 218/705] Add wasi unittest CI

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index c23d677a16..e73f1ecb3d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -411,3 +411,5 @@ jobs:
         run: cargo build --release --target wasm32-wasi --features freeze-stdlib,stdlib --verbose
       - name: run snippets
         run: wasmer run --dir `pwd` target/wasm32-wasi/release/rustpython.wasm -- `pwd`/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py
+      - name: run cpython unittest
+        run: wasmer run --dir `pwd` target/wasm32-wasi/release/rustpython.wasm -- `pwd`/Lib/test/test_int.py

From 24f57dde2f7b32ea95254bcb871ef0981c969bf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 29 Apr 2024 23:29:34 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 219/705] Align Settings to PyConfig

---
 benches/execution.rs       |   4 +-
 benches/microbenchmarks.rs |   4 +-
 src/settings.rs            |  18 ++---
 vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs       |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs    |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs       |  12 ++--
 vm/src/vm/setting.rs       | 139 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 7 files changed, 104 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/execution.rs b/benches/execution.rs
index de81cd0809..8f09aca808 100644
--- a/benches/execution.rs
+++ b/benches/execution.rs
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ fn bench_rustpy_code(b: &mut Bencher, name: &str, source: &str) {
     // NOTE: Take long time.
     let mut settings = Settings::default();
     settings.path_list.push("Lib/".to_string());
-    settings.dont_write_bytecode = true;
-    settings.no_user_site = true;
+    settings.write_bytecode = false;
+    settings.user_site_directory = false;
     Interpreter::without_stdlib(settings).enter(|vm| {
         // Note: bench_cpython is both compiling and executing the code.
         // As such we compile the code in the benchmark loop as well.
diff --git a/benches/microbenchmarks.rs b/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
index befdc63fd1..8575ae50ad 100644
--- a/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
+++ b/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
@@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ fn cpy_compile_code<'a>(
 fn bench_rustpy_code(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, bench: &MicroBenchmark) {
     let mut settings = Settings::default();
     settings.path_list.push("Lib/".to_string());
-    settings.dont_write_bytecode = true;
-    settings.no_user_site = true;
+    settings.write_bytecode = false;
+    settings.user_site_directory = false;
 
     Interpreter::with_init(settings, |vm| {
         for (name, init) in rustpython_stdlib::get_module_inits() {
diff --git a/src/settings.rs b/src/settings.rs
index d5132a06d0..72c5f0680f 100644
--- a/src/settings.rs
+++ b/src/settings.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
         && !matches.is_present("m")
         && (!matches.is_present("script") || matches.is_present("inspect"));
     settings.bytes_warning = matches.occurrences_of("bytes-warning");
-    settings.no_site = matches.is_present("no-site");
+    settings.import_site = !matches.is_present("no-site");
 
     let ignore_environment = settings.ignore_environment || settings.isolated;
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
         || matches.is_present("isolate")
         || (!ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONNOUSERSITE").is_some())
     {
-        settings.no_user_site = true;
+        settings.user_site_directory = false;
     }
 
     if matches.is_present("quiet") {
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
     if matches.is_present("dont-write-bytecode")
         || (!ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE").is_some())
     {
-        settings.dont_write_bytecode = true;
+        settings.write_bytecode = false;
     }
     if !ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS").is_some() {
         settings.int_max_str_digits = match env::var("PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS").unwrap().parse() {
@@ -251,12 +251,12 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
     matches
         .value_of("check-hash-based-pycs")
         .unwrap_or("default")
-        .clone_into(&mut settings.check_hash_based_pycs);
+        .clone_into(&mut settings.check_hash_pycs_mode);
 
     let mut dev_mode = false;
     let mut warn_default_encoding = false;
     if let Some(xopts) = matches.values_of("implementation-option") {
-        settings.xopts.extend(xopts.map(|s| {
+        settings.xoptions.extend(xopts.map(|s| {
             let mut parts = s.splitn(2, '=');
             let name = parts.next().unwrap().to_owned();
             let value = parts.next().map(ToOwned::to_owned);
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
                 warn_default_encoding = true
             }
             if name == "no_sig_int" {
-                settings.no_sig_int = true;
+                settings.install_signal_handlers = false;
             }
             if name == "int_max_str_digits" {
                 settings.int_max_str_digits = match value.as_ref().unwrap().parse() {
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
     }
 
     if dev_mode {
-        settings.warnopts.push("default".to_owned())
+        settings.warnoptions.push("default".to_owned())
     }
     if settings.bytes_warning > 0 {
         let warn = if settings.bytes_warning > 1 {
@@ -298,10 +298,10 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
         } else {
             "default::BytesWarning"
         };
-        settings.warnopts.push(warn.to_owned());
+        settings.warnoptions.push(warn.to_owned());
     }
     if let Some(warnings) = matches.values_of("warning-control") {
-        settings.warnopts.extend(warnings.map(ToOwned::to_owned));
+        settings.warnoptions.extend(warnings.map(ToOwned::to_owned));
     }
 
     let (mode, argv) = if let Some(mut cmd) = matches.values_of("c") {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
index f59f8e4e63..ab711bccc0 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ mod _imp {
     #[pyattr]
     fn check_hash_based_pycs(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStrRef {
         vm.ctx
-            .new_str(vm.state.settings.check_hash_based_pycs.clone())
+            .new_str(vm.state.settings.check_hash_pycs_mode.clone())
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index 2f421ae07b..2893212225 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
         let int_handler = module
             .get_attr("default_int_handler", vm)
             .expect("_signal does not have this attr?");
-        if !vm.state.settings.no_sig_int {
+        if vm.state.settings.install_signal_handlers {
             signal(libc::SIGINT, int_handler, vm).expect("Failed to set sigint handler");
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index f6d7a122a4..55e9c12b7e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ mod sys {
 
     #[pyattr]
     fn dont_write_bytecode(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
-        vm.state.settings.dont_write_bytecode
+        !vm.state.settings.write_bytecode
     }
 
     #[pyattr]
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ mod sys {
     fn _xoptions(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictRef {
         let ctx = &vm.ctx;
         let xopts = ctx.new_dict();
-        for (key, value) in &vm.state.settings.xopts {
+        for (key, value) in &vm.state.settings.xoptions {
             let value = value.as_ref().map_or_else(
                 || ctx.new_bool(true).into(),
                 |s| ctx.new_str(s.clone()).into(),
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ mod sys {
     fn warnoptions(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
         vm.state
             .settings
-            .warnopts
+            .warnoptions
             .iter()
             .map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s.clone()).into())
             .collect()
@@ -744,9 +744,9 @@ mod sys {
                 inspect: settings.inspect as u8,
                 interactive: settings.interactive as u8,
                 optimize: settings.optimize,
-                dont_write_bytecode: settings.dont_write_bytecode as u8,
-                no_user_site: settings.no_user_site as u8,
-                no_site: settings.no_site as u8,
+                dont_write_bytecode: (!settings.write_bytecode) as u8,
+                no_user_site: (!settings.user_site_directory) as u8,
+                no_site: (!settings.import_site) as u8,
                 ignore_environment: settings.ignore_environment as u8,
                 verbose: settings.verbose,
                 bytes_warning: settings.bytes_warning,
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/setting.rs b/vm/src/vm/setting.rs
index a30c75560c..62360aaced 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/setting.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/setting.rs
@@ -2,31 +2,65 @@
 use std::ffi::OsString;
 
 /// Struct containing all kind of settings for the python vm.
+/// Mostly `PyConfig` in CPython.
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub struct Settings {
-    /// -d command line switch
-    pub debug: bool,
+    /// -I
+    pub isolated: bool,
 
-    /// -i
-    pub inspect: bool,
+    // int use_environment
+    /// -Xdev
+    pub dev_mode: bool,
 
-    /// -i, with no script
-    pub interactive: bool,
+    /// Not set SIGINT handler(i.e. for embedded mode)
+    pub install_signal_handlers: bool,
 
-    /// -O optimization switch counter
-    pub optimize: u8,
+    /// PYTHONHASHSEED=x
+    /// None means use_hash_seed = 0 in CPython
+    pub hash_seed: Option<u32>,
 
-    /// Not set SIGINT handler(i.e. for embedded mode)
-    pub no_sig_int: bool,
+    // int faulthandler;
+    // int tracemalloc;
+    // int perf_profiling;
+    // int import_time;
+    // int code_debug_ranges;
+    // int show_ref_count;
+    // int dump_refs;
+    // wchar_t *dump_refs_file;
+    // int malloc_stats;
+    // wchar_t *filesystem_encoding;
+    // wchar_t *filesystem_errors;
+    // wchar_t *pycache_prefix;
+    // int parse_argv;
+    // PyWideStringList orig_argv;
+    /// sys.argv
+    pub argv: Vec<String>,
 
-    /// -s
-    pub no_user_site: bool,
+    /// -Xfoo[=bar]
+    pub xoptions: Vec<(String, Option<String>)>,
+
+    /// -Wfoo
+    pub warnoptions: Vec<String>,
 
     /// -S
-    pub no_site: bool,
+    pub import_site: bool,
 
-    /// -E
-    pub ignore_environment: bool,
+    /// -b
+    pub bytes_warning: u64,
+
+    /// -X warn_default_encoding, PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING
+    pub warn_default_encoding: bool,
+
+    /// -i
+    pub inspect: bool,
+
+    /// -i, with no script
+    pub interactive: bool,
+
+    // int optimization_level;
+    // int parser_debug;
+    /// -B
+    pub write_bytecode: bool,
 
     /// verbosity level (-v switch)
     pub verbose: u8,
@@ -34,54 +68,47 @@ pub struct Settings {
     /// -q
     pub quiet: bool,
 
-    /// -B
-    pub dont_write_bytecode: bool,
+    /// -s
+    pub user_site_directory: bool,
 
-    /// -P
-    pub safe_path: bool,
+    // int configure_c_stdio;
+    /// -u, PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x
+    // TODO: use this; can TextIOWrapper even work with a non-buffered?
+    pub buffered_stdio: bool,
 
-    /// -b
-    pub bytes_warning: u64,
+    // wchar_t *stdio_encoding;
+    pub utf8_mode: u8,
+    // wchar_t *stdio_errors;
+    /// --check-hash-based-pycs
+    pub check_hash_pycs_mode: String,
 
-    /// -Xfoo[=bar]
-    pub xopts: Vec<(String, Option<String>)>,
+    // int use_frozen_modules;
+    /// -P
+    pub safe_path: bool,
 
     /// -X int_max_str_digits
     pub int_max_str_digits: i64,
 
-    /// -I
-    pub isolated: bool,
-
-    /// -Xdev
-    pub dev_mode: bool,
-
-    /// -X warn_default_encoding, PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING
-    pub warn_default_encoding: bool,
-
-    /// -Wfoo
-    pub warnopts: Vec<String>,
-
-    /// Environment PYTHONPATH and RUSTPYTHONPATH:
+    // /* --- Path configuration inputs ------------ */
+    // int pathconfig_warnings;
+    // wchar_t *program_name;
+    /// Environment PYTHONPATH (and RUSTPYTHONPATH)
     pub path_list: Vec<String>,
 
-    /// sys.argv
-    pub argv: Vec<String>,
-
-    /// PYTHONHASHSEED=x
-    pub hash_seed: Option<u32>,
+    // wchar_t *home;
+    // wchar_t *platlibdir;
+    /// -d command line switch
+    pub debug: bool,
 
-    /// -u, PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x
-    // TODO: use this; can TextIOWrapper even work with a non-buffered?
-    pub stdio_unbuffered: bool,
+    /// -O optimization switch counter
+    pub optimize: u8,
 
-    /// --check-hash-based-pycs
-    pub check_hash_based_pycs: String,
+    /// -E
+    pub ignore_environment: bool,
 
     /// false for wasm. Not a command-line option
     pub allow_external_library: bool,
 
-    pub utf8_mode: u8,
-
     #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
     pub profile_output: Option<OsString>,
     #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
@@ -103,25 +130,25 @@ impl Default for Settings {
             inspect: false,
             interactive: false,
             optimize: 0,
-            no_sig_int: false,
-            no_user_site: false,
-            no_site: false,
+            install_signal_handlers: true,
+            user_site_directory: true,
+            import_site: true,
             ignore_environment: false,
             verbose: 0,
             quiet: false,
-            dont_write_bytecode: false,
+            write_bytecode: true,
             safe_path: false,
             bytes_warning: 0,
-            xopts: vec![],
+            xoptions: vec![],
             isolated: false,
             dev_mode: false,
             warn_default_encoding: false,
-            warnopts: vec![],
+            warnoptions: vec![],
             path_list: vec![],
             argv: vec![],
             hash_seed: None,
-            stdio_unbuffered: false,
-            check_hash_based_pycs: "default".to_owned(),
+            buffered_stdio: true,
+            check_hash_pycs_mode: "default".to_owned(),
             allow_external_library: cfg!(feature = "importlib"),
             utf8_mode: 1,
             int_max_str_digits: -1,

From f62114c7eb988213adf26be087a0ef970e57da38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 30 Apr 2024 13:19:27 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 220/705] zlib-ng as default

---
 Cargo.lock        | 1 -
 stdlib/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b45f6b2e5c..bcb637b9d3 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1165,7 +1165,6 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9702761c3935f8cc2f101793272e202c72b99da8f4224a19ddcf1279a6450bbf"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
- "libc",
  "pkg-config",
  "vcpkg",
 ]
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index d4386b24ab..f919efc766 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ memchr = { workspace = true }
 base64 = "0.13.0"
 csv-core = "0.1.10"
 dyn-clone = "1.0.10"
-libz-sys = { version = "1.1.5", optional = true }
+libz-sys = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
 puruspe = "0.2.4"
 xml-rs = "0.8.14"
 

From 87849cda4f2824fa05e01ef9b6b3df0741da0efe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 30 Apr 2024 22:15:15 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 221/705] fix grammar

---
 src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 822ea7b44c..0b5e88ec42 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ pub use interpreter::InterpreterConfig;
 pub use rustpython_vm as vm;
 pub use settings::{opts_with_clap, RunMode};
 
-/// The main cli of the `rustpython` interpreter. This function will return with `std::process::ExitCode`
+/// The main cli of the `rustpython` interpreter. This function will return `std::process::ExitCode`
 /// based on the return code of the python code ran through the cli.
 pub fn run(init: impl FnOnce(&mut VirtualMachine) + 'static) -> ExitCode {
     env_logger::init();

From 5714558785c320e9d53849c8df16c0329154c803 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Wed, 1 May 2024 04:17:19 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 222/705] Update subprocess from CPython 3.12.3

---
 Lib/subprocess.py           | 326 +++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 Lib/test/test_subprocess.py | 205 +++++++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 343 insertions(+), 188 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/subprocess.py b/Lib/subprocess.py
index 9cadd1bf8e..1d17ae3608 100644
--- a/Lib/subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/subprocess.py
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ def _args_from_interpreter_flags():
     if dev_mode:
         args.extend(('-X', 'dev'))
     for opt in ('faulthandler', 'tracemalloc', 'importtime',
-                'showrefcount', 'utf8'):
+                'frozen_modules', 'showrefcount', 'utf8'):
         if opt in xoptions:
             value = xoptions[opt]
             if value is True:
@@ -872,37 +872,6 @@ def __init__(self, args, bufsize=-1, executable=None,
                                   'and universal_newlines are supplied but '
                                   'different. Pass one or the other.')
 
-        # Input and output objects. The general principle is like
-        # this:
-        #
-        # Parent                   Child
-        # ------                   -----
-        # p2cwrite   ---stdin--->  p2cread
-        # c2pread    <--stdout---  c2pwrite
-        # errread    <--stderr---  errwrite
-        #
-        # On POSIX, the child objects are file descriptors.  On
-        # Windows, these are Windows file handles.  The parent objects
-        # are file descriptors on both platforms.  The parent objects
-        # are -1 when not using PIPEs. The child objects are -1
-        # when not redirecting.
-
-        (p2cread, p2cwrite,
-         c2pread, c2pwrite,
-         errread, errwrite) = self._get_handles(stdin, stdout, stderr)
-
-        # We wrap OS handles *before* launching the child, otherwise a
-        # quickly terminating child could make our fds unwrappable
-        # (see #8458).
-
-        if _mswindows:
-            if p2cwrite != -1:
-                p2cwrite = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(p2cwrite.Detach(), 0)
-            if c2pread != -1:
-                c2pread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(c2pread.Detach(), 0)
-            if errread != -1:
-                errread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(errread.Detach(), 0)
-
         self.text_mode = encoding or errors or text or universal_newlines
         if self.text_mode and encoding is None:
             self.encoding = encoding = _text_encoding()
@@ -1003,6 +972,39 @@ def __init__(self, args, bufsize=-1, executable=None,
             if uid < 0:
                 raise ValueError(f"User ID cannot be negative, got {uid}")
 
+        # Input and output objects. The general principle is like
+        # this:
+        #
+        # Parent                   Child
+        # ------                   -----
+        # p2cwrite   ---stdin--->  p2cread
+        # c2pread    <--stdout---  c2pwrite
+        # errread    <--stderr---  errwrite
+        #
+        # On POSIX, the child objects are file descriptors.  On
+        # Windows, these are Windows file handles.  The parent objects
+        # are file descriptors on both platforms.  The parent objects
+        # are -1 when not using PIPEs. The child objects are -1
+        # when not redirecting.
+
+        (p2cread, p2cwrite,
+         c2pread, c2pwrite,
+         errread, errwrite) = self._get_handles(stdin, stdout, stderr)
+
+        # From here on, raising exceptions may cause file descriptor leakage
+
+        # We wrap OS handles *before* launching the child, otherwise a
+        # quickly terminating child could make our fds unwrappable
+        # (see #8458).
+
+        if _mswindows:
+            if p2cwrite != -1:
+                p2cwrite = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(p2cwrite.Detach(), 0)
+            if c2pread != -1:
+                c2pread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(c2pread.Detach(), 0)
+            if errread != -1:
+                errread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(errread.Detach(), 0)
+
         try:
             if p2cwrite != -1:
                 self.stdin = io.open(p2cwrite, 'wb', bufsize)
@@ -1306,6 +1308,26 @@ def _close_pipe_fds(self,
         # Prevent a double close of these handles/fds from __init__ on error.
         self._closed_child_pipe_fds = True
 
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def _on_error_fd_closer(self):
+        """Helper to ensure file descriptors opened in _get_handles are closed"""
+        to_close = []
+        try:
+            yield to_close
+        except:
+            if hasattr(self, '_devnull'):
+                to_close.append(self._devnull)
+                del self._devnull
+            for fd in to_close:
+                try:
+                    if _mswindows and isinstance(fd, Handle):
+                        fd.Close()
+                    else:
+                        os.close(fd)
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+            raise
+
     if _mswindows:
         #
         # Windows methods
@@ -1321,61 +1343,68 @@ def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr):
             c2pread, c2pwrite = -1, -1
             errread, errwrite = -1, -1
 
-            if stdin is None:
-                p2cread = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
-                if p2cread is None:
-                    p2cread, _ = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
-                    p2cread = Handle(p2cread)
-                    _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
-            elif stdin == PIPE:
-                p2cread, p2cwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
-                p2cread, p2cwrite = Handle(p2cread), Handle(p2cwrite)
-            elif stdin == DEVNULL:
-                p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
-            elif isinstance(stdin, int):
-                p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin)
-            else:
-                # Assuming file-like object
-                p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin.fileno())
-            p2cread = self._make_inheritable(p2cread)
-
-            if stdout is None:
-                c2pwrite = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
-                if c2pwrite is None:
-                    _, c2pwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
-                    c2pwrite = Handle(c2pwrite)
-                    _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
-            elif stdout == PIPE:
-                c2pread, c2pwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
-                c2pread, c2pwrite = Handle(c2pread), Handle(c2pwrite)
-            elif stdout == DEVNULL:
-                c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
-            elif isinstance(stdout, int):
-                c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout)
-            else:
-                # Assuming file-like object
-                c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout.fileno())
-            c2pwrite = self._make_inheritable(c2pwrite)
-
-            if stderr is None:
-                errwrite = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_ERROR_HANDLE)
-                if errwrite is None:
-                    _, errwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
-                    errwrite = Handle(errwrite)
-                    _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
-            elif stderr == PIPE:
-                errread, errwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
-                errread, errwrite = Handle(errread), Handle(errwrite)
-            elif stderr == STDOUT:
-                errwrite = c2pwrite
-            elif stderr == DEVNULL:
-                errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
-            elif isinstance(stderr, int):
-                errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr)
-            else:
-                # Assuming file-like object
-                errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr.fileno())
-            errwrite = self._make_inheritable(errwrite)
+            with self._on_error_fd_closer() as err_close_fds:
+                if stdin is None:
+                    p2cread = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
+                    if p2cread is None:
+                        p2cread, _ = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
+                        p2cread = Handle(p2cread)
+                        err_close_fds.append(p2cread)
+                        _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
+                elif stdin == PIPE:
+                    p2cread, p2cwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
+                    p2cread, p2cwrite = Handle(p2cread), Handle(p2cwrite)
+                    err_close_fds.extend((p2cread, p2cwrite))
+                elif stdin == DEVNULL:
+                    p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
+                elif isinstance(stdin, int):
+                    p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin)
+                else:
+                    # Assuming file-like object
+                    p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin.fileno())
+                p2cread = self._make_inheritable(p2cread)
+
+                if stdout is None:
+                    c2pwrite = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
+                    if c2pwrite is None:
+                        _, c2pwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
+                        c2pwrite = Handle(c2pwrite)
+                        err_close_fds.append(c2pwrite)
+                        _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
+                elif stdout == PIPE:
+                    c2pread, c2pwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
+                    c2pread, c2pwrite = Handle(c2pread), Handle(c2pwrite)
+                    err_close_fds.extend((c2pread, c2pwrite))
+                elif stdout == DEVNULL:
+                    c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
+                elif isinstance(stdout, int):
+                    c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout)
+                else:
+                    # Assuming file-like object
+                    c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout.fileno())
+                c2pwrite = self._make_inheritable(c2pwrite)
+
+                if stderr is None:
+                    errwrite = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_ERROR_HANDLE)
+                    if errwrite is None:
+                        _, errwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
+                        errwrite = Handle(errwrite)
+                        err_close_fds.append(errwrite)
+                        _winapi.CloseHandle(_)
+                elif stderr == PIPE:
+                    errread, errwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0)
+                    errread, errwrite = Handle(errread), Handle(errwrite)
+                    err_close_fds.extend((errread, errwrite))
+                elif stderr == STDOUT:
+                    errwrite = c2pwrite
+                elif stderr == DEVNULL:
+                    errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull())
+                elif isinstance(stderr, int):
+                    errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr)
+                else:
+                    # Assuming file-like object
+                    errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr.fileno())
+                errwrite = self._make_inheritable(errwrite)
 
             return (p2cread, p2cwrite,
                     c2pread, c2pwrite,
@@ -1480,7 +1509,23 @@ def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
             if shell:
                 startupinfo.dwFlags |= _winapi.STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW
                 startupinfo.wShowWindow = _winapi.SW_HIDE
-                comspec = os.environ.get("COMSPEC", "cmd.exe")
+                if not executable:
+                    # gh-101283: without a fully-qualified path, before Windows
+                    # checks the system directories, it first looks in the
+                    # application directory, and also the current directory if
+                    # NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePathW(ExeName) is true, so try
+                    # to avoid executing unqualified "cmd.exe".
+                    comspec = os.environ.get('ComSpec')
+                    if not comspec:
+                        system_root = os.environ.get('SystemRoot', '')
+                        comspec = os.path.join(system_root, 'System32', 'cmd.exe')
+                        if not os.path.isabs(comspec):
+                            raise FileNotFoundError('shell not found: neither %ComSpec% nor %SystemRoot% is set')
+                    if os.path.isabs(comspec):
+                        executable = comspec
+                else:
+                    comspec = executable
+
                 args = '{} /c "{}"'.format (comspec, args)
 
             if cwd is not None:
@@ -1536,6 +1581,8 @@ def _wait(self, timeout):
             """Internal implementation of wait() on Windows."""
             if timeout is None:
                 timeout_millis = _winapi.INFINITE
+            elif timeout <= 0:
+                timeout_millis = 0
             else:
                 timeout_millis = int(timeout * 1000)
             if self.returncode is None:
@@ -1646,52 +1693,56 @@ def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr):
             c2pread, c2pwrite = -1, -1
             errread, errwrite = -1, -1
 
-            if stdin is None:
-                pass
-            elif stdin == PIPE:
-                p2cread, p2cwrite = os.pipe()
-                if self.pipesize > 0 and hasattr(fcntl, "F_SETPIPE_SZ"):
-                    fcntl.fcntl(p2cwrite, fcntl.F_SETPIPE_SZ, self.pipesize)
-            elif stdin == DEVNULL:
-                p2cread = self._get_devnull()
-            elif isinstance(stdin, int):
-                p2cread = stdin
-            else:
-                # Assuming file-like object
-                p2cread = stdin.fileno()
+            with self._on_error_fd_closer() as err_close_fds:
+                if stdin is None:
+                    pass
+                elif stdin == PIPE:
+                    p2cread, p2cwrite = os.pipe()
+                    err_close_fds.extend((p2cread, p2cwrite))
+                    if self.pipesize > 0 and hasattr(fcntl, "F_SETPIPE_SZ"):
+                        fcntl.fcntl(p2cwrite, fcntl.F_SETPIPE_SZ, self.pipesize)
+                elif stdin == DEVNULL:
+                    p2cread = self._get_devnull()
+                elif isinstance(stdin, int):
+                    p2cread = stdin
+                else:
+                    # Assuming file-like object
+                    p2cread = stdin.fileno()
 
-            if stdout is None:
-                pass
-            elif stdout == PIPE:
-                c2pread, c2pwrite = os.pipe()
-                if self.pipesize > 0 and hasattr(fcntl, "F_SETPIPE_SZ"):
-                    fcntl.fcntl(c2pwrite, fcntl.F_SETPIPE_SZ, self.pipesize)
-            elif stdout == DEVNULL:
-                c2pwrite = self._get_devnull()
-            elif isinstance(stdout, int):
-                c2pwrite = stdout
-            else:
-                # Assuming file-like object
-                c2pwrite = stdout.fileno()
+                if stdout is None:
+                    pass
+                elif stdout == PIPE:
+                    c2pread, c2pwrite = os.pipe()
+                    err_close_fds.extend((c2pread, c2pwrite))
+                    if self.pipesize > 0 and hasattr(fcntl, "F_SETPIPE_SZ"):
+                        fcntl.fcntl(c2pwrite, fcntl.F_SETPIPE_SZ, self.pipesize)
+                elif stdout == DEVNULL:
+                    c2pwrite = self._get_devnull()
+                elif isinstance(stdout, int):
+                    c2pwrite = stdout
+                else:
+                    # Assuming file-like object
+                    c2pwrite = stdout.fileno()
 
-            if stderr is None:
-                pass
-            elif stderr == PIPE:
-                errread, errwrite = os.pipe()
-                if self.pipesize > 0 and hasattr(fcntl, "F_SETPIPE_SZ"):
-                    fcntl.fcntl(errwrite, fcntl.F_SETPIPE_SZ, self.pipesize)
-            elif stderr == STDOUT:
-                if c2pwrite != -1:
-                    errwrite = c2pwrite
-                else: # child's stdout is not set, use parent's stdout
-                    errwrite = sys.__stdout__.fileno()
-            elif stderr == DEVNULL:
-                errwrite = self._get_devnull()
-            elif isinstance(stderr, int):
-                errwrite = stderr
-            else:
-                # Assuming file-like object
-                errwrite = stderr.fileno()
+                if stderr is None:
+                    pass
+                elif stderr == PIPE:
+                    errread, errwrite = os.pipe()
+                    err_close_fds.extend((errread, errwrite))
+                    if self.pipesize > 0 and hasattr(fcntl, "F_SETPIPE_SZ"):
+                        fcntl.fcntl(errwrite, fcntl.F_SETPIPE_SZ, self.pipesize)
+                elif stderr == STDOUT:
+                    if c2pwrite != -1:
+                        errwrite = c2pwrite
+                    else: # child's stdout is not set, use parent's stdout
+                        errwrite = sys.__stdout__.fileno()
+                elif stderr == DEVNULL:
+                    errwrite = self._get_devnull()
+                elif isinstance(stderr, int):
+                    errwrite = stderr
+                else:
+                    # Assuming file-like object
+                    errwrite = stderr.fileno()
 
             return (p2cread, p2cwrite,
                     c2pread, c2pwrite,
@@ -1889,16 +1940,21 @@ def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds,
                         SubprocessError)
                 if issubclass(child_exception_type, OSError) and hex_errno:
                     errno_num = int(hex_errno, 16)
-                    child_exec_never_called = (err_msg == "noexec")
-                    if child_exec_never_called:
+                    if err_msg == "noexec:chdir":
                         err_msg = ""
                         # The error must be from chdir(cwd).
                         err_filename = cwd
+                    elif err_msg == "noexec":
+                        err_msg = ""
+                        err_filename = None
                     else:
                         err_filename = orig_executable
                     if errno_num != 0:
                         err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num)
-                    raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
+                    if err_filename is not None:
+                        raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg, err_filename)
+                    else:
+                        raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg)
                 raise child_exception_type(err_msg)
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
index c2ebcd7565..b106d64f29 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 import unittest
 from unittest import mock
 from test import support
+from test.support import check_sanitizer
 from test.support import import_helper
 from test.support import os_helper
 from test.support import warnings_helper
+from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import signal
@@ -267,6 +269,7 @@ def test_check_output_stdin_with_input_arg(self):
         self.assertIn('stdin', c.exception.args[0])
         self.assertIn('input', c.exception.args[0])
 
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
     def test_check_output_timeout(self):
         # check_output() function with timeout arg
         with self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as c:
@@ -717,8 +720,9 @@ def test_pipesizes(self):
             os.close(test_pipe_r)
             os.close(test_pipe_w)
         pipesize = pipesize_default // 2
-        if pipesize < 512:  # the POSIX minimum
-            raise unittest.SkitTest(
+        pagesize_default = support.get_pagesize()
+        if pipesize < pagesize_default:  # the POSIX minimum
+            raise unittest.SkipTest(
                 'default pipesize too small to perform test.')
         p = subprocess.Popen(
             [sys.executable, "-c",
@@ -745,31 +749,36 @@ def test_pipesizes(self):
     @unittest.skipUnless(fcntl and hasattr(fcntl, 'F_GETPIPE_SZ'),
                          'fcntl.F_GETPIPE_SZ required for test.')
     def test_pipesize_default(self):
-        p = subprocess.Popen(
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(
             [sys.executable, "-c",
              'import sys; sys.stdin.read(); sys.stdout.write("out"); '
              'sys.stderr.write("error!")'],
             stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
             stderr=subprocess.PIPE, pipesize=-1)
-        try:
-            fp_r, fp_w = os.pipe()
+
+        with proc:
             try:
-                default_pipesize = fcntl.fcntl(fp_w, fcntl.F_GETPIPE_SZ)
-                for fifo in [p.stdin, p.stdout, p.stderr]:
-                    self.assertEqual(
-                        fcntl.fcntl(fifo.fileno(), fcntl.F_GETPIPE_SZ),
-                        default_pipesize)
+                fp_r, fp_w = os.pipe()
+                try:
+                    default_read_pipesize = fcntl.fcntl(fp_r, fcntl.F_GETPIPE_SZ)
+                    default_write_pipesize = fcntl.fcntl(fp_w, fcntl.F_GETPIPE_SZ)
+                finally:
+                    os.close(fp_r)
+                    os.close(fp_w)
+
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    fcntl.fcntl(proc.stdin.fileno(), fcntl.F_GETPIPE_SZ),
+                    default_read_pipesize)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    fcntl.fcntl(proc.stdout.fileno(), fcntl.F_GETPIPE_SZ),
+                    default_write_pipesize)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    fcntl.fcntl(proc.stderr.fileno(), fcntl.F_GETPIPE_SZ),
+                    default_write_pipesize)
+                # On other platforms we cannot test the pipe size (yet). But above
+                # code using pipesize=-1 should not crash.
             finally:
-                os.close(fp_r)
-                os.close(fp_w)
-            # On other platforms we cannot test the pipe size (yet). But above
-            # code using pipesize=-1 should not crash.
-            p.stdin.close()
-            p.stdout.close()
-            p.stderr.close()
-        finally:
-            p.kill()
-            p.wait()
+                proc.kill()
 
     def test_env(self):
         newenv = os.environ.copy()
@@ -782,6 +791,19 @@ def test_env(self):
             stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
             self.assertEqual(stdout, b"orange")
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", "Windows only issue")
+    def test_win32_duplicate_envs(self):
+        newenv = os.environ.copy()
+        newenv["fRUit"] = "cherry"
+        newenv["fruit"] = "lemon"
+        newenv["FRUIT"] = "orange"
+        newenv["frUit"] = "banana"
+        with subprocess.Popen(["CMD", "/c", "SET", "fruit"],
+                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              env=newenv) as p:
+            stdout, _ = p.communicate()
+            self.assertEqual(stdout.strip(), b"frUit=banana")
+
     # Windows requires at least the SYSTEMROOT environment variable to start
     # Python
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32',
@@ -789,6 +811,8 @@ def test_env(self):
     @unittest.skipIf(sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_ENABLE_SHARED') == 1,
                      'The Python shared library cannot be loaded '
                      'with an empty environment.')
+    @unittest.skipIf(check_sanitizer(address=True),
+                     'AddressSanitizer adds to the environment.')
     def test_empty_env(self):
         """Verify that env={} is as empty as possible."""
 
@@ -811,6 +835,26 @@ def is_env_var_to_ignore(n):
                                if not is_env_var_to_ignore(k)]
             self.assertEqual(child_env_names, [])
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(sysconfig.get_config_var('Py_ENABLE_SHARED') == 1,
+                     'The Python shared library cannot be loaded '
+                     'without some system environments.')
+    @unittest.skipIf(check_sanitizer(address=True),
+                     'AddressSanitizer adds to the environment.')
+    def test_one_environment_variable(self):
+        newenv = {'fruit': 'orange'}
+        cmd = [sys.executable, '-c',
+                               'import sys,os;'
+                               'sys.stdout.write("fruit="+os.getenv("fruit"))']
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            cmd = ["CMD", "/c", "SET", "fruit"]
+        with subprocess.Popen(cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, env=newenv) as p:
+            stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+            if p.returncode and support.verbose:
+                print("STDOUT:", stdout.decode("ascii", "replace"))
+                print("STDERR:", stderr.decode("ascii", "replace"))
+            self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(stdout.strip(), b"fruit=orange")
+
     @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, null byte is not checked")
     def test_invalid_cmd(self):
         # null character in the command name
@@ -852,6 +896,19 @@ def test_invalid_env(self):
             stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
             self.assertEqual(stdout, b"orange=lemon")
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", "Windows only issue")
+    def test_win32_invalid_env(self):
+        # '=' in the environment variable name
+        newenv = os.environ.copy()
+        newenv["FRUIT=VEGETABLE"] = "cabbage"
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            subprocess.Popen(ZERO_RETURN_CMD, env=newenv)
+
+        newenv = os.environ.copy()
+        newenv["==FRUIT"] = "cabbage"
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            subprocess.Popen(ZERO_RETURN_CMD, env=newenv)
+
     def test_communicate_stdin(self):
         p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
                               'import sys;'
@@ -1300,6 +1357,7 @@ def test_bufsize_equal_one_binary_mode(self):
         with self.assertWarnsRegex(RuntimeWarning, 'line buffering'):
             self._test_bufsize_equal_one(line, b'', universal_newlines=False)
 
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_leaking_fds_on_error(self):
         # see bug #5179: Popen leaks file descriptors to PIPEs if
         # the child fails to execute; this will eventually exhaust
@@ -1581,6 +1639,22 @@ def test__use_vfork(self, mock_fork_exec):
                 subprocess.run([sys.executable, "-c", "pass"])
             self.assertFalse(mock_fork_exec.call_args_list[-1].args[-1])
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(subprocess, '_winapi'),
+                         'need subprocess._winapi')
+    def test_wait_negative_timeout(self):
+        proc = subprocess.Popen(ZERO_RETURN_CMD)
+        with proc:
+            patch = mock.patch.object(
+                subprocess._winapi,
+                'WaitForSingleObject',
+                return_value=subprocess._winapi.WAIT_OBJECT_0)
+            with patch as mock_wait:
+                proc.wait(-1)  # negative timeout
+                mock_wait.assert_called_once_with(proc._handle, 0)
+                proc.returncode = None
+
+            self.assertEqual(proc.wait(), 0)
+
 
 class RunFuncTestCase(BaseTestCase):
     def run_python(self, code, **kwargs):
@@ -1654,6 +1728,7 @@ def test_check_output_stdin_with_input_arg(self):
         self.assertIn('stdin', c.exception.args[0])
         self.assertIn('input', c.exception.args[0])
 
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
     def test_check_output_timeout(self):
         with self.assertRaises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired) as c:
             cp = self.run_python((
@@ -1704,6 +1779,14 @@ def test_run_with_pathlike_path_and_arguments(self):
         res = subprocess.run(args)
         self.assertEqual(res.returncode, 57)
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(mswindows, "Maybe test trigger a leak on Ubuntu")
+    def test_run_with_an_empty_env(self):
+        # gh-105436: fix subprocess.run(..., env={}) broken on Windows
+        args = [sys.executable, "-c", 'pass']
+        # Ignore subprocess errors - we only care that the API doesn't
+        # raise an OSError
+        subprocess.run(args, env={})
+
     def test_capture_output(self):
         cp = self.run_python(("import sys;"
                               "sys.stdout.write('BDFL'); "
@@ -1970,9 +2053,9 @@ def test_process_group_0(self):
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'setreuid'), 'no setreuid on platform')
     def test_user(self):
-        # For code coverage of the user parameter.  We don't care if we get an
-        # EPERM error from it depending on the test execution environment, that
-        # still indicates that it was called.
+        # For code coverage of the user parameter.  We don't care if we get a
+        # permission error from it depending on the test execution environment,
+        # that still indicates that it was called.
 
         uid = os.geteuid()
         test_users = [65534 if uid != 65534 else 65533, uid]
@@ -1996,11 +2079,11 @@ def test_user(self):
                                  "import os; print(os.getuid())"],
                                 user=user,
                                 close_fds=close_fds)
-                    except PermissionError:  # (EACCES, EPERM)
-                        pass
-                    except OSError as e:
-                        if e.errno not in (errno.EACCES, errno.EPERM):
-                            raise
+                    except PermissionError as e:  # (EACCES, EPERM)
+                        if e.errno == errno.EACCES:
+                            self.assertEqual(e.filename, sys.executable)
+                        else:
+                            self.assertIsNone(e.filename)
                     else:
                         if isinstance(user, str):
                             user_uid = pwd.getpwnam(user).pw_uid
@@ -2046,8 +2129,8 @@ def test_group(self):
                                  "import os; print(os.getgid())"],
                                 group=group,
                                 close_fds=close_fds)
-                    except PermissionError:  # (EACCES, EPERM)
-                        pass
+                    except PermissionError as e:  # (EACCES, EPERM)
+                        self.assertIsNone(e.filename)
                     else:
                         if isinstance(group, str):
                             group_gid = grp.getgrnam(group).gr_gid
@@ -2080,8 +2163,14 @@ def test_group_error(self):
     def test_extra_groups(self):
         gid = os.getegid()
         group_list = [65534 if gid != 65534 else 65533]
+        self._test_extra_groups_impl(gid=gid, group_list=group_list)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'setgroups'), 'no setgroups() on platform')
+    def test_extra_groups_empty_list(self):
+        self._test_extra_groups_impl(gid=os.getegid(), group_list=[])
+
+    def _test_extra_groups_impl(self, *, gid, group_list):
         name_group = _get_test_grp_name()
-        perm_error = False
 
         if grp is not None:
             group_list.append(name_group)
@@ -2091,11 +2180,9 @@ def test_extra_groups(self):
                     [sys.executable, "-c",
                      "import os, sys, json; json.dump(os.getgroups(), sys.stdout)"],
                     extra_groups=group_list)
-        except OSError as ex:
-            if ex.errno != errno.EPERM:
-                raise
-            perm_error = True
-
+        except PermissionError as e:
+            self.assertIsNone(e.filename)
+            self.skipTest("setgroup() EPERM; this test may require root.")
         else:
             parent_groups = os.getgroups()
             child_groups = json.loads(output)
@@ -2106,12 +2193,15 @@ def test_extra_groups(self):
             else:
                 desired_gids = group_list
 
-            if perm_error:
-                self.assertEqual(set(child_groups), set(parent_groups))
-            else:
-                self.assertEqual(set(desired_gids), set(child_groups))
+            self.assertEqual(set(desired_gids), set(child_groups))
 
-        # make sure we bomb on negative values
+        if grp is None:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                subprocess.check_call(ZERO_RETURN_CMD,
+                                      extra_groups=[name_group])
+
+    # No skip necessary, this test won't make it to a setgroup() call.
+    def test_extra_groups_invalid_gid_t_values(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             subprocess.check_call(ZERO_RETURN_CMD, extra_groups=[-1])
 
@@ -2120,16 +2210,6 @@ def test_extra_groups(self):
                                   cwd=os.curdir, env=os.environ,
                                   extra_groups=[2**64])
 
-        if grp is None:
-            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                subprocess.check_call(ZERO_RETURN_CMD,
-                                      extra_groups=[name_group])
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(hasattr(os, 'setgroups'), 'setgroups() available on platform')
-    def test_extra_groups_error(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            subprocess.check_call(ZERO_RETURN_CMD, extra_groups=[])
-
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(mswindows or not hasattr(os, 'umask'),
@@ -2884,7 +2964,7 @@ def test_close_fds(self):
 
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith("freebsd") and
                      os.stat("/dev").st_dev == os.stat("/dev/fd").st_dev,
-                     "Requires fdescfs mounted on /dev/fd on FreeBSD.")
+                     "Requires fdescfs mounted on /dev/fd on FreeBSD")
     def test_close_fds_when_max_fd_is_lowered(self):
         """Confirm that issue21618 is fixed (may fail under valgrind)."""
         fd_status = support.findfile("fd_status.py", subdir="subprocessdata")
@@ -3264,7 +3344,7 @@ def __int__(self):
                         1, 2, 3, 4,
                         True, True, 0,
                         None, None, None, -1,
-                        None, "no vfork")
+                        None, True)
                 self.assertIn('fds_to_keep', str(c.exception))
         finally:
             if not gc_enabled:
@@ -3380,6 +3460,25 @@ def test_communicate_repeated_call_after_stdout_close(self):
             except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
                 pass
 
+    def test_preexec_at_exit(self):
+        code = f"""if 1:
+        import atexit
+        import subprocess
+
+        def dummy():
+            pass
+
+        class AtFinalization:
+            def __del__(self):
+                print("OK")
+                subprocess.Popen({ZERO_RETURN_CMD}, preexec_fn=dummy)
+                print("shouldn't be printed")
+        at_finalization = AtFinalization()
+        """
+        _, out, err = assert_python_ok("-c", code)
+        self.assertEqual(out.strip(), b"OK")
+        self.assertIn(b"preexec_fn not supported at interpreter shutdown", err)
+
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(mswindows, "Windows specific tests")
 class Win32ProcessTestCase(BaseTestCase):

From 75a985e63ef5d51dcfc6882eab14079f287a06fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 1 May 2024 04:21:07 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 223/705] mark failng tests

---
 Lib/test/test_subprocess.py | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
index b106d64f29..1794acb742 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
@@ -791,6 +791,8 @@ def test_env(self):
             stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
             self.assertEqual(stdout, b"orange")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", "Windows only issue")
     def test_win32_duplicate_envs(self):
         newenv = os.environ.copy()
@@ -1779,6 +1781,8 @@ def test_run_with_pathlike_path_and_arguments(self):
         res = subprocess.run(args)
         self.assertEqual(res.returncode, 57)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(mswindows, "Maybe test trigger a leak on Ubuntu")
     def test_run_with_an_empty_env(self):
         # gh-105436: fix subprocess.run(..., env={}) broken on Windows
@@ -2165,6 +2169,8 @@ def test_extra_groups(self):
         group_list = [65534 if gid != 65534 else 65533]
         self._test_extra_groups_impl(gid=gid, group_list=group_list)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'setgroups'), 'no setgroups() on platform')
     def test_extra_groups_empty_list(self):
         self._test_extra_groups_impl(gid=os.getegid(), group_list=[])
@@ -2200,6 +2206,7 @@ def _test_extra_groups_impl(self, *, gid, group_list):
                 subprocess.check_call(ZERO_RETURN_CMD,
                                       extra_groups=[name_group])
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; clarify failure condition")
     # No skip necessary, this test won't make it to a setgroup() call.
     def test_extra_groups_invalid_gid_t_values(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
@@ -3460,6 +3467,8 @@ def test_communicate_repeated_call_after_stdout_close(self):
             except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
                 pass
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_preexec_at_exit(self):
         code = f"""if 1:
         import atexit

From 94e6648ee5bf858ff165002a1c321740b59871ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Wed, 1 May 2024 04:25:36 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 224/705] Update selectors from CPython v3.12.3

---
 Lib/selectors.py           | 18 +++++++++++-------
 Lib/test/test_selectors.py | 34 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/selectors.py b/Lib/selectors.py
index bb15a1cb1b..c3b065b522 100644
--- a/Lib/selectors.py
+++ b/Lib/selectors.py
@@ -50,12 +50,11 @@ def _fileobj_to_fd(fileobj):
     Object used to associate a file object to its backing
     file descriptor, selected event mask, and attached data.
 """
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 5):
-    SelectorKey.fileobj.__doc__ = 'File object registered.'
-    SelectorKey.fd.__doc__ = 'Underlying file descriptor.'
-    SelectorKey.events.__doc__ = 'Events that must be waited for on this file object.'
-    SelectorKey.data.__doc__ = ('''Optional opaque data associated to this file object.
-    For example, this could be used to store a per-client session ID.''')
+SelectorKey.fileobj.__doc__ = 'File object registered.'
+SelectorKey.fd.__doc__ = 'Underlying file descriptor.'
+SelectorKey.events.__doc__ = 'Events that must be waited for on this file object.'
+SelectorKey.data.__doc__ = ('''Optional opaque data associated to this file object.
+For example, this could be used to store a per-client session ID.''')
 
 
 class _SelectorMapping(Mapping):
@@ -510,6 +509,7 @@ class KqueueSelector(_BaseSelectorImpl):
         def __init__(self):
             super().__init__()
             self._selector = select.kqueue()
+            self._max_events = 0
 
         def fileno(self):
             return self._selector.fileno()
@@ -521,10 +521,12 @@ def register(self, fileobj, events, data=None):
                     kev = select.kevent(key.fd, select.KQ_FILTER_READ,
                                         select.KQ_EV_ADD)
                     self._selector.control([kev], 0, 0)
+                    self._max_events += 1
                 if events & EVENT_WRITE:
                     kev = select.kevent(key.fd, select.KQ_FILTER_WRITE,
                                         select.KQ_EV_ADD)
                     self._selector.control([kev], 0, 0)
+                    self._max_events += 1
             except:
                 super().unregister(fileobj)
                 raise
@@ -535,6 +537,7 @@ def unregister(self, fileobj):
             if key.events & EVENT_READ:
                 kev = select.kevent(key.fd, select.KQ_FILTER_READ,
                                     select.KQ_EV_DELETE)
+                self._max_events -= 1
                 try:
                     self._selector.control([kev], 0, 0)
                 except OSError:
@@ -544,6 +547,7 @@ def unregister(self, fileobj):
             if key.events & EVENT_WRITE:
                 kev = select.kevent(key.fd, select.KQ_FILTER_WRITE,
                                     select.KQ_EV_DELETE)
+                self._max_events -= 1
                 try:
                     self._selector.control([kev], 0, 0)
                 except OSError:
@@ -556,7 +560,7 @@ def select(self, timeout=None):
             # If max_ev is 0, kqueue will ignore the timeout. For consistent
             # behavior with the other selector classes, we prevent that here
             # (using max). See https://bugs.python.org/issue29255
-            max_ev = max(len(self._fd_to_key), 1)
+            max_ev = self._max_events or 1
             ready = []
             try:
                 kev_list = self._selector.control(None, max_ev, timeout)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_selectors.py b/Lib/test/test_selectors.py
index 42c5e8879b..af730a8dec 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_selectors.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_selectors.py
@@ -19,6 +19,10 @@
     resource = None
 
 
+if support.is_emscripten or support.is_wasi:
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("Cannot create socketpair on Emscripten/WASI.")
+
+
 if hasattr(socket, 'socketpair'):
     socketpair = socket.socketpair
 else:
@@ -276,6 +280,35 @@ def test_select(self):
 
         self.assertEqual([(wr_key, selectors.EVENT_WRITE)], result)
 
+    def test_select_read_write(self):
+        # gh-110038: when a file descriptor is registered for both read and
+        # write, the two events must be seen on a single call to select().
+        s = self.SELECTOR()
+        self.addCleanup(s.close)
+
+        sock1, sock2 = self.make_socketpair()
+        sock2.send(b"foo")
+        my_key = s.register(sock1, selectors.EVENT_READ | selectors.EVENT_WRITE)
+
+        seen_read, seen_write = False, False
+        result = s.select()
+        # We get the read and write either in the same result entry or in two
+        # distinct entries with the same key.
+        self.assertLessEqual(len(result), 2)
+        for key, events in result:
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(key, selectors.SelectorKey))
+            self.assertEqual(key, my_key)
+            self.assertFalse(events & ~(selectors.EVENT_READ |
+                                        selectors.EVENT_WRITE))
+            if events & selectors.EVENT_READ:
+                self.assertFalse(seen_read)
+                seen_read = True
+            if events & selectors.EVENT_WRITE:
+                self.assertFalse(seen_write)
+                seen_write = True
+        self.assertTrue(seen_read)
+        self.assertTrue(seen_write)
+
     def test_context_manager(self):
         s = self.SELECTOR()
         self.addCleanup(s.close)
@@ -446,6 +479,7 @@ class ScalableSelectorMixIn:
     # see issue #18963 for why it's skipped on older OS X versions
     @support.requires_mac_ver(10, 5)
     @unittest.skipUnless(resource, "Test needs resource module")
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_above_fd_setsize(self):
         # A scalable implementation should have no problem with more than
         # FD_SETSIZE file descriptors. Since we don't know the value, we just

From ed3811a65c2021f86eb32d72ac1d739c8406413f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 1 May 2024 04:03:17 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 225/705] wasi select module

---
 stdlib/src/lib.rs    |  7 ++++--
 stdlib/src/select.rs | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 97aaa8b89b..49eacf250d 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ mod grp;
 mod resource;
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
 mod scproxy;
-#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+#[cfg(any(unix, windows, target_os = "wasi"))]
 mod select;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 mod sqlite;
@@ -130,10 +130,13 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
         {
             "fcntl" => fcntl::make_module,
         }
+        #[cfg(any(unix, windows, target_os = "wasi"))]
+        {
+            "select" => select::make_module,
+        }
         #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
         {
             "_multiprocessing" => multiprocessing::make_module,
-            "select" => select::make_module,
             "_socket" => socket::make_module,
             "faulthandler" => faulthandler::make_module,
         }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index 1e624605f6..62c9025078 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,63 @@ mod platform {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(target_os = "wasi")]
+mod platform {
+    pub use libc::{timeval, FD_SETSIZE};
+    pub use std::os::wasi::io::RawFd;
+
+    pub fn check_err(x: i32) -> bool {
+        x < 0
+    }
+
+    #[repr(C)]
+    pub struct fd_set {
+        __nfds: usize,
+        __fds: [libc::c_int; FD_SETSIZE],
+    }
+
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    pub unsafe fn FD_ISSET(fd: RawFd, set: *const fd_set) -> bool {
+        let set = &*set;
+        let n = set.__nfds;
+        for p in &set.__fds[..n] {
+            if *p == fd {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        false
+    }
+
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    pub unsafe fn FD_SET(fd: RawFd, set: *mut fd_set) {
+        let set = &mut *set;
+        let n = set.__nfds;
+        for p in &set.__fds[..n] {
+            if *p == fd {
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        set.__nfds = n + 1;
+        set.__fds[n] = fd;
+    }
+
+    #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+    pub unsafe fn FD_ZERO(set: *mut fd_set) {
+        let set = &mut *set;
+        set.__nfds = 0;
+    }
+
+    extern "C" {
+        pub fn select(
+            nfds: libc::c_int,
+            readfds: *mut fd_set,
+            writefds: *mut fd_set,
+            errorfds: *mut fd_set,
+            timeout: *const timeval,
+        ) -> libc::c_int;
+    }
+}
+
 pub use platform::timeval;
 use platform::RawFd;
 

From 78fae736f91c4d4a1c316a7ffce7df70613ba148 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 1 May 2024 17:53:49 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 226/705] sys.get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth

---
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs | 14 ++++++++++++++
 vm/src/vm/thread.rs  |  9 +++++----
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index 55e9c12b7e..d6b10f4d2d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -692,6 +692,20 @@ mod sys {
         vm.use_tracing.set(tracing);
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth(depth: i32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        if depth < 0 {
+            return Err(vm.new_value_error("depth must be >= 0".to_owned()));
+        }
+        crate::vm::thread::COROUTINE_ORIGIN_TRACKING_DEPTH.with(|cell| cell.set(depth as _));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth() -> i32 {
+        crate::vm::thread::COROUTINE_ORIGIN_TRACKING_DEPTH.with(|cell| cell.get()) as _
+    }
+
     /// sys.flags
     ///
     /// Flags provided through command line arguments or environment vars.
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/thread.rs b/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
index 4460c39cd7..82110f73da 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
 use crate::{AsObject, PyObject, VirtualMachine};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use std::{
-    cell::RefCell,
-    ptr::{null, NonNull},
+    cell::{Cell, RefCell},
+    ptr::NonNull,
     thread_local,
 };
 
 thread_local! {
     pub(super) static VM_STACK: RefCell<Vec<NonNull<VirtualMachine>>> = Vec::with_capacity(1).into();
-    static VM_CURRENT: RefCell<*const VirtualMachine> = null::<VirtualMachine>().into();
+    static VM_CURRENT: RefCell<*const VirtualMachine> = std::ptr::null::<VirtualMachine>().into();
+
+    pub(crate) static COROUTINE_ORIGIN_TRACKING_DEPTH: Cell<u32> = const { Cell::new(0) };
 }
 
 pub fn with_current_vm<R>(f: impl FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> R) -> R {
@@ -142,7 +144,6 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     /// specific guaranteed behavior.
     #[cfg(feature = "threading")]
     pub fn new_thread(&self) -> ThreadedVirtualMachine {
-        use std::cell::Cell;
         let vm = VirtualMachine {
             builtins: self.builtins.clone(),
             sys_module: self.sys_module.clone(),

From e1574b1485edd181bf71c9651c117502088ac816 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 2 May 2024 12:17:51 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 227/705] sys.{get,set}_asyncgen_hooks

---
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 vm/src/vm/thread.rs  |  4 ++-
 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index d6b10f4d2d..bc629dc22a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ mod sys {
             ascii,
             hash::{PyHash, PyUHash},
         },
+        convert::ToPyObject,
         frame::FrameRef,
         function::{FuncArgs, OptionalArg, PosArgs},
-        stdlib::builtins,
-        stdlib::warnings::warn,
+        stdlib::{builtins, warnings::warn},
         types::PyStructSequence,
         version,
         vm::{Settings, VirtualMachine},
@@ -706,6 +706,68 @@ mod sys {
         crate::vm::thread::COROUTINE_ORIGIN_TRACKING_DEPTH.with(|cell| cell.get()) as _
     }
 
+    #[derive(FromArgs)]
+    struct SetAsyncgenHooksArgs {
+        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+        firstiter: OptionalArg<Option<PyObjectRef>>,
+        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+        finalizer: OptionalArg<Option<PyObjectRef>>,
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn set_asyncgen_hooks(args: SetAsyncgenHooksArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        if let Some(Some(finalizer)) = args.finalizer.as_option() {
+            if !finalizer.is_callable() {
+                return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                    "callable finalizer expected, got {:.50}",
+                    finalizer.class().name()
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(Some(firstiter)) = args.firstiter.as_option() {
+            if !firstiter.is_callable() {
+                return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                    "callable firstiter expected, got {:.50}",
+                    firstiter.class().name()
+                )));
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Some(finalizer) = args.finalizer.into_option() {
+            crate::vm::thread::ASYNC_GEN_FINALIZER.with(|cell| {
+                cell.replace(finalizer);
+            });
+        }
+        if let Some(firstiter) = args.firstiter.into_option() {
+            crate::vm::thread::ASYNC_GEN_FIRSTITER.with(|cell| {
+                cell.replace(firstiter);
+            });
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(no_attr, name = "asyncgen_hooks")]
+    #[derive(PyStructSequence)]
+    pub(super) struct PyAsyncgenHooks {
+        firstiter: PyObjectRef,
+        finalizer: PyObjectRef,
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(with(PyStructSequence))]
+    impl PyAsyncgenHooks {}
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn get_asyncgen_hooks(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyAsyncgenHooks {
+        PyAsyncgenHooks {
+            firstiter: crate::vm::thread::ASYNC_GEN_FIRSTITER
+                .with(|cell| cell.borrow().clone().to_pyobject(vm)),
+            finalizer: crate::vm::thread::ASYNC_GEN_FINALIZER
+                .with(|cell| cell.borrow().clone().to_pyobject(vm)),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// sys.flags
     ///
     /// Flags provided through command line arguments or environment vars.
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/thread.rs b/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
index 82110f73da..6ed422ab79 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{AsObject, PyObject, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, VirtualMachine};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use std::{
     cell::{Cell, RefCell},
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ thread_local! {
     static VM_CURRENT: RefCell<*const VirtualMachine> = std::ptr::null::<VirtualMachine>().into();
 
     pub(crate) static COROUTINE_ORIGIN_TRACKING_DEPTH: Cell<u32> = const { Cell::new(0) };
+    pub(crate) static ASYNC_GEN_FINALIZER: RefCell<Option<PyObjectRef>> = const { RefCell::new(None) };
+    pub(crate) static ASYNC_GEN_FIRSTITER: RefCell<Option<PyObjectRef>> = const { RefCell::new(None) };
 }
 
 pub fn with_current_vm<R>(f: impl FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> R) -> R {

From 3370f0f23da65c19ee77ccc1ecf95d9b6f58e5c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 4 May 2024 01:58:51 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 228/705] Update wasm-bindgen

---
 Cargo.lock    | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 vm/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index bcb637b9d3..a7d72388f6 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3100,9 +3100,9 @@ checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.84"
+version = "0.2.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "31f8dcbc21f30d9b8f2ea926ecb58f6b91192c17e9d33594b3df58b2007ca53b"
+checksum = "4be2531df63900aeb2bca0daaaddec08491ee64ceecbee5076636a3b026795a8"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro",
@@ -3110,16 +3110,16 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.84"
+version = "0.2.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "95ce90fd5bcc06af55a641a86428ee4229e44e07033963a2290a8e241607ccb9"
+checksum = "614d787b966d3989fa7bb98a654e369c762374fd3213d212cfc0251257e747da"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "log",
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.32",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
@@ -3137,9 +3137,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.84"
+version = "0.2.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c21f77c0bedc37fd5dc21f897894a5ca01e7bb159884559461862ae90c0b4c5"
+checksum = "a1f8823de937b71b9460c0c34e25f3da88250760bec0ebac694b49997550d726"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -3147,22 +3147,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.84"
+version = "0.2.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2aff81306fcac3c7515ad4e177f521b5c9a15f2b08f4e32d823066102f35a5f6"
+checksum = "e94f17b526d0a461a191c78ea52bbce64071ed5c04c9ffe424dcb38f74171bb7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.32",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.84"
+version = "0.2.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0046fef7e28c3804e5e38bfa31ea2a0f73905319b677e57ebe37e49358989b5d"
+checksum = "af190c94f2773fdb3729c55b007a722abb5384da03bc0986df4c289bf5567e96"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 02586f89c5..109bec7eb6 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ features = [
 ]
 
 [target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
-wasm-bindgen = "0.2.80"
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2.92"
 
 [build-dependencies]
 glob = { workspace = true }

From 5f0d1252b6d414e4f8208fbc2f9196eefd085649 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 4 May 2024 01:58:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 229/705] suppress empty-doc warning

---
 wasm/lib/src/convert.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
index 134567fba6..7ebc4e257b 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::empty_docs)] // TODO: remove it later. false positive by wasm-bindgen generated code
+
 use crate::js_module;
 use crate::vm_class::{stored_vm_from_wasm, WASMVirtualMachine};
 use js_sys::{Array, ArrayBuffer, Object, Promise, Reflect, SyntaxError, Uint8Array};

From 52aad1ec0898fce311a39e35fce7ec82ef05244d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 5 May 2024 23:47:18 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 230/705] DefaultConstructor impls Constructor; Unconstructible
 is not anymore

---
 derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs        | 47 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 stdlib/src/socket.rs              |  4 +--
 vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs |  4 +--
 vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs   |  9 ++++--
 vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs      | 20 ++++---------
 vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs          |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs      |  4 +--
 vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs     |  6 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/dict.rs           | 28 ++++++------------
 vm/src/builtins/frame.rs          |  4 +--
 vm/src/builtins/generator.rs      |  4 +--
 vm/src/builtins/getset.rs         |  4 +--
 vm/src/builtins/list.rs           |  4 +--
 vm/src/builtins/memory.rs         |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/namespace.rs      | 16 ++++-------
 vm/src/builtins/range.rs          |  8 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/set.rs            | 16 ++++-------
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs            |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs          |  2 +-
 vm/src/class.rs                   |  7 +++--
 vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs         |  4 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs      | 16 +++--------
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs               | 14 ++++-----
 vm/src/types/slot.rs              | 17 ++++++-----
 24 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 129 deletions(-)

diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
index a8371d889b..38f5bad613 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
@@ -1453,29 +1453,37 @@ fn extract_impl_attrs(attr: AttributeArgs, item: &Ident) -> Result<ExtractedImpl
     }];
     let mut payload = None;
 
+    let mut has_constructor = false;
     for attr in attr {
         match attr {
             NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::List(syn::MetaList { path, nested, .. })) => {
                 if path.is_ident("with") {
                     for meta in nested {
-                        let NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::Path(path)) = meta else {
-                            bail_span!(meta, "#[pyclass(with(...))] arguments should be paths")
+                        let NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::Path(path)) = &meta else {
+                            bail_span!(meta, "#[pyclass(with(...))] arguments must be paths")
+                        };
+                        let (extend_class, method_defs, extend_slots) = if path.is_ident("PyRef")
+                            || path.is_ident("Py")
+                        {
+                            // special handling for PyRef
+                            (
+                                quote!(#path::<Self>::__extend_py_class),
+                                quote!(#path::<Self>::__OWN_METHOD_DEFS),
+                                quote!(#path::<Self>::__extend_slots),
+                            )
+                        } else {
+                            if path.is_ident("DefaultConstructor") {
+                                bail_span!(meta, "Try `#[pyclass(with(Constructor, ...))]` instead of `#[pyclass(with(DefaultConstructor, ...))]`. DefaultConstructor implicitly implements Constructor.")
+                            }
+                            if path.is_ident("Constructor") || path.is_ident("Unconstructible") {
+                                has_constructor = true;
+                            }
+                            (
+                                quote!(<Self as #path>::__extend_py_class),
+                                quote!(<Self as #path>::__OWN_METHOD_DEFS),
+                                quote!(<Self as #path>::__extend_slots),
+                            )
                         };
-                        let (extend_class, method_defs, extend_slots) =
-                            if path.is_ident("PyRef") || path.is_ident("Py") {
-                                // special handling for PyRef
-                                (
-                                    quote!(#path::<Self>::__extend_py_class),
-                                    quote!(#path::<Self>::__OWN_METHOD_DEFS),
-                                    quote!(#path::<Self>::__extend_slots),
-                                )
-                            } else {
-                                (
-                                    quote!(<Self as #path>::__extend_py_class),
-                                    quote!(<Self as #path>::__OWN_METHOD_DEFS),
-                                    quote!(<Self as #path>::__extend_slots),
-                                )
-                            };
                         let item_span = item.span().resolved_at(Span::call_site());
                         withs.push(quote_spanned! { path.span() =>
                             #extend_class(ctx, class);
@@ -1518,6 +1526,11 @@ fn extract_impl_attrs(attr: AttributeArgs, item: &Ident) -> Result<ExtractedImpl
             attr => bail_span!(attr, "Unknown pyimpl attribute"),
         }
     }
+    // TODO: DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION check is required
+    let _ = has_constructor;
+    // if !withs.is_empty() && !has_constructor {
+    //     bail_span!(item, "#[pyclass(with(...))] does not have a Constructor. Either #[pyclass(with(Constructor, ...))] or #[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, ...))] is mandatory. Consider to add `impl DefaultConstructor for T {{}}` or `impl Unconstructible for T {{}}`.")
+    // }
 
     Ok(ExtractedImplAttrs {
         payload,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index f3a86141e2..1c99e3d5f6 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ mod _socket {
         common::os::ErrorExt,
         convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject, TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject},
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgMemoryBuffer, Either, FsPath, OptionalArg, OptionalOption},
-        types::{DefaultConstructor, Initializer, Representable},
+        types::{Constructor, DefaultConstructor, Initializer, Representable},
         utils::ToCString,
         AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
@@ -1062,7 +1062,7 @@ mod _socket {
         }
     }
 
-    #[pyclass(with(DefaultConstructor, Initializer, Representable), flags(BASETYPE))]
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor, Initializer, Representable), flags(BASETYPE))]
     impl PySocket {
         fn _init(
             zelf: PyRef<Self>,
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs b/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs
index d58744da0a..4efb41b450 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
     frame::FrameRef,
     function::OptionalArg,
     protocol::PyIterReturn,
-    types::{Constructor, IterNext, Iterable, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible},
+    types::{IterNext, Iterable, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible},
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyAsyncGen {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(PyRef, Constructor, Representable))]
+#[pyclass(with(PyRef, Unconstructible, Representable))]
 impl PyAsyncGen {
     pub fn as_coro(&self) -> &Coro {
         &self.inner
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs b/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
index 515ae7d726..b0b3492ea9 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::{
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::TryFromObject,
     function::{FuncArgs, PyComparisonValue, PyMethodDef, PyMethodFlags, PyNativeFn},
-    types::{Callable, Comparable, Constructor, PyComparisonOp, Representable, Unconstructible},
+    types::{Callable, Comparable, PyComparisonOp, Representable, Unconstructible},
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::fmt;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl Callable for PyNativeFunction {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Callable, Constructor), flags(HAS_DICT))]
+#[pyclass(with(Callable, Unconstructible), flags(HAS_DICT))]
 impl PyNativeFunction {
     #[pygetset(magic)]
     fn module(zelf: NativeFunctionOrMethod) -> Option<&'static PyStrInterned> {
@@ -138,7 +138,10 @@ pub struct PyNativeMethod {
     pub(crate) class: &'static Py<PyType>, // TODO: the actual life is &'self
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Callable, Comparable, Representable), flags(HAS_DICT))]
+#[pyclass(
+    with(Unconstructible, Callable, Comparable, Representable),
+    flags(HAS_DICT)
+)]
 impl PyNativeMethod {
     #[pygetset(magic)]
     fn qualname(zelf: PyRef<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyStrRef> {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
index 9ac0fb54f2..40e6cf7b5c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     convert::{ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
     function::{
-        ArgBytesLike, ArgIterable, ArgSize, Either, FuncArgs, OptionalArg, OptionalOption,
-        PyComparisonValue,
+        ArgBytesLike, ArgIterable, ArgSize, Either, OptionalArg, OptionalOption, PyComparisonValue,
     },
     protocol::{
         BufferDescriptor, BufferMethods, BufferResizeGuard, PyBuffer, PyIterReturn,
@@ -30,8 +29,9 @@ use crate::{
     },
     sliceable::{SequenceIndex, SliceableSequenceMutOp, SliceableSequenceOp},
     types::{
-        AsBuffer, AsMapping, AsNumber, AsSequence, Callable, Comparable, Constructor, Initializer,
-        IterNext, Iterable, PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
+        AsBuffer, AsMapping, AsNumber, AsSequence, Callable, Comparable, Constructor,
+        DefaultConstructor, Initializer, IterNext, Iterable, PyComparisonOp, Representable,
+        SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
     VirtualMachine,
@@ -696,15 +696,7 @@ impl PyRef<PyByteArray> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Constructor for PyByteArray {
-    type Args = FuncArgs;
-
-    fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        PyByteArray::default()
-            .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
-            .map(Into::into)
-    }
-}
+impl DefaultConstructor for PyByteArray {}
 
 impl Initializer for PyByteArray {
     type Args = ByteInnerNewOptions;
@@ -891,7 +883,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyByteArrayIterator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PyByteArrayIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
index 351eb7ba8a..1db6417836 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyBytesIterator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PyBytesIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs b/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs
index 2454e27e2c..ce6b160fd1 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
     frame::FrameRef,
     function::OptionalArg,
     protocol::PyIterReturn,
-    types::{Constructor, IterNext, Iterable, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible},
+    types::{IterNext, Iterable, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible},
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyCoroutine {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Representable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Representable))]
 impl PyCoroutine {
     pub fn as_coro(&self) -> &Coro {
         &self.inner
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
index ffce4db5e7..6f0705e8ec 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::{
     builtins::{builtin_func::PyNativeMethod, type_},
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{FuncArgs, PyMethodDef, PyMethodFlags, PySetterValue},
-    types::{Callable, Constructor, GetDescriptor, Representable, Unconstructible},
+    types::{Callable, GetDescriptor, Representable, Unconstructible},
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl PyMethodDescriptor {
 }
 
 #[pyclass(
-    with(GetDescriptor, Callable, Constructor, Representable),
+    with(GetDescriptor, Callable, Unconstructible, Representable),
     flags(METHOD_DESCRIPTOR)
 )]
 impl PyMethodDescriptor {
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ fn calculate_qualname(descr: &PyDescriptorOwned, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResul
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(GetDescriptor, Constructor, Representable), flags(BASETYPE))]
+#[pyclass(with(GetDescriptor, Unconstructible, Representable), flags(BASETYPE))]
 impl PyMemberDescriptor {
     #[pygetset(magic)]
     fn doc(&self) -> Option<String> {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
index f5a1abdee2..39ae071045 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
@@ -12,15 +12,13 @@ use crate::{
     class::{PyClassDef, PyClassImpl},
     common::ascii,
     dictdatatype::{self, DictKey},
-    function::{
-        ArgIterable, FuncArgs, KwArgs, OptionalArg, PyArithmeticValue::*, PyComparisonValue,
-    },
+    function::{ArgIterable, KwArgs, OptionalArg, PyArithmeticValue::*, PyComparisonValue},
     iter::PyExactSizeIterator,
     protocol::{PyIterIter, PyIterReturn, PyMappingMethods, PyNumberMethods, PySequenceMethods},
     recursion::ReprGuard,
     types::{
-        AsMapping, AsNumber, AsSequence, Callable, Comparable, Constructor, Initializer, IterNext,
-        Iterable, PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
+        AsMapping, AsNumber, AsSequence, Callable, Comparable, Constructor, DefaultConstructor,
+        Initializer, IterNext, Iterable, PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
     vm::VirtualMachine,
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
@@ -410,15 +408,7 @@ impl PyRef<PyDict> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Constructor for PyDict {
-    type Args = FuncArgs;
-
-    fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        PyDict::default()
-            .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
-            .map(Into::into)
-    }
-}
+impl DefaultConstructor for PyDict {}
 
 impl Initializer for PyDict {
     type Args = (OptionalArg<PyObjectRef>, KwArgs);
@@ -835,7 +825,7 @@ macro_rules! dict_view {
             }
         }
 
-        #[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+        #[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
         impl $iter_name {
             fn new(dict: PyDictRef) -> Self {
                 $iter_name {
@@ -908,7 +898,7 @@ macro_rules! dict_view {
             }
         }
 
-        #[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+        #[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
         impl $reverse_iter_name {
             fn new(dict: PyDictRef) -> Self {
                 let size = dict.size();
@@ -1114,7 +1104,7 @@ trait ViewSetOps: DictView {
 impl ViewSetOps for PyDictKeys {}
 #[pyclass(with(
     DictView,
-    Constructor,
+    Unconstructible,
     Comparable,
     Iterable,
     ViewSetOps,
@@ -1178,7 +1168,7 @@ impl AsNumber for PyDictKeys {
 impl ViewSetOps for PyDictItems {}
 #[pyclass(with(
     DictView,
-    Constructor,
+    Unconstructible,
     Comparable,
     Iterable,
     ViewSetOps,
@@ -1253,7 +1243,7 @@ impl AsNumber for PyDictItems {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(DictView, Constructor, Iterable, AsSequence, Representable))]
+#[pyclass(with(DictView, Unconstructible, Iterable, AsSequence, Representable))]
 impl PyDictValues {
     #[pygetset]
     fn mapping(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyMappingProxy {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs b/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs
index d93799db92..3cc7d788fb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
     class::PyClassImpl,
     frame::{Frame, FrameRef},
     function::PySetterValue,
-    types::{Constructor, Representable, Unconstructible},
+    types::{Representable, Unconstructible},
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use num_traits::Zero;
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl Representable for Frame {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, Py))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, Py))]
 impl Frame {
     #[pymethod]
     fn clear(&self) {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/generator.rs b/vm/src/builtins/generator.rs
index eceac5ba93..e0ec77006d 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/generator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/generator.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
     frame::FrameRef,
     function::OptionalArg,
     protocol::PyIterReturn,
-    types::{Constructor, IterNext, Iterable, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible},
+    types::{IterNext, Iterable, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible},
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyGenerator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Py, Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Py, Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PyGenerator {
     pub fn as_coro(&self) -> &Coro {
         &self.inner
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs b/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs
index 2516fcd566..2fa1e41483 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use super::PyType;
 use crate::{
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{IntoPyGetterFunc, IntoPySetterFunc, PyGetterFunc, PySetterFunc, PySetterValue},
-    types::{Constructor, GetDescriptor, Unconstructible},
+    types::{GetDescriptor, Unconstructible},
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl PyGetSet {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(GetDescriptor, Constructor))]
+#[pyclass(with(GetDescriptor, Unconstructible))]
 impl PyGetSet {
     // Descriptor methods
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
index 29be635de2..e9de8e5f04 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyListIterator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PyListIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyListReverseIterator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PyListReverseIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
index aca2114bf0..dfbbdc5aaf 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
@@ -1137,7 +1137,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyMemoryViewIterator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PyMemoryViewIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn reduce(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTupleRef {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/namespace.rs b/vm/src/builtins/namespace.rs
index 4a08dddc9a..441fd014f0 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/namespace.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/namespace.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-use super::{tuple::IntoPyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
+use super::{tuple::IntoPyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType};
 use crate::{
     builtins::PyDict,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{FuncArgs, PyComparisonValue},
     recursion::ReprGuard,
-    types::{Comparable, Constructor, Initializer, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
+    types::{
+        Comparable, Constructor, DefaultConstructor, Initializer, PyComparisonOp, Representable,
+    },
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
@@ -12,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::{
 ///
 /// SimpleNamespace(**kwargs)
 #[pyclass(module = "types", name = "SimpleNamespace")]
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
 pub struct PyNamespace {}
 
 impl PyPayload for PyNamespace {
@@ -21,13 +23,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyNamespace {
     }
 }
 
-impl Constructor for PyNamespace {
-    type Args = FuncArgs;
-
-    fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        PyNamespace {}.into_ref_with_type(vm, cls).map(Into::into)
-    }
-}
+impl DefaultConstructor for PyNamespace {}
 
 impl PyNamespace {
     pub fn new_ref(ctx: &Context) -> PyRef<Self> {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/range.rs b/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
index 348924a7a9..23a3a7e81c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ use crate::{
     function::{ArgIndex, FuncArgs, OptionalArg, PyComparisonValue},
     protocol::{PyIterReturn, PyMappingMethods, PySequenceMethods},
     types::{
-        AsMapping, AsSequence, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, IterNext, Iterable,
-        PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
+        AsMapping, AsSequence, Comparable, Hashable, IterNext, Iterable, PyComparisonOp,
+        Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
     VirtualMachine,
@@ -537,7 +537,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyLongRangeIterator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PyLongRangeIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn length_hint(&self) -> BigInt {
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyRangeIterator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PyRangeIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
index 9672b467ec..65f4338bc6 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ use crate::{
     common::{ascii, hash::PyHash, lock::PyMutex, rc::PyRc},
     convert::ToPyResult,
     dictdatatype::{self, DictSize},
-    function::{ArgIterable, FuncArgs, OptionalArg, PosArgs, PyArithmeticValue, PyComparisonValue},
+    function::{ArgIterable, OptionalArg, PosArgs, PyArithmeticValue, PyComparisonValue},
     protocol::{PyIterReturn, PyNumberMethods, PySequenceMethods},
     recursion::ReprGuard,
     types::AsNumber,
     types::{
-        AsSequence, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, Initializer, IterNext, Iterable,
-        PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
+        AsSequence, Comparable, Constructor, DefaultConstructor, Hashable, Initializer, IterNext,
+        Iterable, PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
     utils::collection_repr,
     vm::VirtualMachine,
@@ -765,13 +765,7 @@ impl PySet {
     }
 }
 
-impl Constructor for PySet {
-    type Args = FuncArgs;
-
-    fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        PySet::default().into_ref_with_type(vm, cls).map(Into::into)
-    }
-}
+impl DefaultConstructor for PySet {}
 
 impl Initializer for PySet {
     type Args = OptionalArg<PyObjectRef>;
@@ -1253,7 +1247,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PySetIterator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PySetIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 03207aa53e..9cc3397cad 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyStrIterator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PyStrIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
index cf267a63b8..e9e85d1fe8 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyTupleIterator {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Constructor, IterNext, Iterable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Iterable))]
 impl PyTupleIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
diff --git a/vm/src/class.rs b/vm/src/class.rs
index d6893bf152..3b7f1bffcb 100644
--- a/vm/src/class.rs
+++ b/vm/src/class.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,10 @@ pub trait PyClassDef {
 pub trait PyClassImpl: PyClassDef {
     const TP_FLAGS: PyTypeFlags = PyTypeFlags::DEFAULT;
 
-    fn extend_class(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+    fn extend_class(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>)
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
         #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
         {
             assert!(class.slots.flags.is_created_with_flags());
@@ -120,7 +123,7 @@ pub trait PyClassImpl: PyClassDef {
 
     fn make_class(ctx: &Context) -> PyTypeRef
     where
-        Self: StaticType,
+        Self: StaticType + Sized,
     {
         (*Self::static_cell().get_or_init(|| {
             let typ = Self::create_static_type();
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
index 820a7c7124..3783ccf4b6 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     object::PyObjectPayload,
     sliceable::SequenceIndexOp,
-    types::{Constructor, Unconstructible},
+    types::Unconstructible,
     Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ pub struct VecBuffer {
     data: PyMutex<Vec<u8>>,
 }
 
-#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE), with(Constructor))]
+#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE), with(Unconstructible))]
 impl VecBuffer {
     pub fn take(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
         std::mem::take(&mut self.data.lock())
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
index e416792d05..00eaaca020 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
@@ -9,15 +9,15 @@ mod _collections {
             PositionIterInternal, PyGenericAlias, PyInt, PyTypeRef,
         },
         common::lock::{PyMutex, PyRwLock, PyRwLockReadGuard, PyRwLockWriteGuard},
-        function::{FuncArgs, KwArgs, OptionalArg, PyComparisonValue},
+        function::{KwArgs, OptionalArg, PyComparisonValue},
         iter::PyExactSizeIterator,
         protocol::{PyIterReturn, PySequenceMethods},
         recursion::ReprGuard,
         sequence::{MutObjectSequenceOp, OptionalRangeArgs},
         sliceable::SequenceIndexOp,
         types::{
-            AsSequence, Comparable, Constructor, Initializer, IterNext, Iterable, PyComparisonOp,
-            Representable, SelfIter,
+            AsSequence, Comparable, Constructor, DefaultConstructor, Initializer, IterNext,
+            Iterable, PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter,
         },
         utils::collection_repr,
         AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
@@ -427,15 +427,7 @@ mod _collections {
         }
     }
 
-    impl Constructor for PyDeque {
-        type Args = FuncArgs;
-
-        fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            PyDeque::default()
-                .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
-                .map(Into::into)
-        }
-    }
+    impl DefaultConstructor for PyDeque {}
 
     impl Initializer for PyDeque {
         type Args = PyDequeOptions;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 11d2ab8a5b..2478566e69 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -1694,7 +1694,7 @@ mod _io {
     }
 
     #[pyclass(
-        with(DefaultConstructor, BufferedMixin, BufferedReadable),
+        with(Constructor, BufferedMixin, BufferedReadable),
         flags(BASETYPE, HAS_DICT)
     )]
     impl BufferedReader {}
@@ -1744,7 +1744,7 @@ mod _io {
     }
 
     #[pyclass(
-        with(DefaultConstructor, BufferedMixin, BufferedWritable),
+        with(Constructor, BufferedMixin, BufferedWritable),
         flags(BASETYPE, HAS_DICT)
     )]
     impl BufferedWriter {}
@@ -1780,7 +1780,7 @@ mod _io {
     }
 
     #[pyclass(
-        with(DefaultConstructor, BufferedMixin, BufferedReadable, BufferedWritable),
+        with(Constructor, BufferedMixin, BufferedReadable, BufferedWritable),
         flags(BASETYPE, HAS_DICT)
     )]
     impl BufferedRandom {}
@@ -1824,7 +1824,7 @@ mod _io {
     }
 
     #[pyclass(
-        with(DefaultConstructor, Initializer, BufferedReadable, BufferedWritable),
+        with(Constructor, Initializer, BufferedReadable, BufferedWritable),
         flags(BASETYPE, HAS_DICT)
     )]
     impl BufferedRWPair {
@@ -2292,7 +2292,7 @@ mod _io {
         }
     }
 
-    #[pyclass(with(DefaultConstructor, Initializer), flags(BASETYPE))]
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor, Initializer), flags(BASETYPE))]
     impl TextIOWrapper {
         #[pymethod]
         fn seekable(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
@@ -3724,7 +3724,7 @@ mod fileio {
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgMemoryBuffer, OptionalArg, OptionalOption},
         ospath::{IOErrorBuilder, OsPath, OsPathOrFd},
         stdlib::os,
-        types::{DefaultConstructor, Initializer, Representable},
+        types::{Constructor, DefaultConstructor, Initializer, Representable},
         AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
@@ -3987,7 +3987,7 @@ mod fileio {
     }
 
     #[pyclass(
-        with(DefaultConstructor, Initializer, Representable),
+        with(Constructor, Initializer, Representable),
         flags(BASETYPE, HAS_DICT)
     )]
     impl FileIO {
diff --git a/vm/src/types/slot.rs b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
index 04047eafd0..58b5a01345 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/slot.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
@@ -767,24 +767,27 @@ pub trait Constructor: PyPayload {
     fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult;
 }
 
+pub trait DefaultConstructor: PyPayload + Default {}
+
+/// For types that cannot be instantiated through Python code.
 #[pyclass]
-pub trait DefaultConstructor: PyPayload + Default {
-    #[inline]
+pub trait Unconstructible: PyPayload {
     #[pyslot]
     fn slot_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        Self::default().into_ref_with_type(vm, cls).map(Into::into)
+        Err(vm.new_type_error(format!("cannot create {} instances", cls.slot_name())))
     }
 }
 
-/// For types that cannot be instantiated through Python code.
-pub trait Unconstructible: PyPayload {}
-
 impl<T> Constructor for T
 where
-    T: Unconstructible,
+    T: DefaultConstructor,
 {
     type Args = FuncArgs;
 
+    fn slot_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        Self::default().into_ref_with_type(vm, cls).map(Into::into)
+    }
+
     fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         Err(vm.new_type_error(format!("cannot create {} instances", cls.slot_name())))
     }

From f839e6cc792872c64df8b47a7e6befd611f19b04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 6 May 2024 00:29:29 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 231/705] more #[pyclass(Py, PyRef)]

---
 vm/src/builtins/complex.rs   |  23 ++++---
 vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs |  66 ++++++++++----------
 vm/src/builtins/dict.rs      | 115 +++++++++++++++++------------------
 vm/src/exceptions.rs         |  25 ++++----
 4 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 110 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
index 284ee7e42d..51aef98881 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
@@ -231,18 +231,9 @@ impl PyComplex {
 
 #[pyclass(
     flags(BASETYPE),
-    with(Comparable, Hashable, Constructor, AsNumber, Representable)
+    with(PyRef, Comparable, Hashable, Constructor, AsNumber, Representable)
 )]
 impl PyComplex {
-    #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn complex(zelf: PyRef<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyComplex> {
-        if zelf.is(vm.ctx.types.complex_type) {
-            zelf
-        } else {
-            PyComplex::from(zelf.value).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
-        }
-    }
-
     #[pygetset]
     fn real(&self) -> f64 {
         self.value.re
@@ -387,6 +378,18 @@ impl PyComplex {
     }
 }
 
+#[pyclass]
+impl PyRef<PyComplex> {
+    #[pymethod(magic)]
+    fn complex(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyComplex> {
+        if self.is(vm.ctx.types.complex_type) {
+            self
+        } else {
+            PyComplex::from(self.value).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl Comparable for PyComplex {
     fn cmp(
         zelf: &Py<Self>,
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs b/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs
index ce6b160fd1..db9592bd47 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyCoroutine {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(Unconstructible, IterNext, Representable))]
+#[pyclass(with(Py, Unconstructible, IterNext, Representable))]
 impl PyCoroutine {
     pub fn as_coro(&self) -> &Coro {
         &self.inner
@@ -44,33 +44,6 @@ impl PyCoroutine {
         self.inner.set_name(name)
     }
 
-    #[pymethod]
-    fn send(zelf: &Py<Self>, value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyIterReturn> {
-        zelf.inner.send(zelf.as_object(), value, vm)
-    }
-
-    #[pymethod]
-    fn throw(
-        zelf: &Py<Self>,
-        exc_type: PyObjectRef,
-        exc_val: OptionalArg,
-        exc_tb: OptionalArg,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyIterReturn> {
-        zelf.inner.throw(
-            zelf.as_object(),
-            exc_type,
-            exc_val.unwrap_or_none(vm),
-            exc_tb.unwrap_or_none(vm),
-            vm,
-        )
-    }
-
-    #[pymethod]
-    fn close(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        zelf.inner.close(zelf.as_object(), vm)
-    }
-
     #[pymethod(name = "__await__")]
     fn r#await(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyCoroutineWrapper {
         PyCoroutineWrapper { coro: zelf }
@@ -99,6 +72,37 @@ impl PyCoroutine {
         None
     }
 }
+
+#[pyclass]
+impl Py<PyCoroutine> {
+    #[pymethod]
+    fn send(&self, value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyIterReturn> {
+        self.inner.send(self.as_object(), value, vm)
+    }
+
+    #[pymethod]
+    fn throw(
+        &self,
+        exc_type: PyObjectRef,
+        exc_val: OptionalArg,
+        exc_tb: OptionalArg,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<PyIterReturn> {
+        self.inner.throw(
+            self.as_object(),
+            exc_type,
+            exc_val.unwrap_or_none(vm),
+            exc_tb.unwrap_or_none(vm),
+            vm,
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[pymethod]
+    fn close(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        self.inner.close(self.as_object(), vm)
+    }
+}
+
 impl Unconstructible for PyCoroutine {}
 
 impl Representable for PyCoroutine {
@@ -111,7 +115,7 @@ impl Representable for PyCoroutine {
 impl SelfIter for PyCoroutine {}
 impl IterNext for PyCoroutine {
     fn next(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyIterReturn> {
-        Self::send(zelf, vm.ctx.none(), vm)
+        zelf.send(vm.ctx.none(), vm)
     }
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +136,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyCoroutineWrapper {
 impl PyCoroutineWrapper {
     #[pymethod]
     fn send(&self, val: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyIterReturn> {
-        PyCoroutine::send(&self.coro, val, vm)
+        self.coro.send(val, vm)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
@@ -143,7 +147,7 @@ impl PyCoroutineWrapper {
         exc_tb: OptionalArg,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<PyIterReturn> {
-        PyCoroutine::throw(&self.coro, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb, vm)
+        self.coro.throw(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb, vm)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
index 39ae071045..0d10e3c4bf 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
@@ -109,43 +109,6 @@ impl PyDict {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn inner_cmp(
-        zelf: &Py<Self>,
-        other: &Py<PyDict>,
-        op: PyComparisonOp,
-        item: bool,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<PyComparisonValue> {
-        if op == PyComparisonOp::Ne {
-            return Self::inner_cmp(zelf, other, PyComparisonOp::Eq, item, vm)
-                .map(|x| x.map(|eq| !eq));
-        }
-        if !op.eval_ord(zelf.len().cmp(&other.len())) {
-            return Ok(Implemented(false));
-        }
-        let (superset, subset) = if zelf.len() < other.len() {
-            (other, zelf)
-        } else {
-            (zelf, other)
-        };
-        for (k, v1) in subset {
-            match superset.get_item_opt(&*k, vm)? {
-                Some(v2) => {
-                    if v1.is(&v2) {
-                        continue;
-                    }
-                    if item && !vm.bool_eq(&v1, &v2)? {
-                        return Ok(Implemented(false));
-                    }
-                }
-                None => {
-                    return Ok(Implemented(false));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(Implemented(true))
-    }
-
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
         self.entries.len() == 0
     }
@@ -317,23 +280,6 @@ impl PyDict {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn ior(zelf: PyRef<Self>, other: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyRef<Self>> {
-        zelf.merge_object(other, vm)?;
-        Ok(zelf)
-    }
-
-    #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn ror(zelf: PyRef<Self>, other: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        let dicted: Result<PyDictRef, _> = other.downcast();
-        if let Ok(other) = dicted {
-            let other_cp = other.copy();
-            other_cp.merge_dict(zelf, vm)?;
-            return Ok(other_cp.into_pyobject(vm));
-        }
-        Ok(vm.ctx.not_implemented())
-    }
-
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn or(&self, other: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         let dicted: Result<PyDictRef, _> = other.downcast();
@@ -378,6 +324,43 @@ impl PyDict {
 
 #[pyclass]
 impl Py<PyDict> {
+    fn inner_cmp(
+        &self,
+        other: &Py<PyDict>,
+        op: PyComparisonOp,
+        item: bool,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<PyComparisonValue> {
+        if op == PyComparisonOp::Ne {
+            return Self::inner_cmp(self, other, PyComparisonOp::Eq, item, vm)
+                .map(|x| x.map(|eq| !eq));
+        }
+        if !op.eval_ord(self.len().cmp(&other.len())) {
+            return Ok(Implemented(false));
+        }
+        let (superset, subset) = if self.len() < other.len() {
+            (other, self)
+        } else {
+            (self, other)
+        };
+        for (k, v1) in subset {
+            match superset.get_item_opt(&*k, vm)? {
+                Some(v2) => {
+                    if v1.is(&v2) {
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    if item && !vm.bool_eq(&v1, &v2)? {
+                        return Ok(Implemented(false));
+                    }
+                }
+                None => {
+                    return Ok(Implemented(false));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(Implemented(true))
+    }
+
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "flame-it", flame("PyDictRef"))]
     fn getitem(&self, key: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
@@ -406,6 +389,23 @@ impl PyRef<PyDict> {
     fn reversed(self) -> PyDictReverseKeyIterator {
         PyDictReverseKeyIterator::new(self)
     }
+
+    #[pymethod(magic)]
+    fn ior(self, other: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        self.merge_object(other, vm)?;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
+
+    #[pymethod(magic)]
+    fn ror(self, other: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        let dicted: Result<PyDictRef, _> = other.downcast();
+        if let Ok(other) = dicted {
+            let other_cp = other.copy();
+            other_cp.merge_dict(self, vm)?;
+            return Ok(other_cp.into_pyobject(vm));
+        }
+        Ok(vm.ctx.not_implemented())
+    }
 }
 
 impl DefaultConstructor for PyDict {}
@@ -466,7 +466,7 @@ impl AsNumber for PyDict {
             }),
             inplace_or: Some(|a, b, vm| {
                 if let Some(a) = a.downcast_ref::<PyDict>() {
-                    PyDict::ior(a.to_owned(), b.to_pyobject(vm), vm).map(|d| d.into())
+                    a.to_owned().ior(b.to_pyobject(vm), vm).map(|d| d.into())
                 } else {
                     Ok(vm.ctx.not_implemented())
                 }
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ impl Comparable for PyDict {
     ) -> PyResult<PyComparisonValue> {
         op.eq_only(|| {
             let other = class_or_notimplemented!(Self, other);
-            Self::inner_cmp(zelf, other, PyComparisonOp::Eq, true, vm)
+            zelf.inner_cmp(other, PyComparisonOp::Eq, true, vm)
         })
     }
 }
@@ -1066,8 +1066,7 @@ trait ViewSetOps: DictView {
     ) -> PyResult<PyComparisonValue> {
         match_class!(match other {
             ref dictview @ Self => {
-                return PyDict::inner_cmp(
-                    zelf.dict(),
+                return zelf.dict().inner_cmp(
                     dictview.dict(),
                     op,
                     !zelf.class().is(vm.ctx.types.dict_keys_type),
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index c726a073ea..dfee43a02e 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ impl PyBaseException {
 }
 
 #[pyclass(
-    with(Constructor, Initializer, Representable),
+    with(PyRef, Constructor, Initializer, Representable),
     flags(BASETYPE, HAS_DICT)
 )]
 impl PyBaseException {
@@ -499,12 +499,6 @@ impl PyBaseException {
         self.suppress_context.store(suppress_context);
     }
 
-    #[pymethod]
-    fn with_traceback(zelf: PyRef<Self>, tb: Option<PyTracebackRef>) -> PyResult<PyRef<Self>> {
-        *zelf.traceback.write() = tb;
-        Ok(zelf)
-    }
-
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     pub(super) fn str(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStrRef {
         let str_args = vm.exception_args_as_string(self.args(), true);
@@ -514,13 +508,22 @@ impl PyBaseException {
             Err(i) => PyStr::from(format!("({})", i.format(", "))).into_ref(&vm.ctx),
         }
     }
+}
+
+#[pyclass]
+impl PyRef<PyBaseException> {
+    #[pymethod]
+    fn with_traceback(self, tb: Option<PyTracebackRef>) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        *self.traceback.write() = tb;
+        Ok(self)
+    }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn reduce(zelf: PyRef<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTupleRef {
-        if let Some(dict) = zelf.as_object().dict().filter(|x| !x.is_empty()) {
-            vm.new_tuple((zelf.class().to_owned(), zelf.args(), dict))
+    fn reduce(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTupleRef {
+        if let Some(dict) = self.as_object().dict().filter(|x| !x.is_empty()) {
+            vm.new_tuple((self.class().to_owned(), self.args(), dict))
         } else {
-            vm.new_tuple((zelf.class().to_owned(), zelf.args()))
+            vm.new_tuple((self.class().to_owned(), self.args()))
         }
     }
 }

From 1f62190eef1b5aa5112992510e454525b2b0a35a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 7 May 2024 02:07:16 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 232/705] Use Sequence protocol for in operation

---
 Lib/test/test_types.py          |  2 --
 vm/src/builtins/dict.rs         | 45 +++++++++++++++------------------
 vm/src/builtins/list.rs         |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs    |  2 +-
 vm/src/dictdatatype.rs          |  3 ++-
 vm/src/frame.rs                 | 12 ++++-----
 vm/src/protocol/object.rs       |  6 ++---
 vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs     | 21 +++++----------
 vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs       |  4 +--
 vm/src/types/slot.rs            | 15 +++++++++++
 vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs             | 12 +++------
 12 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_types.py b/Lib/test/test_types.py
index aaf4b62b45..8bb44cb3f8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_types.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_types.py
@@ -1075,8 +1075,6 @@ def __missing__(self, key):
         self.assertTrue('x' in view)
         self.assertFalse('y' in view)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_customdict(self):
         class customdict(dict):
             def __contains__(self, key):
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
index 0d10e3c4bf..0fa2e18c37 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
@@ -168,11 +168,11 @@ impl PyDict {
         PyRef,
         Constructor,
         Initializer,
-        AsMapping,
         Comparable,
         Iterable,
         AsSequence,
         AsNumber,
+        AsMapping,
         Representable
     ),
     flags(BASETYPE)
@@ -1113,8 +1113,8 @@ impl ViewSetOps for PyDictKeys {}
 ))]
 impl PyDictKeys {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn contains(zelf: PyRef<Self>, key: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
-        zelf.dict().contains(key, vm)
+    fn contains(zelf: PyObjectRef, key: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        zelf.to_sequence().contains(&key, vm)
     }
 
     #[pygetset]
@@ -1177,23 +1177,8 @@ impl ViewSetOps for PyDictItems {}
 ))]
 impl PyDictItems {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn contains(zelf: PyRef<Self>, needle: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
-        let needle = match_class! {
-            match needle {
-                tuple @ PyTuple => tuple,
-                _ => return Ok(false),
-            }
-        };
-        if needle.len() != 2 {
-            return Ok(false);
-        }
-        let key = needle.fast_getitem(0);
-        if !zelf.dict().contains(key.clone(), vm)? {
-            return Ok(false);
-        }
-        let value = needle.fast_getitem(1);
-        let found = zelf.dict().getitem(key, vm)?;
-        vm.identical_or_equal(&found, &value)
+    fn contains(zelf: PyObjectRef, needle: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        zelf.to_sequence().contains(&needle, vm)
     }
     #[pygetset]
     fn mapping(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyMappingProxy {
@@ -1218,10 +1203,22 @@ impl AsSequence for PyDictItems {
         static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(PyDictItems::sequence_downcast(seq).len())),
             contains: atomic_func!(|seq, target, vm| {
-                PyDictItems::sequence_downcast(seq)
-                    .dict
-                    .entries
-                    .contains(vm, target)
+                let needle: &Py<PyTuple> = match target.downcast_ref() {
+                    Some(needle) => needle,
+                    None => return Ok(false),
+                };
+                if needle.len() != 2 {
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+
+                let zelf = PyDictItems::sequence_downcast(seq);
+                let key = needle.fast_getitem(0);
+                if !zelf.dict.contains(key.clone(), vm)? {
+                    return Ok(false);
+                }
+                let value = needle.fast_getitem(1);
+                let found = zelf.dict().getitem(key, vm)?;
+                vm.identical_or_equal(&found, &value)
             }),
             ..PySequenceMethods::NOT_IMPLEMENTED
         });
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
index e9de8e5f04..719ea36350 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ where
     } else {
         let iter = obj.to_owned().get_iter(vm)?;
         let iter = iter.iter::<PyObjectRef>(vm)?;
-        let len = obj.to_sequence(vm).length_opt(vm).transpose()?.unwrap_or(0);
+        let len = obj.to_sequence().length_opt(vm).transpose()?.unwrap_or(0);
         let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(len);
         for x in iter {
             v.push(f(x?)?);
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
index cf0fd9b5bb..5e7608c778 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ impl PyMappingProxy {
             MappingProxyInner::Class(class) => Ok(key
                 .as_interned_str(vm)
                 .map_or(false, |key| class.attributes.read().contains_key(key))),
-            MappingProxyInner::Mapping(mapping) => mapping.to_sequence(vm).contains(key, vm),
+            MappingProxyInner::Mapping(mapping) => mapping.to_sequence().contains(key, vm),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs b/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs
index 731d523e22..f271e4cddb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ impl PyWeakProxy {
     }
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn contains(&self, needle: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
-        self.try_upgrade(vm)?.to_sequence(vm).contains(&needle, vm)
+        self.try_upgrade(vm)?.to_sequence().contains(&needle, vm)
     }
 
     fn getitem(&self, needle: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
diff --git a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
index d5e5f1e8f9..96715e7311 100644
--- a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
@@ -298,7 +298,8 @@ impl<T: Clone> Dict<T> {
     }
 
     pub fn contains<K: DictKey + ?Sized>(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, key: &K) -> PyResult<bool> {
-        let (entry, _) = self.lookup(vm, key, key.key_hash(vm)?, None)?;
+        let key_hash = key.key_hash(vm)?;
+        let (entry, _) = self.lookup(vm, key, key_hash, None)?;
         Ok(entry.index().is_some())
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 6bbe4d15a6..86c13c0721 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1784,7 +1784,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         {
             Ok(d) => d.contains_key(__annotations__, vm),
             Err(o) => {
-                let needle = __annotations__.to_object();
+                let needle = __annotations__.as_object();
                 self._in(vm, needle, &o)?
             }
         };
@@ -1857,16 +1857,16 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         Ok(None)
     }
 
-    fn _in(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, needle: PyObjectRef, haystack: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
+    fn _in(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, needle: &PyObject, haystack: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
         let found = vm._contains(haystack, needle)?;
-        found.try_to_bool(vm)
+        Ok(found)
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
     fn _not_in(
         &self,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        needle: PyObjectRef,
+        needle: &PyObject,
         haystack: &PyObject,
     ) -> PyResult<bool> {
         Ok(!self._in(vm, needle, haystack)?)
@@ -1879,8 +1879,8 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         let value = match op {
             bytecode::TestOperator::Is => a.is(&b),
             bytecode::TestOperator::IsNot => !a.is(&b),
-            bytecode::TestOperator::In => self._in(vm, a, &b)?,
-            bytecode::TestOperator::NotIn => self._not_in(vm, a, &b)?,
+            bytecode::TestOperator::In => self._in(vm, &a, &b)?,
+            bytecode::TestOperator::NotIn => self._not_in(vm, &a, &b)?,
             bytecode::TestOperator::ExceptionMatch => {
                 if let Some(tuple_of_exceptions) = b.downcast_ref::<PyTuple>() {
                     for exception in tuple_of_exceptions.iter() {
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
index dc7f487e85..ba3c7323a4 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ impl PyObject {
     }
 
     pub fn length_opt(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyResult<usize>> {
-        self.to_sequence(vm)
+        self.to_sequence()
             .length_opt(vm)
             .or_else(|| self.to_mapping().length_opt(vm))
     }
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ impl PyObject {
             return f(mapping, &needle, Some(value), vm);
         }
 
-        let seq = self.to_sequence(vm);
+        let seq = self.to_sequence();
         if let Some(f) = seq.methods.ass_item.load() {
             let i = needle.key_as_isize(vm)?;
             return f(seq, i, Some(value), vm);
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ impl PyObject {
             let needle = needle.to_pyobject(vm);
             return f(mapping, &needle, None, vm);
         }
-        let seq = self.to_sequence(vm);
+        let seq = self.to_sequence();
         if let Some(f) = seq.methods.ass_item.load() {
             let i = needle.key_as_isize(vm)?;
             return f(seq, i, None, vm);
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs b/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
index 7c53cc2932..62cf828e40 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ use crate::{
     function::PyArithmeticValue,
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
     protocol::{PyMapping, PyNumberBinaryOp},
-    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 
 impl PyObject {
     #[inline]
-    pub fn to_sequence(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PySequence<'_> {
+    pub fn to_sequence(&self) -> PySequence<'_> {
         static GLOBAL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED: PySequenceMethods = PySequenceMethods::NOT_IMPLEMENTED;
         PySequence {
             obj: self,
-            methods: PySequence::find_methods(self, vm)
+            methods: PySequence::find_methods(self)
                 .map_or(&GLOBAL_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, |x| unsafe { x.borrow_static() }),
         }
     }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ impl<'a> PySequence<'a> {
     }
 
     pub fn try_protocol(obj: &'a PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let seq = obj.to_sequence(vm);
+        let seq = obj.to_sequence();
         if seq.check() {
             Ok(seq)
         } else {
@@ -93,15 +93,8 @@ impl PySequence<'_> {
         self.methods.item.load().is_some()
     }
 
-    pub fn find_methods(
-        obj: &PyObject,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> Option<PointerSlot<PySequenceMethods>> {
+    pub fn find_methods(obj: &PyObject) -> Option<PointerSlot<PySequenceMethods>> {
         let cls = obj.class();
-        // if cls.fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.types.dict_type) {
-        if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.dict_type) {
-            return None;
-        }
         cls.mro_find_map(|x| x.slots.as_sequence.load())
     }
 
@@ -124,7 +117,7 @@ impl PySequence<'_> {
         }
 
         // if both arguments apear to be sequences, try fallback to __add__
-        if self.check() && other.to_sequence(vm).check() {
+        if self.check() && other.to_sequence().check() {
             let ret = vm.binary_op1(self.obj, other, PyNumberBinaryOp::Add)?;
             if let PyArithmeticValue::Implemented(ret) = PyArithmeticValue::from_object(vm, ret) {
                 return Ok(ret);
@@ -162,7 +155,7 @@ impl PySequence<'_> {
         }
 
         // if both arguments apear to be sequences, try fallback to __iadd__
-        if self.check() && other.to_sequence(vm).check() {
+        if self.check() && other.to_sequence().check() {
             let ret = vm._iadd(self.obj, other)?;
             if let PyArithmeticValue::Implemented(ret) = PyArithmeticValue::from_object(vm, ret) {
                 return Ok(ret);
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
index 35dd08fb21..19c1f4b61b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
@@ -172,8 +172,8 @@ mod _operator {
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn contains(a: PyObjectRef, b: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        vm._contains(&a, b)
+    fn contains(a: PyObjectRef, b: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        vm._contains(&a, &b)
     }
 
     #[pyfunction(name = "countOf")]
diff --git a/vm/src/types/slot.rs b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
index 58b5a01345..7b904a32b7 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/slot.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
@@ -208,6 +208,15 @@ pub(crate) fn len_wrapper(obj: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize
     Ok(len as usize)
 }
 
+pub(crate) fn contains_wrapper(
+    obj: &PyObject,
+    needle: &PyObject,
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+) -> PyResult<bool> {
+    let ret = vm.call_special_method(obj, identifier!(vm, __contains__), (needle,))?;
+    ret.try_to_bool(vm)
+}
+
 macro_rules! number_unary_op_wrapper {
     ($name:ident) => {
         |a, vm| vm.call_special_method(a.deref(), identifier!(vm, $name), ())
@@ -447,6 +456,12 @@ impl PyType {
                 });
                 update_pointer_slot!(as_mapping, mapping_methods);
             }
+            _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __contains__) => {
+                toggle_ext_func!(sequence_methods, contains, |seq, needle, vm| {
+                    contains_wrapper(seq.obj, needle, vm)
+                });
+                update_pointer_slot!(as_sequence, sequence_methods);
+            }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __repr__) => {
                 update_slot!(repr, repr_wrapper);
             }
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
index 0fc9a1953e..3069f6ebe2 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{PyMethod, VirtualMachine};
+use super::VirtualMachine;
 use crate::{
     builtins::{PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, PyStrRef},
     object::{AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult},
@@ -522,12 +522,8 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn _contains(&self, haystack: &PyObject, needle: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult {
-        match PyMethod::get_special::<false>(haystack, identifier!(self, __contains__), self)? {
-            Some(method) => method.invoke((needle,), self),
-            None => self
-                ._membership_iter_search(haystack, needle)
-                .map(Into::into),
-        }
+    pub fn _contains(&self, haystack: &PyObject, needle: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        let seq = haystack.to_sequence();
+        seq.contains(needle, self)
     }
 }

From e5bf72e8971b5d68b4af73202429c7eecb7d6f8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 4 May 2024 01:50:01 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 233/705] contextvars

---
 Cargo.lock                |   2 +
 Lib/test/test_context.py  |  26 +-
 common/src/hash.rs        |   7 +
 stdlib/Cargo.toml         |   2 +
 stdlib/src/contextvars.rs | 585 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 vm/src/object/core.rs     |  44 +++
 6 files changed, 549 insertions(+), 117 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a7d72388f6..11c93a636e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2241,6 +2241,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "foreign-types-shared",
  "gethostname",
  "hex",
+ "indexmap 2.2.6",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "junction",
  "libc",
@@ -2277,6 +2278,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "socket2",
  "system-configuration",
  "termios",
+ "thread_local",
  "ucd",
  "unic-char-property",
  "unic-normal",
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_context.py b/Lib/test/test_context.py
index 01b3399327..aa83c6bbd7 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_context.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_context.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 from test.support import threading_helper
 
 try:
-    from _testcapi import hamt
+    from _testinternalcapi import hamt
 except ImportError:
     hamt = None
 
@@ -42,8 +42,6 @@ def test_context_var_new_1(self):
 
         self.assertNotEqual(hash(c), hash('aaa'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @isolated_context
     def test_context_var_repr_1(self):
         c = contextvars.ContextVar('a')
@@ -101,8 +99,6 @@ def test_context_typerrors_1(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'ContextVar key was expected'):
             ctx.get(1)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_context_get_context_1(self):
         ctx = contextvars.copy_context()
         self.assertIsInstance(ctx, contextvars.Context)
@@ -115,8 +111,6 @@ def test_context_run_1(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'missing 1 required'):
             ctx.run()
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_context_run_2(self):
         ctx = contextvars.Context()
 
@@ -145,8 +139,6 @@ def func(*args, **kwargs):
                 ((11, 'bar'), {'spam': 'foo'}))
             self.assertEqual(a, {})
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_context_run_3(self):
         ctx = contextvars.Context()
 
@@ -187,8 +179,6 @@ def func1():
         self.assertEqual(returned_ctx[var], 'spam')
         self.assertIn(var, returned_ctx)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_context_run_5(self):
         ctx = contextvars.Context()
         var = contextvars.ContextVar('var')
@@ -203,8 +193,6 @@ def func():
 
         self.assertIsNone(var.get(None))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_context_run_6(self):
         ctx = contextvars.Context()
         c = contextvars.ContextVar('a', default=0)
@@ -219,8 +207,6 @@ def fun():
 
         ctx.run(fun)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_context_run_7(self):
         ctx = contextvars.Context()
 
@@ -286,8 +272,6 @@ def test_context_getset_1(self):
         self.assertEqual(len(ctx2), 0)
         self.assertEqual(list(ctx2), [])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @isolated_context
     def test_context_getset_2(self):
         v1 = contextvars.ContextVar('v1')
@@ -297,8 +281,6 @@ def test_context_getset_2(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'by a different'):
             v2.reset(t1)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @isolated_context
     def test_context_getset_3(self):
         c = contextvars.ContextVar('c', default=42)
@@ -324,8 +306,6 @@ def fun():
 
         ctx.run(fun)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @isolated_context
     def test_context_getset_4(self):
         c = contextvars.ContextVar('c', default=42)
@@ -378,8 +358,6 @@ def ctx2_fun():
 
         ctx1.run(ctx1_fun)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @isolated_context
     @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_context_threads_1(self):
@@ -470,7 +448,7 @@ class EqError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-@unittest.skipIf(hamt is None, '_testcapi lacks "hamt()" function')
+@unittest.skipIf(hamt is None, '_testinternalcapi.hamt() not available')
 class HamtTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_hashkey_helper_1(self):
diff --git a/common/src/hash.rs b/common/src/hash.rs
index 558b0fe15f..4e87eff799 100644
--- a/common/src/hash.rs
+++ b/common/src/hash.rs
@@ -88,6 +88,13 @@ impl HashSecret {
     }
 }
 
+#[inline]
+pub fn hash_pointer(value: usize) -> PyHash {
+    // TODO: 32bit?
+    let hash = (value >> 4) | value;
+    hash as _
+}
+
 #[inline]
 pub fn hash_float(value: f64) -> Option<PyHash> {
     // cpython _Py_HashDouble
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index f919efc766..9a6be30987 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ cfg-if = { workspace = true }
 crossbeam-utils = { workspace = true }
 hex = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
+indexmap = { workspace = true }
 libc = { workspace = true }
 nix = { workspace = true }
 num-complex = { workspace = true }
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ num-traits = { workspace = true }
 num_enum = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true }
+thread_local = { workspace = true }
 
 memchr = { workspace = true }
 base64 = "0.13.0"
diff --git a/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs b/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
index d808d1d08e..8e1bfca005 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
@@ -1,49 +1,217 @@
-pub(crate) use _contextvars::make_module;
+use crate::vm::{builtins::PyModule, class::StaticType, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use _contextvars::PyContext;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
+    let module = _contextvars::make_module(vm);
+    let token_type = module.get_attr("Token", vm).unwrap();
+    token_type
+        .set_attr(
+            "MISSING",
+            _contextvars::ContextTokenMissing::static_type().to_owned(),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+    module
+}
+
+thread_local! {
+    // TODO: Vec doesn't seem to match copy behavior
+    static CONTEXTS: RefCell<Vec<PyRef<PyContext>>> = RefCell::default();
+}
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _contextvars {
     use crate::vm::{
-        builtins::{PyFunction, PyStrRef, PyTypeRef},
+        atomic_func,
+        builtins::{PyStrRef, PyTypeRef},
+        class::StaticType,
+        common::hash::PyHash,
         function::{ArgCallable, FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
-        types::{Initializer, Representable},
-        Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        protocol::{PyMappingMethods, PySequenceMethods},
+        types::{AsMapping, AsSequence, Constructor, Hashable, Representable},
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    };
+    use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
+    use indexmap::IndexMap;
+    use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+    use std::{
+        cell::{Cell, RefCell, UnsafeCell},
+        sync::atomic::Ordering,
     };
 
+    // TODO: Real hamt implementation
+    type Hamt = IndexMap<PyRef<ContextVar>, PyObjectRef, ahash::RandomState>;
+
+    #[pyclass(no_attr, name = "Hamt", module = "contextvars")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    pub(crate) struct HamtObject {
+        hamt: RefCell<Hamt>,
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass]
+    impl HamtObject {}
+
+    impl Default for HamtObject {
+        fn default() -> Self {
+            Self {
+                hamt: RefCell::new(Hamt::default()),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe impl Sync for HamtObject {}
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    struct ContextInner {
+        idx: Cell<usize>,
+        vars: PyRef<HamtObject>,
+        // PyObject *ctx_weakreflist;
+        entered: Cell<bool>,
+    }
+
+    unsafe impl Sync for ContextInner {}
+
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "Context")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
-    struct PyContext {} // not to confuse with vm::Context
+    pub(crate) struct PyContext {
+        // not to confuse with vm::Context
+        inner: ContextInner,
+    }
 
-    #[pyclass(with(Initializer))]
     impl PyContext {
-        #[pymethod]
-        fn run(
-            &self,
-            _callable: ArgCallable,
-            _args: FuncArgs,
-            _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> PyResult<PyFunction> {
-            unimplemented!("Context.run is currently under construction")
+        fn empty(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                inner: ContextInner {
+                    idx: Cell::new(usize::MAX),
+                    vars: HamtObject::default().into_ref(&vm.ctx),
+                    entered: Cell::new(false),
+                },
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn borrow_vars(&self) -> impl std::ops::Deref<Target = Hamt> + '_ {
+            self.inner.vars.hamt.borrow()
+        }
+
+        fn borrow_vars_mut(&self) -> impl std::ops::DerefMut<Target = Hamt> + '_ {
+            self.inner.vars.hamt.borrow_mut()
+        }
+
+        fn enter(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            if zelf.inner.entered.get() {
+                let msg = format!(
+                    "cannot enter context: {} is already entered",
+                    zelf.as_object().repr(vm)?
+                );
+                return Err(vm.new_runtime_error(msg));
+            }
+
+            super::CONTEXTS.with(|ctxs| {
+                let mut ctxs = ctxs.borrow_mut();
+                zelf.inner.idx.set(ctxs.len());
+                ctxs.push(zelf.to_owned());
+            });
+            zelf.inner.entered.set(true);
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        fn exit(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            if !zelf.inner.entered.get() {
+                let msg = format!(
+                    "cannot exit context: {} is not entered",
+                    zelf.as_object().repr(vm)?
+                );
+                return Err(vm.new_runtime_error(msg));
+            }
+
+            super::CONTEXTS.with(|ctxs| {
+                let mut ctxs = ctxs.borrow_mut();
+                if !ctxs
+                    .last()
+                    .map_or(false, |ctx| ctx.get_id() == zelf.get_id())
+                {
+                    let msg =
+                        "cannot exit context: thread state references a different context object"
+                            .to_owned();
+                    return Err(vm.new_runtime_error(msg));
+                }
+
+                let _ = ctxs.pop();
+                Ok(())
+            })?;
+            zelf.inner.entered.set(false);
+
+            Ok(())
         }
 
+        fn current(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+            super::CONTEXTS.with(|ctxs| {
+                let mut ctxs = ctxs.borrow_mut();
+                if let Some(ctx) = ctxs.last() {
+                    ctx.clone()
+                } else {
+                    let ctx = PyContext::empty(vm);
+                    ctx.inner.idx.set(0);
+                    ctx.inner.entered.set(true);
+                    let ctx = ctx.into_ref(&vm.ctx);
+                    ctxs.push(ctx);
+                    ctxs[0].clone()
+                }
+            })
+        }
+
+        fn contains(&self, needle: &Py<ContextVar>) -> PyResult<bool> {
+            let vars = self.borrow_vars();
+            Ok(vars.get(needle).is_some())
+        }
+
+        fn get_inner(&self, needle: &Py<ContextVar>) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
+            let vars = self.borrow_vars();
+            vars.get(needle).map(|o| o.to_owned())
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor, AsMapping, AsSequence))]
+    impl PyContext {
         #[pymethod]
-        fn copy(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Self> {
-            unimplemented!("Context.copy is currently under construction")
+        fn run(
+            zelf: &Py<Self>,
+            callable: ArgCallable,
+            args: FuncArgs,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult {
+            Self::enter(zelf, vm)?;
+            let result = callable.invoke(args, vm);
+            Self::exit(zelf, vm)?;
+            result
         }
 
-        #[pymethod(magic)]
-        fn getitem(&self, _var: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
-            unimplemented!("Context.__getitem__ is currently under construction")
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn copy(&self) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                inner: ContextInner {
+                    idx: Cell::new(usize::MAX),
+                    vars: self.inner.vars.clone(),
+                    entered: Cell::new(false),
+                },
+            }
         }
 
         #[pymethod(magic)]
-        fn contains(&self, _var: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<bool> {
-            unimplemented!("Context.__contains__ is currently under construction")
+        fn getitem(&self, var: PyRef<ContextVar>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+            let vars = self.borrow_vars();
+            let item = vars
+                .get(&*var)
+                .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_key_error(var.into()))?;
+            Ok(item.to_owned())
         }
 
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn len(&self) -> usize {
-            unimplemented!("Context.__len__ is currently under construction")
+            self.borrow_vars().len()
         }
 
         #[pymethod(magic)]
@@ -54,53 +222,151 @@ mod _contextvars {
         #[pymethod]
         fn get(
             &self,
-            _key: PyObjectRef,
-            _default: OptionalArg<PyObjectRef>,
-        ) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
-            unimplemented!("Context.get is currently under construction")
+            key: PyRef<ContextVar>,
+            default: OptionalArg<PyObjectRef>,
+        ) -> PyResult<Option<PyObjectRef>> {
+            let found = self.get_inner(&key);
+            let result = if let Some(found) = found {
+                Some(found.to_owned())
+            } else {
+                default.into_option()
+            };
+            Ok(result)
         }
 
+        // TODO: wrong return type
         #[pymethod]
-        fn keys(_zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
-            unimplemented!("Context.keys is currently under construction")
+        fn keys(zelf: &Py<Self>) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
+            let vars = zelf.borrow_vars();
+            vars.keys().map(|key| key.to_owned().into()).collect()
         }
 
+        // TODO: wrong return type
         #[pymethod]
-        fn values(_zelf: PyRef<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
-            unimplemented!("Context.values is currently under construction")
+        fn values(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
+            let vars = zelf.borrow_vars();
+            vars.values().map(|value| value.to_owned()).collect()
         }
     }
 
-    impl Initializer for PyContext {
-        type Args = FuncArgs;
+    impl Constructor for PyContext {
+        type Args = ();
+        fn py_new(_cls: PyTypeRef, _args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            Ok(PyContext::empty(vm).into_pyobject(vm))
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl AsMapping for PyContext {
+        fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
+            static AS_MAPPING: PyMappingMethods = PyMappingMethods {
+                length: atomic_func!(|mapping, _vm| Ok(PyContext::mapping_downcast(mapping).len())),
+                subscript: atomic_func!(|mapping, needle, vm| {
+                    let needle = needle.try_to_value(vm)?;
+                    let found = PyContext::mapping_downcast(mapping).get_inner(needle);
+                    if let Some(found) = found {
+                        Ok(found.to_owned())
+                    } else {
+                        Err(vm.new_key_error(needle.to_owned().into()))
+                    }
+                }),
+                ass_subscript: AtomicCell::new(None),
+            };
+            &AS_MAPPING
+        }
+    }
 
-        fn init(_obj: PyRef<Self>, _args: Self::Args, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-            unimplemented!("Context.__init__ is currently under construction")
+    impl AsSequence for PyContext {
+        fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
+            static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+                contains: atomic_func!(|seq, target, vm| {
+                    let target = target.try_to_value(vm)?;
+                    PyContext::sequence_downcast(seq).contains(target)
+                }),
+                ..PySequenceMethods::NOT_IMPLEMENTED
+            });
+            &AS_SEQUENCE
         }
     }
 
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name, traverse)]
-    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    #[derive(PyPayload)]
     struct ContextVar {
         #[pytraverse(skip)]
-        #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
         name: String,
-        #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
         default: Option<PyObjectRef>,
+        #[pytraverse(skip)]
+        cached: AtomicCell<Option<ContextVarCache>>,
+        #[pytraverse(skip)]
+        cached_id: std::sync::atomic::AtomicUsize, // cached_tsid in CPython
+        #[pytraverse(skip)]
+        hash: UnsafeCell<PyHash>,
     }
 
-    #[derive(FromArgs)]
-    struct ContextVarOptions {
-        #[pyarg(positional)]
-        #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        name: PyStrRef,
-        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
-        #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        default: OptionalArg<PyObjectRef>,
+    impl std::fmt::Debug for ContextVar {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            f.debug_struct("ContextVar").finish()
+        }
     }
 
-    #[pyclass(with(Initializer, Representable))]
+    unsafe impl Sync for ContextVar {}
+
+    impl PartialEq for ContextVar {
+        fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+            std::ptr::eq(self, other)
+        }
+    }
+    impl Eq for ContextVar {}
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    struct ContextVarCache {
+        object: PyObjectRef, // value; cached in CPython
+        idx: usize,          // Context index; cached_tsver in CPython
+    }
+
+    impl ContextVar {
+        fn delete(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            zelf.cached.store(None);
+
+            let ctx = PyContext::current(vm);
+
+            let mut vars = ctx.borrow_vars_mut();
+            if vars.swap_remove(zelf).is_none() {
+                // TODO:
+                // PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_LookupError, (PyObject *)var);
+                let msg = zelf.as_object().repr(vm)?.as_str().to_owned();
+                return Err(vm.new_lookup_error(msg));
+            }
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        // contextvar_set in CPython
+        fn set_inner(zelf: &Py<Self>, value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            let ctx = PyContext::current(vm);
+
+            let mut vars = ctx.borrow_vars_mut();
+            vars.insert(zelf.to_owned(), value.clone());
+
+            zelf.cached_id.store(ctx.get_id(), Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+            let cache = ContextVarCache {
+                object: value,
+                idx: ctx.inner.idx.get(),
+            };
+            zelf.cached.store(Some(cache));
+
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        fn generate_hash(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyHash {
+            let name_hash = vm.state.hash_secret.hash_str(&zelf.name);
+            let pointer_hash = crate::common::hash::hash_pointer(zelf.as_object().get_id());
+            pointer_hash ^ name_hash
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor, Hashable, Representable))]
     impl ContextVar {
         #[pygetset]
         fn name(&self) -> String {
@@ -109,25 +375,102 @@ mod _contextvars {
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn get(
-            &self,
-            _default: OptionalArg<PyObjectRef>,
-            _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
-            unimplemented!("ContextVar.get() is currently under construction")
+            zelf: &Py<Self>,
+            default: OptionalArg<PyObjectRef>,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<Option<PyObjectRef>> {
+            let found = super::CONTEXTS.with(|ctxs| {
+                let ctxs = ctxs.borrow();
+                let ctx = ctxs.last()?;
+                let cached_ptr = zelf.cached.as_ptr();
+                debug_assert!(!cached_ptr.is_null());
+                if let Some(cached) = unsafe { &*cached_ptr } {
+                    if zelf.cached_id.load(Ordering::SeqCst) == ctx.get_id()
+                        && cached.idx + 1 == ctxs.len()
+                    {
+                        return Some(cached.object.clone());
+                    }
+                }
+                let vars = ctx.borrow_vars();
+                let obj = vars.get(zelf)?;
+                zelf.cached_id.store(ctx.get_id(), Ordering::SeqCst);
+
+                // TODO: ensure cached is not changed
+                let _removed = zelf.cached.swap(Some(ContextVarCache {
+                    object: obj.clone(),
+                    idx: ctxs.len() - 1,
+                }));
+
+                Some(obj.clone())
+            });
+
+            let value = if let Some(value) = found {
+                value
+            } else if let Some(default) = default.into_option() {
+                default
+            } else if let Some(default) = zelf.default.as_ref() {
+                default.clone()
+            } else {
+                let msg = zelf.as_object().repr(vm)?;
+                return Err(vm.new_lookup_error(msg.as_str().to_owned()));
+            };
+            Ok(Some(value))
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn set(&self, _value: PyObjectRef, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-            unimplemented!("ContextVar.set() is currently under construction")
+        fn set(
+            zelf: &Py<Self>,
+            value: PyObjectRef,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<PyRef<ContextToken>> {
+            let ctx = PyContext::current(vm);
+
+            let old_value = ctx.borrow_vars().get(zelf).map(|v| v.to_owned());
+            let token = ContextToken {
+                ctx: ctx.to_owned(),
+                var: zelf.to_owned(),
+                old_value,
+                used: false.into(),
+            };
+
+            // ctx.vars borrow must be released
+            Self::set_inner(zelf, value, vm)?;
+
+            Ok(token.into_ref(&vm.ctx))
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn reset(
-            _zelf: PyRef<Self>,
-            _token: PyRef<ContextToken>,
-            _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> PyResult<()> {
-            unimplemented!("ContextVar.reset() is currently under construction")
+        fn reset(zelf: &Py<Self>, token: PyRef<ContextToken>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            if token.used.get() {
+                let msg = format!("{} has already been used once", token.as_object().repr(vm)?);
+                return Err(vm.new_runtime_error(msg));
+            }
+
+            if !zelf.is(&token.var) {
+                let msg = format!(
+                    "{} was created by a different ContextVar",
+                    token.var.as_object().repr(vm)?
+                );
+                return Err(vm.new_value_error(msg));
+            }
+
+            let ctx = PyContext::current(vm);
+            if !ctx.is(&token.ctx) {
+                let msg = format!(
+                    "{} was created in a different Context",
+                    token.var.as_object().repr(vm)?
+                );
+                return Err(vm.new_value_error(msg));
+            }
+
+            token.used.set(true);
+
+            if let Some(old_value) = &token.old_value {
+                Self::set_inner(zelf, old_value.clone(), vm)?;
+            } else {
+                Self::delete(zelf, vm)?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
         }
 
         #[pyclassmethod(magic)]
@@ -136,73 +479,129 @@ mod _contextvars {
         }
     }
 
-    impl Initializer for ContextVar {
+    #[derive(FromArgs)]
+    struct ContextVarOptions {
+        #[pyarg(positional)]
+        #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+        name: PyStrRef,
+        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+        #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+        default: OptionalArg<PyObjectRef>,
+    }
+
+    impl Constructor for ContextVar {
         type Args = ContextVarOptions;
+        fn py_new(_cls: PyTypeRef, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            let var = ContextVar {
+                name: args.name.to_string(),
+                default: args.default.into_option(),
+                cached_id: 0.into(),
+                cached: AtomicCell::new(None),
+                hash: UnsafeCell::new(0),
+            };
+            let py_var = var.into_ref(&vm.ctx);
 
-        fn init(_obj: PyRef<Self>, _args: Self::Args, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-            unimplemented!("ContextVar.__init__() is currently under construction")
+            unsafe {
+                // SAFETY: py_var is not exposed to python memory model yet
+                *py_var.hash.get() = Self::generate_hash(&py_var, vm)
+            };
+            Ok(py_var.into())
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl std::hash::Hash for ContextVar {
+        #[inline]
+        fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+            unsafe { *self.hash.get() }.hash(state)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Hashable for ContextVar {
+        #[inline]
+        fn hash(zelf: &Py<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyHash> {
+            Ok(unsafe { *zelf.hash.get() })
         }
     }
 
     impl Representable for ContextVar {
         #[inline]
-        fn repr_str(_zelf: &Py<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
-            unimplemented!("<ContextVar name={{}} default={{}} at {{}}")
-            // format!(
-            //     "<ContextVar name={} default={:?} at {:#x}>",
-            //     zelf.name.as_str(),
-            //     zelf.default.map_or("", |x| PyStr::from(*x).as_str()),
-            //     zelf.get_id()
-            // )
+        fn repr_str(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+            // unimplemented!("<ContextVar name={{}} default={{}} at {{}}")
+            Ok(format!(
+                "<ContextVar name={} default={:?} at {:#x}>",
+                zelf.name.as_str(),
+                zelf.default
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .and_then(|default| default.str(vm).ok()),
+                zelf.get_id()
+            ))
         }
     }
 
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "Token")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
-    struct ContextToken {}
-
-    #[derive(FromArgs)]
-    struct ContextTokenOptions {
-        #[pyarg(positional)]
-        #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        context: PyObjectRef,
-        #[pyarg(positional)]
-        #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        var: PyObjectRef,
-        #[pyarg(positional)]
-        #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        old_value: PyObjectRef,
+    struct ContextToken {
+        ctx: PyRef<PyContext>,          // tok_ctx in CPython
+        var: PyRef<ContextVar>,         // tok_var in CPython
+        old_value: Option<PyObjectRef>, // tok_oldval in CPython
+        used: Cell<bool>,
     }
 
-    #[pyclass(with(Initializer, Representable))]
+    unsafe impl Sync for ContextToken {}
+
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor, Representable))]
     impl ContextToken {
         #[pygetset]
-        fn var(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-            unimplemented!("Token.var() is currently under construction")
+        fn var(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<ContextVar> {
+            self.var.clone()
         }
 
         #[pygetset]
         fn old_value(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-            unimplemented!("Token.old_value() is currently under construction")
+            match &self.old_value {
+                Some(value) => value.clone(),
+                None => ContextTokenMissing::static_type().to_owned().into(),
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    impl Initializer for ContextToken {
-        type Args = ContextTokenOptions;
+    impl Constructor for ContextToken {
+        type Args = FuncArgs;
 
-        fn init(_obj: PyRef<Self>, _args: Self::Args, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-            unimplemented!("Token.__init__() is currently under construction")
+        fn slot_new(_cls: PyTypeRef, _args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            Err(vm.new_runtime_error("Tokens can only be created by ContextVars".to_owned()))
+        }
+        fn py_new(_cls: PyTypeRef, _args: Self::Args, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            unreachable!()
         }
     }
 
     impl Representable for ContextToken {
         #[inline]
+        fn repr_str(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+            let used = if zelf.used.get() { " used" } else { "" };
+            let var = Representable::repr_str(&zelf.var, vm)?;
+            let ptr = zelf.as_object().get_id() as *const u8;
+            Ok(format!("<Token{used} var={var} at {ptr:p}>"))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(no_attr, name = "Token.MISSING")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    pub(super) struct ContextTokenMissing {}
+
+    #[pyclass(with(Representable))]
+    impl ContextTokenMissing {}
+
+    impl Representable for ContextTokenMissing {
         fn repr_str(_zelf: &Py<Self>, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
-            unimplemented!("<Token {{}}var={{}} at {{}}>")
+            Ok("<Token.MISSING>".to_owned())
         }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn copy_context() {}
+    fn copy_context(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyContext {
+        PyContext::current(vm).copy()
+    }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index bda8aaba2f..68447371fe 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -934,6 +934,28 @@ impl<T: PyObjectPayload> Borrow<PyObject> for Py<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T> std::hash::Hash for Py<T>
+where
+    T: std::hash::Hash + PyObjectPayload,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.deref().hash(state)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> PartialEq for Py<T>
+where
+    T: PartialEq + PyObjectPayload,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.deref().eq(other.deref())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Eq for Py<T> where T: Eq + PyObjectPayload {}
+
 impl<T> AsRef<PyObject> for Py<T>
 where
     T: PyObjectPayload,
@@ -1089,6 +1111,28 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+impl<T> std::hash::Hash for PyRef<T>
+where
+    T: std::hash::Hash + PyObjectPayload,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.deref().hash(state)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> PartialEq for PyRef<T>
+where
+    T: PartialEq + PyObjectPayload,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.deref().eq(other.deref())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Eq for PyRef<T> where T: Eq + PyObjectPayload {}
+
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct PyWeakRef<T: PyObjectPayload> {
     weak: PyRef<PyWeak>,

From 67885ad9fa270a6f4daa3d923d34c6f1dc277918 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: jparag <jainpparag@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 May 2024 11:02:59 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 234/705] Update gettext.py and related test to 3.12 version
 (#5287)

Co-authored-by: Parag Jain <parag.jain2@capitalone.com>
---
 Lib/gettext.py           | 178 +++++----
 Lib/test/test_gettext.py | 788 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 871 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_gettext.py

diff --git a/Lib/gettext.py b/Lib/gettext.py
index 4c3b80b023..b72b15f82d 100644
--- a/Lib/gettext.py
+++ b/Lib/gettext.py
@@ -46,17 +46,16 @@
 #   find this format documented anywhere.
 
 
-import locale
 import os
 import re
 import sys
 
 
 __all__ = ['NullTranslations', 'GNUTranslations', 'Catalog',
-           'find', 'translation', 'install', 'textdomain', 'bindtextdomain',
-           'bind_textdomain_codeset',
-           'dgettext', 'dngettext', 'gettext', 'lgettext', 'ldgettext',
-           'ldngettext', 'lngettext', 'ngettext',
+           'bindtextdomain', 'find', 'translation', 'install',
+           'textdomain', 'dgettext', 'dngettext', 'gettext',
+           'ngettext', 'pgettext', 'dpgettext', 'npgettext',
+           'dnpgettext'
            ]
 
 _default_localedir = os.path.join(sys.base_prefix, 'share', 'locale')
@@ -83,6 +82,7 @@
         (?P<INVALID>\w+|.)                           # invalid token
     """, re.VERBOSE|re.DOTALL)
 
+
 def _tokenize(plural):
     for mo in re.finditer(_token_pattern, plural):
         kind = mo.lastgroup
@@ -94,12 +94,14 @@ def _tokenize(plural):
         yield value
     yield ''
 
+
 def _error(value):
     if value:
         return ValueError('unexpected token in plural form: %s' % value)
     else:
         return ValueError('unexpected end of plural form')
 
+
 _binary_ops = (
     ('||',),
     ('&&',),
@@ -111,6 +113,7 @@ def _error(value):
 _binary_ops = {op: i for i, ops in enumerate(_binary_ops, 1) for op in ops}
 _c2py_ops = {'||': 'or', '&&': 'and', '/': '//'}
 
+
 def _parse(tokens, priority=-1):
     result = ''
     nexttok = next(tokens)
@@ -160,6 +163,7 @@ def _parse(tokens, priority=-1):
 
     return result, nexttok
 
+
 def _as_int(n):
     try:
         i = round(n)
@@ -172,6 +176,7 @@ def _as_int(n):
                   DeprecationWarning, 4)
     return n
 
+
 def c2py(plural):
     """Gets a C expression as used in PO files for plural forms and returns a
     Python function that implements an equivalent expression.
@@ -209,6 +214,7 @@ def func(n):
 
 
 def _expand_lang(loc):
+    import locale
     loc = locale.normalize(loc)
     COMPONENT_CODESET   = 1 << 0
     COMPONENT_TERRITORY = 1 << 1
@@ -249,12 +255,10 @@ def _expand_lang(loc):
     return ret
 
 
-
 class NullTranslations:
     def __init__(self, fp=None):
         self._info = {}
         self._charset = None
-        self._output_charset = None
         self._fallback = None
         if fp is not None:
             self._parse(fp)
@@ -273,13 +277,6 @@ def gettext(self, message):
             return self._fallback.gettext(message)
         return message
 
-    def lgettext(self, message):
-        if self._fallback:
-            return self._fallback.lgettext(message)
-        if self._output_charset:
-            return message.encode(self._output_charset)
-        return message.encode(locale.getpreferredencoding())
-
     def ngettext(self, msgid1, msgid2, n):
         if self._fallback:
             return self._fallback.ngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
@@ -288,16 +285,18 @@ def ngettext(self, msgid1, msgid2, n):
         else:
             return msgid2
 
-    def lngettext(self, msgid1, msgid2, n):
+    def pgettext(self, context, message):
         if self._fallback:
-            return self._fallback.lngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
+            return self._fallback.pgettext(context, message)
+        return message
+
+    def npgettext(self, context, msgid1, msgid2, n):
+        if self._fallback:
+            return self._fallback.npgettext(context, msgid1, msgid2, n)
         if n == 1:
-            tmsg = msgid1
+            return msgid1
         else:
-            tmsg = msgid2
-        if self._output_charset:
-            return tmsg.encode(self._output_charset)
-        return tmsg.encode(locale.getpreferredencoding())
+            return msgid2
 
     def info(self):
         return self._info
@@ -305,24 +304,13 @@ def info(self):
     def charset(self):
         return self._charset
 
-    def output_charset(self):
-        return self._output_charset
-
-    def set_output_charset(self, charset):
-        self._output_charset = charset
-
     def install(self, names=None):
         import builtins
         builtins.__dict__['_'] = self.gettext
-        if hasattr(names, "__contains__"):
-            if "gettext" in names:
-                builtins.__dict__['gettext'] = builtins.__dict__['_']
-            if "ngettext" in names:
-                builtins.__dict__['ngettext'] = self.ngettext
-            if "lgettext" in names:
-                builtins.__dict__['lgettext'] = self.lgettext
-            if "lngettext" in names:
-                builtins.__dict__['lngettext'] = self.lngettext
+        if names is not None:
+            allowed = {'gettext', 'ngettext', 'npgettext', 'pgettext'}
+            for name in allowed & set(names):
+                builtins.__dict__[name] = getattr(self, name)
 
 
 class GNUTranslations(NullTranslations):
@@ -330,6 +318,10 @@ class GNUTranslations(NullTranslations):
     LE_MAGIC = 0x950412de
     BE_MAGIC = 0xde120495
 
+    # The encoding of a msgctxt and a msgid in a .mo file is
+    # msgctxt + "\x04" + msgid (gettext version >= 0.15)
+    CONTEXT = "%s\x04%s"
+
     # Acceptable .mo versions
     VERSIONS = (0, 1)
 
@@ -385,6 +377,9 @@ def _parse(self, fp):
                     item = b_item.decode().strip()
                     if not item:
                         continue
+                    # Skip over comment lines:
+                    if item.startswith('#-#-#-#-#') and item.endswith('#-#-#-#-#'):
+                        continue
                     k = v = None
                     if ':' in item:
                         k, v = item.split(':', 1)
@@ -423,46 +418,48 @@ def _parse(self, fp):
             masteridx += 8
             transidx += 8
 
-    def lgettext(self, message):
+    def gettext(self, message):
         missing = object()
         tmsg = self._catalog.get(message, missing)
         if tmsg is missing:
-            if self._fallback:
-                return self._fallback.lgettext(message)
-            tmsg = message
-        if self._output_charset:
-            return tmsg.encode(self._output_charset)
-        return tmsg.encode(locale.getpreferredencoding())
+            tmsg = self._catalog.get((message, self.plural(1)), missing)
+        if tmsg is not missing:
+            return tmsg
+        if self._fallback:
+            return self._fallback.gettext(message)
+        return message
 
-    def lngettext(self, msgid1, msgid2, n):
+    def ngettext(self, msgid1, msgid2, n):
         try:
             tmsg = self._catalog[(msgid1, self.plural(n))]
         except KeyError:
             if self._fallback:
-                return self._fallback.lngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
+                return self._fallback.ngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
             if n == 1:
                 tmsg = msgid1
             else:
                 tmsg = msgid2
-        if self._output_charset:
-            return tmsg.encode(self._output_charset)
-        return tmsg.encode(locale.getpreferredencoding())
+        return tmsg
 
-    def gettext(self, message):
+    def pgettext(self, context, message):
+        ctxt_msg_id = self.CONTEXT % (context, message)
         missing = object()
-        tmsg = self._catalog.get(message, missing)
+        tmsg = self._catalog.get(ctxt_msg_id, missing)
         if tmsg is missing:
-            if self._fallback:
-                return self._fallback.gettext(message)
-            return message
-        return tmsg
+            tmsg = self._catalog.get((ctxt_msg_id, self.plural(1)), missing)
+        if tmsg is not missing:
+            return tmsg
+        if self._fallback:
+            return self._fallback.pgettext(context, message)
+        return message
 
-    def ngettext(self, msgid1, msgid2, n):
+    def npgettext(self, context, msgid1, msgid2, n):
+        ctxt_msg_id = self.CONTEXT % (context, msgid1)
         try:
-            tmsg = self._catalog[(msgid1, self.plural(n))]
+            tmsg = self._catalog[ctxt_msg_id, self.plural(n)]
         except KeyError:
             if self._fallback:
-                return self._fallback.ngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
+                return self._fallback.npgettext(context, msgid1, msgid2, n)
             if n == 1:
                 tmsg = msgid1
             else:
@@ -507,12 +504,12 @@ def find(domain, localedir=None, languages=None, all=False):
     return result
 
 
-
 # a mapping between absolute .mo file path and Translation object
 _translations = {}
 
+
 def translation(domain, localedir=None, languages=None,
-                class_=None, fallback=False, codeset=None):
+                class_=None, fallback=False):
     if class_ is None:
         class_ = GNUTranslations
     mofiles = find(domain, localedir, languages, all=True)
@@ -538,8 +535,6 @@ def translation(domain, localedir=None, languages=None,
         # are not used.
         import copy
         t = copy.copy(t)
-        if codeset:
-            t.set_output_charset(codeset)
         if result is None:
             result = t
         else:
@@ -547,16 +542,13 @@ def translation(domain, localedir=None, languages=None,
     return result
 
 
-def install(domain, localedir=None, codeset=None, names=None):
-    t = translation(domain, localedir, fallback=True, codeset=codeset)
+def install(domain, localedir=None, *, names=None):
+    t = translation(domain, localedir, fallback=True)
     t.install(names)
 
 
-
 # a mapping b/w domains and locale directories
 _localedirs = {}
-# a mapping b/w domains and codesets
-_localecodesets = {}
 # current global domain, `messages' used for compatibility w/ GNU gettext
 _current_domain = 'messages'
 
@@ -575,33 +567,17 @@ def bindtextdomain(domain, localedir=None):
     return _localedirs.get(domain, _default_localedir)
 
 
-def bind_textdomain_codeset(domain, codeset=None):
-    global _localecodesets
-    if codeset is not None:
-        _localecodesets[domain] = codeset
-    return _localecodesets.get(domain)
-
-
 def dgettext(domain, message):
     try:
-        t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None),
-                        codeset=_localecodesets.get(domain))
+        t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None))
     except OSError:
         return message
     return t.gettext(message)
 
-def ldgettext(domain, message):
-    codeset = _localecodesets.get(domain)
-    try:
-        t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None), codeset=codeset)
-    except OSError:
-        return message.encode(codeset or locale.getpreferredencoding())
-    return t.lgettext(message)
 
 def dngettext(domain, msgid1, msgid2, n):
     try:
-        t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None),
-                        codeset=_localecodesets.get(domain))
+        t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None))
     except OSError:
         if n == 1:
             return msgid1
@@ -609,29 +585,41 @@ def dngettext(domain, msgid1, msgid2, n):
             return msgid2
     return t.ngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
 
-def ldngettext(domain, msgid1, msgid2, n):
-    codeset = _localecodesets.get(domain)
+
+def dpgettext(domain, context, message):
     try:
-        t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None), codeset=codeset)
+        t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None))
+    except OSError:
+        return message
+    return t.pgettext(context, message)
+
+
+def dnpgettext(domain, context, msgid1, msgid2, n):
+    try:
+        t = translation(domain, _localedirs.get(domain, None))
     except OSError:
         if n == 1:
-            tmsg = msgid1
+            return msgid1
         else:
-            tmsg = msgid2
-        return tmsg.encode(codeset or locale.getpreferredencoding())
-    return t.lngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n)
+            return msgid2
+    return t.npgettext(context, msgid1, msgid2, n)
+
 
 def gettext(message):
     return dgettext(_current_domain, message)
 
-def lgettext(message):
-    return ldgettext(_current_domain, message)
 
 def ngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n):
     return dngettext(_current_domain, msgid1, msgid2, n)
 
-def lngettext(msgid1, msgid2, n):
-    return ldngettext(_current_domain, msgid1, msgid2, n)
+
+def pgettext(context, message):
+    return dpgettext(_current_domain, context, message)
+
+
+def npgettext(context, msgid1, msgid2, n):
+    return dnpgettext(_current_domain, context, msgid1, msgid2, n)
+
 
 # dcgettext() has been deemed unnecessary and is not implemented.
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_gettext.py b/Lib/test/test_gettext.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8430fc234d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_gettext.py
@@ -0,0 +1,788 @@
+import os
+import base64
+import gettext
+import unittest
+
+from test import support
+from test.support import os_helper
+
+
+# TODO:
+#  - Add new tests, for example for "dgettext"
+#  - Remove dummy tests, for example testing for single and double quotes
+#    has no sense, it would have if we were testing a parser (i.e. pygettext)
+#  - Tests should have only one assert.
+
+GNU_MO_DATA = b'''\
+3hIElQAAAAAJAAAAHAAAAGQAAAAAAAAArAAAAAAAAACsAAAAFQAAAK0AAAAjAAAAwwAAAKEAAADn
+AAAAMAAAAIkBAAAHAAAAugEAABYAAADCAQAAHAAAANkBAAALAAAA9gEAAEIBAAACAgAAFgAAAEUD
+AAAeAAAAXAMAAKEAAAB7AwAAMgAAAB0EAAAFAAAAUAQAABsAAABWBAAAIQAAAHIEAAAJAAAAlAQA
+AABSYXltb25kIEx1eHVyeSBZYWNoLXQAVGhlcmUgaXMgJXMgZmlsZQBUaGVyZSBhcmUgJXMgZmls
+ZXMAVGhpcyBtb2R1bGUgcHJvdmlkZXMgaW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbGl6YXRpb24gYW5kIGxvY2FsaXph
+dGlvbgpzdXBwb3J0IGZvciB5b3VyIFB5dGhvbiBwcm9ncmFtcyBieSBwcm92aWRpbmcgYW4gaW50
+ZXJmYWNlIHRvIHRoZSBHTlUKZ2V0dGV4dCBtZXNzYWdlIGNhdGFsb2cgbGlicmFyeS4AV2l0aCBj
+b250ZXh0BFRoZXJlIGlzICVzIGZpbGUAVGhlcmUgYXJlICVzIGZpbGVzAG11bGx1c2sAbXkgY29u
+dGV4dARudWRnZSBudWRnZQBteSBvdGhlciBjb250ZXh0BG51ZGdlIG51ZGdlAG51ZGdlIG51ZGdl
+AFByb2plY3QtSWQtVmVyc2lvbjogMi4wClBPLVJldmlzaW9uLURhdGU6IDIwMDMtMDQtMTEgMTQ6
+MzItMDQwMApMYXN0LVRyYW5zbGF0b3I6IEouIERhdmlkIEliYW5leiA8ai1kYXZpZEBub29zLmZy
+PgpMYW5ndWFnZS1UZWFtOiBYWCA8cHl0aG9uLWRldkBweXRob24ub3JnPgpNSU1FLVZlcnNpb246
+IDEuMApDb250ZW50LVR5cGU6IHRleHQvcGxhaW47IGNoYXJzZXQ9aXNvLTg4NTktMQpDb250ZW50
+LVRyYW5zZmVyLUVuY29kaW5nOiA4Yml0CkdlbmVyYXRlZC1CeTogcHlnZXR0ZXh0LnB5IDEuMQpQ
+bHVyYWwtRm9ybXM6IG5wbHVyYWxzPTI7IHBsdXJhbD1uIT0xOwoAVGhyb2F0d29iYmxlciBNYW5n
+cm92ZQBIYXkgJXMgZmljaGVybwBIYXkgJXMgZmljaGVyb3MAR3V2ZiB6YnFoeXIgY2ViaXZxcmYg
+dmFncmVhbmd2YmFueXZtbmd2YmEgbmFxIHlicG55dm1uZ3ZiYQpmaGNjYmVnIHNiZSBsYmhlIENs
+Z3ViYSBjZWJ0ZW56ZiBvbCBjZWJpdnF2YXQgbmEgdmFncmVzbnByIGdiIGd1ciBUQUgKdHJnZ3Jr
+ZyB6cmZmbnRyIHBuZ255YnQgeXZvZW5lbC4ASGF5ICVzIGZpY2hlcm8gKGNvbnRleHQpAEhheSAl
+cyBmaWNoZXJvcyAoY29udGV4dCkAYmFjb24Ad2luayB3aW5rIChpbiAibXkgY29udGV4dCIpAHdp
+bmsgd2luayAoaW4gIm15IG90aGVyIGNvbnRleHQiKQB3aW5rIHdpbmsA
+'''
+
+# This data contains an invalid major version number (5)
+# An unexpected major version number should be treated as an error when
+# parsing a .mo file
+
+GNU_MO_DATA_BAD_MAJOR_VERSION = b'''\
+3hIElQAABQAGAAAAHAAAAEwAAAALAAAAfAAAAAAAAACoAAAAFQAAAKkAAAAjAAAAvwAAAKEAAADj
+AAAABwAAAIUBAAALAAAAjQEAAEUBAACZAQAAFgAAAN8CAAAeAAAA9gIAAKEAAAAVAwAABQAAALcD
+AAAJAAAAvQMAAAEAAAADAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAAABQAAAAYAAAACAAAAAFJh
+eW1vbmQgTHV4dXJ5IFlhY2gtdABUaGVyZSBpcyAlcyBmaWxlAFRoZXJlIGFyZSAlcyBmaWxlcwBU
+aGlzIG1vZHVsZSBwcm92aWRlcyBpbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsaXphdGlvbiBhbmQgbG9jYWxpemF0aW9u
+CnN1cHBvcnQgZm9yIHlvdXIgUHl0aG9uIHByb2dyYW1zIGJ5IHByb3ZpZGluZyBhbiBpbnRlcmZh
+Y2UgdG8gdGhlIEdOVQpnZXR0ZXh0IG1lc3NhZ2UgY2F0YWxvZyBsaWJyYXJ5LgBtdWxsdXNrAG51
+ZGdlIG51ZGdlAFByb2plY3QtSWQtVmVyc2lvbjogMi4wClBPLVJldmlzaW9uLURhdGU6IDIwMDAt
+MDgtMjkgMTI6MTktMDQ6MDAKTGFzdC1UcmFuc2xhdG9yOiBKLiBEYXZpZCBJYsOhw7FleiA8ai1k
+YXZpZEBub29zLmZyPgpMYW5ndWFnZS1UZWFtOiBYWCA8cHl0aG9uLWRldkBweXRob24ub3JnPgpN
+SU1FLVZlcnNpb246IDEuMApDb250ZW50LVR5cGU6IHRleHQvcGxhaW47IGNoYXJzZXQ9aXNvLTg4
+NTktMQpDb250ZW50LVRyYW5zZmVyLUVuY29kaW5nOiBub25lCkdlbmVyYXRlZC1CeTogcHlnZXR0
+ZXh0LnB5IDEuMQpQbHVyYWwtRm9ybXM6IG5wbHVyYWxzPTI7IHBsdXJhbD1uIT0xOwoAVGhyb2F0
+d29iYmxlciBNYW5ncm92ZQBIYXkgJXMgZmljaGVybwBIYXkgJXMgZmljaGVyb3MAR3V2ZiB6YnFo
+eXIgY2ViaXZxcmYgdmFncmVhbmd2YmFueXZtbmd2YmEgbmFxIHlicG55dm1uZ3ZiYQpmaGNjYmVn
+IHNiZSBsYmhlIENsZ3ViYSBjZWJ0ZW56ZiBvbCBjZWJpdnF2YXQgbmEgdmFncmVzbnByIGdiIGd1
+ciBUQUgKdHJnZ3JrZyB6cmZmbnRyIHBuZ255YnQgeXZvZW5lbC4AYmFjb24Ad2luayB3aW5rAA==
+'''
+
+# This data contains an invalid minor version number (7)
+# An unexpected minor version number only indicates that some of the file's
+# contents may not be able to be read. It does not indicate an error.
+
+GNU_MO_DATA_BAD_MINOR_VERSION = b'''\
+3hIElQcAAAAGAAAAHAAAAEwAAAALAAAAfAAAAAAAAACoAAAAFQAAAKkAAAAjAAAAvwAAAKEAAADj
+AAAABwAAAIUBAAALAAAAjQEAAEUBAACZAQAAFgAAAN8CAAAeAAAA9gIAAKEAAAAVAwAABQAAALcD
+AAAJAAAAvQMAAAEAAAADAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAAABQAAAAYAAAACAAAAAFJh
+eW1vbmQgTHV4dXJ5IFlhY2gtdABUaGVyZSBpcyAlcyBmaWxlAFRoZXJlIGFyZSAlcyBmaWxlcwBU
+aGlzIG1vZHVsZSBwcm92aWRlcyBpbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsaXphdGlvbiBhbmQgbG9jYWxpemF0aW9u
+CnN1cHBvcnQgZm9yIHlvdXIgUHl0aG9uIHByb2dyYW1zIGJ5IHByb3ZpZGluZyBhbiBpbnRlcmZh
+Y2UgdG8gdGhlIEdOVQpnZXR0ZXh0IG1lc3NhZ2UgY2F0YWxvZyBsaWJyYXJ5LgBtdWxsdXNrAG51
+ZGdlIG51ZGdlAFByb2plY3QtSWQtVmVyc2lvbjogMi4wClBPLVJldmlzaW9uLURhdGU6IDIwMDAt
+MDgtMjkgMTI6MTktMDQ6MDAKTGFzdC1UcmFuc2xhdG9yOiBKLiBEYXZpZCBJYsOhw7FleiA8ai1k
+YXZpZEBub29zLmZyPgpMYW5ndWFnZS1UZWFtOiBYWCA8cHl0aG9uLWRldkBweXRob24ub3JnPgpN
+SU1FLVZlcnNpb246IDEuMApDb250ZW50LVR5cGU6IHRleHQvcGxhaW47IGNoYXJzZXQ9aXNvLTg4
+NTktMQpDb250ZW50LVRyYW5zZmVyLUVuY29kaW5nOiBub25lCkdlbmVyYXRlZC1CeTogcHlnZXR0
+ZXh0LnB5IDEuMQpQbHVyYWwtRm9ybXM6IG5wbHVyYWxzPTI7IHBsdXJhbD1uIT0xOwoAVGhyb2F0
+d29iYmxlciBNYW5ncm92ZQBIYXkgJXMgZmljaGVybwBIYXkgJXMgZmljaGVyb3MAR3V2ZiB6YnFo
+eXIgY2ViaXZxcmYgdmFncmVhbmd2YmFueXZtbmd2YmEgbmFxIHlicG55dm1uZ3ZiYQpmaGNjYmVn
+IHNiZSBsYmhlIENsZ3ViYSBjZWJ0ZW56ZiBvbCBjZWJpdnF2YXQgbmEgdmFncmVzbnByIGdiIGd1
+ciBUQUgKdHJnZ3JrZyB6cmZmbnRyIHBuZ255YnQgeXZvZW5lbC4AYmFjb24Ad2luayB3aW5rAA==
+'''
+
+
+UMO_DATA = b'''\
+3hIElQAAAAADAAAAHAAAADQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABMAAAABAAAAE0AAAAQAAAAUgAAAA8BAABj
+AAAABAAAAHMBAAAWAAAAeAEAAABhYsOeAG15Y29udGV4dMOeBGFiw54AUHJvamVjdC1JZC1WZXJz
+aW9uOiAyLjAKUE8tUmV2aXNpb24tRGF0ZTogMjAwMy0wNC0xMSAxMjo0Mi0wNDAwCkxhc3QtVHJh
+bnNsYXRvcjogQmFycnkgQS4gV0Fyc2F3IDxiYXJyeUBweXRob24ub3JnPgpMYW5ndWFnZS1UZWFt
+OiBYWCA8cHl0aG9uLWRldkBweXRob24ub3JnPgpNSU1FLVZlcnNpb246IDEuMApDb250ZW50LVR5
+cGU6IHRleHQvcGxhaW47IGNoYXJzZXQ9dXRmLTgKQ29udGVudC1UcmFuc2Zlci1FbmNvZGluZzog
+N2JpdApHZW5lcmF0ZWQtQnk6IG1hbnVhbGx5CgDCpHl6AMKkeXogKGNvbnRleHQgdmVyc2lvbikA
+'''
+
+MMO_DATA = b'''\
+3hIElQAAAAABAAAAHAAAACQAAAADAAAALAAAAAAAAAA4AAAAeAEAADkAAAABAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
+UHJvamVjdC1JZC1WZXJzaW9uOiBObyBQcm9qZWN0IDAuMApQT1QtQ3JlYXRpb24tRGF0ZTogV2Vk
+IERlYyAxMSAwNzo0NDoxNSAyMDAyClBPLVJldmlzaW9uLURhdGU6IDIwMDItMDgtMTQgMDE6MTg6
+NTgrMDA6MDAKTGFzdC1UcmFuc2xhdG9yOiBKb2huIERvZSA8amRvZUBleGFtcGxlLmNvbT4KSmFu
+ZSBGb29iYXIgPGpmb29iYXJAZXhhbXBsZS5jb20+Ckxhbmd1YWdlLVRlYW06IHh4IDx4eEBleGFt
+cGxlLmNvbT4KTUlNRS1WZXJzaW9uOiAxLjAKQ29udGVudC1UeXBlOiB0ZXh0L3BsYWluOyBjaGFy
+c2V0PWlzby04ODU5LTE1CkNvbnRlbnQtVHJhbnNmZXItRW5jb2Rpbmc6IHF1b3RlZC1wcmludGFi
+bGUKR2VuZXJhdGVkLUJ5OiBweWdldHRleHQucHkgMS4zCgA=
+'''
+
+LOCALEDIR = os.path.join('xx', 'LC_MESSAGES')
+MOFILE = os.path.join(LOCALEDIR, 'gettext.mo')
+MOFILE_BAD_MAJOR_VERSION = os.path.join(LOCALEDIR, 'gettext_bad_major_version.mo')
+MOFILE_BAD_MINOR_VERSION = os.path.join(LOCALEDIR, 'gettext_bad_minor_version.mo')
+UMOFILE = os.path.join(LOCALEDIR, 'ugettext.mo')
+MMOFILE = os.path.join(LOCALEDIR, 'metadata.mo')
+
+
+class GettextBaseTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.rmtree, os.path.split(LOCALEDIR)[0])
+        if not os.path.isdir(LOCALEDIR):
+            os.makedirs(LOCALEDIR)
+        with open(MOFILE, 'wb') as fp:
+            fp.write(base64.decodebytes(GNU_MO_DATA))
+        with open(MOFILE_BAD_MAJOR_VERSION, 'wb') as fp:
+            fp.write(base64.decodebytes(GNU_MO_DATA_BAD_MAJOR_VERSION))
+        with open(MOFILE_BAD_MINOR_VERSION, 'wb') as fp:
+            fp.write(base64.decodebytes(GNU_MO_DATA_BAD_MINOR_VERSION))
+        with open(UMOFILE, 'wb') as fp:
+            fp.write(base64.decodebytes(UMO_DATA))
+        with open(MMOFILE, 'wb') as fp:
+            fp.write(base64.decodebytes(MMO_DATA))
+        self.env = self.enterContext(os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard())
+        self.env['LANGUAGE'] = 'xx'
+        gettext._translations.clear()
+
+
+GNU_MO_DATA_ISSUE_17898 = b'''\
+3hIElQAAAAABAAAAHAAAACQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAsAAAAggAAAC0AAAAAUGx1cmFsLUZvcm1z
+OiBucGx1cmFscz0yOyBwbHVyYWw9KG4gIT0gMSk7CiMtIy0jLSMtIyAgbWVzc2FnZXMucG8gKEVk
+WCBTdHVkaW8pICAjLSMtIy0jLSMKQ29udGVudC1UeXBlOiB0ZXh0L3BsYWluOyBjaGFyc2V0PVVU
+Ri04CgA=
+'''
+
+class GettextTestCase1(GettextBaseTest):
+    def setUp(self):
+        GettextBaseTest.setUp(self)
+        self.localedir = os.curdir
+        self.mofile = MOFILE
+        gettext.install('gettext', self.localedir, names=['pgettext'])
+
+    def test_some_translations(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # test some translations
+        eq(_('albatross'), 'albatross')
+        eq(_('mullusk'), 'bacon')
+        eq(_(r'Raymond Luxury Yach-t'), 'Throatwobbler Mangrove')
+        eq(_(r'nudge nudge'), 'wink wink')
+
+    def test_some_translations_with_context(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        eq(pgettext('my context', 'nudge nudge'),
+           'wink wink (in "my context")')
+        eq(pgettext('my other context', 'nudge nudge'),
+           'wink wink (in "my other context")')
+
+    def test_double_quotes(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # double quotes
+        eq(_("albatross"), 'albatross')
+        eq(_("mullusk"), 'bacon')
+        eq(_(r"Raymond Luxury Yach-t"), 'Throatwobbler Mangrove')
+        eq(_(r"nudge nudge"), 'wink wink')
+
+    def test_triple_single_quotes(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # triple single quotes
+        eq(_('''albatross'''), 'albatross')
+        eq(_('''mullusk'''), 'bacon')
+        eq(_(r'''Raymond Luxury Yach-t'''), 'Throatwobbler Mangrove')
+        eq(_(r'''nudge nudge'''), 'wink wink')
+
+    def test_triple_double_quotes(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # triple double quotes
+        eq(_("""albatross"""), 'albatross')
+        eq(_("""mullusk"""), 'bacon')
+        eq(_(r"""Raymond Luxury Yach-t"""), 'Throatwobbler Mangrove')
+        eq(_(r"""nudge nudge"""), 'wink wink')
+
+    def test_multiline_strings(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # multiline strings
+        eq(_('''This module provides internationalization and localization
+support for your Python programs by providing an interface to the GNU
+gettext message catalog library.'''),
+           '''Guvf zbqhyr cebivqrf vagreangvbanyvmngvba naq ybpnyvmngvba
+fhccbeg sbe lbhe Clguba cebtenzf ol cebivqvat na vagresnpr gb gur TAH
+trggrkg zrffntr pngnybt yvoenel.''')
+
+    def test_the_alternative_interface(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        neq = self.assertNotEqual
+        # test the alternative interface
+        with open(self.mofile, 'rb') as fp:
+            t = gettext.GNUTranslations(fp)
+        # Install the translation object
+        t.install()
+        eq(_('nudge nudge'), 'wink wink')
+        # Try unicode return type
+        t.install()
+        eq(_('mullusk'), 'bacon')
+        # Test installation of other methods
+        import builtins
+        t.install(names=["gettext", "ngettext"])
+        eq(_, t.gettext)
+        eq(builtins.gettext, t.gettext)
+        eq(ngettext, t.ngettext)
+        neq(pgettext, t.pgettext)
+        del builtins.gettext
+        del builtins.ngettext
+
+
+class GettextTestCase2(GettextBaseTest):
+    def setUp(self):
+        GettextBaseTest.setUp(self)
+        self.localedir = os.curdir
+        # Set up the bindings
+        gettext.bindtextdomain('gettext', self.localedir)
+        gettext.textdomain('gettext')
+        # For convenience
+        self._ = gettext.gettext
+
+    def test_bindtextdomain(self):
+        self.assertEqual(gettext.bindtextdomain('gettext'), self.localedir)
+
+    def test_textdomain(self):
+        self.assertEqual(gettext.textdomain(), 'gettext')
+
+    def test_bad_major_version(self):
+        with open(MOFILE_BAD_MAJOR_VERSION, 'rb') as fp:
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
+                gettext.GNUTranslations(fp)
+
+            exception = cm.exception
+            self.assertEqual(exception.errno, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(exception.strerror, "Bad version number 5")
+            self.assertEqual(exception.filename, MOFILE_BAD_MAJOR_VERSION)
+
+    def test_bad_minor_version(self):
+        with open(MOFILE_BAD_MINOR_VERSION, 'rb') as fp:
+            # Check that no error is thrown with a bad minor version number
+            gettext.GNUTranslations(fp)
+
+    def test_some_translations(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # test some translations
+        eq(self._('albatross'), 'albatross')
+        eq(self._('mullusk'), 'bacon')
+        eq(self._(r'Raymond Luxury Yach-t'), 'Throatwobbler Mangrove')
+        eq(self._(r'nudge nudge'), 'wink wink')
+
+    def test_some_translations_with_context(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        eq(gettext.pgettext('my context', 'nudge nudge'),
+           'wink wink (in "my context")')
+        eq(gettext.pgettext('my other context', 'nudge nudge'),
+           'wink wink (in "my other context")')
+
+    def test_some_translations_with_context_and_domain(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        eq(gettext.dpgettext('gettext', 'my context', 'nudge nudge'),
+           'wink wink (in "my context")')
+        eq(gettext.dpgettext('gettext', 'my other context', 'nudge nudge'),
+           'wink wink (in "my other context")')
+
+    def test_double_quotes(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # double quotes
+        eq(self._("albatross"), 'albatross')
+        eq(self._("mullusk"), 'bacon')
+        eq(self._(r"Raymond Luxury Yach-t"), 'Throatwobbler Mangrove')
+        eq(self._(r"nudge nudge"), 'wink wink')
+
+    def test_triple_single_quotes(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # triple single quotes
+        eq(self._('''albatross'''), 'albatross')
+        eq(self._('''mullusk'''), 'bacon')
+        eq(self._(r'''Raymond Luxury Yach-t'''), 'Throatwobbler Mangrove')
+        eq(self._(r'''nudge nudge'''), 'wink wink')
+
+    def test_triple_double_quotes(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # triple double quotes
+        eq(self._("""albatross"""), 'albatross')
+        eq(self._("""mullusk"""), 'bacon')
+        eq(self._(r"""Raymond Luxury Yach-t"""), 'Throatwobbler Mangrove')
+        eq(self._(r"""nudge nudge"""), 'wink wink')
+
+    def test_multiline_strings(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # multiline strings
+        eq(self._('''This module provides internationalization and localization
+support for your Python programs by providing an interface to the GNU
+gettext message catalog library.'''),
+           '''Guvf zbqhyr cebivqrf vagreangvbanyvmngvba naq ybpnyvmngvba
+fhccbeg sbe lbhe Clguba cebtenzf ol cebivqvat na vagresnpr gb gur TAH
+trggrkg zrffntr pngnybt yvoenel.''')
+
+
+class PluralFormsTestCase(GettextBaseTest):
+    def setUp(self):
+        GettextBaseTest.setUp(self)
+        self.mofile = MOFILE
+
+    def test_plural_forms1(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        x = gettext.ngettext('There is %s file', 'There are %s files', 1)
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s fichero')
+        x = gettext.ngettext('There is %s file', 'There are %s files', 2)
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s ficheros')
+        x = gettext.gettext('There is %s file')
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s fichero')
+
+    def test_plural_context_forms1(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        x = gettext.npgettext('With context',
+                              'There is %s file', 'There are %s files', 1)
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s fichero (context)')
+        x = gettext.npgettext('With context',
+                              'There is %s file', 'There are %s files', 2)
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s ficheros (context)')
+        x = gettext.pgettext('With context', 'There is %s file')
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s fichero (context)')
+
+    def test_plural_forms2(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        with open(self.mofile, 'rb') as fp:
+            t = gettext.GNUTranslations(fp)
+        x = t.ngettext('There is %s file', 'There are %s files', 1)
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s fichero')
+        x = t.ngettext('There is %s file', 'There are %s files', 2)
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s ficheros')
+        x = t.gettext('There is %s file')
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s fichero')
+
+    def test_plural_context_forms2(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        with open(self.mofile, 'rb') as fp:
+            t = gettext.GNUTranslations(fp)
+        x = t.npgettext('With context',
+                        'There is %s file', 'There are %s files', 1)
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s fichero (context)')
+        x = t.npgettext('With context',
+                        'There is %s file', 'There are %s files', 2)
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s ficheros (context)')
+        x = gettext.pgettext('With context', 'There is %s file')
+        eq(x, 'Hay %s fichero (context)')
+
+    # Examples from http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html
+
+    def test_ja(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('0')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000")
+
+    def test_de(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('n != 1')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "10111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+
+    def test_fr(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('n>1')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "00111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111")
+
+    def test_lv(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n != 0 ? 1 : 2')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "20111111111111111111101111111110111111111011111111101111111110111111111011111111101111111110111111111011111111111111111110111111111011111111101111111110111111111011111111101111111110111111111011111111")
+
+    def test_gd(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('n==1 ? 0 : n==2 ? 1 : 2')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "20122222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222")
+
+    def test_gd2(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        # Tests the combination of parentheses and "?:"
+        f = gettext.c2py('n==1 ? 0 : (n==2 ? 1 : 2)')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "20122222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222")
+
+    def test_ro(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('n==1 ? 0 : (n==0 || (n%100 > 0 && n%100 < 20)) ? 1 : 2')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "10111111111111111111222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222111111111111111111122222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222")
+
+    def test_lt(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "20111111112222222222201111111120111111112011111111201111111120111111112011111111201111111120111111112011111111222222222220111111112011111111201111111120111111112011111111201111111120111111112011111111")
+
+    def test_ru(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "20111222222222222222201112222220111222222011122222201112222220111222222011122222201112222220111222222011122222222222222220111222222011122222201112222220111222222011122222201112222220111222222011122222")
+
+    def test_cs(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('(n==1) ? 0 : (n>=2 && n<=4) ? 1 : 2')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "20111222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222")
+
+    def test_pl(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('n==1 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "20111222222222222222221112222222111222222211122222221112222222111222222211122222221112222222111222222211122222222222222222111222222211122222221112222222111222222211122222221112222222111222222211122222")
+
+    def test_sl(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('n%100==1 ? 0 : n%100==2 ? 1 : n%100==3 || n%100==4 ? 2 : 3')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "30122333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333012233333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333")
+
+    def test_ar(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        f = gettext.c2py('n==0 ? 0 : n==1 ? 1 : n==2 ? 2 : n%100>=3 && n%100<=10 ? 3 : n%100>=11 ? 4 : 5')
+        s = ''.join([ str(f(x)) for x in range(200) ])
+        eq(s, "01233333333444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444445553333333344444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444")
+
+    def test_security(self):
+        raises = self.assertRaises
+        # Test for a dangerous expression
+        raises(ValueError, gettext.c2py, "os.chmod('/etc/passwd',0777)")
+        # issue28563
+        raises(ValueError, gettext.c2py, '"(eval(foo) && ""')
+        raises(ValueError, gettext.c2py, 'f"{os.system(\'sh\')}"')
+        # Maximum recursion depth exceeded during compilation
+        raises(ValueError, gettext.c2py, 'n+'*10000 + 'n')
+        self.assertEqual(gettext.c2py('n+'*100 + 'n')(1), 101)
+        # MemoryError during compilation
+        raises(ValueError, gettext.c2py, '('*100 + 'n' + ')'*100)
+        # Maximum recursion depth exceeded in C to Python translator
+        raises(ValueError, gettext.c2py, '('*10000 + 'n' + ')'*10000)
+        self.assertEqual(gettext.c2py('('*20 + 'n' + ')'*20)(1), 1)
+
+    def test_chained_comparison(self):
+        # C doesn't chain comparison as Python so 2 == 2 == 2 gets different results
+        f = gettext.c2py('n == n == n')
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(str(f(x)) for x in range(3)), '010')
+        f = gettext.c2py('1 < n == n')
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(str(f(x)) for x in range(3)), '100')
+        f = gettext.c2py('n == n < 2')
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(str(f(x)) for x in range(3)), '010')
+        f = gettext.c2py('0 < n < 2')
+        self.assertEqual(''.join(str(f(x)) for x in range(3)), '111')
+
+    def test_decimal_number(self):
+        self.assertEqual(gettext.c2py('0123')(1), 123)
+
+    def test_invalid_syntax(self):
+        invalid_expressions = [
+            'x>1', '(n>1', 'n>1)', '42**42**42', '0xa', '1.0', '1e2',
+            'n>0x1', '+n', '-n', 'n()', 'n(1)', '1+', 'nn', 'n n',
+        ]
+        for expr in invalid_expressions:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                gettext.c2py(expr)
+
+    def test_nested_condition_operator(self):
+        self.assertEqual(gettext.c2py('n?1?2:3:4')(0), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(gettext.c2py('n?1?2:3:4')(1), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(gettext.c2py('n?1:3?4:5')(0), 4)
+        self.assertEqual(gettext.c2py('n?1:3?4:5')(1), 1)
+
+    def test_division(self):
+        f = gettext.c2py('2/n*3')
+        self.assertEqual(f(1), 6)
+        self.assertEqual(f(2), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(f(3), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(f(-1), -6)
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, f, 0)
+
+    def test_plural_number(self):
+        f = gettext.c2py('n != 1')
+        self.assertEqual(f(1), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(f(2), 1)
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            self.assertEqual(f(1.0), 0)
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            self.assertEqual(f(2.0), 1)
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            self.assertEqual(f(1.1), 1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, f, '2')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, f, b'2')
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, f, [])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, f, object())
+
+
+class GNUTranslationParsingTest(GettextBaseTest):
+    def test_plural_form_error_issue17898(self):
+        with open(MOFILE, 'wb') as fp:
+            fp.write(base64.decodebytes(GNU_MO_DATA_ISSUE_17898))
+        with open(MOFILE, 'rb') as fp:
+            # If this runs cleanly, the bug is fixed.
+            t = gettext.GNUTranslations(fp)
+
+    def test_ignore_comments_in_headers_issue36239(self):
+        """Checks that comments like:
+
+            #-#-#-#-#  messages.po (EdX Studio)  #-#-#-#-#
+
+        are ignored.
+        """
+        with open(MOFILE, 'wb') as fp:
+            fp.write(base64.decodebytes(GNU_MO_DATA_ISSUE_17898))
+        with open(MOFILE, 'rb') as fp:
+            t = gettext.GNUTranslations(fp)
+            self.assertEqual(t.info()["plural-forms"], "nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);")
+
+
+class UnicodeTranslationsTest(GettextBaseTest):
+    def setUp(self):
+        GettextBaseTest.setUp(self)
+        with open(UMOFILE, 'rb') as fp:
+            self.t = gettext.GNUTranslations(fp)
+        self._ = self.t.gettext
+        self.pgettext = self.t.pgettext
+
+    def test_unicode_msgid(self):
+        self.assertIsInstance(self._(''), str)
+
+    def test_unicode_msgstr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self._('ab\xde'), '\xa4yz')
+
+    def test_unicode_context_msgstr(self):
+        t = self.pgettext('mycontext\xde', 'ab\xde')
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(t, str))
+        self.assertEqual(t, '\xa4yz (context version)')
+
+
+class UnicodeTranslationsPluralTest(GettextBaseTest):
+    def setUp(self):
+        GettextBaseTest.setUp(self)
+        with open(MOFILE, 'rb') as fp:
+            self.t = gettext.GNUTranslations(fp)
+        self.ngettext = self.t.ngettext
+        self.npgettext = self.t.npgettext
+
+    def test_unicode_msgid(self):
+        unless = self.assertTrue
+        unless(isinstance(self.ngettext('', '', 1), str))
+        unless(isinstance(self.ngettext('', '', 2), str))
+
+    def test_unicode_context_msgid(self):
+        unless = self.assertTrue
+        unless(isinstance(self.npgettext('', '', '', 1), str))
+        unless(isinstance(self.npgettext('', '', '', 2), str))
+
+    def test_unicode_msgstr(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        unless = self.assertTrue
+        t = self.ngettext("There is %s file", "There are %s files", 1)
+        unless(isinstance(t, str))
+        eq(t, "Hay %s fichero")
+        unless(isinstance(t, str))
+        t = self.ngettext("There is %s file", "There are %s files", 5)
+        unless(isinstance(t, str))
+        eq(t, "Hay %s ficheros")
+
+    def test_unicode_msgstr_with_context(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        unless = self.assertTrue
+        t = self.npgettext("With context",
+                           "There is %s file", "There are %s files", 1)
+        unless(isinstance(t, str))
+        eq(t, "Hay %s fichero (context)")
+        t = self.npgettext("With context",
+                           "There is %s file", "There are %s files", 5)
+        unless(isinstance(t, str))
+        eq(t, "Hay %s ficheros (context)")
+
+
+class WeirdMetadataTest(GettextBaseTest):
+    def setUp(self):
+        GettextBaseTest.setUp(self)
+        with open(MMOFILE, 'rb') as fp:
+            try:
+                self.t = gettext.GNUTranslations(fp)
+            except:
+                self.tearDown()
+                raise
+
+    def test_weird_metadata(self):
+        info = self.t.info()
+        self.assertEqual(len(info), 9)
+        self.assertEqual(info['last-translator'],
+           'John Doe <jdoe@example.com>\nJane Foobar <jfoobar@example.com>')
+
+
+class DummyGNUTranslations(gettext.GNUTranslations):
+    def foo(self):
+        return 'foo'
+
+
+class GettextCacheTestCase(GettextBaseTest):
+    def test_cache(self):
+        self.localedir = os.curdir
+        self.mofile = MOFILE
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(gettext._translations), 0)
+
+        t = gettext.translation('gettext', self.localedir)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(gettext._translations), 1)
+
+        t = gettext.translation('gettext', self.localedir,
+                                class_=DummyGNUTranslations)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(gettext._translations), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(t.__class__, DummyGNUTranslations)
+
+        # Calling it again doesn't add to the cache
+
+        t = gettext.translation('gettext', self.localedir,
+                                class_=DummyGNUTranslations)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(gettext._translations), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(t.__class__, DummyGNUTranslations)
+
+
+class MiscTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test__all__(self):
+        support.check__all__(self, gettext,
+                             not_exported={'c2py', 'ENOENT'})
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
+
+
+# For reference, here's the .po file used to created the GNU_MO_DATA above.
+#
+# The original version was automatically generated from the sources with
+# pygettext. Later it was manually modified to add plural forms support.
+
+b'''
+# Dummy translation for the Python test_gettext.py module.
+# Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation
+# Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org>, 2000.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: 2.0\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2003-04-11 14:32-0400\n"
+"Last-Translator: J. David Ibanez <j-david@noos.fr>\n"
+"Language-Team: XX <python-dev@python.org>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: pygettext.py 1.1\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n!=1;\n"
+
+#: test_gettext.py:19 test_gettext.py:25 test_gettext.py:31 test_gettext.py:37
+#: test_gettext.py:51 test_gettext.py:80 test_gettext.py:86 test_gettext.py:92
+#: test_gettext.py:98
+msgid "nudge nudge"
+msgstr "wink wink"
+
+msgctxt "my context"
+msgid "nudge nudge"
+msgstr "wink wink (in \"my context\")"
+
+msgctxt "my other context"
+msgid "nudge nudge"
+msgstr "wink wink (in \"my other context\")"
+
+#: test_gettext.py:16 test_gettext.py:22 test_gettext.py:28 test_gettext.py:34
+#: test_gettext.py:77 test_gettext.py:83 test_gettext.py:89 test_gettext.py:95
+msgid "albatross"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: test_gettext.py:18 test_gettext.py:24 test_gettext.py:30 test_gettext.py:36
+#: test_gettext.py:79 test_gettext.py:85 test_gettext.py:91 test_gettext.py:97
+msgid "Raymond Luxury Yach-t"
+msgstr "Throatwobbler Mangrove"
+
+#: test_gettext.py:17 test_gettext.py:23 test_gettext.py:29 test_gettext.py:35
+#: test_gettext.py:56 test_gettext.py:78 test_gettext.py:84 test_gettext.py:90
+#: test_gettext.py:96
+msgid "mullusk"
+msgstr "bacon"
+
+#: test_gettext.py:40 test_gettext.py:101
+msgid ""
+"This module provides internationalization and localization\n"
+"support for your Python programs by providing an interface to the GNU\n"
+"gettext message catalog library."
+msgstr ""
+"Guvf zbqhyr cebivqrf vagreangvbanyvmngvba naq ybpnyvmngvba\n"
+"fhccbeg sbe lbhe Clguba cebtenzf ol cebivqvat na vagresnpr gb gur TAH\n"
+"trggrkg zrffntr pngnybt yvoenel."
+
+# Manually added, as neither pygettext nor xgettext support plural forms
+# in Python.
+msgid "There is %s file"
+msgid_plural "There are %s files"
+msgstr[0] "Hay %s fichero"
+msgstr[1] "Hay %s ficheros"
+
+# Manually added, as neither pygettext nor xgettext support plural forms
+# and context in Python.
+msgctxt "With context"
+msgid "There is %s file"
+msgid_plural "There are %s files"
+msgstr[0] "Hay %s fichero (context)"
+msgstr[1] "Hay %s ficheros (context)"
+'''
+
+# Here's the second example po file example, used to generate the UMO_DATA
+# containing utf-8 encoded Unicode strings
+
+b'''
+# Dummy translation for the Python test_gettext.py module.
+# Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation
+# Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org>, 2000.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: 2.0\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2003-04-11 12:42-0400\n"
+"Last-Translator: Barry A. WArsaw <barry@python.org>\n"
+"Language-Team: XX <python-dev@python.org>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit\n"
+"Generated-By: manually\n"
+
+#: nofile:0
+msgid "ab\xc3\x9e"
+msgstr "\xc2\xa4yz"
+
+#: nofile:1
+msgctxt "mycontext\xc3\x9e"
+msgid "ab\xc3\x9e"
+msgstr "\xc2\xa4yz (context version)"
+'''
+
+# Here's the third example po file, used to generate MMO_DATA
+
+b'''
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: No Project 0.0\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: Wed Dec 11 07:44:15 2002\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2002-08-14 01:18:58+00:00\n"
+"Last-Translator: John Doe <jdoe@example.com>\n"
+"Jane Foobar <jfoobar@example.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: xx <xx@example.com>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-15\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable\n"
+"Generated-By: pygettext.py 1.3\n"
+'''
+
+#
+# messages.po, used for bug 17898
+#
+
+b'''
+# test file for http://bugs.python.org/issue17898
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
+"#-#-#-#-#  messages.po (EdX Studio)  #-#-#-#-#\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+'''

From 64a464aefb2959600084938b8cc6c95491e8cf1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 12:52:33 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 235/705] Update audiotests from CPython 3.12.3 (#5304)

Co-authored-by: moonlightaria <edch66@gmail.com>
---
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-alaw.aifc     | Bin 0 -> 6910 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm16.aiff    | Bin 0 -> 13506 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm16.au      | Bin 0 -> 13252 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm16.wav     | Bin 0 -> 13370 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24-ext.wav | Bin 0 -> 19922 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24.aiff    | Bin 0 -> 20120 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24.au      | Bin 0 -> 19866 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24.wav     | Bin 0 -> 19984 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm32.aiff    | Bin 0 -> 26734 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm32.au      | Bin 0 -> 26480 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm32.wav     | Bin 0 -> 26598 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm8.aiff     | Bin 0 -> 6892 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm8.au       | Bin 0 -> 6638 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm8.wav      | Bin 0 -> 6756 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-ulaw.aifc     | Bin 0 -> 6910 bytes
 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-ulaw.au       | Bin 0 -> 6638 bytes
 Lib/test/audiotest.au                  | Bin 0 -> 28144 bytes
 Lib/test/audiotests.py                 | 330 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 18 files changed, 330 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-alaw.aifc
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm16.aiff
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm16.au
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm16.wav
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24-ext.wav
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24.aiff
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24.au
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24.wav
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm32.aiff
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm32.au
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm32.wav
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm8.aiff
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm8.au
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm8.wav
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-ulaw.aifc
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-ulaw.au
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiotest.au
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/audiotests.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-alaw.aifc b/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-alaw.aifc
new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm16.aiff b/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm16.aiff
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diff --git a/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24.aiff b/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24.aiff
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8eba145a44d37a837b00428c6e39c6d68e25ac4b
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diff --git a/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24.wav b/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm24.wav
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diff --git a/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm32.aiff b/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm32.aiff
new file mode 100644
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new file mode 100644
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diff --git a/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm8.au b/Lib/test/audiodata/pluck-pcm8.au
new file mode 100644
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GIT binary patch
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diff --git a/Lib/test/audiotest.au b/Lib/test/audiotest.au
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diff --git a/Lib/test/audiotests.py b/Lib/test/audiotests.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d6c4cc2b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/audiotests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+from test.support import findfile
+from test.support.os_helper import TESTFN, unlink
+import array
+import io
+import pickle
+
+
+class UnseekableIO(io.FileIO):
+    def tell(self):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation
+
+    def seek(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        raise io.UnsupportedOperation
+
+
+class AudioTests:
+    close_fd = False
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.f = self.fout = None
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        if self.f is not None:
+            self.f.close()
+        if self.fout is not None:
+            self.fout.close()
+        unlink(TESTFN)
+
+    def check_params(self, f, nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes,
+                     comptype, compname):
+        self.assertEqual(f.getnchannels(), nchannels)
+        self.assertEqual(f.getsampwidth(), sampwidth)
+        self.assertEqual(f.getframerate(), framerate)
+        self.assertEqual(f.getnframes(), nframes)
+        self.assertEqual(f.getcomptype(), comptype)
+        self.assertEqual(f.getcompname(), compname)
+
+        params = f.getparams()
+        self.assertEqual(params,
+                (nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname))
+        self.assertEqual(params.nchannels, nchannels)
+        self.assertEqual(params.sampwidth, sampwidth)
+        self.assertEqual(params.framerate, framerate)
+        self.assertEqual(params.nframes, nframes)
+        self.assertEqual(params.comptype, comptype)
+        self.assertEqual(params.compname, compname)
+
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            dump = pickle.dumps(params, proto)
+            self.assertEqual(pickle.loads(dump), params)
+
+
+class AudioWriteTests(AudioTests):
+
+    def create_file(self, testfile):
+        f = self.fout = self.module.open(testfile, 'wb')
+        f.setnchannels(self.nchannels)
+        f.setsampwidth(self.sampwidth)
+        f.setframerate(self.framerate)
+        f.setcomptype(self.comptype, self.compname)
+        return f
+
+    def check_file(self, testfile, nframes, frames):
+        with self.module.open(testfile, 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.getnchannels(), self.nchannels)
+            self.assertEqual(f.getsampwidth(), self.sampwidth)
+            self.assertEqual(f.getframerate(), self.framerate)
+            self.assertEqual(f.getnframes(), nframes)
+            self.assertEqual(f.readframes(nframes), frames)
+
+    def test_write_params(self):
+        f = self.create_file(TESTFN)
+        f.setnframes(self.nframes)
+        f.writeframes(self.frames)
+        self.check_params(f, self.nchannels, self.sampwidth, self.framerate,
+                          self.nframes, self.comptype, self.compname)
+        f.close()
+
+    def test_write_context_manager_calls_close(self):
+        # Close checks for a minimum header and will raise an error
+        # if it is not set, so this proves that close is called.
+        with self.assertRaises(self.module.Error):
+            with self.module.open(TESTFN, 'wb'):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaises(self.module.Error):
+            with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as testfile:
+                with self.module.open(testfile):
+                    pass
+
+    def test_context_manager_with_open_file(self):
+        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as testfile:
+            with self.module.open(testfile) as f:
+                f.setnchannels(self.nchannels)
+                f.setsampwidth(self.sampwidth)
+                f.setframerate(self.framerate)
+                f.setcomptype(self.comptype, self.compname)
+            self.assertEqual(testfile.closed, self.close_fd)
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as testfile:
+            with self.module.open(testfile) as f:
+                self.assertFalse(f.getfp().closed)
+                params = f.getparams()
+                self.assertEqual(params.nchannels, self.nchannels)
+                self.assertEqual(params.sampwidth, self.sampwidth)
+                self.assertEqual(params.framerate, self.framerate)
+            if not self.close_fd:
+                self.assertIsNone(f.getfp())
+            self.assertEqual(testfile.closed, self.close_fd)
+
+    def test_context_manager_with_filename(self):
+        # If the file doesn't get closed, this test won't fail, but it will
+        # produce a resource leak warning.
+        with self.module.open(TESTFN, 'wb') as f:
+            f.setnchannels(self.nchannels)
+            f.setsampwidth(self.sampwidth)
+            f.setframerate(self.framerate)
+            f.setcomptype(self.comptype, self.compname)
+        with self.module.open(TESTFN) as f:
+            self.assertFalse(f.getfp().closed)
+            params = f.getparams()
+            self.assertEqual(params.nchannels, self.nchannels)
+            self.assertEqual(params.sampwidth, self.sampwidth)
+            self.assertEqual(params.framerate, self.framerate)
+        if not self.close_fd:
+            self.assertIsNone(f.getfp())
+
+    def test_write(self):
+        f = self.create_file(TESTFN)
+        f.setnframes(self.nframes)
+        f.writeframes(self.frames)
+        f.close()
+
+        self.check_file(TESTFN, self.nframes, self.frames)
+
+    def test_write_bytearray(self):
+        f = self.create_file(TESTFN)
+        f.setnframes(self.nframes)
+        f.writeframes(bytearray(self.frames))
+        f.close()
+
+        self.check_file(TESTFN, self.nframes, self.frames)
+
+    def test_write_array(self):
+        f = self.create_file(TESTFN)
+        f.setnframes(self.nframes)
+        f.writeframes(array.array('h', self.frames))
+        f.close()
+
+        self.check_file(TESTFN, self.nframes, self.frames)
+
+    def test_write_memoryview(self):
+        f = self.create_file(TESTFN)
+        f.setnframes(self.nframes)
+        f.writeframes(memoryview(self.frames))
+        f.close()
+
+        self.check_file(TESTFN, self.nframes, self.frames)
+
+    def test_incompleted_write(self):
+        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as testfile:
+            testfile.write(b'ababagalamaga')
+            f = self.create_file(testfile)
+            f.setnframes(self.nframes + 1)
+            f.writeframes(self.frames)
+            f.close()
+
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as testfile:
+            self.assertEqual(testfile.read(13), b'ababagalamaga')
+            self.check_file(testfile, self.nframes, self.frames)
+
+    def test_multiple_writes(self):
+        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as testfile:
+            testfile.write(b'ababagalamaga')
+            f = self.create_file(testfile)
+            f.setnframes(self.nframes)
+            framesize = self.nchannels * self.sampwidth
+            f.writeframes(self.frames[:-framesize])
+            f.writeframes(self.frames[-framesize:])
+            f.close()
+
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as testfile:
+            self.assertEqual(testfile.read(13), b'ababagalamaga')
+            self.check_file(testfile, self.nframes, self.frames)
+
+    def test_overflowed_write(self):
+        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as testfile:
+            testfile.write(b'ababagalamaga')
+            f = self.create_file(testfile)
+            f.setnframes(self.nframes - 1)
+            f.writeframes(self.frames)
+            f.close()
+
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as testfile:
+            self.assertEqual(testfile.read(13), b'ababagalamaga')
+            self.check_file(testfile, self.nframes, self.frames)
+
+    def test_unseekable_read(self):
+        with self.create_file(TESTFN) as f:
+            f.setnframes(self.nframes)
+            f.writeframes(self.frames)
+
+        with UnseekableIO(TESTFN, 'rb') as testfile:
+            self.check_file(testfile, self.nframes, self.frames)
+
+    def test_unseekable_write(self):
+        with UnseekableIO(TESTFN, 'wb') as testfile:
+            with self.create_file(testfile) as f:
+                f.setnframes(self.nframes)
+                f.writeframes(self.frames)
+
+        self.check_file(TESTFN, self.nframes, self.frames)
+
+    def test_unseekable_incompleted_write(self):
+        with UnseekableIO(TESTFN, 'wb') as testfile:
+            testfile.write(b'ababagalamaga')
+            f = self.create_file(testfile)
+            f.setnframes(self.nframes + 1)
+            try:
+                f.writeframes(self.frames)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+            try:
+                f.close()
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as testfile:
+            self.assertEqual(testfile.read(13), b'ababagalamaga')
+            self.check_file(testfile, self.nframes + 1, self.frames)
+
+    def test_unseekable_overflowed_write(self):
+        with UnseekableIO(TESTFN, 'wb') as testfile:
+            testfile.write(b'ababagalamaga')
+            f = self.create_file(testfile)
+            f.setnframes(self.nframes - 1)
+            try:
+                f.writeframes(self.frames)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+            try:
+                f.close()
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as testfile:
+            self.assertEqual(testfile.read(13), b'ababagalamaga')
+            framesize = self.nchannels * self.sampwidth
+            self.check_file(testfile, self.nframes - 1, self.frames[:-framesize])
+
+
+class AudioTestsWithSourceFile(AudioTests):
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.sndfilepath = findfile(cls.sndfilename, subdir='audiodata')
+
+    def test_read_params(self):
+        f = self.f = self.module.open(self.sndfilepath)
+        #self.assertEqual(f.getfp().name, self.sndfilepath)
+        self.check_params(f, self.nchannels, self.sampwidth, self.framerate,
+                          self.sndfilenframes, self.comptype, self.compname)
+
+    def test_close(self):
+        with open(self.sndfilepath, 'rb') as testfile:
+            f = self.f = self.module.open(testfile)
+            self.assertFalse(testfile.closed)
+            f.close()
+            self.assertEqual(testfile.closed, self.close_fd)
+        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as testfile:
+            fout = self.fout = self.module.open(testfile, 'wb')
+            self.assertFalse(testfile.closed)
+            with self.assertRaises(self.module.Error):
+                fout.close()
+            self.assertEqual(testfile.closed, self.close_fd)
+            fout.close() # do nothing
+
+    def test_read(self):
+        framesize = self.nchannels * self.sampwidth
+        chunk1 = self.frames[:2 * framesize]
+        chunk2 = self.frames[2 * framesize: 4 * framesize]
+        f = self.f = self.module.open(self.sndfilepath)
+        self.assertEqual(f.readframes(0), b'')
+        self.assertEqual(f.tell(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(f.readframes(2), chunk1)
+        f.rewind()
+        pos0 = f.tell()
+        self.assertEqual(pos0, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(f.readframes(2), chunk1)
+        pos2 = f.tell()
+        self.assertEqual(pos2, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(f.readframes(2), chunk2)
+        f.setpos(pos2)
+        self.assertEqual(f.readframes(2), chunk2)
+        f.setpos(pos0)
+        self.assertEqual(f.readframes(2), chunk1)
+        with self.assertRaises(self.module.Error):
+            f.setpos(-1)
+        with self.assertRaises(self.module.Error):
+            f.setpos(f.getnframes() + 1)
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        f = self.f = self.module.open(self.sndfilepath)
+        fout = self.fout = self.module.open(TESTFN, 'wb')
+        fout.setparams(f.getparams())
+        i = 0
+        n = f.getnframes()
+        while n > 0:
+            i += 1
+            fout.writeframes(f.readframes(i))
+            n -= i
+        fout.close()
+        fout = self.fout = self.module.open(TESTFN, 'rb')
+        f.rewind()
+        self.assertEqual(f.getparams(), fout.getparams())
+        self.assertEqual(f.readframes(f.getnframes()),
+                         fout.readframes(fout.getnframes()))
+
+    def test_read_not_from_start(self):
+        with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as testfile:
+            testfile.write(b'ababagalamaga')
+            with open(self.sndfilepath, 'rb') as f:
+                testfile.write(f.read())
+
+        with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as testfile:
+            self.assertEqual(testfile.read(13), b'ababagalamaga')
+            with self.module.open(testfile, 'rb') as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.getnchannels(), self.nchannels)
+                self.assertEqual(f.getsampwidth(), self.sampwidth)
+                self.assertEqual(f.getframerate(), self.framerate)
+                self.assertEqual(f.getnframes(), self.sndfilenframes)
+                self.assertEqual(f.readframes(self.nframes), self.frames)

From a8ea67178d4d675781f7f2eb679c53bdefc62575 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonathan Rotter <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 7 May 2024 22:57:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 236/705] adjusted SyntaxError args and __str__() to match
 CPython (#5294)

---
 Lib/test/test_fstring.py                 |   2 -
 Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py |  16 ---
 vm/src/exceptions.rs                     | 171 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 vm/src/lib.rs                            |   1 -
 vm/src/source.rs                         |  20 ---
 vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs                      |  32 +----
 6 files changed, 170 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 vm/src/source.rs

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_fstring.py b/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
index f074bcfcd7..b1cd9b1604 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
@@ -1196,8 +1196,6 @@ def test_errors(self):
                              r"f'{1000:j}'",
                             ])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_filename_in_syntaxerror(self):
         # see issue 38964
         with temp_cwd() as cwd:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
index b00beb6b88..34b4c85835 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
@@ -52,57 +52,41 @@ def test_future_multiple_features(self):
         ):
             from test.test_future_stmt import test_future_multiple_features
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture3(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
             from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future3
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future3", 3)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture4(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
             from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future4
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future4", 3)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture5(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
             from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future5
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future5", 4)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture6(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
             from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future6
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future6", 3)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture7(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
             from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future7
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future7", 3, 54)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture8(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
             from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future8
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future8", 3)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture9(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
             from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future9
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future9", 3)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture10(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
             from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future10
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index dfee43a02e..0ca1937318 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -142,6 +142,11 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         let args_repr = vm.exception_args_as_string(varargs, true);
 
         let exc_class = exc.class();
+
+        if exc_class.fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.exceptions.syntax_error) {
+            return self.write_syntaxerror(output, exc, exc_class, &args_repr);
+        }
+
         let exc_name = exc_class.name();
         match args_repr.len() {
             0 => write!(output, "{exc_name}"),
@@ -150,7 +155,119 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                 output,
                 "{}: ({})",
                 exc_name,
-                args_repr.into_iter().format(", ")
+                args_repr.into_iter().format(", "),
+            ),
+        }?;
+
+        match offer_suggestions(exc, vm) {
+            Some(suggestions) => writeln!(output, ". Did you mean: '{suggestions}'?"),
+            None => writeln!(output),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Format and write a SyntaxError
+    /// This logic is derived from TracebackException._format_syntax_error
+    ///
+    /// The logic has support for `end_offset` to highlight a range in the source code,
+    /// but it looks like `end_offset` is not used yet when SyntaxErrors are created.
+    fn write_syntaxerror<W: Write>(
+        &self,
+        output: &mut W,
+        exc: &PyBaseExceptionRef,
+        exc_type: &Py<PyType>,
+        args_repr: &[PyRef<PyStr>],
+    ) -> Result<(), W::Error> {
+        let vm = self;
+        debug_assert!(exc_type.fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.exceptions.syntax_error));
+
+        let getattr = |attr: &'static str| exc.as_object().get_attr(attr, vm).ok();
+
+        let maybe_lineno = getattr("lineno").map(|obj| {
+            obj.str(vm)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| vm.ctx.new_str("<lineno str() failed>"))
+        });
+        let maybe_filename = getattr("filename").and_then(|obj| obj.str(vm).ok());
+
+        let maybe_text = getattr("text").map(|obj| {
+            obj.str(vm)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|_| vm.ctx.new_str("<text str() failed>"))
+        });
+
+        let mut filename_suffix = String::new();
+
+        if let Some(lineno) = maybe_lineno {
+            writeln!(
+                output,
+                r##"  File "{}", line {}"##,
+                maybe_filename
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|s| s.as_str())
+                    .unwrap_or("<string>"),
+                lineno
+            )?;
+        } else if let Some(filename) = maybe_filename {
+            filename_suffix = format!(" ({})", filename);
+        }
+
+        if let Some(text) = maybe_text {
+            // if text ends with \n, remove it
+            let rtext = text.as_str().trim_end_matches('\n');
+            let ltext = rtext.trim_start_matches([' ', '\n', '\x0c']); // \x0c is \f
+            let spaces = (rtext.len() - ltext.len()) as isize;
+
+            writeln!(output, "    {}", ltext)?;
+
+            let maybe_offset: Option<isize> =
+                getattr("offset").and_then(|obj| obj.try_to_value::<isize>(vm).ok());
+
+            if let Some(offset) = maybe_offset {
+                let maybe_end_offset: Option<isize> =
+                    getattr("end_offset").and_then(|obj| obj.try_to_value::<isize>(vm).ok());
+
+                let mut end_offset = match maybe_end_offset {
+                    Some(0) | None => offset,
+                    Some(end_offset) => end_offset,
+                };
+
+                if offset == end_offset || end_offset == -1 {
+                    end_offset = offset + 1;
+                }
+
+                // Convert 1-based column offset to 0-based index into stripped text
+                let colno = offset - 1 - spaces;
+                let end_colno = end_offset - 1 - spaces;
+                if colno >= 0 {
+                    let caretspace = ltext.chars().collect::<Vec<_>>()[..colno as usize]
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|c| if c.is_whitespace() { *c } else { ' ' })
+                        .collect::<String>();
+
+                    let mut error_width = end_colno - colno;
+                    if error_width < 1 {
+                        error_width = 1;
+                    }
+
+                    writeln!(
+                        output,
+                        "    {}{}",
+                        caretspace,
+                        "^".repeat(error_width as usize)
+                    )?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let exc_name = exc_type.name();
+
+        match args_repr.len() {
+            0 => write!(output, "{exc_name}{filename_suffix}"),
+            1 => write!(output, "{}: {}{}", exc_name, args_repr[0], filename_suffix),
+            _ => write!(
+                output,
+                "{}: ({}){}",
+                exc_name,
+                args_repr.iter().format(", "),
+                filename_suffix
             ),
         }?;
 
@@ -1461,10 +1578,60 @@ pub(super) mod types {
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct PyRecursionError {}
 
-    #[pyexception(name, base = "PyException", ctx = "syntax_error", impl)]
+    #[pyexception(name, base = "PyException", ctx = "syntax_error")]
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct PySyntaxError {}
 
+    #[pyexception]
+    impl PySyntaxError {
+        #[pymethod(magic)]
+        fn str(exc: PyBaseExceptionRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStrRef {
+            fn basename(filename: &str) -> &str {
+                let splitted = if cfg!(windows) {
+                    filename.rsplit(&['/', '\\']).next()
+                } else {
+                    filename.rsplit('/').next()
+                };
+                splitted.unwrap_or(filename)
+            }
+
+            let maybe_lineno = exc.as_object().get_attr("lineno", vm).ok().map(|obj| {
+                obj.str(vm)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|_| vm.ctx.new_str("<lineno str() failed>"))
+            });
+            let maybe_filename = exc.as_object().get_attr("filename", vm).ok().map(|obj| {
+                obj.str(vm)
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|_| vm.ctx.new_str("<filename str() failed>"))
+            });
+
+            let args = exc.args();
+
+            let msg = if args.len() == 1 {
+                vm.exception_args_as_string(args, false)
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .exactly_one()
+                    .unwrap()
+            } else {
+                return exc.str(vm);
+            };
+
+            let msg_with_location_info: String = match (maybe_lineno, maybe_filename) {
+                (Some(lineno), Some(filename)) => {
+                    format!("{} ({}, line {})", msg, basename(filename.as_str()), lineno)
+                }
+                (Some(lineno), None) => {
+                    format!("{} (line {})", msg, lineno)
+                }
+                (None, Some(filename)) => {
+                    format!("{} ({})", msg, basename(filename.as_str()))
+                }
+                (None, None) => msg.to_string(),
+            };
+
+            vm.ctx.new_str(msg_with_location_info)
+        }
+    }
+
     #[pyexception(name, base = "PySyntaxError", ctx = "indentation_error", impl)]
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct PyIndentationError {}
diff --git a/vm/src/lib.rs b/vm/src/lib.rs
index 3c99e382f6..cb2e773273 100644
--- a/vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ pub mod scope;
 pub mod sequence;
 pub mod signal;
 pub mod sliceable;
-mod source;
 pub mod stdlib;
 pub mod suggestion;
 pub mod types;
diff --git a/vm/src/source.rs b/vm/src/source.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 231c2f01c3..0000000000
--- a/vm/src/source.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-use crate::source_code::SourceLocation;
-
-// pub(crate) fn new_location_error(
-//     index: usize,
-//     field: &str,
-//     vm: &VirtualMachine,
-// ) -> PyRef<PyBaseException> {
-//     vm.new_value_error(format!("value {index} is too large for location {field}"))
-// }
-
-pub(crate) struct AtLocation<'a>(pub Option<&'a SourceLocation>);
-
-impl std::fmt::Display for AtLocation<'_> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        let (row, column) = self
-            .0
-            .map_or((0, 0), |l| (l.row.to_usize(), l.column.to_usize()));
-        write!(f, " at line {row} column {column}",)
-    }
-}
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
index 4677d196f4..ea8fa21c17 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
@@ -262,7 +262,6 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         error: &crate::compiler::CompileError,
         source: Option<&str>,
     ) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-        use crate::source::AtLocation;
         use crate::source_code::SourceLocation;
 
         let syntax_error_type = match &error.error {
@@ -293,36 +292,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             None
         };
 
-        fn fmt(
-            error: &crate::compiler::CompileError,
-            statement: Option<&str>,
-            f: &mut impl std::fmt::Write,
-        ) -> std::fmt::Result {
-            let loc = error.location;
-            if let Some(ref stmt) = statement {
-                // visualize the error when location and statement are provided
-                write!(
-                    f,
-                    "{error}{at_location}\n{stmt}{arrow:>pad$}",
-                    error = error.error,
-                    at_location = AtLocation(loc.as_ref()),
-                    pad = loc.map_or(0, |loc| loc.column.to_usize()),
-                    arrow = "^"
-                )
-            } else {
-                write!(
-                    f,
-                    "{error}{at_location}",
-                    error = error.error,
-                    at_location = AtLocation(loc.as_ref()),
-                )
-            }
-        }
-
-        let mut msg = String::new();
-        fmt(error, statement.as_deref(), &mut msg).unwrap();
-
-        let syntax_error = self.new_exception_msg(syntax_error_type, msg);
+        let syntax_error = self.new_exception_msg(syntax_error_type, error.error.to_string());
         let (lineno, offset) = error.python_location();
         let lineno = self.ctx.new_int(lineno);
         let offset = self.ctx.new_int(offset);

From 6f664cb05a306ef1020507ee5e9b9d87194f45ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 13:16:29 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 237/705] Fix initgroups nul error

---
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 56f374ce78..d51fbcc5de 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -1338,7 +1338,7 @@ pub mod module {
     ))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn initgroups(user_name: PyStrRef, gid: Option<Gid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let user = CString::new(user_name.as_str()).unwrap();
+        let user = user_name.to_cstring(vm)?;
         let gid =
             gid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
         unistd::initgroups(&user, gid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))

From 75415090bda7461c5032cc5f477c030fd355e2a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 13:25:00 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 238/705] ConfName -> PathConfName

---
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index d51fbcc5de..657bfe2832 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -1816,9 +1816,9 @@ pub mod module {
         }
     }
 
-    struct ConfName(i32);
+    struct PathConfName(i32);
 
-    impl TryFromObject for ConfName {
+    impl TryFromObject for PathConfName {
         fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
             let i = match obj.downcast::<PyInt>() {
                 Ok(int) => int.try_to_primitive(vm)?,
@@ -2004,7 +2004,7 @@ pub mod module {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn pathconf(
         path: OsPathOrFd,
-        ConfName(name): ConfName,
+        PathConfName(name): PathConfName,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<Option<libc::c_long>> {
         use nix::errno::{self, Errno};
@@ -2035,7 +2035,11 @@ pub mod module {
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn fpathconf(fd: i32, name: ConfName, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<libc::c_long>> {
+    fn fpathconf(
+        fd: i32,
+        name: PathConfName,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<Option<libc::c_long>> {
         pathconf(OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd), name, vm)
     }
 

From 3b0802535d9e298188f4870ca5d0150dba5820f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 16:02:49 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 239/705] _winapi.NULL

---
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index 8570b3d8a5..ad6db12474 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -57,6 +57,9 @@ mod _winapi {
         UI::WindowsAndMessaging::SW_HIDE,
     };
 
+    #[pyattr]
+    const NULL: isize = 0;
+
     #[pyfunction]
     fn CloseHandle(handle: HANDLE) -> WindowsSysResult<BOOL> {
         WindowsSysResult(unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::CloseHandle(handle.0) })

From 3e3c69b5bc083c4106a225693efc0e3d4dd640d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 16:04:26 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 240/705] Fix non-msvc build

---
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs | 4 +---
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 548a78655a..4cfcef5afc 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -10,10 +10,8 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 
 #[pymodule(name = "nt", with(super::os::_os))]
 pub(crate) mod module {
-    #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
-    use crate::builtins::PyListRef;
     use crate::{
-        builtins::{PyDictRef, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef},
+        builtins::{PyDictRef, PyListRef, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef},
         common::{crt_fd::Fd, os::last_os_error, suppress_iph},
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::{Either, OptionalArg},

From fe06583643a5814569e603f9993350a4304fb162 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 13:25:14 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 241/705] posix.sysconf

---
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs | 204 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 200 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 657bfe2832..f5b445f18d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -1816,9 +1816,9 @@ pub mod module {
         }
     }
 
-    struct PathConfName(i32);
+    struct PathconfName(i32);
 
-    impl TryFromObject for PathConfName {
+    impl TryFromObject for PathconfName {
         fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
             let i = match obj.downcast::<PyInt>() {
                 Ok(int) => int.try_to_primitive(vm)?,
@@ -2004,7 +2004,7 @@ pub mod module {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn pathconf(
         path: OsPathOrFd,
-        PathConfName(name): PathConfName,
+        PathconfName(name): PathconfName,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<Option<libc::c_long>> {
         use nix::errno::{self, Errno};
@@ -2037,7 +2037,7 @@ pub mod module {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn fpathconf(
         fd: i32,
-        name: PathConfName,
+        name: PathconfName,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<Option<libc::c_long>> {
         pathconf(OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd), name, vm)
@@ -2059,6 +2059,202 @@ pub mod module {
         pathname
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, EnumIter, EnumString)]
+    #[repr(i32)]
+    #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+    pub enum SysconfVar {
+        SC_2_CHAR_TERM = libc::_SC_2_CHAR_TERM,
+        SC_2_C_BIND = libc::_SC_2_C_BIND,
+        SC_2_C_DEV = libc::_SC_2_C_DEV,
+        SC_2_FORT_DEV = libc::_SC_2_FORT_DEV,
+        SC_2_FORT_RUN = libc::_SC_2_FORT_RUN,
+        SC_2_LOCALEDEF = libc::_SC_2_LOCALEDEF,
+        SC_2_SW_DEV = libc::_SC_2_SW_DEV,
+        SC_2_UPE = libc::_SC_2_UPE,
+        SC_2_VERSION = libc::_SC_2_VERSION,
+        SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX = libc::_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX,
+        SC_AIO_MAX = libc::_SC_AIO_MAX,
+        SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX = libc::_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX,
+        SC_ARG_MAX = libc::_SC_ARG_MAX,
+        SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO = libc::_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO,
+        SC_ATEXIT_MAX = libc::_SC_ATEXIT_MAX,
+        SC_BC_BASE_MAX = libc::_SC_BC_BASE_MAX,
+        SC_BC_DIM_MAX = libc::_SC_BC_DIM_MAX,
+        SC_BC_SCALE_MAX = libc::_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX,
+        SC_BC_STRING_MAX = libc::_SC_BC_STRING_MAX,
+        SC_CHILD_MAX = libc::_SC_CHILD_MAX,
+        SC_CLK_TCK = libc::_SC_CLK_TCK,
+        SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX = libc::_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX,
+        SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX = libc::_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX,
+        SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX = libc::_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX,
+        SC_FSYNC = libc::_SC_FSYNC,
+        SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX = libc::_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX,
+        SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX = libc::_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX,
+        SC_IOV_MAX = libc::_SC_IOV_MAX,
+        SC_JOB_CONTROL = libc::_SC_JOB_CONTROL,
+        SC_LINE_MAX = libc::_SC_LINE_MAX,
+        SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX = libc::_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX,
+        SC_MAPPED_FILES = libc::_SC_MAPPED_FILES,
+        SC_MEMLOCK = libc::_SC_MEMLOCK,
+        SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE = libc::_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE,
+        SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION = libc::_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION,
+        SC_MESSAGE_PASSING = libc::_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING,
+        SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX = libc::_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX,
+        SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX = libc::_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX,
+        SC_NGROUPS_MAX = libc::_SC_NGROUPS_MAX,
+        SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF = libc::_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF,
+        SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN = libc::_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN,
+        SC_OPEN_MAX = libc::_SC_OPEN_MAX,
+        SC_PAGE_SIZE = libc::_SC_PAGE_SIZE,
+        #[cfg(any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_vendor = "apple",
+            target_os = "netbsd",
+            target_os = "fuchsia"
+        ))]
+        SC_PASS_MAX = libc::_SC_PASS_MAX,
+        SC_PHYS_PAGES = libc::_SC_PHYS_PAGES,
+        SC_PRIORITIZED_IO = libc::_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO,
+        SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING = libc::_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING,
+        SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS = libc::_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS,
+        SC_RE_DUP_MAX = libc::_SC_RE_DUP_MAX,
+        SC_RTSIG_MAX = libc::_SC_RTSIG_MAX,
+        SC_SAVED_IDS = libc::_SC_SAVED_IDS,
+        SC_SEMAPHORES = libc::_SC_SEMAPHORES,
+        SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX = libc::_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX,
+        SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX = libc::_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX,
+        SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS = libc::_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS,
+        SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX = libc::_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX,
+        SC_STREAM_MAX = libc::_SC_STREAM_MAX,
+        SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO = libc::_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO,
+        SC_THREADS = libc::_SC_THREADS,
+        SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR = libc::_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR,
+        SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE = libc::_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE,
+        SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS = libc::_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS,
+        SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX = libc::_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX,
+        SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING = libc::_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING,
+        SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT = libc::_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT,
+        SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT = libc::_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT,
+        SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED = libc::_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED,
+        SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS = libc::_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS,
+        SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN = libc::_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN,
+        SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX = libc::_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX,
+        SC_TIMERS = libc::_SC_TIMERS,
+        SC_TIMER_MAX = libc::_SC_TIMER_MAX,
+        SC_TTY_NAME_MAX = libc::_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX,
+        SC_TZNAME_MAX = libc::_SC_TZNAME_MAX,
+        SC_VERSION = libc::_SC_VERSION,
+        SC_XOPEN_CRYPT = libc::_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT,
+        SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N = libc::_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N,
+        SC_XOPEN_LEGACY = libc::_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY,
+        SC_XOPEN_REALTIME = libc::_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME,
+        SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS = libc::_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS,
+        SC_XOPEN_SHM = libc::_SC_XOPEN_SHM,
+        SC_XOPEN_UNIX = libc::_SC_XOPEN_UNIX,
+        SC_XOPEN_VERSION = libc::_SC_XOPEN_VERSION,
+        SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION = libc::_SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION,
+        #[cfg(any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_vendor = "apple",
+            target_os = "netbsd",
+            target_os = "fuchsia"
+        ))]
+        SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32 = libc::_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32,
+        #[cfg(any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_vendor = "apple",
+            target_os = "netbsd",
+            target_os = "fuchsia"
+        ))]
+        SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG = libc::_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG,
+        #[cfg(any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_vendor = "apple",
+            target_os = "netbsd",
+            target_os = "fuchsia"
+        ))]
+        SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64 = libc::_SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64,
+        #[cfg(any(
+            target_os = "linux",
+            target_vendor = "apple",
+            target_os = "netbsd",
+            target_os = "fuchsia"
+        ))]
+        SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG = libc::_SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG,
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "redox")]
+    #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Eq, Hash, PartialEq, EnumIter, EnumString)]
+    #[repr(i32)]
+    #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+    pub enum SysconfVar {
+        SC_ARG_MAX = libc::_SC_ARG_MAX,
+        SC_CHILD_MAX = libc::_SC_CHILD_MAX,
+        SC_CLK_TCK = libc::_SC_CLK_TCK,
+        SC_NGROUPS_MAX = libc::_SC_NGROUPS_MAX,
+        SC_OPEN_MAX = libc::_SC_OPEN_MAX,
+        SC_STREAM_MAX = libc::_SC_STREAM_MAX,
+        SC_TZNAME_MAX = libc::_SC_TZNAME_MAX,
+        SC_VERSION = libc::_SC_VERSION,
+        SC_PAGE_SIZE = libc::_SC_PAGE_SIZE,
+        SC_RE_DUP_MAX = libc::_SC_RE_DUP_MAX,
+        SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX = libc::_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX,
+        SC_TTY_NAME_MAX = libc::_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX,
+        SC_SYMLOOP_MAX = libc::_SC_SYMLOOP_MAX,
+        SC_HOST_NAME_MAX = libc::_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX,
+    }
+
+    impl SysconfVar {
+        pub const SC_PAGESIZE: SysconfVar = Self::SC_PAGE_SIZE;
+    }
+
+    struct SysconfName(i32);
+
+    impl TryFromObject for SysconfName {
+        fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
+            let i = match obj.downcast::<PyInt>() {
+                Ok(int) => int.try_to_primitive(vm)?,
+                Err(obj) => {
+                    let s = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, obj)?;
+                    s.as_str().parse::<SysconfVar>().or_else(|_| {
+                        if s.as_str() == "SC_PAGESIZE" {
+                            Ok(SysconfVar::SC_PAGESIZE)
+                        } else {
+                            Err(vm.new_value_error("unrecognized configuration name".to_string()))
+                        }
+                    })? as i32
+                }
+            };
+            Ok(Self(i))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn sysconf(name: SysconfName, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<libc::c_long> {
+        let r = unsafe { libc::sysconf(name.0) };
+        if r == -1 {
+            return Err(errno_err(vm));
+        }
+        Ok(r)
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn sysconf_names(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictRef {
+        use strum::IntoEnumIterator;
+        let names = vm.ctx.new_dict();
+        for variant in SysconfVar::iter() {
+            // get the name of variant as a string to use as the dictionary key
+            let key = vm.ctx.new_str(format!("{:?}", variant));
+            // get the enum from the string and convert it to an integer for the dictionary value
+            let value = vm.ctx.new_int(variant as u8);
+            names
+                .set_item(&*key, value.into(), vm)
+                .expect("dict set_item unexpectedly failed");
+        }
+        names
+    }
+
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos"))]
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct SendFileArgs<'fd> {

From 52ce1509a5c58dedadd26da1274f9e566eed9e8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 01:01:07 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 242/705] optimize range.__contains__ and iter_search

---
 vm/src/builtins/range.rs | 130 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/range.rs b/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
index 23a3a7e81c..602ea2d37f 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
@@ -32,15 +32,15 @@ enum SearchType {
 // and place in vm.rs for all sequences to be able to use it.
 #[inline]
 fn iter_search(
-    obj: PyObjectRef,
-    item: PyObjectRef,
+    obj: &PyObject,
+    item: &PyObject,
     flag: SearchType,
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
 ) -> PyResult<usize> {
     let mut count = 0;
     let iter = obj.get_iter(vm)?;
     for element in iter.iter_without_hint::<PyObjectRef>(vm)? {
-        if vm.bool_eq(&item, &*element?)? {
+        if vm.bool_eq(item, &*element?)? {
             match flag {
                 SearchType::Index => return Ok(count),
                 SearchType::Contains => return Ok(1),
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@ fn iter_search(
         SearchType::Contains => Ok(0),
         SearchType::Index => Err(vm.new_value_error(format!(
             "{} not in range",
-            &item
-                .repr(vm)
+            item.repr(vm)
                 .map(|v| v.as_str().to_owned())
                 .unwrap_or_else(|_| "value".to_owned())
         ))),
@@ -174,7 +173,15 @@ pub fn init(context: &Context) {
     PyRangeIterator::extend_class(context, context.types.range_iterator_type);
 }
 
-#[pyclass(with(AsMapping, AsSequence, Hashable, Comparable, Iterable, Representable))]
+#[pyclass(with(
+    Py,
+    AsMapping,
+    AsSequence,
+    Hashable,
+    Comparable,
+    Iterable,
+    Representable
+))]
 impl PyRange {
     fn new(cls: PyTypeRef, stop: ArgIndex, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyRef<Self>> {
         PyRange {
@@ -265,26 +272,6 @@ impl PyRange {
         !self.is_empty()
     }
 
-    #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn contains(&self, needle: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
-        // Only accept ints, not subclasses.
-        if let Some(int) = needle.payload_if_exact::<PyInt>(vm) {
-            match self.offset(int.as_bigint()) {
-                Some(ref offset) => offset.is_multiple_of(self.step.as_bigint()),
-                None => false,
-            }
-        } else {
-            iter_search(
-                self.clone().into_pyobject(vm),
-                needle,
-                SearchType::Contains,
-                vm,
-            )
-            .unwrap_or(0)
-                != 0
-        }
-    }
-
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn reduce(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> (PyTypeRef, PyTupleRef) {
         let range_parameters: Vec<PyObjectRef> = [&self.start, &self.stop, &self.step]
@@ -295,43 +282,6 @@ impl PyRange {
         (vm.ctx.types.range_type.to_owned(), range_parameters_tuple)
     }
 
-    #[pymethod]
-    fn index(&self, needle: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<BigInt> {
-        if let Ok(int) = needle.clone().downcast::<PyInt>() {
-            match self.index_of(int.as_bigint()) {
-                Some(idx) => Ok(idx),
-                None => Err(vm.new_value_error(format!("{int} is not in range"))),
-            }
-        } else {
-            // Fallback to iteration.
-            Ok(BigInt::from_bytes_be(
-                Sign::Plus,
-                &iter_search(
-                    self.clone().into_pyobject(vm),
-                    needle,
-                    SearchType::Index,
-                    vm,
-                )?
-                .to_be_bytes(),
-            ))
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[pymethod]
-    fn count(&self, item: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
-        if let Ok(int) = item.clone().downcast::<PyInt>() {
-            if self.index_of(int.as_bigint()).is_some() {
-                Ok(1)
-            } else {
-                Ok(0)
-            }
-        } else {
-            // Dealing with classes who might compare equal with ints in their
-            // __eq__, slow search.
-            iter_search(self.clone().into_pyobject(vm), item, SearchType::Count, vm)
-        }
-    }
-
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn getitem(&self, subscript: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         match RangeIndex::try_from_object(vm, subscript)? {
@@ -374,6 +324,58 @@ impl PyRange {
     }
 }
 
+#[pyclass]
+impl Py<PyRange> {
+    fn contains_inner(&self, needle: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+        // Only accept ints, not subclasses.
+        if let Some(int) = needle.downcast_ref_if_exact::<PyInt>(vm) {
+            match self.offset(int.as_bigint()) {
+                Some(ref offset) => offset.is_multiple_of(self.step.as_bigint()),
+                None => false,
+            }
+        } else {
+            iter_search(self.as_object(), needle, SearchType::Contains, vm).unwrap_or(0) != 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pymethod(magic)]
+    fn contains(&self, needle: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+        self.contains_inner(&needle, vm)
+    }
+
+    #[pymethod]
+    fn index(&self, needle: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<BigInt> {
+        if let Ok(int) = needle.clone().downcast::<PyInt>() {
+            match self.index_of(int.as_bigint()) {
+                Some(idx) => Ok(idx),
+                None => Err(vm.new_value_error(format!("{int} is not in range"))),
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Fallback to iteration.
+            Ok(BigInt::from_bytes_be(
+                Sign::Plus,
+                &iter_search(self.as_object(), &needle, SearchType::Index, vm)?.to_be_bytes(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pymethod]
+    fn count(&self, item: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
+        if let Ok(int) = item.clone().downcast::<PyInt>() {
+            let count = if self.index_of(int.as_bigint()).is_some() {
+                1
+            } else {
+                0
+            };
+            Ok(count)
+        } else {
+            // Dealing with classes who might compare equal with ints in their
+            // __eq__, slow search.
+            iter_search(self.as_object(), &item, SearchType::Count, vm)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl PyRange {
     fn protocol_length(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
         PyInt::from(self.len())
@@ -408,7 +410,7 @@ impl AsSequence for PyRange {
                     .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_index_error("index out of range".to_owned()))
             }),
             contains: atomic_func!(|seq, needle, vm| {
-                Ok(PyRange::sequence_downcast(seq).contains(needle.to_owned(), vm))
+                Ok(PyRange::sequence_downcast(seq).contains_inner(needle, vm))
             }),
             ..PySequenceMethods::NOT_IMPLEMENTED
         });

From 427ec506246d1c2106447e7e56b59456b510b11e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 01:16:52 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 243/705] _overlapped

---
 stdlib/src/lib.rs        |   6 +
 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs | 345 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs  |  29 +++-
 3 files changed, 376 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs

diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 49eacf250d..06bcbdd681 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ mod posixsubprocess;
 // libc is missing constants on redox
 #[cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "redox"))))]
 mod grp;
+#[cfg(windows)]
+mod overlapped;
 #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
 mod resource;
 #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
@@ -152,6 +154,10 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
         {
             "_bz2" => bz2::make_module,
         }
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        {
+            "_overlapped" => overlapped::make_module,
+        }
         // Unix-only
         #[cfg(unix)]
         {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d08d88bcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,345 @@
+pub(crate) use _overlapped::make_module;
+
+#[allow(non_snake_case)]
+#[pymodule]
+mod _overlapped {
+    // straight-forward port of Modules/overlapped.c
+
+    use crate::vm::{
+        builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyTypeRef},
+        common::lock::PyMutex,
+        convert::{ToPyException, ToPyObject},
+        protocol::PyBuffer,
+        stdlib::os::errno_err,
+        types::Constructor,
+        Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    };
+    use windows_sys::Win32::{
+        Foundation::{self, GetLastError, HANDLE},
+        Networking::WinSock::SOCKADDR_IN6,
+        System::IO::OVERLAPPED,
+    };
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    use windows_sys::Win32::{
+        Foundation::{
+            ERROR_IO_PENDING, ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED, ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED, ERROR_PIPE_BUSY,
+            ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE, ERROR_SEM_TIMEOUT, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
+        },
+        Networking::WinSock::{
+            SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT, SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT, TF_REUSE_SOCKET,
+        },
+        System::Threading::INFINITE,
+    };
+    #[pyattr]
+    const NULL: isize = 0;
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name)]
+    #[derive(PyPayload)]
+    struct Overlapped {
+        inner: PyMutex<OverlappedInner>,
+    }
+
+    struct OverlappedInner {
+        overlapped: OVERLAPPED,
+        handle: HANDLE,
+        error: u32,
+        data: OverlappedData,
+    }
+
+    unsafe impl Sync for OverlappedInner {}
+    unsafe impl Send for OverlappedInner {}
+
+    impl std::fmt::Debug for Overlapped {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            let zelf = self.inner.lock();
+            f.debug_struct("Overlapped")
+                // .field("overlapped", &(self.overlapped as *const _ as usize))
+                .field("handle", &zelf.handle)
+                .field("error", &zelf.error)
+                .field("data", &zelf.data)
+                .finish()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)] // TODO: remove when done
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    enum OverlappedData {
+        None,
+        NotStarted,
+        Read(PyBytesRef),
+        ReadInto(PyBuffer),
+        Write(PyBuffer),
+        Accept(PyObjectRef),
+        Connect,
+        Disconnect,
+        ConnectNamedPipe,
+        WaitNamedPipeAndConnect,
+        TransmitFile,
+        ReadFrom(OverlappedReadFrom),
+        WriteTo(PyBuffer),
+        ReadFromInto(OverlappedReadFromInto),
+    }
+
+    struct OverlappedReadFrom {
+        // A (buffer, (host, port)) tuple
+        result: PyObjectRef,
+        // The actual read buffer
+        allocated_buffer: PyObjectRef,
+        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        address: SOCKADDR_IN6, // TODO: remove when done
+        address_length: libc::c_int,
+    }
+
+    impl std::fmt::Debug for OverlappedReadFrom {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            f.debug_struct("OverlappedReadFrom")
+                .field("result", &self.result)
+                .field("allocated_buffer", &self.allocated_buffer)
+                // .field("address", &self.address)
+                .field("address_length", &self.address_length)
+                .finish()
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct OverlappedReadFromInto {
+        // A (number of bytes read, (host, port)) tuple
+        result: PyObjectRef,
+        /* Buffer passed by the user */
+        user_buffer: PyBuffer,
+        #[allow(dead_code)]
+        address: SOCKADDR_IN6, // TODO: remove when done
+        address_length: libc::c_int,
+    }
+
+    impl std::fmt::Debug for OverlappedReadFromInto {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            f.debug_struct("OverlappedReadFromInto")
+                .field("result", &self.result)
+                .field("user_buffer", &self.user_buffer)
+                // .field("address", &self.address)
+                .field("address_length", &self.address_length)
+                .finish()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn mark_as_completed(ov: &mut OVERLAPPED) {
+        ov.Internal = 0;
+        if ov.hEvent != 0 {
+            unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::SetEvent(ov.hEvent) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_windows_err(err: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        use Foundation::{ERROR_CONNECTION_ABORTED, ERROR_CONNECTION_REFUSED};
+        debug_assert_ne!(err, 0, "call errno_err instead");
+        let exc = match err {
+            ERROR_CONNECTION_REFUSED => vm.ctx.exceptions.connection_refused_error,
+            ERROR_CONNECTION_ABORTED => vm.ctx.exceptions.connection_aborted_error,
+            err => return std::io::Error::from_raw_os_error(err as i32).to_pyexception(vm),
+        };
+        // TODO: set errno and winerror
+        vm.new_exception_empty(exc.to_owned())
+    }
+
+    fn HasOverlappedIoCompleted(overlapped: &OVERLAPPED) -> bool {
+        overlapped.Internal != (Foundation::STATUS_PENDING as usize)
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor))]
+    impl Overlapped {
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn address(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+            let inner = self.inner.lock();
+            &inner.overlapped as *const _ as usize
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn pending(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+            let inner = self.inner.lock();
+            !HasOverlappedIoCompleted(&inner.overlapped)
+                && !matches!(inner.data, OverlappedData::NotStarted)
+        }
+
+        fn WSARecv_inner(
+            inner: &mut OverlappedInner,
+            handle: HANDLE,
+            buf: &[u8],
+            mut flags: u32,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult {
+            use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::{
+                ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE, ERROR_IO_PENDING, ERROR_MORE_DATA, ERROR_SUCCESS,
+            };
+
+            let wsabuf = windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::WSABUF {
+                buf: buf.as_ptr() as *mut _,
+                len: buf.len() as _,
+            };
+            let mut nread: u32 = 0;
+            // TODO: optimization with MaybeUninit
+            let ret = unsafe {
+                windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::WSARecv(
+                    handle as _,
+                    &wsabuf,
+                    1,
+                    &mut nread,
+                    &mut flags,
+                    &mut inner.overlapped,
+                    None,
+                )
+            };
+            let err = if ret < 0 {
+                unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::WSAGetLastError() as u32 }
+            } else {
+                Foundation::ERROR_SUCCESS
+            };
+            inner.error = err;
+            match err {
+                ERROR_BROKEN_PIPE => {
+                    mark_as_completed(&mut inner.overlapped);
+                    Err(from_windows_err(err, vm))
+                }
+                ERROR_SUCCESS | ERROR_MORE_DATA | ERROR_IO_PENDING => Ok(vm.ctx.none()),
+                _ => Err(from_windows_err(err, vm)),
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn WSARecv(
+            zelf: &Py<Self>,
+            handle: HANDLE,
+            size: u32,
+            flags: u32,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult {
+            let mut inner = zelf.inner.lock();
+            if !matches!(inner.data, OverlappedData::None) {
+                return Err(vm.new_value_error("operation already attempted".to_owned()));
+            }
+
+            #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "32")]
+            let size = std::cmp::min(size, std::isize::MAX as _);
+
+            let buf = vec![0u8; std::cmp::max(size, 1) as usize];
+            let buf = vm.ctx.new_bytes(buf);
+            inner.handle = handle;
+
+            let r = Self::WSARecv_inner(&mut inner, handle, buf.as_bytes(), flags, vm);
+            inner.data = OverlappedData::Read(buf);
+            r
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn cancel(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            let inner = zelf.inner.lock();
+            if matches!(
+                inner.data,
+                OverlappedData::NotStarted | OverlappedData::WaitNamedPipeAndConnect
+            ) {
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            let ret = if !HasOverlappedIoCompleted(&inner.overlapped) {
+                unsafe {
+                    windows_sys::Win32::System::IO::CancelIoEx(inner.handle, &inner.overlapped)
+                }
+            } else {
+                1
+            };
+            // CancelIoEx returns ERROR_NOT_FOUND if the I/O completed in-between
+            if ret == 0 && unsafe { GetLastError() } != Foundation::ERROR_NOT_FOUND {
+                return Err(errno_err(vm));
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Constructor for Overlapped {
+        type Args = (HANDLE,);
+
+        fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, (mut event,): Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            if event == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
+                event = unsafe {
+                    windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::CreateEventA(
+                        std::ptr::null(),
+                        Foundation::TRUE,
+                        Foundation::FALSE,
+                        std::ptr::null(),
+                    )
+                };
+                if event == NULL {
+                    return Err(errno_err(vm));
+                }
+            }
+
+            let mut overlapped: OVERLAPPED = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
+            if event != NULL {
+                overlapped.hEvent = event;
+            }
+            let inner = OverlappedInner {
+                overlapped,
+                handle: NULL,
+                error: 0,
+                data: OverlappedData::None,
+            };
+            let overlapped = Overlapped {
+                inner: PyMutex::new(inner),
+            };
+            overlapped.into_ref_with_type(vm, cls).map(Into::into)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn CreateIoCompletionPort(
+        handle: HANDLE,
+        port: HANDLE,
+        key: usize,
+        concurrency: u32,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<HANDLE> {
+        let r = unsafe {
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::IO::CreateIoCompletionPort(handle, port, key, concurrency)
+        };
+        if r == 0 {
+            return Err(errno_err(vm));
+        }
+        Ok(r)
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn GetQueuedCompletionStatus(port: HANDLE, msecs: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        let mut bytes_transferred = 0;
+        let mut completion_key = 0;
+        let mut overlapped: *mut OVERLAPPED = std::ptr::null_mut();
+        let ret = unsafe {
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::IO::GetQueuedCompletionStatus(
+                port,
+                &mut bytes_transferred,
+                &mut completion_key,
+                &mut overlapped,
+                msecs,
+            )
+        };
+        let err = if ret != 0 {
+            Foundation::ERROR_SUCCESS
+        } else {
+            unsafe { Foundation::GetLastError() }
+        };
+        if overlapped.is_null() {
+            if err == Foundation::WAIT_TIMEOUT {
+                return Ok(vm.ctx.none());
+            } else {
+                return Err(errno_err(vm));
+            }
+        }
+
+        let value = vm.ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+            err.to_pyobject(vm),
+            completion_key.to_pyobject(vm),
+            bytes_transferred.to_pyobject(vm),
+            (overlapped as usize).to_pyobject(vm),
+        ]);
+        Ok(value.into())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index 2893212225..83e9d861b2 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -25,14 +25,32 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
 
     cfg_if::cfg_if! {
         if #[cfg(windows)] {
-            type WakeupFd = libc::SOCKET;
-            const INVALID_WAKEUP: WakeupFd = (-1isize) as usize;
+            type WakeupFdRaw = libc::SOCKET;
+            struct WakeupFd(WakeupFdRaw);
+            const INVALID_WAKEUP: libc::SOCKET = windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::INVALID_SOCKET;
             static WAKEUP: atomic::AtomicUsize = atomic::AtomicUsize::new(INVALID_WAKEUP);
             // windows doesn't use the same fds for files and sockets like windows does, so we need
             // this to know whether to send() or write()
             static WAKEUP_IS_SOCKET: std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool = std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool::new(false);
+
+            impl<'a> TryFromBorrowedObject<'a> for WakeupFd {
+                fn try_from_borrowed_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: &'a crate::PyObject) -> PyResult<Self> {
+                    use num_traits::One;
+
+                    let fd: &crate::Py<crate::builtins::PyInt> = obj.try_to_value(vm)?;
+                    match fd.try_to_primitive::<usize>(vm) {
+                        Ok(fd) => Ok(WakeupFd(fd as _)),
+                        Err(e) => if (-fd.as_bigint()).is_one() {
+                            Ok(WakeupFd(INVALID_WAKEUP))
+                        } else {
+                            Err(e)
+                        },
+                    }
+                }
+            }
         } else {
-            type WakeupFd = i32;
+            type WakeupFdRaw = i32;
+            type WakeupFd = WakeupFdRaw;
             const INVALID_WAKEUP: WakeupFd = -1;
             static WAKEUP: atomic::AtomicI32 = atomic::AtomicI32::new(INVALID_WAKEUP);
         }
@@ -210,9 +228,12 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn set_wakeup_fd(args: SetWakeupFdArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<WakeupFd> {
+    fn set_wakeup_fd(args: SetWakeupFdArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<WakeupFdRaw> {
         // TODO: implement warn_on_full_buffer
         let _ = args.warn_on_full_buffer;
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let fd = args.fd.0;
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
         let fd = args.fd;
 
         if vm.signal_handlers.is_none() {

From 1068219c56b219077909803358b382485d708a98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 05:02:46 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 244/705] Update Lib/asyncio from CPython v3.12.3 (#3858)

Co-authored-by: CPython Developers <>
---
 Lib/asyncio/__init__.py        |   19 +-
 Lib/asyncio/__main__.py        |  125 +++
 Lib/asyncio/base_events.py     | 1350 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 Lib/asyncio/base_futures.py    |   38 +-
 Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py |   78 +-
 Lib/asyncio/base_tasks.py      |   42 +-
 Lib/asyncio/compat.py          |   18 -
 Lib/asyncio/constants.py       |   36 +-
 Lib/asyncio/coroutines.py      |  365 ++-------
 Lib/asyncio/events.py          |  471 +++++++----
 Lib/asyncio/exceptions.py      |   62 ++
 Lib/asyncio/format_helpers.py  |   76 ++
 Lib/asyncio/futures.py         |  304 ++++---
 Lib/asyncio/locks.py           |  456 +++++++----
 Lib/asyncio/mixins.py          |   21 +
 Lib/asyncio/proactor_events.py |  559 ++++++++++---
 Lib/asyncio/protocols.py       |   88 ++-
 Lib/asyncio/queues.py          |   90 +--
 Lib/asyncio/runners.py         |  187 ++++-
 Lib/asyncio/selector_events.py | 1083 ++++++++++++++-----------
 Lib/asyncio/sslproto.py        | 1144 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 Lib/asyncio/staggered.py       |  149 ++++
 Lib/asyncio/streams.py         |  415 ++++++----
 Lib/asyncio/subprocess.py      |  126 +--
 Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py      |  240 ++++++
 Lib/asyncio/tasks.py           |  853 +++++++++++++-------
 Lib/asyncio/test_utils.py      |  503 ------------
 Lib/asyncio/threads.py         |   25 +
 Lib/asyncio/timeouts.py        |  168 ++++
 Lib/asyncio/transports.py      |   59 +-
 Lib/asyncio/trsock.py          |   98 +++
 Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py     |  788 ++++++++++++++-----
 Lib/asyncio/windows_events.py  |  291 +++++--
 Lib/asyncio/windows_utils.py   |   71 +-
 34 files changed, 6643 insertions(+), 3755 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/__main__.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/compat.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/exceptions.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/format_helpers.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/mixins.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/staggered.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/test_utils.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/threads.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/timeouts.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/asyncio/trsock.py

diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/__init__.py b/Lib/asyncio/__init__.py
index ff69378ba9..03165a425e 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/__init__.py
@@ -1,22 +1,14 @@
 """The asyncio package, tracking PEP 3156."""
 
 # flake8: noqa
-import sys
-
-import selectors
-# XXX RustPython TODO: _overlapped
-if sys.platform == 'win32' and False:
-    # Similar thing for _overlapped.
-    try:
-        from . import _overlapped
-    except ImportError:
-        import _overlapped  # Will also be exported.
 
+import sys
 
 # This relies on each of the submodules having an __all__ variable.
 from .base_events import *
 from .coroutines import *
 from .events import *
+from .exceptions import *
 from .futures import *
 from .locks import *
 from .protocols import *
@@ -25,11 +17,15 @@
 from .streams import *
 from .subprocess import *
 from .tasks import *
+from .taskgroups import *
+from .timeouts import *
+from .threads import *
 from .transports import *
 
 __all__ = (base_events.__all__ +
            coroutines.__all__ +
            events.__all__ +
+           exceptions.__all__ +
            futures.__all__ +
            locks.__all__ +
            protocols.__all__ +
@@ -38,6 +34,9 @@
            streams.__all__ +
            subprocess.__all__ +
            tasks.__all__ +
+           taskgroups.__all__ +
+           threads.__all__ +
+           timeouts.__all__ +
            transports.__all__)
 
 if sys.platform == 'win32':  # pragma: no cover
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/__main__.py b/Lib/asyncio/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18bb87a5bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+import ast
+import asyncio
+import code
+import concurrent.futures
+import inspect
+import sys
+import threading
+import types
+import warnings
+
+from . import futures
+
+
+class AsyncIOInteractiveConsole(code.InteractiveConsole):
+
+    def __init__(self, locals, loop):
+        super().__init__(locals)
+        self.compile.compiler.flags |= ast.PyCF_ALLOW_TOP_LEVEL_AWAIT
+
+        self.loop = loop
+
+    def runcode(self, code):
+        future = concurrent.futures.Future()
+
+        def callback():
+            global repl_future
+            global repl_future_interrupted
+
+            repl_future = None
+            repl_future_interrupted = False
+
+            func = types.FunctionType(code, self.locals)
+            try:
+                coro = func()
+            except SystemExit:
+                raise
+            except KeyboardInterrupt as ex:
+                repl_future_interrupted = True
+                future.set_exception(ex)
+                return
+            except BaseException as ex:
+                future.set_exception(ex)
+                return
+
+            if not inspect.iscoroutine(coro):
+                future.set_result(coro)
+                return
+
+            try:
+                repl_future = self.loop.create_task(coro)
+                futures._chain_future(repl_future, future)
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                future.set_exception(exc)
+
+        loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback)
+
+        try:
+            return future.result()
+        except SystemExit:
+            raise
+        except BaseException:
+            if repl_future_interrupted:
+                self.write("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
+            else:
+                self.showtraceback()
+
+
+class REPLThread(threading.Thread):
+
+    def run(self):
+        try:
+            banner = (
+                f'asyncio REPL {sys.version} on {sys.platform}\n'
+                f'Use "await" directly instead of "asyncio.run()".\n'
+                f'Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" '
+                f'for more information.\n'
+                f'{getattr(sys, "ps1", ">>> ")}import asyncio'
+            )
+
+            console.interact(
+                banner=banner,
+                exitmsg='exiting asyncio REPL...')
+        finally:
+            warnings.filterwarnings(
+                'ignore',
+                message=r'^coroutine .* was never awaited$',
+                category=RuntimeWarning)
+
+            loop.call_soon_threadsafe(loop.stop)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    loop = asyncio.new_event_loop()
+    asyncio.set_event_loop(loop)
+
+    repl_locals = {'asyncio': asyncio}
+    for key in {'__name__', '__package__',
+                '__loader__', '__spec__',
+                '__builtins__', '__file__'}:
+        repl_locals[key] = locals()[key]
+
+    console = AsyncIOInteractiveConsole(repl_locals, loop)
+
+    repl_future = None
+    repl_future_interrupted = False
+
+    try:
+        import readline  # NoQA
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
+    repl_thread = REPLThread()
+    repl_thread.daemon = True
+    repl_thread.start()
+
+    while True:
+        try:
+            loop.run_forever()
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            if repl_future and not repl_future.done():
+                repl_future.cancel()
+                repl_future_interrupted = True
+            continue
+        else:
+            break
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/base_events.py b/Lib/asyncio/base_events.py
index 2df379933c..29eff0499c 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/base_events.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/base_events.py
@@ -14,13 +14,15 @@
 """
 
 import collections
+import collections.abc
 import concurrent.futures
+import errno
+import functools
 import heapq
-import inspect
 import itertools
-import logging
 import os
 import socket
+import stat
 import subprocess
 import threading
 import time
@@ -29,16 +31,27 @@
 import warnings
 import weakref
 
-from . import compat
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
+    ssl = None
+
+from . import constants
 from . import coroutines
 from . import events
+from . import exceptions
 from . import futures
+from . import protocols
+from . import sslproto
+from . import staggered
 from . import tasks
-from .coroutines import coroutine
+from . import timeouts
+from . import transports
+from . import trsock
 from .log import logger
 
 
-__all__ = ['BaseEventLoop']
+__all__ = 'BaseEventLoop','Server',
 
 
 # Minimum number of _scheduled timer handles before cleanup of
@@ -49,10 +62,11 @@
 # before cleanup of cancelled handles is performed.
 _MIN_CANCELLED_TIMER_HANDLES_FRACTION = 0.5
 
-# Exceptions which must not call the exception handler in fatal error
-# methods (_fatal_error())
-_FATAL_ERROR_IGNORE = (BrokenPipeError,
-                       ConnectionResetError, ConnectionAbortedError)
+
+_HAS_IPv6 = hasattr(socket, 'AF_INET6')
+
+# Maximum timeout passed to select to avoid OS limitations
+MAXIMUM_SELECT_TIMEOUT = 24 * 3600
 
 
 def _format_handle(handle):
@@ -84,21 +98,7 @@ def _set_reuseport(sock):
                              'SO_REUSEPORT defined but not implemented.')
 
 
-def _is_stream_socket(sock):
-    # Linux's socket.type is a bitmask that can include extra info
-    # about socket, therefore we can't do simple
-    # `sock_type == socket.SOCK_STREAM`.
-    return (sock.type & socket.SOCK_STREAM) == socket.SOCK_STREAM
-
-
-def _is_dgram_socket(sock):
-    # Linux's socket.type is a bitmask that can include extra info
-    # about socket, therefore we can't do simple
-    # `sock_type == socket.SOCK_DGRAM`.
-    return (sock.type & socket.SOCK_DGRAM) == socket.SOCK_DGRAM
-
-
-def _ipaddr_info(host, port, family, type, proto):
+def _ipaddr_info(host, port, family, type, proto, flowinfo=0, scopeid=0):
     # Try to skip getaddrinfo if "host" is already an IP. Users might have
     # handled name resolution in their own code and pass in resolved IPs.
     if not hasattr(socket, 'inet_pton'):
@@ -109,11 +109,6 @@ def _ipaddr_info(host, port, family, type, proto):
         return None
 
     if type == socket.SOCK_STREAM:
-        # Linux only:
-        #    getaddrinfo() can raise when socket.type is a bit mask.
-        #    So if socket.type is a bit mask of SOCK_STREAM, and say
-        #    SOCK_NONBLOCK, we simply return None, which will trigger
-        #    a call to getaddrinfo() letting it process this request.
         proto = socket.IPPROTO_TCP
     elif type == socket.SOCK_DGRAM:
         proto = socket.IPPROTO_UDP
@@ -135,7 +130,7 @@ def _ipaddr_info(host, port, family, type, proto):
 
     if family == socket.AF_UNSPEC:
         afs = [socket.AF_INET]
-        if hasattr(socket, 'AF_INET6'):
+        if _HAS_IPv6:
             afs.append(socket.AF_INET6)
     else:
         afs = [family]
@@ -151,7 +146,10 @@ def _ipaddr_info(host, port, family, type, proto):
         try:
             socket.inet_pton(af, host)
             # The host has already been resolved.
-            return af, type, proto, '', (host, port)
+            if _HAS_IPv6 and af == socket.AF_INET6:
+                return af, type, proto, '', (host, port, flowinfo, scopeid)
+            else:
+                return af, type, proto, '', (host, port)
         except OSError:
             pass
 
@@ -159,75 +157,253 @@ def _ipaddr_info(host, port, family, type, proto):
     return None
 
 
-def _ensure_resolved(address, *, family=0, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM, proto=0,
-                     flags=0, loop):
-    host, port = address[:2]
-    info = _ipaddr_info(host, port, family, type, proto)
-    if info is not None:
-        # "host" is already a resolved IP.
-        fut = loop.create_future()
-        fut.set_result([info])
-        return fut
-    else:
-        return loop.getaddrinfo(host, port, family=family, type=type,
-                                proto=proto, flags=flags)
+def _interleave_addrinfos(addrinfos, first_address_family_count=1):
+    """Interleave list of addrinfo tuples by family."""
+    # Group addresses by family
+    addrinfos_by_family = collections.OrderedDict()
+    for addr in addrinfos:
+        family = addr[0]
+        if family not in addrinfos_by_family:
+            addrinfos_by_family[family] = []
+        addrinfos_by_family[family].append(addr)
+    addrinfos_lists = list(addrinfos_by_family.values())
+
+    reordered = []
+    if first_address_family_count > 1:
+        reordered.extend(addrinfos_lists[0][:first_address_family_count - 1])
+        del addrinfos_lists[0][:first_address_family_count - 1]
+    reordered.extend(
+        a for a in itertools.chain.from_iterable(
+            itertools.zip_longest(*addrinfos_lists)
+        ) if a is not None)
+    return reordered
 
 
 def _run_until_complete_cb(fut):
-    exc = fut._exception
-    if (isinstance(exc, BaseException)
-    and not isinstance(exc, Exception)):
-        # Issue #22429: run_forever() already finished, no need to
-        # stop it.
-        return
-    fut._loop.stop()
+    if not fut.cancelled():
+        exc = fut.exception()
+        if isinstance(exc, (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt)):
+            # Issue #22429: run_forever() already finished, no need to
+            # stop it.
+            return
+    futures._get_loop(fut).stop()
+
+
+if hasattr(socket, 'TCP_NODELAY'):
+    def _set_nodelay(sock):
+        if (sock.family in {socket.AF_INET, socket.AF_INET6} and
+                sock.type == socket.SOCK_STREAM and
+                sock.proto == socket.IPPROTO_TCP):
+            sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
+else:
+    def _set_nodelay(sock):
+        pass
+
+
+def _check_ssl_socket(sock):
+    if ssl is not None and isinstance(sock, ssl.SSLSocket):
+        raise TypeError("Socket cannot be of type SSLSocket")
+
+
+class _SendfileFallbackProtocol(protocols.Protocol):
+    def __init__(self, transp):
+        if not isinstance(transp, transports._FlowControlMixin):
+            raise TypeError("transport should be _FlowControlMixin instance")
+        self._transport = transp
+        self._proto = transp.get_protocol()
+        self._should_resume_reading = transp.is_reading()
+        self._should_resume_writing = transp._protocol_paused
+        transp.pause_reading()
+        transp.set_protocol(self)
+        if self._should_resume_writing:
+            self._write_ready_fut = self._transport._loop.create_future()
+        else:
+            self._write_ready_fut = None
+
+    async def drain(self):
+        if self._transport.is_closing():
+            raise ConnectionError("Connection closed by peer")
+        fut = self._write_ready_fut
+        if fut is None:
+            return
+        await fut
+
+    def connection_made(self, transport):
+        raise RuntimeError("Invalid state: "
+                           "connection should have been established already.")
+
+    def connection_lost(self, exc):
+        if self._write_ready_fut is not None:
+            # Never happens if peer disconnects after sending the whole content
+            # Thus disconnection is always an exception from user perspective
+            if exc is None:
+                self._write_ready_fut.set_exception(
+                    ConnectionError("Connection is closed by peer"))
+            else:
+                self._write_ready_fut.set_exception(exc)
+        self._proto.connection_lost(exc)
+
+    def pause_writing(self):
+        if self._write_ready_fut is not None:
+            return
+        self._write_ready_fut = self._transport._loop.create_future()
+
+    def resume_writing(self):
+        if self._write_ready_fut is None:
+            return
+        self._write_ready_fut.set_result(False)
+        self._write_ready_fut = None
+
+    def data_received(self, data):
+        raise RuntimeError("Invalid state: reading should be paused")
+
+    def eof_received(self):
+        raise RuntimeError("Invalid state: reading should be paused")
+
+    async def restore(self):
+        self._transport.set_protocol(self._proto)
+        if self._should_resume_reading:
+            self._transport.resume_reading()
+        if self._write_ready_fut is not None:
+            # Cancel the future.
+            # Basically it has no effect because protocol is switched back,
+            # no code should wait for it anymore.
+            self._write_ready_fut.cancel()
+        if self._should_resume_writing:
+            self._proto.resume_writing()
 
 
 class Server(events.AbstractServer):
 
-    def __init__(self, loop, sockets):
+    def __init__(self, loop, sockets, protocol_factory, ssl_context, backlog,
+                 ssl_handshake_timeout, ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
         self._loop = loop
-        self.sockets = sockets
+        self._sockets = sockets
         self._active_count = 0
         self._waiters = []
+        self._protocol_factory = protocol_factory
+        self._backlog = backlog
+        self._ssl_context = ssl_context
+        self._ssl_handshake_timeout = ssl_handshake_timeout
+        self._ssl_shutdown_timeout = ssl_shutdown_timeout
+        self._serving = False
+        self._serving_forever_fut = None
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s sockets=%r>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.sockets)
+        return f'<{self.__class__.__name__} sockets={self.sockets!r}>'
 
     def _attach(self):
-        assert self.sockets is not None
+        assert self._sockets is not None
         self._active_count += 1
 
     def _detach(self):
         assert self._active_count > 0
         self._active_count -= 1
-        if self._active_count == 0 and self.sockets is None:
+        if self._active_count == 0 and self._sockets is None:
             self._wakeup()
 
+    def _wakeup(self):
+        waiters = self._waiters
+        self._waiters = None
+        for waiter in waiters:
+            if not waiter.done():
+                waiter.set_result(None)
+
+    def _start_serving(self):
+        if self._serving:
+            return
+        self._serving = True
+        for sock in self._sockets:
+            sock.listen(self._backlog)
+            self._loop._start_serving(
+                self._protocol_factory, sock, self._ssl_context,
+                self, self._backlog, self._ssl_handshake_timeout,
+                self._ssl_shutdown_timeout)
+
+    def get_loop(self):
+        return self._loop
+
+    def is_serving(self):
+        return self._serving
+
+    @property
+    def sockets(self):
+        if self._sockets is None:
+            return ()
+        return tuple(trsock.TransportSocket(s) for s in self._sockets)
+
     def close(self):
-        sockets = self.sockets
+        sockets = self._sockets
         if sockets is None:
             return
-        self.sockets = None
+        self._sockets = None
+
         for sock in sockets:
             self._loop._stop_serving(sock)
+
+        self._serving = False
+
+        if (self._serving_forever_fut is not None and
+                not self._serving_forever_fut.done()):
+            self._serving_forever_fut.cancel()
+            self._serving_forever_fut = None
+
         if self._active_count == 0:
             self._wakeup()
 
-    def _wakeup(self):
-        waiters = self._waiters
-        self._waiters = None
-        for waiter in waiters:
-            if not waiter.done():
-                waiter.set_result(waiter)
+    async def start_serving(self):
+        self._start_serving()
+        # Skip one loop iteration so that all 'loop.add_reader'
+        # go through.
+        await tasks.sleep(0)
+
+    async def serve_forever(self):
+        if self._serving_forever_fut is not None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f'server {self!r} is already being awaited on serve_forever()')
+        if self._sockets is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(f'server {self!r} is closed')
+
+        self._start_serving()
+        self._serving_forever_fut = self._loop.create_future()
+
+        try:
+            await self._serving_forever_fut
+        except exceptions.CancelledError:
+            try:
+                self.close()
+                await self.wait_closed()
+            finally:
+                raise
+        finally:
+            self._serving_forever_fut = None
 
-    @coroutine
-    def wait_closed(self):
-        if self.sockets is None or self._waiters is None:
+    async def wait_closed(self):
+        """Wait until server is closed and all connections are dropped.
+
+        - If the server is not closed, wait.
+        - If it is closed, but there are still active connections, wait.
+
+        Anyone waiting here will be unblocked once both conditions
+        (server is closed and all connections have been dropped)
+        have become true, in either order.
+
+        Historical note: In 3.11 and before, this was broken, returning
+        immediately if the server was already closed, even if there
+        were still active connections. An attempted fix in 3.12.0 was
+        still broken, returning immediately if the server was still
+        open and there were no active connections. Hopefully in 3.12.1
+        we have it right.
+        """
+        # Waiters are unblocked by self._wakeup(), which is called
+        # from two places: self.close() and self._detach(), but only
+        # when both conditions have become true. To signal that this
+        # has happened, self._wakeup() sets self._waiters to None.
+        if self._waiters is None:
             return
         waiter = self._loop.create_future()
         self._waiters.append(waiter)
-        yield from waiter
+        await waiter
 
 
 class BaseEventLoop(events.AbstractEventLoop):
@@ -243,49 +419,54 @@ def __init__(self):
         # Identifier of the thread running the event loop, or None if the
         # event loop is not running
         self._thread_id = None
-        self._clock_resolution = 1e-06 #time.get_clock_info('monotonic').resolution
+        self._clock_resolution = time.get_clock_info('monotonic').resolution
         self._exception_handler = None
-        self.set_debug((not sys.flags.ignore_environment
-                        and bool(os.environ.get('PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG'))))
+        self.set_debug(coroutines._is_debug_mode())
         # In debug mode, if the execution of a callback or a step of a task
         # exceed this duration in seconds, the slow callback/task is logged.
         self.slow_callback_duration = 0.1
         self._current_handle = None
         self._task_factory = None
-        self._coroutine_wrapper_set = False
-
-        if hasattr(sys, 'get_asyncgen_hooks'):
-            # Python >= 3.6
-            # A weak set of all asynchronous generators that are
-            # being iterated by the loop.
-            self._asyncgens = weakref.WeakSet()
-        else:
-            self._asyncgens = None
+        self._coroutine_origin_tracking_enabled = False
+        self._coroutine_origin_tracking_saved_depth = None
 
+        # A weak set of all asynchronous generators that are
+        # being iterated by the loop.
+        self._asyncgens = weakref.WeakSet()
         # Set to True when `loop.shutdown_asyncgens` is called.
         self._asyncgens_shutdown_called = False
+        # Set to True when `loop.shutdown_default_executor` is called.
+        self._executor_shutdown_called = False
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return ('<%s running=%s closed=%s debug=%s>'
-                % (self.__class__.__name__, self.is_running(),
-                   self.is_closed(), self.get_debug()))
+        return (
+            f'<{self.__class__.__name__} running={self.is_running()} '
+            f'closed={self.is_closed()} debug={self.get_debug()}>'
+        )
 
     def create_future(self):
         """Create a Future object attached to the loop."""
         return futures.Future(loop=self)
 
-    def create_task(self, coro):
+    def create_task(self, coro, *, name=None, context=None):
         """Schedule a coroutine object.
 
         Return a task object.
         """
         self._check_closed()
         if self._task_factory is None:
-            task = tasks.Task(coro, loop=self)
+            task = tasks.Task(coro, loop=self, name=name, context=context)
             if task._source_traceback:
                 del task._source_traceback[-1]
         else:
-            task = self._task_factory(self, coro)
+            if context is None:
+                # Use legacy API if context is not needed
+                task = self._task_factory(self, coro)
+            else:
+                task = self._task_factory(self, coro, context=context)
+
+            tasks._set_task_name(task, name)
+
         return task
 
     def set_task_factory(self, factory):
@@ -311,9 +492,13 @@ def _make_socket_transport(self, sock, protocol, waiter=None, *,
         """Create socket transport."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def _make_ssl_transport(self, rawsock, protocol, sslcontext, waiter=None,
-                            *, server_side=False, server_hostname=None,
-                            extra=None, server=None):
+    def _make_ssl_transport(
+            self, rawsock, protocol, sslcontext, waiter=None,
+            *, server_side=False, server_hostname=None,
+            extra=None, server=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None,
+            call_connection_made=True):
         """Create SSL transport."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -332,10 +517,9 @@ def _make_write_pipe_transport(self, pipe, protocol, waiter=None,
         """Create write pipe transport."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _make_subprocess_transport(self, protocol, args, shell,
-                                   stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
-                                   extra=None, **kwargs):
+    async def _make_subprocess_transport(self, protocol, args, shell,
+                                         stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
+                                         extra=None, **kwargs):
         """Create subprocess transport."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -356,29 +540,29 @@ def _check_closed(self):
         if self._closed:
             raise RuntimeError('Event loop is closed')
 
+    def _check_default_executor(self):
+        if self._executor_shutdown_called:
+            raise RuntimeError('Executor shutdown has been called')
+
     def _asyncgen_finalizer_hook(self, agen):
         self._asyncgens.discard(agen)
         if not self.is_closed():
-            self.create_task(agen.aclose())
-            # Wake up the loop if the finalizer was called from
-            # a different thread.
-            self._write_to_self()
+            self.call_soon_threadsafe(self.create_task, agen.aclose())
 
     def _asyncgen_firstiter_hook(self, agen):
         if self._asyncgens_shutdown_called:
             warnings.warn(
-                "asynchronous generator {!r} was scheduled after "
-                "loop.shutdown_asyncgens() call".format(agen),
+                f"asynchronous generator {agen!r} was scheduled after "
+                f"loop.shutdown_asyncgens() call",
                 ResourceWarning, source=self)
 
         self._asyncgens.add(agen)
 
-    @coroutine
-    def shutdown_asyncgens(self):
+    async def shutdown_asyncgens(self):
         """Shutdown all active asynchronous generators."""
         self._asyncgens_shutdown_called = True
 
-        if self._asyncgens is None or not len(self._asyncgens):
+        if not len(self._asyncgens):
             # If Python version is <3.6 or we don't have any asynchronous
             # generators alive.
             return
@@ -386,36 +570,72 @@ def shutdown_asyncgens(self):
         closing_agens = list(self._asyncgens)
         self._asyncgens.clear()
 
-        shutdown_coro = tasks.gather(
+        results = await tasks.gather(
             *[ag.aclose() for ag in closing_agens],
-            return_exceptions=True,
-            loop=self)
+            return_exceptions=True)
 
-        results = yield from shutdown_coro
         for result, agen in zip(results, closing_agens):
             if isinstance(result, Exception):
                 self.call_exception_handler({
-                    'message': 'an error occurred during closing of '
-                               'asynchronous generator {!r}'.format(agen),
+                    'message': f'an error occurred during closing of '
+                               f'asynchronous generator {agen!r}',
                     'exception': result,
                     'asyncgen': agen
                 })
 
-    def run_forever(self):
-        """Run until stop() is called."""
-        self._check_closed()
+    async def shutdown_default_executor(self, timeout=None):
+        """Schedule the shutdown of the default executor.
+
+        The timeout parameter specifies the amount of time the executor will
+        be given to finish joining. The default value is None, which means
+        that the executor will be given an unlimited amount of time.
+        """
+        self._executor_shutdown_called = True
+        if self._default_executor is None:
+            return
+        future = self.create_future()
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=self._do_shutdown, args=(future,))
+        thread.start()
+        try:
+            async with timeouts.timeout(timeout):
+                await future
+        except TimeoutError:
+            warnings.warn("The executor did not finishing joining "
+                          f"its threads within {timeout} seconds.",
+                          RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
+            self._default_executor.shutdown(wait=False)
+        else:
+            thread.join()
+
+    def _do_shutdown(self, future):
+        try:
+            self._default_executor.shutdown(wait=True)
+            if not self.is_closed():
+                self.call_soon_threadsafe(futures._set_result_unless_cancelled,
+                                          future, None)
+        except Exception as ex:
+            if not self.is_closed() and not future.cancelled():
+                self.call_soon_threadsafe(future.set_exception, ex)
+
+    def _check_running(self):
         if self.is_running():
             raise RuntimeError('This event loop is already running')
         if events._get_running_loop() is not None:
             raise RuntimeError(
                 'Cannot run the event loop while another loop is running')
-        self._set_coroutine_wrapper(self._debug)
-        self._thread_id = threading.get_ident()
-        if self._asyncgens is not None:
-            old_agen_hooks = sys.get_asyncgen_hooks()
+
+    def run_forever(self):
+        """Run until stop() is called."""
+        self._check_closed()
+        self._check_running()
+        self._set_coroutine_origin_tracking(self._debug)
+
+        old_agen_hooks = sys.get_asyncgen_hooks()
+        try:
+            self._thread_id = threading.get_ident()
             sys.set_asyncgen_hooks(firstiter=self._asyncgen_firstiter_hook,
                                    finalizer=self._asyncgen_finalizer_hook)
-        try:
+
             events._set_running_loop(self)
             while True:
                 self._run_once()
@@ -425,9 +645,8 @@ def run_forever(self):
             self._stopping = False
             self._thread_id = None
             events._set_running_loop(None)
-            self._set_coroutine_wrapper(False)
-            if self._asyncgens is not None:
-                sys.set_asyncgen_hooks(*old_agen_hooks)
+            self._set_coroutine_origin_tracking(False)
+            sys.set_asyncgen_hooks(*old_agen_hooks)
 
     def run_until_complete(self, future):
         """Run until the Future is done.
@@ -441,6 +660,7 @@ def run_until_complete(self, future):
         Return the Future's result, or raise its exception.
         """
         self._check_closed()
+        self._check_running()
 
         new_task = not futures.isfuture(future)
         future = tasks.ensure_future(future, loop=self)
@@ -459,7 +679,8 @@ def run_until_complete(self, future):
                 # local task.
                 future.exception()
             raise
-        future.remove_done_callback(_run_until_complete_cb)
+        finally:
+            future.remove_done_callback(_run_until_complete_cb)
         if not future.done():
             raise RuntimeError('Event loop stopped before Future completed.')
 
@@ -490,6 +711,7 @@ def close(self):
         self._closed = True
         self._ready.clear()
         self._scheduled.clear()
+        self._executor_shutdown_called = True
         executor = self._default_executor
         if executor is not None:
             self._default_executor = None
@@ -499,16 +721,11 @@ def is_closed(self):
         """Returns True if the event loop was closed."""
         return self._closed
 
-    # On Python 3.3 and older, objects with a destructor part of a reference
-    # cycle are never destroyed. It's not more the case on Python 3.4 thanks
-    # to the PEP 442.
-    if compat.PY34:
-        def __del__(self):
-            if not self.is_closed():
-                warnings.warn("unclosed event loop %r" % self, ResourceWarning,
-                              source=self)
-                if not self.is_running():
-                    self.close()
+    def __del__(self, _warn=warnings.warn):
+        if not self.is_closed():
+            _warn(f"unclosed event loop {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self)
+            if not self.is_running():
+                self.close()
 
     def is_running(self):
         """Returns True if the event loop is running."""
@@ -523,7 +740,7 @@ def time(self):
         """
         return time.monotonic()
 
-    def call_later(self, delay, callback, *args):
+    def call_later(self, delay, callback, *args, context=None):
         """Arrange for a callback to be called at a given time.
 
         Return a Handle: an opaque object with a cancel() method that
@@ -533,34 +750,39 @@ def call_later(self, delay, callback, *args):
         always relative to the current time.
 
         Each callback will be called exactly once.  If two callbacks
-        are scheduled for exactly the same time, it undefined which
+        are scheduled for exactly the same time, it is undefined which
         will be called first.
 
         Any positional arguments after the callback will be passed to
         the callback when it is called.
         """
-        timer = self.call_at(self.time() + delay, callback, *args)
+        if delay is None:
+            raise TypeError('delay must not be None')
+        timer = self.call_at(self.time() + delay, callback, *args,
+                             context=context)
         if timer._source_traceback:
             del timer._source_traceback[-1]
         return timer
 
-    def call_at(self, when, callback, *args):
+    def call_at(self, when, callback, *args, context=None):
         """Like call_later(), but uses an absolute time.
 
         Absolute time corresponds to the event loop's time() method.
         """
+        if when is None:
+            raise TypeError("when cannot be None")
         self._check_closed()
         if self._debug:
             self._check_thread()
             self._check_callback(callback, 'call_at')
-        timer = events.TimerHandle(when, callback, args, self)
+        timer = events.TimerHandle(when, callback, args, self, context)
         if timer._source_traceback:
             del timer._source_traceback[-1]
         heapq.heappush(self._scheduled, timer)
         timer._scheduled = True
         return timer
 
-    def call_soon(self, callback, *args):
+    def call_soon(self, callback, *args, context=None):
         """Arrange for a callback to be called as soon as possible.
 
         This operates as a FIFO queue: callbacks are called in the
@@ -574,7 +796,7 @@ def call_soon(self, callback, *args):
         if self._debug:
             self._check_thread()
             self._check_callback(callback, 'call_soon')
-        handle = self._call_soon(callback, args)
+        handle = self._call_soon(callback, args, context)
         if handle._source_traceback:
             del handle._source_traceback[-1]
         return handle
@@ -583,15 +805,14 @@ def _check_callback(self, callback, method):
         if (coroutines.iscoroutine(callback) or
                 coroutines.iscoroutinefunction(callback)):
             raise TypeError(
-                "coroutines cannot be used with {}()".format(method))
+                f"coroutines cannot be used with {method}()")
         if not callable(callback):
             raise TypeError(
-                'a callable object was expected by {}(), got {!r}'.format(
-                    method, callback))
+                f'a callable object was expected by {method}(), '
+                f'got {callback!r}')
 
-
-    def _call_soon(self, callback, args):
-        handle = events.Handle(callback, args, self)
+    def _call_soon(self, callback, args, context):
+        handle = events.Handle(callback, args, self, context)
         if handle._source_traceback:
             del handle._source_traceback[-1]
         self._ready.append(handle)
@@ -614,12 +835,12 @@ def _check_thread(self):
                 "Non-thread-safe operation invoked on an event loop other "
                 "than the current one")
 
-    def call_soon_threadsafe(self, callback, *args):
+    def call_soon_threadsafe(self, callback, *args, context=None):
         """Like call_soon(), but thread-safe."""
         self._check_closed()
         if self._debug:
             self._check_callback(callback, 'call_soon_threadsafe')
-        handle = self._call_soon(callback, args)
+        handle = self._call_soon(callback, args, context)
         if handle._source_traceback:
             del handle._source_traceback[-1]
         self._write_to_self()
@@ -631,24 +852,31 @@ def run_in_executor(self, executor, func, *args):
             self._check_callback(func, 'run_in_executor')
         if executor is None:
             executor = self._default_executor
+            # Only check when the default executor is being used
+            self._check_default_executor()
             if executor is None:
-                executor = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor()
+                executor = concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(
+                    thread_name_prefix='asyncio'
+                )
                 self._default_executor = executor
-        return futures.wrap_future(executor.submit(func, *args), loop=self)
+        return futures.wrap_future(
+            executor.submit(func, *args), loop=self)
 
     def set_default_executor(self, executor):
+        if not isinstance(executor, concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor):
+            raise TypeError('executor must be ThreadPoolExecutor instance')
         self._default_executor = executor
 
     def _getaddrinfo_debug(self, host, port, family, type, proto, flags):
-        msg = ["%s:%r" % (host, port)]
+        msg = [f"{host}:{port!r}"]
         if family:
-            msg.append('family=%r' % family)
+            msg.append(f'family={family!r}')
         if type:
-            msg.append('type=%r' % type)
+            msg.append(f'type={type!r}')
         if proto:
-            msg.append('proto=%r' % proto)
+            msg.append(f'proto={proto!r}')
         if flags:
-            msg.append('flags=%r' % flags)
+            msg.append(f'flags={flags!r}')
         msg = ', '.join(msg)
         logger.debug('Get address info %s', msg)
 
@@ -656,33 +884,152 @@ def _getaddrinfo_debug(self, host, port, family, type, proto, flags):
         addrinfo = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
         dt = self.time() - t0
 
-        msg = ('Getting address info %s took %.3f ms: %r'
-               % (msg, dt * 1e3, addrinfo))
+        msg = f'Getting address info {msg} took {dt * 1e3:.3f}ms: {addrinfo!r}'
         if dt >= self.slow_callback_duration:
             logger.info(msg)
         else:
             logger.debug(msg)
         return addrinfo
 
-    def getaddrinfo(self, host, port, *,
-                    family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0):
+    async def getaddrinfo(self, host, port, *,
+                          family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0):
         if self._debug:
-            return self.run_in_executor(None, self._getaddrinfo_debug,
-                                        host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
+            getaddr_func = self._getaddrinfo_debug
         else:
-            return self.run_in_executor(None, socket.getaddrinfo,
-                                        host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
+            getaddr_func = socket.getaddrinfo
+
+        return await self.run_in_executor(
+            None, getaddr_func, host, port, family, type, proto, flags)
 
-    def getnameinfo(self, sockaddr, flags=0):
-        return self.run_in_executor(None, socket.getnameinfo, sockaddr, flags)
+    async def getnameinfo(self, sockaddr, flags=0):
+        return await self.run_in_executor(
+            None, socket.getnameinfo, sockaddr, flags)
 
-    @coroutine
-    def create_connection(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, *,
-                          ssl=None, family=0, proto=0, flags=0, sock=None,
-                          local_addr=None, server_hostname=None):
+    async def sock_sendfile(self, sock, file, offset=0, count=None,
+                            *, fallback=True):
+        if self._debug and sock.gettimeout() != 0:
+            raise ValueError("the socket must be non-blocking")
+        _check_ssl_socket(sock)
+        self._check_sendfile_params(sock, file, offset, count)
+        try:
+            return await self._sock_sendfile_native(sock, file,
+                                                    offset, count)
+        except exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError as exc:
+            if not fallback:
+                raise
+        return await self._sock_sendfile_fallback(sock, file,
+                                                  offset, count)
+
+    async def _sock_sendfile_native(self, sock, file, offset, count):
+        # NB: sendfile syscall is not supported for SSL sockets and
+        # non-mmap files even if sendfile is supported by OS
+        raise exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError(
+            f"syscall sendfile is not available for socket {sock!r} "
+            f"and file {file!r} combination")
+
+    async def _sock_sendfile_fallback(self, sock, file, offset, count):
+        if offset:
+            file.seek(offset)
+        blocksize = (
+            min(count, constants.SENDFILE_FALLBACK_READBUFFER_SIZE)
+            if count else constants.SENDFILE_FALLBACK_READBUFFER_SIZE
+        )
+        buf = bytearray(blocksize)
+        total_sent = 0
+        try:
+            while True:
+                if count:
+                    blocksize = min(count - total_sent, blocksize)
+                    if blocksize <= 0:
+                        break
+                view = memoryview(buf)[:blocksize]
+                read = await self.run_in_executor(None, file.readinto, view)
+                if not read:
+                    break  # EOF
+                await self.sock_sendall(sock, view[:read])
+                total_sent += read
+            return total_sent
+        finally:
+            if total_sent > 0 and hasattr(file, 'seek'):
+                file.seek(offset + total_sent)
+
+    def _check_sendfile_params(self, sock, file, offset, count):
+        if 'b' not in getattr(file, 'mode', 'b'):
+            raise ValueError("file should be opened in binary mode")
+        if not sock.type == socket.SOCK_STREAM:
+            raise ValueError("only SOCK_STREAM type sockets are supported")
+        if count is not None:
+            if not isinstance(count, int):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "count must be a positive integer (got {!r})".format(count))
+            if count <= 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "count must be a positive integer (got {!r})".format(count))
+        if not isinstance(offset, int):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "offset must be a non-negative integer (got {!r})".format(
+                    offset))
+        if offset < 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "offset must be a non-negative integer (got {!r})".format(
+                    offset))
+
+    async def _connect_sock(self, exceptions, addr_info, local_addr_infos=None):
+        """Create, bind and connect one socket."""
+        my_exceptions = []
+        exceptions.append(my_exceptions)
+        family, type_, proto, _, address = addr_info
+        sock = None
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(family=family, type=type_, proto=proto)
+            sock.setblocking(False)
+            if local_addr_infos is not None:
+                for lfamily, _, _, _, laddr in local_addr_infos:
+                    # skip local addresses of different family
+                    if lfamily != family:
+                        continue
+                    try:
+                        sock.bind(laddr)
+                        break
+                    except OSError as exc:
+                        msg = (
+                            f'error while attempting to bind on '
+                            f'address {laddr!r}: '
+                            f'{exc.strerror.lower()}'
+                        )
+                        exc = OSError(exc.errno, msg)
+                        my_exceptions.append(exc)
+                else:  # all bind attempts failed
+                    if my_exceptions:
+                        raise my_exceptions.pop()
+                    else:
+                        raise OSError(f"no matching local address with {family=} found")
+            await self.sock_connect(sock, address)
+            return sock
+        except OSError as exc:
+            my_exceptions.append(exc)
+            if sock is not None:
+                sock.close()
+            raise
+        except:
+            if sock is not None:
+                sock.close()
+            raise
+        finally:
+            exceptions = my_exceptions = None
+
+    async def create_connection(
+            self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None,
+            *, ssl=None, family=0,
+            proto=0, flags=0, sock=None,
+            local_addr=None, server_hostname=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None,
+            happy_eyeballs_delay=None, interleave=None,
+            all_errors=False):
         """Connect to a TCP server.
 
-        Create a streaming transport connection to a given Internet host and
+        Create a streaming transport connection to a given internet host and
         port: socket family AF_INET or socket.AF_INET6 depending on host (or
         family if specified), socket type SOCK_STREAM. protocol_factory must be
         a callable returning a protocol instance.
@@ -710,85 +1057,86 @@ def create_connection(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, *,
                                  'when using ssl without a host')
             server_hostname = host
 
+        if ssl_handshake_timeout is not None and not ssl:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'ssl_handshake_timeout is only meaningful with ssl')
+
+        if ssl_shutdown_timeout is not None and not ssl:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'ssl_shutdown_timeout is only meaningful with ssl')
+
+        if sock is not None:
+            _check_ssl_socket(sock)
+
+        if happy_eyeballs_delay is not None and interleave is None:
+            # If using happy eyeballs, default to interleave addresses by family
+            interleave = 1
+
         if host is not None or port is not None:
             if sock is not None:
                 raise ValueError(
                     'host/port and sock can not be specified at the same time')
 
-            f1 = _ensure_resolved((host, port), family=family,
-                                  type=socket.SOCK_STREAM, proto=proto,
-                                  flags=flags, loop=self)
-            fs = [f1]
-            if local_addr is not None:
-                f2 = _ensure_resolved(local_addr, family=family,
-                                      type=socket.SOCK_STREAM, proto=proto,
-                                      flags=flags, loop=self)
-                fs.append(f2)
-            else:
-                f2 = None
-
-            yield from tasks.wait(fs, loop=self)
-
-            infos = f1.result()
+            infos = await self._ensure_resolved(
+                (host, port), family=family,
+                type=socket.SOCK_STREAM, proto=proto, flags=flags, loop=self)
             if not infos:
                 raise OSError('getaddrinfo() returned empty list')
-            if f2 is not None:
-                laddr_infos = f2.result()
+
+            if local_addr is not None:
+                laddr_infos = await self._ensure_resolved(
+                    local_addr, family=family,
+                    type=socket.SOCK_STREAM, proto=proto,
+                    flags=flags, loop=self)
                 if not laddr_infos:
                     raise OSError('getaddrinfo() returned empty list')
+            else:
+                laddr_infos = None
+
+            if interleave:
+                infos = _interleave_addrinfos(infos, interleave)
 
             exceptions = []
-            for family, type, proto, cname, address in infos:
+            if happy_eyeballs_delay is None:
+                # not using happy eyeballs
+                for addrinfo in infos:
+                    try:
+                        sock = await self._connect_sock(
+                            exceptions, addrinfo, laddr_infos)
+                        break
+                    except OSError:
+                        continue
+            else:  # using happy eyeballs
+                sock, _, _ = await staggered.staggered_race(
+                    (functools.partial(self._connect_sock,
+                                       exceptions, addrinfo, laddr_infos)
+                     for addrinfo in infos),
+                    happy_eyeballs_delay, loop=self)
+
+            if sock is None:
+                exceptions = [exc for sub in exceptions for exc in sub]
                 try:
-                    sock = socket.socket(family=family, type=type, proto=proto)
-                    sock.setblocking(False)
-                    if f2 is not None:
-                        for _, _, _, _, laddr in laddr_infos:
-                            try:
-                                sock.bind(laddr)
-                                break
-                            except OSError as exc:
-                                exc = OSError(
-                                    exc.errno, 'error while '
-                                    'attempting to bind on address '
-                                    '{!r}: {}'.format(
-                                        laddr, exc.strerror.lower()))
-                                exceptions.append(exc)
-                        else:
-                            sock.close()
-                            sock = None
-                            continue
-                    if self._debug:
-                        logger.debug("connect %r to %r", sock, address)
-                    yield from self.sock_connect(sock, address)
-                except OSError as exc:
-                    if sock is not None:
-                        sock.close()
-                    exceptions.append(exc)
-                except:
-                    if sock is not None:
-                        sock.close()
-                    raise
-                else:
-                    break
-            else:
-                if len(exceptions) == 1:
-                    raise exceptions[0]
-                else:
-                    # If they all have the same str(), raise one.
-                    model = str(exceptions[0])
-                    if all(str(exc) == model for exc in exceptions):
+                    if all_errors:
+                        raise ExceptionGroup("create_connection failed", exceptions)
+                    if len(exceptions) == 1:
                         raise exceptions[0]
-                    # Raise a combined exception so the user can see all
-                    # the various error messages.
-                    raise OSError('Multiple exceptions: {}'.format(
-                        ', '.join(str(exc) for exc in exceptions)))
+                    else:
+                        # If they all have the same str(), raise one.
+                        model = str(exceptions[0])
+                        if all(str(exc) == model for exc in exceptions):
+                            raise exceptions[0]
+                        # Raise a combined exception so the user can see all
+                        # the various error messages.
+                        raise OSError('Multiple exceptions: {}'.format(
+                            ', '.join(str(exc) for exc in exceptions)))
+                finally:
+                    exceptions = None
 
         else:
             if sock is None:
                 raise ValueError(
                     'host and port was not specified and no sock specified')
-            if not _is_stream_socket(sock):
+            if sock.type != socket.SOCK_STREAM:
                 # We allow AF_INET, AF_INET6, AF_UNIX as long as they
                 # are SOCK_STREAM.
                 # We support passing AF_UNIX sockets even though we have
@@ -796,10 +1144,12 @@ def create_connection(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, *,
                 # Disallowing AF_UNIX in this method, breaks backwards
                 # compatibility.
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'A Stream Socket was expected, got {!r}'.format(sock))
+                    f'A Stream Socket was expected, got {sock!r}')
 
-        transport, protocol = yield from self._create_connection_transport(
-            sock, protocol_factory, ssl, server_hostname)
+        transport, protocol = await self._create_connection_transport(
+            sock, protocol_factory, ssl, server_hostname,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=ssl_handshake_timeout,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=ssl_shutdown_timeout)
         if self._debug:
             # Get the socket from the transport because SSL transport closes
             # the old socket and creates a new SSL socket
@@ -808,9 +1158,11 @@ def create_connection(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, *,
                          sock, host, port, transport, protocol)
         return transport, protocol
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _create_connection_transport(self, sock, protocol_factory, ssl,
-                                     server_hostname, server_side=False):
+    async def _create_connection_transport(
+            self, sock, protocol_factory, ssl,
+            server_hostname, server_side=False,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
 
         sock.setblocking(False)
 
@@ -820,42 +1172,166 @@ def _create_connection_transport(self, sock, protocol_factory, ssl,
             sslcontext = None if isinstance(ssl, bool) else ssl
             transport = self._make_ssl_transport(
                 sock, protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
-                server_side=server_side, server_hostname=server_hostname)
+                server_side=server_side, server_hostname=server_hostname,
+                ssl_handshake_timeout=ssl_handshake_timeout,
+                ssl_shutdown_timeout=ssl_shutdown_timeout)
         else:
             transport = self._make_socket_transport(sock, protocol, waiter)
 
         try:
-            yield from waiter
+            await waiter
         except:
             transport.close()
             raise
 
         return transport, protocol
 
-    @coroutine
-    def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
-                                 local_addr=None, remote_addr=None, *,
-                                 family=0, proto=0, flags=0,
-                                 reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None,
-                                 allow_broadcast=None, sock=None):
+    async def sendfile(self, transport, file, offset=0, count=None,
+                       *, fallback=True):
+        """Send a file to transport.
+
+        Return the total number of bytes which were sent.
+
+        The method uses high-performance os.sendfile if available.
+
+        file must be a regular file object opened in binary mode.
+
+        offset tells from where to start reading the file. If specified,
+        count is the total number of bytes to transmit as opposed to
+        sending the file until EOF is reached. File position is updated on
+        return or also in case of error in which case file.tell()
+        can be used to figure out the number of bytes
+        which were sent.
+
+        fallback set to True makes asyncio to manually read and send
+        the file when the platform does not support the sendfile syscall
+        (e.g. Windows or SSL socket on Unix).
+
+        Raise SendfileNotAvailableError if the system does not support
+        sendfile syscall and fallback is False.
+        """
+        if transport.is_closing():
+            raise RuntimeError("Transport is closing")
+        mode = getattr(transport, '_sendfile_compatible',
+                       constants._SendfileMode.UNSUPPORTED)
+        if mode is constants._SendfileMode.UNSUPPORTED:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"sendfile is not supported for transport {transport!r}")
+        if mode is constants._SendfileMode.TRY_NATIVE:
+            try:
+                return await self._sendfile_native(transport, file,
+                                                   offset, count)
+            except exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError as exc:
+                if not fallback:
+                    raise
+
+        if not fallback:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"fallback is disabled and native sendfile is not "
+                f"supported for transport {transport!r}")
+
+        return await self._sendfile_fallback(transport, file,
+                                             offset, count)
+
+    async def _sendfile_native(self, transp, file, offset, count):
+        raise exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError(
+            "sendfile syscall is not supported")
+
+    async def _sendfile_fallback(self, transp, file, offset, count):
+        if offset:
+            file.seek(offset)
+        blocksize = min(count, 16384) if count else 16384
+        buf = bytearray(blocksize)
+        total_sent = 0
+        proto = _SendfileFallbackProtocol(transp)
+        try:
+            while True:
+                if count:
+                    blocksize = min(count - total_sent, blocksize)
+                    if blocksize <= 0:
+                        return total_sent
+                view = memoryview(buf)[:blocksize]
+                read = await self.run_in_executor(None, file.readinto, view)
+                if not read:
+                    return total_sent  # EOF
+                await proto.drain()
+                transp.write(view[:read])
+                total_sent += read
+        finally:
+            if total_sent > 0 and hasattr(file, 'seek'):
+                file.seek(offset + total_sent)
+            await proto.restore()
+
+    async def start_tls(self, transport, protocol, sslcontext, *,
+                        server_side=False,
+                        server_hostname=None,
+                        ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+                        ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
+        """Upgrade transport to TLS.
+
+        Return a new transport that *protocol* should start using
+        immediately.
+        """
+        if ssl is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('Python ssl module is not available')
+
+        if not isinstance(sslcontext, ssl.SSLContext):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f'sslcontext is expected to be an instance of ssl.SSLContext, '
+                f'got {sslcontext!r}')
+
+        if not getattr(transport, '_start_tls_compatible', False):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f'transport {transport!r} is not supported by start_tls()')
+
+        waiter = self.create_future()
+        ssl_protocol = sslproto.SSLProtocol(
+            self, protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
+            server_side, server_hostname,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=ssl_handshake_timeout,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=ssl_shutdown_timeout,
+            call_connection_made=False)
+
+        # Pause early so that "ssl_protocol.data_received()" doesn't
+        # have a chance to get called before "ssl_protocol.connection_made()".
+        transport.pause_reading()
+
+        transport.set_protocol(ssl_protocol)
+        conmade_cb = self.call_soon(ssl_protocol.connection_made, transport)
+        resume_cb = self.call_soon(transport.resume_reading)
+
+        try:
+            await waiter
+        except BaseException:
+            transport.close()
+            conmade_cb.cancel()
+            resume_cb.cancel()
+            raise
+
+        return ssl_protocol._app_transport
+
+    async def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
+                                       local_addr=None, remote_addr=None, *,
+                                       family=0, proto=0, flags=0,
+                                       reuse_port=None,
+                                       allow_broadcast=None, sock=None):
         """Create datagram connection."""
         if sock is not None:
-            if not _is_dgram_socket(sock):
+            if sock.type == socket.SOCK_STREAM:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'A UDP Socket was expected, got {!r}'.format(sock))
+                    f'A datagram socket was expected, got {sock!r}')
             if (local_addr or remote_addr or
                     family or proto or flags or
-                    reuse_address or reuse_port or allow_broadcast):
+                    reuse_port or allow_broadcast):
                 # show the problematic kwargs in exception msg
                 opts = dict(local_addr=local_addr, remote_addr=remote_addr,
                             family=family, proto=proto, flags=flags,
-                            reuse_address=reuse_address, reuse_port=reuse_port,
+                            reuse_port=reuse_port,
                             allow_broadcast=allow_broadcast)
-                problems = ', '.join(
-                    '{}={}'.format(k, v) for k, v in opts.items() if v)
+                problems = ', '.join(f'{k}={v}' for k, v in opts.items() if v)
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'socket modifier keyword arguments can not be used '
-                    'when sock is specified. ({})'.format(problems))
+                    f'socket modifier keyword arguments can not be used '
+                    f'when sock is specified. ({problems})')
             sock.setblocking(False)
             r_addr = None
         else:
@@ -863,15 +1339,34 @@ def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
                 if family == 0:
                     raise ValueError('unexpected address family')
                 addr_pairs_info = (((family, proto), (None, None)),)
+            elif hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX') and family == socket.AF_UNIX:
+                for addr in (local_addr, remote_addr):
+                    if addr is not None and not isinstance(addr, str):
+                        raise TypeError('string is expected')
+
+                if local_addr and local_addr[0] not in (0, '\x00'):
+                    try:
+                        if stat.S_ISSOCK(os.stat(local_addr).st_mode):
+                            os.remove(local_addr)
+                    except FileNotFoundError:
+                        pass
+                    except OSError as err:
+                        # Directory may have permissions only to create socket.
+                        logger.error('Unable to check or remove stale UNIX '
+                                     'socket %r: %r',
+                                     local_addr, err)
+
+                addr_pairs_info = (((family, proto),
+                                    (local_addr, remote_addr)), )
             else:
                 # join address by (family, protocol)
-                addr_infos = collections.OrderedDict()
+                addr_infos = {}  # Using order preserving dict
                 for idx, addr in ((0, local_addr), (1, remote_addr)):
                     if addr is not None:
-                        assert isinstance(addr, tuple) and len(addr) == 2, (
-                            '2-tuple is expected')
+                        if not (isinstance(addr, tuple) and len(addr) == 2):
+                            raise TypeError('2-tuple is expected')
 
-                        infos = yield from _ensure_resolved(
+                        infos = await self._ensure_resolved(
                             addr, family=family, type=socket.SOCK_DGRAM,
                             proto=proto, flags=flags, loop=self)
                         if not infos:
@@ -894,9 +1389,6 @@ def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
 
             exceptions = []
 
-            if reuse_address is None:
-                reuse_address = os.name == 'posix' and sys.platform != 'cygwin'
-
             for ((family, proto),
                  (local_address, remote_address)) in addr_pairs_info:
                 sock = None
@@ -904,9 +1396,6 @@ def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
                 try:
                     sock = socket.socket(
                         family=family, type=socket.SOCK_DGRAM, proto=proto)
-                    if reuse_address:
-                        sock.setsockopt(
-                            socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
                     if reuse_port:
                         _set_reuseport(sock)
                     if allow_broadcast:
@@ -917,7 +1406,8 @@ def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
                     if local_addr:
                         sock.bind(local_address)
                     if remote_addr:
-                        yield from self.sock_connect(sock, remote_address)
+                        if not allow_broadcast:
+                            await self.sock_connect(sock, remote_address)
                         r_addr = remote_address
                 except OSError as exc:
                     if sock is not None:
@@ -947,36 +1437,50 @@ def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
                              remote_addr, transport, protocol)
 
         try:
-            yield from waiter
+            await waiter
         except:
             transport.close()
             raise
 
         return transport, protocol
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _create_server_getaddrinfo(self, host, port, family, flags):
-        infos = yield from _ensure_resolved((host, port), family=family,
+    async def _ensure_resolved(self, address, *,
+                               family=0, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM,
+                               proto=0, flags=0, loop):
+        host, port = address[:2]
+        info = _ipaddr_info(host, port, family, type, proto, *address[2:])
+        if info is not None:
+            # "host" is already a resolved IP.
+            return [info]
+        else:
+            return await loop.getaddrinfo(host, port, family=family, type=type,
+                                          proto=proto, flags=flags)
+
+    async def _create_server_getaddrinfo(self, host, port, family, flags):
+        infos = await self._ensure_resolved((host, port), family=family,
                                             type=socket.SOCK_STREAM,
                                             flags=flags, loop=self)
         if not infos:
-            raise OSError('getaddrinfo({!r}) returned empty list'.format(host))
+            raise OSError(f'getaddrinfo({host!r}) returned empty list')
         return infos
 
-    @coroutine
-    def create_server(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None,
-                      *,
-                      family=socket.AF_UNSPEC,
-                      flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE,
-                      sock=None,
-                      backlog=100,
-                      ssl=None,
-                      reuse_address=None,
-                      reuse_port=None):
+    async def create_server(
+            self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None,
+            *,
+            family=socket.AF_UNSPEC,
+            flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE,
+            sock=None,
+            backlog=100,
+            ssl=None,
+            reuse_address=None,
+            reuse_port=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None,
+            start_serving=True):
         """Create a TCP server.
 
-        The host parameter can be a string, in that case the TCP server is bound
-        to host and port.
+        The host parameter can be a string, in that case the TCP server is
+        bound to host and port.
 
         The host parameter can also be a sequence of strings and in that case
         the TCP server is bound to all hosts of the sequence. If a host
@@ -990,19 +1494,30 @@ def create_server(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None,
         """
         if isinstance(ssl, bool):
             raise TypeError('ssl argument must be an SSLContext or None')
+
+        if ssl_handshake_timeout is not None and ssl is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'ssl_handshake_timeout is only meaningful with ssl')
+
+        if ssl_shutdown_timeout is not None and ssl is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'ssl_shutdown_timeout is only meaningful with ssl')
+
+        if sock is not None:
+            _check_ssl_socket(sock)
+
         if host is not None or port is not None:
             if sock is not None:
                 raise ValueError(
                     'host/port and sock can not be specified at the same time')
 
-            AF_INET6 = getattr(socket, 'AF_INET6', 0)
             if reuse_address is None:
-                reuse_address = os.name == 'posix' and sys.platform != 'cygwin'
+                reuse_address = os.name == "posix" and sys.platform != "cygwin"
             sockets = []
             if host == '':
                 hosts = [None]
             elif (isinstance(host, str) or
-                  not isinstance(host, collections.Iterable)):
+                  not isinstance(host, collections.abc.Iterable)):
                 hosts = [host]
             else:
                 hosts = host
@@ -1010,7 +1525,7 @@ def create_server(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None,
             fs = [self._create_server_getaddrinfo(host, port, family=family,
                                                   flags=flags)
                   for host in hosts]
-            infos = yield from tasks.gather(*fs, loop=self)
+            infos = await tasks.gather(*fs)
             infos = set(itertools.chain.from_iterable(infos))
 
             completed = False
@@ -1035,16 +1550,31 @@ def create_server(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None,
                     # Disable IPv4/IPv6 dual stack support (enabled by
                     # default on Linux) which makes a single socket
                     # listen on both address families.
-                    if af == AF_INET6 and hasattr(socket, 'IPPROTO_IPV6'):
+                    if (_HAS_IPv6 and
+                            af == socket.AF_INET6 and
+                            hasattr(socket, 'IPPROTO_IPV6')):
                         sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IPV6,
                                         socket.IPV6_V6ONLY,
                                         True)
                     try:
                         sock.bind(sa)
                     except OSError as err:
-                        raise OSError(err.errno, 'error while attempting '
-                                      'to bind on address %r: %s'
-                                      % (sa, err.strerror.lower()))
+                        msg = ('error while attempting '
+                               'to bind on address %r: %s'
+                               % (sa, err.strerror.lower()))
+                        if err.errno == errno.EADDRNOTAVAIL:
+                            # Assume the family is not enabled (bpo-30945)
+                            sockets.pop()
+                            sock.close()
+                            if self._debug:
+                                logger.warning(msg)
+                            continue
+                        raise OSError(err.errno, msg) from None
+
+                if not sockets:
+                    raise OSError('could not bind on any address out of %r'
+                                  % ([info[4] for info in infos],))
+
                 completed = True
             finally:
                 if not completed:
@@ -1053,36 +1583,49 @@ def create_server(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None,
         else:
             if sock is None:
                 raise ValueError('Neither host/port nor sock were specified')
-            if not _is_stream_socket(sock):
-                raise ValueError(
-                    'A Stream Socket was expected, got {!r}'.format(sock))
+            if sock.type != socket.SOCK_STREAM:
+                raise ValueError(f'A Stream Socket was expected, got {sock!r}')
             sockets = [sock]
 
-        server = Server(self, sockets)
         for sock in sockets:
-            sock.listen(backlog)
             sock.setblocking(False)
-            self._start_serving(protocol_factory, sock, ssl, server, backlog)
+
+        server = Server(self, sockets, protocol_factory,
+                        ssl, backlog, ssl_handshake_timeout,
+                        ssl_shutdown_timeout)
+        if start_serving:
+            server._start_serving()
+            # Skip one loop iteration so that all 'loop.add_reader'
+            # go through.
+            await tasks.sleep(0)
+
         if self._debug:
             logger.info("%r is serving", server)
         return server
 
-    @coroutine
-    def connect_accepted_socket(self, protocol_factory, sock, *, ssl=None):
-        """Handle an accepted connection.
+    async def connect_accepted_socket(
+            self, protocol_factory, sock,
+            *, ssl=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
+        if sock.type != socket.SOCK_STREAM:
+            raise ValueError(f'A Stream Socket was expected, got {sock!r}')
 
-        This is used by servers that accept connections outside of
-        asyncio but that use asyncio to handle connections.
+        if ssl_handshake_timeout is not None and not ssl:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'ssl_handshake_timeout is only meaningful with ssl')
 
-        This method is a coroutine.  When completed, the coroutine
-        returns a (transport, protocol) pair.
-        """
-        if not _is_stream_socket(sock):
+        if ssl_shutdown_timeout is not None and not ssl:
             raise ValueError(
-                'A Stream Socket was expected, got {!r}'.format(sock))
+                'ssl_shutdown_timeout is only meaningful with ssl')
 
-        transport, protocol = yield from self._create_connection_transport(
-            sock, protocol_factory, ssl, '', server_side=True)
+        if sock is not None:
+            _check_ssl_socket(sock)
+
+        transport, protocol = await self._create_connection_transport(
+            sock, protocol_factory, ssl, '', server_side=True,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=ssl_handshake_timeout,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=ssl_shutdown_timeout)
         if self._debug:
             # Get the socket from the transport because SSL transport closes
             # the old socket and creates a new SSL socket
@@ -1090,14 +1633,13 @@ def connect_accepted_socket(self, protocol_factory, sock, *, ssl=None):
             logger.debug("%r handled: (%r, %r)", sock, transport, protocol)
         return transport, protocol
 
-    @coroutine
-    def connect_read_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
+    async def connect_read_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
         protocol = protocol_factory()
         waiter = self.create_future()
         transport = self._make_read_pipe_transport(pipe, protocol, waiter)
 
         try:
-            yield from waiter
+            await waiter
         except:
             transport.close()
             raise
@@ -1107,14 +1649,13 @@ def connect_read_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
                          pipe.fileno(), transport, protocol)
         return transport, protocol
 
-    @coroutine
-    def connect_write_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
+    async def connect_write_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
         protocol = protocol_factory()
         waiter = self.create_future()
         transport = self._make_write_pipe_transport(pipe, protocol, waiter)
 
         try:
-            yield from waiter
+            await waiter
         except:
             transport.close()
             raise
@@ -1127,21 +1668,24 @@ def connect_write_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
     def _log_subprocess(self, msg, stdin, stdout, stderr):
         info = [msg]
         if stdin is not None:
-            info.append('stdin=%s' % _format_pipe(stdin))
+            info.append(f'stdin={_format_pipe(stdin)}')
         if stdout is not None and stderr == subprocess.STDOUT:
-            info.append('stdout=stderr=%s' % _format_pipe(stdout))
+            info.append(f'stdout=stderr={_format_pipe(stdout)}')
         else:
             if stdout is not None:
-                info.append('stdout=%s' % _format_pipe(stdout))
+                info.append(f'stdout={_format_pipe(stdout)}')
             if stderr is not None:
-                info.append('stderr=%s' % _format_pipe(stderr))
+                info.append(f'stderr={_format_pipe(stderr)}')
         logger.debug(' '.join(info))
 
-    @coroutine
-    def subprocess_shell(self, protocol_factory, cmd, *, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-                         universal_newlines=False, shell=True, bufsize=0,
-                         **kwargs):
+    async def subprocess_shell(self, protocol_factory, cmd, *,
+                               stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                               stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                               stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                               universal_newlines=False,
+                               shell=True, bufsize=0,
+                               encoding=None, errors=None, text=None,
+                               **kwargs):
         if not isinstance(cmd, (bytes, str)):
             raise ValueError("cmd must be a string")
         if universal_newlines:
@@ -1150,45 +1694,57 @@ def subprocess_shell(self, protocol_factory, cmd, *, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
             raise ValueError("shell must be True")
         if bufsize != 0:
             raise ValueError("bufsize must be 0")
+        if text:
+            raise ValueError("text must be False")
+        if encoding is not None:
+            raise ValueError("encoding must be None")
+        if errors is not None:
+            raise ValueError("errors must be None")
+
         protocol = protocol_factory()
+        debug_log = None
         if self._debug:
             # don't log parameters: they may contain sensitive information
             # (password) and may be too long
             debug_log = 'run shell command %r' % cmd
             self._log_subprocess(debug_log, stdin, stdout, stderr)
-        transport = yield from self._make_subprocess_transport(
+        transport = await self._make_subprocess_transport(
             protocol, cmd, True, stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize, **kwargs)
-        if self._debug:
+        if self._debug and debug_log is not None:
             logger.info('%s: %r', debug_log, transport)
         return transport, protocol
 
-    @coroutine
-    def subprocess_exec(self, protocol_factory, program, *args,
-                        stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                        stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=False,
-                        shell=False, bufsize=0, **kwargs):
+    async def subprocess_exec(self, protocol_factory, program, *args,
+                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              stderr=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=False,
+                              shell=False, bufsize=0,
+                              encoding=None, errors=None, text=None,
+                              **kwargs):
         if universal_newlines:
             raise ValueError("universal_newlines must be False")
         if shell:
             raise ValueError("shell must be False")
         if bufsize != 0:
             raise ValueError("bufsize must be 0")
+        if text:
+            raise ValueError("text must be False")
+        if encoding is not None:
+            raise ValueError("encoding must be None")
+        if errors is not None:
+            raise ValueError("errors must be None")
+
         popen_args = (program,) + args
-        for arg in popen_args:
-            if not isinstance(arg, (str, bytes)):
-                raise TypeError("program arguments must be "
-                                "a bytes or text string, not %s"
-                                % type(arg).__name__)
         protocol = protocol_factory()
+        debug_log = None
         if self._debug:
             # don't log parameters: they may contain sensitive information
             # (password) and may be too long
-            debug_log = 'execute program %r' % program
+            debug_log = f'execute program {program!r}'
             self._log_subprocess(debug_log, stdin, stdout, stderr)
-        transport = yield from self._make_subprocess_transport(
+        transport = await self._make_subprocess_transport(
             protocol, popen_args, False, stdin, stdout, stderr,
             bufsize, **kwargs)
-        if self._debug:
+        if self._debug and debug_log is not None:
             logger.info('%s: %r', debug_log, transport)
         return transport, protocol
 
@@ -1210,8 +1766,8 @@ def set_exception_handler(self, handler):
         documentation for details about context).
         """
         if handler is not None and not callable(handler):
-            raise TypeError('A callable object or None is expected, '
-                            'got {!r}'.format(handler))
+            raise TypeError(f'A callable object or None is expected, '
+                            f'got {handler!r}')
         self._exception_handler = handler
 
     def default_exception_handler(self, context):
@@ -1221,6 +1777,11 @@ def default_exception_handler(self, context):
         handler is set, and can be called by a custom exception
         handler that wants to defer to the default behavior.
 
+        This default handler logs the error message and other
+        context-dependent information.  In debug mode, a truncated
+        stack trace is also appended showing where the given object
+        (e.g. a handle or future or task) was created, if any.
+
         The context parameter has the same meaning as in
         `call_exception_handler()`.
         """
@@ -1234,10 +1795,11 @@ def default_exception_handler(self, context):
         else:
             exc_info = False
 
-        if ('source_traceback' not in context
-        and self._current_handle is not None
-        and self._current_handle._source_traceback):
-            context['handle_traceback'] = self._current_handle._source_traceback
+        if ('source_traceback' not in context and
+                self._current_handle is not None and
+                self._current_handle._source_traceback):
+            context['handle_traceback'] = \
+                self._current_handle._source_traceback
 
         log_lines = [message]
         for key in sorted(context):
@@ -1254,7 +1816,7 @@ def default_exception_handler(self, context):
                 value += tb.rstrip()
             else:
                 value = repr(value)
-            log_lines.append('{}: {}'.format(key, value))
+            log_lines.append(f'{key}: {value}')
 
         logger.error('\n'.join(log_lines), exc_info=exc_info)
 
@@ -1266,6 +1828,7 @@ def call_exception_handler(self, context):
         - 'message': Error message;
         - 'exception' (optional): Exception object;
         - 'future' (optional): Future instance;
+        - 'task' (optional): Task instance;
         - 'handle' (optional): Handle instance;
         - 'protocol' (optional): Protocol instance;
         - 'transport' (optional): Transport instance;
@@ -1282,7 +1845,9 @@ def call_exception_handler(self, context):
         if self._exception_handler is None:
             try:
                 self.default_exception_handler(context)
-            except Exception:
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except BaseException:
                 # Second protection layer for unexpected errors
                 # in the default implementation, as well as for subclassed
                 # event loops with overloaded "default_exception_handler".
@@ -1290,8 +1855,25 @@ def call_exception_handler(self, context):
                              exc_info=True)
         else:
             try:
-                self._exception_handler(self, context)
-            except Exception as exc:
+                ctx = None
+                thing = context.get("task")
+                if thing is None:
+                    # Even though Futures don't have a context,
+                    # Task is a subclass of Future,
+                    # and sometimes the 'future' key holds a Task.
+                    thing = context.get("future")
+                if thing is None:
+                    # Handles also have a context.
+                    thing = context.get("handle")
+                if thing is not None and hasattr(thing, "get_context"):
+                    ctx = thing.get_context()
+                if ctx is not None and hasattr(ctx, "run"):
+                    ctx.run(self._exception_handler, self, context)
+                else:
+                    self._exception_handler(self, context)
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
                 # Exception in the user set custom exception handler.
                 try:
                     # Let's try default handler.
@@ -1300,7 +1882,9 @@ def call_exception_handler(self, context):
                         'exception': exc,
                         'context': context,
                     })
-                except Exception:
+                except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                    raise
+                except BaseException:
                     # Guard 'default_exception_handler' in case it is
                     # overloaded.
                     logger.error('Exception in default exception handler '
@@ -1309,12 +1893,9 @@ def call_exception_handler(self, context):
                                  exc_info=True)
 
     def _add_callback(self, handle):
-        """Add a Handle to _scheduled (TimerHandle) or _ready."""
-        assert isinstance(handle, events.Handle), 'A Handle is required here'
-        if handle._cancelled:
-            return
-        assert not isinstance(handle, events.TimerHandle)
-        self._ready.append(handle)
+        """Add a Handle to _ready."""
+        if not handle._cancelled:
+            self._ready.append(handle)
 
     def _add_callback_signalsafe(self, handle):
         """Like _add_callback() but called from a signal handler."""
@@ -1363,31 +1944,12 @@ def _run_once(self):
         elif self._scheduled:
             # Compute the desired timeout.
             when = self._scheduled[0]._when
-            timeout = max(0, when - self.time())
-
-        if self._debug and timeout != 0:
-            t0 = self.time()
-            event_list = self._selector.select(timeout)
-            dt = self.time() - t0
-            if dt >= 1.0:
-                level = logging.INFO
-            else:
-                level = logging.DEBUG
-            nevent = len(event_list)
-            if timeout is None:
-                logger.log(level, 'poll took %.3f ms: %s events',
-                           dt * 1e3, nevent)
-            elif nevent:
-                logger.log(level,
-                           'poll %.3f ms took %.3f ms: %s events',
-                           timeout * 1e3, dt * 1e3, nevent)
-            elif dt >= 1.0:
-                logger.log(level,
-                           'poll %.3f ms took %.3f ms: timeout',
-                           timeout * 1e3, dt * 1e3)
-        else:
-            event_list = self._selector.select(timeout)
+            timeout = min(max(0, when - self.time()), MAXIMUM_SELECT_TIMEOUT)
+
+        event_list = self._selector.select(timeout)
         self._process_events(event_list)
+        # Needed to break cycles when an exception occurs.
+        event_list = None
 
         # Handle 'later' callbacks that are ready.
         end_time = self.time() + self._clock_resolution
@@ -1425,38 +1987,20 @@ def _run_once(self):
                 handle._run()
         handle = None  # Needed to break cycles when an exception occurs.
 
-    def _set_coroutine_wrapper(self, enabled):
-        try:
-            set_wrapper = sys.set_coroutine_wrapper
-            get_wrapper = sys.get_coroutine_wrapper
-        except AttributeError:
+    def _set_coroutine_origin_tracking(self, enabled):
+        if bool(enabled) == bool(self._coroutine_origin_tracking_enabled):
             return
 
-        enabled = bool(enabled)
-        if self._coroutine_wrapper_set == enabled:
-            return
-
-        wrapper = coroutines.debug_wrapper
-        current_wrapper = get_wrapper()
-
         if enabled:
-            if current_wrapper not in (None, wrapper):
-                warnings.warn(
-                    "loop.set_debug(True): cannot set debug coroutine "
-                    "wrapper; another wrapper is already set %r" %
-                    current_wrapper, RuntimeWarning)
-            else:
-                set_wrapper(wrapper)
-                self._coroutine_wrapper_set = True
+            self._coroutine_origin_tracking_saved_depth = (
+                sys.get_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth())
+            sys.set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth(
+                constants.DEBUG_STACK_DEPTH)
         else:
-            if current_wrapper not in (None, wrapper):
-                warnings.warn(
-                    "loop.set_debug(False): cannot unset debug coroutine "
-                    "wrapper; another wrapper was set %r" %
-                    current_wrapper, RuntimeWarning)
-            else:
-                set_wrapper(None)
-                self._coroutine_wrapper_set = False
+            sys.set_coroutine_origin_tracking_depth(
+                self._coroutine_origin_tracking_saved_depth)
+
+        self._coroutine_origin_tracking_enabled = enabled
 
     def get_debug(self):
         return self._debug
@@ -1465,4 +2009,4 @@ def set_debug(self, enabled):
         self._debug = enabled
 
         if self.is_running():
-            self._set_coroutine_wrapper(enabled)
+            self.call_soon_threadsafe(self._set_coroutine_origin_tracking, enabled)
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/base_futures.py b/Lib/asyncio/base_futures.py
index 01259a062e..7987963bd9 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/base_futures.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/base_futures.py
@@ -1,18 +1,8 @@
-__all__ = []
+__all__ = ()
 
-import concurrent.futures._base
 import reprlib
 
-from . import events
-
-Error = concurrent.futures._base.Error
-CancelledError = concurrent.futures.CancelledError
-TimeoutError = concurrent.futures.TimeoutError
-
-
-class InvalidStateError(Error):
-    """The operation is not allowed in this state."""
-
+from . import format_helpers
 
 # States for Future.
 _PENDING = 'PENDING'
@@ -38,17 +28,17 @@ def _format_callbacks(cb):
         cb = ''
 
     def format_cb(callback):
-        return events._format_callback_source(callback, ())
+        return format_helpers._format_callback_source(callback, ())
 
     if size == 1:
-        cb = format_cb(cb[0])
+        cb = format_cb(cb[0][0])
     elif size == 2:
-        cb = '{}, {}'.format(format_cb(cb[0]), format_cb(cb[1]))
+        cb = '{}, {}'.format(format_cb(cb[0][0]), format_cb(cb[1][0]))
     elif size > 2:
-        cb = '{}, <{} more>, {}'.format(format_cb(cb[0]),
+        cb = '{}, <{} more>, {}'.format(format_cb(cb[0][0]),
                                         size - 2,
-                                        format_cb(cb[-1]))
-    return 'cb=[%s]' % cb
+                                        format_cb(cb[-1][0]))
+    return f'cb=[{cb}]'
 
 
 def _future_repr_info(future):
@@ -57,15 +47,21 @@ def _future_repr_info(future):
     info = [future._state.lower()]
     if future._state == _FINISHED:
         if future._exception is not None:
-            info.append('exception={!r}'.format(future._exception))
+            info.append(f'exception={future._exception!r}')
         else:
             # use reprlib to limit the length of the output, especially
             # for very long strings
             result = reprlib.repr(future._result)
-            info.append('result={}'.format(result))
+            info.append(f'result={result}')
     if future._callbacks:
         info.append(_format_callbacks(future._callbacks))
     if future._source_traceback:
         frame = future._source_traceback[-1]
-        info.append('created at %s:%s' % (frame[0], frame[1]))
+        info.append(f'created at {frame[0]}:{frame[1]}')
     return info
+
+
+@reprlib.recursive_repr()
+def _future_repr(future):
+    info = ' '.join(_future_repr_info(future))
+    return f'<{future.__class__.__name__} {info}>'
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py b/Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py
index a00d9d5732..4c9b0dd565 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/base_subprocess.py
@@ -2,10 +2,8 @@
 import subprocess
 import warnings
 
-from . import compat
 from . import protocols
 from . import transports
-from .coroutines import coroutine
 from .log import logger
 
 
@@ -59,9 +57,9 @@ def __repr__(self):
         if self._closed:
             info.append('closed')
         if self._pid is not None:
-            info.append('pid=%s' % self._pid)
+            info.append(f'pid={self._pid}')
         if self._returncode is not None:
-            info.append('returncode=%s' % self._returncode)
+            info.append(f'returncode={self._returncode}')
         elif self._pid is not None:
             info.append('running')
         else:
@@ -69,19 +67,19 @@ def __repr__(self):
 
         stdin = self._pipes.get(0)
         if stdin is not None:
-            info.append('stdin=%s' % stdin.pipe)
+            info.append(f'stdin={stdin.pipe}')
 
         stdout = self._pipes.get(1)
         stderr = self._pipes.get(2)
         if stdout is not None and stderr is stdout:
-            info.append('stdout=stderr=%s' % stdout.pipe)
+            info.append(f'stdout=stderr={stdout.pipe}')
         else:
             if stdout is not None:
-                info.append('stdout=%s' % stdout.pipe)
+                info.append(f'stdout={stdout.pipe}')
             if stderr is not None:
-                info.append('stderr=%s' % stderr.pipe)
+                info.append(f'stderr={stderr.pipe}')
 
-        return '<%s>' % ' '.join(info)
+        return '<{}>'.format(' '.join(info))
 
     def _start(self, args, shell, stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize, **kwargs):
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -105,12 +103,13 @@ def close(self):
                 continue
             proto.pipe.close()
 
-        if (self._proc is not None
-        # the child process finished?
-        and self._returncode is None
-        # the child process finished but the transport was not notified yet?
-        and self._proc.poll() is None
-        ):
+        if (self._proc is not None and
+                # has the child process finished?
+                self._returncode is None and
+                # the child process has finished, but the
+                # transport hasn't been notified yet?
+                self._proc.poll() is None):
+
             if self._loop.get_debug():
                 logger.warning('Close running child process: kill %r', self)
 
@@ -121,15 +120,10 @@ def close(self):
 
             # Don't clear the _proc reference yet: _post_init() may still run
 
-    # On Python 3.3 and older, objects with a destructor part of a reference
-    # cycle are never destroyed. It's not more the case on Python 3.4 thanks
-    # to the PEP 442.
-    if compat.PY34:
-        def __del__(self):
-            if not self._closed:
-                warnings.warn("unclosed transport %r" % self, ResourceWarning,
-                              source=self)
-                self.close()
+    def __del__(self, _warn=warnings.warn):
+        if not self._closed:
+            _warn(f"unclosed transport {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self)
+            self.close()
 
     def get_pid(self):
         return self._pid
@@ -159,26 +153,25 @@ def kill(self):
         self._check_proc()
         self._proc.kill()
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _connect_pipes(self, waiter):
+    async def _connect_pipes(self, waiter):
         try:
             proc = self._proc
             loop = self._loop
 
             if proc.stdin is not None:
-                _, pipe = yield from loop.connect_write_pipe(
+                _, pipe = await loop.connect_write_pipe(
                     lambda: WriteSubprocessPipeProto(self, 0),
                     proc.stdin)
                 self._pipes[0] = pipe
 
             if proc.stdout is not None:
-                _, pipe = yield from loop.connect_read_pipe(
+                _, pipe = await loop.connect_read_pipe(
                     lambda: ReadSubprocessPipeProto(self, 1),
                     proc.stdout)
                 self._pipes[1] = pipe
 
             if proc.stderr is not None:
-                _, pipe = yield from loop.connect_read_pipe(
+                _, pipe = await loop.connect_read_pipe(
                     lambda: ReadSubprocessPipeProto(self, 2),
                     proc.stderr)
                 self._pipes[2] = pipe
@@ -189,7 +182,9 @@ def _connect_pipes(self, waiter):
             for callback, data in self._pending_calls:
                 loop.call_soon(callback, *data)
             self._pending_calls = None
-        except Exception as exc:
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             if waiter is not None and not waiter.cancelled():
                 waiter.set_exception(exc)
         else:
@@ -213,24 +208,17 @@ def _process_exited(self, returncode):
         assert returncode is not None, returncode
         assert self._returncode is None, self._returncode
         if self._loop.get_debug():
-            logger.info('%r exited with return code %r',
-                        self, returncode)
+            logger.info('%r exited with return code %r', self, returncode)
         self._returncode = returncode
         if self._proc.returncode is None:
             # asyncio uses a child watcher: copy the status into the Popen
             # object. On Python 3.6, it is required to avoid a ResourceWarning.
             self._proc.returncode = returncode
         self._call(self._protocol.process_exited)
-        self._try_finish()
 
-        # wake up futures waiting for wait()
-        for waiter in self._exit_waiters:
-            if not waiter.cancelled():
-                waiter.set_result(returncode)
-        self._exit_waiters = None
+        self._try_finish()
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _wait(self):
+    async def _wait(self):
         """Wait until the process exit and return the process return code.
 
         This method is a coroutine."""
@@ -239,7 +227,7 @@ def _wait(self):
 
         waiter = self._loop.create_future()
         self._exit_waiters.append(waiter)
-        return (yield from waiter)
+        return await waiter
 
     def _try_finish(self):
         assert not self._finished
@@ -254,6 +242,11 @@ def _call_connection_lost(self, exc):
         try:
             self._protocol.connection_lost(exc)
         finally:
+            # wake up futures waiting for wait()
+            for waiter in self._exit_waiters:
+                if not waiter.cancelled():
+                    waiter.set_result(self._returncode)
+            self._exit_waiters = None
             self._loop = None
             self._proc = None
             self._protocol = None
@@ -271,8 +264,7 @@ def connection_made(self, transport):
         self.pipe = transport
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return ('<%s fd=%s pipe=%r>'
-                % (self.__class__.__name__, self.fd, self.pipe))
+        return f'<{self.__class__.__name__} fd={self.fd} pipe={self.pipe!r}>'
 
     def connection_lost(self, exc):
         self.disconnected = True
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/base_tasks.py b/Lib/asyncio/base_tasks.py
index 5f34434c57..c907b68341 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/base_tasks.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/base_tasks.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import linecache
+import reprlib
 import traceback
 
 from . import base_futures
@@ -8,25 +9,42 @@
 def _task_repr_info(task):
     info = base_futures._future_repr_info(task)
 
-    if task._must_cancel:
+    if task.cancelling() and not task.done():
         # replace status
         info[0] = 'cancelling'
 
-    coro = coroutines._format_coroutine(task._coro)
-    info.insert(1, 'coro=<%s>' % coro)
+    info.insert(1, 'name=%r' % task.get_name())
 
     if task._fut_waiter is not None:
-        info.insert(2, 'wait_for=%r' % task._fut_waiter)
+        info.insert(2, f'wait_for={task._fut_waiter!r}')
+
+    if task._coro:
+        coro = coroutines._format_coroutine(task._coro)
+        info.insert(2, f'coro=<{coro}>')
+
     return info
 
 
+@reprlib.recursive_repr()
+def _task_repr(task):
+    info = ' '.join(_task_repr_info(task))
+    return f'<{task.__class__.__name__} {info}>'
+
+
 def _task_get_stack(task, limit):
     frames = []
-    try:
-        # 'async def' coroutines
+    if hasattr(task._coro, 'cr_frame'):
+        # case 1: 'async def' coroutines
         f = task._coro.cr_frame
-    except AttributeError:
+    elif hasattr(task._coro, 'gi_frame'):
+        # case 2: legacy coroutines
         f = task._coro.gi_frame
+    elif hasattr(task._coro, 'ag_frame'):
+        # case 3: async generators
+        f = task._coro.ag_frame
+    else:
+        # case 4: unknown objects
+        f = None
     if f is not None:
         while f is not None:
             if limit is not None:
@@ -61,15 +79,15 @@ def _task_print_stack(task, limit, file):
             linecache.checkcache(filename)
         line = linecache.getline(filename, lineno, f.f_globals)
         extracted_list.append((filename, lineno, name, line))
+
     exc = task._exception
     if not extracted_list:
-        print('No stack for %r' % task, file=file)
+        print(f'No stack for {task!r}', file=file)
     elif exc is not None:
-        print('Traceback for %r (most recent call last):' % task,
-              file=file)
+        print(f'Traceback for {task!r} (most recent call last):', file=file)
     else:
-        print('Stack for %r (most recent call last):' % task,
-              file=file)
+        print(f'Stack for {task!r} (most recent call last):', file=file)
+
     traceback.print_list(extracted_list, file=file)
     if exc is not None:
         for line in traceback.format_exception_only(exc.__class__, exc):
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/compat.py b/Lib/asyncio/compat.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 4790bb4a35..0000000000
--- a/Lib/asyncio/compat.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-"""Compatibility helpers for the different Python versions."""
-
-import sys
-
-PY34 = sys.version_info >= (3, 4)
-PY35 = sys.version_info >= (3, 5)
-PY352 = sys.version_info >= (3, 5, 2)
-
-
-def flatten_list_bytes(list_of_data):
-    """Concatenate a sequence of bytes-like objects."""
-    if not PY34:
-        # On Python 3.3 and older, bytes.join() doesn't handle
-        # memoryview.
-        list_of_data = (
-            bytes(data) if isinstance(data, memoryview) else data
-            for data in list_of_data)
-    return b''.join(list_of_data)
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/constants.py b/Lib/asyncio/constants.py
index f9e123281e..b60c1e4236 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/constants.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/constants.py
@@ -1,7 +1,41 @@
-"""Constants."""
+# Contains code from https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop/tree/v0.16.0
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: PSF-2.0 AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0)
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc.  http://magic.io
+
+import enum
 
 # After the connection is lost, log warnings after this many write()s.
 LOG_THRESHOLD_FOR_CONNLOST_WRITES = 5
 
 # Seconds to wait before retrying accept().
 ACCEPT_RETRY_DELAY = 1
+
+# Number of stack entries to capture in debug mode.
+# The larger the number, the slower the operation in debug mode
+# (see extract_stack() in format_helpers.py).
+DEBUG_STACK_DEPTH = 10
+
+# Number of seconds to wait for SSL handshake to complete
+# The default timeout matches that of Nginx.
+SSL_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT = 60.0
+
+# Number of seconds to wait for SSL shutdown to complete
+# The default timeout mimics lingering_time
+SSL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT = 30.0
+
+# Used in sendfile fallback code.  We use fallback for platforms
+# that don't support sendfile, or for TLS connections.
+SENDFILE_FALLBACK_READBUFFER_SIZE = 1024 * 256
+
+FLOW_CONTROL_HIGH_WATER_SSL_READ = 256  # KiB
+FLOW_CONTROL_HIGH_WATER_SSL_WRITE = 512  # KiB
+
+# Default timeout for joining the threads in the threadpool
+THREAD_JOIN_TIMEOUT = 300
+
+# The enum should be here to break circular dependencies between
+# base_events and sslproto
+class _SendfileMode(enum.Enum):
+    UNSUPPORTED = enum.auto()
+    TRY_NATIVE = enum.auto()
+    FALLBACK = enum.auto()
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/coroutines.py b/Lib/asyncio/coroutines.py
index 08e94412b3..ab4f30eb51 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/coroutines.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/coroutines.py
@@ -1,249 +1,16 @@
-__all__ = ['coroutine',
-           'iscoroutinefunction', 'iscoroutine']
+__all__ = 'iscoroutinefunction', 'iscoroutine'
 
-import functools
+import collections.abc
 import inspect
-import opcode
 import os
 import sys
-import traceback
 import types
 
-from . import compat
-from . import events
-from . import base_futures
-from .log import logger
 
-
-# Opcode of "yield from" instruction
-_YIELD_FROM = opcode.opmap['YIELD_FROM']
-
-# If you set _DEBUG to true, @coroutine will wrap the resulting
-# generator objects in a CoroWrapper instance (defined below).  That
-# instance will log a message when the generator is never iterated
-# over, which may happen when you forget to use "yield from" with a
-# coroutine call.  Note that the value of the _DEBUG flag is taken
-# when the decorator is used, so to be of any use it must be set
-# before you define your coroutines.  A downside of using this feature
-# is that tracebacks show entries for the CoroWrapper.__next__ method
-# when _DEBUG is true.
-_DEBUG = (not sys.flags.ignore_environment and
-          bool(os.environ.get('PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG')))
-
-
-try:
-    _types_coroutine = types.coroutine
-    _types_CoroutineType = types.CoroutineType
-except AttributeError:
-    # Python 3.4
-    _types_coroutine = None
-    _types_CoroutineType = None
-
-try:
-    _inspect_iscoroutinefunction = inspect.iscoroutinefunction
-except AttributeError:
-    # Python 3.4
-    _inspect_iscoroutinefunction = lambda func: False
-
-try:
-    from collections.abc import Coroutine as _CoroutineABC, \
-                                Awaitable as _AwaitableABC
-except ImportError:
-    _CoroutineABC = _AwaitableABC = None
-
-
-# Check for CPython issue #21209
-def has_yield_from_bug():
-    class MyGen:
-        def __init__(self):
-            self.send_args = None
-        def __iter__(self):
-            return self
-        def __next__(self):
-            return 42
-        def send(self, *what):
-            self.send_args = what
-            return None
-    def yield_from_gen(gen):
-        yield from gen
-    value = (1, 2, 3)
-    gen = MyGen()
-    coro = yield_from_gen(gen)
-    next(coro)
-    coro.send(value)
-    return gen.send_args != (value,)
-_YIELD_FROM_BUG = has_yield_from_bug()
-del has_yield_from_bug
-
-
-def debug_wrapper(gen):
-    # This function is called from 'sys.set_coroutine_wrapper'.
-    # We only wrap here coroutines defined via 'async def' syntax.
-    # Generator-based coroutines are wrapped in @coroutine
-    # decorator.
-    return CoroWrapper(gen, None)
-
-
-class CoroWrapper:
-    # Wrapper for coroutine object in _DEBUG mode.
-
-    def __init__(self, gen, func=None):
-        assert inspect.isgenerator(gen) or inspect.iscoroutine(gen), gen
-        self.gen = gen
-        self.func = func  # Used to unwrap @coroutine decorator
-        self._source_traceback = traceback.extract_stack(sys._getframe(1))
-        self.__name__ = getattr(gen, '__name__', None)
-        self.__qualname__ = getattr(gen, '__qualname__', None)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        coro_repr = _format_coroutine(self)
-        if self._source_traceback:
-            frame = self._source_traceback[-1]
-            coro_repr += ', created at %s:%s' % (frame[0], frame[1])
-        return '<%s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, coro_repr)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __next__(self):
-        return self.gen.send(None)
-
-    if _YIELD_FROM_BUG:
-        # For for CPython issue #21209: using "yield from" and a custom
-        # generator, generator.send(tuple) unpacks the tuple instead of passing
-        # the tuple unchanged. Check if the caller is a generator using "yield
-        # from" to decide if the parameter should be unpacked or not.
-        def send(self, *value):
-            frame = sys._getframe()
-            caller = frame.f_back
-            assert caller.f_lasti >= 0
-            if caller.f_code.co_code[caller.f_lasti] != _YIELD_FROM:
-                value = value[0]
-            return self.gen.send(value)
-    else:
-        def send(self, value):
-            return self.gen.send(value)
-
-    def throw(self, type, value=None, traceback=None):
-        return self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
-
-    def close(self):
-        return self.gen.close()
-
-    @property
-    def gi_frame(self):
-        return self.gen.gi_frame
-
-    @property
-    def gi_running(self):
-        return self.gen.gi_running
-
-    @property
-    def gi_code(self):
-        return self.gen.gi_code
-
-    if compat.PY35:
-
-        def __await__(self):
-            cr_await = getattr(self.gen, 'cr_await', None)
-            if cr_await is not None:
-                raise RuntimeError(
-                    "Cannot await on coroutine {!r} while it's "
-                    "awaiting for {!r}".format(self.gen, cr_await))
-            return self
-
-        @property
-        def gi_yieldfrom(self):
-            return self.gen.gi_yieldfrom
-
-        @property
-        def cr_await(self):
-            return self.gen.cr_await
-
-        @property
-        def cr_running(self):
-            return self.gen.cr_running
-
-        @property
-        def cr_code(self):
-            return self.gen.cr_code
-
-        @property
-        def cr_frame(self):
-            return self.gen.cr_frame
-
-    def __del__(self):
-        # Be careful accessing self.gen.frame -- self.gen might not exist.
-        gen = getattr(self, 'gen', None)
-        frame = getattr(gen, 'gi_frame', None)
-        if frame is None:
-            frame = getattr(gen, 'cr_frame', None)
-        if frame is not None and frame.f_lasti == -1:
-            msg = '%r was never yielded from' % self
-            tb = getattr(self, '_source_traceback', ())
-            if tb:
-                tb = ''.join(traceback.format_list(tb))
-                msg += ('\nCoroutine object created at '
-                        '(most recent call last):\n')
-                msg += tb.rstrip()
-            logger.error(msg)
-
-
-def coroutine(func):
-    """Decorator to mark coroutines.
-
-    If the coroutine is not yielded from before it is destroyed,
-    an error message is logged.
-    """
-    if _inspect_iscoroutinefunction(func):
-        # In Python 3.5 that's all we need to do for coroutines
-        # defiend with "async def".
-        # Wrapping in CoroWrapper will happen via
-        # 'sys.set_coroutine_wrapper' function.
-        return func
-
-    if inspect.isgeneratorfunction(func):
-        coro = func
-    else:
-        @functools.wraps(func)
-        def coro(*args, **kw):
-            res = func(*args, **kw)
-            if (base_futures.isfuture(res) or inspect.isgenerator(res) or
-                isinstance(res, CoroWrapper)):
-                res = yield from res
-            elif _AwaitableABC is not None:
-                # If 'func' returns an Awaitable (new in 3.5) we
-                # want to run it.
-                try:
-                    await_meth = res.__await__
-                except AttributeError:
-                    pass
-                else:
-                    if isinstance(res, _AwaitableABC):
-                        res = yield from await_meth()
-            return res
-
-    if not _DEBUG:
-        if _types_coroutine is None:
-            wrapper = coro
-        else:
-            wrapper = _types_coroutine(coro)
-    else:
-        @functools.wraps(func)
-        def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
-            w = CoroWrapper(coro(*args, **kwds), func=func)
-            if w._source_traceback:
-                del w._source_traceback[-1]
-            # Python < 3.5 does not implement __qualname__
-            # on generator objects, so we set it manually.
-            # We use getattr as some callables (such as
-            # functools.partial may lack __qualname__).
-            w.__name__ = getattr(func, '__name__', None)
-            w.__qualname__ = getattr(func, '__qualname__', None)
-            return w
-
-    wrapper._is_coroutine = _is_coroutine  # For iscoroutinefunction().
-    return wrapper
+def _is_debug_mode():
+    # See: https://docs.python.org/3/library/asyncio-dev.html#asyncio-debug-mode.
+    return sys.flags.dev_mode or (not sys.flags.ignore_environment and
+                                  bool(os.environ.get('PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG')))
 
 
 # A marker for iscoroutinefunction.
@@ -252,93 +19,91 @@ def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
 
 def iscoroutinefunction(func):
     """Return True if func is a decorated coroutine function."""
-    return (getattr(func, '_is_coroutine', None) is _is_coroutine or
-            _inspect_iscoroutinefunction(func))
+    return (inspect.iscoroutinefunction(func) or
+            getattr(func, '_is_coroutine', None) is _is_coroutine)
 
 
-_COROUTINE_TYPES = (types.GeneratorType, CoroWrapper)
-if _CoroutineABC is not None:
-    _COROUTINE_TYPES += (_CoroutineABC,)
-if _types_CoroutineType is not None:
-    # Prioritize native coroutine check to speed-up
-    # asyncio.iscoroutine.
-    _COROUTINE_TYPES = (_types_CoroutineType,) + _COROUTINE_TYPES
+# Prioritize native coroutine check to speed-up
+# asyncio.iscoroutine.
+_COROUTINE_TYPES = (types.CoroutineType, collections.abc.Coroutine)
+_iscoroutine_typecache = set()
 
 
 def iscoroutine(obj):
     """Return True if obj is a coroutine object."""
-    return isinstance(obj, _COROUTINE_TYPES)
+    if type(obj) in _iscoroutine_typecache:
+        return True
+
+    if isinstance(obj, _COROUTINE_TYPES):
+        # Just in case we don't want to cache more than 100
+        # positive types.  That shouldn't ever happen, unless
+        # someone stressing the system on purpose.
+        if len(_iscoroutine_typecache) < 100:
+            _iscoroutine_typecache.add(type(obj))
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
 
 
 def _format_coroutine(coro):
     assert iscoroutine(coro)
 
-    if not hasattr(coro, 'cr_code') and not hasattr(coro, 'gi_code'):
-        # Most likely a built-in type or a Cython coroutine.
-
-        # Built-in types might not have __qualname__ or __name__.
-        coro_name = getattr(
-            coro, '__qualname__',
-            getattr(coro, '__name__', type(coro).__name__))
-        coro_name = '{}()'.format(coro_name)
+    def get_name(coro):
+        # Coroutines compiled with Cython sometimes don't have
+        # proper __qualname__ or __name__.  While that is a bug
+        # in Cython, asyncio shouldn't crash with an AttributeError
+        # in its __repr__ functions.
+        if hasattr(coro, '__qualname__') and coro.__qualname__:
+            coro_name = coro.__qualname__
+        elif hasattr(coro, '__name__') and coro.__name__:
+            coro_name = coro.__name__
+        else:
+            # Stop masking Cython bugs, expose them in a friendly way.
+            coro_name = f'<{type(coro).__name__} without __name__>'
+        return f'{coro_name}()'
 
-        running = False
+    def is_running(coro):
         try:
-            running = coro.cr_running
+            return coro.cr_running
         except AttributeError:
             try:
-                running = coro.gi_running
+                return coro.gi_running
             except AttributeError:
-                pass
+                return False
 
-        if running:
-            return '{} running'.format(coro_name)
-        else:
-            return coro_name
-
-    coro_name = None
-    if isinstance(coro, CoroWrapper):
-        func = coro.func
-        coro_name = coro.__qualname__
-        if coro_name is not None:
-            coro_name = '{}()'.format(coro_name)
-    else:
-        func = coro
+    coro_code = None
+    if hasattr(coro, 'cr_code') and coro.cr_code:
+        coro_code = coro.cr_code
+    elif hasattr(coro, 'gi_code') and coro.gi_code:
+        coro_code = coro.gi_code
 
-    if coro_name is None:
-        coro_name = events._format_callback(func, (), {})
+    coro_name = get_name(coro)
 
-    try:
-        coro_code = coro.gi_code
-    except AttributeError:
-        coro_code = coro.cr_code
+    if not coro_code:
+        # Built-in types might not have __qualname__ or __name__.
+        if is_running(coro):
+            return f'{coro_name} running'
+        else:
+            return coro_name
 
-    try:
+    coro_frame = None
+    if hasattr(coro, 'gi_frame') and coro.gi_frame:
         coro_frame = coro.gi_frame
-    except AttributeError:
+    elif hasattr(coro, 'cr_frame') and coro.cr_frame:
         coro_frame = coro.cr_frame
 
-    filename = coro_code.co_filename
+    # If Cython's coroutine has a fake code object without proper
+    # co_filename -- expose that.
+    filename = coro_code.co_filename or '<empty co_filename>'
+
     lineno = 0
-    if (isinstance(coro, CoroWrapper) and
-            not inspect.isgeneratorfunction(coro.func) and
-            coro.func is not None):
-        source = events._get_function_source(coro.func)
-        if source is not None:
-            filename, lineno = source
-        if coro_frame is None:
-            coro_repr = ('%s done, defined at %s:%s'
-                         % (coro_name, filename, lineno))
-        else:
-            coro_repr = ('%s running, defined at %s:%s'
-                         % (coro_name, filename, lineno))
-    elif coro_frame is not None:
+
+    if coro_frame is not None:
         lineno = coro_frame.f_lineno
-        coro_repr = ('%s running at %s:%s'
-                     % (coro_name, filename, lineno))
+        coro_repr = f'{coro_name} running at {filename}:{lineno}'
+
     else:
         lineno = coro_code.co_firstlineno
-        coro_repr = ('%s done, defined at %s:%s'
-                     % (coro_name, filename, lineno))
+        coro_repr = f'{coro_name} done, defined at {filename}:{lineno}'
 
     return coro_repr
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/events.py b/Lib/asyncio/events.py
index 466db6d9a3..016852880c 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/events.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/events.py
@@ -1,96 +1,50 @@
 """Event loop and event loop policy."""
 
-__all__ = ['AbstractEventLoopPolicy',
-           'AbstractEventLoop', 'AbstractServer',
-           'Handle', 'TimerHandle',
-           'get_event_loop_policy', 'set_event_loop_policy',
-           'get_event_loop', 'set_event_loop', 'new_event_loop',
-           'get_child_watcher', 'set_child_watcher',
-           '_set_running_loop', 'get_running_loop',
-           '_get_running_loop',
-           ]
-
-import functools
-import inspect
-import reprlib
+# Contains code from https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop/tree/v0.16.0
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: PSF-2.0 AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0)
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc.  http://magic.io
+
+__all__ = (
+    'AbstractEventLoopPolicy',
+    'AbstractEventLoop', 'AbstractServer',
+    'Handle', 'TimerHandle',
+    'get_event_loop_policy', 'set_event_loop_policy',
+    'get_event_loop', 'set_event_loop', 'new_event_loop',
+    'get_child_watcher', 'set_child_watcher',
+    '_set_running_loop', 'get_running_loop',
+    '_get_running_loop',
+)
+
+import contextvars
+import os
+import signal
 import socket
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import threading
-import traceback
 
-from asyncio import compat
-
-
-def _get_function_source(func):
-    if compat.PY34:
-        func = inspect.unwrap(func)
-    elif hasattr(func, '__wrapped__'):
-        func = func.__wrapped__
-    if inspect.isfunction(func):
-        code = func.__code__
-        return (code.co_filename, code.co_firstlineno)
-    if isinstance(func, functools.partial):
-        return _get_function_source(func.func)
-    if compat.PY34 and isinstance(func, functools.partialmethod):
-        return _get_function_source(func.func)
-    return None
-
-
-def _format_args_and_kwargs(args, kwargs):
-    """Format function arguments and keyword arguments.
-
-    Special case for a single parameter: ('hello',) is formatted as ('hello').
-    """
-    # use reprlib to limit the length of the output
-    items = []
-    if args:
-        items.extend(reprlib.repr(arg) for arg in args)
-    if kwargs:
-        items.extend('{}={}'.format(k, reprlib.repr(v))
-                     for k, v in kwargs.items())
-    return '(' + ', '.join(items) + ')'
-
-
-def _format_callback(func, args, kwargs, suffix=''):
-    if isinstance(func, functools.partial):
-        suffix = _format_args_and_kwargs(args, kwargs) + suffix
-        return _format_callback(func.func, func.args, func.keywords, suffix)
-
-    if hasattr(func, '__qualname__'):
-        func_repr = getattr(func, '__qualname__')
-    elif hasattr(func, '__name__'):
-        func_repr = getattr(func, '__name__')
-    else:
-        func_repr = repr(func)
-
-    func_repr += _format_args_and_kwargs(args, kwargs)
-    if suffix:
-        func_repr += suffix
-    return func_repr
-
-def _format_callback_source(func, args):
-    func_repr = _format_callback(func, args, None)
-    source = _get_function_source(func)
-    if source:
-        func_repr += ' at %s:%s' % source
-    return func_repr
+from . import format_helpers
 
 
 class Handle:
     """Object returned by callback registration methods."""
 
     __slots__ = ('_callback', '_args', '_cancelled', '_loop',
-                 '_source_traceback', '_repr', '__weakref__')
+                 '_source_traceback', '_repr', '__weakref__',
+                 '_context')
 
-    def __init__(self, callback, args, loop):
+    def __init__(self, callback, args, loop, context=None):
+        if context is None:
+            context = contextvars.copy_context()
+        self._context = context
         self._loop = loop
         self._callback = callback
         self._args = args
         self._cancelled = False
         self._repr = None
         if self._loop.get_debug():
-            self._source_traceback = traceback.extract_stack(sys._getframe(1))
+            self._source_traceback = format_helpers.extract_stack(
+                sys._getframe(1))
         else:
             self._source_traceback = None
 
@@ -99,17 +53,21 @@ def _repr_info(self):
         if self._cancelled:
             info.append('cancelled')
         if self._callback is not None:
-            info.append(_format_callback_source(self._callback, self._args))
+            info.append(format_helpers._format_callback_source(
+                self._callback, self._args))
         if self._source_traceback:
             frame = self._source_traceback[-1]
-            info.append('created at %s:%s' % (frame[0], frame[1]))
+            info.append(f'created at {frame[0]}:{frame[1]}')
         return info
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if self._repr is not None:
             return self._repr
         info = self._repr_info()
-        return '<%s>' % ' '.join(info)
+        return '<{}>'.format(' '.join(info))
+
+    def get_context(self):
+        return self._context
 
     def cancel(self):
         if not self._cancelled:
@@ -122,12 +80,18 @@ def cancel(self):
             self._callback = None
             self._args = None
 
+    def cancelled(self):
+        return self._cancelled
+
     def _run(self):
         try:
-            self._callback(*self._args)
-        except Exception as exc:
-            cb = _format_callback_source(self._callback, self._args)
-            msg = 'Exception in callback {}'.format(cb)
+            self._context.run(self._callback, *self._args)
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            cb = format_helpers._format_callback_source(
+                self._callback, self._args)
+            msg = f'Exception in callback {cb}'
             context = {
                 'message': msg,
                 'exception': exc,
@@ -144,9 +108,8 @@ class TimerHandle(Handle):
 
     __slots__ = ['_scheduled', '_when']
 
-    def __init__(self, when, callback, args, loop):
-        assert when is not None
-        super().__init__(callback, args, loop)
+    def __init__(self, when, callback, args, loop, context=None):
+        super().__init__(callback, args, loop, context)
         if self._source_traceback:
             del self._source_traceback[-1]
         self._when = when
@@ -155,27 +118,31 @@ def __init__(self, when, callback, args, loop):
     def _repr_info(self):
         info = super()._repr_info()
         pos = 2 if self._cancelled else 1
-        info.insert(pos, 'when=%s' % self._when)
+        info.insert(pos, f'when={self._when}')
         return info
 
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash(self._when)
 
     def __lt__(self, other):
-        return self._when < other._when
+        if isinstance(other, TimerHandle):
+            return self._when < other._when
+        return NotImplemented
 
     def __le__(self, other):
-        if self._when < other._when:
-            return True
-        return self.__eq__(other)
+        if isinstance(other, TimerHandle):
+            return self._when < other._when or self.__eq__(other)
+        return NotImplemented
 
     def __gt__(self, other):
-        return self._when > other._when
+        if isinstance(other, TimerHandle):
+            return self._when > other._when
+        return NotImplemented
 
     def __ge__(self, other):
-        if self._when > other._when:
-            return True
-        return self.__eq__(other)
+        if isinstance(other, TimerHandle):
+            return self._when > other._when or self.__eq__(other)
+        return NotImplemented
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if isinstance(other, TimerHandle):
@@ -185,26 +152,60 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
                     self._cancelled == other._cancelled)
         return NotImplemented
 
-    def __ne__(self, other):
-        equal = self.__eq__(other)
-        return NotImplemented if equal is NotImplemented else not equal
-
     def cancel(self):
         if not self._cancelled:
             self._loop._timer_handle_cancelled(self)
         super().cancel()
 
+    def when(self):
+        """Return a scheduled callback time.
+
+        The time is an absolute timestamp, using the same time
+        reference as loop.time().
+        """
+        return self._when
+
 
 class AbstractServer:
     """Abstract server returned by create_server()."""
 
     def close(self):
         """Stop serving.  This leaves existing connections open."""
-        return NotImplemented
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def get_loop(self):
+        """Get the event loop the Server object is attached to."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def is_serving(self):
+        """Return True if the server is accepting connections."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def start_serving(self):
+        """Start accepting connections.
+
+        This method is idempotent, so it can be called when
+        the server is already being serving.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def wait_closed(self):
+    async def serve_forever(self):
+        """Start accepting connections until the coroutine is cancelled.
+
+        The server is closed when the coroutine is cancelled.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def wait_closed(self):
         """Coroutine to wait until service is closed."""
-        return NotImplemented
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *exc):
+        self.close()
+        await self.wait_closed()
 
 
 class AbstractEventLoop:
@@ -250,23 +251,27 @@ def close(self):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def shutdown_asyncgens(self):
+    async def shutdown_asyncgens(self):
         """Shutdown all active asynchronous generators."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    async def shutdown_default_executor(self):
+        """Schedule the shutdown of the default executor."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
     # Methods scheduling callbacks.  All these return Handles.
 
     def _timer_handle_cancelled(self, handle):
         """Notification that a TimerHandle has been cancelled."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def call_soon(self, callback, *args):
-        return self.call_later(0, callback, *args)
+    def call_soon(self, callback, *args, context=None):
+        return self.call_later(0, callback, *args, context=context)
 
-    def call_later(self, delay, callback, *args):
+    def call_later(self, delay, callback, *args, context=None):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def call_at(self, when, callback, *args):
+    def call_at(self, when, callback, *args, context=None):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def time(self):
@@ -277,12 +282,12 @@ def create_future(self):
 
     # Method scheduling a coroutine object: create a task.
 
-    def create_task(self, coro):
+    def create_task(self, coro, *, name=None, context=None):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     # Methods for interacting with threads.
 
-    def call_soon_threadsafe(self, callback, *args):
+    def call_soon_threadsafe(self, callback, *args, context=None):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def run_in_executor(self, executor, func, *args):
@@ -293,21 +298,31 @@ def set_default_executor(self, executor):
 
     # Network I/O methods returning Futures.
 
-    def getaddrinfo(self, host, port, *, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0):
+    async def getaddrinfo(self, host, port, *,
+                          family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def getnameinfo(self, sockaddr, flags=0):
+    async def getnameinfo(self, sockaddr, flags=0):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def create_connection(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, *,
-                          ssl=None, family=0, proto=0, flags=0, sock=None,
-                          local_addr=None, server_hostname=None):
+    async def create_connection(
+            self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None,
+            *, ssl=None, family=0, proto=0,
+            flags=0, sock=None, local_addr=None,
+            server_hostname=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None,
+            happy_eyeballs_delay=None, interleave=None):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def create_server(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, *,
-                      family=socket.AF_UNSPEC, flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE,
-                      sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None, reuse_address=None,
-                      reuse_port=None):
+    async def create_server(
+            self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None,
+            *, family=socket.AF_UNSPEC,
+            flags=socket.AI_PASSIVE, sock=None, backlog=100,
+            ssl=None, reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None,
+            start_serving=True):
         """A coroutine which creates a TCP server bound to host and port.
 
         The return value is a Server object which can be used to stop
@@ -315,8 +330,8 @@ def create_server(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, *,
 
         If host is an empty string or None all interfaces are assumed
         and a list of multiple sockets will be returned (most likely
-        one for IPv4 and another one for IPv6). The host parameter can also be a
-        sequence (e.g. list) of hosts to bind to.
+        one for IPv4 and another one for IPv6). The host parameter can also be
+        a sequence (e.g. list) of hosts to bind to.
 
         family can be set to either AF_INET or AF_INET6 to force the
         socket to use IPv4 or IPv6. If not set it will be determined
@@ -342,22 +357,62 @@ def create_server(self, protocol_factory, host=None, port=None, *,
         the same port as other existing endpoints are bound to, so long as
         they all set this flag when being created. This option is not
         supported on Windows.
+
+        ssl_handshake_timeout is the time in seconds that an SSL server
+        will wait for completion of the SSL handshake before aborting the
+        connection. Default is 60s.
+
+        ssl_shutdown_timeout is the time in seconds that an SSL server
+        will wait for completion of the SSL shutdown procedure
+        before aborting the connection. Default is 30s.
+
+        start_serving set to True (default) causes the created server
+        to start accepting connections immediately.  When set to False,
+        the user should await Server.start_serving() or Server.serve_forever()
+        to make the server to start accepting connections.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def sendfile(self, transport, file, offset=0, count=None,
+                       *, fallback=True):
+        """Send a file through a transport.
+
+        Return an amount of sent bytes.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def start_tls(self, transport, protocol, sslcontext, *,
+                        server_side=False,
+                        server_hostname=None,
+                        ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+                        ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
+        """Upgrade a transport to TLS.
+
+        Return a new transport that *protocol* should start using
+        immediately.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def create_unix_connection(self, protocol_factory, path, *,
-                               ssl=None, sock=None,
-                               server_hostname=None):
+    async def create_unix_connection(
+            self, protocol_factory, path=None, *,
+            ssl=None, sock=None,
+            server_hostname=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def create_unix_server(self, protocol_factory, path, *,
-                           sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None):
+    async def create_unix_server(
+            self, protocol_factory, path=None, *,
+            sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None,
+            start_serving=True):
         """A coroutine which creates a UNIX Domain Socket server.
 
         The return value is a Server object, which can be used to stop
         the service.
 
-        path is a str, representing a file systsem path to bind the
+        path is a str, representing a file system path to bind the
         server socket to.
 
         sock can optionally be specified in order to use a preexisting
@@ -368,14 +423,40 @@ def create_unix_server(self, protocol_factory, path, *,
 
         ssl can be set to an SSLContext to enable SSL over the
         accepted connections.
+
+        ssl_handshake_timeout is the time in seconds that an SSL server
+        will wait for the SSL handshake to complete (defaults to 60s).
+
+        ssl_shutdown_timeout is the time in seconds that an SSL server
+        will wait for the SSL shutdown to finish (defaults to 30s).
+
+        start_serving set to True (default) causes the created server
+        to start accepting connections immediately.  When set to False,
+        the user should await Server.start_serving() or Server.serve_forever()
+        to make the server to start accepting connections.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def connect_accepted_socket(
+            self, protocol_factory, sock,
+            *, ssl=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
+        """Handle an accepted connection.
+
+        This is used by servers that accept connections outside of
+        asyncio, but use asyncio to handle connections.
+
+        This method is a coroutine.  When completed, the coroutine
+        returns a (transport, protocol) pair.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
-                                 local_addr=None, remote_addr=None, *,
-                                 family=0, proto=0, flags=0,
-                                 reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None,
-                                 allow_broadcast=None, sock=None):
+    async def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
+                                       local_addr=None, remote_addr=None, *,
+                                       family=0, proto=0, flags=0,
+                                       reuse_address=None, reuse_port=None,
+                                       allow_broadcast=None, sock=None):
         """A coroutine which creates a datagram endpoint.
 
         This method will try to establish the endpoint in the background.
@@ -383,8 +464,8 @@ def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
 
         protocol_factory must be a callable returning a protocol instance.
 
-        socket family AF_INET or socket.AF_INET6 depending on host (or
-        family if specified), socket type SOCK_DGRAM.
+        socket family AF_INET, socket.AF_INET6 or socket.AF_UNIX depending on
+        host (or family if specified), socket type SOCK_DGRAM.
 
         reuse_address tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in
         TIME_WAIT state, without waiting for its natural timeout to
@@ -408,7 +489,7 @@ def create_datagram_endpoint(self, protocol_factory,
 
     # Pipes and subprocesses.
 
-    def connect_read_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
+    async def connect_read_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
         """Register read pipe in event loop. Set the pipe to non-blocking mode.
 
         protocol_factory should instantiate object with Protocol interface.
@@ -418,10 +499,10 @@ def connect_read_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
         # The reason to accept file-like object instead of just file descriptor
         # is: we need to own pipe and close it at transport finishing
         # Can got complicated errors if pass f.fileno(),
-        # close fd in pipe transport then close f and vise versa.
+        # close fd in pipe transport then close f and vice versa.
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def connect_write_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
+    async def connect_write_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
         """Register write pipe in event loop.
 
         protocol_factory should instantiate object with BaseProtocol interface.
@@ -431,17 +512,21 @@ def connect_write_pipe(self, protocol_factory, pipe):
         # The reason to accept file-like object instead of just file descriptor
         # is: we need to own pipe and close it at transport finishing
         # Can got complicated errors if pass f.fileno(),
-        # close fd in pipe transport then close f and vise versa.
+        # close fd in pipe transport then close f and vice versa.
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def subprocess_shell(self, protocol_factory, cmd, *, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-                         **kwargs):
+    async def subprocess_shell(self, protocol_factory, cmd, *,
+                               stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                               stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                               stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                               **kwargs):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def subprocess_exec(self, protocol_factory, *args, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
-                        stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
-                        **kwargs):
+    async def subprocess_exec(self, protocol_factory, *args,
+                              stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                              **kwargs):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     # Ready-based callback registration methods.
@@ -463,16 +548,32 @@ def remove_writer(self, fd):
 
     # Completion based I/O methods returning Futures.
 
-    def sock_recv(self, sock, nbytes):
+    async def sock_recv(self, sock, nbytes):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def sock_sendall(self, sock, data):
+    async def sock_recv_into(self, sock, buf):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def sock_connect(self, sock, address):
+    async def sock_recvfrom(self, sock, bufsize):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def sock_accept(self, sock):
+    async def sock_recvfrom_into(self, sock, buf, nbytes=0):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def sock_sendall(self, sock, data):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def sock_sendto(self, sock, data, address):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def sock_connect(self, sock, address):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def sock_accept(self, sock):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    async def sock_sendfile(self, sock, file, offset=0, count=None,
+                            *, fallback=None):
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     # Signal handling.
@@ -520,7 +621,7 @@ class AbstractEventLoopPolicy:
     def get_event_loop(self):
         """Get the event loop for the current context.
 
-        Returns an event loop object implementing the BaseEventLoop interface,
+        Returns an event loop object implementing the AbstractEventLoop interface,
         or raises an exception in case no event loop has been set for the
         current context and the current policy does not specify to create one.
 
@@ -571,23 +672,43 @@ def __init__(self):
         self._local = self._Local()
 
     def get_event_loop(self):
-        """Get the event loop.
+        """Get the event loop for the current context.
 
-        This may be None or an instance of EventLoop.
+        Returns an instance of EventLoop or raises an exception.
         """
         if (self._local._loop is None and
-            not self._local._set_called and
-            isinstance(threading.current_thread(), threading._MainThread)):
+                not self._local._set_called and
+                threading.current_thread() is threading.main_thread()):
+            stacklevel = 2
+            try:
+                f = sys._getframe(1)
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                # Move up the call stack so that the warning is attached
+                # to the line outside asyncio itself.
+                while f:
+                    module = f.f_globals.get('__name__')
+                    if not (module == 'asyncio' or module.startswith('asyncio.')):
+                        break
+                    f = f.f_back
+                    stacklevel += 1
+            import warnings
+            warnings.warn('There is no current event loop',
+                          DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel)
             self.set_event_loop(self.new_event_loop())
+
         if self._local._loop is None:
             raise RuntimeError('There is no current event loop in thread %r.'
                                % threading.current_thread().name)
+
         return self._local._loop
 
     def set_event_loop(self, loop):
         """Set the event loop."""
         self._local._set_called = True
-        assert loop is None or isinstance(loop, AbstractEventLoop)
+        if loop is not None and not isinstance(loop, AbstractEventLoop):
+            raise TypeError(f"loop must be an instance of AbstractEventLoop or None, not '{type(loop).__name__}'")
         self._local._loop = loop
 
     def new_event_loop(self):
@@ -611,7 +732,9 @@ def new_event_loop(self):
 
 # A TLS for the running event loop, used by _get_running_loop.
 class _RunningLoop(threading.local):
-    _loop = None
+    loop_pid = (None, None)
+
+
 _running_loop = _RunningLoop()
 
 
@@ -633,7 +756,10 @@ def _get_running_loop():
     This is a low-level function intended to be used by event loops.
     This function is thread-specific.
     """
-    return _running_loop._loop
+    # NOTE: this function is implemented in C (see _asynciomodule.c)
+    running_loop, pid = _running_loop.loop_pid
+    if running_loop is not None and pid == os.getpid():
+        return running_loop
 
 
 def _set_running_loop(loop):
@@ -642,7 +768,8 @@ def _set_running_loop(loop):
     This is a low-level function intended to be used by event loops.
     This function is thread-specific.
     """
-    _running_loop._loop = loop
+    # NOTE: this function is implemented in C (see _asynciomodule.c)
+    _running_loop.loop_pid = (loop, os.getpid())
 
 
 def _init_event_loop_policy():
@@ -665,7 +792,8 @@ def set_event_loop_policy(policy):
 
     If policy is None, the default policy is restored."""
     global _event_loop_policy
-    assert policy is None or isinstance(policy, AbstractEventLoopPolicy)
+    if policy is not None and not isinstance(policy, AbstractEventLoopPolicy):
+        raise TypeError(f"policy must be an instance of AbstractEventLoopPolicy or None, not '{type(policy).__name__}'")
     _event_loop_policy = policy
 
 
@@ -678,6 +806,7 @@ def get_event_loop():
     If there is no running event loop set, the function will return
     the result of `get_event_loop_policy().get_event_loop()` call.
     """
+    # NOTE: this function is implemented in C (see _asynciomodule.c)
     current_loop = _get_running_loop()
     if current_loop is not None:
         return current_loop
@@ -703,3 +832,37 @@ def set_child_watcher(watcher):
     """Equivalent to calling
     get_event_loop_policy().set_child_watcher(watcher)."""
     return get_event_loop_policy().set_child_watcher(watcher)
+
+
+# Alias pure-Python implementations for testing purposes.
+_py__get_running_loop = _get_running_loop
+_py__set_running_loop = _set_running_loop
+_py_get_running_loop = get_running_loop
+_py_get_event_loop = get_event_loop
+
+
+try:
+    # get_event_loop() is one of the most frequently called
+    # functions in asyncio.  Pure Python implementation is
+    # about 4 times slower than C-accelerated.
+    from _asyncio import (_get_running_loop, _set_running_loop,
+                          get_running_loop, get_event_loop)
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+else:
+    # Alias C implementations for testing purposes.
+    _c__get_running_loop = _get_running_loop
+    _c__set_running_loop = _set_running_loop
+    _c_get_running_loop = get_running_loop
+    _c_get_event_loop = get_event_loop
+
+
+if hasattr(os, 'fork'):
+    def on_fork():
+        # Reset the loop and wakeupfd in the forked child process.
+        if _event_loop_policy is not None:
+            _event_loop_policy._local = BaseDefaultEventLoopPolicy._Local()
+        _set_running_loop(None)
+        signal.set_wakeup_fd(-1)
+
+    os.register_at_fork(after_in_child=on_fork)
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/exceptions.py b/Lib/asyncio/exceptions.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ece595aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/exceptions.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+"""asyncio exceptions."""
+
+
+__all__ = ('BrokenBarrierError',
+           'CancelledError', 'InvalidStateError', 'TimeoutError',
+           'IncompleteReadError', 'LimitOverrunError',
+           'SendfileNotAvailableError')
+
+
+class CancelledError(BaseException):
+    """The Future or Task was cancelled."""
+
+
+TimeoutError = TimeoutError  # make local alias for the standard exception
+
+
+class InvalidStateError(Exception):
+    """The operation is not allowed in this state."""
+
+
+class SendfileNotAvailableError(RuntimeError):
+    """Sendfile syscall is not available.
+
+    Raised if OS does not support sendfile syscall for given socket or
+    file type.
+    """
+
+
+class IncompleteReadError(EOFError):
+    """
+    Incomplete read error. Attributes:
+
+    - partial: read bytes string before the end of stream was reached
+    - expected: total number of expected bytes (or None if unknown)
+    """
+    def __init__(self, partial, expected):
+        r_expected = 'undefined' if expected is None else repr(expected)
+        super().__init__(f'{len(partial)} bytes read on a total of '
+                         f'{r_expected} expected bytes')
+        self.partial = partial
+        self.expected = expected
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return type(self), (self.partial, self.expected)
+
+
+class LimitOverrunError(Exception):
+    """Reached the buffer limit while looking for a separator.
+
+    Attributes:
+    - consumed: total number of to be consumed bytes.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, message, consumed):
+        super().__init__(message)
+        self.consumed = consumed
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return type(self), (self.args[0], self.consumed)
+
+
+class BrokenBarrierError(RuntimeError):
+    """Barrier is broken by barrier.abort() call."""
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/format_helpers.py b/Lib/asyncio/format_helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..27d11fd4fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/format_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import functools
+import inspect
+import reprlib
+import sys
+import traceback
+
+from . import constants
+
+
+def _get_function_source(func):
+    func = inspect.unwrap(func)
+    if inspect.isfunction(func):
+        code = func.__code__
+        return (code.co_filename, code.co_firstlineno)
+    if isinstance(func, functools.partial):
+        return _get_function_source(func.func)
+    if isinstance(func, functools.partialmethod):
+        return _get_function_source(func.func)
+    return None
+
+
+def _format_callback_source(func, args):
+    func_repr = _format_callback(func, args, None)
+    source = _get_function_source(func)
+    if source:
+        func_repr += f' at {source[0]}:{source[1]}'
+    return func_repr
+
+
+def _format_args_and_kwargs(args, kwargs):
+    """Format function arguments and keyword arguments.
+
+    Special case for a single parameter: ('hello',) is formatted as ('hello').
+    """
+    # use reprlib to limit the length of the output
+    items = []
+    if args:
+        items.extend(reprlib.repr(arg) for arg in args)
+    if kwargs:
+        items.extend(f'{k}={reprlib.repr(v)}' for k, v in kwargs.items())
+    return '({})'.format(', '.join(items))
+
+
+def _format_callback(func, args, kwargs, suffix=''):
+    if isinstance(func, functools.partial):
+        suffix = _format_args_and_kwargs(args, kwargs) + suffix
+        return _format_callback(func.func, func.args, func.keywords, suffix)
+
+    if hasattr(func, '__qualname__') and func.__qualname__:
+        func_repr = func.__qualname__
+    elif hasattr(func, '__name__') and func.__name__:
+        func_repr = func.__name__
+    else:
+        func_repr = repr(func)
+
+    func_repr += _format_args_and_kwargs(args, kwargs)
+    if suffix:
+        func_repr += suffix
+    return func_repr
+
+
+def extract_stack(f=None, limit=None):
+    """Replacement for traceback.extract_stack() that only does the
+    necessary work for asyncio debug mode.
+    """
+    if f is None:
+        f = sys._getframe().f_back
+    if limit is None:
+        # Limit the amount of work to a reasonable amount, as extract_stack()
+        # can be called for each coroutine and future in debug mode.
+        limit = constants.DEBUG_STACK_DEPTH
+    stack = traceback.StackSummary.extract(traceback.walk_stack(f),
+                                           limit=limit,
+                                           lookup_lines=False)
+    stack.reverse()
+    return stack
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/futures.py b/Lib/asyncio/futures.py
index 82c03330ad..97fc4e3fcb 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/futures.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/futures.py
@@ -1,21 +1,21 @@
 """A Future class similar to the one in PEP 3148."""
 
-__all__ = ['CancelledError', 'TimeoutError', 'InvalidStateError',
-           'Future', 'wrap_future', 'isfuture']
+__all__ = (
+    'Future', 'wrap_future', 'isfuture',
+)
 
 import concurrent.futures
+import contextvars
 import logging
 import sys
-import traceback
+from types import GenericAlias
 
 from . import base_futures
-from . import compat
 from . import events
+from . import exceptions
+from . import format_helpers
 
 
-CancelledError = base_futures.CancelledError
-InvalidStateError = base_futures.InvalidStateError
-TimeoutError = base_futures.TimeoutError
 isfuture = base_futures.isfuture
 
 
@@ -27,96 +27,18 @@
 STACK_DEBUG = logging.DEBUG - 1  # heavy-duty debugging
 
 
-class _TracebackLogger:
-    """Helper to log a traceback upon destruction if not cleared.
-
-    This solves a nasty problem with Futures and Tasks that have an
-    exception set: if nobody asks for the exception, the exception is
-    never logged.  This violates the Zen of Python: 'Errors should
-    never pass silently.  Unless explicitly silenced.'
-
-    However, we don't want to log the exception as soon as
-    set_exception() is called: if the calling code is written
-    properly, it will get the exception and handle it properly.  But
-    we *do* want to log it if result() or exception() was never called
-    -- otherwise developers waste a lot of time wondering why their
-    buggy code fails silently.
-
-    An earlier attempt added a __del__() method to the Future class
-    itself, but this backfired because the presence of __del__()
-    prevents garbage collection from breaking cycles.  A way out of
-    this catch-22 is to avoid having a __del__() method on the Future
-    class itself, but instead to have a reference to a helper object
-    with a __del__() method that logs the traceback, where we ensure
-    that the helper object doesn't participate in cycles, and only the
-    Future has a reference to it.
-
-    The helper object is added when set_exception() is called.  When
-    the Future is collected, and the helper is present, the helper
-    object is also collected, and its __del__() method will log the
-    traceback.  When the Future's result() or exception() method is
-    called (and a helper object is present), it removes the helper
-    object, after calling its clear() method to prevent it from
-    logging.
-
-    One downside is that we do a fair amount of work to extract the
-    traceback from the exception, even when it is never logged.  It
-    would seem cheaper to just store the exception object, but that
-    references the traceback, which references stack frames, which may
-    reference the Future, which references the _TracebackLogger, and
-    then the _TracebackLogger would be included in a cycle, which is
-    what we're trying to avoid!  As an optimization, we don't
-    immediately format the exception; we only do the work when
-    activate() is called, which call is delayed until after all the
-    Future's callbacks have run.  Since usually a Future has at least
-    one callback (typically set by 'yield from') and usually that
-    callback extracts the callback, thereby removing the need to
-    format the exception.
-
-    PS. I don't claim credit for this solution.  I first heard of it
-    in a discussion about closing files when they are collected.
-    """
-
-    __slots__ = ('loop', 'source_traceback', 'exc', 'tb')
-
-    def __init__(self, future, exc):
-        self.loop = future._loop
-        self.source_traceback = future._source_traceback
-        self.exc = exc
-        self.tb = None
-
-    def activate(self):
-        exc = self.exc
-        if exc is not None:
-            self.exc = None
-            self.tb = traceback.format_exception(exc.__class__, exc,
-                                                 exc.__traceback__)
-
-    def clear(self):
-        self.exc = None
-        self.tb = None
-
-    def __del__(self):
-        if self.tb:
-            msg = 'Future/Task exception was never retrieved\n'
-            if self.source_traceback:
-                src = ''.join(traceback.format_list(self.source_traceback))
-                msg += 'Future/Task created at (most recent call last):\n'
-                msg += '%s\n' % src.rstrip()
-            msg += ''.join(self.tb).rstrip()
-            self.loop.call_exception_handler({'message': msg})
-
-
 class Future:
     """This class is *almost* compatible with concurrent.futures.Future.
 
     Differences:
 
+    - This class is not thread-safe.
+
     - result() and exception() do not take a timeout argument and
       raise an exception when the future isn't done yet.
 
     - Callbacks registered with add_done_callback() are always called
-      via the event loop's call_soon_threadsafe().
+      via the event loop's call_soon().
 
     - This class is not compatible with the wait() and as_completed()
       methods in the concurrent.futures package.
@@ -130,6 +52,9 @@ class Future:
     _exception = None
     _loop = None
     _source_traceback = None
+    _cancel_message = None
+    # A saved CancelledError for later chaining as an exception context.
+    _cancelled_exc = None
 
     # This field is used for a dual purpose:
     # - Its presence is a marker to declare that a class implements
@@ -137,12 +62,12 @@ class Future:
     #   The value must also be not-None, to enable a subclass to declare
     #   that it is not compatible by setting this to None.
     # - It is set by __iter__() below so that Task._step() can tell
-    #   the difference between `yield from Future()` (correct) vs.
+    #   the difference between
+    #   `await Future()` or`yield from Future()` (correct) vs.
     #   `yield Future()` (incorrect).
     _asyncio_future_blocking = False
 
-    _log_traceback = False   # Used for Python 3.4 and later
-    _tb_logger = None        # Used for Python 3.3 only
+    __log_traceback = False
 
     def __init__(self, *, loop=None):
         """Initialize the future.
@@ -157,50 +82,83 @@ def __init__(self, *, loop=None):
             self._loop = loop
         self._callbacks = []
         if self._loop.get_debug():
-            self._source_traceback = traceback.extract_stack(sys._getframe(1))
-
-    _repr_info = base_futures._future_repr_info
+            self._source_traceback = format_helpers.extract_stack(
+                sys._getframe(1))
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, ' '.join(self._repr_info()))
-
-    # On Python 3.3 and older, objects with a destructor part of a reference
-    # cycle are never destroyed. It's not more the case on Python 3.4 thanks
-    # to the PEP 442.
-    if compat.PY34:
-        def __del__(self):
-            if not self._log_traceback:
-                # set_exception() was not called, or result() or exception()
-                # has consumed the exception
-                return
-            exc = self._exception
-            context = {
-                'message': ('%s exception was never retrieved'
-                            % self.__class__.__name__),
-                'exception': exc,
-                'future': self,
-            }
-            if self._source_traceback:
-                context['source_traceback'] = self._source_traceback
-            self._loop.call_exception_handler(context)
-
-    def __class_getitem__(cls, type):
-        return cls
-
-    def cancel(self):
+        return base_futures._future_repr(self)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if not self.__log_traceback:
+            # set_exception() was not called, or result() or exception()
+            # has consumed the exception
+            return
+        exc = self._exception
+        context = {
+            'message':
+                f'{self.__class__.__name__} exception was never retrieved',
+            'exception': exc,
+            'future': self,
+        }
+        if self._source_traceback:
+            context['source_traceback'] = self._source_traceback
+        self._loop.call_exception_handler(context)
+
+    __class_getitem__ = classmethod(GenericAlias)
+
+    @property
+    def _log_traceback(self):
+        return self.__log_traceback
+
+    @_log_traceback.setter
+    def _log_traceback(self, val):
+        if val:
+            raise ValueError('_log_traceback can only be set to False')
+        self.__log_traceback = False
+
+    def get_loop(self):
+        """Return the event loop the Future is bound to."""
+        loop = self._loop
+        if loop is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Future object is not initialized.")
+        return loop
+
+    def _make_cancelled_error(self):
+        """Create the CancelledError to raise if the Future is cancelled.
+
+        This should only be called once when handling a cancellation since
+        it erases the saved context exception value.
+        """
+        if self._cancelled_exc is not None:
+            exc = self._cancelled_exc
+            self._cancelled_exc = None
+            return exc
+
+        if self._cancel_message is None:
+            exc = exceptions.CancelledError()
+        else:
+            exc = exceptions.CancelledError(self._cancel_message)
+        exc.__context__ = self._cancelled_exc
+        # Remove the reference since we don't need this anymore.
+        self._cancelled_exc = None
+        return exc
+
+    def cancel(self, msg=None):
         """Cancel the future and schedule callbacks.
 
         If the future is already done or cancelled, return False.  Otherwise,
         change the future's state to cancelled, schedule the callbacks and
         return True.
         """
+        self.__log_traceback = False
         if self._state != _PENDING:
             return False
         self._state = _CANCELLED
-        self._schedule_callbacks()
+        self._cancel_message = msg
+        self.__schedule_callbacks()
         return True
 
-    def _schedule_callbacks(self):
+    def __schedule_callbacks(self):
         """Internal: Ask the event loop to call all callbacks.
 
         The callbacks are scheduled to be called as soon as possible. Also
@@ -211,8 +169,8 @@ def _schedule_callbacks(self):
             return
 
         self._callbacks[:] = []
-        for callback in callbacks:
-            self._loop.call_soon(callback, self)
+        for callback, ctx in callbacks:
+            self._loop.call_soon(callback, self, context=ctx)
 
     def cancelled(self):
         """Return True if the future was cancelled."""
@@ -236,15 +194,13 @@ def result(self):
         the future is done and has an exception set, this exception is raised.
         """
         if self._state == _CANCELLED:
-            raise CancelledError
+            exc = self._make_cancelled_error()
+            raise exc
         if self._state != _FINISHED:
-            raise InvalidStateError('Result is not ready.')
-        self._log_traceback = False
-        if self._tb_logger is not None:
-            self._tb_logger.clear()
-            self._tb_logger = None
+            raise exceptions.InvalidStateError('Result is not ready.')
+        self.__log_traceback = False
         if self._exception is not None:
-            raise self._exception
+            raise self._exception.with_traceback(self._exception_tb)
         return self._result
 
     def exception(self):
@@ -256,16 +212,14 @@ def exception(self):
         InvalidStateError.
         """
         if self._state == _CANCELLED:
-            raise CancelledError
+            exc = self._make_cancelled_error()
+            raise exc
         if self._state != _FINISHED:
-            raise InvalidStateError('Exception is not set.')
-        self._log_traceback = False
-        if self._tb_logger is not None:
-            self._tb_logger.clear()
-            self._tb_logger = None
+            raise exceptions.InvalidStateError('Exception is not set.')
+        self.__log_traceback = False
         return self._exception
 
-    def add_done_callback(self, fn):
+    def add_done_callback(self, fn, *, context=None):
         """Add a callback to be run when the future becomes done.
 
         The callback is called with a single argument - the future object. If
@@ -273,9 +227,11 @@ def add_done_callback(self, fn):
         scheduled with call_soon.
         """
         if self._state != _PENDING:
-            self._loop.call_soon(fn, self)
+            self._loop.call_soon(fn, self, context=context)
         else:
-            self._callbacks.append(fn)
+            if context is None:
+                context = contextvars.copy_context()
+            self._callbacks.append((fn, context))
 
     # New method not in PEP 3148.
 
@@ -284,7 +240,9 @@ def remove_done_callback(self, fn):
 
         Returns the number of callbacks removed.
         """
-        filtered_callbacks = [f for f in self._callbacks if f != fn]
+        filtered_callbacks = [(f, ctx)
+                              for (f, ctx) in self._callbacks
+                              if f != fn]
         removed_count = len(self._callbacks) - len(filtered_callbacks)
         if removed_count:
             self._callbacks[:] = filtered_callbacks
@@ -299,10 +257,10 @@ def set_result(self, result):
         InvalidStateError.
         """
         if self._state != _PENDING:
-            raise InvalidStateError('{}: {!r}'.format(self._state, self))
+            raise exceptions.InvalidStateError(f'{self._state}: {self!r}')
         self._result = result
         self._state = _FINISHED
-        self._schedule_callbacks()
+        self.__schedule_callbacks()
 
     def set_exception(self, exception):
         """Mark the future done and set an exception.
@@ -311,38 +269,45 @@ def set_exception(self, exception):
         InvalidStateError.
         """
         if self._state != _PENDING:
-            raise InvalidStateError('{}: {!r}'.format(self._state, self))
+            raise exceptions.InvalidStateError(f'{self._state}: {self!r}')
         if isinstance(exception, type):
             exception = exception()
         if type(exception) is StopIteration:
             raise TypeError("StopIteration interacts badly with generators "
                             "and cannot be raised into a Future")
         self._exception = exception
+        self._exception_tb = exception.__traceback__
         self._state = _FINISHED
-        self._schedule_callbacks()
-        if compat.PY34:
-            self._log_traceback = True
-        else:
-            self._tb_logger = _TracebackLogger(self, exception)
-            # Arrange for the logger to be activated after all callbacks
-            # have had a chance to call result() or exception().
-            self._loop.call_soon(self._tb_logger.activate)
+        self.__schedule_callbacks()
+        self.__log_traceback = True
 
-    def __iter__(self):
+    def __await__(self):
         if not self.done():
             self._asyncio_future_blocking = True
             yield self  # This tells Task to wait for completion.
-        assert self.done(), "yield from wasn't used with future"
+        if not self.done():
+            raise RuntimeError("await wasn't used with future")
         return self.result()  # May raise too.
 
-    if compat.PY35:
-        __await__ = __iter__ # make compatible with 'await' expression
+    __iter__ = __await__  # make compatible with 'yield from'.
 
 
 # Needed for testing purposes.
 _PyFuture = Future
 
 
+def _get_loop(fut):
+    # Tries to call Future.get_loop() if it's available.
+    # Otherwise fallbacks to using the old '_loop' property.
+    try:
+        get_loop = fut.get_loop
+    except AttributeError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        return get_loop()
+    return fut._loop
+
+
 def _set_result_unless_cancelled(fut, result):
     """Helper setting the result only if the future was not cancelled."""
     if fut.cancelled():
@@ -350,6 +315,18 @@ def _set_result_unless_cancelled(fut, result):
     fut.set_result(result)
 
 
+def _convert_future_exc(exc):
+    exc_class = type(exc)
+    if exc_class is concurrent.futures.CancelledError:
+        return exceptions.CancelledError(*exc.args)
+    elif exc_class is concurrent.futures.TimeoutError:
+        return exceptions.TimeoutError(*exc.args)
+    elif exc_class is concurrent.futures.InvalidStateError:
+        return exceptions.InvalidStateError(*exc.args)
+    else:
+        return exc
+
+
 def _set_concurrent_future_state(concurrent, source):
     """Copy state from a future to a concurrent.futures.Future."""
     assert source.done()
@@ -359,7 +336,7 @@ def _set_concurrent_future_state(concurrent, source):
         return
     exception = source.exception()
     if exception is not None:
-        concurrent.set_exception(exception)
+        concurrent.set_exception(_convert_future_exc(exception))
     else:
         result = source.result()
         concurrent.set_result(result)
@@ -379,7 +356,7 @@ def _copy_future_state(source, dest):
     else:
         exception = source.exception()
         if exception is not None:
-            dest.set_exception(exception)
+            dest.set_exception(_convert_future_exc(exception))
         else:
             result = source.result()
             dest.set_result(result)
@@ -398,8 +375,8 @@ def _chain_future(source, destination):
     if not isfuture(destination) and not isinstance(destination,
                                                     concurrent.futures.Future):
         raise TypeError('A future is required for destination argument')
-    source_loop = source._loop if isfuture(source) else None
-    dest_loop = destination._loop if isfuture(destination) else None
+    source_loop = _get_loop(source) if isfuture(source) else None
+    dest_loop = _get_loop(destination) if isfuture(destination) else None
 
     def _set_state(future, other):
         if isfuture(future):
@@ -415,9 +392,14 @@ def _call_check_cancel(destination):
                 source_loop.call_soon_threadsafe(source.cancel)
 
     def _call_set_state(source):
+        if (destination.cancelled() and
+                dest_loop is not None and dest_loop.is_closed()):
+            return
         if dest_loop is None or dest_loop is source_loop:
             _set_state(destination, source)
         else:
+            if dest_loop.is_closed():
+                return
             dest_loop.call_soon_threadsafe(_set_state, destination, source)
 
     destination.add_done_callback(_call_check_cancel)
@@ -429,7 +411,7 @@ def wrap_future(future, *, loop=None):
     if isfuture(future):
         return future
     assert isinstance(future, concurrent.futures.Future), \
-        'concurrent.futures.Future is expected, got {!r}'.format(future)
+        f'concurrent.futures.Future is expected, got {future!r}'
     if loop is None:
         loop = events.get_event_loop()
     new_future = loop.create_future()
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/locks.py b/Lib/asyncio/locks.py
index deefc938ec..ce5d8d5bfb 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/locks.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/locks.py
@@ -1,92 +1,26 @@
 """Synchronization primitives."""
 
-__all__ = ['Lock', 'Event', 'Condition', 'Semaphore', 'BoundedSemaphore']
+__all__ = ('Lock', 'Event', 'Condition', 'Semaphore',
+           'BoundedSemaphore', 'Barrier')
 
 import collections
+import enum
 
-from . import compat
-from . import events
-from . import futures
-from .coroutines import coroutine
+from . import exceptions
+from . import mixins
 
-
-class _ContextManager:
-    """Context manager.
-
-    This enables the following idiom for acquiring and releasing a
-    lock around a block:
-
-        with (yield from lock):
-            <block>
-
-    while failing loudly when accidentally using:
-
-        with lock:
-            <block>
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, lock):
-        self._lock = lock
-
-    def __enter__(self):
+class _ContextManagerMixin:
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        await self.acquire()
         # We have no use for the "as ..."  clause in the with
         # statement for locks.
         return None
 
-    def __exit__(self, *args):
-        try:
-            self._lock.release()
-        finally:
-            self._lock = None  # Crudely prevent reuse.
-
-
-class _ContextManagerMixin:
-    def __enter__(self):
-        raise RuntimeError(
-            '"yield from" should be used as context manager expression')
+    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb):
+        self.release()
 
-    def __exit__(self, *args):
-        # This must exist because __enter__ exists, even though that
-        # always raises; that's how the with-statement works.
-        pass
 
-    @coroutine
-    def __iter__(self):
-        # This is not a coroutine.  It is meant to enable the idiom:
-        #
-        #     with (yield from lock):
-        #         <block>
-        #
-        # as an alternative to:
-        #
-        #     yield from lock.acquire()
-        #     try:
-        #         <block>
-        #     finally:
-        #         lock.release()
-        yield from self.acquire()
-        return _ContextManager(self)
-
-    if compat.PY35:
-
-        def __await__(self):
-            # To make "with await lock" work.
-            yield from self.acquire()
-            return _ContextManager(self)
-
-        @coroutine
-        def __aenter__(self):
-            yield from self.acquire()
-            # We have no use for the "as ..."  clause in the with
-            # statement for locks.
-            return None
-
-        @coroutine
-        def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb):
-            self.release()
-
-
-class Lock(_ContextManagerMixin):
+class Lock(_ContextManagerMixin, mixins._LoopBoundMixin):
     """Primitive lock objects.
 
     A primitive lock is a synchronization primitive that is not owned
@@ -108,16 +42,16 @@ class Lock(_ContextManagerMixin):
     release() call resets the state to unlocked; first coroutine which
     is blocked in acquire() is being processed.
 
-    acquire() is a coroutine and should be called with 'yield from'.
+    acquire() is a coroutine and should be called with 'await'.
 
-    Locks also support the context management protocol.  '(yield from lock)'
-    should be used as the context manager expression.
+    Locks also support the asynchronous context management protocol.
+    'async with lock' statement should be used.
 
     Usage:
 
         lock = Lock()
         ...
-        yield from lock
+        await lock.acquire()
         try:
             ...
         finally:
@@ -127,57 +61,65 @@ class Lock(_ContextManagerMixin):
 
         lock = Lock()
         ...
-        with (yield from lock):
+        async with lock:
              ...
 
     Lock objects can be tested for locking state:
 
         if not lock.locked():
-           yield from lock
+           await lock.acquire()
         else:
            # lock is acquired
            ...
 
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *, loop=None):
-        self._waiters = collections.deque()
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._waiters = None
         self._locked = False
-        if loop is not None:
-            self._loop = loop
-        else:
-            self._loop = events.get_event_loop()
 
     def __repr__(self):
         res = super().__repr__()
         extra = 'locked' if self._locked else 'unlocked'
         if self._waiters:
-            extra = '{},waiters:{}'.format(extra, len(self._waiters))
-        return '<{} [{}]>'.format(res[1:-1], extra)
+            extra = f'{extra}, waiters:{len(self._waiters)}'
+        return f'<{res[1:-1]} [{extra}]>'
 
     def locked(self):
         """Return True if lock is acquired."""
         return self._locked
 
-    @coroutine
-    def acquire(self):
+    async def acquire(self):
         """Acquire a lock.
 
         This method blocks until the lock is unlocked, then sets it to
         locked and returns True.
         """
-        if not self._locked and all(w.cancelled() for w in self._waiters):
+        if (not self._locked and (self._waiters is None or
+                all(w.cancelled() for w in self._waiters))):
             self._locked = True
             return True
 
-        fut = self._loop.create_future()
+        if self._waiters is None:
+            self._waiters = collections.deque()
+        fut = self._get_loop().create_future()
         self._waiters.append(fut)
+
+        # Finally block should be called before the CancelledError
+        # handling as we don't want CancelledError to call
+        # _wake_up_first() and attempt to wake up itself.
         try:
-            yield from fut
-            self._locked = True
-            return True
-        finally:
-            self._waiters.remove(fut)
+            try:
+                await fut
+            finally:
+                self._waiters.remove(fut)
+        except exceptions.CancelledError:
+            if not self._locked:
+                self._wake_up_first()
+            raise
+
+        self._locked = True
+        return True
 
     def release(self):
         """Release a lock.
@@ -192,16 +134,27 @@ def release(self):
         """
         if self._locked:
             self._locked = False
-            # Wake up the first waiter who isn't cancelled.
-            for fut in self._waiters:
-                if not fut.done():
-                    fut.set_result(True)
-                    break
+            self._wake_up_first()
         else:
             raise RuntimeError('Lock is not acquired.')
 
+    def _wake_up_first(self):
+        """Wake up the first waiter if it isn't done."""
+        if not self._waiters:
+            return
+        try:
+            fut = next(iter(self._waiters))
+        except StopIteration:
+            return
+
+        # .done() necessarily means that a waiter will wake up later on and
+        # either take the lock, or, if it was cancelled and lock wasn't
+        # taken already, will hit this again and wake up a new waiter.
+        if not fut.done():
+            fut.set_result(True)
+
 
-class Event:
+class Event(mixins._LoopBoundMixin):
     """Asynchronous equivalent to threading.Event.
 
     Class implementing event objects. An event manages a flag that can be set
@@ -210,20 +163,16 @@ class Event:
     false.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, *, loop=None):
+    def __init__(self):
         self._waiters = collections.deque()
         self._value = False
-        if loop is not None:
-            self._loop = loop
-        else:
-            self._loop = events.get_event_loop()
 
     def __repr__(self):
         res = super().__repr__()
         extra = 'set' if self._value else 'unset'
         if self._waiters:
-            extra = '{},waiters:{}'.format(extra, len(self._waiters))
-        return '<{} [{}]>'.format(res[1:-1], extra)
+            extra = f'{extra}, waiters:{len(self._waiters)}'
+        return f'<{res[1:-1]} [{extra}]>'
 
     def is_set(self):
         """Return True if and only if the internal flag is true."""
@@ -247,8 +196,7 @@ def clear(self):
         to true again."""
         self._value = False
 
-    @coroutine
-    def wait(self):
+    async def wait(self):
         """Block until the internal flag is true.
 
         If the internal flag is true on entry, return True
@@ -258,16 +206,16 @@ def wait(self):
         if self._value:
             return True
 
-        fut = self._loop.create_future()
+        fut = self._get_loop().create_future()
         self._waiters.append(fut)
         try:
-            yield from fut
+            await fut
             return True
         finally:
             self._waiters.remove(fut)
 
 
-class Condition(_ContextManagerMixin):
+class Condition(_ContextManagerMixin, mixins._LoopBoundMixin):
     """Asynchronous equivalent to threading.Condition.
 
     This class implements condition variable objects. A condition variable
@@ -277,16 +225,9 @@ class Condition(_ContextManagerMixin):
     A new Lock object is created and used as the underlying lock.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, lock=None, *, loop=None):
-        if loop is not None:
-            self._loop = loop
-        else:
-            self._loop = events.get_event_loop()
-
+    def __init__(self, lock=None):
         if lock is None:
-            lock = Lock(loop=self._loop)
-        elif lock._loop is not self._loop:
-            raise ValueError("loop argument must agree with lock")
+            lock = Lock()
 
         self._lock = lock
         # Export the lock's locked(), acquire() and release() methods.
@@ -300,11 +241,10 @@ def __repr__(self):
         res = super().__repr__()
         extra = 'locked' if self.locked() else 'unlocked'
         if self._waiters:
-            extra = '{},waiters:{}'.format(extra, len(self._waiters))
-        return '<{} [{}]>'.format(res[1:-1], extra)
+            extra = f'{extra}, waiters:{len(self._waiters)}'
+        return f'<{res[1:-1]} [{extra}]>'
 
-    @coroutine
-    def wait(self):
+    async def wait(self):
         """Wait until notified.
 
         If the calling coroutine has not acquired the lock when this
@@ -320,25 +260,28 @@ def wait(self):
 
         self.release()
         try:
-            fut = self._loop.create_future()
+            fut = self._get_loop().create_future()
             self._waiters.append(fut)
             try:
-                yield from fut
+                await fut
                 return True
             finally:
                 self._waiters.remove(fut)
 
         finally:
             # Must reacquire lock even if wait is cancelled
+            cancelled = False
             while True:
                 try:
-                    yield from self.acquire()
+                    await self.acquire()
                     break
-                except futures.CancelledError:
-                    pass
+                except exceptions.CancelledError:
+                    cancelled = True
+
+            if cancelled:
+                raise exceptions.CancelledError
 
-    @coroutine
-    def wait_for(self, predicate):
+    async def wait_for(self, predicate):
         """Wait until a predicate becomes true.
 
         The predicate should be a callable which result will be
@@ -347,7 +290,7 @@ def wait_for(self, predicate):
         """
         result = predicate()
         while not result:
-            yield from self.wait()
+            await self.wait()
             result = predicate()
         return result
 
@@ -384,7 +327,7 @@ def notify_all(self):
         self.notify(len(self._waiters))
 
 
-class Semaphore(_ContextManagerMixin):
+class Semaphore(_ContextManagerMixin, mixins._LoopBoundMixin):
     """A Semaphore implementation.
 
     A semaphore manages an internal counter which is decremented by each
@@ -399,37 +342,25 @@ class Semaphore(_ContextManagerMixin):
     ValueError is raised.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, value=1, *, loop=None):
+    def __init__(self, value=1):
         if value < 0:
             raise ValueError("Semaphore initial value must be >= 0")
+        self._waiters = None
         self._value = value
-        self._waiters = collections.deque()
-        if loop is not None:
-            self._loop = loop
-        else:
-            self._loop = events.get_event_loop()
 
     def __repr__(self):
         res = super().__repr__()
-        extra = 'locked' if self.locked() else 'unlocked,value:{}'.format(
-            self._value)
+        extra = 'locked' if self.locked() else f'unlocked, value:{self._value}'
         if self._waiters:
-            extra = '{},waiters:{}'.format(extra, len(self._waiters))
-        return '<{} [{}]>'.format(res[1:-1], extra)
-
-    def _wake_up_next(self):
-        while self._waiters:
-            waiter = self._waiters.popleft()
-            if not waiter.done():
-                waiter.set_result(None)
-                return
+            extra = f'{extra}, waiters:{len(self._waiters)}'
+        return f'<{res[1:-1]} [{extra}]>'
 
     def locked(self):
-        """Returns True if semaphore can not be acquired immediately."""
-        return self._value == 0
+        """Returns True if semaphore cannot be acquired immediately."""
+        return self._value == 0 or (
+            any(not w.cancelled() for w in (self._waiters or ())))
 
-    @coroutine
-    def acquire(self):
+    async def acquire(self):
         """Acquire a semaphore.
 
         If the internal counter is larger than zero on entry,
@@ -438,28 +369,53 @@ def acquire(self):
         called release() to make it larger than 0, and then return
         True.
         """
-        while self._value <= 0:
-            fut = self._loop.create_future()
-            self._waiters.append(fut)
+        if not self.locked():
+            self._value -= 1
+            return True
+
+        if self._waiters is None:
+            self._waiters = collections.deque()
+        fut = self._get_loop().create_future()
+        self._waiters.append(fut)
+
+        # Finally block should be called before the CancelledError
+        # handling as we don't want CancelledError to call
+        # _wake_up_first() and attempt to wake up itself.
+        try:
             try:
-                yield from fut
-            except:
-                # See the similar code in Queue.get.
-                fut.cancel()
-                if self._value > 0 and not fut.cancelled():
-                    self._wake_up_next()
-                raise
-        self._value -= 1
+                await fut
+            finally:
+                self._waiters.remove(fut)
+        except exceptions.CancelledError:
+            if not fut.cancelled():
+                self._value += 1
+                self._wake_up_next()
+            raise
+
+        if self._value > 0:
+            self._wake_up_next()
         return True
 
     def release(self):
         """Release a semaphore, incrementing the internal counter by one.
+
         When it was zero on entry and another coroutine is waiting for it to
         become larger than zero again, wake up that coroutine.
         """
         self._value += 1
         self._wake_up_next()
 
+    def _wake_up_next(self):
+        """Wake up the first waiter that isn't done."""
+        if not self._waiters:
+            return
+
+        for fut in self._waiters:
+            if not fut.done():
+                self._value -= 1
+                fut.set_result(True)
+                return
+
 
 class BoundedSemaphore(Semaphore):
     """A bounded semaphore implementation.
@@ -468,11 +424,163 @@ class BoundedSemaphore(Semaphore):
     above the initial value.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, value=1, *, loop=None):
+    def __init__(self, value=1):
         self._bound_value = value
-        super().__init__(value, loop=loop)
+        super().__init__(value)
 
     def release(self):
         if self._value >= self._bound_value:
             raise ValueError('BoundedSemaphore released too many times')
         super().release()
+
+
+
+class _BarrierState(enum.Enum):
+    FILLING = 'filling'
+    DRAINING = 'draining'
+    RESETTING = 'resetting'
+    BROKEN = 'broken'
+
+
+class Barrier(mixins._LoopBoundMixin):
+    """Asyncio equivalent to threading.Barrier
+
+    Implements a Barrier primitive.
+    Useful for synchronizing a fixed number of tasks at known synchronization
+    points. Tasks block on 'wait()' and are simultaneously awoken once they
+    have all made their call.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, parties):
+        """Create a barrier, initialised to 'parties' tasks."""
+        if parties < 1:
+            raise ValueError('parties must be > 0')
+
+        self._cond = Condition() # notify all tasks when state changes
+
+        self._parties = parties
+        self._state = _BarrierState.FILLING
+        self._count = 0       # count tasks in Barrier
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        res = super().__repr__()
+        extra = f'{self._state.value}'
+        if not self.broken:
+            extra += f', waiters:{self.n_waiting}/{self.parties}'
+        return f'<{res[1:-1]} [{extra}]>'
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        # wait for the barrier reaches the parties number
+        # when start draining release and return index of waited task
+        return await self.wait()
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *args):
+        pass
+
+    async def wait(self):
+        """Wait for the barrier.
+
+        When the specified number of tasks have started waiting, they are all
+        simultaneously awoken.
+        Returns an unique and individual index number from 0 to 'parties-1'.
+        """
+        async with self._cond:
+            await self._block() # Block while the barrier drains or resets.
+            try:
+                index = self._count
+                self._count += 1
+                if index + 1 == self._parties:
+                    # We release the barrier
+                    await self._release()
+                else:
+                    await self._wait()
+                return index
+            finally:
+                self._count -= 1
+                # Wake up any tasks waiting for barrier to drain.
+                self._exit()
+
+    async def _block(self):
+        # Block until the barrier is ready for us,
+        # or raise an exception if it is broken.
+        #
+        # It is draining or resetting, wait until done
+        # unless a CancelledError occurs
+        await self._cond.wait_for(
+            lambda: self._state not in (
+                _BarrierState.DRAINING, _BarrierState.RESETTING
+            )
+        )
+
+        # see if the barrier is in a broken state
+        if self._state is _BarrierState.BROKEN:
+            raise exceptions.BrokenBarrierError("Barrier aborted")
+
+    async def _release(self):
+        # Release the tasks waiting in the barrier.
+
+        # Enter draining state.
+        # Next waiting tasks will be blocked until the end of draining.
+        self._state = _BarrierState.DRAINING
+        self._cond.notify_all()
+
+    async def _wait(self):
+        # Wait in the barrier until we are released. Raise an exception
+        # if the barrier is reset or broken.
+
+        # wait for end of filling
+        # unless a CancelledError occurs
+        await self._cond.wait_for(lambda: self._state is not _BarrierState.FILLING)
+
+        if self._state in (_BarrierState.BROKEN, _BarrierState.RESETTING):
+            raise exceptions.BrokenBarrierError("Abort or reset of barrier")
+
+    def _exit(self):
+        # If we are the last tasks to exit the barrier, signal any tasks
+        # waiting for the barrier to drain.
+        if self._count == 0:
+            if self._state in (_BarrierState.RESETTING, _BarrierState.DRAINING):
+                self._state = _BarrierState.FILLING
+            self._cond.notify_all()
+
+    async def reset(self):
+        """Reset the barrier to the initial state.
+
+        Any tasks currently waiting will get the BrokenBarrier exception
+        raised.
+        """
+        async with self._cond:
+            if self._count > 0:
+                if self._state is not _BarrierState.RESETTING:
+                    #reset the barrier, waking up tasks
+                    self._state = _BarrierState.RESETTING
+            else:
+                self._state = _BarrierState.FILLING
+            self._cond.notify_all()
+
+    async def abort(self):
+        """Place the barrier into a 'broken' state.
+
+        Useful in case of error.  Any currently waiting tasks and tasks
+        attempting to 'wait()' will have BrokenBarrierError raised.
+        """
+        async with self._cond:
+            self._state = _BarrierState.BROKEN
+            self._cond.notify_all()
+
+    @property
+    def parties(self):
+        """Return the number of tasks required to trip the barrier."""
+        return self._parties
+
+    @property
+    def n_waiting(self):
+        """Return the number of tasks currently waiting at the barrier."""
+        if self._state is _BarrierState.FILLING:
+            return self._count
+        return 0
+
+    @property
+    def broken(self):
+        """Return True if the barrier is in a broken state."""
+        return self._state is _BarrierState.BROKEN
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/mixins.py b/Lib/asyncio/mixins.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6bf97329e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/mixins.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""Event loop mixins."""
+
+import threading
+from . import events
+
+_global_lock = threading.Lock()
+
+
+class _LoopBoundMixin:
+    _loop = None
+
+    def _get_loop(self):
+        loop = events._get_running_loop()
+
+        if self._loop is None:
+            with _global_lock:
+                if self._loop is None:
+                    self._loop = loop
+        if loop is not self._loop:
+            raise RuntimeError(f'{self!r} is bound to a different event loop')
+        return loop
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/proactor_events.py b/Lib/asyncio/proactor_events.py
index ff12877fae..1e2a730cf3 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/proactor_events.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/proactor_events.py
@@ -4,20 +4,45 @@
 proactor is only implemented on Windows with IOCP.
 """
 
-__all__ = ['BaseProactorEventLoop']
+__all__ = 'BaseProactorEventLoop',
 
+import io
+import os
 import socket
 import warnings
+import signal
+import threading
+import collections
 
 from . import base_events
-from . import compat
 from . import constants
 from . import futures
+from . import exceptions
+from . import protocols
 from . import sslproto
 from . import transports
+from . import trsock
 from .log import logger
 
 
+def _set_socket_extra(transport, sock):
+    transport._extra['socket'] = trsock.TransportSocket(sock)
+
+    try:
+        transport._extra['sockname'] = sock.getsockname()
+    except socket.error:
+        if transport._loop.get_debug():
+            logger.warning(
+                "getsockname() failed on %r", sock, exc_info=True)
+
+    if 'peername' not in transport._extra:
+        try:
+            transport._extra['peername'] = sock.getpeername()
+        except socket.error:
+            # UDP sockets may not have a peer name
+            transport._extra['peername'] = None
+
+
 class _ProactorBasePipeTransport(transports._FlowControlMixin,
                                  transports.BaseTransport):
     """Base class for pipe and socket transports."""
@@ -27,7 +52,7 @@ def __init__(self, loop, sock, protocol, waiter=None,
         super().__init__(extra, loop)
         self._set_extra(sock)
         self._sock = sock
-        self._protocol = protocol
+        self.set_protocol(protocol)
         self._server = server
         self._buffer = None  # None or bytearray.
         self._read_fut = None
@@ -35,6 +60,7 @@ def __init__(self, loop, sock, protocol, waiter=None,
         self._pending_write = 0
         self._conn_lost = 0
         self._closing = False  # Set when close() called.
+        self._called_connection_lost = False
         self._eof_written = False
         if self._server is not None:
             self._server._attach()
@@ -51,17 +77,16 @@ def __repr__(self):
         elif self._closing:
             info.append('closing')
         if self._sock is not None:
-            info.append('fd=%s' % self._sock.fileno())
+            info.append(f'fd={self._sock.fileno()}')
         if self._read_fut is not None:
-            info.append('read=%s' % self._read_fut)
+            info.append(f'read={self._read_fut!r}')
         if self._write_fut is not None:
-            info.append("write=%r" % self._write_fut)
+            info.append(f'write={self._write_fut!r}')
         if self._buffer:
-            bufsize = len(self._buffer)
-            info.append('write_bufsize=%s' % bufsize)
+            info.append(f'write_bufsize={len(self._buffer)}')
         if self._eof_written:
             info.append('EOF written')
-        return '<%s>' % ' '.join(info)
+        return '<{}>'.format(' '.join(info))
 
     def _set_extra(self, sock):
         self._extra['pipe'] = sock
@@ -86,31 +111,33 @@ def close(self):
             self._read_fut.cancel()
             self._read_fut = None
 
-    # On Python 3.3 and older, objects with a destructor part of a reference
-    # cycle are never destroyed. It's not more the case on Python 3.4 thanks
-    # to the PEP 442.
-    if compat.PY34:
-        def __del__(self):
-            if self._sock is not None:
-                warnings.warn("unclosed transport %r" % self, ResourceWarning,
-                              source=self)
-                self.close()
+    def __del__(self, _warn=warnings.warn):
+        if self._sock is not None:
+            _warn(f"unclosed transport {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self)
+            self._sock.close()
 
     def _fatal_error(self, exc, message='Fatal error on pipe transport'):
-        if isinstance(exc, base_events._FATAL_ERROR_IGNORE):
-            if self._loop.get_debug():
-                logger.debug("%r: %s", self, message, exc_info=True)
-        else:
-            self._loop.call_exception_handler({
-                'message': message,
-                'exception': exc,
-                'transport': self,
-                'protocol': self._protocol,
-            })
-        self._force_close(exc)
+        try:
+            if isinstance(exc, OSError):
+                if self._loop.get_debug():
+                    logger.debug("%r: %s", self, message, exc_info=True)
+            else:
+                self._loop.call_exception_handler({
+                    'message': message,
+                    'exception': exc,
+                    'transport': self,
+                    'protocol': self._protocol,
+                })
+        finally:
+            self._force_close(exc)
 
     def _force_close(self, exc):
-        if self._closing:
+        if self._empty_waiter is not None and not self._empty_waiter.done():
+            if exc is None:
+                self._empty_waiter.set_result(None)
+            else:
+                self._empty_waiter.set_exception(exc)
+        if self._closing and self._called_connection_lost:
             return
         self._closing = True
         self._conn_lost += 1
@@ -125,6 +152,8 @@ def _force_close(self, exc):
         self._loop.call_soon(self._call_connection_lost, exc)
 
     def _call_connection_lost(self, exc):
+        if self._called_connection_lost:
+            return
         try:
             self._protocol.connection_lost(exc)
         finally:
@@ -132,7 +161,7 @@ def _call_connection_lost(self, exc):
             # end then it may fail with ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED if we
             # just close our end.  First calling shutdown() seems to
             # cure it, but maybe using DisconnectEx() would be better.
-            if hasattr(self._sock, 'shutdown'):
+            if hasattr(self._sock, 'shutdown') and self._sock.fileno() != -1:
                 self._sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
             self._sock.close()
             self._sock = None
@@ -140,6 +169,7 @@ def _call_connection_lost(self, exc):
             if server is not None:
                 server._detach()
                 self._server = None
+            self._called_connection_lost = True
 
     def get_write_buffer_size(self):
         size = self._pending_write
@@ -153,53 +183,127 @@ class _ProactorReadPipeTransport(_ProactorBasePipeTransport,
     """Transport for read pipes."""
 
     def __init__(self, loop, sock, protocol, waiter=None,
-                 extra=None, server=None):
+                 extra=None, server=None, buffer_size=65536):
+        self._pending_data_length = -1
+        self._paused = True
         super().__init__(loop, sock, protocol, waiter, extra, server)
-        self._paused = False
+
+        self._data = bytearray(buffer_size)
         self._loop.call_soon(self._loop_reading)
+        self._paused = False
+
+    def is_reading(self):
+        return not self._paused and not self._closing
 
     def pause_reading(self):
-        if self._closing:
-            raise RuntimeError('Cannot pause_reading() when closing')
-        if self._paused:
-            raise RuntimeError('Already paused')
+        if self._closing or self._paused:
+            return
         self._paused = True
+
+        # bpo-33694: Don't cancel self._read_fut because cancelling an
+        # overlapped WSASend() loss silently data with the current proactor
+        # implementation.
+        #
+        # If CancelIoEx() fails with ERROR_NOT_FOUND, it means that WSASend()
+        # completed (even if HasOverlappedIoCompleted() returns 0), but
+        # Overlapped.cancel() currently silently ignores the ERROR_NOT_FOUND
+        # error. Once the overlapped is ignored, the IOCP loop will ignores the
+        # completion I/O event and so not read the result of the overlapped
+        # WSARecv().
+
         if self._loop.get_debug():
             logger.debug("%r pauses reading", self)
 
     def resume_reading(self):
-        if not self._paused:
-            raise RuntimeError('Not paused')
-        self._paused = False
-        if self._closing:
+        if self._closing or not self._paused:
             return
-        self._loop.call_soon(self._loop_reading, self._read_fut)
+
+        self._paused = False
+        if self._read_fut is None:
+            self._loop.call_soon(self._loop_reading, None)
+
+        length = self._pending_data_length
+        self._pending_data_length = -1
+        if length > -1:
+            # Call the protocol method after calling _loop_reading(),
+            # since the protocol can decide to pause reading again.
+            self._loop.call_soon(self._data_received, self._data[:length], length)
+
         if self._loop.get_debug():
             logger.debug("%r resumes reading", self)
 
-    def _loop_reading(self, fut=None):
+    def _eof_received(self):
+        if self._loop.get_debug():
+            logger.debug("%r received EOF", self)
+
+        try:
+            keep_open = self._protocol.eof_received()
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._fatal_error(
+                exc, 'Fatal error: protocol.eof_received() call failed.')
+            return
+
+        if not keep_open:
+            self.close()
+
+    def _data_received(self, data, length):
         if self._paused:
+            # Don't call any protocol method while reading is paused.
+            # The protocol will be called on resume_reading().
+            assert self._pending_data_length == -1
+            self._pending_data_length = length
             return
-        data = None
 
+        if length == 0:
+            self._eof_received()
+            return
+
+        if isinstance(self._protocol, protocols.BufferedProtocol):
+            try:
+                protocols._feed_data_to_buffered_proto(self._protocol, data)
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._fatal_error(exc,
+                                  'Fatal error: protocol.buffer_updated() '
+                                  'call failed.')
+                return
+        else:
+            self._protocol.data_received(data)
+
+    def _loop_reading(self, fut=None):
+        length = -1
+        data = None
         try:
             if fut is not None:
                 assert self._read_fut is fut or (self._read_fut is None and
                                                  self._closing)
                 self._read_fut = None
-                data = fut.result()  # deliver data later in "finally" clause
+                if fut.done():
+                    # deliver data later in "finally" clause
+                    length = fut.result()
+                    if length == 0:
+                        # we got end-of-file so no need to reschedule a new read
+                        return
+
+                    # It's a new slice so make it immutable so protocols upstream don't have problems
+                    data = bytes(memoryview(self._data)[:length])
+                else:
+                    # the future will be replaced by next proactor.recv call
+                    fut.cancel()
 
             if self._closing:
                 # since close() has been called we ignore any read data
-                data = None
                 return
 
-            if data == b'':
-                # we got end-of-file so no need to reschedule a new read
-                return
+            # bpo-33694: buffer_updated() has currently no fast path because of
+            # a data loss issue caused by overlapped WSASend() cancellation.
 
-            # reschedule a new read
-            self._read_fut = self._loop._proactor.recv(self._sock, 4096)
+            if not self._paused:
+                # reschedule a new read
+                self._read_fut = self._loop._proactor.recv_into(self._sock, self._data)
         except ConnectionAbortedError as exc:
             if not self._closing:
                 self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal read error on pipe transport')
@@ -210,32 +314,36 @@ def _loop_reading(self, fut=None):
             self._force_close(exc)
         except OSError as exc:
             self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal read error on pipe transport')
-        except futures.CancelledError:
+        except exceptions.CancelledError:
             if not self._closing:
                 raise
         else:
-            self._read_fut.add_done_callback(self._loop_reading)
+            if not self._paused:
+                self._read_fut.add_done_callback(self._loop_reading)
         finally:
-            if data:
-                self._protocol.data_received(data)
-            elif data is not None:
-                if self._loop.get_debug():
-                    logger.debug("%r received EOF", self)
-                keep_open = self._protocol.eof_received()
-                if not keep_open:
-                    self.close()
+            if length > -1:
+                self._data_received(data, length)
 
 
 class _ProactorBaseWritePipeTransport(_ProactorBasePipeTransport,
                                       transports.WriteTransport):
     """Transport for write pipes."""
 
+    _start_tls_compatible = True
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kw)
+        self._empty_waiter = None
+
     def write(self, data):
         if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
-            raise TypeError('data argument must be byte-ish (%r)',
-                            type(data))
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"data argument must be a bytes-like object, "
+                f"not {type(data).__name__}")
         if self._eof_written:
             raise RuntimeError('write_eof() already called')
+        if self._empty_waiter is not None:
+            raise RuntimeError('unable to write; sendfile is in progress')
 
         if not data:
             return
@@ -267,6 +375,10 @@ def write(self, data):
 
     def _loop_writing(self, f=None, data=None):
         try:
+            if f is not None and self._write_fut is None and self._closing:
+                # XXX most likely self._force_close() has been called, and
+                # it has set self._write_fut to None.
+                return
             assert f is self._write_fut
             self._write_fut = None
             self._pending_write = 0
@@ -295,6 +407,8 @@ def _loop_writing(self, f=None, data=None):
                     self._maybe_pause_protocol()
                 else:
                     self._write_fut.add_done_callback(self._loop_writing)
+            if self._empty_waiter is not None and self._write_fut is None:
+                self._empty_waiter.set_result(None)
         except ConnectionResetError as exc:
             self._force_close(exc)
         except OSError as exc:
@@ -309,6 +423,17 @@ def write_eof(self):
     def abort(self):
         self._force_close(None)
 
+    def _make_empty_waiter(self):
+        if self._empty_waiter is not None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Empty waiter is already set")
+        self._empty_waiter = self._loop.create_future()
+        if self._write_fut is None:
+            self._empty_waiter.set_result(None)
+        return self._empty_waiter
+
+    def _reset_empty_waiter(self):
+        self._empty_waiter = None
+
 
 class _ProactorWritePipeTransport(_ProactorBaseWritePipeTransport):
     def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
@@ -332,6 +457,138 @@ def _pipe_closed(self, fut):
             self.close()
 
 
+class _ProactorDatagramTransport(_ProactorBasePipeTransport,
+                                 transports.DatagramTransport):
+    max_size = 256 * 1024
+    def __init__(self, loop, sock, protocol, address=None,
+                 waiter=None, extra=None):
+        self._address = address
+        self._empty_waiter = None
+        self._buffer_size = 0
+        # We don't need to call _protocol.connection_made() since our base
+        # constructor does it for us.
+        super().__init__(loop, sock, protocol, waiter=waiter, extra=extra)
+
+        # The base constructor sets _buffer = None, so we set it here
+        self._buffer = collections.deque()
+        self._loop.call_soon(self._loop_reading)
+
+    def _set_extra(self, sock):
+        _set_socket_extra(self, sock)
+
+    def get_write_buffer_size(self):
+        return self._buffer_size
+
+    def abort(self):
+        self._force_close(None)
+
+    def sendto(self, data, addr=None):
+        if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
+            raise TypeError('data argument must be bytes-like object (%r)',
+                            type(data))
+
+        if not data:
+            return
+
+        if self._address is not None and addr not in (None, self._address):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'Invalid address: must be None or {self._address}')
+
+        if self._conn_lost and self._address:
+            if self._conn_lost >= constants.LOG_THRESHOLD_FOR_CONNLOST_WRITES:
+                logger.warning('socket.sendto() raised exception.')
+            self._conn_lost += 1
+            return
+
+        # Ensure that what we buffer is immutable.
+        self._buffer.append((bytes(data), addr))
+        self._buffer_size += len(data)
+
+        if self._write_fut is None:
+            # No current write operations are active, kick one off
+            self._loop_writing()
+        # else: A write operation is already kicked off
+
+        self._maybe_pause_protocol()
+
+    def _loop_writing(self, fut=None):
+        try:
+            if self._conn_lost:
+                return
+
+            assert fut is self._write_fut
+            self._write_fut = None
+            if fut:
+                # We are in a _loop_writing() done callback, get the result
+                fut.result()
+
+            if not self._buffer or (self._conn_lost and self._address):
+                # The connection has been closed
+                if self._closing:
+                    self._loop.call_soon(self._call_connection_lost, None)
+                return
+
+            data, addr = self._buffer.popleft()
+            self._buffer_size -= len(data)
+            if self._address is not None:
+                self._write_fut = self._loop._proactor.send(self._sock,
+                                                            data)
+            else:
+                self._write_fut = self._loop._proactor.sendto(self._sock,
+                                                              data,
+                                                              addr=addr)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            self._protocol.error_received(exc)
+        except Exception as exc:
+            self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal write error on datagram transport')
+        else:
+            self._write_fut.add_done_callback(self._loop_writing)
+            self._maybe_resume_protocol()
+
+    def _loop_reading(self, fut=None):
+        data = None
+        try:
+            if self._conn_lost:
+                return
+
+            assert self._read_fut is fut or (self._read_fut is None and
+                                             self._closing)
+
+            self._read_fut = None
+            if fut is not None:
+                res = fut.result()
+
+                if self._closing:
+                    # since close() has been called we ignore any read data
+                    data = None
+                    return
+
+                if self._address is not None:
+                    data, addr = res, self._address
+                else:
+                    data, addr = res
+
+            if self._conn_lost:
+                return
+            if self._address is not None:
+                self._read_fut = self._loop._proactor.recv(self._sock,
+                                                           self.max_size)
+            else:
+                self._read_fut = self._loop._proactor.recvfrom(self._sock,
+                                                               self.max_size)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            self._protocol.error_received(exc)
+        except exceptions.CancelledError:
+            if not self._closing:
+                raise
+        else:
+            if self._read_fut is not None:
+                self._read_fut.add_done_callback(self._loop_reading)
+        finally:
+            if data:
+                self._protocol.datagram_received(data, addr)
+
+
 class _ProactorDuplexPipeTransport(_ProactorReadPipeTransport,
                                    _ProactorBaseWritePipeTransport,
                                    transports.Transport):
@@ -349,21 +606,15 @@ class _ProactorSocketTransport(_ProactorReadPipeTransport,
                                transports.Transport):
     """Transport for connected sockets."""
 
+    _sendfile_compatible = constants._SendfileMode.TRY_NATIVE
+
+    def __init__(self, loop, sock, protocol, waiter=None,
+                 extra=None, server=None):
+        super().__init__(loop, sock, protocol, waiter, extra, server)
+        base_events._set_nodelay(sock)
+
     def _set_extra(self, sock):
-        self._extra['socket'] = sock
-        try:
-            self._extra['sockname'] = sock.getsockname()
-        except (socket.error, AttributeError):
-            if self._loop.get_debug():
-                logger.warning("getsockname() failed on %r",
-                             sock, exc_info=True)
-        if 'peername' not in self._extra:
-            try:
-                self._extra['peername'] = sock.getpeername()
-            except (socket.error, AttributeError):
-                if self._loop.get_debug():
-                    logger.warning("getpeername() failed on %r",
-                                   sock, exc_info=True)
+        _set_socket_extra(self, sock)
 
     def can_write_eof(self):
         return True
@@ -387,26 +638,35 @@ def __init__(self, proactor):
         self._accept_futures = {}   # socket file descriptor => Future
         proactor.set_loop(self)
         self._make_self_pipe()
+        if threading.current_thread() is threading.main_thread():
+            # wakeup fd can only be installed to a file descriptor from the main thread
+            signal.set_wakeup_fd(self._csock.fileno())
 
     def _make_socket_transport(self, sock, protocol, waiter=None,
                                extra=None, server=None):
         return _ProactorSocketTransport(self, sock, protocol, waiter,
                                         extra, server)
 
-    def _make_ssl_transport(self, rawsock, protocol, sslcontext, waiter=None,
-                            *, server_side=False, server_hostname=None,
-                            extra=None, server=None):
-        if not sslproto._is_sslproto_available():
-            raise NotImplementedError("Proactor event loop requires Python 3.5"
-                                      " or newer (ssl.MemoryBIO) to support "
-                                      "SSL")
-
-        ssl_protocol = sslproto.SSLProtocol(self, protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
-                                            server_side, server_hostname)
+    def _make_ssl_transport(
+            self, rawsock, protocol, sslcontext, waiter=None,
+            *, server_side=False, server_hostname=None,
+            extra=None, server=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
+        ssl_protocol = sslproto.SSLProtocol(
+                self, protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
+                server_side, server_hostname,
+                ssl_handshake_timeout=ssl_handshake_timeout,
+                ssl_shutdown_timeout=ssl_shutdown_timeout)
         _ProactorSocketTransport(self, rawsock, ssl_protocol,
                                  extra=extra, server=server)
         return ssl_protocol._app_transport
 
+    def _make_datagram_transport(self, sock, protocol,
+                                 address=None, waiter=None, extra=None):
+        return _ProactorDatagramTransport(self, sock, protocol, address,
+                                          waiter, extra)
+
     def _make_duplex_pipe_transport(self, sock, protocol, waiter=None,
                                     extra=None):
         return _ProactorDuplexPipeTransport(self,
@@ -428,6 +688,8 @@ def close(self):
         if self.is_closed():
             return
 
+        if threading.current_thread() is threading.main_thread():
+            signal.set_wakeup_fd(-1)
         # Call these methods before closing the event loop (before calling
         # BaseEventLoop.close), because they can schedule callbacks with
         # call_soon(), which is forbidden when the event loop is closed.
@@ -440,20 +702,73 @@ def close(self):
         # Close the event loop
         super().close()
 
-    def sock_recv(self, sock, n):
-        return self._proactor.recv(sock, n)
+    async def sock_recv(self, sock, n):
+        return await self._proactor.recv(sock, n)
 
-    def sock_sendall(self, sock, data):
-        return self._proactor.send(sock, data)
+    async def sock_recv_into(self, sock, buf):
+        return await self._proactor.recv_into(sock, buf)
 
-    def sock_connect(self, sock, address):
-        return self._proactor.connect(sock, address)
+    async def sock_recvfrom(self, sock, bufsize):
+        return await self._proactor.recvfrom(sock, bufsize)
 
-    def sock_accept(self, sock):
-        return self._proactor.accept(sock)
+    async def sock_recvfrom_into(self, sock, buf, nbytes=0):
+        if not nbytes:
+            nbytes = len(buf)
 
-    def _socketpair(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError
+        return await self._proactor.recvfrom_into(sock, buf, nbytes)
+
+    async def sock_sendall(self, sock, data):
+        return await self._proactor.send(sock, data)
+
+    async def sock_sendto(self, sock, data, address):
+        return await self._proactor.sendto(sock, data, 0, address)
+
+    async def sock_connect(self, sock, address):
+        return await self._proactor.connect(sock, address)
+
+    async def sock_accept(self, sock):
+        return await self._proactor.accept(sock)
+
+    async def _sock_sendfile_native(self, sock, file, offset, count):
+        try:
+            fileno = file.fileno()
+        except (AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation) as err:
+            raise exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError("not a regular file")
+        try:
+            fsize = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
+        except OSError:
+            raise exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError("not a regular file")
+        blocksize = count if count else fsize
+        if not blocksize:
+            return 0  # empty file
+
+        blocksize = min(blocksize, 0xffff_ffff)
+        end_pos = min(offset + count, fsize) if count else fsize
+        offset = min(offset, fsize)
+        total_sent = 0
+        try:
+            while True:
+                blocksize = min(end_pos - offset, blocksize)
+                if blocksize <= 0:
+                    return total_sent
+                await self._proactor.sendfile(sock, file, offset, blocksize)
+                offset += blocksize
+                total_sent += blocksize
+        finally:
+            if total_sent > 0:
+                file.seek(offset)
+
+    async def _sendfile_native(self, transp, file, offset, count):
+        resume_reading = transp.is_reading()
+        transp.pause_reading()
+        await transp._make_empty_waiter()
+        try:
+            return await self.sock_sendfile(transp._sock, file, offset, count,
+                                            fallback=False)
+        finally:
+            transp._reset_empty_waiter()
+            if resume_reading:
+                transp.resume_reading()
 
     def _close_self_pipe(self):
         if self._self_reading_future is not None:
@@ -467,21 +782,30 @@ def _close_self_pipe(self):
 
     def _make_self_pipe(self):
         # A self-socket, really. :-)
-        self._ssock, self._csock = self._socketpair()
+        self._ssock, self._csock = socket.socketpair()
         self._ssock.setblocking(False)
         self._csock.setblocking(False)
         self._internal_fds += 1
-        self.call_soon(self._loop_self_reading)
 
     def _loop_self_reading(self, f=None):
         try:
             if f is not None:
                 f.result()  # may raise
+            if self._self_reading_future is not f:
+                # When we scheduled this Future, we assigned it to
+                # _self_reading_future. If it's not there now, something has
+                # tried to cancel the loop while this callback was still in the
+                # queue (see windows_events.ProactorEventLoop.run_forever). In
+                # that case stop here instead of continuing to schedule a new
+                # iteration.
+                return
             f = self._proactor.recv(self._ssock, 4096)
-        except futures.CancelledError:
+        except exceptions.CancelledError:
             # _close_self_pipe() has been called, stop waiting for data
             return
-        except Exception as exc:
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             self.call_exception_handler({
                 'message': 'Error on reading from the event loop self pipe',
                 'exception': exc,
@@ -492,10 +816,27 @@ def _loop_self_reading(self, f=None):
             f.add_done_callback(self._loop_self_reading)
 
     def _write_to_self(self):
-        self._csock.send(b'\0')
+        # This may be called from a different thread, possibly after
+        # _close_self_pipe() has been called or even while it is
+        # running.  Guard for self._csock being None or closed.  When
+        # a socket is closed, send() raises OSError (with errno set to
+        # EBADF, but let's not rely on the exact error code).
+        csock = self._csock
+        if csock is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            csock.send(b'\0')
+        except OSError:
+            if self._debug:
+                logger.debug("Fail to write a null byte into the "
+                             "self-pipe socket",
+                             exc_info=True)
 
     def _start_serving(self, protocol_factory, sock,
-                       sslcontext=None, server=None, backlog=100):
+                       sslcontext=None, server=None, backlog=100,
+                       ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+                       ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
 
         def loop(f=None):
             try:
@@ -508,7 +849,9 @@ def loop(f=None):
                     if sslcontext is not None:
                         self._make_ssl_transport(
                             conn, protocol, sslcontext, server_side=True,
-                            extra={'peername': addr}, server=server)
+                            extra={'peername': addr}, server=server,
+                            ssl_handshake_timeout=ssl_handshake_timeout,
+                            ssl_shutdown_timeout=ssl_shutdown_timeout)
                     else:
                         self._make_socket_transport(
                             conn, protocol,
@@ -521,13 +864,13 @@ def loop(f=None):
                     self.call_exception_handler({
                         'message': 'Accept failed on a socket',
                         'exception': exc,
-                        'socket': sock,
+                        'socket': trsock.TransportSocket(sock),
                     })
                     sock.close()
                 elif self._debug:
                     logger.debug("Accept failed on socket %r",
                                  sock, exc_info=True)
-            except futures.CancelledError:
+            except exceptions.CancelledError:
                 sock.close()
             else:
                 self._accept_futures[sock.fileno()] = f
@@ -545,6 +888,8 @@ def _stop_accept_futures(self):
         self._accept_futures.clear()
 
     def _stop_serving(self, sock):
-        self._stop_accept_futures()
+        future = self._accept_futures.pop(sock.fileno(), None)
+        if future:
+            future.cancel()
         self._proactor._stop_serving(sock)
         sock.close()
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/protocols.py b/Lib/asyncio/protocols.py
index 80fcac9a82..09987b164c 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/protocols.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/protocols.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-"""Abstract Protocol class."""
+"""Abstract Protocol base classes."""
 
-__all__ = ['BaseProtocol', 'Protocol', 'DatagramProtocol',
-           'SubprocessProtocol']
+__all__ = (
+    'BaseProtocol', 'Protocol', 'DatagramProtocol',
+    'SubprocessProtocol', 'BufferedProtocol',
+)
 
 
 class BaseProtocol:
@@ -14,6 +16,8 @@ class BaseProtocol:
     write-only transport like write pipe
     """
 
+    __slots__ = ()
+
     def connection_made(self, transport):
         """Called when a connection is made.
 
@@ -85,6 +89,8 @@ class Protocol(BaseProtocol):
     * CL: connection_lost()
     """
 
+    __slots__ = ()
+
     def data_received(self, data):
         """Called when some data is received.
 
@@ -100,9 +106,64 @@ def eof_received(self):
         """
 
 
+class BufferedProtocol(BaseProtocol):
+    """Interface for stream protocol with manual buffer control.
+
+    Event methods, such as `create_server` and `create_connection`,
+    accept factories that return protocols that implement this interface.
+
+    The idea of BufferedProtocol is that it allows to manually allocate
+    and control the receive buffer.  Event loops can then use the buffer
+    provided by the protocol to avoid unnecessary data copies.  This
+    can result in noticeable performance improvement for protocols that
+    receive big amounts of data.  Sophisticated protocols can allocate
+    the buffer only once at creation time.
+
+    State machine of calls:
+
+      start -> CM [-> GB [-> BU?]]* [-> ER?] -> CL -> end
+
+    * CM: connection_made()
+    * GB: get_buffer()
+    * BU: buffer_updated()
+    * ER: eof_received()
+    * CL: connection_lost()
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def get_buffer(self, sizehint):
+        """Called to allocate a new receive buffer.
+
+        *sizehint* is a recommended minimal size for the returned
+        buffer.  When set to -1, the buffer size can be arbitrary.
+
+        Must return an object that implements the
+        :ref:`buffer protocol <bufferobjects>`.
+        It is an error to return a zero-sized buffer.
+        """
+
+    def buffer_updated(self, nbytes):
+        """Called when the buffer was updated with the received data.
+
+        *nbytes* is the total number of bytes that were written to
+        the buffer.
+        """
+
+    def eof_received(self):
+        """Called when the other end calls write_eof() or equivalent.
+
+        If this returns a false value (including None), the transport
+        will close itself.  If it returns a true value, closing the
+        transport is up to the protocol.
+        """
+
+
 class DatagramProtocol(BaseProtocol):
     """Interface for datagram protocol."""
 
+    __slots__ = ()
+
     def datagram_received(self, data, addr):
         """Called when some datagram is received."""
 
@@ -116,6 +177,8 @@ def error_received(self, exc):
 class SubprocessProtocol(BaseProtocol):
     """Interface for protocol for subprocess calls."""
 
+    __slots__ = ()
+
     def pipe_data_received(self, fd, data):
         """Called when the subprocess writes data into stdout/stderr pipe.
 
@@ -132,3 +195,22 @@ def pipe_connection_lost(self, fd, exc):
 
     def process_exited(self):
         """Called when subprocess has exited."""
+
+
+def _feed_data_to_buffered_proto(proto, data):
+    data_len = len(data)
+    while data_len:
+        buf = proto.get_buffer(data_len)
+        buf_len = len(buf)
+        if not buf_len:
+            raise RuntimeError('get_buffer() returned an empty buffer')
+
+        if buf_len >= data_len:
+            buf[:data_len] = data
+            proto.buffer_updated(data_len)
+            return
+        else:
+            buf[:buf_len] = data[:buf_len]
+            proto.buffer_updated(buf_len)
+            data = data[buf_len:]
+            data_len = len(data)
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/queues.py b/Lib/asyncio/queues.py
index e16c46ae73..a9656a6df5 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/queues.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/queues.py
@@ -1,35 +1,28 @@
-"""Queues"""
-
-__all__ = ['Queue', 'PriorityQueue', 'LifoQueue', 'QueueFull', 'QueueEmpty']
+__all__ = ('Queue', 'PriorityQueue', 'LifoQueue', 'QueueFull', 'QueueEmpty')
 
 import collections
 import heapq
+from types import GenericAlias
 
-from . import compat
-from . import events
 from . import locks
-from .coroutines import coroutine
+from . import mixins
 
 
 class QueueEmpty(Exception):
-    """Exception raised when Queue.get_nowait() is called on a Queue object
-    which is empty.
-    """
+    """Raised when Queue.get_nowait() is called on an empty Queue."""
     pass
 
 
 class QueueFull(Exception):
-    """Exception raised when the Queue.put_nowait() method is called on a Queue
-    object which is full.
-    """
+    """Raised when the Queue.put_nowait() method is called on a full Queue."""
     pass
 
 
-class Queue:
+class Queue(mixins._LoopBoundMixin):
     """A queue, useful for coordinating producer and consumer coroutines.
 
     If maxsize is less than or equal to zero, the queue size is infinite. If it
-    is an integer greater than 0, then "yield from put()" will block when the
+    is an integer greater than 0, then "await put()" will block when the
     queue reaches maxsize, until an item is removed by get().
 
     Unlike the standard library Queue, you can reliably know this Queue's size
@@ -37,11 +30,7 @@ class Queue:
     interrupted between calling qsize() and doing an operation on the Queue.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, maxsize=0, *, loop=None):
-        if loop is None:
-            self._loop = events.get_event_loop()
-        else:
-            self._loop = loop
+    def __init__(self, maxsize=0):
         self._maxsize = maxsize
 
         # Futures.
@@ -49,7 +38,7 @@ def __init__(self, maxsize=0, *, loop=None):
         # Futures.
         self._putters = collections.deque()
         self._unfinished_tasks = 0
-        self._finished = locks.Event(loop=self._loop)
+        self._finished = locks.Event()
         self._finished.set()
         self._init(maxsize)
 
@@ -75,25 +64,23 @@ def _wakeup_next(self, waiters):
                 break
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<{} at {:#x} {}>'.format(
-            type(self).__name__, id(self), self._format())
+        return f'<{type(self).__name__} at {id(self):#x} {self._format()}>'
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return '<{} {}>'.format(type(self).__name__, self._format())
+        return f'<{type(self).__name__} {self._format()}>'
 
-    def __class_getitem__(cls, type):
-        return cls
+    __class_getitem__ = classmethod(GenericAlias)
 
     def _format(self):
-        result = 'maxsize={!r}'.format(self._maxsize)
+        result = f'maxsize={self._maxsize!r}'
         if getattr(self, '_queue', None):
-            result += ' _queue={!r}'.format(list(self._queue))
+            result += f' _queue={list(self._queue)!r}'
         if self._getters:
-            result += ' _getters[{}]'.format(len(self._getters))
+            result += f' _getters[{len(self._getters)}]'
         if self._putters:
-            result += ' _putters[{}]'.format(len(self._putters))
+            result += f' _putters[{len(self._putters)}]'
         if self._unfinished_tasks:
-            result += ' tasks={}'.format(self._unfinished_tasks)
+            result += f' tasks={self._unfinished_tasks}'
         return result
 
     def qsize(self):
@@ -120,22 +107,26 @@ def full(self):
         else:
             return self.qsize() >= self._maxsize
 
-    @coroutine
-    def put(self, item):
+    async def put(self, item):
         """Put an item into the queue.
 
         Put an item into the queue. If the queue is full, wait until a free
         slot is available before adding item.
-
-        This method is a coroutine.
         """
         while self.full():
-            putter = self._loop.create_future()
+            putter = self._get_loop().create_future()
             self._putters.append(putter)
             try:
-                yield from putter
+                await putter
             except:
                 putter.cancel()  # Just in case putter is not done yet.
+                try:
+                    # Clean self._putters from canceled putters.
+                    self._putters.remove(putter)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # The putter could be removed from self._putters by a
+                    # previous get_nowait call.
+                    pass
                 if not self.full() and not putter.cancelled():
                     # We were woken up by get_nowait(), but can't take
                     # the call.  Wake up the next in line.
@@ -155,21 +146,25 @@ def put_nowait(self, item):
         self._finished.clear()
         self._wakeup_next(self._getters)
 
-    @coroutine
-    def get(self):
+    async def get(self):
         """Remove and return an item from the queue.
 
         If queue is empty, wait until an item is available.
-
-        This method is a coroutine.
         """
         while self.empty():
-            getter = self._loop.create_future()
+            getter = self._get_loop().create_future()
             self._getters.append(getter)
             try:
-                yield from getter
+                await getter
             except:
                 getter.cancel()  # Just in case getter is not done yet.
+                try:
+                    # Clean self._getters from canceled getters.
+                    self._getters.remove(getter)
+                except ValueError:
+                    # The getter could be removed from self._getters by a
+                    # previous put_nowait call.
+                    pass
                 if not self.empty() and not getter.cancelled():
                     # We were woken up by put_nowait(), but can't take
                     # the call.  Wake up the next in line.
@@ -208,8 +203,7 @@ def task_done(self):
         if self._unfinished_tasks == 0:
             self._finished.set()
 
-    @coroutine
-    def join(self):
+    async def join(self):
         """Block until all items in the queue have been gotten and processed.
 
         The count of unfinished tasks goes up whenever an item is added to the
@@ -218,7 +212,7 @@ def join(self):
         When the count of unfinished tasks drops to zero, join() unblocks.
         """
         if self._unfinished_tasks > 0:
-            yield from self._finished.wait()
+            await self._finished.wait()
 
 
 class PriorityQueue(Queue):
@@ -248,9 +242,3 @@ def _put(self, item):
 
     def _get(self):
         return self._queue.pop()
-
-
-if not compat.PY35:
-    JoinableQueue = Queue
-    """Deprecated alias for Queue."""
-    __all__.append('JoinableQueue')
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/runners.py b/Lib/asyncio/runners.py
index c3a696ef57..1b89236599 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/runners.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/runners.py
@@ -1,16 +1,168 @@
-__all__ = ['run']
+__all__ = ('Runner', 'run')
 
+import contextvars
+import enum
+import functools
+import threading
+import signal
 from . import coroutines
 from . import events
+from . import exceptions
 from . import tasks
+from . import constants
 
+class _State(enum.Enum):
+    CREATED = "created"
+    INITIALIZED = "initialized"
+    CLOSED = "closed"
 
-def run(main, *, debug=False):
-    """Run a coroutine.
+
+class Runner:
+    """A context manager that controls event loop life cycle.
+
+    The context manager always creates a new event loop,
+    allows to run async functions inside it,
+    and properly finalizes the loop at the context manager exit.
+
+    If debug is True, the event loop will be run in debug mode.
+    If loop_factory is passed, it is used for new event loop creation.
+
+    asyncio.run(main(), debug=True)
+
+    is a shortcut for
+
+    with asyncio.Runner(debug=True) as runner:
+        runner.run(main())
+
+    The run() method can be called multiple times within the runner's context.
+
+    This can be useful for interactive console (e.g. IPython),
+    unittest runners, console tools, -- everywhere when async code
+    is called from existing sync framework and where the preferred single
+    asyncio.run() call doesn't work.
+
+    """
+
+    # Note: the class is final, it is not intended for inheritance.
+
+    def __init__(self, *, debug=None, loop_factory=None):
+        self._state = _State.CREATED
+        self._debug = debug
+        self._loop_factory = loop_factory
+        self._loop = None
+        self._context = None
+        self._interrupt_count = 0
+        self._set_event_loop = False
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self._lazy_init()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        self.close()
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Shutdown and close event loop."""
+        if self._state is not _State.INITIALIZED:
+            return
+        try:
+            loop = self._loop
+            _cancel_all_tasks(loop)
+            loop.run_until_complete(loop.shutdown_asyncgens())
+            loop.run_until_complete(
+                loop.shutdown_default_executor(constants.THREAD_JOIN_TIMEOUT))
+        finally:
+            if self._set_event_loop:
+                events.set_event_loop(None)
+            loop.close()
+            self._loop = None
+            self._state = _State.CLOSED
+
+    def get_loop(self):
+        """Return embedded event loop."""
+        self._lazy_init()
+        return self._loop
+
+    def run(self, coro, *, context=None):
+        """Run a coroutine inside the embedded event loop."""
+        if not coroutines.iscoroutine(coro):
+            raise ValueError("a coroutine was expected, got {!r}".format(coro))
+
+        if events._get_running_loop() is not None:
+            # fail fast with short traceback
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                "Runner.run() cannot be called from a running event loop")
+
+        self._lazy_init()
+
+        if context is None:
+            context = self._context
+        task = self._loop.create_task(coro, context=context)
+
+        if (threading.current_thread() is threading.main_thread()
+            and signal.getsignal(signal.SIGINT) is signal.default_int_handler
+        ):
+            sigint_handler = functools.partial(self._on_sigint, main_task=task)
+            try:
+                signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, sigint_handler)
+            except ValueError:
+                # `signal.signal` may throw if `threading.main_thread` does
+                # not support signals (e.g. embedded interpreter with signals
+                # not registered - see gh-91880)
+                sigint_handler = None
+        else:
+            sigint_handler = None
+
+        self._interrupt_count = 0
+        try:
+            return self._loop.run_until_complete(task)
+        except exceptions.CancelledError:
+            if self._interrupt_count > 0:
+                uncancel = getattr(task, "uncancel", None)
+                if uncancel is not None and uncancel() == 0:
+                    raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+            raise  # CancelledError
+        finally:
+            if (sigint_handler is not None
+                and signal.getsignal(signal.SIGINT) is sigint_handler
+            ):
+                signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.default_int_handler)
+
+    def _lazy_init(self):
+        if self._state is _State.CLOSED:
+            raise RuntimeError("Runner is closed")
+        if self._state is _State.INITIALIZED:
+            return
+        if self._loop_factory is None:
+            self._loop = events.new_event_loop()
+            if not self._set_event_loop:
+                # Call set_event_loop only once to avoid calling
+                # attach_loop multiple times on child watchers
+                events.set_event_loop(self._loop)
+                self._set_event_loop = True
+        else:
+            self._loop = self._loop_factory()
+        if self._debug is not None:
+            self._loop.set_debug(self._debug)
+        self._context = contextvars.copy_context()
+        self._state = _State.INITIALIZED
+
+    def _on_sigint(self, signum, frame, main_task):
+        self._interrupt_count += 1
+        if self._interrupt_count == 1 and not main_task.done():
+            main_task.cancel()
+            # wakeup loop if it is blocked by select() with long timeout
+            self._loop.call_soon_threadsafe(lambda: None)
+            return
+        raise KeyboardInterrupt()
+
+
+def run(main, *, debug=None, loop_factory=None):
+    """Execute the coroutine and return the result.
 
     This function runs the passed coroutine, taking care of
-    managing the asyncio event loop and finalizing asynchronous
-    generators.
+    managing the asyncio event loop, finalizing asynchronous
+    generators and closing the default executor.
 
     This function cannot be called when another asyncio event loop is
     running in the same thread.
@@ -21,6 +173,10 @@ def run(main, *, debug=False):
     It should be used as a main entry point for asyncio programs, and should
     ideally only be called once.
 
+    The executor is given a timeout duration of 5 minutes to shutdown.
+    If the executor hasn't finished within that duration, a warning is
+    emitted and the executor is closed.
+
     Example:
 
         async def main():
@@ -30,24 +186,12 @@ async def main():
         asyncio.run(main())
     """
     if events._get_running_loop() is not None:
+        # fail fast with short traceback
         raise RuntimeError(
             "asyncio.run() cannot be called from a running event loop")
 
-    if not coroutines.iscoroutine(main):
-        raise ValueError("a coroutine was expected, got {!r}".format(main))
-
-    loop = events.new_event_loop()
-    try:
-        events.set_event_loop(loop)
-        loop.set_debug(debug)
-        return loop.run_until_complete(main)
-    finally:
-        try:
-            _cancel_all_tasks(loop)
-            loop.run_until_complete(loop.shutdown_asyncgens())
-        finally:
-            events.set_event_loop(None)
-            loop.close()
+    with Runner(debug=debug, loop_factory=loop_factory) as runner:
+        return runner.run(main)
 
 
 def _cancel_all_tasks(loop):
@@ -58,8 +202,7 @@ def _cancel_all_tasks(loop):
     for task in to_cancel:
         task.cancel()
 
-    loop.run_until_complete(
-        tasks.gather(*to_cancel, loop=loop, return_exceptions=True))
+    loop.run_until_complete(tasks.gather(*to_cancel, return_exceptions=True))
 
     for task in to_cancel:
         if task.cancelled():
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/selector_events.py b/Lib/asyncio/selector_events.py
index 9dbe550b01..790711f834 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/selector_events.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/selector_events.py
@@ -4,11 +4,14 @@
 also includes support for signal handling, see the unix_events sub-module.
 """
 
-__all__ = ['BaseSelectorEventLoop']
+__all__ = 'BaseSelectorEventLoop',
 
 import collections
 import errno
 import functools
+import itertools
+import os
+import selectors
 import socket
 import warnings
 import weakref
@@ -18,16 +21,23 @@
     ssl = None
 
 from . import base_events
-from . import compat
 from . import constants
 from . import events
 from . import futures
-from . import selectors
-from . import transports
+from . import protocols
 from . import sslproto
-from .coroutines import coroutine
+from . import transports
+from . import trsock
 from .log import logger
 
+_HAS_SENDMSG = hasattr(socket.socket, 'sendmsg')
+
+if _HAS_SENDMSG:
+    try:
+        SC_IOV_MAX = os.sysconf('SC_IOV_MAX')
+    except OSError:
+        # Fallback to send
+        _HAS_SENDMSG = False
 
 def _test_selector_event(selector, fd, event):
     # Test if the selector is monitoring 'event' events
@@ -40,17 +50,6 @@ def _test_selector_event(selector, fd, event):
         return bool(key.events & event)
 
 
-if hasattr(socket, 'TCP_NODELAY'):
-    def _set_nodelay(sock):
-        if (sock.family in {socket.AF_INET, socket.AF_INET6} and
-                sock.type == socket.SOCK_STREAM and
-                sock.proto == socket.IPPROTO_TCP):
-            sock.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_NODELAY, 1)
-else:
-    def _set_nodelay(sock):
-        pass
-
-
 class BaseSelectorEventLoop(base_events.BaseEventLoop):
     """Selector event loop.
 
@@ -69,36 +68,31 @@ def __init__(self, selector=None):
 
     def _make_socket_transport(self, sock, protocol, waiter=None, *,
                                extra=None, server=None):
+        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(sock)
         return _SelectorSocketTransport(self, sock, protocol, waiter,
                                         extra, server)
 
-    def _make_ssl_transport(self, rawsock, protocol, sslcontext, waiter=None,
-                            *, server_side=False, server_hostname=None,
-                            extra=None, server=None):
-        if not sslproto._is_sslproto_available():
-            return self._make_legacy_ssl_transport(
-                rawsock, protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
-                server_side=server_side, server_hostname=server_hostname,
-                extra=extra, server=server)
-
-        ssl_protocol = sslproto.SSLProtocol(self, protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
-                                            server_side, server_hostname)
+    def _make_ssl_transport(
+            self, rawsock, protocol, sslcontext, waiter=None,
+            *, server_side=False, server_hostname=None,
+            extra=None, server=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=constants.SSL_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=constants.SSL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT,
+    ):
+        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(rawsock)
+        ssl_protocol = sslproto.SSLProtocol(
+            self, protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
+            server_side, server_hostname,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=ssl_handshake_timeout,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=ssl_shutdown_timeout
+        )
         _SelectorSocketTransport(self, rawsock, ssl_protocol,
                                  extra=extra, server=server)
         return ssl_protocol._app_transport
 
-    def _make_legacy_ssl_transport(self, rawsock, protocol, sslcontext,
-                                   waiter, *,
-                                   server_side=False, server_hostname=None,
-                                   extra=None, server=None):
-        # Use the legacy API: SSL_write, SSL_read, etc. The legacy API is used
-        # on Python 3.4 and older, when ssl.MemoryBIO is not available.
-        return _SelectorSslTransport(
-            self, rawsock, protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
-            server_side, server_hostname, extra, server)
-
     def _make_datagram_transport(self, sock, protocol,
                                  address=None, waiter=None, extra=None):
+        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(sock)
         return _SelectorDatagramTransport(self, sock, protocol,
                                           address, waiter, extra)
 
@@ -113,9 +107,6 @@ def close(self):
             self._selector.close()
             self._selector = None
 
-    def _socketpair(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
     def _close_self_pipe(self):
         self._remove_reader(self._ssock.fileno())
         self._ssock.close()
@@ -126,7 +117,7 @@ def _close_self_pipe(self):
 
     def _make_self_pipe(self):
         # A self-socket, really. :-)
-        self._ssock, self._csock = self._socketpair()
+        self._ssock, self._csock = socket.socketpair()
         self._ssock.setblocking(False)
         self._csock.setblocking(False)
         self._internal_fds += 1
@@ -154,22 +145,30 @@ def _write_to_self(self):
         # a socket is closed, send() raises OSError (with errno set to
         # EBADF, but let's not rely on the exact error code).
         csock = self._csock
-        if csock is not None:
-            try:
-                csock.send(b'\0')
-            except OSError:
-                if self._debug:
-                    logger.debug("Fail to write a null byte into the "
-                                 "self-pipe socket",
-                                 exc_info=True)
+        if csock is None:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            csock.send(b'\0')
+        except OSError:
+            if self._debug:
+                logger.debug("Fail to write a null byte into the "
+                             "self-pipe socket",
+                             exc_info=True)
 
     def _start_serving(self, protocol_factory, sock,
-                       sslcontext=None, server=None, backlog=100):
+                       sslcontext=None, server=None, backlog=100,
+                       ssl_handshake_timeout=constants.SSL_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT,
+                       ssl_shutdown_timeout=constants.SSL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT):
         self._add_reader(sock.fileno(), self._accept_connection,
-                         protocol_factory, sock, sslcontext, server, backlog)
-
-    def _accept_connection(self, protocol_factory, sock,
-                           sslcontext=None, server=None, backlog=100):
+                         protocol_factory, sock, sslcontext, server, backlog,
+                         ssl_handshake_timeout, ssl_shutdown_timeout)
+
+    def _accept_connection(
+            self, protocol_factory, sock,
+            sslcontext=None, server=None, backlog=100,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=constants.SSL_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=constants.SSL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT):
         # This method is only called once for each event loop tick where the
         # listening socket has triggered an EVENT_READ. There may be multiple
         # connections waiting for an .accept() so it is called in a loop.
@@ -194,24 +193,28 @@ def _accept_connection(self, protocol_factory, sock,
                     self.call_exception_handler({
                         'message': 'socket.accept() out of system resource',
                         'exception': exc,
-                        'socket': sock,
+                        'socket': trsock.TransportSocket(sock),
                     })
                     self._remove_reader(sock.fileno())
                     self.call_later(constants.ACCEPT_RETRY_DELAY,
                                     self._start_serving,
                                     protocol_factory, sock, sslcontext, server,
-                                    backlog)
+                                    backlog, ssl_handshake_timeout,
+                                    ssl_shutdown_timeout)
                 else:
                     raise  # The event loop will catch, log and ignore it.
             else:
                 extra = {'peername': addr}
-                accept = self._accept_connection2(protocol_factory, conn, extra,
-                                                  sslcontext, server)
+                accept = self._accept_connection2(
+                    protocol_factory, conn, extra, sslcontext, server,
+                    ssl_handshake_timeout, ssl_shutdown_timeout)
                 self.create_task(accept)
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _accept_connection2(self, protocol_factory, conn, extra,
-                            sslcontext=None, server=None):
+    async def _accept_connection2(
+            self, protocol_factory, conn, extra,
+            sslcontext=None, server=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=constants.SSL_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=constants.SSL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT):
         protocol = None
         transport = None
         try:
@@ -220,24 +223,32 @@ def _accept_connection2(self, protocol_factory, conn, extra,
             if sslcontext:
                 transport = self._make_ssl_transport(
                     conn, protocol, sslcontext, waiter=waiter,
-                    server_side=True, extra=extra, server=server)
+                    server_side=True, extra=extra, server=server,
+                    ssl_handshake_timeout=ssl_handshake_timeout,
+                    ssl_shutdown_timeout=ssl_shutdown_timeout)
             else:
                 transport = self._make_socket_transport(
                     conn, protocol, waiter=waiter, extra=extra,
                     server=server)
 
             try:
-                yield from waiter
-            except:
+                await waiter
+            except BaseException:
                 transport.close()
+                # gh-109534: When an exception is raised by the SSLProtocol object the
+                # exception set in this future can keep the protocol object alive and
+                # cause a reference cycle.
+                waiter = None
                 raise
+                # It's now up to the protocol to handle the connection.
 
-            # It's now up to the protocol to handle the connection.
-        except Exception as exc:
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             if self._debug:
                 context = {
-                    'message': ('Error on transport creation '
-                                'for incoming connection'),
+                    'message':
+                        'Error on transport creation for incoming connection',
                     'exception': exc,
                 }
                 if protocol is not None:
@@ -247,19 +258,26 @@ def _accept_connection2(self, protocol_factory, conn, extra,
                 self.call_exception_handler(context)
 
     def _ensure_fd_no_transport(self, fd):
+        fileno = fd
+        if not isinstance(fileno, int):
+            try:
+                fileno = int(fileno.fileno())
+            except (AttributeError, TypeError, ValueError):
+                # This code matches selectors._fileobj_to_fd function.
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid file object: {fd!r}") from None
         try:
-            transport = self._transports[fd]
+            transport = self._transports[fileno]
         except KeyError:
             pass
         else:
             if not transport.is_closing():
                 raise RuntimeError(
-                    'File descriptor {!r} is used by transport {!r}'.format(
-                        fd, transport))
+                    f'File descriptor {fd!r} is used by transport '
+                    f'{transport!r}')
 
     def _add_reader(self, fd, callback, *args):
         self._check_closed()
-        handle = events.Handle(callback, args, self)
+        handle = events.Handle(callback, args, self, None)
         try:
             key = self._selector.get_key(fd)
         except KeyError:
@@ -271,6 +289,7 @@ def _add_reader(self, fd, callback, *args):
                                   (handle, writer))
             if reader is not None:
                 reader.cancel()
+        return handle
 
     def _remove_reader(self, fd):
         if self.is_closed():
@@ -295,7 +314,7 @@ def _remove_reader(self, fd):
 
     def _add_writer(self, fd, callback, *args):
         self._check_closed()
-        handle = events.Handle(callback, args, self)
+        handle = events.Handle(callback, args, self, None)
         try:
             key = self._selector.get_key(fd)
         except KeyError:
@@ -307,6 +326,7 @@ def _add_writer(self, fd, callback, *args):
                                   (reader, handle))
             if writer is not None:
                 writer.cancel()
+        return handle
 
     def _remove_writer(self, fd):
         """Remove a writer callback."""
@@ -334,7 +354,7 @@ def _remove_writer(self, fd):
     def add_reader(self, fd, callback, *args):
         """Add a reader callback."""
         self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
-        return self._add_reader(fd, callback, *args)
+        self._add_reader(fd, callback, *args)
 
     def remove_reader(self, fd):
         """Remove a reader callback."""
@@ -344,111 +364,294 @@ def remove_reader(self, fd):
     def add_writer(self, fd, callback, *args):
         """Add a writer callback.."""
         self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
-        return self._add_writer(fd, callback, *args)
+        self._add_writer(fd, callback, *args)
 
     def remove_writer(self, fd):
         """Remove a writer callback."""
         self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
         return self._remove_writer(fd)
 
-    def sock_recv(self, sock, n):
+    async def sock_recv(self, sock, n):
         """Receive data from the socket.
 
         The return value is a bytes object representing the data received.
         The maximum amount of data to be received at once is specified by
         nbytes.
-
-        This method is a coroutine.
         """
+        base_events._check_ssl_socket(sock)
         if self._debug and sock.gettimeout() != 0:
             raise ValueError("the socket must be non-blocking")
+        try:
+            return sock.recv(n)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            pass
         fut = self.create_future()
-        self._sock_recv(fut, False, sock, n)
-        return fut
+        fd = sock.fileno()
+        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
+        handle = self._add_reader(fd, self._sock_recv, fut, sock, n)
+        fut.add_done_callback(
+            functools.partial(self._sock_read_done, fd, handle=handle))
+        return await fut
+
+    def _sock_read_done(self, fd, fut, handle=None):
+        if handle is None or not handle.cancelled():
+            self.remove_reader(fd)
 
-    def _sock_recv(self, fut, registered, sock, n):
+    def _sock_recv(self, fut, sock, n):
         # _sock_recv() can add itself as an I/O callback if the operation can't
         # be done immediately. Don't use it directly, call sock_recv().
-        fd = sock.fileno()
-        if registered:
-            # Remove the callback early.  It should be rare that the
-            # selector says the fd is ready but the call still returns
-            # EAGAIN, and I am willing to take a hit in that case in
-            # order to simplify the common case.
-            self.remove_reader(fd)
-        if fut.cancelled():
+        if fut.done():
             return
         try:
             data = sock.recv(n)
         except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
-            self.add_reader(fd, self._sock_recv, fut, True, sock, n)
-        except Exception as exc:
+            return  # try again next time
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             fut.set_exception(exc)
         else:
             fut.set_result(data)
 
-    def sock_sendall(self, sock, data):
-        """Send data to the socket.
-
-        The socket must be connected to a remote socket. This method continues
-        to send data from data until either all data has been sent or an
-        error occurs. None is returned on success. On error, an exception is
-        raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if any, was
-        successfully processed by the receiving end of the connection.
+    async def sock_recv_into(self, sock, buf):
+        """Receive data from the socket.
 
-        This method is a coroutine.
+        The received data is written into *buf* (a writable buffer).
+        The return value is the number of bytes written.
         """
+        base_events._check_ssl_socket(sock)
         if self._debug and sock.gettimeout() != 0:
             raise ValueError("the socket must be non-blocking")
+        try:
+            return sock.recv_into(buf)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            pass
         fut = self.create_future()
-        if data:
-            self._sock_sendall(fut, False, sock, data)
+        fd = sock.fileno()
+        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
+        handle = self._add_reader(fd, self._sock_recv_into, fut, sock, buf)
+        fut.add_done_callback(
+            functools.partial(self._sock_read_done, fd, handle=handle))
+        return await fut
+
+    def _sock_recv_into(self, fut, sock, buf):
+        # _sock_recv_into() can add itself as an I/O callback if the operation
+        # can't be done immediately. Don't use it directly, call
+        # sock_recv_into().
+        if fut.done():
+            return
+        try:
+            nbytes = sock.recv_into(buf)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            return  # try again next time
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            fut.set_exception(exc)
         else:
-            fut.set_result(None)
-        return fut
+            fut.set_result(nbytes)
+
+    async def sock_recvfrom(self, sock, bufsize):
+        """Receive a datagram from a datagram socket.
 
-    def _sock_sendall(self, fut, registered, sock, data):
+        The return value is a tuple of (bytes, address) representing the
+        datagram received and the address it came from.
+        The maximum amount of data to be received at once is specified by
+        nbytes.
+        """
+        base_events._check_ssl_socket(sock)
+        if self._debug and sock.gettimeout() != 0:
+            raise ValueError("the socket must be non-blocking")
+        try:
+            return sock.recvfrom(bufsize)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            pass
+        fut = self.create_future()
         fd = sock.fileno()
+        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
+        handle = self._add_reader(fd, self._sock_recvfrom, fut, sock, bufsize)
+        fut.add_done_callback(
+            functools.partial(self._sock_read_done, fd, handle=handle))
+        return await fut
+
+    def _sock_recvfrom(self, fut, sock, bufsize):
+        # _sock_recvfrom() can add itself as an I/O callback if the operation
+        # can't be done immediately. Don't use it directly, call
+        # sock_recvfrom().
+        if fut.done():
+            return
+        try:
+            result = sock.recvfrom(bufsize)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            return  # try again next time
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            fut.set_exception(exc)
+        else:
+            fut.set_result(result)
 
-        if registered:
-            self.remove_writer(fd)
-        if fut.cancelled():
+    async def sock_recvfrom_into(self, sock, buf, nbytes=0):
+        """Receive data from the socket.
+
+        The received data is written into *buf* (a writable buffer).
+        The return value is a tuple of (number of bytes written, address).
+        """
+        base_events._check_ssl_socket(sock)
+        if self._debug and sock.gettimeout() != 0:
+            raise ValueError("the socket must be non-blocking")
+        if not nbytes:
+            nbytes = len(buf)
+
+        try:
+            return sock.recvfrom_into(buf, nbytes)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            pass
+        fut = self.create_future()
+        fd = sock.fileno()
+        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
+        handle = self._add_reader(fd, self._sock_recvfrom_into, fut, sock, buf,
+                                  nbytes)
+        fut.add_done_callback(
+            functools.partial(self._sock_read_done, fd, handle=handle))
+        return await fut
+
+    def _sock_recvfrom_into(self, fut, sock, buf, bufsize):
+        # _sock_recv_into() can add itself as an I/O callback if the operation
+        # can't be done immediately. Don't use it directly, call
+        # sock_recv_into().
+        if fut.done():
             return
+        try:
+            result = sock.recvfrom_into(buf, bufsize)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            return  # try again next time
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            fut.set_exception(exc)
+        else:
+            fut.set_result(result)
 
+    async def sock_sendall(self, sock, data):
+        """Send data to the socket.
+
+        The socket must be connected to a remote socket. This method continues
+        to send data from data until either all data has been sent or an
+        error occurs. None is returned on success. On error, an exception is
+        raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if any, was
+        successfully processed by the receiving end of the connection.
+        """
+        base_events._check_ssl_socket(sock)
+        if self._debug and sock.gettimeout() != 0:
+            raise ValueError("the socket must be non-blocking")
         try:
             n = sock.send(data)
         except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
             n = 0
-        except Exception as exc:
+
+        if n == len(data):
+            # all data sent
+            return
+
+        fut = self.create_future()
+        fd = sock.fileno()
+        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
+        # use a trick with a list in closure to store a mutable state
+        handle = self._add_writer(fd, self._sock_sendall, fut, sock,
+                                  memoryview(data), [n])
+        fut.add_done_callback(
+            functools.partial(self._sock_write_done, fd, handle=handle))
+        return await fut
+
+    def _sock_sendall(self, fut, sock, view, pos):
+        if fut.done():
+            # Future cancellation can be scheduled on previous loop iteration
+            return
+        start = pos[0]
+        try:
+            n = sock.send(view[start:])
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            return
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             fut.set_exception(exc)
             return
 
-        if n == len(data):
+        start += n
+
+        if start == len(view):
             fut.set_result(None)
         else:
-            if n:
-                data = data[n:]
-            self.add_writer(fd, self._sock_sendall, fut, True, sock, data)
+            pos[0] = start
 
-    @coroutine
-    def sock_connect(self, sock, address):
+    async def sock_sendto(self, sock, data, address):
+        """Send data to the socket.
+
+        The socket must be connected to a remote socket. This method continues
+        to send data from data until either all data has been sent or an
+        error occurs. None is returned on success. On error, an exception is
+        raised, and there is no way to determine how much data, if any, was
+        successfully processed by the receiving end of the connection.
+        """
+        base_events._check_ssl_socket(sock)
+        if self._debug and sock.gettimeout() != 0:
+            raise ValueError("the socket must be non-blocking")
+        try:
+            return sock.sendto(data, address)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            pass
+
+        fut = self.create_future()
+        fd = sock.fileno()
+        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
+        # use a trick with a list in closure to store a mutable state
+        handle = self._add_writer(fd, self._sock_sendto, fut, sock, data,
+                                  address)
+        fut.add_done_callback(
+            functools.partial(self._sock_write_done, fd, handle=handle))
+        return await fut
+
+    def _sock_sendto(self, fut, sock, data, address):
+        if fut.done():
+            # Future cancellation can be scheduled on previous loop iteration
+            return
+        try:
+            n = sock.sendto(data, 0, address)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            return
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            fut.set_exception(exc)
+        else:
+            fut.set_result(n)
+
+    async def sock_connect(self, sock, address):
         """Connect to a remote socket at address.
 
         This method is a coroutine.
         """
+        base_events._check_ssl_socket(sock)
         if self._debug and sock.gettimeout() != 0:
             raise ValueError("the socket must be non-blocking")
 
-        if not hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX') or sock.family != socket.AF_UNIX:
-            resolved = base_events._ensure_resolved(
-                address, family=sock.family, proto=sock.proto, loop=self)
-            if not resolved.done():
-                yield from resolved
-            _, _, _, _, address = resolved.result()[0]
+        if sock.family == socket.AF_INET or (
+                base_events._HAS_IPv6 and sock.family == socket.AF_INET6):
+            resolved = await self._ensure_resolved(
+                address, family=sock.family, type=sock.type, proto=sock.proto,
+                loop=self,
+            )
+            _, _, _, _, address = resolved[0]
 
         fut = self.create_future()
         self._sock_connect(fut, sock, address)
-        return (yield from fut)
+        try:
+            return await fut
+        finally:
+            # Needed to break cycles when an exception occurs.
+            fut = None
 
     def _sock_connect(self, fut, sock, address):
         fd = sock.fileno()
@@ -459,66 +662,91 @@ def _sock_connect(self, fut, sock, address):
             # connection runs in background. We have to wait until the socket
             # becomes writable to be notified when the connection succeed or
             # fails.
+            self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
+            handle = self._add_writer(
+                fd, self._sock_connect_cb, fut, sock, address)
             fut.add_done_callback(
-                functools.partial(self._sock_connect_done, fd))
-            self.add_writer(fd, self._sock_connect_cb, fut, sock, address)
-        except Exception as exc:
+                functools.partial(self._sock_write_done, fd, handle=handle))
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             fut.set_exception(exc)
         else:
             fut.set_result(None)
+        finally:
+            fut = None
 
-    def _sock_connect_done(self, fd, fut):
-        self.remove_writer(fd)
+    def _sock_write_done(self, fd, fut, handle=None):
+        if handle is None or not handle.cancelled():
+            self.remove_writer(fd)
 
     def _sock_connect_cb(self, fut, sock, address):
-        if fut.cancelled():
+        if fut.done():
             return
 
         try:
             err = sock.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_ERROR)
             if err != 0:
                 # Jump to any except clause below.
-                raise OSError(err, 'Connect call failed %s' % (address,))
+                raise OSError(err, f'Connect call failed {address}')
         except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
             # socket is still registered, the callback will be retried later
             pass
-        except Exception as exc:
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             fut.set_exception(exc)
         else:
             fut.set_result(None)
+        finally:
+            fut = None
 
-    def sock_accept(self, sock):
+    async def sock_accept(self, sock):
         """Accept a connection.
 
         The socket must be bound to an address and listening for connections.
         The return value is a pair (conn, address) where conn is a new socket
         object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and address
         is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection.
-
-        This method is a coroutine.
         """
+        base_events._check_ssl_socket(sock)
         if self._debug and sock.gettimeout() != 0:
             raise ValueError("the socket must be non-blocking")
         fut = self.create_future()
-        self._sock_accept(fut, False, sock)
-        return fut
+        self._sock_accept(fut, sock)
+        return await fut
 
-    def _sock_accept(self, fut, registered, sock):
+    def _sock_accept(self, fut, sock):
         fd = sock.fileno()
-        if registered:
-            self.remove_reader(fd)
-        if fut.cancelled():
-            return
         try:
             conn, address = sock.accept()
             conn.setblocking(False)
         except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
-            self.add_reader(fd, self._sock_accept, fut, True, sock)
-        except Exception as exc:
+            self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
+            handle = self._add_reader(fd, self._sock_accept, fut, sock)
+            fut.add_done_callback(
+                functools.partial(self._sock_read_done, fd, handle=handle))
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             fut.set_exception(exc)
         else:
             fut.set_result((conn, address))
 
+    async def _sendfile_native(self, transp, file, offset, count):
+        del self._transports[transp._sock_fd]
+        resume_reading = transp.is_reading()
+        transp.pause_reading()
+        await transp._make_empty_waiter()
+        try:
+            return await self.sock_sendfile(transp._sock, file, offset, count,
+                                            fallback=False)
+        finally:
+            transp._reset_empty_waiter()
+            if resume_reading:
+                transp.resume_reading()
+            self._transports[transp._sock_fd] = transp
+
     def _process_events(self, event_list):
         for key, mask in event_list:
             fileobj, (reader, writer) = key.fileobj, key.data
@@ -543,8 +771,6 @@ class _SelectorTransport(transports._FlowControlMixin,
 
     max_size = 256 * 1024  # Buffer size passed to recv().
 
-    _buffer_factory = bytearray  # Constructs initial value for self._buffer.
-
     # Attribute used in the destructor: it must be set even if the constructor
     # is not called (see _SelectorSslTransport which may start by raising an
     # exception)
@@ -552,8 +778,11 @@ class _SelectorTransport(transports._FlowControlMixin,
 
     def __init__(self, loop, sock, protocol, extra=None, server=None):
         super().__init__(extra, loop)
-        self._extra['socket'] = sock
-        self._extra['sockname'] = sock.getsockname()
+        self._extra['socket'] = trsock.TransportSocket(sock)
+        try:
+            self._extra['sockname'] = sock.getsockname()
+        except OSError:
+            self._extra['sockname'] = None
         if 'peername' not in self._extra:
             try:
                 self._extra['peername'] = sock.getpeername()
@@ -561,12 +790,16 @@ def __init__(self, loop, sock, protocol, extra=None, server=None):
                 self._extra['peername'] = None
         self._sock = sock
         self._sock_fd = sock.fileno()
-        self._protocol = protocol
-        self._protocol_connected = True
+
+        self._protocol_connected = False
+        self.set_protocol(protocol)
+
         self._server = server
-        self._buffer = self._buffer_factory()
+        self._buffer = collections.deque()
         self._conn_lost = 0  # Set when call to connection_lost scheduled.
         self._closing = False  # Set when close() called.
+        self._paused = False  # Set when pause_reading() called
+
         if self._server is not None:
             self._server._attach()
         loop._transports[self._sock_fd] = self
@@ -577,7 +810,7 @@ def __repr__(self):
             info.append('closed')
         elif self._closing:
             info.append('closing')
-        info.append('fd=%s' % self._sock_fd)
+        info.append(f'fd={self._sock_fd}')
         # test if the transport was closed
         if self._loop is not None and not self._loop.is_closed():
             polling = _test_selector_event(self._loop._selector,
@@ -596,14 +829,15 @@ def __repr__(self):
                 state = 'idle'
 
             bufsize = self.get_write_buffer_size()
-            info.append('write=<%s, bufsize=%s>' % (state, bufsize))
-        return '<%s>' % ' '.join(info)
+            info.append(f'write=<{state}, bufsize={bufsize}>')
+        return '<{}>'.format(' '.join(info))
 
     def abort(self):
         self._force_close(None)
 
     def set_protocol(self, protocol):
         self._protocol = protocol
+        self._protocol_connected = True
 
     def get_protocol(self):
         return self._protocol
@@ -611,6 +845,25 @@ def get_protocol(self):
     def is_closing(self):
         return self._closing
 
+    def is_reading(self):
+        return not self.is_closing() and not self._paused
+
+    def pause_reading(self):
+        if not self.is_reading():
+            return
+        self._paused = True
+        self._loop._remove_reader(self._sock_fd)
+        if self._loop.get_debug():
+            logger.debug("%r pauses reading", self)
+
+    def resume_reading(self):
+        if self._closing or not self._paused:
+            return
+        self._paused = False
+        self._add_reader(self._sock_fd, self._read_ready)
+        if self._loop.get_debug():
+            logger.debug("%r resumes reading", self)
+
     def close(self):
         if self._closing:
             return
@@ -621,19 +874,14 @@ def close(self):
             self._loop._remove_writer(self._sock_fd)
             self._loop.call_soon(self._call_connection_lost, None)
 
-    # On Python 3.3 and older, objects with a destructor part of a reference
-    # cycle are never destroyed. It's not more the case on Python 3.4 thanks
-    # to the PEP 442.
-    if compat.PY34:
-        def __del__(self):
-            if self._sock is not None:
-                warnings.warn("unclosed transport %r" % self, ResourceWarning,
-                              source=self)
-                self._sock.close()
+    def __del__(self, _warn=warnings.warn):
+        if self._sock is not None:
+            _warn(f"unclosed transport {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self)
+            self._sock.close()
 
     def _fatal_error(self, exc, message='Fatal error on transport'):
         # Should be called from exception handler only.
-        if isinstance(exc, base_events._FATAL_ERROR_IGNORE):
+        if isinstance(exc, OSError):
             if self._loop.get_debug():
                 logger.debug("%r: %s", self, message, exc_info=True)
         else:
@@ -672,81 +920,146 @@ def _call_connection_lost(self, exc):
                 self._server = None
 
     def get_write_buffer_size(self):
-        return len(self._buffer)
+        return sum(map(len, self._buffer))
+
+    def _add_reader(self, fd, callback, *args):
+        if not self.is_reading():
+            return
+        self._loop._add_reader(fd, callback, *args)
 
 
 class _SelectorSocketTransport(_SelectorTransport):
 
+    _start_tls_compatible = True
+    _sendfile_compatible = constants._SendfileMode.TRY_NATIVE
+
     def __init__(self, loop, sock, protocol, waiter=None,
                  extra=None, server=None):
+
+        self._read_ready_cb = None
         super().__init__(loop, sock, protocol, extra, server)
         self._eof = False
-        self._paused = False
-
+        self._empty_waiter = None
+        if _HAS_SENDMSG:
+            self._write_ready = self._write_sendmsg
+        else:
+            self._write_ready = self._write_send
         # Disable the Nagle algorithm -- small writes will be
         # sent without waiting for the TCP ACK.  This generally
         # decreases the latency (in some cases significantly.)
-        _set_nodelay(self._sock)
+        base_events._set_nodelay(self._sock)
 
         self._loop.call_soon(self._protocol.connection_made, self)
         # only start reading when connection_made() has been called
-        self._loop.call_soon(self._loop._add_reader,
+        self._loop.call_soon(self._add_reader,
                              self._sock_fd, self._read_ready)
         if waiter is not None:
             # only wake up the waiter when connection_made() has been called
             self._loop.call_soon(futures._set_result_unless_cancelled,
                                  waiter, None)
 
-    def pause_reading(self):
-        if self._closing:
-            raise RuntimeError('Cannot pause_reading() when closing')
-        if self._paused:
-            raise RuntimeError('Already paused')
-        self._paused = True
-        self._loop._remove_reader(self._sock_fd)
-        if self._loop.get_debug():
-            logger.debug("%r pauses reading", self)
+    def set_protocol(self, protocol):
+        if isinstance(protocol, protocols.BufferedProtocol):
+            self._read_ready_cb = self._read_ready__get_buffer
+        else:
+            self._read_ready_cb = self._read_ready__data_received
 
-    def resume_reading(self):
-        if not self._paused:
-            raise RuntimeError('Not paused')
-        self._paused = False
-        if self._closing:
-            return
-        self._loop._add_reader(self._sock_fd, self._read_ready)
-        if self._loop.get_debug():
-            logger.debug("%r resumes reading", self)
+        super().set_protocol(protocol)
 
     def _read_ready(self):
+        self._read_ready_cb()
+
+    def _read_ready__get_buffer(self):
+        if self._conn_lost:
+            return
+
+        try:
+            buf = self._protocol.get_buffer(-1)
+            if not len(buf):
+                raise RuntimeError('get_buffer() returned an empty buffer')
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._fatal_error(
+                exc, 'Fatal error: protocol.get_buffer() call failed.')
+            return
+
+        try:
+            nbytes = self._sock.recv_into(buf)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            return
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal read error on socket transport')
+            return
+
+        if not nbytes:
+            self._read_ready__on_eof()
+            return
+
+        try:
+            self._protocol.buffer_updated(nbytes)
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._fatal_error(
+                exc, 'Fatal error: protocol.buffer_updated() call failed.')
+
+    def _read_ready__data_received(self):
         if self._conn_lost:
             return
         try:
             data = self._sock.recv(self.max_size)
         except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
-            pass
-        except Exception as exc:
+            return
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal read error on socket transport')
+            return
+
+        if not data:
+            self._read_ready__on_eof()
+            return
+
+        try:
+            self._protocol.data_received(data)
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._fatal_error(
+                exc, 'Fatal error: protocol.data_received() call failed.')
+
+    def _read_ready__on_eof(self):
+        if self._loop.get_debug():
+            logger.debug("%r received EOF", self)
+
+        try:
+            keep_open = self._protocol.eof_received()
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._fatal_error(
+                exc, 'Fatal error: protocol.eof_received() call failed.')
+            return
+
+        if keep_open:
+            # We're keeping the connection open so the
+            # protocol can write more, but we still can't
+            # receive more, so remove the reader callback.
+            self._loop._remove_reader(self._sock_fd)
         else:
-            if data:
-                self._protocol.data_received(data)
-            else:
-                if self._loop.get_debug():
-                    logger.debug("%r received EOF", self)
-                keep_open = self._protocol.eof_received()
-                if keep_open:
-                    # We're keeping the connection open so the
-                    # protocol can write more, but we still can't
-                    # receive more, so remove the reader callback.
-                    self._loop._remove_reader(self._sock_fd)
-                else:
-                    self.close()
+            self.close()
 
     def write(self, data):
         if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
-            raise TypeError('data argument must be a bytes-like object, '
-                            'not %r' % type(data).__name__)
+            raise TypeError(f'data argument must be a bytes-like object, '
+                            f'not {type(data).__name__!r}')
         if self._eof:
             raise RuntimeError('Cannot call write() after write_eof()')
+        if self._empty_waiter is not None:
+            raise RuntimeError('unable to write; sendfile is in progress')
         if not data:
             return
 
@@ -762,288 +1075,142 @@ def write(self, data):
                 n = self._sock.send(data)
             except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
                 pass
-            except Exception as exc:
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
                 self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal write error on socket transport')
                 return
             else:
-                data = data[n:]
+                data = memoryview(data)[n:]
                 if not data:
                     return
             # Not all was written; register write handler.
             self._loop._add_writer(self._sock_fd, self._write_ready)
 
         # Add it to the buffer.
-        self._buffer.extend(data)
+        self._buffer.append(data)
         self._maybe_pause_protocol()
 
-    def _write_ready(self):
-        assert self._buffer, 'Data should not be empty'
+    def _get_sendmsg_buffer(self):
+        return itertools.islice(self._buffer, SC_IOV_MAX)
 
+    def _write_sendmsg(self):
+        assert self._buffer, 'Data should not be empty'
         if self._conn_lost:
             return
         try:
-            n = self._sock.send(self._buffer)
+            nbytes = self._sock.sendmsg(self._get_sendmsg_buffer())
+            self._adjust_leftover_buffer(nbytes)
         except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
             pass
-        except Exception as exc:
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             self._loop._remove_writer(self._sock_fd)
             self._buffer.clear()
             self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal write error on socket transport')
+            if self._empty_waiter is not None:
+                self._empty_waiter.set_exception(exc)
         else:
-            if n:
-                del self._buffer[:n]
             self._maybe_resume_protocol()  # May append to buffer.
             if not self._buffer:
                 self._loop._remove_writer(self._sock_fd)
+                if self._empty_waiter is not None:
+                    self._empty_waiter.set_result(None)
                 if self._closing:
                     self._call_connection_lost(None)
                 elif self._eof:
                     self._sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
 
-    def write_eof(self):
-        if self._eof:
-            return
-        self._eof = True
-        if not self._buffer:
-            self._sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
-
-    def can_write_eof(self):
-        return True
-
-
-class _SelectorSslTransport(_SelectorTransport):
-
-    _buffer_factory = bytearray
-
-    def __init__(self, loop, rawsock, protocol, sslcontext, waiter=None,
-                 server_side=False, server_hostname=None,
-                 extra=None, server=None):
-        if ssl is None:
-            raise RuntimeError('stdlib ssl module not available')
-
-        if not sslcontext:
-            sslcontext = sslproto._create_transport_context(server_side, server_hostname)
-
-        wrap_kwargs = {
-            'server_side': server_side,
-            'do_handshake_on_connect': False,
-        }
-        if server_hostname and not server_side:
-            wrap_kwargs['server_hostname'] = server_hostname
-        sslsock = sslcontext.wrap_socket(rawsock, **wrap_kwargs)
-
-        super().__init__(loop, sslsock, protocol, extra, server)
-        # the protocol connection is only made after the SSL handshake
-        self._protocol_connected = False
-
-        self._server_hostname = server_hostname
-        self._waiter = waiter
-        self._sslcontext = sslcontext
-        self._paused = False
-
-        # SSL-specific extra info.  (peercert is set later)
-        self._extra.update(sslcontext=sslcontext)
-
-        if self._loop.get_debug():
-            logger.debug("%r starts SSL handshake", self)
-            start_time = self._loop.time()
-        else:
-            start_time = None
-        self._on_handshake(start_time)
-
-    def _wakeup_waiter(self, exc=None):
-        if self._waiter is None:
-            return
-        if not self._waiter.cancelled():
-            if exc is not None:
-                self._waiter.set_exception(exc)
-            else:
-                self._waiter.set_result(None)
-        self._waiter = None
-
-    def _on_handshake(self, start_time):
-        try:
-            self._sock.do_handshake()
-        except ssl.SSLWantReadError:
-            self._loop._add_reader(self._sock_fd,
-                                   self._on_handshake, start_time)
-            return
-        except ssl.SSLWantWriteError:
-            self._loop._add_writer(self._sock_fd,
-                                   self._on_handshake, start_time)
-            return
-        except BaseException as exc:
-            if self._loop.get_debug():
-                logger.warning("%r: SSL handshake failed",
-                               self, exc_info=True)
-            self._loop._remove_reader(self._sock_fd)
-            self._loop._remove_writer(self._sock_fd)
-            self._sock.close()
-            self._wakeup_waiter(exc)
-            if isinstance(exc, Exception):
-                return
+    def _adjust_leftover_buffer(self, nbytes: int) -> None:
+        buffer = self._buffer
+        while nbytes:
+            b = buffer.popleft()
+            b_len = len(b)
+            if b_len <= nbytes:
+                nbytes -= b_len
             else:
-                raise
-
-        self._loop._remove_reader(self._sock_fd)
-        self._loop._remove_writer(self._sock_fd)
-
-        peercert = self._sock.getpeercert()
-        if not hasattr(self._sslcontext, 'check_hostname'):
-            # Verify hostname if requested, Python 3.4+ uses check_hostname
-            # and checks the hostname in do_handshake()
-            if (self._server_hostname and
-                self._sslcontext.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE):
-                try:
-                    ssl.match_hostname(peercert, self._server_hostname)
-                except Exception as exc:
-                    if self._loop.get_debug():
-                        logger.warning("%r: SSL handshake failed "
-                                       "on matching the hostname",
-                                       self, exc_info=True)
-                    self._sock.close()
-                    self._wakeup_waiter(exc)
-                    return
-
-        # Add extra info that becomes available after handshake.
-        self._extra.update(peercert=peercert,
-                           cipher=self._sock.cipher(),
-                           compression=self._sock.compression(),
-                           ssl_object=self._sock,
-                           )
-
-        self._read_wants_write = False
-        self._write_wants_read = False
-        self._loop._add_reader(self._sock_fd, self._read_ready)
-        self._protocol_connected = True
-        self._loop.call_soon(self._protocol.connection_made, self)
-        # only wake up the waiter when connection_made() has been called
-        self._loop.call_soon(self._wakeup_waiter)
-
-        if self._loop.get_debug():
-            dt = self._loop.time() - start_time
-            logger.debug("%r: SSL handshake took %.1f ms", self, dt * 1e3)
-
-    def pause_reading(self):
-        # XXX This is a bit icky, given the comment at the top of
-        # _read_ready().  Is it possible to evoke a deadlock?  I don't
-        # know, although it doesn't look like it; write() will still
-        # accept more data for the buffer and eventually the app will
-        # call resume_reading() again, and things will flow again.
-
-        if self._closing:
-            raise RuntimeError('Cannot pause_reading() when closing')
-        if self._paused:
-            raise RuntimeError('Already paused')
-        self._paused = True
-        self._loop._remove_reader(self._sock_fd)
-        if self._loop.get_debug():
-            logger.debug("%r pauses reading", self)
-
-    def resume_reading(self):
-        if not self._paused:
-            raise RuntimeError('Not paused')
-        self._paused = False
-        if self._closing:
-            return
-        self._loop._add_reader(self._sock_fd, self._read_ready)
-        if self._loop.get_debug():
-            logger.debug("%r resumes reading", self)
+                buffer.appendleft(b[nbytes:])
+                break
 
-    def _read_ready(self):
+    def _write_send(self):
+        assert self._buffer, 'Data should not be empty'
         if self._conn_lost:
             return
-        if self._write_wants_read:
-            self._write_wants_read = False
-            self._write_ready()
-
-            if self._buffer:
-                self._loop._add_writer(self._sock_fd, self._write_ready)
-
         try:
-            data = self._sock.recv(self.max_size)
-        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError, ssl.SSLWantReadError):
+            buffer = self._buffer.popleft()
+            n = self._sock.send(buffer)
+            if n != len(buffer):
+                # Not all data was written
+                self._buffer.appendleft(buffer[n:])
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
             pass
-        except ssl.SSLWantWriteError:
-            self._read_wants_write = True
-            self._loop._remove_reader(self._sock_fd)
-            self._loop._add_writer(self._sock_fd, self._write_ready)
-        except Exception as exc:
-            self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal read error on SSL transport')
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._loop._remove_writer(self._sock_fd)
+            self._buffer.clear()
+            self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal write error on socket transport')
+            if self._empty_waiter is not None:
+                self._empty_waiter.set_exception(exc)
         else:
-            if data:
-                self._protocol.data_received(data)
-            else:
-                try:
-                    if self._loop.get_debug():
-                        logger.debug("%r received EOF", self)
-                    keep_open = self._protocol.eof_received()
-                    if keep_open:
-                        logger.warning('returning true from eof_received() '
-                                       'has no effect when using ssl')
-                finally:
-                    self.close()
-
-    def _write_ready(self):
-        if self._conn_lost:
-            return
-        if self._read_wants_write:
-            self._read_wants_write = False
-            self._read_ready()
-
-            if not (self._paused or self._closing):
-                self._loop._add_reader(self._sock_fd, self._read_ready)
-
-        if self._buffer:
-            try:
-                n = self._sock.send(self._buffer)
-            except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError, ssl.SSLWantWriteError):
-                n = 0
-            except ssl.SSLWantReadError:
-                n = 0
-                self._loop._remove_writer(self._sock_fd)
-                self._write_wants_read = True
-            except Exception as exc:
+            self._maybe_resume_protocol()  # May append to buffer.
+            if not self._buffer:
                 self._loop._remove_writer(self._sock_fd)
-                self._buffer.clear()
-                self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal write error on SSL transport')
-                return
-
-            if n:
-                del self._buffer[:n]
-
-        self._maybe_resume_protocol()  # May append to buffer.
+                if self._empty_waiter is not None:
+                    self._empty_waiter.set_result(None)
+                if self._closing:
+                    self._call_connection_lost(None)
+                elif self._eof:
+                    self._sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
 
+    def write_eof(self):
+        if self._closing or self._eof:
+            return
+        self._eof = True
         if not self._buffer:
-            self._loop._remove_writer(self._sock_fd)
-            if self._closing:
-                self._call_connection_lost(None)
+            self._sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
 
-    def write(self, data):
-        if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
-            raise TypeError('data argument must be a bytes-like object, '
-                            'not %r' % type(data).__name__)
-        if not data:
+    def writelines(self, list_of_data):
+        if self._eof:
+            raise RuntimeError('Cannot call writelines() after write_eof()')
+        if self._empty_waiter is not None:
+            raise RuntimeError('unable to writelines; sendfile is in progress')
+        if not list_of_data:
             return
+        self._buffer.extend([memoryview(data) for data in list_of_data])
+        self._write_ready()
+        # If the entire buffer couldn't be written, register a write handler
+        if self._buffer:
+            self._loop._add_writer(self._sock_fd, self._write_ready)
 
-        if self._conn_lost:
-            if self._conn_lost >= constants.LOG_THRESHOLD_FOR_CONNLOST_WRITES:
-                logger.warning('socket.send() raised exception.')
-            self._conn_lost += 1
-            return
+    def can_write_eof(self):
+        return True
 
+    def _call_connection_lost(self, exc):
+        super()._call_connection_lost(exc)
+        if self._empty_waiter is not None:
+            self._empty_waiter.set_exception(
+                ConnectionError("Connection is closed by peer"))
+
+    def _make_empty_waiter(self):
+        if self._empty_waiter is not None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Empty waiter is already set")
+        self._empty_waiter = self._loop.create_future()
         if not self._buffer:
-            self._loop._add_writer(self._sock_fd, self._write_ready)
+            self._empty_waiter.set_result(None)
+        return self._empty_waiter
 
-        # Add it to the buffer.
-        self._buffer.extend(data)
-        self._maybe_pause_protocol()
+    def _reset_empty_waiter(self):
+        self._empty_waiter = None
 
-    def can_write_eof(self):
-        return False
+    def close(self):
+        self._read_ready_cb = None
+        self._write_ready = None
+        super().close()
 
 
-class _SelectorDatagramTransport(_SelectorTransport):
+class _SelectorDatagramTransport(_SelectorTransport, transports.DatagramTransport):
 
     _buffer_factory = collections.deque
 
@@ -1051,9 +1218,10 @@ def __init__(self, loop, sock, protocol, address=None,
                  waiter=None, extra=None):
         super().__init__(loop, sock, protocol, extra)
         self._address = address
+        self._buffer_size = 0
         self._loop.call_soon(self._protocol.connection_made, self)
         # only start reading when connection_made() has been called
-        self._loop.call_soon(self._loop._add_reader,
+        self._loop.call_soon(self._add_reader,
                              self._sock_fd, self._read_ready)
         if waiter is not None:
             # only wake up the waiter when connection_made() has been called
@@ -1061,7 +1229,7 @@ def __init__(self, loop, sock, protocol, address=None,
                                  waiter, None)
 
     def get_write_buffer_size(self):
-        return sum(len(data) for data, _ in self._buffer)
+        return self._buffer_size
 
     def _read_ready(self):
         if self._conn_lost:
@@ -1072,21 +1240,25 @@ def _read_ready(self):
             pass
         except OSError as exc:
             self._protocol.error_received(exc)
-        except Exception as exc:
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal read error on datagram transport')
         else:
             self._protocol.datagram_received(data, addr)
 
     def sendto(self, data, addr=None):
         if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
-            raise TypeError('data argument must be a bytes-like object, '
-                            'not %r' % type(data).__name__)
+            raise TypeError(f'data argument must be a bytes-like object, '
+                            f'not {type(data).__name__!r}')
         if not data:
             return
 
-        if self._address and addr not in (None, self._address):
-            raise ValueError('Invalid address: must be None or %s' %
-                             (self._address,))
+        if self._address:
+            if addr not in (None, self._address):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f'Invalid address: must be None or {self._address}')
+            addr = self._address
 
         if self._conn_lost and self._address:
             if self._conn_lost >= constants.LOG_THRESHOLD_FOR_CONNLOST_WRITES:
@@ -1097,7 +1269,7 @@ def sendto(self, data, addr=None):
         if not self._buffer:
             # Attempt to send it right away first.
             try:
-                if self._address:
+                if self._extra['peername']:
                     self._sock.send(data)
                 else:
                     self._sock.sendto(data, addr)
@@ -1107,32 +1279,39 @@ def sendto(self, data, addr=None):
             except OSError as exc:
                 self._protocol.error_received(exc)
                 return
-            except Exception as exc:
-                self._fatal_error(exc,
-                                  'Fatal write error on datagram transport')
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._fatal_error(
+                    exc, 'Fatal write error on datagram transport')
                 return
 
         # Ensure that what we buffer is immutable.
         self._buffer.append((bytes(data), addr))
+        self._buffer_size += len(data)
         self._maybe_pause_protocol()
 
     def _sendto_ready(self):
         while self._buffer:
             data, addr = self._buffer.popleft()
+            self._buffer_size -= len(data)
             try:
-                if self._address:
+                if self._extra['peername']:
                     self._sock.send(data)
                 else:
                     self._sock.sendto(data, addr)
             except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
                 self._buffer.appendleft((data, addr))  # Try again later.
+                self._buffer_size += len(data)
                 break
             except OSError as exc:
                 self._protocol.error_received(exc)
                 return
-            except Exception as exc:
-                self._fatal_error(exc,
-                                  'Fatal write error on datagram transport')
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._fatal_error(
+                    exc, 'Fatal write error on datagram transport')
                 return
 
         self._maybe_resume_protocol()  # May append to buffer.
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/sslproto.py b/Lib/asyncio/sslproto.py
index 7ad28d6aa0..e51669a2ab 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/sslproto.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/sslproto.py
@@ -1,16 +1,48 @@
+# Contains code from https://github.com/MagicStack/uvloop/tree/v0.16.0
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: PSF-2.0 AND (MIT OR Apache-2.0)
+# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2015-2021 MagicStack Inc.  http://magic.io
+
 import collections
+import enum
 import warnings
 try:
     import ssl
 except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
     ssl = None
 
-from . import base_events
-from . import compat
+from . import constants
+from . import exceptions
 from . import protocols
 from . import transports
 from .log import logger
 
+if ssl is not None:
+    SSLAgainErrors = (ssl.SSLWantReadError, ssl.SSLSyscallError)
+
+
+class SSLProtocolState(enum.Enum):
+    UNWRAPPED = "UNWRAPPED"
+    DO_HANDSHAKE = "DO_HANDSHAKE"
+    WRAPPED = "WRAPPED"
+    FLUSHING = "FLUSHING"
+    SHUTDOWN = "SHUTDOWN"
+
+
+class AppProtocolState(enum.Enum):
+    # This tracks the state of app protocol (https://git.io/fj59P):
+    #
+    #     INIT -cm-> CON_MADE [-dr*->] [-er-> EOF?] -cl-> CON_LOST
+    #
+    # * cm: connection_made()
+    # * dr: data_received()
+    # * er: eof_received()
+    # * cl: connection_lost()
+
+    STATE_INIT = "STATE_INIT"
+    STATE_CON_MADE = "STATE_CON_MADE"
+    STATE_EOF = "STATE_EOF"
+    STATE_CON_LOST = "STATE_CON_LOST"
+
 
 def _create_transport_context(server_side, server_hostname):
     if server_side:
@@ -19,286 +51,43 @@ def _create_transport_context(server_side, server_hostname):
     # Client side may pass ssl=True to use a default
     # context; in that case the sslcontext passed is None.
     # The default is secure for client connections.
-    if hasattr(ssl, 'create_default_context'):
-        # Python 3.4+: use up-to-date strong settings.
-        sslcontext = ssl.create_default_context()
-        if not server_hostname:
-            sslcontext.check_hostname = False
-    else:
-        # Fallback for Python 3.3.
-        sslcontext = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
-        sslcontext.options |= ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2
-        sslcontext.options |= ssl.OP_NO_SSLv3
-        sslcontext.set_default_verify_paths()
-        sslcontext.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED
+    # Python 3.4+: use up-to-date strong settings.
+    sslcontext = ssl.create_default_context()
+    if not server_hostname:
+        sslcontext.check_hostname = False
     return sslcontext
 
 
-def _is_sslproto_available():
-    return hasattr(ssl, "MemoryBIO")
-
-
-# States of an _SSLPipe.
-_UNWRAPPED = "UNWRAPPED"
-_DO_HANDSHAKE = "DO_HANDSHAKE"
-_WRAPPED = "WRAPPED"
-_SHUTDOWN = "SHUTDOWN"
-
-
-class _SSLPipe(object):
-    """An SSL "Pipe".
-
-    An SSL pipe allows you to communicate with an SSL/TLS protocol instance
-    through memory buffers. It can be used to implement a security layer for an
-    existing connection where you don't have access to the connection's file
-    descriptor, or for some reason you don't want to use it.
-
-    An SSL pipe can be in "wrapped" and "unwrapped" mode. In unwrapped mode,
-    data is passed through untransformed. In wrapped mode, application level
-    data is encrypted to SSL record level data and vice versa. The SSL record
-    level is the lowest level in the SSL protocol suite and is what travels
-    as-is over the wire.
-
-    An SslPipe initially is in "unwrapped" mode. To start SSL, call
-    do_handshake(). To shutdown SSL again, call unwrap().
-    """
-
-    max_size = 256 * 1024   # Buffer size passed to read()
-
-    def __init__(self, context, server_side, server_hostname=None):
-        """
-        The *context* argument specifies the ssl.SSLContext to use.
-
-        The *server_side* argument indicates whether this is a server side or
-        client side transport.
-
-        The optional *server_hostname* argument can be used to specify the
-        hostname you are connecting to. You may only specify this parameter if
-        the _ssl module supports Server Name Indication (SNI).
-        """
-        self._context = context
-        self._server_side = server_side
-        self._server_hostname = server_hostname
-        self._state = _UNWRAPPED
-        self._incoming = ssl.MemoryBIO()
-        self._outgoing = ssl.MemoryBIO()
-        self._sslobj = None
-        self._need_ssldata = False
-        self._handshake_cb = None
-        self._shutdown_cb = None
-
-    @property
-    def context(self):
-        """The SSL context passed to the constructor."""
-        return self._context
-
-    @property
-    def ssl_object(self):
-        """The internal ssl.SSLObject instance.
-
-        Return None if the pipe is not wrapped.
-        """
-        return self._sslobj
-
-    @property
-    def need_ssldata(self):
-        """Whether more record level data is needed to complete a handshake
-        that is currently in progress."""
-        return self._need_ssldata
-
-    @property
-    def wrapped(self):
-        """
-        Whether a security layer is currently in effect.
-
-        Return False during handshake.
-        """
-        return self._state == _WRAPPED
-
-    def do_handshake(self, callback=None):
-        """Start the SSL handshake.
-
-        Return a list of ssldata. A ssldata element is a list of buffers
-
-        The optional *callback* argument can be used to install a callback that
-        will be called when the handshake is complete. The callback will be
-        called with None if successful, else an exception instance.
-        """
-        if self._state != _UNWRAPPED:
-            raise RuntimeError('handshake in progress or completed')
-        self._sslobj = self._context.wrap_bio(
-            self._incoming, self._outgoing,
-            server_side=self._server_side,
-            server_hostname=self._server_hostname)
-        self._state = _DO_HANDSHAKE
-        self._handshake_cb = callback
-        ssldata, appdata = self.feed_ssldata(b'', only_handshake=True)
-        assert len(appdata) == 0
-        return ssldata
-
-    def shutdown(self, callback=None):
-        """Start the SSL shutdown sequence.
-
-        Return a list of ssldata. A ssldata element is a list of buffers
-
-        The optional *callback* argument can be used to install a callback that
-        will be called when the shutdown is complete. The callback will be
-        called without arguments.
-        """
-        if self._state == _UNWRAPPED:
-            raise RuntimeError('no security layer present')
-        if self._state == _SHUTDOWN:
-            raise RuntimeError('shutdown in progress')
-        assert self._state in (_WRAPPED, _DO_HANDSHAKE)
-        self._state = _SHUTDOWN
-        self._shutdown_cb = callback
-        ssldata, appdata = self.feed_ssldata(b'')
-        assert appdata == [] or appdata == [b'']
-        return ssldata
-
-    def feed_eof(self):
-        """Send a potentially "ragged" EOF.
-
-        This method will raise an SSL_ERROR_EOF exception if the EOF is
-        unexpected.
-        """
-        self._incoming.write_eof()
-        ssldata, appdata = self.feed_ssldata(b'')
-        assert appdata == [] or appdata == [b'']
-
-    def feed_ssldata(self, data, only_handshake=False):
-        """Feed SSL record level data into the pipe.
-
-        The data must be a bytes instance. It is OK to send an empty bytes
-        instance. This can be used to get ssldata for a handshake initiated by
-        this endpoint.
-
-        Return a (ssldata, appdata) tuple. The ssldata element is a list of
-        buffers containing SSL data that needs to be sent to the remote SSL.
-
-        The appdata element is a list of buffers containing plaintext data that
-        needs to be forwarded to the application. The appdata list may contain
-        an empty buffer indicating an SSL "close_notify" alert. This alert must
-        be acknowledged by calling shutdown().
-        """
-        if self._state == _UNWRAPPED:
-            # If unwrapped, pass plaintext data straight through.
-            if data:
-                appdata = [data]
-            else:
-                appdata = []
-            return ([], appdata)
-
-        self._need_ssldata = False
-        if data:
-            self._incoming.write(data)
-
-        ssldata = []
-        appdata = []
-        try:
-            if self._state == _DO_HANDSHAKE:
-                # Call do_handshake() until it doesn't raise anymore.
-                self._sslobj.do_handshake()
-                self._state = _WRAPPED
-                if self._handshake_cb:
-                    self._handshake_cb(None)
-                if only_handshake:
-                    return (ssldata, appdata)
-                # Handshake done: execute the wrapped block
-
-            if self._state == _WRAPPED:
-                # Main state: read data from SSL until close_notify
-                while True:
-                    chunk = self._sslobj.read(self.max_size)
-                    appdata.append(chunk)
-                    if not chunk:  # close_notify
-                        break
+def add_flowcontrol_defaults(high, low, kb):
+    if high is None:
+        if low is None:
+            hi = kb * 1024
+        else:
+            lo = low
+            hi = 4 * lo
+    else:
+        hi = high
+    if low is None:
+        lo = hi // 4
+    else:
+        lo = low
 
-            elif self._state == _SHUTDOWN:
-                # Call shutdown() until it doesn't raise anymore.
-                self._sslobj.unwrap()
-                self._sslobj = None
-                self._state = _UNWRAPPED
-                if self._shutdown_cb:
-                    self._shutdown_cb()
-
-            elif self._state == _UNWRAPPED:
-                # Drain possible plaintext data after close_notify.
-                appdata.append(self._incoming.read())
-        except (ssl.SSLError, ssl.CertificateError) as exc:
-            if getattr(exc, 'errno', None) not in (
-                    ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ, ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE,
-                    ssl.SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL):
-                if self._state == _DO_HANDSHAKE and self._handshake_cb:
-                    self._handshake_cb(exc)
-                raise
-            self._need_ssldata = (exc.errno == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ)
-
-        # Check for record level data that needs to be sent back.
-        # Happens for the initial handshake and renegotiations.
-        if self._outgoing.pending:
-            ssldata.append(self._outgoing.read())
-        return (ssldata, appdata)
-
-    def feed_appdata(self, data, offset=0):
-        """Feed plaintext data into the pipe.
-
-        Return an (ssldata, offset) tuple. The ssldata element is a list of
-        buffers containing record level data that needs to be sent to the
-        remote SSL instance. The offset is the number of plaintext bytes that
-        were processed, which may be less than the length of data.
-
-        NOTE: In case of short writes, this call MUST be retried with the SAME
-        buffer passed into the *data* argument (i.e. the id() must be the
-        same). This is an OpenSSL requirement. A further particularity is that
-        a short write will always have offset == 0, because the _ssl module
-        does not enable partial writes. And even though the offset is zero,
-        there will still be encrypted data in ssldata.
-        """
-        assert 0 <= offset <= len(data)
-        if self._state == _UNWRAPPED:
-            # pass through data in unwrapped mode
-            if offset < len(data):
-                ssldata = [data[offset:]]
-            else:
-                ssldata = []
-            return (ssldata, len(data))
+    if not hi >= lo >= 0:
+        raise ValueError('high (%r) must be >= low (%r) must be >= 0' %
+                         (hi, lo))
 
-        ssldata = []
-        view = memoryview(data)
-        while True:
-            self._need_ssldata = False
-            try:
-                if offset < len(view):
-                    offset += self._sslobj.write(view[offset:])
-            except ssl.SSLError as exc:
-                # It is not allowed to call write() after unwrap() until the
-                # close_notify is acknowledged. We return the condition to the
-                # caller as a short write.
-                if exc.reason == 'PROTOCOL_IS_SHUTDOWN':
-                    exc.errno = ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ
-                if exc.errno not in (ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ,
-                                     ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE,
-                                     ssl.SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL):
-                    raise
-                self._need_ssldata = (exc.errno == ssl.SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ)
-
-            # See if there's any record level data back for us.
-            if self._outgoing.pending:
-                ssldata.append(self._outgoing.read())
-            if offset == len(view) or self._need_ssldata:
-                break
-        return (ssldata, offset)
+    return hi, lo
 
 
 class _SSLProtocolTransport(transports._FlowControlMixin,
                             transports.Transport):
 
-    def __init__(self, loop, ssl_protocol, app_protocol):
+    _start_tls_compatible = True
+    _sendfile_compatible = constants._SendfileMode.FALLBACK
+
+    def __init__(self, loop, ssl_protocol):
         self._loop = loop
-        # SSLProtocol instance
         self._ssl_protocol = ssl_protocol
-        self._app_protocol = app_protocol
         self._closed = False
 
     def get_extra_info(self, name, default=None):
@@ -306,10 +95,10 @@ def get_extra_info(self, name, default=None):
         return self._ssl_protocol._get_extra_info(name, default)
 
     def set_protocol(self, protocol):
-        self._app_protocol = protocol
+        self._ssl_protocol._set_app_protocol(protocol)
 
     def get_protocol(self):
-        return self._app_protocol
+        return self._ssl_protocol._app_protocol
 
     def is_closing(self):
         return self._closed
@@ -322,18 +111,21 @@ def close(self):
         protocol's connection_lost() method will (eventually) called
         with None as its argument.
         """
-        self._closed = True
-        self._ssl_protocol._start_shutdown()
-
-    # On Python 3.3 and older, objects with a destructor part of a reference
-    # cycle are never destroyed. It's not more the case on Python 3.4 thanks
-    # to the PEP 442.
-    if compat.PY34:
-        def __del__(self):
-            if not self._closed:
-                warnings.warn("unclosed transport %r" % self, ResourceWarning,
-                              source=self)
-                self.close()
+        if not self._closed:
+            self._closed = True
+            self._ssl_protocol._start_shutdown()
+        else:
+            self._ssl_protocol = None
+
+    def __del__(self, _warnings=warnings):
+        if not self._closed:
+            self._closed = True
+            _warnings.warn(
+                "unclosed transport <asyncio._SSLProtocolTransport "
+                "object>", ResourceWarning)
+
+    def is_reading(self):
+        return not self._ssl_protocol._app_reading_paused
 
     def pause_reading(self):
         """Pause the receiving end.
@@ -341,7 +133,7 @@ def pause_reading(self):
         No data will be passed to the protocol's data_received()
         method until resume_reading() is called.
         """
-        self._ssl_protocol._transport.pause_reading()
+        self._ssl_protocol._pause_reading()
 
     def resume_reading(self):
         """Resume the receiving end.
@@ -349,7 +141,7 @@ def resume_reading(self):
         Data received will once again be passed to the protocol's
         data_received() method.
         """
-        self._ssl_protocol._transport.resume_reading()
+        self._ssl_protocol._resume_reading()
 
     def set_write_buffer_limits(self, high=None, low=None):
         """Set the high- and low-water limits for write flow control.
@@ -370,11 +162,51 @@ def set_write_buffer_limits(self, high=None, low=None):
         reduces opportunities for doing I/O and computation
         concurrently.
         """
-        self._ssl_protocol._transport.set_write_buffer_limits(high, low)
+        self._ssl_protocol._set_write_buffer_limits(high, low)
+        self._ssl_protocol._control_app_writing()
+
+    def get_write_buffer_limits(self):
+        return (self._ssl_protocol._outgoing_low_water,
+                self._ssl_protocol._outgoing_high_water)
 
     def get_write_buffer_size(self):
-        """Return the current size of the write buffer."""
-        return self._ssl_protocol._transport.get_write_buffer_size()
+        """Return the current size of the write buffers."""
+        return self._ssl_protocol._get_write_buffer_size()
+
+    def set_read_buffer_limits(self, high=None, low=None):
+        """Set the high- and low-water limits for read flow control.
+
+        These two values control when to call the upstream transport's
+        pause_reading() and resume_reading() methods.  If specified,
+        the low-water limit must be less than or equal to the
+        high-water limit.  Neither value can be negative.
+
+        The defaults are implementation-specific.  If only the
+        high-water limit is given, the low-water limit defaults to an
+        implementation-specific value less than or equal to the
+        high-water limit.  Setting high to zero forces low to zero as
+        well, and causes pause_reading() to be called whenever the
+        buffer becomes non-empty.  Setting low to zero causes
+        resume_reading() to be called only once the buffer is empty.
+        Use of zero for either limit is generally sub-optimal as it
+        reduces opportunities for doing I/O and computation
+        concurrently.
+        """
+        self._ssl_protocol._set_read_buffer_limits(high, low)
+        self._ssl_protocol._control_ssl_reading()
+
+    def get_read_buffer_limits(self):
+        return (self._ssl_protocol._incoming_low_water,
+                self._ssl_protocol._incoming_high_water)
+
+    def get_read_buffer_size(self):
+        """Return the current size of the read buffer."""
+        return self._ssl_protocol._get_read_buffer_size()
+
+    @property
+    def _protocol_paused(self):
+        # Required for sendfile fallback pause_writing/resume_writing logic
+        return self._ssl_protocol._app_writing_paused
 
     def write(self, data):
         """Write some data bytes to the transport.
@@ -383,11 +215,26 @@ def write(self, data):
         to be sent out asynchronously.
         """
         if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
-            raise TypeError("data: expecting a bytes-like instance, got {!r}"
-                                .format(type(data).__name__))
+            raise TypeError(f"data: expecting a bytes-like instance, "
+                            f"got {type(data).__name__}")
         if not data:
             return
-        self._ssl_protocol._write_appdata(data)
+        self._ssl_protocol._write_appdata((data,))
+
+    def writelines(self, list_of_data):
+        """Write a list (or any iterable) of data bytes to the transport.
+
+        The default implementation concatenates the arguments and
+        calls write() on the result.
+        """
+        self._ssl_protocol._write_appdata(list_of_data)
+
+    def write_eof(self):
+        """Close the write end after flushing buffered data.
+
+        This raises :exc:`NotImplementedError` right now.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
     def can_write_eof(self):
         """Return True if this transport supports write_eof(), False if not."""
@@ -400,24 +247,53 @@ def abort(self):
         The protocol's connection_lost() method will (eventually) be
         called with None as its argument.
         """
-        self._ssl_protocol._abort()
+        self._force_close(None)
 
+    def _force_close(self, exc):
+        self._closed = True
+        if self._ssl_protocol is not None:
+            self._ssl_protocol._abort(exc)
+
+    def _test__append_write_backlog(self, data):
+        # for test only
+        self._ssl_protocol._write_backlog.append(data)
+        self._ssl_protocol._write_buffer_size += len(data)
 
-class SSLProtocol(protocols.Protocol):
-    """SSL protocol.
 
-    Implementation of SSL on top of a socket using incoming and outgoing
-    buffers which are ssl.MemoryBIO objects.
-    """
+class SSLProtocol(protocols.BufferedProtocol):
+    max_size = 256 * 1024   # Buffer size passed to read()
+
+    _handshake_start_time = None
+    _handshake_timeout_handle = None
+    _shutdown_timeout_handle = None
 
     def __init__(self, loop, app_protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
                  server_side=False, server_hostname=None,
-                 call_connection_made=True):
+                 call_connection_made=True,
+                 ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+                 ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
         if ssl is None:
-            raise RuntimeError('stdlib ssl module not available')
+            raise RuntimeError("stdlib ssl module not available")
+
+        self._ssl_buffer = bytearray(self.max_size)
+        self._ssl_buffer_view = memoryview(self._ssl_buffer)
+
+        if ssl_handshake_timeout is None:
+            ssl_handshake_timeout = constants.SSL_HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT
+        elif ssl_handshake_timeout <= 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"ssl_handshake_timeout should be a positive number, "
+                f"got {ssl_handshake_timeout}")
+        if ssl_shutdown_timeout is None:
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout = constants.SSL_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT
+        elif ssl_shutdown_timeout <= 0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"ssl_shutdown_timeout should be a positive number, "
+                f"got {ssl_shutdown_timeout}")
 
         if not sslcontext:
-            sslcontext = _create_transport_context(server_side, server_hostname)
+            sslcontext = _create_transport_context(
+                server_side, server_hostname)
 
         self._server_side = server_side
         if server_hostname and not server_side:
@@ -435,17 +311,55 @@ def __init__(self, loop, app_protocol, sslcontext, waiter,
 
         self._waiter = waiter
         self._loop = loop
-        self._app_protocol = app_protocol
-        self._app_transport = _SSLProtocolTransport(self._loop,
-                                                    self, self._app_protocol)
-        # _SSLPipe instance (None until the connection is made)
-        self._sslpipe = None
-        self._session_established = False
-        self._in_handshake = False
-        self._in_shutdown = False
+        self._set_app_protocol(app_protocol)
+        self._app_transport = None
+        self._app_transport_created = False
         # transport, ex: SelectorSocketTransport
         self._transport = None
-        self._call_connection_made = call_connection_made
+        self._ssl_handshake_timeout = ssl_handshake_timeout
+        self._ssl_shutdown_timeout = ssl_shutdown_timeout
+        # SSL and state machine
+        self._incoming = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+        self._outgoing = ssl.MemoryBIO()
+        self._state = SSLProtocolState.UNWRAPPED
+        self._conn_lost = 0  # Set when connection_lost called
+        if call_connection_made:
+            self._app_state = AppProtocolState.STATE_INIT
+        else:
+            self._app_state = AppProtocolState.STATE_CON_MADE
+        self._sslobj = self._sslcontext.wrap_bio(
+            self._incoming, self._outgoing,
+            server_side=self._server_side,
+            server_hostname=self._server_hostname)
+
+        # Flow Control
+
+        self._ssl_writing_paused = False
+
+        self._app_reading_paused = False
+
+        self._ssl_reading_paused = False
+        self._incoming_high_water = 0
+        self._incoming_low_water = 0
+        self._set_read_buffer_limits()
+        self._eof_received = False
+
+        self._app_writing_paused = False
+        self._outgoing_high_water = 0
+        self._outgoing_low_water = 0
+        self._set_write_buffer_limits()
+        self._get_app_transport()
+
+    def _set_app_protocol(self, app_protocol):
+        self._app_protocol = app_protocol
+        # Make fast hasattr check first
+        if (hasattr(app_protocol, 'get_buffer') and
+                isinstance(app_protocol, protocols.BufferedProtocol)):
+            self._app_protocol_get_buffer = app_protocol.get_buffer
+            self._app_protocol_buffer_updated = app_protocol.buffer_updated
+            self._app_protocol_is_buffer = True
+        else:
+            self._app_protocol_is_buffer = False
 
     def _wakeup_waiter(self, exc=None):
         if self._waiter is None:
@@ -457,15 +371,20 @@ def _wakeup_waiter(self, exc=None):
                 self._waiter.set_result(None)
         self._waiter = None
 
+    def _get_app_transport(self):
+        if self._app_transport is None:
+            if self._app_transport_created:
+                raise RuntimeError('Creating _SSLProtocolTransport twice')
+            self._app_transport = _SSLProtocolTransport(self._loop, self)
+            self._app_transport_created = True
+        return self._app_transport
+
     def connection_made(self, transport):
         """Called when the low-level connection is made.
 
         Start the SSL handshake.
         """
         self._transport = transport
-        self._sslpipe = _SSLPipe(self._sslcontext,
-                                 self._server_side,
-                                 self._server_hostname)
         self._start_handshake()
 
     def connection_lost(self, exc):
@@ -475,48 +394,58 @@ def connection_lost(self, exc):
         meaning a regular EOF is received or the connection was
         aborted or closed).
         """
-        if self._session_established:
-            self._session_established = False
-            self._loop.call_soon(self._app_protocol.connection_lost, exc)
+        self._write_backlog.clear()
+        self._outgoing.read()
+        self._conn_lost += 1
+
+        # Just mark the app transport as closed so that its __dealloc__
+        # doesn't complain.
+        if self._app_transport is not None:
+            self._app_transport._closed = True
+
+        if self._state != SSLProtocolState.DO_HANDSHAKE:
+            if (
+                self._app_state == AppProtocolState.STATE_CON_MADE or
+                self._app_state == AppProtocolState.STATE_EOF
+            ):
+                self._app_state = AppProtocolState.STATE_CON_LOST
+                self._loop.call_soon(self._app_protocol.connection_lost, exc)
+        self._set_state(SSLProtocolState.UNWRAPPED)
         self._transport = None
         self._app_transport = None
+        self._app_protocol = None
         self._wakeup_waiter(exc)
 
-    def pause_writing(self):
-        """Called when the low-level transport's buffer goes over
-        the high-water mark.
-        """
-        self._app_protocol.pause_writing()
+        if self._shutdown_timeout_handle:
+            self._shutdown_timeout_handle.cancel()
+            self._shutdown_timeout_handle = None
+        if self._handshake_timeout_handle:
+            self._handshake_timeout_handle.cancel()
+            self._handshake_timeout_handle = None
 
-    def resume_writing(self):
-        """Called when the low-level transport's buffer drains below
-        the low-water mark.
-        """
-        self._app_protocol.resume_writing()
+    def get_buffer(self, n):
+        want = n
+        if want <= 0 or want > self.max_size:
+            want = self.max_size
+        if len(self._ssl_buffer) < want:
+            self._ssl_buffer = bytearray(want)
+            self._ssl_buffer_view = memoryview(self._ssl_buffer)
+        return self._ssl_buffer_view
 
-    def data_received(self, data):
-        """Called when some SSL data is received.
+    def buffer_updated(self, nbytes):
+        self._incoming.write(self._ssl_buffer_view[:nbytes])
 
-        The argument is a bytes object.
-        """
-        try:
-            ssldata, appdata = self._sslpipe.feed_ssldata(data)
-        except ssl.SSLError as e:
-            if self._loop.get_debug():
-                logger.warning('%r: SSL error %s (reason %s)',
-                               self, e.errno, e.reason)
-            self._abort()
-            return
+        if self._state == SSLProtocolState.DO_HANDSHAKE:
+            self._do_handshake()
 
-        for chunk in ssldata:
-            self._transport.write(chunk)
+        elif self._state == SSLProtocolState.WRAPPED:
+            self._do_read()
 
-        for chunk in appdata:
-            if chunk:
-                self._app_protocol.data_received(chunk)
-            else:
-                self._start_shutdown()
-                break
+        elif self._state == SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING:
+            self._do_flush()
+
+        elif self._state == SSLProtocolState.SHUTDOWN:
+            self._do_shutdown()
 
     def eof_received(self):
         """Called when the other end of the low-level stream
@@ -526,36 +455,80 @@ def eof_received(self):
         will close itself.  If it returns a true value, closing the
         transport is up to the protocol.
         """
+        self._eof_received = True
         try:
             if self._loop.get_debug():
                 logger.debug("%r received EOF", self)
 
-            self._wakeup_waiter(ConnectionResetError)
+            if self._state == SSLProtocolState.DO_HANDSHAKE:
+                self._on_handshake_complete(ConnectionResetError)
 
-            if not self._in_handshake:
-                keep_open = self._app_protocol.eof_received()
-                if keep_open:
-                    logger.warning('returning true from eof_received() '
-                                   'has no effect when using ssl')
-        finally:
+            elif self._state == SSLProtocolState.WRAPPED:
+                self._set_state(SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING)
+                if self._app_reading_paused:
+                    return True
+                else:
+                    self._do_flush()
+
+            elif self._state == SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING:
+                self._do_write()
+                self._set_state(SSLProtocolState.SHUTDOWN)
+                self._do_shutdown()
+
+            elif self._state == SSLProtocolState.SHUTDOWN:
+                self._do_shutdown()
+
+        except Exception:
             self._transport.close()
+            raise
 
     def _get_extra_info(self, name, default=None):
         if name in self._extra:
             return self._extra[name]
-        else:
+        elif self._transport is not None:
             return self._transport.get_extra_info(name, default)
+        else:
+            return default
 
-    def _start_shutdown(self):
-        if self._in_shutdown:
-            return
-        self._in_shutdown = True
-        self._write_appdata(b'')
+    def _set_state(self, new_state):
+        allowed = False
+
+        if new_state == SSLProtocolState.UNWRAPPED:
+            allowed = True
+
+        elif (
+            self._state == SSLProtocolState.UNWRAPPED and
+            new_state == SSLProtocolState.DO_HANDSHAKE
+        ):
+            allowed = True
+
+        elif (
+            self._state == SSLProtocolState.DO_HANDSHAKE and
+            new_state == SSLProtocolState.WRAPPED
+        ):
+            allowed = True
 
-    def _write_appdata(self, data):
-        self._write_backlog.append((data, 0))
-        self._write_buffer_size += len(data)
-        self._process_write_backlog()
+        elif (
+            self._state == SSLProtocolState.WRAPPED and
+            new_state == SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING
+        ):
+            allowed = True
+
+        elif (
+            self._state == SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING and
+            new_state == SSLProtocolState.SHUTDOWN
+        ):
+            allowed = True
+
+        if allowed:
+            self._state = new_state
+
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                'cannot switch state from {} to {}'.format(
+                    self._state, new_state))
+
+    # Handshake flow
 
     def _start_handshake(self):
         if self._loop.get_debug():
@@ -563,42 +536,58 @@ def _start_handshake(self):
             self._handshake_start_time = self._loop.time()
         else:
             self._handshake_start_time = None
-        self._in_handshake = True
-        # (b'', 1) is a special value in _process_write_backlog() to do
-        # the SSL handshake
-        self._write_backlog.append((b'', 1))
-        self._loop.call_soon(self._process_write_backlog)
+
+        self._set_state(SSLProtocolState.DO_HANDSHAKE)
+
+        # start handshake timeout count down
+        self._handshake_timeout_handle = \
+            self._loop.call_later(self._ssl_handshake_timeout,
+                                  lambda: self._check_handshake_timeout())
+
+        self._do_handshake()
+
+    def _check_handshake_timeout(self):
+        if self._state == SSLProtocolState.DO_HANDSHAKE:
+            msg = (
+                f"SSL handshake is taking longer than "
+                f"{self._ssl_handshake_timeout} seconds: "
+                f"aborting the connection"
+            )
+            self._fatal_error(ConnectionAbortedError(msg))
+
+    def _do_handshake(self):
+        try:
+            self._sslobj.do_handshake()
+        except SSLAgainErrors:
+            self._process_outgoing()
+        except ssl.SSLError as exc:
+            self._on_handshake_complete(exc)
+        else:
+            self._on_handshake_complete(None)
 
     def _on_handshake_complete(self, handshake_exc):
-        self._in_handshake = False
+        if self._handshake_timeout_handle is not None:
+            self._handshake_timeout_handle.cancel()
+            self._handshake_timeout_handle = None
 
-        sslobj = self._sslpipe.ssl_object
+        sslobj = self._sslobj
         try:
-            if handshake_exc is not None:
+            if handshake_exc is None:
+                self._set_state(SSLProtocolState.WRAPPED)
+            else:
                 raise handshake_exc
 
             peercert = sslobj.getpeercert()
-            if not hasattr(self._sslcontext, 'check_hostname'):
-                # Verify hostname if requested, Python 3.4+ uses check_hostname
-                # and checks the hostname in do_handshake()
-                if (self._server_hostname
-                and self._sslcontext.verify_mode != ssl.CERT_NONE):
-                    ssl.match_hostname(peercert, self._server_hostname)
-        except BaseException as exc:
-            if self._loop.get_debug():
-                if isinstance(exc, ssl.CertificateError):
-                    logger.warning("%r: SSL handshake failed "
-                                   "on verifying the certificate",
-                                   self, exc_info=True)
-                else:
-                    logger.warning("%r: SSL handshake failed",
-                                   self, exc_info=True)
-            self._transport.close()
-            if isinstance(exc, Exception):
-                self._wakeup_waiter(exc)
-                return
+        except Exception as exc:
+            handshake_exc = None
+            self._set_state(SSLProtocolState.UNWRAPPED)
+            if isinstance(exc, ssl.CertificateError):
+                msg = 'SSL handshake failed on verifying the certificate'
             else:
-                raise
+                msg = 'SSL handshake failed'
+            self._fatal_error(exc, msg)
+            self._wakeup_waiter(exc)
+            return
 
         if self._loop.get_debug():
             dt = self._loop.time() - self._handshake_start_time
@@ -608,85 +597,330 @@ def _on_handshake_complete(self, handshake_exc):
         self._extra.update(peercert=peercert,
                            cipher=sslobj.cipher(),
                            compression=sslobj.compression(),
-                           ssl_object=sslobj,
-                           )
-        if self._call_connection_made:
-            self._app_protocol.connection_made(self._app_transport)
+                           ssl_object=sslobj)
+        if self._app_state == AppProtocolState.STATE_INIT:
+            self._app_state = AppProtocolState.STATE_CON_MADE
+            self._app_protocol.connection_made(self._get_app_transport())
         self._wakeup_waiter()
-        self._session_established = True
-        # In case transport.write() was already called. Don't call
-        # immediately _process_write_backlog(), but schedule it:
-        # _on_handshake_complete() can be called indirectly from
-        # _process_write_backlog(), and _process_write_backlog() is not
-        # reentrant.
-        self._loop.call_soon(self._process_write_backlog)
-
-    def _process_write_backlog(self):
-        # Try to make progress on the write backlog.
-        if self._transport is None:
+        self._do_read()
+
+    # Shutdown flow
+
+    def _start_shutdown(self):
+        if (
+            self._state in (
+                SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING,
+                SSLProtocolState.SHUTDOWN,
+                SSLProtocolState.UNWRAPPED
+            )
+        ):
             return
+        if self._app_transport is not None:
+            self._app_transport._closed = True
+        if self._state == SSLProtocolState.DO_HANDSHAKE:
+            self._abort(None)
+        else:
+            self._set_state(SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING)
+            self._shutdown_timeout_handle = self._loop.call_later(
+                self._ssl_shutdown_timeout,
+                lambda: self._check_shutdown_timeout()
+            )
+            self._do_flush()
+
+    def _check_shutdown_timeout(self):
+        if (
+            self._state in (
+                SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING,
+                SSLProtocolState.SHUTDOWN
+            )
+        ):
+            self._transport._force_close(
+                exceptions.TimeoutError('SSL shutdown timed out'))
+
+    def _do_flush(self):
+        self._do_read()
+        self._set_state(SSLProtocolState.SHUTDOWN)
+        self._do_shutdown()
+
+    def _do_shutdown(self):
+        try:
+            if not self._eof_received:
+                self._sslobj.unwrap()
+        except SSLAgainErrors:
+            self._process_outgoing()
+        except ssl.SSLError as exc:
+            self._on_shutdown_complete(exc)
+        else:
+            self._process_outgoing()
+            self._call_eof_received()
+            self._on_shutdown_complete(None)
 
+    def _on_shutdown_complete(self, shutdown_exc):
+        if self._shutdown_timeout_handle is not None:
+            self._shutdown_timeout_handle.cancel()
+            self._shutdown_timeout_handle = None
+
+        if shutdown_exc:
+            self._fatal_error(shutdown_exc)
+        else:
+            self._loop.call_soon(self._transport.close)
+
+    def _abort(self, exc):
+        self._set_state(SSLProtocolState.UNWRAPPED)
+        if self._transport is not None:
+            self._transport._force_close(exc)
+
+    # Outgoing flow
+
+    def _write_appdata(self, list_of_data):
+        if (
+            self._state in (
+                SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING,
+                SSLProtocolState.SHUTDOWN,
+                SSLProtocolState.UNWRAPPED
+            )
+        ):
+            if self._conn_lost >= constants.LOG_THRESHOLD_FOR_CONNLOST_WRITES:
+                logger.warning('SSL connection is closed')
+            self._conn_lost += 1
+            return
+
+        for data in list_of_data:
+            self._write_backlog.append(data)
+            self._write_buffer_size += len(data)
+
+        try:
+            if self._state == SSLProtocolState.WRAPPED:
+                self._do_write()
+
+        except Exception as ex:
+            self._fatal_error(ex, 'Fatal error on SSL protocol')
+
+    def _do_write(self):
+        try:
+            while self._write_backlog:
+                data = self._write_backlog[0]
+                count = self._sslobj.write(data)
+                data_len = len(data)
+                if count < data_len:
+                    self._write_backlog[0] = data[count:]
+                    self._write_buffer_size -= count
+                else:
+                    del self._write_backlog[0]
+                    self._write_buffer_size -= data_len
+        except SSLAgainErrors:
+            pass
+        self._process_outgoing()
+
+    def _process_outgoing(self):
+        if not self._ssl_writing_paused:
+            data = self._outgoing.read()
+            if len(data):
+                self._transport.write(data)
+        self._control_app_writing()
+
+    # Incoming flow
+
+    def _do_read(self):
+        if (
+            self._state not in (
+                SSLProtocolState.WRAPPED,
+                SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING,
+            )
+        ):
+            return
         try:
-            for i in range(len(self._write_backlog)):
-                data, offset = self._write_backlog[0]
-                if data:
-                    ssldata, offset = self._sslpipe.feed_appdata(data, offset)
-                elif offset:
-                    ssldata = self._sslpipe.do_handshake(
-                        self._on_handshake_complete)
-                    offset = 1
+            if not self._app_reading_paused:
+                if self._app_protocol_is_buffer:
+                    self._do_read__buffered()
                 else:
-                    ssldata = self._sslpipe.shutdown(self._finalize)
-                    offset = 1
-
-                for chunk in ssldata:
-                    self._transport.write(chunk)
-
-                if offset < len(data):
-                    self._write_backlog[0] = (data, offset)
-                    # A short write means that a write is blocked on a read
-                    # We need to enable reading if it is paused!
-                    assert self._sslpipe.need_ssldata
-                    if self._transport._paused:
-                        self._transport.resume_reading()
+                    self._do_read__copied()
+                if self._write_backlog:
+                    self._do_write()
+                else:
+                    self._process_outgoing()
+            self._control_ssl_reading()
+        except Exception as ex:
+            self._fatal_error(ex, 'Fatal error on SSL protocol')
+
+    def _do_read__buffered(self):
+        offset = 0
+        count = 1
+
+        buf = self._app_protocol_get_buffer(self._get_read_buffer_size())
+        wants = len(buf)
+
+        try:
+            count = self._sslobj.read(wants, buf)
+
+            if count > 0:
+                offset = count
+                while offset < wants:
+                    count = self._sslobj.read(wants - offset, buf[offset:])
+                    if count > 0:
+                        offset += count
+                    else:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    self._loop.call_soon(lambda: self._do_read())
+        except SSLAgainErrors:
+            pass
+        if offset > 0:
+            self._app_protocol_buffer_updated(offset)
+        if not count:
+            # close_notify
+            self._call_eof_received()
+            self._start_shutdown()
+
+    def _do_read__copied(self):
+        chunk = b'1'
+        zero = True
+        one = False
+
+        try:
+            while True:
+                chunk = self._sslobj.read(self.max_size)
+                if not chunk:
                     break
+                if zero:
+                    zero = False
+                    one = True
+                    first = chunk
+                elif one:
+                    one = False
+                    data = [first, chunk]
+                else:
+                    data.append(chunk)
+        except SSLAgainErrors:
+            pass
+        if one:
+            self._app_protocol.data_received(first)
+        elif not zero:
+            self._app_protocol.data_received(b''.join(data))
+        if not chunk:
+            # close_notify
+            self._call_eof_received()
+            self._start_shutdown()
+
+    def _call_eof_received(self):
+        try:
+            if self._app_state == AppProtocolState.STATE_CON_MADE:
+                self._app_state = AppProtocolState.STATE_EOF
+                keep_open = self._app_protocol.eof_received()
+                if keep_open:
+                    logger.warning('returning true from eof_received() '
+                                   'has no effect when using ssl')
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as ex:
+            self._fatal_error(ex, 'Error calling eof_received()')
 
-                # An entire chunk from the backlog was processed. We can
-                # delete it and reduce the outstanding buffer size.
-                del self._write_backlog[0]
-                self._write_buffer_size -= len(data)
-        except BaseException as exc:
-            if self._in_handshake:
-                # BaseExceptions will be re-raised in _on_handshake_complete.
-                self._on_handshake_complete(exc)
-            else:
-                self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal error on SSL transport')
-            if not isinstance(exc, Exception):
-                # BaseException
+    # Flow control for writes from APP socket
+
+    def _control_app_writing(self):
+        size = self._get_write_buffer_size()
+        if size >= self._outgoing_high_water and not self._app_writing_paused:
+            self._app_writing_paused = True
+            try:
+                self._app_protocol.pause_writing()
+            except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
                 raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._loop.call_exception_handler({
+                    'message': 'protocol.pause_writing() failed',
+                    'exception': exc,
+                    'transport': self._app_transport,
+                    'protocol': self,
+                })
+        elif size <= self._outgoing_low_water and self._app_writing_paused:
+            self._app_writing_paused = False
+            try:
+                self._app_protocol.resume_writing()
+            except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
+                self._loop.call_exception_handler({
+                    'message': 'protocol.resume_writing() failed',
+                    'exception': exc,
+                    'transport': self._app_transport,
+                    'protocol': self,
+                })
+
+    def _get_write_buffer_size(self):
+        return self._outgoing.pending + self._write_buffer_size
+
+    def _set_write_buffer_limits(self, high=None, low=None):
+        high, low = add_flowcontrol_defaults(
+            high, low, constants.FLOW_CONTROL_HIGH_WATER_SSL_WRITE)
+        self._outgoing_high_water = high
+        self._outgoing_low_water = low
+
+    # Flow control for reads to APP socket
+
+    def _pause_reading(self):
+        self._app_reading_paused = True
+
+    def _resume_reading(self):
+        if self._app_reading_paused:
+            self._app_reading_paused = False
+
+            def resume():
+                if self._state == SSLProtocolState.WRAPPED:
+                    self._do_read()
+                elif self._state == SSLProtocolState.FLUSHING:
+                    self._do_flush()
+                elif self._state == SSLProtocolState.SHUTDOWN:
+                    self._do_shutdown()
+            self._loop.call_soon(resume)
+
+    # Flow control for reads from SSL socket
+
+    def _control_ssl_reading(self):
+        size = self._get_read_buffer_size()
+        if size >= self._incoming_high_water and not self._ssl_reading_paused:
+            self._ssl_reading_paused = True
+            self._transport.pause_reading()
+        elif size <= self._incoming_low_water and self._ssl_reading_paused:
+            self._ssl_reading_paused = False
+            self._transport.resume_reading()
+
+    def _set_read_buffer_limits(self, high=None, low=None):
+        high, low = add_flowcontrol_defaults(
+            high, low, constants.FLOW_CONTROL_HIGH_WATER_SSL_READ)
+        self._incoming_high_water = high
+        self._incoming_low_water = low
+
+    def _get_read_buffer_size(self):
+        return self._incoming.pending
+
+    # Flow control for writes to SSL socket
+
+    def pause_writing(self):
+        """Called when the low-level transport's buffer goes over
+        the high-water mark.
+        """
+        assert not self._ssl_writing_paused
+        self._ssl_writing_paused = True
+
+    def resume_writing(self):
+        """Called when the low-level transport's buffer drains below
+        the low-water mark.
+        """
+        assert self._ssl_writing_paused
+        self._ssl_writing_paused = False
+        self._process_outgoing()
 
     def _fatal_error(self, exc, message='Fatal error on transport'):
-        # Should be called from exception handler only.
-        if isinstance(exc, base_events._FATAL_ERROR_IGNORE):
+        if self._transport:
+            self._transport._force_close(exc)
+
+        if isinstance(exc, OSError):
             if self._loop.get_debug():
                 logger.debug("%r: %s", self, message, exc_info=True)
-        else:
+        elif not isinstance(exc, exceptions.CancelledError):
             self._loop.call_exception_handler({
                 'message': message,
                 'exception': exc,
                 'transport': self._transport,
                 'protocol': self,
             })
-        if self._transport:
-            self._transport._force_close(exc)
-
-    def _finalize(self):
-        if self._transport is not None:
-            self._transport.close()
-
-    def _abort(self):
-        if self._transport is not None:
-            try:
-                self._transport.abort()
-            finally:
-                self._finalize()
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/staggered.py b/Lib/asyncio/staggered.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..451a53a16f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/staggered.py
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+"""Support for running coroutines in parallel with staggered start times."""
+
+__all__ = 'staggered_race',
+
+import contextlib
+import typing
+
+from . import events
+from . import exceptions as exceptions_mod
+from . import locks
+from . import tasks
+
+
+async def staggered_race(
+        coro_fns: typing.Iterable[typing.Callable[[], typing.Awaitable]],
+        delay: typing.Optional[float],
+        *,
+        loop: events.AbstractEventLoop = None,
+) -> typing.Tuple[
+    typing.Any,
+    typing.Optional[int],
+    typing.List[typing.Optional[Exception]]
+]:
+    """Run coroutines with staggered start times and take the first to finish.
+
+    This method takes an iterable of coroutine functions. The first one is
+    started immediately. From then on, whenever the immediately preceding one
+    fails (raises an exception), or when *delay* seconds has passed, the next
+    coroutine is started. This continues until one of the coroutines complete
+    successfully, in which case all others are cancelled, or until all
+    coroutines fail.
+
+    The coroutines provided should be well-behaved in the following way:
+
+    * They should only ``return`` if completed successfully.
+
+    * They should always raise an exception if they did not complete
+      successfully. In particular, if they handle cancellation, they should
+      probably reraise, like this::
+
+        try:
+            # do work
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            # undo partially completed work
+            raise
+
+    Args:
+        coro_fns: an iterable of coroutine functions, i.e. callables that
+            return a coroutine object when called. Use ``functools.partial`` or
+            lambdas to pass arguments.
+
+        delay: amount of time, in seconds, between starting coroutines. If
+            ``None``, the coroutines will run sequentially.
+
+        loop: the event loop to use.
+
+    Returns:
+        tuple *(winner_result, winner_index, exceptions)* where
+
+        - *winner_result*: the result of the winning coroutine, or ``None``
+          if no coroutines won.
+
+        - *winner_index*: the index of the winning coroutine in
+          ``coro_fns``, or ``None`` if no coroutines won. If the winning
+          coroutine may return None on success, *winner_index* can be used
+          to definitively determine whether any coroutine won.
+
+        - *exceptions*: list of exceptions returned by the coroutines.
+          ``len(exceptions)`` is equal to the number of coroutines actually
+          started, and the order is the same as in ``coro_fns``. The winning
+          coroutine's entry is ``None``.
+
+    """
+    # TODO: when we have aiter() and anext(), allow async iterables in coro_fns.
+    loop = loop or events.get_running_loop()
+    enum_coro_fns = enumerate(coro_fns)
+    winner_result = None
+    winner_index = None
+    exceptions = []
+    running_tasks = []
+
+    async def run_one_coro(
+            previous_failed: typing.Optional[locks.Event]) -> None:
+        # Wait for the previous task to finish, or for delay seconds
+        if previous_failed is not None:
+            with contextlib.suppress(exceptions_mod.TimeoutError):
+                # Use asyncio.wait_for() instead of asyncio.wait() here, so
+                # that if we get cancelled at this point, Event.wait() is also
+                # cancelled, otherwise there will be a "Task destroyed but it is
+                # pending" later.
+                await tasks.wait_for(previous_failed.wait(), delay)
+        # Get the next coroutine to run
+        try:
+            this_index, coro_fn = next(enum_coro_fns)
+        except StopIteration:
+            return
+        # Start task that will run the next coroutine
+        this_failed = locks.Event()
+        next_task = loop.create_task(run_one_coro(this_failed))
+        running_tasks.append(next_task)
+        assert len(running_tasks) == this_index + 2
+        # Prepare place to put this coroutine's exceptions if not won
+        exceptions.append(None)
+        assert len(exceptions) == this_index + 1
+
+        try:
+            result = await coro_fn()
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as e:
+            exceptions[this_index] = e
+            this_failed.set()  # Kickstart the next coroutine
+        else:
+            # Store winner's results
+            nonlocal winner_index, winner_result
+            assert winner_index is None
+            winner_index = this_index
+            winner_result = result
+            # Cancel all other tasks. We take care to not cancel the current
+            # task as well. If we do so, then since there is no `await` after
+            # here and CancelledError are usually thrown at one, we will
+            # encounter a curious corner case where the current task will end
+            # up as done() == True, cancelled() == False, exception() ==
+            # asyncio.CancelledError. This behavior is specified in
+            # https://bugs.python.org/issue30048
+            for i, t in enumerate(running_tasks):
+                if i != this_index:
+                    t.cancel()
+
+    first_task = loop.create_task(run_one_coro(None))
+    running_tasks.append(first_task)
+    try:
+        # Wait for a growing list of tasks to all finish: poor man's version of
+        # curio's TaskGroup or trio's nursery
+        done_count = 0
+        while done_count != len(running_tasks):
+            done, _ = await tasks.wait(running_tasks)
+            done_count = len(done)
+            # If run_one_coro raises an unhandled exception, it's probably a
+            # programming error, and I want to see it.
+            if __debug__:
+                for d in done:
+                    if d.done() and not d.cancelled() and d.exception():
+                        raise d.exception()
+        return winner_result, winner_index, exceptions
+    finally:
+        # Make sure no tasks are left running if we leave this function
+        for t in running_tasks:
+            t.cancel()
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/streams.py b/Lib/asyncio/streams.py
index a82cc79aca..f310aa2f36 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/streams.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/streams.py
@@ -1,55 +1,30 @@
-"""Stream-related things."""
-
-__all__ = ['StreamReader', 'StreamWriter', 'StreamReaderProtocol',
-           'open_connection', 'start_server',
-           'IncompleteReadError',
-           'LimitOverrunError',
-           ]
+__all__ = (
+    'StreamReader', 'StreamWriter', 'StreamReaderProtocol',
+    'open_connection', 'start_server')
 
+import collections
 import socket
+import sys
+import warnings
+import weakref
 
 if hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX'):
-    __all__.extend(['open_unix_connection', 'start_unix_server'])
+    __all__ += ('open_unix_connection', 'start_unix_server')
 
 from . import coroutines
-from . import compat
 from . import events
+from . import exceptions
+from . import format_helpers
 from . import protocols
-from .coroutines import coroutine
 from .log import logger
+from .tasks import sleep
 
 
-_DEFAULT_LIMIT = 2 ** 16
-
-
-class IncompleteReadError(EOFError):
-    """
-    Incomplete read error. Attributes:
-
-    - partial: read bytes string before the end of stream was reached
-    - expected: total number of expected bytes (or None if unknown)
-    """
-    def __init__(self, partial, expected):
-        super().__init__("%d bytes read on a total of %r expected bytes"
-                         % (len(partial), expected))
-        self.partial = partial
-        self.expected = expected
-
-
-class LimitOverrunError(Exception):
-    """Reached the buffer limit while looking for a separator.
-
-    Attributes:
-    - consumed: total number of to be consumed bytes.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, message, consumed):
-        super().__init__(message)
-        self.consumed = consumed
+_DEFAULT_LIMIT = 2 ** 16  # 64 KiB
 
 
-@coroutine
-def open_connection(host=None, port=None, *,
-                    loop=None, limit=_DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
+async def open_connection(host=None, port=None, *,
+                          limit=_DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
     """A wrapper for create_connection() returning a (reader, writer) pair.
 
     The reader returned is a StreamReader instance; the writer is a
@@ -67,19 +42,17 @@ def open_connection(host=None, port=None, *,
     StreamReaderProtocol classes, just copy the code -- there's
     really nothing special here except some convenience.)
     """
-    if loop is None:
-        loop = events.get_event_loop()
+    loop = events.get_running_loop()
     reader = StreamReader(limit=limit, loop=loop)
     protocol = StreamReaderProtocol(reader, loop=loop)
-    transport, _ = yield from loop.create_connection(
+    transport, _ = await loop.create_connection(
         lambda: protocol, host, port, **kwds)
     writer = StreamWriter(transport, protocol, reader, loop)
     return reader, writer
 
 
-@coroutine
-def start_server(client_connected_cb, host=None, port=None, *,
-                 loop=None, limit=_DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
+async def start_server(client_connected_cb, host=None, port=None, *,
+                       limit=_DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
     """Start a socket server, call back for each client connected.
 
     The first parameter, `client_connected_cb`, takes two parameters:
@@ -94,15 +67,13 @@ def start_server(client_connected_cb, host=None, port=None, *,
     positional host and port, with various optional keyword arguments
     following.  The return value is the same as loop.create_server().
 
-    Additional optional keyword arguments are loop (to set the event loop
-    instance to use) and limit (to set the buffer limit passed to the
-    StreamReader).
+    Additional optional keyword argument is limit (to set the buffer
+    limit passed to the StreamReader).
 
     The return value is the same as loop.create_server(), i.e. a
     Server object which can be used to stop the service.
     """
-    if loop is None:
-        loop = events.get_event_loop()
+    loop = events.get_running_loop()
 
     def factory():
         reader = StreamReader(limit=limit, loop=loop)
@@ -110,31 +81,28 @@ def factory():
                                         loop=loop)
         return protocol
 
-    return (yield from loop.create_server(factory, host, port, **kwds))
+    return await loop.create_server(factory, host, port, **kwds)
 
 
 if hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX'):
     # UNIX Domain Sockets are supported on this platform
 
-    @coroutine
-    def open_unix_connection(path=None, *,
-                             loop=None, limit=_DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
+    async def open_unix_connection(path=None, *,
+                                   limit=_DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
         """Similar to `open_connection` but works with UNIX Domain Sockets."""
-        if loop is None:
-            loop = events.get_event_loop()
+        loop = events.get_running_loop()
+
         reader = StreamReader(limit=limit, loop=loop)
         protocol = StreamReaderProtocol(reader, loop=loop)
-        transport, _ = yield from loop.create_unix_connection(
+        transport, _ = await loop.create_unix_connection(
             lambda: protocol, path, **kwds)
         writer = StreamWriter(transport, protocol, reader, loop)
         return reader, writer
 
-    @coroutine
-    def start_unix_server(client_connected_cb, path=None, *,
-                          loop=None, limit=_DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
+    async def start_unix_server(client_connected_cb, path=None, *,
+                                limit=_DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
         """Similar to `start_server` but works with UNIX Domain Sockets."""
-        if loop is None:
-            loop = events.get_event_loop()
+        loop = events.get_running_loop()
 
         def factory():
             reader = StreamReader(limit=limit, loop=loop)
@@ -142,14 +110,14 @@ def factory():
                                             loop=loop)
             return protocol
 
-        return (yield from loop.create_unix_server(factory, path, **kwds))
+        return await loop.create_unix_server(factory, path, **kwds)
 
 
 class FlowControlMixin(protocols.Protocol):
     """Reusable flow control logic for StreamWriter.drain().
 
     This implements the protocol methods pause_writing(),
-    resume_reading() and connection_lost().  If the subclass overrides
+    resume_writing() and connection_lost().  If the subclass overrides
     these it must call the super methods.
 
     StreamWriter.drain() must wait for _drain_helper() coroutine.
@@ -161,7 +129,7 @@ def __init__(self, loop=None):
         else:
             self._loop = loop
         self._paused = False
-        self._drain_waiter = None
+        self._drain_waiters = collections.deque()
         self._connection_lost = False
 
     def pause_writing(self):
@@ -176,39 +144,37 @@ def resume_writing(self):
         if self._loop.get_debug():
             logger.debug("%r resumes writing", self)
 
-        waiter = self._drain_waiter
-        if waiter is not None:
-            self._drain_waiter = None
+        for waiter in self._drain_waiters:
             if not waiter.done():
                 waiter.set_result(None)
 
     def connection_lost(self, exc):
         self._connection_lost = True
-        # Wake up the writer if currently paused.
+        # Wake up the writer(s) if currently paused.
         if not self._paused:
             return
-        waiter = self._drain_waiter
-        if waiter is None:
-            return
-        self._drain_waiter = None
-        if waiter.done():
-            return
-        if exc is None:
-            waiter.set_result(None)
-        else:
-            waiter.set_exception(exc)
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _drain_helper(self):
+        for waiter in self._drain_waiters:
+            if not waiter.done():
+                if exc is None:
+                    waiter.set_result(None)
+                else:
+                    waiter.set_exception(exc)
+
+    async def _drain_helper(self):
         if self._connection_lost:
             raise ConnectionResetError('Connection lost')
         if not self._paused:
             return
-        waiter = self._drain_waiter
-        assert waiter is None or waiter.cancelled()
         waiter = self._loop.create_future()
-        self._drain_waiter = waiter
-        yield from waiter
+        self._drain_waiters.append(waiter)
+        try:
+            await waiter
+        finally:
+            self._drain_waiters.remove(waiter)
+
+    def _get_close_waiter(self, stream):
+        raise NotImplementedError
 
 
 class StreamReaderProtocol(FlowControlMixin, protocols.Protocol):
@@ -220,40 +186,110 @@ class StreamReaderProtocol(FlowControlMixin, protocols.Protocol):
     call inappropriate methods of the protocol.)
     """
 
+    _source_traceback = None
+
     def __init__(self, stream_reader, client_connected_cb=None, loop=None):
         super().__init__(loop=loop)
-        self._stream_reader = stream_reader
+        if stream_reader is not None:
+            self._stream_reader_wr = weakref.ref(stream_reader)
+            self._source_traceback = stream_reader._source_traceback
+        else:
+            self._stream_reader_wr = None
+        if client_connected_cb is not None:
+            # This is a stream created by the `create_server()` function.
+            # Keep a strong reference to the reader until a connection
+            # is established.
+            self._strong_reader = stream_reader
+        self._reject_connection = False
         self._stream_writer = None
+        self._task = None
+        self._transport = None
         self._client_connected_cb = client_connected_cb
         self._over_ssl = False
+        self._closed = self._loop.create_future()
+
+    @property
+    def _stream_reader(self):
+        if self._stream_reader_wr is None:
+            return None
+        return self._stream_reader_wr()
+
+    def _replace_writer(self, writer):
+        loop = self._loop
+        transport = writer.transport
+        self._stream_writer = writer
+        self._transport = transport
+        self._over_ssl = transport.get_extra_info('sslcontext') is not None
 
     def connection_made(self, transport):
-        self._stream_reader.set_transport(transport)
+        if self._reject_connection:
+            context = {
+                'message': ('An open stream was garbage collected prior to '
+                            'establishing network connection; '
+                            'call "stream.close()" explicitly.')
+            }
+            if self._source_traceback:
+                context['source_traceback'] = self._source_traceback
+            self._loop.call_exception_handler(context)
+            transport.abort()
+            return
+        self._transport = transport
+        reader = self._stream_reader
+        if reader is not None:
+            reader.set_transport(transport)
         self._over_ssl = transport.get_extra_info('sslcontext') is not None
         if self._client_connected_cb is not None:
             self._stream_writer = StreamWriter(transport, self,
-                                               self._stream_reader,
+                                               reader,
                                                self._loop)
-            res = self._client_connected_cb(self._stream_reader,
+            res = self._client_connected_cb(reader,
                                             self._stream_writer)
             if coroutines.iscoroutine(res):
-                self._loop.create_task(res)
+                def callback(task):
+                    if task.cancelled():
+                        transport.close()
+                        return
+                    exc = task.exception()
+                    if exc is not None:
+                        self._loop.call_exception_handler({
+                            'message': 'Unhandled exception in client_connected_cb',
+                            'exception': exc,
+                            'transport': transport,
+                        })
+                        transport.close()
+
+                self._task = self._loop.create_task(res)
+                self._task.add_done_callback(callback)
+
+            self._strong_reader = None
 
     def connection_lost(self, exc):
-        if self._stream_reader is not None:
+        reader = self._stream_reader
+        if reader is not None:
+            if exc is None:
+                reader.feed_eof()
+            else:
+                reader.set_exception(exc)
+        if not self._closed.done():
             if exc is None:
-                self._stream_reader.feed_eof()
+                self._closed.set_result(None)
             else:
-                self._stream_reader.set_exception(exc)
+                self._closed.set_exception(exc)
         super().connection_lost(exc)
-        self._stream_reader = None
+        self._stream_reader_wr = None
         self._stream_writer = None
+        self._task = None
+        self._transport = None
 
     def data_received(self, data):
-        self._stream_reader.feed_data(data)
+        reader = self._stream_reader
+        if reader is not None:
+            reader.feed_data(data)
 
     def eof_received(self):
-        self._stream_reader.feed_eof()
+        reader = self._stream_reader
+        if reader is not None:
+            reader.feed_eof()
         if self._over_ssl:
             # Prevent a warning in SSLProtocol.eof_received:
             # "returning true from eof_received()
@@ -261,6 +297,20 @@ def eof_received(self):
             return False
         return True
 
+    def _get_close_waiter(self, stream):
+        return self._closed
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        # Prevent reports about unhandled exceptions.
+        # Better than self._closed._log_traceback = False hack
+        try:
+            closed = self._closed
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass  # failed constructor
+        else:
+            if closed.done() and not closed.cancelled():
+                closed.exception()
+
 
 class StreamWriter:
     """Wraps a Transport.
@@ -279,12 +329,14 @@ def __init__(self, transport, protocol, reader, loop):
         assert reader is None or isinstance(reader, StreamReader)
         self._reader = reader
         self._loop = loop
+        self._complete_fut = self._loop.create_future()
+        self._complete_fut.set_result(None)
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        info = [self.__class__.__name__, 'transport=%r' % self._transport]
+        info = [self.__class__.__name__, f'transport={self._transport!r}']
         if self._reader is not None:
-            info.append('reader=%r' % self._reader)
-        return '<%s>' % ' '.join(info)
+            info.append(f'reader={self._reader!r}')
+        return '<{}>'.format(' '.join(info))
 
     @property
     def transport(self):
@@ -305,36 +357,68 @@ def can_write_eof(self):
     def close(self):
         return self._transport.close()
 
+    def is_closing(self):
+        return self._transport.is_closing()
+
+    async def wait_closed(self):
+        await self._protocol._get_close_waiter(self)
+
     def get_extra_info(self, name, default=None):
         return self._transport.get_extra_info(name, default)
 
-    @coroutine
-    def drain(self):
+    async def drain(self):
         """Flush the write buffer.
 
         The intended use is to write
 
           w.write(data)
-          yield from w.drain()
+          await w.drain()
         """
         if self._reader is not None:
             exc = self._reader.exception()
             if exc is not None:
                 raise exc
-        if self._transport is not None:
-            if self._transport.is_closing():
-                # Yield to the event loop so connection_lost() may be
-                # called.  Without this, _drain_helper() would return
-                # immediately, and code that calls
-                #     write(...); yield from drain()
-                # in a loop would never call connection_lost(), so it
-                # would not see an error when the socket is closed.
-                yield
-        yield from self._protocol._drain_helper()
-
+        if self._transport.is_closing():
+            # Wait for protocol.connection_lost() call
+            # Raise connection closing error if any,
+            # ConnectionResetError otherwise
+            # Yield to the event loop so connection_lost() may be
+            # called.  Without this, _drain_helper() would return
+            # immediately, and code that calls
+            #     write(...); await drain()
+            # in a loop would never call connection_lost(), so it
+            # would not see an error when the socket is closed.
+            await sleep(0)
+        await self._protocol._drain_helper()
+
+    async def start_tls(self, sslcontext, *,
+                        server_hostname=None,
+                        ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+                        ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
+        """Upgrade an existing stream-based connection to TLS."""
+        server_side = self._protocol._client_connected_cb is not None
+        protocol = self._protocol
+        await self.drain()
+        new_transport = await self._loop.start_tls(  # type: ignore
+            self._transport, protocol, sslcontext,
+            server_side=server_side, server_hostname=server_hostname,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=ssl_handshake_timeout,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=ssl_shutdown_timeout)
+        self._transport = new_transport
+        protocol._replace_writer(self)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if not self._transport.is_closing():
+            if self._loop.is_closed():
+                warnings.warn("loop is closed", ResourceWarning)
+            else:
+                self.close()
+                warnings.warn(f"unclosed {self!r}", ResourceWarning)
 
 class StreamReader:
 
+    _source_traceback = None
+
     def __init__(self, limit=_DEFAULT_LIMIT, loop=None):
         # The line length limit is  a security feature;
         # it also doubles as half the buffer limit.
@@ -353,24 +437,27 @@ def __init__(self, limit=_DEFAULT_LIMIT, loop=None):
         self._exception = None
         self._transport = None
         self._paused = False
+        if self._loop.get_debug():
+            self._source_traceback = format_helpers.extract_stack(
+                sys._getframe(1))
 
     def __repr__(self):
         info = ['StreamReader']
         if self._buffer:
-            info.append('%d bytes' % len(self._buffer))
+            info.append(f'{len(self._buffer)} bytes')
         if self._eof:
             info.append('eof')
         if self._limit != _DEFAULT_LIMIT:
-            info.append('l=%d' % self._limit)
+            info.append(f'limit={self._limit}')
         if self._waiter:
-            info.append('w=%r' % self._waiter)
+            info.append(f'waiter={self._waiter!r}')
         if self._exception:
-            info.append('e=%r' % self._exception)
+            info.append(f'exception={self._exception!r}')
         if self._transport:
-            info.append('t=%r' % self._transport)
+            info.append(f'transport={self._transport!r}')
         if self._paused:
             info.append('paused')
-        return '<%s>' % ' '.join(info)
+        return '<{}>'.format(' '.join(info))
 
     def exception(self):
         return self._exception
@@ -431,8 +518,7 @@ def feed_data(self, data):
             else:
                 self._paused = True
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _wait_for_data(self, func_name):
+    async def _wait_for_data(self, func_name):
         """Wait until feed_data() or feed_eof() is called.
 
         If stream was paused, automatically resume it.
@@ -442,8 +528,9 @@ def _wait_for_data(self, func_name):
         # would have an unexpected behaviour. It would not possible to know
         # which coroutine would get the next data.
         if self._waiter is not None:
-            raise RuntimeError('%s() called while another coroutine is '
-                               'already waiting for incoming data' % func_name)
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f'{func_name}() called while another coroutine is '
+                f'already waiting for incoming data')
 
         assert not self._eof, '_wait_for_data after EOF'
 
@@ -455,12 +542,11 @@ def _wait_for_data(self, func_name):
 
         self._waiter = self._loop.create_future()
         try:
-            yield from self._waiter
+            await self._waiter
         finally:
             self._waiter = None
 
-    @coroutine
-    def readline(self):
+    async def readline(self):
         """Read chunk of data from the stream until newline (b'\n') is found.
 
         On success, return chunk that ends with newline. If only partial
@@ -479,10 +565,10 @@ def readline(self):
         sep = b'\n'
         seplen = len(sep)
         try:
-            line = yield from self.readuntil(sep)
-        except IncompleteReadError as e:
+            line = await self.readuntil(sep)
+        except exceptions.IncompleteReadError as e:
             return e.partial
-        except LimitOverrunError as e:
+        except exceptions.LimitOverrunError as e:
             if self._buffer.startswith(sep, e.consumed):
                 del self._buffer[:e.consumed + seplen]
             else:
@@ -491,8 +577,7 @@ def readline(self):
             raise ValueError(e.args[0])
         return line
 
-    @coroutine
-    def readuntil(self, separator=b'\n'):
+    async def readuntil(self, separator=b'\n'):
         """Read data from the stream until ``separator`` is found.
 
         On success, the data and separator will be removed from the
@@ -558,7 +643,7 @@ def readuntil(self, separator=b'\n'):
                 # see upper comment for explanation.
                 offset = buflen + 1 - seplen
                 if offset > self._limit:
-                    raise LimitOverrunError(
+                    raise exceptions.LimitOverrunError(
                         'Separator is not found, and chunk exceed the limit',
                         offset)
 
@@ -569,13 +654,13 @@ def readuntil(self, separator=b'\n'):
             if self._eof:
                 chunk = bytes(self._buffer)
                 self._buffer.clear()
-                raise IncompleteReadError(chunk, None)
+                raise exceptions.IncompleteReadError(chunk, None)
 
             # _wait_for_data() will resume reading if stream was paused.
-            yield from self._wait_for_data('readuntil')
+            await self._wait_for_data('readuntil')
 
         if isep > self._limit:
-            raise LimitOverrunError(
+            raise exceptions.LimitOverrunError(
                 'Separator is found, but chunk is longer than limit', isep)
 
         chunk = self._buffer[:isep + seplen]
@@ -583,20 +668,20 @@ def readuntil(self, separator=b'\n'):
         self._maybe_resume_transport()
         return bytes(chunk)
 
-    @coroutine
-    def read(self, n=-1):
+    async def read(self, n=-1):
         """Read up to `n` bytes from the stream.
 
-        If n is not provided, or set to -1, read until EOF and return all read
-        bytes. If the EOF was received and the internal buffer is empty, return
-        an empty bytes object.
+        If `n` is not provided or set to -1,
+        read until EOF, then return all read bytes.
+        If EOF was received and the internal buffer is empty,
+        return an empty bytes object.
 
-        If n is zero, return empty bytes object immediately.
+        If `n` is 0, return an empty bytes object immediately.
 
-        If n is positive, this function try to read `n` bytes, and may return
-        less or equal bytes than requested, but at least one byte. If EOF was
-        received before any byte is read, this function returns empty byte
-        object.
+        If `n` is positive, return at most `n` available bytes
+        as soon as at least 1 byte is available in the internal buffer.
+        If EOF is received before any byte is read, return an empty
+        bytes object.
 
         Returned value is not limited with limit, configured at stream
         creation.
@@ -618,24 +703,23 @@ def read(self, n=-1):
             # bytes.  So just call self.read(self._limit) until EOF.
             blocks = []
             while True:
-                block = yield from self.read(self._limit)
+                block = await self.read(self._limit)
                 if not block:
                     break
                 blocks.append(block)
             return b''.join(blocks)
 
         if not self._buffer and not self._eof:
-            yield from self._wait_for_data('read')
+            await self._wait_for_data('read')
 
         # This will work right even if buffer is less than n bytes
-        data = bytes(self._buffer[:n])
+        data = bytes(memoryview(self._buffer)[:n])
         del self._buffer[:n]
 
         self._maybe_resume_transport()
         return data
 
-    @coroutine
-    def readexactly(self, n):
+    async def readexactly(self, n):
         """Read exactly `n` bytes.
 
         Raise an IncompleteReadError if EOF is reached before `n` bytes can be
@@ -663,33 +747,24 @@ def readexactly(self, n):
             if self._eof:
                 incomplete = bytes(self._buffer)
                 self._buffer.clear()
-                raise IncompleteReadError(incomplete, n)
+                raise exceptions.IncompleteReadError(incomplete, n)
 
-            yield from self._wait_for_data('readexactly')
+            await self._wait_for_data('readexactly')
 
         if len(self._buffer) == n:
             data = bytes(self._buffer)
             self._buffer.clear()
         else:
-            data = bytes(self._buffer[:n])
+            data = bytes(memoryview(self._buffer)[:n])
             del self._buffer[:n]
         self._maybe_resume_transport()
         return data
 
-    if compat.PY35:
-        @coroutine
-        def __aiter__(self):
-            return self
-
-        @coroutine
-        def __anext__(self):
-            val = yield from self.readline()
-            if val == b'':
-                raise StopAsyncIteration
-            return val
-
-    if compat.PY352:
-        # In Python 3.5.2 and greater, __aiter__ should return
-        # the asynchronous iterator directly.
-        def __aiter__(self):
-            return self
+    def __aiter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    async def __anext__(self):
+        val = await self.readline()
+        if val == b'':
+            raise StopAsyncIteration
+        return val
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/subprocess.py b/Lib/asyncio/subprocess.py
index b2f5304f77..043359bbd0 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/subprocess.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-__all__ = ['create_subprocess_exec', 'create_subprocess_shell']
+__all__ = 'create_subprocess_exec', 'create_subprocess_shell'
 
 import subprocess
 
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 from . import protocols
 from . import streams
 from . import tasks
-from .coroutines import coroutine
 from .log import logger
 
 
@@ -24,16 +23,19 @@ def __init__(self, limit, loop):
         self._limit = limit
         self.stdin = self.stdout = self.stderr = None
         self._transport = None
+        self._process_exited = False
+        self._pipe_fds = []
+        self._stdin_closed = self._loop.create_future()
 
     def __repr__(self):
         info = [self.__class__.__name__]
         if self.stdin is not None:
-            info.append('stdin=%r' % self.stdin)
+            info.append(f'stdin={self.stdin!r}')
         if self.stdout is not None:
-            info.append('stdout=%r' % self.stdout)
+            info.append(f'stdout={self.stdout!r}')
         if self.stderr is not None:
-            info.append('stderr=%r' % self.stderr)
-        return '<%s>' % ' '.join(info)
+            info.append(f'stderr={self.stderr!r}')
+        return '<{}>'.format(' '.join(info))
 
     def connection_made(self, transport):
         self._transport = transport
@@ -43,12 +45,14 @@ def connection_made(self, transport):
             self.stdout = streams.StreamReader(limit=self._limit,
                                                loop=self._loop)
             self.stdout.set_transport(stdout_transport)
+            self._pipe_fds.append(1)
 
         stderr_transport = transport.get_pipe_transport(2)
         if stderr_transport is not None:
             self.stderr = streams.StreamReader(limit=self._limit,
                                                loop=self._loop)
             self.stderr.set_transport(stderr_transport)
+            self._pipe_fds.append(2)
 
         stdin_transport = transport.get_pipe_transport(0)
         if stdin_transport is not None:
@@ -73,6 +77,13 @@ def pipe_connection_lost(self, fd, exc):
             if pipe is not None:
                 pipe.close()
             self.connection_lost(exc)
+            if exc is None:
+                self._stdin_closed.set_result(None)
+            else:
+                self._stdin_closed.set_exception(exc)
+                # Since calling `wait_closed()` is not mandatory,
+                # we shouldn't log the traceback if this is not awaited.
+                self._stdin_closed._log_traceback = False
             return
         if fd == 1:
             reader = self.stdout
@@ -80,15 +91,28 @@ def pipe_connection_lost(self, fd, exc):
             reader = self.stderr
         else:
             reader = None
-        if reader != None:
+        if reader is not None:
             if exc is None:
                 reader.feed_eof()
             else:
                 reader.set_exception(exc)
 
+        if fd in self._pipe_fds:
+            self._pipe_fds.remove(fd)
+        self._maybe_close_transport()
+
     def process_exited(self):
-        self._transport.close()
-        self._transport = None
+        self._process_exited = True
+        self._maybe_close_transport()
+
+    def _maybe_close_transport(self):
+        if len(self._pipe_fds) == 0 and self._process_exited:
+            self._transport.close()
+            self._transport = None
+
+    def _get_close_waiter(self, stream):
+        if stream is self.stdin:
+            return self._stdin_closed
 
 
 class Process:
@@ -102,18 +126,15 @@ def __init__(self, transport, protocol, loop):
         self.pid = transport.get_pid()
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return '<%s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.pid)
+        return f'<{self.__class__.__name__} {self.pid}>'
 
     @property
     def returncode(self):
         return self._transport.get_returncode()
 
-    @coroutine
-    def wait(self):
-        """Wait until the process exit and return the process return code.
-
-        This method is a coroutine."""
-        return (yield from self._transport._wait())
+    async def wait(self):
+        """Wait until the process exit and return the process return code."""
+        return await self._transport._wait()
 
     def send_signal(self, signal):
         self._transport.send_signal(signal)
@@ -124,17 +145,19 @@ def terminate(self):
     def kill(self):
         self._transport.kill()
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _feed_stdin(self, input):
+    async def _feed_stdin(self, input):
         debug = self._loop.get_debug()
-        self.stdin.write(input)
-        if debug:
-            logger.debug('%r communicate: feed stdin (%s bytes)',
-                        self, len(input))
         try:
-            yield from self.stdin.drain()
+            if input is not None:
+                self.stdin.write(input)
+                if debug:
+                    logger.debug(
+                        '%r communicate: feed stdin (%s bytes)', self, len(input))
+
+            await self.stdin.drain()
         except (BrokenPipeError, ConnectionResetError) as exc:
-            # communicate() ignores BrokenPipeError and ConnectionResetError
+            # communicate() ignores BrokenPipeError and ConnectionResetError.
+            # write() and drain() can raise these exceptions.
             if debug:
                 logger.debug('%r communicate: stdin got %r', self, exc)
 
@@ -142,12 +165,10 @@ def _feed_stdin(self, input):
             logger.debug('%r communicate: close stdin', self)
         self.stdin.close()
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _noop(self):
+    async def _noop(self):
         return None
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _read_stream(self, fd):
+    async def _read_stream(self, fd):
         transport = self._transport.get_pipe_transport(fd)
         if fd == 2:
             stream = self.stderr
@@ -157,16 +178,15 @@ def _read_stream(self, fd):
         if self._loop.get_debug():
             name = 'stdout' if fd == 1 else 'stderr'
             logger.debug('%r communicate: read %s', self, name)
-        output = yield from stream.read()
+        output = await stream.read()
         if self._loop.get_debug():
             name = 'stdout' if fd == 1 else 'stderr'
             logger.debug('%r communicate: close %s', self, name)
         transport.close()
         return output
 
-    @coroutine
-    def communicate(self, input=None):
-        if input is not None:
+    async def communicate(self, input=None):
+        if self.stdin is not None:
             stdin = self._feed_stdin(input)
         else:
             stdin = self._noop()
@@ -178,36 +198,32 @@ def communicate(self, input=None):
             stderr = self._read_stream(2)
         else:
             stderr = self._noop()
-        stdin, stdout, stderr = yield from tasks.gather(stdin, stdout, stderr,
-                                                        loop=self._loop)
-        yield from self.wait()
+        stdin, stdout, stderr = await tasks.gather(stdin, stdout, stderr)
+        await self.wait()
         return (stdout, stderr)
 
 
-@coroutine
-def create_subprocess_shell(cmd, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
-                            loop=None, limit=streams._DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
-    if loop is None:
-        loop = events.get_event_loop()
+async def create_subprocess_shell(cmd, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None,
+                                  limit=streams._DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
+    loop = events.get_running_loop()
     protocol_factory = lambda: SubprocessStreamProtocol(limit=limit,
                                                         loop=loop)
-    transport, protocol = yield from loop.subprocess_shell(
-                                            protocol_factory,
-                                            cmd, stdin=stdin, stdout=stdout,
-                                            stderr=stderr, **kwds)
+    transport, protocol = await loop.subprocess_shell(
+        protocol_factory,
+        cmd, stdin=stdin, stdout=stdout,
+        stderr=stderr, **kwds)
     return Process(transport, protocol, loop)
 
-@coroutine
-def create_subprocess_exec(program, *args, stdin=None, stdout=None,
-                           stderr=None, loop=None,
-                           limit=streams._DEFAULT_LIMIT, **kwds):
-    if loop is None:
-        loop = events.get_event_loop()
+
+async def create_subprocess_exec(program, *args, stdin=None, stdout=None,
+                                 stderr=None, limit=streams._DEFAULT_LIMIT,
+                                 **kwds):
+    loop = events.get_running_loop()
     protocol_factory = lambda: SubprocessStreamProtocol(limit=limit,
                                                         loop=loop)
-    transport, protocol = yield from loop.subprocess_exec(
-                                            protocol_factory,
-                                            program, *args,
-                                            stdin=stdin, stdout=stdout,
-                                            stderr=stderr, **kwds)
+    transport, protocol = await loop.subprocess_exec(
+        protocol_factory,
+        program, *args,
+        stdin=stdin, stdout=stdout,
+        stderr=stderr, **kwds)
     return Process(transport, protocol, loop)
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py b/Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d264e51f1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/taskgroups.py
@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+# Adapted with permission from the EdgeDB project;
+# license: PSFL.
+
+
+__all__ = ("TaskGroup",)
+
+from . import events
+from . import exceptions
+from . import tasks
+
+
+class TaskGroup:
+    """Asynchronous context manager for managing groups of tasks.
+
+    Example use:
+
+        async with asyncio.TaskGroup() as group:
+            task1 = group.create_task(some_coroutine(...))
+            task2 = group.create_task(other_coroutine(...))
+        print("Both tasks have completed now.")
+
+    All tasks are awaited when the context manager exits.
+
+    Any exceptions other than `asyncio.CancelledError` raised within
+    a task will cancel all remaining tasks and wait for them to exit.
+    The exceptions are then combined and raised as an `ExceptionGroup`.
+    """
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._entered = False
+        self._exiting = False
+        self._aborting = False
+        self._loop = None
+        self._parent_task = None
+        self._parent_cancel_requested = False
+        self._tasks = set()
+        self._errors = []
+        self._base_error = None
+        self._on_completed_fut = None
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        info = ['']
+        if self._tasks:
+            info.append(f'tasks={len(self._tasks)}')
+        if self._errors:
+            info.append(f'errors={len(self._errors)}')
+        if self._aborting:
+            info.append('cancelling')
+        elif self._entered:
+            info.append('entered')
+
+        info_str = ' '.join(info)
+        return f'<TaskGroup{info_str}>'
+
+    async def __aenter__(self):
+        if self._entered:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"TaskGroup {self!r} has already been entered")
+        if self._loop is None:
+            self._loop = events.get_running_loop()
+        self._parent_task = tasks.current_task(self._loop)
+        if self._parent_task is None:
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f'TaskGroup {self!r} cannot determine the parent task')
+        self._entered = True
+
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, et, exc, tb):
+        self._exiting = True
+
+        if (exc is not None and
+                self._is_base_error(exc) and
+                self._base_error is None):
+            self._base_error = exc
+
+        propagate_cancellation_error = \
+            exc if et is exceptions.CancelledError else None
+        if self._parent_cancel_requested:
+            # If this flag is set we *must* call uncancel().
+            if self._parent_task.uncancel() == 0:
+                # If there are no pending cancellations left,
+                # don't propagate CancelledError.
+                propagate_cancellation_error = None
+
+        if et is not None:
+            if not self._aborting:
+                # Our parent task is being cancelled:
+                #
+                #    async with TaskGroup() as g:
+                #        g.create_task(...)
+                #        await ...  # <- CancelledError
+                #
+                # or there's an exception in "async with":
+                #
+                #    async with TaskGroup() as g:
+                #        g.create_task(...)
+                #        1 / 0
+                #
+                self._abort()
+
+        # We use while-loop here because "self._on_completed_fut"
+        # can be cancelled multiple times if our parent task
+        # is being cancelled repeatedly (or even once, when
+        # our own cancellation is already in progress)
+        while self._tasks:
+            if self._on_completed_fut is None:
+                self._on_completed_fut = self._loop.create_future()
+
+            try:
+                await self._on_completed_fut
+            except exceptions.CancelledError as ex:
+                if not self._aborting:
+                    # Our parent task is being cancelled:
+                    #
+                    #    async def wrapper():
+                    #        async with TaskGroup() as g:
+                    #            g.create_task(foo)
+                    #
+                    # "wrapper" is being cancelled while "foo" is
+                    # still running.
+                    propagate_cancellation_error = ex
+                    self._abort()
+
+            self._on_completed_fut = None
+
+        assert not self._tasks
+
+        if self._base_error is not None:
+            raise self._base_error
+
+        # Propagate CancelledError if there is one, except if there
+        # are other errors -- those have priority.
+        if propagate_cancellation_error and not self._errors:
+            raise propagate_cancellation_error
+
+        if et is not None and et is not exceptions.CancelledError:
+            self._errors.append(exc)
+
+        if self._errors:
+            # Exceptions are heavy objects that can have object
+            # cycles (bad for GC); let's not keep a reference to
+            # a bunch of them.
+            try:
+                me = BaseExceptionGroup('unhandled errors in a TaskGroup', self._errors)
+                raise me from None
+            finally:
+                self._errors = None
+
+    def create_task(self, coro, *, name=None, context=None):
+        """Create a new task in this group and return it.
+
+        Similar to `asyncio.create_task`.
+        """
+        if not self._entered:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"TaskGroup {self!r} has not been entered")
+        if self._exiting and not self._tasks:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"TaskGroup {self!r} is finished")
+        if self._aborting:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"TaskGroup {self!r} is shutting down")
+        if context is None:
+            task = self._loop.create_task(coro)
+        else:
+            task = self._loop.create_task(coro, context=context)
+        tasks._set_task_name(task, name)
+        # optimization: Immediately call the done callback if the task is
+        # already done (e.g. if the coro was able to complete eagerly),
+        # and skip scheduling a done callback
+        if task.done():
+            self._on_task_done(task)
+        else:
+            self._tasks.add(task)
+            task.add_done_callback(self._on_task_done)
+        return task
+
+    # Since Python 3.8 Tasks propagate all exceptions correctly,
+    # except for KeyboardInterrupt and SystemExit which are
+    # still considered special.
+
+    def _is_base_error(self, exc: BaseException) -> bool:
+        assert isinstance(exc, BaseException)
+        return isinstance(exc, (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt))
+
+    def _abort(self):
+        self._aborting = True
+
+        for t in self._tasks:
+            if not t.done():
+                t.cancel()
+
+    def _on_task_done(self, task):
+        self._tasks.discard(task)
+
+        if self._on_completed_fut is not None and not self._tasks:
+            if not self._on_completed_fut.done():
+                self._on_completed_fut.set_result(True)
+
+        if task.cancelled():
+            return
+
+        exc = task.exception()
+        if exc is None:
+            return
+
+        self._errors.append(exc)
+        if self._is_base_error(exc) and self._base_error is None:
+            self._base_error = exc
+
+        if self._parent_task.done():
+            # Not sure if this case is possible, but we want to handle
+            # it anyways.
+            self._loop.call_exception_handler({
+                'message': f'Task {task!r} has errored out but its parent '
+                           f'task {self._parent_task} is already completed',
+                'exception': exc,
+                'task': task,
+            })
+            return
+
+        if not self._aborting and not self._parent_cancel_requested:
+            # If parent task *is not* being cancelled, it means that we want
+            # to manually cancel it to abort whatever is being run right now
+            # in the TaskGroup.  But we want to mark parent task as
+            # "not cancelled" later in __aexit__.  Example situation that
+            # we need to handle:
+            #
+            #    async def foo():
+            #        try:
+            #            async with TaskGroup() as g:
+            #                g.create_task(crash_soon())
+            #                await something  # <- this needs to be canceled
+            #                                 #    by the TaskGroup, e.g.
+            #                                 #    foo() needs to be cancelled
+            #        except Exception:
+            #            # Ignore any exceptions raised in the TaskGroup
+            #            pass
+            #        await something_else     # this line has to be called
+            #                                 # after TaskGroup is finished.
+            self._abort()
+            self._parent_cancel_requested = True
+            self._parent_task.cancel()
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/tasks.py b/Lib/asyncio/tasks.py
index 8a8427fe68..0b22e28d8e 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/tasks.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/tasks.py
@@ -1,24 +1,36 @@
 """Support for tasks, coroutines and the scheduler."""
 
-__all__ = ['Task', 'create_task',
-           'FIRST_COMPLETED', 'FIRST_EXCEPTION', 'ALL_COMPLETED',
-           'wait', 'wait_for', 'as_completed', 'sleep', 'async',
-           'gather', 'shield', 'ensure_future', 'run_coroutine_threadsafe',
-           'all_tasks'
-           ]
+__all__ = (
+    'Task', 'create_task',
+    'FIRST_COMPLETED', 'FIRST_EXCEPTION', 'ALL_COMPLETED',
+    'wait', 'wait_for', 'as_completed', 'sleep',
+    'gather', 'shield', 'ensure_future', 'run_coroutine_threadsafe',
+    'current_task', 'all_tasks',
+    'create_eager_task_factory', 'eager_task_factory',
+    '_register_task', '_unregister_task', '_enter_task', '_leave_task',
+)
 
 import concurrent.futures
+import contextvars
 import functools
 import inspect
+import itertools
+import types
 import warnings
 import weakref
+from types import GenericAlias
 
 from . import base_tasks
-from . import compat
 from . import coroutines
 from . import events
+from . import exceptions
 from . import futures
-from .coroutines import coroutine
+from . import timeouts
+
+# Helper to generate new task names
+# This uses itertools.count() instead of a "+= 1" operation because the latter
+# is not thread safe. See bpo-11866 for a longer explanation.
+_task_name_counter = itertools.count(1).__next__
 
 
 def current_task(loop=None):
@@ -32,102 +44,134 @@ def all_tasks(loop=None):
     """Return a set of all tasks for the loop."""
     if loop is None:
         loop = events.get_running_loop()
-    return {t for t in _all_tasks
+    # capturing the set of eager tasks first, so if an eager task "graduates"
+    # to a regular task in another thread, we don't risk missing it.
+    eager_tasks = list(_eager_tasks)
+    # Looping over the WeakSet isn't safe as it can be updated from another
+    # thread, therefore we cast it to list prior to filtering. The list cast
+    # itself requires iteration, so we repeat it several times ignoring
+    # RuntimeErrors (which are not very likely to occur).
+    # See issues 34970 and 36607 for details.
+    scheduled_tasks = None
+    i = 0
+    while True:
+        try:
+            scheduled_tasks = list(_scheduled_tasks)
+        except RuntimeError:
+            i += 1
+            if i >= 1000:
+                raise
+        else:
+            break
+    return {t for t in itertools.chain(scheduled_tasks, eager_tasks)
             if futures._get_loop(t) is loop and not t.done()}
 
 
-def _all_tasks_compat(loop=None):
-    # Different from "all_task()" by returning *all* Tasks, including
-    # the completed ones.  Used to implement deprecated "Tasks.all_task()"
-    # method.
-    if loop is None:
-        loop = events.get_event_loop()
-    return {t for t in _all_tasks if futures._get_loop(t) is loop}
-
-
 def _set_task_name(task, name):
     if name is not None:
         try:
             set_name = task.set_name
         except AttributeError:
-            pass
+            warnings.warn("Task.set_name() was added in Python 3.8, "
+                      "the method support will be mandatory for third-party "
+                      "task implementations since 3.13.",
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
         else:
             set_name(name)
 
 
-class Task(futures.Future):
+class Task(futures._PyFuture):  # Inherit Python Task implementation
+                                # from a Python Future implementation.
+
     """A coroutine wrapped in a Future."""
 
     # An important invariant maintained while a Task not done:
+    # _fut_waiter is either None or a Future.  The Future
+    # can be either done() or not done().
+    # The task can be in any of 3 states:
     #
-    # - Either _fut_waiter is None, and _step() is scheduled;
-    # - or _fut_waiter is some Future, and _step() is *not* scheduled.
+    # - 1: _fut_waiter is not None and not _fut_waiter.done():
+    #      __step() is *not* scheduled and the Task is waiting for _fut_waiter.
+    # - 2: (_fut_waiter is None or _fut_waiter.done()) and __step() is scheduled:
+    #       the Task is waiting for __step() to be executed.
+    # - 3:  _fut_waiter is None and __step() is *not* scheduled:
+    #       the Task is currently executing (in __step()).
     #
-    # The only transition from the latter to the former is through
-    # _wakeup().  When _fut_waiter is not None, one of its callbacks
-    # must be _wakeup().
+    # * In state 1, one of the callbacks of __fut_waiter must be __wakeup().
+    # * The transition from 1 to 2 happens when _fut_waiter becomes done(),
+    #   as it schedules __wakeup() to be called (which calls __step() so
+    #   we way that __step() is scheduled).
+    # * It transitions from 2 to 3 when __step() is executed, and it clears
+    #   _fut_waiter to None.
+
+    # If False, don't log a message if the task is destroyed while its
+    # status is still pending
+    _log_destroy_pending = True
 
-    # Weak set containing all tasks alive.
-    _all_tasks = weakref.WeakSet()
+    def __init__(self, coro, *, loop=None, name=None, context=None,
+                 eager_start=False):
+        super().__init__(loop=loop)
+        if self._source_traceback:
+            del self._source_traceback[-1]
+        if not coroutines.iscoroutine(coro):
+            # raise after Future.__init__(), attrs are required for __del__
+            # prevent logging for pending task in __del__
+            self._log_destroy_pending = False
+            raise TypeError(f"a coroutine was expected, got {coro!r}")
+
+        if name is None:
+            self._name = f'Task-{_task_name_counter()}'
+        else:
+            self._name = str(name)
 
-    # Dictionary containing tasks that are currently active in
-    # all running event loops.  {EventLoop: Task}
-    _current_tasks = {}
+        self._num_cancels_requested = 0
+        self._must_cancel = False
+        self._fut_waiter = None
+        self._coro = coro
+        if context is None:
+            self._context = contextvars.copy_context()
+        else:
+            self._context = context
 
-    # If False, don't log a message if the task is destroyed whereas its
-    # status is still pending
-    _log_destroy_pending = True
+        if eager_start and self._loop.is_running():
+            self.__eager_start()
+        else:
+            self._loop.call_soon(self.__step, context=self._context)
+            _register_task(self)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def current_task(cls, loop=None):
-        """Return the currently running task in an event loop or None.
+    def __del__(self):
+        if self._state == futures._PENDING and self._log_destroy_pending:
+            context = {
+                'task': self,
+                'message': 'Task was destroyed but it is pending!',
+            }
+            if self._source_traceback:
+                context['source_traceback'] = self._source_traceback
+            self._loop.call_exception_handler(context)
+        super().__del__()
 
-        By default the current task for the current event loop is returned.
+    __class_getitem__ = classmethod(GenericAlias)
 
-        None is returned when called not in the context of a Task.
-        """
-        if loop is None:
-            loop = events.get_event_loop()
-        return cls._current_tasks.get(loop)
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return base_tasks._task_repr(self)
 
-    @classmethod
-    def all_tasks(cls, loop=None):
-        """Return a set of all tasks for an event loop.
+    def get_coro(self):
+        return self._coro
 
-        By default all tasks for the current event loop are returned.
-        """
-        if loop is None:
-            loop = events.get_event_loop()
-        return {t for t in cls._all_tasks if t._loop is loop}
+    def get_context(self):
+        return self._context
 
-    def __init__(self, coro, *, loop=None):
-        assert coroutines.iscoroutine(coro), repr(coro)
-        super().__init__(loop=loop)
-        if self._source_traceback:
-            del self._source_traceback[-1]
-        self._coro = coro
-        self._fut_waiter = None
-        self._must_cancel = False
-        self._loop.call_soon(self._step)
-        self.__class__._all_tasks.add(self)
-
-    # On Python 3.3 or older, objects with a destructor that are part of a
-    # reference cycle are never destroyed. That's not the case any more on
-    # Python 3.4 thanks to the PEP 442.
-    if compat.PY34:
-        def __del__(self):
-            if self._state == futures._PENDING and self._log_destroy_pending:
-                context = {
-                    'task': self,
-                    'message': 'Task was destroyed but it is pending!',
-                }
-                if self._source_traceback:
-                    context['source_traceback'] = self._source_traceback
-                self._loop.call_exception_handler(context)
-            futures.Future.__del__(self)
-
-    def _repr_info(self):
-        return base_tasks._task_repr_info(self)
+    def get_name(self):
+        return self._name
+
+    def set_name(self, value):
+        self._name = str(value)
+
+    def set_result(self, result):
+        raise RuntimeError('Task does not support set_result operation')
+
+    def set_exception(self, exception):
+        raise RuntimeError('Task does not support set_exception operation')
 
     def get_stack(self, *, limit=None):
         """Return the list of stack frames for this task's coroutine.
@@ -163,7 +207,7 @@ def print_stack(self, *, limit=None, file=None):
         """
         return base_tasks._task_print_stack(self, limit, file)
 
-    def cancel(self):
+    def cancel(self, msg=None):
         """Request that this task cancel itself.
 
         This arranges for a CancelledError to be thrown into the
@@ -182,31 +226,87 @@ def cancel(self):
         task will be marked as cancelled when the wrapped coroutine
         terminates with a CancelledError exception (even if cancel()
         was not called).
+
+        This also increases the task's count of cancellation requests.
         """
+        self._log_traceback = False
         if self.done():
             return False
+        self._num_cancels_requested += 1
+        # These two lines are controversial.  See discussion starting at
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/31394#issuecomment-1053545331
+        # Also remember that this is duplicated in _asynciomodule.c.
+        # if self._num_cancels_requested > 1:
+        #     return False
         if self._fut_waiter is not None:
-            if self._fut_waiter.cancel():
+            if self._fut_waiter.cancel(msg=msg):
                 # Leave self._fut_waiter; it may be a Task that
                 # catches and ignores the cancellation so we may have
                 # to cancel it again later.
                 return True
-        # It must be the case that self._step is already scheduled.
+        # It must be the case that self.__step is already scheduled.
         self._must_cancel = True
+        self._cancel_message = msg
         return True
 
-    def _step(self, exc=None):
-        assert not self.done(), \
-            '_step(): already done: {!r}, {!r}'.format(self, exc)
+    def cancelling(self):
+        """Return the count of the task's cancellation requests.
+
+        This count is incremented when .cancel() is called
+        and may be decremented using .uncancel().
+        """
+        return self._num_cancels_requested
+
+    def uncancel(self):
+        """Decrement the task's count of cancellation requests.
+
+        This should be called by the party that called `cancel()` on the task
+        beforehand.
+
+        Returns the remaining number of cancellation requests.
+        """
+        if self._num_cancels_requested > 0:
+            self._num_cancels_requested -= 1
+        return self._num_cancels_requested
+
+    def __eager_start(self):
+        prev_task = _swap_current_task(self._loop, self)
+        try:
+            _register_eager_task(self)
+            try:
+                self._context.run(self.__step_run_and_handle_result, None)
+            finally:
+                _unregister_eager_task(self)
+        finally:
+            try:
+                curtask = _swap_current_task(self._loop, prev_task)
+                assert curtask is self
+            finally:
+                if self.done():
+                    self._coro = None
+                    self = None  # Needed to break cycles when an exception occurs.
+                else:
+                    _register_task(self)
+
+    def __step(self, exc=None):
+        if self.done():
+            raise exceptions.InvalidStateError(
+                f'_step(): already done: {self!r}, {exc!r}')
         if self._must_cancel:
-            if not isinstance(exc, futures.CancelledError):
-                exc = futures.CancelledError()
+            if not isinstance(exc, exceptions.CancelledError):
+                exc = self._make_cancelled_error()
             self._must_cancel = False
-        coro = self._coro
         self._fut_waiter = None
 
-        self.__class__._current_tasks[self._loop] = self
-        # Call either coro.throw(exc) or coro.send(None).
+        _enter_task(self._loop, self)
+        try:
+            self.__step_run_and_handle_result(exc)
+        finally:
+            _leave_task(self._loop, self)
+            self = None  # Needed to break cycles when an exception occurs.
+
+    def __step_run_and_handle_result(self, exc):
+        coro = self._coro
         try:
             if exc is None:
                 # We use the `send` method directly, because coroutines
@@ -215,71 +315,77 @@ def _step(self, exc=None):
             else:
                 result = coro.throw(exc)
         except StopIteration as exc:
-            self.set_result(exc.value)
-        except futures.CancelledError:
+            if self._must_cancel:
+                # Task is cancelled right before coro stops.
+                self._must_cancel = False
+                super().cancel(msg=self._cancel_message)
+            else:
+                super().set_result(exc.value)
+        except exceptions.CancelledError as exc:
+            # Save the original exception so we can chain it later.
+            self._cancelled_exc = exc
             super().cancel()  # I.e., Future.cancel(self).
-        except Exception as exc:
-            self.set_exception(exc)
-        except BaseException as exc:
-            self.set_exception(exc)
+        except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit) as exc:
+            super().set_exception(exc)
             raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            super().set_exception(exc)
         else:
             blocking = getattr(result, '_asyncio_future_blocking', None)
             if blocking is not None:
                 # Yielded Future must come from Future.__iter__().
-                if result._loop is not self._loop:
+                if futures._get_loop(result) is not self._loop:
+                    new_exc = RuntimeError(
+                        f'Task {self!r} got Future '
+                        f'{result!r} attached to a different loop')
                     self._loop.call_soon(
-                        self._step,
-                        RuntimeError(
-                            'Task {!r} got Future {!r} attached to a '
-                            'different loop'.format(self, result)))
+                        self.__step, new_exc, context=self._context)
                 elif blocking:
                     if result is self:
+                        new_exc = RuntimeError(
+                            f'Task cannot await on itself: {self!r}')
                         self._loop.call_soon(
-                            self._step,
-                            RuntimeError(
-                                'Task cannot await on itself: {!r}'.format(
-                                    self)))
+                            self.__step, new_exc, context=self._context)
                     else:
                         result._asyncio_future_blocking = False
-                        result.add_done_callback(self._wakeup)
+                        result.add_done_callback(
+                            self.__wakeup, context=self._context)
                         self._fut_waiter = result
                         if self._must_cancel:
-                            if self._fut_waiter.cancel():
+                            if self._fut_waiter.cancel(
+                                    msg=self._cancel_message):
                                 self._must_cancel = False
                 else:
+                    new_exc = RuntimeError(
+                        f'yield was used instead of yield from '
+                        f'in task {self!r} with {result!r}')
                     self._loop.call_soon(
-                        self._step,
-                        RuntimeError(
-                            'yield was used instead of yield from '
-                            'in task {!r} with {!r}'.format(self, result)))
+                        self.__step, new_exc, context=self._context)
+
             elif result is None:
                 # Bare yield relinquishes control for one event loop iteration.
-                self._loop.call_soon(self._step)
+                self._loop.call_soon(self.__step, context=self._context)
             elif inspect.isgenerator(result):
                 # Yielding a generator is just wrong.
+                new_exc = RuntimeError(
+                    f'yield was used instead of yield from for '
+                    f'generator in task {self!r} with {result!r}')
                 self._loop.call_soon(
-                    self._step,
-                    RuntimeError(
-                        'yield was used instead of yield from for '
-                        'generator in task {!r} with {}'.format(
-                            self, result)))
+                    self.__step, new_exc, context=self._context)
             else:
                 # Yielding something else is an error.
+                new_exc = RuntimeError(f'Task got bad yield: {result!r}')
                 self._loop.call_soon(
-                    self._step,
-                    RuntimeError(
-                        'Task got bad yield: {!r}'.format(result)))
+                    self.__step, new_exc, context=self._context)
         finally:
-            self.__class__._current_tasks.pop(self._loop)
             self = None  # Needed to break cycles when an exception occurs.
 
-    def _wakeup(self, future):
+    def __wakeup(self, future):
         try:
             future.result()
-        except Exception as exc:
+        except BaseException as exc:
             # This may also be a cancellation.
-            self._step(exc)
+            self.__step(exc)
         else:
             # Don't pass the value of `future.result()` explicitly,
             # as `Future.__iter__` and `Future.__await__` don't need it.
@@ -287,7 +393,7 @@ def _wakeup(self, future):
             # Python eval loop would use `.send(value)` method call,
             # instead of `__next__()`, which is slower for futures
             # that return non-generator iterators from their `__iter__`.
-            self._step()
+            self.__step()
         self = None  # Needed to break cycles when an exception occurs.
 
 
@@ -303,13 +409,18 @@ def _wakeup(self, future):
     Task = _CTask = _asyncio.Task
 
 
-def create_task(coro, *, name=None):
+def create_task(coro, *, name=None, context=None):
     """Schedule the execution of a coroutine object in a spawn task.
 
     Return a Task object.
     """
     loop = events.get_running_loop()
-    task = loop.create_task(coro)
+    if context is None:
+        # Use legacy API if context is not needed
+        task = loop.create_task(coro)
+    else:
+        task = loop.create_task(coro, context=context)
+
     _set_task_name(task, name)
     return task
 
@@ -321,11 +432,10 @@ def create_task(coro, *, name=None):
 ALL_COMPLETED = concurrent.futures.ALL_COMPLETED
 
 
-@coroutine
-def wait(fs, *, loop=None, timeout=None, return_when=ALL_COMPLETED):
-    """Wait for the Futures and coroutines given by fs to complete.
+async def wait(fs, *, timeout=None, return_when=ALL_COMPLETED):
+    """Wait for the Futures or Tasks given by fs to complete.
 
-    The sequence futures must not be empty.
+    The fs iterable must not be empty.
 
     Coroutines will be wrapped in Tasks.
 
@@ -333,24 +443,25 @@ def wait(fs, *, loop=None, timeout=None, return_when=ALL_COMPLETED):
 
     Usage:
 
-        done, pending = yield from asyncio.wait(fs)
+        done, pending = await asyncio.wait(fs)
 
     Note: This does not raise TimeoutError! Futures that aren't done
     when the timeout occurs are returned in the second set.
     """
     if futures.isfuture(fs) or coroutines.iscoroutine(fs):
-        raise TypeError("expect a list of futures, not %s" % type(fs).__name__)
+        raise TypeError(f"expect a list of futures, not {type(fs).__name__}")
     if not fs:
-        raise ValueError('Set of coroutines/Futures is empty.')
+        raise ValueError('Set of Tasks/Futures is empty.')
     if return_when not in (FIRST_COMPLETED, FIRST_EXCEPTION, ALL_COMPLETED):
-        raise ValueError('Invalid return_when value: {}'.format(return_when))
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid return_when value: {return_when}')
 
-    if loop is None:
-        loop = events.get_event_loop()
+    fs = set(fs)
 
-    fs = {ensure_future(f, loop=loop) for f in set(fs)}
+    if any(coroutines.iscoroutine(f) for f in fs):
+        raise TypeError("Passing coroutines is forbidden, use tasks explicitly.")
 
-    return (yield from _wait(fs, timeout, return_when, loop))
+    loop = events.get_running_loop()
+    return await _wait(fs, timeout, return_when, loop)
 
 
 def _release_waiter(waiter, *args):
@@ -358,8 +469,7 @@ def _release_waiter(waiter, *args):
         waiter.set_result(None)
 
 
-@coroutine
-def wait_for(fut, timeout, *, loop=None):
+async def wait_for(fut, timeout):
     """Wait for the single Future or coroutine to complete, with timeout.
 
     Coroutine will be wrapped in Task.
@@ -370,43 +480,47 @@ def wait_for(fut, timeout, *, loop=None):
 
     If the wait is cancelled, the task is also cancelled.
 
+    If the task suppresses the cancellation and returns a value instead,
+    that value is returned.
+
     This function is a coroutine.
     """
-    if loop is None:
-        loop = events.get_event_loop()
+    # The special case for timeout <= 0 is for the following case:
+    #
+    # async def test_waitfor():
+    #     func_started = False
+    #
+    #     async def func():
+    #         nonlocal func_started
+    #         func_started = True
+    #
+    #     try:
+    #         await asyncio.wait_for(func(), 0)
+    #     except asyncio.TimeoutError:
+    #         assert not func_started
+    #     else:
+    #         assert False
+    #
+    # asyncio.run(test_waitfor())
 
-    if timeout is None:
-        return (yield from fut)
 
-    waiter = loop.create_future()
-    timeout_handle = loop.call_later(timeout, _release_waiter, waiter)
-    cb = functools.partial(_release_waiter, waiter)
+    if timeout is not None and timeout <= 0:
+        fut = ensure_future(fut)
 
-    fut = ensure_future(fut, loop=loop)
-    fut.add_done_callback(cb)
+        if fut.done():
+            return fut.result()
 
-    try:
-        # wait until the future completes or the timeout
+        await _cancel_and_wait(fut)
         try:
-            yield from waiter
-        except futures.CancelledError:
-            fut.remove_done_callback(cb)
-            fut.cancel()
-            raise
-
-        if fut.done():
             return fut.result()
-        else:
-            fut.remove_done_callback(cb)
-            fut.cancel()
-            raise futures.TimeoutError()
-    finally:
-        timeout_handle.cancel()
+        except exceptions.CancelledError as exc:
+            raise TimeoutError from exc
 
+    async with timeouts.timeout(timeout):
+        return await fut
 
-@coroutine
-def _wait(fs, timeout, return_when, loop):
-    """Internal helper for wait() and wait_for().
+async def _wait(fs, timeout, return_when, loop):
+    """Internal helper for wait().
 
     The fs argument must be a collection of Futures.
     """
@@ -433,14 +547,15 @@ def _on_completion(f):
         f.add_done_callback(_on_completion)
 
     try:
-        yield from waiter
+        await waiter
     finally:
         if timeout_handle is not None:
             timeout_handle.cancel()
+        for f in fs:
+            f.remove_done_callback(_on_completion)
 
     done, pending = set(), set()
     for f in fs:
-        f.remove_done_callback(_on_completion)
         if f.done():
             done.add(f)
         else:
@@ -448,8 +563,25 @@ def _on_completion(f):
     return done, pending
 
 
+async def _cancel_and_wait(fut):
+    """Cancel the *fut* future or task and wait until it completes."""
+
+    loop = events.get_running_loop()
+    waiter = loop.create_future()
+    cb = functools.partial(_release_waiter, waiter)
+    fut.add_done_callback(cb)
+
+    try:
+        fut.cancel()
+        # We cannot wait on *fut* directly to make
+        # sure _cancel_and_wait itself is reliably cancellable.
+        await waiter
+    finally:
+        fut.remove_done_callback(cb)
+
+
 # This is *not* a @coroutine!  It is just an iterator (yielding Futures).
-def as_completed(fs, *, loop=None, timeout=None):
+def as_completed(fs, *, timeout=None):
     """Return an iterator whose values are coroutines.
 
     When waiting for the yielded coroutines you'll get the results (or
@@ -459,20 +591,22 @@ def as_completed(fs, *, loop=None, timeout=None):
     This differs from PEP 3148; the proper way to use this is:
 
         for f in as_completed(fs):
-            result = yield from f  # The 'yield from' may raise.
+            result = await f  # The 'await' may raise.
             # Use result.
 
-    If a timeout is specified, the 'yield from' will raise
+    If a timeout is specified, the 'await' will raise
     TimeoutError when the timeout occurs before all Futures are done.
 
     Note: The futures 'f' are not necessarily members of fs.
     """
     if futures.isfuture(fs) or coroutines.iscoroutine(fs):
-        raise TypeError("expect a list of futures, not %s" % type(fs).__name__)
-    loop = loop if loop is not None else events.get_event_loop()
-    todo = {ensure_future(f, loop=loop) for f in set(fs)}
+        raise TypeError(f"expect an iterable of futures, not {type(fs).__name__}")
+
     from .queues import Queue  # Import here to avoid circular import problem.
-    done = Queue(loop=loop)
+    done = Queue()
+
+    loop = events.get_event_loop()
+    todo = {ensure_future(f, loop=loop) for f in set(fs)}
     timeout_handle = None
 
     def _on_timeout():
@@ -489,12 +623,11 @@ def _on_completion(f):
         if not todo and timeout_handle is not None:
             timeout_handle.cancel()
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _wait_for_one():
-        f = yield from done.get()
+    async def _wait_for_one():
+        f = await done.get()
         if f is None:
             # Dummy value from _on_timeout().
-            raise futures.TimeoutError
+            raise exceptions.TimeoutError
         return f.result()  # May raise f.exception().
 
     for f in todo:
@@ -505,74 +638,65 @@ def _wait_for_one():
         yield _wait_for_one()
 
 
-@coroutine
-def sleep(delay, result=None, *, loop=None):
+@types.coroutine
+def __sleep0():
+    """Skip one event loop run cycle.
+
+    This is a private helper for 'asyncio.sleep()', used
+    when the 'delay' is set to 0.  It uses a bare 'yield'
+    expression (which Task.__step knows how to handle)
+    instead of creating a Future object.
+    """
+    yield
+
+
+async def sleep(delay, result=None):
     """Coroutine that completes after a given time (in seconds)."""
-    if delay == 0:
-        yield
+    if delay <= 0:
+        await __sleep0()
         return result
 
-    if loop is None:
-        loop = events.get_event_loop()
+    loop = events.get_running_loop()
     future = loop.create_future()
-    h = future._loop.call_later(delay,
-                                futures._set_result_unless_cancelled,
-                                future, result)
+    h = loop.call_later(delay,
+                        futures._set_result_unless_cancelled,
+                        future, result)
     try:
-        return (yield from future)
+        return await future
     finally:
         h.cancel()
 
 
-def async_(coro_or_future, *, loop=None):
-    """Wrap a coroutine in a future.
-
-    If the argument is a Future, it is returned directly.
-
-    This function is deprecated in 3.5. Use asyncio.ensure_future() instead.
-    """
-
-    warnings.warn("asyncio.async() function is deprecated, use ensure_future()",
-                  DeprecationWarning)
-
-    return ensure_future(coro_or_future, loop=loop)
-
-# Silence DeprecationWarning:
-globals()['async'] = async_
-async_.__name__ = 'async'
-del async_
-
-
 def ensure_future(coro_or_future, *, loop=None):
     """Wrap a coroutine or an awaitable in a future.
 
     If the argument is a Future, it is returned directly.
     """
     if futures.isfuture(coro_or_future):
-        if loop is not None and loop is not coro_or_future._loop:
-            raise ValueError('loop argument must agree with Future')
+        if loop is not None and loop is not futures._get_loop(coro_or_future):
+            raise ValueError('The future belongs to a different loop than '
+                            'the one specified as the loop argument')
         return coro_or_future
-    elif coroutines.iscoroutine(coro_or_future):
-        if loop is None:
-            loop = events.get_event_loop()
-        task = loop.create_task(coro_or_future)
-        if task._source_traceback:
-            del task._source_traceback[-1]
-        return task
-    elif compat.PY35 and inspect.isawaitable(coro_or_future):
-        return ensure_future(_wrap_awaitable(coro_or_future), loop=loop)
-    else:
-        raise TypeError('A Future, a coroutine or an awaitable is required')
-
-
-@coroutine
-def _wrap_awaitable(awaitable):
-    """Helper for asyncio.ensure_future().
+    should_close = True
+    if not coroutines.iscoroutine(coro_or_future):
+        if inspect.isawaitable(coro_or_future):
+            async def _wrap_awaitable(awaitable):
+                return await awaitable
+
+            coro_or_future = _wrap_awaitable(coro_or_future)
+            should_close = False
+        else:
+            raise TypeError('An asyncio.Future, a coroutine or an awaitable '
+                            'is required')
 
-    Wraps awaitable (an object with __await__) into a coroutine
-    that will later be wrapped in a Task by ensure_future().
-    """
-    return (yield from awaitable.__await__())
+    if loop is None:
+        loop = events.get_event_loop()
+    try:
+        return loop.create_task(coro_or_future)
+    except RuntimeError:
+        if should_close:
+            coro_or_future.close()
+        raise
 
 
 class _GatheringFuture(futures.Future):
@@ -583,23 +707,29 @@ class _GatheringFuture(futures.Future):
     cancelled.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, children, *, loop=None):
+    def __init__(self, children, *, loop):
+        assert loop is not None
         super().__init__(loop=loop)
         self._children = children
+        self._cancel_requested = False
 
-    def cancel(self):
+    def cancel(self, msg=None):
         if self.done():
             return False
         ret = False
         for child in self._children:
-            if child.cancel():
+            if child.cancel(msg=msg):
                 ret = True
+        if ret:
+            # If any child tasks were actually cancelled, we should
+            # propagate the cancellation request regardless of
+            # *return_exceptions* argument.  See issue 32684.
+            self._cancel_requested = True
         return ret
 
 
-def gather(*coros_or_futures, loop=None, return_exceptions=False):
-    """Return a future aggregating results from the given coroutines
-    or futures.
+def gather(*coros_or_futures, return_exceptions=False):
+    """Return a future aggregating results from the given coroutines/futures.
 
     Coroutines will be wrapped in a future and scheduled in the event
     loop. They will not necessarily be scheduled in the same order as
@@ -620,77 +750,129 @@ def gather(*coros_or_futures, loop=None, return_exceptions=False):
     the outer Future is *not* cancelled in this case.  (This is to
     prevent the cancellation of one child to cause other children to
     be cancelled.)
+
+    If *return_exceptions* is False, cancelling gather() after it
+    has been marked done won't cancel any submitted awaitables.
+    For instance, gather can be marked done after propagating an
+    exception to the caller, therefore, calling ``gather.cancel()``
+    after catching an exception (raised by one of the awaitables) from
+    gather won't cancel any other awaitables.
     """
     if not coros_or_futures:
-        if loop is None:
-            loop = events.get_event_loop()
+        loop = events.get_event_loop()
         outer = loop.create_future()
         outer.set_result([])
         return outer
 
-    arg_to_fut = {}
-    for arg in set(coros_or_futures):
-        if not futures.isfuture(arg):
-            fut = ensure_future(arg, loop=loop)
-            if loop is None:
-                loop = fut._loop
-            # The caller cannot control this future, the "destroy pending task"
-            # warning should not be emitted.
-            fut._log_destroy_pending = False
-        else:
-            fut = arg
-            if loop is None:
-                loop = fut._loop
-            elif fut._loop is not loop:
-                raise ValueError("futures are tied to different event loops")
-        arg_to_fut[arg] = fut
-
-    children = [arg_to_fut[arg] for arg in coros_or_futures]
-    nchildren = len(children)
-    outer = _GatheringFuture(children, loop=loop)
-    nfinished = 0
-    results = [None] * nchildren
-
-    def _done_callback(i, fut):
+    def _done_callback(fut):
         nonlocal nfinished
-        if outer.done():
+        nfinished += 1
+
+        if outer is None or outer.done():
             if not fut.cancelled():
                 # Mark exception retrieved.
                 fut.exception()
             return
 
-        if fut.cancelled():
-            res = futures.CancelledError()
-            if not return_exceptions:
-                outer.set_exception(res)
-                return
-        elif fut._exception is not None:
-            res = fut.exception()  # Mark exception retrieved.
-            if not return_exceptions:
-                outer.set_exception(res)
+        if not return_exceptions:
+            if fut.cancelled():
+                # Check if 'fut' is cancelled first, as
+                # 'fut.exception()' will *raise* a CancelledError
+                # instead of returning it.
+                exc = fut._make_cancelled_error()
+                outer.set_exception(exc)
                 return
+            else:
+                exc = fut.exception()
+                if exc is not None:
+                    outer.set_exception(exc)
+                    return
+
+        if nfinished == nfuts:
+            # All futures are done; create a list of results
+            # and set it to the 'outer' future.
+            results = []
+
+            for fut in children:
+                if fut.cancelled():
+                    # Check if 'fut' is cancelled first, as 'fut.exception()'
+                    # will *raise* a CancelledError instead of returning it.
+                    # Also, since we're adding the exception return value
+                    # to 'results' instead of raising it, don't bother
+                    # setting __context__.  This also lets us preserve
+                    # calling '_make_cancelled_error()' at most once.
+                    res = exceptions.CancelledError(
+                        '' if fut._cancel_message is None else
+                        fut._cancel_message)
+                else:
+                    res = fut.exception()
+                    if res is None:
+                        res = fut.result()
+                results.append(res)
+
+            if outer._cancel_requested:
+                # If gather is being cancelled we must propagate the
+                # cancellation regardless of *return_exceptions* argument.
+                # See issue 32684.
+                exc = fut._make_cancelled_error()
+                outer.set_exception(exc)
+            else:
+                outer.set_result(results)
+
+    arg_to_fut = {}
+    children = []
+    nfuts = 0
+    nfinished = 0
+    done_futs = []
+    loop = None
+    outer = None  # bpo-46672
+    for arg in coros_or_futures:
+        if arg not in arg_to_fut:
+            fut = ensure_future(arg, loop=loop)
+            if loop is None:
+                loop = futures._get_loop(fut)
+            if fut is not arg:
+                # 'arg' was not a Future, therefore, 'fut' is a new
+                # Future created specifically for 'arg'.  Since the caller
+                # can't control it, disable the "destroy pending task"
+                # warning.
+                fut._log_destroy_pending = False
+
+            nfuts += 1
+            arg_to_fut[arg] = fut
+            if fut.done():
+                done_futs.append(fut)
+            else:
+                fut.add_done_callback(_done_callback)
+
         else:
-            res = fut._result
-        results[i] = res
-        nfinished += 1
-        if nfinished == nchildren:
-            outer.set_result(results)
+            # There's a duplicate Future object in coros_or_futures.
+            fut = arg_to_fut[arg]
+
+        children.append(fut)
 
-    for i, fut in enumerate(children):
-        fut.add_done_callback(functools.partial(_done_callback, i))
+    outer = _GatheringFuture(children, loop=loop)
+    # Run done callbacks after GatheringFuture created so any post-processing
+    # can be performed at this point
+    # optimization: in the special case that *all* futures finished eagerly,
+    # this will effectively complete the gather eagerly, with the last
+    # callback setting the result (or exception) on outer before returning it
+    for fut in done_futs:
+        _done_callback(fut)
     return outer
 
 
-def shield(arg, *, loop=None):
+def shield(arg):
     """Wait for a future, shielding it from cancellation.
 
     The statement
 
-        res = yield from shield(something())
+        task = asyncio.create_task(something())
+        res = await shield(task)
 
     is exactly equivalent to the statement
 
-        res = yield from something()
+        res = await something()
 
     *except* that if the coroutine containing it is cancelled, the
     task running in something() is not cancelled.  From the POV of
@@ -702,19 +884,25 @@ def shield(arg, *, loop=None):
     If you want to completely ignore cancellation (not recommended)
     you can combine shield() with a try/except clause, as follows:
 
+        task = asyncio.create_task(something())
         try:
-            res = yield from shield(something())
+            res = await shield(task)
         except CancelledError:
             res = None
+
+    Save a reference to tasks passed to this function, to avoid
+    a task disappearing mid-execution. The event loop only keeps
+    weak references to tasks. A task that isn't referenced elsewhere
+    may get garbage collected at any time, even before it's done.
     """
-    inner = ensure_future(arg, loop=loop)
+    inner = ensure_future(arg)
     if inner.done():
         # Shortcut.
         return inner
-    loop = inner._loop
+    loop = futures._get_loop(inner)
     outer = loop.create_future()
 
-    def _done_callback(inner):
+    def _inner_done_callback(inner):
         if outer.cancelled():
             if not inner.cancelled():
                 # Mark inner's result as retrieved.
@@ -730,7 +918,13 @@ def _done_callback(inner):
             else:
                 outer.set_result(inner.result())
 
-    inner.add_done_callback(_done_callback)
+
+    def _outer_done_callback(outer):
+        if not inner.done():
+            inner.remove_done_callback(_inner_done_callback)
+
+    inner.add_done_callback(_inner_done_callback)
+    outer.add_done_callback(_outer_done_callback)
     return outer
 
 
@@ -746,7 +940,9 @@ def run_coroutine_threadsafe(coro, loop):
     def callback():
         try:
             futures._chain_future(ensure_future(coro, loop=loop), future)
-        except Exception as exc:
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             if future.set_running_or_notify_cancel():
                 future.set_exception(exc)
             raise
@@ -755,8 +951,40 @@ def callback():
     return future
 
 
-# WeakSet containing all alive tasks.
-_all_tasks = weakref.WeakSet()
+def create_eager_task_factory(custom_task_constructor):
+    """Create a function suitable for use as a task factory on an event-loop.
+
+        Example usage:
+
+            loop.set_task_factory(
+                asyncio.create_eager_task_factory(my_task_constructor))
+
+        Now, tasks created will be started immediately (rather than being first
+        scheduled to an event loop). The constructor argument can be any callable
+        that returns a Task-compatible object and has a signature compatible
+        with `Task.__init__`; it must have the `eager_start` keyword argument.
+
+        Most applications will use `Task` for `custom_task_constructor` and in
+        this case there's no need to call `create_eager_task_factory()`
+        directly. Instead the  global `eager_task_factory` instance can be
+        used. E.g. `loop.set_task_factory(asyncio.eager_task_factory)`.
+        """
+
+    def factory(loop, coro, *, name=None, context=None):
+        return custom_task_constructor(
+            coro, loop=loop, name=name, context=context, eager_start=True)
+
+    return factory
+
+
+eager_task_factory = create_eager_task_factory(Task)
+
+
+# Collectively these two sets hold references to the complete set of active
+# tasks. Eagerly executed tasks use a faster regular set as an optimization
+# but may graduate to a WeakSet if the task blocks on IO.
+_scheduled_tasks = weakref.WeakSet()
+_eager_tasks = set()
 
 # Dictionary containing tasks that are currently active in
 # all running event loops.  {EventLoop: Task}
@@ -764,8 +992,13 @@ def callback():
 
 
 def _register_task(task):
-    """Register a new task in asyncio as executed by loop."""
-    _all_tasks.add(task)
+    """Register an asyncio Task scheduled to run on an event loop."""
+    _scheduled_tasks.add(task)
+
+
+def _register_eager_task(task):
+    """Register an asyncio Task about to be eagerly executed."""
+    _eager_tasks.add(task)
 
 
 def _enter_task(loop, task):
@@ -784,25 +1017,49 @@ def _leave_task(loop, task):
     del _current_tasks[loop]
 
 
+def _swap_current_task(loop, task):
+    prev_task = _current_tasks.get(loop)
+    if task is None:
+        del _current_tasks[loop]
+    else:
+        _current_tasks[loop] = task
+    return prev_task
+
+
 def _unregister_task(task):
-    """Unregister a task."""
-    _all_tasks.discard(task)
+    """Unregister a completed, scheduled Task."""
+    _scheduled_tasks.discard(task)
+
+
+def _unregister_eager_task(task):
+    """Unregister a task which finished its first eager step."""
+    _eager_tasks.discard(task)
 
 
+_py_current_task = current_task
 _py_register_task = _register_task
+_py_register_eager_task = _register_eager_task
 _py_unregister_task = _unregister_task
+_py_unregister_eager_task = _unregister_eager_task
 _py_enter_task = _enter_task
 _py_leave_task = _leave_task
+_py_swap_current_task = _swap_current_task
 
 
 try:
-    from _asyncio import (_register_task, _unregister_task,
-                          _enter_task, _leave_task,
-                          _all_tasks, _current_tasks)
+    from _asyncio import (_register_task, _register_eager_task,
+                          _unregister_task, _unregister_eager_task,
+                          _enter_task, _leave_task, _swap_current_task,
+                          _scheduled_tasks, _eager_tasks, _current_tasks,
+                          current_task)
 except ImportError:
     pass
 else:
+    _c_current_task = current_task
     _c_register_task = _register_task
+    _c_register_eager_task = _register_eager_task
     _c_unregister_task = _unregister_task
+    _c_unregister_eager_task = _unregister_eager_task
     _c_enter_task = _enter_task
     _c_leave_task = _leave_task
+    _c_swap_current_task = _swap_current_task
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/test_utils.py b/Lib/asyncio/test_utils.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 99e3839f45..0000000000
--- a/Lib/asyncio/test_utils.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,503 +0,0 @@
-"""Utilities shared by tests."""
-
-import collections
-import contextlib
-import io
-import logging
-import os
-import re
-import socket
-import socketserver
-import sys
-import tempfile
-import threading
-import time
-import unittest
-import weakref
-
-from unittest import mock
-
-from http.server import HTTPServer
-from wsgiref.simple_server import WSGIRequestHandler, WSGIServer
-
-try:
-    import ssl
-except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
-    ssl = None
-
-from . import base_events
-from . import compat
-from . import events
-from . import futures
-from . import selectors
-from . import tasks
-from .coroutines import coroutine
-from .log import logger
-
-
-if sys.platform == 'win32':  # pragma: no cover
-    from .windows_utils import socketpair
-else:
-    from socket import socketpair  # pragma: no cover
-
-
-def dummy_ssl_context():
-    if ssl is None:
-        return None
-    else:
-        return ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
-
-
-def run_briefly(loop):
-    @coroutine
-    def once():
-        pass
-    gen = once()
-    t = loop.create_task(gen)
-    # Don't log a warning if the task is not done after run_until_complete().
-    # It occurs if the loop is stopped or if a task raises a BaseException.
-    t._log_destroy_pending = False
-    try:
-        loop.run_until_complete(t)
-    finally:
-        gen.close()
-
-
-def run_until(loop, pred, timeout=30):
-    deadline = time.time() + timeout
-    while not pred():
-        if timeout is not None:
-            timeout = deadline - time.time()
-            if timeout <= 0:
-                raise futures.TimeoutError()
-        loop.run_until_complete(tasks.sleep(0.001, loop=loop))
-
-
-def run_once(loop):
-    """Legacy API to run once through the event loop.
-
-    This is the recommended pattern for test code.  It will poll the
-    selector once and run all callbacks scheduled in response to I/O
-    events.
-    """
-    loop.call_soon(loop.stop)
-    loop.run_forever()
-
-
-class SilentWSGIRequestHandler(WSGIRequestHandler):
-
-    def get_stderr(self):
-        return io.StringIO()
-
-    def log_message(self, format, *args):
-        pass
-
-
-class SilentWSGIServer(WSGIServer):
-
-    request_timeout = 2
-
-    def get_request(self):
-        request, client_addr = super().get_request()
-        request.settimeout(self.request_timeout)
-        return request, client_addr
-
-    def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
-        pass
-
-
-class SSLWSGIServerMixin:
-
-    def finish_request(self, request, client_address):
-        # The relative location of our test directory (which
-        # contains the ssl key and certificate files) differs
-        # between the stdlib and stand-alone asyncio.
-        # Prefer our own if we can find it.
-        here = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', 'tests')
-        if not os.path.isdir(here):
-            here = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.__file__),
-                                'test', 'test_asyncio')
-        keyfile = os.path.join(here, 'ssl_key.pem')
-        certfile = os.path.join(here, 'ssl_cert.pem')
-        context = ssl.SSLContext()
-        context.load_cert_chain(certfile, keyfile)
-
-        ssock = context.wrap_socket(request, server_side=True)
-        try:
-            self.RequestHandlerClass(ssock, client_address, self)
-            ssock.close()
-        except OSError:
-            # maybe socket has been closed by peer
-            pass
-
-
-class SSLWSGIServer(SSLWSGIServerMixin, SilentWSGIServer):
-    pass
-
-
-def _run_test_server(*, address, use_ssl=False, server_cls, server_ssl_cls):
-
-    def app(environ, start_response):
-        status = '200 OK'
-        headers = [('Content-type', 'text/plain')]
-        start_response(status, headers)
-        return [b'Test message']
-
-    # Run the test WSGI server in a separate thread in order not to
-    # interfere with event handling in the main thread
-    server_class = server_ssl_cls if use_ssl else server_cls
-    httpd = server_class(address, SilentWSGIRequestHandler)
-    httpd.set_app(app)
-    httpd.address = httpd.server_address
-    server_thread = threading.Thread(
-        target=lambda: httpd.serve_forever(poll_interval=0.05))
-    server_thread.start()
-    try:
-        yield httpd
-    finally:
-        httpd.shutdown()
-        httpd.server_close()
-        server_thread.join()
-
-
-if hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX'):
-
-    class UnixHTTPServer(socketserver.UnixStreamServer, HTTPServer):
-
-        def server_bind(self):
-            socketserver.UnixStreamServer.server_bind(self)
-            self.server_name = '127.0.0.1'
-            self.server_port = 80
-
-
-    class UnixWSGIServer(UnixHTTPServer, WSGIServer):
-
-        request_timeout = 2
-
-        def server_bind(self):
-            UnixHTTPServer.server_bind(self)
-            self.setup_environ()
-
-        def get_request(self):
-            request, client_addr = super().get_request()
-            request.settimeout(self.request_timeout)
-            # Code in the stdlib expects that get_request
-            # will return a socket and a tuple (host, port).
-            # However, this isn't true for UNIX sockets,
-            # as the second return value will be a path;
-            # hence we return some fake data sufficient
-            # to get the tests going
-            return request, ('127.0.0.1', '')
-
-
-    class SilentUnixWSGIServer(UnixWSGIServer):
-
-        def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
-            pass
-
-
-    class UnixSSLWSGIServer(SSLWSGIServerMixin, SilentUnixWSGIServer):
-        pass
-
-
-    def gen_unix_socket_path():
-        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile() as file:
-            return file.name
-
-
-    @contextlib.contextmanager
-    def unix_socket_path():
-        path = gen_unix_socket_path()
-        try:
-            yield path
-        finally:
-            try:
-                os.unlink(path)
-            except OSError:
-                pass
-
-
-    @contextlib.contextmanager
-    def run_test_unix_server(*, use_ssl=False):
-        with unix_socket_path() as path:
-            yield from _run_test_server(address=path, use_ssl=use_ssl,
-                                        server_cls=SilentUnixWSGIServer,
-                                        server_ssl_cls=UnixSSLWSGIServer)
-
-
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def run_test_server(*, host='127.0.0.1', port=0, use_ssl=False):
-    yield from _run_test_server(address=(host, port), use_ssl=use_ssl,
-                                server_cls=SilentWSGIServer,
-                                server_ssl_cls=SSLWSGIServer)
-
-
-def make_test_protocol(base):
-    dct = {}
-    for name in dir(base):
-        if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'):
-            # skip magic names
-            continue
-        dct[name] = MockCallback(return_value=None)
-    return type('TestProtocol', (base,) + base.__bases__, dct)()
-
-
-class TestSelector(selectors.BaseSelector):
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.keys = {}
-
-    def register(self, fileobj, events, data=None):
-        key = selectors.SelectorKey(fileobj, 0, events, data)
-        self.keys[fileobj] = key
-        return key
-
-    def unregister(self, fileobj):
-        return self.keys.pop(fileobj)
-
-    def select(self, timeout):
-        return []
-
-    def get_map(self):
-        return self.keys
-
-
-class TestLoop(base_events.BaseEventLoop):
-    """Loop for unittests.
-
-    It manages self time directly.
-    If something scheduled to be executed later then
-    on next loop iteration after all ready handlers done
-    generator passed to __init__ is calling.
-
-    Generator should be like this:
-
-        def gen():
-            ...
-            when = yield ...
-            ... = yield time_advance
-
-    Value returned by yield is absolute time of next scheduled handler.
-    Value passed to yield is time advance to move loop's time forward.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, gen=None):
-        super().__init__()
-
-        if gen is None:
-            def gen():
-                yield
-            self._check_on_close = False
-        else:
-            self._check_on_close = True
-
-        self._gen = gen()
-        next(self._gen)
-        self._time = 0
-        self._clock_resolution = 1e-9
-        self._timers = []
-        self._selector = TestSelector()
-
-        self.readers = {}
-        self.writers = {}
-        self.reset_counters()
-
-        self._transports = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
-
-    def time(self):
-        return self._time
-
-    def advance_time(self, advance):
-        """Move test time forward."""
-        if advance:
-            self._time += advance
-
-    def close(self):
-        super().close()
-        if self._check_on_close:
-            try:
-                self._gen.send(0)
-            except StopIteration:
-                pass
-            else:  # pragma: no cover
-                raise AssertionError("Time generator is not finished")
-
-    def _add_reader(self, fd, callback, *args):
-        self.readers[fd] = events.Handle(callback, args, self)
-
-    def _remove_reader(self, fd):
-        self.remove_reader_count[fd] += 1
-        if fd in self.readers:
-            del self.readers[fd]
-            return True
-        else:
-            return False
-
-    def assert_reader(self, fd, callback, *args):
-        assert fd in self.readers, 'fd {} is not registered'.format(fd)
-        handle = self.readers[fd]
-        assert handle._callback == callback, '{!r} != {!r}'.format(
-            handle._callback, callback)
-        assert handle._args == args, '{!r} != {!r}'.format(
-            handle._args, args)
-
-    def _add_writer(self, fd, callback, *args):
-        self.writers[fd] = events.Handle(callback, args, self)
-
-    def _remove_writer(self, fd):
-        self.remove_writer_count[fd] += 1
-        if fd in self.writers:
-            del self.writers[fd]
-            return True
-        else:
-            return False
-
-    def assert_writer(self, fd, callback, *args):
-        assert fd in self.writers, 'fd {} is not registered'.format(fd)
-        handle = self.writers[fd]
-        assert handle._callback == callback, '{!r} != {!r}'.format(
-            handle._callback, callback)
-        assert handle._args == args, '{!r} != {!r}'.format(
-            handle._args, args)
-
-    def _ensure_fd_no_transport(self, fd):
-        try:
-            transport = self._transports[fd]
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
-        else:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                'File descriptor {!r} is used by transport {!r}'.format(
-                    fd, transport))
-
-    def add_reader(self, fd, callback, *args):
-        """Add a reader callback."""
-        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
-        return self._add_reader(fd, callback, *args)
-
-    def remove_reader(self, fd):
-        """Remove a reader callback."""
-        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
-        return self._remove_reader(fd)
-
-    def add_writer(self, fd, callback, *args):
-        """Add a writer callback.."""
-        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
-        return self._add_writer(fd, callback, *args)
-
-    def remove_writer(self, fd):
-        """Remove a writer callback."""
-        self._ensure_fd_no_transport(fd)
-        return self._remove_writer(fd)
-
-    def reset_counters(self):
-        self.remove_reader_count = collections.defaultdict(int)
-        self.remove_writer_count = collections.defaultdict(int)
-
-    def _run_once(self):
-        super()._run_once()
-        for when in self._timers:
-            advance = self._gen.send(when)
-            self.advance_time(advance)
-        self._timers = []
-
-    def call_at(self, when, callback, *args):
-        self._timers.append(when)
-        return super().call_at(when, callback, *args)
-
-    def _process_events(self, event_list):
-        return
-
-    def _write_to_self(self):
-        pass
-
-
-def MockCallback(**kwargs):
-    return mock.Mock(spec=['__call__'], **kwargs)
-
-
-class MockPattern(str):
-    """A regex based str with a fuzzy __eq__.
-
-    Use this helper with 'mock.assert_called_with', or anywhere
-    where a regex comparison between strings is needed.
-
-    For instance:
-       mock_call.assert_called_with(MockPattern('spam.*ham'))
-    """
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        return bool(re.search(str(self), other, re.S))
-
-
-def get_function_source(func):
-    source = events._get_function_source(func)
-    if source is None:
-        raise ValueError("unable to get the source of %r" % (func,))
-    return source
-
-
-class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    def set_event_loop(self, loop, *, cleanup=True):
-        assert loop is not None
-        # ensure that the event loop is passed explicitly in asyncio
-        events.set_event_loop(None)
-        if cleanup:
-            self.addCleanup(loop.close)
-
-    def new_test_loop(self, gen=None):
-        loop = TestLoop(gen)
-        self.set_event_loop(loop)
-        return loop
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self._get_running_loop = events._get_running_loop
-        events._get_running_loop = lambda: None
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        events._get_running_loop = self._get_running_loop
-
-        events.set_event_loop(None)
-
-        # Detect CPython bug #23353: ensure that yield/yield-from is not used
-        # in an except block of a generator
-        self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info(), (None, None, None))
-
-    if not compat.PY34:
-        # Python 3.3 compatibility
-        def subTest(self, *args, **kwargs):
-            class EmptyCM:
-                def __enter__(self):
-                    pass
-                def __exit__(self, *exc):
-                    pass
-            return EmptyCM()
-
-
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def disable_logger():
-    """Context manager to disable asyncio logger.
-
-    For example, it can be used to ignore warnings in debug mode.
-    """
-    old_level = logger.level
-    try:
-        logger.setLevel(logging.CRITICAL+1)
-        yield
-    finally:
-        logger.setLevel(old_level)
-
-
-def mock_nonblocking_socket(proto=socket.IPPROTO_TCP, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM,
-                            family=socket.AF_INET):
-    """Create a mock of a non-blocking socket."""
-    sock = mock.MagicMock(socket.socket)
-    sock.proto = proto
-    sock.type = type
-    sock.family = family
-    sock.gettimeout.return_value = 0.0
-    return sock
-
-
-def force_legacy_ssl_support():
-    return mock.patch('asyncio.sslproto._is_sslproto_available',
-                      return_value=False)
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/threads.py b/Lib/asyncio/threads.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db048a8231
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/threads.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""High-level support for working with threads in asyncio"""
+
+import functools
+import contextvars
+
+from . import events
+
+
+__all__ = "to_thread",
+
+
+async def to_thread(func, /, *args, **kwargs):
+    """Asynchronously run function *func* in a separate thread.
+
+    Any *args and **kwargs supplied for this function are directly passed
+    to *func*. Also, the current :class:`contextvars.Context` is propagated,
+    allowing context variables from the main thread to be accessed in the
+    separate thread.
+
+    Return a coroutine that can be awaited to get the eventual result of *func*.
+    """
+    loop = events.get_running_loop()
+    ctx = contextvars.copy_context()
+    func_call = functools.partial(ctx.run, func, *args, **kwargs)
+    return await loop.run_in_executor(None, func_call)
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/timeouts.py b/Lib/asyncio/timeouts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..30042abb3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/timeouts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+import enum
+
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import final, Optional, Type
+
+from . import events
+from . import exceptions
+from . import tasks
+
+
+__all__ = (
+    "Timeout",
+    "timeout",
+    "timeout_at",
+)
+
+
+class _State(enum.Enum):
+    CREATED = "created"
+    ENTERED = "active"
+    EXPIRING = "expiring"
+    EXPIRED = "expired"
+    EXITED = "finished"
+
+
+@final
+class Timeout:
+    """Asynchronous context manager for cancelling overdue coroutines.
+
+    Use `timeout()` or `timeout_at()` rather than instantiating this class directly.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, when: Optional[float]) -> None:
+        """Schedule a timeout that will trigger at a given loop time.
+
+        - If `when` is `None`, the timeout will never trigger.
+        - If `when < loop.time()`, the timeout will trigger on the next
+          iteration of the event loop.
+        """
+        self._state = _State.CREATED
+
+        self._timeout_handler: Optional[events.TimerHandle] = None
+        self._task: Optional[tasks.Task] = None
+        self._when = when
+
+    def when(self) -> Optional[float]:
+        """Return the current deadline."""
+        return self._when
+
+    def reschedule(self, when: Optional[float]) -> None:
+        """Reschedule the timeout."""
+        if self._state is not _State.ENTERED:
+            if self._state is _State.CREATED:
+                raise RuntimeError("Timeout has not been entered")
+            raise RuntimeError(
+                f"Cannot change state of {self._state.value} Timeout",
+            )
+
+        self._when = when
+
+        if self._timeout_handler is not None:
+            self._timeout_handler.cancel()
+
+        if when is None:
+            self._timeout_handler = None
+        else:
+            loop = events.get_running_loop()
+            if when <= loop.time():
+                self._timeout_handler = loop.call_soon(self._on_timeout)
+            else:
+                self._timeout_handler = loop.call_at(when, self._on_timeout)
+
+    def expired(self) -> bool:
+        """Is timeout expired during execution?"""
+        return self._state in (_State.EXPIRING, _State.EXPIRED)
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        info = ['']
+        if self._state is _State.ENTERED:
+            when = round(self._when, 3) if self._when is not None else None
+            info.append(f"when={when}")
+        info_str = ' '.join(info)
+        return f"<Timeout [{self._state.value}]{info_str}>"
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> "Timeout":
+        if self._state is not _State.CREATED:
+            raise RuntimeError("Timeout has already been entered")
+        task = tasks.current_task()
+        if task is None:
+            raise RuntimeError("Timeout should be used inside a task")
+        self._state = _State.ENTERED
+        self._task = task
+        self._cancelling = self._task.cancelling()
+        self.reschedule(self._when)
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(
+        self,
+        exc_type: Optional[Type[BaseException]],
+        exc_val: Optional[BaseException],
+        exc_tb: Optional[TracebackType],
+    ) -> Optional[bool]:
+        assert self._state in (_State.ENTERED, _State.EXPIRING)
+
+        if self._timeout_handler is not None:
+            self._timeout_handler.cancel()
+            self._timeout_handler = None
+
+        if self._state is _State.EXPIRING:
+            self._state = _State.EXPIRED
+
+            if self._task.uncancel() <= self._cancelling and exc_type is exceptions.CancelledError:
+                # Since there are no new cancel requests, we're
+                # handling this.
+                raise TimeoutError from exc_val
+        elif self._state is _State.ENTERED:
+            self._state = _State.EXITED
+
+        return None
+
+    def _on_timeout(self) -> None:
+        assert self._state is _State.ENTERED
+        self._task.cancel()
+        self._state = _State.EXPIRING
+        # drop the reference early
+        self._timeout_handler = None
+
+
+def timeout(delay: Optional[float]) -> Timeout:
+    """Timeout async context manager.
+
+    Useful in cases when you want to apply timeout logic around block
+    of code or in cases when asyncio.wait_for is not suitable. For example:
+
+    >>> async with asyncio.timeout(10):  # 10 seconds timeout
+    ...     await long_running_task()
+
+
+    delay - value in seconds or None to disable timeout logic
+
+    long_running_task() is interrupted by raising asyncio.CancelledError,
+    the top-most affected timeout() context manager converts CancelledError
+    into TimeoutError.
+    """
+    loop = events.get_running_loop()
+    return Timeout(loop.time() + delay if delay is not None else None)
+
+
+def timeout_at(when: Optional[float]) -> Timeout:
+    """Schedule the timeout at absolute time.
+
+    Like timeout() but argument gives absolute time in the same clock system
+    as loop.time().
+
+    Please note: it is not POSIX time but a time with
+    undefined starting base, e.g. the time of the system power on.
+
+    >>> async with asyncio.timeout_at(loop.time() + 10):
+    ...     await long_running_task()
+
+
+    when - a deadline when timeout occurs or None to disable timeout logic
+
+    long_running_task() is interrupted by raising asyncio.CancelledError,
+    the top-most affected timeout() context manager converts CancelledError
+    into TimeoutError.
+    """
+    return Timeout(when)
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/transports.py b/Lib/asyncio/transports.py
index 0db0875715..30fd41d49a 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/transports.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/transports.py
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 """Abstract Transport class."""
 
-from asyncio import compat
-
-__all__ = ['BaseTransport', 'ReadTransport', 'WriteTransport',
-           'Transport', 'DatagramTransport', 'SubprocessTransport',
-           ]
+__all__ = (
+    'BaseTransport', 'ReadTransport', 'WriteTransport',
+    'Transport', 'DatagramTransport', 'SubprocessTransport',
+)
 
 
 class BaseTransport:
     """Base class for transports."""
 
+    __slots__ = ('_extra',)
+
     def __init__(self, extra=None):
         if extra is None:
             extra = {}
@@ -28,8 +29,8 @@ def close(self):
 
         Buffered data will be flushed asynchronously.  No more data
         will be received.  After all buffered data is flushed, the
-        protocol's connection_lost() method will (eventually) called
-        with None as its argument.
+        protocol's connection_lost() method will (eventually) be
+        called with None as its argument.
         """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
@@ -45,6 +46,12 @@ def get_protocol(self):
 class ReadTransport(BaseTransport):
     """Interface for read-only transports."""
 
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def is_reading(self):
+        """Return True if the transport is receiving."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
     def pause_reading(self):
         """Pause the receiving end.
 
@@ -65,6 +72,8 @@ def resume_reading(self):
 class WriteTransport(BaseTransport):
     """Interface for write-only transports."""
 
+    __slots__ = ()
+
     def set_write_buffer_limits(self, high=None, low=None):
         """Set the high- and low-water limits for write flow control.
 
@@ -90,6 +99,12 @@ def get_write_buffer_size(self):
         """Return the current size of the write buffer."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
+    def get_write_buffer_limits(self):
+        """Get the high and low watermarks for write flow control.
+        Return a tuple (low, high) where low and high are
+        positive number of bytes."""
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
     def write(self, data):
         """Write some data bytes to the transport.
 
@@ -104,7 +119,7 @@ def writelines(self, list_of_data):
         The default implementation concatenates the arguments and
         calls write() on the result.
         """
-        data = compat.flatten_list_bytes(list_of_data)
+        data = b''.join(list_of_data)
         self.write(data)
 
     def write_eof(self):
@@ -151,10 +166,14 @@ class Transport(ReadTransport, WriteTransport):
     except writelines(), which calls write() in a loop.
     """
 
+    __slots__ = ()
+
 
 class DatagramTransport(BaseTransport):
     """Interface for datagram (UDP) transports."""
 
+    __slots__ = ()
+
     def sendto(self, data, addr=None):
         """Send data to the transport.
 
@@ -177,6 +196,8 @@ def abort(self):
 
 class SubprocessTransport(BaseTransport):
 
+    __slots__ = ()
+
     def get_pid(self):
         """Get subprocess id."""
         raise NotImplementedError
@@ -244,6 +265,8 @@ class _FlowControlMixin(Transport):
     resume_writing() may be called.
     """
 
+    __slots__ = ('_loop', '_protocol_paused', '_high_water', '_low_water')
+
     def __init__(self, extra=None, loop=None):
         super().__init__(extra)
         assert loop is not None
@@ -259,7 +282,9 @@ def _maybe_pause_protocol(self):
             self._protocol_paused = True
             try:
                 self._protocol.pause_writing()
-            except Exception as exc:
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
                 self._loop.call_exception_handler({
                     'message': 'protocol.pause_writing() failed',
                     'exception': exc,
@@ -269,11 +294,13 @@ def _maybe_pause_protocol(self):
 
     def _maybe_resume_protocol(self):
         if (self._protocol_paused and
-            self.get_write_buffer_size() <= self._low_water):
+                self.get_write_buffer_size() <= self._low_water):
             self._protocol_paused = False
             try:
                 self._protocol.resume_writing()
-            except Exception as exc:
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
                 self._loop.call_exception_handler({
                     'message': 'protocol.resume_writing() failed',
                     'exception': exc,
@@ -287,14 +314,16 @@ def get_write_buffer_limits(self):
     def _set_write_buffer_limits(self, high=None, low=None):
         if high is None:
             if low is None:
-                high = 64*1024
+                high = 64 * 1024
             else:
-                high = 4*low
+                high = 4 * low
         if low is None:
             low = high // 4
+
         if not high >= low >= 0:
-            raise ValueError('high (%r) must be >= low (%r) must be >= 0' %
-                             (high, low))
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'high ({high!r}) must be >= low ({low!r}) must be >= 0')
+
         self._high_water = high
         self._low_water = low
 
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/trsock.py b/Lib/asyncio/trsock.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1f20473b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/trsock.py
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+import socket
+
+
+class TransportSocket:
+
+    """A socket-like wrapper for exposing real transport sockets.
+
+    These objects can be safely returned by APIs like
+    `transport.get_extra_info('socket')`.  All potentially disruptive
+    operations (like "socket.close()") are banned.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ('_sock',)
+
+    def __init__(self, sock: socket.socket):
+        self._sock = sock
+
+    @property
+    def family(self):
+        return self._sock.family
+
+    @property
+    def type(self):
+        return self._sock.type
+
+    @property
+    def proto(self):
+        return self._sock.proto
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        s = (
+            f"<asyncio.TransportSocket fd={self.fileno()}, "
+            f"family={self.family!s}, type={self.type!s}, "
+            f"proto={self.proto}"
+        )
+
+        if self.fileno() != -1:
+            try:
+                laddr = self.getsockname()
+                if laddr:
+                    s = f"{s}, laddr={laddr}"
+            except socket.error:
+                pass
+            try:
+                raddr = self.getpeername()
+                if raddr:
+                    s = f"{s}, raddr={raddr}"
+            except socket.error:
+                pass
+
+        return f"{s}>"
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        raise TypeError("Cannot serialize asyncio.TransportSocket object")
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        return self._sock.fileno()
+
+    def dup(self):
+        return self._sock.dup()
+
+    def get_inheritable(self):
+        return self._sock.get_inheritable()
+
+    def shutdown(self, how):
+        # asyncio doesn't currently provide a high-level transport API
+        # to shutdown the connection.
+        self._sock.shutdown(how)
+
+    def getsockopt(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        return self._sock.getsockopt(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def setsockopt(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self._sock.setsockopt(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def getpeername(self):
+        return self._sock.getpeername()
+
+    def getsockname(self):
+        return self._sock.getsockname()
+
+    def getsockbyname(self):
+        return self._sock.getsockbyname()
+
+    def settimeout(self, value):
+        if value == 0:
+            return
+        raise ValueError(
+            'settimeout(): only 0 timeout is allowed on transport sockets')
+
+    def gettimeout(self):
+        return 0
+
+    def setblocking(self, flag):
+        if not flag:
+            return
+        raise ValueError(
+            'setblocking(): transport sockets cannot be blocking')
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py b/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py
index 9db09b9d9b..f2e920ada4 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/unix_events.py
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 """Selector event loop for Unix with signal handling."""
 
 import errno
+import io
+import itertools
 import os
+import selectors
 import signal
 import socket
 import stat
@@ -10,25 +13,27 @@
 import threading
 import warnings
 
-
 from . import base_events
 from . import base_subprocess
-from . import compat
 from . import constants
 from . import coroutines
 from . import events
+from . import exceptions
 from . import futures
 from . import selector_events
-from . import selectors
+from . import tasks
 from . import transports
-from .coroutines import coroutine
 from .log import logger
 
 
-__all__ = ['SelectorEventLoop',
-           'AbstractChildWatcher', 'SafeChildWatcher',
-           'FastChildWatcher', 'DefaultEventLoopPolicy',
-           ]
+__all__ = (
+    'SelectorEventLoop',
+    'AbstractChildWatcher', 'SafeChildWatcher',
+    'FastChildWatcher', 'PidfdChildWatcher',
+    'MultiLoopChildWatcher', 'ThreadedChildWatcher',
+    'DefaultEventLoopPolicy',
+)
+
 
 if sys.platform == 'win32':  # pragma: no cover
     raise ImportError('Signals are not really supported on Windows')
@@ -39,11 +44,14 @@ def _sighandler_noop(signum, frame):
     pass
 
 
-try:
-    _fspath = os.fspath
-except AttributeError:
-    # Python 3.5 or earlier
-    _fspath = lambda path: path
+def waitstatus_to_exitcode(status):
+    try:
+        return os.waitstatus_to_exitcode(status)
+    except ValueError:
+        # The child exited, but we don't understand its status.
+        # This shouldn't happen, but if it does, let's just
+        # return that status; perhaps that helps debug it.
+        return status
 
 
 class _UnixSelectorEventLoop(selector_events.BaseSelectorEventLoop):
@@ -56,13 +64,19 @@ def __init__(self, selector=None):
         super().__init__(selector)
         self._signal_handlers = {}
 
-    def _socketpair(self):
-        return socket.socketpair()
-
     def close(self):
         super().close()
-        for sig in list(self._signal_handlers):
-            self.remove_signal_handler(sig)
+        if not sys.is_finalizing():
+            for sig in list(self._signal_handlers):
+                self.remove_signal_handler(sig)
+        else:
+            if self._signal_handlers:
+                warnings.warn(f"Closing the loop {self!r} "
+                              f"on interpreter shutdown "
+                              f"stage, skipping signal handlers removal",
+                              ResourceWarning,
+                              source=self)
+                self._signal_handlers.clear()
 
     def _process_self_data(self, data):
         for signum in data:
@@ -77,8 +91,8 @@ def add_signal_handler(self, sig, callback, *args):
         Raise ValueError if the signal number is invalid or uncatchable.
         Raise RuntimeError if there is a problem setting up the handler.
         """
-        if (coroutines.iscoroutine(callback)
-        or coroutines.iscoroutinefunction(callback)):
+        if (coroutines.iscoroutine(callback) or
+                coroutines.iscoroutinefunction(callback)):
             raise TypeError("coroutines cannot be used "
                             "with add_signal_handler()")
         self._check_signal(sig)
@@ -92,12 +106,12 @@ def add_signal_handler(self, sig, callback, *args):
         except (ValueError, OSError) as exc:
             raise RuntimeError(str(exc))
 
-        handle = events.Handle(callback, args, self)
+        handle = events.Handle(callback, args, self, None)
         self._signal_handlers[sig] = handle
 
         try:
             # Register a dummy signal handler to ask Python to write the signal
-            # number in the wakup file descriptor. _process_self_data() will
+            # number in the wakeup file descriptor. _process_self_data() will
             # read signal numbers from this file descriptor to handle signals.
             signal.signal(sig, _sighandler_noop)
 
@@ -112,7 +126,7 @@ def add_signal_handler(self, sig, callback, *args):
                     logger.info('set_wakeup_fd(-1) failed: %s', nexc)
 
             if exc.errno == errno.EINVAL:
-                raise RuntimeError('sig {} cannot be caught'.format(sig))
+                raise RuntimeError(f'sig {sig} cannot be caught')
             else:
                 raise
 
@@ -146,7 +160,7 @@ def remove_signal_handler(self, sig):
             signal.signal(sig, handler)
         except OSError as exc:
             if exc.errno == errno.EINVAL:
-                raise RuntimeError('sig {} cannot be caught'.format(sig))
+                raise RuntimeError(f'sig {sig} cannot be caught')
             else:
                 raise
 
@@ -165,11 +179,10 @@ def _check_signal(self, sig):
         Raise RuntimeError if there is a problem setting up the handler.
         """
         if not isinstance(sig, int):
-            raise TypeError('sig must be an int, not {!r}'.format(sig))
+            raise TypeError(f'sig must be an int, not {sig!r}')
 
-        if not (1 <= sig < signal.NSIG):
-            raise ValueError(
-                'sig {} out of range(1, {})'.format(sig, signal.NSIG))
+        if sig not in signal.valid_signals():
+            raise ValueError(f'invalid signal number {sig}')
 
     def _make_read_pipe_transport(self, pipe, protocol, waiter=None,
                                   extra=None):
@@ -179,43 +192,48 @@ def _make_write_pipe_transport(self, pipe, protocol, waiter=None,
                                    extra=None):
         return _UnixWritePipeTransport(self, pipe, protocol, waiter, extra)
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _make_subprocess_transport(self, protocol, args, shell,
-                                   stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
-                                   extra=None, **kwargs):
-        with events.get_child_watcher() as watcher:
+    async def _make_subprocess_transport(self, protocol, args, shell,
+                                         stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
+                                         extra=None, **kwargs):
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
+            watcher = events.get_child_watcher()
+
+        with watcher:
+            if not watcher.is_active():
+                # Check early.
+                # Raising exception before process creation
+                # prevents subprocess execution if the watcher
+                # is not ready to handle it.
+                raise RuntimeError("asyncio.get_child_watcher() is not activated, "
+                                "subprocess support is not installed.")
             waiter = self.create_future()
             transp = _UnixSubprocessTransport(self, protocol, args, shell,
-                                              stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
-                                              waiter=waiter, extra=extra,
-                                              **kwargs)
-
+                                            stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
+                                            waiter=waiter, extra=extra,
+                                            **kwargs)
             watcher.add_child_handler(transp.get_pid(),
-                                      self._child_watcher_callback, transp)
+                                    self._child_watcher_callback, transp)
             try:
-                yield from waiter
-            except Exception as exc:
-                # Workaround CPython bug #23353: using yield/yield-from in an
-                # except block of a generator doesn't clear properly
-                # sys.exc_info()
-                err = exc
-            else:
-                err = None
-
-            if err is not None:
+                await waiter
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except BaseException:
                 transp.close()
-                yield from transp._wait()
-                raise err
+                await transp._wait()
+                raise
 
         return transp
 
     def _child_watcher_callback(self, pid, returncode, transp):
         self.call_soon_threadsafe(transp._process_exited, returncode)
 
-    @coroutine
-    def create_unix_connection(self, protocol_factory, path, *,
-                               ssl=None, sock=None,
-                               server_hostname=None):
+    async def create_unix_connection(
+            self, protocol_factory, path=None, *,
+            ssl=None, sock=None,
+            server_hostname=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None):
         assert server_hostname is None or isinstance(server_hostname, str)
         if ssl:
             if server_hostname is None:
@@ -224,16 +242,23 @@ def create_unix_connection(self, protocol_factory, path, *,
         else:
             if server_hostname is not None:
                 raise ValueError('server_hostname is only meaningful with ssl')
+            if ssl_handshake_timeout is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'ssl_handshake_timeout is only meaningful with ssl')
+            if ssl_shutdown_timeout is not None:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'ssl_shutdown_timeout is only meaningful with ssl')
 
         if path is not None:
             if sock is not None:
                 raise ValueError(
                     'path and sock can not be specified at the same time')
 
+            path = os.fspath(path)
             sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0)
             try:
                 sock.setblocking(False)
-                yield from self.sock_connect(sock, path)
+                await self.sock_connect(sock, path)
             except:
                 sock.close()
                 raise
@@ -242,28 +267,40 @@ def create_unix_connection(self, protocol_factory, path, *,
             if sock is None:
                 raise ValueError('no path and sock were specified')
             if (sock.family != socket.AF_UNIX or
-                    not base_events._is_stream_socket(sock)):
+                    sock.type != socket.SOCK_STREAM):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'A UNIX Domain Stream Socket was expected, got {!r}'
-                    .format(sock))
+                    f'A UNIX Domain Stream Socket was expected, got {sock!r}')
             sock.setblocking(False)
 
-        transport, protocol = yield from self._create_connection_transport(
-            sock, protocol_factory, ssl, server_hostname)
+        transport, protocol = await self._create_connection_transport(
+            sock, protocol_factory, ssl, server_hostname,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=ssl_handshake_timeout,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=ssl_shutdown_timeout)
         return transport, protocol
 
-    @coroutine
-    def create_unix_server(self, protocol_factory, path=None, *,
-                           sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None):
+    async def create_unix_server(
+            self, protocol_factory, path=None, *,
+            sock=None, backlog=100, ssl=None,
+            ssl_handshake_timeout=None,
+            ssl_shutdown_timeout=None,
+            start_serving=True):
         if isinstance(ssl, bool):
             raise TypeError('ssl argument must be an SSLContext or None')
 
+        if ssl_handshake_timeout is not None and not ssl:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'ssl_handshake_timeout is only meaningful with ssl')
+
+        if ssl_shutdown_timeout is not None and not ssl:
+            raise ValueError(
+                'ssl_shutdown_timeout is only meaningful with ssl')
+
         if path is not None:
             if sock is not None:
                 raise ValueError(
                     'path and sock can not be specified at the same time')
 
-            path = _fspath(path)
+            path = os.fspath(path)
             sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 
             # Check for abstract socket. `str` and `bytes` paths are supported.
@@ -275,7 +312,8 @@ def create_unix_server(self, protocol_factory, path=None, *,
                     pass
                 except OSError as err:
                     # Directory may have permissions only to create socket.
-                    logger.error('Unable to check or remove stale UNIX socket %r: %r', path, err)
+                    logger.error('Unable to check or remove stale UNIX socket '
+                                 '%r: %r', path, err)
 
             try:
                 sock.bind(path)
@@ -284,7 +322,7 @@ def create_unix_server(self, protocol_factory, path=None, *,
                 if exc.errno == errno.EADDRINUSE:
                     # Let's improve the error message by adding
                     # with what exact address it occurs.
-                    msg = 'Address {!r} is already in use'.format(path)
+                    msg = f'Address {path!r} is already in use'
                     raise OSError(errno.EADDRINUSE, msg) from None
                 else:
                     raise
@@ -297,28 +335,126 @@ def create_unix_server(self, protocol_factory, path=None, *,
                     'path was not specified, and no sock specified')
 
             if (sock.family != socket.AF_UNIX or
-                    not base_events._is_stream_socket(sock)):
+                    sock.type != socket.SOCK_STREAM):
                 raise ValueError(
-                    'A UNIX Domain Stream Socket was expected, got {!r}'
-                    .format(sock))
+                    f'A UNIX Domain Stream Socket was expected, got {sock!r}')
 
-        server = base_events.Server(self, [sock])
-        sock.listen(backlog)
         sock.setblocking(False)
-        self._start_serving(protocol_factory, sock, ssl, server)
-        return server
+        server = base_events.Server(self, [sock], protocol_factory,
+                                    ssl, backlog, ssl_handshake_timeout,
+                                    ssl_shutdown_timeout)
+        if start_serving:
+            server._start_serving()
+            # Skip one loop iteration so that all 'loop.add_reader'
+            # go through.
+            await tasks.sleep(0)
 
+        return server
 
-#if hasattr(os, 'set_blocking'):
-#    def _set_nonblocking(fd):
-#        os.set_blocking(fd, False)
-#else:
-#    import fcntl
+    async def _sock_sendfile_native(self, sock, file, offset, count):
+        try:
+            os.sendfile
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError(
+                "os.sendfile() is not available")
+        try:
+            fileno = file.fileno()
+        except (AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation) as err:
+            raise exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError("not a regular file")
+        try:
+            fsize = os.fstat(fileno).st_size
+        except OSError:
+            raise exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError("not a regular file")
+        blocksize = count if count else fsize
+        if not blocksize:
+            return 0  # empty file
+
+        fut = self.create_future()
+        self._sock_sendfile_native_impl(fut, None, sock, fileno,
+                                        offset, count, blocksize, 0)
+        return await fut
+
+    def _sock_sendfile_native_impl(self, fut, registered_fd, sock, fileno,
+                                   offset, count, blocksize, total_sent):
+        fd = sock.fileno()
+        if registered_fd is not None:
+            # Remove the callback early.  It should be rare that the
+            # selector says the fd is ready but the call still returns
+            # EAGAIN, and I am willing to take a hit in that case in
+            # order to simplify the common case.
+            self.remove_writer(registered_fd)
+        if fut.cancelled():
+            self._sock_sendfile_update_filepos(fileno, offset, total_sent)
+            return
+        if count:
+            blocksize = count - total_sent
+            if blocksize <= 0:
+                self._sock_sendfile_update_filepos(fileno, offset, total_sent)
+                fut.set_result(total_sent)
+                return
 
-#    def _set_nonblocking(fd):
-#        flags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
-#        flags = flags | os.O_NONBLOCK
-#        fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, flags)
+        try:
+            sent = os.sendfile(fd, fileno, offset, blocksize)
+        except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
+            if registered_fd is None:
+                self._sock_add_cancellation_callback(fut, sock)
+            self.add_writer(fd, self._sock_sendfile_native_impl, fut,
+                            fd, sock, fileno,
+                            offset, count, blocksize, total_sent)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            if (registered_fd is not None and
+                    exc.errno == errno.ENOTCONN and
+                    type(exc) is not ConnectionError):
+                # If we have an ENOTCONN and this isn't a first call to
+                # sendfile(), i.e. the connection was closed in the middle
+                # of the operation, normalize the error to ConnectionError
+                # to make it consistent across all Posix systems.
+                new_exc = ConnectionError(
+                    "socket is not connected", errno.ENOTCONN)
+                new_exc.__cause__ = exc
+                exc = new_exc
+            if total_sent == 0:
+                # We can get here for different reasons, the main
+                # one being 'file' is not a regular mmap(2)-like
+                # file, in which case we'll fall back on using
+                # plain send().
+                err = exceptions.SendfileNotAvailableError(
+                    "os.sendfile call failed")
+                self._sock_sendfile_update_filepos(fileno, offset, total_sent)
+                fut.set_exception(err)
+            else:
+                self._sock_sendfile_update_filepos(fileno, offset, total_sent)
+                fut.set_exception(exc)
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
+            self._sock_sendfile_update_filepos(fileno, offset, total_sent)
+            fut.set_exception(exc)
+        else:
+            if sent == 0:
+                # EOF
+                self._sock_sendfile_update_filepos(fileno, offset, total_sent)
+                fut.set_result(total_sent)
+            else:
+                offset += sent
+                total_sent += sent
+                if registered_fd is None:
+                    self._sock_add_cancellation_callback(fut, sock)
+                self.add_writer(fd, self._sock_sendfile_native_impl, fut,
+                                fd, sock, fileno,
+                                offset, count, blocksize, total_sent)
+
+    def _sock_sendfile_update_filepos(self, fileno, offset, total_sent):
+        if total_sent > 0:
+            os.lseek(fileno, offset, os.SEEK_SET)
+
+    def _sock_add_cancellation_callback(self, fut, sock):
+        def cb(fut):
+            if fut.cancelled():
+                fd = sock.fileno()
+                if fd != -1:
+                    self.remove_writer(fd)
+        fut.add_done_callback(cb)
 
 
 class _UnixReadPipeTransport(transports.ReadTransport):
@@ -333,6 +469,7 @@ def __init__(self, loop, pipe, protocol, waiter=None, extra=None):
         self._fileno = pipe.fileno()
         self._protocol = protocol
         self._closing = False
+        self._paused = False
 
         mode = os.fstat(self._fileno).st_mode
         if not (stat.S_ISFIFO(mode) or
@@ -343,29 +480,36 @@ def __init__(self, loop, pipe, protocol, waiter=None, extra=None):
             self._protocol = None
             raise ValueError("Pipe transport is for pipes/sockets only.")
 
-        _set_nonblocking(self._fileno)
+        os.set_blocking(self._fileno, False)
 
         self._loop.call_soon(self._protocol.connection_made, self)
         # only start reading when connection_made() has been called
-        self._loop.call_soon(self._loop._add_reader,
+        self._loop.call_soon(self._add_reader,
                              self._fileno, self._read_ready)
         if waiter is not None:
             # only wake up the waiter when connection_made() has been called
             self._loop.call_soon(futures._set_result_unless_cancelled,
                                  waiter, None)
 
+    def _add_reader(self, fd, callback):
+        if not self.is_reading():
+            return
+        self._loop._add_reader(fd, callback)
+
+    def is_reading(self):
+        return not self._paused and not self._closing
+
     def __repr__(self):
         info = [self.__class__.__name__]
         if self._pipe is None:
             info.append('closed')
         elif self._closing:
             info.append('closing')
-        info.append('fd=%s' % self._fileno)
+        info.append(f'fd={self._fileno}')
         selector = getattr(self._loop, '_selector', None)
         if self._pipe is not None and selector is not None:
             polling = selector_events._test_selector_event(
-                          selector,
-                          self._fileno, selectors.EVENT_READ)
+                selector, self._fileno, selectors.EVENT_READ)
             if polling:
                 info.append('polling')
             else:
@@ -374,7 +518,7 @@ def __repr__(self):
             info.append('open')
         else:
             info.append('closed')
-        return '<%s>' % ' '.join(info)
+        return '<{}>'.format(' '.join(info))
 
     def _read_ready(self):
         try:
@@ -395,10 +539,20 @@ def _read_ready(self):
                 self._loop.call_soon(self._call_connection_lost, None)
 
     def pause_reading(self):
+        if not self.is_reading():
+            return
+        self._paused = True
         self._loop._remove_reader(self._fileno)
+        if self._loop.get_debug():
+            logger.debug("%r pauses reading", self)
 
     def resume_reading(self):
+        if self._closing or not self._paused:
+            return
+        self._paused = False
         self._loop._add_reader(self._fileno, self._read_ready)
+        if self._loop.get_debug():
+            logger.debug("%r resumes reading", self)
 
     def set_protocol(self, protocol):
         self._protocol = protocol
@@ -413,15 +567,10 @@ def close(self):
         if not self._closing:
             self._close(None)
 
-    # On Python 3.3 and older, objects with a destructor part of a reference
-    # cycle are never destroyed. It's not more the case on Python 3.4 thanks
-    # to the PEP 442.
-    if compat.PY34:
-        def __del__(self):
-            if self._pipe is not None:
-                warnings.warn("unclosed transport %r" % self, ResourceWarning,
-                              source=self)
-                self._pipe.close()
+    def __del__(self, _warn=warnings.warn):
+        if self._pipe is not None:
+            _warn(f"unclosed transport {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self)
+            self._pipe.close()
 
     def _fatal_error(self, exc, message='Fatal error on pipe transport'):
         # should be called by exception handler only
@@ -476,7 +625,7 @@ def __init__(self, loop, pipe, protocol, waiter=None, extra=None):
             raise ValueError("Pipe transport is only for "
                              "pipes, sockets and character devices")
 
-        _set_nonblocking(self._fileno)
+        os.set_blocking(self._fileno, False)
         self._loop.call_soon(self._protocol.connection_made, self)
 
         # On AIX, the reader trick (to be notified when the read end of the
@@ -498,24 +647,23 @@ def __repr__(self):
             info.append('closed')
         elif self._closing:
             info.append('closing')
-        info.append('fd=%s' % self._fileno)
+        info.append(f'fd={self._fileno}')
         selector = getattr(self._loop, '_selector', None)
         if self._pipe is not None and selector is not None:
             polling = selector_events._test_selector_event(
-                          selector,
-                          self._fileno, selectors.EVENT_WRITE)
+                selector, self._fileno, selectors.EVENT_WRITE)
             if polling:
                 info.append('polling')
             else:
                 info.append('idle')
 
             bufsize = self.get_write_buffer_size()
-            info.append('bufsize=%s' % bufsize)
+            info.append(f'bufsize={bufsize}')
         elif self._pipe is not None:
             info.append('open')
         else:
             info.append('closed')
-        return '<%s>' % ' '.join(info)
+        return '<{}>'.format(' '.join(info))
 
     def get_write_buffer_size(self):
         return len(self._buffer)
@@ -549,7 +697,9 @@ def write(self, data):
                 n = os.write(self._fileno, data)
             except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
                 n = 0
-            except Exception as exc:
+            except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+                raise
+            except BaseException as exc:
                 self._conn_lost += 1
                 self._fatal_error(exc, 'Fatal write error on pipe transport')
                 return
@@ -569,7 +719,9 @@ def _write_ready(self):
             n = os.write(self._fileno, self._buffer)
         except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
             pass
-        except Exception as exc:
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             self._buffer.clear()
             self._conn_lost += 1
             # Remove writer here, _fatal_error() doesn't it
@@ -614,22 +766,17 @@ def close(self):
             # write_eof is all what we needed to close the write pipe
             self.write_eof()
 
-    # On Python 3.3 and older, objects with a destructor part of a reference
-    # cycle are never destroyed. It's not more the case on Python 3.4 thanks
-    # to the PEP 442.
-    if compat.PY34:
-        def __del__(self):
-            if self._pipe is not None:
-                warnings.warn("unclosed transport %r" % self, ResourceWarning,
-                              source=self)
-                self._pipe.close()
+    def __del__(self, _warn=warnings.warn):
+        if self._pipe is not None:
+            _warn(f"unclosed transport {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self)
+            self._pipe.close()
 
     def abort(self):
         self._close(None)
 
     def _fatal_error(self, exc, message='Fatal error on pipe transport'):
         # should be called by exception handler only
-        if isinstance(exc, base_events._FATAL_ERROR_IGNORE):
+        if isinstance(exc, OSError):
             if self._loop.get_debug():
                 logger.debug("%r: %s", self, message, exc_info=True)
         else:
@@ -659,45 +806,28 @@ def _call_connection_lost(self, exc):
             self._loop = None
 
 
-#if hasattr(os, 'set_inheritable'):
-#    # Python 3.4 and newer
-#    _set_inheritable = os.set_inheritable
-#else:
-#    import fcntl
-#
-#    def _set_inheritable(fd, inheritable):
-#        cloexec_flag = getattr(fcntl, 'FD_CLOEXEC', 1)
-#
-#        old = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFD)
-#        if not inheritable:
-#            fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFD, old | cloexec_flag)
-#        else:
-#            fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFD, old & ~cloexec_flag)
-
-
 class _UnixSubprocessTransport(base_subprocess.BaseSubprocessTransport):
 
     def _start(self, args, shell, stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize, **kwargs):
         stdin_w = None
-        if stdin == subprocess.PIPE:
-            # Use a socket pair for stdin, since not all platforms
+        if stdin == subprocess.PIPE and sys.platform.startswith('aix'):
+            # Use a socket pair for stdin on AIX, since it does not
             # support selecting read events on the write end of a
             # socket (which we use in order to detect closing of the
-            # other end).  Notably this is needed on AIX, and works
-            # just fine on other platforms.
-            stdin, stdin_w = self._loop._socketpair()
-
-            # Mark the write end of the stdin pipe as non-inheritable,
-            # needed by close_fds=False on Python 3.3 and older
-            # (Python 3.4 implements the PEP 446, socketpair returns
-            # non-inheritable sockets)
-            _set_inheritable(stdin_w.fileno(), False)
-        self._proc = subprocess.Popen(
-            args, shell=shell, stdin=stdin, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr,
-            universal_newlines=False, bufsize=bufsize, **kwargs)
-        if stdin_w is not None:
-            stdin.close()
-            self._proc.stdin = open(stdin_w.detach(), 'wb', buffering=bufsize)
+            # other end).
+            stdin, stdin_w = socket.socketpair()
+        try:
+            self._proc = subprocess.Popen(
+                args, shell=shell, stdin=stdin, stdout=stdout, stderr=stderr,
+                universal_newlines=False, bufsize=bufsize, **kwargs)
+            if stdin_w is not None:
+                stdin.close()
+                self._proc.stdin = open(stdin_w.detach(), 'wb', buffering=bufsize)
+                stdin_w = None
+        finally:
+            if stdin_w is not None:
+                stdin.close()
+                stdin_w.close()
 
 
 class AbstractChildWatcher:
@@ -723,6 +853,13 @@ class AbstractChildWatcher:
         waitpid(-1), there should be only one active object per process.
     """
 
+    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
+        if cls.__module__ != __name__:
+            warnings._deprecated("AbstractChildWatcher",
+                             "{name!r} is deprecated as of Python 3.12 and will be "
+                             "removed in Python {remove}.",
+                              remove=(3, 14))
+
     def add_child_handler(self, pid, callback, *args):
         """Register a new child handler.
 
@@ -759,6 +896,15 @@ def close(self):
         """
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
+    def is_active(self):
+        """Return ``True`` if the watcher is active and is used by the event loop.
+
+        Return True if the watcher is installed and ready to handle process exit
+        notifications.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
     def __enter__(self):
         """Enter the watcher's context and allow starting new processes
 
@@ -770,6 +916,64 @@ def __exit__(self, a, b, c):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
 
+class PidfdChildWatcher(AbstractChildWatcher):
+    """Child watcher implementation using Linux's pid file descriptors.
+
+    This child watcher polls process file descriptors (pidfds) to await child
+    process termination. In some respects, PidfdChildWatcher is a "Goldilocks"
+    child watcher implementation. It doesn't require signals or threads, doesn't
+    interfere with any processes launched outside the event loop, and scales
+    linearly with the number of subprocesses launched by the event loop. The
+    main disadvantage is that pidfds are specific to Linux, and only work on
+    recent (5.3+) kernels.
+    """
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback):
+        pass
+
+    def is_active(self):
+        return True
+
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
+    def attach_loop(self, loop):
+        pass
+
+    def add_child_handler(self, pid, callback, *args):
+        loop = events.get_running_loop()
+        pidfd = os.pidfd_open(pid)
+        loop._add_reader(pidfd, self._do_wait, pid, pidfd, callback, args)
+
+    def _do_wait(self, pid, pidfd, callback, args):
+        loop = events.get_running_loop()
+        loop._remove_reader(pidfd)
+        try:
+            _, status = os.waitpid(pid, 0)
+        except ChildProcessError:
+            # The child process is already reaped
+            # (may happen if waitpid() is called elsewhere).
+            returncode = 255
+            logger.warning(
+                "child process pid %d exit status already read: "
+                " will report returncode 255",
+                pid)
+        else:
+            returncode = waitstatus_to_exitcode(status)
+
+        os.close(pidfd)
+        callback(pid, returncode, *args)
+
+    def remove_child_handler(self, pid):
+        # asyncio never calls remove_child_handler() !!!
+        # The method is no-op but is implemented because
+        # abstract base classes require it.
+        return True
+
+
 class BaseChildWatcher(AbstractChildWatcher):
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -779,6 +983,9 @@ def __init__(self):
     def close(self):
         self.attach_loop(None)
 
+    def is_active(self):
+        return self._loop is not None and self._loop.is_running()
+
     def _do_waitpid(self, expected_pid):
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
@@ -808,7 +1015,9 @@ def attach_loop(self, loop):
     def _sig_chld(self):
         try:
             self._do_waitpid_all()
-        except Exception as exc:
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException as exc:
             # self._loop should always be available here
             # as '_sig_chld' is added as a signal handler
             # in 'attach_loop'
@@ -817,19 +1026,6 @@ def _sig_chld(self):
                 'exception': exc,
             })
 
-    def _compute_returncode(self, status):
-        if os.WIFSIGNALED(status):
-            # The child process died because of a signal.
-            return -os.WTERMSIG(status)
-        elif os.WIFEXITED(status):
-            # The child process exited (e.g sys.exit()).
-            return os.WEXITSTATUS(status)
-        else:
-            # The child exited, but we don't understand its status.
-            # This shouldn't happen, but if it does, let's just
-            # return that status; perhaps that helps debug it.
-            return status
-
 
 class SafeChildWatcher(BaseChildWatcher):
     """'Safe' child watcher implementation.
@@ -842,6 +1038,13 @@ class SafeChildWatcher(BaseChildWatcher):
     big number of children (O(n) each time SIGCHLD is raised)
     """
 
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        warnings._deprecated("SafeChildWatcher",
+                             "{name!r} is deprecated as of Python 3.12 and will be "
+                             "removed in Python {remove}.",
+                              remove=(3, 14))
+
     def close(self):
         self._callbacks.clear()
         super().close()
@@ -853,11 +1056,6 @@ def __exit__(self, a, b, c):
         pass
 
     def add_child_handler(self, pid, callback, *args):
-        if self._loop is None:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "Cannot add child handler, "
-                "the child watcher does not have a loop attached")
-
         self._callbacks[pid] = (callback, args)
 
         # Prevent a race condition in case the child is already terminated.
@@ -893,7 +1091,7 @@ def _do_waitpid(self, expected_pid):
                 # The child process is still alive.
                 return
 
-            returncode = self._compute_returncode(status)
+            returncode = waitstatus_to_exitcode(status)
             if self._loop.get_debug():
                 logger.debug('process %s exited with returncode %s',
                              expected_pid, returncode)
@@ -925,6 +1123,10 @@ def __init__(self):
         self._lock = threading.Lock()
         self._zombies = {}
         self._forks = 0
+        warnings._deprecated("FastChildWatcher",
+                             "{name!r} is deprecated as of Python 3.12 and will be "
+                             "removed in Python {remove}.",
+                              remove=(3, 14))
 
     def close(self):
         self._callbacks.clear()
@@ -954,11 +1156,6 @@ def __exit__(self, a, b, c):
     def add_child_handler(self, pid, callback, *args):
         assert self._forks, "Must use the context manager"
 
-        if self._loop is None:
-            raise RuntimeError(
-                "Cannot add child handler, "
-                "the child watcher does not have a loop attached")
-
         with self._lock:
             try:
                 returncode = self._zombies.pop(pid)
@@ -991,7 +1188,7 @@ def _do_waitpid_all(self):
                     # A child process is still alive.
                     return
 
-                returncode = self._compute_returncode(status)
+                returncode = waitstatus_to_exitcode(status)
 
             with self._lock:
                 try:
@@ -1020,6 +1217,228 @@ def _do_waitpid_all(self):
                 callback(pid, returncode, *args)
 
 
+class MultiLoopChildWatcher(AbstractChildWatcher):
+    """A watcher that doesn't require running loop in the main thread.
+
+    This implementation registers a SIGCHLD signal handler on
+    instantiation (which may conflict with other code that
+    install own handler for this signal).
+
+    The solution is safe but it has a significant overhead when
+    handling a big number of processes (*O(n)* each time a
+    SIGCHLD is received).
+    """
+
+    # Implementation note:
+    # The class keeps compatibility with AbstractChildWatcher ABC
+    # To achieve this it has empty attach_loop() method
+    # and doesn't accept explicit loop argument
+    # for add_child_handler()/remove_child_handler()
+    # but retrieves the current loop by get_running_loop()
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._callbacks = {}
+        self._saved_sighandler = None
+        warnings._deprecated("MultiLoopChildWatcher",
+                             "{name!r} is deprecated as of Python 3.12 and will be "
+                             "removed in Python {remove}.",
+                              remove=(3, 14))
+
+    def is_active(self):
+        return self._saved_sighandler is not None
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._callbacks.clear()
+        if self._saved_sighandler is None:
+            return
+
+        handler = signal.getsignal(signal.SIGCHLD)
+        if handler != self._sig_chld:
+            logger.warning("SIGCHLD handler was changed by outside code")
+        else:
+            signal.signal(signal.SIGCHLD, self._saved_sighandler)
+        self._saved_sighandler = None
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        pass
+
+    def add_child_handler(self, pid, callback, *args):
+        loop = events.get_running_loop()
+        self._callbacks[pid] = (loop, callback, args)
+
+        # Prevent a race condition in case the child is already terminated.
+        self._do_waitpid(pid)
+
+    def remove_child_handler(self, pid):
+        try:
+            del self._callbacks[pid]
+            return True
+        except KeyError:
+            return False
+
+    def attach_loop(self, loop):
+        # Don't save the loop but initialize itself if called first time
+        # The reason to do it here is that attach_loop() is called from
+        # unix policy only for the main thread.
+        # Main thread is required for subscription on SIGCHLD signal
+        if self._saved_sighandler is not None:
+            return
+
+        self._saved_sighandler = signal.signal(signal.SIGCHLD, self._sig_chld)
+        if self._saved_sighandler is None:
+            logger.warning("Previous SIGCHLD handler was set by non-Python code, "
+                           "restore to default handler on watcher close.")
+            self._saved_sighandler = signal.SIG_DFL
+
+        # Set SA_RESTART to limit EINTR occurrences.
+        signal.siginterrupt(signal.SIGCHLD, False)
+
+    def _do_waitpid_all(self):
+        for pid in list(self._callbacks):
+            self._do_waitpid(pid)
+
+    def _do_waitpid(self, expected_pid):
+        assert expected_pid > 0
+
+        try:
+            pid, status = os.waitpid(expected_pid, os.WNOHANG)
+        except ChildProcessError:
+            # The child process is already reaped
+            # (may happen if waitpid() is called elsewhere).
+            pid = expected_pid
+            returncode = 255
+            logger.warning(
+                "Unknown child process pid %d, will report returncode 255",
+                pid)
+            debug_log = False
+        else:
+            if pid == 0:
+                # The child process is still alive.
+                return
+
+            returncode = waitstatus_to_exitcode(status)
+            debug_log = True
+        try:
+            loop, callback, args = self._callbacks.pop(pid)
+        except KeyError:  # pragma: no cover
+            # May happen if .remove_child_handler() is called
+            # after os.waitpid() returns.
+            logger.warning("Child watcher got an unexpected pid: %r",
+                           pid, exc_info=True)
+        else:
+            if loop.is_closed():
+                logger.warning("Loop %r that handles pid %r is closed", loop, pid)
+            else:
+                if debug_log and loop.get_debug():
+                    logger.debug('process %s exited with returncode %s',
+                                 expected_pid, returncode)
+                loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, pid, returncode, *args)
+
+    def _sig_chld(self, signum, frame):
+        try:
+            self._do_waitpid_all()
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException:
+            logger.warning('Unknown exception in SIGCHLD handler', exc_info=True)
+
+
+class ThreadedChildWatcher(AbstractChildWatcher):
+    """Threaded child watcher implementation.
+
+    The watcher uses a thread per process
+    for waiting for the process finish.
+
+    It doesn't require subscription on POSIX signal
+    but a thread creation is not free.
+
+    The watcher has O(1) complexity, its performance doesn't depend
+    on amount of spawn processes.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self._pid_counter = itertools.count(0)
+        self._threads = {}
+
+    def is_active(self):
+        return True
+
+    def close(self):
+        pass
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        pass
+
+    def __del__(self, _warn=warnings.warn):
+        threads = [thread for thread in list(self._threads.values())
+                   if thread.is_alive()]
+        if threads:
+            _warn(f"{self.__class__} has registered but not finished child processes",
+                  ResourceWarning,
+                  source=self)
+
+    def add_child_handler(self, pid, callback, *args):
+        loop = events.get_running_loop()
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=self._do_waitpid,
+                                  name=f"asyncio-waitpid-{next(self._pid_counter)}",
+                                  args=(loop, pid, callback, args),
+                                  daemon=True)
+        self._threads[pid] = thread
+        thread.start()
+
+    def remove_child_handler(self, pid):
+        # asyncio never calls remove_child_handler() !!!
+        # The method is no-op but is implemented because
+        # abstract base classes require it.
+        return True
+
+    def attach_loop(self, loop):
+        pass
+
+    def _do_waitpid(self, loop, expected_pid, callback, args):
+        assert expected_pid > 0
+
+        try:
+            pid, status = os.waitpid(expected_pid, 0)
+        except ChildProcessError:
+            # The child process is already reaped
+            # (may happen if waitpid() is called elsewhere).
+            pid = expected_pid
+            returncode = 255
+            logger.warning(
+                "Unknown child process pid %d, will report returncode 255",
+                pid)
+        else:
+            returncode = waitstatus_to_exitcode(status)
+            if loop.get_debug():
+                logger.debug('process %s exited with returncode %s',
+                             expected_pid, returncode)
+
+        if loop.is_closed():
+            logger.warning("Loop %r that handles pid %r is closed", loop, pid)
+        else:
+            loop.call_soon_threadsafe(callback, pid, returncode, *args)
+
+        self._threads.pop(expected_pid)
+
+def can_use_pidfd():
+    if not hasattr(os, 'pidfd_open'):
+        return False
+    try:
+        pid = os.getpid()
+        os.close(os.pidfd_open(pid, 0))
+    except OSError:
+        # blocked by security policy like SECCOMP
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
 class _UnixDefaultEventLoopPolicy(events.BaseDefaultEventLoopPolicy):
     """UNIX event loop policy with a watcher for child processes."""
     _loop_factory = _UnixSelectorEventLoop
@@ -1031,10 +1450,10 @@ def __init__(self):
     def _init_watcher(self):
         with events._lock:
             if self._watcher is None:  # pragma: no branch
-                self._watcher = SafeChildWatcher()
-                if isinstance(threading.current_thread(),
-                              threading._MainThread):
-                    self._watcher.attach_loop(self._local._loop)
+                if can_use_pidfd():
+                    self._watcher = PidfdChildWatcher()
+                else:
+                    self._watcher = ThreadedChildWatcher()
 
     def set_event_loop(self, loop):
         """Set the event loop.
@@ -1046,18 +1465,21 @@ def set_event_loop(self, loop):
 
         super().set_event_loop(loop)
 
-        if self._watcher is not None and \
-            isinstance(threading.current_thread(), threading._MainThread):
+        if (self._watcher is not None and
+                threading.current_thread() is threading.main_thread()):
             self._watcher.attach_loop(loop)
 
     def get_child_watcher(self):
         """Get the watcher for child processes.
 
-        If not yet set, a SafeChildWatcher object is automatically created.
+        If not yet set, a ThreadedChildWatcher object is automatically created.
         """
         if self._watcher is None:
             self._init_watcher()
 
+        warnings._deprecated("get_child_watcher",
+                            "{name!r} is deprecated as of Python 3.12 and will be "
+                            "removed in Python {remove}.", remove=(3, 14))
         return self._watcher
 
     def set_child_watcher(self, watcher):
@@ -1069,6 +1491,10 @@ def set_child_watcher(self, watcher):
             self._watcher.close()
 
         self._watcher = watcher
+        warnings._deprecated("set_child_watcher",
+                            "{name!r} is deprecated as of Python 3.12 and will be "
+                            "removed in Python {remove}.", remove=(3, 14))
+
 
 SelectorEventLoop = _UnixSelectorEventLoop
 DefaultEventLoopPolicy = _UnixDefaultEventLoopPolicy
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/windows_events.py b/Lib/asyncio/windows_events.py
index 2c68bc526a..cb613451a5 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/windows_events.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/windows_events.py
@@ -1,32 +1,41 @@
 """Selector and proactor event loops for Windows."""
 
+import sys
+
+if sys.platform != 'win32':  # pragma: no cover
+    raise ImportError('win32 only')
+
+import _overlapped
 import _winapi
 import errno
+from functools import partial
 import math
+import msvcrt
 import socket
 import struct
+import time
 import weakref
 
 from . import events
 from . import base_subprocess
 from . import futures
+from . import exceptions
 from . import proactor_events
 from . import selector_events
 from . import tasks
 from . import windows_utils
-# XXX RustPython TODO: _overlapped
-# from . import _overlapped
-from .coroutines import coroutine
 from .log import logger
 
 
-__all__ = ['SelectorEventLoop', 'ProactorEventLoop', 'IocpProactor',
-           'DefaultEventLoopPolicy',
-           ]
+__all__ = (
+    'SelectorEventLoop', 'ProactorEventLoop', 'IocpProactor',
+    'DefaultEventLoopPolicy', 'WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy',
+    'WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy',
+)
 
 
-NULL = 0
-INFINITE = 0xffffffff
+NULL = _winapi.NULL
+INFINITE = _winapi.INFINITE
 ERROR_CONNECTION_REFUSED = 1225
 ERROR_CONNECTION_ABORTED = 1236
 
@@ -53,7 +62,7 @@ def _repr_info(self):
         info = super()._repr_info()
         if self._ov is not None:
             state = 'pending' if self._ov.pending else 'completed'
-            info.insert(1, 'overlapped=<%s, %#x>' % (state, self._ov.address))
+            info.insert(1, f'overlapped=<{state}, {self._ov.address:#x}>')
         return info
 
     def _cancel_overlapped(self):
@@ -72,9 +81,9 @@ def _cancel_overlapped(self):
             self._loop.call_exception_handler(context)
         self._ov = None
 
-    def cancel(self):
+    def cancel(self, msg=None):
         self._cancel_overlapped()
-        return super().cancel()
+        return super().cancel(msg=msg)
 
     def set_exception(self, exception):
         super().set_exception(exception)
@@ -109,12 +118,12 @@ def _poll(self):
 
     def _repr_info(self):
         info = super()._repr_info()
-        info.append('handle=%#x' % self._handle)
+        info.append(f'handle={self._handle:#x}')
         if self._handle is not None:
             state = 'signaled' if self._poll() else 'waiting'
             info.append(state)
         if self._wait_handle is not None:
-            info.append('wait_handle=%#x' % self._wait_handle)
+            info.append(f'wait_handle={self._wait_handle:#x}')
         return info
 
     def _unregister_wait_cb(self, fut):
@@ -146,9 +155,9 @@ def _unregister_wait(self):
 
         self._unregister_wait_cb(None)
 
-    def cancel(self):
+    def cancel(self, msg=None):
         self._unregister_wait()
-        return super().cancel()
+        return super().cancel(msg=msg)
 
     def set_exception(self, exception):
         self._unregister_wait()
@@ -297,9 +306,6 @@ def close(self):
 class _WindowsSelectorEventLoop(selector_events.BaseSelectorEventLoop):
     """Windows version of selector event loop."""
 
-    def _socketpair(self):
-        return windows_utils.socketpair()
-
 
 class ProactorEventLoop(proactor_events.BaseProactorEventLoop):
     """Windows version of proactor event loop using IOCP."""
@@ -309,20 +315,34 @@ def __init__(self, proactor=None):
             proactor = IocpProactor()
         super().__init__(proactor)
 
-    def _socketpair(self):
-        return windows_utils.socketpair()
-
-    @coroutine
-    def create_pipe_connection(self, protocol_factory, address):
+    def run_forever(self):
+        try:
+            assert self._self_reading_future is None
+            self.call_soon(self._loop_self_reading)
+            super().run_forever()
+        finally:
+            if self._self_reading_future is not None:
+                ov = self._self_reading_future._ov
+                self._self_reading_future.cancel()
+                # self_reading_future always uses IOCP, so even though it's
+                # been cancelled, we need to make sure that the IOCP message
+                # is received so that the kernel is not holding on to the
+                # memory, possibly causing memory corruption later. Only
+                # unregister it if IO is complete in all respects. Otherwise
+                # we need another _poll() later to complete the IO.
+                if ov is not None and not ov.pending:
+                    self._proactor._unregister(ov)
+                self._self_reading_future = None
+
+    async def create_pipe_connection(self, protocol_factory, address):
         f = self._proactor.connect_pipe(address)
-        pipe = yield from f
+        pipe = await f
         protocol = protocol_factory()
         trans = self._make_duplex_pipe_transport(pipe, protocol,
                                                  extra={'addr': address})
         return trans, protocol
 
-    @coroutine
-    def start_serving_pipe(self, protocol_factory, address):
+    async def start_serving_pipe(self, protocol_factory, address):
         server = PipeServer(address)
 
         def loop_accept_pipe(f=None):
@@ -347,6 +367,10 @@ def loop_accept_pipe(f=None):
                     return
 
                 f = self._proactor.accept_pipe(pipe)
+            except BrokenPipeError:
+                if pipe and pipe.fileno() != -1:
+                    pipe.close()
+                self.call_soon(loop_accept_pipe)
             except OSError as exc:
                 if pipe and pipe.fileno() != -1:
                     self.call_exception_handler({
@@ -358,7 +382,8 @@ def loop_accept_pipe(f=None):
                 elif self._debug:
                     logger.warning("Accept pipe failed on pipe %r",
                                    pipe, exc_info=True)
-            except futures.CancelledError:
+                self.call_soon(loop_accept_pipe)
+            except exceptions.CancelledError:
                 if pipe:
                     pipe.close()
             else:
@@ -368,28 +393,22 @@ def loop_accept_pipe(f=None):
         self.call_soon(loop_accept_pipe)
         return [server]
 
-    @coroutine
-    def _make_subprocess_transport(self, protocol, args, shell,
-                                   stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
-                                   extra=None, **kwargs):
+    async def _make_subprocess_transport(self, protocol, args, shell,
+                                         stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
+                                         extra=None, **kwargs):
         waiter = self.create_future()
         transp = _WindowsSubprocessTransport(self, protocol, args, shell,
                                              stdin, stdout, stderr, bufsize,
                                              waiter=waiter, extra=extra,
                                              **kwargs)
         try:
-            yield from waiter
-        except Exception as exc:
-            # Workaround CPython bug #23353: using yield/yield-from in an
-            # except block of a generator doesn't clear properly sys.exc_info()
-            err = exc
-        else:
-            err = None
-
-        if err is not None:
+            await waiter
+        except (SystemExit, KeyboardInterrupt):
+            raise
+        except BaseException:
             transp.close()
-            yield from transp._wait()
-            raise err
+            await transp._wait()
+            raise
 
         return transp
 
@@ -397,7 +416,7 @@ def _make_subprocess_transport(self, protocol, args, shell,
 class IocpProactor:
     """Proactor implementation using IOCP."""
 
-    def __init__(self, concurrency=0xffffffff):
+    def __init__(self, concurrency=INFINITE):
         self._loop = None
         self._results = []
         self._iocp = _overlapped.CreateIoCompletionPort(
@@ -407,10 +426,16 @@ def __init__(self, concurrency=0xffffffff):
         self._unregistered = []
         self._stopped_serving = weakref.WeakSet()
 
+    def _check_closed(self):
+        if self._iocp is None:
+            raise RuntimeError('IocpProactor is closed')
+
     def __repr__(self):
-        return ('<%s overlapped#=%s result#=%s>'
-                % (self.__class__.__name__, len(self._cache),
-                   len(self._results)))
+        info = ['overlapped#=%s' % len(self._cache),
+                'result#=%s' % len(self._results)]
+        if self._iocp is None:
+            info.append('closed')
+        return '<%s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, " ".join(info))
 
     def set_loop(self, loop):
         self._loop = loop
@@ -420,13 +445,40 @@ def select(self, timeout=None):
             self._poll(timeout)
         tmp = self._results
         self._results = []
-        return tmp
+        try:
+            return tmp
+        finally:
+            # Needed to break cycles when an exception occurs.
+            tmp = None
 
     def _result(self, value):
         fut = self._loop.create_future()
         fut.set_result(value)
         return fut
 
+    @staticmethod
+    def finish_socket_func(trans, key, ov):
+        try:
+            return ov.getresult()
+        except OSError as exc:
+            if exc.winerror in (_overlapped.ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED,
+                                _overlapped.ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED):
+                raise ConnectionResetError(*exc.args)
+            else:
+                raise
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _finish_recvfrom(cls, trans, key, ov, *, empty_result):
+        try:
+            return cls.finish_socket_func(trans, key, ov)
+        except OSError as exc:
+            # WSARecvFrom will report ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE when the same
+            # socket is used to send to an address that is not listening.
+            if exc.winerror == _overlapped.ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE:
+                return empty_result, None
+            else:
+                raise
+
     def recv(self, conn, nbytes, flags=0):
         self._register_with_iocp(conn)
         ov = _overlapped.Overlapped(NULL)
@@ -438,16 +490,50 @@ def recv(self, conn, nbytes, flags=0):
         except BrokenPipeError:
             return self._result(b'')
 
-        def finish_recv(trans, key, ov):
-            try:
-                return ov.getresult()
-            except OSError as exc:
-                if exc.winerror == _overlapped.ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED:
-                    raise ConnectionResetError(*exc.args)
-                else:
-                    raise
+        return self._register(ov, conn, self.finish_socket_func)
+
+    def recv_into(self, conn, buf, flags=0):
+        self._register_with_iocp(conn)
+        ov = _overlapped.Overlapped(NULL)
+        try:
+            if isinstance(conn, socket.socket):
+                ov.WSARecvInto(conn.fileno(), buf, flags)
+            else:
+                ov.ReadFileInto(conn.fileno(), buf)
+        except BrokenPipeError:
+            return self._result(0)
 
-        return self._register(ov, conn, finish_recv)
+        return self._register(ov, conn, self.finish_socket_func)
+
+    def recvfrom(self, conn, nbytes, flags=0):
+        self._register_with_iocp(conn)
+        ov = _overlapped.Overlapped(NULL)
+        try:
+            ov.WSARecvFrom(conn.fileno(), nbytes, flags)
+        except BrokenPipeError:
+            return self._result((b'', None))
+
+        return self._register(ov, conn, partial(self._finish_recvfrom,
+                                                empty_result=b''))
+
+    def recvfrom_into(self, conn, buf, flags=0):
+        self._register_with_iocp(conn)
+        ov = _overlapped.Overlapped(NULL)
+        try:
+            ov.WSARecvFromInto(conn.fileno(), buf, flags)
+        except BrokenPipeError:
+            return self._result((0, None))
+
+        return self._register(ov, conn, partial(self._finish_recvfrom,
+                                                empty_result=0))
+
+    def sendto(self, conn, buf, flags=0, addr=None):
+        self._register_with_iocp(conn)
+        ov = _overlapped.Overlapped(NULL)
+
+        ov.WSASendTo(conn.fileno(), buf, flags, addr)
+
+        return self._register(ov, conn, self.finish_socket_func)
 
     def send(self, conn, buf, flags=0):
         self._register_with_iocp(conn)
@@ -457,16 +543,7 @@ def send(self, conn, buf, flags=0):
         else:
             ov.WriteFile(conn.fileno(), buf)
 
-        def finish_send(trans, key, ov):
-            try:
-                return ov.getresult()
-            except OSError as exc:
-                if exc.winerror == _overlapped.ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED:
-                    raise ConnectionResetError(*exc.args)
-                else:
-                    raise
-
-        return self._register(ov, conn, finish_send)
+        return self._register(ov, conn, self.finish_socket_func)
 
     def accept(self, listener):
         self._register_with_iocp(listener)
@@ -483,12 +560,11 @@ def finish_accept(trans, key, ov):
             conn.settimeout(listener.gettimeout())
             return conn, conn.getpeername()
 
-        @coroutine
-        def accept_coro(future, conn):
+        async def accept_coro(future, conn):
             # Coroutine closing the accept socket if the future is cancelled
             try:
-                yield from future
-            except futures.CancelledError:
+                await future
+            except exceptions.CancelledError:
                 conn.close()
                 raise
 
@@ -498,6 +574,14 @@ def accept_coro(future, conn):
         return future
 
     def connect(self, conn, address):
+        if conn.type == socket.SOCK_DGRAM:
+            # WSAConnect will complete immediately for UDP sockets so we don't
+            # need to register any IOCP operation
+            _overlapped.WSAConnect(conn.fileno(), address)
+            fut = self._loop.create_future()
+            fut.set_result(None)
+            return fut
+
         self._register_with_iocp(conn)
         # The socket needs to be locally bound before we call ConnectEx().
         try:
@@ -520,6 +604,18 @@ def finish_connect(trans, key, ov):
 
         return self._register(ov, conn, finish_connect)
 
+    def sendfile(self, sock, file, offset, count):
+        self._register_with_iocp(sock)
+        ov = _overlapped.Overlapped(NULL)
+        offset_low = offset & 0xffff_ffff
+        offset_high = (offset >> 32) & 0xffff_ffff
+        ov.TransmitFile(sock.fileno(),
+                        msvcrt.get_osfhandle(file.fileno()),
+                        offset_low, offset_high,
+                        count, 0, 0)
+
+        return self._register(ov, sock, self.finish_socket_func)
+
     def accept_pipe(self, pipe):
         self._register_with_iocp(pipe)
         ov = _overlapped.Overlapped(NULL)
@@ -537,13 +633,12 @@ def finish_accept_pipe(trans, key, ov):
 
         return self._register(ov, pipe, finish_accept_pipe)
 
-    @coroutine
-    def connect_pipe(self, address):
+    async def connect_pipe(self, address):
         delay = CONNECT_PIPE_INIT_DELAY
         while True:
-            # Unfortunately there is no way to do an overlapped connect to a pipe.
-            # Call CreateFile() in a loop until it doesn't fail with
-            # ERROR_PIPE_BUSY
+            # Unfortunately there is no way to do an overlapped connect to
+            # a pipe.  Call CreateFile() in a loop until it doesn't fail with
+            # ERROR_PIPE_BUSY.
             try:
                 handle = _overlapped.ConnectPipe(address)
                 break
@@ -553,7 +648,7 @@ def connect_pipe(self, address):
 
             # ConnectPipe() failed with ERROR_PIPE_BUSY: retry later
             delay = min(delay * 2, CONNECT_PIPE_MAX_DELAY)
-            yield from tasks.sleep(delay, loop=self._loop)
+            await tasks.sleep(delay)
 
         return windows_utils.PipeHandle(handle)
 
@@ -573,6 +668,8 @@ def _wait_cancel(self, event, done_callback):
         return fut
 
     def _wait_for_handle(self, handle, timeout, _is_cancel):
+        self._check_closed()
+
         if timeout is None:
             ms = _winapi.INFINITE
         else:
@@ -615,6 +712,8 @@ def _register_with_iocp(self, obj):
             # that succeed immediately.
 
     def _register(self, ov, obj, callback):
+        self._check_closed()
+
         # Return a future which will be set with the result of the
         # operation when it completes.  The future's value is actually
         # the value returned by callback().
@@ -651,6 +750,7 @@ def _unregister(self, ov):
         already be signalled (pending in the proactor event queue). It is also
         safe if the event is never signalled (because it was cancelled).
         """
+        self._check_closed()
         self._unregistered.append(ov)
 
     def _get_accept_socket(self, family):
@@ -707,8 +807,10 @@ def _poll(self, timeout=None):
                 else:
                     f.set_result(value)
                     self._results.append(f)
+                finally:
+                    f = None
 
-        # Remove unregisted futures
+        # Remove unregistered futures
         for ov in self._unregistered:
             self._cache.pop(ov.address, None)
         self._unregistered.clear()
@@ -720,8 +822,12 @@ def _stop_serving(self, obj):
         self._stopped_serving.add(obj)
 
     def close(self):
+        if self._iocp is None:
+            # already closed
+            return
+
         # Cancel remaining registered operations.
-        for address, (fut, ov, obj, callback) in list(self._cache.items()):
+        for fut, ov, obj, callback in list(self._cache.values()):
             if fut.cancelled():
                 # Nothing to do with cancelled futures
                 pass
@@ -742,14 +848,25 @@ def close(self):
                             context['source_traceback'] = fut._source_traceback
                         self._loop.call_exception_handler(context)
 
+        # Wait until all cancelled overlapped complete: don't exit with running
+        # overlapped to prevent a crash. Display progress every second if the
+        # loop is still running.
+        msg_update = 1.0
+        start_time = time.monotonic()
+        next_msg = start_time + msg_update
         while self._cache:
-            if not self._poll(1):
-                logger.debug('taking long time to close proactor')
+            if next_msg <= time.monotonic():
+                logger.debug('%r is running after closing for %.1f seconds',
+                             self, time.monotonic() - start_time)
+                next_msg = time.monotonic() + msg_update
+
+            # handle a few events, or timeout
+            self._poll(msg_update)
 
         self._results = []
-        if self._iocp is not None:
-            _winapi.CloseHandle(self._iocp)
-            self._iocp = None
+
+        _winapi.CloseHandle(self._iocp)
+        self._iocp = None
 
     def __del__(self):
         self.close()
@@ -773,8 +890,12 @@ def callback(f):
 SelectorEventLoop = _WindowsSelectorEventLoop
 
 
-class _WindowsDefaultEventLoopPolicy(events.BaseDefaultEventLoopPolicy):
+class WindowsSelectorEventLoopPolicy(events.BaseDefaultEventLoopPolicy):
     _loop_factory = SelectorEventLoop
 
 
-DefaultEventLoopPolicy = _WindowsDefaultEventLoopPolicy
+class WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy(events.BaseDefaultEventLoopPolicy):
+    _loop_factory = ProactorEventLoop
+
+
+DefaultEventLoopPolicy = WindowsProactorEventLoopPolicy
diff --git a/Lib/asyncio/windows_utils.py b/Lib/asyncio/windows_utils.py
index 7c63fb904b..ef277fac3e 100644
--- a/Lib/asyncio/windows_utils.py
+++ b/Lib/asyncio/windows_utils.py
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-"""
-Various Windows specific bits and pieces
-"""
+"""Various Windows specific bits and pieces."""
 
 import sys
 
@@ -11,13 +9,12 @@
 import itertools
 import msvcrt
 import os
-import socket
 import subprocess
 import tempfile
 import warnings
 
 
-__all__ = ['socketpair', 'pipe', 'Popen', 'PIPE', 'PipeHandle']
+__all__ = 'pipe', 'Popen', 'PIPE', 'PipeHandle'
 
 
 # Constants/globals
@@ -29,61 +26,14 @@
 _mmap_counter = itertools.count()
 
 
-if hasattr(socket, 'socketpair'):
-    # Since Python 3.5, socket.socketpair() is now also available on Windows
-    socketpair = socket.socketpair
-else:
-    # Replacement for socket.socketpair()
-    def socketpair(family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM, proto=0):
-        """A socket pair usable as a self-pipe, for Windows.
-
-        Origin: https://gist.github.com/4325783, by Geert Jansen.
-        Public domain.
-        """
-        if family == socket.AF_INET:
-            host = '127.0.0.1'
-        elif family == socket.AF_INET6:
-            host = '::1'
-        else:
-            raise ValueError("Only AF_INET and AF_INET6 socket address "
-                             "families are supported")
-        if type != socket.SOCK_STREAM:
-            raise ValueError("Only SOCK_STREAM socket type is supported")
-        if proto != 0:
-            raise ValueError("Only protocol zero is supported")
-
-        # We create a connected TCP socket. Note the trick with setblocking(0)
-        # that prevents us from having to create a thread.
-        lsock = socket.socket(family, type, proto)
-        try:
-            lsock.bind((host, 0))
-            lsock.listen(1)
-            # On IPv6, ignore flow_info and scope_id
-            addr, port = lsock.getsockname()[:2]
-            csock = socket.socket(family, type, proto)
-            try:
-                csock.setblocking(False)
-                try:
-                    csock.connect((addr, port))
-                except (BlockingIOError, InterruptedError):
-                    pass
-                csock.setblocking(True)
-                ssock, _ = lsock.accept()
-            except:
-                csock.close()
-                raise
-        finally:
-            lsock.close()
-        return (ssock, csock)
-
-
 # Replacement for os.pipe() using handles instead of fds
 
 
 def pipe(*, duplex=False, overlapped=(True, True), bufsize=BUFSIZE):
     """Like os.pipe() but with overlapped support and using handles not fds."""
-    address = tempfile.mktemp(prefix=r'\\.\pipe\python-pipe-%d-%d-' %
-                              (os.getpid(), next(_mmap_counter)))
+    address = tempfile.mktemp(
+        prefix=r'\\.\pipe\python-pipe-{:d}-{:d}-'.format(
+            os.getpid(), next(_mmap_counter)))
 
     if duplex:
         openmode = _winapi.PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX
@@ -138,10 +88,10 @@ def __init__(self, handle):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if self._handle is not None:
-            handle = 'handle=%r' % self._handle
+            handle = f'handle={self._handle!r}'
         else:
             handle = 'closed'
-        return '<%s %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, handle)
+        return f'<{self.__class__.__name__} {handle}>'
 
     @property
     def handle(self):
@@ -149,7 +99,7 @@ def handle(self):
 
     def fileno(self):
         if self._handle is None:
-            raise ValueError("I/O operatioon on closed pipe")
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed pipe")
         return self._handle
 
     def close(self, *, CloseHandle=_winapi.CloseHandle):
@@ -157,10 +107,9 @@ def close(self, *, CloseHandle=_winapi.CloseHandle):
             CloseHandle(self._handle)
             self._handle = None
 
-    def __del__(self):
+    def __del__(self, _warn=warnings.warn):
         if self._handle is not None:
-            warnings.warn("unclosed %r" % self, ResourceWarning,
-                          source=self)
+            _warn(f"unclosed {self!r}", ResourceWarning, source=self)
             self.close()
 
     def __enter__(self):

From 85fa157d5ad592a12a416bf50075b1a60123b527 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 04:46:54 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 245/705] Update test_os from CPython v3.12.3

---
 Lib/test/test_os.py | 225 +++++++++++++++-----------------------------
 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+), 151 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_os.py b/Lib/test/test_os.py
index 083c5017f6..cd9a610d04 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_os.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_os.py
@@ -3637,97 +3637,8 @@ def test_set_get_priority(self):
             self.assertEqual(new_prio, base + 1)
 
 
-import asyncore
-import asynchat
-import threading
-class SendfileTestServer(asyncore.dispatcher, threading.Thread):
-
-    class Handler(asynchat.async_chat):
-
-        def __init__(self, conn):
-            asynchat.async_chat.__init__(self, conn)
-            self.in_buffer = []
-            self.accumulate = True
-            self.closed = False
-            self.push(b"220 ready\r\n")
-
-        def handle_read(self):
-            data = self.recv(4096)
-            if self.accumulate:
-                self.in_buffer.append(data)
-
-        def get_data(self):
-            return b''.join(self.in_buffer)
-
-        def handle_close(self):
-            self.close()
-            self.closed = True
-
-        def handle_error(self):
-            raise
-
-    def __init__(self, address):
-        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
-        asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self)
-        self.create_socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-        self.bind(address)
-        self.listen(5)
-        self.host, self.port = self.socket.getsockname()[:2]
-        self.handler_instance = None
-        self._active = False
-        self._active_lock = threading.Lock()
-
-    # --- public API
-
-    @property
-    def running(self):
-        return self._active
-
-    def start(self):
-        assert not self.running
-        self.__flag = threading.Event()
-        threading.Thread.start(self)
-        self.__flag.wait()
-
-    def stop(self):
-        assert self.running
-        self._active = False
-        self.join()
-
-    def wait(self):
-        # wait for handler connection to be closed, then stop the server
-        while not getattr(self.handler_instance, "closed", False):
-            time.sleep(0.001)
-        self.stop()
-
-    # --- internals
-
-    def run(self):
-        self._active = True
-        self.__flag.set()
-        while self._active and asyncore.socket_map:
-            self._active_lock.acquire()
-            asyncore.loop(timeout=0.001, count=1)
-            self._active_lock.release()
-        asyncore.close_all()
-
-    def handle_accept(self):
-        conn, addr = self.accept()
-        self.handler_instance = self.Handler(conn)
-
-    def handle_connect(self):
-        self.close()
-    handle_read = handle_connect
-
-    def writable(self):
-        return 0
-
-    def handle_error(self):
-        raise
-
-
 @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'sendfile'), "test needs os.sendfile()")
-class TestSendfile(unittest.TestCase):
+class TestSendfile(unittest.IsolatedAsyncioTestCase):
 
     DATA = b"12345abcde" * 16 * 1024  # 160 KiB
     SUPPORT_HEADERS_TRAILERS = not sys.platform.startswith("linux") and \
@@ -3746,32 +3657,46 @@ def setUpClass(cls):
     def tearDownClass(cls):
         os_helper.unlink(os_helper.TESTFN)
 
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.server = SendfileTestServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0))
-        self.server.start()
+    @staticmethod
+    async def chunks(reader):
+        while not reader.at_eof():
+            yield await reader.read()
+
+    async def handle_new_client(self, reader, writer):
+        self.server_buffer = b''.join([x async for x in self.chunks(reader)])
+        writer.close()
+        self.server.close()  # The test server processes a single client only
+
+    async def asyncSetUp(self):
+        self.server_buffer = b''
+        self.server = await asyncio.start_server(self.handle_new_client,
+                                                 socket_helper.HOSTv4)
+        server_name = self.server.sockets[0].getsockname()
         self.client = socket.socket()
-        self.client.connect((self.server.host, self.server.port))
-        self.client.settimeout(1)
-        # synchronize by waiting for "220 ready" response
-        self.client.recv(1024)
+        self.client.setblocking(False)
+        await asyncio.get_running_loop().sock_connect(self.client, server_name)
         self.sockno = self.client.fileno()
         self.file = open(os_helper.TESTFN, 'rb')
         self.fileno = self.file.fileno()
 
-    def tearDown(self):
+    async def asyncTearDown(self):
         self.file.close()
         self.client.close()
-        if self.server.running:
-            self.server.stop()
-        self.server = None
+        await self.server.wait_closed()
+
+    # Use the test subject instead of asyncio.loop.sendfile
+    @staticmethod
+    async def async_sendfile(*args, **kwargs):
+        return await asyncio.to_thread(os.sendfile, *args, **kwargs)
 
-    def sendfile_wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    @staticmethod
+    async def sendfile_wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
         """A higher level wrapper representing how an application is
         supposed to use sendfile().
         """
         while True:
             try:
-                return os.sendfile(*args, **kwargs)
+                return await TestSendfile.async_sendfile(*args, **kwargs)
             except OSError as err:
                 if err.errno == errno.ECONNRESET:
                     # disconnected
@@ -3782,13 +3707,14 @@ def sendfile_wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
                 else:
                     raise
 
-    def test_send_whole_file(self):
+    async def test_send_whole_file(self):
         # normal send
         total_sent = 0
         offset = 0
         nbytes = 4096
         while total_sent < len(self.DATA):
-            sent = self.sendfile_wrapper(self.sockno, self.fileno, offset, nbytes)
+            sent = await self.sendfile_wrapper(self.sockno, self.fileno,
+                                               offset, nbytes)
             if sent == 0:
                 break
             offset += sent
@@ -3799,19 +3725,19 @@ def test_send_whole_file(self):
         self.assertEqual(total_sent, len(self.DATA))
         self.client.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
         self.client.close()
-        self.server.wait()
-        data = self.server.handler_instance.get_data()
-        self.assertEqual(len(data), len(self.DATA))
-        self.assertEqual(data, self.DATA)
+        await self.server.wait_closed()
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.server_buffer), len(self.DATA))
+        self.assertEqual(self.server_buffer, self.DATA)
 
-    def test_send_at_certain_offset(self):
+    async def test_send_at_certain_offset(self):
         # start sending a file at a certain offset
         total_sent = 0
         offset = len(self.DATA) // 2
         must_send = len(self.DATA) - offset
         nbytes = 4096
         while total_sent < must_send:
-            sent = self.sendfile_wrapper(self.sockno, self.fileno, offset, nbytes)
+            sent = await self.sendfile_wrapper(self.sockno, self.fileno,
+                                               offset, nbytes)
             if sent == 0:
                 break
             offset += sent
@@ -3820,18 +3746,18 @@ def test_send_at_certain_offset(self):
 
         self.client.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
         self.client.close()
-        self.server.wait()
-        data = self.server.handler_instance.get_data()
+        await self.server.wait_closed()
         expected = self.DATA[len(self.DATA) // 2:]
         self.assertEqual(total_sent, len(expected))
-        self.assertEqual(len(data), len(expected))
-        self.assertEqual(data, expected)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.server_buffer), len(expected))
+        self.assertEqual(self.server_buffer, expected)
 
-    def test_offset_overflow(self):
+    async def test_offset_overflow(self):
         # specify an offset > file size
         offset = len(self.DATA) + 4096
         try:
-            sent = os.sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, offset, 4096)
+            sent = await self.async_sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno,
+                                             offset, 4096)
         except OSError as e:
             # Solaris can raise EINVAL if offset >= file length, ignore.
             if e.errno != errno.EINVAL:
@@ -3840,39 +3766,38 @@ def test_offset_overflow(self):
             self.assertEqual(sent, 0)
         self.client.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
         self.client.close()
-        self.server.wait()
-        data = self.server.handler_instance.get_data()
-        self.assertEqual(data, b'')
+        await self.server.wait_closed()
+        self.assertEqual(self.server_buffer, b'')
 
-    def test_invalid_offset(self):
+    async def test_invalid_offset(self):
         with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
-            os.sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, -1, 4096)
+            await self.async_sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, -1, 4096)
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EINVAL)
 
-    def test_keywords(self):
+    async def test_keywords(self):
         # Keyword arguments should be supported
-        os.sendfile(out_fd=self.sockno, in_fd=self.fileno,
-                    offset=0, count=4096)
+        await self.async_sendfile(out_fd=self.sockno, in_fd=self.fileno,
+                                  offset=0, count=4096)
         if self.SUPPORT_HEADERS_TRAILERS:
-            os.sendfile(out_fd=self.sockno, in_fd=self.fileno,
-                        offset=0, count=4096,
-                        headers=(), trailers=(), flags=0)
+            await self.async_sendfile(out_fd=self.sockno, in_fd=self.fileno,
+                                      offset=0, count=4096,
+                                      headers=(), trailers=(), flags=0)
 
     # --- headers / trailers tests
 
     @requires_headers_trailers
-    def test_headers(self):
+    async def test_headers(self):
         total_sent = 0
         expected_data = b"x" * 512 + b"y" * 256 + self.DATA[:-1]
-        sent = os.sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, 0, 4096,
-                            headers=[b"x" * 512, b"y" * 256])
+        sent = await self.async_sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, 0, 4096,
+                                         headers=[b"x" * 512, b"y" * 256])
         self.assertLessEqual(sent, 512 + 256 + 4096)
         total_sent += sent
         offset = 4096
         while total_sent < len(expected_data):
             nbytes = min(len(expected_data) - total_sent, 4096)
-            sent = self.sendfile_wrapper(self.sockno, self.fileno,
-                                                    offset, nbytes)
+            sent = await self.sendfile_wrapper(self.sockno, self.fileno,
+                                               offset, nbytes)
             if sent == 0:
                 break
             self.assertLessEqual(sent, nbytes)
@@ -3881,12 +3806,11 @@ def test_headers(self):
 
         self.assertEqual(total_sent, len(expected_data))
         self.client.close()
-        self.server.wait()
-        data = self.server.handler_instance.get_data()
-        self.assertEqual(hash(data), hash(expected_data))
+        await self.server.wait_closed()
+        self.assertEqual(hash(self.server_buffer), hash(expected_data))
 
     @requires_headers_trailers
-    def test_trailers(self):
+    async def test_trailers(self):
         TESTFN2 = os_helper.TESTFN + "2"
         file_data = b"abcdef"
 
@@ -3894,38 +3818,37 @@ def test_trailers(self):
         create_file(TESTFN2, file_data)
 
         with open(TESTFN2, 'rb') as f:
-            os.sendfile(self.sockno, f.fileno(), 0, 5,
-                        trailers=[b"123456", b"789"])
+            await self.async_sendfile(self.sockno, f.fileno(), 0, 5,
+                                      trailers=[b"123456", b"789"])
             self.client.close()
-            self.server.wait()
-            data = self.server.handler_instance.get_data()
-            self.assertEqual(data, b"abcde123456789")
+            await self.server.wait_closed()
+            self.assertEqual(self.server_buffer, b"abcde123456789")
 
     @requires_headers_trailers
     @requires_32b
-    def test_headers_overflow_32bits(self):
+    async def test_headers_overflow_32bits(self):
         self.server.handler_instance.accumulate = False
         with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
-            os.sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, 0, 0,
-                        headers=[b"x" * 2**16] * 2**15)
+            await self.async_sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, 0, 0,
+                                      headers=[b"x" * 2**16] * 2**15)
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EINVAL)
 
     @requires_headers_trailers
     @requires_32b
-    def test_trailers_overflow_32bits(self):
+    async def test_trailers_overflow_32bits(self):
         self.server.handler_instance.accumulate = False
         with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
-            os.sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, 0, 0,
-                        trailers=[b"x" * 2**16] * 2**15)
+            await self.async_sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, 0, 0,
+                                      trailers=[b"x" * 2**16] * 2**15)
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EINVAL)
 
     @requires_headers_trailers
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'SF_NODISKIO'),
                          'test needs os.SF_NODISKIO')
-    def test_flags(self):
+    async def test_flags(self):
         try:
-            os.sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, 0, 4096,
-                        flags=os.SF_NODISKIO)
+            await self.async_sendfile(self.sockno, self.fileno, 0, 4096,
+                                      flags=os.SF_NODISKIO)
         except OSError as err:
             if err.errno not in (errno.EBUSY, errno.EAGAIN):
                 raise

From a20ce951e723990484685a97db80e36860957613 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 15:20:25 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 246/705] Update pathlib from CPython v3.12.3

---
 Lib/pathlib.py           | 1739 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 Lib/test/test_pathlib.py | 1074 +++++++++++++++++------
 2 files changed, 1685 insertions(+), 1128 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/pathlib.py b/Lib/pathlib.py
index f4aab1c0ce..bd5a096f9e 100644
--- a/Lib/pathlib.py
+++ b/Lib/pathlib.py
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+"""Object-oriented filesystem paths.
+
+This module provides classes to represent abstract paths and concrete
+paths with operations that have semantics appropriate for different
+operating systems.
+"""
+
 import fnmatch
 import functools
 import io
@@ -8,8 +15,7 @@
 import sys
 import warnings
 from _collections_abc import Sequence
-from errno import EINVAL, ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP
-from operator import attrgetter
+from errno import ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP
 from stat import S_ISDIR, S_ISLNK, S_ISREG, S_ISSOCK, S_ISBLK, S_ISCHR, S_ISFIFO
 from urllib.parse import quote_from_bytes as urlquote_from_bytes
 
@@ -23,12 +29,20 @@
 # Internals
 #
 
+# Reference for Windows paths can be found at
+# https://learn.microsoft.com/en-gb/windows/win32/fileio/naming-a-file .
+_WIN_RESERVED_NAMES = frozenset(
+    {'CON', 'PRN', 'AUX', 'NUL', 'CONIN$', 'CONOUT$'} |
+    {f'COM{c}' for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'} |
+    {f'LPT{c}' for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'}
+)
+
 _WINERROR_NOT_READY = 21  # drive exists but is not accessible
 _WINERROR_INVALID_NAME = 123  # fix for bpo-35306
 _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME = 1921  # broken symlink pointing to itself
 
 # EBADF - guard against macOS `stat` throwing EBADF
-_IGNORED_ERROS = (ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP)
+_IGNORED_ERRNOS = (ENOENT, ENOTDIR, EBADF, ELOOP)
 
 _IGNORED_WINERRORS = (
     _WINERROR_NOT_READY,
@@ -36,363 +50,112 @@
     _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME)
 
 def _ignore_error(exception):
-    # XXX RUSTPYTHON: added check for FileNotFoundError, file.exists() on windows throws it
-    # but with a errno==ESRCH for some reason
-    return (isinstance(exception, FileNotFoundError) or
-            getattr(exception, 'errno', None) in _IGNORED_ERROS or
+    return (getattr(exception, 'errno', None) in _IGNORED_ERRNOS or
             getattr(exception, 'winerror', None) in _IGNORED_WINERRORS)
 
 
-def _is_wildcard_pattern(pat):
-    # Whether this pattern needs actual matching using fnmatch, or can
-    # be looked up directly as a file.
-    return "*" in pat or "?" in pat or "[" in pat
-
+@functools.cache
+def _is_case_sensitive(flavour):
+    return flavour.normcase('Aa') == 'Aa'
 
-class _Flavour(object):
-    """A flavour implements a particular (platform-specific) set of path
-    semantics."""
+#
+# Globbing helpers
+#
 
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.join = self.sep.join
 
-    def parse_parts(self, parts):
-        parsed = []
-        sep = self.sep
-        altsep = self.altsep
-        drv = root = ''
-        it = reversed(parts)
-        for part in it:
-            if not part:
-                continue
-            if altsep:
-                part = part.replace(altsep, sep)
-            drv, root, rel = self.splitroot(part)
-            if sep in rel:
-                for x in reversed(rel.split(sep)):
-                    if x and x != '.':
-                        parsed.append(sys.intern(x))
-            else:
-                if rel and rel != '.':
-                    parsed.append(sys.intern(rel))
-            if drv or root:
-                if not drv:
-                    # If no drive is present, try to find one in the previous
-                    # parts. This makes the result of parsing e.g.
-                    # ("C:", "/", "a") reasonably intuitive.
-                    for part in it:
-                        if not part:
-                            continue
-                        if altsep:
-                            part = part.replace(altsep, sep)
-                        drv = self.splitroot(part)[0]
-                        if drv:
-                            break
-                break
-        if drv or root:
-            parsed.append(drv + root)
-        parsed.reverse()
-        return drv, root, parsed
+# fnmatch.translate() returns a regular expression that includes a prefix and
+# a suffix, which enable matching newlines and ensure the end of the string is
+# matched, respectively. These features are undesirable for our implementation
+# of PurePatch.match(), which represents path separators as newlines and joins
+# pattern segments together. As a workaround, we define a slice object that
+# can remove the prefix and suffix from any translate() result. See the
+# _compile_pattern_lines() function for more details.
+_FNMATCH_PREFIX, _FNMATCH_SUFFIX = fnmatch.translate('_').split('_')
+_FNMATCH_SLICE = slice(len(_FNMATCH_PREFIX), -len(_FNMATCH_SUFFIX))
+_SWAP_SEP_AND_NEWLINE = {
+    '/': str.maketrans({'/': '\n', '\n': '/'}),
+    '\\': str.maketrans({'\\': '\n', '\n': '\\'}),
+}
 
-    def join_parsed_parts(self, drv, root, parts, drv2, root2, parts2):
-        """
-        Join the two paths represented by the respective
-        (drive, root, parts) tuples.  Return a new (drive, root, parts) tuple.
-        """
-        if root2:
-            if not drv2 and drv:
-                return drv, root2, [drv + root2] + parts2[1:]
-        elif drv2:
-            if drv2 == drv or self.casefold(drv2) == self.casefold(drv):
-                # Same drive => second path is relative to the first
-                return drv, root, parts + parts2[1:]
-        else:
-            # Second path is non-anchored (common case)
-            return drv, root, parts + parts2
-        return drv2, root2, parts2
-
-
-class _WindowsFlavour(_Flavour):
-    # Reference for Windows paths can be found at
-    # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365247%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
-
-    sep = '\\'
-    altsep = '/'
-    has_drv = True
-    pathmod = ntpath
-
-    is_supported = (os.name == 'nt')
-
-    drive_letters = set('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')
-    ext_namespace_prefix = '\\\\?\\'
-
-    reserved_names = (
-        {'CON', 'PRN', 'AUX', 'NUL', 'CONIN$', 'CONOUT$'} |
-        {'COM%s' % c for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'} |
-        {'LPT%s' % c for c in '123456789\xb9\xb2\xb3'}
-        )
-
-    # Interesting findings about extended paths:
-    # * '\\?\c:\a' is an extended path, which bypasses normal Windows API
-    #   path processing. Thus relative paths are not resolved and slash is not
-    #   translated to backslash. It has the native NT path limit of 32767
-    #   characters, but a bit less after resolving device symbolic links,
-    #   such as '\??\C:' => '\Device\HarddiskVolume2'.
-    # * '\\?\c:/a' looks for a device named 'C:/a' because slash is a
-    #   regular name character in the object namespace.
-    # * '\\?\c:\foo/bar' is invalid because '/' is illegal in NT filesystems.
-    #   The only path separator at the filesystem level is backslash.
-    # * '//?/c:\a' and '//?/c:/a' are effectively equivalent to '\\.\c:\a' and
-    #   thus limited to MAX_PATH.
-    # * Prior to Windows 8, ANSI API bytes paths are limited to MAX_PATH,
-    #   even with the '\\?\' prefix.
-
-    def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep):
-        first = part[0:1]
-        second = part[1:2]
-        if (second == sep and first == sep):
-            # XXX extended paths should also disable the collapsing of "."
-            # components (according to MSDN docs).
-            prefix, part = self._split_extended_path(part)
-            first = part[0:1]
-            second = part[1:2]
-        else:
-            prefix = ''
-        third = part[2:3]
-        if (second == sep and first == sep and third != sep):
-            # is a UNC path:
-            # vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv root
-            # \\machine\mountpoint\directory\etc\...
-            #            directory ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-            index = part.find(sep, 2)
-            if index != -1:
-                index2 = part.find(sep, index + 1)
-                # a UNC path can't have two slashes in a row
-                # (after the initial two)
-                if index2 != index + 1:
-                    if index2 == -1:
-                        index2 = len(part)
-                    if prefix:
-                        return prefix + part[1:index2], sep, part[index2+1:]
-                    else:
-                        return part[:index2], sep, part[index2+1:]
-        drv = root = ''
-        if second == ':' and first in self.drive_letters:
-            drv = part[:2]
-            part = part[2:]
-            first = third
-        if first == sep:
-            root = first
-            part = part.lstrip(sep)
-        return prefix + drv, root, part
-
-    def casefold(self, s):
-        return s.lower()
-
-    def casefold_parts(self, parts):
-        return [p.lower() for p in parts]
-
-    def compile_pattern(self, pattern):
-        return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pattern), re.IGNORECASE).fullmatch
-
-    def _split_extended_path(self, s, ext_prefix=ext_namespace_prefix):
-        prefix = ''
-        if s.startswith(ext_prefix):
-            prefix = s[:4]
-            s = s[4:]
-            if s.startswith('UNC\\'):
-                prefix += s[:3]
-                s = '\\' + s[3:]
-        return prefix, s
-
-    def is_reserved(self, parts):
-        # NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated
-        # (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL" if "foo" does not
-        # exist). We err on the side of caution and return True for paths
-        # which are not considered reserved by Windows.
-        if not parts:
-            return False
-        if parts[0].startswith('\\\\'):
-            # UNC paths are never reserved
-            return False
-        name = parts[-1].partition('.')[0].partition(':')[0].rstrip(' ')
-        return name.upper() in self.reserved_names
 
-    def make_uri(self, path):
-        # Under Windows, file URIs use the UTF-8 encoding.
-        drive = path.drive
-        if len(drive) == 2 and drive[1] == ':':
-            # It's a path on a local drive => 'file:///c:/a/b'
-            rest = path.as_posix()[2:].lstrip('/')
-            return 'file:///%s/%s' % (
-                drive, urlquote_from_bytes(rest.encode('utf-8')))
-        else:
-            # It's a path on a network drive => 'file://host/share/a/b'
-            return 'file:' + urlquote_from_bytes(path.as_posix().encode('utf-8'))
-
-
-class _PosixFlavour(_Flavour):
-    sep = '/'
-    altsep = ''
-    has_drv = False
-    pathmod = posixpath
-
-    is_supported = (os.name != 'nt')
-
-    def splitroot(self, part, sep=sep):
-        if part and part[0] == sep:
-            stripped_part = part.lstrip(sep)
-            # According to POSIX path resolution:
-            # http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap04.html#tag_04_11
-            # "A pathname that begins with two successive slashes may be
-            # interpreted in an implementation-defined manner, although more
-            # than two leading slashes shall be treated as a single slash".
-            if len(part) - len(stripped_part) == 2:
-                return '', sep * 2, stripped_part
-            else:
-                return '', sep, stripped_part
+@functools.lru_cache()
+def _make_selector(pattern_parts, flavour, case_sensitive):
+    pat = pattern_parts[0]
+    if not pat:
+        return _TerminatingSelector()
+    if pat == '**':
+        child_parts_idx = 1
+        while child_parts_idx < len(pattern_parts) and pattern_parts[child_parts_idx] == '**':
+            child_parts_idx += 1
+        child_parts = pattern_parts[child_parts_idx:]
+        if '**' in child_parts:
+            cls = _DoubleRecursiveWildcardSelector
         else:
-            return '', '', part
-
-    def casefold(self, s):
-        return s
-
-    def casefold_parts(self, parts):
-        return parts
-
-    def compile_pattern(self, pattern):
-        return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pattern)).fullmatch
-
-    def is_reserved(self, parts):
-        return False
-
-    def make_uri(self, path):
-        # We represent the path using the local filesystem encoding,
-        # for portability to other applications.
-        bpath = bytes(path)
-        return 'file://' + urlquote_from_bytes(bpath)
-
-
-_windows_flavour = _WindowsFlavour()
-_posix_flavour = _PosixFlavour()
-
-
-class _Accessor:
-    """An accessor implements a particular (system-specific or not) way of
-    accessing paths on the filesystem."""
-
-
-class _NormalAccessor(_Accessor):
-
-    stat = os.stat
-
-    open = io.open
-
-    listdir = os.listdir
-
-    scandir = os.scandir
-
-    chmod = os.chmod
-
-    mkdir = os.mkdir
-
-    unlink = os.unlink
-
-    if hasattr(os, "link"):
-        link = os.link
-    else:
-        def link(self, src, dst):
-            raise NotImplementedError("os.link() not available on this system")
-
-    rmdir = os.rmdir
-
-    rename = os.rename
-
-    replace = os.replace
-
-    if hasattr(os, "symlink"):
-        symlink = os.symlink
-    else:
-        def symlink(self, src, dst, target_is_directory=False):
-            raise NotImplementedError("os.symlink() not available on this system")
-
-    def touch(self, path, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True):
-        if exist_ok:
-            # First try to bump modification time
-            # Implementation note: GNU touch uses the UTIME_NOW option of
-            # the utimensat() / futimens() functions.
-            try:
-                os.utime(path, None)
-            except OSError:
-                # Avoid exception chaining
-                pass
-            else:
-                return
-        flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY
-        if not exist_ok:
-            flags |= os.O_EXCL
-        fd = os.open(path, flags, mode)
-        os.close(fd)
-
-    if hasattr(os, "readlink"):
-        readlink = os.readlink
+            cls = _RecursiveWildcardSelector
     else:
-        def readlink(self, path):
-            raise NotImplementedError("os.readlink() not available on this system")
-
-    def owner(self, path):
-        try:
-            import pwd
-            return pwd.getpwuid(self.stat(path).st_uid).pw_name
-        except ImportError:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Path.owner() is unsupported on this system")
-
-    def group(self, path):
-        try:
-            import grp
-            return grp.getgrgid(self.stat(path).st_gid).gr_name
-        except ImportError:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Path.group() is unsupported on this system")
-
-    getcwd = os.getcwd
-
-    expanduser = staticmethod(os.path.expanduser)
+        child_parts = pattern_parts[1:]
+        if pat == '..':
+            cls = _ParentSelector
+        elif '**' in pat:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component")
+        else:
+            cls = _WildcardSelector
+    return cls(pat, child_parts, flavour, case_sensitive)
 
-    realpath = staticmethod(os.path.realpath)
 
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=256)
+def _compile_pattern(pat, case_sensitive):
+    flags = re.NOFLAG if case_sensitive else re.IGNORECASE
+    return re.compile(fnmatch.translate(pat), flags).match
 
-_normal_accessor = _NormalAccessor()
 
+@functools.lru_cache()
+def _compile_pattern_lines(pattern_lines, case_sensitive):
+    """Compile the given pattern lines to an `re.Pattern` object.
 
-#
-# Globbing helpers
-#
+    The *pattern_lines* argument is a glob-style pattern (e.g. '*/*.py') with
+    its path separators and newlines swapped (e.g. '*\n*.py`). By using
+    newlines to separate path components, and not setting `re.DOTALL`, we
+    ensure that the `*` wildcard cannot match path separators.
 
-def _make_selector(pattern_parts, flavour):
-    pat = pattern_parts[0]
-    child_parts = pattern_parts[1:]
-    if pat == '**':
-        cls = _RecursiveWildcardSelector
-    elif '**' in pat:
-        raise ValueError("Invalid pattern: '**' can only be an entire path component")
-    elif _is_wildcard_pattern(pat):
-        cls = _WildcardSelector
-    else:
-        cls = _PreciseSelector
-    return cls(pat, child_parts, flavour)
+    The returned `re.Pattern` object may have its `match()` method called to
+    match a complete pattern, or `search()` to match from the right. The
+    argument supplied to these methods must also have its path separators and
+    newlines swapped.
+    """
 
-if hasattr(functools, "lru_cache"):
-    _make_selector = functools.lru_cache()(_make_selector)
+    # Match the start of the path, or just after a path separator
+    parts = ['^']
+    for part in pattern_lines.splitlines(keepends=True):
+        if part == '*\n':
+            part = r'.+\n'
+        elif part == '*':
+            part = r'.+'
+        else:
+            # Any other component: pass to fnmatch.translate(). We slice off
+            # the common prefix and suffix added by translate() to ensure that
+            # re.DOTALL is not set, and the end of the string not matched,
+            # respectively. With DOTALL not set, '*' wildcards will not match
+            # path separators, because the '.' characters in the pattern will
+            # not match newlines.
+            part = fnmatch.translate(part)[_FNMATCH_SLICE]
+        parts.append(part)
+    # Match the end of the path, always.
+    parts.append(r'\Z')
+    flags = re.MULTILINE
+    if not case_sensitive:
+        flags |= re.IGNORECASE
+    return re.compile(''.join(parts), flags=flags)
 
 
 class _Selector:
     """A selector matches a specific glob pattern part against the children
     of a given path."""
 
-    def __init__(self, child_parts, flavour):
+    def __init__(self, child_parts, flavour, case_sensitive):
         self.child_parts = child_parts
         if child_parts:
-            self.successor = _make_selector(child_parts, flavour)
+            self.successor = _make_selector(child_parts, flavour, case_sensitive)
             self.dironly = True
         else:
             self.successor = _TerminatingSelector()
@@ -402,105 +165,95 @@ def select_from(self, parent_path):
         """Iterate over all child paths of `parent_path` matched by this
         selector.  This can contain parent_path itself."""
         path_cls = type(parent_path)
-        is_dir = path_cls.is_dir
-        exists = path_cls.exists
-        scandir = parent_path._accessor.scandir
-        if not is_dir(parent_path):
+        scandir = path_cls._scandir
+        if not parent_path.is_dir():
             return iter([])
-        return self._select_from(parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir)
+        return self._select_from(parent_path, scandir)
 
 
 class _TerminatingSelector:
 
-    def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
+    def _select_from(self, parent_path, scandir):
         yield parent_path
 
 
-class _PreciseSelector(_Selector):
+class _ParentSelector(_Selector):
 
-    def __init__(self, name, child_parts, flavour):
-        self.name = name
-        _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour)
+    def __init__(self, name, child_parts, flavour, case_sensitive):
+        _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour, case_sensitive)
 
-    def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
-        try:
-            path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(self.name)
-            if (is_dir if self.dironly else exists)(path):
-                for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
-                    yield p
-        except PermissionError:
-            return
+    def _select_from(self,  parent_path, scandir):
+        path = parent_path._make_child_relpath('..')
+        for p in self.successor._select_from(path, scandir):
+            yield p
 
 
 class _WildcardSelector(_Selector):
 
-    def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour):
-        self.match = flavour.compile_pattern(pat)
-        _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour)
+    def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour, case_sensitive):
+        _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour, case_sensitive)
+        if case_sensitive is None:
+            # TODO: evaluate case-sensitivity of each directory in _select_from()
+            case_sensitive = _is_case_sensitive(flavour)
+        self.match = _compile_pattern(pat, case_sensitive)
 
-    def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
+    def _select_from(self, parent_path, scandir):
         try:
+            # We must close the scandir() object before proceeding to
+            # avoid exhausting file descriptors when globbing deep trees.
             with scandir(parent_path) as scandir_it:
                 entries = list(scandir_it)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+        else:
             for entry in entries:
                 if self.dironly:
                     try:
-                        # "entry.is_dir()" can raise PermissionError
-                        # in some cases (see bpo-38894), which is not
-                        # among the errors ignored by _ignore_error()
                         if not entry.is_dir():
                             continue
-                    except OSError as e:
-                        if not _ignore_error(e):
-                            raise
+                    except OSError:
                         continue
                 name = entry.name
                 if self.match(name):
                     path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(name)
-                    for p in self.successor._select_from(path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
+                    for p in self.successor._select_from(path, scandir):
                         yield p
-        except PermissionError:
-            return
 
 
 class _RecursiveWildcardSelector(_Selector):
 
-    def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour):
-        _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour)
+    def __init__(self, pat, child_parts, flavour, case_sensitive):
+        _Selector.__init__(self, child_parts, flavour, case_sensitive)
 
-    def _iterate_directories(self, parent_path, is_dir, scandir):
+    def _iterate_directories(self, parent_path):
         yield parent_path
-        try:
-            with scandir(parent_path) as scandir_it:
-                entries = list(scandir_it)
-            for entry in entries:
-                entry_is_dir = False
-                try:
-                    entry_is_dir = entry.is_dir()
-                except OSError as e:
-                    if not _ignore_error(e):
-                        raise
-                if entry_is_dir and not entry.is_symlink():
-                    path = parent_path._make_child_relpath(entry.name)
-                    for p in self._iterate_directories(path, is_dir, scandir):
-                        yield p
-        except PermissionError:
-            return
+        for dirpath, dirnames, _ in parent_path.walk():
+            for dirname in dirnames:
+                yield dirpath._make_child_relpath(dirname)
+
+    def _select_from(self, parent_path, scandir):
+        successor_select = self.successor._select_from
+        for starting_point in self._iterate_directories(parent_path):
+            for p in successor_select(starting_point, scandir):
+                yield p
+
+
+class _DoubleRecursiveWildcardSelector(_RecursiveWildcardSelector):
+    """
+    Like _RecursiveWildcardSelector, but also de-duplicates results from
+    successive selectors. This is necessary if the pattern contains
+    multiple non-adjacent '**' segments.
+    """
 
-    def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
+    def _select_from(self, parent_path, scandir):
+        yielded = set()
         try:
-            yielded = set()
-            try:
-                successor_select = self.successor._select_from
-                for starting_point in self._iterate_directories(parent_path, is_dir, scandir):
-                    for p in successor_select(starting_point, is_dir, exists, scandir):
-                        if p not in yielded:
-                            yield p
-                            yielded.add(p)
-            finally:
-                yielded.clear()
-        except PermissionError:
-            return
+            for p in super()._select_from(parent_path, scandir):
+                if p not in yielded:
+                    yield p
+                    yielded.add(p)
+        finally:
+            yielded.clear()
 
 
 #
@@ -510,20 +263,16 @@ def _select_from(self, parent_path, is_dir, exists, scandir):
 class _PathParents(Sequence):
     """This object provides sequence-like access to the logical ancestors
     of a path.  Don't try to construct it yourself."""
-    __slots__ = ('_pathcls', '_drv', '_root', '_parts')
+    __slots__ = ('_path', '_drv', '_root', '_tail')
 
     def __init__(self, path):
-        # We don't store the instance to avoid reference cycles
-        self._pathcls = type(path)
-        self._drv = path._drv
-        self._root = path._root
-        self._parts = path._parts
+        self._path = path
+        self._drv = path.drive
+        self._root = path.root
+        self._tail = path._tail
 
     def __len__(self):
-        if self._drv or self._root:
-            return len(self._parts) - 1
-        else:
-            return len(self._parts)
+        return len(self._tail)
 
     def __getitem__(self, idx):
         if isinstance(idx, slice):
@@ -533,11 +282,11 @@ def __getitem__(self, idx):
             raise IndexError(idx)
         if idx < 0:
             idx += len(self)
-        return self._pathcls._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
-                                                self._parts[:-idx - 1])
+        return self._path._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
+                                             self._tail[:-idx - 1])
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<{}.parents>".format(self._pathcls.__name__)
+        return "<{}.parents>".format(type(self._path).__name__)
 
 
 class PurePath(object):
@@ -549,12 +298,49 @@ class PurePath(object):
     PureWindowsPath object.  You can also instantiate either of these classes
     directly, regardless of your system.
     """
+
     __slots__ = (
-        '_drv', '_root', '_parts',
-        '_str', '_hash', '_pparts', '_cached_cparts',
+        # The `_raw_paths` slot stores unnormalized string paths. This is set
+        # in the `__init__()` method.
+        '_raw_paths',
+
+        # The `_drv`, `_root` and `_tail_cached` slots store parsed and
+        # normalized parts of the path. They are set when any of the `drive`,
+        # `root` or `_tail` properties are accessed for the first time. The
+        # three-part division corresponds to the result of
+        # `os.path.splitroot()`, except that the tail is further split on path
+        # separators (i.e. it is a list of strings), and that the root and
+        # tail are normalized.
+        '_drv', '_root', '_tail_cached',
+
+        # The `_str` slot stores the string representation of the path,
+        # computed from the drive, root and tail when `__str__()` is called
+        # for the first time. It's used to implement `_str_normcase`
+        '_str',
+
+        # The `_str_normcase_cached` slot stores the string path with
+        # normalized case. It is set when the `_str_normcase` property is
+        # accessed for the first time. It's used to implement `__eq__()`
+        # `__hash__()`, and `_parts_normcase`
+        '_str_normcase_cached',
+
+        # The `_parts_normcase_cached` slot stores the case-normalized
+        # string path after splitting on path separators. It's set when the
+        # `_parts_normcase` property is accessed for the first time. It's used
+        # to implement comparison methods like `__lt__()`.
+        '_parts_normcase_cached',
+
+        # The `_lines_cached` slot stores the string path with path separators
+        # and newlines swapped. This is used to implement `match()`.
+        '_lines_cached',
+
+        # The `_hash` slot stores the hash of the case-normalized string
+        # path. It's set when `__hash__()` is called for the first time.
+        '_hash',
     )
+    _flavour = os.path
 
-    def __new__(cls, *args):
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
         """Construct a PurePath from one or several strings and or existing
         PurePath objects.  The strings and path objects are combined so as
         to yield a canonicalized path, which is incorporated into the
@@ -562,64 +348,91 @@ def __new__(cls, *args):
         """
         if cls is PurePath:
             cls = PureWindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PurePosixPath
-        return cls._from_parts(args)
+        return object.__new__(cls)
 
     def __reduce__(self):
         # Using the parts tuple helps share interned path parts
         # when pickling related paths.
-        return (self.__class__, tuple(self._parts))
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _parse_args(cls, args):
-        # This is useful when you don't want to create an instance, just
-        # canonicalize some constructor arguments.
-        parts = []
-        for a in args:
-            if isinstance(a, PurePath):
-                parts += a._parts
-            else:
-                a = os.fspath(a)
-                if isinstance(a, str):
-                    # Force-cast str subclasses to str (issue #21127)
-                    parts.append(str(a))
+        return (self.__class__, self.parts)
+
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        paths = []
+        for arg in args:
+            if isinstance(arg, PurePath):
+                if arg._flavour is ntpath and self._flavour is posixpath:
+                    # GH-103631: Convert separators for backwards compatibility.
+                    paths.extend(path.replace('\\', '/') for path in arg._raw_paths)
                 else:
+                    paths.extend(arg._raw_paths)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    path = os.fspath(arg)
+                except TypeError:
+                    path = arg
+                if not isinstance(path, str):
                     raise TypeError(
-                        "argument should be a str object or an os.PathLike "
-                        "object returning str, not %r"
-                        % type(a))
-        return cls._flavour.parse_parts(parts)
+                        "argument should be a str or an os.PathLike "
+                        "object where __fspath__ returns a str, "
+                        f"not {type(path).__name__!r}")
+                paths.append(path)
+        self._raw_paths = paths
 
-    @classmethod
-    def _from_parts(cls, args):
-        # We need to call _parse_args on the instance, so as to get the
-        # right flavour.
-        self = object.__new__(cls)
-        drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args)
-        self._drv = drv
-        self._root = root
-        self._parts = parts
-        return self
+    def with_segments(self, *pathsegments):
+        """Construct a new path object from any number of path-like objects.
+        Subclasses may override this method to customize how new path objects
+        are created from methods like `iterdir()`.
+        """
+        return type(self)(*pathsegments)
 
     @classmethod
-    def _from_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts):
-        self = object.__new__(cls)
+    def _parse_path(cls, path):
+        if not path:
+            return '', '', []
+        sep = cls._flavour.sep
+        altsep = cls._flavour.altsep
+        if altsep:
+            path = path.replace(altsep, sep)
+        drv, root, rel = cls._flavour.splitroot(path)
+        if not root and drv.startswith(sep) and not drv.endswith(sep):
+            drv_parts = drv.split(sep)
+            if len(drv_parts) == 4 and drv_parts[2] not in '?.':
+                # e.g. //server/share
+                root = sep
+            elif len(drv_parts) == 6:
+                # e.g. //?/unc/server/share
+                root = sep
+        parsed = [sys.intern(str(x)) for x in rel.split(sep) if x and x != '.']
+        return drv, root, parsed
+
+    def _load_parts(self):
+        paths = self._raw_paths
+        if len(paths) == 0:
+            path = ''
+        elif len(paths) == 1:
+            path = paths[0]
+        else:
+            path = self._flavour.join(*paths)
+        drv, root, tail = self._parse_path(path)
         self._drv = drv
         self._root = root
-        self._parts = parts
-        return self
+        self._tail_cached = tail
+
+    def _from_parsed_parts(self, drv, root, tail):
+        path_str = self._format_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail)
+        path = self.with_segments(path_str)
+        path._str = path_str or '.'
+        path._drv = drv
+        path._root = root
+        path._tail_cached = tail
+        return path
 
     @classmethod
-    def _format_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, parts):
+    def _format_parsed_parts(cls, drv, root, tail):
         if drv or root:
-            return drv + root + cls._flavour.join(parts[1:])
-        else:
-            return cls._flavour.join(parts)
-
-    def _make_child(self, args):
-        drv, root, parts = self._parse_args(args)
-        drv, root, parts = self._flavour.join_parsed_parts(
-            self._drv, self._root, self._parts, drv, root, parts)
-        return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts)
+            return drv + root + cls._flavour.sep.join(tail)
+        elif tail and cls._flavour.splitdrive(tail[0])[0]:
+            tail = ['.'] + tail
+        return cls._flavour.sep.join(tail)
 
     def __str__(self):
         """Return the string representation of the path, suitable for
@@ -627,8 +440,8 @@ def __str__(self):
         try:
             return self._str
         except AttributeError:
-            self._str = self._format_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
-                                                  self._parts) or '.'
+            self._str = self._format_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root,
+                                                  self._tail) or '.'
             return self._str
 
     def __fspath__(self):
@@ -652,71 +465,128 @@ def as_uri(self):
         """Return the path as a 'file' URI."""
         if not self.is_absolute():
             raise ValueError("relative path can't be expressed as a file URI")
-        return self._flavour.make_uri(self)
+
+        drive = self.drive
+        if len(drive) == 2 and drive[1] == ':':
+            # It's a path on a local drive => 'file:///c:/a/b'
+            prefix = 'file:///' + drive
+            path = self.as_posix()[2:]
+        elif drive:
+            # It's a path on a network drive => 'file://host/share/a/b'
+            prefix = 'file:'
+            path = self.as_posix()
+        else:
+            # It's a posix path => 'file:///etc/hosts'
+            prefix = 'file://'
+            path = str(self)
+        return prefix + urlquote_from_bytes(os.fsencode(path))
+
+    @property
+    def _str_normcase(self):
+        # String with normalized case, for hashing and equality checks
+        try:
+            return self._str_normcase_cached
+        except AttributeError:
+            if _is_case_sensitive(self._flavour):
+                self._str_normcase_cached = str(self)
+            else:
+                self._str_normcase_cached = str(self).lower()
+            return self._str_normcase_cached
 
     @property
-    def _cparts(self):
-        # Cached casefolded parts, for hashing and comparison
+    def _parts_normcase(self):
+        # Cached parts with normalized case, for comparisons.
         try:
-            return self._cached_cparts
+            return self._parts_normcase_cached
         except AttributeError:
-            self._cached_cparts = self._flavour.casefold_parts(self._parts)
-            return self._cached_cparts
+            self._parts_normcase_cached = self._str_normcase.split(self._flavour.sep)
+            return self._parts_normcase_cached
+
+    @property
+    def _lines(self):
+        # Path with separators and newlines swapped, for pattern matching.
+        try:
+            return self._lines_cached
+        except AttributeError:
+            path_str = str(self)
+            if path_str == '.':
+                self._lines_cached = ''
+            else:
+                trans = _SWAP_SEP_AND_NEWLINE[self._flavour.sep]
+                self._lines_cached = path_str.translate(trans)
+            return self._lines_cached
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, PurePath):
             return NotImplemented
-        return self._cparts == other._cparts and self._flavour is other._flavour
+        return self._str_normcase == other._str_normcase and self._flavour is other._flavour
 
     def __hash__(self):
         try:
             return self._hash
         except AttributeError:
-            self._hash = hash(tuple(self._cparts))
+            self._hash = hash(self._str_normcase)
             return self._hash
 
     def __lt__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
             return NotImplemented
-        return self._cparts < other._cparts
+        return self._parts_normcase < other._parts_normcase
 
     def __le__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
             return NotImplemented
-        return self._cparts <= other._cparts
+        return self._parts_normcase <= other._parts_normcase
 
     def __gt__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
             return NotImplemented
-        return self._cparts > other._cparts
+        return self._parts_normcase > other._parts_normcase
 
     def __ge__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, PurePath) or self._flavour is not other._flavour:
             return NotImplemented
-        return self._cparts >= other._cparts
+        return self._parts_normcase >= other._parts_normcase
 
-    def __class_getitem__(cls, type):
-        return cls
+    @property
+    def drive(self):
+        """The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any."""
+        try:
+            return self._drv
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._load_parts()
+            return self._drv
 
-    drive = property(attrgetter('_drv'),
-                     doc="""The drive prefix (letter or UNC path), if any.""")
+    @property
+    def root(self):
+        """The root of the path, if any."""
+        try:
+            return self._root
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._load_parts()
+            return self._root
 
-    root = property(attrgetter('_root'),
-                    doc="""The root of the path, if any.""")
+    @property
+    def _tail(self):
+        try:
+            return self._tail_cached
+        except AttributeError:
+            self._load_parts()
+            return self._tail_cached
 
     @property
     def anchor(self):
         """The concatenation of the drive and root, or ''."""
-        anchor = self._drv + self._root
+        anchor = self.drive + self.root
         return anchor
 
     @property
     def name(self):
         """The final path component, if any."""
-        parts = self._parts
-        if len(parts) == (1 if (self._drv or self._root) else 0):
+        tail = self._tail
+        if not tail:
             return ''
-        return parts[-1]
+        return tail[-1]
 
     @property
     def suffix(self):
@@ -759,12 +629,11 @@ def with_name(self, name):
         """Return a new path with the file name changed."""
         if not self.name:
             raise ValueError("%r has an empty name" % (self,))
-        drv, root, parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((name,))
-        if (not name or name[-1] in [self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep]
-            or drv or root or len(parts) != 1):
+        f = self._flavour
+        if not name or f.sep in name or (f.altsep and f.altsep in name) or name == '.':
             raise ValueError("Invalid name %r" % (name))
-        return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
-                                       self._parts[:-1] + [name])
+        return self._from_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root,
+                                       self._tail[:-1] + [name])
 
     def with_stem(self, stem):
         """Return a new path with the stem changed."""
@@ -788,137 +657,144 @@ def with_suffix(self, suffix):
             name = name + suffix
         else:
             name = name[:-len(old_suffix)] + suffix
-        return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root,
-                                       self._parts[:-1] + [name])
+        return self._from_parsed_parts(self.drive, self.root,
+                                       self._tail[:-1] + [name])
 
-    def relative_to(self, *other):
+    def relative_to(self, other, /, *_deprecated, walk_up=False):
         """Return the relative path to another path identified by the passed
         arguments.  If the operation is not possible (because this is not
-        a subpath of the other path), raise ValueError.
-        """
-        # For the purpose of this method, drive and root are considered
-        # separate parts, i.e.:
-        #   Path('c:/').relative_to('c:')  gives Path('/')
-        #   Path('c:/').relative_to('/')   raise ValueError
-        if not other:
-            raise TypeError("need at least one argument")
-        parts = self._parts
-        drv = self._drv
-        root = self._root
-        if root:
-            abs_parts = [drv, root] + parts[1:]
-        else:
-            abs_parts = parts
-        to_drv, to_root, to_parts = self._parse_args(other)
-        if to_root:
-            to_abs_parts = [to_drv, to_root] + to_parts[1:]
+        related to the other path), raise ValueError.
+
+        The *walk_up* parameter controls whether `..` may be used to resolve
+        the path.
+        """
+        if _deprecated:
+            msg = ("support for supplying more than one positional argument "
+                   "to pathlib.PurePath.relative_to() is deprecated and "
+                   "scheduled for removal in Python {remove}")
+            warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath.relative_to(*args)", msg,
+                                 remove=(3, 14))
+        other = self.with_segments(other, *_deprecated)
+        for step, path in enumerate([other] + list(other.parents)):
+            if self.is_relative_to(path):
+                break
+            elif not walk_up:
+                raise ValueError(f"{str(self)!r} is not in the subpath of {str(other)!r}")
+            elif path.name == '..':
+                raise ValueError(f"'..' segment in {str(other)!r} cannot be walked")
         else:
-            to_abs_parts = to_parts
-        n = len(to_abs_parts)
-        cf = self._flavour.casefold_parts
-        if (root or drv) if n == 0 else cf(abs_parts[:n]) != cf(to_abs_parts):
-            formatted = self._format_parsed_parts(to_drv, to_root, to_parts)
-            raise ValueError("{!r} is not in the subpath of {!r}"
-                    " OR one path is relative and the other is absolute."
-                             .format(str(self), str(formatted)))
-        return self._from_parsed_parts('', root if n == 1 else '',
-                                       abs_parts[n:])
-
-    def is_relative_to(self, *other):
+            raise ValueError(f"{str(self)!r} and {str(other)!r} have different anchors")
+        parts = ['..'] * step + self._tail[len(path._tail):]
+        return self.with_segments(*parts)
+
+    def is_relative_to(self, other, /, *_deprecated):
         """Return True if the path is relative to another path or False.
         """
-        try:
-            self.relative_to(*other)
-            return True
-        except ValueError:
-            return False
+        if _deprecated:
+            msg = ("support for supplying more than one argument to "
+                   "pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to() is deprecated and "
+                   "scheduled for removal in Python {remove}")
+            warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath.is_relative_to(*args)",
+                                 msg, remove=(3, 14))
+        other = self.with_segments(other, *_deprecated)
+        return other == self or other in self.parents
 
     @property
     def parts(self):
         """An object providing sequence-like access to the
         components in the filesystem path."""
-        # We cache the tuple to avoid building a new one each time .parts
-        # is accessed.  XXX is this necessary?
-        try:
-            return self._pparts
-        except AttributeError:
-            self._pparts = tuple(self._parts)
-            return self._pparts
+        if self.drive or self.root:
+            return (self.drive + self.root,) + tuple(self._tail)
+        else:
+            return tuple(self._tail)
 
-    def joinpath(self, *args):
+    def joinpath(self, *pathsegments):
         """Combine this path with one or several arguments, and return a
         new path representing either a subpath (if all arguments are relative
         paths) or a totally different path (if one of the arguments is
         anchored).
         """
-        return self._make_child(args)
+        return self.with_segments(self, *pathsegments)
 
     def __truediv__(self, key):
         try:
-            return self._make_child((key,))
+            return self.joinpath(key)
         except TypeError:
             return NotImplemented
 
     def __rtruediv__(self, key):
         try:
-            return self._from_parts([key] + self._parts)
+            return self.with_segments(key, self)
         except TypeError:
             return NotImplemented
 
     @property
     def parent(self):
         """The logical parent of the path."""
-        drv = self._drv
-        root = self._root
-        parts = self._parts
-        if len(parts) == 1 and (drv or root):
+        drv = self.drive
+        root = self.root
+        tail = self._tail
+        if not tail:
             return self
-        return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, parts[:-1])
+        return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail[:-1])
 
     @property
     def parents(self):
         """A sequence of this path's logical parents."""
+        # The value of this property should not be cached on the path object,
+        # as doing so would introduce a reference cycle.
         return _PathParents(self)
 
     def is_absolute(self):
         """True if the path is absolute (has both a root and, if applicable,
         a drive)."""
-        if not self._root:
+        if self._flavour is ntpath:
+            # ntpath.isabs() is defective - see GH-44626.
+            return bool(self.drive and self.root)
+        elif self._flavour is posixpath:
+            # Optimization: work with raw paths on POSIX.
+            for path in self._raw_paths:
+                if path.startswith('/'):
+                    return True
             return False
-        return not self._flavour.has_drv or bool(self._drv)
+        else:
+            return self._flavour.isabs(str(self))
 
     def is_reserved(self):
         """Return True if the path contains one of the special names reserved
         by the system, if any."""
-        return self._flavour.is_reserved(self._parts)
+        if self._flavour is posixpath or not self._tail:
+            return False
+
+        # NOTE: the rules for reserved names seem somewhat complicated
+        # (e.g. r"..\NUL" is reserved but not r"foo\NUL" if "foo" does not
+        # exist). We err on the side of caution and return True for paths
+        # which are not considered reserved by Windows.
+        if self.drive.startswith('\\\\'):
+            # UNC paths are never reserved.
+            return False
+        name = self._tail[-1].partition('.')[0].partition(':')[0].rstrip(' ')
+        return name.upper() in _WIN_RESERVED_NAMES
 
-    def match(self, path_pattern):
+    def match(self, path_pattern, *, case_sensitive=None):
         """
         Return True if this path matches the given pattern.
         """
-        cf = self._flavour.casefold
-        path_pattern = cf(path_pattern)
-        drv, root, pat_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((path_pattern,))
-        if not pat_parts:
+        if not isinstance(path_pattern, PurePath):
+            path_pattern = self.with_segments(path_pattern)
+        if case_sensitive is None:
+            case_sensitive = _is_case_sensitive(self._flavour)
+        pattern = _compile_pattern_lines(path_pattern._lines, case_sensitive)
+        if path_pattern.drive or path_pattern.root:
+            return pattern.match(self._lines) is not None
+        elif path_pattern._tail:
+            return pattern.search(self._lines) is not None
+        else:
             raise ValueError("empty pattern")
-        if drv and drv != cf(self._drv):
-            return False
-        if root and root != cf(self._root):
-            return False
-        parts = self._cparts
-        if drv or root:
-            if len(pat_parts) != len(parts):
-                return False
-            pat_parts = pat_parts[1:]
-        elif len(pat_parts) > len(parts):
-            return False
-        for part, pat in zip(reversed(parts), reversed(pat_parts)):
-            if not fnmatch.fnmatchcase(part, pat):
-                return False
-        return True
+
 
 # Can't subclass os.PathLike from PurePath and keep the constructor
-# optimizations in PurePath._parse_args().
+# optimizations in PurePath.__slots__.
 os.PathLike.register(PurePath)
 
 
@@ -928,7 +804,7 @@ class PurePosixPath(PurePath):
     On a POSIX system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object.
     However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system.
     """
-    _flavour = _posix_flavour
+    _flavour = posixpath
     __slots__ = ()
 
 
@@ -938,7 +814,7 @@ class PureWindowsPath(PurePath):
     On a Windows system, instantiating a PurePath should return this object.
     However, you can also instantiate it directly on any system.
     """
-    _flavour = _windows_flavour
+    _flavour = ntpath
     __slots__ = ()
 
 
@@ -954,162 +830,177 @@ class Path(PurePath):
     object. You can also instantiate a PosixPath or WindowsPath directly,
     but cannot instantiate a WindowsPath on a POSIX system or vice versa.
     """
-    _accessor = _normal_accessor
     __slots__ = ()
 
-    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        if cls is Path:
-            cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath
-        self = cls._from_parts(args)
-        if not self._flavour.is_supported:
-            raise NotImplementedError("cannot instantiate %r on your system"
-                                      % (cls.__name__,))
-        return self
-
-    def _make_child_relpath(self, part):
-        # This is an optimization used for dir walking.  `part` must be
-        # a single part relative to this path.
-        parts = self._parts + [part]
-        return self._from_parsed_parts(self._drv, self._root, parts)
+    def stat(self, *, follow_symlinks=True):
+        """
+        Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like
+        os.stat() does.
+        """
+        return os.stat(self, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
 
-    def __enter__(self):
-        return self
+    def lstat(self):
+        """
+        Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's
+        status information is returned, rather than its target's.
+        """
+        return self.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
 
-    def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
-        # https://bugs.python.org/issue39682
-        # In previous versions of pathlib, this method marked this path as
-        # closed; subsequent attempts to perform I/O would raise an IOError.
-        # This functionality was never documented, and had the effect of
-        # making Path objects mutable, contrary to PEP 428. In Python 3.9 the
-        # _closed attribute was removed, and this method made a no-op.
-        # This method and __enter__()/__exit__() should be deprecated and
-        # removed in the future.
-        pass
 
-    # Public API
+    # Convenience functions for querying the stat results
 
-    @classmethod
-    def cwd(cls):
-        """Return a new path pointing to the current working directory
-        (as returned by os.getcwd()).
+    def exists(self, *, follow_symlinks=True):
         """
-        return cls(cls._accessor.getcwd())
+        Whether this path exists.
 
-    @classmethod
-    def home(cls):
-        """Return a new path pointing to the user's home directory (as
-        returned by os.path.expanduser('~')).
+        This method normally follows symlinks; to check whether a symlink exists,
+        add the argument follow_symlinks=False.
         """
-        return cls("~").expanduser()
+        try:
+            self.stat(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if not _ignore_error(e):
+                raise
+            return False
+        except ValueError:
+            # Non-encodable path
+            return False
+        return True
 
-    def samefile(self, other_path):
-        """Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file
-        (as returned by os.path.samefile()).
+    def is_dir(self):
+        """
+        Whether this path is a directory.
         """
-        st = self.stat()
         try:
-            other_st = other_path.stat()
-        except AttributeError:
-            other_st = self._accessor.stat(other_path)
-        return os.path.samestat(st, other_st)
+            return S_ISDIR(self.stat().st_mode)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if not _ignore_error(e):
+                raise
+            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
+            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
+            return False
+        except ValueError:
+            # Non-encodable path
+            return False
 
-    def iterdir(self):
-        """Iterate over the files in this directory.  Does not yield any
-        result for the special paths '.' and '..'.
+    def is_file(self):
         """
-        for name in self._accessor.listdir(self):
-            if name in {'.', '..'}:
-                # Yielding a path object for these makes little sense
-                continue
-            yield self._make_child_relpath(name)
-
-    def glob(self, pattern):
-        """Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any
-        kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern.
+        Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing
+        to regular files).
         """
-        sys.audit("pathlib.Path.glob", self, pattern)
-        if not pattern:
-            raise ValueError("Unacceptable pattern: {!r}".format(pattern))
-        drv, root, pattern_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((pattern,))
-        if drv or root:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported")
-        selector = _make_selector(tuple(pattern_parts), self._flavour)
-        for p in selector.select_from(self):
-            yield p
+        try:
+            return S_ISREG(self.stat().st_mode)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if not _ignore_error(e):
+                raise
+            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
+            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
+            return False
+        except ValueError:
+            # Non-encodable path
+            return False
 
-    def rglob(self, pattern):
-        """Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including
-        directories) matching the given relative pattern, anywhere in
-        this subtree.
+    def is_mount(self):
         """
-        sys.audit("pathlib.Path.rglob", self, pattern)
-        drv, root, pattern_parts = self._flavour.parse_parts((pattern,))
-        if drv or root:
-            raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported")
-        selector = _make_selector(("**",) + tuple(pattern_parts), self._flavour)
-        for p in selector.select_from(self):
-            yield p
-
-    def absolute(self):
-        """Return an absolute version of this path.  This function works
-        even if the path doesn't point to anything.
-
-        No normalization is done, i.e. all '.' and '..' will be kept along.
-        Use resolve() to get the canonical path to a file.
+        Check if this path is a mount point
         """
-        # XXX untested yet!
-        if self.is_absolute():
-            return self
-        # FIXME this must defer to the specific flavour (and, under Windows,
-        # use nt._getfullpathname())
-        return self._from_parts([self._accessor.getcwd()] + self._parts)
+        return self._flavour.ismount(self)
 
-    def resolve(self, strict=False):
+    def is_symlink(self):
         """
-        Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also
-        normalizing it (for example turning slashes into backslashes under
-        Windows).
+        Whether this path is a symbolic link.
         """
+        try:
+            return S_ISLNK(self.lstat().st_mode)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if not _ignore_error(e):
+                raise
+            # Path doesn't exist
+            return False
+        except ValueError:
+            # Non-encodable path
+            return False
 
-        def check_eloop(e):
-            winerror = getattr(e, 'winerror', 0)
-            if e.errno == ELOOP or winerror == _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME:
-                raise RuntimeError("Symlink loop from %r" % e.filename)
+    def is_junction(self):
+        """
+        Whether this path is a junction.
+        """
+        return self._flavour.isjunction(self)
 
+    def is_block_device(self):
+        """
+        Whether this path is a block device.
+        """
         try:
-            s = self._accessor.realpath(self, strict=strict)
+            return S_ISBLK(self.stat().st_mode)
         except OSError as e:
-            check_eloop(e)
-            raise
-        p = self._from_parts((s,))
-
-        # In non-strict mode, realpath() doesn't raise on symlink loops.
-        # Ensure we get an exception by calling stat()
-        if not strict:
-            try:
-                p.stat()
-            except OSError as e:
-                check_eloop(e)
-        return p
+            if not _ignore_error(e):
+                raise
+            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
+            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
+            return False
+        except ValueError:
+            # Non-encodable path
+            return False
 
-    def stat(self, *, follow_symlinks=True):
+    def is_char_device(self):
         """
-        Return the result of the stat() system call on this path, like
-        os.stat() does.
+        Whether this path is a character device.
         """
-        return self._accessor.stat(self, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
+        try:
+            return S_ISCHR(self.stat().st_mode)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if not _ignore_error(e):
+                raise
+            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
+            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
+            return False
+        except ValueError:
+            # Non-encodable path
+            return False
 
-    def owner(self):
+    def is_fifo(self):
         """
-        Return the login name of the file owner.
+        Whether this path is a FIFO.
         """
-        return self._accessor.owner(self)
+        try:
+            return S_ISFIFO(self.stat().st_mode)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if not _ignore_error(e):
+                raise
+            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
+            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
+            return False
+        except ValueError:
+            # Non-encodable path
+            return False
 
-    def group(self):
+    def is_socket(self):
         """
-        Return the group name of the file gid.
+        Whether this path is a socket.
+        """
+        try:
+            return S_ISSOCK(self.stat().st_mode)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if not _ignore_error(e):
+                raise
+            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
+            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
+            return False
+        except ValueError:
+            # Non-encodable path
+            return False
+
+    def samefile(self, other_path):
+        """Return whether other_path is the same or not as this file
+        (as returned by os.path.samefile()).
         """
-        return self._accessor.group(self)
+        st = self.stat()
+        try:
+            other_st = other_path.stat()
+        except AttributeError:
+            other_st = self.with_segments(other_path).stat()
+        return self._flavour.samestat(st, other_st)
 
     def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None,
              errors=None, newline=None):
@@ -1119,8 +1010,7 @@ def open(self, mode='r', buffering=-1, encoding=None,
         """
         if "b" not in mode:
             encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
-        return self._accessor.open(self, mode, buffering, encoding, errors,
-                                   newline)
+        return io.open(self, mode, buffering, encoding, errors, newline)
 
     def read_bytes(self):
         """
@@ -1157,25 +1047,268 @@ def write_text(self, data, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None):
         with self.open(mode='w', encoding=encoding, errors=errors, newline=newline) as f:
             return f.write(data)
 
+    def iterdir(self):
+        """Yield path objects of the directory contents.
+
+        The children are yielded in arbitrary order, and the
+        special entries '.' and '..' are not included.
+        """
+        for name in os.listdir(self):
+            yield self._make_child_relpath(name)
+
+    def _scandir(self):
+        # bpo-24132: a future version of pathlib will support subclassing of
+        # pathlib.Path to customize how the filesystem is accessed. This
+        # includes scandir(), which is used to implement glob().
+        return os.scandir(self)
+
+    def _make_child_relpath(self, name):
+        path_str = str(self)
+        tail = self._tail
+        if tail:
+            path_str = f'{path_str}{self._flavour.sep}{name}'
+        elif path_str != '.':
+            path_str = f'{path_str}{name}'
+        else:
+            path_str = name
+        path = self.with_segments(path_str)
+        path._str = path_str
+        path._drv = self.drive
+        path._root = self.root
+        path._tail_cached = tail + [name]
+        return path
+
+    def glob(self, pattern, *, case_sensitive=None):
+        """Iterate over this subtree and yield all existing files (of any
+        kind, including directories) matching the given relative pattern.
+        """
+        sys.audit("pathlib.Path.glob", self, pattern)
+        if not pattern:
+            raise ValueError("Unacceptable pattern: {!r}".format(pattern))
+        drv, root, pattern_parts = self._parse_path(pattern)
+        if drv or root:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported")
+        if pattern[-1] in (self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep):
+            pattern_parts.append('')
+        selector = _make_selector(tuple(pattern_parts), self._flavour, case_sensitive)
+        for p in selector.select_from(self):
+            yield p
+
+    def rglob(self, pattern, *, case_sensitive=None):
+        """Recursively yield all existing files (of any kind, including
+        directories) matching the given relative pattern, anywhere in
+        this subtree.
+        """
+        sys.audit("pathlib.Path.rglob", self, pattern)
+        drv, root, pattern_parts = self._parse_path(pattern)
+        if drv or root:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Non-relative patterns are unsupported")
+        if pattern and pattern[-1] in (self._flavour.sep, self._flavour.altsep):
+            pattern_parts.append('')
+        selector = _make_selector(("**",) + tuple(pattern_parts), self._flavour, case_sensitive)
+        for p in selector.select_from(self):
+            yield p
+
+    def walk(self, top_down=True, on_error=None, follow_symlinks=False):
+        """Walk the directory tree from this directory, similar to os.walk()."""
+        sys.audit("pathlib.Path.walk", self, on_error, follow_symlinks)
+        paths = [self]
+
+        while paths:
+            path = paths.pop()
+            if isinstance(path, tuple):
+                yield path
+                continue
+
+            # We may not have read permission for self, in which case we can't
+            # get a list of the files the directory contains. os.walk()
+            # always suppressed the exception in that instance, rather than
+            # blow up for a minor reason when (say) a thousand readable
+            # directories are still left to visit. That logic is copied here.
+            try:
+                scandir_it = path._scandir()
+            except OSError as error:
+                if on_error is not None:
+                    on_error(error)
+                continue
+
+            with scandir_it:
+                dirnames = []
+                filenames = []
+                for entry in scandir_it:
+                    try:
+                        is_dir = entry.is_dir(follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
+                    except OSError:
+                        # Carried over from os.path.isdir().
+                        is_dir = False
+
+                    if is_dir:
+                        dirnames.append(entry.name)
+                    else:
+                        filenames.append(entry.name)
+
+            if top_down:
+                yield path, dirnames, filenames
+            else:
+                paths.append((path, dirnames, filenames))
+
+            paths += [path._make_child_relpath(d) for d in reversed(dirnames)]
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if kwargs:
+            msg = ("support for supplying keyword arguments to pathlib.PurePath "
+                   "is deprecated and scheduled for removal in Python {remove}")
+            warnings._deprecated("pathlib.PurePath(**kwargs)", msg, remove=(3, 14))
+        super().__init__(*args)
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        if cls is Path:
+            cls = WindowsPath if os.name == 'nt' else PosixPath
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        # In previous versions of pathlib, __exit__() marked this path as
+        # closed; subsequent attempts to perform I/O would raise an IOError.
+        # This functionality was never documented, and had the effect of
+        # making Path objects mutable, contrary to PEP 428.
+        # In Python 3.9 __exit__() was made a no-op.
+        # In Python 3.11 __enter__() began emitting DeprecationWarning.
+        # In Python 3.13 __enter__() and __exit__() should be removed.
+        warnings.warn("pathlib.Path.__enter__() is deprecated and scheduled "
+                      "for removal in Python 3.13; Path objects as a context "
+                      "manager is a no-op",
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, t, v, tb):
+        pass
+
+    # Public API
+
+    @classmethod
+    def cwd(cls):
+        """Return a new path pointing to the current working directory."""
+        # We call 'absolute()' rather than using 'os.getcwd()' directly to
+        # enable users to replace the implementation of 'absolute()' in a
+        # subclass and benefit from the new behaviour here. This works because
+        # os.path.abspath('.') == os.getcwd().
+        return cls().absolute()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def home(cls):
+        """Return a new path pointing to the user's home directory (as
+        returned by os.path.expanduser('~')).
+        """
+        return cls("~").expanduser()
+
+    def absolute(self):
+        """Return an absolute version of this path by prepending the current
+        working directory. No normalization or symlink resolution is performed.
+
+        Use resolve() to get the canonical path to a file.
+        """
+        if self.is_absolute():
+            return self
+        elif self.drive:
+            # There is a CWD on each drive-letter drive.
+            cwd = self._flavour.abspath(self.drive)
+        else:
+            cwd = os.getcwd()
+            # Fast path for "empty" paths, e.g. Path("."), Path("") or Path().
+            # We pass only one argument to with_segments() to avoid the cost
+            # of joining, and we exploit the fact that getcwd() returns a
+            # fully-normalized string by storing it in _str. This is used to
+            # implement Path.cwd().
+            if not self.root and not self._tail:
+                result = self.with_segments(cwd)
+                result._str = cwd
+                return result
+        return self.with_segments(cwd, self)
+
+    def resolve(self, strict=False):
+        """
+        Make the path absolute, resolving all symlinks on the way and also
+        normalizing it.
+        """
+
+        def check_eloop(e):
+            winerror = getattr(e, 'winerror', 0)
+            if e.errno == ELOOP or winerror == _WINERROR_CANT_RESOLVE_FILENAME:
+                raise RuntimeError("Symlink loop from %r" % e.filename)
+
+        try:
+            s = self._flavour.realpath(self, strict=strict)
+        except OSError as e:
+            check_eloop(e)
+            raise
+        p = self.with_segments(s)
+
+        # In non-strict mode, realpath() doesn't raise on symlink loops.
+        # Ensure we get an exception by calling stat()
+        if not strict:
+            try:
+                p.stat()
+            except OSError as e:
+                check_eloop(e)
+        return p
+
+    def owner(self):
+        """
+        Return the login name of the file owner.
+        """
+        try:
+            import pwd
+            return pwd.getpwuid(self.stat().st_uid).pw_name
+        except ImportError:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Path.owner() is unsupported on this system")
+
+    def group(self):
+        """
+        Return the group name of the file gid.
+        """
+
+        try:
+            import grp
+            return grp.getgrgid(self.stat().st_gid).gr_name
+        except ImportError:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Path.group() is unsupported on this system")
+
     def readlink(self):
         """
         Return the path to which the symbolic link points.
         """
-        path = self._accessor.readlink(self)
-        return self._from_parts((path,))
+        if not hasattr(os, "readlink"):
+            raise NotImplementedError("os.readlink() not available on this system")
+        return self.with_segments(os.readlink(self))
 
     def touch(self, mode=0o666, exist_ok=True):
         """
         Create this file with the given access mode, if it doesn't exist.
         """
-        self._accessor.touch(self, mode, exist_ok)
+
+        if exist_ok:
+            # First try to bump modification time
+            # Implementation note: GNU touch uses the UTIME_NOW option of
+            # the utimensat() / futimens() functions.
+            try:
+                os.utime(self, None)
+            except OSError:
+                # Avoid exception chaining
+                pass
+            else:
+                return
+        flags = os.O_CREAT | os.O_WRONLY
+        if not exist_ok:
+            flags |= os.O_EXCL
+        fd = os.open(self, flags, mode)
+        os.close(fd)
 
     def mkdir(self, mode=0o777, parents=False, exist_ok=False):
         """
         Create a new directory at this given path.
         """
         try:
-            self._accessor.mkdir(self, mode)
+            os.mkdir(self, mode)
         except FileNotFoundError:
             if not parents or self.parent == self:
                 raise
@@ -1191,7 +1324,7 @@ def chmod(self, mode, *, follow_symlinks=True):
         """
         Change the permissions of the path, like os.chmod().
         """
-        self._accessor.chmod(self, mode, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
+        os.chmod(self, mode, follow_symlinks=follow_symlinks)
 
     def lchmod(self, mode):
         """
@@ -1206,7 +1339,7 @@ def unlink(self, missing_ok=False):
         If the path is a directory, use rmdir() instead.
         """
         try:
-            self._accessor.unlink(self)
+            os.unlink(self)
         except FileNotFoundError:
             if not missing_ok:
                 raise
@@ -1215,14 +1348,7 @@ def rmdir(self):
         """
         Remove this directory.  The directory must be empty.
         """
-        self._accessor.rmdir(self)
-
-    def lstat(self):
-        """
-        Like stat(), except if the path points to a symlink, the symlink's
-        status information is returned, rather than its target's.
-        """
-        return self.stat(follow_symlinks=False)
+        os.rmdir(self)
 
     def rename(self, target):
         """
@@ -1234,8 +1360,8 @@ def rename(self, target):
 
         Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path.
         """
-        self._accessor.rename(self, target)
-        return self.__class__(target)
+        os.rename(self, target)
+        return self.with_segments(target)
 
     def replace(self, target):
         """
@@ -1247,15 +1373,17 @@ def replace(self, target):
 
         Returns the new Path instance pointing to the target path.
         """
-        self._accessor.replace(self, target)
-        return self.__class__(target)
+        os.replace(self, target)
+        return self.with_segments(target)
 
     def symlink_to(self, target, target_is_directory=False):
         """
         Make this path a symlink pointing to the target path.
         Note the order of arguments (link, target) is the reverse of os.symlink.
         """
-        self._accessor.symlink(target, self, target_is_directory)
+        if not hasattr(os, "symlink"):
+            raise NotImplementedError("os.symlink() not available on this system")
+        os.symlink(target, self, target_is_directory)
 
     def hardlink_to(self, target):
         """
@@ -1263,185 +1391,21 @@ def hardlink_to(self, target):
 
         Note the order of arguments (self, target) is the reverse of os.link's.
         """
-        self._accessor.link(target, self)
-
-    def link_to(self, target):
-        """
-        Make the target path a hard link pointing to this path.
-
-        Note this function does not make this path a hard link to *target*,
-        despite the implication of the function and argument names. The order
-        of arguments (target, link) is the reverse of Path.symlink_to, but
-        matches that of os.link.
-
-        Deprecated since Python 3.10 and scheduled for removal in Python 3.12.
-        Use `hardlink_to()` instead.
-        """
-        warnings.warn("pathlib.Path.link_to() is deprecated and is scheduled "
-                      "for removal in Python 3.12. "
-                      "Use pathlib.Path.hardlink_to() instead.",
-                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
-        self._accessor.link(self, target)
-
-    # Convenience functions for querying the stat results
-
-    def exists(self):
-        """
-        Whether this path exists.
-        """
-        try:
-            self.stat()
-        except OSError as e:
-            if not _ignore_error(e):
-                raise
-            return False
-        except ValueError:
-            # Non-encodable path
-            return False
-        return True
-
-    def is_dir(self):
-        """
-        Whether this path is a directory.
-        """
-        try:
-            return S_ISDIR(self.stat().st_mode)
-        except OSError as e:
-            if not _ignore_error(e):
-                raise
-            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
-            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
-            return False
-        except ValueError:
-            # Non-encodable path
-            return False
-
-    def is_file(self):
-        """
-        Whether this path is a regular file (also True for symlinks pointing
-        to regular files).
-        """
-        try:
-            return S_ISREG(self.stat().st_mode)
-        except OSError as e:
-            if not _ignore_error(e):
-                raise
-            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
-            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
-            return False
-        except ValueError:
-            # Non-encodable path
-            return False
-
-    def is_mount(self):
-        """
-        Check if this path is a POSIX mount point
-        """
-        # Need to exist and be a dir
-        if not self.exists() or not self.is_dir():
-            return False
-
-        try:
-            parent_dev = self.parent.stat().st_dev
-        except OSError:
-            return False
-
-        dev = self.stat().st_dev
-        if dev != parent_dev:
-            return True
-        ino = self.stat().st_ino
-        parent_ino = self.parent.stat().st_ino
-        return ino == parent_ino
-
-    def is_symlink(self):
-        """
-        Whether this path is a symbolic link.
-        """
-        try:
-            return S_ISLNK(self.lstat().st_mode)
-        except OSError as e:
-            if not _ignore_error(e):
-                raise
-            # Path doesn't exist
-            return False
-        except ValueError:
-            # Non-encodable path
-            return False
-
-    def is_block_device(self):
-        """
-        Whether this path is a block device.
-        """
-        try:
-            return S_ISBLK(self.stat().st_mode)
-        except OSError as e:
-            if not _ignore_error(e):
-                raise
-            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
-            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
-            return False
-        except ValueError:
-            # Non-encodable path
-            return False
-
-    def is_char_device(self):
-        """
-        Whether this path is a character device.
-        """
-        try:
-            return S_ISCHR(self.stat().st_mode)
-        except OSError as e:
-            if not _ignore_error(e):
-                raise
-            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
-            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
-            return False
-        except ValueError:
-            # Non-encodable path
-            return False
-
-    def is_fifo(self):
-        """
-        Whether this path is a FIFO.
-        """
-        try:
-            return S_ISFIFO(self.stat().st_mode)
-        except OSError as e:
-            if not _ignore_error(e):
-                raise
-            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
-            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
-            return False
-        except ValueError:
-            # Non-encodable path
-            return False
-
-    def is_socket(self):
-        """
-        Whether this path is a socket.
-        """
-        try:
-            return S_ISSOCK(self.stat().st_mode)
-        except OSError as e:
-            if not _ignore_error(e):
-                raise
-            # Path doesn't exist or is a broken symlink
-            # (see http://web.archive.org/web/20200623061726/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/12/ )
-            return False
-        except ValueError:
-            # Non-encodable path
-            return False
+        if not hasattr(os, "link"):
+            raise NotImplementedError("os.link() not available on this system")
+        os.link(target, self)
 
     def expanduser(self):
         """ Return a new path with expanded ~ and ~user constructs
         (as returned by os.path.expanduser)
         """
-        if (not (self._drv or self._root) and
-            self._parts and self._parts[0][:1] == '~'):
-            homedir = self._accessor.expanduser(self._parts[0])
+        if (not (self.drive or self.root) and
+            self._tail and self._tail[0][:1] == '~'):
+            homedir = self._flavour.expanduser(self._tail[0])
             if homedir[:1] == "~":
                 raise RuntimeError("Could not determine home directory.")
-            return self._from_parts([homedir] + self._parts[1:])
+            drv, root, tail = self._parse_path(homedir)
+            return self._from_parsed_parts(drv, root, tail + self._tail[1:])
 
         return self
 
@@ -1453,6 +1417,11 @@ class PosixPath(Path, PurePosixPath):
     """
     __slots__ = ()
 
+    if os.name == 'nt':
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"cannot instantiate {cls.__name__!r} on your system")
+
 class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath):
     """Path subclass for Windows systems.
 
@@ -1460,5 +1429,7 @@ class WindowsPath(Path, PureWindowsPath):
     """
     __slots__ = ()
 
-    def is_mount(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError("Path.is_mount() is unsupported on this system")
+    if os.name != 'nt':
+        def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f"cannot instantiate {cls.__name__!r} on your system")
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py b/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py
index bf3fc5fb24..ca604df70a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import contextlib
 import collections.abc
 import io
 import os
@@ -12,6 +13,8 @@
 from unittest import mock
 
 from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support import set_recursion_limit
+from test.support import is_emscripten, is_wasi
 from test.support import os_helper
 from test.support.os_helper import TESTFN, FakePath
 
@@ -21,149 +24,19 @@
     grp = pwd = None
 
 
-class _BaseFlavourTest(object):
-
-    def _check_parse_parts(self, arg, expected):
-        f = self.flavour.parse_parts
-        sep = self.flavour.sep
-        altsep = self.flavour.altsep
-        actual = f([x.replace('/', sep) for x in arg])
-        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
-        if altsep:
-            actual = f([x.replace('/', altsep) for x in arg])
-            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
-
-    def test_parse_parts_common(self):
-        check = self._check_parse_parts
-        sep = self.flavour.sep
-        # Unanchored parts.
-        check([],                   ('', '', []))
-        check(['a'],                ('', '', ['a']))
-        check(['a/'],               ('', '', ['a']))
-        check(['a', 'b'],           ('', '', ['a', 'b']))
-        # Expansion.
-        check(['a/b'],              ('', '', ['a', 'b']))
-        check(['a/b/'],             ('', '', ['a', 'b']))
-        check(['a', 'b/c', 'd'],    ('', '', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']))
-        # Collapsing and stripping excess slashes.
-        check(['a', 'b//c', 'd'],   ('', '', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']))
-        check(['a', 'b/c/', 'd'],   ('', '', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']))
-        # Eliminating standalone dots.
-        check(['.'],                ('', '', []))
-        check(['.', '.', 'b'],      ('', '', ['b']))
-        check(['a', '.', 'b'],      ('', '', ['a', 'b']))
-        check(['a', '.', '.'],      ('', '', ['a']))
-        # The first part is anchored.
-        check(['/a/b'],             ('', sep, [sep, 'a', 'b']))
-        check(['/a', 'b'],          ('', sep, [sep, 'a', 'b']))
-        check(['/a/', 'b'],         ('', sep, [sep, 'a', 'b']))
-        # Ignoring parts before an anchored part.
-        check(['a', '/b', 'c'],     ('', sep, [sep, 'b', 'c']))
-        check(['a', '/b', '/c'],    ('', sep, [sep, 'c']))
-
-
-class PosixFlavourTest(_BaseFlavourTest, unittest.TestCase):
-    flavour = pathlib._posix_flavour
-
-    def test_parse_parts(self):
-        check = self._check_parse_parts
-        # Collapsing of excess leading slashes, except for the double-slash
-        # special case.
-        check(['//a', 'b'],             ('', '//', ['//', 'a', 'b']))
-        check(['///a', 'b'],            ('', '/', ['/', 'a', 'b']))
-        check(['////a', 'b'],           ('', '/', ['/', 'a', 'b']))
-        # Paths which look like NT paths aren't treated specially.
-        check(['c:a'],                  ('', '', ['c:a']))
-        check(['c:\\a'],                ('', '', ['c:\\a']))
-        check(['\\a'],                  ('', '', ['\\a']))
-
-    def test_splitroot(self):
-        f = self.flavour.splitroot
-        self.assertEqual(f(''), ('', '', ''))
-        self.assertEqual(f('a'), ('', '', 'a'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('a/b'), ('', '', 'a/b'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('a/b/'), ('', '', 'a/b/'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('/a'), ('', '/', 'a'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('/a/b'), ('', '/', 'a/b'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('/a/b/'), ('', '/', 'a/b/'))
-        # The root is collapsed when there are redundant slashes
-        # except when there are exactly two leading slashes, which
-        # is a special case in POSIX.
-        self.assertEqual(f('//a'), ('', '//', 'a'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('///a'), ('', '/', 'a'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('///a/b'), ('', '/', 'a/b'))
-        # Paths which look like NT paths aren't treated specially.
-        self.assertEqual(f('c:/a/b'), ('', '', 'c:/a/b'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\/a/b'), ('', '', '\\/a/b'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\a\\b'), ('', '', '\\a\\b'))
-
-
-class NTFlavourTest(_BaseFlavourTest, unittest.TestCase):
-    flavour = pathlib._windows_flavour
-
-    def test_parse_parts(self):
-        check = self._check_parse_parts
-        # First part is anchored.
-        check(['c:'],                   ('c:', '', ['c:']))
-        check(['c:/'],                  ('c:', '\\', ['c:\\']))
-        check(['/'],                    ('', '\\', ['\\']))
-        check(['c:a'],                  ('c:', '', ['c:', 'a']))
-        check(['c:/a'],                 ('c:', '\\', ['c:\\', 'a']))
-        check(['/a'],                   ('', '\\', ['\\', 'a']))
-        # UNC paths.
-        check(['//a/b'],                ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', ['\\\\a\\b\\']))
-        check(['//a/b/'],               ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', ['\\\\a\\b\\']))
-        check(['//a/b/c'],              ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', ['\\\\a\\b\\', 'c']))
-        # Second part is anchored, so that the first part is ignored.
-        check(['a', 'Z:b', 'c'],        ('Z:', '', ['Z:', 'b', 'c']))
-        check(['a', 'Z:/b', 'c'],       ('Z:', '\\', ['Z:\\', 'b', 'c']))
-        # UNC paths.
-        check(['a', '//b/c', 'd'],      ('\\\\b\\c', '\\', ['\\\\b\\c\\', 'd']))
-        # Collapsing and stripping excess slashes.
-        check(['a', 'Z://b//c/', 'd/'], ('Z:', '\\', ['Z:\\', 'b', 'c', 'd']))
-        # UNC paths.
-        check(['a', '//b/c//', 'd'],    ('\\\\b\\c', '\\', ['\\\\b\\c\\', 'd']))
-        # Extended paths.
-        check(['//?/c:/'],              ('\\\\?\\c:', '\\', ['\\\\?\\c:\\']))
-        check(['//?/c:/a'],             ('\\\\?\\c:', '\\', ['\\\\?\\c:\\', 'a']))
-        check(['//?/c:/a', '/b'],       ('\\\\?\\c:', '\\', ['\\\\?\\c:\\', 'b']))
-        # Extended UNC paths (format is "\\?\UNC\server\share").
-        check(['//?/UNC/b/c'],          ('\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c', '\\', ['\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c\\']))
-        check(['//?/UNC/b/c/d'],        ('\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c', '\\', ['\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c\\', 'd']))
-        # Second part has a root but not drive.
-        check(['a', '/b', 'c'],         ('', '\\', ['\\', 'b', 'c']))
-        check(['Z:/a', '/b', 'c'],      ('Z:', '\\', ['Z:\\', 'b', 'c']))
-        check(['//?/Z:/a', '/b', 'c'],  ('\\\\?\\Z:', '\\', ['\\\\?\\Z:\\', 'b', 'c']))
-
-    def test_splitroot(self):
-        f = self.flavour.splitroot
-        self.assertEqual(f(''), ('', '', ''))
-        self.assertEqual(f('a'), ('', '', 'a'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('a\\b'), ('', '', 'a\\b'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\a'), ('', '\\', 'a'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\a\\b'), ('', '\\', 'a\\b'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('c:a\\b'), ('c:', '', 'a\\b'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('c:\\a\\b'), ('c:', '\\', 'a\\b'))
-        # Redundant slashes in the root are collapsed.
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\\\a'), ('', '\\', 'a'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\\\\\a/b'), ('', '\\', 'a/b'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('c:\\\\a'), ('c:', '\\', 'a'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('c:\\\\\\a/b'), ('c:', '\\', 'a/b'))
-        # Valid UNC paths.
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\\\a\\b'), ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', ''))
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\\\a\\b\\'), ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', ''))
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\\\a\\b\\c\\d'), ('\\\\a\\b', '\\', 'c\\d'))
-        # These are non-UNC paths (according to ntpath.py and test_ntpath).
-        # However, command.com says such paths are invalid, so it's
-        # difficult to know what the right semantics are.
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\\\\\a\\b'), ('', '\\', 'a\\b'))
-        self.assertEqual(f('\\\\a'), ('', '\\', 'a'))
-
-
 #
 # Tests for the pure classes.
 #
 
+class _BasePurePathSubclass(object):
+    def __init__(self, *pathsegments, session_id):
+        super().__init__(*pathsegments)
+        self.session_id = session_id
+
+    def with_segments(self, *pathsegments):
+        return type(self)(*pathsegments, session_id=self.session_id)
+
+
 class _BasePurePathTest(object):
 
     # Keys are canonical paths, values are list of tuples of arguments
@@ -176,8 +49,7 @@ class _BasePurePathTest(object):
             ('', 'a', 'b'), ('a', '', 'b'), ('a', 'b', ''),
             ],
         '/b/c/d': [
-            ('a', '/b/c', 'd'), ('a', '///b//c', 'd/'),
-            ('/a', '/b/c', 'd'),
+            ('a', '/b/c', 'd'), ('/a', '/b/c', 'd'),
             # Empty components get removed.
             ('/', 'b', '', 'c/d'), ('/', '', 'b/c/d'), ('', '/b/c/d'),
             ],
@@ -202,6 +74,34 @@ def test_constructor_common(self):
         self.assertEqual(P(P('a'), 'b'), P('a/b'))
         self.assertEqual(P(P('a'), P('b')), P('a/b'))
         self.assertEqual(P(P('a'), P('b'), P('c')), P(FakePath("a/b/c")))
+        self.assertEqual(P(P('./a:b')), P('./a:b'))
+
+    def test_bytes(self):
+        P = self.cls
+        message = (r"argument should be a str or an os\.PathLike object "
+                   r"where __fspath__ returns a str, not 'bytes'")
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, message):
+            P(b'a')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, message):
+            P(b'a', 'b')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, message):
+            P('a', b'b')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            P('a').joinpath(b'b')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            P('a') / b'b'
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            b'a' / P('b')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            P('a').match(b'b')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            P('a').relative_to(b'b')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            P('a').with_name(b'b')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            P('a').with_stem(b'b')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            P('a').with_suffix(b'b')
 
     def _check_str_subclass(self, *args):
         # Issue #21127: it should be possible to construct a PurePath object
@@ -222,6 +122,62 @@ def test_str_subclass_common(self):
         self._check_str_subclass('a/b.txt')
         self._check_str_subclass('/a/b.txt')
 
+    def test_with_segments_common(self):
+        class P(_BasePurePathSubclass, self.cls):
+            pass
+        p = P('foo', 'bar', session_id=42)
+        self.assertEqual(42, (p / 'foo').session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, ('foo' / p).session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, p.joinpath('foo').session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, p.with_name('foo').session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, p.with_stem('foo').session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, p.with_suffix('.foo').session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, p.with_segments('foo').session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, p.relative_to('foo').session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, p.parent.session_id)
+        for parent in p.parents:
+            self.assertEqual(42, parent.session_id)
+
+    def _get_drive_root_parts(self, parts):
+        path = self.cls(*parts)
+        return path.drive, path.root, path.parts
+
+    def _check_drive_root_parts(self, arg, *expected):
+        sep = self.flavour.sep
+        actual = self._get_drive_root_parts([x.replace('/', sep) for x in arg])
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+        if altsep := self.flavour.altsep:
+            actual = self._get_drive_root_parts([x.replace('/', altsep) for x in arg])
+            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_drive_root_parts_common(self):
+        check = self._check_drive_root_parts
+        sep = self.flavour.sep
+        # Unanchored parts.
+        check((),                   '', '', ())
+        check(('a',),               '', '', ('a',))
+        check(('a/',),              '', '', ('a',))
+        check(('a', 'b'),           '', '', ('a', 'b'))
+        # Expansion.
+        check(('a/b',),             '', '', ('a', 'b'))
+        check(('a/b/',),            '', '', ('a', 'b'))
+        check(('a', 'b/c', 'd'),    '', '', ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'))
+        # Collapsing and stripping excess slashes.
+        check(('a', 'b//c', 'd'),   '', '', ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'))
+        check(('a', 'b/c/', 'd'),   '', '', ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'))
+        # Eliminating standalone dots.
+        check(('.',),               '', '', ())
+        check(('.', '.', 'b'),      '', '', ('b',))
+        check(('a', '.', 'b'),      '', '', ('a', 'b'))
+        check(('a', '.', '.'),      '', '', ('a',))
+        # The first part is anchored.
+        check(('/a/b',),            '', sep, (sep, 'a', 'b'))
+        check(('/a', 'b'),          '', sep, (sep, 'a', 'b'))
+        check(('/a/', 'b'),         '', sep, (sep, 'a', 'b'))
+        # Ignoring parts before an anchored part.
+        check(('a', '/b', 'c'),     '', sep, (sep, 'b', 'c'))
+        check(('a', '/b', '/c'),    '', sep, (sep, 'c'))
+
     def test_join_common(self):
         P = self.cls
         p = P('a/b')
@@ -285,19 +241,26 @@ def test_as_uri_common(self):
 
     def test_repr_common(self):
         for pathstr in ('a', 'a/b', 'a/b/c', '/', '/a/b', '/a/b/c'):
-            p = self.cls(pathstr)
-            clsname = p.__class__.__name__
-            r = repr(p)
-            # The repr() is in the form ClassName("forward-slashes path").
-            self.assertTrue(r.startswith(clsname + '('), r)
-            self.assertTrue(r.endswith(')'), r)
-            inner = r[len(clsname) + 1 : -1]
-            self.assertEqual(eval(inner), p.as_posix())
-            # The repr() roundtrips.
-            q = eval(r, pathlib.__dict__)
-            self.assertIs(q.__class__, p.__class__)
-            self.assertEqual(q, p)
-            self.assertEqual(repr(q), r)
+            with self.subTest(pathstr=pathstr):
+                p = self.cls(pathstr)
+                clsname = p.__class__.__name__
+                r = repr(p)
+                # The repr() is in the form ClassName("forward-slashes path").
+                self.assertTrue(r.startswith(clsname + '('), r)
+                self.assertTrue(r.endswith(')'), r)
+                inner = r[len(clsname) + 1 : -1]
+                self.assertEqual(eval(inner), p.as_posix())
+
+    def test_repr_roundtrips(self):
+        for pathstr in ('a', 'a/b', 'a/b/c', '/', '/a/b', '/a/b/c'):
+            with self.subTest(pathstr=pathstr):
+                p = self.cls(pathstr)
+                r = repr(p)
+                # The repr() roundtrips.
+                q = eval(r, pathlib.__dict__)
+                self.assertIs(q.__class__, p.__class__)
+                self.assertEqual(q, p)
+                self.assertEqual(repr(q), r)
 
     def test_eq_common(self):
         P = self.cls
@@ -349,6 +312,15 @@ def test_match_common(self):
         # Multi-part glob-style pattern.
         self.assertFalse(P('/a/b/c.py').match('/**/*.py'))
         self.assertTrue(P('/a/b/c.py').match('/a/**/*.py'))
+        # Case-sensitive flag
+        self.assertFalse(P('A.py').match('a.PY', case_sensitive=True))
+        self.assertTrue(P('A.py').match('a.PY', case_sensitive=False))
+        self.assertFalse(P('c:/a/B.Py').match('C:/A/*.pY', case_sensitive=True))
+        self.assertTrue(P('/a/b/c.py').match('/A/*/*.Py', case_sensitive=False))
+        # Matching against empty path
+        self.assertFalse(P().match('*'))
+        self.assertTrue(P().match('**'))
+        self.assertFalse(P().match('**/*'))
 
     def test_ordering_common(self):
         # Ordering is tuple-alike.
@@ -385,8 +357,6 @@ def test_parts_common(self):
         p = P('a/b')
         parts = p.parts
         self.assertEqual(parts, ('a', 'b'))
-        # The object gets reused.
-        self.assertIs(parts, p.parts)
         # When the path is absolute, the anchor is a separate part.
         p = P('/a/b')
         parts = p.parts
@@ -576,6 +546,7 @@ def test_with_name_common(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('.').with_name, 'd.xml')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('/').with_name, 'd.xml')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_name, '')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_name, '.')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_name, '/c')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_name, 'c/')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_name, 'c/d')
@@ -593,6 +564,7 @@ def test_with_stem_common(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('.').with_stem, 'd')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('/').with_stem, 'd')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_stem, '')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_stem, '.')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_stem, '/c')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_stem, 'c/')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('a/b').with_stem, 'c/d')
@@ -634,13 +606,36 @@ def test_relative_to_common(self):
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a/'), P('b'))
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('a/b')), P())
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a/b'), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P(), walk_up=True), P('a/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('', walk_up=True), P('a/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('a'), walk_up=True), P('b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a', walk_up=True), P('b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a/', walk_up=True), P('b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('a/b'), walk_up=True), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a/b', walk_up=True), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('a/c'), walk_up=True), P('../b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a/c', walk_up=True), P('../b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('a/b/c'), walk_up=True), P('..'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a/b/c', walk_up=True), P('..'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c'), walk_up=True), P('../a/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c', walk_up=True), P('../a/b'))
         # With several args.
-        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('a', 'b'), P())
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            p.relative_to('a', 'b')
+            p.relative_to('a', 'b', walk_up=True)
         # Unrelated paths.
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('c'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('a/b/c'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('a/c'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/a'))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("../a"))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("a/.."))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("/a/.."))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/a'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("../a"), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("a/.."), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("/a/.."), walk_up=True)
         p = P('/a/b')
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/')), P('a/b'))
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/'), P('a/b'))
@@ -649,6 +644,19 @@ def test_relative_to_common(self):
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/a/'), P('b'))
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/a/b')), P())
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/a/b'), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/'), walk_up=True), P('a/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/', walk_up=True), P('a/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/a'), walk_up=True), P('b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/a', walk_up=True), P('b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/a/', walk_up=True), P('b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/a/b'), walk_up=True), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/a/b', walk_up=True), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/a/c'), walk_up=True), P('../b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/a/c', walk_up=True), P('../b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/a/b/c'), walk_up=True), P('..'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/a/b/c', walk_up=True), P('..'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('/c'), walk_up=True), P('../a/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('/c', walk_up=True), P('../a/b'))
         # Unrelated paths.
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/c'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/a/b/c'))
@@ -656,6 +664,14 @@ def test_relative_to_common(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P())
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, '')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('a'))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("../a"))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("a/.."))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("/a/.."))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P(''), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('a'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("../a"), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("a/.."), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P("/a/.."), walk_up=True)
 
     def test_is_relative_to_common(self):
         P = self.cls
@@ -669,7 +685,8 @@ def test_is_relative_to_common(self):
         self.assertTrue(p.is_relative_to(P('a/b')))
         self.assertTrue(p.is_relative_to('a/b'))
         # With several args.
-        self.assertTrue(p.is_relative_to('a', 'b'))
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            p.is_relative_to('a', 'b')
         # Unrelated paths.
         self.assertFalse(p.is_relative_to(P('c')))
         self.assertFalse(p.is_relative_to(P('a/b/c')))
@@ -706,6 +723,18 @@ def test_pickling_common(self):
 class PurePosixPathTest(_BasePurePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
     cls = pathlib.PurePosixPath
 
+    def test_drive_root_parts(self):
+        check = self._check_drive_root_parts
+        # Collapsing of excess leading slashes, except for the double-slash
+        # special case.
+        check(('//a', 'b'),             '', '//', ('//', 'a', 'b'))
+        check(('///a', 'b'),            '', '/', ('/', 'a', 'b'))
+        check(('////a', 'b'),           '', '/', ('/', 'a', 'b'))
+        # Paths which look like NT paths aren't treated specially.
+        check(('c:a',),                 '', '', ('c:a',))
+        check(('c:\\a',),               '', '', ('c:\\a',))
+        check(('\\a',),                 '', '', ('\\a',))
+
     def test_root(self):
         P = self.cls
         self.assertEqual(P('/a/b').root, '/')
@@ -778,13 +807,20 @@ def test_div(self):
         pp = P('//a') / '/c'
         self.assertEqual(pp, P('/c'))
 
+    def test_parse_windows_path(self):
+        P = self.cls
+        p = P('c:', 'a', 'b')
+        pp = P(pathlib.PureWindowsPath('c:\\a\\b'))
+        self.assertEqual(p, pp)
+
 
 class PureWindowsPathTest(_BasePurePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
     cls = pathlib.PureWindowsPath
 
     equivalences = _BasePurePathTest.equivalences.copy()
     equivalences.update({
-        'c:a': [ ('c:', 'a'), ('c:', 'a/'), ('/', 'c:', 'a') ],
+        './a:b': [ ('./a:b',) ],
+        'c:a': [ ('c:', 'a'), ('c:', 'a/'), ('.', 'c:', 'a') ],
         'c:/a': [
             ('c:/', 'a'), ('c:', '/', 'a'), ('c:', '/a'),
             ('/z', 'c:/', 'a'), ('//x/y', 'c:/', 'a'),
@@ -795,6 +831,68 @@ class PureWindowsPathTest(_BasePurePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
             ],
     })
 
+    def test_drive_root_parts(self):
+        check = self._check_drive_root_parts
+        # First part is anchored.
+        check(('c:',),                  'c:', '', ('c:',))
+        check(('c:/',),                 'c:', '\\', ('c:\\',))
+        check(('/',),                   '', '\\', ('\\',))
+        check(('c:a',),                 'c:', '', ('c:', 'a'))
+        check(('c:/a',),                'c:', '\\', ('c:\\', 'a'))
+        check(('/a',),                  '', '\\', ('\\', 'a'))
+        # UNC paths.
+        check(('//',),                  '\\\\', '', ('\\\\',))
+        check(('//a',),                 '\\\\a', '', ('\\\\a',))
+        check(('//a/',),                '\\\\a\\', '', ('\\\\a\\',))
+        check(('//a/b',),               '\\\\a\\b', '\\', ('\\\\a\\b\\',))
+        check(('//a/b/',),              '\\\\a\\b', '\\', ('\\\\a\\b\\',))
+        check(('//a/b/c',),             '\\\\a\\b', '\\', ('\\\\a\\b\\', 'c'))
+        # Second part is anchored, so that the first part is ignored.
+        check(('a', 'Z:b', 'c'),        'Z:', '', ('Z:', 'b', 'c'))
+        check(('a', 'Z:/b', 'c'),       'Z:', '\\', ('Z:\\', 'b', 'c'))
+        # UNC paths.
+        check(('a', '//b/c', 'd'),      '\\\\b\\c', '\\', ('\\\\b\\c\\', 'd'))
+        # Collapsing and stripping excess slashes.
+        check(('a', 'Z://b//c/', 'd/'), 'Z:', '\\', ('Z:\\', 'b', 'c', 'd'))
+        # UNC paths.
+        check(('a', '//b/c//', 'd'),    '\\\\b\\c', '\\', ('\\\\b\\c\\', 'd'))
+        # Extended paths.
+        check(('//./c:',),              '\\\\.\\c:', '', ('\\\\.\\c:',))
+        check(('//?/c:/',),             '\\\\?\\c:', '\\', ('\\\\?\\c:\\',))
+        check(('//?/c:/a',),            '\\\\?\\c:', '\\', ('\\\\?\\c:\\', 'a'))
+        check(('//?/c:/a', '/b'),       '\\\\?\\c:', '\\', ('\\\\?\\c:\\', 'b'))
+        # Extended UNC paths (format is "\\?\UNC\server\share").
+        check(('//?',),                 '\\\\?', '', ('\\\\?',))
+        check(('//?/',),                '\\\\?\\', '', ('\\\\?\\',))
+        check(('//?/UNC',),             '\\\\?\\UNC', '', ('\\\\?\\UNC',))
+        check(('//?/UNC/',),            '\\\\?\\UNC\\', '', ('\\\\?\\UNC\\',))
+        check(('//?/UNC/b',),           '\\\\?\\UNC\\b', '', ('\\\\?\\UNC\\b',))
+        check(('//?/UNC/b/',),          '\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\', '', ('\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\',))
+        check(('//?/UNC/b/c',),         '\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c', '\\', ('\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c\\',))
+        check(('//?/UNC/b/c/',),        '\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c', '\\', ('\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c\\',))
+        check(('//?/UNC/b/c/d',),       '\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c', '\\', ('\\\\?\\UNC\\b\\c\\', 'd'))
+        # UNC device paths
+        check(('//./BootPartition/',),   '\\\\.\\BootPartition', '\\', ('\\\\.\\BootPartition\\',))
+        check(('//?/BootPartition/',),   '\\\\?\\BootPartition', '\\', ('\\\\?\\BootPartition\\',))
+        check(('//./PhysicalDrive0',),   '\\\\.\\PhysicalDrive0', '', ('\\\\.\\PhysicalDrive0',))
+        check(('//?/Volume{}/',),        '\\\\?\\Volume{}', '\\', ('\\\\?\\Volume{}\\',))
+        check(('//./nul',),              '\\\\.\\nul', '', ('\\\\.\\nul',))
+        # Second part has a root but not drive.
+        check(('a', '/b', 'c'),         '', '\\', ('\\', 'b', 'c'))
+        check(('Z:/a', '/b', 'c'),      'Z:', '\\', ('Z:\\', 'b', 'c'))
+        check(('//?/Z:/a', '/b', 'c'),  '\\\\?\\Z:', '\\', ('\\\\?\\Z:\\', 'b', 'c'))
+        # Joining with the same drive => the first path is appended to if
+        # the second path is relative.
+        check(('c:/a/b', 'c:x/y'),      'c:', '\\', ('c:\\', 'a', 'b', 'x', 'y'))
+        check(('c:/a/b', 'c:/x/y'),     'c:', '\\', ('c:\\', 'x', 'y'))
+        # Paths to files with NTFS alternate data streams
+        check(('./c:s',),               '', '', ('c:s',))
+        check(('cc:s',),                '', '', ('cc:s',))
+        check(('C:c:s',),               'C:', '', ('C:', 'c:s'))
+        check(('C:/c:s',),              'C:', '\\', ('C:\\', 'c:s'))
+        check(('D:a', './c:b'),         'D:', '', ('D:', 'a', 'c:b'))
+        check(('D:/a', './c:b'),        'D:', '\\', ('D:\\', 'a', 'c:b'))
+
     def test_str(self):
         p = self.cls('a/b/c')
         self.assertEqual(str(p), 'a\\b\\c')
@@ -808,6 +906,7 @@ def test_str(self):
         self.assertEqual(str(p), '\\\\a\\b\\c\\d')
 
     def test_str_subclass(self):
+        self._check_str_subclass('.\\a:b')
         self._check_str_subclass('c:')
         self._check_str_subclass('c:a')
         self._check_str_subclass('c:a\\b.txt')
@@ -829,6 +928,7 @@ def test_eq(self):
         self.assertEqual(P('a/B'), P('A/b'))
         self.assertEqual(P('C:a/B'), P('c:A/b'))
         self.assertEqual(P('//Some/SHARE/a/B'), P('//somE/share/A/b'))
+        self.assertEqual(P('\u0130'), P('i\u0307'))
 
     def test_as_uri(self):
         P = self.cls
@@ -846,11 +946,10 @@ def test_as_uri(self):
         self.assertEqual(P('//some/share/a/b%#c\xe9').as_uri(),
                          'file://some/share/a/b%25%23c%C3%A9')
 
-    def test_match_common(self):
+    def test_match(self):
         P = self.cls
         # Absolute patterns.
-        self.assertTrue(P('c:/b.py').match('/*.py'))
-        self.assertTrue(P('c:/b.py').match('c:*.py'))
+        self.assertTrue(P('c:/b.py').match('*:/*.py'))
         self.assertTrue(P('c:/b.py').match('c:/*.py'))
         self.assertFalse(P('d:/b.py').match('c:/*.py'))  # wrong drive
         self.assertFalse(P('b.py').match('/*.py'))
@@ -861,7 +960,7 @@ def test_match_common(self):
         self.assertFalse(P('/b.py').match('c:*.py'))
         self.assertFalse(P('/b.py').match('c:/*.py'))
         # UNC patterns.
-        self.assertTrue(P('//some/share/a.py').match('/*.py'))
+        self.assertTrue(P('//some/share/a.py').match('//*/*/*.py'))
         self.assertTrue(P('//some/share/a.py').match('//some/share/*.py'))
         self.assertFalse(P('//other/share/a.py').match('//some/share/*.py'))
         self.assertFalse(P('//some/share/a/b.py').match('//some/share/*.py'))
@@ -869,6 +968,10 @@ def test_match_common(self):
         self.assertTrue(P('B.py').match('b.PY'))
         self.assertTrue(P('c:/a/B.Py').match('C:/A/*.pY'))
         self.assertTrue(P('//Some/Share/B.Py').match('//somE/sharE/*.pY'))
+        # Path anchor doesn't match pattern anchor
+        self.assertFalse(P('c:/b.py').match('/*.py'))  # 'c:/' vs '/'
+        self.assertFalse(P('c:/b.py').match('c:*.py'))  # 'c:/' vs 'c:'
+        self.assertFalse(P('//some/share/a.py').match('/*.py'))  # '//some/share/' vs '/'
 
     def test_ordering_common(self):
         # Case-insensitivity.
@@ -972,6 +1075,7 @@ def test_drive(self):
         self.assertEqual(P('//a/b').drive, '\\\\a\\b')
         self.assertEqual(P('//a/b/').drive, '\\\\a\\b')
         self.assertEqual(P('//a/b/c/d').drive, '\\\\a\\b')
+        self.assertEqual(P('./c:a').drive, '')
 
     def test_root(self):
         P = self.cls
@@ -1065,8 +1169,10 @@ def test_with_name(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:').with_name, 'd.xml')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:/').with_name, 'd.xml')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('//My/Share').with_name, 'd.xml')
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_name, 'd:')
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_name, 'd:e')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('a').with_name('d:')), '.\\d:')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('a').with_name('d:e')), '.\\d:e')
+        self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').with_name('d:'), P('c:a/d:'))
+        self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').with_name('d:e'), P('c:a/d:e'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_name, 'd:/e')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_name, '//My/Share')
 
@@ -1079,8 +1185,10 @@ def test_with_stem(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:').with_stem, 'd')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:/').with_stem, 'd')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('//My/Share').with_stem, 'd')
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_stem, 'd:')
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_stem, 'd:e')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('a').with_stem('d:')), '.\\d:')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('a').with_stem('d:e')), '.\\d:e')
+        self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').with_stem('d:'), P('c:a/d:'))
+        self.assertEqual(P('c:a/b').with_stem('d:e'), P('c:a/d:e'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_stem, 'd:/e')
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, P('c:a/b').with_stem, '//My/Share')
 
@@ -1118,6 +1226,16 @@ def test_relative_to(self):
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:foO/'), P('Bar'))
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:foO/baR')), P())
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:foO/baR'), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:'), walk_up=True), P('Foo/Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:', walk_up=True), P('Foo/Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:foO'), walk_up=True), P('Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:foO', walk_up=True), P('Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:foO/', walk_up=True), P('Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:foO/baR'), walk_up=True), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:foO/baR', walk_up=True), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('C:Foo/Bar/Baz'), walk_up=True), P('..'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('C:Foo/Baz'), walk_up=True), P('../Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('C:Baz/Bar'), walk_up=True), P('../../Foo/Bar'))
         # Unrelated paths.
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P())
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, '')
@@ -1128,11 +1246,14 @@ def test_relative_to(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:/Foo'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:Foo/Bar/Baz'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:Foo/Baz'))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P(), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, '', walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('d:'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('Foo'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/Foo'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:/Foo'), walk_up=True)
         p = P('C:/Foo/Bar')
-        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:')), P('/Foo/Bar'))
-        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:'), P('/Foo/Bar'))
-        self.assertEqual(str(p.relative_to(P('c:'))), '\\Foo\\Bar')
-        self.assertEqual(str(p.relative_to('c:')), '\\Foo\\Bar')
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:/')), P('Foo/Bar'))
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/'), P('Foo/Bar'))
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:/foO')), P('Bar'))
@@ -1140,7 +1261,19 @@ def test_relative_to(self):
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/foO/'), P('Bar'))
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:/foO/baR')), P())
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/foO/baR'), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:/'), walk_up=True), P('Foo/Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/', walk_up=True), P('Foo/Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:/foO'), walk_up=True), P('Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/foO', walk_up=True), P('Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/foO/', walk_up=True), P('Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('c:/foO/baR'), walk_up=True), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('c:/foO/baR', walk_up=True), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('C:/Baz', walk_up=True), P('../Foo/Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('C:/Foo/Bar/Baz', walk_up=True), P('..'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('C:/Foo/Baz', walk_up=True), P('../Bar'))
         # Unrelated paths.
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, 'c:')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('c:'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:/Baz'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:/Foo/Bar/Baz'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:/Foo/Baz'))
@@ -1150,6 +1283,14 @@ def test_relative_to(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/Foo'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('//C/Foo'))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, 'c:', walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('c:'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('C:Foo'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('d:'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('d:/'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/Foo'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('//C/Foo'), walk_up=True)
         # UNC paths.
         p = P('//Server/Share/Foo/Bar')
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('//sErver/sHare')), P('Foo/Bar'))
@@ -1160,11 +1301,25 @@ def test_relative_to(self):
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/Foo/'), P('Bar'))
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('//sErver/sHare/Foo/Bar')), P())
         self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/Foo/Bar'), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('//sErver/sHare'), walk_up=True), P('Foo/Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare', walk_up=True), P('Foo/Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/', walk_up=True), P('Foo/Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('//sErver/sHare/Foo'), walk_up=True), P('Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/Foo', walk_up=True), P('Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/Foo/', walk_up=True), P('Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('//sErver/sHare/Foo/Bar'), walk_up=True), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/Foo/Bar', walk_up=True), P())
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to(P('//sErver/sHare/bar'), walk_up=True), P('../Foo/Bar'))
+        self.assertEqual(p.relative_to('//sErver/sHare/bar', walk_up=True), P('../Foo/Bar'))
         # Unrelated paths.
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/Server/Share/Foo'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('c:/Server/Share/Foo'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('//z/Share/Foo'))
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('//Server/z/Foo'))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('/Server/Share/Foo'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('c:/Server/Share/Foo'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('//z/Share/Foo'), walk_up=True)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, p.relative_to, P('//Server/z/Foo'), walk_up=True)
 
     def test_is_relative_to(self):
         P = self.cls
@@ -1187,13 +1342,13 @@ def test_is_relative_to(self):
         self.assertFalse(p.is_relative_to(P('C:Foo/Bar/Baz')))
         self.assertFalse(p.is_relative_to(P('C:Foo/Baz')))
         p = P('C:/Foo/Bar')
-        self.assertTrue(p.is_relative_to('c:'))
         self.assertTrue(p.is_relative_to(P('c:/')))
         self.assertTrue(p.is_relative_to(P('c:/foO')))
         self.assertTrue(p.is_relative_to('c:/foO/'))
         self.assertTrue(p.is_relative_to(P('c:/foO/baR')))
         self.assertTrue(p.is_relative_to('c:/foO/baR'))
         # Unrelated paths.
+        self.assertFalse(p.is_relative_to('c:'))
         self.assertFalse(p.is_relative_to(P('C:/Baz')))
         self.assertFalse(p.is_relative_to(P('C:/Foo/Bar/Baz')))
         self.assertFalse(p.is_relative_to(P('C:/Foo/Baz')))
@@ -1261,6 +1416,21 @@ def test_join(self):
         self.assertEqual(pp, P('C:/a/b/x/y'))
         pp = p.joinpath('c:/x/y')
         self.assertEqual(pp, P('C:/x/y'))
+        # Joining with files with NTFS data streams => the filename should
+        # not be parsed as a drive letter
+        pp = p.joinpath(P('./d:s'))
+        self.assertEqual(pp, P('C:/a/b/d:s'))
+        pp = p.joinpath(P('./dd:s'))
+        self.assertEqual(pp, P('C:/a/b/dd:s'))
+        pp = p.joinpath(P('E:d:s'))
+        self.assertEqual(pp, P('E:d:s'))
+        # Joining onto a UNC path with no root
+        pp = P('//').joinpath('server')
+        self.assertEqual(pp, P('//server'))
+        pp = P('//server').joinpath('share')
+        self.assertEqual(pp, P('//server/share'))
+        pp = P('//./BootPartition').joinpath('Windows')
+        self.assertEqual(pp, P('//./BootPartition/Windows'))
 
     def test_div(self):
         # Basically the same as joinpath().
@@ -1281,6 +1451,11 @@ def test_div(self):
         # the second path is relative.
         self.assertEqual(p / 'c:x/y', P('C:/a/b/x/y'))
         self.assertEqual(p / 'c:/x/y', P('C:/x/y'))
+        # Joining with files with NTFS data streams => the filename should
+        # not be parsed as a drive letter
+        self.assertEqual(p / P('./d:s'), P('C:/a/b/d:s'))
+        self.assertEqual(p / P('./dd:s'), P('C:/a/b/dd:s'))
+        self.assertEqual(p / P('E:d:s'), P('E:d:s'))
 
     def test_is_reserved(self):
         P = self.cls
@@ -1391,6 +1566,7 @@ class _BasePathTest(object):
     #  |   |-- dirD
     #  |   |   `-- fileD
     #  |   `-- fileC
+    #  |   `-- novel.txt
     #  |-- dirE  # No permissions
     #  |-- fileA
     #  |-- linkA -> fileA
@@ -1415,6 +1591,8 @@ def cleanup():
             f.write(b"this is file B\n")
         with open(join('dirC', 'fileC'), 'wb') as f:
             f.write(b"this is file C\n")
+        with open(join('dirC', 'novel.txt'), 'wb') as f:
+            f.write(b"this is a novel\n")
         with open(join('dirC', 'dirD', 'fileD'), 'wb') as f:
             f.write(b"this is file D\n")
         os.chmod(join('dirE'), 0)
@@ -1461,6 +1639,28 @@ def test_cwd(self):
         p = self.cls.cwd()
         self._test_cwd(p)
 
+    def test_absolute_common(self):
+        P = self.cls
+
+        with mock.patch("os.getcwd") as getcwd:
+            getcwd.return_value = BASE
+
+            # Simple relative paths.
+            self.assertEqual(str(P().absolute()), BASE)
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('.').absolute()), BASE)
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('a').absolute()), os.path.join(BASE, 'a'))
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('a', 'b', 'c').absolute()), os.path.join(BASE, 'a', 'b', 'c'))
+
+            # Symlinks should not be resolved.
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('linkB', 'fileB').absolute()), os.path.join(BASE, 'linkB', 'fileB'))
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('brokenLink').absolute()), os.path.join(BASE, 'brokenLink'))
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('brokenLinkLoop').absolute()), os.path.join(BASE, 'brokenLinkLoop'))
+
+            # '..' entries should be preserved and not normalised.
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('..').absolute()), os.path.join(BASE, '..'))
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('a', '..').absolute()), os.path.join(BASE, 'a', '..'))
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('..', 'b').absolute()), os.path.join(BASE, '..', 'b'))
+
     def _test_home(self, p):
         q = self.cls(os.path.expanduser('~'))
         self.assertEqual(p, q)
@@ -1468,6 +1668,9 @@ def _test_home(self, p):
         self.assertIs(type(p), type(q))
         self.assertTrue(p.is_absolute())
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        pwd is None, reason="Test requires pwd module to get homedir."
+    )
     def test_home(self):
         with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
             self._test_home(self.cls.home())
@@ -1480,6 +1683,27 @@ def test_home(self):
             env['HOME'] = os.path.join(BASE, 'home')
             self._test_home(self.cls.home())
 
+    def test_with_segments(self):
+        class P(_BasePurePathSubclass, self.cls):
+            pass
+        p = P(BASE, session_id=42)
+        self.assertEqual(42, p.absolute().session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, p.resolve().session_id)
+        if not is_wasi:  # WASI has no user accounts.
+            self.assertEqual(42, p.with_segments('~').expanduser().session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, (p / 'fileA').rename(p / 'fileB').session_id)
+        self.assertEqual(42, (p / 'fileB').replace(p / 'fileA').session_id)
+        if os_helper.can_symlink():
+            self.assertEqual(42, (p / 'linkA').readlink().session_id)
+        for path in p.iterdir():
+            self.assertEqual(42, path.session_id)
+        for path in p.glob('*'):
+            self.assertEqual(42, path.session_id)
+        for path in p.rglob('*'):
+            self.assertEqual(42, path.session_id)
+        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in p.walk():
+            self.assertEqual(42, dirpath.session_id)
+
     def test_samefile(self):
         fileA_path = os.path.join(BASE, 'fileA')
         fileB_path = os.path.join(BASE, 'dirB', 'fileB')
@@ -1505,6 +1729,7 @@ def test_empty_path(self):
         p = self.cls('')
         self.assertEqual(p.stat(), os.stat('.'))
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(is_wasi, "WASI has no user accounts.")
     def test_expanduser_common(self):
         P = self.cls
         p = P('~')
@@ -1517,6 +1742,8 @@ def test_expanduser_common(self):
         self.assertEqual(p.expanduser(), p)
         p = P(P('').absolute().anchor) / '~'
         self.assertEqual(p.expanduser(), p)
+        p = P('~/a:b')
+        self.assertEqual(p.expanduser(), P(os.path.expanduser('~'), './a:b'))
 
     def test_exists(self):
         P = self.cls
@@ -1530,6 +1757,8 @@ def test_exists(self):
             self.assertIs(True, (p / 'linkB').exists())
             self.assertIs(True, (p / 'linkB' / 'fileB').exists())
             self.assertIs(False, (p / 'linkA' / 'bah').exists())
+            self.assertIs(False, (p / 'brokenLink').exists())
+            self.assertIs(True, (p / 'brokenLink').exists(follow_symlinks=False))
         self.assertIs(False, (p / 'foo').exists())
         self.assertIs(False, P('/xyzzy').exists())
         self.assertIs(False, P(BASE + '\udfff').exists())
@@ -1636,16 +1865,36 @@ def _check(glob, expected):
             _check(p.glob("*/fileB"), ['dirB/fileB'])
         else:
             _check(p.glob("*/fileB"), ['dirB/fileB', 'linkB/fileB'])
+        if os_helper.can_symlink():
+            _check(p.glob("brokenLink"), ['brokenLink'])
+
+        if not os_helper.can_symlink():
+            _check(p.glob("*/"), ["dirA", "dirB", "dirC", "dirE"])
+        else:
+            _check(p.glob("*/"), ["dirA", "dirB", "dirC", "dirE", "linkB"])
+
+    def test_glob_case_sensitive(self):
+        P = self.cls
+        def _check(path, pattern, case_sensitive, expected):
+            actual = {str(q) for q in path.glob(pattern, case_sensitive=case_sensitive)}
+            expected = {str(P(BASE, q)) for q in expected}
+            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+        path = P(BASE)
+        _check(path, "DIRB/FILE*", True, [])
+        _check(path, "DIRB/FILE*", False, ["dirB/fileB"])
+        _check(path, "dirb/file*", True, [])
+        _check(path, "dirb/file*", False, ["dirB/fileB"])
 
     def test_rglob_common(self):
         def _check(glob, expected):
-            self.assertEqual(set(glob), { P(BASE, q) for q in expected })
+            self.assertEqual(sorted(glob), sorted(P(BASE, q) for q in expected))
         P = self.cls
         p = P(BASE)
         it = p.rglob("fileA")
         self.assertIsInstance(it, collections.abc.Iterator)
         _check(it, ["fileA"])
         _check(p.rglob("fileB"), ["dirB/fileB"])
+        _check(p.rglob("**/fileB"), ["dirB/fileB"])
         _check(p.rglob("*/fileA"), [])
         if not os_helper.can_symlink():
             _check(p.rglob("*/fileB"), ["dirB/fileB"])
@@ -1654,9 +1903,30 @@ def _check(glob, expected):
                                         "linkB/fileB", "dirA/linkC/fileB"])
         _check(p.rglob("file*"), ["fileA", "dirB/fileB",
                                   "dirC/fileC", "dirC/dirD/fileD"])
+        if not os_helper.can_symlink():
+            _check(p.rglob("*/"), [
+                "dirA", "dirB", "dirC", "dirC/dirD", "dirE",
+            ])
+        else:
+            _check(p.rglob("*/"), [
+                "dirA", "dirA/linkC", "dirB", "dirB/linkD", "dirC",
+                "dirC/dirD", "dirE", "linkB",
+            ])
+        _check(p.rglob(""), ["", "dirA", "dirB", "dirC", "dirE", "dirC/dirD"])
+
         p = P(BASE, "dirC")
+        _check(p.rglob("*"), ["dirC/fileC", "dirC/novel.txt",
+                              "dirC/dirD", "dirC/dirD/fileD"])
         _check(p.rglob("file*"), ["dirC/fileC", "dirC/dirD/fileD"])
+        _check(p.rglob("**/file*"), ["dirC/fileC", "dirC/dirD/fileD"])
+        _check(p.rglob("dir*/**"), ["dirC/dirD"])
         _check(p.rglob("*/*"), ["dirC/dirD/fileD"])
+        _check(p.rglob("*/"), ["dirC/dirD"])
+        _check(p.rglob(""), ["dirC", "dirC/dirD"])
+        _check(p.rglob("**"), ["dirC", "dirC/dirD"])
+        # gh-91616, a re module regression
+        _check(p.rglob("*.txt"), ["dirC/novel.txt"])
+        _check(p.rglob("*.*"), ["dirC/novel.txt"])
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_rglob_symlink_loop(self):
@@ -1667,7 +1937,8 @@ def test_rglob_symlink_loop(self):
         expect = {'brokenLink',
                   'dirA', 'dirA/linkC',
                   'dirB', 'dirB/fileB', 'dirB/linkD',
-                  'dirC', 'dirC/dirD', 'dirC/dirD/fileD', 'dirC/fileC',
+                  'dirC', 'dirC/dirD', 'dirC/dirD/fileD',
+                  'dirC/fileC', 'dirC/novel.txt',
                   'dirE',
                   'fileA',
                   'linkA',
@@ -1698,8 +1969,13 @@ def test_glob_dotdot(self):
         P = self.cls
         p = P(BASE)
         self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("..")), { P(BASE, "..") })
+        self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("../..")), { P(BASE, "..", "..") })
+        self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("dirA/..")), { P(BASE, "dirA", "..") })
         self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("dirA/../file*")), { P(BASE, "dirA/../fileA") })
+        self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("dirA/../file*/..")), set())
         self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("../xyzzy")), set())
+        self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("xyzzy/..")), set())
+        self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("/".join([".."] * 50))), { P(BASE, *[".."] * 50)})
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_glob_permissions(self):
@@ -1707,36 +1983,39 @@ def test_glob_permissions(self):
         P = self.cls
         base = P(BASE) / 'permissions'
         base.mkdir()
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.rmtree, base)
 
-        file1 = base / "file1"
-        file1.touch()
-        file2 = base / "file2"
-        file2.touch()
-
-        subdir = base / "subdir"
-
-        file3 = base / "file3"
-        file3.symlink_to(subdir / "other")
-
-        # Patching is needed to avoid relying on the filesystem
-        # to return the order of the files as the error will not
-        # happen if the symlink is the last item.
-
-        with mock.patch("os.scandir") as scandir:
-            scandir.return_value = sorted(os.scandir(base))
-            self.assertEqual(len(set(base.glob("*"))), 3)
+        for i in range(100):
+            link = base / f"link{i}"
+            if i % 2:
+                link.symlink_to(P(BASE, "dirE", "nonexistent"))
+            else:
+                link.symlink_to(P(BASE, "dirC"))
 
-        subdir.mkdir()
+        self.assertEqual(len(set(base.glob("*"))), 100)
+        self.assertEqual(len(set(base.glob("*/"))), 50)
+        self.assertEqual(len(set(base.glob("*/fileC"))), 50)
+        self.assertEqual(len(set(base.glob("*/file*"))), 50)
 
-        with mock.patch("os.scandir") as scandir:
-            scandir.return_value = sorted(os.scandir(base))
-            self.assertEqual(len(set(base.glob("*"))), 4)
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_glob_long_symlink(self):
+        # See gh-87695
+        base = self.cls(BASE) / 'long_symlink'
+        base.mkdir()
+        bad_link = base / 'bad_link'
+        bad_link.symlink_to("bad" * 200)
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(base.glob('**/*')), [bad_link])
 
-        subdir.chmod(000)
+    def test_glob_above_recursion_limit(self):
+        recursion_limit = 50
+        # directory_depth > recursion_limit
+        directory_depth = recursion_limit + 10
+        base = pathlib.Path(os_helper.TESTFN, 'deep')
+        path = pathlib.Path(base, *(['d'] * directory_depth))
+        path.mkdir(parents=True)
 
-        with mock.patch("os.scandir") as scandir:
-            scandir.return_value = sorted(os.scandir(base))
-            self.assertEqual(len(set(base.glob("*"))), 4)
+        with set_recursion_limit(recursion_limit):
+            list(base.glob('**'))
 
     def _check_resolve(self, p, expected, strict=True):
         q = p.resolve(strict)
@@ -1808,7 +2087,7 @@ def test_resolve_common(self):
 
     @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
     def test_resolve_dot(self):
-        # See https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issue/9/pathresolve-fails-on-complex-symlinks
+        # See http://web.archive.org/web/20200623062557/https://bitbucket.org/pitrou/pathlib/issues/9/
         p = self.cls(BASE)
         self.dirlink('.', join('0'))
         self.dirlink(os.path.join('0', '0'), join('1'))
@@ -1835,8 +2114,10 @@ def test_with(self):
         it = p.iterdir()
         it2 = p.iterdir()
         next(it2)
-        with p:
-            pass
+        # bpo-46556: path context managers are deprecated in Python 3.11.
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            with p:
+                pass
         # Using a path as a context manager is a no-op, thus the following
         # operations should still succeed after the context manage exits.
         next(it)
@@ -1844,9 +2125,11 @@ def test_with(self):
         p.exists()
         p.resolve()
         p.absolute()
-        with p:
-            pass
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            with p:
+                pass
 
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_working_chmod
     def test_chmod(self):
         p = self.cls(BASE) / 'fileA'
         mode = p.stat().st_mode
@@ -1861,6 +2144,7 @@ def test_chmod(self):
 
     # On Windows, os.chmod does not follow symlinks (issue #15411)
     @only_posix
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_working_chmod
     def test_chmod_follow_symlinks_true(self):
         p = self.cls(BASE) / 'linkA'
         q = p.resolve()
@@ -1876,6 +2160,7 @@ def test_chmod_follow_symlinks_true(self):
 
     # XXX also need a test for lchmod.
 
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_working_chmod
     def test_stat(self):
         p = self.cls(BASE) / 'fileA'
         st = p.stat()
@@ -1948,28 +2233,6 @@ def test_rmdir(self):
         self.assertFileNotFound(p.stat)
         self.assertFileNotFound(p.unlink)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "link"), "os.link() is not present")
-    def test_link_to(self):
-        P = self.cls(BASE)
-        p = P / 'fileA'
-        size = p.stat().st_size
-        # linking to another path.
-        q = P / 'dirA' / 'fileAA'
-        try:
-            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-                p.link_to(q)
-        except PermissionError as e:
-            self.skipTest('os.link(): %s' % e)
-        self.assertEqual(q.stat().st_size, size)
-        self.assertEqual(os.path.samefile(p, q), True)
-        self.assertTrue(p.stat)
-        # Linking to a str of a relative path.
-        r = rel_join('fileAAA')
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            q.link_to(r)
-        self.assertEqual(os.stat(r).st_size, size)
-        self.assertTrue(q.stat)
-
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "link"), "os.link() is not present")
     def test_hardlink_to(self):
         P = self.cls(BASE)
@@ -1995,7 +2258,7 @@ def test_link_to_not_implemented(self):
         # linking to another path.
         q = P / 'dirA' / 'fileAA'
         with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
-            p.link_to(q)
+            q.hardlink_to(p)
 
     def test_rename(self):
         P = self.cls(BASE)
@@ -2137,6 +2400,7 @@ def test_mkdir_exist_ok_with_parent(self):
         self.assertTrue(p.exists())
         self.assertEqual(p.stat().st_ctime, st_ctime_first)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(is_emscripten, "FS root cannot be modified on Emscripten.")
     def test_mkdir_exist_ok_root(self):
         # Issue #25803: A drive root could raise PermissionError on Windows.
         self.cls('/').resolve().mkdir(exist_ok=True)
@@ -2182,6 +2446,7 @@ def test_mkdir_concurrent_parent_creation(self):
             p = self.cls(BASE, 'dirCPC%d' % pattern_num)
             self.assertFalse(p.exists())
 
+            real_mkdir = os.mkdir
             def my_mkdir(path, mode=0o777):
                 path = str(path)
                 # Emulate another process that would create the directory
@@ -2190,15 +2455,15 @@ def my_mkdir(path, mode=0o777):
                 # function is called at most 5 times (dirCPC/dir1/dir2,
                 # dirCPC/dir1, dirCPC, dirCPC/dir1, dirCPC/dir1/dir2).
                 if pattern.pop():
-                    os.mkdir(path, mode)  # From another process.
+                    real_mkdir(path, mode)  # From another process.
                     concurrently_created.add(path)
-                os.mkdir(path, mode)  # Our real call.
+                real_mkdir(path, mode)  # Our real call.
 
             pattern = [bool(pattern_num & (1 << n)) for n in range(5)]
             concurrently_created = set()
             p12 = p / 'dir1' / 'dir2'
             try:
-                with mock.patch("pathlib._normal_accessor.mkdir", my_mkdir):
+                with mock.patch("os.mkdir", my_mkdir):
                     p12.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=False)
             except FileExistsError:
                 self.assertIn(str(p12), concurrently_created)
@@ -2256,10 +2521,12 @@ def test_is_file(self):
         self.assertIs((P / 'fileA\udfff').is_file(), False)
         self.assertIs((P / 'fileA\x00').is_file(), False)
 
-    @only_posix
     def test_is_mount(self):
         P = self.cls(BASE)
-        R = self.cls('/')  # TODO: Work out Windows.
+        if os.name == 'nt':
+            R = self.cls('c:\\')
+        else:
+            R = self.cls('/')
         self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA').is_mount())
         self.assertFalse((P / 'dirA').is_mount())
         self.assertFalse((P / 'non-existing').is_mount())
@@ -2267,8 +2534,7 @@ def test_is_mount(self):
         self.assertTrue(R.is_mount())
         if os_helper.can_symlink():
             self.assertFalse((P / 'linkA').is_mount())
-        self.assertIs(self.cls('/\udfff').is_mount(), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.cls('/\x00').is_mount(), False)
+        self.assertIs((R / '\udfff').is_mount(), False)
 
     def test_is_symlink(self):
         P = self.cls(BASE)
@@ -2286,6 +2552,13 @@ def test_is_symlink(self):
             self.assertIs((P / 'linkA\udfff').is_file(), False)
             self.assertIs((P / 'linkA\x00').is_file(), False)
 
+    def test_is_junction(self):
+        P = self.cls(BASE)
+
+        with mock.patch.object(P._flavour, 'isjunction'):
+            self.assertEqual(P.is_junction(), P._flavour.isjunction.return_value)
+            P._flavour.isjunction.assert_called_once_with(P)
+
     def test_is_fifo_false(self):
         P = self.cls(BASE)
         self.assertFalse((P / 'fileA').is_fifo())
@@ -2320,6 +2593,12 @@ def test_is_socket_false(self):
         self.assertIs((P / 'fileA\x00').is_socket(), False)
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"), "Unix sockets required")
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        is_emscripten, "Unix sockets are not implemented on Emscripten."
+    )
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        is_wasi, "Cannot create socket on WASI."
+    )
     def test_is_socket_true(self):
         P = self.cls(BASE, 'mysock')
         sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
@@ -2355,15 +2634,15 @@ def test_is_char_device_false(self):
         self.assertIs((P / 'fileA\x00').is_char_device(), False)
 
     def test_is_char_device_true(self):
-        # Under Unix, /dev/null should generally be a char device.
-        P = self.cls('/dev/null')
+        # os.devnull should generally be a char device.
+        P = self.cls(os.devnull)
         if not P.exists():
-            self.skipTest("/dev/null required")
+            self.skipTest("null device required")
         self.assertTrue(P.is_char_device())
         self.assertFalse(P.is_block_device())
         self.assertFalse(P.is_file())
-        self.assertIs(self.cls('/dev/null\udfff').is_char_device(), False)
-        self.assertIs(self.cls('/dev/null\x00').is_char_device(), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.cls(f'{os.devnull}\udfff').is_char_device(), False)
+        self.assertIs(self.cls(f'{os.devnull}\x00').is_char_device(), False)
 
     def test_pickling_common(self):
         p = self.cls(BASE, 'fileA')
@@ -2434,13 +2713,238 @@ def test_complex_symlinks_relative(self):
     def test_complex_symlinks_relative_dot_dot(self):
         self._check_complex_symlinks(os.path.join('dirA', '..'))
 
+    def test_passing_kwargs_deprecated(self):
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            self.cls(foo="bar")
+
+
+class WalkTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.rmtree, os_helper.TESTFN)
+
+        # Build:
+        #     TESTFN/
+        #       TEST1/              a file kid and two directory kids
+        #         tmp1
+        #         SUB1/             a file kid and a directory kid
+        #           tmp2
+        #           SUB11/          no kids
+        #         SUB2/             a file kid and a dirsymlink kid
+        #           tmp3
+        #           SUB21/          not readable
+        #             tmp5
+        #           link/           a symlink to TEST2
+        #           broken_link
+        #           broken_link2
+        #           broken_link3
+        #       TEST2/
+        #         tmp4              a lone file
+        self.walk_path = pathlib.Path(os_helper.TESTFN, "TEST1")
+        self.sub1_path = self.walk_path / "SUB1"
+        self.sub11_path = self.sub1_path / "SUB11"
+        self.sub2_path = self.walk_path / "SUB2"
+        sub21_path= self.sub2_path / "SUB21"
+        tmp1_path = self.walk_path / "tmp1"
+        tmp2_path = self.sub1_path / "tmp2"
+        tmp3_path = self.sub2_path / "tmp3"
+        tmp5_path = sub21_path / "tmp3"
+        self.link_path = self.sub2_path / "link"
+        t2_path = pathlib.Path(os_helper.TESTFN, "TEST2")
+        tmp4_path = pathlib.Path(os_helper.TESTFN, "TEST2", "tmp4")
+        broken_link_path = self.sub2_path / "broken_link"
+        broken_link2_path = self.sub2_path / "broken_link2"
+        broken_link3_path = self.sub2_path / "broken_link3"
+
+        os.makedirs(self.sub11_path)
+        os.makedirs(self.sub2_path)
+        os.makedirs(sub21_path)
+        os.makedirs(t2_path)
+
+        for path in tmp1_path, tmp2_path, tmp3_path, tmp4_path, tmp5_path:
+            with open(path, "x", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                f.write(f"I'm {path} and proud of it.  Blame test_pathlib.\n")
+
+        if os_helper.can_symlink():
+            os.symlink(os.path.abspath(t2_path), self.link_path)
+            os.symlink('broken', broken_link_path, True)
+            os.symlink(pathlib.Path('tmp3', 'broken'), broken_link2_path, True)
+            os.symlink(pathlib.Path('SUB21', 'tmp5'), broken_link3_path, True)
+            self.sub2_tree = (self.sub2_path, ["SUB21"],
+                              ["broken_link", "broken_link2", "broken_link3",
+                               "link", "tmp3"])
+        else:
+            self.sub2_tree = (self.sub2_path, ["SUB21"], ["tmp3"])
+
+        if not is_emscripten:
+            # Emscripten fails with inaccessible directories.
+            os.chmod(sub21_path, 0)
+        try:
+            os.listdir(sub21_path)
+        except PermissionError:
+            self.addCleanup(os.chmod, sub21_path, stat.S_IRWXU)
+        else:
+            os.chmod(sub21_path, stat.S_IRWXU)
+            os.unlink(tmp5_path)
+            os.rmdir(sub21_path)
+            del self.sub2_tree[1][:1]
+
+    def test_walk_topdown(self):
+        walker = self.walk_path.walk()
+        entry = next(walker)
+        entry[1].sort()  # Ensure we visit SUB1 before SUB2
+        self.assertEqual(entry, (self.walk_path, ["SUB1", "SUB2"], ["tmp1"]))
+        entry = next(walker)
+        self.assertEqual(entry, (self.sub1_path, ["SUB11"], ["tmp2"]))
+        entry = next(walker)
+        self.assertEqual(entry, (self.sub11_path, [], []))
+        entry = next(walker)
+        entry[1].sort()
+        entry[2].sort()
+        self.assertEqual(entry, self.sub2_tree)
+        with self.assertRaises(StopIteration):
+            next(walker)
+
+    def test_walk_prune(self, walk_path=None):
+        if walk_path is None:
+            walk_path = self.walk_path
+        # Prune the search.
+        all = []
+        for root, dirs, files in walk_path.walk():
+            all.append((root, dirs, files))
+            if 'SUB1' in dirs:
+                # Note that this also mutates the dirs we appended to all!
+                dirs.remove('SUB1')
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(all), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(all[0], (self.walk_path, ["SUB2"], ["tmp1"]))
+
+        all[1][-1].sort()
+        all[1][1].sort()
+        self.assertEqual(all[1], self.sub2_tree)
+
+    def test_file_like_path(self):
+        self.test_walk_prune(FakePath(self.walk_path).__fspath__())
+
+    def test_walk_bottom_up(self):
+        seen_testfn = seen_sub1 = seen_sub11 = seen_sub2 = False
+        for path, dirnames, filenames in self.walk_path.walk(top_down=False):
+            if path == self.walk_path:
+                self.assertFalse(seen_testfn)
+                self.assertTrue(seen_sub1)
+                self.assertTrue(seen_sub2)
+                self.assertEqual(sorted(dirnames), ["SUB1", "SUB2"])
+                self.assertEqual(filenames, ["tmp1"])
+                seen_testfn = True
+            elif path == self.sub1_path:
+                self.assertFalse(seen_testfn)
+                self.assertFalse(seen_sub1)
+                self.assertTrue(seen_sub11)
+                self.assertEqual(dirnames, ["SUB11"])
+                self.assertEqual(filenames, ["tmp2"])
+                seen_sub1 = True
+            elif path == self.sub11_path:
+                self.assertFalse(seen_sub1)
+                self.assertFalse(seen_sub11)
+                self.assertEqual(dirnames, [])
+                self.assertEqual(filenames, [])
+                seen_sub11 = True
+            elif path == self.sub2_path:
+                self.assertFalse(seen_testfn)
+                self.assertFalse(seen_sub2)
+                self.assertEqual(sorted(dirnames), sorted(self.sub2_tree[1]))
+                self.assertEqual(sorted(filenames), sorted(self.sub2_tree[2]))
+                seen_sub2 = True
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError(f"Unexpected path: {path}")
+        self.assertTrue(seen_testfn)
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_walk_follow_symlinks(self):
+        walk_it = self.walk_path.walk(follow_symlinks=True)
+        for root, dirs, files in walk_it:
+            if root == self.link_path:
+                self.assertEqual(dirs, [])
+                self.assertEqual(files, ["tmp4"])
+                break
+        else:
+            self.fail("Didn't follow symlink with follow_symlinks=True")
+
+    @os_helper.skip_unless_symlink
+    def test_walk_symlink_location(self):
+        # Tests whether symlinks end up in filenames or dirnames depending
+        # on the `follow_symlinks` argument.
+        walk_it = self.walk_path.walk(follow_symlinks=False)
+        for root, dirs, files in walk_it:
+            if root == self.sub2_path:
+                self.assertIn("link", files)
+                break
+        else:
+            self.fail("symlink not found")
+
+        walk_it = self.walk_path.walk(follow_symlinks=True)
+        for root, dirs, files in walk_it:
+            if root == self.sub2_path:
+                self.assertIn("link", dirs)
+                break
+
+    def test_walk_bad_dir(self):
+        errors = []
+        walk_it = self.walk_path.walk(on_error=errors.append)
+        root, dirs, files = next(walk_it)
+        self.assertEqual(errors, [])
+        dir1 = 'SUB1'
+        path1 = root / dir1
+        path1new = (root / dir1).with_suffix(".new")
+        path1.rename(path1new)
+        try:
+            roots = [r for r, _, _ in walk_it]
+            self.assertTrue(errors)
+            self.assertNotIn(path1, roots)
+            self.assertNotIn(path1new, roots)
+            for dir2 in dirs:
+                if dir2 != dir1:
+                    self.assertIn(root / dir2, roots)
+        finally:
+            path1new.rename(path1)
+
+    def test_walk_many_open_files(self):
+        depth = 30
+        base = pathlib.Path(os_helper.TESTFN, 'deep')
+        path = pathlib.Path(base, *(['d']*depth))
+        path.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+        iters = [base.walk(top_down=False) for _ in range(100)]
+        for i in range(depth + 1):
+            expected = (path, ['d'] if i else [], [])
+            for it in iters:
+                self.assertEqual(next(it), expected)
+            path = path.parent
+
+        iters = [base.walk(top_down=True) for _ in range(100)]
+        path = base
+        for i in range(depth + 1):
+            expected = (path, ['d'] if i < depth else [], [])
+            for it in iters:
+                self.assertEqual(next(it), expected)
+            path = path / 'd'
+
+    def test_walk_above_recursion_limit(self):
+        recursion_limit = 40
+        # directory_depth > recursion_limit
+        directory_depth = recursion_limit + 10
+        base = pathlib.Path(os_helper.TESTFN, 'deep')
+        path = pathlib.Path(base, *(['d'] * directory_depth))
+        path.mkdir(parents=True)
+
+        with set_recursion_limit(recursion_limit):
+            list(base.walk())
+            list(base.walk(top_down=False))
+
 
 class PathTest(_BasePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
     cls = pathlib.Path
 
-    def test_class_getitem(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.cls[str], self.cls)
-
     def test_concrete_class(self):
         p = self.cls('a')
         self.assertIs(type(p),
@@ -2462,11 +2966,26 @@ def test_glob_empty_pattern(self):
 class PosixPathTest(_BasePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
     cls = pathlib.PosixPath
 
+    def test_absolute(self):
+        P = self.cls
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('/').absolute()), '/')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('/a').absolute()), '/a')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('/a/b').absolute()), '/a/b')
+
+        # '//'-prefixed absolute path (supported by POSIX).
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('//').absolute()), '//')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('//a').absolute()), '//a')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('//a/b').absolute()), '//a/b')
+
     def _check_symlink_loop(self, *args, strict=True):
         path = self.cls(*args)
         with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
             print(path.resolve(strict))
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        is_emscripten or is_wasi,
+        "umask is not implemented on Emscripten/WASI."
+    )
     def test_open_mode(self):
         old_mask = os.umask(0)
         self.addCleanup(os.umask, old_mask)
@@ -2490,6 +3009,10 @@ def test_resolve_root(self):
         finally:
             os.chdir(current_directory)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        is_emscripten or is_wasi,
+        "umask is not implemented on Emscripten/WASI."
+    )
     def test_touch_mode(self):
         old_mask = os.umask(0)
         self.addCleanup(os.umask, old_mask)
@@ -2627,19 +3150,66 @@ def test_handling_bad_descriptor(self):
 class WindowsPathTest(_BasePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
     cls = pathlib.WindowsPath
 
+    def test_absolute(self):
+        P = self.cls
+
+        # Simple absolute paths.
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('c:\\').absolute()), 'c:\\')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('c:\\a').absolute()), 'c:\\a')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P('c:\\a\\b').absolute()), 'c:\\a\\b')
+
+        # UNC absolute paths.
+        share = '\\\\server\\share\\'
+        self.assertEqual(str(P(share).absolute()), share)
+        self.assertEqual(str(P(share + 'a').absolute()), share + 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(str(P(share + 'a\\b').absolute()), share + 'a\\b')
+
+        # UNC relative paths.
+        with mock.patch("os.getcwd") as getcwd:
+            getcwd.return_value = share
+
+            self.assertEqual(str(P().absolute()), share)
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('.').absolute()), share)
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('a').absolute()), os.path.join(share, 'a'))
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('a', 'b', 'c').absolute()),
+                             os.path.join(share, 'a', 'b', 'c'))
+
+        drive = os.path.splitdrive(BASE)[0]
+        with os_helper.change_cwd(BASE):
+            # Relative path with root
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('\\').absolute()), drive + '\\')
+            self.assertEqual(str(P('\\foo').absolute()), drive + '\\foo')
+
+            # Relative path on current drive
+            self.assertEqual(str(P(drive).absolute()), BASE)
+            self.assertEqual(str(P(drive + 'foo').absolute()), os.path.join(BASE, 'foo'))
+
+        with os_helper.subst_drive(BASE) as other_drive:
+            # Set the working directory on the substitute drive
+            saved_cwd = os.getcwd()
+            other_cwd = f'{other_drive}\\dirA'
+            os.chdir(other_cwd)
+            os.chdir(saved_cwd)
+
+            # Relative path on another drive
+            self.assertEqual(str(P(other_drive).absolute()), other_cwd)
+            self.assertEqual(str(P(other_drive + 'foo').absolute()), other_cwd + '\\foo')
+
     def test_glob(self):
         P = self.cls
         p = P(BASE)
         self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("FILEa")), { P(BASE, "fileA") })
+        self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("*a\\")), { P(BASE, "dirA") })
         self.assertEqual(set(p.glob("F*a")), { P(BASE, "fileA") })
-        self.assertEqual(set(map(str, p.glob("FILEa"))), {f"{p}\\FILEa"})
+        self.assertEqual(set(map(str, p.glob("FILEa"))), {f"{p}\\fileA"})
         self.assertEqual(set(map(str, p.glob("F*a"))), {f"{p}\\fileA"})
 
     def test_rglob(self):
         P = self.cls
         p = P(BASE, "dirC")
         self.assertEqual(set(p.rglob("FILEd")), { P(BASE, "dirC/dirD/fileD") })
-        self.assertEqual(set(map(str, p.rglob("FILEd"))), {f"{p}\\dirD\\FILEd"})
+        self.assertEqual(set(p.rglob("*\\")), { P(BASE, "dirC/dirD") })
+        self.assertEqual(set(map(str, p.rglob("FILEd"))), {f"{p}\\dirD\\fileD"})
 
     def test_expanduser(self):
         P = self.cls
@@ -2695,6 +3265,22 @@ def check():
             check()
 
 
+class PurePathSubclassTest(_BasePurePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
+    class cls(pathlib.PurePath):
+        pass
+
+    # repr() roundtripping is not supported in custom subclass.
+    test_repr_roundtrips = None
+
+
+class PathSubclassTest(_BasePathTest, unittest.TestCase):
+    class cls(pathlib.Path):
+        pass
+
+    # repr() roundtripping is not supported in custom subclass.
+    test_repr_roundtrips = None
+
+
 class CompatiblePathTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """
     Test that a type can be made compatible with PurePath

From 52695a9ece7d7ba59752ebdbe02907960caf059b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 15:20:38 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 247/705] Skip tests to avoid slot bug

---
 Lib/test/test_pathlib.py | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py b/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py
index ca604df70a..c1696bb373 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_pathlib.py
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ def test_str_subclass_common(self):
         self._check_str_subclass('a/b.txt')
         self._check_str_subclass('/a/b.txt')
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; PyObject::set_slot index out of bounds")
     def test_with_segments_common(self):
         class P(_BasePurePathSubclass, self.cls):
             pass
@@ -1683,6 +1684,7 @@ def test_home(self):
             env['HOME'] = os.path.join(BASE, 'home')
             self._test_home(self.cls.home())
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; PyObject::set_slot index out of bounds")
     def test_with_segments(self):
         class P(_BasePurePathSubclass, self.cls):
             pass

From 019496e3a82340300670a8c932634a5778317258 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 24 Apr 2024 02:36:52 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 248/705] Instruction::ReturnConst

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs               | 130 ++++++++++--------
 ...thon_codegen__compile__tests__if_ands.snap |   4 +-
 ...hon_codegen__compile__tests__if_mixed.snap |   4 +-
 ...ython_codegen__compile__tests__if_ors.snap |   4 +-
 ...pile__tests__nested_double_async_with.snap |   4 +-
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs                 |  45 +++---
 jit/src/instructions.rs                       |  63 +++++----
 jit/tests/common.rs                           |   5 +
 vm/src/frame.rs                               |   4 +
 9 files changed, 149 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index b04821b80f..4ad592a0d2 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         let (doc, statements) = split_doc(body, &self.opts);
         if let Some(value) = doc {
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str { value });
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value });
             let doc = self.name("__doc__");
             emit!(self, Instruction::StoreGlobal(doc))
         }
@@ -365,8 +365,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         assert_eq!(self.code_stack.len(), size_before);
 
         // Emit None at end:
-        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
-        emit!(self, Instruction::ReturnValue);
+        self.emit_return_const(ConstantData::None);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -393,13 +392,13 @@ impl Compiler {
                 emit!(self, Instruction::PrintExpr);
             } else {
                 self.compile_statement(last)?;
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
             }
         } else {
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
         };
 
-        emit!(self, Instruction::ReturnValue);
+        self.emit_return_value();
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -424,10 +423,10 @@ impl Compiler {
                     emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
                     self.current_block().instructions.push(store_inst);
                 }
-                _ => self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None),
+                _ => self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None),
             }
         }
-        emit!(self, Instruction::ReturnValue);
+        self.emit_return_value();
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -440,7 +439,7 @@ impl Compiler {
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.symbol_table_stack.push(symbol_table);
         self.compile_expression(expression)?;
-        emit!(self, Instruction::ReturnValue);
+        self.emit_return_value();
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -512,7 +511,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         };
 
         if NameUsage::Load == usage && name == "__debug__" {
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Boolean {
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Boolean {
                 value: self.opts.optimize == 0,
             });
             return Ok(());
@@ -577,10 +576,10 @@ impl Compiler {
                 // import a, b, c as d
                 for name in names {
                     let name = &name;
-                    self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Integer {
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Integer {
                         value: num_traits::Zero::zero(),
                     });
-                    self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
                     let idx = self.name(&name.name);
                     emit!(self, Instruction::ImportName { idx });
                     if let Some(alias) = &name.asname {
@@ -624,10 +623,10 @@ impl Compiler {
                 let module_idx = module.as_ref().map(|s| self.name(s.as_str()));
 
                 // from .... import (*fromlist)
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Integer {
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Integer {
                     value: level.as_ref().map_or(0, |level| level.to_u32()).into(),
                 });
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Tuple {
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Tuple {
                     elements: from_list,
                 });
                 if let Some(idx) = module_idx {
@@ -852,13 +851,12 @@ impl Compiler {
                             ));
                         }
                         self.compile_expression(v)?;
+                        self.emit_return_value();
                     }
                     None => {
-                        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+                        self.emit_return_const(ConstantData::None);
                     }
                 }
-
-                emit!(self, Instruction::ReturnValue);
             }
             Stmt::Assign(StmtAssign { targets, value, .. }) => {
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
@@ -942,7 +940,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         if !kw_with_defaults.is_empty() {
             let default_kw_count = kw_with_defaults.len();
             for (arg, default) in kw_with_defaults.iter() {
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
                     value: arg.arg.to_string(),
                 });
                 self.compile_expression(default)?;
@@ -1201,8 +1199,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 // the last instruction is a ReturnValue already, we don't need to emit it
             }
             _ => {
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
-                emit!(self, Instruction::ReturnValue);
+                self.emit_return_const(ConstantData::None);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1217,7 +1214,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         // Return annotation:
         if let Some(annotation) = returns {
             // key:
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
                 value: "return".to_owned(),
             });
             // value:
@@ -1234,7 +1231,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             .chain(args.kwarg.as_deref());
         for arg in args_iter {
             if let Some(annotation) = &arg.annotation {
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
                     value: self.mangle(arg.arg.as_str()).into_owned(),
                 });
                 self.compile_annotation(annotation)?;
@@ -1256,10 +1253,10 @@ impl Compiler {
             func_flags |= bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::CLOSURE;
         }
 
-        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Code {
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Code {
             code: Box::new(code),
         });
-        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
             value: qualified_name,
         });
 
@@ -1268,7 +1265,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         if let Some(value) = doc_str {
             emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str { value });
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value });
             emit!(self, Instruction::Rotate2);
             let doc = self.name("__doc__");
             emit!(self, Instruction::StoreAttr { idx: doc });
@@ -1389,7 +1386,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         emit!(self, Instruction::LoadGlobal(dunder_name));
         let dunder_module = self.name("__module__");
         emit!(self, Instruction::StoreLocal(dunder_module));
-        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
             value: qualified_name,
         });
         let qualname = self.name("__qualname__");
@@ -1417,10 +1414,10 @@ impl Compiler {
             let classcell = self.name("__classcell__");
             emit!(self, Instruction::StoreLocal(classcell));
         } else {
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
         }
 
-        emit!(self, Instruction::ReturnValue);
+        self.emit_return_value();
 
         let code = self.pop_code_object();
 
@@ -1435,17 +1432,17 @@ impl Compiler {
             func_flags |= bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::CLOSURE;
         }
 
-        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Code {
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Code {
             code: Box::new(code),
         });
-        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
             value: name.to_owned(),
         });
 
         // Turn code object into function object:
         emit!(self, Instruction::MakeFunction(func_flags));
 
-        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
             value: name.to_owned(),
         });
 
@@ -1462,7 +1459,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         // Duplicate top of stack (the function or class object)
 
         // Doc string value:
-        self.emit_constant(match doc_str {
+        self.emit_load_const(match doc_str {
             Some(doc) => ConstantData::Str { value: doc },
             None => ConstantData::None, // set docstring None if not declared
         });
@@ -1519,7 +1516,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             if is_async {
                 emit!(self, Instruction::BeforeAsyncWith);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::GetAwaitable);
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::SetupAsyncWith { end: final_block });
             } else {
@@ -1560,7 +1557,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         if is_async {
             emit!(self, Instruction::GetAwaitable);
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
             emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
         }
 
@@ -1598,7 +1595,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 }
             );
             emit!(self, Instruction::GetANext);
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
             emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
             self.compile_store(target)?;
             emit!(self, Instruction::PopBlock);
@@ -1732,7 +1729,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_annotation(&mut self, annotation: &located_ast::Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
         if self.future_annotations {
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
                 value: annotation.to_string(),
             });
         } else {
@@ -1764,7 +1761,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             // Store as dict entry in __annotations__ dict:
             let annotations = self.name("__annotations__");
             emit!(self, Instruction::LoadNameAny(annotations));
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
                 value: self.mangle(id.as_str()).into_owned(),
             });
             emit!(self, Instruction::StoreSubscript);
@@ -2145,7 +2142,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 self.compile_chained_comparison(left, ops, comparators)?;
             }
             Expr::Constant(ExprConstant { value, .. }) => {
-                self.emit_constant(compile_constant(value));
+                self.emit_load_const(compile_constant(value));
             }
             Expr::List(ExprList { elts, .. }) => {
                 let (size, unpack) = self.gather_elements(0, elts)?;
@@ -2180,7 +2177,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 let mut compile_bound = |bound: Option<&located_ast::Expr>| match bound {
                     Some(exp) => self.compile_expression(exp),
                     None => {
-                        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+                        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
                         Ok(())
                     }
                 };
@@ -2199,7 +2196,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 self.mark_generator();
                 match value {
                     Some(expression) => self.compile_expression(expression)?,
-                    Option::None => self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None),
+                    Option::None => self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None),
                 };
                 emit!(self, Instruction::YieldValue);
             }
@@ -2209,7 +2206,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 }
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
                 emit!(self, Instruction::GetAwaitable);
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
             }
             Expr::YieldFrom(ExprYieldFrom { value, .. }) => {
@@ -2225,12 +2222,12 @@ impl Compiler {
                 self.mark_generator();
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
                 emit!(self, Instruction::GetIter);
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
             }
             Expr::JoinedStr(ExprJoinedStr { values, .. }) => {
                 if let Some(value) = try_get_constant_string(values) {
-                    self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str { value })
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value })
                 } else {
                     for value in values {
                         self.compile_expression(value)?;
@@ -2251,7 +2248,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             }) => {
                 match format_spec {
                     Some(spec) => self.compile_expression(spec)?,
-                    None => self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+                    None => self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
                         value: String::new(),
                     }),
                 };
@@ -2281,15 +2278,15 @@ impl Compiler {
                     .insert_full(ConstantData::None);
 
                 self.compile_expression(body)?;
-                emit!(self, Instruction::ReturnValue);
+                self.emit_return_value();
                 let code = self.pop_code_object();
                 if self.build_closure(&code) {
                     func_flags |= bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::CLOSURE;
                 }
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Code {
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Code {
                     code: Box::new(code),
                 });
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str { value: name });
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value: name });
                 // Turn code object into function object:
                 emit!(self, Instruction::MakeFunction(func_flags));
 
@@ -2430,7 +2427,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 let mut sub_size = 0;
                 for keyword in sub_keywords {
                     if let Some(name) = &keyword.arg {
-                        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+                        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
                             value: name.to_string(),
                         });
                         self.compile_expression(&keyword.value)?;
@@ -2540,7 +2537,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 self.compile_expression(&keyword.value)?;
             }
 
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Tuple {
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Tuple {
                 elements: kwarg_names,
             });
             CallType::Keyword { nargs: count }
@@ -2693,7 +2690,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                     }
                 );
                 emit!(self, Instruction::GetANext);
-                self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
                 self.compile_store(&generator.target)?;
                 emit!(self, Instruction::PopBlock);
@@ -2727,11 +2724,11 @@ impl Compiler {
         }
 
         if return_none {
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None)
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None)
         }
 
         // Return freshly filled list:
-        emit!(self, Instruction::ReturnValue);
+        self.emit_return_value();
 
         // Fetch code for listcomp function:
         let code = self.pop_code_object();
@@ -2744,12 +2741,12 @@ impl Compiler {
         }
 
         // List comprehension code:
-        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Code {
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Code {
             code: Box::new(code),
         });
 
         // List comprehension function name:
-        self.emit_constant(ConstantData::Str {
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
             value: name.to_owned(),
         });
 
@@ -2770,7 +2767,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         emit!(self, Instruction::CallFunctionPositional { nargs: 1 });
         if is_async {
             emit!(self, Instruction::GetAwaitable);
-            self.emit_constant(ConstantData::None);
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
             emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -2825,12 +2822,31 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     // fn block_done()
 
-    fn emit_constant(&mut self, constant: ConstantData) {
+    fn arg_constant(&mut self, constant: ConstantData) -> u32 {
         let info = self.current_code_info();
-        let idx = info.constants.insert_full(constant).0.to_u32();
+        info.constants.insert_full(constant).0.to_u32()
+    }
+
+    fn emit_load_const(&mut self, constant: ConstantData) {
+        let idx = self.arg_constant(constant);
         self.emit_arg(idx, |idx| Instruction::LoadConst { idx })
     }
 
+    fn emit_return_const(&mut self, constant: ConstantData) {
+        let idx = self.arg_constant(constant);
+        self.emit_arg(idx, |idx| Instruction::ReturnConst { idx })
+    }
+
+    fn emit_return_value(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(inst) = self.current_block().instructions.last_mut() {
+            if let Instruction::LoadConst { idx } = inst.instr {
+                inst.instr = Instruction::ReturnConst { idx };
+                return;
+            }
+        }
+        emit!(self, Instruction::ReturnValue)
+    }
+
     fn current_code_info(&mut self) -> &mut ir::CodeInfo {
         self.code_stack.last_mut().expect("no code on stack")
     }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_ands.snap b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_ands.snap
index 93eb0ea6ee..cf6223be1f 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_ands.snap
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_ands.snap
@@ -9,6 +9,4 @@ expression: "compile_exec(\"\\\nif True and False and False:\n    pass\n\")"
               4 LoadConst            (False)
               5 JumpIfFalse          (6)
 
-  2     >>    6 LoadConst            (None)
-              7 ReturnValue
-
+  2     >>    6 ReturnConst          (None)
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_mixed.snap b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_mixed.snap
index 9594af69ee..332d0fa985 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_mixed.snap
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_mixed.snap
@@ -11,6 +11,4 @@ expression: "compile_exec(\"\\\nif (True and False) or (False and True):\n    pa
               6 LoadConst            (True)
               7 JumpIfFalse          (8)
 
-  2     >>    8 LoadConst            (None)
-              9 ReturnValue
-
+  2     >>    8 ReturnConst          (None)
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_ors.snap b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_ors.snap
index dd582b7d7c..d4a4d8f2c5 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_ors.snap
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__if_ors.snap
@@ -9,6 +9,4 @@ expression: "compile_exec(\"\\\nif True or False or False:\n    pass\n\")"
               4 LoadConst            (False)
               5 JumpIfFalse          (6)
 
-  2     >>    6 LoadConst            (None)
-              7 ReturnValue
-
+  2     >>    6 ReturnConst          (None)
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__nested_double_async_with.snap b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__nested_double_async_with.snap
index dcc6f4c2c5..91523b2582 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__nested_double_async_with.snap
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__nested_double_async_with.snap
@@ -80,6 +80,4 @@ expression: "compile_exec(\"\\\nfor stop_exc in (StopIteration('spam'), StopAsyn
              66 WithCleanupFinish
              67 Jump                 (9)
         >>   68 PopBlock
-             69 LoadConst            (None)
-             70 ReturnValue
-
+             69 ReturnConst          (None)
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 8ada60a9e6..b00989ffe4 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -486,6 +486,9 @@ pub enum Instruction {
         target: Arg<Label>,
     },
     ReturnValue,
+    ReturnConst {
+        idx: Arg<u32>,
+    },
     YieldValue,
     YieldFrom,
     SetupAnnotation,
@@ -1141,7 +1144,12 @@ impl Instruction {
     pub fn unconditional_branch(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(
             self,
-            Jump { .. } | Continue { .. } | Break { .. } | ReturnValue | Raise { .. }
+            Jump { .. }
+                | Continue { .. }
+                | Break { .. }
+                | ReturnValue
+                | ReturnConst { .. }
+                | Raise { .. }
         )
     }
 
@@ -1219,6 +1227,7 @@ impl Instruction {
                 }
             }
             ReturnValue => -1,
+            ReturnConst { .. } => 0,
             YieldValue => 0,
             YieldFrom => -1,
             SetupAnnotation | SetupLoop | SetupFinally { .. } | EnterFinally | EndFinally => 0,
@@ -1322,6 +1331,23 @@ impl Instruction {
         let name = |i: u32| ctx.get_name(i as usize);
         let cell_name = |i: u32| ctx.get_cell_name(i as usize);
 
+        let fmt_const =
+            |op: &str, arg: OpArg, f: &mut fmt::Formatter, idx: &Arg<u32>| -> fmt::Result {
+                let value = ctx.get_constant(idx.get(arg) as usize);
+                match value.borrow_constant() {
+                    BorrowedConstant::Code { code } if expand_code_objects => {
+                        write!(f, "{:pad$}({:?}):", op, code)?;
+                        code.display_inner(f, true, level + 1)?;
+                        Ok(())
+                    }
+                    c => {
+                        write!(f, "{:pad$}(", op)?;
+                        c.fmt_display(f)?;
+                        write!(f, ")")
+                    }
+                }
+            };
+
         match self {
             ImportName { idx } => w!(ImportName, name = idx),
             ImportNameless => w!(ImportNameless),
@@ -1346,21 +1372,7 @@ impl Instruction {
             DeleteSubscript => w!(DeleteSubscript),
             StoreAttr { idx } => w!(StoreAttr, name = idx),
             DeleteAttr { idx } => w!(DeleteAttr, name = idx),
-            LoadConst { idx } => {
-                let value = ctx.get_constant(idx.get(arg) as usize);
-                match value.borrow_constant() {
-                    BorrowedConstant::Code { code } if expand_code_objects => {
-                        write!(f, "{:pad$}({:?}):", "LoadConst", code)?;
-                        code.display_inner(f, true, level + 1)?;
-                        Ok(())
-                    }
-                    c => {
-                        write!(f, "{:pad$}(", "LoadConst")?;
-                        c.fmt_display(f)?;
-                        write!(f, ")")
-                    }
-                }
-            }
+            LoadConst { idx } => fmt_const("LoadConst", arg, f, idx),
             UnaryOperation { op } => w!(UnaryOperation, ?op),
             BinaryOperation { op } => w!(BinaryOperation, ?op),
             BinaryOperationInplace { op } => w!(BinaryOperationInplace, ?op),
@@ -1390,6 +1402,7 @@ impl Instruction {
             CallMethodEx { has_kwargs } => w!(CallMethodEx, has_kwargs),
             ForIter { target } => w!(ForIter, target),
             ReturnValue => w!(ReturnValue),
+            ReturnConst { idx } => fmt_const("ReturnConst", arg, f, idx),
             YieldValue => w!(YieldValue),
             YieldFrom => w!(YieldFrom),
             SetupAnnotation => w!(SetupAnnotation),
diff --git a/jit/src/instructions.rs b/jit/src/instructions.rs
index ee1cc04875..24585eba3f 100644
--- a/jit/src/instructions.rs
+++ b/jit/src/instructions.rs
@@ -183,35 +183,48 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn load_const<C: bytecode::Constant>(
+    fn prepare_const<C: bytecode::Constant>(
         &mut self,
         constant: BorrowedConstant<C>,
-    ) -> Result<(), JitCompileError> {
-        match constant {
+    ) -> Result<JitValue, JitCompileError> {
+        let value = match constant {
             BorrowedConstant::Integer { value } => {
                 let val = self.builder.ins().iconst(
                     types::I64,
                     value.to_i64().ok_or(JitCompileError::NotSupported)?,
                 );
-                self.stack.push(JitValue::Int(val));
-                Ok(())
+                JitValue::Int(val)
             }
             BorrowedConstant::Float { value } => {
                 let val = self.builder.ins().f64const(value);
-                self.stack.push(JitValue::Float(val));
-                Ok(())
+                JitValue::Float(val)
             }
             BorrowedConstant::Boolean { value } => {
                 let val = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I8, value as i64);
-                self.stack.push(JitValue::Bool(val));
-                Ok(())
+                JitValue::Bool(val)
             }
-            BorrowedConstant::None => {
-                self.stack.push(JitValue::None);
-                Ok(())
+            BorrowedConstant::None => JitValue::None,
+            _ => return Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported),
+        };
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+
+    fn return_value(&mut self, val: JitValue) -> Result<(), JitCompileError> {
+        if let Some(ref ty) = self.sig.ret {
+            if val.to_jit_type().as_ref() != Some(ty) {
+                return Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported);
             }
-            _ => Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported),
+        } else {
+            let ty = val.to_jit_type().ok_or(JitCompileError::NotSupported)?;
+            self.sig.ret = Some(ty.clone());
+            self.builder
+                .func
+                .signature
+                .returns
+                .push(AbiParam::new(ty.to_cranelift()));
         }
+        self.builder.ins().return_(&[val.into_value().unwrap()]);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn add_instruction<C: bytecode::Constant>(
@@ -269,7 +282,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                 self.store_variable(idx.get(arg), val)
             }
             Instruction::LoadConst { idx } => {
-                self.load_const(constants[idx.get(arg) as usize].borrow_constant())
+                let val = self.prepare_const(constants[idx.get(arg) as usize].borrow_constant())?;
+                self.stack.push(val);
+                Ok(())
             }
             Instruction::BuildTuple { size } => {
                 let elements = self.pop_multiple(size.get(arg) as usize);
@@ -293,21 +308,11 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
             }
             Instruction::ReturnValue => {
                 let val = self.stack.pop().ok_or(JitCompileError::BadBytecode)?;
-                if let Some(ref ty) = self.sig.ret {
-                    if val.to_jit_type().as_ref() != Some(ty) {
-                        return Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported);
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    let ty = val.to_jit_type().ok_or(JitCompileError::NotSupported)?;
-                    self.sig.ret = Some(ty.clone());
-                    self.builder
-                        .func
-                        .signature
-                        .returns
-                        .push(AbiParam::new(ty.to_cranelift()));
-                }
-                self.builder.ins().return_(&[val.into_value().unwrap()]);
-                Ok(())
+                self.return_value(val)
+            }
+            Instruction::ReturnConst { idx } => {
+                let val = self.prepare_const(constants[idx.get(arg) as usize].borrow_constant())?;
+                self.return_value(val)
             }
             Instruction::CompareOperation { op, .. } => {
                 let op = op.get(arg);
diff --git a/jit/tests/common.rs b/jit/tests/common.rs
index 2f56e5db16..ef5e8cfbc2 100644
--- a/jit/tests/common.rs
+++ b/jit/tests/common.rs
@@ -141,6 +141,11 @@ impl StackMachine {
                 let i = self.stack.len() - 3;
                 self.stack[i..].rotate_right(1);
             }
+            Instruction::ReturnConst { idx } => {
+                let idx = idx.get(arg);
+                self.stack.push(constants[idx as usize].clone().into());
+                return ControlFlow::Break(());
+            }
             Instruction::ReturnValue => return ControlFlow::Break(()),
             Instruction::ExtendedArg => {}
             _ => unimplemented!(
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 86c13c0721..cc3e26585f 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -806,6 +806,10 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 let value = self.pop_value();
                 self.unwind_blocks(vm, UnwindReason::Returning { value })
             }
+            bytecode::Instruction::ReturnConst { idx } => {
+                let value = self.code.constants[idx.get(arg) as usize].clone().into();
+                self.unwind_blocks(vm, UnwindReason::Returning { value })
+            }
             bytecode::Instruction::YieldValue => {
                 let value = self.pop_value();
                 let value = if self.code.flags.contains(bytecode::CodeFlags::IS_COROUTINE) {

From 72033ab689d1121cf2447db2e1c204068c9d54cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 15:56:11 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 249/705] Update ipaddress from CPython v3.12.3 (#5312)

Co-authored-by: CPython Developers <>
---
 Lib/ipaddress.py           | 6 +++---
 Lib/test/test_ipaddress.py | 7 +++++++
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/ipaddress.py b/Lib/ipaddress.py
index 1cb71d8032..9ca90fd0f7 100644
--- a/Lib/ipaddress.py
+++ b/Lib/ipaddress.py
@@ -1821,9 +1821,6 @@ def _string_from_ip_int(cls, ip_int=None):
     def _explode_shorthand_ip_string(self):
         """Expand a shortened IPv6 address.
 
-        Args:
-            ip_str: A string, the IPv6 address.
-
         Returns:
             A string, the expanded IPv6 address.
 
@@ -1941,6 +1938,9 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
             return False
         return self._scope_id == getattr(other, '_scope_id', None)
 
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return (self.__class__, (str(self),))
+
     @property
     def scope_id(self):
         """Identifier of a particular zone of the address's scope.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ipaddress.py b/Lib/test/test_ipaddress.py
index a5388b2e5d..fc27628af1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ipaddress.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ipaddress.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 """Unittest for ipaddress module."""
 
 
+import copy
 import unittest
 import re
 import contextlib
@@ -542,11 +543,17 @@ def assertBadPart(addr, part):
 
     def test_pickle(self):
         self.pickle_test('2001:db8::')
+        self.pickle_test('2001:db8::%scope')
 
     def test_weakref(self):
         weakref.ref(self.factory('2001:db8::'))
         weakref.ref(self.factory('2001:db8::%scope'))
 
+    def test_copy(self):
+        addr = self.factory('2001:db8::%scope')
+        self.assertEqual(addr, copy.copy(addr))
+        self.assertEqual(addr, copy.deepcopy(addr))
+
 
 class NetmaskTestMixin_v4(CommonTestMixin_v4):
     """Input validation on interfaces and networks is very similar"""

From d243c90d0a9440dc01285ef7122e546d2fccdbdf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 23:04:31 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 250/705] Update site from CPython v3.12.3 (#5313)

* Update site from CPython v3.12.3

* mark failing test

---------

Co-authored-by: CPython Developers <>
---
 Lib/_sitebuiltins.py  |  3 +-
 Lib/site.py           | 44 ++++++++++++--------
 Lib/test/test_site.py | 96 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 3 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/_sitebuiltins.py b/Lib/_sitebuiltins.py
index 3e07ead16e..c66269a571 100644
--- a/Lib/_sitebuiltins.py
+++ b/Lib/_sitebuiltins.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 
 import sys
 
-
 class Quitter(object):
     def __init__(self, name, eof):
         self.name = name
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ def __setup(self):
         data = None
         for filename in self.__filenames:
             try:
-                with open(filename, "r") as fp:
+                with open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as fp:
                     data = fp.read()
                 break
             except OSError:
diff --git a/Lib/site.py b/Lib/site.py
index 6d5dca641a..271524c0cf 100644
--- a/Lib/site.py
+++ b/Lib/site.py
@@ -74,6 +74,7 @@
 import builtins
 import _sitebuiltins
 import io
+import stat
 
 # Prefixes for site-packages; add additional prefixes like /usr/local here
 PREFIXES = [sys.prefix, sys.exec_prefix]
@@ -168,6 +169,14 @@ def addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths):
     else:
         reset = False
     fullname = os.path.join(sitedir, name)
+    try:
+        st = os.lstat(fullname)
+    except OSError:
+        return
+    if ((getattr(st, 'st_flags', 0) & stat.UF_HIDDEN) or
+        (getattr(st, 'st_file_attributes', 0) & stat.FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN)):
+        _trace(f"Skipping hidden .pth file: {fullname!r}")
+        return
     _trace(f"Processing .pth file: {fullname!r}")
     try:
         # locale encoding is not ideal especially on Windows. But we have used
@@ -190,11 +199,11 @@ def addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths):
                 if not dircase in known_paths and os.path.exists(dir):
                     sys.path.append(dir)
                     known_paths.add(dircase)
-            except Exception:
+            except Exception as exc:
                 print("Error processing line {:d} of {}:\n".format(n+1, fullname),
                       file=sys.stderr)
                 import traceback
-                for record in traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()):
+                for record in traceback.format_exception(exc):
                     for line in record.splitlines():
                         print('  '+line, file=sys.stderr)
                 print("\nRemainder of file ignored", file=sys.stderr)
@@ -221,7 +230,8 @@ def addsitedir(sitedir, known_paths=None):
         names = os.listdir(sitedir)
     except OSError:
         return
-    names = [name for name in names if name.endswith(".pth")]
+    names = [name for name in names
+             if name.endswith(".pth") and not name.startswith(".")]
     for name in sorted(names):
         addpackage(sitedir, name, known_paths)
     if reset:
@@ -406,12 +416,7 @@ def setquit():
 def setcopyright():
     """Set 'copyright' and 'credits' in builtins"""
     builtins.copyright = _sitebuiltins._Printer("copyright", sys.copyright)
-    if sys.platform[:4] == 'java':
-        builtins.credits = _sitebuiltins._Printer(
-            "credits",
-            "Jython is maintained by the Jython developers (www.jython.org).")
-    else:
-        builtins.credits = _sitebuiltins._Printer("credits", """\
+    builtins.credits = _sitebuiltins._Printer("credits", """\
     Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
     for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information.""")
     files, dirs = [], []
@@ -499,20 +504,23 @@ def venv(known_paths):
         executable = sys._base_executable = os.environ['__PYVENV_LAUNCHER__']
     else:
         executable = sys.executable
-    exe_dir, _ = os.path.split(os.path.abspath(executable))
+    exe_dir = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(executable))
     site_prefix = os.path.dirname(exe_dir)
     sys._home = None
     conf_basename = 'pyvenv.cfg'
-    candidate_confs = [
-        conffile for conffile in (
-            os.path.join(exe_dir, conf_basename),
-            os.path.join(site_prefix, conf_basename)
+    candidate_conf = next(
+        (
+            conffile for conffile in (
+                os.path.join(exe_dir, conf_basename),
+                os.path.join(site_prefix, conf_basename)
             )
-        if os.path.isfile(conffile)
-        ]
+            if os.path.isfile(conffile)
+        ),
+        None
+    )
 
-    if candidate_confs:
-        virtual_conf = candidate_confs[0]
+    if candidate_conf:
+        virtual_conf = candidate_conf
         system_site = "true"
         # Issue 25185: Use UTF-8, as that's what the venv module uses when
         # writing the file.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_site.py b/Lib/test/test_site.py
index fb9aca659f..4ff187674e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_site.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_site.py
@@ -10,15 +10,15 @@
 from test.support import os_helper
 from test.support import socket_helper
 from test.support import captured_stderr
-from test.support.os_helper import TESTFN, EnvironmentVarGuard, change_cwd
+from test.support.os_helper import TESTFN, EnvironmentVarGuard
 import ast
 import builtins
-import encodings
 import glob
 import io
 import os
 import re
 import shutil
+import stat
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import sysconfig
@@ -195,6 +195,47 @@ def test_addsitedir(self):
         finally:
             pth_file.cleanup()
 
+    def test_addsitedir_dotfile(self):
+        pth_file = PthFile('.dotfile')
+        pth_file.cleanup(prep=True)
+        try:
+            pth_file.create()
+            site.addsitedir(pth_file.base_dir, set())
+            self.assertNotIn(site.makepath(pth_file.good_dir_path)[0], sys.path)
+            self.assertIn(pth_file.base_dir, sys.path)
+        finally:
+            pth_file.cleanup()
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'chflags'), 'test needs os.chflags()')
+    def test_addsitedir_hidden_flags(self):
+        pth_file = PthFile()
+        pth_file.cleanup(prep=True)
+        try:
+            pth_file.create()
+            st = os.stat(pth_file.file_path)
+            os.chflags(pth_file.file_path, st.st_flags | stat.UF_HIDDEN)
+            site.addsitedir(pth_file.base_dir, set())
+            self.assertNotIn(site.makepath(pth_file.good_dir_path)[0], sys.path)
+            self.assertIn(pth_file.base_dir, sys.path)
+        finally:
+            pth_file.cleanup()
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == 'win32', 'test needs Windows')
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
+    def test_addsitedir_hidden_file_attribute(self):
+        pth_file = PthFile()
+        pth_file.cleanup(prep=True)
+        try:
+            pth_file.create()
+            subprocess.check_call(['attrib', '+H', pth_file.file_path])
+            site.addsitedir(pth_file.base_dir, set())
+            self.assertNotIn(site.makepath(pth_file.good_dir_path)[0], sys.path)
+            self.assertIn(pth_file.base_dir, sys.path)
+        finally:
+            pth_file.cleanup()
+
     # This tests _getuserbase, hence the double underline
     # to distinguish from a test for getuserbase
     def test__getuserbase(self):
@@ -468,10 +509,10 @@ def test_sitecustomize_executed(self):
             else:
                 self.fail("sitecustomize not imported automatically")
 
-    @test.support.requires_resource('network')
-    @test.support.system_must_validate_cert
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(urllib.request, "HTTPSHandler"),
                          'need SSL support to download license')
+    @test.support.requires_resource('network')
+    @test.support.system_must_validate_cert
     def test_license_exists_at_url(self):
         # This test is a bit fragile since it depends on the format of the
         # string displayed by license in the absence of a LICENSE file.
@@ -581,7 +622,7 @@ def _create_underpth_exe(self, lines, exe_pth=True):
                 _pth_file = os.path.splitext(exe_file)[0] + '._pth'
             else:
                 _pth_file = os.path.splitext(dll_file)[0] + '._pth'
-            with open(_pth_file, 'w') as f:
+            with open(_pth_file, 'w', encoding='utf8') as f:
                 for line in lines:
                     print(line, file=f)
             return exe_file
@@ -608,19 +649,33 @@ def _calc_sys_path_for_underpth_nosite(self, sys_prefix, lines):
             sys_path.append(abs_path)
         return sys_path
 
+    def _get_pth_lines(self, libpath: str, *, import_site: bool):
+        pth_lines = ['fake-path-name']
+        # include 200 lines of `libpath` in _pth lines (or fewer
+        # if the `libpath` is long enough to get close to 32KB
+        # see https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/113628)
+        encoded_libpath_length = len(libpath.encode("utf-8"))
+        repetitions = min(200, 30000 // encoded_libpath_length)
+        if repetitions <= 2:
+            self.skipTest(
+                f"Python stdlib path is too long ({encoded_libpath_length:,} bytes)")
+        pth_lines.extend(libpath for _ in range(repetitions))
+        pth_lines.extend(['', '# comment'])
+        if import_site:
+            pth_lines.append('import site')
+        return pth_lines
+
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     @support.requires_subprocess()
     def test_underpth_basic(self):
-        libpath = test.support.STDLIB_DIR
-        exe_prefix = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
         pth_lines = ['#.', '# ..', *sys.path, '.', '..']
         exe_file = self._create_underpth_exe(pth_lines)
         sys_path = self._calc_sys_path_for_underpth_nosite(
             os.path.dirname(exe_file),
             pth_lines)
 
-        output = subprocess.check_output([exe_file, '-c',
+        output = subprocess.check_output([exe_file, '-X', 'utf8', '-c',
             'import sys; print("\\n".join(sys.path) if sys.flags.no_site else "")'
         ], encoding='utf-8', errors='surrogateescape')
         actual_sys_path = output.rstrip().split('\n')
@@ -637,12 +692,7 @@ def test_underpth_basic(self):
     def test_underpth_nosite_file(self):
         libpath = test.support.STDLIB_DIR
         exe_prefix = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
-        pth_lines = [
-            'fake-path-name',
-            *[libpath for _ in range(200)],
-            '',
-            '# comment',
-        ]
+        pth_lines = self._get_pth_lines(libpath, import_site=False)
         exe_file = self._create_underpth_exe(pth_lines)
         sys_path = self._calc_sys_path_for_underpth_nosite(
             os.path.dirname(exe_file),
@@ -668,13 +718,8 @@ def test_underpth_nosite_file(self):
     def test_underpth_file(self):
         libpath = test.support.STDLIB_DIR
         exe_prefix = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
-        exe_file = self._create_underpth_exe([
-            'fake-path-name',
-            *[libpath for _ in range(200)],
-            '',
-            '# comment',
-            'import site'
-        ])
+        exe_file = self._create_underpth_exe(
+            self._get_pth_lines(libpath, import_site=True))
         sys_prefix = os.path.dirname(exe_file)
         env = os.environ.copy()
         env['PYTHONPATH'] = 'from-env'
@@ -695,13 +740,8 @@ def test_underpth_file(self):
     def test_underpth_dll_file(self):
         libpath = test.support.STDLIB_DIR
         exe_prefix = os.path.dirname(sys.executable)
-        exe_file = self._create_underpth_exe([
-            'fake-path-name',
-            *[libpath for _ in range(200)],
-            '',
-            '# comment',
-            'import site'
-        ], exe_pth=False)
+        exe_file = self._create_underpth_exe(
+            self._get_pth_lines(libpath, import_site=True), exe_pth=False)
         sys_prefix = os.path.dirname(exe_file)
         env = os.environ.copy()
         env['PYTHONPATH'] = 'from-env'

From ac08f4447f3df0affec187224048cc0a1a0af0af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 10 May 2024 07:09:04 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 251/705] Add 3.12 typing features to the compiler (#5302)

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs     | 146 ++++++++++++++++++++++---
 compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs |  79 +++++++++++++-
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs       |  18 +++-
 vm/src/frame.rs                     |  54 +++++++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs                |   2 +
 vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs             | 159 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs                    |   1 +
 7 files changed, 440 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 4ad592a0d2..9f4f3df82f 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -251,6 +251,26 @@ impl Compiler {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Push the next symbol table on to the stack
+    fn push_symbol_table(&mut self) -> &SymbolTable {
+        // Look up the next table contained in the scope of the current table
+        let table = self
+            .symbol_table_stack
+            .last_mut()
+            .expect("no next symbol table")
+            .sub_tables
+            .remove(0);
+        // Push the next table onto the stack
+        let last_idx = self.symbol_table_stack.len();
+        self.symbol_table_stack.push(table);
+        &self.symbol_table_stack[last_idx]
+    }
+
+    /// Pop the current symbol table off the stack
+    fn pop_symbol_table(&mut self) -> SymbolTable {
+        self.symbol_table_stack.pop().expect("compiler bug")
+    }
+
     fn push_output(
         &mut self,
         flags: bytecode::CodeFlags,
@@ -262,12 +282,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         let source_path = self.source_path.clone();
         let first_line_number = self.get_source_line_number();
 
-        let table = self
-            .symbol_table_stack
-            .last_mut()
-            .unwrap()
-            .sub_tables
-            .remove(0);
+        let table = self.push_symbol_table();
 
         let cellvar_cache = table
             .symbols
@@ -284,8 +299,6 @@ impl Compiler {
             .map(|(var, _)| var.clone())
             .collect();
 
-        self.symbol_table_stack.push(table);
-
         let info = ir::CodeInfo {
             flags,
             posonlyarg_count,
@@ -307,7 +320,7 @@ impl Compiler {
     }
 
     fn pop_code_object(&mut self) -> CodeObject {
-        let table = self.symbol_table_stack.pop().unwrap();
+        let table = self.pop_symbol_table();
         assert!(table.sub_tables.is_empty());
         self.code_stack
             .pop()
@@ -752,6 +765,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 body,
                 decorator_list,
                 returns,
+                type_params,
                 ..
             }) => self.compile_function_def(
                 name.as_str(),
@@ -760,6 +774,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 decorator_list,
                 returns.as_deref(),
                 false,
+                type_params,
             )?,
             Stmt::AsyncFunctionDef(StmtAsyncFunctionDef {
                 name,
@@ -767,6 +782,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 body,
                 decorator_list,
                 returns,
+                type_params,
                 ..
             }) => self.compile_function_def(
                 name.as_str(),
@@ -775,6 +791,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 decorator_list,
                 returns.as_deref(),
                 true,
+                type_params,
             )?,
             Stmt::ClassDef(StmtClassDef {
                 name,
@@ -782,8 +799,16 @@ impl Compiler {
                 bases,
                 keywords,
                 decorator_list,
+                type_params,
                 ..
-            }) => self.compile_class_def(name.as_str(), body, bases, keywords, decorator_list)?,
+            }) => self.compile_class_def(
+                name.as_str(),
+                body,
+                bases,
+                keywords,
+                decorator_list,
+                type_params,
+            )?,
             Stmt::Assert(StmtAssert { test, msg, .. }) => {
                 // if some flag, ignore all assert statements!
                 if self.opts.optimize == 0 {
@@ -885,7 +910,27 @@ impl Compiler {
             Stmt::Pass(_) => {
                 // No need to emit any code here :)
             }
-            Stmt::TypeAlias(_) => {}
+            Stmt::TypeAlias(StmtTypeAlias {
+                name,
+                type_params,
+                value,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                let name_string = name.to_string();
+                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                    self.push_symbol_table();
+                }
+                self.compile_expression(value)?;
+                self.compile_type_params(type_params)?;
+                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                    self.pop_symbol_table();
+                }
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                    value: name_string.clone(),
+                });
+                emit!(self, Instruction::TypeAlias);
+                self.store_name(&name_string)?;
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1005,6 +1050,47 @@ impl Compiler {
         }
     }
 
+    /// Store each type parameter so it is accessible to the current scope, and leave a tuple of
+    /// all the type parameters on the stack.
+    fn compile_type_params(&mut self, type_params: &[located_ast::TypeParam]) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        for type_param in type_params {
+            match type_param {
+                located_ast::TypeParam::TypeVar(located_ast::TypeParamTypeVar {
+                    name,
+                    bound,
+                    ..
+                }) => {
+                    if let Some(expr) = &bound {
+                        self.compile_expression(expr)?;
+                        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                            value: name.to_string(),
+                        });
+                        emit!(self, Instruction::TypeVarWithBound);
+                        emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
+                        self.store_name(name.as_ref())?;
+                    } else {
+                        // self.store_name(type_name.as_str())?;
+                        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                            value: name.to_string(),
+                        });
+                        emit!(self, Instruction::TypeVar);
+                        emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
+                        self.store_name(name.as_ref())?;
+                    }
+                }
+                located_ast::TypeParam::ParamSpec(_) => todo!(),
+                located_ast::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(_) => todo!(),
+            };
+        }
+        emit!(
+            self,
+            Instruction::BuildTuple {
+                size: u32::try_from(type_params.len()).unwrap(),
+            }
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     fn compile_try_statement(
         &mut self,
         body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
@@ -1151,6 +1237,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         is_forbidden_name(name)
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     fn compile_function_def(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
@@ -1159,10 +1246,15 @@ impl Compiler {
         decorator_list: &[located_ast::Expr],
         returns: Option<&located_ast::Expr>, // TODO: use type hint somehow..
         is_async: bool,
+        type_params: &[located_ast::TypeParam],
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        // Create bytecode for this function:
-
         self.prepare_decorators(decorator_list)?;
+
+        // If there are type params, we need to push a special symbol table just for them
+        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+            self.push_symbol_table();
+        }
+
         let mut func_flags = self.enter_function(name, args)?;
         self.current_code_info()
             .flags
@@ -1208,6 +1300,12 @@ impl Compiler {
         self.qualified_path.pop();
         self.ctx = prev_ctx;
 
+        // Prepare generic type parameters:
+        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+            self.compile_type_params(type_params)?;
+            func_flags |= bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::TYPE_PARAMS;
+        }
+
         // Prepare type annotations:
         let mut num_annotations = 0;
 
@@ -1253,6 +1351,11 @@ impl Compiler {
             func_flags |= bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::CLOSURE;
         }
 
+        // Pop the special type params symbol table
+        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+            self.pop_symbol_table();
+        }
+
         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Code {
             code: Box::new(code),
         });
@@ -1352,6 +1455,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         bases: &[located_ast::Expr],
         keywords: &[located_ast::Keyword],
         decorator_list: &[located_ast::Expr],
+        type_params: &[located_ast::TypeParam],
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.prepare_decorators(decorator_list)?;
 
@@ -1378,6 +1482,11 @@ impl Compiler {
         self.push_qualified_path(name);
         let qualified_name = self.qualified_path.join(".");
 
+        // If there are type params, we need to push a special symbol table just for them
+        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+            self.push_symbol_table();
+        }
+
         self.push_output(bytecode::CodeFlags::empty(), 0, 0, 0, name.to_owned());
 
         let (doc_str, body) = split_doc(body, &self.opts);
@@ -1428,10 +1537,21 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         let mut func_flags = bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::empty();
 
+        // Prepare generic type parameters:
+        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+            self.compile_type_params(type_params)?;
+            func_flags |= bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::TYPE_PARAMS;
+        }
+
         if self.build_closure(&code) {
             func_flags |= bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::CLOSURE;
         }
 
+        // Pop the special type params symbol table
+        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+            self.pop_symbol_table();
+        }
+
         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Code {
             code: Box::new(code),
         });
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
index 75e327fe34..8522c82037 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
@@ -70,6 +70,7 @@ pub enum SymbolTableType {
     Class,
     Function,
     Comprehension,
+    TypeParams,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for SymbolTableType {
@@ -79,6 +80,14 @@ impl fmt::Display for SymbolTableType {
             SymbolTableType::Class => write!(f, "class"),
             SymbolTableType::Function => write!(f, "function"),
             SymbolTableType::Comprehension => write!(f, "comprehension"),
+            SymbolTableType::TypeParams => write!(f, "type parameter"),
+            // TODO missing types from the C implementation
+            // if self._table.type == _symtable.TYPE_ANNOTATION:
+            //     return "annotation"
+            // if self._table.type == _symtable.TYPE_TYPE_VAR_BOUND:
+            //     return "TypeVar bound"
+            // if self._table.type == _symtable.TYPE_TYPE_ALIAS:
+            //     return "type alias"
         }
     }
 }
@@ -517,6 +526,9 @@ impl SymbolTableAnalyzer {
 
                 self.analyze_symbol_comprehension(symbol, parent_offset + 1)?;
             }
+            SymbolTableType::TypeParams => {
+                todo!("analyze symbol comprehension for type params");
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -658,6 +670,7 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 body,
                 args,
                 decorator_list,
+                type_params,
                 returns,
                 range,
                 ..
@@ -667,6 +680,7 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 body,
                 args,
                 decorator_list,
+                type_params,
                 returns,
                 range,
                 ..
@@ -676,9 +690,20 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 if let Some(expression) = returns {
                     self.scan_annotation(expression)?;
                 }
+                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                    self.enter_scope(
+                        &format!("<generic parameters of {}>", name.as_str()),
+                        SymbolTableType::TypeParams,
+                        range.start.row.get(),
+                    );
+                    self.scan_type_params(type_params)?;
+                }
                 self.enter_function(name.as_str(), args, range.start.row)?;
                 self.scan_statements(body)?;
                 self.leave_scope();
+                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                    self.leave_scope();
+                }
             }
             Stmt::ClassDef(StmtClassDef {
                 name,
@@ -686,9 +711,17 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 bases,
                 keywords,
                 decorator_list,
-                type_params: _,
+                type_params,
                 range,
             }) => {
+                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                    self.enter_scope(
+                        &format!("<generic parameters of {}>", name.as_str()),
+                        SymbolTableType::TypeParams,
+                        range.start.row.get(),
+                    );
+                    self.scan_type_params(type_params)?;
+                }
                 self.enter_scope(name.as_str(), SymbolTableType::Class, range.start.row.get());
                 let prev_class = std::mem::replace(&mut self.class_name, Some(name.to_string()));
                 self.register_name("__module__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
@@ -702,6 +735,9 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 for keyword in keywords {
                     self.scan_expression(&keyword.value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                 }
+                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                    self.leave_scope();
+                }
                 self.scan_expressions(decorator_list, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                 self.register_name(name.as_str(), SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
             }
@@ -864,7 +900,26 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                     self.scan_expression(expression, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                 }
             }
-            Stmt::TypeAlias(StmtTypeAlias { .. }) => {}
+            Stmt::TypeAlias(StmtTypeAlias {
+                name,
+                value,
+                type_params,
+                range,
+            }) => {
+                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                    self.enter_scope(
+                        &name.to_string(),
+                        SymbolTableType::TypeParams,
+                        range.start.row.get(),
+                    );
+                    self.scan_type_params(type_params)?;
+                    self.scan_expression(value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                    self.leave_scope();
+                } else {
+                    self.scan_expression(value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                }
+                self.scan_expression(name, ExpressionContext::Store)?;
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -1187,6 +1242,26 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn scan_type_params(&mut self, type_params: &[ast::located::TypeParam]) -> SymbolTableResult {
+        for type_param in type_params {
+            match type_param {
+                ast::located::TypeParam::TypeVar(ast::TypeParamTypeVar {
+                    name,
+                    bound,
+                    range: type_var_range,
+                }) => {
+                    self.register_name(name.as_str(), SymbolUsage::Assigned, type_var_range.start)?;
+                    if let Some(binding) = bound {
+                        self.scan_expression(binding, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                ast::located::TypeParam::ParamSpec(_) => todo!(),
+                ast::located::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(_) => todo!(),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     fn enter_function(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index b00989ffe4..c8dbc63744 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -591,7 +591,14 @@ pub enum Instruction {
     GetANext,
     EndAsyncFor,
     ExtendedArg,
+    TypeVar,
+    TypeVarWithBound,
+    TypeVarWithConstraint,
+    TypeAlias,
+    // If you add a new instruction here, be sure to keep LAST_INSTRUCTION updated
 }
+// This must be kept up to date to avoid marshaling errors
+const LAST_INSTRUCTION: Instruction = Instruction::TypeAlias;
 const _: () = assert!(mem::size_of::<Instruction>() == 1);
 
 impl From<Instruction> for u8 {
@@ -607,7 +614,7 @@ impl TryFrom<u8> for Instruction {
 
     #[inline]
     fn try_from(value: u8) -> Result<Self, crate::marshal::MarshalError> {
-        if value <= u8::from(Instruction::ExtendedArg) {
+        if value <= u8::from(LAST_INSTRUCTION) {
             Ok(unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<u8, Instruction>(value) })
         } else {
             Err(crate::marshal::MarshalError::InvalidBytecode)
@@ -639,6 +646,7 @@ bitflags! {
         const ANNOTATIONS = 0x02;
         const KW_ONLY_DEFAULTS = 0x04;
         const DEFAULTS = 0x08;
+        const TYPE_PARAMS = 0x10;
     }
 }
 impl OpArgType for MakeFunctionFlags {
@@ -1279,6 +1287,10 @@ impl Instruction {
             GetANext => 1,
             EndAsyncFor => -2,
             ExtendedArg => 0,
+            TypeVar => 0,
+            TypeVarWithBound => -1,
+            TypeVarWithConstraint => -1,
+            TypeAlias => -2,
         }
     }
 
@@ -1444,6 +1456,10 @@ impl Instruction {
             GetANext => w!(GetANext),
             EndAsyncFor => w!(EndAsyncFor),
             ExtendedArg => w!(ExtendedArg, Arg::<u32>::marker()),
+            TypeVar => w!(TypeVar),
+            TypeVarWithBound => w!(TypeVarWithBound),
+            TypeVarWithConstraint => w!(TypeVarWithConstraint),
+            TypeAlias => w!(TypeAlias),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index cc3e26585f..606ab83001 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::{
     builtins::{
         asyncgenerator::PyAsyncGenWrappedValue,
         function::{PyCell, PyCellRef, PyFunction},
-        tuple::{PyTuple, PyTupleTyped},
+        tuple::{PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTupleTyped},
         PyBaseExceptionRef, PyCode, PyCoroutine, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyGenerator, PyList, PySet,
         PySlice, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyTraceback, PyType,
     },
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
     protocol::{PyIter, PyIterReturn},
     scope::Scope,
     source_code::SourceLocation,
-    stdlib::builtins,
+    stdlib::{builtins, typing::_typing},
     vm::{Context, PyMethod},
     AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
@@ -1162,6 +1162,46 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 *extend_arg = true;
                 Ok(None)
             }
+            bytecode::Instruction::TypeVar => {
+                let type_name = self.pop_value();
+                let type_var: PyObjectRef =
+                    _typing::make_typevar(vm, type_name.clone(), vm.ctx.none(), vm.ctx.none())
+                        .into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+                        .into();
+                self.push_value(type_var);
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+            bytecode::Instruction::TypeVarWithBound => {
+                let type_name = self.pop_value();
+                let bound = self.pop_value();
+                let type_var: PyObjectRef =
+                    _typing::make_typevar(vm, type_name.clone(), bound, vm.ctx.none())
+                        .into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+                        .into();
+                self.push_value(type_var);
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+            bytecode::Instruction::TypeVarWithConstraint => {
+                let type_name = self.pop_value();
+                let constraint = self.pop_value();
+                let type_var: PyObjectRef =
+                    _typing::make_typevar(vm, type_name.clone(), vm.ctx.none(), constraint)
+                        .into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+                        .into();
+                self.push_value(type_var);
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+            bytecode::Instruction::TypeAlias => {
+                let name = self.pop_value();
+                let type_params: PyTupleRef = self
+                    .pop_value()
+                    .downcast()
+                    .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("Type params must be a tuple.".to_owned()))?;
+                let value = self.pop_value();
+                let type_alias = _typing::TypeAliasType::new(name, type_params, value);
+                self.push_value(type_alias.into_ref(&vm.ctx).into());
+                Ok(None)
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -1663,6 +1703,14 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             vm.ctx.new_dict().into()
         };
 
+        let type_params: PyTupleRef = if flags.contains(bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::TYPE_PARAMS) {
+            self.pop_value()
+                .downcast()
+                .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("Type params must be a tuple.".to_owned()))?
+        } else {
+            vm.ctx.empty_tuple.clone()
+        };
+
         let kw_only_defaults = if flags.contains(bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::KW_ONLY_DEFAULTS) {
             Some(
                 self.pop_value()
@@ -1693,7 +1741,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             defaults,
             kw_only_defaults,
             qualified_name.clone(),
-            vm.ctx.empty_tuple.clone(), // FIXME: fake implementation
+            type_params,
         )
         .into_pyobject(vm);
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
index a6046ac72a..12baee11f7 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ mod sysconfigdata;
 #[cfg(feature = "threading")]
 pub mod thread;
 pub mod time;
+pub mod typing;
 pub mod warnings;
 mod weakref;
 
@@ -85,6 +86,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> StdlibMap {
             "_sre" => sre::make_module,
             "_string" => string::make_module,
             "time" => time::make_module,
+            "_typing" => typing::make_module,
             "_weakref" => weakref::make_module,
             "_imp" => imp::make_module,
             "_warnings" => warnings::make_module,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..daa0180325
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+pub(crate) use _typing::make_module;
+
+#[pymodule]
+pub(crate) mod _typing {
+    use crate::{
+        builtins::{pystr::AsPyStr, PyGenericAlias, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
+        function::IntoFuncArgs,
+        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    };
+
+    pub(crate) fn _call_typing_func_object<'a>(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _func_name: impl AsPyStr<'a>,
+        _args: impl IntoFuncArgs,
+    ) -> PyResult {
+        todo!("does this work????");
+        // let module = vm.import("typing", 0)?;
+        // let module = vm.import("_pycodecs", None, 0)?;
+        // let func = module.get_attr(func_name, vm)?;
+        // func.call(args, vm)
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub(crate) fn _idfunc(_vm: &VirtualMachine) {}
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "TypeVar")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) struct TypeVar {
+        name: PyObjectRef, // TODO PyStrRef?
+        bound: parking_lot::Mutex<PyObjectRef>,
+        evaluate_bound: PyObjectRef,
+        constraints: parking_lot::Mutex<PyObjectRef>,
+        evaluate_constraints: PyObjectRef,
+        covariant: bool,
+        contravariant: bool,
+        infer_variance: bool,
+    }
+    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
+    impl TypeVar {
+        pub(crate) fn _bound(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            let mut bound = self.bound.lock();
+            if !vm.is_none(&bound) {
+                return Ok(bound.clone());
+            }
+            if !vm.is_none(&self.evaluate_bound) {
+                *bound = self.evaluate_bound.call((), vm)?;
+                Ok(bound.clone())
+            } else {
+                Ok(vm.ctx.none())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn make_typevar(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        name: PyObjectRef,
+        evaluate_bound: PyObjectRef,
+        evaluate_constraints: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> TypeVar {
+        TypeVar {
+            name,
+            bound: parking_lot::Mutex::new(vm.ctx.none()),
+            evaluate_bound,
+            constraints: parking_lot::Mutex::new(vm.ctx.none()),
+            evaluate_constraints,
+            covariant: false,
+            contravariant: false,
+            infer_variance: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "ParamSpec")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    struct ParamSpec {}
+    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
+    impl ParamSpec {}
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "TypeVarTuple")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) struct TypeVarTuple {}
+    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
+    impl TypeVarTuple {}
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "ParamSpecArgs")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) struct ParamSpecArgs {}
+    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
+    impl ParamSpecArgs {}
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "ParamSpecKwargs")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) struct ParamSpecKwargs {}
+    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
+    impl ParamSpecKwargs {}
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) struct TypeAliasType {
+        name: PyObjectRef, // TODO PyStrRef?
+        type_params: PyTupleRef,
+        value: PyObjectRef,
+        // compute_value: PyObjectRef,
+        // module: PyObjectRef,
+    }
+    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
+    impl TypeAliasType {
+        pub fn new(
+            name: PyObjectRef,
+            type_params: PyTupleRef,
+            value: PyObjectRef,
+        ) -> TypeAliasType {
+            TypeAliasType {
+                name,
+                type_params,
+                value,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) struct Generic {}
+
+    // #[pyclass(with(AsMapping), flags(BASETYPE))]
+    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
+    impl Generic {
+        #[pyclassmethod(magic)]
+        fn class_getitem(cls: PyTypeRef, args: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyGenericAlias {
+            PyGenericAlias::new(cls, args, vm)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // impl AsMapping for Generic {
+    //     fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
+    //         static AS_MAPPING: Lazy<PyMappingMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
+    //             subscript: atomic_func!(|mapping, needle, vm| {
+    //                 println!("gigity");
+    //                 call_typing_func_object(vm, "_GenericAlias", (mapping.obj, needle))
+    //             }),
+    //             ..PyMappingMethods::NOT_IMPLEMENTED
+    //         });
+    //         &AS_MAPPING
+    //     }
+    // }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 0edfe58ce8..c6ad7aefcf 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -283,6 +283,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         stdlib::sys::init_module(self, &self.sys_module, &self.builtins);
 
         let mut essential_init = || -> PyResult {
+            import::import_builtin(self, "_typing")?;
             #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
             import::import_builtin(self, "_signal")?;
             #[cfg(any(feature = "parser", feature = "compiler"))]

From 07fdcb61603ee0ff6c90b3e32a99e2fb330c34b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonathan Rotter <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 May 2024 18:40:14 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 252/705] Fix for test future.py  test annotations (#5319)

* enable test fixed in parser

* update parser dependency
---
 Cargo.lock                               | 12 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml                               | 10 +++++-----
 Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py |  2 --
 3 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 11c93a636e..8974c0654f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2011,7 +2011,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-ast"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2124,7 +2124,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-format"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -2151,7 +2151,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-literal"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
 dependencies = [
  "hexf-parse",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2163,7 +2163,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2186,7 +2186,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-core"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "memchr",
@@ -2196,7 +2196,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-vendored"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f#a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "once_cell",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index fa53396d96..5546d232b9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.3.
 rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.3.1" }
 rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
 
-rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f" }
-rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f" }
-rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f" }
-rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f" }
-rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "a95045bc627b2fbf84caf4f010e521846be7b37f" }
+rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65" }
+rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65" }
+rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65" }
+rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65" }
+rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65" }
 # rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
 # rustpython-parser = { path = "../RustPython-parser/parser" }
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
index 34b4c85835..4a978cef4a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
@@ -198,8 +198,6 @@ def _exec_future(self, code):
         )
         return scope
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_annotations(self):
         eq = self.assertAnnotationEqual
         eq('...')

From 61feb43abad0f1e72ca4c1e6cd829fe707d0c45f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hydrogen602 <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 12 May 2024 23:10:31 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 253/705] test_builtin.py: test_type_qualname fix

---
 Lib/test/test_builtin.py | 2 --
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs  | 9 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
index f6ae8ee5ad..1f28cd7e8a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
@@ -2441,8 +2441,6 @@ def test_type_name(self):
             A.__name__ = b'A'
         self.assertEqual(A.__name__, 'C')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_type_qualname(self):
         A = type('A', (), {'__qualname__': 'B.C'})
         self.assertEqual(A.__name__, 'A')
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index e71497d601..e704d8ca02 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -206,6 +206,15 @@ impl PyType {
             slots.flags |= PyTypeFlags::HAS_DICT
         }
 
+        if let Some(qualname) = attrs.get(identifier!(ctx, __qualname__)) {
+            if !qualname.fast_isinstance(ctx.types.str_type) {
+                return Err(format!(
+                    "type __qualname__ must be a str, not {}",
+                    qualname.class().name()
+                ));
+            }
+        }
+
         let new_type = PyRef::new_ref(
             PyType {
                 base: Some(base),

From 27a52a7962d9ac5a40c641912f1549f9e41951fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hydrogen602 <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 May 2024 01:55:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 254/705] test_class.py: testTypeAttributeAccessErrorMessages
 fix

---
 Lib/test/test_class.py  | 2 --
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs | 9 +++++----
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_class.py b/Lib/test/test_class.py
index 24ba57f3d3..1bb761238b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_class.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_class.py
@@ -629,8 +629,6 @@ class A:
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             type.__setattr__(A, b'x', None)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testTypeAttributeAccessErrorMessages(self):
         class A:
             pass
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index e704d8ca02..e6f81d24b2 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -1082,10 +1082,11 @@ impl SetAttr for PyType {
         } else {
             let prev_value = zelf.attributes.write().shift_remove(attr_name); // TODO: swap_remove applicable?
             if prev_value.is_none() {
-                return Err(vm.new_exception(
-                    vm.ctx.exceptions.attribute_error.to_owned(),
-                    vec![attr_name.to_object()],
-                ));
+                return Err(vm.new_attribute_error(format!(
+                    "type object '{}' has no attribute '{}'",
+                    zelf.name(),
+                    attr_name.as_str(),
+                )));
             }
         }
         if attr_name.as_str().starts_with("__") && attr_name.as_str().ends_with("__") {

From 515f0bf9c2f59e2d2324add8d8cb3de5e419ae12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: matheusfgoncalves95 <matheusfgoncalves95@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 May 2024 16:18:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 255/705] Adding generator_stop to compile_future_features
 (#5320)

* Adding generator_stop to compile_future_features.

* Removing expected failure from PEP 479 unit test.
---
 Lib/test/test_contextlib.py     | 2 --
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 3 +--
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py b/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py
index a9612c424f..71215ecf5d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py
@@ -197,8 +197,6 @@ class StopIterationSubclass(StopIteration):
                 else:
                     self.fail(f'{stop_exc} was suppressed')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_contextmanager_except_pep479(self):
         code = """\
 from __future__ import generator_stop
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 9f4f3df82f..7b912f43d2 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2904,8 +2904,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             match feature.name.as_str() {
                 // Python 3 features; we've already implemented them by default
                 "nested_scopes" | "generators" | "division" | "absolute_import"
-                | "with_statement" | "print_function" | "unicode_literals" => {}
-                // "generator_stop" => {}
+                | "with_statement" | "print_function" | "unicode_literals" | "generator_stop" => {}
                 "annotations" => self.future_annotations = true,
                 other => {
                     return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::InvalidFutureFeature(other.to_owned())))

From 2fe44af8bafe639cdd9c1c36a85fe8038cea9f4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 16:58:15 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 256/705] time.{tzname,timezone,daylight}

---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index f023f69459..e539e8bba8 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,35 @@
 
 // See also:
 // https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html
-pub use time::*;
+use crate::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+
+pub use decl::time;
+
+pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
+    #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    unsafe {
+        c_tzset()
+    };
+    decl::make_module(vm)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
+#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+extern "C" {
+    #[link_name = "daylight"]
+    static c_daylight: std::ffi::c_int;
+    // pub static dstbias: std::ffi::c_int;
+    #[link_name = "timezone"]
+    static c_timezone: std::ffi::c_long;
+    #[link_name = "tzname"]
+    static c_tzname: [*const std::ffi::c_char; 2];
+    #[link_name = "tzset"]
+    fn c_tzset();
+}
 
 #[pymodule(name = "time", with(platform))]
-mod time {
+mod decl {
     use crate::{
         builtins::{PyStrRef, PyTypeRef},
         function::{Either, FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
@@ -110,6 +135,37 @@ mod time {
         Ok(get_perf_time(vm)?.as_nanos())
     }
 
+    // #[pyfunction]
+    // fn tzset() {
+    //     unsafe { super::_tzset() };
+    // }
+
+    #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn timezone(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> std::ffi::c_long {
+        unsafe { super::c_timezone }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn daylight(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> std::ffi::c_int {
+        unsafe { super::c_daylight }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn tzname(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> crate::builtins::PyTupleRef {
+        use crate::builtins::tuple::IntoPyTuple;
+
+        unsafe fn to_str(s: *const std::ffi::c_char) -> String {
+            std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr(s).to_string_lossy().into_owned()
+        }
+        unsafe { (to_str(super::c_tzname[0]), to_str(super::c_tzname[1])) }.into_pytuple(vm)
+    }
+
     fn pyobj_to_date_time(
         value: Either<f64, i64>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
@@ -384,7 +440,7 @@ mod time {
 #[pymodule(sub)]
 mod platform {
     #[allow(unused_imports)]
-    use super::{SEC_TO_NS, US_TO_NS};
+    use super::decl::{SEC_TO_NS, US_TO_NS};
     #[cfg_attr(target_os = "macos", allow(unused_imports))]
     use crate::{
         builtins::{PyNamespace, PyStrRef},
@@ -621,7 +677,7 @@ mod platform {
 #[cfg(windows)]
 #[pymodule]
 mod platform {
-    use super::{time_muldiv, MS_TO_NS, SEC_TO_NS};
+    use super::decl::{time_muldiv, MS_TO_NS, SEC_TO_NS};
     use crate::{
         builtins::{PyNamespace, PyStrRef},
         stdlib::os::errno_err,

From 63c3f31c9952c8cab4fd711262184cff8ec952b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 17 May 2024 12:47:24 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 257/705] skip flaky test in test_context

---
 Lib/test/test_context.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_context.py b/Lib/test/test_context.py
index aa83c6bbd7..06270e161d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_context.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_context.py
@@ -358,6 +358,7 @@ def ctx2_fun():
 
         ctx1.run(ctx1_fun)
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; threading is not safe")
     @isolated_context
     @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_context_threads_1(self):

From aa0353a501d16f7c9a689d5876c449dea257a5cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Snowapril <sinjihng@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 May 2024 15:48:56 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 258/705] Fix `best_base` to select proper base class (#5324)

* add __basicsize__ getter

* modify best_base function to get proper base

* inherit basicsize from the base type

---------

Signed-off-by: snowapril <sinjihng@gmail.com>
---
 Lib/test/test_builtin.py |  4 --
 Lib/test/test_descr.py   |  4 --
 Lib/test/test_posix.py   |  2 -
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs  | 81 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 4 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
index 1f28cd7e8a..13d67e1855 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
@@ -2368,8 +2368,6 @@ def __del__(self):
 
 
 class TestType(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_new_type(self):
         A = type('A', (), {})
         self.assertEqual(A.__name__, 'A')
@@ -2472,8 +2470,6 @@ def test_type_doc(self):
             A.__doc__ = doc
             self.assertEqual(A.__doc__, doc)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bad_args(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             type()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_descr.py b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
index 98fd839950..4d651a2dde 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_descr.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
@@ -823,8 +823,6 @@ class X(C, int()):
             class X(int(), C):
                 pass
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_module_subclasses(self):
         # Testing Python subclass of module...
         log = []
@@ -1500,8 +1498,6 @@ class someclass(metaclass=dynamicmetaclass):
             pass
         self.assertNotEqual(someclass, object)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_errors(self):
         # Testing errors...
         try:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_posix.py b/Lib/test/test_posix.py
index cec1cb6ce4..7e9e261d78 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_posix.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_posix.py
@@ -1680,8 +1680,6 @@ def test_initgroups(self):
         posix.initgroups(name, g)
         self.assertIn(g, posix.getgroups())
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: TypeError: Unexpected keyword argument setpgroup
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(posix, 'setgroups'),
                          "test needs posix.setgroups()")
     def test_setgroups(self):
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index e6f81d24b2..0e80021d99 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -205,6 +205,9 @@ impl PyType {
         if base.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::HAS_DICT) {
             slots.flags |= PyTypeFlags::HAS_DICT
         }
+        if slots.basicsize == 0 {
+            slots.basicsize = base.slots.basicsize;
+        }
 
         if let Some(qualname) = attrs.get(identifier!(ctx, __qualname__)) {
             if !qualname.fast_isinstance(ctx.types.str_type) {
@@ -253,6 +256,9 @@ impl PyType {
         if base.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::HAS_DICT) {
             slots.flags |= PyTypeFlags::HAS_DICT
         }
+        if slots.basicsize == 0 {
+            slots.basicsize = base.slots.basicsize;
+        }
 
         let bases = vec![base.clone()];
         let mro = base.iter_mro().map(|x| x.to_owned()).collect();
@@ -470,6 +476,11 @@ impl PyType {
         self.slots.flags.bits()
     }
 
+    #[pygetset(magic)]
+    fn basicsize(&self) -> usize {
+        self.slots.basicsize
+    }
+
     #[pygetset]
     pub fn __name__(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStrRef {
         self.name_inner(
@@ -1313,22 +1324,29 @@ fn calculate_meta_class(
     Ok(winner)
 }
 
+fn solid_base(typ: &PyTypeRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
+    let base = if let Some(base) = &typ.base {
+        solid_base(base, vm)
+    } else {
+        vm.ctx.types.object_type.to_owned()
+    };
+
+    // TODO: itemsize comparation also needed
+    if typ.basicsize() != base.basicsize() {
+        typ.clone()
+    } else {
+        base
+    }
+}
+
 fn best_base(bases: &[PyTypeRef], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyTypeRef> {
-    // let mut base = None;
-    // let mut winner = None;
+    let mut base: Option<PyTypeRef> = None;
+    let mut winner: Option<PyTypeRef> = None;
 
     for base_i in bases {
-        // base_proto = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(bases, i);
-        // if (!PyType_Check(base_proto)) {
-        //     PyErr_SetString(
-        //         PyExc_TypeError,
-        //         "bases must be types");
-        //     return NULL;
-        // }
-        // base_i = (PyTypeObject *)base_proto;
-        // if (base_i->slot_dict == NULL) {
-        //     if (PyType_Ready(base_i) < 0)
-        //         return NULL;
+        // if !base_i.fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.types.type_type) {
+        //     println!("base_i type : {}", base_i.name());
+        //     return Err(vm.new_type_error("best must be types".into()));
         // }
 
         if !base_i.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::BASETYPE) {
@@ -1337,28 +1355,25 @@ fn best_base(bases: &[PyTypeRef], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyTypeRef> {
                 base_i.name()
             )));
         }
-        // candidate = solid_base(base_i);
-        // if (winner == NULL) {
-        //     winner = candidate;
-        //     base = base_i;
-        // }
-        // else if (PyType_IsSubtype(winner, candidate))
-        //     ;
-        // else if (PyType_IsSubtype(candidate, winner)) {
-        //     winner = candidate;
-        //     base = base_i;
-        // }
-        // else {
-        //     PyErr_SetString(
-        //         PyExc_TypeError,
-        //         "multiple bases have "
-        //         "instance lay-out conflict");
-        //     return NULL;
-        // }
+
+        let candidate = solid_base(base_i, vm);
+        if winner.is_none() {
+            winner = Some(candidate.clone());
+            base = Some(base_i.clone());
+        } else if winner.as_ref().unwrap().fast_issubclass(&candidate) {
+            // Do nothing
+        } else if candidate.fast_issubclass(winner.as_ref().unwrap()) {
+            winner = Some(candidate.clone());
+            base = Some(base_i.clone());
+        } else {
+            return Err(
+                vm.new_type_error("multiple bases have instance layout conflict".to_string())
+            );
+        }
     }
 
-    // FIXME: Ok(base.unwrap()) is expected
-    Ok(bases[0].clone())
+    debug_assert!(base.is_some());
+    Ok(base.unwrap())
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]

From 9028aede6e1f23dcfc95d1cf84cd2dab820c3a8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 19 May 2024 15:49:07 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 259/705] Reduce rc ops from best_base

---
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index 0e80021d99..b27b2958a1 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ impl PyType {
 
             let base = best_base(&bases, vm)?;
 
-            (metatype, base, bases)
+            (metatype, base.to_owned(), bases)
         };
 
         let mut attributes = dict.to_attributes(vm);
@@ -1324,24 +1324,24 @@ fn calculate_meta_class(
     Ok(winner)
 }
 
-fn solid_base(typ: &PyTypeRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
+fn solid_base<'a>(typ: &'a Py<PyType>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> &'a Py<PyType> {
     let base = if let Some(base) = &typ.base {
         solid_base(base, vm)
     } else {
-        vm.ctx.types.object_type.to_owned()
+        vm.ctx.types.object_type
     };
 
-    // TODO: itemsize comparation also needed
+    // TODO: requires itemsize comparison too
     if typ.basicsize() != base.basicsize() {
-        typ.clone()
+        typ
     } else {
         base
     }
 }
 
-fn best_base(bases: &[PyTypeRef], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyTypeRef> {
-    let mut base: Option<PyTypeRef> = None;
-    let mut winner: Option<PyTypeRef> = None;
+fn best_base<'a>(bases: &'a [PyTypeRef], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&'a Py<PyType>> {
+    let mut base: Option<&Py<PyType>> = None;
+    let mut winner: Option<&Py<PyType>> = None;
 
     for base_i in bases {
         // if !base_i.fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.types.type_type) {
@@ -1358,13 +1358,13 @@ fn best_base(bases: &[PyTypeRef], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyTypeRef> {
 
         let candidate = solid_base(base_i, vm);
         if winner.is_none() {
-            winner = Some(candidate.clone());
-            base = Some(base_i.clone());
-        } else if winner.as_ref().unwrap().fast_issubclass(&candidate) {
+            winner = Some(candidate);
+            base = Some(base_i.deref());
+        } else if winner.unwrap().fast_issubclass(candidate) {
             // Do nothing
-        } else if candidate.fast_issubclass(winner.as_ref().unwrap()) {
-            winner = Some(candidate.clone());
-            base = Some(base_i.clone());
+        } else if candidate.fast_issubclass(winner.unwrap()) {
+            winner = Some(candidate);
+            base = Some(base_i.deref());
         } else {
             return Err(
                 vm.new_type_error("multiple bases have instance layout conflict".to_string())

From b59d876e761166ebc3ab887f17b490a6710dde7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chiquito <daniel.chiquito@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 19 May 2024 23:28:07 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 260/705] Make `__bases__` mutable (#5325)

* Make PyType.bases and PyType.mro mutable

* Add a set function for __bases__

* Re-enable fixed test_descr tests
---
 Lib/test/test_descr.py   |   6 --
 vm/src/builtins/super.rs |   7 +-
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs  | 177 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 vm/src/object/core.rs    |  16 ++--
 4 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 70 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_descr.py b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
index 4d651a2dde..8372226ebe 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_descr.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
@@ -4032,8 +4032,6 @@ def test_ipow_exception_text(self):
             y = x ** 2
         self.assertIn('unsupported operand type(s) for **', str(cm.exception))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_mutable_bases(self):
         # Testing mutable bases...
 
@@ -4235,8 +4233,6 @@ class G(D, metaclass=WorkAlways):
         else:
             self.fail("exception not propagated")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_mutable_bases_catch_mro_conflict(self):
         # Testing mutable bases catch mro conflict...
         class A(object):
@@ -5759,8 +5755,6 @@ def mro(cls):
         class A(metaclass=M):
             pass
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_reent_set_bases_on_base(self):
         """
         Deep reentrancy must not over-decref old_mro.
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/super.rs b/vm/src/builtins/super.rs
index a7eefea321..a0192cea5c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/super.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/super.rs
@@ -166,12 +166,13 @@ impl GetAttr for PySuper {
 
         if let Some(name) = vm.ctx.interned_str(name) {
             // skip the classes in start_type.mro up to and including zelf.typ
-            let mro: Vec<_> = start_type
-                .iter_mro()
+            let mro: Vec<PyRef<PyType>> = start_type.mro_map_collect(|x| x.to_owned());
+            let mro: Vec<_> = mro
+                .iter()
                 .skip_while(|cls| !cls.is(&zelf.inner.read().typ))
                 .skip(1) // skip su->type (if any)
                 .collect();
-            for cls in mro {
+            for cls in mro.iter() {
                 if let Some(descr) = cls.get_direct_attr(name) {
                     return vm
                         .call_get_descriptor_specific(
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index b27b2958a1..4e0e8007cb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ use std::{borrow::Borrow, collections::HashSet, fmt, ops::Deref, pin::Pin, ptr::
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "type", traverse = "manual")]
 pub struct PyType {
     pub base: Option<PyTypeRef>,
-    pub bases: Vec<PyTypeRef>,
-    pub mro: Vec<PyTypeRef>,
+    pub bases: PyRwLock<Vec<PyTypeRef>>,
+    pub mro: PyRwLock<Vec<PyTypeRef>>,
     pub subclasses: PyRwLock<Vec<PyRef<PyWeak>>>,
     pub attributes: PyRwLock<PyAttributes>,
     pub slots: PyTypeSlots,
@@ -178,19 +178,10 @@ impl PyType {
         Self::new_heap_inner(base, bases, attrs, slots, heaptype_ext, metaclass, ctx)
     }
 
-    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
-    fn new_heap_inner(
-        base: PyRef<Self>,
-        bases: Vec<PyRef<Self>>,
-        attrs: PyAttributes,
-        mut slots: PyTypeSlots,
-        heaptype_ext: HeapTypeExt,
-        metaclass: PyRef<Self>,
-        ctx: &Context,
-    ) -> Result<PyRef<Self>, String> {
+    fn resolve_mro(bases: &[PyRef<Self>]) -> Result<Vec<PyTypeRef>, String> {
         // Check for duplicates in bases.
         let mut unique_bases = HashSet::new();
-        for base in &bases {
+        for base in bases {
             if !unique_bases.insert(base.get_id()) {
                 return Err(format!("duplicate base class {}", base.name()));
             }
@@ -198,9 +189,22 @@ impl PyType {
 
         let mros = bases
             .iter()
-            .map(|x| x.iter_mro().map(|x| x.to_owned()).collect())
+            .map(|base| base.mro_map_collect(|t| t.to_owned()))
             .collect();
-        let mro = linearise_mro(mros)?;
+        linearise_mro(mros)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
+    fn new_heap_inner(
+        base: PyRef<Self>,
+        bases: Vec<PyRef<Self>>,
+        attrs: PyAttributes,
+        mut slots: PyTypeSlots,
+        heaptype_ext: HeapTypeExt,
+        metaclass: PyRef<Self>,
+        ctx: &Context,
+    ) -> Result<PyRef<Self>, String> {
+        let mro = Self::resolve_mro(&bases)?;
 
         if base.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::HAS_DICT) {
             slots.flags |= PyTypeFlags::HAS_DICT
@@ -221,8 +225,8 @@ impl PyType {
         let new_type = PyRef::new_ref(
             PyType {
                 base: Some(base),
-                bases,
-                mro,
+                bases: PyRwLock::new(bases),
+                mro: PyRwLock::new(mro),
                 subclasses: PyRwLock::default(),
                 attributes: PyRwLock::new(attrs),
                 slots,
@@ -235,7 +239,7 @@ impl PyType {
         new_type.init_slots(ctx);
 
         let weakref_type = super::PyWeak::static_type();
-        for base in &new_type.bases {
+        for base in new_type.bases.read().iter() {
             base.subclasses.write().push(
                 new_type
                     .as_object()
@@ -260,14 +264,14 @@ impl PyType {
             slots.basicsize = base.slots.basicsize;
         }
 
-        let bases = vec![base.clone()];
-        let mro = base.iter_mro().map(|x| x.to_owned()).collect();
+        let bases = PyRwLock::new(vec![base.clone()]);
+        let mro = base.mro_map_collect(|x| x.to_owned());
 
         let new_type = PyRef::new_ref(
             PyType {
                 base: Some(base),
                 bases,
-                mro,
+                mro: PyRwLock::new(mro),
                 subclasses: PyRwLock::default(),
                 attributes: PyRwLock::new(attrs),
                 slots,
@@ -278,7 +282,7 @@ impl PyType {
         );
 
         let weakref_type = super::PyWeak::static_type();
-        for base in &new_type.bases {
+        for base in new_type.bases.read().iter() {
             base.subclasses.write().push(
                 new_type
                     .as_object()
@@ -294,7 +298,7 @@ impl PyType {
         #[allow(clippy::mutable_key_type)]
         let mut slot_name_set = std::collections::HashSet::new();
 
-        for cls in self.mro.iter() {
+        for cls in self.mro.read().iter() {
             for &name in cls.attributes.read().keys() {
                 if name == identifier!(ctx, __new__) {
                     continue;
@@ -314,23 +318,6 @@ impl PyType {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn iter_mro(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &PyType> {
-        std::iter::once(self).chain(self.mro.iter().map(|cls| -> &PyType { cls }))
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) fn mro_find_map<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> Option<R>
-    where
-        F: Fn(&Self) -> Option<R>,
-    {
-        // the hot path will be primitive types which usually hit the result from itself.
-        // try std::intrinsics::likely once it is stablized
-        if let Some(r) = f(self) {
-            Some(r)
-        } else {
-            self.mro.iter().find_map(|cls| f(cls))
-        }
-    }
-
     // This is used for class initialisation where the vm is not yet available.
     pub fn set_str_attr<V: Into<PyObjectRef>>(
         &self,
@@ -361,6 +348,7 @@ impl PyType {
 
     pub fn get_super_attr(&self, attr_name: &'static PyStrInterned) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
         self.mro
+            .read()
             .iter()
             .find_map(|class| class.attributes.read().get(attr_name).cloned())
     }
@@ -370,6 +358,7 @@ impl PyType {
         self.attributes.read().contains_key(attr_name)
             || self
                 .mro
+                .read()
                 .iter()
                 .any(|c| c.attributes.read().contains_key(attr_name))
     }
@@ -378,7 +367,10 @@ impl PyType {
         // Gather all members here:
         let mut attributes = PyAttributes::default();
 
-        for bc in self.iter_mro().rev() {
+        for bc in std::iter::once(self)
+            .chain(self.mro.read().iter().map(|cls| -> &PyType { cls }))
+            .rev()
+        {
             for (name, value) in bc.attributes.read().iter() {
                 attributes.insert(name.to_owned(), value.clone());
             }
@@ -432,11 +424,37 @@ impl Py<PyType> {
     /// so only use this if `cls` is known to have not overridden the base __subclasscheck__ magic
     /// method.
     pub fn fast_issubclass(&self, cls: &impl Borrow<crate::PyObject>) -> bool {
-        self.as_object().is(cls.borrow()) || self.mro.iter().any(|c| c.is(cls.borrow()))
+        self.as_object().is(cls.borrow()) || self.mro.read().iter().any(|c| c.is(cls.borrow()))
     }
 
-    pub fn iter_mro(&self) -> impl DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &Py<PyType>> {
-        std::iter::once(self).chain(self.mro.iter().map(|x| x.deref()))
+    pub fn mro_map_collect<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> Vec<R>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&Self) -> R,
+    {
+        std::iter::once(self)
+            .chain(self.mro.read().iter().map(|x| x.deref()))
+            .map(f)
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub fn mro_collect(&self) -> Vec<PyRef<PyType>> {
+        std::iter::once(self)
+            .chain(self.mro.read().iter().map(|x| x.deref()))
+            .map(|x| x.to_owned())
+            .collect()
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn mro_find_map<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> Option<R>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&Self) -> Option<R>,
+    {
+        // the hot path will be primitive types which usually hit the result from itself.
+        // try std::intrinsics::likely once it is stablized
+        if let Some(r) = f(self) {
+            Some(r)
+        } else {
+            self.mro.read().iter().find_map(|cls| f(cls))
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn iter_base_chain(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Py<PyType>> {
@@ -460,11 +478,66 @@ impl PyType {
     fn bases(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTupleRef {
         vm.ctx.new_tuple(
             self.bases
+                .read()
                 .iter()
                 .map(|x| x.as_object().to_owned())
                 .collect(),
         )
     }
+    #[pygetset(setter, name = "__bases__")]
+    fn set_bases(zelf: &Py<Self>, bases: Vec<PyTypeRef>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        // TODO: Assigning to __bases__ is only used in typing.NamedTupleMeta.__new__
+        // Rather than correctly reinitializing the class, we are skipping a few steps for now
+        if zelf.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE) {
+            return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "cannot set '__bases__' attribute of immutable type '{}'",
+                zelf.name()
+            )));
+        }
+        if bases.is_empty() {
+            return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "can only assign non-empty tuple to %s.__bases__, not {}",
+                zelf.name()
+            )));
+        }
+
+        // TODO: check for mro cycles
+
+        // TODO: Remove this class from all subclass lists
+        // for base in self.bases.read().iter() {
+        //     let subclasses = base.subclasses.write();
+        //     // TODO: how to uniquely identify the subclasses to remove?
+        // }
+
+        *zelf.bases.write() = bases;
+        // Recursively update the mros of this class and all subclasses
+        fn update_mro_recursively(cls: &PyType, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            *cls.mro.write() =
+                PyType::resolve_mro(&cls.bases.read()).map_err(|msg| vm.new_type_error(msg))?;
+            for subclass in cls.subclasses.write().iter() {
+                let subclass = subclass.upgrade().unwrap();
+                let subclass: &PyType = subclass.payload().unwrap();
+                update_mro_recursively(subclass, vm)?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+        update_mro_recursively(zelf, vm)?;
+
+        // TODO: do any old slots need to be cleaned up first?
+        zelf.init_slots(&vm.ctx);
+
+        // Register this type as a subclass of its new bases
+        let weakref_type = super::PyWeak::static_type();
+        for base in zelf.bases.read().iter() {
+            base.subclasses.write().push(
+                zelf.as_object()
+                    .downgrade_with_weakref_typ_opt(None, weakref_type.to_owned())
+                    .unwrap(),
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
     #[pygetset(magic)]
     fn base(&self) -> Option<PyTypeRef> {
@@ -964,8 +1037,7 @@ impl PyType {
 impl Py<PyType> {
     #[pygetset(name = "__mro__")]
     fn get_mro(&self) -> PyTuple {
-        let elements: Vec<PyObjectRef> =
-            self.iter_mro().map(|x| x.as_object().to_owned()).collect();
+        let elements: Vec<PyObjectRef> = self.mro_map_collect(|x| x.as_object().to_owned());
         PyTuple::new_unchecked(elements.into_boxed_slice())
     }
 
@@ -996,7 +1068,7 @@ impl Py<PyType> {
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn mro(&self) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
-        self.iter_mro().map(|cls| cls.to_owned().into()).collect()
+        self.mro_map_collect(|cls| cls.to_owned().into())
     }
 }
 
@@ -1226,12 +1298,11 @@ pub(crate) fn call_slot_new(
     args: FuncArgs,
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
 ) -> PyResult {
-    for cls in typ.deref().iter_mro() {
-        if let Some(slot_new) = cls.slots.new.load() {
-            return slot_new(subtype, args, vm);
-        }
-    }
-    unreachable!("Should be able to find a new slot somewhere in the mro")
+    let slot_new = typ
+        .deref()
+        .mro_find_map(|cls| cls.slots.new.load())
+        .expect("Should be able to find a new slot somewhere in the mro");
+    slot_new(subtype, args, vm)
 }
 
 pub(super) fn or_(zelf: PyObjectRef, other: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index 68447371fe..624a3a41af 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -1190,8 +1190,8 @@ pub(crate) fn init_type_hierarchy() -> (PyTypeRef, PyTypeRef, PyTypeRef) {
 
         let type_payload = PyType {
             base: None,
-            bases: vec![],
-            mro: vec![],
+            bases: PyRwLock::default(),
+            mro: PyRwLock::default(),
             subclasses: PyRwLock::default(),
             attributes: PyRwLock::new(Default::default()),
             slots: PyType::make_slots(),
@@ -1199,8 +1199,8 @@ pub(crate) fn init_type_hierarchy() -> (PyTypeRef, PyTypeRef, PyTypeRef) {
         };
         let object_payload = PyType {
             base: None,
-            bases: vec![],
-            mro: vec![],
+            bases: PyRwLock::default(),
+            mro: PyRwLock::default(),
             subclasses: PyRwLock::default(),
             attributes: PyRwLock::new(Default::default()),
             slots: object::PyBaseObject::make_slots(),
@@ -1244,8 +1244,8 @@ pub(crate) fn init_type_hierarchy() -> (PyTypeRef, PyTypeRef, PyTypeRef) {
 
             let object_type = PyTypeRef::from_raw(object_type_ptr.cast());
 
-            (*type_type_ptr).payload.mro = vec![object_type.clone()];
-            (*type_type_ptr).payload.bases = vec![object_type.clone()];
+            (*type_type_ptr).payload.mro = PyRwLock::new(vec![object_type.clone()]);
+            (*type_type_ptr).payload.bases = PyRwLock::new(vec![object_type.clone()]);
             (*type_type_ptr).payload.base = Some(object_type.clone());
 
             let type_type = PyTypeRef::from_raw(type_type_ptr.cast());
@@ -1256,8 +1256,8 @@ pub(crate) fn init_type_hierarchy() -> (PyTypeRef, PyTypeRef, PyTypeRef) {
 
     let weakref_type = PyType {
         base: Some(object_type.clone()),
-        bases: vec![object_type.clone()],
-        mro: vec![object_type.clone()],
+        bases: PyRwLock::new(vec![object_type.clone()]),
+        mro: PyRwLock::new(vec![object_type.clone()]),
         subclasses: PyRwLock::default(),
         attributes: PyRwLock::default(),
         slots: PyWeak::make_slots(),

From 5d6d1a6da7b05daad3bedaa9546cbe07714ea04a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 20 May 2024 12:52:37 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 261/705] OpenSSL3 in README

---
 README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 4673f01f1f..96e201ac17 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ If you'd like to make https requests, you can enable the `ssl` feature, which
 also lets you install the `pip` package manager. Note that on Windows, you may
 need to install OpenSSL, or you can enable the `ssl-vendor` feature instead,
 which compiles OpenSSL for you but requires a C compiler, perl, and `make`.
+OpenSSL version 3 is expected and tested in CI. Older versions may not work.
 
 Once you've installed rustpython with SSL support, you can install pip by
 running:

From 5c050d57791e12298b72d5806502d8dddc114b98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 20 May 2024 19:20:15 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 262/705] feature ssl-vendor implies ssl

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 5546d232b9..e17e4789f8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ threading = ["rustpython-vm/threading", "rustpython-stdlib/threading"]
 zlib = ["stdlib", "rustpython-stdlib/zlib"]
 bz2 = ["stdlib", "rustpython-stdlib/bz2"]
 ssl = ["rustpython-stdlib/ssl"]
-ssl-vendor = ["rustpython-stdlib/ssl-vendor"]
+ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "rustpython-stdlib/ssl-vendor"]
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler = { workspace = true }

From 7b17965b263bc7b773208ebaba5c9121aca3edc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 20 May 2024 19:53:32 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 263/705] Enable macOS SSL

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index e73f1ecb3d..b987918727 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -140,9 +140,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: run rust tests
         run: cargo test --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm --verbose --features threading ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }}
         if: runner.os != 'macOS'
-      # temp skip ssl linking for Mac to avoid CI failure
-      - name: run rust tests (MacOS no ssl)
-        run: cargo test --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm --exclude rustpython-jit --verbose --no-default-features --features threading,stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings
+      - name: run rust tests
+        run: cargo test --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm --exclude rustpython-jit --verbose --features threading  ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }}
         if: runner.os == 'macOS'
 
       - name: check compilation without threading

From 3e98e5e86c30170f2b7ceec53f43b638a3f422ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 20 May 2024 13:48:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 264/705] Bump libsqlite3-sys

---
 Cargo.lock        | 4 ++--
 stdlib/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 8974c0654f..93348466e3 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1149,9 +1149,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libsqlite3-sys"
-version = "0.25.2"
+version = "0.28.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29f835d03d717946d28b1d1ed632eb6f0e24a299388ee623d0c23118d3e8a7fa"
+checksum = "0c10584274047cb335c23d3e61bcef8e323adae7c5c8c760540f73610177fc3f"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "pkg-config",
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 9a6be30987..3b620917ee 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ openssl-probe = { version = "0.1.5", optional = true }
 foreign-types-shared = { version = "0.1.1", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))'.dependencies]
-libsqlite3-sys = { version = "0.25", features = ["min_sqlite_version_3_7_16", "bundled"] }
+libsqlite3-sys = { version = "0.28", features = ["bundled"] }
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 junction = { workspace = true }

From 3fd0382a513b520a63c216a179885a6d89a396f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 2 Jan 2024 15:55:28 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 265/705] Use RPITIT where applicable

---
 vm/src/anystr.rs                | 10 +----
 vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/list.rs         |  8 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs          |  6 +--
 vm/src/bytesinner.rs            |  6 +--
 vm/src/function/builtin.rs      | 73 +++++++++++++++++++--------------
 vm/src/function/method.rs       | 19 +--------
 vm/src/sequence.rs              |  8 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs    |  8 ++--
 vm/src/vm/context.rs            | 14 +++----
 10 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/anystr.rs b/vm/src/anystr.rs
index e1cd43dff9..be04cba641 100644
--- a/vm/src/anystr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/anystr.rs
@@ -150,20 +150,14 @@ where
 pub trait AnyStr {
     type Char: Copy;
     type Container: AnyStrContainer<Self> + Extend<Self::Char>;
-    type CharIter<'a>: Iterator<Item = char> + 'a
-    where
-        Self: 'a;
-    type ElementIter<'a>: Iterator<Item = Self::Char> + 'a
-    where
-        Self: 'a;
 
     fn element_bytes_len(c: Self::Char) -> usize;
 
     fn to_container(&self) -> Self::Container;
     fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8];
     fn as_utf8_str(&self) -> Result<&str, std::str::Utf8Error>;
-    fn chars(&self) -> Self::CharIter<'_>;
-    fn elements(&self) -> Self::ElementIter<'_>;
+    fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char>;
+    fn elements(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::Char>;
     fn get_bytes(&self, range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> &Self;
     // FIXME: get_chars is expensive for str
     fn get_chars(&self, range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> &Self;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs b/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
index b0b3492ea9..7c02d8d469 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl PyNativeFunction {
         )
     }
 
-    pub fn as_func(&self) -> &'static PyNativeFn {
+    pub fn as_func(&self) -> &'static dyn PyNativeFn {
         self.value.func
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
index 719ea36350..83c0ddcc64 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
@@ -358,13 +358,13 @@ where
 }
 
 impl MutObjectSequenceOp for PyList {
-    type Guard<'a> = PyMappedRwLockReadGuard<'a, [PyObjectRef]>;
+    type Inner = [PyObjectRef];
 
-    fn do_get<'a>(index: usize, guard: &'a Self::Guard<'_>) -> Option<&'a PyObjectRef> {
-        guard.get(index)
+    fn do_get(index: usize, inner: &[PyObjectRef]) -> Option<&PyObjectRef> {
+        inner.get(index)
     }
 
-    fn do_lock(&self) -> Self::Guard<'_> {
+    fn do_lock(&self) -> impl std::ops::Deref<Target = [PyObjectRef]> {
         self.borrow_vec()
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 9cc3397cad..ddf2493ded 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -1692,8 +1692,6 @@ impl AnyStrContainer<str> for String {
 impl AnyStr for str {
     type Char = char;
     type Container = String;
-    type CharIter<'a> = std::str::Chars<'a>;
-    type ElementIter<'a> = std::str::Chars<'a>;
 
     fn element_bytes_len(c: char) -> usize {
         c.len_utf8()
@@ -1711,11 +1709,11 @@ impl AnyStr for str {
         Ok(self)
     }
 
-    fn chars(&self) -> Self::CharIter<'_> {
+    fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> {
         str::chars(self)
     }
 
-    fn elements(&self) -> Self::ElementIter<'_> {
+    fn elements(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> {
         str::chars(self)
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs b/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
index 750344c781..79d4d96262 100644
--- a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
+++ b/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
@@ -1024,8 +1024,6 @@ const ASCII_WHITESPACES: [u8; 6] = [0x20, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0b];
 impl AnyStr for [u8] {
     type Char = u8;
     type Container = Vec<u8>;
-    type CharIter<'a> = bstr::Chars<'a>;
-    type ElementIter<'a> = std::iter::Copied<std::slice::Iter<'a, u8>>;
 
     fn element_bytes_len(_: u8) -> usize {
         1
@@ -1043,11 +1041,11 @@ impl AnyStr for [u8] {
         std::str::from_utf8(self)
     }
 
-    fn chars(&self) -> Self::CharIter<'_> {
+    fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> {
         bstr::ByteSlice::chars(self)
     }
 
-    fn elements(&self) -> Self::ElementIter<'_> {
+    fn elements(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = u8> {
         self.iter().copied()
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/function/builtin.rs b/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
index 3faaf594fe..e38fda03b7 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,14 @@ use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
 /// A built-in Python function.
 // PyCFunction in CPython
-pub type PyNativeFn = py_dyn_fn!(dyn Fn(&VirtualMachine, FuncArgs) -> PyResult);
+pub trait PyNativeFn:
+    Fn(&VirtualMachine, FuncArgs) -> PyResult + PyThreadingConstraint + 'static
+{
+}
+impl<F: Fn(&VirtualMachine, FuncArgs) -> PyResult + PyThreadingConstraint + 'static> PyNativeFn
+    for F
+{
+}
 
 /// Implemented by types that are or can generate built-in functions.
 ///
@@ -34,40 +41,44 @@ pub trait IntoPyNativeFn<Kind>: Sized + PyThreadingConstraint + 'static {
     /// `IntoPyNativeFn::into_func()` generates a PyNativeFn that performs the
     /// appropriate type and arity checking, any requested conversions, and then if
     /// successful calls the function with the extracted parameters.
-    fn into_func(self) -> &'static PyNativeFn {
-        let boxed = Box::new(move |vm: &VirtualMachine, args| self.call(vm, args));
-        Box::leak(boxed)
+    fn into_func(self) -> impl PyNativeFn {
+        into_func(self)
     }
+}
 
-    /// Equivalent to `into_func()`, but accessible as a constant. This is only
-    /// valid if this function is zero-sized, i.e. that
-    /// `std::mem::size_of::<F>() == 0`. If it isn't, use of this constant will
-    /// raise a compile error.
-    const STATIC_FUNC: &'static PyNativeFn = {
-        if std::mem::size_of::<Self>() == 0 {
-            &|vm, args| {
-                // SAFETY: we just confirmed that Self is zero-sized, so there
-                //         aren't any bytes in it that could be uninit.
-                #[allow(clippy::uninit_assumed_init)]
-                let f = unsafe { std::mem::MaybeUninit::<Self>::uninit().assume_init() };
-                f.call(vm, args)
+const fn into_func<F: IntoPyNativeFn<Kind>, Kind>(f: F) -> impl PyNativeFn {
+    move |vm: &VirtualMachine, args| f.call(vm, args)
+}
+
+const fn zst_ref_out_of_thin_air<T: 'static>(x: T) -> &'static T {
+    // if T is zero-sized, there's no issue forgetting it - even if it does have a Drop impl, it
+    // would never get called anyway if we consider this semantically a Box::leak(Box::new(x))-type
+    // operation. if T isn't zero-sized, we don't have to worry about it because we'll fail to compile.
+    std::mem::forget(x);
+    trait Zst: Sized + 'static {
+        const THIN_AIR: &'static Self = {
+            if std::mem::size_of::<Self>() == 0 {
+                // SAFETY: we just confirmed that Self is zero-sized, so we can
+                //         pull a value of it out of thin air.
+                unsafe { std::ptr::NonNull::<Self>::dangling().as_ref() }
+            } else {
+                panic!("can't use a non-zero-sized type here")
             }
-        } else {
-            panic!("function must be zero-sized to access STATIC_FUNC")
-        }
-    };
+        };
+    }
+    impl<T: 'static> Zst for T {}
+    <T as Zst>::THIN_AIR
 }
 
 /// Get the [`STATIC_FUNC`](IntoPyNativeFn::STATIC_FUNC) of the passed function. The same
 /// requirements of zero-sizedness apply, see that documentation for details.
+///
+/// Equivalent to [`IntoPyNativeFn::into_func()`], but usable in a const context. This is only
+/// valid if the function is zero-sized, i.e. that `std::mem::size_of::<F>() == 0`. If you call
+/// this function with a non-zero-sized function, it will raise a compile error.
 #[inline(always)]
-pub const fn static_func<Kind, F: IntoPyNativeFn<Kind>>(f: F) -> &'static PyNativeFn {
-    // if f is zero-sized, there's no issue forgetting it - even if a capture of f does have a Drop
-    // impl, it would never get called anyway. If you passed it to into_func, it would just get
-    // Box::leak'd, and as a 'static reference it'll never be dropped. and if f isn't zero-sized,
-    // we'll never reach this point anyway because we'll fail to compile.
-    std::mem::forget(f);
-    F::STATIC_FUNC
+pub const fn static_func<Kind, F: IntoPyNativeFn<Kind>>(f: F) -> &'static dyn PyNativeFn {
+    zst_ref_out_of_thin_air(into_func(f))
 }
 
 // TODO: once higher-rank trait bounds are stabilized, remove the `Kind` type
@@ -207,16 +218,16 @@ into_py_native_fn_tuple!(
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use std::mem::size_of_val;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_into_native_fn_noalloc() {
-        let check_zst = |f: &'static PyNativeFn| assert_eq!(std::mem::size_of_val(f), 0);
         fn py_func(_b: bool, _vm: &crate::VirtualMachine) -> i32 {
             1
         }
-        check_zst(py_func.into_func());
+        assert_eq!(size_of_val(&py_func.into_func()), 0);
         let empty_closure = || "foo".to_owned();
-        check_zst(empty_closure.into_func());
-        check_zst(static_func(empty_closure));
+        assert_eq!(size_of_val(&empty_closure.into_func()), 0);
+        assert_eq!(size_of_val(static_func(empty_closure)), 0);
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/function/method.rs b/vm/src/function/method.rs
index fa47c16f4a..82479dbde8 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/method.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/method.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ macro_rules! define_methods {
     ($($name:literal => $func:ident as $flags:ident),+) => {
         vec![ $( $crate::function::PyMethodDef {
             name: $name,
-            func: $crate::function::IntoPyNativeFn::into_func($func),
+            func: $crate::function::static_func($func),
             flags: $crate::function::PyMethodFlags::$flags,
             doc: None,
         }),+ ]
@@ -66,27 +66,12 @@ macro_rules! define_methods {
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct PyMethodDef {
     pub name: &'static str, // TODO: interned
-    pub func: &'static PyNativeFn,
+    pub func: &'static dyn PyNativeFn,
     pub flags: PyMethodFlags,
     pub doc: Option<&'static str>, // TODO: interned
 }
 
 impl PyMethodDef {
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn new<Kind>(
-        name: &'static str,
-        func: impl IntoPyNativeFn<Kind>,
-        flags: PyMethodFlags,
-        doc: Option<&'static str>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            name,
-            func: func.into_func(),
-            flags,
-            doc,
-        }
-    }
-
     #[inline]
     pub const fn new_const<Kind>(
         name: &'static str,
diff --git a/vm/src/sequence.rs b/vm/src/sequence.rs
index 614e72d52e..7f47874dda 100644
--- a/vm/src/sequence.rs
+++ b/vm/src/sequence.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ use crate::{
     vm::VirtualMachine, AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult,
 };
 use optional::Optioned;
-use std::ops::Range;
+use std::ops::{Deref, Range};
 
 pub trait MutObjectSequenceOp {
-    type Guard<'a>: 'a;
+    type Inner: ?Sized;
 
-    fn do_get<'a>(index: usize, guard: &'a Self::Guard<'_>) -> Option<&'a PyObjectRef>;
-    fn do_lock(&self) -> Self::Guard<'_>;
+    fn do_get(index: usize, inner: &Self::Inner) -> Option<&PyObjectRef>;
+    fn do_lock(&self) -> impl Deref<Target = Self::Inner>;
 
     fn mut_count(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, needle: &PyObject) -> PyResult<usize> {
         let mut count = 0;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
index 00eaaca020..5a9a172d53 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
@@ -416,13 +416,13 @@ mod _collections {
     }
 
     impl MutObjectSequenceOp for PyDeque {
-        type Guard<'a> = PyRwLockReadGuard<'a, VecDeque<PyObjectRef>>;
+        type Inner = VecDeque<PyObjectRef>;
 
-        fn do_get<'a>(index: usize, guard: &'a Self::Guard<'_>) -> Option<&'a PyObjectRef> {
-            guard.get(index)
+        fn do_get(index: usize, inner: &Self::Inner) -> Option<&PyObjectRef> {
+            inner.get(index)
         }
 
-        fn do_lock(&self) -> Self::Guard<'_> {
+        fn do_lock(&self) -> impl std::ops::Deref<Target = Self::Inner> {
             self.borrow_deque()
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/context.rs b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
index 4181a65896..e328da97eb 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/context.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
@@ -291,12 +291,12 @@ impl Context {
         let string_pool = StringPool::default();
         let names = unsafe { ConstName::new(&string_pool, &types.str_type.to_owned()) };
 
-        let slot_new_wrapper = PyMethodDef {
-            name: names.__new__.as_str(),
-            func: PyType::__new__.into_func(),
-            flags: PyMethodFlags::METHOD,
-            doc: None,
-        };
+        let slot_new_wrapper = PyMethodDef::new_const(
+            names.__new__.as_str(),
+            PyType::__new__,
+            PyMethodFlags::METHOD,
+            None,
+        );
 
         let empty_str = unsafe { string_pool.intern("", types.str_type.to_owned()) };
         let empty_bytes = create_object(PyBytes::from(Vec::new()), types.bytes_type);
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ impl Context {
     {
         let def = PyMethodDef {
             name,
-            func: f.into_func(),
+            func: Box::leak(Box::new(f.into_func())),
             flags,
             doc,
         };

From db4562f67d8c5d1dc4392ac93a72419a10c46d35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Dmitry Mottl <dmitry.mottl@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 21 May 2024 17:21:47 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 266/705] Fixes a typo

---
 stdlib/src/resource.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/resource.rs b/stdlib/src/resource.rs
index 075e191284..c1b74f2b67 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/resource.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/resource.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ mod resource {
     #[pyattr]
     use libc::RLIMIT_VMEM;
 
-    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "freebds"))]
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "freebsd"))]
     #[pyattr]
     use libc::RUSAGE_THREAD;
     #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "windows", target_os = "redox")))]

From 7996a10116681e9f85eda03413d5011b805e577f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jonathan Rotter <hydrogen31415@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 27 May 2024 02:54:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 267/705] await in list comprehension (#5334)

* check if comprehension element contains await

* force execution to pause in async gen
---
 Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py                     |   2 -
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs               | 184 ++++++++++++++++--
 .../snippets/syntax_async_comprehension.py    | 171 ++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 344 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 extra_tests/snippets/syntax_async_comprehension.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py b/Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py
index 183d887b74..f97316adeb 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_asyncgen.py
@@ -1568,8 +1568,6 @@ async def main():
         self.assertIn('unhandled exception during asyncio.run() shutdown',
                       message['message'])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; TypeError: object async_generator can't be used in 'await' expression
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_async_gen_expression_01(self):
         async def arange(n):
             for i in range(n):
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 7b912f43d2..dc9f8a976e 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -87,6 +87,14 @@ impl CompileContext {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+enum ComprehensionType {
+    Generator,
+    List,
+    Set,
+    Dict,
+}
+
 /// Compile an located_ast::Mod produced from rustpython_parser::parse()
 pub fn compile_top(
     ast: &located_ast::Mod,
@@ -2431,6 +2439,8 @@ impl Compiler {
                         );
                         Ok(())
                     },
+                    ComprehensionType::List,
+                    Self::contains_await(elt),
                 )?;
             }
             Expr::SetComp(located_ast::ExprSetComp {
@@ -2452,6 +2462,8 @@ impl Compiler {
                         );
                         Ok(())
                     },
+                    ComprehensionType::Set,
+                    Self::contains_await(elt),
                 )?;
             }
             Expr::DictComp(located_ast::ExprDictComp {
@@ -2480,19 +2492,28 @@ impl Compiler {
 
                         Ok(())
                     },
+                    ComprehensionType::Dict,
+                    Self::contains_await(key) || Self::contains_await(value),
                 )?;
             }
             Expr::GeneratorExp(located_ast::ExprGeneratorExp {
                 elt, generators, ..
             }) => {
-                self.compile_comprehension("<genexpr>", None, generators, &|compiler| {
-                    compiler.compile_comprehension_element(elt)?;
-                    compiler.mark_generator();
-                    emit!(compiler, Instruction::YieldValue);
-                    emit!(compiler, Instruction::Pop);
+                self.compile_comprehension(
+                    "<genexpr>",
+                    None,
+                    generators,
+                    &|compiler| {
+                        compiler.compile_comprehension_element(elt)?;
+                        compiler.mark_generator();
+                        emit!(compiler, Instruction::YieldValue);
+                        emit!(compiler, Instruction::Pop);
 
-                    Ok(())
-                })?;
+                        Ok(())
+                    },
+                    ComprehensionType::Generator,
+                    Self::contains_await(elt),
+                )?;
             }
             Expr::Starred(_) => {
                 return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::InvalidStarExpr));
@@ -2744,9 +2765,35 @@ impl Compiler {
         init_collection: Option<Instruction>,
         generators: &[located_ast::Comprehension],
         compile_element: &dyn Fn(&mut Self) -> CompileResult<()>,
+        comprehension_type: ComprehensionType,
+        element_contains_await: bool,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         let prev_ctx = self.ctx;
-        let is_async = generators.iter().any(|g| g.is_async);
+        let has_an_async_gen = generators.iter().any(|g| g.is_async);
+
+        // async comprehensions are allowed in various contexts:
+        // - list/set/dict comprehensions in async functions
+        // - always for generator expressions
+        // Note: generators have to be treated specially since their async version is a fundamentally
+        // different type (aiter vs iter) instead of just an awaitable.
+
+        // for if it actually is async, we check if any generator is async or if the element contains await
+
+        // if the element expression contains await, but the context doesn't allow for async,
+        // then we continue on here with is_async=false and will produce a syntax once the await is hit
+
+        let is_async_list_set_dict_comprehension = comprehension_type
+            != ComprehensionType::Generator
+            && (has_an_async_gen || element_contains_await) // does it have to be async? (uses await or async for)
+            && prev_ctx.func == FunctionContext::AsyncFunction; // is it allowed to be async? (in an async function)
+
+        let is_async_generator_comprehension = comprehension_type == ComprehensionType::Generator
+            && (has_an_async_gen || element_contains_await);
+
+        // since one is for generators, and one for not generators, they should never both be true
+        debug_assert!(!(is_async_list_set_dict_comprehension && is_async_generator_comprehension));
+
+        let is_async = is_async_list_set_dict_comprehension || is_async_generator_comprehension;
 
         self.ctx = CompileContext {
             loop_data: None,
@@ -2838,7 +2885,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
             // End of for loop:
             self.switch_to_block(after_block);
-            if is_async {
+            if has_an_async_gen {
                 emit!(self, Instruction::EndAsyncFor);
             }
         }
@@ -2877,7 +2924,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         self.compile_expression(&generators[0].iter)?;
 
         // Get iterator / turn item into an iterator
-        if is_async {
+        if has_an_async_gen {
             emit!(self, Instruction::GetAIter);
         } else {
             emit!(self, Instruction::GetIter);
@@ -2885,11 +2932,15 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         // Call just created <listcomp> function:
         emit!(self, Instruction::CallFunctionPositional { nargs: 1 });
-        if is_async {
+        if is_async_list_set_dict_comprehension {
+            // async, but not a generator and not an async for
+            // in this case, we end up with an awaitable
+            // that evaluates to the list/set/dict, so here we add an await
             emit!(self, Instruction::GetAwaitable);
             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
             emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
         }
+
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -3016,6 +3067,117 @@ impl Compiler {
     fn mark_generator(&mut self) {
         self.current_code_info().flags |= bytecode::CodeFlags::IS_GENERATOR
     }
+
+    /// Whether the expression contains an await expression and
+    /// thus requires the function to be async.
+    /// Async with and async for are statements, so I won't check for them here
+    fn contains_await(expression: &located_ast::Expr) -> bool {
+        use located_ast::*;
+
+        match &expression {
+            Expr::Call(ExprCall {
+                func,
+                args,
+                keywords,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                Self::contains_await(func)
+                    || args.iter().any(Self::contains_await)
+                    || keywords.iter().any(|kw| Self::contains_await(&kw.value))
+            }
+            Expr::BoolOp(ExprBoolOp { values, .. }) => values.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
+            Expr::BinOp(ExprBinOp { left, right, .. }) => {
+                Self::contains_await(left) || Self::contains_await(right)
+            }
+            Expr::Subscript(ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) => {
+                Self::contains_await(value) || Self::contains_await(slice)
+            }
+            Expr::UnaryOp(ExprUnaryOp { operand, .. }) => Self::contains_await(operand),
+            Expr::Attribute(ExprAttribute { value, .. }) => Self::contains_await(value),
+            Expr::Compare(ExprCompare {
+                left, comparators, ..
+            }) => Self::contains_await(left) || comparators.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
+            Expr::Constant(ExprConstant { .. }) => false,
+            Expr::List(ExprList { elts, .. }) => elts.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
+            Expr::Tuple(ExprTuple { elts, .. }) => elts.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
+            Expr::Set(ExprSet { elts, .. }) => elts.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
+            Expr::Dict(ExprDict { keys, values, .. }) => {
+                keys.iter()
+                    .any(|key| key.as_ref().map_or(false, Self::contains_await))
+                    || values.iter().any(Self::contains_await)
+            }
+            Expr::Slice(ExprSlice {
+                lower, upper, step, ..
+            }) => {
+                lower.as_ref().map_or(false, |l| Self::contains_await(l))
+                    || upper.as_ref().map_or(false, |u| Self::contains_await(u))
+                    || step.as_ref().map_or(false, |s| Self::contains_await(s))
+            }
+            Expr::Yield(ExprYield { value, .. }) => {
+                value.as_ref().map_or(false, |v| Self::contains_await(v))
+            }
+            Expr::Await(ExprAwait { .. }) => true,
+            Expr::YieldFrom(ExprYieldFrom { value, .. }) => Self::contains_await(value),
+            Expr::JoinedStr(ExprJoinedStr { values, .. }) => {
+                values.iter().any(Self::contains_await)
+            }
+            Expr::FormattedValue(ExprFormattedValue {
+                value,
+                conversion: _,
+                format_spec,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                Self::contains_await(value)
+                    || format_spec
+                        .as_ref()
+                        .map_or(false, |fs| Self::contains_await(fs))
+            }
+            Expr::Name(located_ast::ExprName { .. }) => false,
+            Expr::Lambda(located_ast::ExprLambda { body, .. }) => Self::contains_await(body),
+            Expr::ListComp(located_ast::ExprListComp {
+                elt, generators, ..
+            }) => {
+                Self::contains_await(elt)
+                    || generators.iter().any(|gen| Self::contains_await(&gen.iter))
+            }
+            Expr::SetComp(located_ast::ExprSetComp {
+                elt, generators, ..
+            }) => {
+                Self::contains_await(elt)
+                    || generators.iter().any(|gen| Self::contains_await(&gen.iter))
+            }
+            Expr::DictComp(located_ast::ExprDictComp {
+                key,
+                value,
+                generators,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                Self::contains_await(key)
+                    || Self::contains_await(value)
+                    || generators.iter().any(|gen| Self::contains_await(&gen.iter))
+            }
+            Expr::GeneratorExp(located_ast::ExprGeneratorExp {
+                elt, generators, ..
+            }) => {
+                Self::contains_await(elt)
+                    || generators.iter().any(|gen| Self::contains_await(&gen.iter))
+            }
+            Expr::Starred(expr) => Self::contains_await(&expr.value),
+            Expr::IfExp(located_ast::ExprIfExp {
+                test, body, orelse, ..
+            }) => {
+                Self::contains_await(test)
+                    || Self::contains_await(body)
+                    || Self::contains_await(orelse)
+            }
+
+            Expr::NamedExpr(located_ast::ExprNamedExpr {
+                target,
+                value,
+                range: _,
+            }) => Self::contains_await(target) || Self::contains_await(value),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 trait EmitArg<Arg: OpArgType> {
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_async_comprehension.py b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_async_comprehension.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7d1d02672d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_async_comprehension.py
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+import asyncio
+from types import GeneratorType, AsyncGeneratorType
+
+
+async def f_async(x):
+    await asyncio.sleep(0.001)
+    return x
+
+
+def f_iter():
+    for i in range(5):
+        yield i
+
+
+async def f_aiter():
+    for i in range(5):
+        await asyncio.sleep(0.001)
+        yield i
+
+
+async def run_async():
+    # list
+    x = [i for i in range(5)]
+    assert isinstance(x, list)
+    for i, e in enumerate(x):
+        assert e == i
+
+    x = [await f_async(i) for i in range(5)]
+    assert isinstance(x, list)
+    for i, e in enumerate(x):
+        assert e == i
+
+    x = [e async for e in f_aiter()]
+    assert isinstance(x, list)
+    for i, e in enumerate(x):
+        assert e == i
+
+    x = [await f_async(i) async for i in f_aiter()]
+    assert isinstance(x, list)
+    for i, e in enumerate(x):
+        assert e == i
+
+    # set
+    x = {i for i in range(5)}
+    assert isinstance(x, set)
+    for e in x:
+        assert e in range(5)
+    assert x == {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+    x = {await f_async(i) for i in range(5)}
+    assert isinstance(x, set)
+    for e in x:
+        assert e in range(5)
+    assert x == {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+    x = {e async for e in f_aiter()}
+    assert isinstance(x, set)
+    for e in x:
+        assert e in range(5)
+    assert x == {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+    x = {await f_async(i) async for i in f_aiter()}
+    assert isinstance(x, set)
+    for e in x:
+        assert e in range(5)
+    assert x == {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
+
+    # dict
+    x = {i: i for i in range(5)}
+    assert isinstance(x, dict)
+    for k, v in x.items():
+        assert k == v
+    assert x == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4}
+
+    x = {await f_async(i): i for i in range(5)}
+    assert isinstance(x, dict)
+    for k, v in x.items():
+        assert k == v
+    assert x == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4}
+
+    x = {i: await f_async(i) for i in range(5)}
+    assert isinstance(x, dict)
+    for k, v in x.items():
+        assert k == v
+    assert x == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4}
+
+    x = {await f_async(i): await f_async(i) for i in range(5)}
+    assert isinstance(x, dict)
+    for k, v in x.items():
+        assert k == v
+    assert x == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4}
+
+    x = {i: i async for i in f_aiter()}
+    assert isinstance(x, dict)
+    for k, v in x.items():
+        assert k == v
+    assert x == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4}
+
+    x = {await f_async(i): i async for i in f_aiter()}
+    assert isinstance(x, dict)
+    for k, v in x.items():
+        assert k == v
+    assert x == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4}
+
+    x = {i: await f_async(i) async for i in f_aiter()}
+    assert isinstance(x, dict)
+    for k, v in x.items():
+        assert k == v
+    assert x == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4}
+
+    x = {await f_async(i): await f_async(i) async for i in f_aiter()}
+    assert isinstance(x, dict)
+    for k, v in x.items():
+        assert k == v
+    assert x == {0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 2, 3: 3, 4: 4}
+
+    # generator
+    x = (i for i in range(5))
+    assert isinstance(x, GeneratorType)
+    for i, e in enumerate(x):
+        assert e == i
+
+    x = (await f_async(i) for i in range(5))
+    assert isinstance(x, AsyncGeneratorType)
+    i = 0
+    async for e in x:
+        assert e == i
+        i += 1
+
+    x = (e async for e in f_aiter())
+    assert isinstance(x, AsyncGeneratorType)
+    i = 0
+    async for e in x:
+        assert i == e
+        i += 1
+
+    x = (await f_async(i) async for i in f_aiter())
+    assert isinstance(x, AsyncGeneratorType)
+    i = 0
+    async for e in x:
+        assert i == e
+        i += 1
+
+
+def run_sync():
+    async def test_async_for(x):
+        i = 0
+        async for e in x:
+            assert e == i
+            i += 1
+
+    x = (i for i in range(5))
+    assert isinstance(x, GeneratorType)
+    for i, e in enumerate(x):
+        assert e == i
+
+    x = (await f_async(i) for i in range(5))
+    assert isinstance(x, AsyncGeneratorType)
+    asyncio.run(test_async_for(x), debug=True)
+
+    x = (e async for e in f_aiter())
+    assert isinstance(x, AsyncGeneratorType)
+    asyncio.run(test_async_for(x), debug=True)
+
+    x = (await f_async(i) async for i in f_aiter())
+    assert isinstance(x, AsyncGeneratorType)
+    asyncio.run(test_async_for(x), debug=True)
+
+
+asyncio.run(run_async(), debug=True)
+run_sync()

From bca90f191c688d0b7f1d655efb56eea0c76ddea4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Snowapril <sinjihng@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2024 20:26:22 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 268/705] Fix `missing_transmute_annotations`,
 `legacy_numeric_constants` added in Rust 1.79.0 clippy (#5339)

---
 common/src/fileutils.rs   | 12 +++++++++++-
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs         |  4 ++--
 vm/src/function/method.rs |  4 +++-
 vm/src/intern.rs          |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs       |  2 +-
 5 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/fileutils.rs b/common/src/fileutils.rs
index 104c6bcd28..dcb78675d8 100644
--- a/common/src/fileutils.rs
+++ b/common/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -327,7 +327,17 @@ pub mod windows {
                 if let Some(proc) =
                     unsafe { GetProcAddress(module, name.as_bytes_with_nul().as_ptr()) }
                 {
-                    Some(unsafe { std::mem::transmute(proc) })
+                    Some(unsafe {
+                        std::mem::transmute::<
+                            unsafe extern "system" fn() -> isize,
+                            unsafe extern "system" fn(
+                                *const u16,
+                                FILE_INFO_BY_NAME_CLASS,
+                                *mut libc::c_void,
+                                u32,
+                            ) -> i32,
+                        >(proc)
+                    })
                 } else {
                     unsafe { FreeLibrary(module) };
                     None
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index 51b22e3666..f4bd9b2ebb 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -379,7 +379,7 @@ mod _ssl {
     #[pyfunction(name = "RAND_add")]
     fn rand_add(string: ArgStrOrBytesLike, entropy: f64) {
         let f = |b: &[u8]| {
-            for buf in b.chunks(libc::c_int::max_value() as usize) {
+            for buf in b.chunks(libc::c_int::MAX as usize) {
                 unsafe { sys::RAND_add(buf.as_ptr() as *const _, buf.len() as _, entropy) }
             }
         };
@@ -1513,7 +1513,7 @@ mod bio {
         pub fn new(buf: &'a [u8]) -> Result<MemBioSlice<'a>, ErrorStack> {
             openssl::init();
 
-            assert!(buf.len() <= c_int::max_value() as usize);
+            assert!(buf.len() <= c_int::MAX as usize);
             let bio = unsafe { sys::BIO_new_mem_buf(buf.as_ptr() as *const _, buf.len() as c_int) };
             if bio.is_null() {
                 return Err(ErrorStack::get());
diff --git a/vm/src/function/method.rs b/vm/src/function/method.rs
index 82479dbde8..efb0b7a5f3 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/method.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/method.rs
@@ -236,7 +236,9 @@ impl std::fmt::Debug for PyMethodDef {
             .field("name", &self.name)
             .field(
                 "func",
-                &(unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<_, [usize; 2]>(self.func)[1] as *const u8 }),
+                &(unsafe {
+                    std::mem::transmute::<&dyn PyNativeFn, [usize; 2]>(self.func)[1] as *const u8
+                }),
             )
             .field("flags", &self.flags)
             .field("doc", &self.doc)
diff --git a/vm/src/intern.rs b/vm/src/intern.rs
index b6197d61f7..1f6fb09f28 100644
--- a/vm/src/intern.rs
+++ b/vm/src/intern.rs
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ impl MaybeInternedString for Py<PyStr> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn as_interned(&self) -> Option<&'static PyStrInterned> {
         if self.as_object().is_interned() {
-            Some(unsafe { std::mem::transmute(self) })
+            Some(unsafe { std::mem::transmute::<&Py<PyStr>, &PyInterned<PyStr>>(self) })
         } else {
             None
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 4375d972e2..a5acd49ca9 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
                 -1
             } else {
                 distance_to_move[0] = ret as _;
-                std::mem::transmute(distance_to_move)
+                std::mem::transmute::<[i32; 2], i64>(distance_to_move)
             }
         };
         if res < 0 {

From c10b99b29aadc482f02d72bf01926095ce17c540 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: kingler <68145845+kingiler@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2024 00:02:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 269/705] Update `keyword.py` and `test_keyword.py` from
 CPython v3.12.0

---
 Lib/keyword.py           |  3 ++-
 Lib/test/test_keyword.py | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/keyword.py b/Lib/keyword.py
index cc2b46b722..e22c837835 100644
--- a/Lib/keyword.py
+++ b/Lib/keyword.py
@@ -56,7 +56,8 @@
 softkwlist = [
     '_',
     'case',
-    'match'
+    'match',
+    'type'
 ]
 
 iskeyword = frozenset(kwlist).__contains__
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_keyword.py b/Lib/test/test_keyword.py
index 3e2a8b3fb7..858e5de3b9 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_keyword.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_keyword.py
@@ -20,18 +20,37 @@ def test_changing_the_kwlist_does_not_affect_iskeyword(self):
         keyword.kwlist = ['its', 'all', 'eggs', 'beans', 'and', 'a', 'slice']
         self.assertFalse(keyword.iskeyword('eggs'))
 
+    def test_changing_the_softkwlist_does_not_affect_issoftkeyword(self):
+        oldlist = keyword.softkwlist
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, keyword, "softkwlist", oldlist)
+        keyword.softkwlist = ["foo", "bar", "spam", "egs", "case"]
+        self.assertFalse(keyword.issoftkeyword("spam"))
+
     def test_all_keywords_fail_to_be_used_as_names(self):
         for key in keyword.kwlist:
             with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
                 exec(f"{key} = 42")
 
+    def test_all_soft_keywords_can_be_used_as_names(self):
+        for key in keyword.softkwlist:
+            exec(f"{key} = 42")
+
     def test_async_and_await_are_keywords(self):
         self.assertIn("async", keyword.kwlist)
         self.assertIn("await", keyword.kwlist)
 
+    def test_soft_keywords(self):
+        self.assertIn("type", keyword.softkwlist)
+        self.assertIn("match", keyword.softkwlist)
+        self.assertIn("case", keyword.softkwlist)
+        self.assertIn("_", keyword.softkwlist)
+
     def test_keywords_are_sorted(self):
         self.assertListEqual(sorted(keyword.kwlist), keyword.kwlist)
 
+    def test_softkeywords_are_sorted(self):
+        self.assertListEqual(sorted(keyword.softkwlist), keyword.softkwlist)
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

From 64cff172a1ddb04bb61977dd7d47967623fa5dd1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2024 00:40:13 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 270/705] pymethod(raw)

---
 derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs | 15 +++++++++++++--
 vm/src/function/builtin.rs |  5 +++++
 vm/src/function/method.rs  | 15 +++++++++++++++
 vm/src/function/mod.rs     |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
index 38f5bad613..a2896ffeed 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
@@ -752,6 +752,7 @@ where
         let item_meta = MethodItemMeta::from_attr(ident.clone(), &item_attr)?;
 
         let py_name = item_meta.method_name()?;
+        let raw = item_meta.raw()?;
         let sig_doc = text_signature(func.sig(), &py_name);
 
         let doc = args.attrs.doc().map(|doc| format_doc(&sig_doc, &doc));
@@ -760,6 +761,7 @@ where
             cfgs: args.cfgs.to_vec(),
             ident: ident.to_owned(),
             doc,
+            raw,
             attr_name: self.inner.attr_name,
         });
         Ok(())
@@ -954,6 +956,7 @@ struct MethodNurseryItem {
     py_name: String,
     cfgs: Vec<Attribute>,
     ident: Ident,
+    raw: bool,
     doc: Option<String>,
     attr_name: AttrName,
 }
@@ -1005,9 +1008,14 @@ impl ToTokens for MethodNursery {
             // } else {
             //     quote_spanned! { ident.span() => #py_name }
             // };
+            let method_new = if item.raw {
+                quote!(new_raw_const)
+            } else {
+                quote!(new_const)
+            };
             inner_tokens.extend(quote! [
                 #(#cfgs)*
-                rustpython_vm::function::PyMethodDef::new_const(
+                rustpython_vm::function::PyMethodDef::#method_new(
                     #py_name,
                     Self::#ident,
                     #flags,
@@ -1203,7 +1211,7 @@ impl ToTokens for MemberNursery {
 struct MethodItemMeta(ItemMetaInner);
 
 impl ItemMeta for MethodItemMeta {
-    const ALLOWED_NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &["name", "magic"];
+    const ALLOWED_NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &["name", "magic", "raw"];
 
     fn from_inner(inner: ItemMetaInner) -> Self {
         Self(inner)
@@ -1214,6 +1222,9 @@ impl ItemMeta for MethodItemMeta {
 }
 
 impl MethodItemMeta {
+    fn raw(&self) -> Result<bool> {
+        self.inner()._bool("raw")
+    }
     fn method_name(&self) -> Result<String> {
         let inner = self.inner();
         let name = inner._optional_str("name")?;
diff --git a/vm/src/function/builtin.rs b/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
index e38fda03b7..41e04d2520 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
@@ -81,6 +81,11 @@ pub const fn static_func<Kind, F: IntoPyNativeFn<Kind>>(f: F) -> &'static dyn Py
     zst_ref_out_of_thin_air(into_func(f))
 }
 
+#[inline(always)]
+pub const fn static_raw_func<F: PyNativeFn>(f: F) -> &'static dyn PyNativeFn {
+    zst_ref_out_of_thin_air(f)
+}
+
 // TODO: once higher-rank trait bounds are stabilized, remove the `Kind` type
 // parameter and impl for F where F: for<T, R, VM> PyNativeFnInternal<T, R, VM>
 impl<F, T, R, VM> IntoPyNativeFn<(T, R, VM)> for F
diff --git a/vm/src/function/method.rs b/vm/src/function/method.rs
index efb0b7a5f3..513cb9383c 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/method.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/method.rs
@@ -87,6 +87,21 @@ impl PyMethodDef {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn new_raw_const(
+        name: &'static str,
+        func: impl PyNativeFn,
+        flags: PyMethodFlags,
+        doc: Option<&'static str>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            name,
+            func: super::static_raw_func(func),
+            flags,
+            doc,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn to_proper_method(
         &'static self,
         class: &'static Py<PyType>,
diff --git a/vm/src/function/mod.rs b/vm/src/function/mod.rs
index a0a20c9960..3bd6d0f74c 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub use argument::{
 };
 pub use arithmetic::{PyArithmeticValue, PyComparisonValue};
 pub use buffer::{ArgAsciiBuffer, ArgBytesLike, ArgMemoryBuffer, ArgStrOrBytesLike};
-pub use builtin::{static_func, IntoPyNativeFn, PyNativeFn};
+pub use builtin::{static_func, static_raw_func, IntoPyNativeFn, PyNativeFn};
 pub use either::Either;
 pub use fspath::FsPath;
 pub use getset::PySetterValue;

From f5c1596ddf6661823c27ae60a2b1030413e2a366 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2024 00:40:30 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 271/705] PyCFunction_GET_SELF

---
 vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs | 8 ++++++++
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs b/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
index 7c02d8d469..bc1b082bc9 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,14 @@ impl PyNativeFunction {
         )
     }
 
+    // PyCFunction_GET_SELF
+    pub fn get_self(&self) -> Option<&PyObjectRef> {
+        if self.value.flags.contains(PyMethodFlags::STATIC) {
+            return None;
+        }
+        self.zelf.as_ref()
+    }
+
     pub fn as_func(&self) -> &'static dyn PyNativeFn {
         self.value.func
     }

From 866e7cf3710cca0078ea883c073a2a78aecd4cc6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Cherry <13651622+MolotovCherry@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Jun 2024 22:43:07 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 272/705] Make a shared run function in ThreadedVirtualMachine
 (#5337)

---
 vm/src/vm/thread.rs | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/thread.rs b/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
index 6ed422ab79..9d29bfae54 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ impl ThreadedVirtualMachine {
     /// to the parent thread and then `join()` on the `JoinHandle` (or similar), there is a possibility that
     /// the current thread will panic as `PyObjectRef`'s `Drop` implementation tries to run the `__del__`
     /// destructor of a python object but finds that it's not in the context of any vm.
-    pub fn run<F, R>(self, f: F) -> R
+    pub fn run<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> R
     where
         F: FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> R,
     {
@@ -118,8 +118,8 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         F: Send + 'static,
         R: Send + 'static,
     {
-        let thread = self.new_thread();
-        std::thread::spawn(|| thread.run(f))
+        let func = self.new_thread().make_spawn_func(f);
+        std::thread::spawn(func)
     }
 
     /// Create a new VM thread that can be passed to a function like [`std::thread::spawn`]

From 9d33990199921c215d8e52959924488a495d93d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2024 00:44:37 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 273/705] object.__getstate__

---
 vm/src/builtins/list.rs   |   3 +-
 vm/src/builtins/object.rs | 130 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/protocol/object.rs |   4 +-
 vm/src/vm/context.rs      |   2 +
 4 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
index 83c0ddcc64..33d6072cd5 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
@@ -174,8 +174,9 @@ impl PyList {
         Self::new_ref(self.borrow_vec().to_vec(), &vm.ctx)
     }
 
+    #[allow(clippy::len_without_is_empty)]
     #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
         self.borrow_vec().len()
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
index 0b00b4422d..f783ee017c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ use crate::common::hash::PyHash;
 use crate::types::PyTypeFlags;
 use crate::{
     class::PyClassImpl,
+    convert::ToPyResult,
     function::{Either, FuncArgs, PyArithmeticValue, PyComparisonValue, PySetterValue},
     types::{Constructor, PyComparisonOp},
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
@@ -73,8 +74,137 @@ impl Constructor for PyBaseObject {
     }
 }
 
+// TODO: implement _PyType_GetSlotNames properly
+fn type_slot_names(typ: &Py<PyType>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<super::PyListRef>> {
+    // let attributes = typ.attributes.read();
+    // if let Some(slot_names) = attributes.get(identifier!(vm.ctx, __slotnames__)) {
+    //     return match_class!(match slot_names.clone() {
+    //         l @ super::PyList => Ok(Some(l)),
+    //         _n @ super::PyNone => Ok(None),
+    //         _ => Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+    //             "{:.200}.__slotnames__ should be a list or None, not {:.200}",
+    //             typ.name(),
+    //             slot_names.class().name()
+    //         ))),
+    //     });
+    // }
+
+    let copyreg = vm.import("copyreg", 0)?;
+    let copyreg_slotnames = copyreg.get_attr("_slotnames", vm)?;
+    let slot_names = copyreg_slotnames.call((typ.to_owned(),), vm)?;
+    let result = match_class!(match slot_names {
+        l @ super::PyList => Some(l),
+        _n @ super::PyNone => None,
+        _ =>
+            return Err(
+                vm.new_type_error("copyreg._slotnames didn't return a list or None".to_owned())
+            ),
+    });
+    Ok(result)
+}
+
+// object_getstate_default in CPython
+fn object_getstate_default(obj: &PyObject, required: bool, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+    // TODO: itemsize
+    // if required && obj.class().slots.itemsize > 0 {
+    //     return vm.new_type_error(format!(
+    //         "cannot pickle {:.200} objects",
+    //         obj.class().name()
+    //     ));
+    // }
+
+    let state = if obj.dict().map_or(true, |d| d.is_empty()) {
+        vm.ctx.none()
+    } else {
+        // let state = object_get_dict(obj.clone(), obj.ctx()).unwrap();
+        let Some(state) = obj.dict() else {
+            return Ok(vm.ctx.none());
+        };
+        state.into()
+    };
+
+    let slot_names = type_slot_names(obj.class(), vm)
+        .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("cannot pickle object".to_owned()))?;
+
+    if required {
+        let mut basicsize = obj.class().slots.basicsize;
+        // if obj.class().slots.dictoffset > 0
+        //     && !obj.class().slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::MANAGED_DICT)
+        // {
+        //     basicsize += std::mem::size_of::<PyObjectRef>();
+        // }
+        // if obj.class().slots.weaklistoffset > 0 {
+        //     basicsize += std::mem::size_of::<PyObjectRef>();
+        // }
+        if let Some(ref slot_names) = slot_names {
+            basicsize += std::mem::size_of::<PyObjectRef>() * slot_names.len();
+        }
+        if obj.class().slots.basicsize > basicsize {
+            return Err(
+                vm.new_type_error(format!("cannot pickle {:.200} object", obj.class().name()))
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(slot_names) = slot_names {
+        let slot_names_len = slot_names.len();
+        if slot_names_len > 0 {
+            let slots = vm.ctx.new_dict();
+            for i in 0..slot_names_len {
+                let borrowed_names = slot_names.borrow_vec();
+                let name = borrowed_names[i].downcast_ref::<PyStr>().unwrap();
+                let Ok(value) = obj.get_attr(name, vm) else {
+                    continue;
+                };
+                slots.set_item(name.as_str(), value, vm).unwrap();
+            }
+
+            if slots.len() > 0 {
+                return (state, slots).to_pyresult(vm);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(state)
+}
+
+// object_getstate in CPython
+// fn object_getstate(
+//     obj: &PyObject,
+//     required: bool,
+//     vm: &VirtualMachine,
+// ) -> PyResult {
+//     let getstate = obj.get_attr(identifier!(vm, __getstate__), vm)?;
+//     if vm.is_none(&getstate) {
+//         return Ok(None);
+//     }
+
+//     let getstate = match getstate.downcast_exact::<PyNativeFunction>(vm) {
+//         Ok(getstate)
+//             if getstate
+//                 .get_self()
+//                 .map_or(false, |self_obj| self_obj.is(obj))
+//                 && std::ptr::addr_eq(
+//                     getstate.as_func() as *const _,
+//                     &PyBaseObject::__getstate__ as &dyn crate::function::PyNativeFn as *const _,
+//                 ) =>
+//         {
+//             return object_getstate_default(obj, required, vm);
+//         }
+//         Ok(getstate) => getstate.into_pyref().into(),
+//         Err(getstate) => getstate,
+//     };
+//     getstate.call((), vm)
+// }
+
 #[pyclass(with(Constructor), flags(BASETYPE))]
 impl PyBaseObject {
+    #[pymethod(raw)]
+    fn __getstate__(vm: &VirtualMachine, args: FuncArgs) -> PyResult {
+        let (zelf,): (PyObjectRef,) = args.bind(vm)?;
+        object_getstate_default(&zelf, false, vm)
+    }
+
     #[pyslot]
     fn slot_richcompare(
         zelf: &PyObject,
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
index ba3c7323a4..f5c8eccfdb 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
@@ -564,8 +564,8 @@ impl PyObject {
     }
 
     // int PyObject_TypeCheck(PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *type)
-    pub fn type_check(&self, typ: PyTypeRef) -> bool {
-        self.fast_isinstance(&typ)
+    pub fn type_check(&self, typ: &Py<PyType>) -> bool {
+        self.fast_isinstance(typ)
     }
 
     pub fn length_opt(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyResult<usize>> {
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/context.rs b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
index e328da97eb..217d4eecf5 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/context.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ declare_const_name! {
     __getformat__,
     __getitem__,
     __getnewargs__,
+    __getstate__,
     __gt__,
     __hash__,
     __iadd__,
@@ -209,6 +210,7 @@ declare_const_name! {
     __setstate__,
     __set_name__,
     __slots__,
+    __slotnames__,
     __str__,
     __sub__,
     __subclasscheck__,

From dd15ae5560115ccd04a6c07c358660cf65636290 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2024 01:54:22 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 274/705] Unmark successful tests

---
 Lib/test/test_ordered_dict.py       | 12 ------------
 Lib/test/test_types.py              |  4 ----
 Lib/test/test_xml_dom_minicompat.py |  2 --
 3 files changed, 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ordered_dict.py b/Lib/test/test_ordered_dict.py
index 942748bd91..4b5e17fd4d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ordered_dict.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ordered_dict.py
@@ -292,8 +292,6 @@ def test_equality(self):
         # different length implied inequality
         self.assertNotEqual(od1, OrderedDict(pairs[:-1]))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_copying(self):
         OrderedDict = self.OrderedDict
         # Check that ordered dicts are copyable, deepcopyable, picklable,
@@ -337,8 +335,6 @@ def check(dup):
         check(update_test)
         check(OrderedDict(od))
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     def test_yaml_linkage(self):
         OrderedDict = self.OrderedDict
         # Verify that __reduce__ is setup in a way that supports PyYAML's dump() feature.
@@ -349,8 +345,6 @@ def test_yaml_linkage(self):
         # '!!python/object/apply:__main__.OrderedDict\n- - [a, 1]\n  - [b, 2]\n'
         self.assertTrue(all(type(pair)==list for pair in od.__reduce__()[1]))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_reduce_not_too_fat(self):
         OrderedDict = self.OrderedDict
         # do not save instance dictionary if not needed
@@ -362,8 +356,6 @@ def test_reduce_not_too_fat(self):
         self.assertEqual(od.__dict__['x'], 10)
         self.assertEqual(od.__reduce__()[2], {'x': 10})
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_pickle_recursive(self):
         OrderedDict = self.OrderedDict
         od = OrderedDict()
@@ -888,8 +880,6 @@ class CPythonOrderedDictSubclassTests(CPythonOrderedDictTests):
     class OrderedDict(c_coll.OrderedDict):
         pass
 
-# TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-@unittest.expectedFailure
 class PurePythonOrderedDictWithSlotsCopyingTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     module = py_coll
@@ -897,8 +887,6 @@ class OrderedDict(py_coll.OrderedDict):
         __slots__ = ('x', 'y')
     test_copying = OrderedDictTests.test_copying
 
-# TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-@unittest.expectedFailure
 @unittest.skipUnless(c_coll, 'requires the C version of the collections module')
 class CPythonOrderedDictWithSlotsCopyingTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_types.py b/Lib/test/test_types.py
index 8bb44cb3f8..59dc9814fb 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_types.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_types.py
@@ -869,8 +869,6 @@ def eq(actual, expected, typed=True):
         eq(x[NT], int | NT | bytes)
         eq(x[S], int | S | bytes)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_pickle(self):
         orig = list[T] | int
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
@@ -880,8 +878,6 @@ def test_union_pickle(self):
             self.assertEqual(loaded.__args__, orig.__args__)
             self.assertEqual(loaded.__parameters__, orig.__parameters__)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_copy(self):
         orig = list[T] | int
         for copied in (copy.copy(orig), copy.deepcopy(orig)):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_xml_dom_minicompat.py b/Lib/test/test_xml_dom_minicompat.py
index c90a01d2e4..3b03dfc539 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_xml_dom_minicompat.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_xml_dom_minicompat.py
@@ -82,8 +82,6 @@ def test_nodelist___radd__(self):
         node_list = [1, 2] + NodeList([3, 4])
         self.assertEqual(node_list, NodeList([1, 2, 3, 4]))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_nodelist_pickle_roundtrip(self):
         # Test pickling and unpickling of a NodeList.
 

From 17852b78d5948fdff457e8d917ce8235a73e7b15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2024 02:05:56 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 275/705] mark hanging test

---
 Lib/test/test_descr.py | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_descr.py b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
index 8372226ebe..8389ce67c9 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_descr.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
@@ -5652,8 +5652,7 @@ def __repr__(self):
                     objcopy2 = deepcopy(objcopy)
                     self._assert_is_copy(obj, objcopy2)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_issue24097(self):
         # Slot name is freed inside __getattr__ and is later used.
         class S(str):  # Not interned

From 1333688a4eae08cc7e0dc04b6aba47ebffe27f93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Sat, 22 Jun 2024 14:55:43 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 276/705] update copyreg from CPython 3.12.3

---
 Lib/copyreg.py | 24 ++++++++++++++++--------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/copyreg.py b/Lib/copyreg.py
index dfc463c49a..578392409b 100644
--- a/Lib/copyreg.py
+++ b/Lib/copyreg.py
@@ -25,16 +25,16 @@ def constructor(object):
 
 # Example: provide pickling support for complex numbers.
 
-try:
-    complex
-except NameError:
-    pass
-else:
+def pickle_complex(c):
+    return complex, (c.real, c.imag)
 
-    def pickle_complex(c):
-        return complex, (c.real, c.imag)
+pickle(complex, pickle_complex, complex)
 
-    pickle(complex, pickle_complex, complex)
+def pickle_union(obj):
+    import functools, operator
+    return functools.reduce, (operator.or_, obj.__args__)
+
+pickle(type(int | str), pickle_union)
 
 # Support for pickling new-style objects
 
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ def _reconstructor(cls, base, state):
     return obj
 
 _HEAPTYPE = 1<<9
+_new_type = type(int.__new__)
 
 # Python code for object.__reduce_ex__ for protocols 0 and 1
 
@@ -57,6 +58,9 @@ def _reduce_ex(self, proto):
     for base in cls.__mro__:
         if hasattr(base, '__flags__') and not base.__flags__ & _HEAPTYPE:
             break
+        new = base.__new__
+        if isinstance(new, _new_type) and new.__self__ is base:
+            break
     else:
         base = object # not really reachable
     if base is object:
@@ -79,6 +83,10 @@ def _reduce_ex(self, proto):
         except AttributeError:
             dict = None
     else:
+        if (type(self).__getstate__ is object.__getstate__ and
+            getattr(self, "__slots__", None)):
+            raise TypeError("a class that defines __slots__ without "
+                            "defining __getstate__ cannot be pickled")
         dict = getstate()
     if dict:
         return _reconstructor, args, dict

From 9c7a9cbacee4e4b339f3665be0d74ee03ce39587 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Thu, 9 May 2024 16:25:20 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 277/705] Update datetime from CPython v3.12.3

---
 Lib/_pydatetime.py         | 2643 ++++++++++++++
 Lib/_strptime.py           |  565 +++
 Lib/datetime.py            | 2527 +-------------
 Lib/test/datetimetester.py | 6677 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/test/test_datetime.py  |   61 +
 5 files changed, 9952 insertions(+), 2521 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pydatetime.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_strptime.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/datetimetester.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_datetime.py

diff --git a/Lib/_pydatetime.py b/Lib/_pydatetime.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd0ea900bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pydatetime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2643 @@
+"""Concrete date/time and related types.
+
+See http://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tz-link.html for
+time zone and DST data sources.
+"""
+
+__all__ = ("date", "datetime", "time", "timedelta", "timezone", "tzinfo",
+           "MINYEAR", "MAXYEAR", "UTC")
+
+
+import time as _time
+import math as _math
+import sys
+from operator import index as _index
+
+def _cmp(x, y):
+    return 0 if x == y else 1 if x > y else -1
+
+def _get_class_module(self):
+    module_name = self.__class__.__module__
+    if module_name == '_pydatetime':
+        return 'datetime'
+    else:
+        return module_name
+
+MINYEAR = 1
+MAXYEAR = 9999
+_MAXORDINAL = 3652059  # date.max.toordinal()
+
+# Utility functions, adapted from Python's Demo/classes/Dates.py, which
+# also assumes the current Gregorian calendar indefinitely extended in
+# both directions.  Difference:  Dates.py calls January 1 of year 0 day
+# number 1.  The code here calls January 1 of year 1 day number 1.  This is
+# to match the definition of the "proleptic Gregorian" calendar in Dershowitz
+# and Reingold's "Calendrical Calculations", where it's the base calendar
+# for all computations.  See the book for algorithms for converting between
+# proleptic Gregorian ordinals and many other calendar systems.
+
+# -1 is a placeholder for indexing purposes.
+_DAYS_IN_MONTH = [-1, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31]
+
+_DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH = [-1]  # -1 is a placeholder for indexing purposes.
+dbm = 0
+for dim in _DAYS_IN_MONTH[1:]:
+    _DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH.append(dbm)
+    dbm += dim
+del dbm, dim
+
+def _is_leap(year):
+    "year -> 1 if leap year, else 0."
+    return year % 4 == 0 and (year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0)
+
+def _days_before_year(year):
+    "year -> number of days before January 1st of year."
+    y = year - 1
+    return y*365 + y//4 - y//100 + y//400
+
+def _days_in_month(year, month):
+    "year, month -> number of days in that month in that year."
+    assert 1 <= month <= 12, month
+    if month == 2 and _is_leap(year):
+        return 29
+    return _DAYS_IN_MONTH[month]
+
+def _days_before_month(year, month):
+    "year, month -> number of days in year preceding first day of month."
+    assert 1 <= month <= 12, 'month must be in 1..12'
+    return _DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month] + (month > 2 and _is_leap(year))
+
+def _ymd2ord(year, month, day):
+    "year, month, day -> ordinal, considering 01-Jan-0001 as day 1."
+    assert 1 <= month <= 12, 'month must be in 1..12'
+    dim = _days_in_month(year, month)
+    assert 1 <= day <= dim, ('day must be in 1..%d' % dim)
+    return (_days_before_year(year) +
+            _days_before_month(year, month) +
+            day)
+
+_DI400Y = _days_before_year(401)    # number of days in 400 years
+_DI100Y = _days_before_year(101)    #    "    "   "   " 100   "
+_DI4Y   = _days_before_year(5)      #    "    "   "   "   4   "
+
+# A 4-year cycle has an extra leap day over what we'd get from pasting
+# together 4 single years.
+assert _DI4Y == 4 * 365 + 1
+
+# Similarly, a 400-year cycle has an extra leap day over what we'd get from
+# pasting together 4 100-year cycles.
+assert _DI400Y == 4 * _DI100Y + 1
+
+# OTOH, a 100-year cycle has one fewer leap day than we'd get from
+# pasting together 25 4-year cycles.
+assert _DI100Y == 25 * _DI4Y - 1
+
+def _ord2ymd(n):
+    "ordinal -> (year, month, day), considering 01-Jan-0001 as day 1."
+
+    # n is a 1-based index, starting at 1-Jan-1.  The pattern of leap years
+    # repeats exactly every 400 years.  The basic strategy is to find the
+    # closest 400-year boundary at or before n, then work with the offset
+    # from that boundary to n.  Life is much clearer if we subtract 1 from
+    # n first -- then the values of n at 400-year boundaries are exactly
+    # those divisible by _DI400Y:
+    #
+    #     D  M   Y            n              n-1
+    #     -- --- ----        ----------     ----------------
+    #     31 Dec -400        -_DI400Y       -_DI400Y -1
+    #      1 Jan -399         -_DI400Y +1   -_DI400Y      400-year boundary
+    #     ...
+    #     30 Dec  000        -1             -2
+    #     31 Dec  000         0             -1
+    #      1 Jan  001         1              0            400-year boundary
+    #      2 Jan  001         2              1
+    #      3 Jan  001         3              2
+    #     ...
+    #     31 Dec  400         _DI400Y        _DI400Y -1
+    #      1 Jan  401         _DI400Y +1     _DI400Y      400-year boundary
+    n -= 1
+    n400, n = divmod(n, _DI400Y)
+    year = n400 * 400 + 1   # ..., -399, 1, 401, ...
+
+    # Now n is the (non-negative) offset, in days, from January 1 of year, to
+    # the desired date.  Now compute how many 100-year cycles precede n.
+    # Note that it's possible for n100 to equal 4!  In that case 4 full
+    # 100-year cycles precede the desired day, which implies the desired
+    # day is December 31 at the end of a 400-year cycle.
+    n100, n = divmod(n, _DI100Y)
+
+    # Now compute how many 4-year cycles precede it.
+    n4, n = divmod(n, _DI4Y)
+
+    # And now how many single years.  Again n1 can be 4, and again meaning
+    # that the desired day is December 31 at the end of the 4-year cycle.
+    n1, n = divmod(n, 365)
+
+    year += n100 * 100 + n4 * 4 + n1
+    if n1 == 4 or n100 == 4:
+        assert n == 0
+        return year-1, 12, 31
+
+    # Now the year is correct, and n is the offset from January 1.  We find
+    # the month via an estimate that's either exact or one too large.
+    leapyear = n1 == 3 and (n4 != 24 or n100 == 3)
+    assert leapyear == _is_leap(year)
+    month = (n + 50) >> 5
+    preceding = _DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month] + (month > 2 and leapyear)
+    if preceding > n:  # estimate is too large
+        month -= 1
+        preceding -= _DAYS_IN_MONTH[month] + (month == 2 and leapyear)
+    n -= preceding
+    assert 0 <= n < _days_in_month(year, month)
+
+    # Now the year and month are correct, and n is the offset from the
+    # start of that month:  we're done!
+    return year, month, n+1
+
+# Month and day names.  For localized versions, see the calendar module.
+_MONTHNAMES = [None, "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
+                     "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"]
+_DAYNAMES = [None, "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"]
+
+
+def _build_struct_time(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, dstflag):
+    wday = (_ymd2ord(y, m, d) + 6) % 7
+    dnum = _days_before_month(y, m) + d
+    return _time.struct_time((y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, wday, dnum, dstflag))
+
+def _format_time(hh, mm, ss, us, timespec='auto'):
+    specs = {
+        'hours': '{:02d}',
+        'minutes': '{:02d}:{:02d}',
+        'seconds': '{:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}',
+        'milliseconds': '{:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}.{:03d}',
+        'microseconds': '{:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}.{:06d}'
+    }
+
+    if timespec == 'auto':
+        # Skip trailing microseconds when us==0.
+        timespec = 'microseconds' if us else 'seconds'
+    elif timespec == 'milliseconds':
+        us //= 1000
+    try:
+        fmt = specs[timespec]
+    except KeyError:
+        raise ValueError('Unknown timespec value')
+    else:
+        return fmt.format(hh, mm, ss, us)
+
+def _format_offset(off, sep=':'):
+    s = ''
+    if off is not None:
+        if off.days < 0:
+            sign = "-"
+            off = -off
+        else:
+            sign = "+"
+        hh, mm = divmod(off, timedelta(hours=1))
+        mm, ss = divmod(mm, timedelta(minutes=1))
+        s += "%s%02d%s%02d" % (sign, hh, sep, mm)
+        if ss or ss.microseconds:
+            s += "%s%02d" % (sep, ss.seconds)
+
+            if ss.microseconds:
+                s += '.%06d' % ss.microseconds
+    return s
+
+# Correctly substitute for %z and %Z escapes in strftime formats.
+def _wrap_strftime(object, format, timetuple):
+    # Don't call utcoffset() or tzname() unless actually needed.
+    freplace = None  # the string to use for %f
+    zreplace = None  # the string to use for %z
+    colonzreplace = None  # the string to use for %:z
+    Zreplace = None  # the string to use for %Z
+
+    # Scan format for %z, %:z and %Z escapes, replacing as needed.
+    newformat = []
+    push = newformat.append
+    i, n = 0, len(format)
+    while i < n:
+        ch = format[i]
+        i += 1
+        if ch == '%':
+            if i < n:
+                ch = format[i]
+                i += 1
+                if ch == 'f':
+                    if freplace is None:
+                        freplace = '%06d' % getattr(object,
+                                                    'microsecond', 0)
+                    newformat.append(freplace)
+                elif ch == 'z':
+                    if zreplace is None:
+                        if hasattr(object, "utcoffset"):
+                            zreplace = _format_offset(object.utcoffset(), sep="")
+                        else:
+                            zreplace = ""
+                    assert '%' not in zreplace
+                    newformat.append(zreplace)
+                elif ch == ':':
+                    if i < n:
+                        ch2 = format[i]
+                        i += 1
+                        if ch2 == 'z':
+                            if colonzreplace is None:
+                                if hasattr(object, "utcoffset"):
+                                    colonzreplace = _format_offset(object.utcoffset(), sep=":")
+                                else:
+                                    colonzreplace = ""
+                            assert '%' not in colonzreplace
+                            newformat.append(colonzreplace)
+                        else:
+                            push('%')
+                            push(ch)
+                            push(ch2)
+                elif ch == 'Z':
+                    if Zreplace is None:
+                        Zreplace = ""
+                        if hasattr(object, "tzname"):
+                            s = object.tzname()
+                            if s is not None:
+                                # strftime is going to have at this: escape %
+                                Zreplace = s.replace('%', '%%')
+                    newformat.append(Zreplace)
+                else:
+                    push('%')
+                    push(ch)
+            else:
+                push('%')
+        else:
+            push(ch)
+    newformat = "".join(newformat)
+    return _time.strftime(newformat, timetuple)
+
+# Helpers for parsing the result of isoformat()
+def _is_ascii_digit(c):
+    return c in "0123456789"
+
+def _find_isoformat_datetime_separator(dtstr):
+    # See the comment in _datetimemodule.c:_find_isoformat_datetime_separator
+    len_dtstr = len(dtstr)
+    if len_dtstr == 7:
+        return 7
+
+    assert len_dtstr > 7
+    date_separator = "-"
+    week_indicator = "W"
+
+    if dtstr[4] == date_separator:
+        if dtstr[5] == week_indicator:
+            if len_dtstr < 8:
+                raise ValueError("Invalid ISO string")
+            if len_dtstr > 8 and dtstr[8] == date_separator:
+                if len_dtstr == 9:
+                    raise ValueError("Invalid ISO string")
+                if len_dtstr > 10 and _is_ascii_digit(dtstr[10]):
+                    # This is as far as we need to resolve the ambiguity for
+                    # the moment - if we have YYYY-Www-##, the separator is
+                    # either a hyphen at 8 or a number at 10.
+                    #
+                    # We'll assume it's a hyphen at 8 because it's way more
+                    # likely that someone will use a hyphen as a separator than
+                    # a number, but at this point it's really best effort
+                    # because this is an extension of the spec anyway.
+                    # TODO(pganssle): Document this
+                    return 8
+                return 10
+            else:
+                # YYYY-Www (8)
+                return 8
+        else:
+            # YYYY-MM-DD (10)
+            return 10
+    else:
+        if dtstr[4] == week_indicator:
+            # YYYYWww (7) or YYYYWwwd (8)
+            idx = 7
+            while idx < len_dtstr:
+                if not _is_ascii_digit(dtstr[idx]):
+                    break
+                idx += 1
+
+            if idx < 9:
+                return idx
+
+            if idx % 2 == 0:
+                # If the index of the last number is even, it's YYYYWwwd
+                return 7
+            else:
+                return 8
+        else:
+            # YYYYMMDD (8)
+            return 8
+
+
+def _parse_isoformat_date(dtstr):
+    # It is assumed that this is an ASCII-only string of lengths 7, 8 or 10,
+    # see the comment on Modules/_datetimemodule.c:_find_isoformat_datetime_separator
+    assert len(dtstr) in (7, 8, 10)
+    year = int(dtstr[0:4])
+    has_sep = dtstr[4] == '-'
+
+    pos = 4 + has_sep
+    if dtstr[pos:pos + 1] == "W":
+        # YYYY-?Www-?D?
+        pos += 1
+        weekno = int(dtstr[pos:pos + 2])
+        pos += 2
+
+        dayno = 1
+        if len(dtstr) > pos:
+            if (dtstr[pos:pos + 1] == '-') != has_sep:
+                raise ValueError("Inconsistent use of dash separator")
+
+            pos += has_sep
+
+            dayno = int(dtstr[pos:pos + 1])
+
+        return list(_isoweek_to_gregorian(year, weekno, dayno))
+    else:
+        month = int(dtstr[pos:pos + 2])
+        pos += 2
+        if (dtstr[pos:pos + 1] == "-") != has_sep:
+            raise ValueError("Inconsistent use of dash separator")
+
+        pos += has_sep
+        day = int(dtstr[pos:pos + 2])
+
+        return [year, month, day]
+
+
+_FRACTION_CORRECTION = [100000, 10000, 1000, 100, 10]
+
+
+def _parse_hh_mm_ss_ff(tstr):
+    # Parses things of the form HH[:?MM[:?SS[{.,}fff[fff]]]]
+    len_str = len(tstr)
+
+    time_comps = [0, 0, 0, 0]
+    pos = 0
+    for comp in range(0, 3):
+        if (len_str - pos) < 2:
+            raise ValueError("Incomplete time component")
+
+        time_comps[comp] = int(tstr[pos:pos+2])
+
+        pos += 2
+        next_char = tstr[pos:pos+1]
+
+        if comp == 0:
+            has_sep = next_char == ':'
+
+        if not next_char or comp >= 2:
+            break
+
+        if has_sep and next_char != ':':
+            raise ValueError("Invalid time separator: %c" % next_char)
+
+        pos += has_sep
+
+    if pos < len_str:
+        if tstr[pos] not in '.,':
+            raise ValueError("Invalid microsecond component")
+        else:
+            pos += 1
+
+            len_remainder = len_str - pos
+
+            if len_remainder >= 6:
+                to_parse = 6
+            else:
+                to_parse = len_remainder
+
+            time_comps[3] = int(tstr[pos:(pos+to_parse)])
+            if to_parse < 6:
+                time_comps[3] *= _FRACTION_CORRECTION[to_parse-1]
+            if (len_remainder > to_parse
+                    and not all(map(_is_ascii_digit, tstr[(pos+to_parse):]))):
+                raise ValueError("Non-digit values in unparsed fraction")
+
+    return time_comps
+
+def _parse_isoformat_time(tstr):
+    # Format supported is HH[:MM[:SS[.fff[fff]]]][+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]]]
+    len_str = len(tstr)
+    if len_str < 2:
+        raise ValueError("Isoformat time too short")
+
+    # This is equivalent to re.search('[+-Z]', tstr), but faster
+    tz_pos = (tstr.find('-') + 1 or tstr.find('+') + 1 or tstr.find('Z') + 1)
+    timestr = tstr[:tz_pos-1] if tz_pos > 0 else tstr
+
+    time_comps = _parse_hh_mm_ss_ff(timestr)
+
+    tzi = None
+    if tz_pos == len_str and tstr[-1] == 'Z':
+        tzi = timezone.utc
+    elif tz_pos > 0:
+        tzstr = tstr[tz_pos:]
+
+        # Valid time zone strings are:
+        # HH                  len: 2
+        # HHMM                len: 4
+        # HH:MM               len: 5
+        # HHMMSS              len: 6
+        # HHMMSS.f+           len: 7+
+        # HH:MM:SS            len: 8
+        # HH:MM:SS.f+         len: 10+
+
+        if len(tzstr) in (0, 1, 3):
+            raise ValueError("Malformed time zone string")
+
+        tz_comps = _parse_hh_mm_ss_ff(tzstr)
+
+        if all(x == 0 for x in tz_comps):
+            tzi = timezone.utc
+        else:
+            tzsign = -1 if tstr[tz_pos - 1] == '-' else 1
+
+            td = timedelta(hours=tz_comps[0], minutes=tz_comps[1],
+                           seconds=tz_comps[2], microseconds=tz_comps[3])
+
+            tzi = timezone(tzsign * td)
+
+    time_comps.append(tzi)
+
+    return time_comps
+
+# tuple[int, int, int] -> tuple[int, int, int] version of date.fromisocalendar
+def _isoweek_to_gregorian(year, week, day):
+    # Year is bounded this way because 9999-12-31 is (9999, 52, 5)
+    if not MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR:
+        raise ValueError(f"Year is out of range: {year}")
+
+    if not 0 < week < 53:
+        out_of_range = True
+
+        if week == 53:
+            # ISO years have 53 weeks in them on years starting with a
+            # Thursday and leap years starting on a Wednesday
+            first_weekday = _ymd2ord(year, 1, 1) % 7
+            if (first_weekday == 4 or (first_weekday == 3 and
+                                       _is_leap(year))):
+                out_of_range = False
+
+        if out_of_range:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid week: {week}")
+
+    if not 0 < day < 8:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid weekday: {day} (range is [1, 7])")
+
+    # Now compute the offset from (Y, 1, 1) in days:
+    day_offset = (week - 1) * 7 + (day - 1)
+
+    # Calculate the ordinal day for monday, week 1
+    day_1 = _isoweek1monday(year)
+    ord_day = day_1 + day_offset
+
+    return _ord2ymd(ord_day)
+
+
+# Just raise TypeError if the arg isn't None or a string.
+def _check_tzname(name):
+    if name is not None and not isinstance(name, str):
+        raise TypeError("tzinfo.tzname() must return None or string, "
+                        "not '%s'" % type(name))
+
+# name is the offset-producing method, "utcoffset" or "dst".
+# offset is what it returned.
+# If offset isn't None or timedelta, raises TypeError.
+# If offset is None, returns None.
+# Else offset is checked for being in range.
+# If it is, its integer value is returned.  Else ValueError is raised.
+def _check_utc_offset(name, offset):
+    assert name in ("utcoffset", "dst")
+    if offset is None:
+        return
+    if not isinstance(offset, timedelta):
+        raise TypeError("tzinfo.%s() must return None "
+                        "or timedelta, not '%s'" % (name, type(offset)))
+    if not -timedelta(1) < offset < timedelta(1):
+        raise ValueError("%s()=%s, must be strictly between "
+                         "-timedelta(hours=24) and timedelta(hours=24)" %
+                         (name, offset))
+
+def _check_date_fields(year, month, day):
+    year = _index(year)
+    month = _index(month)
+    day = _index(day)
+    if not MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR:
+        raise ValueError('year must be in %d..%d' % (MINYEAR, MAXYEAR), year)
+    if not 1 <= month <= 12:
+        raise ValueError('month must be in 1..12', month)
+    dim = _days_in_month(year, month)
+    if not 1 <= day <= dim:
+        raise ValueError('day must be in 1..%d' % dim, day)
+    return year, month, day
+
+def _check_time_fields(hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold):
+    hour = _index(hour)
+    minute = _index(minute)
+    second = _index(second)
+    microsecond = _index(microsecond)
+    if not 0 <= hour <= 23:
+        raise ValueError('hour must be in 0..23', hour)
+    if not 0 <= minute <= 59:
+        raise ValueError('minute must be in 0..59', minute)
+    if not 0 <= second <= 59:
+        raise ValueError('second must be in 0..59', second)
+    if not 0 <= microsecond <= 999999:
+        raise ValueError('microsecond must be in 0..999999', microsecond)
+    if fold not in (0, 1):
+        raise ValueError('fold must be either 0 or 1', fold)
+    return hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold
+
+def _check_tzinfo_arg(tz):
+    if tz is not None and not isinstance(tz, tzinfo):
+        raise TypeError("tzinfo argument must be None or of a tzinfo subclass")
+
+def _cmperror(x, y):
+    raise TypeError("can't compare '%s' to '%s'" % (
+                    type(x).__name__, type(y).__name__))
+
+def _divide_and_round(a, b):
+    """divide a by b and round result to the nearest integer
+
+    When the ratio is exactly half-way between two integers,
+    the even integer is returned.
+    """
+    # Based on the reference implementation for divmod_near
+    # in Objects/longobject.c.
+    q, r = divmod(a, b)
+    # round up if either r / b > 0.5, or r / b == 0.5 and q is odd.
+    # The expression r / b > 0.5 is equivalent to 2 * r > b if b is
+    # positive, 2 * r < b if b negative.
+    r *= 2
+    greater_than_half = r > b if b > 0 else r < b
+    if greater_than_half or r == b and q % 2 == 1:
+        q += 1
+
+    return q
+
+
+class timedelta:
+    """Represent the difference between two datetime objects.
+
+    Supported operators:
+
+    - add, subtract timedelta
+    - unary plus, minus, abs
+    - compare to timedelta
+    - multiply, divide by int
+
+    In addition, datetime supports subtraction of two datetime objects
+    returning a timedelta, and addition or subtraction of a datetime
+    and a timedelta giving a datetime.
+
+    Representation: (days, seconds, microseconds).
+    """
+    # The representation of (days, seconds, microseconds) was chosen
+    # arbitrarily; the exact rationale originally specified in the docstring
+    # was "Because I felt like it."
+
+    __slots__ = '_days', '_seconds', '_microseconds', '_hashcode'
+
+    def __new__(cls, days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0,
+                milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0):
+        # Doing this efficiently and accurately in C is going to be difficult
+        # and error-prone, due to ubiquitous overflow possibilities, and that
+        # C double doesn't have enough bits of precision to represent
+        # microseconds over 10K years faithfully.  The code here tries to make
+        # explicit where go-fast assumptions can be relied on, in order to
+        # guide the C implementation; it's way more convoluted than speed-
+        # ignoring auto-overflow-to-long idiomatic Python could be.
+
+        # XXX Check that all inputs are ints or floats.
+
+        # Final values, all integer.
+        # s and us fit in 32-bit signed ints; d isn't bounded.
+        d = s = us = 0
+
+        # Normalize everything to days, seconds, microseconds.
+        days += weeks*7
+        seconds += minutes*60 + hours*3600
+        microseconds += milliseconds*1000
+
+        # Get rid of all fractions, and normalize s and us.
+        # Take a deep breath <wink>.
+        if isinstance(days, float):
+            dayfrac, days = _math.modf(days)
+            daysecondsfrac, daysecondswhole = _math.modf(dayfrac * (24.*3600.))
+            assert daysecondswhole == int(daysecondswhole)  # can't overflow
+            s = int(daysecondswhole)
+            assert days == int(days)
+            d = int(days)
+        else:
+            daysecondsfrac = 0.0
+            d = days
+        assert isinstance(daysecondsfrac, float)
+        assert abs(daysecondsfrac) <= 1.0
+        assert isinstance(d, int)
+        assert abs(s) <= 24 * 3600
+        # days isn't referenced again before redefinition
+
+        if isinstance(seconds, float):
+            secondsfrac, seconds = _math.modf(seconds)
+            assert seconds == int(seconds)
+            seconds = int(seconds)
+            secondsfrac += daysecondsfrac
+            assert abs(secondsfrac) <= 2.0
+        else:
+            secondsfrac = daysecondsfrac
+        # daysecondsfrac isn't referenced again
+        assert isinstance(secondsfrac, float)
+        assert abs(secondsfrac) <= 2.0
+
+        assert isinstance(seconds, int)
+        days, seconds = divmod(seconds, 24*3600)
+        d += days
+        s += int(seconds)    # can't overflow
+        assert isinstance(s, int)
+        assert abs(s) <= 2 * 24 * 3600
+        # seconds isn't referenced again before redefinition
+
+        usdouble = secondsfrac * 1e6
+        assert abs(usdouble) < 2.1e6    # exact value not critical
+        # secondsfrac isn't referenced again
+
+        if isinstance(microseconds, float):
+            microseconds = round(microseconds + usdouble)
+            seconds, microseconds = divmod(microseconds, 1000000)
+            days, seconds = divmod(seconds, 24*3600)
+            d += days
+            s += seconds
+        else:
+            microseconds = int(microseconds)
+            seconds, microseconds = divmod(microseconds, 1000000)
+            days, seconds = divmod(seconds, 24*3600)
+            d += days
+            s += seconds
+            microseconds = round(microseconds + usdouble)
+        assert isinstance(s, int)
+        assert isinstance(microseconds, int)
+        assert abs(s) <= 3 * 24 * 3600
+        assert abs(microseconds) < 3.1e6
+
+        # Just a little bit of carrying possible for microseconds and seconds.
+        seconds, us = divmod(microseconds, 1000000)
+        s += seconds
+        days, s = divmod(s, 24*3600)
+        d += days
+
+        assert isinstance(d, int)
+        assert isinstance(s, int) and 0 <= s < 24*3600
+        assert isinstance(us, int) and 0 <= us < 1000000
+
+        if abs(d) > 999999999:
+            raise OverflowError("timedelta # of days is too large: %d" % d)
+
+        self = object.__new__(cls)
+        self._days = d
+        self._seconds = s
+        self._microseconds = us
+        self._hashcode = -1
+        return self
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        args = []
+        if self._days:
+            args.append("days=%d" % self._days)
+        if self._seconds:
+            args.append("seconds=%d" % self._seconds)
+        if self._microseconds:
+            args.append("microseconds=%d" % self._microseconds)
+        if not args:
+            args.append('0')
+        return "%s.%s(%s)" % (_get_class_module(self),
+                              self.__class__.__qualname__,
+                              ', '.join(args))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        mm, ss = divmod(self._seconds, 60)
+        hh, mm = divmod(mm, 60)
+        s = "%d:%02d:%02d" % (hh, mm, ss)
+        if self._days:
+            def plural(n):
+                return n, abs(n) != 1 and "s" or ""
+            s = ("%d day%s, " % plural(self._days)) + s
+        if self._microseconds:
+            s = s + ".%06d" % self._microseconds
+        return s
+
+    def total_seconds(self):
+        """Total seconds in the duration."""
+        return ((self.days * 86400 + self.seconds) * 10**6 +
+                self.microseconds) / 10**6
+
+    # Read-only field accessors
+    @property
+    def days(self):
+        """days"""
+        return self._days
+
+    @property
+    def seconds(self):
+        """seconds"""
+        return self._seconds
+
+    @property
+    def microseconds(self):
+        """microseconds"""
+        return self._microseconds
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            # for CPython compatibility, we cannot use
+            # our __class__ here, but need a real timedelta
+            return timedelta(self._days + other._days,
+                             self._seconds + other._seconds,
+                             self._microseconds + other._microseconds)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    __radd__ = __add__
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            # for CPython compatibility, we cannot use
+            # our __class__ here, but need a real timedelta
+            return timedelta(self._days - other._days,
+                             self._seconds - other._seconds,
+                             self._microseconds - other._microseconds)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __rsub__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            return -self + other
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __neg__(self):
+        # for CPython compatibility, we cannot use
+        # our __class__ here, but need a real timedelta
+        return timedelta(-self._days,
+                         -self._seconds,
+                         -self._microseconds)
+
+    def __pos__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __abs__(self):
+        if self._days < 0:
+            return -self
+        else:
+            return self
+
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, int):
+            # for CPython compatibility, we cannot use
+            # our __class__ here, but need a real timedelta
+            return timedelta(self._days * other,
+                             self._seconds * other,
+                             self._microseconds * other)
+        if isinstance(other, float):
+            usec = self._to_microseconds()
+            a, b = other.as_integer_ratio()
+            return timedelta(0, 0, _divide_and_round(usec * a, b))
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    __rmul__ = __mul__
+
+    def _to_microseconds(self):
+        return ((self._days * (24*3600) + self._seconds) * 1000000 +
+                self._microseconds)
+
+    def __floordiv__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, (int, timedelta)):
+            return NotImplemented
+        usec = self._to_microseconds()
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            return usec // other._to_microseconds()
+        if isinstance(other, int):
+            return timedelta(0, 0, usec // other)
+
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, (int, float, timedelta)):
+            return NotImplemented
+        usec = self._to_microseconds()
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            return usec / other._to_microseconds()
+        if isinstance(other, int):
+            return timedelta(0, 0, _divide_and_round(usec, other))
+        if isinstance(other, float):
+            a, b = other.as_integer_ratio()
+            return timedelta(0, 0, _divide_and_round(b * usec, a))
+
+    def __mod__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            r = self._to_microseconds() % other._to_microseconds()
+            return timedelta(0, 0, r)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __divmod__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            q, r = divmod(self._to_microseconds(),
+                          other._to_microseconds())
+            return q, timedelta(0, 0, r)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    # Comparisons of timedelta objects with other.
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            return self._cmp(other) == 0
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            return self._cmp(other) <= 0
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            return self._cmp(other) < 0
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            return self._cmp(other) >= 0
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            return self._cmp(other) > 0
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def _cmp(self, other):
+        assert isinstance(other, timedelta)
+        return _cmp(self._getstate(), other._getstate())
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        if self._hashcode == -1:
+            self._hashcode = hash(self._getstate())
+        return self._hashcode
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return (self._days != 0 or
+                self._seconds != 0 or
+                self._microseconds != 0)
+
+    # Pickle support.
+
+    def _getstate(self):
+        return (self._days, self._seconds, self._microseconds)
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return (self.__class__, self._getstate())
+
+timedelta.min = timedelta(-999999999)
+timedelta.max = timedelta(days=999999999, hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59,
+                          microseconds=999999)
+timedelta.resolution = timedelta(microseconds=1)
+
+class date:
+    """Concrete date type.
+
+    Constructors:
+
+    __new__()
+    fromtimestamp()
+    today()
+    fromordinal()
+
+    Operators:
+
+    __repr__, __str__
+    __eq__, __le__, __lt__, __ge__, __gt__, __hash__
+    __add__, __radd__, __sub__ (add/radd only with timedelta arg)
+
+    Methods:
+
+    timetuple()
+    toordinal()
+    weekday()
+    isoweekday(), isocalendar(), isoformat()
+    ctime()
+    strftime()
+
+    Properties (readonly):
+    year, month, day
+    """
+    __slots__ = '_year', '_month', '_day', '_hashcode'
+
+    def __new__(cls, year, month=None, day=None):
+        """Constructor.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+        year, month, day (required, base 1)
+        """
+        if (month is None and
+            isinstance(year, (bytes, str)) and len(year) == 4 and
+            1 <= ord(year[2:3]) <= 12):
+            # Pickle support
+            if isinstance(year, str):
+                try:
+                    year = year.encode('latin1')
+                except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                    # More informative error message.
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Failed to encode latin1 string when unpickling "
+                        "a date object. "
+                        "pickle.load(data, encoding='latin1') is assumed.")
+            self = object.__new__(cls)
+            self.__setstate(year)
+            self._hashcode = -1
+            return self
+        year, month, day = _check_date_fields(year, month, day)
+        self = object.__new__(cls)
+        self._year = year
+        self._month = month
+        self._day = day
+        self._hashcode = -1
+        return self
+
+    # Additional constructors
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromtimestamp(cls, t):
+        "Construct a date from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time())."
+        y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, weekday, jday, dst = _time.localtime(t)
+        return cls(y, m, d)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def today(cls):
+        "Construct a date from time.time()."
+        t = _time.time()
+        return cls.fromtimestamp(t)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromordinal(cls, n):
+        """Construct a date from a proleptic Gregorian ordinal.
+
+        January 1 of year 1 is day 1.  Only the year, month and day are
+        non-zero in the result.
+        """
+        y, m, d = _ord2ymd(n)
+        return cls(y, m, d)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromisoformat(cls, date_string):
+        """Construct a date from a string in ISO 8601 format."""
+        if not isinstance(date_string, str):
+            raise TypeError('fromisoformat: argument must be str')
+
+        if len(date_string) not in (7, 8, 10):
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid isoformat string: {date_string!r}')
+
+        try:
+            return cls(*_parse_isoformat_date(date_string))
+        except Exception:
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid isoformat string: {date_string!r}')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromisocalendar(cls, year, week, day):
+        """Construct a date from the ISO year, week number and weekday.
+
+        This is the inverse of the date.isocalendar() function"""
+        return cls(*_isoweek_to_gregorian(year, week, day))
+
+    # Conversions to string
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Convert to formal string, for repr().
+
+        >>> d = date(2010, 1, 1)
+        >>> repr(d)
+        'datetime.date(2010, 1, 1)'
+        """
+        return "%s.%s(%d, %d, %d)" % (_get_class_module(self),
+                                      self.__class__.__qualname__,
+                                      self._year,
+                                      self._month,
+                                      self._day)
+    # XXX These shouldn't depend on time.localtime(), because that
+    # clips the usable dates to [1970 .. 2038).  At least ctime() is
+    # easily done without using strftime() -- that's better too because
+    # strftime("%c", ...) is locale specific.
+
+
+    def ctime(self):
+        "Return ctime() style string."
+        weekday = self.toordinal() % 7 or 7
+        return "%s %s %2d 00:00:00 %04d" % (
+            _DAYNAMES[weekday],
+            _MONTHNAMES[self._month],
+            self._day, self._year)
+
+    def strftime(self, format):
+        """
+        Format using strftime().
+
+        Example: "%d/%m/%Y, %H:%M:%S"
+        """
+        return _wrap_strftime(self, format, self.timetuple())
+
+    def __format__(self, fmt):
+        if not isinstance(fmt, str):
+            raise TypeError("must be str, not %s" % type(fmt).__name__)
+        if len(fmt) != 0:
+            return self.strftime(fmt)
+        return str(self)
+
+    def isoformat(self):
+        """Return the date formatted according to ISO.
+
+        This is 'YYYY-MM-DD'.
+
+        References:
+        - http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime
+        - http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html
+        """
+        return "%04d-%02d-%02d" % (self._year, self._month, self._day)
+
+    __str__ = isoformat
+
+    # Read-only field accessors
+    @property
+    def year(self):
+        """year (1-9999)"""
+        return self._year
+
+    @property
+    def month(self):
+        """month (1-12)"""
+        return self._month
+
+    @property
+    def day(self):
+        """day (1-31)"""
+        return self._day
+
+    # Standard conversions, __eq__, __le__, __lt__, __ge__, __gt__,
+    # __hash__ (and helpers)
+
+    def timetuple(self):
+        "Return local time tuple compatible with time.localtime()."
+        return _build_struct_time(self._year, self._month, self._day,
+                                  0, 0, 0, -1)
+
+    def toordinal(self):
+        """Return proleptic Gregorian ordinal for the year, month and day.
+
+        January 1 of year 1 is day 1.  Only the year, month and day values
+        contribute to the result.
+        """
+        return _ymd2ord(self._year, self._month, self._day)
+
+    def replace(self, year=None, month=None, day=None):
+        """Return a new date with new values for the specified fields."""
+        if year is None:
+            year = self._year
+        if month is None:
+            month = self._month
+        if day is None:
+            day = self._day
+        return type(self)(year, month, day)
+
+    # Comparisons of date objects with other.
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, date):
+            return self._cmp(other) == 0
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, date):
+            return self._cmp(other) <= 0
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, date):
+            return self._cmp(other) < 0
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, date):
+            return self._cmp(other) >= 0
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, date):
+            return self._cmp(other) > 0
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def _cmp(self, other):
+        assert isinstance(other, date)
+        y, m, d = self._year, self._month, self._day
+        y2, m2, d2 = other._year, other._month, other._day
+        return _cmp((y, m, d), (y2, m2, d2))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        "Hash."
+        if self._hashcode == -1:
+            self._hashcode = hash(self._getstate())
+        return self._hashcode
+
+    # Computations
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        "Add a date to a timedelta."
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            o = self.toordinal() + other.days
+            if 0 < o <= _MAXORDINAL:
+                return type(self).fromordinal(o)
+            raise OverflowError("result out of range")
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    __radd__ = __add__
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        """Subtract two dates, or a date and a timedelta."""
+        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            return self + timedelta(-other.days)
+        if isinstance(other, date):
+            days1 = self.toordinal()
+            days2 = other.toordinal()
+            return timedelta(days1 - days2)
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def weekday(self):
+        "Return day of the week, where Monday == 0 ... Sunday == 6."
+        return (self.toordinal() + 6) % 7
+
+    # Day-of-the-week and week-of-the-year, according to ISO
+
+    def isoweekday(self):
+        "Return day of the week, where Monday == 1 ... Sunday == 7."
+        # 1-Jan-0001 is a Monday
+        return self.toordinal() % 7 or 7
+
+    def isocalendar(self):
+        """Return a named tuple containing ISO year, week number, and weekday.
+
+        The first ISO week of the year is the (Mon-Sun) week
+        containing the year's first Thursday; everything else derives
+        from that.
+
+        The first week is 1; Monday is 1 ... Sunday is 7.
+
+        ISO calendar algorithm taken from
+        http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/calendar/isocalendar.htm
+        (used with permission)
+        """
+        year = self._year
+        week1monday = _isoweek1monday(year)
+        today = _ymd2ord(self._year, self._month, self._day)
+        # Internally, week and day have origin 0
+        week, day = divmod(today - week1monday, 7)
+        if week < 0:
+            year -= 1
+            week1monday = _isoweek1monday(year)
+            week, day = divmod(today - week1monday, 7)
+        elif week >= 52:
+            if today >= _isoweek1monday(year+1):
+                year += 1
+                week = 0
+        return _IsoCalendarDate(year, week+1, day+1)
+
+    # Pickle support.
+
+    def _getstate(self):
+        yhi, ylo = divmod(self._year, 256)
+        return bytes([yhi, ylo, self._month, self._day]),
+
+    def __setstate(self, string):
+        yhi, ylo, self._month, self._day = string
+        self._year = yhi * 256 + ylo
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return (self.__class__, self._getstate())
+
+_date_class = date  # so functions w/ args named "date" can get at the class
+
+date.min = date(1, 1, 1)
+date.max = date(9999, 12, 31)
+date.resolution = timedelta(days=1)
+
+
+class tzinfo:
+    """Abstract base class for time zone info classes.
+
+    Subclasses must override the tzname(), utcoffset() and dst() methods.
+    """
+    __slots__ = ()
+
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        "datetime -> string name of time zone."
+        raise NotImplementedError("tzinfo subclass must override tzname()")
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        "datetime -> timedelta, positive for east of UTC, negative for west of UTC"
+        raise NotImplementedError("tzinfo subclass must override utcoffset()")
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        """datetime -> DST offset as timedelta, positive for east of UTC.
+
+        Return 0 if DST not in effect.  utcoffset() must include the DST
+        offset.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("tzinfo subclass must override dst()")
+
+    def fromutc(self, dt):
+        "datetime in UTC -> datetime in local time."
+
+        if not isinstance(dt, datetime):
+            raise TypeError("fromutc() requires a datetime argument")
+        if dt.tzinfo is not self:
+            raise ValueError("dt.tzinfo is not self")
+
+        dtoff = dt.utcoffset()
+        if dtoff is None:
+            raise ValueError("fromutc() requires a non-None utcoffset() "
+                             "result")
+
+        # See the long comment block at the end of this file for an
+        # explanation of this algorithm.
+        dtdst = dt.dst()
+        if dtdst is None:
+            raise ValueError("fromutc() requires a non-None dst() result")
+        delta = dtoff - dtdst
+        if delta:
+            dt += delta
+            dtdst = dt.dst()
+            if dtdst is None:
+                raise ValueError("fromutc(): dt.dst gave inconsistent "
+                                 "results; cannot convert")
+        return dt + dtdst
+
+    # Pickle support.
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        getinitargs = getattr(self, "__getinitargs__", None)
+        if getinitargs:
+            args = getinitargs()
+        else:
+            args = ()
+        return (self.__class__, args, self.__getstate__())
+
+
+class IsoCalendarDate(tuple):
+
+    def __new__(cls, year, week, weekday, /):
+        return super().__new__(cls, (year, week, weekday))
+
+    @property
+    def year(self):
+        return self[0]
+
+    @property
+    def week(self):
+        return self[1]
+
+    @property
+    def weekday(self):
+        return self[2]
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        # This code is intended to pickle the object without making the
+        # class public. See https://bugs.python.org/msg352381
+        return (tuple, (tuple(self),))
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return (f'{self.__class__.__name__}'
+                f'(year={self[0]}, week={self[1]}, weekday={self[2]})')
+
+
+_IsoCalendarDate = IsoCalendarDate
+del IsoCalendarDate
+_tzinfo_class = tzinfo
+
+class time:
+    """Time with time zone.
+
+    Constructors:
+
+    __new__()
+
+    Operators:
+
+    __repr__, __str__
+    __eq__, __le__, __lt__, __ge__, __gt__, __hash__
+
+    Methods:
+
+    strftime()
+    isoformat()
+    utcoffset()
+    tzname()
+    dst()
+
+    Properties (readonly):
+    hour, minute, second, microsecond, tzinfo, fold
+    """
+    __slots__ = '_hour', '_minute', '_second', '_microsecond', '_tzinfo', '_hashcode', '_fold'
+
+    def __new__(cls, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0):
+        """Constructor.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+        hour, minute (required)
+        second, microsecond (default to zero)
+        tzinfo (default to None)
+        fold (keyword only, default to zero)
+        """
+        if (isinstance(hour, (bytes, str)) and len(hour) == 6 and
+            ord(hour[0:1])&0x7F < 24):
+            # Pickle support
+            if isinstance(hour, str):
+                try:
+                    hour = hour.encode('latin1')
+                except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                    # More informative error message.
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Failed to encode latin1 string when unpickling "
+                        "a time object. "
+                        "pickle.load(data, encoding='latin1') is assumed.")
+            self = object.__new__(cls)
+            self.__setstate(hour, minute or None)
+            self._hashcode = -1
+            return self
+        hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold = _check_time_fields(
+            hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold)
+        _check_tzinfo_arg(tzinfo)
+        self = object.__new__(cls)
+        self._hour = hour
+        self._minute = minute
+        self._second = second
+        self._microsecond = microsecond
+        self._tzinfo = tzinfo
+        self._hashcode = -1
+        self._fold = fold
+        return self
+
+    # Read-only field accessors
+    @property
+    def hour(self):
+        """hour (0-23)"""
+        return self._hour
+
+    @property
+    def minute(self):
+        """minute (0-59)"""
+        return self._minute
+
+    @property
+    def second(self):
+        """second (0-59)"""
+        return self._second
+
+    @property
+    def microsecond(self):
+        """microsecond (0-999999)"""
+        return self._microsecond
+
+    @property
+    def tzinfo(self):
+        """timezone info object"""
+        return self._tzinfo
+
+    @property
+    def fold(self):
+        return self._fold
+
+    # Standard conversions, __hash__ (and helpers)
+
+    # Comparisons of time objects with other.
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, time):
+            return self._cmp(other, allow_mixed=True) == 0
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, time):
+            return self._cmp(other) <= 0
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, time):
+            return self._cmp(other) < 0
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, time):
+            return self._cmp(other) >= 0
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, time):
+            return self._cmp(other) > 0
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+
+    def _cmp(self, other, allow_mixed=False):
+        assert isinstance(other, time)
+        mytz = self._tzinfo
+        ottz = other._tzinfo
+        myoff = otoff = None
+
+        if mytz is ottz:
+            base_compare = True
+        else:
+            myoff = self.utcoffset()
+            otoff = other.utcoffset()
+            base_compare = myoff == otoff
+
+        if base_compare:
+            return _cmp((self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
+                         self._microsecond),
+                        (other._hour, other._minute, other._second,
+                         other._microsecond))
+        if myoff is None or otoff is None:
+            if allow_mixed:
+                return 2 # arbitrary non-zero value
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("cannot compare naive and aware times")
+        myhhmm = self._hour * 60 + self._minute - myoff//timedelta(minutes=1)
+        othhmm = other._hour * 60 + other._minute - otoff//timedelta(minutes=1)
+        return _cmp((myhhmm, self._second, self._microsecond),
+                    (othhmm, other._second, other._microsecond))
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        """Hash."""
+        if self._hashcode == -1:
+            if self.fold:
+                t = self.replace(fold=0)
+            else:
+                t = self
+            tzoff = t.utcoffset()
+            if not tzoff:  # zero or None
+                self._hashcode = hash(t._getstate()[0])
+            else:
+                h, m = divmod(timedelta(hours=self.hour, minutes=self.minute) - tzoff,
+                              timedelta(hours=1))
+                assert not m % timedelta(minutes=1), "whole minute"
+                m //= timedelta(minutes=1)
+                if 0 <= h < 24:
+                    self._hashcode = hash(time(h, m, self.second, self.microsecond))
+                else:
+                    self._hashcode = hash((h, m, self.second, self.microsecond))
+        return self._hashcode
+
+    # Conversion to string
+
+    def _tzstr(self):
+        """Return formatted timezone offset (+xx:xx) or an empty string."""
+        off = self.utcoffset()
+        return _format_offset(off)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Convert to formal string, for repr()."""
+        if self._microsecond != 0:
+            s = ", %d, %d" % (self._second, self._microsecond)
+        elif self._second != 0:
+            s = ", %d" % self._second
+        else:
+            s = ""
+        s= "%s.%s(%d, %d%s)" % (_get_class_module(self),
+                                self.__class__.__qualname__,
+                                self._hour, self._minute, s)
+        if self._tzinfo is not None:
+            assert s[-1:] == ")"
+            s = s[:-1] + ", tzinfo=%r" % self._tzinfo + ")"
+        if self._fold:
+            assert s[-1:] == ")"
+            s = s[:-1] + ", fold=1)"
+        return s
+
+    def isoformat(self, timespec='auto'):
+        """Return the time formatted according to ISO.
+
+        The full format is 'HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm+zz:zz'. By default, the fractional
+        part is omitted if self.microsecond == 0.
+
+        The optional argument timespec specifies the number of additional
+        terms of the time to include. Valid options are 'auto', 'hours',
+        'minutes', 'seconds', 'milliseconds' and 'microseconds'.
+        """
+        s = _format_time(self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
+                          self._microsecond, timespec)
+        tz = self._tzstr()
+        if tz:
+            s += tz
+        return s
+
+    __str__ = isoformat
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromisoformat(cls, time_string):
+        """Construct a time from a string in one of the ISO 8601 formats."""
+        if not isinstance(time_string, str):
+            raise TypeError('fromisoformat: argument must be str')
+
+        # The spec actually requires that time-only ISO 8601 strings start with
+        # T, but the extended format allows this to be omitted as long as there
+        # is no ambiguity with date strings.
+        time_string = time_string.removeprefix('T')
+
+        try:
+            return cls(*_parse_isoformat_time(time_string))
+        except Exception:
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid isoformat string: {time_string!r}')
+
+    def strftime(self, format):
+        """Format using strftime().  The date part of the timestamp passed
+        to underlying strftime should not be used.
+        """
+        # The year must be >= 1000 else Python's strftime implementation
+        # can raise a bogus exception.
+        timetuple = (1900, 1, 1,
+                     self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
+                     0, 1, -1)
+        return _wrap_strftime(self, format, timetuple)
+
+    def __format__(self, fmt):
+        if not isinstance(fmt, str):
+            raise TypeError("must be str, not %s" % type(fmt).__name__)
+        if len(fmt) != 0:
+            return self.strftime(fmt)
+        return str(self)
+
+    # Timezone functions
+
+    def utcoffset(self):
+        """Return the timezone offset as timedelta, positive east of UTC
+         (negative west of UTC)."""
+        if self._tzinfo is None:
+            return None
+        offset = self._tzinfo.utcoffset(None)
+        _check_utc_offset("utcoffset", offset)
+        return offset
+
+    def tzname(self):
+        """Return the timezone name.
+
+        Note that the name is 100% informational -- there's no requirement that
+        it mean anything in particular. For example, "GMT", "UTC", "-500",
+        "-5:00", "EDT", "US/Eastern", "America/New York" are all valid replies.
+        """
+        if self._tzinfo is None:
+            return None
+        name = self._tzinfo.tzname(None)
+        _check_tzname(name)
+        return name
+
+    def dst(self):
+        """Return 0 if DST is not in effect, or the DST offset (as timedelta
+        positive eastward) if DST is in effect.
+
+        This is purely informational; the DST offset has already been added to
+        the UTC offset returned by utcoffset() if applicable, so there's no
+        need to consult dst() unless you're interested in displaying the DST
+        info.
+        """
+        if self._tzinfo is None:
+            return None
+        offset = self._tzinfo.dst(None)
+        _check_utc_offset("dst", offset)
+        return offset
+
+    def replace(self, hour=None, minute=None, second=None, microsecond=None,
+                tzinfo=True, *, fold=None):
+        """Return a new time with new values for the specified fields."""
+        if hour is None:
+            hour = self.hour
+        if minute is None:
+            minute = self.minute
+        if second is None:
+            second = self.second
+        if microsecond is None:
+            microsecond = self.microsecond
+        if tzinfo is True:
+            tzinfo = self.tzinfo
+        if fold is None:
+            fold = self._fold
+        return type(self)(hour, minute, second, microsecond, tzinfo, fold=fold)
+
+    # Pickle support.
+
+    def _getstate(self, protocol=3):
+        us2, us3 = divmod(self._microsecond, 256)
+        us1, us2 = divmod(us2, 256)
+        h = self._hour
+        if self._fold and protocol > 3:
+            h += 128
+        basestate = bytes([h, self._minute, self._second,
+                           us1, us2, us3])
+        if self._tzinfo is None:
+            return (basestate,)
+        else:
+            return (basestate, self._tzinfo)
+
+    def __setstate(self, string, tzinfo):
+        if tzinfo is not None and not isinstance(tzinfo, _tzinfo_class):
+            raise TypeError("bad tzinfo state arg")
+        h, self._minute, self._second, us1, us2, us3 = string
+        if h > 127:
+            self._fold = 1
+            self._hour = h - 128
+        else:
+            self._fold = 0
+            self._hour = h
+        self._microsecond = (((us1 << 8) | us2) << 8) | us3
+        self._tzinfo = tzinfo
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
+        return (self.__class__, self._getstate(protocol))
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__reduce_ex__(2)
+
+_time_class = time  # so functions w/ args named "time" can get at the class
+
+time.min = time(0, 0, 0)
+time.max = time(23, 59, 59, 999999)
+time.resolution = timedelta(microseconds=1)
+
+
+class datetime(date):
+    """datetime(year, month, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[,tzinfo]]]]])
+
+    The year, month and day arguments are required. tzinfo may be None, or an
+    instance of a tzinfo subclass. The remaining arguments may be ints.
+    """
+    __slots__ = date.__slots__ + time.__slots__
+
+    def __new__(cls, year, month=None, day=None, hour=0, minute=0, second=0,
+                microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0):
+        if (isinstance(year, (bytes, str)) and len(year) == 10 and
+            1 <= ord(year[2:3])&0x7F <= 12):
+            # Pickle support
+            if isinstance(year, str):
+                try:
+                    year = bytes(year, 'latin1')
+                except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                    # More informative error message.
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        "Failed to encode latin1 string when unpickling "
+                        "a datetime object. "
+                        "pickle.load(data, encoding='latin1') is assumed.")
+            self = object.__new__(cls)
+            self.__setstate(year, month)
+            self._hashcode = -1
+            return self
+        year, month, day = _check_date_fields(year, month, day)
+        hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold = _check_time_fields(
+            hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold)
+        _check_tzinfo_arg(tzinfo)
+        self = object.__new__(cls)
+        self._year = year
+        self._month = month
+        self._day = day
+        self._hour = hour
+        self._minute = minute
+        self._second = second
+        self._microsecond = microsecond
+        self._tzinfo = tzinfo
+        self._hashcode = -1
+        self._fold = fold
+        return self
+
+    # Read-only field accessors
+    @property
+    def hour(self):
+        """hour (0-23)"""
+        return self._hour
+
+    @property
+    def minute(self):
+        """minute (0-59)"""
+        return self._minute
+
+    @property
+    def second(self):
+        """second (0-59)"""
+        return self._second
+
+    @property
+    def microsecond(self):
+        """microsecond (0-999999)"""
+        return self._microsecond
+
+    @property
+    def tzinfo(self):
+        """timezone info object"""
+        return self._tzinfo
+
+    @property
+    def fold(self):
+        return self._fold
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _fromtimestamp(cls, t, utc, tz):
+        """Construct a datetime from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time()).
+
+        A timezone info object may be passed in as well.
+        """
+        frac, t = _math.modf(t)
+        us = round(frac * 1e6)
+        if us >= 1000000:
+            t += 1
+            us -= 1000000
+        elif us < 0:
+            t -= 1
+            us += 1000000
+
+        converter = _time.gmtime if utc else _time.localtime
+        y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, weekday, jday, dst = converter(t)
+        ss = min(ss, 59)    # clamp out leap seconds if the platform has them
+        result = cls(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, us, tz)
+        if tz is None and not utc:
+            # As of version 2015f max fold in IANA database is
+            # 23 hours at 1969-09-30 13:00:00 in Kwajalein.
+            # Let's probe 24 hours in the past to detect a transition:
+            max_fold_seconds = 24 * 3600
+
+            # On Windows localtime_s throws an OSError for negative values,
+            # thus we can't perform fold detection for values of time less
+            # than the max time fold. See comments in _datetimemodule's
+            # version of this method for more details.
+            if t < max_fold_seconds and sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+                return result
+
+            y, m, d, hh, mm, ss = converter(t - max_fold_seconds)[:6]
+            probe1 = cls(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, us, tz)
+            trans = result - probe1 - timedelta(0, max_fold_seconds)
+            if trans.days < 0:
+                y, m, d, hh, mm, ss = converter(t + trans // timedelta(0, 1))[:6]
+                probe2 = cls(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, us, tz)
+                if probe2 == result:
+                    result._fold = 1
+        elif tz is not None:
+            result = tz.fromutc(result)
+        return result
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromtimestamp(cls, timestamp, tz=None):
+        """Construct a datetime from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time()).
+
+        A timezone info object may be passed in as well.
+        """
+        _check_tzinfo_arg(tz)
+
+        return cls._fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz is not None, tz)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def utcfromtimestamp(cls, t):
+        """Construct a naive UTC datetime from a POSIX timestamp."""
+        import warnings
+        warnings.warn("datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp() is deprecated and scheduled "
+                      "for removal in a future version. Use timezone-aware "
+                      "objects to represent datetimes in UTC: "
+                      "datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(t, datetime.UTC).",
+                      DeprecationWarning,
+                      stacklevel=2)
+        return cls._fromtimestamp(t, True, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def now(cls, tz=None):
+        "Construct a datetime from time.time() and optional time zone info."
+        t = _time.time()
+        return cls.fromtimestamp(t, tz)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def utcnow(cls):
+        "Construct a UTC datetime from time.time()."
+        import warnings
+        warnings.warn("datetime.datetime.utcnow() is deprecated and scheduled for "
+                      "removal in a future version. Use timezone-aware "
+                      "objects to represent datetimes in UTC: "
+                      "datetime.datetime.now(datetime.UTC).",
+                      DeprecationWarning,
+                      stacklevel=2)
+        t = _time.time()
+        return cls._fromtimestamp(t, True, None)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def combine(cls, date, time, tzinfo=True):
+        "Construct a datetime from a given date and a given time."
+        if not isinstance(date, _date_class):
+            raise TypeError("date argument must be a date instance")
+        if not isinstance(time, _time_class):
+            raise TypeError("time argument must be a time instance")
+        if tzinfo is True:
+            tzinfo = time.tzinfo
+        return cls(date.year, date.month, date.day,
+                   time.hour, time.minute, time.second, time.microsecond,
+                   tzinfo, fold=time.fold)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromisoformat(cls, date_string):
+        """Construct a datetime from a string in one of the ISO 8601 formats."""
+        if not isinstance(date_string, str):
+            raise TypeError('fromisoformat: argument must be str')
+
+        if len(date_string) < 7:
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid isoformat string: {date_string!r}')
+
+        # Split this at the separator
+        try:
+            separator_location = _find_isoformat_datetime_separator(date_string)
+            dstr = date_string[0:separator_location]
+            tstr = date_string[(separator_location+1):]
+
+            date_components = _parse_isoformat_date(dstr)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'Invalid isoformat string: {date_string!r}') from None
+
+        if tstr:
+            try:
+                time_components = _parse_isoformat_time(tstr)
+            except ValueError:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f'Invalid isoformat string: {date_string!r}') from None
+        else:
+            time_components = [0, 0, 0, 0, None]
+
+        return cls(*(date_components + time_components))
+
+    def timetuple(self):
+        "Return local time tuple compatible with time.localtime()."
+        dst = self.dst()
+        if dst is None:
+            dst = -1
+        elif dst:
+            dst = 1
+        else:
+            dst = 0
+        return _build_struct_time(self.year, self.month, self.day,
+                                  self.hour, self.minute, self.second,
+                                  dst)
+
+    def _mktime(self):
+        """Return integer POSIX timestamp."""
+        epoch = datetime(1970, 1, 1)
+        max_fold_seconds = 24 * 3600
+        t = (self - epoch) // timedelta(0, 1)
+        def local(u):
+            y, m, d, hh, mm, ss = _time.localtime(u)[:6]
+            return (datetime(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss) - epoch) // timedelta(0, 1)
+
+        # Our goal is to solve t = local(u) for u.
+        a = local(t) - t
+        u1 = t - a
+        t1 = local(u1)
+        if t1 == t:
+            # We found one solution, but it may not be the one we need.
+            # Look for an earlier solution (if `fold` is 0), or a
+            # later one (if `fold` is 1).
+            u2 = u1 + (-max_fold_seconds, max_fold_seconds)[self.fold]
+            b = local(u2) - u2
+            if a == b:
+                return u1
+        else:
+            b = t1 - u1
+            assert a != b
+        u2 = t - b
+        t2 = local(u2)
+        if t2 == t:
+            return u2
+        if t1 == t:
+            return u1
+        # We have found both offsets a and b, but neither t - a nor t - b is
+        # a solution.  This means t is in the gap.
+        return (max, min)[self.fold](u1, u2)
+
+
+    def timestamp(self):
+        "Return POSIX timestamp as float"
+        if self._tzinfo is None:
+            s = self._mktime()
+            return s + self.microsecond / 1e6
+        else:
+            return (self - _EPOCH).total_seconds()
+
+    def utctimetuple(self):
+        "Return UTC time tuple compatible with time.gmtime()."
+        offset = self.utcoffset()
+        if offset:
+            self -= offset
+        y, m, d = self.year, self.month, self.day
+        hh, mm, ss = self.hour, self.minute, self.second
+        return _build_struct_time(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, 0)
+
+    def date(self):
+        "Return the date part."
+        return date(self._year, self._month, self._day)
+
+    def time(self):
+        "Return the time part, with tzinfo None."
+        return time(self.hour, self.minute, self.second, self.microsecond, fold=self.fold)
+
+    def timetz(self):
+        "Return the time part, with same tzinfo."
+        return time(self.hour, self.minute, self.second, self.microsecond,
+                    self._tzinfo, fold=self.fold)
+
+    def replace(self, year=None, month=None, day=None, hour=None,
+                minute=None, second=None, microsecond=None, tzinfo=True,
+                *, fold=None):
+        """Return a new datetime with new values for the specified fields."""
+        if year is None:
+            year = self.year
+        if month is None:
+            month = self.month
+        if day is None:
+            day = self.day
+        if hour is None:
+            hour = self.hour
+        if minute is None:
+            minute = self.minute
+        if second is None:
+            second = self.second
+        if microsecond is None:
+            microsecond = self.microsecond
+        if tzinfo is True:
+            tzinfo = self.tzinfo
+        if fold is None:
+            fold = self.fold
+        return type(self)(year, month, day, hour, minute, second,
+                          microsecond, tzinfo, fold=fold)
+
+    def _local_timezone(self):
+        if self.tzinfo is None:
+            ts = self._mktime()
+            # Detect gap
+            ts2 = self.replace(fold=1-self.fold)._mktime()
+            if ts2 != ts: # This happens in a gap or a fold
+                if (ts2 > ts) == self.fold:
+                    ts = ts2
+        else:
+            ts = (self - _EPOCH) // timedelta(seconds=1)
+        localtm = _time.localtime(ts)
+        local = datetime(*localtm[:6])
+        # Extract TZ data
+        gmtoff = localtm.tm_gmtoff
+        zone = localtm.tm_zone
+        return timezone(timedelta(seconds=gmtoff), zone)
+
+    def astimezone(self, tz=None):
+        if tz is None:
+            tz = self._local_timezone()
+        elif not isinstance(tz, tzinfo):
+            raise TypeError("tz argument must be an instance of tzinfo")
+
+        mytz = self.tzinfo
+        if mytz is None:
+            mytz = self._local_timezone()
+            myoffset = mytz.utcoffset(self)
+        else:
+            myoffset = mytz.utcoffset(self)
+            if myoffset is None:
+                mytz = self.replace(tzinfo=None)._local_timezone()
+                myoffset = mytz.utcoffset(self)
+
+        if tz is mytz:
+            return self
+
+        # Convert self to UTC, and attach the new time zone object.
+        utc = (self - myoffset).replace(tzinfo=tz)
+
+        # Convert from UTC to tz's local time.
+        return tz.fromutc(utc)
+
+    # Ways to produce a string.
+
+    def ctime(self):
+        "Return ctime() style string."
+        weekday = self.toordinal() % 7 or 7
+        return "%s %s %2d %02d:%02d:%02d %04d" % (
+            _DAYNAMES[weekday],
+            _MONTHNAMES[self._month],
+            self._day,
+            self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
+            self._year)
+
+    def isoformat(self, sep='T', timespec='auto'):
+        """Return the time formatted according to ISO.
+
+        The full format looks like 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm'.
+        By default, the fractional part is omitted if self.microsecond == 0.
+
+        If self.tzinfo is not None, the UTC offset is also attached, giving
+        giving a full format of 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm+HH:MM'.
+
+        Optional argument sep specifies the separator between date and
+        time, default 'T'.
+
+        The optional argument timespec specifies the number of additional
+        terms of the time to include. Valid options are 'auto', 'hours',
+        'minutes', 'seconds', 'milliseconds' and 'microseconds'.
+        """
+        s = ("%04d-%02d-%02d%c" % (self._year, self._month, self._day, sep) +
+             _format_time(self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
+                          self._microsecond, timespec))
+
+        off = self.utcoffset()
+        tz = _format_offset(off)
+        if tz:
+            s += tz
+
+        return s
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Convert to formal string, for repr()."""
+        L = [self._year, self._month, self._day,  # These are never zero
+             self._hour, self._minute, self._second, self._microsecond]
+        if L[-1] == 0:
+            del L[-1]
+        if L[-1] == 0:
+            del L[-1]
+        s = "%s.%s(%s)" % (_get_class_module(self),
+                           self.__class__.__qualname__,
+                           ", ".join(map(str, L)))
+        if self._tzinfo is not None:
+            assert s[-1:] == ")"
+            s = s[:-1] + ", tzinfo=%r" % self._tzinfo + ")"
+        if self._fold:
+            assert s[-1:] == ")"
+            s = s[:-1] + ", fold=1)"
+        return s
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        "Convert to string, for str()."
+        return self.isoformat(sep=' ')
+
+    @classmethod
+    def strptime(cls, date_string, format):
+        'string, format -> new datetime parsed from a string (like time.strptime()).'
+        import _strptime
+        return _strptime._strptime_datetime(cls, date_string, format)
+
+    def utcoffset(self):
+        """Return the timezone offset as timedelta positive east of UTC (negative west of
+        UTC)."""
+        if self._tzinfo is None:
+            return None
+        offset = self._tzinfo.utcoffset(self)
+        _check_utc_offset("utcoffset", offset)
+        return offset
+
+    def tzname(self):
+        """Return the timezone name.
+
+        Note that the name is 100% informational -- there's no requirement that
+        it mean anything in particular. For example, "GMT", "UTC", "-500",
+        "-5:00", "EDT", "US/Eastern", "America/New York" are all valid replies.
+        """
+        if self._tzinfo is None:
+            return None
+        name = self._tzinfo.tzname(self)
+        _check_tzname(name)
+        return name
+
+    def dst(self):
+        """Return 0 if DST is not in effect, or the DST offset (as timedelta
+        positive eastward) if DST is in effect.
+
+        This is purely informational; the DST offset has already been added to
+        the UTC offset returned by utcoffset() if applicable, so there's no
+        need to consult dst() unless you're interested in displaying the DST
+        info.
+        """
+        if self._tzinfo is None:
+            return None
+        offset = self._tzinfo.dst(self)
+        _check_utc_offset("dst", offset)
+        return offset
+
+    # Comparisons of datetime objects with other.
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, datetime):
+            return self._cmp(other, allow_mixed=True) == 0
+        elif not isinstance(other, date):
+            return NotImplemented
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def __le__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, datetime):
+            return self._cmp(other) <= 0
+        elif not isinstance(other, date):
+            return NotImplemented
+        else:
+            _cmperror(self, other)
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, datetime):
+            return self._cmp(other) < 0
+        elif not isinstance(other, date):
+            return NotImplemented
+        else:
+            _cmperror(self, other)
+
+    def __ge__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, datetime):
+            return self._cmp(other) >= 0
+        elif not isinstance(other, date):
+            return NotImplemented
+        else:
+            _cmperror(self, other)
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, datetime):
+            return self._cmp(other) > 0
+        elif not isinstance(other, date):
+            return NotImplemented
+        else:
+            _cmperror(self, other)
+
+    def _cmp(self, other, allow_mixed=False):
+        assert isinstance(other, datetime)
+        mytz = self._tzinfo
+        ottz = other._tzinfo
+        myoff = otoff = None
+
+        if mytz is ottz:
+            base_compare = True
+        else:
+            myoff = self.utcoffset()
+            otoff = other.utcoffset()
+            # Assume that allow_mixed means that we are called from __eq__
+            if allow_mixed:
+                if myoff != self.replace(fold=not self.fold).utcoffset():
+                    return 2
+                if otoff != other.replace(fold=not other.fold).utcoffset():
+                    return 2
+            base_compare = myoff == otoff
+
+        if base_compare:
+            return _cmp((self._year, self._month, self._day,
+                         self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
+                         self._microsecond),
+                        (other._year, other._month, other._day,
+                         other._hour, other._minute, other._second,
+                         other._microsecond))
+        if myoff is None or otoff is None:
+            if allow_mixed:
+                return 2 # arbitrary non-zero value
+            else:
+                raise TypeError("cannot compare naive and aware datetimes")
+        # XXX What follows could be done more efficiently...
+        diff = self - other     # this will take offsets into account
+        if diff.days < 0:
+            return -1
+        return diff and 1 or 0
+
+    def __add__(self, other):
+        "Add a datetime and a timedelta."
+        if not isinstance(other, timedelta):
+            return NotImplemented
+        delta = timedelta(self.toordinal(),
+                          hours=self._hour,
+                          minutes=self._minute,
+                          seconds=self._second,
+                          microseconds=self._microsecond)
+        delta += other
+        hour, rem = divmod(delta.seconds, 3600)
+        minute, second = divmod(rem, 60)
+        if 0 < delta.days <= _MAXORDINAL:
+            return type(self).combine(date.fromordinal(delta.days),
+                                      time(hour, minute, second,
+                                           delta.microseconds,
+                                           tzinfo=self._tzinfo))
+        raise OverflowError("result out of range")
+
+    __radd__ = __add__
+
+    def __sub__(self, other):
+        "Subtract two datetimes, or a datetime and a timedelta."
+        if not isinstance(other, datetime):
+            if isinstance(other, timedelta):
+                return self + -other
+            return NotImplemented
+
+        days1 = self.toordinal()
+        days2 = other.toordinal()
+        secs1 = self._second + self._minute * 60 + self._hour * 3600
+        secs2 = other._second + other._minute * 60 + other._hour * 3600
+        base = timedelta(days1 - days2,
+                         secs1 - secs2,
+                         self._microsecond - other._microsecond)
+        if self._tzinfo is other._tzinfo:
+            return base
+        myoff = self.utcoffset()
+        otoff = other.utcoffset()
+        if myoff == otoff:
+            return base
+        if myoff is None or otoff is None:
+            raise TypeError("cannot mix naive and timezone-aware time")
+        return base + otoff - myoff
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        if self._hashcode == -1:
+            if self.fold:
+                t = self.replace(fold=0)
+            else:
+                t = self
+            tzoff = t.utcoffset()
+            if tzoff is None:
+                self._hashcode = hash(t._getstate()[0])
+            else:
+                days = _ymd2ord(self.year, self.month, self.day)
+                seconds = self.hour * 3600 + self.minute * 60 + self.second
+                self._hashcode = hash(timedelta(days, seconds, self.microsecond) - tzoff)
+        return self._hashcode
+
+    # Pickle support.
+
+    def _getstate(self, protocol=3):
+        yhi, ylo = divmod(self._year, 256)
+        us2, us3 = divmod(self._microsecond, 256)
+        us1, us2 = divmod(us2, 256)
+        m = self._month
+        if self._fold and protocol > 3:
+            m += 128
+        basestate = bytes([yhi, ylo, m, self._day,
+                           self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
+                           us1, us2, us3])
+        if self._tzinfo is None:
+            return (basestate,)
+        else:
+            return (basestate, self._tzinfo)
+
+    def __setstate(self, string, tzinfo):
+        if tzinfo is not None and not isinstance(tzinfo, _tzinfo_class):
+            raise TypeError("bad tzinfo state arg")
+        (yhi, ylo, m, self._day, self._hour,
+         self._minute, self._second, us1, us2, us3) = string
+        if m > 127:
+            self._fold = 1
+            self._month = m - 128
+        else:
+            self._fold = 0
+            self._month = m
+        self._year = yhi * 256 + ylo
+        self._microsecond = (((us1 << 8) | us2) << 8) | us3
+        self._tzinfo = tzinfo
+
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
+        return (self.__class__, self._getstate(protocol))
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return self.__reduce_ex__(2)
+
+
+datetime.min = datetime(1, 1, 1)
+datetime.max = datetime(9999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)
+datetime.resolution = timedelta(microseconds=1)
+
+
+def _isoweek1monday(year):
+    # Helper to calculate the day number of the Monday starting week 1
+    # XXX This could be done more efficiently
+    THURSDAY = 3
+    firstday = _ymd2ord(year, 1, 1)
+    firstweekday = (firstday + 6) % 7  # See weekday() above
+    week1monday = firstday - firstweekday
+    if firstweekday > THURSDAY:
+        week1monday += 7
+    return week1monday
+
+
+class timezone(tzinfo):
+    __slots__ = '_offset', '_name'
+
+    # Sentinel value to disallow None
+    _Omitted = object()
+    def __new__(cls, offset, name=_Omitted):
+        if not isinstance(offset, timedelta):
+            raise TypeError("offset must be a timedelta")
+        if name is cls._Omitted:
+            if not offset:
+                return cls.utc
+            name = None
+        elif not isinstance(name, str):
+            raise TypeError("name must be a string")
+        if not cls._minoffset <= offset <= cls._maxoffset:
+            raise ValueError("offset must be a timedelta "
+                             "strictly between -timedelta(hours=24) and "
+                             "timedelta(hours=24).")
+        return cls._create(offset, name)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _create(cls, offset, name=None):
+        self = tzinfo.__new__(cls)
+        self._offset = offset
+        self._name = name
+        return self
+
+    def __getinitargs__(self):
+        """pickle support"""
+        if self._name is None:
+            return (self._offset,)
+        return (self._offset, self._name)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, timezone):
+            return self._offset == other._offset
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    def __hash__(self):
+        return hash(self._offset)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Convert to formal string, for repr().
+
+        >>> tz = timezone.utc
+        >>> repr(tz)
+        'datetime.timezone.utc'
+        >>> tz = timezone(timedelta(hours=-5), 'EST')
+        >>> repr(tz)
+        "datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(-1, 68400), 'EST')"
+        """
+        if self is self.utc:
+            return 'datetime.timezone.utc'
+        if self._name is None:
+            return "%s.%s(%r)" % (_get_class_module(self),
+                                  self.__class__.__qualname__,
+                                  self._offset)
+        return "%s.%s(%r, %r)" % (_get_class_module(self),
+                                  self.__class__.__qualname__,
+                                  self._offset, self._name)
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.tzname(None)
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        if isinstance(dt, datetime) or dt is None:
+            return self._offset
+        raise TypeError("utcoffset() argument must be a datetime instance"
+                        " or None")
+
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        if isinstance(dt, datetime) or dt is None:
+            if self._name is None:
+                return self._name_from_offset(self._offset)
+            return self._name
+        raise TypeError("tzname() argument must be a datetime instance"
+                        " or None")
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        if isinstance(dt, datetime) or dt is None:
+            return None
+        raise TypeError("dst() argument must be a datetime instance"
+                        " or None")
+
+    def fromutc(self, dt):
+        if isinstance(dt, datetime):
+            if dt.tzinfo is not self:
+                raise ValueError("fromutc: dt.tzinfo "
+                                 "is not self")
+            return dt + self._offset
+        raise TypeError("fromutc() argument must be a datetime instance"
+                        " or None")
+
+    _maxoffset = timedelta(hours=24, microseconds=-1)
+    _minoffset = -_maxoffset
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _name_from_offset(delta):
+        if not delta:
+            return 'UTC'
+        if delta < timedelta(0):
+            sign = '-'
+            delta = -delta
+        else:
+            sign = '+'
+        hours, rest = divmod(delta, timedelta(hours=1))
+        minutes, rest = divmod(rest, timedelta(minutes=1))
+        seconds = rest.seconds
+        microseconds = rest.microseconds
+        if microseconds:
+            return (f'UTC{sign}{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}:{seconds:02d}'
+                    f'.{microseconds:06d}')
+        if seconds:
+            return f'UTC{sign}{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}:{seconds:02d}'
+        return f'UTC{sign}{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}'
+
+UTC = timezone.utc = timezone._create(timedelta(0))
+
+# bpo-37642: These attributes are rounded to the nearest minute for backwards
+# compatibility, even though the constructor will accept a wider range of
+# values. This may change in the future.
+timezone.min = timezone._create(-timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59))
+timezone.max = timezone._create(timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59))
+_EPOCH = datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+
+# Some time zone algebra.  For a datetime x, let
+#     x.n = x stripped of its timezone -- its naive time.
+#     x.o = x.utcoffset(), and assuming that doesn't raise an exception or
+#           return None
+#     x.d = x.dst(), and assuming that doesn't raise an exception or
+#           return None
+#     x.s = x's standard offset, x.o - x.d
+#
+# Now some derived rules, where k is a duration (timedelta).
+#
+# 1. x.o = x.s + x.d
+#    This follows from the definition of x.s.
+#
+# 2. If x and y have the same tzinfo member, x.s = y.s.
+#    This is actually a requirement, an assumption we need to make about
+#    sane tzinfo classes.
+#
+# 3. The naive UTC time corresponding to x is x.n - x.o.
+#    This is again a requirement for a sane tzinfo class.
+#
+# 4. (x+k).s = x.s
+#    This follows from #2, and that datetime.timetz+timedelta preserves tzinfo.
+#
+# 5. (x+k).n = x.n + k
+#    Again follows from how arithmetic is defined.
+#
+# Now we can explain tz.fromutc(x).  Let's assume it's an interesting case
+# (meaning that the various tzinfo methods exist, and don't blow up or return
+# None when called).
+#
+# The function wants to return a datetime y with timezone tz, equivalent to x.
+# x is already in UTC.
+#
+# By #3, we want
+#
+#     y.n - y.o = x.n                             [1]
+#
+# The algorithm starts by attaching tz to x.n, and calling that y.  So
+# x.n = y.n at the start.  Then it wants to add a duration k to y, so that [1]
+# becomes true; in effect, we want to solve [2] for k:
+#
+#    (y+k).n - (y+k).o = x.n                      [2]
+#
+# By #1, this is the same as
+#
+#    (y+k).n - ((y+k).s + (y+k).d) = x.n          [3]
+#
+# By #5, (y+k).n = y.n + k, which equals x.n + k because x.n=y.n at the start.
+# Substituting that into [3],
+#
+#    x.n + k - (y+k).s - (y+k).d = x.n; the x.n terms cancel, leaving
+#    k - (y+k).s - (y+k).d = 0; rearranging,
+#    k = (y+k).s - (y+k).d; by #4, (y+k).s == y.s, so
+#    k = y.s - (y+k).d
+#
+# On the RHS, (y+k).d can't be computed directly, but y.s can be, and we
+# approximate k by ignoring the (y+k).d term at first.  Note that k can't be
+# very large, since all offset-returning methods return a duration of magnitude
+# less than 24 hours.  For that reason, if y is firmly in std time, (y+k).d must
+# be 0, so ignoring it has no consequence then.
+#
+# In any case, the new value is
+#
+#     z = y + y.s                                 [4]
+#
+# It's helpful to step back at look at [4] from a higher level:  it's simply
+# mapping from UTC to tz's standard time.
+#
+# At this point, if
+#
+#     z.n - z.o = x.n                             [5]
+#
+# we have an equivalent time, and are almost done.  The insecurity here is
+# at the start of daylight time.  Picture US Eastern for concreteness.  The wall
+# time jumps from 1:59 to 3:00, and wall hours of the form 2:MM don't make good
+# sense then.  The docs ask that an Eastern tzinfo class consider such a time to
+# be EDT (because it's "after 2"), which is a redundant spelling of 1:MM EST
+# on the day DST starts.  We want to return the 1:MM EST spelling because that's
+# the only spelling that makes sense on the local wall clock.
+#
+# In fact, if [5] holds at this point, we do have the standard-time spelling,
+# but that takes a bit of proof.  We first prove a stronger result.  What's the
+# difference between the LHS and RHS of [5]?  Let
+#
+#     diff = x.n - (z.n - z.o)                    [6]
+#
+# Now
+#     z.n =                       by [4]
+#     (y + y.s).n =               by #5
+#     y.n + y.s =                 since y.n = x.n
+#     x.n + y.s =                 since z and y are have the same tzinfo member,
+#                                     y.s = z.s by #2
+#     x.n + z.s
+#
+# Plugging that back into [6] gives
+#
+#     diff =
+#     x.n - ((x.n + z.s) - z.o) =     expanding
+#     x.n - x.n - z.s + z.o =         cancelling
+#     - z.s + z.o =                   by #2
+#     z.d
+#
+# So diff = z.d.
+#
+# If [5] is true now, diff = 0, so z.d = 0 too, and we have the standard-time
+# spelling we wanted in the endcase described above.  We're done.  Contrarily,
+# if z.d = 0, then we have a UTC equivalent, and are also done.
+#
+# If [5] is not true now, diff = z.d != 0, and z.d is the offset we need to
+# add to z (in effect, z is in tz's standard time, and we need to shift the
+# local clock into tz's daylight time).
+#
+# Let
+#
+#     z' = z + z.d = z + diff                     [7]
+#
+# and we can again ask whether
+#
+#     z'.n - z'.o = x.n                           [8]
+#
+# If so, we're done.  If not, the tzinfo class is insane, according to the
+# assumptions we've made.  This also requires a bit of proof.  As before, let's
+# compute the difference between the LHS and RHS of [8] (and skipping some of
+# the justifications for the kinds of substitutions we've done several times
+# already):
+#
+#     diff' = x.n - (z'.n - z'.o) =           replacing z'.n via [7]
+#             x.n  - (z.n + diff - z'.o) =    replacing diff via [6]
+#             x.n - (z.n + x.n - (z.n - z.o) - z'.o) =
+#             x.n - z.n - x.n + z.n - z.o + z'.o =    cancel x.n
+#             - z.n + z.n - z.o + z'.o =              cancel z.n
+#             - z.o + z'.o =                      #1 twice
+#             -z.s - z.d + z'.s + z'.d =          z and z' have same tzinfo
+#             z'.d - z.d
+#
+# So z' is UTC-equivalent to x iff z'.d = z.d at this point.  If they are equal,
+# we've found the UTC-equivalent so are done.  In fact, we stop with [7] and
+# return z', not bothering to compute z'.d.
+#
+# How could z.d and z'd differ?  z' = z + z.d [7], so merely moving z' by
+# a dst() offset, and starting *from* a time already in DST (we know z.d != 0),
+# would have to change the result dst() returns:  we start in DST, and moving
+# a little further into it takes us out of DST.
+#
+# There isn't a sane case where this can happen.  The closest it gets is at
+# the end of DST, where there's an hour in UTC with no spelling in a hybrid
+# tzinfo class.  In US Eastern, that's 5:MM UTC = 0:MM EST = 1:MM EDT.  During
+# that hour, on an Eastern clock 1:MM is taken as being in standard time (6:MM
+# UTC) because the docs insist on that, but 0:MM is taken as being in daylight
+# time (4:MM UTC).  There is no local time mapping to 5:MM UTC.  The local
+# clock jumps from 1:59 back to 1:00 again, and repeats the 1:MM hour in
+# standard time.  Since that's what the local clock *does*, we want to map both
+# UTC hours 5:MM and 6:MM to 1:MM Eastern.  The result is ambiguous
+# in local time, but so it goes -- it's the way the local clock works.
+#
+# When x = 5:MM UTC is the input to this algorithm, x.o=0, y.o=-5 and y.d=0,
+# so z=0:MM.  z.d=60 (minutes) then, so [5] doesn't hold and we keep going.
+# z' = z + z.d = 1:MM then, and z'.d=0, and z'.d - z.d = -60 != 0 so [8]
+# (correctly) concludes that z' is not UTC-equivalent to x.
+#
+# Because we know z.d said z was in daylight time (else [5] would have held and
+# we would have stopped then), and we know z.d != z'.d (else [8] would have held
+# and we have stopped then), and there are only 2 possible values dst() can
+# return in Eastern, it follows that z'.d must be 0 (which it is in the example,
+# but the reasoning doesn't depend on the example -- it depends on there being
+# two possible dst() outcomes, one zero and the other non-zero).  Therefore
+# z' must be in standard time, and is the spelling we want in this case.
+#
+# Note again that z' is not UTC-equivalent as far as the hybrid tzinfo class is
+# concerned (because it takes z' as being in standard time rather than the
+# daylight time we intend here), but returning it gives the real-life "local
+# clock repeats an hour" behavior when mapping the "unspellable" UTC hour into
+# tz.
+#
+# When the input is 6:MM, z=1:MM and z.d=0, and we stop at once, again with
+# the 1:MM standard time spelling we want.
+#
+# So how can this break?  One of the assumptions must be violated.  Two
+# possibilities:
+#
+# 1) [2] effectively says that y.s is invariant across all y belong to a given
+#    time zone.  This isn't true if, for political reasons or continental drift,
+#    a region decides to change its base offset from UTC.
+#
+# 2) There may be versions of "double daylight" time where the tail end of
+#    the analysis gives up a step too early.  I haven't thought about that
+#    enough to say.
+#
+# In any case, it's clear that the default fromutc() is strong enough to handle
+# "almost all" time zones:  so long as the standard offset is invariant, it
+# doesn't matter if daylight time transition points change from year to year, or
+# if daylight time is skipped in some years; it doesn't matter how large or
+# small dst() may get within its bounds; and it doesn't even matter if some
+# perverse time zone returns a negative dst()).  So a breaking case must be
+# pretty bizarre, and a tzinfo subclass can override fromutc() if it is.
diff --git a/Lib/_strptime.py b/Lib/_strptime.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..798cf9f9d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_strptime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,565 @@
+"""Strptime-related classes and functions.
+
+CLASSES:
+    LocaleTime -- Discovers and stores locale-specific time information
+    TimeRE -- Creates regexes for pattern matching a string of text containing
+                time information
+
+FUNCTIONS:
+    _getlang -- Figure out what language is being used for the locale
+    strptime -- Calculates the time struct represented by the passed-in string
+
+"""
+import time
+import locale
+import calendar
+from re import compile as re_compile
+from re import IGNORECASE
+from re import escape as re_escape
+from datetime import (date as datetime_date,
+                      timedelta as datetime_timedelta,
+                      timezone as datetime_timezone)
+from _thread import allocate_lock as _thread_allocate_lock
+
+__all__ = []
+
+def _getlang():
+    # Figure out what the current language is set to.
+    return locale.getlocale(locale.LC_TIME)
+
+class LocaleTime(object):
+    """Stores and handles locale-specific information related to time.
+
+    ATTRIBUTES:
+        f_weekday -- full weekday names (7-item list)
+        a_weekday -- abbreviated weekday names (7-item list)
+        f_month -- full month names (13-item list; dummy value in [0], which
+                    is added by code)
+        a_month -- abbreviated month names (13-item list, dummy value in
+                    [0], which is added by code)
+        am_pm -- AM/PM representation (2-item list)
+        LC_date_time -- format string for date/time representation (string)
+        LC_date -- format string for date representation (string)
+        LC_time -- format string for time representation (string)
+        timezone -- daylight- and non-daylight-savings timezone representation
+                    (2-item list of sets)
+        lang -- Language used by instance (2-item tuple)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        """Set all attributes.
+
+        Order of methods called matters for dependency reasons.
+
+        The locale language is set at the offset and then checked again before
+        exiting.  This is to make sure that the attributes were not set with a
+        mix of information from more than one locale.  This would most likely
+        happen when using threads where one thread calls a locale-dependent
+        function while another thread changes the locale while the function in
+        the other thread is still running.  Proper coding would call for
+        locks to prevent changing the locale while locale-dependent code is
+        running.  The check here is done in case someone does not think about
+        doing this.
+
+        Only other possible issue is if someone changed the timezone and did
+        not call tz.tzset .  That is an issue for the programmer, though,
+        since changing the timezone is worthless without that call.
+
+        """
+        self.lang = _getlang()
+        self.__calc_weekday()
+        self.__calc_month()
+        self.__calc_am_pm()
+        self.__calc_timezone()
+        self.__calc_date_time()
+        if _getlang() != self.lang:
+            raise ValueError("locale changed during initialization")
+        if time.tzname != self.tzname or time.daylight != self.daylight:
+            raise ValueError("timezone changed during initialization")
+
+    def __calc_weekday(self):
+        # Set self.a_weekday and self.f_weekday using the calendar
+        # module.
+        a_weekday = [calendar.day_abbr[i].lower() for i in range(7)]
+        f_weekday = [calendar.day_name[i].lower() for i in range(7)]
+        self.a_weekday = a_weekday
+        self.f_weekday = f_weekday
+
+    def __calc_month(self):
+        # Set self.f_month and self.a_month using the calendar module.
+        a_month = [calendar.month_abbr[i].lower() for i in range(13)]
+        f_month = [calendar.month_name[i].lower() for i in range(13)]
+        self.a_month = a_month
+        self.f_month = f_month
+
+    def __calc_am_pm(self):
+        # Set self.am_pm by using time.strftime().
+
+        # The magic date (1999,3,17,hour,44,55,2,76,0) is not really that
+        # magical; just happened to have used it everywhere else where a
+        # static date was needed.
+        am_pm = []
+        for hour in (1, 22):
+            time_tuple = time.struct_time((1999,3,17,hour,44,55,2,76,0))
+            am_pm.append(time.strftime("%p", time_tuple).lower())
+        self.am_pm = am_pm
+
+    def __calc_date_time(self):
+        # Set self.date_time, self.date, & self.time by using
+        # time.strftime().
+
+        # Use (1999,3,17,22,44,55,2,76,0) for magic date because the amount of
+        # overloaded numbers is minimized.  The order in which searches for
+        # values within the format string is very important; it eliminates
+        # possible ambiguity for what something represents.
+        time_tuple = time.struct_time((1999,3,17,22,44,55,2,76,0))
+        date_time = [None, None, None]
+        date_time[0] = time.strftime("%c", time_tuple).lower()
+        date_time[1] = time.strftime("%x", time_tuple).lower()
+        date_time[2] = time.strftime("%X", time_tuple).lower()
+        replacement_pairs = [('%', '%%'), (self.f_weekday[2], '%A'),
+                    (self.f_month[3], '%B'), (self.a_weekday[2], '%a'),
+                    (self.a_month[3], '%b'), (self.am_pm[1], '%p'),
+                    ('1999', '%Y'), ('99', '%y'), ('22', '%H'),
+                    ('44', '%M'), ('55', '%S'), ('76', '%j'),
+                    ('17', '%d'), ('03', '%m'), ('3', '%m'),
+                    # '3' needed for when no leading zero.
+                    ('2', '%w'), ('10', '%I')]
+        replacement_pairs.extend([(tz, "%Z") for tz_values in self.timezone
+                                                for tz in tz_values])
+        for offset,directive in ((0,'%c'), (1,'%x'), (2,'%X')):
+            current_format = date_time[offset]
+            for old, new in replacement_pairs:
+                # Must deal with possible lack of locale info
+                # manifesting itself as the empty string (e.g., Swedish's
+                # lack of AM/PM info) or a platform returning a tuple of empty
+                # strings (e.g., MacOS 9 having timezone as ('','')).
+                if old:
+                    current_format = current_format.replace(old, new)
+            # If %W is used, then Sunday, 2005-01-03 will fall on week 0 since
+            # 2005-01-03 occurs before the first Monday of the year.  Otherwise
+            # %U is used.
+            time_tuple = time.struct_time((1999,1,3,1,1,1,6,3,0))
+            if '00' in time.strftime(directive, time_tuple):
+                U_W = '%W'
+            else:
+                U_W = '%U'
+            date_time[offset] = current_format.replace('11', U_W)
+        self.LC_date_time = date_time[0]
+        self.LC_date = date_time[1]
+        self.LC_time = date_time[2]
+
+    def __calc_timezone(self):
+        # Set self.timezone by using time.tzname.
+        # Do not worry about possibility of time.tzname[0] == time.tzname[1]
+        # and time.daylight; handle that in strptime.
+        try:
+            time.tzset()
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        self.tzname = time.tzname
+        self.daylight = time.daylight
+        no_saving = frozenset({"utc", "gmt", self.tzname[0].lower()})
+        if self.daylight:
+            has_saving = frozenset({self.tzname[1].lower()})
+        else:
+            has_saving = frozenset()
+        self.timezone = (no_saving, has_saving)
+
+
+class TimeRE(dict):
+    """Handle conversion from format directives to regexes."""
+
+    def __init__(self, locale_time=None):
+        """Create keys/values.
+
+        Order of execution is important for dependency reasons.
+
+        """
+        if locale_time:
+            self.locale_time = locale_time
+        else:
+            self.locale_time = LocaleTime()
+        base = super()
+        base.__init__({
+            # The " [1-9]" part of the regex is to make %c from ANSI C work
+            'd': r"(?P<d>3[0-1]|[1-2]\d|0[1-9]|[1-9]| [1-9])",
+            'f': r"(?P<f>[0-9]{1,6})",
+            'H': r"(?P<H>2[0-3]|[0-1]\d|\d)",
+            'I': r"(?P<I>1[0-2]|0[1-9]|[1-9])",
+            'G': r"(?P<G>\d\d\d\d)",
+            'j': r"(?P<j>36[0-6]|3[0-5]\d|[1-2]\d\d|0[1-9]\d|00[1-9]|[1-9]\d|0[1-9]|[1-9])",
+            'm': r"(?P<m>1[0-2]|0[1-9]|[1-9])",
+            'M': r"(?P<M>[0-5]\d|\d)",
+            'S': r"(?P<S>6[0-1]|[0-5]\d|\d)",
+            'U': r"(?P<U>5[0-3]|[0-4]\d|\d)",
+            'w': r"(?P<w>[0-6])",
+            'u': r"(?P<u>[1-7])",
+            'V': r"(?P<V>5[0-3]|0[1-9]|[1-4]\d|\d)",
+            # W is set below by using 'U'
+            'y': r"(?P<y>\d\d)",
+            #XXX: Does 'Y' need to worry about having less or more than
+            #     4 digits?
+            'Y': r"(?P<Y>\d\d\d\d)",
+            'z': r"(?P<z>[+-]\d\d:?[0-5]\d(:?[0-5]\d(\.\d{1,6})?)?|(?-i:Z))",
+            'A': self.__seqToRE(self.locale_time.f_weekday, 'A'),
+            'a': self.__seqToRE(self.locale_time.a_weekday, 'a'),
+            'B': self.__seqToRE(self.locale_time.f_month[1:], 'B'),
+            'b': self.__seqToRE(self.locale_time.a_month[1:], 'b'),
+            'p': self.__seqToRE(self.locale_time.am_pm, 'p'),
+            'Z': self.__seqToRE((tz for tz_names in self.locale_time.timezone
+                                        for tz in tz_names),
+                                'Z'),
+            '%': '%'})
+        base.__setitem__('W', base.__getitem__('U').replace('U', 'W'))
+        base.__setitem__('c', self.pattern(self.locale_time.LC_date_time))
+        base.__setitem__('x', self.pattern(self.locale_time.LC_date))
+        base.__setitem__('X', self.pattern(self.locale_time.LC_time))
+
+    def __seqToRE(self, to_convert, directive):
+        """Convert a list to a regex string for matching a directive.
+
+        Want possible matching values to be from longest to shortest.  This
+        prevents the possibility of a match occurring for a value that also
+        a substring of a larger value that should have matched (e.g., 'abc'
+        matching when 'abcdef' should have been the match).
+
+        """
+        to_convert = sorted(to_convert, key=len, reverse=True)
+        for value in to_convert:
+            if value != '':
+                break
+        else:
+            return ''
+        regex = '|'.join(re_escape(stuff) for stuff in to_convert)
+        regex = '(?P<%s>%s' % (directive, regex)
+        return '%s)' % regex
+
+    def pattern(self, format):
+        """Return regex pattern for the format string.
+
+        Need to make sure that any characters that might be interpreted as
+        regex syntax are escaped.
+
+        """
+        processed_format = ''
+        # The sub() call escapes all characters that might be misconstrued
+        # as regex syntax.  Cannot use re.escape since we have to deal with
+        # format directives (%m, etc.).
+        regex_chars = re_compile(r"([\\.^$*+?\(\){}\[\]|])")
+        format = regex_chars.sub(r"\\\1", format)
+        whitespace_replacement = re_compile(r'\s+')
+        format = whitespace_replacement.sub(r'\\s+', format)
+        while '%' in format:
+            directive_index = format.index('%')+1
+            processed_format = "%s%s%s" % (processed_format,
+                                           format[:directive_index-1],
+                                           self[format[directive_index]])
+            format = format[directive_index+1:]
+        return "%s%s" % (processed_format, format)
+
+    def compile(self, format):
+        """Return a compiled re object for the format string."""
+        return re_compile(self.pattern(format), IGNORECASE)
+
+_cache_lock = _thread_allocate_lock()
+# DO NOT modify _TimeRE_cache or _regex_cache without acquiring the cache lock
+# first!
+_TimeRE_cache = TimeRE()
+_CACHE_MAX_SIZE = 5 # Max number of regexes stored in _regex_cache
+_regex_cache = {}
+
+def _calc_julian_from_U_or_W(year, week_of_year, day_of_week, week_starts_Mon):
+    """Calculate the Julian day based on the year, week of the year, and day of
+    the week, with week_start_day representing whether the week of the year
+    assumes the week starts on Sunday or Monday (6 or 0)."""
+    first_weekday = datetime_date(year, 1, 1).weekday()
+    # If we are dealing with the %U directive (week starts on Sunday), it's
+    # easier to just shift the view to Sunday being the first day of the
+    # week.
+    if not week_starts_Mon:
+        first_weekday = (first_weekday + 1) % 7
+        day_of_week = (day_of_week + 1) % 7
+    # Need to watch out for a week 0 (when the first day of the year is not
+    # the same as that specified by %U or %W).
+    week_0_length = (7 - first_weekday) % 7
+    if week_of_year == 0:
+        return 1 + day_of_week - first_weekday
+    else:
+        days_to_week = week_0_length + (7 * (week_of_year - 1))
+        return 1 + days_to_week + day_of_week
+
+
+def _strptime(data_string, format="%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"):
+    """Return a 2-tuple consisting of a time struct and an int containing
+    the number of microseconds based on the input string and the
+    format string."""
+
+    for index, arg in enumerate([data_string, format]):
+        if not isinstance(arg, str):
+            msg = "strptime() argument {} must be str, not {}"
+            raise TypeError(msg.format(index, type(arg)))
+
+    global _TimeRE_cache, _regex_cache
+    with _cache_lock:
+        locale_time = _TimeRE_cache.locale_time
+        if (_getlang() != locale_time.lang or
+            time.tzname != locale_time.tzname or
+            time.daylight != locale_time.daylight):
+            _TimeRE_cache = TimeRE()
+            _regex_cache.clear()
+            locale_time = _TimeRE_cache.locale_time
+        if len(_regex_cache) > _CACHE_MAX_SIZE:
+            _regex_cache.clear()
+        format_regex = _regex_cache.get(format)
+        if not format_regex:
+            try:
+                format_regex = _TimeRE_cache.compile(format)
+            # KeyError raised when a bad format is found; can be specified as
+            # \\, in which case it was a stray % but with a space after it
+            except KeyError as err:
+                bad_directive = err.args[0]
+                if bad_directive == "\\":
+                    bad_directive = "%"
+                del err
+                raise ValueError("'%s' is a bad directive in format '%s'" %
+                                    (bad_directive, format)) from None
+            # IndexError only occurs when the format string is "%"
+            except IndexError:
+                raise ValueError("stray %% in format '%s'" % format) from None
+            _regex_cache[format] = format_regex
+    found = format_regex.match(data_string)
+    if not found:
+        raise ValueError("time data %r does not match format %r" %
+                         (data_string, format))
+    if len(data_string) != found.end():
+        raise ValueError("unconverted data remains: %s" %
+                          data_string[found.end():])
+
+    iso_year = year = None
+    month = day = 1
+    hour = minute = second = fraction = 0
+    tz = -1
+    gmtoff = None
+    gmtoff_fraction = 0
+    iso_week = week_of_year = None
+    week_of_year_start = None
+    # weekday and julian defaulted to None so as to signal need to calculate
+    # values
+    weekday = julian = None
+    found_dict = found.groupdict()
+    for group_key in found_dict.keys():
+        # Directives not explicitly handled below:
+        #   c, x, X
+        #      handled by making out of other directives
+        #   U, W
+        #      worthless without day of the week
+        if group_key == 'y':
+            year = int(found_dict['y'])
+            # Open Group specification for strptime() states that a %y
+            #value in the range of [00, 68] is in the century 2000, while
+            #[69,99] is in the century 1900
+            if year <= 68:
+                year += 2000
+            else:
+                year += 1900
+        elif group_key == 'Y':
+            year = int(found_dict['Y'])
+        elif group_key == 'G':
+            iso_year = int(found_dict['G'])
+        elif group_key == 'm':
+            month = int(found_dict['m'])
+        elif group_key == 'B':
+            month = locale_time.f_month.index(found_dict['B'].lower())
+        elif group_key == 'b':
+            month = locale_time.a_month.index(found_dict['b'].lower())
+        elif group_key == 'd':
+            day = int(found_dict['d'])
+        elif group_key == 'H':
+            hour = int(found_dict['H'])
+        elif group_key == 'I':
+            hour = int(found_dict['I'])
+            ampm = found_dict.get('p', '').lower()
+            # If there was no AM/PM indicator, we'll treat this like AM
+            if ampm in ('', locale_time.am_pm[0]):
+                # We're in AM so the hour is correct unless we're
+                # looking at 12 midnight.
+                # 12 midnight == 12 AM == hour 0
+                if hour == 12:
+                    hour = 0
+            elif ampm == locale_time.am_pm[1]:
+                # We're in PM so we need to add 12 to the hour unless
+                # we're looking at 12 noon.
+                # 12 noon == 12 PM == hour 12
+                if hour != 12:
+                    hour += 12
+        elif group_key == 'M':
+            minute = int(found_dict['M'])
+        elif group_key == 'S':
+            second = int(found_dict['S'])
+        elif group_key == 'f':
+            s = found_dict['f']
+            # Pad to always return microseconds.
+            s += "0" * (6 - len(s))
+            fraction = int(s)
+        elif group_key == 'A':
+            weekday = locale_time.f_weekday.index(found_dict['A'].lower())
+        elif group_key == 'a':
+            weekday = locale_time.a_weekday.index(found_dict['a'].lower())
+        elif group_key == 'w':
+            weekday = int(found_dict['w'])
+            if weekday == 0:
+                weekday = 6
+            else:
+                weekday -= 1
+        elif group_key == 'u':
+            weekday = int(found_dict['u'])
+            weekday -= 1
+        elif group_key == 'j':
+            julian = int(found_dict['j'])
+        elif group_key in ('U', 'W'):
+            week_of_year = int(found_dict[group_key])
+            if group_key == 'U':
+                # U starts week on Sunday.
+                week_of_year_start = 6
+            else:
+                # W starts week on Monday.
+                week_of_year_start = 0
+        elif group_key == 'V':
+            iso_week = int(found_dict['V'])
+        elif group_key == 'z':
+            z = found_dict['z']
+            if z == 'Z':
+                gmtoff = 0
+            else:
+                if z[3] == ':':
+                    z = z[:3] + z[4:]
+                    if len(z) > 5:
+                        if z[5] != ':':
+                            msg = f"Inconsistent use of : in {found_dict['z']}"
+                            raise ValueError(msg)
+                        z = z[:5] + z[6:]
+                hours = int(z[1:3])
+                minutes = int(z[3:5])
+                seconds = int(z[5:7] or 0)
+                gmtoff = (hours * 60 * 60) + (minutes * 60) + seconds
+                gmtoff_remainder = z[8:]
+                # Pad to always return microseconds.
+                gmtoff_remainder_padding = "0" * (6 - len(gmtoff_remainder))
+                gmtoff_fraction = int(gmtoff_remainder + gmtoff_remainder_padding)
+                if z.startswith("-"):
+                    gmtoff = -gmtoff
+                    gmtoff_fraction = -gmtoff_fraction
+        elif group_key == 'Z':
+            # Since -1 is default value only need to worry about setting tz if
+            # it can be something other than -1.
+            found_zone = found_dict['Z'].lower()
+            for value, tz_values in enumerate(locale_time.timezone):
+                if found_zone in tz_values:
+                    # Deal with bad locale setup where timezone names are the
+                    # same and yet time.daylight is true; too ambiguous to
+                    # be able to tell what timezone has daylight savings
+                    if (time.tzname[0] == time.tzname[1] and
+                       time.daylight and found_zone not in ("utc", "gmt")):
+                        break
+                    else:
+                        tz = value
+                        break
+
+    # Deal with the cases where ambiguities arise
+    # don't assume default values for ISO week/year
+    if iso_year is not None:
+        if julian is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Day of the year directive '%j' is not "
+                             "compatible with ISO year directive '%G'. "
+                             "Use '%Y' instead.")
+        elif iso_week is None or weekday is None:
+            raise ValueError("ISO year directive '%G' must be used with "
+                             "the ISO week directive '%V' and a weekday "
+                             "directive ('%A', '%a', '%w', or '%u').")
+    elif iso_week is not None:
+        if year is None or weekday is None:
+            raise ValueError("ISO week directive '%V' must be used with "
+                             "the ISO year directive '%G' and a weekday "
+                             "directive ('%A', '%a', '%w', or '%u').")
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("ISO week directive '%V' is incompatible with "
+                             "the year directive '%Y'. Use the ISO year '%G' "
+                             "instead.")
+
+    leap_year_fix = False
+    if year is None:
+        if month == 2 and day == 29:
+            year = 1904  # 1904 is first leap year of 20th century
+            leap_year_fix = True
+        else:
+            year = 1900
+
+    # If we know the week of the year and what day of that week, we can figure
+    # out the Julian day of the year.
+    if julian is None and weekday is not None:
+        if week_of_year is not None:
+            week_starts_Mon = True if week_of_year_start == 0 else False
+            julian = _calc_julian_from_U_or_W(year, week_of_year, weekday,
+                                                week_starts_Mon)
+        elif iso_year is not None and iso_week is not None:
+            datetime_result = datetime_date.fromisocalendar(iso_year, iso_week, weekday + 1)
+            year = datetime_result.year
+            month = datetime_result.month
+            day = datetime_result.day
+        if julian is not None and julian <= 0:
+            year -= 1
+            yday = 366 if calendar.isleap(year) else 365
+            julian += yday
+
+    if julian is None:
+        # Cannot pre-calculate datetime_date() since can change in Julian
+        # calculation and thus could have different value for the day of
+        # the week calculation.
+        # Need to add 1 to result since first day of the year is 1, not 0.
+        julian = datetime_date(year, month, day).toordinal() - \
+                  datetime_date(year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1
+    else:  # Assume that if they bothered to include Julian day (or if it was
+           # calculated above with year/week/weekday) it will be accurate.
+        datetime_result = datetime_date.fromordinal(
+                            (julian - 1) +
+                            datetime_date(year, 1, 1).toordinal())
+        year = datetime_result.year
+        month = datetime_result.month
+        day = datetime_result.day
+    if weekday is None:
+        weekday = datetime_date(year, month, day).weekday()
+    # Add timezone info
+    tzname = found_dict.get("Z")
+
+    if leap_year_fix:
+        # the caller didn't supply a year but asked for Feb 29th. We couldn't
+        # use the default of 1900 for computations. We set it back to ensure
+        # that February 29th is smaller than March 1st.
+        year = 1900
+
+    return (year, month, day,
+            hour, minute, second,
+            weekday, julian, tz, tzname, gmtoff), fraction, gmtoff_fraction
+
+def _strptime_time(data_string, format="%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"):
+    """Return a time struct based on the input string and the
+    format string."""
+    tt = _strptime(data_string, format)[0]
+    return time.struct_time(tt[:time._STRUCT_TM_ITEMS])
+
+def _strptime_datetime(cls, data_string, format="%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y"):
+    """Return a class cls instance based on the input string and the
+    format string."""
+    tt, fraction, gmtoff_fraction = _strptime(data_string, format)
+    tzname, gmtoff = tt[-2:]
+    args = tt[:6] + (fraction,)
+    if gmtoff is not None:
+        tzdelta = datetime_timedelta(seconds=gmtoff, microseconds=gmtoff_fraction)
+        if tzname:
+            tz = datetime_timezone(tzdelta, tzname)
+        else:
+            tz = datetime_timezone(tzdelta)
+        args += (tz,)
+
+    return cls(*args)
diff --git a/Lib/datetime.py b/Lib/datetime.py
index 353e48b68c..a33d2d724c 100644
--- a/Lib/datetime.py
+++ b/Lib/datetime.py
@@ -1,2524 +1,9 @@
-"""Concrete date/time and related types.
-
-See http://www.iana.org/time-zones/repository/tz-link.html for
-time zone and DST data sources.
-"""
-
-__all__ = ("date", "datetime", "time", "timedelta", "timezone", "tzinfo",
-           "MINYEAR", "MAXYEAR", "UTC")
-
-
-import time as _time
-import math as _math
-import sys
-from operator import index as _index
-
-def _cmp(x, y):
-    return 0 if x == y else 1 if x > y else -1
-
-MINYEAR = 1
-MAXYEAR = 9999
-_MAXORDINAL = 3652059  # date.max.toordinal()
-
-# Utility functions, adapted from Python's Demo/classes/Dates.py, which
-# also assumes the current Gregorian calendar indefinitely extended in
-# both directions.  Difference:  Dates.py calls January 1 of year 0 day
-# number 1.  The code here calls January 1 of year 1 day number 1.  This is
-# to match the definition of the "proleptic Gregorian" calendar in Dershowitz
-# and Reingold's "Calendrical Calculations", where it's the base calendar
-# for all computations.  See the book for algorithms for converting between
-# proleptic Gregorian ordinals and many other calendar systems.
-
-# -1 is a placeholder for indexing purposes.
-_DAYS_IN_MONTH = [-1, 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31]
-
-_DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH = [-1]  # -1 is a placeholder for indexing purposes.
-dbm = 0
-for dim in _DAYS_IN_MONTH[1:]:
-    _DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH.append(dbm)
-    dbm += dim
-del dbm, dim
-
-def _is_leap(year):
-    "year -> 1 if leap year, else 0."
-    return year % 4 == 0 and (year % 100 != 0 or year % 400 == 0)
-
-def _days_before_year(year):
-    "year -> number of days before January 1st of year."
-    y = year - 1
-    return y*365 + y//4 - y//100 + y//400
-
-def _days_in_month(year, month):
-    "year, month -> number of days in that month in that year."
-    assert 1 <= month <= 12, month
-    if month == 2 and _is_leap(year):
-        return 29
-    return _DAYS_IN_MONTH[month]
-
-def _days_before_month(year, month):
-    "year, month -> number of days in year preceding first day of month."
-    assert 1 <= month <= 12, 'month must be in 1..12'
-    return _DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month] + (month > 2 and _is_leap(year))
-
-def _ymd2ord(year, month, day):
-    "year, month, day -> ordinal, considering 01-Jan-0001 as day 1."
-    assert 1 <= month <= 12, 'month must be in 1..12'
-    dim = _days_in_month(year, month)
-    assert 1 <= day <= dim, ('day must be in 1..%d' % dim)
-    return (_days_before_year(year) +
-            _days_before_month(year, month) +
-            day)
-
-_DI400Y = _days_before_year(401)    # number of days in 400 years
-_DI100Y = _days_before_year(101)    #    "    "   "   " 100   "
-_DI4Y   = _days_before_year(5)      #    "    "   "   "   4   "
-
-# A 4-year cycle has an extra leap day over what we'd get from pasting
-# together 4 single years.
-assert _DI4Y == 4 * 365 + 1
-
-# Similarly, a 400-year cycle has an extra leap day over what we'd get from
-# pasting together 4 100-year cycles.
-assert _DI400Y == 4 * _DI100Y + 1
-
-# OTOH, a 100-year cycle has one fewer leap day than we'd get from
-# pasting together 25 4-year cycles.
-assert _DI100Y == 25 * _DI4Y - 1
-
-def _ord2ymd(n):
-    "ordinal -> (year, month, day), considering 01-Jan-0001 as day 1."
-
-    # n is a 1-based index, starting at 1-Jan-1.  The pattern of leap years
-    # repeats exactly every 400 years.  The basic strategy is to find the
-    # closest 400-year boundary at or before n, then work with the offset
-    # from that boundary to n.  Life is much clearer if we subtract 1 from
-    # n first -- then the values of n at 400-year boundaries are exactly
-    # those divisible by _DI400Y:
-    #
-    #     D  M   Y            n              n-1
-    #     -- --- ----        ----------     ----------------
-    #     31 Dec -400        -_DI400Y       -_DI400Y -1
-    #      1 Jan -399         -_DI400Y +1   -_DI400Y      400-year boundary
-    #     ...
-    #     30 Dec  000        -1             -2
-    #     31 Dec  000         0             -1
-    #      1 Jan  001         1              0            400-year boundary
-    #      2 Jan  001         2              1
-    #      3 Jan  001         3              2
-    #     ...
-    #     31 Dec  400         _DI400Y        _DI400Y -1
-    #      1 Jan  401         _DI400Y +1     _DI400Y      400-year boundary
-    n -= 1
-    n400, n = divmod(n, _DI400Y)
-    year = n400 * 400 + 1   # ..., -399, 1, 401, ...
-
-    # Now n is the (non-negative) offset, in days, from January 1 of year, to
-    # the desired date.  Now compute how many 100-year cycles precede n.
-    # Note that it's possible for n100 to equal 4!  In that case 4 full
-    # 100-year cycles precede the desired day, which implies the desired
-    # day is December 31 at the end of a 400-year cycle.
-    n100, n = divmod(n, _DI100Y)
-
-    # Now compute how many 4-year cycles precede it.
-    n4, n = divmod(n, _DI4Y)
-
-    # And now how many single years.  Again n1 can be 4, and again meaning
-    # that the desired day is December 31 at the end of the 4-year cycle.
-    n1, n = divmod(n, 365)
-
-    year += n100 * 100 + n4 * 4 + n1
-    if n1 == 4 or n100 == 4:
-        assert n == 0
-        return year-1, 12, 31
-
-    # Now the year is correct, and n is the offset from January 1.  We find
-    # the month via an estimate that's either exact or one too large.
-    leapyear = n1 == 3 and (n4 != 24 or n100 == 3)
-    assert leapyear == _is_leap(year)
-    month = (n + 50) >> 5
-    preceding = _DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month] + (month > 2 and leapyear)
-    if preceding > n:  # estimate is too large
-        month -= 1
-        preceding -= _DAYS_IN_MONTH[month] + (month == 2 and leapyear)
-    n -= preceding
-    assert 0 <= n < _days_in_month(year, month)
-
-    # Now the year and month are correct, and n is the offset from the
-    # start of that month:  we're done!
-    return year, month, n+1
-
-# Month and day names.  For localized versions, see the calendar module.
-_MONTHNAMES = [None, "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
-                     "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"]
-_DAYNAMES = [None, "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"]
-
-
-def _build_struct_time(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, dstflag):
-    wday = (_ymd2ord(y, m, d) + 6) % 7
-    dnum = _days_before_month(y, m) + d
-    return _time.struct_time((y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, wday, dnum, dstflag))
-
-def _format_time(hh, mm, ss, us, timespec='auto'):
-    specs = {
-        'hours': '{:02d}',
-        'minutes': '{:02d}:{:02d}',
-        'seconds': '{:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}',
-        'milliseconds': '{:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}.{:03d}',
-        'microseconds': '{:02d}:{:02d}:{:02d}.{:06d}'
-    }
-
-    if timespec == 'auto':
-        # Skip trailing microseconds when us==0.
-        timespec = 'microseconds' if us else 'seconds'
-    elif timespec == 'milliseconds':
-        us //= 1000
-    try:
-        fmt = specs[timespec]
-    except KeyError:
-        raise ValueError('Unknown timespec value')
-    else:
-        return fmt.format(hh, mm, ss, us)
-
-def _format_offset(off):
-    s = ''
-    if off is not None:
-        if off.days < 0:
-            sign = "-"
-            off = -off
-        else:
-            sign = "+"
-        hh, mm = divmod(off, timedelta(hours=1))
-        mm, ss = divmod(mm, timedelta(minutes=1))
-        s += "%s%02d:%02d" % (sign, hh, mm)
-        if ss or ss.microseconds:
-            s += ":%02d" % ss.seconds
-
-            if ss.microseconds:
-                s += '.%06d' % ss.microseconds
-    return s
-
-# Correctly substitute for %z and %Z escapes in strftime formats.
-def _wrap_strftime(object, format, timetuple):
-    # Don't call utcoffset() or tzname() unless actually needed.
-    freplace = None  # the string to use for %f
-    zreplace = None  # the string to use for %z
-    Zreplace = None  # the string to use for %Z
-
-    # Scan format for %z and %Z escapes, replacing as needed.
-    newformat = []
-    push = newformat.append
-    i, n = 0, len(format)
-    while i < n:
-        ch = format[i]
-        i += 1
-        if ch == '%':
-            if i < n:
-                ch = format[i]
-                i += 1
-                if ch == 'f':
-                    if freplace is None:
-                        freplace = '%06d' % getattr(object,
-                                                    'microsecond', 0)
-                    newformat.append(freplace)
-                elif ch == 'z':
-                    if zreplace is None:
-                        zreplace = ""
-                        if hasattr(object, "utcoffset"):
-                            offset = object.utcoffset()
-                            if offset is not None:
-                                sign = '+'
-                                if offset.days < 0:
-                                    offset = -offset
-                                    sign = '-'
-                                h, rest = divmod(offset, timedelta(hours=1))
-                                m, rest = divmod(rest, timedelta(minutes=1))
-                                s = rest.seconds
-                                u = offset.microseconds
-                                if u:
-                                    zreplace = '%c%02d%02d%02d.%06d' % (sign, h, m, s, u)
-                                elif s:
-                                    zreplace = '%c%02d%02d%02d' % (sign, h, m, s)
-                                else:
-                                    zreplace = '%c%02d%02d' % (sign, h, m)
-                    assert '%' not in zreplace
-                    newformat.append(zreplace)
-                elif ch == 'Z':
-                    if Zreplace is None:
-                        Zreplace = ""
-                        if hasattr(object, "tzname"):
-                            s = object.tzname()
-                            if s is not None:
-                                # strftime is going to have at this: escape %
-                                Zreplace = s.replace('%', '%%')
-                    newformat.append(Zreplace)
-                else:
-                    push('%')
-                    push(ch)
-            else:
-                push('%')
-        else:
-            push(ch)
-    newformat = "".join(newformat)
-    return _time.strftime(newformat, timetuple)
-
-# Helpers for parsing the result of isoformat()
-def _parse_isoformat_date(dtstr):
-    # It is assumed that this function will only be called with a
-    # string of length exactly 10, and (though this is not used) ASCII-only
-    year = int(dtstr[0:4])
-    if dtstr[4] != '-':
-        raise ValueError('Invalid date separator: %s' % dtstr[4])
-
-    month = int(dtstr[5:7])
-
-    if dtstr[7] != '-':
-        raise ValueError('Invalid date separator')
-
-    day = int(dtstr[8:10])
-
-    return [year, month, day]
-
-def _parse_hh_mm_ss_ff(tstr):
-    # Parses things of the form HH[:MM[:SS[.fff[fff]]]]
-    len_str = len(tstr)
-
-    time_comps = [0, 0, 0, 0]
-    pos = 0
-    for comp in range(0, 3):
-        if (len_str - pos) < 2:
-            raise ValueError('Incomplete time component')
-
-        time_comps[comp] = int(tstr[pos:pos+2])
-
-        pos += 2
-        next_char = tstr[pos:pos+1]
-
-        if not next_char or comp >= 2:
-            break
-
-        if next_char != ':':
-            raise ValueError('Invalid time separator: %c' % next_char)
-
-        pos += 1
-
-    if pos < len_str:
-        if tstr[pos] != '.':
-            raise ValueError('Invalid microsecond component')
-        else:
-            pos += 1
-
-            len_remainder = len_str - pos
-            if len_remainder not in (3, 6):
-                raise ValueError('Invalid microsecond component')
-
-            time_comps[3] = int(tstr[pos:])
-            if len_remainder == 3:
-                time_comps[3] *= 1000
-
-    return time_comps
-
-def _parse_isoformat_time(tstr):
-    # Format supported is HH[:MM[:SS[.fff[fff]]]][+HH:MM[:SS[.ffffff]]]
-    len_str = len(tstr)
-    if len_str < 2:
-        raise ValueError('Isoformat time too short')
-
-    # This is equivalent to re.search('[+-]', tstr), but faster
-    tz_pos = (tstr.find('-') + 1 or tstr.find('+') + 1)
-    timestr = tstr[:tz_pos-1] if tz_pos > 0 else tstr
-
-    time_comps = _parse_hh_mm_ss_ff(timestr)
-
-    tzi = None
-    if tz_pos > 0:
-        tzstr = tstr[tz_pos:]
-
-        # Valid time zone strings are:
-        # HH:MM               len: 5
-        # HH:MM:SS            len: 8
-        # HH:MM:SS.ffffff     len: 15
-
-        if len(tzstr) not in (5, 8, 15):
-            raise ValueError('Malformed time zone string')
-
-        tz_comps = _parse_hh_mm_ss_ff(tzstr)
-        if all(x == 0 for x in tz_comps):
-            tzi = timezone.utc
-        else:
-            tzsign = -1 if tstr[tz_pos - 1] == '-' else 1
-
-            td = timedelta(hours=tz_comps[0], minutes=tz_comps[1],
-                           seconds=tz_comps[2], microseconds=tz_comps[3])
-
-            tzi = timezone(tzsign * td)
-
-    time_comps.append(tzi)
-
-    return time_comps
-
-
-# Just raise TypeError if the arg isn't None or a string.
-def _check_tzname(name):
-    if name is not None and not isinstance(name, str):
-        raise TypeError("tzinfo.tzname() must return None or string, "
-                        "not '%s'" % type(name))
-
-# name is the offset-producing method, "utcoffset" or "dst".
-# offset is what it returned.
-# If offset isn't None or timedelta, raises TypeError.
-# If offset is None, returns None.
-# Else offset is checked for being in range.
-# If it is, its integer value is returned.  Else ValueError is raised.
-def _check_utc_offset(name, offset):
-    assert name in ("utcoffset", "dst")
-    if offset is None:
-        return
-    if not isinstance(offset, timedelta):
-        raise TypeError("tzinfo.%s() must return None "
-                        "or timedelta, not '%s'" % (name, type(offset)))
-    if not -timedelta(1) < offset < timedelta(1):
-        raise ValueError("%s()=%s, must be strictly between "
-                         "-timedelta(hours=24) and timedelta(hours=24)" %
-                         (name, offset))
-
-def _check_date_fields(year, month, day):
-    year = _index(year)
-    month = _index(month)
-    day = _index(day)
-    if not MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR:
-        raise ValueError('year must be in %d..%d' % (MINYEAR, MAXYEAR), year)
-    if not 1 <= month <= 12:
-        raise ValueError('month must be in 1..12', month)
-    dim = _days_in_month(year, month)
-    if not 1 <= day <= dim:
-        raise ValueError('day must be in 1..%d' % dim, day)
-    return year, month, day
-
-def _check_time_fields(hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold):
-    hour = _index(hour)
-    minute = _index(minute)
-    second = _index(second)
-    microsecond = _index(microsecond)
-    if not 0 <= hour <= 23:
-        raise ValueError('hour must be in 0..23', hour)
-    if not 0 <= minute <= 59:
-        raise ValueError('minute must be in 0..59', minute)
-    if not 0 <= second <= 59:
-        raise ValueError('second must be in 0..59', second)
-    if not 0 <= microsecond <= 999999:
-        raise ValueError('microsecond must be in 0..999999', microsecond)
-    if fold not in (0, 1):
-        raise ValueError('fold must be either 0 or 1', fold)
-    return hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold
-
-def _check_tzinfo_arg(tz):
-    if tz is not None and not isinstance(tz, tzinfo):
-        raise TypeError("tzinfo argument must be None or of a tzinfo subclass")
-
-def _cmperror(x, y):
-    raise TypeError("can't compare '%s' to '%s'" % (
-                    type(x).__name__, type(y).__name__))
-
-def _divide_and_round(a, b):
-    """divide a by b and round result to the nearest integer
-
-    When the ratio is exactly half-way between two integers,
-    the even integer is returned.
-    """
-    # Based on the reference implementation for divmod_near
-    # in Objects/longobject.c.
-    q, r = divmod(a, b)
-    # round up if either r / b > 0.5, or r / b == 0.5 and q is odd.
-    # The expression r / b > 0.5 is equivalent to 2 * r > b if b is
-    # positive, 2 * r < b if b negative.
-    r *= 2
-    greater_than_half = r > b if b > 0 else r < b
-    if greater_than_half or r == b and q % 2 == 1:
-        q += 1
-
-    return q
-
-
-class timedelta:
-    """Represent the difference between two datetime objects.
-
-    Supported operators:
-
-    - add, subtract timedelta
-    - unary plus, minus, abs
-    - compare to timedelta
-    - multiply, divide by int
-
-    In addition, datetime supports subtraction of two datetime objects
-    returning a timedelta, and addition or subtraction of a datetime
-    and a timedelta giving a datetime.
-
-    Representation: (days, seconds, microseconds).  Why?  Because I
-    felt like it.
-    """
-    __slots__ = '_days', '_seconds', '_microseconds', '_hashcode'
-
-    def __new__(cls, days=0, seconds=0, microseconds=0,
-                milliseconds=0, minutes=0, hours=0, weeks=0):
-        # Doing this efficiently and accurately in C is going to be difficult
-        # and error-prone, due to ubiquitous overflow possibilities, and that
-        # C double doesn't have enough bits of precision to represent
-        # microseconds over 10K years faithfully.  The code here tries to make
-        # explicit where go-fast assumptions can be relied on, in order to
-        # guide the C implementation; it's way more convoluted than speed-
-        # ignoring auto-overflow-to-long idiomatic Python could be.
-
-        # XXX Check that all inputs are ints or floats.
-
-        # Final values, all integer.
-        # s and us fit in 32-bit signed ints; d isn't bounded.
-        d = s = us = 0
-
-        # Normalize everything to days, seconds, microseconds.
-        days += weeks*7
-        seconds += minutes*60 + hours*3600
-        microseconds += milliseconds*1000
-
-        # Get rid of all fractions, and normalize s and us.
-        # Take a deep breath <wink>.
-        if isinstance(days, float):
-            dayfrac, days = _math.modf(days)
-            daysecondsfrac, daysecondswhole = _math.modf(dayfrac * (24.*3600.))
-            assert daysecondswhole == int(daysecondswhole)  # can't overflow
-            s = int(daysecondswhole)
-            assert days == int(days)
-            d = int(days)
-        else:
-            daysecondsfrac = 0.0
-            d = days
-        assert isinstance(daysecondsfrac, float)
-        assert abs(daysecondsfrac) <= 1.0
-        assert isinstance(d, int)
-        assert abs(s) <= 24 * 3600
-        # days isn't referenced again before redefinition
-
-        if isinstance(seconds, float):
-            secondsfrac, seconds = _math.modf(seconds)
-            assert seconds == int(seconds)
-            seconds = int(seconds)
-            secondsfrac += daysecondsfrac
-            assert abs(secondsfrac) <= 2.0
-        else:
-            secondsfrac = daysecondsfrac
-        # daysecondsfrac isn't referenced again
-        assert isinstance(secondsfrac, float)
-        assert abs(secondsfrac) <= 2.0
-
-        assert isinstance(seconds, int)
-        days, seconds = divmod(seconds, 24*3600)
-        d += days
-        s += int(seconds)    # can't overflow
-        assert isinstance(s, int)
-        assert abs(s) <= 2 * 24 * 3600
-        # seconds isn't referenced again before redefinition
-
-        usdouble = secondsfrac * 1e6
-        assert abs(usdouble) < 2.1e6    # exact value not critical
-        # secondsfrac isn't referenced again
-
-        if isinstance(microseconds, float):
-            microseconds = round(microseconds + usdouble)
-            seconds, microseconds = divmod(microseconds, 1000000)
-            days, seconds = divmod(seconds, 24*3600)
-            d += days
-            s += seconds
-        else:
-            microseconds = int(microseconds)
-            seconds, microseconds = divmod(microseconds, 1000000)
-            days, seconds = divmod(seconds, 24*3600)
-            d += days
-            s += seconds
-            microseconds = round(microseconds + usdouble)
-        assert isinstance(s, int)
-        assert isinstance(microseconds, int)
-        assert abs(s) <= 3 * 24 * 3600
-        assert abs(microseconds) < 3.1e6
-
-        # Just a little bit of carrying possible for microseconds and seconds.
-        seconds, us = divmod(microseconds, 1000000)
-        s += seconds
-        days, s = divmod(s, 24*3600)
-        d += days
-
-        assert isinstance(d, int)
-        assert isinstance(s, int) and 0 <= s < 24*3600
-        assert isinstance(us, int) and 0 <= us < 1000000
-
-        if abs(d) > 999999999:
-            raise OverflowError("timedelta # of days is too large: %d" % d)
-
-        self = object.__new__(cls)
-        self._days = d
-        self._seconds = s
-        self._microseconds = us
-        self._hashcode = -1
-        return self
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        args = []
-        if self._days:
-            args.append("days=%d" % self._days)
-        if self._seconds:
-            args.append("seconds=%d" % self._seconds)
-        if self._microseconds:
-            args.append("microseconds=%d" % self._microseconds)
-        if not args:
-            args.append('0')
-        return "%s.%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__module__,
-                              self.__class__.__qualname__,
-                              ', '.join(args))
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        mm, ss = divmod(self._seconds, 60)
-        hh, mm = divmod(mm, 60)
-        s = "%d:%02d:%02d" % (hh, mm, ss)
-        if self._days:
-            def plural(n):
-                return n, abs(n) != 1 and "s" or ""
-            s = ("%d day%s, " % plural(self._days)) + s
-        if self._microseconds:
-            s = s + ".%06d" % self._microseconds
-        return s
-
-    def total_seconds(self):
-        """Total seconds in the duration."""
-        return ((self.days * 86400 + self.seconds) * 10**6 +
-                self.microseconds) / 10**6
-
-    # Read-only field accessors
-    @property
-    def days(self):
-        """days"""
-        return self._days
-
-    @property
-    def seconds(self):
-        """seconds"""
-        return self._seconds
-
-    @property
-    def microseconds(self):
-        """microseconds"""
-        return self._microseconds
-
-    def __add__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            # for CPython compatibility, we cannot use
-            # our __class__ here, but need a real timedelta
-            return timedelta(self._days + other._days,
-                             self._seconds + other._seconds,
-                             self._microseconds + other._microseconds)
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    __radd__ = __add__
-
-    def __sub__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            # for CPython compatibility, we cannot use
-            # our __class__ here, but need a real timedelta
-            return timedelta(self._days - other._days,
-                             self._seconds - other._seconds,
-                             self._microseconds - other._microseconds)
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def __rsub__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            return -self + other
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def __neg__(self):
-        # for CPython compatibility, we cannot use
-        # our __class__ here, but need a real timedelta
-        return timedelta(-self._days,
-                         -self._seconds,
-                         -self._microseconds)
-
-    def __pos__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __abs__(self):
-        if self._days < 0:
-            return -self
-        else:
-            return self
-
-    def __mul__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, int):
-            # for CPython compatibility, we cannot use
-            # our __class__ here, but need a real timedelta
-            return timedelta(self._days * other,
-                             self._seconds * other,
-                             self._microseconds * other)
-        if isinstance(other, float):
-            usec = self._to_microseconds()
-            a, b = other.as_integer_ratio()
-            return timedelta(0, 0, _divide_and_round(usec * a, b))
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    __rmul__ = __mul__
-
-    def _to_microseconds(self):
-        return ((self._days * (24*3600) + self._seconds) * 1000000 +
-                self._microseconds)
-
-    def __floordiv__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, (int, timedelta)):
-            return NotImplemented
-        usec = self._to_microseconds()
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            return usec // other._to_microseconds()
-        if isinstance(other, int):
-            return timedelta(0, 0, usec // other)
-
-    def __truediv__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, (int, float, timedelta)):
-            return NotImplemented
-        usec = self._to_microseconds()
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            return usec / other._to_microseconds()
-        if isinstance(other, int):
-            return timedelta(0, 0, _divide_and_round(usec, other))
-        if isinstance(other, float):
-            a, b = other.as_integer_ratio()
-            return timedelta(0, 0, _divide_and_round(b * usec, a))
-
-    def __mod__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            r = self._to_microseconds() % other._to_microseconds()
-            return timedelta(0, 0, r)
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def __divmod__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            q, r = divmod(self._to_microseconds(),
-                          other._to_microseconds())
-            return q, timedelta(0, 0, r)
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    # Comparisons of timedelta objects with other.
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            return self._cmp(other) == 0
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def __le__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            return self._cmp(other) <= 0
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def __lt__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            return self._cmp(other) < 0
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def __ge__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            return self._cmp(other) >= 0
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def __gt__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            return self._cmp(other) > 0
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def _cmp(self, other):
-        assert isinstance(other, timedelta)
-        return _cmp(self._getstate(), other._getstate())
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        if self._hashcode == -1:
-            self._hashcode = hash(self._getstate())
-        return self._hashcode
-
-    def __bool__(self):
-        return (self._days != 0 or
-                self._seconds != 0 or
-                self._microseconds != 0)
-
-    # Pickle support.
-
-    def _getstate(self):
-        return (self._days, self._seconds, self._microseconds)
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        return (self.__class__, self._getstate())
-
-timedelta.min = timedelta(-999999999)
-timedelta.max = timedelta(days=999999999, hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59,
-                          microseconds=999999)
-timedelta.resolution = timedelta(microseconds=1)
-
-class date:
-    """Concrete date type.
-
-    Constructors:
-
-    __new__()
-    fromtimestamp()
-    today()
-    fromordinal()
-
-    Operators:
-
-    __repr__, __str__
-    __eq__, __le__, __lt__, __ge__, __gt__, __hash__
-    __add__, __radd__, __sub__ (add/radd only with timedelta arg)
-
-    Methods:
-
-    timetuple()
-    toordinal()
-    weekday()
-    isoweekday(), isocalendar(), isoformat()
-    ctime()
-    strftime()
-
-    Properties (readonly):
-    year, month, day
-    """
-    __slots__ = '_year', '_month', '_day', '_hashcode'
-
-    def __new__(cls, year, month=None, day=None):
-        """Constructor.
-
-        Arguments:
-
-        year, month, day (required, base 1)
-        """
-        if (month is None and
-            isinstance(year, (bytes, str)) and len(year) == 4 and
-            1 <= ord(year[2:3]) <= 12):
-            # Pickle support
-            if isinstance(year, str):
-                try:
-                    year = year.encode('latin1')
-                except UnicodeEncodeError:
-                    # More informative error message.
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "Failed to encode latin1 string when unpickling "
-                        "a date object. "
-                        "pickle.load(data, encoding='latin1') is assumed.")
-            self = object.__new__(cls)
-            self.__setstate(year)
-            self._hashcode = -1
-            return self
-        year, month, day = _check_date_fields(year, month, day)
-        self = object.__new__(cls)
-        self._year = year
-        self._month = month
-        self._day = day
-        self._hashcode = -1
-        return self
-
-    # Additional constructors
-
-    @classmethod
-    def fromtimestamp(cls, t):
-        "Construct a date from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time())."
-        y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, weekday, jday, dst = _time.localtime(t)
-        return cls(y, m, d)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def today(cls):
-        "Construct a date from time.time()."
-        t = _time.time()
-        return cls.fromtimestamp(t)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def fromordinal(cls, n):
-        """Construct a date from a proleptic Gregorian ordinal.
-
-        January 1 of year 1 is day 1.  Only the year, month and day are
-        non-zero in the result.
-        """
-        y, m, d = _ord2ymd(n)
-        return cls(y, m, d)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def fromisoformat(cls, date_string):
-        """Construct a date from the output of date.isoformat()."""
-        if not isinstance(date_string, str):
-            raise TypeError('fromisoformat: argument must be str')
-
-        try:
-            assert len(date_string) == 10
-            return cls(*_parse_isoformat_date(date_string))
-        except Exception:
-            raise ValueError(f'Invalid isoformat string: {date_string!r}')
-
-    @classmethod
-    def fromisocalendar(cls, year, week, day):
-        """Construct a date from the ISO year, week number and weekday.
-
-        This is the inverse of the date.isocalendar() function"""
-        # Year is bounded this way because 9999-12-31 is (9999, 52, 5)
-        if not MINYEAR <= year <= MAXYEAR:
-            raise ValueError(f"Year is out of range: {year}")
-
-        if not 0 < week < 53:
-            out_of_range = True
-
-            if week == 53:
-                # ISO years have 53 weeks in them on years starting with a
-                # Thursday and leap years starting on a Wednesday
-                first_weekday = _ymd2ord(year, 1, 1) % 7
-                if (first_weekday == 4 or (first_weekday == 3 and
-                                           _is_leap(year))):
-                    out_of_range = False
-
-            if out_of_range:
-                raise ValueError(f"Invalid week: {week}")
-
-        if not 0 < day < 8:
-            raise ValueError(f"Invalid weekday: {day} (range is [1, 7])")
-
-        # Now compute the offset from (Y, 1, 1) in days:
-        day_offset = (week - 1) * 7 + (day - 1)
-
-        # Calculate the ordinal day for monday, week 1
-        day_1 = _isoweek1monday(year)
-        ord_day = day_1 + day_offset
-
-        return cls(*_ord2ymd(ord_day))
-
-    # Conversions to string
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        """Convert to formal string, for repr().
-
-        >>> dt = datetime(2010, 1, 1)
-        >>> repr(dt)
-        'datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1, 0, 0)'
-
-        >>> dt = datetime(2010, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-        >>> repr(dt)
-        'datetime.datetime(2010, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)'
-        """
-        return "%s.%s(%d, %d, %d)" % (self.__class__.__module__,
-                                      self.__class__.__qualname__,
-                                      self._year,
-                                      self._month,
-                                      self._day)
-    # XXX These shouldn't depend on time.localtime(), because that
-    # clips the usable dates to [1970 .. 2038).  At least ctime() is
-    # easily done without using strftime() -- that's better too because
-    # strftime("%c", ...) is locale specific.
-
-
-    def ctime(self):
-        "Return ctime() style string."
-        weekday = self.toordinal() % 7 or 7
-        return "%s %s %2d 00:00:00 %04d" % (
-            _DAYNAMES[weekday],
-            _MONTHNAMES[self._month],
-            self._day, self._year)
-
-    def strftime(self, fmt):
-        "Format using strftime()."
-        return _wrap_strftime(self, fmt, self.timetuple())
-
-    def __format__(self, fmt):
-        if not isinstance(fmt, str):
-            raise TypeError("must be str, not %s" % type(fmt).__name__)
-        if len(fmt) != 0:
-            return self.strftime(fmt)
-        return str(self)
-
-    def isoformat(self):
-        """Return the date formatted according to ISO.
-
-        This is 'YYYY-MM-DD'.
-
-        References:
-        - http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime
-        - http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html
-        """
-        return "%04d-%02d-%02d" % (self._year, self._month, self._day)
-
-    __str__ = isoformat
-
-    # Read-only field accessors
-    @property
-    def year(self):
-        """year (1-9999)"""
-        return self._year
-
-    @property
-    def month(self):
-        """month (1-12)"""
-        return self._month
-
-    @property
-    def day(self):
-        """day (1-31)"""
-        return self._day
-
-    # Standard conversions, __eq__, __le__, __lt__, __ge__, __gt__,
-    # __hash__ (and helpers)
-
-    def timetuple(self):
-        "Return local time tuple compatible with time.localtime()."
-        return _build_struct_time(self._year, self._month, self._day,
-                                  0, 0, 0, -1)
-
-    def toordinal(self):
-        """Return proleptic Gregorian ordinal for the year, month and day.
-
-        January 1 of year 1 is day 1.  Only the year, month and day values
-        contribute to the result.
-        """
-        return _ymd2ord(self._year, self._month, self._day)
-
-    def replace(self, year=None, month=None, day=None):
-        """Return a new date with new values for the specified fields."""
-        if year is None:
-            year = self._year
-        if month is None:
-            month = self._month
-        if day is None:
-            day = self._day
-        return type(self)(year, month, day)
-
-    # Comparisons of date objects with other.
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, date):
-            return self._cmp(other) == 0
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def __le__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, date):
-            return self._cmp(other) <= 0
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def __lt__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, date):
-            return self._cmp(other) < 0
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def __ge__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, date):
-            return self._cmp(other) >= 0
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def __gt__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, date):
-            return self._cmp(other) > 0
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def _cmp(self, other):
-        assert isinstance(other, date)
-        y, m, d = self._year, self._month, self._day
-        y2, m2, d2 = other._year, other._month, other._day
-        return _cmp((y, m, d), (y2, m2, d2))
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        "Hash."
-        if self._hashcode == -1:
-            self._hashcode = hash(self._getstate())
-        return self._hashcode
-
-    # Computations
-
-    def __add__(self, other):
-        "Add a date to a timedelta."
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            o = self.toordinal() + other.days
-            if 0 < o <= _MAXORDINAL:
-                return type(self).fromordinal(o)
-            raise OverflowError("result out of range")
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    __radd__ = __add__
-
-    def __sub__(self, other):
-        """Subtract two dates, or a date and a timedelta."""
-        if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            return self + timedelta(-other.days)
-        if isinstance(other, date):
-            days1 = self.toordinal()
-            days2 = other.toordinal()
-            return timedelta(days1 - days2)
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def weekday(self):
-        "Return day of the week, where Monday == 0 ... Sunday == 6."
-        return (self.toordinal() + 6) % 7
-
-    # Day-of-the-week and week-of-the-year, according to ISO
-
-    def isoweekday(self):
-        "Return day of the week, where Monday == 1 ... Sunday == 7."
-        # 1-Jan-0001 is a Monday
-        return self.toordinal() % 7 or 7
-
-    def isocalendar(self):
-        """Return a named tuple containing ISO year, week number, and weekday.
-
-        The first ISO week of the year is the (Mon-Sun) week
-        containing the year's first Thursday; everything else derives
-        from that.
-
-        The first week is 1; Monday is 1 ... Sunday is 7.
-
-        ISO calendar algorithm taken from
-        http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/calendar/isocalendar.htm
-        (used with permission)
-        """
-        year = self._year
-        week1monday = _isoweek1monday(year)
-        today = _ymd2ord(self._year, self._month, self._day)
-        # Internally, week and day have origin 0
-        week, day = divmod(today - week1monday, 7)
-        if week < 0:
-            year -= 1
-            week1monday = _isoweek1monday(year)
-            week, day = divmod(today - week1monday, 7)
-        elif week >= 52:
-            if today >= _isoweek1monday(year+1):
-                year += 1
-                week = 0
-        return _IsoCalendarDate(year, week+1, day+1)
-
-    # Pickle support.
-
-    def _getstate(self):
-        yhi, ylo = divmod(self._year, 256)
-        return bytes([yhi, ylo, self._month, self._day]),
-
-    def __setstate(self, string):
-        yhi, ylo, self._month, self._day = string
-        self._year = yhi * 256 + ylo
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        return (self.__class__, self._getstate())
-
-_date_class = date  # so functions w/ args named "date" can get at the class
-
-date.min = date(1, 1, 1)
-date.max = date(9999, 12, 31)
-date.resolution = timedelta(days=1)
-
-
-class tzinfo:
-    """Abstract base class for time zone info classes.
-
-    Subclasses must override the name(), utcoffset() and dst() methods.
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-
-    def tzname(self, dt):
-        "datetime -> string name of time zone."
-        raise NotImplementedError("tzinfo subclass must override tzname()")
-
-    def utcoffset(self, dt):
-        "datetime -> timedelta, positive for east of UTC, negative for west of UTC"
-        raise NotImplementedError("tzinfo subclass must override utcoffset()")
-
-    def dst(self, dt):
-        """datetime -> DST offset as timedelta, positive for east of UTC.
-
-        Return 0 if DST not in effect.  utcoffset() must include the DST
-        offset.
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError("tzinfo subclass must override dst()")
-
-    def fromutc(self, dt):
-        "datetime in UTC -> datetime in local time."
-
-        if not isinstance(dt, datetime):
-            raise TypeError("fromutc() requires a datetime argument")
-        if dt.tzinfo is not self:
-            raise ValueError("dt.tzinfo is not self")
-
-        dtoff = dt.utcoffset()
-        if dtoff is None:
-            raise ValueError("fromutc() requires a non-None utcoffset() "
-                             "result")
-
-        # See the long comment block at the end of this file for an
-        # explanation of this algorithm.
-        dtdst = dt.dst()
-        if dtdst is None:
-            raise ValueError("fromutc() requires a non-None dst() result")
-        delta = dtoff - dtdst
-        if delta:
-            dt += delta
-            dtdst = dt.dst()
-            if dtdst is None:
-                raise ValueError("fromutc(): dt.dst gave inconsistent "
-                                 "results; cannot convert")
-        return dt + dtdst
-
-    # Pickle support.
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        getinitargs = getattr(self, "__getinitargs__", None)
-        if getinitargs:
-            args = getinitargs()
-        else:
-            args = ()
-        getstate = getattr(self, "__getstate__", None)
-        if getstate:
-            state = getstate()
-        else:
-            state = getattr(self, "__dict__", None) or None
-        if state is None:
-            return (self.__class__, args)
-        else:
-            return (self.__class__, args, state)
-
-
-class IsoCalendarDate(tuple):
-
-    def __new__(cls, year, week, weekday, /):
-        return super().__new__(cls, (year, week, weekday))
-
-    @property
-    def year(self):
-        return self[0]
-
-    @property
-    def week(self):
-        return self[1]
-
-    @property
-    def weekday(self):
-        return self[2]
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        # This code is intended to pickle the object without making the
-        # class public. See https://bugs.python.org/msg352381
-        return (tuple, (tuple(self),))
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return (f'{self.__class__.__name__}'
-                f'(year={self[0]}, week={self[1]}, weekday={self[2]})')
-
-
-_IsoCalendarDate = IsoCalendarDate
-del IsoCalendarDate
-_tzinfo_class = tzinfo
-
-class time:
-    """Time with time zone.
-
-    Constructors:
-
-    __new__()
-
-    Operators:
-
-    __repr__, __str__
-    __eq__, __le__, __lt__, __ge__, __gt__, __hash__
-
-    Methods:
-
-    strftime()
-    isoformat()
-    utcoffset()
-    tzname()
-    dst()
-
-    Properties (readonly):
-    hour, minute, second, microsecond, tzinfo, fold
-    """
-    __slots__ = '_hour', '_minute', '_second', '_microsecond', '_tzinfo', '_hashcode', '_fold'
-
-    def __new__(cls, hour=0, minute=0, second=0, microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0):
-        """Constructor.
-
-        Arguments:
-
-        hour, minute (required)
-        second, microsecond (default to zero)
-        tzinfo (default to None)
-        fold (keyword only, default to zero)
-        """
-        if (isinstance(hour, (bytes, str)) and len(hour) == 6 and
-            ord(hour[0:1])&0x7F < 24):
-            # Pickle support
-            if isinstance(hour, str):
-                try:
-                    hour = hour.encode('latin1')
-                except UnicodeEncodeError:
-                    # More informative error message.
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "Failed to encode latin1 string when unpickling "
-                        "a time object. "
-                        "pickle.load(data, encoding='latin1') is assumed.")
-            self = object.__new__(cls)
-            self.__setstate(hour, minute or None)
-            self._hashcode = -1
-            return self
-        hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold = _check_time_fields(
-            hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold)
-        _check_tzinfo_arg(tzinfo)
-        self = object.__new__(cls)
-        self._hour = hour
-        self._minute = minute
-        self._second = second
-        self._microsecond = microsecond
-        self._tzinfo = tzinfo
-        self._hashcode = -1
-        self._fold = fold
-        return self
-
-    # Read-only field accessors
-    @property
-    def hour(self):
-        """hour (0-23)"""
-        return self._hour
-
-    @property
-    def minute(self):
-        """minute (0-59)"""
-        return self._minute
-
-    @property
-    def second(self):
-        """second (0-59)"""
-        return self._second
-
-    @property
-    def microsecond(self):
-        """microsecond (0-999999)"""
-        return self._microsecond
-
-    @property
-    def tzinfo(self):
-        """timezone info object"""
-        return self._tzinfo
-
-    @property
-    def fold(self):
-        return self._fold
-
-    # Standard conversions, __hash__ (and helpers)
-
-    # Comparisons of time objects with other.
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, time):
-            return self._cmp(other, allow_mixed=True) == 0
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def __le__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, time):
-            return self._cmp(other) <= 0
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def __lt__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, time):
-            return self._cmp(other) < 0
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def __ge__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, time):
-            return self._cmp(other) >= 0
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def __gt__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, time):
-            return self._cmp(other) > 0
-        else:
-            return NotImplemented
-
-    def _cmp(self, other, allow_mixed=False):
-        assert isinstance(other, time)
-        mytz = self._tzinfo
-        ottz = other._tzinfo
-        myoff = otoff = None
-
-        if mytz is ottz:
-            base_compare = True
-        else:
-            myoff = self.utcoffset()
-            otoff = other.utcoffset()
-            base_compare = myoff == otoff
-
-        if base_compare:
-            return _cmp((self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
-                         self._microsecond),
-                        (other._hour, other._minute, other._second,
-                         other._microsecond))
-        if myoff is None or otoff is None:
-            if allow_mixed:
-                return 2 # arbitrary non-zero value
-            else:
-                raise TypeError("cannot compare naive and aware times")
-        myhhmm = self._hour * 60 + self._minute - myoff//timedelta(minutes=1)
-        othhmm = other._hour * 60 + other._minute - otoff//timedelta(minutes=1)
-        return _cmp((myhhmm, self._second, self._microsecond),
-                    (othhmm, other._second, other._microsecond))
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        """Hash."""
-        if self._hashcode == -1:
-            if self.fold:
-                t = self.replace(fold=0)
-            else:
-                t = self
-            tzoff = t.utcoffset()
-            if not tzoff:  # zero or None
-                self._hashcode = hash(t._getstate()[0])
-            else:
-                h, m = divmod(timedelta(hours=self.hour, minutes=self.minute) - tzoff,
-                              timedelta(hours=1))
-                assert not m % timedelta(minutes=1), "whole minute"
-                m //= timedelta(minutes=1)
-                if 0 <= h < 24:
-                    self._hashcode = hash(time(h, m, self.second, self.microsecond))
-                else:
-                    self._hashcode = hash((h, m, self.second, self.microsecond))
-        return self._hashcode
-
-    # Conversion to string
-
-    def _tzstr(self):
-        """Return formatted timezone offset (+xx:xx) or an empty string."""
-        off = self.utcoffset()
-        return _format_offset(off)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        """Convert to formal string, for repr()."""
-        if self._microsecond != 0:
-            s = ", %d, %d" % (self._second, self._microsecond)
-        elif self._second != 0:
-            s = ", %d" % self._second
-        else:
-            s = ""
-        s= "%s.%s(%d, %d%s)" % (self.__class__.__module__,
-                                self.__class__.__qualname__,
-                                self._hour, self._minute, s)
-        if self._tzinfo is not None:
-            assert s[-1:] == ")"
-            s = s[:-1] + ", tzinfo=%r" % self._tzinfo + ")"
-        if self._fold:
-            assert s[-1:] == ")"
-            s = s[:-1] + ", fold=1)"
-        return s
-
-    def isoformat(self, timespec='auto'):
-        """Return the time formatted according to ISO.
-
-        The full format is 'HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm+zz:zz'. By default, the fractional
-        part is omitted if self.microsecond == 0.
-
-        The optional argument timespec specifies the number of additional
-        terms of the time to include. Valid options are 'auto', 'hours',
-        'minutes', 'seconds', 'milliseconds' and 'microseconds'.
-        """
-        s = _format_time(self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
-                          self._microsecond, timespec)
-        tz = self._tzstr()
-        if tz:
-            s += tz
-        return s
-
-    __str__ = isoformat
-
-    @classmethod
-    def fromisoformat(cls, time_string):
-        """Construct a time from the output of isoformat()."""
-        if not isinstance(time_string, str):
-            raise TypeError('fromisoformat: argument must be str')
-
-        try:
-            return cls(*_parse_isoformat_time(time_string))
-        except Exception:
-            raise ValueError(f'Invalid isoformat string: {time_string!r}')
-
-
-    def strftime(self, fmt):
-        """Format using strftime().  The date part of the timestamp passed
-        to underlying strftime should not be used.
-        """
-        # The year must be >= 1000 else Python's strftime implementation
-        # can raise a bogus exception.
-        timetuple = (1900, 1, 1,
-                     self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
-                     0, 1, -1)
-        return _wrap_strftime(self, fmt, timetuple)
-
-    def __format__(self, fmt):
-        if not isinstance(fmt, str):
-            raise TypeError("must be str, not %s" % type(fmt).__name__)
-        if len(fmt) != 0:
-            return self.strftime(fmt)
-        return str(self)
-
-    # Timezone functions
-
-    def utcoffset(self):
-        """Return the timezone offset as timedelta, positive east of UTC
-         (negative west of UTC)."""
-        if self._tzinfo is None:
-            return None
-        offset = self._tzinfo.utcoffset(None)
-        _check_utc_offset("utcoffset", offset)
-        return offset
-
-    def tzname(self):
-        """Return the timezone name.
-
-        Note that the name is 100% informational -- there's no requirement that
-        it mean anything in particular. For example, "GMT", "UTC", "-500",
-        "-5:00", "EDT", "US/Eastern", "America/New York" are all valid replies.
-        """
-        if self._tzinfo is None:
-            return None
-        name = self._tzinfo.tzname(None)
-        _check_tzname(name)
-        return name
-
-    def dst(self):
-        """Return 0 if DST is not in effect, or the DST offset (as timedelta
-        positive eastward) if DST is in effect.
-
-        This is purely informational; the DST offset has already been added to
-        the UTC offset returned by utcoffset() if applicable, so there's no
-        need to consult dst() unless you're interested in displaying the DST
-        info.
-        """
-        if self._tzinfo is None:
-            return None
-        offset = self._tzinfo.dst(None)
-        _check_utc_offset("dst", offset)
-        return offset
-
-    def replace(self, hour=None, minute=None, second=None, microsecond=None,
-                tzinfo=True, *, fold=None):
-        """Return a new time with new values for the specified fields."""
-        if hour is None:
-            hour = self.hour
-        if minute is None:
-            minute = self.minute
-        if second is None:
-            second = self.second
-        if microsecond is None:
-            microsecond = self.microsecond
-        if tzinfo is True:
-            tzinfo = self.tzinfo
-        if fold is None:
-            fold = self._fold
-        return type(self)(hour, minute, second, microsecond, tzinfo, fold=fold)
-
-    # Pickle support.
-
-    def _getstate(self, protocol=3):
-        us2, us3 = divmod(self._microsecond, 256)
-        us1, us2 = divmod(us2, 256)
-        h = self._hour
-        if self._fold and protocol > 3:
-            h += 128
-        basestate = bytes([h, self._minute, self._second,
-                           us1, us2, us3])
-        if self._tzinfo is None:
-            return (basestate,)
-        else:
-            return (basestate, self._tzinfo)
-
-    def __setstate(self, string, tzinfo):
-        if tzinfo is not None and not isinstance(tzinfo, _tzinfo_class):
-            raise TypeError("bad tzinfo state arg")
-        h, self._minute, self._second, us1, us2, us3 = string
-        if h > 127:
-            self._fold = 1
-            self._hour = h - 128
-        else:
-            self._fold = 0
-            self._hour = h
-        self._microsecond = (((us1 << 8) | us2) << 8) | us3
-        self._tzinfo = tzinfo
-
-    def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
-        return (self.__class__, self._getstate(protocol))
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        return self.__reduce_ex__(2)
-
-_time_class = time  # so functions w/ args named "time" can get at the class
-
-time.min = time(0, 0, 0)
-time.max = time(23, 59, 59, 999999)
-time.resolution = timedelta(microseconds=1)
-
-
-class datetime(date):
-    """datetime(year, month, day[, hour[, minute[, second[, microsecond[,tzinfo]]]]])
-
-    The year, month and day arguments are required. tzinfo may be None, or an
-    instance of a tzinfo subclass. The remaining arguments may be ints.
-    """
-    __slots__ = date.__slots__ + time.__slots__
-
-    def __new__(cls, year, month=None, day=None, hour=0, minute=0, second=0,
-                microsecond=0, tzinfo=None, *, fold=0):
-        if (isinstance(year, (bytes, str)) and len(year) == 10 and
-            1 <= ord(year[2:3])&0x7F <= 12):
-            # Pickle support
-            if isinstance(year, str):
-                try:
-                    year = bytes(year, 'latin1')
-                except UnicodeEncodeError:
-                    # More informative error message.
-                    raise ValueError(
-                        "Failed to encode latin1 string when unpickling "
-                        "a datetime object. "
-                        "pickle.load(data, encoding='latin1') is assumed.")
-            self = object.__new__(cls)
-            self.__setstate(year, month)
-            self._hashcode = -1
-            return self
-        year, month, day = _check_date_fields(year, month, day)
-        hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold = _check_time_fields(
-            hour, minute, second, microsecond, fold)
-        _check_tzinfo_arg(tzinfo)
-        self = object.__new__(cls)
-        self._year = year
-        self._month = month
-        self._day = day
-        self._hour = hour
-        self._minute = minute
-        self._second = second
-        self._microsecond = microsecond
-        self._tzinfo = tzinfo
-        self._hashcode = -1
-        self._fold = fold
-        return self
-
-    # Read-only field accessors
-    @property
-    def hour(self):
-        """hour (0-23)"""
-        return self._hour
-
-    @property
-    def minute(self):
-        """minute (0-59)"""
-        return self._minute
-
-    @property
-    def second(self):
-        """second (0-59)"""
-        return self._second
-
-    @property
-    def microsecond(self):
-        """microsecond (0-999999)"""
-        return self._microsecond
-
-    @property
-    def tzinfo(self):
-        """timezone info object"""
-        return self._tzinfo
-
-    @property
-    def fold(self):
-        return self._fold
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _fromtimestamp(cls, t, utc, tz):
-        """Construct a datetime from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time()).
-
-        A timezone info object may be passed in as well.
-        """
-        frac, t = _math.modf(t)
-        us = round(frac * 1e6)
-        if us >= 1000000:
-            t += 1
-            us -= 1000000
-        elif us < 0:
-            t -= 1
-            us += 1000000
-
-        converter = _time.gmtime if utc else _time.localtime
-        y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, weekday, jday, dst = converter(t)
-        ss = min(ss, 59)    # clamp out leap seconds if the platform has them
-        result = cls(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, us, tz)
-        if tz is None and not utc:
-            # As of version 2015f max fold in IANA database is
-            # 23 hours at 1969-09-30 13:00:00 in Kwajalein.
-            # Let's probe 24 hours in the past to detect a transition:
-            max_fold_seconds = 24 * 3600
-
-            # On Windows localtime_s throws an OSError for negative values,
-            # thus we can't perform fold detection for values of time less
-            # than the max time fold. See comments in _datetimemodule's
-            # version of this method for more details.
-            if t < max_fold_seconds and sys.platform.startswith("win"):
-                return result
-
-            y, m, d, hh, mm, ss = converter(t - max_fold_seconds)[:6]
-            probe1 = cls(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, us, tz)
-            trans = result - probe1 - timedelta(0, max_fold_seconds)
-            if trans.days < 0:
-                y, m, d, hh, mm, ss = converter(t + trans // timedelta(0, 1))[:6]
-                probe2 = cls(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, us, tz)
-                if probe2 == result:
-                    result._fold = 1
-        elif tz is not None:
-            result = tz.fromutc(result)
-        return result
-
-    @classmethod
-    def fromtimestamp(cls, t, tz=None):
-        """Construct a datetime from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time()).
-
-        A timezone info object may be passed in as well.
-        """
-        _check_tzinfo_arg(tz)
-
-        return cls._fromtimestamp(t, tz is not None, tz)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def utcfromtimestamp(cls, t):
-        """Construct a naive UTC datetime from a POSIX timestamp."""
-        return cls._fromtimestamp(t, True, None)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def now(cls, tz=None):
-        "Construct a datetime from time.time() and optional time zone info."
-        t = _time.time()
-        return cls.fromtimestamp(t, tz)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def utcnow(cls):
-        "Construct a UTC datetime from time.time()."
-        t = _time.time()
-        return cls.utcfromtimestamp(t)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def combine(cls, date, time, tzinfo=True):
-        "Construct a datetime from a given date and a given time."
-        if not isinstance(date, _date_class):
-            raise TypeError("date argument must be a date instance")
-        if not isinstance(time, _time_class):
-            raise TypeError("time argument must be a time instance")
-        if tzinfo is True:
-            tzinfo = time.tzinfo
-        return cls(date.year, date.month, date.day,
-                   time.hour, time.minute, time.second, time.microsecond,
-                   tzinfo, fold=time.fold)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def fromisoformat(cls, date_string):
-        """Construct a datetime from the output of datetime.isoformat()."""
-        if not isinstance(date_string, str):
-            raise TypeError('fromisoformat: argument must be str')
-
-        # Split this at the separator
-        dstr = date_string[0:10]
-        tstr = date_string[11:]
-
-        try:
-            date_components = _parse_isoformat_date(dstr)
-        except ValueError:
-            raise ValueError(f'Invalid isoformat string: {date_string!r}')
-
-        if tstr:
-            try:
-                time_components = _parse_isoformat_time(tstr)
-            except ValueError:
-                raise ValueError(f'Invalid isoformat string: {date_string!r}')
-        else:
-            time_components = [0, 0, 0, 0, None]
-
-        return cls(*(date_components + time_components))
-
-    def timetuple(self):
-        "Return local time tuple compatible with time.localtime()."
-        dst = self.dst()
-        if dst is None:
-            dst = -1
-        elif dst:
-            dst = 1
-        else:
-            dst = 0
-        return _build_struct_time(self.year, self.month, self.day,
-                                  self.hour, self.minute, self.second,
-                                  dst)
-
-    def _mktime(self):
-        """Return integer POSIX timestamp."""
-        epoch = datetime(1970, 1, 1)
-        max_fold_seconds = 24 * 3600
-        t = (self - epoch) // timedelta(0, 1)
-        def local(u):
-            y, m, d, hh, mm, ss = _time.localtime(u)[:6]
-            return (datetime(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss) - epoch) // timedelta(0, 1)
-
-        # Our goal is to solve t = local(u) for u.
-        a = local(t) - t
-        u1 = t - a
-        t1 = local(u1)
-        if t1 == t:
-            # We found one solution, but it may not be the one we need.
-            # Look for an earlier solution (if `fold` is 0), or a
-            # later one (if `fold` is 1).
-            u2 = u1 + (-max_fold_seconds, max_fold_seconds)[self.fold]
-            b = local(u2) - u2
-            if a == b:
-                return u1
-        else:
-            b = t1 - u1
-            assert a != b
-        u2 = t - b
-        t2 = local(u2)
-        if t2 == t:
-            return u2
-        if t1 == t:
-            return u1
-        # We have found both offsets a and b, but neither t - a nor t - b is
-        # a solution.  This means t is in the gap.
-        return (max, min)[self.fold](u1, u2)
-
-
-    def timestamp(self):
-        "Return POSIX timestamp as float"
-        if self._tzinfo is None:
-            s = self._mktime()
-            return s + self.microsecond / 1e6
-        else:
-            return (self - _EPOCH).total_seconds()
-
-    def utctimetuple(self):
-        "Return UTC time tuple compatible with time.gmtime()."
-        offset = self.utcoffset()
-        if offset:
-            self -= offset
-        y, m, d = self.year, self.month, self.day
-        hh, mm, ss = self.hour, self.minute, self.second
-        return _build_struct_time(y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, 0)
-
-    def date(self):
-        "Return the date part."
-        return date(self._year, self._month, self._day)
-
-    def time(self):
-        "Return the time part, with tzinfo None."
-        return time(self.hour, self.minute, self.second, self.microsecond, fold=self.fold)
-
-    def timetz(self):
-        "Return the time part, with same tzinfo."
-        return time(self.hour, self.minute, self.second, self.microsecond,
-                    self._tzinfo, fold=self.fold)
-
-    def replace(self, year=None, month=None, day=None, hour=None,
-                minute=None, second=None, microsecond=None, tzinfo=True,
-                *, fold=None):
-        """Return a new datetime with new values for the specified fields."""
-        if year is None:
-            year = self.year
-        if month is None:
-            month = self.month
-        if day is None:
-            day = self.day
-        if hour is None:
-            hour = self.hour
-        if minute is None:
-            minute = self.minute
-        if second is None:
-            second = self.second
-        if microsecond is None:
-            microsecond = self.microsecond
-        if tzinfo is True:
-            tzinfo = self.tzinfo
-        if fold is None:
-            fold = self.fold
-        return type(self)(year, month, day, hour, minute, second,
-                          microsecond, tzinfo, fold=fold)
-
-    def _local_timezone(self):
-        if self.tzinfo is None:
-            ts = self._mktime()
-        else:
-            ts = (self - _EPOCH) // timedelta(seconds=1)
-        localtm = _time.localtime(ts)
-        local = datetime(*localtm[:6])
-        # Extract TZ data
-        gmtoff = localtm.tm_gmtoff
-        zone = localtm.tm_zone
-        return timezone(timedelta(seconds=gmtoff), zone)
-
-    def astimezone(self, tz=None):
-        if tz is None:
-            tz = self._local_timezone()
-        elif not isinstance(tz, tzinfo):
-            raise TypeError("tz argument must be an instance of tzinfo")
-
-        mytz = self.tzinfo
-        if mytz is None:
-            mytz = self._local_timezone()
-            myoffset = mytz.utcoffset(self)
-        else:
-            myoffset = mytz.utcoffset(self)
-            if myoffset is None:
-                mytz = self.replace(tzinfo=None)._local_timezone()
-                myoffset = mytz.utcoffset(self)
-
-        if tz is mytz:
-            return self
-
-        # Convert self to UTC, and attach the new time zone object.
-        utc = (self - myoffset).replace(tzinfo=tz)
-
-        # Convert from UTC to tz's local time.
-        return tz.fromutc(utc)
-
-    # Ways to produce a string.
-
-    def ctime(self):
-        "Return ctime() style string."
-        weekday = self.toordinal() % 7 or 7
-        return "%s %s %2d %02d:%02d:%02d %04d" % (
-            _DAYNAMES[weekday],
-            _MONTHNAMES[self._month],
-            self._day,
-            self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
-            self._year)
-
-    def isoformat(self, sep='T', timespec='auto'):
-        """Return the time formatted according to ISO.
-
-        The full format looks like 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm'.
-        By default, the fractional part is omitted if self.microsecond == 0.
-
-        If self.tzinfo is not None, the UTC offset is also attached, giving
-        giving a full format of 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS.mmmmmm+HH:MM'.
-
-        Optional argument sep specifies the separator between date and
-        time, default 'T'.
-
-        The optional argument timespec specifies the number of additional
-        terms of the time to include. Valid options are 'auto', 'hours',
-        'minutes', 'seconds', 'milliseconds' and 'microseconds'.
-        """
-        s = ("%04d-%02d-%02d%c" % (self._year, self._month, self._day, sep) +
-             _format_time(self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
-                          self._microsecond, timespec))
-
-        off = self.utcoffset()
-        tz = _format_offset(off)
-        if tz:
-            s += tz
-
-        return s
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        """Convert to formal string, for repr()."""
-        L = [self._year, self._month, self._day,  # These are never zero
-             self._hour, self._minute, self._second, self._microsecond]
-        if L[-1] == 0:
-            del L[-1]
-        if L[-1] == 0:
-            del L[-1]
-        s = "%s.%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__module__,
-                           self.__class__.__qualname__,
-                           ", ".join(map(str, L)))
-        if self._tzinfo is not None:
-            assert s[-1:] == ")"
-            s = s[:-1] + ", tzinfo=%r" % self._tzinfo + ")"
-        if self._fold:
-            assert s[-1:] == ")"
-            s = s[:-1] + ", fold=1)"
-        return s
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        "Convert to string, for str()."
-        return self.isoformat(sep=' ')
-
-    @classmethod
-    def strptime(cls, date_string, format):
-        'string, format -> new datetime parsed from a string (like time.strptime()).'
-        import _strptime
-        return _strptime._strptime_datetime(cls, date_string, format)
-
-    def utcoffset(self):
-        """Return the timezone offset as timedelta positive east of UTC (negative west of
-        UTC)."""
-        if self._tzinfo is None:
-            return None
-        offset = self._tzinfo.utcoffset(self)
-        _check_utc_offset("utcoffset", offset)
-        return offset
-
-    def tzname(self):
-        """Return the timezone name.
-
-        Note that the name is 100% informational -- there's no requirement that
-        it mean anything in particular. For example, "GMT", "UTC", "-500",
-        "-5:00", "EDT", "US/Eastern", "America/New York" are all valid replies.
-        """
-        if self._tzinfo is None:
-            return None
-        name = self._tzinfo.tzname(self)
-        _check_tzname(name)
-        return name
-
-    def dst(self):
-        """Return 0 if DST is not in effect, or the DST offset (as timedelta
-        positive eastward) if DST is in effect.
-
-        This is purely informational; the DST offset has already been added to
-        the UTC offset returned by utcoffset() if applicable, so there's no
-        need to consult dst() unless you're interested in displaying the DST
-        info.
-        """
-        if self._tzinfo is None:
-            return None
-        offset = self._tzinfo.dst(self)
-        _check_utc_offset("dst", offset)
-        return offset
-
-    # Comparisons of datetime objects with other.
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, datetime):
-            return self._cmp(other, allow_mixed=True) == 0
-        elif not isinstance(other, date):
-            return NotImplemented
-        else:
-            return False
-
-    def __le__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, datetime):
-            return self._cmp(other) <= 0
-        elif not isinstance(other, date):
-            return NotImplemented
-        else:
-            _cmperror(self, other)
-
-    def __lt__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, datetime):
-            return self._cmp(other) < 0
-        elif not isinstance(other, date):
-            return NotImplemented
-        else:
-            _cmperror(self, other)
-
-    def __ge__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, datetime):
-            return self._cmp(other) >= 0
-        elif not isinstance(other, date):
-            return NotImplemented
-        else:
-            _cmperror(self, other)
-
-    def __gt__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, datetime):
-            return self._cmp(other) > 0
-        elif not isinstance(other, date):
-            return NotImplemented
-        else:
-            _cmperror(self, other)
-
-    def _cmp(self, other, allow_mixed=False):
-        assert isinstance(other, datetime)
-        mytz = self._tzinfo
-        ottz = other._tzinfo
-        myoff = otoff = None
-
-        if mytz is ottz:
-            base_compare = True
-        else:
-            myoff = self.utcoffset()
-            otoff = other.utcoffset()
-            # Assume that allow_mixed means that we are called from __eq__
-            if allow_mixed:
-                if myoff != self.replace(fold=not self.fold).utcoffset():
-                    return 2
-                if otoff != other.replace(fold=not other.fold).utcoffset():
-                    return 2
-            base_compare = myoff == otoff
-
-        if base_compare:
-            return _cmp((self._year, self._month, self._day,
-                         self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
-                         self._microsecond),
-                        (other._year, other._month, other._day,
-                         other._hour, other._minute, other._second,
-                         other._microsecond))
-        if myoff is None or otoff is None:
-            if allow_mixed:
-                return 2 # arbitrary non-zero value
-            else:
-                raise TypeError("cannot compare naive and aware datetimes")
-        # XXX What follows could be done more efficiently...
-        diff = self - other     # this will take offsets into account
-        if diff.days < 0:
-            return -1
-        return diff and 1 or 0
-
-    def __add__(self, other):
-        "Add a datetime and a timedelta."
-        if not isinstance(other, timedelta):
-            return NotImplemented
-        delta = timedelta(self.toordinal(),
-                          hours=self._hour,
-                          minutes=self._minute,
-                          seconds=self._second,
-                          microseconds=self._microsecond)
-        delta += other
-        hour, rem = divmod(delta.seconds, 3600)
-        minute, second = divmod(rem, 60)
-        if 0 < delta.days <= _MAXORDINAL:
-            return type(self).combine(date.fromordinal(delta.days),
-                                      time(hour, minute, second,
-                                           delta.microseconds,
-                                           tzinfo=self._tzinfo))
-        raise OverflowError("result out of range")
-
-    __radd__ = __add__
-
-    def __sub__(self, other):
-        "Subtract two datetimes, or a datetime and a timedelta."
-        if not isinstance(other, datetime):
-            if isinstance(other, timedelta):
-                return self + -other
-            return NotImplemented
-
-        days1 = self.toordinal()
-        days2 = other.toordinal()
-        secs1 = self._second + self._minute * 60 + self._hour * 3600
-        secs2 = other._second + other._minute * 60 + other._hour * 3600
-        base = timedelta(days1 - days2,
-                         secs1 - secs2,
-                         self._microsecond - other._microsecond)
-        if self._tzinfo is other._tzinfo:
-            return base
-        myoff = self.utcoffset()
-        otoff = other.utcoffset()
-        if myoff == otoff:
-            return base
-        if myoff is None or otoff is None:
-            raise TypeError("cannot mix naive and timezone-aware time")
-        return base + otoff - myoff
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        if self._hashcode == -1:
-            if self.fold:
-                t = self.replace(fold=0)
-            else:
-                t = self
-            tzoff = t.utcoffset()
-            if tzoff is None:
-                self._hashcode = hash(t._getstate()[0])
-            else:
-                days = _ymd2ord(self.year, self.month, self.day)
-                seconds = self.hour * 3600 + self.minute * 60 + self.second
-                self._hashcode = hash(timedelta(days, seconds, self.microsecond) - tzoff)
-        return self._hashcode
-
-    # Pickle support.
-
-    def _getstate(self, protocol=3):
-        yhi, ylo = divmod(self._year, 256)
-        us2, us3 = divmod(self._microsecond, 256)
-        us1, us2 = divmod(us2, 256)
-        m = self._month
-        if self._fold and protocol > 3:
-            m += 128
-        basestate = bytes([yhi, ylo, m, self._day,
-                           self._hour, self._minute, self._second,
-                           us1, us2, us3])
-        if self._tzinfo is None:
-            return (basestate,)
-        else:
-            return (basestate, self._tzinfo)
-
-    def __setstate(self, string, tzinfo):
-        if tzinfo is not None and not isinstance(tzinfo, _tzinfo_class):
-            raise TypeError("bad tzinfo state arg")
-        (yhi, ylo, m, self._day, self._hour,
-         self._minute, self._second, us1, us2, us3) = string
-        if m > 127:
-            self._fold = 1
-            self._month = m - 128
-        else:
-            self._fold = 0
-            self._month = m
-        self._year = yhi * 256 + ylo
-        self._microsecond = (((us1 << 8) | us2) << 8) | us3
-        self._tzinfo = tzinfo
-
-    def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
-        return (self.__class__, self._getstate(protocol))
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        return self.__reduce_ex__(2)
-
-
-datetime.min = datetime(1, 1, 1)
-datetime.max = datetime(9999, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)
-datetime.resolution = timedelta(microseconds=1)
-
-
-def _isoweek1monday(year):
-    # Helper to calculate the day number of the Monday starting week 1
-    # XXX This could be done more efficiently
-    THURSDAY = 3
-    firstday = _ymd2ord(year, 1, 1)
-    firstweekday = (firstday + 6) % 7  # See weekday() above
-    week1monday = firstday - firstweekday
-    if firstweekday > THURSDAY:
-        week1monday += 7
-    return week1monday
-
-
-class timezone(tzinfo):
-    __slots__ = '_offset', '_name'
-
-    # Sentinel value to disallow None
-    _Omitted = object()
-    def __new__(cls, offset, name=_Omitted):
-        if not isinstance(offset, timedelta):
-            raise TypeError("offset must be a timedelta")
-        if name is cls._Omitted:
-            if not offset:
-                return cls.utc
-            name = None
-        elif not isinstance(name, str):
-            raise TypeError("name must be a string")
-        if not cls._minoffset <= offset <= cls._maxoffset:
-            raise ValueError("offset must be a timedelta "
-                             "strictly between -timedelta(hours=24) and "
-                             "timedelta(hours=24).")
-        return cls._create(offset, name)
-
-    @classmethod
-    def _create(cls, offset, name=None):
-        self = tzinfo.__new__(cls)
-        self._offset = offset
-        self._name = name
-        return self
-
-    def __getinitargs__(self):
-        """pickle support"""
-        if self._name is None:
-            return (self._offset,)
-        return (self._offset, self._name)
-
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if isinstance(other, timezone):
-            return self._offset == other._offset
-        return NotImplemented
-
-    def __hash__(self):
-        return hash(self._offset)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        """Convert to formal string, for repr().
-
-        >>> tz = timezone.utc
-        >>> repr(tz)
-        'datetime.timezone.utc'
-        >>> tz = timezone(timedelta(hours=-5), 'EST')
-        >>> repr(tz)
-        "datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(-1, 68400), 'EST')"
-        """
-        if self is self.utc:
-            return 'datetime.timezone.utc'
-        if self._name is None:
-            return "%s.%s(%r)" % (self.__class__.__module__,
-                                  self.__class__.__qualname__,
-                                  self._offset)
-        return "%s.%s(%r, %r)" % (self.__class__.__module__,
-                                  self.__class__.__qualname__,
-                                  self._offset, self._name)
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return self.tzname(None)
-
-    def utcoffset(self, dt):
-        if isinstance(dt, datetime) or dt is None:
-            return self._offset
-        raise TypeError("utcoffset() argument must be a datetime instance"
-                        " or None")
-
-    def tzname(self, dt):
-        if isinstance(dt, datetime) or dt is None:
-            if self._name is None:
-                return self._name_from_offset(self._offset)
-            return self._name
-        raise TypeError("tzname() argument must be a datetime instance"
-                        " or None")
-
-    def dst(self, dt):
-        if isinstance(dt, datetime) or dt is None:
-            return None
-        raise TypeError("dst() argument must be a datetime instance"
-                        " or None")
-
-    def fromutc(self, dt):
-        if isinstance(dt, datetime):
-            if dt.tzinfo is not self:
-                raise ValueError("fromutc: dt.tzinfo "
-                                 "is not self")
-            return dt + self._offset
-        raise TypeError("fromutc() argument must be a datetime instance"
-                        " or None")
-
-    _maxoffset = timedelta(hours=24, microseconds=-1)
-    _minoffset = -_maxoffset
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _name_from_offset(delta):
-        if not delta:
-            return 'UTC'
-        if delta < timedelta(0):
-            sign = '-'
-            delta = -delta
-        else:
-            sign = '+'
-        hours, rest = divmod(delta, timedelta(hours=1))
-        minutes, rest = divmod(rest, timedelta(minutes=1))
-        seconds = rest.seconds
-        microseconds = rest.microseconds
-        if microseconds:
-            return (f'UTC{sign}{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}:{seconds:02d}'
-                    f'.{microseconds:06d}')
-        if seconds:
-            return f'UTC{sign}{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}:{seconds:02d}'
-        return f'UTC{sign}{hours:02d}:{minutes:02d}'
-
-UTC = timezone.utc = timezone._create(timedelta(0))
-# bpo-37642: These attributes are rounded to the nearest minute for backwards
-# compatibility, even though the constructor will accept a wider range of
-# values. This may change in the future.
-timezone.min = timezone._create(-timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59))
-timezone.max = timezone._create(timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59))
-_EPOCH = datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
-
-# Some time zone algebra.  For a datetime x, let
-#     x.n = x stripped of its timezone -- its naive time.
-#     x.o = x.utcoffset(), and assuming that doesn't raise an exception or
-#           return None
-#     x.d = x.dst(), and assuming that doesn't raise an exception or
-#           return None
-#     x.s = x's standard offset, x.o - x.d
-#
-# Now some derived rules, where k is a duration (timedelta).
-#
-# 1. x.o = x.s + x.d
-#    This follows from the definition of x.s.
-#
-# 2. If x and y have the same tzinfo member, x.s = y.s.
-#    This is actually a requirement, an assumption we need to make about
-#    sane tzinfo classes.
-#
-# 3. The naive UTC time corresponding to x is x.n - x.o.
-#    This is again a requirement for a sane tzinfo class.
-#
-# 4. (x+k).s = x.s
-#    This follows from #2, and that datetime.timetz+timedelta preserves tzinfo.
-#
-# 5. (x+k).n = x.n + k
-#    Again follows from how arithmetic is defined.
-#
-# Now we can explain tz.fromutc(x).  Let's assume it's an interesting case
-# (meaning that the various tzinfo methods exist, and don't blow up or return
-# None when called).
-#
-# The function wants to return a datetime y with timezone tz, equivalent to x.
-# x is already in UTC.
-#
-# By #3, we want
-#
-#     y.n - y.o = x.n                             [1]
-#
-# The algorithm starts by attaching tz to x.n, and calling that y.  So
-# x.n = y.n at the start.  Then it wants to add a duration k to y, so that [1]
-# becomes true; in effect, we want to solve [2] for k:
-#
-#    (y+k).n - (y+k).o = x.n                      [2]
-#
-# By #1, this is the same as
-#
-#    (y+k).n - ((y+k).s + (y+k).d) = x.n          [3]
-#
-# By #5, (y+k).n = y.n + k, which equals x.n + k because x.n=y.n at the start.
-# Substituting that into [3],
-#
-#    x.n + k - (y+k).s - (y+k).d = x.n; the x.n terms cancel, leaving
-#    k - (y+k).s - (y+k).d = 0; rearranging,
-#    k = (y+k).s - (y+k).d; by #4, (y+k).s == y.s, so
-#    k = y.s - (y+k).d
-#
-# On the RHS, (y+k).d can't be computed directly, but y.s can be, and we
-# approximate k by ignoring the (y+k).d term at first.  Note that k can't be
-# very large, since all offset-returning methods return a duration of magnitude
-# less than 24 hours.  For that reason, if y is firmly in std time, (y+k).d must
-# be 0, so ignoring it has no consequence then.
-#
-# In any case, the new value is
-#
-#     z = y + y.s                                 [4]
-#
-# It's helpful to step back at look at [4] from a higher level:  it's simply
-# mapping from UTC to tz's standard time.
-#
-# At this point, if
-#
-#     z.n - z.o = x.n                             [5]
-#
-# we have an equivalent time, and are almost done.  The insecurity here is
-# at the start of daylight time.  Picture US Eastern for concreteness.  The wall
-# time jumps from 1:59 to 3:00, and wall hours of the form 2:MM don't make good
-# sense then.  The docs ask that an Eastern tzinfo class consider such a time to
-# be EDT (because it's "after 2"), which is a redundant spelling of 1:MM EST
-# on the day DST starts.  We want to return the 1:MM EST spelling because that's
-# the only spelling that makes sense on the local wall clock.
-#
-# In fact, if [5] holds at this point, we do have the standard-time spelling,
-# but that takes a bit of proof.  We first prove a stronger result.  What's the
-# difference between the LHS and RHS of [5]?  Let
-#
-#     diff = x.n - (z.n - z.o)                    [6]
-#
-# Now
-#     z.n =                       by [4]
-#     (y + y.s).n =               by #5
-#     y.n + y.s =                 since y.n = x.n
-#     x.n + y.s =                 since z and y are have the same tzinfo member,
-#                                     y.s = z.s by #2
-#     x.n + z.s
-#
-# Plugging that back into [6] gives
-#
-#     diff =
-#     x.n - ((x.n + z.s) - z.o) =     expanding
-#     x.n - x.n - z.s + z.o =         cancelling
-#     - z.s + z.o =                   by #2
-#     z.d
-#
-# So diff = z.d.
-#
-# If [5] is true now, diff = 0, so z.d = 0 too, and we have the standard-time
-# spelling we wanted in the endcase described above.  We're done.  Contrarily,
-# if z.d = 0, then we have a UTC equivalent, and are also done.
-#
-# If [5] is not true now, diff = z.d != 0, and z.d is the offset we need to
-# add to z (in effect, z is in tz's standard time, and we need to shift the
-# local clock into tz's daylight time).
-#
-# Let
-#
-#     z' = z + z.d = z + diff                     [7]
-#
-# and we can again ask whether
-#
-#     z'.n - z'.o = x.n                           [8]
-#
-# If so, we're done.  If not, the tzinfo class is insane, according to the
-# assumptions we've made.  This also requires a bit of proof.  As before, let's
-# compute the difference between the LHS and RHS of [8] (and skipping some of
-# the justifications for the kinds of substitutions we've done several times
-# already):
-#
-#     diff' = x.n - (z'.n - z'.o) =           replacing z'.n via [7]
-#             x.n  - (z.n + diff - z'.o) =    replacing diff via [6]
-#             x.n - (z.n + x.n - (z.n - z.o) - z'.o) =
-#             x.n - z.n - x.n + z.n - z.o + z'.o =    cancel x.n
-#             - z.n + z.n - z.o + z'.o =              cancel z.n
-#             - z.o + z'.o =                      #1 twice
-#             -z.s - z.d + z'.s + z'.d =          z and z' have same tzinfo
-#             z'.d - z.d
-#
-# So z' is UTC-equivalent to x iff z'.d = z.d at this point.  If they are equal,
-# we've found the UTC-equivalent so are done.  In fact, we stop with [7] and
-# return z', not bothering to compute z'.d.
-#
-# How could z.d and z'd differ?  z' = z + z.d [7], so merely moving z' by
-# a dst() offset, and starting *from* a time already in DST (we know z.d != 0),
-# would have to change the result dst() returns:  we start in DST, and moving
-# a little further into it takes us out of DST.
-#
-# There isn't a sane case where this can happen.  The closest it gets is at
-# the end of DST, where there's an hour in UTC with no spelling in a hybrid
-# tzinfo class.  In US Eastern, that's 5:MM UTC = 0:MM EST = 1:MM EDT.  During
-# that hour, on an Eastern clock 1:MM is taken as being in standard time (6:MM
-# UTC) because the docs insist on that, but 0:MM is taken as being in daylight
-# time (4:MM UTC).  There is no local time mapping to 5:MM UTC.  The local
-# clock jumps from 1:59 back to 1:00 again, and repeats the 1:MM hour in
-# standard time.  Since that's what the local clock *does*, we want to map both
-# UTC hours 5:MM and 6:MM to 1:MM Eastern.  The result is ambiguous
-# in local time, but so it goes -- it's the way the local clock works.
-#
-# When x = 5:MM UTC is the input to this algorithm, x.o=0, y.o=-5 and y.d=0,
-# so z=0:MM.  z.d=60 (minutes) then, so [5] doesn't hold and we keep going.
-# z' = z + z.d = 1:MM then, and z'.d=0, and z'.d - z.d = -60 != 0 so [8]
-# (correctly) concludes that z' is not UTC-equivalent to x.
-#
-# Because we know z.d said z was in daylight time (else [5] would have held and
-# we would have stopped then), and we know z.d != z'.d (else [8] would have held
-# and we have stopped then), and there are only 2 possible values dst() can
-# return in Eastern, it follows that z'.d must be 0 (which it is in the example,
-# but the reasoning doesn't depend on the example -- it depends on there being
-# two possible dst() outcomes, one zero and the other non-zero).  Therefore
-# z' must be in standard time, and is the spelling we want in this case.
-#
-# Note again that z' is not UTC-equivalent as far as the hybrid tzinfo class is
-# concerned (because it takes z' as being in standard time rather than the
-# daylight time we intend here), but returning it gives the real-life "local
-# clock repeats an hour" behavior when mapping the "unspellable" UTC hour into
-# tz.
-#
-# When the input is 6:MM, z=1:MM and z.d=0, and we stop at once, again with
-# the 1:MM standard time spelling we want.
-#
-# So how can this break?  One of the assumptions must be violated.  Two
-# possibilities:
-#
-# 1) [2] effectively says that y.s is invariant across all y belong to a given
-#    time zone.  This isn't true if, for political reasons or continental drift,
-#    a region decides to change its base offset from UTC.
-#
-# 2) There may be versions of "double daylight" time where the tail end of
-#    the analysis gives up a step too early.  I haven't thought about that
-#    enough to say.
-#
-# In any case, it's clear that the default fromutc() is strong enough to handle
-# "almost all" time zones:  so long as the standard offset is invariant, it
-# doesn't matter if daylight time transition points change from year to year, or
-# if daylight time is skipped in some years; it doesn't matter how large or
-# small dst() may get within its bounds; and it doesn't even matter if some
-# perverse time zone returns a negative dst()).  So a breaking case must be
-# pretty bizarre, and a tzinfo subclass can override fromutc() if it is.
-
 try:
     from _datetime import *
-except ImportError:
-    pass
-else:
-    # Clean up unused names
-    del (_DAYNAMES, _DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH, _DAYS_IN_MONTH, _DI100Y, _DI400Y,
-         _DI4Y, _EPOCH, _MAXORDINAL, _MONTHNAMES, _build_struct_time,
-         _check_date_fields, _check_time_fields,
-         _check_tzinfo_arg, _check_tzname, _check_utc_offset, _cmp, _cmperror,
-         _date_class, _days_before_month, _days_before_year, _days_in_month,
-         _format_time, _format_offset, _index, _is_leap, _isoweek1monday, _math,
-         _ord2ymd, _time, _time_class, _tzinfo_class, _wrap_strftime, _ymd2ord,
-         _divide_and_round, _parse_isoformat_date, _parse_isoformat_time,
-         _parse_hh_mm_ss_ff, _IsoCalendarDate)
-    # XXX Since import * above excludes names that start with _,
-    # docstring does not get overwritten. In the future, it may be
-    # appropriate to maintain a single module level docstring and
-    # remove the following line.
     from _datetime import __doc__
+except ImportError:
+    from _pydatetime import *
+    from _pydatetime import __doc__
+
+__all__ = ("date", "datetime", "time", "timedelta", "timezone", "tzinfo",
+           "MINYEAR", "MAXYEAR", "UTC")
diff --git a/Lib/test/datetimetester.py b/Lib/test/datetimetester.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..55e061950f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/datetimetester.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6677 @@
+"""Test date/time type.
+
+See https://www.zope.dev/Members/fdrake/DateTimeWiki/TestCases
+"""
+import bisect
+import copy
+import decimal
+import io
+import itertools
+import os
+import pickle
+import random
+import re
+import struct
+import sys
+import unittest
+import warnings
+
+from array import array
+
+from operator import lt, le, gt, ge, eq, ne, truediv, floordiv, mod
+
+from test import support
+from test.support import is_resource_enabled, ALWAYS_EQ, LARGEST, SMALLEST
+
+import datetime as datetime_module
+from datetime import MINYEAR, MAXYEAR
+from datetime import timedelta
+from datetime import tzinfo
+from datetime import time
+from datetime import timezone
+from datetime import UTC
+from datetime import date, datetime
+import time as _time
+
+try:
+    import _testcapi
+except ImportError:
+    _testcapi = None
+
+# Needed by test_datetime
+import _strptime
+try:
+    import _pydatetime
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+#
+
+pickle_loads = {pickle.loads, pickle._loads}
+
+pickle_choices = [(pickle, pickle, proto)
+                  for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1)]
+assert len(pickle_choices) == pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1
+
+EPOCH_NAIVE = datetime(1970, 1, 1, 0, 0)  # For calculating transitions
+
+# An arbitrary collection of objects of non-datetime types, for testing
+# mixed-type comparisons.
+OTHERSTUFF = (10, 34.5, "abc", {}, [], ())
+
+# XXX Copied from test_float.
+INF = float("inf")
+NAN = float("nan")
+
+
+#############################################################################
+# module tests
+
+class TestModule(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_constants(self):
+        datetime = datetime_module
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.MINYEAR, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.MAXYEAR, 9999)
+
+    def test_utc_alias(self):
+        self.assertIs(UTC, timezone.utc)
+
+    def test_all(self):
+        """Test that __all__ only points to valid attributes."""
+        all_attrs = dir(datetime_module)
+        for attr in datetime_module.__all__:
+            self.assertIn(attr, all_attrs)
+
+    def test_name_cleanup(self):
+        if '_Pure' in self.__class__.__name__:
+            self.skipTest('Only run for Fast C implementation')
+
+        datetime = datetime_module
+        names = set(name for name in dir(datetime)
+                    if not name.startswith('__') and not name.endswith('__'))
+        allowed = set(['MAXYEAR', 'MINYEAR', 'date', 'datetime',
+                       'datetime_CAPI', 'time', 'timedelta', 'timezone',
+                       'tzinfo', 'UTC', 'sys'])
+        self.assertEqual(names - allowed, set([]))
+
+    def test_divide_and_round(self):
+        if '_Fast' in self.__class__.__name__:
+            self.skipTest('Only run for Pure Python implementation')
+
+        dar = _pydatetime._divide_and_round
+
+        self.assertEqual(dar(-10, -3), 3)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(5, -2), -2)
+
+        # four cases: (2 signs of a) x (2 signs of b)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(7, 3), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(-7, 3), -2)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(7, -3), -2)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(-7, -3), 2)
+
+        # ties to even - eight cases:
+        # (2 signs of a) x (2 signs of b) x (even / odd quotient)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(10, 4), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(-10, 4), -2)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(10, -4), -2)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(-10, -4), 2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(dar(6, 4), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(-6, 4), -2)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(6, -4), -2)
+        self.assertEqual(dar(-6, -4), 2)
+
+
+#############################################################################
+# tzinfo tests
+
+class FixedOffset(tzinfo):
+
+    def __init__(self, offset, name, dstoffset=42):
+        if isinstance(offset, int):
+            offset = timedelta(minutes=offset)
+        if isinstance(dstoffset, int):
+            dstoffset = timedelta(minutes=dstoffset)
+        self.__offset = offset
+        self.__name = name
+        self.__dstoffset = dstoffset
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.__name.lower()
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        return self.__offset
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        return self.__name
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        return self.__dstoffset
+
+class PicklableFixedOffset(FixedOffset):
+
+    def __init__(self, offset=None, name=None, dstoffset=None):
+        FixedOffset.__init__(self, offset, name, dstoffset)
+
+class PicklableFixedOffsetWithSlots(PicklableFixedOffset):
+    __slots__ = '_FixedOffset__offset', '_FixedOffset__name', 'spam'
+
+class _TZInfo(tzinfo):
+    def utcoffset(self, datetime_module):
+        return random.random()
+
+class TestTZInfo(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_refcnt_crash_bug_22044(self):
+        tz1 = _TZInfo()
+        dt1 = datetime(2014, 7, 21, 11, 32, 3, 0, tz1)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            dt1.utcoffset()
+
+    def test_non_abstractness(self):
+        # In order to allow subclasses to get pickled, the C implementation
+        # wasn't able to get away with having __init__ raise
+        # NotImplementedError.
+        useless = tzinfo()
+        dt = datetime.max
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, useless.tzname, dt)
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, useless.utcoffset, dt)
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, useless.dst, dt)
+
+    def test_subclass_must_override(self):
+        class NotEnough(tzinfo):
+            def __init__(self, offset, name):
+                self.__offset = offset
+                self.__name = name
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(NotEnough, tzinfo))
+        ne = NotEnough(3, "NotByALongShot")
+        self.assertIsInstance(ne, tzinfo)
+
+        dt = datetime.now()
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, ne.tzname, dt)
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, ne.utcoffset, dt)
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, ne.dst, dt)
+
+    def test_normal(self):
+        fo = FixedOffset(3, "Three")
+        self.assertIsInstance(fo, tzinfo)
+        for dt in datetime.now(), None:
+            self.assertEqual(fo.utcoffset(dt), timedelta(minutes=3))
+            self.assertEqual(fo.tzname(dt), "Three")
+            self.assertEqual(fo.dst(dt), timedelta(minutes=42))
+
+    def test_pickling_base(self):
+        # There's no point to pickling tzinfo objects on their own (they
+        # carry no data), but they need to be picklable anyway else
+        # concrete subclasses can't be pickled.
+        orig = tzinfo.__new__(tzinfo)
+        self.assertIs(type(orig), tzinfo)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertIs(type(derived), tzinfo)
+
+    def test_pickling_subclass(self):
+        # Make sure we can pickle/unpickle an instance of a subclass.
+        offset = timedelta(minutes=-300)
+        for otype, args in [
+            (PicklableFixedOffset, (offset, 'cookie')),
+            (PicklableFixedOffsetWithSlots, (offset, 'cookie')),
+            (timezone, (offset,)),
+            (timezone, (offset, "EST"))]:
+            orig = otype(*args)
+            oname = orig.tzname(None)
+            self.assertIsInstance(orig, tzinfo)
+            self.assertIs(type(orig), otype)
+            self.assertEqual(orig.utcoffset(None), offset)
+            self.assertEqual(orig.tzname(None), oname)
+            for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+                green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+                derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+                self.assertIsInstance(derived, tzinfo)
+                self.assertIs(type(derived), otype)
+                self.assertEqual(derived.utcoffset(None), offset)
+                self.assertEqual(derived.tzname(None), oname)
+                self.assertFalse(hasattr(derived, 'spam'))
+
+    def test_issue23600(self):
+        DSTDIFF = DSTOFFSET = timedelta(hours=1)
+
+        class UKSummerTime(tzinfo):
+            """Simple time zone which pretends to always be in summer time, since
+                that's what shows the failure.
+            """
+
+            def utcoffset(self, dt):
+                return DSTOFFSET
+
+            def dst(self, dt):
+                return DSTDIFF
+
+            def tzname(self, dt):
+                return 'UKSummerTime'
+
+        tz = UKSummerTime()
+        u = datetime(2014, 4, 26, 12, 1, tzinfo=tz)
+        t = tz.fromutc(u)
+        self.assertEqual(t - t.utcoffset(), u)
+
+
+class TestTimeZone(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.ACDT = timezone(timedelta(hours=9.5), 'ACDT')
+        self.EST = timezone(-timedelta(hours=5), 'EST')
+        self.DT = datetime(2010, 1, 1)
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        for tz in [self.ACDT, self.EST, timezone.utc,
+                   timezone.min, timezone.max]:
+            self.assertEqual(str(tz), tz.tzname(None))
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        datetime = datetime_module
+        for tz in [self.ACDT, self.EST, timezone.utc,
+                   timezone.min, timezone.max]:
+            # test round-trip
+            tzrep = repr(tz)
+            self.assertEqual(tz, eval(tzrep))
+
+    def test_class_members(self):
+        limit = timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59)
+        self.assertEqual(timezone.utc.utcoffset(None), ZERO)
+        self.assertEqual(timezone.min.utcoffset(None), -limit)
+        self.assertEqual(timezone.max.utcoffset(None), limit)
+
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        self.assertIs(timezone.utc, timezone(timedelta(0)))
+        self.assertIsNot(timezone.utc, timezone(timedelta(0), 'UTC'))
+        self.assertEqual(timezone.utc, timezone(timedelta(0), 'UTC'))
+        for subminute in [timedelta(microseconds=1), timedelta(seconds=1)]:
+            tz = timezone(subminute)
+            self.assertNotEqual(tz.utcoffset(None) % timedelta(minutes=1), 0)
+        # invalid offsets
+        for invalid in [timedelta(1, 1), timedelta(1)]:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, timezone, invalid)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, timezone, -invalid)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): timezone(None)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): timezone(42)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): timezone(ZERO, None)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): timezone(ZERO, 42)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): timezone(ZERO, 'ABC', 'extra')
+
+    def test_inheritance(self):
+        self.assertIsInstance(timezone.utc, tzinfo)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.EST, tzinfo)
+
+    def test_utcoffset(self):
+        dummy = self.DT
+        for h in [0, 1.5, 12]:
+            offset = h * HOUR
+            self.assertEqual(offset, timezone(offset).utcoffset(dummy))
+            self.assertEqual(-offset, timezone(-offset).utcoffset(dummy))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): self.EST.utcoffset('')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): self.EST.utcoffset(5)
+
+
+    def test_dst(self):
+        self.assertIsNone(timezone.utc.dst(self.DT))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): self.EST.dst('')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): self.EST.dst(5)
+
+    def test_tzname(self):
+        self.assertEqual('UTC', timezone.utc.tzname(None))
+        self.assertEqual('UTC', UTC.tzname(None))
+        self.assertEqual('UTC', timezone(ZERO).tzname(None))
+        self.assertEqual('UTC-05:00', timezone(-5 * HOUR).tzname(None))
+        self.assertEqual('UTC+09:30', timezone(9.5 * HOUR).tzname(None))
+        self.assertEqual('UTC-00:01', timezone(timedelta(minutes=-1)).tzname(None))
+        self.assertEqual('XYZ', timezone(-5 * HOUR, 'XYZ').tzname(None))
+        # bpo-34482: Check that surrogates are handled properly.
+        self.assertEqual('\ud800', timezone(ZERO, '\ud800').tzname(None))
+
+        # Sub-minute offsets:
+        self.assertEqual('UTC+01:06:40', timezone(timedelta(0, 4000)).tzname(None))
+        self.assertEqual('UTC-01:06:40',
+                         timezone(-timedelta(0, 4000)).tzname(None))
+        self.assertEqual('UTC+01:06:40.000001',
+                         timezone(timedelta(0, 4000, 1)).tzname(None))
+        self.assertEqual('UTC-01:06:40.000001',
+                         timezone(-timedelta(0, 4000, 1)).tzname(None))
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): self.EST.tzname('')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): self.EST.tzname(5)
+
+    def test_fromutc(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            timezone.utc.fromutc(self.DT)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            timezone.utc.fromutc('not datetime')
+        for tz in [self.EST, self.ACDT, Eastern]:
+            utctime = self.DT.replace(tzinfo=tz)
+            local = tz.fromutc(utctime)
+            self.assertEqual(local - utctime, tz.utcoffset(local))
+            self.assertEqual(local,
+                             self.DT.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc))
+
+    def test_comparison(self):
+        self.assertNotEqual(timezone(ZERO), timezone(HOUR))
+        self.assertEqual(timezone(HOUR), timezone(HOUR))
+        self.assertEqual(timezone(-5 * HOUR), timezone(-5 * HOUR, 'EST'))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError): timezone(ZERO) < timezone(ZERO)
+        self.assertIn(timezone(ZERO), {timezone(ZERO)})
+        self.assertTrue(timezone(ZERO) != None)
+        self.assertFalse(timezone(ZERO) == None)
+
+        tz = timezone(ZERO)
+        self.assertTrue(tz == ALWAYS_EQ)
+        self.assertFalse(tz != ALWAYS_EQ)
+        self.assertTrue(tz < LARGEST)
+        self.assertFalse(tz > LARGEST)
+        self.assertTrue(tz <= LARGEST)
+        self.assertFalse(tz >= LARGEST)
+        self.assertFalse(tz < SMALLEST)
+        self.assertTrue(tz > SMALLEST)
+        self.assertFalse(tz <= SMALLEST)
+        self.assertTrue(tz >= SMALLEST)
+
+    def test_aware_datetime(self):
+        # test that timezone instances can be used by datetime
+        t = datetime(1, 1, 1)
+        for tz in [timezone.min, timezone.max, timezone.utc]:
+            self.assertEqual(tz.tzname(t),
+                             t.replace(tzinfo=tz).tzname())
+            self.assertEqual(tz.utcoffset(t),
+                             t.replace(tzinfo=tz).utcoffset())
+            self.assertEqual(tz.dst(t),
+                             t.replace(tzinfo=tz).dst())
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        for tz in self.ACDT, self.EST, timezone.min, timezone.max:
+            for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+                tz_copy = unpickler.loads(pickler.dumps(tz, proto))
+                self.assertEqual(tz_copy, tz)
+        tz = timezone.utc
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            tz_copy = unpickler.loads(pickler.dumps(tz, proto))
+            self.assertIs(tz_copy, tz)
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        for tz in self.ACDT, self.EST, timezone.min, timezone.max:
+            tz_copy = copy.copy(tz)
+            self.assertEqual(tz_copy, tz)
+        tz = timezone.utc
+        tz_copy = copy.copy(tz)
+        self.assertIs(tz_copy, tz)
+
+    def test_deepcopy(self):
+        for tz in self.ACDT, self.EST, timezone.min, timezone.max:
+            tz_copy = copy.deepcopy(tz)
+            self.assertEqual(tz_copy, tz)
+        tz = timezone.utc
+        tz_copy = copy.deepcopy(tz)
+        self.assertIs(tz_copy, tz)
+
+    def test_offset_boundaries(self):
+        # Test timedeltas close to the boundaries
+        time_deltas = [
+            timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59),
+            timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59),
+            timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59, microseconds=999999),
+        ]
+        time_deltas.extend([-delta for delta in time_deltas])
+
+        for delta in time_deltas:
+            with self.subTest(test_type='good', delta=delta):
+                timezone(delta)
+
+        # Test timedeltas on and outside the boundaries
+        bad_time_deltas = [
+            timedelta(hours=24),
+            timedelta(hours=24, microseconds=1),
+        ]
+        bad_time_deltas.extend([-delta for delta in bad_time_deltas])
+
+        for delta in bad_time_deltas:
+            with self.subTest(test_type='bad', delta=delta):
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    timezone(delta)
+
+    def test_comparison_with_tzinfo(self):
+        # Constructing tzinfo objects directly should not be done by users
+        # and serves only to check the bug described in bpo-37915
+        self.assertNotEqual(timezone.utc, tzinfo())
+        self.assertNotEqual(timezone(timedelta(hours=1)), tzinfo())
+
+#############################################################################
+# Base class for testing a particular aspect of timedelta, time, date and
+# datetime comparisons.
+
+class HarmlessMixedComparison:
+    # Test that __eq__ and __ne__ don't complain for mixed-type comparisons.
+
+    # Subclasses must define 'theclass', and theclass(1, 1, 1) must be a
+    # legit constructor.
+
+    def test_harmless_mixed_comparison(self):
+        me = self.theclass(1, 1, 1)
+
+        self.assertFalse(me == ())
+        self.assertTrue(me != ())
+        self.assertFalse(() == me)
+        self.assertTrue(() != me)
+
+        self.assertIn(me, [1, 20, [], me])
+        self.assertIn([], [me, 1, 20, []])
+
+        # Comparison to objects of unsupported types should return
+        # NotImplemented which falls back to the right hand side's __eq__
+        # method. In this case, ALWAYS_EQ.__eq__ always returns True.
+        # ALWAYS_EQ.__ne__ always returns False.
+        self.assertTrue(me == ALWAYS_EQ)
+        self.assertFalse(me != ALWAYS_EQ)
+
+        # If the other class explicitly defines ordering
+        # relative to our class, it is allowed to do so
+        self.assertTrue(me < LARGEST)
+        self.assertFalse(me > LARGEST)
+        self.assertTrue(me <= LARGEST)
+        self.assertFalse(me >= LARGEST)
+        self.assertFalse(me < SMALLEST)
+        self.assertTrue(me > SMALLEST)
+        self.assertFalse(me <= SMALLEST)
+        self.assertTrue(me >= SMALLEST)
+
+    def test_harmful_mixed_comparison(self):
+        me = self.theclass(1, 1, 1)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: me < ())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: me <= ())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: me > ())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: me >= ())
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: () < me)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: () <= me)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: () > me)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: () >= me)
+
+#############################################################################
+# timedelta tests
+
+class TestTimeDelta(HarmlessMixedComparison, unittest.TestCase):
+
+    theclass = timedelta
+
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        td = timedelta
+
+        # Check keyword args to constructor
+        eq(td(), td(weeks=0, days=0, hours=0, minutes=0, seconds=0,
+                    milliseconds=0, microseconds=0))
+        eq(td(1), td(days=1))
+        eq(td(0, 1), td(seconds=1))
+        eq(td(0, 0, 1), td(microseconds=1))
+        eq(td(weeks=1), td(days=7))
+        eq(td(days=1), td(hours=24))
+        eq(td(hours=1), td(minutes=60))
+        eq(td(minutes=1), td(seconds=60))
+        eq(td(seconds=1), td(milliseconds=1000))
+        eq(td(milliseconds=1), td(microseconds=1000))
+
+        # Check float args to constructor
+        eq(td(weeks=1.0/7), td(days=1))
+        eq(td(days=1.0/24), td(hours=1))
+        eq(td(hours=1.0/60), td(minutes=1))
+        eq(td(minutes=1.0/60), td(seconds=1))
+        eq(td(seconds=0.001), td(milliseconds=1))
+        eq(td(milliseconds=0.001), td(microseconds=1))
+
+    def test_computations(self):
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+        td = timedelta
+
+        a = td(7) # One week
+        b = td(0, 60) # One minute
+        c = td(0, 0, 1000) # One millisecond
+        eq(a+b+c, td(7, 60, 1000))
+        eq(a-b, td(6, 24*3600 - 60))
+        eq(b.__rsub__(a), td(6, 24*3600 - 60))
+        eq(-a, td(-7))
+        eq(+a, td(7))
+        eq(-b, td(-1, 24*3600 - 60))
+        eq(-c, td(-1, 24*3600 - 1, 999000))
+        eq(abs(a), a)
+        eq(abs(-a), a)
+        eq(td(6, 24*3600), a)
+        eq(td(0, 0, 60*1000000), b)
+        eq(a*10, td(70))
+        eq(a*10, 10*a)
+        eq(a*10, 10*a)
+        eq(b*10, td(0, 600))
+        eq(10*b, td(0, 600))
+        eq(b*10, td(0, 600))
+        eq(c*10, td(0, 0, 10000))
+        eq(10*c, td(0, 0, 10000))
+        eq(c*10, td(0, 0, 10000))
+        eq(a*-1, -a)
+        eq(b*-2, -b-b)
+        eq(c*-2, -c+-c)
+        eq(b*(60*24), (b*60)*24)
+        eq(b*(60*24), (60*b)*24)
+        eq(c*1000, td(0, 1))
+        eq(1000*c, td(0, 1))
+        eq(a//7, td(1))
+        eq(b//10, td(0, 6))
+        eq(c//1000, td(0, 0, 1))
+        eq(a//10, td(0, 7*24*360))
+        eq(a//3600000, td(0, 0, 7*24*1000))
+        eq(a/0.5, td(14))
+        eq(b/0.5, td(0, 120))
+        eq(a/7, td(1))
+        eq(b/10, td(0, 6))
+        eq(c/1000, td(0, 0, 1))
+        eq(a/10, td(0, 7*24*360))
+        eq(a/3600000, td(0, 0, 7*24*1000))
+
+        # Multiplication by float
+        us = td(microseconds=1)
+        eq((3*us) * 0.5, 2*us)
+        eq((5*us) * 0.5, 2*us)
+        eq(0.5 * (3*us), 2*us)
+        eq(0.5 * (5*us), 2*us)
+        eq((-3*us) * 0.5, -2*us)
+        eq((-5*us) * 0.5, -2*us)
+
+        # Issue #23521
+        eq(td(seconds=1) * 0.123456, td(microseconds=123456))
+        eq(td(seconds=1) * 0.6112295, td(microseconds=611229))
+
+        # Division by int and float
+        eq((3*us) / 2, 2*us)
+        eq((5*us) / 2, 2*us)
+        eq((-3*us) / 2.0, -2*us)
+        eq((-5*us) / 2.0, -2*us)
+        eq((3*us) / -2, -2*us)
+        eq((5*us) / -2, -2*us)
+        eq((3*us) / -2.0, -2*us)
+        eq((5*us) / -2.0, -2*us)
+        for i in range(-10, 10):
+            eq((i*us/3)//us, round(i/3))
+        for i in range(-10, 10):
+            eq((i*us/-3)//us, round(i/-3))
+
+        # Issue #23521
+        eq(td(seconds=1) / (1 / 0.6112295), td(microseconds=611229))
+
+        # Issue #11576
+        eq(td(999999999, 86399, 999999) - td(999999999, 86399, 999998),
+           td(0, 0, 1))
+        eq(td(999999999, 1, 1) - td(999999999, 1, 0),
+           td(0, 0, 1))
+
+    def test_disallowed_computations(self):
+        a = timedelta(42)
+
+        # Add/sub ints or floats should be illegal
+        for i in 1, 1.0:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a+i)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a-i)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: i+a)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: i-a)
+
+        # Division of int by timedelta doesn't make sense.
+        # Division by zero doesn't make sense.
+        zero = 0
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: zero // a)
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: a // zero)
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: a / zero)
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: a / 0.0)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a / '')
+
+    @support.requires_IEEE_754
+    def test_disallowed_special(self):
+        a = timedelta(42)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__mul__, NAN)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, a.__truediv__, NAN)
+
+    def test_basic_attributes(self):
+        days, seconds, us = 1, 7, 31
+        td = timedelta(days, seconds, us)
+        self.assertEqual(td.days, days)
+        self.assertEqual(td.seconds, seconds)
+        self.assertEqual(td.microseconds, us)
+
+    def test_total_seconds(self):
+        td = timedelta(days=365)
+        self.assertEqual(td.total_seconds(), 31536000.0)
+        for total_seconds in [123456.789012, -123456.789012, 0.123456, 0, 1e6]:
+            td = timedelta(seconds=total_seconds)
+            self.assertEqual(td.total_seconds(), total_seconds)
+        # Issue8644: Test that td.total_seconds() has the same
+        # accuracy as td / timedelta(seconds=1).
+        for ms in [-1, -2, -123]:
+            td = timedelta(microseconds=ms)
+            self.assertEqual(td.total_seconds(), td / timedelta(seconds=1))
+
+    def test_carries(self):
+        t1 = timedelta(days=100,
+                       weeks=-7,
+                       hours=-24*(100-49),
+                       minutes=-3,
+                       seconds=12,
+                       microseconds=(3*60 - 12) * 1e6 + 1)
+        t2 = timedelta(microseconds=1)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+
+    def test_hash_equality(self):
+        t1 = timedelta(days=100,
+                       weeks=-7,
+                       hours=-24*(100-49),
+                       minutes=-3,
+                       seconds=12,
+                       microseconds=(3*60 - 12) * 1000000)
+        t2 = timedelta()
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t1), hash(t2))
+
+        t1 += timedelta(weeks=7)
+        t2 += timedelta(days=7*7)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t1), hash(t2))
+
+        d = {t1: 1}
+        d[t2] = 2
+        self.assertEqual(len(d), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(d[t1], 2)
+
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        args = 12, 34, 56
+        orig = timedelta(*args)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+
+    def test_compare(self):
+        t1 = timedelta(2, 3, 4)
+        t2 = timedelta(2, 3, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 <= t2)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 >= t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 != t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 < t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 > t2)
+
+        for args in (3, 3, 3), (2, 4, 4), (2, 3, 5):
+            t2 = timedelta(*args)   # this is larger than t1
+            self.assertTrue(t1 < t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 > t1)
+            self.assertTrue(t1 <= t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 >= t1)
+            self.assertTrue(t1 != t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 != t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 == t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 == t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 > t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 < t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 >= t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 <= t1)
+
+        for badarg in OTHERSTUFF:
+            self.assertEqual(t1 == badarg, False)
+            self.assertEqual(t1 != badarg, True)
+            self.assertEqual(badarg == t1, False)
+            self.assertEqual(badarg != t1, True)
+
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 <= badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 < badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 > badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 >= badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg <= t1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg < t1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg > t1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg >= t1)
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        td = timedelta
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+
+        eq(str(td(1)), "1 day, 0:00:00")
+        eq(str(td(-1)), "-1 day, 0:00:00")
+        eq(str(td(2)), "2 days, 0:00:00")
+        eq(str(td(-2)), "-2 days, 0:00:00")
+
+        eq(str(td(hours=12, minutes=58, seconds=59)), "12:58:59")
+        eq(str(td(hours=2, minutes=3, seconds=4)), "2:03:04")
+        eq(str(td(weeks=-30, hours=23, minutes=12, seconds=34)),
+           "-210 days, 23:12:34")
+
+        eq(str(td(milliseconds=1)), "0:00:00.001000")
+        eq(str(td(microseconds=3)), "0:00:00.000003")
+
+        eq(str(td(days=999999999, hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59,
+                   microseconds=999999)),
+           "999999999 days, 23:59:59.999999")
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        name = 'datetime.' + self.theclass.__name__
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(1)),
+                         "%s(days=1)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(10, 2)),
+                         "%s(days=10, seconds=2)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(-10, 2, 400000)),
+                         "%s(days=-10, seconds=2, microseconds=400000)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(seconds=60)),
+                         "%s(seconds=60)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass()),
+                         "%s(0)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(microseconds=100)),
+                         "%s(microseconds=100)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(days=1, microseconds=100)),
+                         "%s(days=1, microseconds=100)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(seconds=1, microseconds=100)),
+                         "%s(seconds=1, microseconds=100)" % name)
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self):
+        for td in (timedelta(days=999999999, hours=23, minutes=59,
+                             seconds=59, microseconds=999999),
+                   timedelta(days=-999999999),
+                   timedelta(days=-999999999, seconds=1),
+                   timedelta(days=1, seconds=2, microseconds=3)):
+
+            # Verify td -> string -> td identity.
+            s = repr(td)
+            self.assertTrue(s.startswith('datetime.'))
+            s = s[9:]
+            td2 = eval(s)
+            self.assertEqual(td, td2)
+
+            # Verify identity via reconstructing from pieces.
+            td2 = timedelta(td.days, td.seconds, td.microseconds)
+            self.assertEqual(td, td2)
+
+    def test_resolution_info(self):
+        self.assertIsInstance(timedelta.min, timedelta)
+        self.assertIsInstance(timedelta.max, timedelta)
+        self.assertIsInstance(timedelta.resolution, timedelta)
+        self.assertTrue(timedelta.max > timedelta.min)
+        self.assertEqual(timedelta.min, timedelta(-999999999))
+        self.assertEqual(timedelta.max, timedelta(999999999, 24*3600-1, 1e6-1))
+        self.assertEqual(timedelta.resolution, timedelta(0, 0, 1))
+
+    def test_overflow(self):
+        tiny = timedelta.resolution
+
+        td = timedelta.min + tiny
+        td -= tiny  # no problem
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, td.__sub__, tiny)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, td.__add__, -tiny)
+
+        td = timedelta.max - tiny
+        td += tiny  # no problem
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, td.__add__, tiny)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, td.__sub__, -tiny)
+
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, lambda: -timedelta.max)
+
+        day = timedelta(1)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, day.__mul__, 10**9)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, day.__mul__, 1e9)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, day.__truediv__, 1e-20)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, day.__truediv__, 1e-10)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, day.__truediv__, 9e-10)
+
+    @support.requires_IEEE_754
+    def _test_overflow_special(self):
+        day = timedelta(1)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, day.__mul__, INF)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, day.__mul__, -INF)
+
+    def test_microsecond_rounding(self):
+        td = timedelta
+        eq = self.assertEqual
+
+        # Single-field rounding.
+        eq(td(milliseconds=0.4/1000), td(0))    # rounds to 0
+        eq(td(milliseconds=-0.4/1000), td(0))    # rounds to 0
+        eq(td(milliseconds=0.5/1000), td(microseconds=0))
+        eq(td(milliseconds=-0.5/1000), td(microseconds=-0))
+        eq(td(milliseconds=0.6/1000), td(microseconds=1))
+        eq(td(milliseconds=-0.6/1000), td(microseconds=-1))
+        eq(td(milliseconds=1.5/1000), td(microseconds=2))
+        eq(td(milliseconds=-1.5/1000), td(microseconds=-2))
+        eq(td(seconds=0.5/10**6), td(microseconds=0))
+        eq(td(seconds=-0.5/10**6), td(microseconds=-0))
+        eq(td(seconds=1/2**7), td(microseconds=7812))
+        eq(td(seconds=-1/2**7), td(microseconds=-7812))
+
+        # Rounding due to contributions from more than one field.
+        us_per_hour = 3600e6
+        us_per_day = us_per_hour * 24
+        eq(td(days=.4/us_per_day), td(0))
+        eq(td(hours=.2/us_per_hour), td(0))
+        eq(td(days=.4/us_per_day, hours=.2/us_per_hour), td(microseconds=1))
+
+        eq(td(days=-.4/us_per_day), td(0))
+        eq(td(hours=-.2/us_per_hour), td(0))
+        eq(td(days=-.4/us_per_day, hours=-.2/us_per_hour), td(microseconds=-1))
+
+        # Test for a patch in Issue 8860
+        eq(td(microseconds=0.5), 0.5*td(microseconds=1.0))
+        eq(td(microseconds=0.5)//td.resolution, 0.5*td.resolution//td.resolution)
+
+    def test_massive_normalization(self):
+        td = timedelta(microseconds=-1)
+        self.assertEqual((td.days, td.seconds, td.microseconds),
+                         (-1, 24*3600-1, 999999))
+
+    def test_bool(self):
+        self.assertTrue(timedelta(1))
+        self.assertTrue(timedelta(0, 1))
+        self.assertTrue(timedelta(0, 0, 1))
+        self.assertTrue(timedelta(microseconds=1))
+        self.assertFalse(timedelta(0))
+
+    def test_subclass_timedelta(self):
+
+        class T(timedelta):
+            @staticmethod
+            def from_td(td):
+                return T(td.days, td.seconds, td.microseconds)
+
+            def as_hours(self):
+                sum = (self.days * 24 +
+                       self.seconds / 3600.0 +
+                       self.microseconds / 3600e6)
+                return round(sum)
+
+        t1 = T(days=1)
+        self.assertIs(type(t1), T)
+        self.assertEqual(t1.as_hours(), 24)
+
+        t2 = T(days=-1, seconds=-3600)
+        self.assertIs(type(t2), T)
+        self.assertEqual(t2.as_hours(), -25)
+
+        t3 = t1 + t2
+        self.assertIs(type(t3), timedelta)
+        t4 = T.from_td(t3)
+        self.assertIs(type(t4), T)
+        self.assertEqual(t3.days, t4.days)
+        self.assertEqual(t3.seconds, t4.seconds)
+        self.assertEqual(t3.microseconds, t4.microseconds)
+        self.assertEqual(str(t3), str(t4))
+        self.assertEqual(t4.as_hours(), -1)
+
+    def test_subclass_date(self):
+        class DateSubclass(date):
+            pass
+
+        d1 = DateSubclass(2018, 1, 5)
+        td = timedelta(days=1)
+
+        tests = [
+            ('add', lambda d, t: d + t, DateSubclass(2018, 1, 6)),
+            ('radd', lambda d, t: t + d, DateSubclass(2018, 1, 6)),
+            ('sub', lambda d, t: d - t, DateSubclass(2018, 1, 4)),
+        ]
+
+        for name, func, expected in tests:
+            with self.subTest(name):
+                act = func(d1, td)
+                self.assertEqual(act, expected)
+                self.assertIsInstance(act, DateSubclass)
+
+    def test_subclass_datetime(self):
+        class DateTimeSubclass(datetime):
+            pass
+
+        d1 = DateTimeSubclass(2018, 1, 5, 12, 30)
+        td = timedelta(days=1, minutes=30)
+
+        tests = [
+            ('add', lambda d, t: d + t, DateTimeSubclass(2018, 1, 6, 13)),
+            ('radd', lambda d, t: t + d, DateTimeSubclass(2018, 1, 6, 13)),
+            ('sub', lambda d, t: d - t, DateTimeSubclass(2018, 1, 4, 12)),
+        ]
+
+        for name, func, expected in tests:
+            with self.subTest(name):
+                act = func(d1, td)
+                self.assertEqual(act, expected)
+                self.assertIsInstance(act, DateTimeSubclass)
+
+    def test_division(self):
+        t = timedelta(hours=1, minutes=24, seconds=19)
+        second = timedelta(seconds=1)
+        self.assertEqual(t / second, 5059.0)
+        self.assertEqual(t // second, 5059)
+
+        t = timedelta(minutes=2, seconds=30)
+        minute = timedelta(minutes=1)
+        self.assertEqual(t / minute, 2.5)
+        self.assertEqual(t // minute, 2)
+
+        zerotd = timedelta(0)
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, truediv, t, zerotd)
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, floordiv, t, zerotd)
+
+        # self.assertRaises(TypeError, truediv, t, 2)
+        # note: floor division of a timedelta by an integer *is*
+        # currently permitted.
+
+    def test_remainder(self):
+        t = timedelta(minutes=2, seconds=30)
+        minute = timedelta(minutes=1)
+        r = t % minute
+        self.assertEqual(r, timedelta(seconds=30))
+
+        t = timedelta(minutes=-2, seconds=30)
+        r = t %  minute
+        self.assertEqual(r, timedelta(seconds=30))
+
+        zerotd = timedelta(0)
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, mod, t, zerotd)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, mod, t, 10)
+
+    def test_divmod(self):
+        t = timedelta(minutes=2, seconds=30)
+        minute = timedelta(minutes=1)
+        q, r = divmod(t, minute)
+        self.assertEqual(q, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(r, timedelta(seconds=30))
+
+        t = timedelta(minutes=-2, seconds=30)
+        q, r = divmod(t, minute)
+        self.assertEqual(q, -2)
+        self.assertEqual(r, timedelta(seconds=30))
+
+        zerotd = timedelta(0)
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, divmod, t, zerotd)
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, divmod, t, 10)
+
+    def test_issue31293(self):
+        # The interpreter shouldn't crash in case a timedelta is divided or
+        # multiplied by a float with a bad as_integer_ratio() method.
+        def get_bad_float(bad_ratio):
+            class BadFloat(float):
+                def as_integer_ratio(self):
+                    return bad_ratio
+            return BadFloat()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            timedelta() / get_bad_float(1 << 1000)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            timedelta() * get_bad_float(1 << 1000)
+
+        for bad_ratio in [(), (42, ), (1, 2, 3)]:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                timedelta() / get_bad_float(bad_ratio)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                timedelta() * get_bad_float(bad_ratio)
+
+    def test_issue31752(self):
+        # The interpreter shouldn't crash because divmod() returns negative
+        # remainder.
+        class BadInt(int):
+            def __mul__(self, other):
+                return Prod()
+            def __rmul__(self, other):
+                return Prod()
+            def __floordiv__(self, other):
+                return Prod()
+            def __rfloordiv__(self, other):
+                return Prod()
+
+        class Prod:
+            def __add__(self, other):
+                return Sum()
+            def __radd__(self, other):
+                return Sum()
+
+        class Sum(int):
+            def __divmod__(self, other):
+                return divmodresult
+
+        for divmodresult in [None, (), (0, 1, 2), (0, -1)]:
+            with self.subTest(divmodresult=divmodresult):
+                # The following examples should not crash.
+                try:
+                    timedelta(microseconds=BadInt(1))
+                except TypeError:
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    timedelta(hours=BadInt(1))
+                except TypeError:
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    timedelta(weeks=BadInt(1))
+                except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    timedelta(1) * BadInt(1)
+                except (TypeError, ValueError):
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    BadInt(1) * timedelta(1)
+                except TypeError:
+                    pass
+                try:
+                    timedelta(1) // BadInt(1)
+                except TypeError:
+                    pass
+
+
+#############################################################################
+# date tests
+
+class TestDateOnly(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Tests here won't pass if also run on datetime objects, so don't
+    # subclass this to test datetimes too.
+
+    def test_delta_non_days_ignored(self):
+        dt = date(2000, 1, 2)
+        delta = timedelta(days=1, hours=2, minutes=3, seconds=4,
+                          microseconds=5)
+        days = timedelta(delta.days)
+        self.assertEqual(days, timedelta(1))
+
+        dt2 = dt + delta
+        self.assertEqual(dt2, dt + days)
+
+        dt2 = delta + dt
+        self.assertEqual(dt2, dt + days)
+
+        dt2 = dt - delta
+        self.assertEqual(dt2, dt - days)
+
+        delta = -delta
+        days = timedelta(delta.days)
+        self.assertEqual(days, timedelta(-2))
+
+        dt2 = dt + delta
+        self.assertEqual(dt2, dt + days)
+
+        dt2 = delta + dt
+        self.assertEqual(dt2, dt + days)
+
+        dt2 = dt - delta
+        self.assertEqual(dt2, dt - days)
+
+class SubclassDate(date):
+    sub_var = 1
+
+class TestDate(HarmlessMixedComparison, unittest.TestCase):
+    # Tests here should pass for both dates and datetimes, except for a
+    # few tests that TestDateTime overrides.
+
+    theclass = date
+
+    def test_basic_attributes(self):
+        dt = self.theclass(2002, 3, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.year, 2002)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.month, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.day, 1)
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self):
+        for dt in (self.theclass(1, 2, 3),
+                   self.theclass.today()):
+            # Verify dt -> string -> date identity.
+            s = repr(dt)
+            self.assertTrue(s.startswith('datetime.'))
+            s = s[9:]
+            dt2 = eval(s)
+            self.assertEqual(dt, dt2)
+
+            # Verify identity via reconstructing from pieces.
+            dt2 = self.theclass(dt.year, dt.month, dt.day)
+            self.assertEqual(dt, dt2)
+
+    def test_ordinal_conversions(self):
+        # Check some fixed values.
+        for y, m, d, n in [(1, 1, 1, 1),      # calendar origin
+                           (1, 12, 31, 365),
+                           (2, 1, 1, 366),
+                           # first example from "Calendrical Calculations"
+                           (1945, 11, 12, 710347)]:
+            d = self.theclass(y, m, d)
+            self.assertEqual(n, d.toordinal())
+            fromord = self.theclass.fromordinal(n)
+            self.assertEqual(d, fromord)
+            if hasattr(fromord, "hour"):
+            # if we're checking something fancier than a date, verify
+            # the extra fields have been zeroed out
+                self.assertEqual(fromord.hour, 0)
+                self.assertEqual(fromord.minute, 0)
+                self.assertEqual(fromord.second, 0)
+                self.assertEqual(fromord.microsecond, 0)
+
+        # Check first and last days of year spottily across the whole
+        # range of years supported.
+        for year in range(MINYEAR, MAXYEAR+1, 7):
+            # Verify (year, 1, 1) -> ordinal -> y, m, d is identity.
+            d = self.theclass(year, 1, 1)
+            n = d.toordinal()
+            d2 = self.theclass.fromordinal(n)
+            self.assertEqual(d, d2)
+            # Verify that moving back a day gets to the end of year-1.
+            if year > 1:
+                d = self.theclass.fromordinal(n-1)
+                d2 = self.theclass(year-1, 12, 31)
+                self.assertEqual(d, d2)
+                self.assertEqual(d2.toordinal(), n-1)
+
+        # Test every day in a leap-year and a non-leap year.
+        dim = [31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31]
+        for year, isleap in (2000, True), (2002, False):
+            n = self.theclass(year, 1, 1).toordinal()
+            for month, maxday in zip(range(1, 13), dim):
+                if month == 2 and isleap:
+                    maxday += 1
+                for day in range(1, maxday+1):
+                    d = self.theclass(year, month, day)
+                    self.assertEqual(d.toordinal(), n)
+                    self.assertEqual(d, self.theclass.fromordinal(n))
+                    n += 1
+
+    def test_extreme_ordinals(self):
+        a = self.theclass.min
+        a = self.theclass(a.year, a.month, a.day)  # get rid of time parts
+        aord = a.toordinal()
+        b = a.fromordinal(aord)
+        self.assertEqual(a, b)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: a.fromordinal(aord - 1))
+
+        b = a + timedelta(days=1)
+        self.assertEqual(b.toordinal(), aord + 1)
+        self.assertEqual(b, self.theclass.fromordinal(aord + 1))
+
+        a = self.theclass.max
+        a = self.theclass(a.year, a.month, a.day)  # get rid of time parts
+        aord = a.toordinal()
+        b = a.fromordinal(aord)
+        self.assertEqual(a, b)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: a.fromordinal(aord + 1))
+
+        b = a - timedelta(days=1)
+        self.assertEqual(b.toordinal(), aord - 1)
+        self.assertEqual(b, self.theclass.fromordinal(aord - 1))
+
+    def test_bad_constructor_arguments(self):
+        # bad years
+        self.theclass(MINYEAR, 1, 1)  # no exception
+        self.theclass(MAXYEAR, 1, 1)  # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, MINYEAR-1, 1, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, MAXYEAR+1, 1, 1)
+        # bad months
+        self.theclass(2000, 1, 1)    # no exception
+        self.theclass(2000, 12, 1)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 0, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 13, 1)
+        # bad days
+        self.theclass(2000, 2, 29)   # no exception
+        self.theclass(2004, 2, 29)   # no exception
+        self.theclass(2400, 2, 29)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 2, 30)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2001, 2, 29)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2100, 2, 29)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 1900, 2, 29)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 1, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 1, 32)
+
+    def test_hash_equality(self):
+        d = self.theclass(2000, 12, 31)
+        # same thing
+        e = self.theclass(2000, 12, 31)
+        self.assertEqual(d, e)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(d), hash(e))
+
+        dic = {d: 1}
+        dic[e] = 2
+        self.assertEqual(len(dic), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[d], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[e], 2)
+
+        d = self.theclass(2001,  1,  1)
+        # same thing
+        e = self.theclass(2001,  1,  1)
+        self.assertEqual(d, e)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(d), hash(e))
+
+        dic = {d: 1}
+        dic[e] = 2
+        self.assertEqual(len(dic), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[d], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[e], 2)
+
+    def test_computations(self):
+        a = self.theclass(2002, 1, 31)
+        b = self.theclass(1956, 1, 31)
+        c = self.theclass(2001,2,1)
+
+        diff = a-b
+        self.assertEqual(diff.days, 46*365 + len(range(1956, 2002, 4)))
+        self.assertEqual(diff.seconds, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(diff.microseconds, 0)
+
+        day = timedelta(1)
+        week = timedelta(7)
+        a = self.theclass(2002, 3, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(a + day, self.theclass(2002, 3, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(day + a, self.theclass(2002, 3, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(a - day, self.theclass(2002, 3, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(-day + a, self.theclass(2002, 3, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(a + week, self.theclass(2002, 3, 9))
+        self.assertEqual(a - week, self.theclass(2002, 2, 23))
+        self.assertEqual(a + 52*week, self.theclass(2003, 3, 1))
+        self.assertEqual(a - 52*week, self.theclass(2001, 3, 3))
+        self.assertEqual((a + week) - a, week)
+        self.assertEqual((a + day) - a, day)
+        self.assertEqual((a - week) - a, -week)
+        self.assertEqual((a - day) - a, -day)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a + week), -week)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a + day), -day)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a - week), week)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a - day), day)
+        self.assertEqual(c - (c - day), day)
+
+        # Add/sub ints or floats should be illegal
+        for i in 1, 1.0:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a+i)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a-i)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: i+a)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: i-a)
+
+        # delta - date is senseless.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: day - a)
+        # mixing date and (delta or date) via * or // is senseless
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: day * a)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a * day)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: day // a)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a // day)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a * a)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a // a)
+        # date + date is senseless
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a + a)
+
+    def test_overflow(self):
+        tiny = self.theclass.resolution
+
+        for delta in [tiny, timedelta(1), timedelta(2)]:
+            dt = self.theclass.min + delta
+            dt -= delta  # no problem
+            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, dt.__sub__, delta)
+            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, dt.__add__, -delta)
+
+            dt = self.theclass.max - delta
+            dt += delta  # no problem
+            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, dt.__add__, delta)
+            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, dt.__sub__, -delta)
+
+    def test_fromtimestamp(self):
+        import time
+
+        # Try an arbitrary fixed value.
+        year, month, day = 1999, 9, 19
+        ts = time.mktime((year, month, day, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, -1))
+        d = self.theclass.fromtimestamp(ts)
+        self.assertEqual(d.year, year)
+        self.assertEqual(d.month, month)
+        self.assertEqual(d.day, day)
+
+    def test_insane_fromtimestamp(self):
+        # It's possible that some platform maps time_t to double,
+        # and that this test will fail there.  This test should
+        # exempt such platforms (provided they return reasonable
+        # results!).
+        for insane in -1e200, 1e200:
+            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, self.theclass.fromtimestamp,
+                              insane)
+
+    def test_today(self):
+        import time
+
+        # We claim that today() is like fromtimestamp(time.time()), so
+        # prove it.
+        for dummy in range(3):
+            today = self.theclass.today()
+            ts = time.time()
+            todayagain = self.theclass.fromtimestamp(ts)
+            if today == todayagain:
+                break
+            # There are several legit reasons that could fail:
+            # 1. It recently became midnight, between the today() and the
+            #    time() calls.
+            # 2. The platform time() has such fine resolution that we'll
+            #    never get the same value twice.
+            # 3. The platform time() has poor resolution, and we just
+            #    happened to call today() right before a resolution quantum
+            #    boundary.
+            # 4. The system clock got fiddled between calls.
+            # In any case, wait a little while and try again.
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+
+        # It worked or it didn't.  If it didn't, assume it's reason #2, and
+        # let the test pass if they're within half a second of each other.
+        if today != todayagain:
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(todayagain, today,
+                                   delta=timedelta(seconds=0.5))
+
+    def test_weekday(self):
+        for i in range(7):
+            # March 4, 2002 is a Monday
+            self.assertEqual(self.theclass(2002, 3, 4+i).weekday(), i)
+            self.assertEqual(self.theclass(2002, 3, 4+i).isoweekday(), i+1)
+            # January 2, 1956 is a Monday
+            self.assertEqual(self.theclass(1956, 1, 2+i).weekday(), i)
+            self.assertEqual(self.theclass(1956, 1, 2+i).isoweekday(), i+1)
+
+    def test_isocalendar(self):
+        # Check examples from
+        # http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/calendar/isocalendar.htm
+        week_mondays = [
+                ((2003, 12, 22), (2003, 52, 1)),
+                ((2003, 12, 29), (2004, 1, 1)),
+                ((2004, 1, 5), (2004, 2, 1)),
+                ((2009, 12, 21), (2009, 52, 1)),
+                ((2009, 12, 28), (2009, 53, 1)),
+                ((2010, 1, 4), (2010, 1, 1)),
+        ]
+
+        test_cases = []
+        for cal_date, iso_date in week_mondays:
+            base_date = self.theclass(*cal_date)
+            # Adds one test case for every day of the specified weeks
+            for i in range(7):
+                new_date = base_date + timedelta(i)
+                new_iso = iso_date[0:2] + (iso_date[2] + i,)
+                test_cases.append((new_date, new_iso))
+
+        for d, exp_iso in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(d=d, comparison="tuple"):
+                self.assertEqual(d.isocalendar(), exp_iso)
+
+            # Check that the tuple contents are accessible by field name
+            with self.subTest(d=d, comparison="fields"):
+                t = d.isocalendar()
+                self.assertEqual((t.year, t.week, t.weekday), exp_iso)
+
+    def test_isocalendar_pickling(self):
+        """Test that the result of datetime.isocalendar() can be pickled.
+
+        The result of a round trip should be a plain tuple.
+        """
+        d = self.theclass(2019, 1, 1)
+        p = pickle.dumps(d.isocalendar())
+        res = pickle.loads(p)
+        self.assertEqual(type(res), tuple)
+        self.assertEqual(res, (2019, 1, 2))
+
+    def test_iso_long_years(self):
+        # Calculate long ISO years and compare to table from
+        # http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/calendar/isocalendar.htm
+        ISO_LONG_YEARS_TABLE = """
+              4   32   60   88
+              9   37   65   93
+             15   43   71   99
+             20   48   76
+             26   54   82
+
+            105  133  161  189
+            111  139  167  195
+            116  144  172
+            122  150  178
+            128  156  184
+
+            201  229  257  285
+            207  235  263  291
+            212  240  268  296
+            218  246  274
+            224  252  280
+
+            303  331  359  387
+            308  336  364  392
+            314  342  370  398
+            320  348  376
+            325  353  381
+        """
+        iso_long_years = sorted(map(int, ISO_LONG_YEARS_TABLE.split()))
+        L = []
+        for i in range(400):
+            d = self.theclass(2000+i, 12, 31)
+            d1 = self.theclass(1600+i, 12, 31)
+            self.assertEqual(d.isocalendar()[1:], d1.isocalendar()[1:])
+            if d.isocalendar()[1] == 53:
+                L.append(i)
+        self.assertEqual(L, iso_long_years)
+
+    def test_isoformat(self):
+        t = self.theclass(2, 3, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), "0002-03-02")
+
+    def test_ctime(self):
+        t = self.theclass(2002, 3, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(t.ctime(), "Sat Mar  2 00:00:00 2002")
+
+    def test_strftime(self):
+        t = self.theclass(2005, 3, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(t.strftime("m:%m d:%d y:%y"), "m:03 d:02 y:05")
+        self.assertEqual(t.strftime(""), "") # SF bug #761337
+        self.assertEqual(t.strftime('x'*1000), 'x'*1000) # SF bug #1556784
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.strftime) # needs an arg
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.strftime, "one", "two") # too many args
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.strftime, 42) # arg wrong type
+
+        # test that unicode input is allowed (issue 2782)
+        self.assertEqual(t.strftime("%m"), "03")
+
+        # A naive object replaces %z, %:z and %Z w/ empty strings.
+        self.assertEqual(t.strftime("'%z' '%:z' '%Z'"), "'' '' ''")
+
+        #make sure that invalid format specifiers are handled correctly
+        #self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.strftime, "%e")
+        #self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.strftime, "%")
+        #self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.strftime, "%#")
+
+        #oh well, some systems just ignore those invalid ones.
+        #at least, exercise them to make sure that no crashes
+        #are generated
+        for f in ["%e", "%", "%#"]:
+            try:
+                t.strftime(f)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+        # bpo-34482: Check that surrogates don't cause a crash.
+        try:
+            t.strftime('%y\ud800%m')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+
+        #check that this standard extension works
+        t.strftime("%f")
+
+        # bpo-41260: The parameter was named "fmt" in the pure python impl.
+        t.strftime(format="%f")
+
+    def test_strftime_trailing_percent(self):
+        # bpo-35066: Make sure trailing '%' doesn't cause datetime's strftime to
+        # complain. Different libcs have different handling of trailing
+        # percents, so we simply check datetime's strftime acts the same as
+        # time.strftime.
+        t = self.theclass(2005, 3, 2)
+        try:
+            _time.strftime('%')
+        except ValueError:
+            self.skipTest('time module does not support trailing %')
+        self.assertEqual(t.strftime('%'), _time.strftime('%', t.timetuple()))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            t.strftime("m:%m d:%d y:%y %"),
+            _time.strftime("m:03 d:02 y:05 %", t.timetuple()),
+        )
+
+    def test_format(self):
+        dt = self.theclass(2007, 9, 10)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.__format__(''), str(dt))
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'must be str, not int'):
+            dt.__format__(123)
+
+        # check that a derived class's __str__() gets called
+        class A(self.theclass):
+            def __str__(self):
+                return 'A'
+        a = A(2007, 9, 10)
+        self.assertEqual(a.__format__(''), 'A')
+
+        # check that a derived class's strftime gets called
+        class B(self.theclass):
+            def strftime(self, format_spec):
+                return 'B'
+        b = B(2007, 9, 10)
+        self.assertEqual(b.__format__(''), str(dt))
+
+        for fmt in ["m:%m d:%d y:%y",
+                    "m:%m d:%d y:%y H:%H M:%M S:%S",
+                    "%z %:z %Z",
+                    ]:
+            self.assertEqual(dt.__format__(fmt), dt.strftime(fmt))
+            self.assertEqual(a.__format__(fmt), dt.strftime(fmt))
+            self.assertEqual(b.__format__(fmt), 'B')
+
+    def test_resolution_info(self):
+        # XXX: Should min and max respect subclassing?
+        if issubclass(self.theclass, datetime):
+            expected_class = datetime
+        else:
+            expected_class = date
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.theclass.min, expected_class)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.theclass.max, expected_class)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.theclass.resolution, timedelta)
+        self.assertTrue(self.theclass.max > self.theclass.min)
+
+    def test_extreme_timedelta(self):
+        big = self.theclass.max - self.theclass.min
+        # 3652058 days, 23 hours, 59 minutes, 59 seconds, 999999 microseconds
+        n = (big.days*24*3600 + big.seconds)*1000000 + big.microseconds
+        # n == 315537897599999999 ~= 2**58.13
+        justasbig = timedelta(0, 0, n)
+        self.assertEqual(big, justasbig)
+        self.assertEqual(self.theclass.min + big, self.theclass.max)
+        self.assertEqual(self.theclass.max - big, self.theclass.min)
+
+    def test_timetuple(self):
+        for i in range(7):
+            # January 2, 1956 is a Monday (0)
+            d = self.theclass(1956, 1, 2+i)
+            t = d.timetuple()
+            self.assertEqual(t, (1956, 1, 2+i, 0, 0, 0, i, 2+i, -1))
+            # February 1, 1956 is a Wednesday (2)
+            d = self.theclass(1956, 2, 1+i)
+            t = d.timetuple()
+            self.assertEqual(t, (1956, 2, 1+i, 0, 0, 0, (2+i)%7, 32+i, -1))
+            # March 1, 1956 is a Thursday (3), and is the 31+29+1 = 61st day
+            # of the year.
+            d = self.theclass(1956, 3, 1+i)
+            t = d.timetuple()
+            self.assertEqual(t, (1956, 3, 1+i, 0, 0, 0, (3+i)%7, 61+i, -1))
+            self.assertEqual(t.tm_year, 1956)
+            self.assertEqual(t.tm_mon, 3)
+            self.assertEqual(t.tm_mday, 1+i)
+            self.assertEqual(t.tm_hour, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(t.tm_min, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(t.tm_sec, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(t.tm_wday, (3+i)%7)
+            self.assertEqual(t.tm_yday, 61+i)
+            self.assertEqual(t.tm_isdst, -1)
+
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        args = 6, 7, 23
+        orig = self.theclass(*args)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+        self.assertEqual(orig.__reduce__(), orig.__reduce_ex__(2))
+
+    def test_compat_unpickle(self):
+        tests = [
+            b"cdatetime\ndate\n(S'\\x07\\xdf\\x0b\\x1b'\ntR.",
+            b'cdatetime\ndate\n(U\x04\x07\xdf\x0b\x1btR.',
+            b'\x80\x02cdatetime\ndate\nU\x04\x07\xdf\x0b\x1b\x85R.',
+        ]
+        args = 2015, 11, 27
+        expected = self.theclass(*args)
+        for data in tests:
+            for loads in pickle_loads:
+                derived = loads(data, encoding='latin1')
+                self.assertEqual(derived, expected)
+
+    def test_compare(self):
+        t1 = self.theclass(2, 3, 4)
+        t2 = self.theclass(2, 3, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 <= t2)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 >= t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 != t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 < t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 > t2)
+
+        for args in (3, 3, 3), (2, 4, 4), (2, 3, 5):
+            t2 = self.theclass(*args)   # this is larger than t1
+            self.assertTrue(t1 < t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 > t1)
+            self.assertTrue(t1 <= t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 >= t1)
+            self.assertTrue(t1 != t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 != t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 == t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 == t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 > t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 < t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 >= t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 <= t1)
+
+        for badarg in OTHERSTUFF:
+            self.assertEqual(t1 == badarg, False)
+            self.assertEqual(t1 != badarg, True)
+            self.assertEqual(badarg == t1, False)
+            self.assertEqual(badarg != t1, True)
+
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 < badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 > badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 >= badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg <= t1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg < t1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg > t1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg >= t1)
+
+    def test_mixed_compare(self):
+        our = self.theclass(2000, 4, 5)
+
+        # Our class can be compared for equality to other classes
+        self.assertEqual(our == 1, False)
+        self.assertEqual(1 == our, False)
+        self.assertEqual(our != 1, True)
+        self.assertEqual(1 != our, True)
+
+        # But the ordering is undefined
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: our < 1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: 1 < our)
+
+        # Repeat those tests with a different class
+
+        class SomeClass:
+            pass
+
+        their = SomeClass()
+        self.assertEqual(our == their, False)
+        self.assertEqual(their == our, False)
+        self.assertEqual(our != their, True)
+        self.assertEqual(their != our, True)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: our < their)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: their < our)
+
+    def test_bool(self):
+        # All dates are considered true.
+        self.assertTrue(self.theclass.min)
+        self.assertTrue(self.theclass.max)
+
+    def test_strftime_y2k(self):
+        for y in (1, 49, 70, 99, 100, 999, 1000, 1970):
+            d = self.theclass(y, 1, 1)
+            # Issue 13305:  For years < 1000, the value is not always
+            # padded to 4 digits across platforms.  The C standard
+            # assumes year >= 1900, so it does not specify the number
+            # of digits.
+            if d.strftime("%Y") != '%04d' % y:
+                # Year 42 returns '42', not padded
+                self.assertEqual(d.strftime("%Y"), '%d' % y)
+                # '0042' is obtained anyway
+                if support.has_strftime_extensions:
+                    self.assertEqual(d.strftime("%4Y"), '%04d' % y)
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        cls = self.theclass
+        args = [1, 2, 3]
+        base = cls(*args)
+        self.assertEqual(base, base.replace())
+
+        i = 0
+        for name, newval in (("year", 2),
+                             ("month", 3),
+                             ("day", 4)):
+            newargs = args[:]
+            newargs[i] = newval
+            expected = cls(*newargs)
+            got = base.replace(**{name: newval})
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+            i += 1
+
+        # Out of bounds.
+        base = cls(2000, 2, 29)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, year=2001)
+
+    def test_subclass_replace(self):
+        class DateSubclass(self.theclass):
+            pass
+
+        dt = DateSubclass(2012, 1, 1)
+        self.assertIs(type(dt.replace(year=2013)), DateSubclass)
+
+    def test_subclass_date(self):
+
+        class C(self.theclass):
+            theAnswer = 42
+
+            def __new__(cls, *args, **kws):
+                temp = kws.copy()
+                extra = temp.pop('extra')
+                result = self.theclass.__new__(cls, *args, **temp)
+                result.extra = extra
+                return result
+
+            def newmeth(self, start):
+                return start + self.year + self.month
+
+        args = 2003, 4, 14
+
+        dt1 = self.theclass(*args)
+        dt2 = C(*args, **{'extra': 7})
+
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.__class__, C)
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.theAnswer, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.extra, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(dt1.toordinal(), dt2.toordinal())
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.newmeth(-7), dt1.year + dt1.month - 7)
+
+    def test_subclass_alternate_constructors(self):
+        # Test that alternate constructors call the constructor
+        class DateSubclass(self.theclass):
+            def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+                result = self.theclass.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+                result.extra = 7
+
+                return result
+
+        args = (2003, 4, 14)
+        d_ord = 731319              # Equivalent ordinal date
+        d_isoformat = '2003-04-14'  # Equivalent isoformat()
+
+        base_d = DateSubclass(*args)
+        self.assertIsInstance(base_d, DateSubclass)
+        self.assertEqual(base_d.extra, 7)
+
+        # Timestamp depends on time zone, so we'll calculate the equivalent here
+        ts = datetime.combine(base_d, time(0)).timestamp()
+
+        test_cases = [
+            ('fromordinal', (d_ord,)),
+            ('fromtimestamp', (ts,)),
+            ('fromisoformat', (d_isoformat,)),
+        ]
+
+        for constr_name, constr_args in test_cases:
+            for base_obj in (DateSubclass, base_d):
+                # Test both the classmethod and method
+                with self.subTest(base_obj_type=type(base_obj),
+                                  constr_name=constr_name):
+                    constr = getattr(base_obj, constr_name)
+
+                    dt = constr(*constr_args)
+
+                    # Test that it creates the right subclass
+                    self.assertIsInstance(dt, DateSubclass)
+
+                    # Test that it's equal to the base object
+                    self.assertEqual(dt, base_d)
+
+                    # Test that it called the constructor
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.extra, 7)
+
+    def test_pickling_subclass_date(self):
+
+        args = 6, 7, 23
+        orig = SubclassDate(*args)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(derived, SubclassDate))
+
+    def test_backdoor_resistance(self):
+        # For fast unpickling, the constructor accepts a pickle byte string.
+        # This is a low-overhead backdoor.  A user can (by intent or
+        # mistake) pass a string directly, which (if it's the right length)
+        # will get treated like a pickle, and bypass the normal sanity
+        # checks in the constructor.  This can create insane objects.
+        # The constructor doesn't want to burn the time to validate all
+        # fields, but does check the month field.  This stops, e.g.,
+        # datetime.datetime('1995-03-25') from yielding an insane object.
+        base = b'1995-03-25'
+        if not issubclass(self.theclass, datetime):
+            base = base[:4]
+        for month_byte in b'9', b'\0', b'\r', b'\xff':
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.theclass,
+                                         base[:2] + month_byte + base[3:])
+        if issubclass(self.theclass, datetime):
+            # Good bytes, but bad tzinfo:
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, '^bad tzinfo state arg$'):
+                self.theclass(bytes([1] * len(base)), 'EST')
+
+        for ord_byte in range(1, 13):
+            # This shouldn't blow up because of the month byte alone.  If
+            # the implementation changes to do more-careful checking, it may
+            # blow up because other fields are insane.
+            self.theclass(base[:2] + bytes([ord_byte]) + base[3:])
+
+    def test_fromisoformat(self):
+        # Test that isoformat() is reversible
+        base_dates = [
+            (1, 1, 1),
+            (1000, 2, 14),
+            (1900, 1, 1),
+            (2000, 2, 29),
+            (2004, 11, 12),
+            (2004, 4, 3),
+            (2017, 5, 30)
+        ]
+
+        for dt_tuple in base_dates:
+            dt = self.theclass(*dt_tuple)
+            dt_str = dt.isoformat()
+            with self.subTest(dt_str=dt_str):
+                dt_rt = self.theclass.fromisoformat(dt.isoformat())
+
+                self.assertEqual(dt, dt_rt)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_date_examples(self):
+        examples = [
+            ('00010101', self.theclass(1, 1, 1)),
+            ('20000101', self.theclass(2000, 1, 1)),
+            ('20250102', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2)),
+            ('99991231', self.theclass(9999, 12, 31)),
+            ('0001-01-01', self.theclass(1, 1, 1)),
+            ('2000-01-01', self.theclass(2000, 1, 1)),
+            ('2025-01-02', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2)),
+            ('9999-12-31', self.theclass(9999, 12, 31)),
+            ('2025W01', self.theclass(2024, 12, 30)),
+            ('2025-W01', self.theclass(2024, 12, 30)),
+            ('2025W014', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2)),
+            ('2025-W01-4', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2)),
+            ('2026W01', self.theclass(2025, 12, 29)),
+            ('2026-W01', self.theclass(2025, 12, 29)),
+            ('2026W013', self.theclass(2025, 12, 31)),
+            ('2026-W01-3', self.theclass(2025, 12, 31)),
+            ('2022W52', self.theclass(2022, 12, 26)),
+            ('2022-W52', self.theclass(2022, 12, 26)),
+            ('2022W527', self.theclass(2023, 1, 1)),
+            ('2022-W52-7', self.theclass(2023, 1, 1)),
+            ('2015W534', self.theclass(2015, 12, 31)),      # Has week 53
+            ('2015-W53-4', self.theclass(2015, 12, 31)),    # Has week 53
+            ('2015-W53-5', self.theclass(2016, 1, 1)),
+            ('2020W531', self.theclass(2020, 12, 28)),      # Leap year
+            ('2020-W53-1', self.theclass(2020, 12, 28)),    # Leap year
+            ('2020-W53-6', self.theclass(2021, 1, 2)),
+        ]
+
+        for input_str, expected in examples:
+            with self.subTest(input_str=input_str):
+                actual = self.theclass.fromisoformat(input_str)
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_subclass(self):
+        class DateSubclass(self.theclass):
+            pass
+
+        dt = DateSubclass(2014, 12, 14)
+
+        dt_rt = DateSubclass.fromisoformat(dt.isoformat())
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(dt_rt, DateSubclass)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_fails(self):
+        # Test that fromisoformat() fails on invalid values
+        bad_strs = [
+            '',                 # Empty string
+            '\ud800',           # bpo-34454: Surrogate code point
+            '009-03-04',        # Not 10 characters
+            '123456789',        # Not a date
+            '200a-12-04',       # Invalid character in year
+            '2009-1a-04',       # Invalid character in month
+            '2009-12-0a',       # Invalid character in day
+            '2009-01-32',       # Invalid day
+            '2009-02-29',       # Invalid leap day
+            '2019-W53-1',       # No week 53 in 2019
+            '2020-W54-1',       # No week 54
+            '2009\ud80002\ud80028',     # Separators are surrogate codepoints
+        ]
+
+        for bad_str in bad_strs:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                self.theclass.fromisoformat(bad_str)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_fails_typeerror(self):
+        # Test that fromisoformat fails when passed the wrong type
+        bad_types = [b'2009-03-01', None, io.StringIO('2009-03-01')]
+        for bad_type in bad_types:
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                self.theclass.fromisoformat(bad_type)
+
+    def test_fromisocalendar(self):
+        # For each test case, assert that fromisocalendar is the
+        # inverse of the isocalendar function
+        dates = [
+            (2016, 4, 3),
+            (2005, 1, 2),       # (2004, 53, 7)
+            (2008, 12, 30),     # (2009, 1, 2)
+            (2010, 1, 2),       # (2009, 53, 6)
+            (2009, 12, 31),     # (2009, 53, 4)
+            (1900, 1, 1),       # Unusual non-leap year (year % 100 == 0)
+            (1900, 12, 31),
+            (2000, 1, 1),       # Unusual leap year (year % 400 == 0)
+            (2000, 12, 31),
+            (2004, 1, 1),       # Leap year
+            (2004, 12, 31),
+            (1, 1, 1),
+            (9999, 12, 31),
+            (MINYEAR, 1, 1),
+            (MAXYEAR, 12, 31),
+        ]
+
+        for datecomps in dates:
+            with self.subTest(datecomps=datecomps):
+                dobj = self.theclass(*datecomps)
+                isocal = dobj.isocalendar()
+
+                d_roundtrip = self.theclass.fromisocalendar(*isocal)
+
+                self.assertEqual(dobj, d_roundtrip)
+
+    def test_fromisocalendar_value_errors(self):
+        isocals = [
+            (2019, 0, 1),
+            (2019, -1, 1),
+            (2019, 54, 1),
+            (2019, 1, 0),
+            (2019, 1, -1),
+            (2019, 1, 8),
+            (2019, 53, 1),
+            (10000, 1, 1),
+            (0, 1, 1),
+            (9999999, 1, 1),
+            (2<<32, 1, 1),
+            (2019, 2<<32, 1),
+            (2019, 1, 2<<32),
+        ]
+
+        for isocal in isocals:
+            with self.subTest(isocal=isocal):
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    self.theclass.fromisocalendar(*isocal)
+
+    def test_fromisocalendar_type_errors(self):
+        err_txformers = [
+            str,
+            float,
+            lambda x: None,
+        ]
+
+        # Take a valid base tuple and transform it to contain one argument
+        # with the wrong type. Repeat this for each argument, e.g.
+        # [("2019", 1, 1), (2019, "1", 1), (2019, 1, "1"), ...]
+        isocals = []
+        base = (2019, 1, 1)
+        for i in range(3):
+            for txformer in err_txformers:
+                err_val = list(base)
+                err_val[i] = txformer(err_val[i])
+                isocals.append(tuple(err_val))
+
+        for isocal in isocals:
+            with self.subTest(isocal=isocal):
+                with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                    self.theclass.fromisocalendar(*isocal)
+
+
+#############################################################################
+# datetime tests
+
+class SubclassDatetime(datetime):
+    sub_var = 1
+
+class TestDateTime(TestDate):
+
+    theclass = datetime
+
+    def test_basic_attributes(self):
+        dt = self.theclass(2002, 3, 1, 12, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.year, 2002)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.month, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.day, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.hour, 12)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.minute, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.second, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.microsecond, 0)
+
+    def test_basic_attributes_nonzero(self):
+        # Make sure all attributes are non-zero so bugs in
+        # bit-shifting access show up.
+        dt = self.theclass(2002, 3, 1, 12, 59, 59, 8000)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.year, 2002)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.month, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.day, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.hour, 12)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.minute, 59)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.second, 59)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.microsecond, 8000)
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self):
+        for dt in (self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7),
+                   self.theclass.now()):
+            # Verify dt -> string -> datetime identity.
+            s = repr(dt)
+            self.assertTrue(s.startswith('datetime.'))
+            s = s[9:]
+            dt2 = eval(s)
+            self.assertEqual(dt, dt2)
+
+            # Verify identity via reconstructing from pieces.
+            dt2 = self.theclass(dt.year, dt.month, dt.day,
+                                dt.hour, dt.minute, dt.second,
+                                dt.microsecond)
+            self.assertEqual(dt, dt2)
+
+    def test_isoformat(self):
+        t = self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 123)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(),    "0001-02-03T04:05:01.000123")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat('T'), "0001-02-03T04:05:01.000123")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(' '), "0001-02-03 04:05:01.000123")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat('\x00'), "0001-02-03\x0004:05:01.000123")
+        # bpo-34482: Check that surrogates are handled properly.
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat('\ud800'),
+                         "0001-02-03\ud80004:05:01.000123")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='hours'), "0001-02-03T04")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='minutes'), "0001-02-03T04:05")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='seconds'), "0001-02-03T04:05:01")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='milliseconds'), "0001-02-03T04:05:01.000")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='microseconds'), "0001-02-03T04:05:01.000123")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='auto'), "0001-02-03T04:05:01.000123")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(sep=' ', timespec='minutes'), "0001-02-03 04:05")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.isoformat, timespec='foo')
+        # bpo-34482: Check that surrogates are handled properly.
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.isoformat, timespec='\ud800')
+        # str is ISO format with the separator forced to a blank.
+        self.assertEqual(str(t), "0001-02-03 04:05:01.000123")
+
+        t = self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 999500, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='milliseconds'), "0001-02-03T04:05:01.999+00:00")
+
+        t = self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 999500)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='milliseconds'), "0001-02-03T04:05:01.999")
+
+        t = self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='auto'), "0001-02-03T04:05:01")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='milliseconds'), "0001-02-03T04:05:01.000")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='microseconds'), "0001-02-03T04:05:01.000000")
+
+        t = self.theclass(2, 3, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(),    "0002-03-02T00:00:00")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat('T'), "0002-03-02T00:00:00")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(' '), "0002-03-02 00:00:00")
+        # str is ISO format with the separator forced to a blank.
+        self.assertEqual(str(t), "0002-03-02 00:00:00")
+        # ISO format with timezone
+        tz = FixedOffset(timedelta(seconds=16), 'XXX')
+        t = self.theclass(2, 3, 2, tzinfo=tz)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), "0002-03-02T00:00:00+00:00:16")
+
+    def test_isoformat_timezone(self):
+        tzoffsets = [
+            ('05:00', timedelta(hours=5)),
+            ('02:00', timedelta(hours=2)),
+            ('06:27', timedelta(hours=6, minutes=27)),
+            ('12:32:30', timedelta(hours=12, minutes=32, seconds=30)),
+            ('02:04:09.123456', timedelta(hours=2, minutes=4, seconds=9, microseconds=123456))
+        ]
+
+        tzinfos = [
+            ('', None),
+            ('+00:00', timezone.utc),
+            ('+00:00', timezone(timedelta(0))),
+        ]
+
+        tzinfos += [
+            (prefix + expected, timezone(sign * td))
+            for expected, td in tzoffsets
+            for prefix, sign in [('-', -1), ('+', 1)]
+        ]
+
+        dt_base = self.theclass(2016, 4, 1, 12, 37, 9)
+        exp_base = '2016-04-01T12:37:09'
+
+        for exp_tz, tzi in tzinfos:
+            dt = dt_base.replace(tzinfo=tzi)
+            exp = exp_base + exp_tz
+            with self.subTest(tzi=tzi):
+                assert dt.isoformat() == exp
+
+    def test_format(self):
+        dt = self.theclass(2007, 9, 10, 4, 5, 1, 123)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.__format__(''), str(dt))
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'must be str, not int'):
+            dt.__format__(123)
+
+        # check that a derived class's __str__() gets called
+        class A(self.theclass):
+            def __str__(self):
+                return 'A'
+        a = A(2007, 9, 10, 4, 5, 1, 123)
+        self.assertEqual(a.__format__(''), 'A')
+
+        # check that a derived class's strftime gets called
+        class B(self.theclass):
+            def strftime(self, format_spec):
+                return 'B'
+        b = B(2007, 9, 10, 4, 5, 1, 123)
+        self.assertEqual(b.__format__(''), str(dt))
+
+        for fmt in ["m:%m d:%d y:%y",
+                    "m:%m d:%d y:%y H:%H M:%M S:%S",
+                    "%z %:z %Z",
+                    ]:
+            self.assertEqual(dt.__format__(fmt), dt.strftime(fmt))
+            self.assertEqual(a.__format__(fmt), dt.strftime(fmt))
+            self.assertEqual(b.__format__(fmt), 'B')
+
+    def test_more_ctime(self):
+        # Test fields that TestDate doesn't touch.
+        import time
+
+        t = self.theclass(2002, 3, 2, 18, 3, 5, 123)
+        self.assertEqual(t.ctime(), "Sat Mar  2 18:03:05 2002")
+        # Oops!  The next line fails on Win2K under MSVC 6, so it's commented
+        # out.  The difference is that t.ctime() produces " 2" for the day,
+        # but platform ctime() produces "02" for the day.  According to
+        # C99, t.ctime() is correct here.
+        # self.assertEqual(t.ctime(), time.ctime(time.mktime(t.timetuple())))
+
+        # So test a case where that difference doesn't matter.
+        t = self.theclass(2002, 3, 22, 18, 3, 5, 123)
+        self.assertEqual(t.ctime(), time.ctime(time.mktime(t.timetuple())))
+
+    def test_tz_independent_comparing(self):
+        dt1 = self.theclass(2002, 3, 1, 9, 0, 0)
+        dt2 = self.theclass(2002, 3, 1, 10, 0, 0)
+        dt3 = self.theclass(2002, 3, 1, 9, 0, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(dt1, dt3)
+        self.assertTrue(dt2 > dt3)
+
+        # Make sure comparison doesn't forget microseconds, and isn't done
+        # via comparing a float timestamp (an IEEE double doesn't have enough
+        # precision to span microsecond resolution across years 1 through 9999,
+        # so comparing via timestamp necessarily calls some distinct values
+        # equal).
+        dt1 = self.theclass(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999998)
+        us = timedelta(microseconds=1)
+        dt2 = dt1 + us
+        self.assertEqual(dt2 - dt1, us)
+        self.assertTrue(dt1 < dt2)
+
+    def test_strftime_with_bad_tzname_replace(self):
+        # verify ok if tzinfo.tzname().replace() returns a non-string
+        class MyTzInfo(FixedOffset):
+            def tzname(self, dt):
+                class MyStr(str):
+                    def replace(self, *args):
+                        return None
+                return MyStr('name')
+        t = self.theclass(2005, 3, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, MyTzInfo(3, 'name'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.strftime, '%Z')
+
+    def test_bad_constructor_arguments(self):
+        # bad years
+        self.theclass(MINYEAR, 1, 1)  # no exception
+        self.theclass(MAXYEAR, 1, 1)  # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, MINYEAR-1, 1, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, MAXYEAR+1, 1, 1)
+        # bad months
+        self.theclass(2000, 1, 1)    # no exception
+        self.theclass(2000, 12, 1)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 0, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 13, 1)
+        # bad days
+        self.theclass(2000, 2, 29)   # no exception
+        self.theclass(2004, 2, 29)   # no exception
+        self.theclass(2400, 2, 29)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 2, 30)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2001, 2, 29)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2100, 2, 29)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 1900, 2, 29)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 1, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 1, 32)
+        # bad hours
+        self.theclass(2000, 1, 31, 0)    # no exception
+        self.theclass(2000, 1, 31, 23)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 1, 31, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 1, 31, 24)
+        # bad minutes
+        self.theclass(2000, 1, 31, 23, 0)    # no exception
+        self.theclass(2000, 1, 31, 23, 59)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 1, 31, 23, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 1, 31, 23, 60)
+        # bad seconds
+        self.theclass(2000, 1, 31, 23, 59, 0)    # no exception
+        self.theclass(2000, 1, 31, 23, 59, 59)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 1, 31, 23, 59, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 2000, 1, 31, 23, 59, 60)
+        # bad microseconds
+        self.theclass(2000, 1, 31, 23, 59, 59, 0)    # no exception
+        self.theclass(2000, 1, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass,
+                          2000, 1, 31, 23, 59, 59, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass,
+                          2000, 1, 31, 23, 59, 59,
+                          1000000)
+        # bad fold
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass,
+                          2000, 1, 31, fold=-1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass,
+                          2000, 1, 31, fold=2)
+        # Positional fold:
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.theclass,
+                          2000, 1, 31, 23, 59, 59, 0, None, 1)
+
+    def test_hash_equality(self):
+        d = self.theclass(2000, 12, 31, 23, 30, 17)
+        e = self.theclass(2000, 12, 31, 23, 30, 17)
+        self.assertEqual(d, e)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(d), hash(e))
+
+        dic = {d: 1}
+        dic[e] = 2
+        self.assertEqual(len(dic), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[d], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[e], 2)
+
+        d = self.theclass(2001,  1,  1,  0,  5, 17)
+        e = self.theclass(2001,  1,  1,  0,  5, 17)
+        self.assertEqual(d, e)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(d), hash(e))
+
+        dic = {d: 1}
+        dic[e] = 2
+        self.assertEqual(len(dic), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[d], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[e], 2)
+
+    def test_computations(self):
+        a = self.theclass(2002, 1, 31)
+        b = self.theclass(1956, 1, 31)
+        diff = a-b
+        self.assertEqual(diff.days, 46*365 + len(range(1956, 2002, 4)))
+        self.assertEqual(diff.seconds, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(diff.microseconds, 0)
+        a = self.theclass(2002, 3, 2, 17, 6)
+        millisec = timedelta(0, 0, 1000)
+        hour = timedelta(0, 3600)
+        day = timedelta(1)
+        week = timedelta(7)
+        self.assertEqual(a + hour, self.theclass(2002, 3, 2, 18, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(hour + a, self.theclass(2002, 3, 2, 18, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(a + 10*hour, self.theclass(2002, 3, 3, 3, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(a - hour, self.theclass(2002, 3, 2, 16, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(-hour + a, self.theclass(2002, 3, 2, 16, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(a - hour, a + -hour)
+        self.assertEqual(a - 20*hour, self.theclass(2002, 3, 1, 21, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(a + day, self.theclass(2002, 3, 3, 17, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(a - day, self.theclass(2002, 3, 1, 17, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(a + week, self.theclass(2002, 3, 9, 17, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(a - week, self.theclass(2002, 2, 23, 17, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(a + 52*week, self.theclass(2003, 3, 1, 17, 6))
+        self.assertEqual(a - 52*week, self.theclass(2001, 3, 3, 17, 6))
+        self.assertEqual((a + week) - a, week)
+        self.assertEqual((a + day) - a, day)
+        self.assertEqual((a + hour) - a, hour)
+        self.assertEqual((a + millisec) - a, millisec)
+        self.assertEqual((a - week) - a, -week)
+        self.assertEqual((a - day) - a, -day)
+        self.assertEqual((a - hour) - a, -hour)
+        self.assertEqual((a - millisec) - a, -millisec)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a + week), -week)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a + day), -day)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a + hour), -hour)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a + millisec), -millisec)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a - week), week)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a - day), day)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a - hour), hour)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (a - millisec), millisec)
+        self.assertEqual(a + (week + day + hour + millisec),
+                         self.theclass(2002, 3, 10, 18, 6, 0, 1000))
+        self.assertEqual(a + (week + day + hour + millisec),
+                         (((a + week) + day) + hour) + millisec)
+        self.assertEqual(a - (week + day + hour + millisec),
+                         self.theclass(2002, 2, 22, 16, 5, 59, 999000))
+        self.assertEqual(a - (week + day + hour + millisec),
+                         (((a - week) - day) - hour) - millisec)
+        # Add/sub ints or floats should be illegal
+        for i in 1, 1.0:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a+i)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a-i)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: i+a)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: i-a)
+
+        # delta - datetime is senseless.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: day - a)
+        # mixing datetime and (delta or datetime) via * or // is senseless
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: day * a)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a * day)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: day // a)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a // day)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a * a)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a // a)
+        # datetime + datetime is senseless
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: a + a)
+
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        args = 6, 7, 23, 20, 59, 1, 64**2
+        orig = self.theclass(*args)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+        self.assertEqual(orig.__reduce__(), orig.__reduce_ex__(2))
+
+    def test_more_pickling(self):
+        a = self.theclass(2003, 2, 7, 16, 48, 37, 444116)
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            s = pickle.dumps(a, proto)
+            b = pickle.loads(s)
+            self.assertEqual(b.year, 2003)
+            self.assertEqual(b.month, 2)
+            self.assertEqual(b.day, 7)
+
+    def test_pickling_subclass_datetime(self):
+        args = 6, 7, 23, 20, 59, 1, 64**2
+        orig = SubclassDatetime(*args)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(derived, SubclassDatetime))
+
+    def test_compat_unpickle(self):
+        tests = [
+            b'cdatetime\ndatetime\n('
+            b"S'\\x07\\xdf\\x0b\\x1b\\x14;\\x01\\x00\\x10\\x00'\ntR.",
+
+            b'cdatetime\ndatetime\n('
+            b'U\n\x07\xdf\x0b\x1b\x14;\x01\x00\x10\x00tR.',
+
+            b'\x80\x02cdatetime\ndatetime\n'
+            b'U\n\x07\xdf\x0b\x1b\x14;\x01\x00\x10\x00\x85R.',
+        ]
+        args = 2015, 11, 27, 20, 59, 1, 64**2
+        expected = self.theclass(*args)
+        for data in tests:
+            for loads in pickle_loads:
+                derived = loads(data, encoding='latin1')
+                self.assertEqual(derived, expected)
+
+    def test_more_compare(self):
+        # The test_compare() inherited from TestDate covers the error cases.
+        # We just want to test lexicographic ordering on the members datetime
+        # has that date lacks.
+        args = [2000, 11, 29, 20, 58, 16, 999998]
+        t1 = self.theclass(*args)
+        t2 = self.theclass(*args)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 <= t2)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 >= t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 != t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 < t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 > t2)
+
+        for i in range(len(args)):
+            newargs = args[:]
+            newargs[i] = args[i] + 1
+            t2 = self.theclass(*newargs)   # this is larger than t1
+            self.assertTrue(t1 < t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 > t1)
+            self.assertTrue(t1 <= t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 >= t1)
+            self.assertTrue(t1 != t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 != t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 == t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 == t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 > t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 < t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 >= t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 <= t1)
+
+
+    # A helper for timestamp constructor tests.
+    def verify_field_equality(self, expected, got):
+        self.assertEqual(expected.tm_year, got.year)
+        self.assertEqual(expected.tm_mon, got.month)
+        self.assertEqual(expected.tm_mday, got.day)
+        self.assertEqual(expected.tm_hour, got.hour)
+        self.assertEqual(expected.tm_min, got.minute)
+        self.assertEqual(expected.tm_sec, got.second)
+
+    def test_fromtimestamp(self):
+        import time
+
+        ts = time.time()
+        expected = time.localtime(ts)
+        got = self.theclass.fromtimestamp(ts)
+        self.verify_field_equality(expected, got)
+
+    def test_fromtimestamp_keyword_arg(self):
+        import time
+
+        # gh-85432: The parameter was named "t" in the pure-Python impl.
+        self.theclass.fromtimestamp(timestamp=time.time())
+
+    def test_utcfromtimestamp(self):
+        import time
+
+        ts = time.time()
+        expected = time.gmtime(ts)
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            got = self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(ts)
+        self.verify_field_equality(expected, got)
+
+    # Run with US-style DST rules: DST begins 2 a.m. on second Sunday in
+    # March (M3.2.0) and ends 2 a.m. on first Sunday in November (M11.1.0).
+    @support.run_with_tz('EST+05EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0')
+    def test_timestamp_naive(self):
+        t = self.theclass(1970, 1, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(t.timestamp(), 18000.0)
+        t = self.theclass(1970, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(t.timestamp(),
+                         18000.0 + 3600 + 2*60 + 3 + 4*1e-6)
+        # Missing hour
+        t0 = self.theclass(2012, 3, 11, 2, 30)
+        t1 = t0.replace(fold=1)
+        self.assertEqual(self.theclass.fromtimestamp(t1.timestamp()),
+                         t0 - timedelta(hours=1))
+        self.assertEqual(self.theclass.fromtimestamp(t0.timestamp()),
+                         t1 + timedelta(hours=1))
+        # Ambiguous hour defaults to DST
+        t = self.theclass(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30)
+        self.assertEqual(self.theclass.fromtimestamp(t.timestamp()), t)
+
+        # Timestamp may raise an overflow error on some platforms
+        # XXX: Do we care to support the first and last year?
+        for t in [self.theclass(2,1,1), self.theclass(9998,12,12)]:
+            try:
+                s = t.timestamp()
+            except OverflowError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(self.theclass.fromtimestamp(s), t)
+
+    def test_timestamp_aware(self):
+        t = self.theclass(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        self.assertEqual(t.timestamp(), 0.0)
+        t = self.theclass(1970, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        self.assertEqual(t.timestamp(),
+                         3600 + 2*60 + 3 + 4*1e-6)
+        t = self.theclass(1970, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4,
+                          tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=-5), 'EST'))
+        self.assertEqual(t.timestamp(),
+                         18000 + 3600 + 2*60 + 3 + 4*1e-6)
+
+    @support.run_with_tz('MSK-03')  # Something east of Greenwich
+    def test_microsecond_rounding(self):
+        def utcfromtimestamp(*args, **kwargs):
+            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                return self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        for fts in [self.theclass.fromtimestamp,
+                    utcfromtimestamp]:
+            zero = fts(0)
+            self.assertEqual(zero.second, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(zero.microsecond, 0)
+            one = fts(1e-6)
+            try:
+                minus_one = fts(-1e-6)
+            except OSError:
+                # localtime(-1) and gmtime(-1) is not supported on Windows
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.assertEqual(minus_one.second, 59)
+                self.assertEqual(minus_one.microsecond, 999999)
+
+                t = fts(-1e-8)
+                self.assertEqual(t, zero)
+                t = fts(-9e-7)
+                self.assertEqual(t, minus_one)
+                t = fts(-1e-7)
+                self.assertEqual(t, zero)
+                t = fts(-1/2**7)
+                self.assertEqual(t.second, 59)
+                self.assertEqual(t.microsecond, 992188)
+
+            t = fts(1e-7)
+            self.assertEqual(t, zero)
+            t = fts(9e-7)
+            self.assertEqual(t, one)
+            t = fts(0.99999949)
+            self.assertEqual(t.second, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(t.microsecond, 999999)
+            t = fts(0.9999999)
+            self.assertEqual(t.second, 1)
+            self.assertEqual(t.microsecond, 0)
+            t = fts(1/2**7)
+            self.assertEqual(t.second, 0)
+            self.assertEqual(t.microsecond, 7812)
+
+    def test_timestamp_limits(self):
+        with self.subTest("minimum UTC"):
+            min_dt = self.theclass.min.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+            min_ts = min_dt.timestamp()
+
+            # This test assumes that datetime.min == 0000-01-01T00:00:00.00
+            # If that assumption changes, this value can change as well
+            self.assertEqual(min_ts, -62135596800)
+
+        with self.subTest("maximum UTC"):
+            # Zero out microseconds to avoid rounding issues
+            max_dt = self.theclass.max.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc,
+                                               microsecond=0)
+            max_ts = max_dt.timestamp()
+
+            # This test assumes that datetime.max == 9999-12-31T23:59:59.999999
+            # If that assumption changes, this value can change as well
+            self.assertEqual(max_ts, 253402300799.0)
+
+    def test_fromtimestamp_limits(self):
+        try:
+            self.theclass.fromtimestamp(-2**32 - 1)
+        except (OSError, OverflowError):
+            self.skipTest("Test not valid on this platform")
+
+        # XXX: Replace these with datetime.{min,max}.timestamp() when we solve
+        # the issue with gh-91012
+        min_dt = self.theclass.min + timedelta(days=1)
+        min_ts = min_dt.timestamp()
+
+        max_dt = self.theclass.max.replace(microsecond=0)
+        max_ts = ((self.theclass.max - timedelta(hours=23)).timestamp() +
+                  timedelta(hours=22, minutes=59, seconds=59).total_seconds())
+
+        for (test_name, ts, expected) in [
+                ("minimum", min_ts, min_dt),
+                ("maximum", max_ts, max_dt),
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(test_name, ts=ts, expected=expected):
+                actual = self.theclass.fromtimestamp(ts)
+
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+        # Test error conditions
+        test_cases = [
+            ("Too small by a little", min_ts - timedelta(days=1, hours=12).total_seconds()),
+            ("Too small by a lot", min_ts - timedelta(days=400).total_seconds()),
+            ("Too big by a little", max_ts + timedelta(days=1).total_seconds()),
+            ("Too big by a lot", max_ts + timedelta(days=400).total_seconds()),
+        ]
+
+        for test_name, ts in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(test_name, ts=ts):
+                with self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError)):
+                    # converting a Python int to C time_t can raise a
+                    # OverflowError, especially on 32-bit platforms.
+                    self.theclass.fromtimestamp(ts)
+
+    def test_utcfromtimestamp_limits(self):
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            try:
+                self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(-2**32 - 1)
+            except (OSError, OverflowError):
+                self.skipTest("Test not valid on this platform")
+
+        min_dt = self.theclass.min.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        min_ts = min_dt.timestamp()
+
+        max_dt = self.theclass.max.replace(microsecond=0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        max_ts = max_dt.timestamp()
+
+        for (test_name, ts, expected) in [
+                ("minimum", min_ts, min_dt.replace(tzinfo=None)),
+                ("maximum", max_ts, max_dt.replace(tzinfo=None)),
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(test_name, ts=ts, expected=expected):
+                with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    try:
+                        actual = self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(ts)
+                    except (OSError, OverflowError) as exc:
+                        self.skipTest(str(exc))
+
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+        # Test error conditions
+        test_cases = [
+            ("Too small by a little", min_ts - 1),
+            ("Too small by a lot", min_ts - timedelta(days=400).total_seconds()),
+            ("Too big by a little", max_ts + 1),
+            ("Too big by a lot", max_ts + timedelta(days=400).total_seconds()),
+        ]
+
+        for test_name, ts in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(test_name, ts=ts):
+                with self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError)):
+                    with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                        # converting a Python int to C time_t can raise a
+                        # OverflowError, especially on 32-bit platforms.
+                        self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(ts)
+
+    def test_insane_fromtimestamp(self):
+        # It's possible that some platform maps time_t to double,
+        # and that this test will fail there.  This test should
+        # exempt such platforms (provided they return reasonable
+        # results!).
+        for insane in -1e200, 1e200:
+            self.assertRaises(OverflowError, self.theclass.fromtimestamp,
+                              insane)
+
+    def test_insane_utcfromtimestamp(self):
+        # It's possible that some platform maps time_t to double,
+        # and that this test will fail there.  This test should
+        # exempt such platforms (provided they return reasonable
+        # results!).
+        for insane in -1e200, 1e200:
+            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                self.assertRaises(OverflowError, self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp,
+                                  insane)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "Windows doesn't accept negative timestamps")
+    def test_negative_float_fromtimestamp(self):
+        # The result is tz-dependent; at least test that this doesn't
+        # fail (like it did before bug 1646728 was fixed).
+        self.theclass.fromtimestamp(-1.05)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "Windows doesn't accept negative timestamps")
+    def test_negative_float_utcfromtimestamp(self):
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            d = self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(-1.05)
+        self.assertEqual(d, self.theclass(1969, 12, 31, 23, 59, 58, 950000))
+
+    def test_utcnow(self):
+        import time
+
+        # Call it a success if utcnow() and utcfromtimestamp() are within
+        # a second of each other.
+        tolerance = timedelta(seconds=1)
+        for dummy in range(3):
+            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                from_now = self.theclass.utcnow()
+
+            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                from_timestamp = self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp(time.time())
+            if abs(from_timestamp - from_now) <= tolerance:
+                break
+            # Else try again a few times.
+        self.assertLessEqual(abs(from_timestamp - from_now), tolerance)
+
+    def test_strptime(self):
+        string = '2004-12-01 13:02:47.197'
+        format = '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f'
+        expected = _strptime._strptime_datetime(self.theclass, string, format)
+        got = self.theclass.strptime(string, format)
+        self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+        self.assertIs(type(expected), self.theclass)
+        self.assertIs(type(got), self.theclass)
+
+        # bpo-34482: Check that surrogates are handled properly.
+        inputs = [
+            ('2004-12-01\ud80013:02:47.197', '%Y-%m-%d\ud800%H:%M:%S.%f'),
+            ('2004\ud80012-01 13:02:47.197', '%Y\ud800%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f'),
+            ('2004-12-01 13:02\ud80047.197', '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M\ud800%S.%f'),
+        ]
+        for string, format in inputs:
+            with self.subTest(string=string, format=format):
+                expected = _strptime._strptime_datetime(self.theclass, string,
+                                                        format)
+                got = self.theclass.strptime(string, format)
+                self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+
+        strptime = self.theclass.strptime
+
+        self.assertEqual(strptime("+0002", "%z").utcoffset(), 2 * MINUTE)
+        self.assertEqual(strptime("-0002", "%z").utcoffset(), -2 * MINUTE)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            strptime("-00:02:01.000003", "%z").utcoffset(),
+            -timedelta(minutes=2, seconds=1, microseconds=3)
+        )
+        # Only local timezone and UTC are supported
+        for tzseconds, tzname in ((0, 'UTC'), (0, 'GMT'),
+                                 (-_time.timezone, _time.tzname[0])):
+            if tzseconds < 0:
+                sign = '-'
+                seconds = -tzseconds
+            else:
+                sign ='+'
+                seconds = tzseconds
+            hours, minutes = divmod(seconds//60, 60)
+            dtstr = "{}{:02d}{:02d} {}".format(sign, hours, minutes, tzname)
+            dt = strptime(dtstr, "%z %Z")
+            self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), timedelta(seconds=tzseconds))
+            self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), tzname)
+        # Can produce inconsistent datetime
+        dtstr, fmt = "+1234 UTC", "%z %Z"
+        dt = strptime(dtstr, fmt)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), 12 * HOUR + 34 * MINUTE)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), 'UTC')
+        # yet will roundtrip
+        self.assertEqual(dt.strftime(fmt), dtstr)
+
+        # Produce naive datetime if no %z is provided
+        self.assertEqual(strptime("UTC", "%Z").tzinfo, None)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError): strptime("-2400", "%z")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError): strptime("-000", "%z")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError): strptime("z", "%z")
+
+    def test_strptime_single_digit(self):
+        # bpo-34903: Check that single digit dates and times are allowed.
+
+        strptime = self.theclass.strptime
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            # %y does require two digits.
+            newdate = strptime('01/02/3 04:05:06', '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S')
+        dt1 = self.theclass(2003, 2, 1, 4, 5, 6)
+        dt2 = self.theclass(2003, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6)
+        dt3 = self.theclass(2003, 2, 1, 0, 0, 0)
+        dt4 = self.theclass(2003, 1, 25, 0, 0, 0)
+        inputs = [
+            ('%d', '1/02/03 4:5:6', '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S', dt1),
+            ('%m', '01/2/03 4:5:6', '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S', dt1),
+            ('%H', '01/02/03 4:05:06', '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S', dt1),
+            ('%M', '01/02/03 04:5:06', '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S', dt1),
+            ('%S', '01/02/03 04:05:6', '%d/%m/%y %H:%M:%S', dt1),
+            ('%j', '2/03 04am:05:06', '%j/%y %I%p:%M:%S',dt2),
+            ('%I', '02/03 4am:05:06', '%j/%y %I%p:%M:%S',dt2),
+            ('%w', '6/04/03', '%w/%U/%y', dt3),
+            # %u requires a single digit.
+            ('%W', '6/4/2003', '%u/%W/%Y', dt3),
+            ('%V', '6/4/2003', '%u/%V/%G', dt4),
+        ]
+        for reason, string, format, target in inputs:
+            reason = 'test single digit ' + reason
+            with self.subTest(reason=reason,
+                              string=string,
+                              format=format,
+                              target=target):
+                newdate = strptime(string, format)
+                self.assertEqual(newdate, target, msg=reason)
+
+    def test_more_timetuple(self):
+        # This tests fields beyond those tested by the TestDate.test_timetuple.
+        t = self.theclass(2004, 12, 31, 6, 22, 33)
+        self.assertEqual(t.timetuple(), (2004, 12, 31, 6, 22, 33, 4, 366, -1))
+        self.assertEqual(t.timetuple(),
+                         (t.year, t.month, t.day,
+                          t.hour, t.minute, t.second,
+                          t.weekday(),
+                          t.toordinal() - date(t.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1,
+                          -1))
+        tt = t.timetuple()
+        self.assertEqual(tt.tm_year, t.year)
+        self.assertEqual(tt.tm_mon, t.month)
+        self.assertEqual(tt.tm_mday, t.day)
+        self.assertEqual(tt.tm_hour, t.hour)
+        self.assertEqual(tt.tm_min, t.minute)
+        self.assertEqual(tt.tm_sec, t.second)
+        self.assertEqual(tt.tm_wday, t.weekday())
+        self.assertEqual(tt.tm_yday, t.toordinal() -
+                                     date(t.year, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1)
+        self.assertEqual(tt.tm_isdst, -1)
+
+    def test_more_strftime(self):
+        # This tests fields beyond those tested by the TestDate.test_strftime.
+        t = self.theclass(2004, 12, 31, 6, 22, 33, 47)
+        self.assertEqual(t.strftime("%m %d %y %f %S %M %H %j"),
+                                    "12 31 04 000047 33 22 06 366")
+        for (s, us), z in [((33, 123), "33.000123"), ((33, 0), "33"),]:
+            tz = timezone(-timedelta(hours=2, seconds=s, microseconds=us))
+            t = t.replace(tzinfo=tz)
+            self.assertEqual(t.strftime("%z"), "-0200" + z)
+            self.assertEqual(t.strftime("%:z"), "-02:00:" + z)
+
+        # bpo-34482: Check that surrogates don't cause a crash.
+        try:
+            t.strftime('%y\ud800%m %H\ud800%M')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+
+    def test_extract(self):
+        dt = self.theclass(2002, 3, 4, 18, 45, 3, 1234)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.date(), date(2002, 3, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(dt.time(), time(18, 45, 3, 1234))
+
+    def test_combine(self):
+        d = date(2002, 3, 4)
+        t = time(18, 45, 3, 1234)
+        expected = self.theclass(2002, 3, 4, 18, 45, 3, 1234)
+        combine = self.theclass.combine
+        dt = combine(d, t)
+        self.assertEqual(dt, expected)
+
+        dt = combine(time=t, date=d)
+        self.assertEqual(dt, expected)
+
+        self.assertEqual(d, dt.date())
+        self.assertEqual(t, dt.time())
+        self.assertEqual(dt, combine(dt.date(), dt.time()))
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, combine) # need an arg
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, combine, d) # need two args
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, combine, t, d) # args reversed
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, combine, d, t, 1) # wrong tzinfo type
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, combine, d, t, 1, 2)  # too many args
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, combine, "date", "time") # wrong types
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, combine, d, "time") # wrong type
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, combine, "date", t) # wrong type
+
+        # tzinfo= argument
+        dt = combine(d, t, timezone.utc)
+        self.assertIs(dt.tzinfo, timezone.utc)
+        dt = combine(d, t, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        self.assertIs(dt.tzinfo, timezone.utc)
+        t = time()
+        dt = combine(dt, t)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.date(), d)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.time(), t)
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        cls = self.theclass
+        args = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
+        base = cls(*args)
+        self.assertEqual(base, base.replace())
+
+        i = 0
+        for name, newval in (("year", 2),
+                             ("month", 3),
+                             ("day", 4),
+                             ("hour", 5),
+                             ("minute", 6),
+                             ("second", 7),
+                             ("microsecond", 8)):
+            newargs = args[:]
+            newargs[i] = newval
+            expected = cls(*newargs)
+            got = base.replace(**{name: newval})
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+            i += 1
+
+        # Out of bounds.
+        base = cls(2000, 2, 29)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, year=2001)
+
+    @support.run_with_tz('EDT4')
+    def test_astimezone(self):
+        dt = self.theclass.now()
+        f = FixedOffset(44, "0044")
+        dt_utc = dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=-4), 'EDT'))
+        self.assertEqual(dt.astimezone(), dt_utc) # naive
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, dt.astimezone, f, f) # too many args
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, dt.astimezone, dt) # arg wrong type
+        dt_f = dt.replace(tzinfo=f) + timedelta(hours=4, minutes=44)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.astimezone(f), dt_f) # naive
+        self.assertEqual(dt.astimezone(tz=f), dt_f) # naive
+
+        class Bogus(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): return None
+            def dst(self, dt): return timedelta(0)
+        bog = Bogus()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, dt.astimezone, bog)   # naive
+        self.assertEqual(dt.replace(tzinfo=bog).astimezone(f), dt_f)
+
+        class AlsoBogus(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): return timedelta(0)
+            def dst(self, dt): return None
+        alsobog = AlsoBogus()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, dt.astimezone, alsobog) # also naive
+
+        class Broken(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): return 1
+            def dst(self, dt): return 1
+        broken = Broken()
+        dt_broken = dt.replace(tzinfo=broken)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            dt_broken.astimezone()
+
+    def test_subclass_datetime(self):
+
+        class C(self.theclass):
+            theAnswer = 42
+
+            def __new__(cls, *args, **kws):
+                temp = kws.copy()
+                extra = temp.pop('extra')
+                result = self.theclass.__new__(cls, *args, **temp)
+                result.extra = extra
+                return result
+
+            def newmeth(self, start):
+                return start + self.year + self.month + self.second
+
+        args = 2003, 4, 14, 12, 13, 41
+
+        dt1 = self.theclass(*args)
+        dt2 = C(*args, **{'extra': 7})
+
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.__class__, C)
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.theAnswer, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.extra, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(dt1.toordinal(), dt2.toordinal())
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.newmeth(-7), dt1.year + dt1.month +
+                                          dt1.second - 7)
+
+    def test_subclass_alternate_constructors_datetime(self):
+        # Test that alternate constructors call the constructor
+        class DateTimeSubclass(self.theclass):
+            def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+                result = self.theclass.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+                result.extra = 7
+
+                return result
+
+        args = (2003, 4, 14, 12, 30, 15, 123456)
+        d_isoformat = '2003-04-14T12:30:15.123456'      # Equivalent isoformat()
+        utc_ts = 1050323415.123456                      # UTC timestamp
+
+        base_d = DateTimeSubclass(*args)
+        self.assertIsInstance(base_d, DateTimeSubclass)
+        self.assertEqual(base_d.extra, 7)
+
+        # Timestamp depends on time zone, so we'll calculate the equivalent here
+        ts = base_d.timestamp()
+
+        test_cases = [
+            ('fromtimestamp', (ts,), base_d),
+            # See https://bugs.python.org/issue32417
+            ('fromtimestamp', (ts, timezone.utc),
+                               base_d.astimezone(timezone.utc)),
+            ('utcfromtimestamp', (utc_ts,), base_d),
+            ('fromisoformat', (d_isoformat,), base_d),
+            ('strptime', (d_isoformat, '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f'), base_d),
+            ('combine', (date(*args[0:3]), time(*args[3:])), base_d),
+        ]
+
+        for constr_name, constr_args, expected in test_cases:
+            for base_obj in (DateTimeSubclass, base_d):
+                # Test both the classmethod and method
+                with self.subTest(base_obj_type=type(base_obj),
+                                  constr_name=constr_name):
+                    constructor = getattr(base_obj, constr_name)
+
+                    if constr_name == "utcfromtimestamp":
+                        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                            dt = constructor(*constr_args)
+                    else:
+                        dt = constructor(*constr_args)
+
+                    # Test that it creates the right subclass
+                    self.assertIsInstance(dt, DateTimeSubclass)
+
+                    # Test that it's equal to the base object
+                    self.assertEqual(dt, expected)
+
+                    # Test that it called the constructor
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.extra, 7)
+
+    def test_subclass_now(self):
+        # Test that alternate constructors call the constructor
+        class DateTimeSubclass(self.theclass):
+            def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+                result = self.theclass.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+                result.extra = 7
+
+                return result
+
+        test_cases = [
+            ('now', 'now', {}),
+            ('utcnow', 'utcnow', {}),
+            ('now_utc', 'now', {'tz': timezone.utc}),
+            ('now_fixed', 'now', {'tz': timezone(timedelta(hours=-5), "EST")}),
+        ]
+
+        for name, meth_name, kwargs in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(name):
+                constr = getattr(DateTimeSubclass, meth_name)
+                if meth_name == "utcnow":
+                    with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                        dt = constr(**kwargs)
+                else:
+                    dt = constr(**kwargs)
+
+                self.assertIsInstance(dt, DateTimeSubclass)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.extra, 7)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_datetime(self):
+        # Test that isoformat() is reversible
+        base_dates = [
+            (1, 1, 1),
+            (1900, 1, 1),
+            (2004, 11, 12),
+            (2017, 5, 30)
+        ]
+
+        base_times = [
+            (0, 0, 0, 0),
+            (0, 0, 0, 241000),
+            (0, 0, 0, 234567),
+            (12, 30, 45, 234567)
+        ]
+
+        separators = [' ', 'T']
+
+        tzinfos = [None, timezone.utc,
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=-5)),
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=2))]
+
+        dts = [self.theclass(*date_tuple, *time_tuple, tzinfo=tzi)
+               for date_tuple in base_dates
+               for time_tuple in base_times
+               for tzi in tzinfos]
+
+        for dt in dts:
+            for sep in separators:
+                dtstr = dt.isoformat(sep=sep)
+
+                with self.subTest(dtstr=dtstr):
+                    dt_rt = self.theclass.fromisoformat(dtstr)
+                    self.assertEqual(dt, dt_rt)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_timezone(self):
+        base_dt = self.theclass(2014, 12, 30, 12, 30, 45, 217456)
+
+        tzoffsets = [
+            timedelta(hours=5), timedelta(hours=2),
+            timedelta(hours=6, minutes=27),
+            timedelta(hours=12, minutes=32, seconds=30),
+            timedelta(hours=2, minutes=4, seconds=9, microseconds=123456)
+        ]
+
+        tzoffsets += [-1 * td for td in tzoffsets]
+
+        tzinfos = [None, timezone.utc,
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=0))]
+
+        tzinfos += [timezone(td) for td in tzoffsets]
+
+        for tzi in tzinfos:
+            dt = base_dt.replace(tzinfo=tzi)
+            dtstr = dt.isoformat()
+
+            with self.subTest(tstr=dtstr):
+                dt_rt = self.theclass.fromisoformat(dtstr)
+                assert dt == dt_rt, dt_rt
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_separators(self):
+        separators = [
+            ' ', 'T', '\u007f',     # 1-bit widths
+            '\u0080', 'ʁ',          # 2-bit widths
+            'ᛇ', '時',               # 3-bit widths
+            '🐍',                    # 4-bit widths
+            '\ud800',               # bpo-34454: Surrogate code point
+        ]
+
+        for sep in separators:
+            dt = self.theclass(2018, 1, 31, 23, 59, 47, 124789)
+            dtstr = dt.isoformat(sep=sep)
+
+            with self.subTest(dtstr=dtstr):
+                dt_rt = self.theclass.fromisoformat(dtstr)
+                self.assertEqual(dt, dt_rt)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_ambiguous(self):
+        # Test strings like 2018-01-31+12:15 (where +12:15 is not a time zone)
+        separators = ['+', '-']
+        for sep in separators:
+            dt = self.theclass(2018, 1, 31, 12, 15)
+            dtstr = dt.isoformat(sep=sep)
+
+            with self.subTest(dtstr=dtstr):
+                dt_rt = self.theclass.fromisoformat(dtstr)
+                self.assertEqual(dt, dt_rt)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_timespecs(self):
+        datetime_bases = [
+            (2009, 12, 4, 8, 17, 45, 123456),
+            (2009, 12, 4, 8, 17, 45, 0)]
+
+        tzinfos = [None, timezone.utc,
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=-5)),
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=2)),
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=6, minutes=27))]
+
+        timespecs = ['hours', 'minutes', 'seconds',
+                     'milliseconds', 'microseconds']
+
+        for ip, ts in enumerate(timespecs):
+            for tzi in tzinfos:
+                for dt_tuple in datetime_bases:
+                    if ts == 'milliseconds':
+                        new_microseconds = 1000 * (dt_tuple[6] // 1000)
+                        dt_tuple = dt_tuple[0:6] + (new_microseconds,)
+
+                    dt = self.theclass(*(dt_tuple[0:(4 + ip)]), tzinfo=tzi)
+                    dtstr = dt.isoformat(timespec=ts)
+                    with self.subTest(dtstr=dtstr):
+                        dt_rt = self.theclass.fromisoformat(dtstr)
+                        self.assertEqual(dt, dt_rt)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_datetime_examples(self):
+        UTC = timezone.utc
+        BST = timezone(timedelta(hours=1), 'BST')
+        EST = timezone(timedelta(hours=-5), 'EST')
+        EDT = timezone(timedelta(hours=-4), 'EDT')
+        examples = [
+            ('2025-01-02', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 0, 0)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 0)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4)),
+            ('2025-01-02T0304', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)),
+            ('2025-01-02T030405', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05.6',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 600000)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05,6',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 600000)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05.678',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678000)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05.678901',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678901)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05,678901',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678901)),
+            ('2025-01-02T030405.678901',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678901)),
+            ('2025-01-02T030405,678901',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678901)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05.6789010',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678901)),
+            ('2009-04-19T03:15:45.2345',
+             self.theclass(2009, 4, 19, 3, 15, 45, 234500)),
+            ('2009-04-19T03:15:45.1234567',
+             self.theclass(2009, 4, 19, 3, 15, 45, 123456)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05,678',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678000)),
+            ('20250102', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 0, 0)),
+            ('20250102T03', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 0)),
+            ('20250102T03:04', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4)),
+            ('20250102T03:04:05', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)),
+            ('20250102T030405', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)),
+            ('20250102T03:04:05.6',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 600000)),
+            ('20250102T03:04:05,6',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 600000)),
+            ('20250102T03:04:05.678',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678000)),
+            ('20250102T03:04:05,678',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678000)),
+            ('20250102T03:04:05.678901',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678901)),
+            ('20250102T030405.678901',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678901)),
+            ('20250102T030405,678901',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678901)),
+            ('20250102T030405.6789010',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678901)),
+            ('2022W01', self.theclass(2022, 1, 3)),
+            ('2022W52520', self.theclass(2022, 12, 26, 20, 0)),
+            ('2022W527520', self.theclass(2023, 1, 1, 20, 0)),
+            ('2026W01516', self.theclass(2025, 12, 29, 16, 0)),
+            ('2026W013516', self.theclass(2025, 12, 31, 16, 0)),
+            ('2025W01503', self.theclass(2024, 12, 30, 3, 0)),
+            ('2025W014503', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 0)),
+            ('2025W01512', self.theclass(2024, 12, 30, 12, 0)),
+            ('2025W014512', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 12, 0)),
+            ('2025W014T121431', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 12, 14, 31)),
+            ('2026W013T162100', self.theclass(2025, 12, 31, 16, 21)),
+            ('2026W013 162100', self.theclass(2025, 12, 31, 16, 21)),
+            ('2022W527T202159', self.theclass(2023, 1, 1, 20, 21, 59)),
+            ('2022W527 202159', self.theclass(2023, 1, 1, 20, 21, 59)),
+            ('2025W014 121431', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 12, 14, 31)),
+            ('2025W014T030405', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)),
+            ('2025W014 030405', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)),
+            ('2020-W53-6T03:04:05', self.theclass(2021, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)),
+            ('2020W537 03:04:05', self.theclass(2021, 1, 3, 3, 4, 5)),
+            ('2025-W01-4T03:04:05', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)),
+            ('2025-W01-4T03:04:05.678901',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678901)),
+            ('2025-W01-4T12:14:31', self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 12, 14, 31)),
+            ('2025-W01-4T12:14:31.012345',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 12, 14, 31, 12345)),
+            ('2026-W01-3T16:21:00', self.theclass(2025, 12, 31, 16, 21)),
+            ('2026-W01-3T16:21:00.000000', self.theclass(2025, 12, 31, 16, 21)),
+            ('2022-W52-7T20:21:59',
+             self.theclass(2023, 1, 1, 20, 21, 59)),
+            ('2022-W52-7T20:21:59.999999',
+             self.theclass(2023, 1, 1, 20, 21, 59, 999999)),
+            ('2025-W01003+00',
+             self.theclass(2024, 12, 30, 3, 0, tzinfo=UTC)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05+00',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, tzinfo=UTC)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05Z',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, tzinfo=UTC)),
+            ('2025-01-02003:04:05,6+00:00:00.00',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 600000, tzinfo=UTC)),
+            ('2000-01-01T00+21',
+             self.theclass(2000, 1, 1, 0, 0, tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=21)))),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:05:06+0300',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,
+                           tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=3)))),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:05:06-0300',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,
+                           tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=-3)))),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05+0000',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, tzinfo=UTC)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:05:06+03',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,
+                           tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=3)))),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:05:06-03',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,
+                           tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=-3)))),
+            ('2020-01-01T03:05:07.123457-05:00',
+             self.theclass(2020, 1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 123457, tzinfo=EST)),
+            ('2020-01-01T03:05:07.123457-0500',
+             self.theclass(2020, 1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 123457, tzinfo=EST)),
+            ('2020-06-01T04:05:06.111111-04:00',
+             self.theclass(2020, 6, 1, 4, 5, 6, 111111, tzinfo=EDT)),
+            ('2020-06-01T04:05:06.111111-0400',
+             self.theclass(2020, 6, 1, 4, 5, 6, 111111, tzinfo=EDT)),
+            ('2021-10-31T01:30:00.000000+01:00',
+             self.theclass(2021, 10, 31, 1, 30, tzinfo=BST)),
+            ('2021-10-31T01:30:00.000000+0100',
+             self.theclass(2021, 10, 31, 1, 30, tzinfo=BST)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05,6+000000.00',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 600000, tzinfo=UTC)),
+            ('2025-01-02T03:04:05,678+00:00:10',
+             self.theclass(2025, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 678000,
+                           tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(seconds=10)))),
+        ]
+
+        for input_str, expected in examples:
+            with self.subTest(input_str=input_str):
+                actual = self.theclass.fromisoformat(input_str)
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_fails_datetime(self):
+        # Test that fromisoformat() fails on invalid values
+        bad_strs = [
+            '',                             # Empty string
+            '\ud800',                       # bpo-34454: Surrogate code point
+            '2009.04-19T03',                # Wrong first separator
+            '2009-04.19T03',                # Wrong second separator
+            '2009-04-19T0a',                # Invalid hours
+            '2009-04-19T03:1a:45',          # Invalid minutes
+            '2009-04-19T03:15:4a',          # Invalid seconds
+            '2009-04-19T03;15:45',          # Bad first time separator
+            '2009-04-19T03:15;45',          # Bad second time separator
+            '2009-04-19T03:15:4500:00',     # Bad time zone separator
+            '2009-04-19T03:15:45.123456+24:30',    # Invalid time zone offset
+            '2009-04-19T03:15:45.123456-24:30',    # Invalid negative offset
+            '2009-04-10ᛇᛇᛇᛇᛇ12:15',         # Too many unicode separators
+            '2009-04\ud80010T12:15',        # Surrogate char in date
+            '2009-04-10T12\ud80015',        # Surrogate char in time
+            '2009-04-19T1',                 # Incomplete hours
+            '2009-04-19T12:3',              # Incomplete minutes
+            '2009-04-19T12:30:4',           # Incomplete seconds
+            '2009-04-19T12:',               # Ends with time separator
+            '2009-04-19T12:30:',            # Ends with time separator
+            '2009-04-19T12:30:45.',         # Ends with time separator
+            '2009-04-19T12:30:45.123456+',  # Ends with timzone separator
+            '2009-04-19T12:30:45.123456-',  # Ends with timzone separator
+            '2009-04-19T12:30:45.123456-05:00a',    # Extra text
+            '2009-04-19T12:30:45.123-05:00a',       # Extra text
+            '2009-04-19T12:30:45-05:00a',           # Extra text
+        ]
+
+        for bad_str in bad_strs:
+            with self.subTest(bad_str=bad_str):
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    self.theclass.fromisoformat(bad_str)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_fails_surrogate(self):
+        # Test that when fromisoformat() fails with a surrogate character as
+        # the separator, the error message contains the original string
+        dtstr = "2018-01-03\ud80001:0113"
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, re.escape(repr(dtstr))):
+            self.theclass.fromisoformat(dtstr)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_utc(self):
+        dt_str = '2014-04-19T13:21:13+00:00'
+        dt = self.theclass.fromisoformat(dt_str)
+
+        self.assertIs(dt.tzinfo, timezone.utc)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_subclass(self):
+        class DateTimeSubclass(self.theclass):
+            pass
+
+        dt = DateTimeSubclass(2014, 12, 14, 9, 30, 45, 457390,
+                              tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=10, minutes=45)))
+
+        dt_rt = DateTimeSubclass.fromisoformat(dt.isoformat())
+
+        self.assertEqual(dt, dt_rt)
+        self.assertIsInstance(dt_rt, DateTimeSubclass)
+
+
+class TestSubclassDateTime(TestDateTime):
+    theclass = SubclassDatetime
+    # Override tests not designed for subclass
+    @unittest.skip('not appropriate for subclasses')
+    def test_roundtrip(self):
+        pass
+
+class SubclassTime(time):
+    sub_var = 1
+
+class TestTime(HarmlessMixedComparison, unittest.TestCase):
+
+    theclass = time
+
+    def test_basic_attributes(self):
+        t = self.theclass(12, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t.hour, 12)
+        self.assertEqual(t.minute, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t.second, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t.microsecond, 0)
+
+    def test_basic_attributes_nonzero(self):
+        # Make sure all attributes are non-zero so bugs in
+        # bit-shifting access show up.
+        t = self.theclass(12, 59, 59, 8000)
+        self.assertEqual(t.hour, 12)
+        self.assertEqual(t.minute, 59)
+        self.assertEqual(t.second, 59)
+        self.assertEqual(t.microsecond, 8000)
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self):
+        t = self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4)
+
+        # Verify t -> string -> time identity.
+        s = repr(t)
+        self.assertTrue(s.startswith('datetime.'))
+        s = s[9:]
+        t2 = eval(s)
+        self.assertEqual(t, t2)
+
+        # Verify identity via reconstructing from pieces.
+        t2 = self.theclass(t.hour, t.minute, t.second,
+                           t.microsecond)
+        self.assertEqual(t, t2)
+
+    def test_comparing(self):
+        args = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        t1 = self.theclass(*args)
+        t2 = self.theclass(*args)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 <= t2)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 >= t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 != t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 < t2)
+        self.assertFalse(t1 > t2)
+
+        for i in range(len(args)):
+            newargs = args[:]
+            newargs[i] = args[i] + 1
+            t2 = self.theclass(*newargs)   # this is larger than t1
+            self.assertTrue(t1 < t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 > t1)
+            self.assertTrue(t1 <= t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 >= t1)
+            self.assertTrue(t1 != t2)
+            self.assertTrue(t2 != t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 == t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 == t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 > t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 < t1)
+            self.assertFalse(t1 >= t2)
+            self.assertFalse(t2 <= t1)
+
+        for badarg in OTHERSTUFF:
+            self.assertEqual(t1 == badarg, False)
+            self.assertEqual(t1 != badarg, True)
+            self.assertEqual(badarg == t1, False)
+            self.assertEqual(badarg != t1, True)
+
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 <= badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 < badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 > badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t1 >= badarg)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg <= t1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg < t1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg > t1)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: badarg >= t1)
+
+    def test_bad_constructor_arguments(self):
+        # bad hours
+        self.theclass(0, 0)    # no exception
+        self.theclass(23, 0)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, -1, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 24, 0)
+        # bad minutes
+        self.theclass(23, 0)    # no exception
+        self.theclass(23, 59)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 23, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 23, 60)
+        # bad seconds
+        self.theclass(23, 59, 0)    # no exception
+        self.theclass(23, 59, 59)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 23, 59, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 23, 59, 60)
+        # bad microseconds
+        self.theclass(23, 59, 59, 0)        # no exception
+        self.theclass(23, 59, 59, 999999)   # no exception
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 23, 59, 59, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.theclass, 23, 59, 59, 1000000)
+
+    def test_hash_equality(self):
+        d = self.theclass(23, 30, 17)
+        e = self.theclass(23, 30, 17)
+        self.assertEqual(d, e)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(d), hash(e))
+
+        dic = {d: 1}
+        dic[e] = 2
+        self.assertEqual(len(dic), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[d], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[e], 2)
+
+        d = self.theclass(0,  5, 17)
+        e = self.theclass(0,  5, 17)
+        self.assertEqual(d, e)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(d), hash(e))
+
+        dic = {d: 1}
+        dic[e] = 2
+        self.assertEqual(len(dic), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[d], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dic[e], 2)
+
+    def test_isoformat(self):
+        t = self.theclass(4, 5, 1, 123)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), "04:05:01.000123")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), str(t))
+
+        t = self.theclass()
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), "00:00:00")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), str(t))
+
+        t = self.theclass(microsecond=1)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), "00:00:00.000001")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), str(t))
+
+        t = self.theclass(microsecond=10)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), "00:00:00.000010")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), str(t))
+
+        t = self.theclass(microsecond=100)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), "00:00:00.000100")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), str(t))
+
+        t = self.theclass(microsecond=1000)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), "00:00:00.001000")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), str(t))
+
+        t = self.theclass(microsecond=10000)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), "00:00:00.010000")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), str(t))
+
+        t = self.theclass(microsecond=100000)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), "00:00:00.100000")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(), str(t))
+
+        t = self.theclass(hour=12, minute=34, second=56, microsecond=123456)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='hours'), "12")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='minutes'), "12:34")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='seconds'), "12:34:56")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='milliseconds'), "12:34:56.123")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='microseconds'), "12:34:56.123456")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='auto'), "12:34:56.123456")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.isoformat, timespec='monkey')
+        # bpo-34482: Check that surrogates are handled properly.
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.isoformat, timespec='\ud800')
+
+        t = self.theclass(hour=12, minute=34, second=56, microsecond=999500)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='milliseconds'), "12:34:56.999")
+
+        t = self.theclass(hour=12, minute=34, second=56, microsecond=0)
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='milliseconds'), "12:34:56.000")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='microseconds'), "12:34:56.000000")
+        self.assertEqual(t.isoformat(timespec='auto'), "12:34:56")
+
+    def test_isoformat_timezone(self):
+        tzoffsets = [
+            ('05:00', timedelta(hours=5)),
+            ('02:00', timedelta(hours=2)),
+            ('06:27', timedelta(hours=6, minutes=27)),
+            ('12:32:30', timedelta(hours=12, minutes=32, seconds=30)),
+            ('02:04:09.123456', timedelta(hours=2, minutes=4, seconds=9, microseconds=123456))
+        ]
+
+        tzinfos = [
+            ('', None),
+            ('+00:00', timezone.utc),
+            ('+00:00', timezone(timedelta(0))),
+        ]
+
+        tzinfos += [
+            (prefix + expected, timezone(sign * td))
+            for expected, td in tzoffsets
+            for prefix, sign in [('-', -1), ('+', 1)]
+        ]
+
+        t_base = self.theclass(12, 37, 9)
+        exp_base = '12:37:09'
+
+        for exp_tz, tzi in tzinfos:
+            t = t_base.replace(tzinfo=tzi)
+            exp = exp_base + exp_tz
+            with self.subTest(tzi=tzi):
+                assert t.isoformat() == exp
+
+    def test_1653736(self):
+        # verify it doesn't accept extra keyword arguments
+        t = self.theclass(second=1)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.isoformat, foo=3)
+
+    def test_strftime(self):
+        t = self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(t.strftime('%H %M %S %f'), "01 02 03 000004")
+        # A naive object replaces %z, %:z and %Z with empty strings.
+        self.assertEqual(t.strftime("'%z' '%:z' '%Z'"), "'' '' ''")
+
+        # bpo-34482: Check that surrogates don't cause a crash.
+        try:
+            t.strftime('%H\ud800%M')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            pass
+
+        # gh-85432: The parameter was named "fmt" in the pure-Python impl.
+        t.strftime(format="%f")
+
+    def test_format(self):
+        t = self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(t.__format__(''), str(t))
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'must be str, not int'):
+            t.__format__(123)
+
+        # check that a derived class's __str__() gets called
+        class A(self.theclass):
+            def __str__(self):
+                return 'A'
+        a = A(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(a.__format__(''), 'A')
+
+        # check that a derived class's strftime gets called
+        class B(self.theclass):
+            def strftime(self, format_spec):
+                return 'B'
+        b = B(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(b.__format__(''), str(t))
+
+        for fmt in ['%H %M %S',
+                    ]:
+            self.assertEqual(t.__format__(fmt), t.strftime(fmt))
+            self.assertEqual(a.__format__(fmt), t.strftime(fmt))
+            self.assertEqual(b.__format__(fmt), 'B')
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4)), "01:02:03.000004")
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.theclass(10, 2, 3, 4000)), "10:02:03.004000")
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.theclass(0, 2, 3, 400000)), "00:02:03.400000")
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.theclass(12, 2, 3, 0)), "12:02:03")
+        self.assertEqual(str(self.theclass(23, 15, 0, 0)), "23:15:00")
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        name = 'datetime.' + self.theclass.__name__
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4)),
+                         "%s(1, 2, 3, 4)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(10, 2, 3, 4000)),
+                         "%s(10, 2, 3, 4000)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(0, 2, 3, 400000)),
+                         "%s(0, 2, 3, 400000)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(12, 2, 3, 0)),
+                         "%s(12, 2, 3)" % name)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(self.theclass(23, 15, 0, 0)),
+                         "%s(23, 15)" % name)
+
+    def test_resolution_info(self):
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.theclass.min, self.theclass)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.theclass.max, self.theclass)
+        self.assertIsInstance(self.theclass.resolution, timedelta)
+        self.assertTrue(self.theclass.max > self.theclass.min)
+
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        args = 20, 59, 16, 64**2
+        orig = self.theclass(*args)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+        self.assertEqual(orig.__reduce__(), orig.__reduce_ex__(2))
+
+    def test_pickling_subclass_time(self):
+        args = 20, 59, 16, 64**2
+        orig = SubclassTime(*args)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+            self.assertTrue(isinstance(derived, SubclassTime))
+
+    def test_compat_unpickle(self):
+        tests = [
+            (b"cdatetime\ntime\n(S'\\x14;\\x10\\x00\\x10\\x00'\ntR.",
+             (20, 59, 16, 64**2)),
+            (b'cdatetime\ntime\n(U\x06\x14;\x10\x00\x10\x00tR.',
+             (20, 59, 16, 64**2)),
+            (b'\x80\x02cdatetime\ntime\nU\x06\x14;\x10\x00\x10\x00\x85R.',
+             (20, 59, 16, 64**2)),
+            (b"cdatetime\ntime\n(S'\\x14;\\x19\\x00\\x10\\x00'\ntR.",
+             (20, 59, 25, 64**2)),
+            (b'cdatetime\ntime\n(U\x06\x14;\x19\x00\x10\x00tR.',
+             (20, 59, 25, 64**2)),
+            (b'\x80\x02cdatetime\ntime\nU\x06\x14;\x19\x00\x10\x00\x85R.',
+             (20, 59, 25, 64**2)),
+        ]
+        for i, (data, args) in enumerate(tests):
+            with self.subTest(i=i):
+                expected = self.theclass(*args)
+                for loads in pickle_loads:
+                    derived = loads(data, encoding='latin1')
+                    self.assertEqual(derived, expected)
+
+    def test_bool(self):
+        # time is always True.
+        cls = self.theclass
+        self.assertTrue(cls(1))
+        self.assertTrue(cls(0, 1))
+        self.assertTrue(cls(0, 0, 1))
+        self.assertTrue(cls(0, 0, 0, 1))
+        self.assertTrue(cls(0))
+        self.assertTrue(cls())
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        cls = self.theclass
+        args = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+        base = cls(*args)
+        self.assertEqual(base, base.replace())
+
+        i = 0
+        for name, newval in (("hour", 5),
+                             ("minute", 6),
+                             ("second", 7),
+                             ("microsecond", 8)):
+            newargs = args[:]
+            newargs[i] = newval
+            expected = cls(*newargs)
+            got = base.replace(**{name: newval})
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+            i += 1
+
+        # Out of bounds.
+        base = cls(1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, hour=24)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, minute=-1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, second=100)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, microsecond=1000000)
+
+    def test_subclass_replace(self):
+        class TimeSubclass(self.theclass):
+            pass
+
+        ctime = TimeSubclass(12, 30)
+        self.assertIs(type(ctime.replace(hour=10)), TimeSubclass)
+
+    def test_subclass_time(self):
+
+        class C(self.theclass):
+            theAnswer = 42
+
+            def __new__(cls, *args, **kws):
+                temp = kws.copy()
+                extra = temp.pop('extra')
+                result = self.theclass.__new__(cls, *args, **temp)
+                result.extra = extra
+                return result
+
+            def newmeth(self, start):
+                return start + self.hour + self.second
+
+        args = 4, 5, 6
+
+        dt1 = self.theclass(*args)
+        dt2 = C(*args, **{'extra': 7})
+
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.__class__, C)
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.theAnswer, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.extra, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(dt1.isoformat(), dt2.isoformat())
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.newmeth(-7), dt1.hour + dt1.second - 7)
+
+    def test_backdoor_resistance(self):
+        # see TestDate.test_backdoor_resistance().
+        base = '2:59.0'
+        for hour_byte in ' ', '9', chr(24), '\xff':
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.theclass,
+                                         hour_byte + base[1:])
+        # Good bytes, but bad tzinfo:
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, '^bad tzinfo state arg$'):
+            self.theclass(bytes([1] * len(base)), 'EST')
+
+# A mixin for classes with a tzinfo= argument.  Subclasses must define
+# theclass as a class attribute, and theclass(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=whatever)
+# must be legit (which is true for time and datetime).
+class TZInfoBase:
+
+    def test_argument_passing(self):
+        cls = self.theclass
+        # A datetime passes itself on, a time passes None.
+        class introspective(tzinfo):
+            def tzname(self, dt):    return dt and "real" or "none"
+            def utcoffset(self, dt):
+                return timedelta(minutes = dt and 42 or -42)
+            dst = utcoffset
+
+        obj = cls(1, 2, 3, tzinfo=introspective())
+
+        expected = cls is time and "none" or "real"
+        self.assertEqual(obj.tzname(), expected)
+
+        expected = timedelta(minutes=(cls is time and -42 or 42))
+        self.assertEqual(obj.utcoffset(), expected)
+        self.assertEqual(obj.dst(), expected)
+
+    def test_bad_tzinfo_classes(self):
+        cls = self.theclass
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cls, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=12)
+
+        class NiceTry(object):
+            def __init__(self): pass
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): pass
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cls, 1, 1, 1, tzinfo=NiceTry)
+
+        class BetterTry(tzinfo):
+            def __init__(self): pass
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): pass
+        b = BetterTry()
+        t = cls(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=b)
+        self.assertIs(t.tzinfo, b)
+
+    def test_utc_offset_out_of_bounds(self):
+        class Edgy(tzinfo):
+            def __init__(self, offset):
+                self.offset = timedelta(minutes=offset)
+            def utcoffset(self, dt):
+                return self.offset
+
+        cls = self.theclass
+        for offset, legit in ((-1440, False),
+                              (-1439, True),
+                              (1439, True),
+                              (1440, False)):
+            if cls is time:
+                t = cls(1, 2, 3, tzinfo=Edgy(offset))
+            elif cls is datetime:
+                t = cls(6, 6, 6, 1, 2, 3, tzinfo=Edgy(offset))
+            else:
+                assert 0, "impossible"
+            if legit:
+                aofs = abs(offset)
+                h, m = divmod(aofs, 60)
+                tag = "%c%02d:%02d" % (offset < 0 and '-' or '+', h, m)
+                if isinstance(t, datetime):
+                    t = t.timetz()
+                self.assertEqual(str(t), "01:02:03" + tag)
+            else:
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, str, t)
+
+    def test_tzinfo_classes(self):
+        cls = self.theclass
+        class C1(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): return None
+            def dst(self, dt): return None
+            def tzname(self, dt): return None
+        for t in (cls(1, 1, 1),
+                  cls(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=None),
+                  cls(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=C1())):
+            self.assertIsNone(t.utcoffset())
+            self.assertIsNone(t.dst())
+            self.assertIsNone(t.tzname())
+
+        class C3(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): return timedelta(minutes=-1439)
+            def dst(self, dt): return timedelta(minutes=1439)
+            def tzname(self, dt): return "aname"
+        t = cls(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=C3())
+        self.assertEqual(t.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=-1439))
+        self.assertEqual(t.dst(), timedelta(minutes=1439))
+        self.assertEqual(t.tzname(), "aname")
+
+        # Wrong types.
+        class C4(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): return "aname"
+            def dst(self, dt): return 7
+            def tzname(self, dt): return 0
+        t = cls(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=C4())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.utcoffset)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.dst)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.tzname)
+
+        # Offset out of range.
+        class C6(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): return timedelta(hours=-24)
+            def dst(self, dt): return timedelta(hours=24)
+        t = cls(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=C6())
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.utcoffset)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.dst)
+
+        # Not a whole number of seconds.
+        class C7(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): return timedelta(microseconds=61)
+            def dst(self, dt): return timedelta(microseconds=-81)
+        t = cls(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=C7())
+        self.assertEqual(t.utcoffset(), timedelta(microseconds=61))
+        self.assertEqual(t.dst(), timedelta(microseconds=-81))
+
+    def test_aware_compare(self):
+        cls = self.theclass
+
+        # Ensure that utcoffset() gets ignored if the comparands have
+        # the same tzinfo member.
+        class OperandDependentOffset(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, t):
+                if t.minute < 10:
+                    # d0 and d1 equal after adjustment
+                    return timedelta(minutes=t.minute)
+                else:
+                    # d2 off in the weeds
+                    return timedelta(minutes=59)
+
+        base = cls(8, 9, 10, tzinfo=OperandDependentOffset())
+        d0 = base.replace(minute=3)
+        d1 = base.replace(minute=9)
+        d2 = base.replace(minute=11)
+        for x in d0, d1, d2:
+            for y in d0, d1, d2:
+                for op in lt, le, gt, ge, eq, ne:
+                    got = op(x, y)
+                    expected = op(x.minute, y.minute)
+                    self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
+        # However, if they're different members, uctoffset is not ignored.
+        # Note that a time can't actually have an operand-dependent offset,
+        # though (and time.utcoffset() passes None to tzinfo.utcoffset()),
+        # so skip this test for time.
+        if cls is not time:
+            d0 = base.replace(minute=3, tzinfo=OperandDependentOffset())
+            d1 = base.replace(minute=9, tzinfo=OperandDependentOffset())
+            d2 = base.replace(minute=11, tzinfo=OperandDependentOffset())
+            for x in d0, d1, d2:
+                for y in d0, d1, d2:
+                    got = (x > y) - (x < y)
+                    if (x is d0 or x is d1) and (y is d0 or y is d1):
+                        expected = 0
+                    elif x is y is d2:
+                        expected = 0
+                    elif x is d2:
+                        expected = -1
+                    else:
+                        assert y is d2
+                        expected = 1
+                    self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
+
+# Testing time objects with a non-None tzinfo.
+class TestTimeTZ(TestTime, TZInfoBase, unittest.TestCase):
+    theclass = time
+
+    def test_empty(self):
+        t = self.theclass()
+        self.assertEqual(t.hour, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t.minute, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t.second, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t.microsecond, 0)
+        self.assertIsNone(t.tzinfo)
+
+    def test_zones(self):
+        est = FixedOffset(-300, "EST", 1)
+        utc = FixedOffset(0, "UTC", -2)
+        met = FixedOffset(60, "MET", 3)
+        t1 = time( 7, 47, tzinfo=est)
+        t2 = time(12, 47, tzinfo=utc)
+        t3 = time(13, 47, tzinfo=met)
+        t4 = time(microsecond=40)
+        t5 = time(microsecond=40, tzinfo=utc)
+
+        self.assertEqual(t1.tzinfo, est)
+        self.assertEqual(t2.tzinfo, utc)
+        self.assertEqual(t3.tzinfo, met)
+        self.assertIsNone(t4.tzinfo)
+        self.assertEqual(t5.tzinfo, utc)
+
+        self.assertEqual(t1.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=-300))
+        self.assertEqual(t2.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=0))
+        self.assertEqual(t3.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=60))
+        self.assertIsNone(t4.utcoffset())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t1.utcoffset, "no args")
+
+        self.assertEqual(t1.tzname(), "EST")
+        self.assertEqual(t2.tzname(), "UTC")
+        self.assertEqual(t3.tzname(), "MET")
+        self.assertIsNone(t4.tzname())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t1.tzname, "no args")
+
+        self.assertEqual(t1.dst(), timedelta(minutes=1))
+        self.assertEqual(t2.dst(), timedelta(minutes=-2))
+        self.assertEqual(t3.dst(), timedelta(minutes=3))
+        self.assertIsNone(t4.dst())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t1.dst, "no args")
+
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t1), hash(t2))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t1), hash(t3))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t2), hash(t3))
+
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t3)
+        self.assertEqual(t2, t3)
+        self.assertNotEqual(t4, t5) # mixed tz-aware & naive
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t4 < t5) # mixed tz-aware & naive
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: t5 < t4) # mixed tz-aware & naive
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(t1), "07:47:00-05:00")
+        self.assertEqual(str(t2), "12:47:00+00:00")
+        self.assertEqual(str(t3), "13:47:00+01:00")
+        self.assertEqual(str(t4), "00:00:00.000040")
+        self.assertEqual(str(t5), "00:00:00.000040+00:00")
+
+        self.assertEqual(t1.isoformat(), "07:47:00-05:00")
+        self.assertEqual(t2.isoformat(), "12:47:00+00:00")
+        self.assertEqual(t3.isoformat(), "13:47:00+01:00")
+        self.assertEqual(t4.isoformat(), "00:00:00.000040")
+        self.assertEqual(t5.isoformat(), "00:00:00.000040+00:00")
+
+        d = 'datetime.time'
+        self.assertEqual(repr(t1), d + "(7, 47, tzinfo=est)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(t2), d + "(12, 47, tzinfo=utc)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(t3), d + "(13, 47, tzinfo=met)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(t4), d + "(0, 0, 0, 40)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(t5), d + "(0, 0, 0, 40, tzinfo=utc)")
+
+        self.assertEqual(t1.strftime("%H:%M:%S %%Z=%Z %%z=%z %%:z=%:z"),
+                                     "07:47:00 %Z=EST %z=-0500 %:z=-05:00")
+        self.assertEqual(t2.strftime("%H:%M:%S %Z %z %:z"), "12:47:00 UTC +0000 +00:00")
+        self.assertEqual(t3.strftime("%H:%M:%S %Z %z %:z"), "13:47:00 MET +0100 +01:00")
+
+        yuck = FixedOffset(-1439, "%z %Z %%z%%Z")
+        t1 = time(23, 59, tzinfo=yuck)
+        self.assertEqual(t1.strftime("%H:%M %%Z='%Z' %%z='%z'"),
+                                     "23:59 %Z='%z %Z %%z%%Z' %z='-2359'")
+
+        # Check that an invalid tzname result raises an exception.
+        class Badtzname(tzinfo):
+            tz = 42
+            def tzname(self, dt): return self.tz
+        t = time(2, 3, 4, tzinfo=Badtzname())
+        self.assertEqual(t.strftime("%H:%M:%S"), "02:03:04")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.strftime, "%Z")
+
+        # Issue #6697:
+        if '_Fast' in self.__class__.__name__:
+            Badtzname.tz = '\ud800'
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.strftime, "%Z")
+
+    def test_hash_edge_cases(self):
+        # Offsets that overflow a basic time.
+        t1 = self.theclass(0, 1, 2, 3, tzinfo=FixedOffset(1439, ""))
+        t2 = self.theclass(0, 0, 2, 3, tzinfo=FixedOffset(1438, ""))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t1), hash(t2))
+
+        t1 = self.theclass(23, 58, 6, 100, tzinfo=FixedOffset(-1000, ""))
+        t2 = self.theclass(23, 48, 6, 100, tzinfo=FixedOffset(-1010, ""))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t1), hash(t2))
+
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        # Try one without a tzinfo.
+        args = 20, 59, 16, 64**2
+        orig = self.theclass(*args)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+        self.assertEqual(orig.__reduce__(), orig.__reduce_ex__(2))
+
+        # Try one with a tzinfo.
+        tinfo = PicklableFixedOffset(-300, 'cookie')
+        orig = self.theclass(5, 6, 7, tzinfo=tinfo)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+            self.assertIsInstance(derived.tzinfo, PicklableFixedOffset)
+            self.assertEqual(derived.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=-300))
+            self.assertEqual(derived.tzname(), 'cookie')
+        self.assertEqual(orig.__reduce__(), orig.__reduce_ex__(2))
+
+    def test_compat_unpickle(self):
+        tests = [
+            b"cdatetime\ntime\n(S'\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x01\\xe2@'\n"
+            b"ctest.datetimetester\nPicklableFixedOffset\n(tR"
+            b"(dS'_FixedOffset__offset'\ncdatetime\ntimedelta\n"
+            b"(I-1\nI68400\nI0\ntRs"
+            b"S'_FixedOffset__dstoffset'\nNs"
+            b"S'_FixedOffset__name'\nS'cookie'\nsbtR.",
+
+            b'cdatetime\ntime\n(U\x06\x05\x06\x07\x01\xe2@'
+            b'ctest.datetimetester\nPicklableFixedOffset\n)R'
+            b'}(U\x14_FixedOffset__offsetcdatetime\ntimedelta\n'
+            b'(J\xff\xff\xff\xffJ0\x0b\x01\x00K\x00tR'
+            b'U\x17_FixedOffset__dstoffsetN'
+            b'U\x12_FixedOffset__nameU\x06cookieubtR.',
+
+            b'\x80\x02cdatetime\ntime\nU\x06\x05\x06\x07\x01\xe2@'
+            b'ctest.datetimetester\nPicklableFixedOffset\n)R'
+            b'}(U\x14_FixedOffset__offsetcdatetime\ntimedelta\n'
+            b'J\xff\xff\xff\xffJ0\x0b\x01\x00K\x00\x87R'
+            b'U\x17_FixedOffset__dstoffsetN'
+            b'U\x12_FixedOffset__nameU\x06cookieub\x86R.',
+        ]
+
+        tinfo = PicklableFixedOffset(-300, 'cookie')
+        expected = self.theclass(5, 6, 7, 123456, tzinfo=tinfo)
+        for data in tests:
+            for loads in pickle_loads:
+                derived = loads(data, encoding='latin1')
+                self.assertEqual(derived, expected, repr(data))
+                self.assertIsInstance(derived.tzinfo, PicklableFixedOffset)
+                self.assertEqual(derived.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=-300))
+                self.assertEqual(derived.tzname(), 'cookie')
+
+    def test_more_bool(self):
+        # time is always True.
+        cls = self.theclass
+
+        t = cls(0, tzinfo=FixedOffset(-300, ""))
+        self.assertTrue(t)
+
+        t = cls(5, tzinfo=FixedOffset(-300, ""))
+        self.assertTrue(t)
+
+        t = cls(5, tzinfo=FixedOffset(300, ""))
+        self.assertTrue(t)
+
+        t = cls(23, 59, tzinfo=FixedOffset(23*60 + 59, ""))
+        self.assertTrue(t)
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        cls = self.theclass
+        z100 = FixedOffset(100, "+100")
+        zm200 = FixedOffset(timedelta(minutes=-200), "-200")
+        args = [1, 2, 3, 4, z100]
+        base = cls(*args)
+        self.assertEqual(base, base.replace())
+
+        i = 0
+        for name, newval in (("hour", 5),
+                             ("minute", 6),
+                             ("second", 7),
+                             ("microsecond", 8),
+                             ("tzinfo", zm200)):
+            newargs = args[:]
+            newargs[i] = newval
+            expected = cls(*newargs)
+            got = base.replace(**{name: newval})
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+            i += 1
+
+        # Ensure we can get rid of a tzinfo.
+        self.assertEqual(base.tzname(), "+100")
+        base2 = base.replace(tzinfo=None)
+        self.assertIsNone(base2.tzinfo)
+        self.assertIsNone(base2.tzname())
+
+        # Ensure we can add one.
+        base3 = base2.replace(tzinfo=z100)
+        self.assertEqual(base, base3)
+        self.assertIs(base.tzinfo, base3.tzinfo)
+
+        # Out of bounds.
+        base = cls(1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, hour=24)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, minute=-1)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, second=100)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, microsecond=1000000)
+
+    def test_mixed_compare(self):
+        t1 = self.theclass(1, 2, 3)
+        t2 = self.theclass(1, 2, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        t2 = t2.replace(tzinfo=None)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        t2 = t2.replace(tzinfo=FixedOffset(None, ""))
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        t2 = t2.replace(tzinfo=FixedOffset(0, ""))
+        self.assertNotEqual(t1, t2)
+
+        # In time w/ identical tzinfo objects, utcoffset is ignored.
+        class Varies(tzinfo):
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.offset = timedelta(minutes=22)
+            def utcoffset(self, t):
+                self.offset += timedelta(minutes=1)
+                return self.offset
+
+        v = Varies()
+        t1 = t2.replace(tzinfo=v)
+        t2 = t2.replace(tzinfo=v)
+        self.assertEqual(t1.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=23))
+        self.assertEqual(t2.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=24))
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+
+        # But if they're not identical, it isn't ignored.
+        t2 = t2.replace(tzinfo=Varies())
+        self.assertTrue(t1 < t2)  # t1's offset counter still going up
+
+    def test_fromisoformat(self):
+        time_examples = [
+            (0, 0, 0, 0),
+            (23, 59, 59, 999999),
+        ]
+
+        hh = (9, 12, 20)
+        mm = (5, 30)
+        ss = (4, 45)
+        usec = (0, 245000, 678901)
+
+        time_examples += list(itertools.product(hh, mm, ss, usec))
+
+        tzinfos = [None, timezone.utc,
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=2)),
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=6, minutes=27))]
+
+        for ttup in time_examples:
+            for tzi in tzinfos:
+                t = self.theclass(*ttup, tzinfo=tzi)
+                tstr = t.isoformat()
+
+                with self.subTest(tstr=tstr):
+                    t_rt = self.theclass.fromisoformat(tstr)
+                    self.assertEqual(t, t_rt)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_timezone(self):
+        base_time = self.theclass(12, 30, 45, 217456)
+
+        tzoffsets = [
+            timedelta(hours=5), timedelta(hours=2),
+            timedelta(hours=6, minutes=27),
+            timedelta(hours=12, minutes=32, seconds=30),
+            timedelta(hours=2, minutes=4, seconds=9, microseconds=123456)
+        ]
+
+        tzoffsets += [-1 * td for td in tzoffsets]
+
+        tzinfos = [None, timezone.utc,
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=0))]
+
+        tzinfos += [timezone(td) for td in tzoffsets]
+
+        for tzi in tzinfos:
+            t = base_time.replace(tzinfo=tzi)
+            tstr = t.isoformat()
+
+            with self.subTest(tstr=tstr):
+                t_rt = self.theclass.fromisoformat(tstr)
+                assert t == t_rt, t_rt
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_timespecs(self):
+        time_bases = [
+            (8, 17, 45, 123456),
+            (8, 17, 45, 0)
+        ]
+
+        tzinfos = [None, timezone.utc,
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=-5)),
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=2)),
+                   timezone(timedelta(hours=6, minutes=27))]
+
+        timespecs = ['hours', 'minutes', 'seconds',
+                     'milliseconds', 'microseconds']
+
+        for ip, ts in enumerate(timespecs):
+            for tzi in tzinfos:
+                for t_tuple in time_bases:
+                    if ts == 'milliseconds':
+                        new_microseconds = 1000 * (t_tuple[-1] // 1000)
+                        t_tuple = t_tuple[0:-1] + (new_microseconds,)
+
+                    t = self.theclass(*(t_tuple[0:(1 + ip)]), tzinfo=tzi)
+                    tstr = t.isoformat(timespec=ts)
+                    with self.subTest(tstr=tstr):
+                        t_rt = self.theclass.fromisoformat(tstr)
+                        self.assertEqual(t, t_rt)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_fractions(self):
+        strs = [
+            ('12:30:45.1', (12, 30, 45, 100000)),
+            ('12:30:45.12', (12, 30, 45, 120000)),
+            ('12:30:45.123', (12, 30, 45, 123000)),
+            ('12:30:45.1234', (12, 30, 45, 123400)),
+            ('12:30:45.12345', (12, 30, 45, 123450)),
+            ('12:30:45.123456', (12, 30, 45, 123456)),
+            ('12:30:45.1234567', (12, 30, 45, 123456)),
+            ('12:30:45.12345678', (12, 30, 45, 123456)),
+        ]
+
+        for time_str, time_comps in strs:
+            expected = self.theclass(*time_comps)
+            actual = self.theclass.fromisoformat(time_str)
+
+            self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_time_examples(self):
+        examples = [
+            ('0000', self.theclass(0, 0)),
+            ('00:00', self.theclass(0, 0)),
+            ('000000', self.theclass(0, 0)),
+            ('00:00:00', self.theclass(0, 0)),
+            ('000000.0', self.theclass(0, 0)),
+            ('00:00:00.0', self.theclass(0, 0)),
+            ('000000.000', self.theclass(0, 0)),
+            ('00:00:00.000', self.theclass(0, 0)),
+            ('000000.000000', self.theclass(0, 0)),
+            ('00:00:00.000000', self.theclass(0, 0)),
+            ('1200', self.theclass(12, 0)),
+            ('12:00', self.theclass(12, 0)),
+            ('120000', self.theclass(12, 0)),
+            ('12:00:00', self.theclass(12, 0)),
+            ('120000.0', self.theclass(12, 0)),
+            ('12:00:00.0', self.theclass(12, 0)),
+            ('120000.000', self.theclass(12, 0)),
+            ('12:00:00.000', self.theclass(12, 0)),
+            ('120000.000000', self.theclass(12, 0)),
+            ('12:00:00.000000', self.theclass(12, 0)),
+            ('2359', self.theclass(23, 59)),
+            ('23:59', self.theclass(23, 59)),
+            ('235959', self.theclass(23, 59, 59)),
+            ('23:59:59', self.theclass(23, 59, 59)),
+            ('235959.9', self.theclass(23, 59, 59, 900000)),
+            ('23:59:59.9', self.theclass(23, 59, 59, 900000)),
+            ('235959.999', self.theclass(23, 59, 59, 999000)),
+            ('23:59:59.999', self.theclass(23, 59, 59, 999000)),
+            ('235959.999999', self.theclass(23, 59, 59, 999999)),
+            ('23:59:59.999999', self.theclass(23, 59, 59, 999999)),
+            ('00:00:00Z', self.theclass(0, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
+            ('12:00:00+0000', self.theclass(12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
+            ('12:00:00+00:00', self.theclass(12, 0, tzinfo=timezone.utc)),
+            ('00:00:00+05',
+             self.theclass(0, 0, tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=5)))),
+            ('00:00:00+05:30',
+             self.theclass(0, 0, tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=5, minutes=30)))),
+            ('12:00:00-05:00',
+             self.theclass(12, 0, tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=-5)))),
+            ('12:00:00-0500',
+             self.theclass(12, 0, tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=-5)))),
+            ('00:00:00,000-23:59:59.999999',
+             self.theclass(0, 0, tzinfo=timezone(-timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59, microseconds=999999)))),
+        ]
+
+        for input_str, expected in examples:
+            with self.subTest(input_str=input_str):
+                actual = self.theclass.fromisoformat(input_str)
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_fails(self):
+        bad_strs = [
+            '',                         # Empty string
+            '12\ud80000',               # Invalid separator - surrogate char
+            '12:',                      # Ends on a separator
+            '12:30:',                   # Ends on a separator
+            '12:30:15.',                # Ends on a separator
+            '1',                        # Incomplete hours
+            '12:3',                     # Incomplete minutes
+            '12:30:1',                  # Incomplete seconds
+            '1a:30:45.334034',          # Invalid character in hours
+            '12:a0:45.334034',          # Invalid character in minutes
+            '12:30:a5.334034',          # Invalid character in seconds
+            '12:30:45.123456+24:30',    # Invalid time zone offset
+            '12:30:45.123456-24:30',    # Invalid negative offset
+            '12：30：45',                 # Uses full-width unicode colons
+            '12:30:45.123456a',         # Non-numeric data after 6 components
+            '12:30:45.123456789a',      # Non-numeric data after 9 components
+            '12:30:45․123456',          # Uses \u2024 in place of decimal point
+            '12:30:45a',                # Extra at tend of basic time
+            '12:30:45.123a',            # Extra at end of millisecond time
+            '12:30:45.123456a',         # Extra at end of microsecond time
+            '12:30:45.123456-',         # Extra at end of microsecond time
+            '12:30:45.123456+',         # Extra at end of microsecond time
+            '12:30:45.123456+12:00:30a',    # Extra at end of full time
+        ]
+
+        for bad_str in bad_strs:
+            with self.subTest(bad_str=bad_str):
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    self.theclass.fromisoformat(bad_str)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_fails_typeerror(self):
+        # Test the fromisoformat fails when passed the wrong type
+        bad_types = [b'12:30:45', None, io.StringIO('12:30:45')]
+
+        for bad_type in bad_types:
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                self.theclass.fromisoformat(bad_type)
+
+    def test_fromisoformat_subclass(self):
+        class TimeSubclass(self.theclass):
+            pass
+
+        tsc = TimeSubclass(12, 14, 45, 203745, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        tsc_rt = TimeSubclass.fromisoformat(tsc.isoformat())
+
+        self.assertEqual(tsc, tsc_rt)
+        self.assertIsInstance(tsc_rt, TimeSubclass)
+
+    def test_subclass_timetz(self):
+
+        class C(self.theclass):
+            theAnswer = 42
+
+            def __new__(cls, *args, **kws):
+                temp = kws.copy()
+                extra = temp.pop('extra')
+                result = self.theclass.__new__(cls, *args, **temp)
+                result.extra = extra
+                return result
+
+            def newmeth(self, start):
+                return start + self.hour + self.second
+
+        args = 4, 5, 6, 500, FixedOffset(-300, "EST", 1)
+
+        dt1 = self.theclass(*args)
+        dt2 = C(*args, **{'extra': 7})
+
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.__class__, C)
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.theAnswer, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.extra, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(dt1.utcoffset(), dt2.utcoffset())
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.newmeth(-7), dt1.hour + dt1.second - 7)
+
+
+# Testing datetime objects with a non-None tzinfo.
+
+class TestDateTimeTZ(TestDateTime, TZInfoBase, unittest.TestCase):
+    theclass = datetime
+
+    def test_trivial(self):
+        dt = self.theclass(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.year, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.month, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.day, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.hour, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.minute, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.second, 6)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.microsecond, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.tzinfo, None)
+
+    def test_even_more_compare(self):
+        # The test_compare() and test_more_compare() inherited from TestDate
+        # and TestDateTime covered non-tzinfo cases.
+
+        # Smallest possible after UTC adjustment.
+        t1 = self.theclass(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=FixedOffset(1439, ""))
+        # Largest possible after UTC adjustment.
+        t2 = self.theclass(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999,
+                           tzinfo=FixedOffset(-1439, ""))
+
+        # Make sure those compare correctly, and w/o overflow.
+        self.assertTrue(t1 < t2)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 != t2)
+        self.assertTrue(t2 > t1)
+
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t1)
+        self.assertEqual(t2, t2)
+
+        # Equal after adjustment.
+        t1 = self.theclass(1, 12, 31, 23, 59, tzinfo=FixedOffset(1, ""))
+        t2 = self.theclass(2, 1, 1, 3, 13, tzinfo=FixedOffset(3*60+13+2, ""))
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+
+        # Change t1 not to subtract a minute, and t1 should be larger.
+        t1 = self.theclass(1, 12, 31, 23, 59, tzinfo=FixedOffset(0, ""))
+        self.assertTrue(t1 > t2)
+
+        # Change t1 to subtract 2 minutes, and t1 should be smaller.
+        t1 = self.theclass(1, 12, 31, 23, 59, tzinfo=FixedOffset(2, ""))
+        self.assertTrue(t1 < t2)
+
+        # Back to the original t1, but make seconds resolve it.
+        t1 = self.theclass(1, 12, 31, 23, 59, tzinfo=FixedOffset(1, ""),
+                           second=1)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 > t2)
+
+        # Likewise, but make microseconds resolve it.
+        t1 = self.theclass(1, 12, 31, 23, 59, tzinfo=FixedOffset(1, ""),
+                           microsecond=1)
+        self.assertTrue(t1 > t2)
+
+        # Make t2 naive and it should differ.
+        t2 = self.theclass.min
+        self.assertNotEqual(t1, t2)
+        self.assertEqual(t2, t2)
+        # and > comparison should fail
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            t1 > t2
+
+        # It's also naive if it has tzinfo but tzinfo.utcoffset() is None.
+        class Naive(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): return None
+        t2 = self.theclass(5, 6, 7, tzinfo=Naive())
+        self.assertNotEqual(t1, t2)
+        self.assertEqual(t2, t2)
+
+        # OTOH, it's OK to compare two of these mixing the two ways of being
+        # naive.
+        t1 = self.theclass(5, 6, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+
+        # Try a bogus uctoffset.
+        class Bogus(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt):
+                return timedelta(minutes=1440) # out of bounds
+        t1 = self.theclass(2, 2, 2, tzinfo=Bogus())
+        t2 = self.theclass(2, 2, 2, tzinfo=FixedOffset(0, ""))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lambda: t1 == t2)
+
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        # Try one without a tzinfo.
+        args = 6, 7, 23, 20, 59, 1, 64**2
+        orig = self.theclass(*args)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+        self.assertEqual(orig.__reduce__(), orig.__reduce_ex__(2))
+
+        # Try one with a tzinfo.
+        tinfo = PicklableFixedOffset(-300, 'cookie')
+        orig = self.theclass(*args, **{'tzinfo': tinfo})
+        derived = self.theclass(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=FixedOffset(0, "", 0))
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            green = pickler.dumps(orig, proto)
+            derived = unpickler.loads(green)
+            self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
+            self.assertIsInstance(derived.tzinfo, PicklableFixedOffset)
+            self.assertEqual(derived.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=-300))
+            self.assertEqual(derived.tzname(), 'cookie')
+        self.assertEqual(orig.__reduce__(), orig.__reduce_ex__(2))
+
+    def test_compat_unpickle(self):
+        tests = [
+            b'cdatetime\ndatetime\n'
+            b"(S'\\x07\\xdf\\x0b\\x1b\\x14;\\x01\\x01\\xe2@'\n"
+            b'ctest.datetimetester\nPicklableFixedOffset\n(tR'
+            b"(dS'_FixedOffset__offset'\ncdatetime\ntimedelta\n"
+            b'(I-1\nI68400\nI0\ntRs'
+            b"S'_FixedOffset__dstoffset'\nNs"
+            b"S'_FixedOffset__name'\nS'cookie'\nsbtR.",
+
+            b'cdatetime\ndatetime\n'
+            b'(U\n\x07\xdf\x0b\x1b\x14;\x01\x01\xe2@'
+            b'ctest.datetimetester\nPicklableFixedOffset\n)R'
+            b'}(U\x14_FixedOffset__offsetcdatetime\ntimedelta\n'
+            b'(J\xff\xff\xff\xffJ0\x0b\x01\x00K\x00tR'
+            b'U\x17_FixedOffset__dstoffsetN'
+            b'U\x12_FixedOffset__nameU\x06cookieubtR.',
+
+            b'\x80\x02cdatetime\ndatetime\n'
+            b'U\n\x07\xdf\x0b\x1b\x14;\x01\x01\xe2@'
+            b'ctest.datetimetester\nPicklableFixedOffset\n)R'
+            b'}(U\x14_FixedOffset__offsetcdatetime\ntimedelta\n'
+            b'J\xff\xff\xff\xffJ0\x0b\x01\x00K\x00\x87R'
+            b'U\x17_FixedOffset__dstoffsetN'
+            b'U\x12_FixedOffset__nameU\x06cookieub\x86R.',
+        ]
+        args = 2015, 11, 27, 20, 59, 1, 123456
+        tinfo = PicklableFixedOffset(-300, 'cookie')
+        expected = self.theclass(*args, **{'tzinfo': tinfo})
+        for data in tests:
+            for loads in pickle_loads:
+                derived = loads(data, encoding='latin1')
+                self.assertEqual(derived, expected)
+                self.assertIsInstance(derived.tzinfo, PicklableFixedOffset)
+                self.assertEqual(derived.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=-300))
+                self.assertEqual(derived.tzname(), 'cookie')
+
+    def test_extreme_hashes(self):
+        # If an attempt is made to hash these via subtracting the offset
+        # then hashing a datetime object, OverflowError results.  The
+        # Python implementation used to blow up here.
+        t = self.theclass(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=FixedOffset(1439, ""))
+        hash(t)
+        t = self.theclass(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999,
+                          tzinfo=FixedOffset(-1439, ""))
+        hash(t)
+
+        # OTOH, an OOB offset should blow up.
+        t = self.theclass(5, 5, 5, tzinfo=FixedOffset(-1440, ""))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, hash, t)
+
+    def test_zones(self):
+        est = FixedOffset(-300, "EST")
+        utc = FixedOffset(0, "UTC")
+        met = FixedOffset(60, "MET")
+        t1 = datetime(2002, 3, 19,  7, 47, tzinfo=est)
+        t2 = datetime(2002, 3, 19, 12, 47, tzinfo=utc)
+        t3 = datetime(2002, 3, 19, 13, 47, tzinfo=met)
+        self.assertEqual(t1.tzinfo, est)
+        self.assertEqual(t2.tzinfo, utc)
+        self.assertEqual(t3.tzinfo, met)
+        self.assertEqual(t1.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=-300))
+        self.assertEqual(t2.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=0))
+        self.assertEqual(t3.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=60))
+        self.assertEqual(t1.tzname(), "EST")
+        self.assertEqual(t2.tzname(), "UTC")
+        self.assertEqual(t3.tzname(), "MET")
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t1), hash(t2))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t1), hash(t3))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t2), hash(t3))
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t3)
+        self.assertEqual(t2, t3)
+        self.assertEqual(str(t1), "2002-03-19 07:47:00-05:00")
+        self.assertEqual(str(t2), "2002-03-19 12:47:00+00:00")
+        self.assertEqual(str(t3), "2002-03-19 13:47:00+01:00")
+        d = 'datetime.datetime(2002, 3, 19, '
+        self.assertEqual(repr(t1), d + "7, 47, tzinfo=est)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(t2), d + "12, 47, tzinfo=utc)")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(t3), d + "13, 47, tzinfo=met)")
+
+    def test_combine(self):
+        met = FixedOffset(60, "MET")
+        d = date(2002, 3, 4)
+        tz = time(18, 45, 3, 1234, tzinfo=met)
+        dt = datetime.combine(d, tz)
+        self.assertEqual(dt, datetime(2002, 3, 4, 18, 45, 3, 1234,
+                                        tzinfo=met))
+
+    def test_extract(self):
+        met = FixedOffset(60, "MET")
+        dt = self.theclass(2002, 3, 4, 18, 45, 3, 1234, tzinfo=met)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.date(), date(2002, 3, 4))
+        self.assertEqual(dt.time(), time(18, 45, 3, 1234))
+        self.assertEqual(dt.timetz(), time(18, 45, 3, 1234, tzinfo=met))
+
+    def test_tz_aware_arithmetic(self):
+        now = self.theclass.now()
+        tz55 = FixedOffset(-330, "west 5:30")
+        timeaware = now.time().replace(tzinfo=tz55)
+        nowaware = self.theclass.combine(now.date(), timeaware)
+        self.assertIs(nowaware.tzinfo, tz55)
+        self.assertEqual(nowaware.timetz(), timeaware)
+
+        # Can't mix aware and non-aware.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: now - nowaware)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: nowaware - now)
+
+        # And adding datetime's doesn't make sense, aware or not.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: now + nowaware)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: nowaware + now)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: nowaware + nowaware)
+
+        # Subtracting should yield 0.
+        self.assertEqual(now - now, timedelta(0))
+        self.assertEqual(nowaware - nowaware, timedelta(0))
+
+        # Adding a delta should preserve tzinfo.
+        delta = timedelta(weeks=1, minutes=12, microseconds=5678)
+        nowawareplus = nowaware + delta
+        self.assertIs(nowaware.tzinfo, tz55)
+        nowawareplus2 = delta + nowaware
+        self.assertIs(nowawareplus2.tzinfo, tz55)
+        self.assertEqual(nowawareplus, nowawareplus2)
+
+        # that - delta should be what we started with, and that - what we
+        # started with should be delta.
+        diff = nowawareplus - delta
+        self.assertIs(diff.tzinfo, tz55)
+        self.assertEqual(nowaware, diff)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: delta - nowawareplus)
+        self.assertEqual(nowawareplus - nowaware, delta)
+
+        # Make up a random timezone.
+        tzr = FixedOffset(random.randrange(-1439, 1440), "randomtimezone")
+        # Attach it to nowawareplus.
+        nowawareplus = nowawareplus.replace(tzinfo=tzr)
+        self.assertIs(nowawareplus.tzinfo, tzr)
+        # Make sure the difference takes the timezone adjustments into account.
+        got = nowaware - nowawareplus
+        # Expected:  (nowaware base - nowaware offset) -
+        #            (nowawareplus base - nowawareplus offset) =
+        #            (nowaware base - nowawareplus base) +
+        #            (nowawareplus offset - nowaware offset) =
+        #            -delta + nowawareplus offset - nowaware offset
+        expected = nowawareplus.utcoffset() - nowaware.utcoffset() - delta
+        self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
+        # Try max possible difference.
+        min = self.theclass(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=FixedOffset(1439, "min"))
+        max = self.theclass(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999,
+                            tzinfo=FixedOffset(-1439, "max"))
+        maxdiff = max - min
+        self.assertEqual(maxdiff, self.theclass.max - self.theclass.min +
+                                  timedelta(minutes=2*1439))
+        # Different tzinfo, but the same offset
+        tza = timezone(HOUR, 'A')
+        tzb = timezone(HOUR, 'B')
+        delta = min.replace(tzinfo=tza) - max.replace(tzinfo=tzb)
+        self.assertEqual(delta, self.theclass.min - self.theclass.max)
+
+    def test_tzinfo_now(self):
+        meth = self.theclass.now
+        # Ensure it doesn't require tzinfo (i.e., that this doesn't blow up).
+        base = meth()
+        # Try with and without naming the keyword.
+        off42 = FixedOffset(42, "42")
+        another = meth(off42)
+        again = meth(tz=off42)
+        self.assertIs(another.tzinfo, again.tzinfo)
+        self.assertEqual(another.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=42))
+        # Bad argument with and w/o naming the keyword.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, 16)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, tzinfo=16)
+        # Bad keyword name.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, tinfo=off42)
+        # Too many args.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, off42, off42)
+
+        # We don't know which time zone we're in, and don't have a tzinfo
+        # class to represent it, so seeing whether a tz argument actually
+        # does a conversion is tricky.
+        utc = FixedOffset(0, "utc", 0)
+        for weirdtz in [FixedOffset(timedelta(hours=15, minutes=58), "weirdtz", 0),
+                        timezone(timedelta(hours=15, minutes=58), "weirdtz"),]:
+            for dummy in range(3):
+                now = datetime.now(weirdtz)
+                self.assertIs(now.tzinfo, weirdtz)
+                with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    utcnow = datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=utc)
+                now2 = utcnow.astimezone(weirdtz)
+                if abs(now - now2) < timedelta(seconds=30):
+                    break
+                # Else the code is broken, or more than 30 seconds passed between
+                # calls; assuming the latter, just try again.
+            else:
+                # Three strikes and we're out.
+                self.fail("utcnow(), now(tz), or astimezone() may be broken")
+
+    def test_tzinfo_fromtimestamp(self):
+        import time
+        meth = self.theclass.fromtimestamp
+        ts = time.time()
+        # Ensure it doesn't require tzinfo (i.e., that this doesn't blow up).
+        base = meth(ts)
+        # Try with and without naming the keyword.
+        off42 = FixedOffset(42, "42")
+        another = meth(ts, off42)
+        again = meth(ts, tz=off42)
+        self.assertIs(another.tzinfo, again.tzinfo)
+        self.assertEqual(another.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=42))
+        # Bad argument with and w/o naming the keyword.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, ts, 16)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, ts, tzinfo=16)
+        # Bad keyword name.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, ts, tinfo=off42)
+        # Too many args.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, ts, off42, off42)
+        # Too few args.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth)
+
+        # Try to make sure tz= actually does some conversion.
+        timestamp = 1000000000
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            utcdatetime = datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timestamp)
+        # In POSIX (epoch 1970), that's 2001-09-09 01:46:40 UTC, give or take.
+        # But on some flavor of Mac, it's nowhere near that.  So we can't have
+        # any idea here what time that actually is, we can only test that
+        # relative changes match.
+        utcoffset = timedelta(hours=-15, minutes=39) # arbitrary, but not zero
+        tz = FixedOffset(utcoffset, "tz", 0)
+        expected = utcdatetime + utcoffset
+        got = datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz)
+        self.assertEqual(expected, got.replace(tzinfo=None))
+
+    def test_tzinfo_utcnow(self):
+        meth = self.theclass.utcnow
+        # Ensure it doesn't require tzinfo (i.e., that this doesn't blow up).
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            base = meth()
+        # Try with and without naming the keyword; for whatever reason,
+        # utcnow() doesn't accept a tzinfo argument.
+        off42 = FixedOffset(42, "42")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, off42)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, tzinfo=off42)
+
+    def test_tzinfo_utcfromtimestamp(self):
+        import time
+        meth = self.theclass.utcfromtimestamp
+        ts = time.time()
+        # Ensure it doesn't require tzinfo (i.e., that this doesn't blow up).
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            base = meth(ts)
+        # Try with and without naming the keyword; for whatever reason,
+        # utcfromtimestamp() doesn't accept a tzinfo argument.
+        off42 = FixedOffset(42, "42")
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(category=DeprecationWarning):
+            warnings.simplefilter("ignore", category=DeprecationWarning)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, ts, off42)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, meth, ts, tzinfo=off42)
+
+    def test_tzinfo_timetuple(self):
+        # TestDateTime tested most of this.  datetime adds a twist to the
+        # DST flag.
+        class DST(tzinfo):
+            def __init__(self, dstvalue):
+                if isinstance(dstvalue, int):
+                    dstvalue = timedelta(minutes=dstvalue)
+                self.dstvalue = dstvalue
+            def dst(self, dt):
+                return self.dstvalue
+
+        cls = self.theclass
+        for dstvalue, flag in (-33, 1), (33, 1), (0, 0), (None, -1):
+            d = cls(1, 1, 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, tzinfo=DST(dstvalue))
+            t = d.timetuple()
+            self.assertEqual(1, t.tm_year)
+            self.assertEqual(1, t.tm_mon)
+            self.assertEqual(1, t.tm_mday)
+            self.assertEqual(10, t.tm_hour)
+            self.assertEqual(20, t.tm_min)
+            self.assertEqual(30, t.tm_sec)
+            self.assertEqual(0, t.tm_wday)
+            self.assertEqual(1, t.tm_yday)
+            self.assertEqual(flag, t.tm_isdst)
+
+        # dst() returns wrong type.
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cls(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=DST("x")).timetuple)
+
+        # dst() at the edge.
+        self.assertEqual(cls(1,1,1, tzinfo=DST(1439)).timetuple().tm_isdst, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(cls(1,1,1, tzinfo=DST(-1439)).timetuple().tm_isdst, 1)
+
+        # dst() out of range.
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, cls(1,1,1, tzinfo=DST(1440)).timetuple)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, cls(1,1,1, tzinfo=DST(-1440)).timetuple)
+
+    def test_utctimetuple(self):
+        class DST(tzinfo):
+            def __init__(self, dstvalue=0):
+                if isinstance(dstvalue, int):
+                    dstvalue = timedelta(minutes=dstvalue)
+                self.dstvalue = dstvalue
+            def dst(self, dt):
+                return self.dstvalue
+
+        cls = self.theclass
+        # This can't work:  DST didn't implement utcoffset.
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError,
+                          cls(1, 1, 1, tzinfo=DST(0)).utcoffset)
+
+        class UOFS(DST):
+            def __init__(self, uofs, dofs=None):
+                DST.__init__(self, dofs)
+                self.uofs = timedelta(minutes=uofs)
+            def utcoffset(self, dt):
+                return self.uofs
+
+        for dstvalue in -33, 33, 0, None:
+            d = cls(1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30, 40, tzinfo=UOFS(-53, dstvalue))
+            t = d.utctimetuple()
+            self.assertEqual(d.year, t.tm_year)
+            self.assertEqual(d.month, t.tm_mon)
+            self.assertEqual(d.day, t.tm_mday)
+            self.assertEqual(11, t.tm_hour) # 20mm + 53mm = 1hn + 13mm
+            self.assertEqual(13, t.tm_min)
+            self.assertEqual(d.second, t.tm_sec)
+            self.assertEqual(d.weekday(), t.tm_wday)
+            self.assertEqual(d.toordinal() - date(1, 1, 1).toordinal() + 1,
+                             t.tm_yday)
+            # Ensure tm_isdst is 0 regardless of what dst() says: DST
+            # is never in effect for a UTC time.
+            self.assertEqual(0, t.tm_isdst)
+
+        # For naive datetime, utctimetuple == timetuple except for isdst
+        d = cls(1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30, 40)
+        t = d.utctimetuple()
+        self.assertEqual(t[:-1], d.timetuple()[:-1])
+        self.assertEqual(0, t.tm_isdst)
+        # Same if utcoffset is None
+        class NOFS(DST):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt):
+                return None
+        d = cls(1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30, 40, tzinfo=NOFS())
+        t = d.utctimetuple()
+        self.assertEqual(t[:-1], d.timetuple()[:-1])
+        self.assertEqual(0, t.tm_isdst)
+        # Check that bad tzinfo is detected
+        class BOFS(DST):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt):
+                return "EST"
+        d = cls(1, 2, 3, 10, 20, 30, 40, tzinfo=BOFS())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, d.utctimetuple)
+
+        # Check that utctimetuple() is the same as
+        # astimezone(utc).timetuple()
+        d = cls(2010, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 171819)
+        for tz in [timezone.min, timezone.utc, timezone.max]:
+            dtz = d.replace(tzinfo=tz)
+            self.assertEqual(dtz.utctimetuple()[:-1],
+                             dtz.astimezone(timezone.utc).timetuple()[:-1])
+        # At the edges, UTC adjustment can produce years out-of-range
+        # for a datetime object.  Ensure that an OverflowError is
+        # raised.
+        tiny = cls(MINYEAR, 1, 1, 0, 0, 37, tzinfo=UOFS(1439))
+        # That goes back 1 minute less than a full day.
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, tiny.utctimetuple)
+
+        huge = cls(MAXYEAR, 12, 31, 23, 59, 37, 999999, tzinfo=UOFS(-1439))
+        # That goes forward 1 minute less than a full day.
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, huge.utctimetuple)
+        # More overflow cases
+        tiny = cls.min.replace(tzinfo=timezone(MINUTE))
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, tiny.utctimetuple)
+        huge = cls.max.replace(tzinfo=timezone(-MINUTE))
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, huge.utctimetuple)
+
+    def test_tzinfo_isoformat(self):
+        zero = FixedOffset(0, "+00:00")
+        plus = FixedOffset(220, "+03:40")
+        minus = FixedOffset(-231, "-03:51")
+        unknown = FixedOffset(None, "")
+
+        cls = self.theclass
+        datestr = '0001-02-03'
+        for ofs in None, zero, plus, minus, unknown:
+            for us in 0, 987001:
+                d = cls(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 59, us, tzinfo=ofs)
+                timestr = '04:05:59' + (us and '.987001' or '')
+                ofsstr = ofs is not None and d.tzname() or ''
+                tailstr = timestr + ofsstr
+                iso = d.isoformat()
+                self.assertEqual(iso, datestr + 'T' + tailstr)
+                self.assertEqual(iso, d.isoformat('T'))
+                self.assertEqual(d.isoformat('k'), datestr + 'k' + tailstr)
+                self.assertEqual(d.isoformat('\u1234'), datestr + '\u1234' + tailstr)
+                self.assertEqual(str(d), datestr + ' ' + tailstr)
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        cls = self.theclass
+        z100 = FixedOffset(100, "+100")
+        zm200 = FixedOffset(timedelta(minutes=-200), "-200")
+        args = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, z100]
+        base = cls(*args)
+        self.assertEqual(base, base.replace())
+
+        i = 0
+        for name, newval in (("year", 2),
+                             ("month", 3),
+                             ("day", 4),
+                             ("hour", 5),
+                             ("minute", 6),
+                             ("second", 7),
+                             ("microsecond", 8),
+                             ("tzinfo", zm200)):
+            newargs = args[:]
+            newargs[i] = newval
+            expected = cls(*newargs)
+            got = base.replace(**{name: newval})
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+            i += 1
+
+        # Ensure we can get rid of a tzinfo.
+        self.assertEqual(base.tzname(), "+100")
+        base2 = base.replace(tzinfo=None)
+        self.assertIsNone(base2.tzinfo)
+        self.assertIsNone(base2.tzname())
+
+        # Ensure we can add one.
+        base3 = base2.replace(tzinfo=z100)
+        self.assertEqual(base, base3)
+        self.assertIs(base.tzinfo, base3.tzinfo)
+
+        # Out of bounds.
+        base = cls(2000, 2, 29)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, base.replace, year=2001)
+
+    def test_more_astimezone(self):
+        # The inherited test_astimezone covered some trivial and error cases.
+        fnone = FixedOffset(None, "None")
+        f44m = FixedOffset(44, "44")
+        fm5h = FixedOffset(-timedelta(hours=5), "m300")
+
+        dt = self.theclass.now(tz=f44m)
+        self.assertIs(dt.tzinfo, f44m)
+        # Replacing with degenerate tzinfo raises an exception.
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, dt.astimezone, fnone)
+        # Replacing with same tzinfo makes no change.
+        x = dt.astimezone(dt.tzinfo)
+        self.assertIs(x.tzinfo, f44m)
+        self.assertEqual(x.date(), dt.date())
+        self.assertEqual(x.time(), dt.time())
+
+        # Replacing with different tzinfo does adjust.
+        got = dt.astimezone(fm5h)
+        self.assertIs(got.tzinfo, fm5h)
+        self.assertEqual(got.utcoffset(), timedelta(hours=-5))
+        expected = dt - dt.utcoffset()  # in effect, convert to UTC
+        expected += fm5h.utcoffset(dt)  # and from there to local time
+        expected = expected.replace(tzinfo=fm5h) # and attach new tzinfo
+        self.assertEqual(got.date(), expected.date())
+        self.assertEqual(got.time(), expected.time())
+        self.assertEqual(got.timetz(), expected.timetz())
+        self.assertIs(got.tzinfo, expected.tzinfo)
+        self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
+    @support.run_with_tz('UTC')
+    def test_astimezone_default_utc(self):
+        dt = self.theclass.now(timezone.utc)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.astimezone(None), dt)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.astimezone(), dt)
+
+    # Note that offset in TZ variable has the opposite sign to that
+    # produced by %z directive.
+    @support.run_with_tz('EST+05EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0')
+    def test_astimezone_default_eastern(self):
+        dt = self.theclass(2012, 11, 4, 6, 30, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        local = dt.astimezone()
+        self.assertEqual(dt, local)
+        self.assertEqual(local.strftime("%z %Z"), "-0500 EST")
+        dt = self.theclass(2012, 11, 4, 5, 30, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        local = dt.astimezone()
+        self.assertEqual(dt, local)
+        self.assertEqual(local.strftime("%z %Z"), "-0400 EDT")
+
+    @support.run_with_tz('EST+05EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0')
+    def test_astimezone_default_near_fold(self):
+        # Issue #26616.
+        u = datetime(2015, 11, 1, 5, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        t = u.astimezone()
+        s = t.astimezone()
+        self.assertEqual(t.tzinfo, s.tzinfo)
+
+    def test_aware_subtract(self):
+        cls = self.theclass
+
+        # Ensure that utcoffset() is ignored when the operands have the
+        # same tzinfo member.
+        class OperandDependentOffset(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, t):
+                if t.minute < 10:
+                    # d0 and d1 equal after adjustment
+                    return timedelta(minutes=t.minute)
+                else:
+                    # d2 off in the weeds
+                    return timedelta(minutes=59)
+
+        base = cls(8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, tzinfo=OperandDependentOffset())
+        d0 = base.replace(minute=3)
+        d1 = base.replace(minute=9)
+        d2 = base.replace(minute=11)
+        for x in d0, d1, d2:
+            for y in d0, d1, d2:
+                got = x - y
+                expected = timedelta(minutes=x.minute - y.minute)
+                self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
+        # OTOH, if the tzinfo members are distinct, utcoffsets aren't
+        # ignored.
+        base = cls(8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14)
+        d0 = base.replace(minute=3, tzinfo=OperandDependentOffset())
+        d1 = base.replace(minute=9, tzinfo=OperandDependentOffset())
+        d2 = base.replace(minute=11, tzinfo=OperandDependentOffset())
+        for x in d0, d1, d2:
+            for y in d0, d1, d2:
+                got = x - y
+                if (x is d0 or x is d1) and (y is d0 or y is d1):
+                    expected = timedelta(0)
+                elif x is y is d2:
+                    expected = timedelta(0)
+                elif x is d2:
+                    expected = timedelta(minutes=(11-59)-0)
+                else:
+                    assert y is d2
+                    expected = timedelta(minutes=0-(11-59))
+                self.assertEqual(got, expected)
+
+    def test_mixed_compare(self):
+        t1 = datetime(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
+        t2 = datetime(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        t2 = t2.replace(tzinfo=None)
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        t2 = t2.replace(tzinfo=FixedOffset(None, ""))
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+        t2 = t2.replace(tzinfo=FixedOffset(0, ""))
+        self.assertNotEqual(t1, t2)
+
+        # In datetime w/ identical tzinfo objects, utcoffset is ignored.
+        class Varies(tzinfo):
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.offset = timedelta(minutes=22)
+            def utcoffset(self, t):
+                self.offset += timedelta(minutes=1)
+                return self.offset
+
+        v = Varies()
+        t1 = t2.replace(tzinfo=v)
+        t2 = t2.replace(tzinfo=v)
+        self.assertEqual(t1.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=23))
+        self.assertEqual(t2.utcoffset(), timedelta(minutes=24))
+        self.assertEqual(t1, t2)
+
+        # But if they're not identical, it isn't ignored.
+        t2 = t2.replace(tzinfo=Varies())
+        self.assertTrue(t1 < t2)  # t1's offset counter still going up
+
+    def test_subclass_datetimetz(self):
+
+        class C(self.theclass):
+            theAnswer = 42
+
+            def __new__(cls, *args, **kws):
+                temp = kws.copy()
+                extra = temp.pop('extra')
+                result = self.theclass.__new__(cls, *args, **temp)
+                result.extra = extra
+                return result
+
+            def newmeth(self, start):
+                return start + self.hour + self.year
+
+        args = 2002, 12, 31, 4, 5, 6, 500, FixedOffset(-300, "EST", 1)
+
+        dt1 = self.theclass(*args)
+        dt2 = C(*args, **{'extra': 7})
+
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.__class__, C)
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.theAnswer, 42)
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.extra, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(dt1.utcoffset(), dt2.utcoffset())
+        self.assertEqual(dt2.newmeth(-7), dt1.hour + dt1.year - 7)
+
+# Pain to set up DST-aware tzinfo classes.
+
+def first_sunday_on_or_after(dt):
+    days_to_go = 6 - dt.weekday()
+    if days_to_go:
+        dt += timedelta(days_to_go)
+    return dt
+
+ZERO = timedelta(0)
+MINUTE = timedelta(minutes=1)
+HOUR = timedelta(hours=1)
+DAY = timedelta(days=1)
+# In the US, DST starts at 2am (standard time) on the first Sunday in April.
+DSTSTART = datetime(1, 4, 1, 2)
+# and ends at 2am (DST time; 1am standard time) on the last Sunday of Oct,
+# which is the first Sunday on or after Oct 25.  Because we view 1:MM as
+# being standard time on that day, there is no spelling in local time of
+# the last hour of DST (that's 1:MM DST, but 1:MM is taken as standard time).
+DSTEND = datetime(1, 10, 25, 1)
+
+class USTimeZone(tzinfo):
+
+    def __init__(self, hours, reprname, stdname, dstname):
+        self.stdoffset = timedelta(hours=hours)
+        self.reprname = reprname
+        self.stdname = stdname
+        self.dstname = dstname
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.reprname
+
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        if self.dst(dt):
+            return self.dstname
+        else:
+            return self.stdname
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        return self.stdoffset + self.dst(dt)
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        if dt is None or dt.tzinfo is None:
+            # An exception instead may be sensible here, in one or more of
+            # the cases.
+            return ZERO
+        assert dt.tzinfo is self
+
+        # Find first Sunday in April.
+        start = first_sunday_on_or_after(DSTSTART.replace(year=dt.year))
+        assert start.weekday() == 6 and start.month == 4 and start.day <= 7
+
+        # Find last Sunday in October.
+        end = first_sunday_on_or_after(DSTEND.replace(year=dt.year))
+        assert end.weekday() == 6 and end.month == 10 and end.day >= 25
+
+        # Can't compare naive to aware objects, so strip the timezone from
+        # dt first.
+        if start <= dt.replace(tzinfo=None) < end:
+            return HOUR
+        else:
+            return ZERO
+
+Eastern  = USTimeZone(-5, "Eastern",  "EST", "EDT")
+Central  = USTimeZone(-6, "Central",  "CST", "CDT")
+Mountain = USTimeZone(-7, "Mountain", "MST", "MDT")
+Pacific  = USTimeZone(-8, "Pacific",  "PST", "PDT")
+utc_real = FixedOffset(0, "UTC", 0)
+# For better test coverage, we want another flavor of UTC that's west of
+# the Eastern and Pacific timezones.
+utc_fake = FixedOffset(-12*60, "UTCfake", 0)
+
+class TestTimezoneConversions(unittest.TestCase):
+    # The DST switch times for 2002, in std time.
+    dston = datetime(2002, 4, 7, 2)
+    dstoff = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1)
+
+    theclass = datetime
+
+    # Check a time that's inside DST.
+    def checkinside(self, dt, tz, utc, dston, dstoff):
+        self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), HOUR)
+
+        # Conversion to our own timezone is always an identity.
+        self.assertEqual(dt.astimezone(tz), dt)
+
+        asutc = dt.astimezone(utc)
+        there_and_back = asutc.astimezone(tz)
+
+        # Conversion to UTC and back isn't always an identity here,
+        # because there are redundant spellings (in local time) of
+        # UTC time when DST begins:  the clock jumps from 1:59:59
+        # to 3:00:00, and a local time of 2:MM:SS doesn't really
+        # make sense then.  The classes above treat 2:MM:SS as
+        # daylight time then (it's "after 2am"), really an alias
+        # for 1:MM:SS standard time.  The latter form is what
+        # conversion back from UTC produces.
+        if dt.date() == dston.date() and dt.hour == 2:
+            # We're in the redundant hour, and coming back from
+            # UTC gives the 1:MM:SS standard-time spelling.
+            self.assertEqual(there_and_back + HOUR, dt)
+            # Although during was considered to be in daylight
+            # time, there_and_back is not.
+            self.assertEqual(there_and_back.dst(), ZERO)
+            # They're the same times in UTC.
+            self.assertEqual(there_and_back.astimezone(utc),
+                             dt.astimezone(utc))
+        else:
+            # We're not in the redundant hour.
+            self.assertEqual(dt, there_and_back)
+
+        # Because we have a redundant spelling when DST begins, there is
+        # (unfortunately) an hour when DST ends that can't be spelled at all in
+        # local time.  When DST ends, the clock jumps from 1:59 back to 1:00
+        # again.  The hour 1:MM DST has no spelling then:  1:MM is taken to be
+        # standard time.  1:MM DST == 0:MM EST, but 0:MM is taken to be
+        # daylight time.  The hour 1:MM daylight == 0:MM standard can't be
+        # expressed in local time.  Nevertheless, we want conversion back
+        # from UTC to mimic the local clock's "repeat an hour" behavior.
+        nexthour_utc = asutc + HOUR
+        nexthour_tz = nexthour_utc.astimezone(tz)
+        if dt.date() == dstoff.date() and dt.hour == 0:
+            # We're in the hour before the last DST hour.  The last DST hour
+            # is ineffable.  We want the conversion back to repeat 1:MM.
+            self.assertEqual(nexthour_tz, dt.replace(hour=1))
+            nexthour_utc += HOUR
+            nexthour_tz = nexthour_utc.astimezone(tz)
+            self.assertEqual(nexthour_tz, dt.replace(hour=1))
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(nexthour_tz - dt, HOUR)
+
+    # Check a time that's outside DST.
+    def checkoutside(self, dt, tz, utc):
+        self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), ZERO)
+
+        # Conversion to our own timezone is always an identity.
+        self.assertEqual(dt.astimezone(tz), dt)
+
+        # Converting to UTC and back is an identity too.
+        asutc = dt.astimezone(utc)
+        there_and_back = asutc.astimezone(tz)
+        self.assertEqual(dt, there_and_back)
+
+    def convert_between_tz_and_utc(self, tz, utc):
+        dston = self.dston.replace(tzinfo=tz)
+        # Because 1:MM on the day DST ends is taken as being standard time,
+        # there is no spelling in tz for the last hour of daylight time.
+        # For purposes of the test, the last hour of DST is 0:MM, which is
+        # taken as being daylight time (and 1:MM is taken as being standard
+        # time).
+        dstoff = self.dstoff.replace(tzinfo=tz)
+        for delta in (timedelta(weeks=13),
+                      DAY,
+                      HOUR,
+                      timedelta(minutes=1),
+                      timedelta(microseconds=1)):
+
+            self.checkinside(dston, tz, utc, dston, dstoff)
+            for during in dston + delta, dstoff - delta:
+                self.checkinside(during, tz, utc, dston, dstoff)
+
+            self.checkoutside(dstoff, tz, utc)
+            for outside in dston - delta, dstoff + delta:
+                self.checkoutside(outside, tz, utc)
+
+    def test_easy(self):
+        # Despite the name of this test, the endcases are excruciating.
+        self.convert_between_tz_and_utc(Eastern, utc_real)
+        self.convert_between_tz_and_utc(Pacific, utc_real)
+        self.convert_between_tz_and_utc(Eastern, utc_fake)
+        self.convert_between_tz_and_utc(Pacific, utc_fake)
+        # The next is really dancing near the edge.  It works because
+        # Pacific and Eastern are far enough apart that their "problem
+        # hours" don't overlap.
+        self.convert_between_tz_and_utc(Eastern, Pacific)
+        self.convert_between_tz_and_utc(Pacific, Eastern)
+        # OTOH, these fail!  Don't enable them.  The difficulty is that
+        # the edge case tests assume that every hour is representable in
+        # the "utc" class.  This is always true for a fixed-offset tzinfo
+        # class (like utc_real and utc_fake), but not for Eastern or Central.
+        # For these adjacent DST-aware time zones, the range of time offsets
+        # tested ends up creating hours in the one that aren't representable
+        # in the other.  For the same reason, we would see failures in the
+        # Eastern vs Pacific tests too if we added 3*HOUR to the list of
+        # offset deltas in convert_between_tz_and_utc().
+        #
+        # self.convert_between_tz_and_utc(Eastern, Central)  # can't work
+        # self.convert_between_tz_and_utc(Central, Eastern)  # can't work
+
+    def test_tricky(self):
+        # 22:00 on day before daylight starts.
+        fourback = self.dston - timedelta(hours=4)
+        ninewest = FixedOffset(-9*60, "-0900", 0)
+        fourback = fourback.replace(tzinfo=ninewest)
+        # 22:00-0900 is 7:00 UTC == 2:00 EST == 3:00 DST.  Since it's "after
+        # 2", we should get the 3 spelling.
+        # If we plug 22:00 the day before into Eastern, it "looks like std
+        # time", so its offset is returned as -5, and -5 - -9 = 4.  Adding 4
+        # to 22:00 lands on 2:00, which makes no sense in local time (the
+        # local clock jumps from 1 to 3).  The point here is to make sure we
+        # get the 3 spelling.
+        expected = self.dston.replace(hour=3)
+        got = fourback.astimezone(Eastern).replace(tzinfo=None)
+        self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+
+        # Similar, but map to 6:00 UTC == 1:00 EST == 2:00 DST.  In that
+        # case we want the 1:00 spelling.
+        sixutc = self.dston.replace(hour=6, tzinfo=utc_real)
+        # Now 6:00 "looks like daylight", so the offset wrt Eastern is -4,
+        # and adding -4-0 == -4 gives the 2:00 spelling.  We want the 1:00 EST
+        # spelling.
+        expected = self.dston.replace(hour=1)
+        got = sixutc.astimezone(Eastern).replace(tzinfo=None)
+        self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+
+        # Now on the day DST ends, we want "repeat an hour" behavior.
+        #  UTC  4:MM  5:MM  6:MM  7:MM  checking these
+        #  EST 23:MM  0:MM  1:MM  2:MM
+        #  EDT  0:MM  1:MM  2:MM  3:MM
+        # wall  0:MM  1:MM  1:MM  2:MM  against these
+        for utc in utc_real, utc_fake:
+            for tz in Eastern, Pacific:
+                first_std_hour = self.dstoff - timedelta(hours=2) # 23:MM
+                # Convert that to UTC.
+                first_std_hour -= tz.utcoffset(None)
+                # Adjust for possibly fake UTC.
+                asutc = first_std_hour + utc.utcoffset(None)
+                # First UTC hour to convert; this is 4:00 when utc=utc_real &
+                # tz=Eastern.
+                asutcbase = asutc.replace(tzinfo=utc)
+                for tzhour in (0, 1, 1, 2):
+                    expectedbase = self.dstoff.replace(hour=tzhour)
+                    for minute in 0, 30, 59:
+                        expected = expectedbase.replace(minute=minute)
+                        asutc = asutcbase.replace(minute=minute)
+                        astz = asutc.astimezone(tz)
+                        self.assertEqual(astz.replace(tzinfo=None), expected)
+                    asutcbase += HOUR
+
+
+    def test_bogus_dst(self):
+        class ok(tzinfo):
+            def utcoffset(self, dt): return HOUR
+            def dst(self, dt): return HOUR
+
+        now = self.theclass.now().replace(tzinfo=utc_real)
+        # Doesn't blow up.
+        now.astimezone(ok())
+
+        # Does blow up.
+        class notok(ok):
+            def dst(self, dt): return None
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, now.astimezone, notok())
+
+        # Sometimes blow up. In the following, tzinfo.dst()
+        # implementation may return None or not None depending on
+        # whether DST is assumed to be in effect.  In this situation,
+        # a ValueError should be raised by astimezone().
+        class tricky_notok(ok):
+            def dst(self, dt):
+                if dt.year == 2000:
+                    return None
+                else:
+                    return 10*HOUR
+        dt = self.theclass(2001, 1, 1).replace(tzinfo=utc_real)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, dt.astimezone, tricky_notok())
+
+    def test_fromutc(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Eastern.fromutc)   # not enough args
+        now = datetime.now(tz=utc_real)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, Eastern.fromutc, now) # wrong tzinfo
+        now = now.replace(tzinfo=Eastern)   # insert correct tzinfo
+        enow = Eastern.fromutc(now)         # doesn't blow up
+        self.assertEqual(enow.tzinfo, Eastern) # has right tzinfo member
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Eastern.fromutc, now, now) # too many args
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, Eastern.fromutc, date.today()) # wrong type
+
+        # Always converts UTC to standard time.
+        class FauxUSTimeZone(USTimeZone):
+            def fromutc(self, dt):
+                return dt + self.stdoffset
+        FEastern  = FauxUSTimeZone(-5, "FEastern",  "FEST", "FEDT")
+
+        #  UTC  4:MM  5:MM  6:MM  7:MM  8:MM  9:MM
+        #  EST 23:MM  0:MM  1:MM  2:MM  3:MM  4:MM
+        #  EDT  0:MM  1:MM  2:MM  3:MM  4:MM  5:MM
+
+        # Check around DST start.
+        start = self.dston.replace(hour=4, tzinfo=Eastern)
+        fstart = start.replace(tzinfo=FEastern)
+        for wall in 23, 0, 1, 3, 4, 5:
+            expected = start.replace(hour=wall)
+            if wall == 23:
+                expected -= timedelta(days=1)
+            got = Eastern.fromutc(start)
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+
+            expected = fstart + FEastern.stdoffset
+            got = FEastern.fromutc(fstart)
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+
+            # Ensure astimezone() calls fromutc() too.
+            got = fstart.replace(tzinfo=utc_real).astimezone(FEastern)
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+
+            start += HOUR
+            fstart += HOUR
+
+        # Check around DST end.
+        start = self.dstoff.replace(hour=4, tzinfo=Eastern)
+        fstart = start.replace(tzinfo=FEastern)
+        for wall in 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4:
+            expected = start.replace(hour=wall)
+            got = Eastern.fromutc(start)
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+
+            expected = fstart + FEastern.stdoffset
+            got = FEastern.fromutc(fstart)
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+
+            # Ensure astimezone() calls fromutc() too.
+            got = fstart.replace(tzinfo=utc_real).astimezone(FEastern)
+            self.assertEqual(expected, got)
+
+            start += HOUR
+            fstart += HOUR
+
+
+#############################################################################
+# oddballs
+
+class Oddballs(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_bug_1028306(self):
+        # Trying to compare a date to a datetime should act like a mixed-
+        # type comparison, despite that datetime is a subclass of date.
+        as_date = date.today()
+        as_datetime = datetime.combine(as_date, time())
+        self.assertTrue(as_date != as_datetime)
+        self.assertTrue(as_datetime != as_date)
+        self.assertFalse(as_date == as_datetime)
+        self.assertFalse(as_datetime == as_date)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: as_date < as_datetime)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: as_datetime < as_date)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: as_date <= as_datetime)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: as_datetime <= as_date)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: as_date > as_datetime)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: as_datetime > as_date)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: as_date >= as_datetime)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: as_datetime >= as_date)
+
+        # Nevertheless, comparison should work with the base-class (date)
+        # projection if use of a date method is forced.
+        self.assertEqual(as_date.__eq__(as_datetime), True)
+        different_day = (as_date.day + 1) % 20 + 1
+        as_different = as_datetime.replace(day= different_day)
+        self.assertEqual(as_date.__eq__(as_different), False)
+
+        # And date should compare with other subclasses of date.  If a
+        # subclass wants to stop this, it's up to the subclass to do so.
+        date_sc = SubclassDate(as_date.year, as_date.month, as_date.day)
+        self.assertEqual(as_date, date_sc)
+        self.assertEqual(date_sc, as_date)
+
+        # Ditto for datetimes.
+        datetime_sc = SubclassDatetime(as_datetime.year, as_datetime.month,
+                                       as_date.day, 0, 0, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(as_datetime, datetime_sc)
+        self.assertEqual(datetime_sc, as_datetime)
+
+    def test_extra_attributes(self):
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            utcnow = datetime.utcnow()
+        for x in [date.today(),
+                  time(),
+                  utcnow,
+                  timedelta(),
+                  tzinfo(),
+                  timezone(timedelta())]:
+            with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+                x.abc = 1
+
+    def test_check_arg_types(self):
+        class Number:
+            def __init__(self, value):
+                self.value = value
+            def __int__(self):
+                return self.value
+
+        class Float(float):
+            pass
+
+        for xx in [10.0, Float(10.9),
+                   decimal.Decimal(10), decimal.Decimal('10.9'),
+                   Number(10), Number(10.9),
+                   '10']:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, datetime, xx, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, datetime, 10, xx, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, datetime, 10, 10, xx, 10, 10, 10, 10)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, datetime, 10, 10, 10, xx, 10, 10, 10)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, datetime, 10, 10, 10, 10, xx, 10, 10)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, datetime, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, xx, 10)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, datetime, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, xx)
+
+
+#############################################################################
+# Local Time Disambiguation
+
+# An experimental reimplementation of fromutc that respects the "fold" flag.
+
+class tzinfo2(tzinfo):
+
+    def fromutc(self, dt):
+        "datetime in UTC -> datetime in local time."
+
+        if not isinstance(dt, datetime):
+            raise TypeError("fromutc() requires a datetime argument")
+        if dt.tzinfo is not self:
+            raise ValueError("dt.tzinfo is not self")
+        # Returned value satisfies
+        #          dt + ldt.utcoffset() = ldt
+        off0 = dt.replace(fold=0).utcoffset()
+        off1 = dt.replace(fold=1).utcoffset()
+        if off0 is None or off1 is None or dt.dst() is None:
+            raise ValueError
+        if off0 == off1:
+            ldt = dt + off0
+            off1 = ldt.utcoffset()
+            if off0 == off1:
+                return ldt
+        # Now, we discovered both possible offsets, so
+        # we can just try four possible solutions:
+        for off in [off0, off1]:
+            ldt = dt + off
+            if ldt.utcoffset() == off:
+                return ldt
+            ldt = ldt.replace(fold=1)
+            if ldt.utcoffset() == off:
+                return ldt
+
+        raise ValueError("No suitable local time found")
+
+# Reimplementing simplified US timezones to respect the "fold" flag:
+
+class USTimeZone2(tzinfo2):
+
+    def __init__(self, hours, reprname, stdname, dstname):
+        self.stdoffset = timedelta(hours=hours)
+        self.reprname = reprname
+        self.stdname = stdname
+        self.dstname = dstname
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return self.reprname
+
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        if self.dst(dt):
+            return self.dstname
+        else:
+            return self.stdname
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        return self.stdoffset + self.dst(dt)
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        if dt is None or dt.tzinfo is None:
+            # An exception instead may be sensible here, in one or more of
+            # the cases.
+            return ZERO
+        assert dt.tzinfo is self
+
+        # Find first Sunday in April.
+        start = first_sunday_on_or_after(DSTSTART.replace(year=dt.year))
+        assert start.weekday() == 6 and start.month == 4 and start.day <= 7
+
+        # Find last Sunday in October.
+        end = first_sunday_on_or_after(DSTEND.replace(year=dt.year))
+        assert end.weekday() == 6 and end.month == 10 and end.day >= 25
+
+        # Can't compare naive to aware objects, so strip the timezone from
+        # dt first.
+        dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=None)
+        if start + HOUR <= dt < end:
+            # DST is in effect.
+            return HOUR
+        elif end <= dt < end + HOUR:
+            # Fold (an ambiguous hour): use dt.fold to disambiguate.
+            return ZERO if dt.fold else HOUR
+        elif start <= dt < start + HOUR:
+            # Gap (a non-existent hour): reverse the fold rule.
+            return HOUR if dt.fold else ZERO
+        else:
+            # DST is off.
+            return ZERO
+
+Eastern2  = USTimeZone2(-5, "Eastern2",  "EST", "EDT")
+Central2  = USTimeZone2(-6, "Central2",  "CST", "CDT")
+Mountain2 = USTimeZone2(-7, "Mountain2", "MST", "MDT")
+Pacific2  = USTimeZone2(-8, "Pacific2",  "PST", "PDT")
+
+# Europe_Vilnius_1941 tzinfo implementation reproduces the following
+# 1941 transition from Olson's tzdist:
+#
+# Zone NAME           GMTOFF RULES  FORMAT [UNTIL]
+# ZoneEurope/Vilnius  1:00   -      CET    1940 Aug  3
+#                     3:00   -      MSK    1941 Jun 24
+#                     1:00   C-Eur  CE%sT  1944 Aug
+#
+# $ zdump -v Europe/Vilnius | grep 1941
+# Europe/Vilnius  Mon Jun 23 20:59:59 1941 UTC = Mon Jun 23 23:59:59 1941 MSK isdst=0 gmtoff=10800
+# Europe/Vilnius  Mon Jun 23 21:00:00 1941 UTC = Mon Jun 23 23:00:00 1941 CEST isdst=1 gmtoff=7200
+
+class Europe_Vilnius_1941(tzinfo):
+    def _utc_fold(self):
+        return [datetime(1941, 6, 23, 21, tzinfo=self),  # Mon Jun 23 21:00:00 1941 UTC
+                datetime(1941, 6, 23, 22, tzinfo=self)]  # Mon Jun 23 22:00:00 1941 UTC
+
+    def _loc_fold(self):
+        return [datetime(1941, 6, 23, 23, tzinfo=self),  # Mon Jun 23 23:00:00 1941 MSK / CEST
+                datetime(1941, 6, 24, 0, tzinfo=self)]   # Mon Jun 24 00:00:00 1941 CEST
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        fold_start, fold_stop = self._loc_fold()
+        if dt < fold_start:
+            return 3 * HOUR
+        if dt < fold_stop:
+            return (2 if dt.fold else 3) * HOUR
+        # if dt >= fold_stop
+        return 2 * HOUR
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        fold_start, fold_stop = self._loc_fold()
+        if dt < fold_start:
+            return 0 * HOUR
+        if dt < fold_stop:
+            return (1 if dt.fold else 0) * HOUR
+        # if dt >= fold_stop
+        return 1 * HOUR
+
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        fold_start, fold_stop = self._loc_fold()
+        if dt < fold_start:
+            return 'MSK'
+        if dt < fold_stop:
+            return ('MSK', 'CEST')[dt.fold]
+        # if dt >= fold_stop
+        return 'CEST'
+
+    def fromutc(self, dt):
+        assert dt.fold == 0
+        assert dt.tzinfo is self
+        if dt.year != 1941:
+            raise NotImplementedError
+        fold_start, fold_stop = self._utc_fold()
+        if dt < fold_start:
+            return dt + 3 * HOUR
+        if dt < fold_stop:
+            return (dt + 2 * HOUR).replace(fold=1)
+        # if dt >= fold_stop
+        return dt + 2 * HOUR
+
+
+class TestLocalTimeDisambiguation(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_vilnius_1941_fromutc(self):
+        Vilnius = Europe_Vilnius_1941()
+
+        gdt = datetime(1941, 6, 23, 20, 59, 59, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        ldt = gdt.astimezone(Vilnius)
+        self.assertEqual(ldt.strftime("%c %Z%z"),
+                         'Mon Jun 23 23:59:59 1941 MSK+0300')
+        self.assertEqual(ldt.fold, 0)
+        self.assertFalse(ldt.dst())
+
+        gdt = datetime(1941, 6, 23, 21, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        ldt = gdt.astimezone(Vilnius)
+        self.assertEqual(ldt.strftime("%c %Z%z"),
+                         'Mon Jun 23 23:00:00 1941 CEST+0200')
+        self.assertEqual(ldt.fold, 1)
+        self.assertTrue(ldt.dst())
+
+        gdt = datetime(1941, 6, 23, 22, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+        ldt = gdt.astimezone(Vilnius)
+        self.assertEqual(ldt.strftime("%c %Z%z"),
+                         'Tue Jun 24 00:00:00 1941 CEST+0200')
+        self.assertEqual(ldt.fold, 0)
+        self.assertTrue(ldt.dst())
+
+    def test_vilnius_1941_toutc(self):
+        Vilnius = Europe_Vilnius_1941()
+
+        ldt = datetime(1941, 6, 23, 22, 59, 59, tzinfo=Vilnius)
+        gdt = ldt.astimezone(timezone.utc)
+        self.assertEqual(gdt.strftime("%c %Z"),
+                         'Mon Jun 23 19:59:59 1941 UTC')
+
+        ldt = datetime(1941, 6, 23, 23, 59, 59, tzinfo=Vilnius)
+        gdt = ldt.astimezone(timezone.utc)
+        self.assertEqual(gdt.strftime("%c %Z"),
+                         'Mon Jun 23 20:59:59 1941 UTC')
+
+        ldt = datetime(1941, 6, 23, 23, 59, 59, tzinfo=Vilnius, fold=1)
+        gdt = ldt.astimezone(timezone.utc)
+        self.assertEqual(gdt.strftime("%c %Z"),
+                         'Mon Jun 23 21:59:59 1941 UTC')
+
+        ldt = datetime(1941, 6, 24, 0, tzinfo=Vilnius)
+        gdt = ldt.astimezone(timezone.utc)
+        self.assertEqual(gdt.strftime("%c %Z"),
+                         'Mon Jun 23 22:00:00 1941 UTC')
+
+    def test_constructors(self):
+        t = time(0, fold=1)
+        dt = datetime(1, 1, 1, fold=1)
+        self.assertEqual(t.fold, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.fold, 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            time(0, 0, 0, 0, None, 0)
+
+    def test_member(self):
+        dt = datetime(1, 1, 1, fold=1)
+        t = dt.time()
+        self.assertEqual(t.fold, 1)
+        t = dt.timetz()
+        self.assertEqual(t.fold, 1)
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        t = time(0)
+        dt = datetime(1, 1, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(t.replace(fold=1).fold, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.replace(fold=1).fold, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(t.replace(fold=0).fold, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.replace(fold=0).fold, 0)
+        # Check that replacement of other fields does not change "fold".
+        t = t.replace(fold=1, tzinfo=Eastern)
+        dt = dt.replace(fold=1, tzinfo=Eastern)
+        self.assertEqual(t.replace(tzinfo=None).fold, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.replace(tzinfo=None).fold, 1)
+        # Out of bounds.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            t.replace(fold=2)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            dt.replace(fold=2)
+        # Check that fold is a keyword-only argument
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            t.replace(1, 1, 1, None, 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            dt.replace(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, None, 1)
+
+    def test_comparison(self):
+        t = time(0)
+        dt = datetime(1, 1, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(t, t.replace(fold=1))
+        self.assertEqual(dt, dt.replace(fold=1))
+
+    def test_hash(self):
+        t = time(0)
+        dt = datetime(1, 1, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t), hash(t.replace(fold=1)))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(dt), hash(dt.replace(fold=1)))
+
+    @support.run_with_tz('EST+05EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0')
+    def test_fromtimestamp(self):
+        s = 1414906200
+        dt0 = datetime.fromtimestamp(s)
+        dt1 = datetime.fromtimestamp(s + 3600)
+        self.assertEqual(dt0.fold, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(dt1.fold, 1)
+
+    @support.run_with_tz('Australia/Lord_Howe')
+    def test_fromtimestamp_lord_howe(self):
+        tm = _time.localtime(1.4e9)
+        if _time.strftime('%Z%z', tm) != 'LHST+1030':
+            self.skipTest('Australia/Lord_Howe timezone is not supported on this platform')
+        # $ TZ=Australia/Lord_Howe date -r 1428158700
+        # Sun Apr  5 01:45:00 LHDT 2015
+        # $ TZ=Australia/Lord_Howe date -r 1428160500
+        # Sun Apr  5 01:45:00 LHST 2015
+        s = 1428158700
+        t0 = datetime.fromtimestamp(s)
+        t1 = datetime.fromtimestamp(s + 1800)
+        self.assertEqual(t0, t1)
+        self.assertEqual(t0.fold, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t1.fold, 1)
+
+    def test_fromtimestamp_low_fold_detection(self):
+        # Ensure that fold detection doesn't cause an
+        # OSError for really low values, see bpo-29097
+        self.assertEqual(datetime.fromtimestamp(0).fold, 0)
+
+    @support.run_with_tz('EST+05EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0')
+    def test_timestamp(self):
+        dt0 = datetime(2014, 11, 2, 1, 30)
+        dt1 = dt0.replace(fold=1)
+        self.assertEqual(dt0.timestamp() + 3600,
+                         dt1.timestamp())
+
+    @support.run_with_tz('Australia/Lord_Howe')
+    def test_timestamp_lord_howe(self):
+        tm = _time.localtime(1.4e9)
+        if _time.strftime('%Z%z', tm) != 'LHST+1030':
+            self.skipTest('Australia/Lord_Howe timezone is not supported on this platform')
+        t = datetime(2015, 4, 5, 1, 45)
+        s0 = t.replace(fold=0).timestamp()
+        s1 = t.replace(fold=1).timestamp()
+        self.assertEqual(s0 + 1800, s1)
+
+    @support.run_with_tz('EST+05EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0')
+    def test_astimezone(self):
+        dt0 = datetime(2014, 11, 2, 1, 30)
+        dt1 = dt0.replace(fold=1)
+        # Convert both naive instances to aware.
+        adt0 = dt0.astimezone()
+        adt1 = dt1.astimezone()
+        # Check that the first instance in DST zone and the second in STD
+        self.assertEqual(adt0.tzname(), 'EDT')
+        self.assertEqual(adt1.tzname(), 'EST')
+        self.assertEqual(adt0 + HOUR, adt1)
+        # Aware instances with fixed offset tzinfo's always have fold=0
+        self.assertEqual(adt0.fold, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(adt1.fold, 0)
+
+    def test_pickle_fold(self):
+        t = time(fold=1)
+        dt = datetime(1, 1, 1, fold=1)
+        for pickler, unpickler, proto in pickle_choices:
+            for x in [t, dt]:
+                s = pickler.dumps(x, proto)
+                y = unpickler.loads(s)
+                self.assertEqual(x, y)
+                self.assertEqual((0 if proto < 4 else x.fold), y.fold)
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        t = time(fold=1)
+        dt = datetime(1, 1, 1, fold=1)
+        self.assertEqual(repr(t), 'datetime.time(0, 0, fold=1)')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(dt),
+                         'datetime.datetime(1, 1, 1, 0, 0, fold=1)')
+
+    def test_dst(self):
+        # Let's first establish that things work in regular times.
+        dt_summer = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, tzinfo=Eastern2) - timedelta.resolution
+        dt_winter = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 2, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        self.assertEqual(dt_summer.dst(), HOUR)
+        self.assertEqual(dt_winter.dst(), ZERO)
+        # The disambiguation flag is ignored
+        self.assertEqual(dt_summer.replace(fold=1).dst(), HOUR)
+        self.assertEqual(dt_winter.replace(fold=1).dst(), ZERO)
+
+        # Pick local time in the fold.
+        for minute in [0, 30, 59]:
+            dt = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, minute, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+            # With fold=0 (the default) it is in DST.
+            self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), HOUR)
+            # With fold=1 it is in STD.
+            self.assertEqual(dt.replace(fold=1).dst(), ZERO)
+
+        # Pick local time in the gap.
+        for minute in [0, 30, 59]:
+            dt = datetime(2002, 4, 7, 2, minute, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+            # With fold=0 (the default) it is in STD.
+            self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), ZERO)
+            # With fold=1 it is in DST.
+            self.assertEqual(dt.replace(fold=1).dst(), HOUR)
+
+
+    def test_utcoffset(self):
+        # Let's first establish that things work in regular times.
+        dt_summer = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, tzinfo=Eastern2) - timedelta.resolution
+        dt_winter = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 2, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        self.assertEqual(dt_summer.utcoffset(), -4 * HOUR)
+        self.assertEqual(dt_winter.utcoffset(), -5 * HOUR)
+        # The disambiguation flag is ignored
+        self.assertEqual(dt_summer.replace(fold=1).utcoffset(), -4 * HOUR)
+        self.assertEqual(dt_winter.replace(fold=1).utcoffset(), -5 * HOUR)
+
+    def test_fromutc(self):
+        # Let's first establish that things work in regular times.
+        u_summer = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 6, tzinfo=Eastern2) - timedelta.resolution
+        u_winter = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 7, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        t_summer = Eastern2.fromutc(u_summer)
+        t_winter = Eastern2.fromutc(u_winter)
+        self.assertEqual(t_summer, u_summer - 4 * HOUR)
+        self.assertEqual(t_winter, u_winter - 5 * HOUR)
+        self.assertEqual(t_summer.fold, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t_winter.fold, 0)
+
+        # What happens in the fall-back fold?
+        u = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 5, 30, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        t0 = Eastern2.fromutc(u)
+        u += HOUR
+        t1 = Eastern2.fromutc(u)
+        self.assertEqual(t0, t1)
+        self.assertEqual(t0.fold, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t1.fold, 1)
+        # The tricky part is when u is in the local fold:
+        u = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 30, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        t = Eastern2.fromutc(u)
+        self.assertEqual((t.day, t.hour), (26, 21))
+        # .. or gets into the local fold after a standard time adjustment
+        u = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 6, 30, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        t = Eastern2.fromutc(u)
+        self.assertEqual((t.day, t.hour), (27, 1))
+
+        # What happens in the spring-forward gap?
+        u = datetime(2002, 4, 7, 2, 0, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        t = Eastern2.fromutc(u)
+        self.assertEqual((t.day, t.hour), (6, 21))
+
+    def test_mixed_compare_regular(self):
+        t = datetime(2000, 1, 1, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        self.assertEqual(t, t.astimezone(timezone.utc))
+        t = datetime(2000, 6, 1, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        self.assertEqual(t, t.astimezone(timezone.utc))
+
+    def test_mixed_compare_fold(self):
+        t_fold = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 45, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        t_fold_utc = t_fold.astimezone(timezone.utc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(t_fold, t_fold_utc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(t_fold_utc, t_fold)
+
+    def test_mixed_compare_gap(self):
+        t_gap = datetime(2002, 4, 7, 2, 45, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        t_gap_utc = t_gap.astimezone(timezone.utc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(t_gap, t_gap_utc)
+        self.assertNotEqual(t_gap_utc, t_gap)
+
+    def test_hash_aware(self):
+        t = datetime(2000, 1, 1, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t), hash(t.replace(fold=1)))
+        t_fold = datetime(2002, 10, 27, 1, 45, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        t_gap = datetime(2002, 4, 7, 2, 45, tzinfo=Eastern2)
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t_fold), hash(t_fold.replace(fold=1)))
+        self.assertEqual(hash(t_gap), hash(t_gap.replace(fold=1)))
+
+SEC = timedelta(0, 1)
+
+def pairs(iterable):
+    a, b = itertools.tee(iterable)
+    next(b, None)
+    return zip(a, b)
+
+class ZoneInfo(tzinfo):
+    zoneroot = '/usr/share/zoneinfo'
+    def __init__(self, ut, ti):
+        """
+
+        :param ut: array
+            Array of transition point timestamps
+        :param ti: list
+            A list of (offset, isdst, abbr) tuples
+        :return: None
+        """
+        self.ut = ut
+        self.ti = ti
+        self.lt = self.invert(ut, ti)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def invert(ut, ti):
+        lt = (array('q', ut), array('q', ut))
+        if ut:
+            offset = ti[0][0] // SEC
+            lt[0][0] += offset
+            lt[1][0] += offset
+            for i in range(1, len(ut)):
+                lt[0][i] += ti[i-1][0] // SEC
+                lt[1][i] += ti[i][0] // SEC
+        return lt
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromfile(cls, fileobj):
+        if fileobj.read(4).decode() != "TZif":
+            raise ValueError("not a zoneinfo file")
+        fileobj.seek(32)
+        counts = array('i')
+        counts.fromfile(fileobj, 3)
+        if sys.byteorder != 'big':
+            counts.byteswap()
+
+        ut = array('i')
+        ut.fromfile(fileobj, counts[0])
+        if sys.byteorder != 'big':
+            ut.byteswap()
+
+        type_indices = array('B')
+        type_indices.fromfile(fileobj, counts[0])
+
+        ttis = []
+        for i in range(counts[1]):
+            ttis.append(struct.unpack(">lbb", fileobj.read(6)))
+
+        abbrs = fileobj.read(counts[2])
+
+        # Convert ttis
+        for i, (gmtoff, isdst, abbrind) in enumerate(ttis):
+            abbr = abbrs[abbrind:abbrs.find(0, abbrind)].decode()
+            ttis[i] = (timedelta(0, gmtoff), isdst, abbr)
+
+        ti = [None] * len(ut)
+        for i, idx in enumerate(type_indices):
+            ti[i] = ttis[idx]
+
+        self = cls(ut, ti)
+
+        return self
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fromname(cls, name):
+        path = os.path.join(cls.zoneroot, name)
+        with open(path, 'rb') as f:
+            return cls.fromfile(f)
+
+    EPOCHORDINAL = date(1970, 1, 1).toordinal()
+
+    def fromutc(self, dt):
+        """datetime in UTC -> datetime in local time."""
+
+        if not isinstance(dt, datetime):
+            raise TypeError("fromutc() requires a datetime argument")
+        if dt.tzinfo is not self:
+            raise ValueError("dt.tzinfo is not self")
+
+        timestamp = ((dt.toordinal() - self.EPOCHORDINAL) * 86400
+                     + dt.hour * 3600
+                     + dt.minute * 60
+                     + dt.second)
+
+        if timestamp < self.ut[1]:
+            tti = self.ti[0]
+            fold = 0
+        else:
+            idx = bisect.bisect_right(self.ut, timestamp)
+            assert self.ut[idx-1] <= timestamp
+            assert idx == len(self.ut) or timestamp < self.ut[idx]
+            tti_prev, tti = self.ti[idx-2:idx]
+            # Detect fold
+            shift = tti_prev[0] - tti[0]
+            fold = (shift > timedelta(0, timestamp - self.ut[idx-1]))
+        dt += tti[0]
+        if fold:
+            return dt.replace(fold=1)
+        else:
+            return dt
+
+    def _find_ti(self, dt, i):
+        timestamp = ((dt.toordinal() - self.EPOCHORDINAL) * 86400
+             + dt.hour * 3600
+             + dt.minute * 60
+             + dt.second)
+        lt = self.lt[dt.fold]
+        idx = bisect.bisect_right(lt, timestamp)
+
+        return self.ti[max(0, idx - 1)][i]
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        return self._find_ti(dt, 0)
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        isdst = self._find_ti(dt, 1)
+        # XXX: We cannot accurately determine the "save" value,
+        # so let's return 1h whenever DST is in effect.  Since
+        # we don't use dst() in fromutc(), it is unlikely that
+        # it will be needed for anything more than bool(dst()).
+        return ZERO if isdst else HOUR
+
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        return self._find_ti(dt, 2)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def zonenames(cls, zonedir=None):
+        if zonedir is None:
+            zonedir = cls.zoneroot
+        zone_tab = os.path.join(zonedir, 'zone.tab')
+        try:
+            f = open(zone_tab)
+        except OSError:
+            return
+        with f:
+            for line in f:
+                line = line.strip()
+                if line and not line.startswith('#'):
+                    yield line.split()[2]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def stats(cls, start_year=1):
+        count = gap_count = fold_count = zeros_count = 0
+        min_gap = min_fold = timedelta.max
+        max_gap = max_fold = ZERO
+        min_gap_datetime = max_gap_datetime = datetime.min
+        min_gap_zone = max_gap_zone = None
+        min_fold_datetime = max_fold_datetime = datetime.min
+        min_fold_zone = max_fold_zone = None
+        stats_since = datetime(start_year, 1, 1) # Starting from 1970 eliminates a lot of noise
+        for zonename in cls.zonenames():
+            count += 1
+            tz = cls.fromname(zonename)
+            for dt, shift in tz.transitions():
+                if dt < stats_since:
+                    continue
+                if shift > ZERO:
+                    gap_count += 1
+                    if (shift, dt) > (max_gap, max_gap_datetime):
+                        max_gap = shift
+                        max_gap_zone = zonename
+                        max_gap_datetime = dt
+                    if (shift, datetime.max - dt) < (min_gap, datetime.max - min_gap_datetime):
+                        min_gap = shift
+                        min_gap_zone = zonename
+                        min_gap_datetime = dt
+                elif shift < ZERO:
+                    fold_count += 1
+                    shift = -shift
+                    if (shift, dt) > (max_fold, max_fold_datetime):
+                        max_fold = shift
+                        max_fold_zone = zonename
+                        max_fold_datetime = dt
+                    if (shift, datetime.max - dt) < (min_fold, datetime.max - min_fold_datetime):
+                        min_fold = shift
+                        min_fold_zone = zonename
+                        min_fold_datetime = dt
+                else:
+                    zeros_count += 1
+        trans_counts = (gap_count, fold_count, zeros_count)
+        print("Number of zones:       %5d" % count)
+        print("Number of transitions: %5d = %d (gaps) + %d (folds) + %d (zeros)" %
+              ((sum(trans_counts),) + trans_counts))
+        print("Min gap:         %16s at %s in %s" % (min_gap, min_gap_datetime, min_gap_zone))
+        print("Max gap:         %16s at %s in %s" % (max_gap, max_gap_datetime, max_gap_zone))
+        print("Min fold:        %16s at %s in %s" % (min_fold, min_fold_datetime, min_fold_zone))
+        print("Max fold:        %16s at %s in %s" % (max_fold, max_fold_datetime, max_fold_zone))
+
+
+    def transitions(self):
+        for (_, prev_ti), (t, ti) in pairs(zip(self.ut, self.ti)):
+            shift = ti[0] - prev_ti[0]
+            yield (EPOCH_NAIVE + timedelta(seconds=t)), shift
+
+    def nondst_folds(self):
+        """Find all folds with the same value of isdst on both sides of the transition."""
+        for (_, prev_ti), (t, ti) in pairs(zip(self.ut, self.ti)):
+            shift = ti[0] - prev_ti[0]
+            if shift < ZERO and ti[1] == prev_ti[1]:
+                yield _utcfromtimestamp(datetime, t,), -shift, prev_ti[2], ti[2]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def print_all_nondst_folds(cls, same_abbr=False, start_year=1):
+        count = 0
+        for zonename in cls.zonenames():
+            tz = cls.fromname(zonename)
+            for dt, shift, prev_abbr, abbr in tz.nondst_folds():
+                if dt.year < start_year or same_abbr and prev_abbr != abbr:
+                    continue
+                count += 1
+                print("%3d) %-30s %s %10s %5s -> %s" %
+                      (count, zonename, dt, shift, prev_abbr, abbr))
+
+    def folds(self):
+        for t, shift in self.transitions():
+            if shift < ZERO:
+                yield t, -shift
+
+    def gaps(self):
+        for t, shift in self.transitions():
+            if shift > ZERO:
+                yield t, shift
+
+    def zeros(self):
+        for t, shift in self.transitions():
+            if not shift:
+                yield t
+
+
+class ZoneInfoTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    zonename = 'America/New_York'
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        if sys.platform == "vxworks":
+            self.skipTest("Skipping zoneinfo tests on VxWorks")
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            self.skipTest("Skipping zoneinfo tests on Windows")
+        try:
+            self.tz = ZoneInfo.fromname(self.zonename)
+        except FileNotFoundError as err:
+            self.skipTest("Skipping %s: %s" % (self.zonename, err))
+
+    def assertEquivDatetimes(self, a, b):
+        self.assertEqual((a.replace(tzinfo=None), a.fold, id(a.tzinfo)),
+                         (b.replace(tzinfo=None), b.fold, id(b.tzinfo)))
+
+    def test_folds(self):
+        tz = self.tz
+        for dt, shift in tz.folds():
+            for x in [0 * shift, 0.5 * shift, shift - timedelta.resolution]:
+                udt = dt + x
+                ldt = tz.fromutc(udt.replace(tzinfo=tz))
+                self.assertEqual(ldt.fold, 1)
+                adt = udt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc).astimezone(tz)
+                self.assertEquivDatetimes(adt, ldt)
+                utcoffset = ldt.utcoffset()
+                self.assertEqual(ldt.replace(tzinfo=None), udt + utcoffset)
+                # Round trip
+                self.assertEquivDatetimes(ldt.astimezone(timezone.utc),
+                                          udt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc))
+
+
+            for x in [-timedelta.resolution, shift]:
+                udt = dt + x
+                udt = udt.replace(tzinfo=tz)
+                ldt = tz.fromutc(udt)
+                self.assertEqual(ldt.fold, 0)
+
+    def test_gaps(self):
+        tz = self.tz
+        for dt, shift in tz.gaps():
+            for x in [0 * shift, 0.5 * shift, shift - timedelta.resolution]:
+                udt = dt + x
+                udt = udt.replace(tzinfo=tz)
+                ldt = tz.fromutc(udt)
+                self.assertEqual(ldt.fold, 0)
+                adt = udt.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc).astimezone(tz)
+                self.assertEquivDatetimes(adt, ldt)
+                utcoffset = ldt.utcoffset()
+                self.assertEqual(ldt.replace(tzinfo=None), udt.replace(tzinfo=None) + utcoffset)
+                # Create a local time inside the gap
+                ldt = tz.fromutc(dt.replace(tzinfo=tz)) - shift + x
+                self.assertLess(ldt.replace(fold=1).utcoffset(),
+                                ldt.replace(fold=0).utcoffset(),
+                                "At %s." % ldt)
+
+            for x in [-timedelta.resolution, shift]:
+                udt = dt + x
+                ldt = tz.fromutc(udt.replace(tzinfo=tz))
+                self.assertEqual(ldt.fold, 0)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(
+        hasattr(_time, "tzset"), "time module has no attribute tzset"
+    )
+    def test_system_transitions(self):
+        if ('Riyadh8' in self.zonename or
+            # From tzdata NEWS file:
+            # The files solar87, solar88, and solar89 are no longer distributed.
+            # They were a negative experiment - that is, a demonstration that
+            # tz data can represent solar time only with some difficulty and error.
+            # Their presence in the distribution caused confusion, as Riyadh
+            # civil time was generally not solar time in those years.
+                self.zonename.startswith('right/')):
+            self.skipTest("Skipping %s" % self.zonename)
+        tz = self.tz
+        TZ = os.environ.get('TZ')
+        os.environ['TZ'] = self.zonename
+        try:
+            _time.tzset()
+            for udt, shift in tz.transitions():
+                if udt.year >= 2037:
+                    # System support for times around the end of 32-bit time_t
+                    # and later is flaky on many systems.
+                    break
+                s0 = (udt - datetime(1970, 1, 1)) // SEC
+                ss = shift // SEC   # shift seconds
+                for x in [-40 * 3600, -20*3600, -1, 0,
+                          ss - 1, ss + 20 * 3600, ss + 40 * 3600]:
+                    s = s0 + x
+                    sdt = datetime.fromtimestamp(s)
+                    tzdt = datetime.fromtimestamp(s, tz).replace(tzinfo=None)
+                    self.assertEquivDatetimes(sdt, tzdt)
+                    s1 = sdt.timestamp()
+                    self.assertEqual(s, s1)
+                if ss > 0:  # gap
+                    # Create local time inside the gap
+                    dt = datetime.fromtimestamp(s0) - shift / 2
+                    ts0 = dt.timestamp()
+                    ts1 = dt.replace(fold=1).timestamp()
+                    self.assertEqual(ts0, s0 + ss / 2)
+                    self.assertEqual(ts1, s0 - ss / 2)
+                    # gh-83861
+                    utc0 = dt.astimezone(timezone.utc)
+                    utc1 = dt.replace(fold=1).astimezone(timezone.utc)
+                    self.assertEqual(utc0, utc1 + timedelta(0, ss))
+        finally:
+            if TZ is None:
+                del os.environ['TZ']
+            else:
+                os.environ['TZ'] = TZ
+            _time.tzset()
+
+
+class ZoneInfoCompleteTest(unittest.TestSuite):
+    def __init__(self):
+        tests = []
+        if is_resource_enabled('tzdata'):
+            for name in ZoneInfo.zonenames():
+                Test = type('ZoneInfoTest[%s]' % name, (ZoneInfoTest,), {})
+                Test.zonename = name
+                for method in dir(Test):
+                    if method.startswith('test_'):
+                        tests.append(Test(method))
+        super().__init__(tests)
+
+# Iran had a sub-minute UTC offset before 1946.
+class IranTest(ZoneInfoTest):
+    zonename = 'Asia/Tehran'
+
+
+@unittest.skipIf(_testcapi is None, 'need _testcapi module')
+class CapiTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        # Since the C API is not present in the _Pure tests, skip all tests
+        if self.__class__.__name__.endswith('Pure'):
+            self.skipTest('Not relevant in pure Python')
+
+        # This *must* be called, and it must be called first, so until either
+        # restriction is loosened, we'll call it as part of test setup
+        _testcapi.test_datetime_capi()
+
+    def test_utc_capi(self):
+        for use_macro in (True, False):
+            capi_utc = _testcapi.get_timezone_utc_capi(use_macro)
+
+            with self.subTest(use_macro=use_macro):
+                self.assertIs(capi_utc, timezone.utc)
+
+    def test_timezones_capi(self):
+        est_capi, est_macro, est_macro_nn = _testcapi.make_timezones_capi()
+
+        exp_named = timezone(timedelta(hours=-5), "EST")
+        exp_unnamed = timezone(timedelta(hours=-5))
+
+        cases = [
+            ('est_capi', est_capi, exp_named),
+            ('est_macro', est_macro, exp_named),
+            ('est_macro_nn', est_macro_nn, exp_unnamed)
+        ]
+
+        for name, tz_act, tz_exp in cases:
+            with self.subTest(name=name):
+                self.assertEqual(tz_act, tz_exp)
+
+                dt1 = datetime(2000, 2, 4, tzinfo=tz_act)
+                dt2 = datetime(2000, 2, 4, tzinfo=tz_exp)
+
+                self.assertEqual(dt1, dt2)
+                self.assertEqual(dt1.tzname(), dt2.tzname())
+
+                dt_utc = datetime(2000, 2, 4, 5, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+
+                self.assertEqual(dt1.astimezone(timezone.utc), dt_utc)
+
+    def test_PyDateTime_DELTA_GET(self):
+        class TimeDeltaSubclass(timedelta):
+            pass
+
+        for klass in [timedelta, TimeDeltaSubclass]:
+            for args in [(26, 55, 99999), (26, 55, 99999)]:
+                d = klass(*args)
+                with self.subTest(cls=klass, date=args):
+                    days, seconds, microseconds = _testcapi.PyDateTime_DELTA_GET(d)
+
+                    self.assertEqual(days, d.days)
+                    self.assertEqual(seconds, d.seconds)
+                    self.assertEqual(microseconds, d.microseconds)
+
+    def test_PyDateTime_GET(self):
+        class DateSubclass(date):
+            pass
+
+        for klass in [date, DateSubclass]:
+            for args in [(2000, 1, 2), (2012, 2, 29)]:
+                d = klass(*args)
+                with self.subTest(cls=klass, date=args):
+                    year, month, day = _testcapi.PyDateTime_GET(d)
+
+                    self.assertEqual(year, d.year)
+                    self.assertEqual(month, d.month)
+                    self.assertEqual(day, d.day)
+
+    def test_PyDateTime_DATE_GET(self):
+        class DateTimeSubclass(datetime):
+            pass
+
+        for klass in [datetime, DateTimeSubclass]:
+            for args in [(1993, 8, 26, 22, 12, 55, 99999),
+                         (1993, 8, 26, 22, 12, 55, 99999,
+                          timezone.utc)]:
+                d = klass(*args)
+                with self.subTest(cls=klass, date=args):
+                    hour, minute, second, microsecond, tzinfo = \
+                                            _testcapi.PyDateTime_DATE_GET(d)
+
+                    self.assertEqual(hour, d.hour)
+                    self.assertEqual(minute, d.minute)
+                    self.assertEqual(second, d.second)
+                    self.assertEqual(microsecond, d.microsecond)
+                    self.assertIs(tzinfo, d.tzinfo)
+
+    def test_PyDateTime_TIME_GET(self):
+        class TimeSubclass(time):
+            pass
+
+        for klass in [time, TimeSubclass]:
+            for args in [(12, 30, 20, 10),
+                         (12, 30, 20, 10, timezone.utc)]:
+                d = klass(*args)
+                with self.subTest(cls=klass, date=args):
+                    hour, minute, second, microsecond, tzinfo = \
+                                              _testcapi.PyDateTime_TIME_GET(d)
+
+                    self.assertEqual(hour, d.hour)
+                    self.assertEqual(minute, d.minute)
+                    self.assertEqual(second, d.second)
+                    self.assertEqual(microsecond, d.microsecond)
+                    self.assertIs(tzinfo, d.tzinfo)
+
+    def test_timezones_offset_zero(self):
+        utc0, utc1, non_utc = _testcapi.get_timezones_offset_zero()
+
+        with self.subTest(testname="utc0"):
+            self.assertIs(utc0, timezone.utc)
+
+        with self.subTest(testname="utc1"):
+            self.assertIs(utc1, timezone.utc)
+
+        with self.subTest(testname="non_utc"):
+            self.assertIsNot(non_utc, timezone.utc)
+
+            non_utc_exp = timezone(timedelta(hours=0), "")
+
+            self.assertEqual(non_utc, non_utc_exp)
+
+            dt1 = datetime(2000, 2, 4, tzinfo=non_utc)
+            dt2 = datetime(2000, 2, 4, tzinfo=non_utc_exp)
+
+            self.assertEqual(dt1, dt2)
+            self.assertEqual(dt1.tzname(), dt2.tzname())
+
+    def test_check_date(self):
+        class DateSubclass(date):
+            pass
+
+        d = date(2011, 1, 1)
+        ds = DateSubclass(2011, 1, 1)
+        dt = datetime(2011, 1, 1)
+
+        is_date = _testcapi.datetime_check_date
+
+        # Check the ones that should be valid
+        self.assertTrue(is_date(d))
+        self.assertTrue(is_date(dt))
+        self.assertTrue(is_date(ds))
+        self.assertTrue(is_date(d, True))
+
+        # Check that the subclasses do not match exactly
+        self.assertFalse(is_date(dt, True))
+        self.assertFalse(is_date(ds, True))
+
+        # Check that various other things are not dates at all
+        args = [tuple(), list(), 1, '2011-01-01',
+                timedelta(1), timezone.utc, time(12, 00)]
+        for arg in args:
+            for exact in (True, False):
+                with self.subTest(arg=arg, exact=exact):
+                    self.assertFalse(is_date(arg, exact))
+
+    def test_check_time(self):
+        class TimeSubclass(time):
+            pass
+
+        t = time(12, 30)
+        ts = TimeSubclass(12, 30)
+
+        is_time = _testcapi.datetime_check_time
+
+        # Check the ones that should be valid
+        self.assertTrue(is_time(t))
+        self.assertTrue(is_time(ts))
+        self.assertTrue(is_time(t, True))
+
+        # Check that the subclass does not match exactly
+        self.assertFalse(is_time(ts, True))
+
+        # Check that various other things are not times
+        args = [tuple(), list(), 1, '2011-01-01',
+                timedelta(1), timezone.utc, date(2011, 1, 1)]
+
+        for arg in args:
+            for exact in (True, False):
+                with self.subTest(arg=arg, exact=exact):
+                    self.assertFalse(is_time(arg, exact))
+
+    def test_check_datetime(self):
+        class DateTimeSubclass(datetime):
+            pass
+
+        dt = datetime(2011, 1, 1, 12, 30)
+        dts = DateTimeSubclass(2011, 1, 1, 12, 30)
+
+        is_datetime = _testcapi.datetime_check_datetime
+
+        # Check the ones that should be valid
+        self.assertTrue(is_datetime(dt))
+        self.assertTrue(is_datetime(dts))
+        self.assertTrue(is_datetime(dt, True))
+
+        # Check that the subclass does not match exactly
+        self.assertFalse(is_datetime(dts, True))
+
+        # Check that various other things are not datetimes
+        args = [tuple(), list(), 1, '2011-01-01',
+                timedelta(1), timezone.utc, date(2011, 1, 1)]
+
+        for arg in args:
+            for exact in (True, False):
+                with self.subTest(arg=arg, exact=exact):
+                    self.assertFalse(is_datetime(arg, exact))
+
+    def test_check_delta(self):
+        class TimeDeltaSubclass(timedelta):
+            pass
+
+        td = timedelta(1)
+        tds = TimeDeltaSubclass(1)
+
+        is_timedelta = _testcapi.datetime_check_delta
+
+        # Check the ones that should be valid
+        self.assertTrue(is_timedelta(td))
+        self.assertTrue(is_timedelta(tds))
+        self.assertTrue(is_timedelta(td, True))
+
+        # Check that the subclass does not match exactly
+        self.assertFalse(is_timedelta(tds, True))
+
+        # Check that various other things are not timedeltas
+        args = [tuple(), list(), 1, '2011-01-01',
+                timezone.utc, date(2011, 1, 1), datetime(2011, 1, 1)]
+
+        for arg in args:
+            for exact in (True, False):
+                with self.subTest(arg=arg, exact=exact):
+                    self.assertFalse(is_timedelta(arg, exact))
+
+    def test_check_tzinfo(self):
+        class TZInfoSubclass(tzinfo):
+            pass
+
+        tzi = tzinfo()
+        tzis = TZInfoSubclass()
+        tz = timezone(timedelta(hours=-5))
+
+        is_tzinfo = _testcapi.datetime_check_tzinfo
+
+        # Check the ones that should be valid
+        self.assertTrue(is_tzinfo(tzi))
+        self.assertTrue(is_tzinfo(tz))
+        self.assertTrue(is_tzinfo(tzis))
+        self.assertTrue(is_tzinfo(tzi, True))
+
+        # Check that the subclasses do not match exactly
+        self.assertFalse(is_tzinfo(tz, True))
+        self.assertFalse(is_tzinfo(tzis, True))
+
+        # Check that various other things are not tzinfos
+        args = [tuple(), list(), 1, '2011-01-01',
+                date(2011, 1, 1), datetime(2011, 1, 1)]
+
+        for arg in args:
+            for exact in (True, False):
+                with self.subTest(arg=arg, exact=exact):
+                    self.assertFalse(is_tzinfo(arg, exact))
+
+    def test_date_from_date(self):
+        exp_date = date(1993, 8, 26)
+
+        for macro in False, True:
+            with self.subTest(macro=macro):
+                c_api_date = _testcapi.get_date_fromdate(
+                    macro,
+                    exp_date.year,
+                    exp_date.month,
+                    exp_date.day)
+
+                self.assertEqual(c_api_date, exp_date)
+
+    def test_datetime_from_dateandtime(self):
+        exp_date = datetime(1993, 8, 26, 22, 12, 55, 99999)
+
+        for macro in False, True:
+            with self.subTest(macro=macro):
+                c_api_date = _testcapi.get_datetime_fromdateandtime(
+                    macro,
+                    exp_date.year,
+                    exp_date.month,
+                    exp_date.day,
+                    exp_date.hour,
+                    exp_date.minute,
+                    exp_date.second,
+                    exp_date.microsecond)
+
+                self.assertEqual(c_api_date, exp_date)
+
+    def test_datetime_from_dateandtimeandfold(self):
+        exp_date = datetime(1993, 8, 26, 22, 12, 55, 99999)
+
+        for fold in [0, 1]:
+            for macro in False, True:
+                with self.subTest(macro=macro, fold=fold):
+                    c_api_date = _testcapi.get_datetime_fromdateandtimeandfold(
+                        macro,
+                        exp_date.year,
+                        exp_date.month,
+                        exp_date.day,
+                        exp_date.hour,
+                        exp_date.minute,
+                        exp_date.second,
+                        exp_date.microsecond,
+                        exp_date.fold)
+
+                    self.assertEqual(c_api_date, exp_date)
+                    self.assertEqual(c_api_date.fold, exp_date.fold)
+
+    def test_time_from_time(self):
+        exp_time = time(22, 12, 55, 99999)
+
+        for macro in False, True:
+            with self.subTest(macro=macro):
+                c_api_time = _testcapi.get_time_fromtime(
+                    macro,
+                    exp_time.hour,
+                    exp_time.minute,
+                    exp_time.second,
+                    exp_time.microsecond)
+
+                self.assertEqual(c_api_time, exp_time)
+
+    def test_time_from_timeandfold(self):
+        exp_time = time(22, 12, 55, 99999)
+
+        for fold in [0, 1]:
+            for macro in False, True:
+                with self.subTest(macro=macro, fold=fold):
+                    c_api_time = _testcapi.get_time_fromtimeandfold(
+                        macro,
+                        exp_time.hour,
+                        exp_time.minute,
+                        exp_time.second,
+                        exp_time.microsecond,
+                        exp_time.fold)
+
+                    self.assertEqual(c_api_time, exp_time)
+                    self.assertEqual(c_api_time.fold, exp_time.fold)
+
+    def test_delta_from_dsu(self):
+        exp_delta = timedelta(26, 55, 99999)
+
+        for macro in False, True:
+            with self.subTest(macro=macro):
+                c_api_delta = _testcapi.get_delta_fromdsu(
+                    macro,
+                    exp_delta.days,
+                    exp_delta.seconds,
+                    exp_delta.microseconds)
+
+                self.assertEqual(c_api_delta, exp_delta)
+
+    def test_date_from_timestamp(self):
+        ts = datetime(1995, 4, 12).timestamp()
+
+        for macro in False, True:
+            with self.subTest(macro=macro):
+                d = _testcapi.get_date_fromtimestamp(int(ts), macro)
+
+                self.assertEqual(d, date(1995, 4, 12))
+
+    def test_datetime_from_timestamp(self):
+        cases = [
+            ((1995, 4, 12), None, False),
+            ((1995, 4, 12), None, True),
+            ((1995, 4, 12), timezone(timedelta(hours=1)), True),
+            ((1995, 4, 12, 14, 30), None, False),
+            ((1995, 4, 12, 14, 30), None, True),
+            ((1995, 4, 12, 14, 30), timezone(timedelta(hours=1)), True),
+        ]
+
+        from_timestamp = _testcapi.get_datetime_fromtimestamp
+        for case in cases:
+            for macro in False, True:
+                with self.subTest(case=case, macro=macro):
+                    dtup, tzinfo, usetz = case
+                    dt_orig = datetime(*dtup, tzinfo=tzinfo)
+                    ts = int(dt_orig.timestamp())
+
+                    dt_rt = from_timestamp(ts, tzinfo, usetz, macro)
+
+                    self.assertEqual(dt_orig, dt_rt)
+
+
+def load_tests(loader, standard_tests, pattern):
+    standard_tests.addTest(ZoneInfoCompleteTest())
+    return standard_tests
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_datetime.py b/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3859733a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+import unittest
+import sys
+
+from test.support.import_helper import import_fresh_module
+
+
+TESTS = 'test.datetimetester'
+
+def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
+    try:
+        pure_tests = import_fresh_module(TESTS,
+                                         fresh=['datetime', '_pydatetime', '_strptime'],
+                                         blocked=['_datetime'])
+        fast_tests = import_fresh_module(TESTS,
+                                         fresh=['datetime', '_strptime'],
+                                         blocked=['_pydatetime'])
+    finally:
+        # XXX: import_fresh_module() is supposed to leave sys.module cache untouched,
+        # XXX: but it does not, so we have to cleanup ourselves.
+        for modname in ['datetime', '_datetime', '_strptime']:
+            sys.modules.pop(modname, None)
+
+    test_modules = [pure_tests, fast_tests]
+    test_suffixes = ["_Pure", "_Fast"]
+    # XXX(gb) First run all the _Pure tests, then all the _Fast tests.  You might
+    # not believe this, but in spite of all the sys.modules trickery running a _Pure
+    # test last will leave a mix of pure and native datetime stuff lying around.
+    for module, suffix in zip(test_modules, test_suffixes):
+        test_classes = []
+        for name, cls in module.__dict__.items():
+            if not isinstance(cls, type):
+                continue
+            if issubclass(cls, unittest.TestCase):
+                test_classes.append(cls)
+            elif issubclass(cls, unittest.TestSuite):
+                suit = cls()
+                test_classes.extend(type(test) for test in suit)
+        test_classes = sorted(set(test_classes), key=lambda cls: cls.__qualname__)
+        for cls in test_classes:
+            cls.__name__ += suffix
+            cls.__qualname__ += suffix
+            @classmethod
+            def setUpClass(cls_, module=module):
+                cls_._save_sys_modules = sys.modules.copy()
+                sys.modules[TESTS] = module
+                sys.modules['datetime'] = module.datetime_module
+                if hasattr(module, '_pydatetime'):
+                    sys.modules['_pydatetime'] = module._pydatetime
+                sys.modules['_strptime'] = module._strptime
+            @classmethod
+            def tearDownClass(cls_):
+                sys.modules.clear()
+                sys.modules.update(cls_._save_sys_modules)
+            cls.setUpClass = setUpClass
+            cls.tearDownClass = tearDownClass
+            tests.addTests(loader.loadTestsFromTestCase(cls))
+    return tests
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

From f709a2805d6b1d6a6401565739b098531e3a0994 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 14 May 2024 01:16:25 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 278/705] mark failing tests

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml       |  1 +
 Lib/test/datetimetester.py      | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 Lib/test/test_datetime.py       | 10 ++++++++--
 Lib/test/test_http_cookiejar.py |  2 ++
 4 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index b987918727..8cb71b0671 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ env:
   CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,ssl
   # Skip additional tests on Windows. They are checked on Linux and MacOS.
   WINDOWS_SKIPS: >-
+    test_datetime
     test_glob
     test_importlib
     test_io
diff --git a/Lib/test/datetimetester.py b/Lib/test/datetimetester.py
index 55e061950f..7c6c8d7dd2 100644
--- a/Lib/test/datetimetester.py
+++ b/Lib/test/datetimetester.py
@@ -1498,6 +1498,8 @@ def test_strftime(self):
         # bpo-41260: The parameter was named "fmt" in the pure python impl.
         t.strftime(format="%f")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_strftime_trailing_percent(self):
         # bpo-35066: Make sure trailing '%' doesn't cause datetime's strftime to
         # complain. Different libcs have different handling of trailing
@@ -1598,6 +1600,8 @@ def test_pickling(self):
             self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
         self.assertEqual(orig.__reduce__(), orig.__reduce_ex__(2))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_compat_unpickle(self):
         tests = [
             b"cdatetime\ndate\n(S'\\x07\\xdf\\x0b\\x1b'\ntR.",
@@ -2365,6 +2369,8 @@ def test_pickling_subclass_datetime(self):
             self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(derived, SubclassDatetime))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_compat_unpickle(self):
         tests = [
             b'cdatetime\ndatetime\n('
@@ -2937,6 +2943,8 @@ def newmeth(self, start):
         self.assertEqual(dt2.newmeth(-7), dt1.year + dt1.month +
                                           dt1.second - 7)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_subclass_alternate_constructors_datetime(self):
         # Test that alternate constructors call the constructor
         class DateTimeSubclass(self.theclass):
@@ -3635,6 +3643,8 @@ def test_pickling_subclass_time(self):
             self.assertEqual(orig, derived)
             self.assertTrue(isinstance(derived, SubclassTime))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_compat_unpickle(self):
         tests = [
             (b"cdatetime\ntime\n(S'\\x14;\\x10\\x00\\x10\\x00'\ntR.",
@@ -4029,6 +4039,8 @@ def test_pickling(self):
             self.assertEqual(derived.tzname(), 'cookie')
         self.assertEqual(orig.__reduce__(), orig.__reduce_ex__(2))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_compat_unpickle(self):
         tests = [
             b"cdatetime\ntime\n(S'\\x05\\x06\\x07\\x01\\xe2@'\n"
@@ -4481,6 +4493,8 @@ def test_pickling(self):
             self.assertEqual(derived.tzname(), 'cookie')
         self.assertEqual(orig.__reduce__(), orig.__reduce_ex__(2))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_compat_unpickle(self):
         tests = [
             b'cdatetime\ndatetime\n'
@@ -5443,6 +5457,8 @@ def test_bug_1028306(self):
         self.assertEqual(as_datetime, datetime_sc)
         self.assertEqual(datetime_sc, as_datetime)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_extra_attributes(self):
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
             utcnow = datetime.utcnow()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_datetime.py b/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
index 3859733a4f..ead211bec3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_datetime.py
@@ -20,8 +20,14 @@ def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
         for modname in ['datetime', '_datetime', '_strptime']:
             sys.modules.pop(modname, None)
 
-    test_modules = [pure_tests, fast_tests]
-    test_suffixes = ["_Pure", "_Fast"]
+    test_modules = [
+        pure_tests,
+        # fast_tests  # XXX: RUSTPYTHON; not supported yet
+    ]
+    test_suffixes = [
+        "_Pure",
+        # "_Fast"  # XXX: RUSTPYTHON; not supported yet
+    ]
     # XXX(gb) First run all the _Pure tests, then all the _Fast tests.  You might
     # not believe this, but in spite of all the sys.modules trickery running a _Pure
     # test last will leave a mix of pure and native datetime stuff lying around.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_http_cookiejar.py b/Lib/test/test_http_cookiejar.py
index ba594079cd..f4b9dc6a28 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_http_cookiejar.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_http_cookiejar.py
@@ -598,6 +598,8 @@ def test_ns_parser_special_names(self):
         self.assertIn('expires', cookies)
         self.assertIn('version', cookies)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; need to update http library to remove warnings
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_expires(self):
         # if expires is in future, keep cookie...
         c = CookieJar()

From a620b38ba0781ea20d2d9bfbb1c432de7e713982 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Kirill Podoprigora <kirill.bast9@mail.ru>
Date: Wed, 13 Mar 2024 12:35:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 279/705] Add test_copyreg.py from 3.12

---
 Lib/test/test_copyreg.py | 128 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 128 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_copyreg.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_copyreg.py b/Lib/test/test_copyreg.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e158c19db2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_copyreg.py
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+import copyreg
+import unittest
+
+from test.pickletester import ExtensionSaver
+
+class C:
+    pass
+
+def pickle_C(c):
+    return C, ()
+
+
+class WithoutSlots(object):
+    pass
+
+class WithWeakref(object):
+    __slots__ = ('__weakref__',)
+
+class WithPrivate(object):
+    __slots__ = ('__spam',)
+
+class _WithLeadingUnderscoreAndPrivate(object):
+    __slots__ = ('__spam',)
+
+class ___(object):
+    __slots__ = ('__spam',)
+
+class WithSingleString(object):
+    __slots__ = 'spam'
+
+class WithInherited(WithSingleString):
+    __slots__ = ('eggs',)
+
+
+class CopyRegTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_class(self):
+        copyreg.pickle(C, pickle_C)
+
+    def test_noncallable_reduce(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, copyreg.pickle,
+                          C, "not a callable")
+
+    def test_noncallable_constructor(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, copyreg.pickle,
+                          C, pickle_C, "not a callable")
+
+    def test_bool(self):
+        import copy
+        self.assertEqual(True, copy.copy(True))
+
+    def test_extension_registry(self):
+        mod, func, code = 'junk1 ', ' junk2', 0xabcd
+        e = ExtensionSaver(code)
+        try:
+            # Shouldn't be in registry now.
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, copyreg.remove_extension,
+                              mod, func, code)
+            copyreg.add_extension(mod, func, code)
+            # Should be in the registry.
+            self.assertTrue(copyreg._extension_registry[mod, func] == code)
+            self.assertTrue(copyreg._inverted_registry[code] == (mod, func))
+            # Shouldn't be in the cache.
+            self.assertNotIn(code, copyreg._extension_cache)
+            # Redundant registration should be OK.
+            copyreg.add_extension(mod, func, code)  # shouldn't blow up
+            # Conflicting code.
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, copyreg.add_extension,
+                              mod, func, code + 1)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, copyreg.remove_extension,
+                              mod, func, code + 1)
+            # Conflicting module name.
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, copyreg.add_extension,
+                              mod[1:], func, code )
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, copyreg.remove_extension,
+                              mod[1:], func, code )
+            # Conflicting function name.
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, copyreg.add_extension,
+                              mod, func[1:], code)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, copyreg.remove_extension,
+                              mod, func[1:], code)
+            # Can't remove one that isn't registered at all.
+            if code + 1 not in copyreg._inverted_registry:
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, copyreg.remove_extension,
+                                  mod[1:], func[1:], code + 1)
+
+        finally:
+            e.restore()
+
+        # Shouldn't be there anymore.
+        self.assertNotIn((mod, func), copyreg._extension_registry)
+        # The code *may* be in copyreg._extension_registry, though, if
+        # we happened to pick on a registered code.  So don't check for
+        # that.
+
+        # Check valid codes at the limits.
+        for code in 1, 0x7fffffff:
+            e = ExtensionSaver(code)
+            try:
+                copyreg.add_extension(mod, func, code)
+                copyreg.remove_extension(mod, func, code)
+            finally:
+                e.restore()
+
+        # Ensure invalid codes blow up.
+        for code in -1, 0, 0x80000000:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, copyreg.add_extension,
+                              mod, func, code)
+
+    def test_slotnames(self):
+        self.assertEqual(copyreg._slotnames(WithoutSlots), [])
+        self.assertEqual(copyreg._slotnames(WithWeakref), [])
+        expected = ['_WithPrivate__spam']
+        self.assertEqual(copyreg._slotnames(WithPrivate), expected)
+        expected = ['_WithLeadingUnderscoreAndPrivate__spam']
+        self.assertEqual(copyreg._slotnames(_WithLeadingUnderscoreAndPrivate),
+                         expected)
+        self.assertEqual(copyreg._slotnames(___), ['__spam'])
+        self.assertEqual(copyreg._slotnames(WithSingleString), ['spam'])
+        expected = ['eggs', 'spam']
+        expected.sort()
+        result = copyreg._slotnames(WithInherited)
+        result.sort()
+        self.assertEqual(result, expected)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

From 08c9a4d86bb1183e8810154b056c2c96c7068a33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: James Clarke <james@novora.ai>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2024 03:59:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 280/705] Added lints and deny.toml

---
 Cargo.lock                  |   5 +-
 Cargo.toml                  |  14 +++
 common/Cargo.toml           |   3 +
 compiler/Cargo.toml         |   3 +
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml |   3 +
 compiler/core/Cargo.toml    |   3 +
 deny.toml                   | 245 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 derive-impl/Cargo.toml      |   3 +
 derive/Cargo.toml           |   3 +
 jit/Cargo.toml              |   3 +
 pylib/Cargo.toml            |   3 +
 stdlib/Cargo.toml           |   3 +
 vm/Cargo.toml               |   3 +
 wasm/lib/Cargo.toml         |   3 +
 14 files changed, 294 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 deny.toml

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 93348466e3..9e1a718264 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -497,11 +497,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-channel"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c2dd04ddaf88237dc3b8d8f9a3c1004b506b54b3313403944054d23c0870c521"
+checksum = "33480d6946193aa8033910124896ca395333cae7e2d1113d1fef6c3272217df2"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-utils",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e17e4789f8..f33f36670d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -165,3 +165,17 @@ rev = "2024.02.14"
 
 [package.metadata.vcpkg.target]
 x86_64-pc-windows-msvc = { triplet = "x64-windows-static-md", dev-dependencies = ["openssl" ] }
+
+# Lints
+
+[workspace.lints.rust]
+unsafe_code = "allow"
+
+[workspace.lints.clippy]
+pedantic = "warn"
+nursery = "warn"
+perf = "warn"
+style = "warn"
+complexity = "warn"
+suspicious = "warn"
+correctness = "warn"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 654a7e6535..afb2c18d63 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -43,3 +43,6 @@ windows-sys = { workspace = true, features = [
     "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
     "Win32_System_SystemServices",
 ] }
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/Cargo.toml b/compiler/Cargo.toml
index bc28b774d2..593fe7dc3c 100644
--- a/compiler/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,3 +11,6 @@ edition = "2021"
 rustpython-codegen = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index 9b68abaafa..37a430982c 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -24,3 +24,6 @@ num-traits = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
 
 insta = { workspace = true }
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
index 7db471bf22..a9b63ff9bf 100644
--- a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,3 +17,6 @@ num-complex = { workspace = true }
 serde = { version = "1.0.133", optional = true, default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
 
 lz4_flex = "0.11"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/deny.toml b/deny.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4063d1fec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/deny.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# This template contains all of the possible sections and their default values
+
+# Note that all fields that take a lint level have these possible values:
+# * deny - An error will be produced and the check will fail
+# * warn - A warning will be produced, but the check will not fail
+# * allow - No warning or error will be produced, though in some cases a note
+# will be
+
+# The values provided in this template are the default values that will be used
+# when any section or field is not specified in your own configuration
+
+# Root options
+
+# The graph table configures how the dependency graph is constructed and thus
+# which crates the checks are performed against
+[graph]
+# If 1 or more target triples (and optionally, target_features) are specified,
+# only the specified targets will be checked when running `cargo deny check`.
+# This means, if a particular package is only ever used as a target specific
+# dependency, such as, for example, the `nix` crate only being used via the
+# `target_family = "unix"` configuration, that only having windows targets in
+# this list would mean the nix crate, as well as any of its exclusive
+# dependencies not shared by any other crates, would be ignored, as the target
+# list here is effectively saying which targets you are building for.
+targets = [
+    # The triple can be any string, but only the target triples built in to
+    # rustc (as of 1.40) can be checked against actual config expressions
+    #"x86_64-unknown-linux-musl",
+    # You can also specify which target_features you promise are enabled for a
+    # particular target. target_features are currently not validated against
+    # the actual valid features supported by the target architecture.
+    #{ triple = "wasm32-unknown-unknown", features = ["atomics"] },
+]
+# When creating the dependency graph used as the source of truth when checks are
+# executed, this field can be used to prune crates from the graph, removing them
+# from the view of cargo-deny. This is an extremely heavy hammer, as if a crate
+# is pruned from the graph, all of its dependencies will also be pruned unless
+# they are connected to another crate in the graph that hasn't been pruned,
+# so it should be used with care. The identifiers are [Package ID Specifications]
+# (https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/pkgid-spec.html)
+#exclude = []
+# If true, metadata will be collected with `--all-features`. Note that this can't
+# be toggled off if true, if you want to conditionally enable `--all-features` it
+# is recommended to pass `--all-features` on the cmd line instead
+all-features = false
+# If true, metadata will be collected with `--no-default-features`. The same
+# caveat with `all-features` applies
+no-default-features = false
+# If set, these feature will be enabled when collecting metadata. If `--features`
+# is specified on the cmd line they will take precedence over this option.
+#features = []
+
+# The output table provides options for how/if diagnostics are outputted
+[output]
+# When outputting inclusion graphs in diagnostics that include features, this
+# option can be used to specify the depth at which feature edges will be added.
+# This option is included since the graphs can be quite large and the addition
+# of features from the crate(s) to all of the graph roots can be far too verbose.
+# This option can be overridden via `--feature-depth` on the cmd line
+feature-depth = 1
+
+# This section is considered when running `cargo deny check advisories`
+# More documentation for the advisories section can be found here:
+# https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny/checks/advisories/cfg.html
+[advisories]
+# The path where the advisory databases are cloned/fetched into
+#db-path = "$CARGO_HOME/advisory-dbs"
+# The url(s) of the advisory databases to use
+#db-urls = ["https://github.com/rustsec/advisory-db"]
+# A list of advisory IDs to ignore. Note that ignored advisories will still
+# output a note when they are encountered.
+ignore = [
+    #"RUSTSEC-0000-0000",
+    #{ id = "RUSTSEC-0000-0000", reason = "you can specify a reason the advisory is ignored" },
+    #"a-crate-that-is-yanked@0.1.1", # you can also ignore yanked crate versions if you wish
+    #{ crate = "a-crate-that-is-yanked@0.1.1", reason = "you can specify why you are ignoring the yanked crate" },
+]
+# If this is true, then cargo deny will use the git executable to fetch advisory database.
+# If this is false, then it uses a built-in git library.
+# Setting this to true can be helpful if you have special authentication requirements that cargo-deny does not support.
+# See Git Authentication for more information about setting up git authentication.
+#git-fetch-with-cli = true
+
+# This section is considered when running `cargo deny check licenses`
+# More documentation for the licenses section can be found here:
+# https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny/checks/licenses/cfg.html
+[licenses]
+# List of explicitly allowed licenses
+# See https://spdx.org/licenses/ for list of possible licenses
+# [possible values: any SPDX 3.11 short identifier (+ optional exception)].
+allow = [
+    "MIT",
+    "Apache-2.0",
+    "Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception",
+    "BSL-1.0",
+    "LGPL-3.0",
+    "Zlib",
+    "Unicode-DFS-2016",
+    "CC0-1.0",
+    "BSD-2-Clause",
+    "BSD-3-Clause",
+    "Python-2.0.1"
+]
+# The confidence threshold for detecting a license from license text.
+# The higher the value, the more closely the license text must be to the
+# canonical license text of a valid SPDX license file.
+# [possible values: any between 0.0 and 1.0].
+confidence-threshold = 0.8
+# Allow 1 or more licenses on a per-crate basis, so that particular licenses
+# aren't accepted for every possible crate as with the normal allow list
+exceptions = [
+    # Each entry is the crate and version constraint, and its specific allow
+    # list
+    #{ allow = ["Zlib"], crate = "adler32" },
+]
+
+# Some crates don't have (easily) machine readable licensing information,
+# adding a clarification entry for it allows you to manually specify the
+# licensing information
+#[[licenses.clarify]]
+# The package spec the clarification applies to
+#crate = "ring"
+# The SPDX expression for the license requirements of the crate
+#expression = "MIT AND ISC AND OpenSSL"
+# One or more files in the crate's source used as the "source of truth" for
+# the license expression. If the contents match, the clarification will be used
+# when running the license check, otherwise the clarification will be ignored
+# and the crate will be checked normally, which may produce warnings or errors
+# depending on the rest of your configuration
+#license-files = [
+# Each entry is a crate relative path, and the (opaque) hash of its contents
+#{ path = "LICENSE", hash = 0xbd0eed23 }
+#]
+
+[licenses.private]
+# If true, ignores workspace crates that aren't published, or are only
+# published to private registries.
+# To see how to mark a crate as unpublished (to the official registry),
+# visit https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#the-publish-field.
+ignore = false
+# One or more private registries that you might publish crates to, if a crate
+# is only published to private registries, and ignore is true, the crate will
+# not have its license(s) checked
+registries = [
+    #"https://sekretz.com/registry
+]
+
+# This section is considered when running `cargo deny check bans`.
+# More documentation about the 'bans' section can be found here:
+# https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny/checks/bans/cfg.html
+[bans]
+# Lint level for when multiple versions of the same crate are detected
+multiple-versions = "warn"
+# Lint level for when a crate version requirement is `*`
+wildcards = "allow"
+# The graph highlighting used when creating dotgraphs for crates
+# with multiple versions
+# * lowest-version - The path to the lowest versioned duplicate is highlighted
+# * simplest-path - The path to the version with the fewest edges is highlighted
+# * all - Both lowest-version and simplest-path are used
+highlight = "all"
+# The default lint level for `default` features for crates that are members of
+# the workspace that is being checked. This can be overridden by allowing/denying
+# `default` on a crate-by-crate basis if desired.
+workspace-default-features = "allow"
+# The default lint level for `default` features for external crates that are not
+# members of the workspace. This can be overridden by allowing/denying `default`
+# on a crate-by-crate basis if desired.
+external-default-features = "allow"
+# List of crates that are allowed. Use with care!
+allow = [
+    #"ansi_term@0.11.0",
+    #{ crate = "ansi_term@0.11.0", reason = "you can specify a reason it is allowed" },
+]
+# List of crates to deny
+deny = [
+    #"ansi_term@0.11.0",
+    #{ crate = "ansi_term@0.11.0", reason = "you can specify a reason it is banned" },
+    # Wrapper crates can optionally be specified to allow the crate when it
+    # is a direct dependency of the otherwise banned crate
+    #{ crate = "ansi_term@0.11.0", wrappers = ["this-crate-directly-depends-on-ansi_term"] },
+]
+
+# List of features to allow/deny
+# Each entry the name of a crate and a version range. If version is
+# not specified, all versions will be matched.
+#[[bans.features]]
+#crate = "reqwest"
+# Features to not allow
+#deny = ["json"]
+# Features to allow
+#allow = [
+#    "rustls",
+#    "__rustls",
+#    "__tls",
+#    "hyper-rustls",
+#    "rustls",
+#    "rustls-pemfile",
+#    "rustls-tls-webpki-roots",
+#    "tokio-rustls",
+#    "webpki-roots",
+#]
+# If true, the allowed features must exactly match the enabled feature set. If
+# this is set there is no point setting `deny`
+#exact = true
+
+# Certain crates/versions that will be skipped when doing duplicate detection.
+skip = [
+    "windows_x86_64_msvc",
+    "windows_x86_64_gnullvm",
+    "windows_x86_64_gnu",
+    "windows_i686_msvc",
+    "windows_i686_gnu",
+    "windows_aarch64_msvc",
+    "windows_aarch64_gnullvm",
+    "windows-targets",
+    "windows-sys",
+
+    #"ansi_term@0.11.0",
+    #{ crate = "ansi_term@0.11.0", reason = "you can specify a reason why it can't be updated/removed" },
+]
+# Similarly to `skip` allows you to skip certain crates during duplicate
+# detection. Unlike skip, it also includes the entire tree of transitive
+# dependencies starting at the specified crate, up to a certain depth, which is
+# by default infinite.
+skip-tree = [
+    #"ansi_term@0.11.0", # will be skipped along with _all_ of its direct and transitive dependencies
+    #{ crate = "ansi_term@0.11.0", depth = 20 },
+]
+
+# This section is considered when running `cargo deny check sources`.
+# More documentation about the 'sources' section can be found here:
+# https://embarkstudios.github.io/cargo-deny/checks/sources/cfg.html
+[sources]
+# Lint level for what to happen when a crate from a crate registry that is not
+# in the allow list is encountered
+unknown-registry = "warn"
+# Lint level for what to happen when a crate from a git repository that is not
+# in the allow list is encountered
+unknown-git = "warn"
+# List of URLs for allowed crate registries. Defaults to the crates.io index
+# if not specified. If it is specified but empty, no registries are allowed.
+allow-registry = ["https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"]
+# List of URLs for allowed Git repositories
+allow-git = ["https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__"]
diff --git a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
index dc2e859d77..c8ae2d9e63 100644
--- a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,3 +21,6 @@ proc-macro2 = "1.0.79"
 quote = "1.0.18"
 syn-ext = { version = "0.4.0", features = ["full"] }
 textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false }
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/derive/Cargo.toml b/derive/Cargo.toml
index a945be073a..22fc67d051 100644
--- a/derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,3 +14,6 @@ proc-macro = true
 rustpython-compiler = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-derive-impl = { workspace = true }
 syn = { workspace = true }
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/jit/Cargo.toml b/jit/Cargo.toml
index f628e4b560..619596a6f1 100644
--- a/jit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/jit/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,3 +28,6 @@ approx = "0.5.1"
 [[test]]
 name = "integration"
 path = "tests/lib.rs"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/pylib/Cargo.toml b/pylib/Cargo.toml
index 21daaee59b..3448a13ba0 100644
--- a/pylib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/pylib/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,3 +17,6 @@ rustpython-derive = { version = "0.3.1", path = "../derive" }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 glob = { workspace = true }
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 3b620917ee..a5beea7f80 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -130,3 +130,6 @@ features = [
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
 system-configuration = "0.5.0"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 109bec7eb6..2392d25f2d 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -146,3 +146,6 @@ wasm-bindgen = "0.2.92"
 glob = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 rustc_version = "0.4.0"
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
index f7f736401a..c0ef10aa78 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -44,3 +44,6 @@ web-sys = { version = "0.3", features = [
 
 [package.metadata.wasm-pack.profile.release]
 wasm-opt = false#["-O1"]
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file

From e1ce1f66cd05c5af715a38a0f0ace239eaa82f90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: James Clarke <james@novora.ai>
Date: Tue, 25 Jun 2024 04:56:22 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 281/705] Updated MSRV

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f33f36670d..eeee2af2a9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ name = "rustpython"
 version = "0.3.1"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.67.1"
+rust-version = "1.75.0"
 description = "A python interpreter written in rust."
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
 license = "MIT"

From e142d655b9b1e1781fb4813c47e4ca2f72cdb8c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: James Clarke <jc1222@canterbury.ac.uk>
Date: Thu, 27 Jun 2024 07:27:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 282/705] changed int_max_str_digits from -1 to 4300 to be more
 cpython complient (#5343)

* changed int_max_str_digits from -1 to 4300 to be more cpython complient, fixes #5139
---
 Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py | 2 --
 vm/src/vm/setting.rs      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
index 6644a3cd5c..bda1f78223 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
@@ -928,8 +928,6 @@ def test_parsing_error(self):
         self.assertTrue(proc.stderr.startswith(err_msg), proc.stderr)
         self.assertNotEqual(proc.returncode, 0)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_int_max_str_digits(self):
         code = "import sys; print(sys.flags.int_max_str_digits, sys.get_int_max_str_digits())"
 
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/setting.rs b/vm/src/vm/setting.rs
index 62360aaced..36bb9cee6d 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/setting.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/setting.rs
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ impl Default for Settings {
             check_hash_pycs_mode: "default".to_owned(),
             allow_external_library: cfg!(feature = "importlib"),
             utf8_mode: 1,
-            int_max_str_digits: -1,
+            int_max_str_digits: 4300,
             #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
             profile_output: None,
             #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]

From 1bd143027a6c8b1a044010489faa90e173779989 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: James Clarke <james@novora.ai>
Date: Sun, 30 Jun 2024 13:29:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 283/705] Switched to system implementation of libffi and fixed
 minor lint errors

---
 examples/parse_folder.rs         | 2 +-
 jit/Cargo.toml                   | 5 ++++-
 vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/examples/parse_folder.rs b/examples/parse_folder.rs
index 7055a6f831..c10450e018 100644
--- a/examples/parse_folder.rs
+++ b/examples/parse_folder.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ extern crate env_logger;
 extern crate log;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
-use rustpython_parser::{self as parser, ast, Parse};
+use rustpython_parser::{ast, Parse};
 use std::{
     path::Path,
     time::{Duration, Instant},
diff --git a/jit/Cargo.toml b/jit/Cargo.toml
index 619596a6f1..0eea678e36 100644
--- a/jit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/jit/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ thiserror = { workspace = true }
 cranelift = "0.88.0"
 cranelift-jit = "0.88.0"
 cranelift-module = "0.88.0"
-libffi = "3.1.0"
+
+[dependencies.libffi]
+version = "3.1.0"
+features = ["system"]
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 rustpython-derive = { path = "../derive", version = "0.3.1" }
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs b/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
index e89adab0dd..e31c73b0d0 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 extern crate test;
 use test::Bencher;
 
-use sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
+use rustpython_sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
 
 struct Pattern {
     code: &'static [u32],

From 3c10888e3a044f61f86c14e6c357c12da78eabaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: James Clarke <james@novora.ai>
Date: Sun, 30 Jun 2024 13:41:40 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 284/705] Disabled some uneeded lits

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index eeee2af2a9..12ecb0b646 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -172,8 +172,6 @@ x86_64-pc-windows-msvc = { triplet = "x64-windows-static-md", dev-dependencies =
 unsafe_code = "allow"
 
 [workspace.lints.clippy]
-pedantic = "warn"
-nursery = "warn"
 perf = "warn"
 style = "warn"
 complexity = "warn"

From 2bf7a4a08c953ba777d08a49ed3c29197f478add Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 8 May 2024 00:54:53 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 285/705] FuncArgs::is_empty()

---
 vm/src/function/argument.rs | 4 ++++
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/function/argument.rs b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
index 6111bf935f..880591860a 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/argument.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
@@ -130,6 +130,10 @@ impl FuncArgs {
         }
     }
 
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.args.is_empty() && self.kwargs.is_empty()
+    }
+
     pub fn prepend_arg(&mut self, item: PyObjectRef) {
         self.args.reserve_exact(1);
         self.args.insert(0, item)

From 8424a733a2ed97a4ca45937f420d488729cac640 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 14 Jul 2024 09:49:19 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 286/705] type constructor

---
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs | 201 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 103 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index 4e0e8007cb..296afff17c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,9 @@ use crate::{
     identifier,
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
     protocol::{PyIterReturn, PyMappingMethods, PyNumberMethods, PySequenceMethods},
-    types::{AsNumber, Callable, GetAttr, PyTypeFlags, PyTypeSlots, Representable, SetAttr},
+    types::{
+        AsNumber, Callable, Constructor, GetAttr, PyTypeFlags, PyTypeSlots, Representable, SetAttr,
+    },
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
     VirtualMachine,
 };
@@ -470,7 +472,7 @@ impl Py<PyType> {
 }
 
 #[pyclass(
-    with(Py, GetAttr, SetAttr, Callable, AsNumber, Representable),
+    with(Py, Constructor, GetAttr, SetAttr, Callable, AsNumber, Representable),
     flags(BASETYPE)
 )]
 impl PyType {
@@ -728,8 +730,66 @@ impl PyType {
         or_(zelf, other, vm)
     }
 
-    #[pyslot]
-    fn slot_new(metatype: PyTypeRef, args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+    #[pygetset(magic)]
+    fn dict(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyMappingProxy {
+        PyMappingProxy::from(zelf)
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(magic, setter)]
+    fn set_dict(&self, _value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        Err(vm.new_not_implemented_error(
+            "Setting __dict__ attribute on a type isn't yet implemented".to_owned(),
+        ))
+    }
+
+    fn check_set_special_type_attr(
+        &self,
+        _value: &PyObject,
+        name: &PyStrInterned,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<()> {
+        if self.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE) {
+            return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "cannot set '{}' attribute of immutable type '{}'",
+                name,
+                self.slot_name()
+            )));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(magic, setter)]
+    fn set_name(&self, value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        self.check_set_special_type_attr(&value, identifier!(vm, __name__), vm)?;
+        let name = value.downcast::<PyStr>().map_err(|value| {
+            vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "can only assign string to {}.__name__, not '{}'",
+                self.slot_name(),
+                value.class().slot_name(),
+            ))
+        })?;
+        if name.as_str().as_bytes().contains(&0) {
+            return Err(vm.new_value_error("type name must not contain null characters".to_owned()));
+        }
+
+        *self.heaptype_ext.as_ref().unwrap().name.write() = name;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(magic)]
+    fn text_signature(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        self.slots
+            .doc
+            .and_then(|doc| get_text_signature_from_internal_doc(&self.name(), doc))
+            .map(|signature| signature.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Constructor for PyType {
+    type Args = FuncArgs;
+
+    fn py_new(metatype: PyTypeRef, args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         vm_trace!("type.__new__ {:?}", args);
 
         let is_type_type = metatype.is(vm.ctx.types.type_type);
@@ -976,100 +1036,6 @@ impl PyType {
 
         Ok(typ.into())
     }
-
-    #[pygetset(magic)]
-    fn dict(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyMappingProxy {
-        PyMappingProxy::from(zelf)
-    }
-
-    #[pygetset(magic, setter)]
-    fn set_dict(&self, _value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        Err(vm.new_not_implemented_error(
-            "Setting __dict__ attribute on a type isn't yet implemented".to_owned(),
-        ))
-    }
-
-    fn check_set_special_type_attr(
-        &self,
-        _value: &PyObject,
-        name: &PyStrInterned,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<()> {
-        if self.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE) {
-            return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "cannot set '{}' attribute of immutable type '{}'",
-                name,
-                self.slot_name()
-            )));
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[pygetset(magic, setter)]
-    fn set_name(&self, value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        self.check_set_special_type_attr(&value, identifier!(vm, __name__), vm)?;
-        let name = value.downcast::<PyStr>().map_err(|value| {
-            vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "can only assign string to {}.__name__, not '{}'",
-                self.slot_name(),
-                value.class().slot_name(),
-            ))
-        })?;
-        if name.as_str().as_bytes().contains(&0) {
-            return Err(vm.new_value_error("type name must not contain null characters".to_owned()));
-        }
-
-        *self.heaptype_ext.as_ref().unwrap().name.write() = name;
-
-        Ok(())
-    }
-
-    #[pygetset(magic)]
-    fn text_signature(&self) -> Option<String> {
-        self.slots
-            .doc
-            .and_then(|doc| get_text_signature_from_internal_doc(&self.name(), doc))
-            .map(|signature| signature.to_string())
-    }
-}
-
-#[pyclass]
-impl Py<PyType> {
-    #[pygetset(name = "__mro__")]
-    fn get_mro(&self) -> PyTuple {
-        let elements: Vec<PyObjectRef> = self.mro_map_collect(|x| x.as_object().to_owned());
-        PyTuple::new_unchecked(elements.into_boxed_slice())
-    }
-
-    #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn dir(&self) -> PyList {
-        let attributes: Vec<PyObjectRef> = self
-            .get_attributes()
-            .into_iter()
-            .map(|(k, _)| k.to_object())
-            .collect();
-        PyList::from(attributes)
-    }
-
-    #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn instancecheck(&self, obj: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
-        obj.fast_isinstance(self)
-    }
-
-    #[pymethod(magic)]
-    fn subclasscheck(&self, subclass: PyTypeRef) -> bool {
-        subclass.fast_issubclass(self)
-    }
-
-    #[pyclassmethod(magic)]
-    fn subclasshook(_args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        vm.ctx.not_implemented()
-    }
-
-    #[pymethod]
-    fn mro(&self) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
-        self.mro_map_collect(|cls| cls.to_owned().into())
-    }
 }
 
 const SIGNATURE_END_MARKER: &str = ")\n--\n\n";
@@ -1143,6 +1109,45 @@ impl GetAttr for PyType {
     }
 }
 
+#[pyclass]
+impl Py<PyType> {
+    #[pygetset(name = "__mro__")]
+    fn get_mro(&self) -> PyTuple {
+        let elements: Vec<PyObjectRef> = self.mro_map_collect(|x| x.as_object().to_owned());
+        PyTuple::new_unchecked(elements.into_boxed_slice())
+    }
+
+    #[pymethod(magic)]
+    fn dir(&self) -> PyList {
+        let attributes: Vec<PyObjectRef> = self
+            .get_attributes()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(k, _)| k.to_object())
+            .collect();
+        PyList::from(attributes)
+    }
+
+    #[pymethod(magic)]
+    fn instancecheck(&self, obj: PyObjectRef) -> bool {
+        obj.fast_isinstance(self)
+    }
+
+    #[pymethod(magic)]
+    fn subclasscheck(&self, subclass: PyTypeRef) -> bool {
+        subclass.fast_issubclass(self)
+    }
+
+    #[pyclassmethod(magic)]
+    fn subclasshook(_args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.not_implemented()
+    }
+
+    #[pymethod]
+    fn mro(&self) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
+        self.mro_map_collect(|cls| cls.to_owned().into())
+    }
+}
+
 impl SetAttr for PyType {
     fn setattro(
         zelf: &Py<Self>,

From f1f05303db97e9aa6f4d3d492ce85d1ca81e1df7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 22 Jul 2024 18:11:33 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 287/705] Bump openssl from 0.10.62 to 0.10.66

Bumps [openssl](https://github.com/sfackler/rust-openssl) from 0.10.62 to 0.10.66.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/sfackler/rust-openssl/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/sfackler/rust-openssl/compare/openssl-v0.10.62...openssl-v0.10.66)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: openssl
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.lock        | 8 ++++----
 stdlib/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9e1a718264..05d5811aa6 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1501,9 +1501,9 @@ checksum = "0ab1bc2a289d34bd04a330323ac98a1b4bc82c9d9fcb1e66b63caa84da26b575"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl"
-version = "0.10.62"
+version = "0.10.66"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8cde4d2d9200ad5909f8dac647e29482e07c3a35de8a13fce7c9c7747ad9f671"
+checksum = "9529f4786b70a3e8c61e11179af17ab6188ad8d0ded78c5529441ed39d4bd9c1"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -1542,9 +1542,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-sys"
-version = "0.9.98"
+version = "0.9.103"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1665caf8ab2dc9aef43d1c0023bd904633a6a05cb30b0ad59bec2ae986e57a7"
+checksum = "7f9e8deee91df40a943c71b917e5874b951d32a802526c85721ce3b776c929d6"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index a5beea7f80..8c34533edb 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ termios = "0.3.3"
 gethostname = "0.2.3"
 socket2 = { version = "0.5.6", features = ["all"] }
 dns-lookup = "2"
-openssl = { version = "0.10.62", optional = true }
+openssl = { version = "0.10.66", optional = true }
 openssl-sys = { version = "0.9.80", optional = true }
 openssl-probe = { version = "0.1.5", optional = true }
 foreign-types-shared = { version = "0.1.1", optional = true }

From b1a38c2d50ad224c00b7e9a22de0ba108033038b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 10:43:40 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 288/705] Fix rust 1.80 warnings (#5363)

* Fix rust 1.80 warnings

* Fix nightly clippy warnings
---
 pylib/build.rs            |  1 -
 src/settings.rs           |  8 +-------
 stdlib/build.rs           |  6 ++++++
 stdlib/src/socket.rs      | 10 ++++------
 vm/src/object/ext.rs      |  2 ++
 vm/src/object/traverse.rs | 11 +++--------
 vm/src/protocol/object.rs |  5 ++---
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs    |  3 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs     |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/pylib/build.rs b/pylib/build.rs
index a541bc56d5..553b97202a 100644
--- a/pylib/build.rs
+++ b/pylib/build.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 fn main() {
     process_python_libs("../vm/Lib/python_builtins/*");
 
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "stdlib"))]
     process_python_libs("../vm/Lib/core_modules/*");
     #[cfg(feature = "freeze-stdlib")]
     if cfg!(windows) {
diff --git a/src/settings.rs b/src/settings.rs
index 72c5f0680f..9a6aca85e2 100644
--- a/src/settings.rs
+++ b/src/settings.rs
@@ -359,13 +359,7 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
 
 /// Get environment variable and turn it into integer.
 fn get_env_var_value(name: &str) -> Result<u8, std::env::VarError> {
-    env::var(name).map(|value| {
-        if let Ok(value) = u8::from_str(&value) {
-            value
-        } else {
-            1
-        }
-    })
+    env::var(name).map(|value| u8::from_str(&value).unwrap_or(1))
 }
 
 /// Helper function to retrieve a sequence of paths from an environment variable.
diff --git a/stdlib/build.rs b/stdlib/build.rs
index baaa99c4c8..d8dad9b974 100644
--- a/stdlib/build.rs
+++ b/stdlib/build.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 fn main() {
+    println!(r#"cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(osslconf, values("OPENSSL_NO_COMP"))"#);
+    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl101)");
+    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl102)");
+    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl110)");
+    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl110g)");
+    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl111)");
     #[allow(clippy::unusual_byte_groupings)]
     if let Ok(v) = std::env::var("DEP_OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER") {
         println!("cargo:rustc-env=OPENSSL_API_VERSION={v}");
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 1c99e3d5f6..8012aeb624 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -337,13 +337,12 @@ mod _socket {
             target_os = "linux",
             any(
                 target_arch = "aarch64",
-                target_arch = "i686",
+                target_arch = "x86",
                 target_arch = "loongarch64",
                 target_arch = "mips",
                 target_arch = "powerpc",
                 target_arch = "powerpc64",
-                target_arch = "powerpc64le",
-                target_arch = "riscv64gc",
+                target_arch = "riscv64",
                 target_arch = "s390x",
                 target_arch = "x86_64"
             )
@@ -388,13 +387,12 @@ mod _socket {
             target_os = "linux",
             any(
                 target_arch = "aarch64",
-                target_arch = "i686",
+                target_arch = "x86",
                 target_arch = "loongarch64",
                 target_arch = "mips",
                 target_arch = "powerpc",
                 target_arch = "powerpc64",
-                target_arch = "powerpc64le",
-                target_arch = "riscv64gc",
+                target_arch = "riscv64",
                 target_arch = "s390x",
                 target_arch = "x86_64"
             )
diff --git a/vm/src/object/ext.rs b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
index b8aa544fd9..ec8b59bda1 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/ext.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
@@ -494,6 +494,8 @@ impl PyObject {
 
 /// A borrow of a reference to a Python object. This avoids having clone the `PyRef<T>`/
 /// `PyObjectRef`, which isn't that cheap as that increments the atomic reference counter.
+// TODO: check if we still need this
+#[allow(dead_code)]
 pub struct PyLease<'a, T: PyObjectPayload> {
     inner: PyRwLockReadGuard<'a, PyRef<T>>,
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
index 5110f31b52..43a039d331 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
@@ -19,17 +19,12 @@ pub trait MaybeTraverse {
 
 /// Type that need traverse it's children should impl `Traverse`(Not `MaybeTraverse`)
 /// # Safety
-/// impl `traverse()` with caution! Following those guideline so traverse doesn't cause memory error!:
-/// - Make sure that every owned object(Every PyObjectRef/PyRef) is called with traverse_fn **at most once**.
-/// If some field is not called, the worst results is just memory leak,
-/// but if some field is called repeatedly, panic and deadlock can happen.
-///
-/// - _**DO NOT**_ clone a `PyObjectRef` or `Pyef<T>` in `traverse()`
+/// Please carefully read [`traverse()`] and follow the guideline
 pub unsafe trait Traverse {
     /// impl `traverse()` with caution! Following those guideline so traverse doesn't cause memory error!:
     /// - Make sure that every owned object(Every PyObjectRef/PyRef) is called with traverse_fn **at most once**.
-    /// If some field is not called, the worst results is just memory leak,
-    /// but if some field is called repeatedly, panic and deadlock can happen.
+    ///   If some field is not called, the worst results is just memory leak,
+    ///   but if some field is called repeatedly, panic and deadlock can happen.
     ///
     /// - _**DO NOT**_ clone a `PyObjectRef` or `Pyef<T>` in `traverse()`
     fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn);
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
index f5c8eccfdb..8b9c0e446c 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
@@ -118,9 +118,8 @@ impl PyObject {
             .class()
             .mro_find_map(|cls| cls.slots.getattro.load())
             .unwrap();
-        getattro(self, attr_name, vm).map_err(|exc| {
-            vm.set_attribute_error_context(&exc, self.to_owned(), attr_name.to_owned());
-            exc
+        getattro(self, attr_name, vm).inspect_err(|exc| {
+            vm.set_attribute_error_context(exc, self.to_owned(), attr_name.to_owned());
         })
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index f5b445f18d..39a450b4f9 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -871,10 +871,9 @@ pub mod module {
         let (rfd, wfd) = pipe().map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
         set_inheritable(rfd, false, vm)
             .and_then(|_| set_inheritable(wfd, false, vm))
-            .map_err(|err| {
+            .inspect_err(|_| {
                 let _ = close(rfd);
                 let _ = close(wfd);
-                err
             })?;
         Ok((rfd, wfd))
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index e539e8bba8..d026f2953e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ mod decl {
         Ok(get_thread_time(vm)?.as_nanos() as u64)
     }
 
-    #[cfg(any(windows, all(target_arch = "wasm32", target_arch = "emscripten")))]
+    #[cfg(any(windows, all(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "emscripten")))]
     pub(super) fn time_muldiv(ticks: i64, mul: i64, div: i64) -> u64 {
         let intpart = ticks / div;
         let ticks = ticks % div;

From e42c1a33b573df7a31a37c1a4b215418b0bb1715 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 10:44:22 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 289/705] upgrade unicode_names2

---
 Cargo.lock | 25 ++++---------------------
 Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 05d5811aa6..99ece07503 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2747,22 +2747,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "time"
-version = "0.3.20"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cd0cbfecb4d19b5ea75bb31ad904eb5b9fa13f21079c3b92017ebdf4999a5890"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
- "time-core",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "time-core"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2e153e1f1acaef8acc537e68b44906d2db6436e2b35ac2c6b42640fff91f00fd"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "timsort"
 version = "0.1.2"
@@ -3002,9 +2986,9 @@ checksum = "c0edd1e5b14653f783770bce4a4dabb4a5108a5370a5f5d8cfe8710c361f6c8b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38b2c0942619ae1797f999a0ce7efc6c09592ad30e68e16cdbfdcd48a98c3579"
+checksum = "addeebf294df7922a1164f729fb27ebbbcea99cc32b3bf08afab62757f707677"
 dependencies = [
  "phf",
  "unicode_names2_generator",
@@ -3012,15 +2996,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2_generator"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4d0d66ab60be9799a70f8eb227ea43da7dcc47561dd9102cbadacfe0930113f7"
+checksum = "f444b8bba042fe3c1251ffaca35c603f2dc2ccc08d595c65a8c4f76f3e8426c0"
 dependencies = [
  "getopts",
  "log",
  "phf_codegen",
  "rand",
- "time",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 12ecb0b646..2e77774991 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ static_assertions = "1.1"
 syn = "1.0.109"
 thiserror = "1.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.4"
-unicode_names2 = "1.1.0"
+unicode_names2 = "1.2.0"
 widestring = "1.1.0"
 windows-sys = "0.52.0"
 

From 2335ca0f72267f087a5501cf8d2372c4be2d61fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Dan=20N=C3=A4sman?=
 <30578250+dannasman@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 06:11:34 +0300
Subject: [PATCH 290/705] Add proper underscore handling to float and complex
 types. (#5356)

---
 Cargo.lock               | 12 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml               | 10 +++++-----
 Lib/test/test_complex.py |  2 --
 Lib/test/test_float.py   |  2 --
 4 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 99ece07503..cf295cc2de 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2010,7 +2010,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-ast"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2123,7 +2123,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-format"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -2150,7 +2150,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-literal"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
 dependencies = [
  "hexf-parse",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2162,7 +2162,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2185,7 +2185,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-core"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "memchr",
@@ -2195,7 +2195,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-vendored"
 version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65#51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "once_cell",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2e77774991..2c407851ad 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -30,11 +30,11 @@ rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.3.
 rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.3.1" }
 rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
 
-rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65" }
-rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65" }
-rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65" }
-rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65" }
-rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "51b5f80ae3080dfec2db815a299a69873fb9ca65" }
+rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
 # rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
 # rustpython-parser = { path = "../RustPython-parser/parser" }
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_complex.py b/Lib/test/test_complex.py
index 6f93c29146..7dfe0152da 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_complex.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_complex.py
@@ -576,8 +576,6 @@ def test_constructor_negative_nans_from_string(self):
         self.assertEqual(copysign(1., complex("-nan-nanj").real), -1.)
         self.assertEqual(copysign(1., complex("-nan-nanj").imag), -1.)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_underscores(self):
         # check underscores
         for lit in VALID_UNDERSCORE_LITERALS:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_float.py b/Lib/test/test_float.py
index 36af87873a..c730380cc9 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_float.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_float.py
@@ -72,8 +72,6 @@ def test_float(self):
     def test_noargs(self):
         self.assertEqual(float(), 0.0)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_underscores(self):
         for lit in VALID_UNDERSCORE_LITERALS:
             if not any(ch in lit for ch in 'jJxXoObB'):

From 48299cdd7fe161e2efe9cc07527ced59cdac7399 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 11:52:32 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 291/705] Add faulthandler to wasm32

---
 stdlib/src/lib.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 06bcbdd681..185b3d8ced 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ mod syslog;
 mod unicodedata;
 mod zlib;
 
-#[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 mod faulthandler;
 #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
 mod fcntl;
@@ -109,6 +108,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "_contextvars" => contextvars::make_module,
             "_csv" => csv::make_module,
             "_dis" => dis::make_module,
+            "faulthandler" => faulthandler::make_module,
             "gc" => gc::make_module,
             "_hashlib" => hashlib::make_module,
             "_sha1" => sha1::make_module,
@@ -140,7 +140,6 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
         {
             "_multiprocessing" => multiprocessing::make_module,
             "_socket" => socket::make_module,
-            "faulthandler" => faulthandler::make_module,
         }
         #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
         {

From 43e20a8cd9435b8ef38c62af339db99386728c42 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 14:08:53 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 292/705] Fix os.putenv & test_os.test_envronb

---
 Lib/test/test_os.py |  3 ---
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_os.py b/Lib/test/test_os.py
index cd9a610d04..f10de0b7af 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_os.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_os.py
@@ -1109,9 +1109,6 @@ def test_get_exec_path(self):
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(os.supports_bytes_environ,
                          "os.environb required for this test.")
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON (UnicodeDecodeError: can't decode bytes for utf-8)
-    # Need to fix 'surrogateescape'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_environb(self):
         # os.environ -> os.environb
         value = 'euro\u20ac'
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index a5acd49ca9..58b2d770ac 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -370,18 +370,11 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         Ok(list)
     }
 
-    fn pyref_as_str<'a>(
-        obj: &'a Either<PyStrRef, PyBytesRef>,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<&'a str> {
-        Ok(match obj {
-            Either::A(ref s) => s.as_str(),
-            Either::B(ref b) => super::bytes_as_osstr(b.as_bytes(), vm)?
-                .to_str()
-                .ok_or_else(|| {
-                    vm.new_unicode_decode_error("can't decode bytes for utf-8".to_owned())
-                })?,
-        })
+    fn env_bytes_as_bytes(obj: &Either<PyStrRef, PyBytesRef>) -> &[u8] {
+        match obj {
+            Either::A(ref s) => s.as_str().as_bytes(),
+            Either::B(ref b) => b.as_bytes(),
+        }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -390,27 +383,36 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         value: Either<PyStrRef, PyBytesRef>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let key = pyref_as_str(&key, vm)?;
-        let value = pyref_as_str(&value, vm)?;
-        if key.contains('\0') || value.contains('\0') {
+        let key = env_bytes_as_bytes(&key);
+        let value = env_bytes_as_bytes(&value);
+        if key.contains(&b'\0') || value.contains(&b'\0') {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("embedded null byte".to_string()));
         }
-        if key.is_empty() || key.contains('=') {
+        if key.is_empty() || key.contains(&b'=') {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("illegal environment variable name".to_string()));
         }
+        let key = super::bytes_as_osstr(key, vm)?;
+        let value = super::bytes_as_osstr(value, vm)?;
         env::set_var(key, value);
         Ok(())
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn unsetenv(key: Either<PyStrRef, PyBytesRef>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let key = pyref_as_str(&key, vm)?;
-        if key.contains('\0') {
+        let key = env_bytes_as_bytes(&key);
+        if key.contains(&b'\0') {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("embedded null byte".to_string()));
         }
-        if key.is_empty() || key.contains('=') {
-            return Err(vm.new_errno_error(22, format!("Invalid argument: {key}")));
+        if key.is_empty() || key.contains(&b'=') {
+            return Err(vm.new_errno_error(
+                22,
+                format!(
+                    "Invalid argument: {}",
+                    std::str::from_utf8(key).unwrap_or("<bytes encoding failure>")
+                ),
+            ));
         }
+        let key = super::bytes_as_osstr(key, vm)?;
         env::remove_var(key);
         Ok(())
     }

From c2cd883f936a259b43b59b2b56672d06f32a1e5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 13:39:27 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 293/705] TextIOWrapper.reconfigure

---
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 2478566e69..135bac602c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -1868,17 +1868,16 @@ mod _io {
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct TextIOWrapperArgs {
-        buffer: PyObjectRef,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
         encoding: Option<PyStrRef>,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
         errors: Option<PyStrRef>,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
-        newline: Newlines,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "false")]
-        line_buffering: bool,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "false")]
-        write_through: bool,
+        newline: Option<Newlines>,
+        #[pyarg(any, default)]
+        line_buffering: Option<bool>,
+        #[pyarg(any, default)]
+        write_through: Option<bool>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, Default)]
@@ -2196,9 +2195,13 @@ mod _io {
     impl DefaultConstructor for TextIOWrapper {}
 
     impl Initializer for TextIOWrapper {
-        type Args = TextIOWrapperArgs;
+        type Args = (PyObjectRef, TextIOWrapperArgs);
 
-        fn init(zelf: PyRef<Self>, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        fn init(
+            zelf: PyRef<Self>,
+            (buffer, args): Self::Args,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<()> {
             let mut data = zelf.lock_opt(vm)?;
             *data = None;
 
@@ -2218,8 +2221,6 @@ mod _io {
                 .errors
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| PyStr::from("strict").into_ref(&vm.ctx));
 
-            let buffer = args.buffer;
-
             let has_read1 = vm.get_attribute_opt(buffer.clone(), "read1")?.is_some();
             let seekable = vm.call_method(&buffer, "seekable", ())?.try_to_bool(vm)?;
 
@@ -2256,9 +2257,9 @@ mod _io {
                 decoder,
                 encoding,
                 errors,
-                newline: args.newline,
-                line_buffering: args.line_buffering,
-                write_through: args.write_through,
+                newline: args.newline.unwrap_or_default(),
+                line_buffering: args.line_buffering.unwrap_or_default(),
+                write_through: args.write_through.unwrap_or_default(),
                 chunk_size: 8192,
                 seekable,
                 has_read1,
@@ -2294,6 +2295,27 @@ mod _io {
 
     #[pyclass(with(Constructor, Initializer), flags(BASETYPE))]
     impl TextIOWrapper {
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn reconfigure(&self, args: TextIOWrapperArgs) {
+            let mut data = self.data.lock().unwrap();
+            if let Some(data) = data.as_mut() {
+                if let Some(encoding) = args.encoding {
+                    data.encoding = encoding;
+                }
+                if let Some(errors) = args.errors {
+                    data.errors = errors;
+                }
+                if let Some(newline) = args.newline {
+                    data.newline = newline;
+                }
+                if let Some(line_buffering) = args.line_buffering {
+                    data.line_buffering = line_buffering;
+                }
+                if let Some(write_through) = args.write_through {
+                    data.write_through = write_through;
+                }
+            }
+        }
         #[pymethod]
         fn seekable(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
             let textio = self.lock(vm)?;

From aa5eba97230b3b29fdbb80b909dbe1ef1ef04c6b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 14:51:12 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 294/705] fix BufferedMixin::tell

---
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs | 19 ++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 135bac602c..6d5976d934 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -244,11 +244,8 @@ mod _io {
 
         fn write(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> Option<u64> {
             let length = data.len();
-
-            match self.cursor.write_all(data) {
-                Ok(_) => Some(length as u64),
-                Err(_) => None,
-            }
+            self.cursor.write_all(data).ok()?;
+            Some(length as u64)
         }
 
         //return the entire contents of the underlying
@@ -891,7 +888,8 @@ mod _io {
         }
 
         fn raw_tell(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Offset> {
-            let ret = vm.call_method(self.check_init(vm)?, "tell", ())?;
+            let raw = self.check_init(vm)?;
+            let ret = vm.call_method(raw, "tell", ())?;
             let offset = get_offset(ret, vm)?;
             if offset < 0 {
                 return Err(
@@ -1474,7 +1472,14 @@ mod _io {
         #[pymethod]
         fn tell(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Offset> {
             let mut data = self.lock(vm)?;
-            Ok(data.raw_tell(vm)? - data.raw_offset())
+            let raw_tell = data.raw_tell(vm)?;
+            let raw_offset = data.raw_offset();
+            let mut pos = raw_tell - raw_offset;
+            // GH-95782
+            if pos < 0 {
+                pos = 0;
+            }
+            Ok(pos)
         }
         #[pymethod]
         fn truncate(

From 87b84a83cc800a2e47c9c15f0e8d1ffaf669fbb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 18:50:49 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 295/705] Fix TextIOWrapper.reconfigure coder

---
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs | 73 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 6d5976d934..fb64caeb1b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -2229,32 +2229,7 @@ mod _io {
             let has_read1 = vm.get_attribute_opt(buffer.clone(), "read1")?.is_some();
             let seekable = vm.call_method(&buffer, "seekable", ())?.try_to_bool(vm)?;
 
-            let codec = vm.state.codec_registry.lookup(encoding.as_str(), vm)?;
-
-            let encoder = if vm.call_method(&buffer, "writable", ())?.try_to_bool(vm)? {
-                let incremental_encoder =
-                    codec.get_incremental_encoder(Some(errors.clone()), vm)?;
-                let encoding_name = vm.get_attribute_opt(incremental_encoder.clone(), "name")?;
-                let encodefunc = encoding_name.and_then(|name| {
-                    let name = name.payload::<PyStr>()?;
-                    match name.as_str() {
-                        "utf-8" => Some(textio_encode_utf8 as EncodeFunc),
-                        _ => None,
-                    }
-                });
-                Some((incremental_encoder, encodefunc))
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
-
-            let decoder = if vm.call_method(&buffer, "readable", ())?.try_to_bool(vm)? {
-                let incremental_decoder =
-                    codec.get_incremental_decoder(Some(errors.clone()), vm)?;
-                // TODO: wrap in IncrementalNewlineDecoder if newlines == Universal | Passthrough
-                Some(incremental_decoder)
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
+            let (encoder, decoder) = Self::find_coder(&buffer, encoding.as_str(), &errors, vm)?;
 
             *data = Some(TextIOData {
                 buffer,
@@ -2296,16 +2271,59 @@ mod _io {
             PyThreadMutexGuard::try_map(lock, |x| x.as_mut())
                 .map_err(|_| vm.new_value_error("I/O operation on uninitialized object".to_owned()))
         }
+
+        #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
+        fn find_coder(
+            buffer: &PyObject,
+            encoding: &str,
+            errors: &Py<PyStr>,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<(
+            Option<(PyObjectRef, Option<EncodeFunc>)>,
+            Option<PyObjectRef>,
+        )> {
+            let codec = vm.state.codec_registry.lookup(encoding, vm)?;
+
+            let encoder = if vm.call_method(buffer, "writable", ())?.try_to_bool(vm)? {
+                let incremental_encoder =
+                    codec.get_incremental_encoder(Some(errors.to_owned()), vm)?;
+                let encoding_name = vm.get_attribute_opt(incremental_encoder.clone(), "name")?;
+                let encodefunc = encoding_name.and_then(|name| {
+                    let name = name.payload::<PyStr>()?;
+                    match name.as_str() {
+                        "utf-8" => Some(textio_encode_utf8 as EncodeFunc),
+                        _ => None,
+                    }
+                });
+                Some((incremental_encoder, encodefunc))
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+
+            let decoder = if vm.call_method(buffer, "readable", ())?.try_to_bool(vm)? {
+                let incremental_decoder =
+                    codec.get_incremental_decoder(Some(errors.to_owned()), vm)?;
+                // TODO: wrap in IncrementalNewlineDecoder if newlines == Universal | Passthrough
+                Some(incremental_decoder)
+            } else {
+                None
+            };
+            Ok((encoder, decoder))
+        }
     }
 
     #[pyclass(with(Constructor, Initializer), flags(BASETYPE))]
     impl TextIOWrapper {
         #[pymethod]
-        fn reconfigure(&self, args: TextIOWrapperArgs) {
+        fn reconfigure(&self, args: TextIOWrapperArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
             let mut data = self.data.lock().unwrap();
             if let Some(data) = data.as_mut() {
                 if let Some(encoding) = args.encoding {
+                    let (encoder, decoder) =
+                        Self::find_coder(&data.buffer, encoding.as_str(), &data.errors, vm)?;
                     data.encoding = encoding;
+                    data.encoder = encoder;
+                    data.decoder = decoder;
                 }
                 if let Some(errors) = args.errors {
                     data.errors = errors;
@@ -2320,6 +2338,7 @@ mod _io {
                     data.write_through = write_through;
                 }
             }
+            Ok(())
         }
         #[pymethod]
         fn seekable(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {

From 623415d8432ee64ae40ace2d2eb8fdb54e7d4af9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 19:06:03 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 296/705] IncrementalNewlineDecoder from pyio

---
 Lib/io.py           | 7 +++++++
 Lib/test/test_io.py | 5 -----
 2 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/io.py b/Lib/io.py
index a8a31c3471..a5e2c66567 100644
--- a/Lib/io.py
+++ b/Lib/io.py
@@ -121,3 +121,10 @@ class TextIOBase(_io._TextIOBase, IOBase):
     pass
 else:
     RawIOBase.register(_WindowsConsoleIO)
+
+
+# XXX: RUSTPYTHON; borrow IncrementalNewlineDecoder from _pyio
+try:
+    from _pyio import IncrementalNewlineDecoder
+except ImportError:
+    pass
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_io.py b/Lib/test/test_io.py
index 2e09bd2e92..0fe4a46571 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_io.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_io.py
@@ -3895,11 +3895,6 @@ def test_reconfigure_write_fromascii(self):
     def test_reconfigure_write(self):
         super().test_reconfigure_write()
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_reconfigure_write_non_seekable(self):
-        super().test_reconfigure_write_non_seekable()
-
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_reconfigure_defaults(self):

From 0600ae62137bfce61c584939fe53c9bd358607c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 14:27:13 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 297/705] Update io, pyio, test_io from CPython

---
 Lib/_pyio.py        |  90 ++++-----
 Lib/io.py           |  34 +---
 Lib/test/test_io.py | 478 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 435 insertions(+), 167 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/_pyio.py b/Lib/_pyio.py
index 56e9a0cb33..2629ed9e00 100644
--- a/Lib/_pyio.py
+++ b/Lib/_pyio.py
@@ -44,8 +44,9 @@ def text_encoding(encoding, stacklevel=2):
     """
     A helper function to choose the text encoding.
 
-    When encoding is not None, just return it.
-    Otherwise, return the default text encoding (i.e. "locale").
+    When encoding is not None, this function returns it.
+    Otherwise, this function returns the default text encoding
+    (i.e. "locale" or "utf-8" depends on UTF-8 mode).
 
     This function emits an EncodingWarning if *encoding* is None and
     sys.flags.warn_default_encoding is true.
@@ -55,7 +56,10 @@ def text_encoding(encoding, stacklevel=2):
     However, please consider using encoding="utf-8" for new APIs.
     """
     if encoding is None:
-        encoding = "locale"
+        if sys.flags.utf8_mode:
+            encoding = "utf-8"
+        else:
+            encoding = "locale"
         if sys.flags.warn_default_encoding:
             import warnings
             warnings.warn("'encoding' argument not specified.",
@@ -101,7 +105,6 @@ def open(file, mode="r", buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None,
     'b'       binary mode
     't'       text mode (default)
     '+'       open a disk file for updating (reading and writing)
-    'U'       universal newline mode (deprecated)
     ========= ===============================================================
 
     The default mode is 'rt' (open for reading text). For binary random
@@ -117,10 +120,6 @@ def open(file, mode="r", buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None,
     returned as strings, the bytes having been first decoded using a
     platform-dependent encoding or using the specified encoding if given.
 
-    'U' mode is deprecated and will raise an exception in future versions
-    of Python.  It has no effect in Python 3.  Use newline to control
-    universal newlines mode.
-
     buffering is an optional integer used to set the buffering policy.
     Pass 0 to switch buffering off (only allowed in binary mode), 1 to select
     line buffering (only usable in text mode), and an integer > 1 to indicate
@@ -206,7 +205,7 @@ def open(file, mode="r", buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None,
     if errors is not None and not isinstance(errors, str):
         raise TypeError("invalid errors: %r" % errors)
     modes = set(mode)
-    if modes - set("axrwb+tU") or len(mode) > len(modes):
+    if modes - set("axrwb+t") or len(mode) > len(modes):
         raise ValueError("invalid mode: %r" % mode)
     creating = "x" in modes
     reading = "r" in modes
@@ -215,13 +214,6 @@ def open(file, mode="r", buffering=-1, encoding=None, errors=None,
     updating = "+" in modes
     text = "t" in modes
     binary = "b" in modes
-    if "U" in modes:
-        if creating or writing or appending or updating:
-            raise ValueError("mode U cannot be combined with 'x', 'w', 'a', or '+'")
-        import warnings
-        warnings.warn("'U' mode is deprecated",
-                      DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        reading = True
     if text and binary:
         raise ValueError("can't have text and binary mode at once")
     if creating + reading + writing + appending > 1:
@@ -311,22 +303,6 @@ def _open_code_with_warning(path):
     open_code = _open_code_with_warning
 
 
-def __getattr__(name):
-    if name == "OpenWrapper":
-        # bpo-43680: Until Python 3.9, _pyio.open was not a static method and
-        # builtins.open was set to OpenWrapper to not become a bound method
-        # when set to a class variable. _io.open is a built-in function whereas
-        # _pyio.open is a Python function. In Python 3.10, _pyio.open() is now
-        # a static method, and builtins.open() is now io.open().
-        import warnings
-        warnings.warn('OpenWrapper is deprecated, use open instead',
-                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
-        global OpenWrapper
-        OpenWrapper = open
-        return OpenWrapper
-    raise AttributeError(name)
-
-
 # In normal operation, both `UnsupportedOperation`s should be bound to the
 # same object.
 try:
@@ -338,8 +314,7 @@ class UnsupportedOperation(OSError, ValueError):
 
 class IOBase(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
 
-    """The abstract base class for all I/O classes, acting on streams of
-    bytes. There is no public constructor.
+    """The abstract base class for all I/O classes.
 
     This class provides dummy implementations for many methods that
     derived classes can override selectively; the default implementations
@@ -1154,6 +1129,7 @@ def peek(self, size=0):
         do at most one raw read to satisfy it.  We never return more
         than self.buffer_size.
         """
+        self._checkClosed("peek of closed file")
         with self._read_lock:
             return self._peek_unlocked(size)
 
@@ -1172,6 +1148,7 @@ def read1(self, size=-1):
         """Reads up to size bytes, with at most one read() system call."""
         # Returns up to size bytes.  If at least one byte is buffered, we
         # only return buffered bytes.  Otherwise, we do one raw read.
+        self._checkClosed("read of closed file")
         if size < 0:
             size = self.buffer_size
         if size == 0:
@@ -1189,6 +1166,8 @@ def read1(self, size=-1):
     def _readinto(self, buf, read1):
         """Read data into *buf* with at most one system call."""
 
+        self._checkClosed("readinto of closed file")
+
         # Need to create a memoryview object of type 'b', otherwise
         # we may not be able to assign bytes to it, and slicing it
         # would create a new object.
@@ -1233,11 +1212,13 @@ def _readinto(self, buf, read1):
         return written
 
     def tell(self):
-        return _BufferedIOMixin.tell(self) - len(self._read_buf) + self._read_pos
+        # GH-95782: Keep return value non-negative
+        return max(_BufferedIOMixin.tell(self) - len(self._read_buf) + self._read_pos, 0)
 
     def seek(self, pos, whence=0):
         if whence not in valid_seek_flags:
             raise ValueError("invalid whence value")
+        self._checkClosed("seek of closed file")
         with self._read_lock:
             if whence == 1:
                 pos -= len(self._read_buf) - self._read_pos
@@ -1845,7 +1826,7 @@ class TextIOBase(IOBase):
     """Base class for text I/O.
 
     This class provides a character and line based interface to stream
-    I/O. There is no public constructor.
+    I/O.
     """
 
     def read(self, size=-1):
@@ -1997,7 +1978,7 @@ class TextIOWrapper(TextIOBase):
     r"""Character and line based layer over a BufferedIOBase object, buffer.
 
     encoding gives the name of the encoding that the stream will be
-    decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getpreferredencoding(False).
+    decoded or encoded with. It defaults to locale.getencoding().
 
     errors determines the strictness of encoding and decoding (see the
     codecs.register) and defaults to "strict".
@@ -2031,19 +2012,7 @@ def __init__(self, buffer, encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None,
         encoding = text_encoding(encoding)
 
         if encoding == "locale":
-            try:
-                encoding = os.device_encoding(buffer.fileno()) or "locale"
-            except (AttributeError, UnsupportedOperation):
-                pass
-
-        if encoding == "locale":
-            try:
-                import locale
-            except ImportError:
-                # Importing locale may fail if Python is being built
-                encoding = "utf-8"
-            else:
-                encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding(False)
+            encoding = self._get_locale_encoding()
 
         if not isinstance(encoding, str):
             raise ValueError("invalid encoding: %r" % encoding)
@@ -2176,6 +2145,8 @@ def reconfigure(self, *,
         else:
             if not isinstance(encoding, str):
                 raise TypeError("invalid encoding: %r" % encoding)
+            if encoding == "locale":
+                encoding = self._get_locale_encoding()
 
         if newline is Ellipsis:
             newline = self._readnl
@@ -2243,8 +2214,9 @@ def write(self, s):
         self.buffer.write(b)
         if self._line_buffering and (haslf or "\r" in s):
             self.flush()
-        self._set_decoded_chars('')
-        self._snapshot = None
+        if self._snapshot is not None:
+            self._set_decoded_chars('')
+            self._snapshot = None
         if self._decoder:
             self._decoder.reset()
         return length
@@ -2280,6 +2252,15 @@ def _get_decoded_chars(self, n=None):
         self._decoded_chars_used += len(chars)
         return chars
 
+    def _get_locale_encoding(self):
+        try:
+            import locale
+        except ImportError:
+            # Importing locale may fail if Python is being built
+            return "utf-8"
+        else:
+            return locale.getencoding()
+
     def _rewind_decoded_chars(self, n):
         """Rewind the _decoded_chars buffer."""
         if self._decoded_chars_used < n:
@@ -2549,8 +2530,9 @@ def read(self, size=None):
             # Read everything.
             result = (self._get_decoded_chars() +
                       decoder.decode(self.buffer.read(), final=True))
-            self._set_decoded_chars('')
-            self._snapshot = None
+            if self._snapshot is not None:
+                self._set_decoded_chars('')
+                self._snapshot = None
             return result
         else:
             # Keep reading chunks until we have size characters to return.
diff --git a/Lib/io.py b/Lib/io.py
index a5e2c66567..de76e23906 100644
--- a/Lib/io.py
+++ b/Lib/io.py
@@ -45,39 +45,22 @@
            "FileIO", "BytesIO", "StringIO", "BufferedIOBase",
            "BufferedReader", "BufferedWriter", "BufferedRWPair",
            "BufferedRandom", "TextIOBase", "TextIOWrapper",
-           "UnsupportedOperation", "SEEK_SET", "SEEK_CUR", "SEEK_END"]
+           "UnsupportedOperation", "SEEK_SET", "SEEK_CUR", "SEEK_END",
+           "DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE", "text_encoding",
+           # "IncrementalNewlineDecoder"
+           ]
 
 
 import _io
 import abc
 
 from _io import (DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE, BlockingIOError, UnsupportedOperation,
-                 open, open_code, BytesIO, StringIO, BufferedReader,
+                 open, open_code, FileIO, BytesIO, StringIO, BufferedReader,
                  BufferedWriter, BufferedRWPair, BufferedRandom,
                  # XXX RUSTPYTHON TODO: IncrementalNewlineDecoder
-                 # IncrementalNewlineDecoder, text_encoding, TextIOWrapper)
+                 # IncrementalNewlineDecoder,
                  text_encoding, TextIOWrapper)
 
-try:
-    from _io import FileIO
-except ImportError:
-    pass
-
-def __getattr__(name):
-    if name == "OpenWrapper":
-        # bpo-43680: Until Python 3.9, _pyio.open was not a static method and
-        # builtins.open was set to OpenWrapper to not become a bound method
-        # when set to a class variable. _io.open is a built-in function whereas
-        # _pyio.open is a Python function. In Python 3.10, _pyio.open() is now
-        # a static method, and builtins.open() is now io.open().
-        import warnings
-        warnings.warn('OpenWrapper is deprecated, use open instead',
-                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
-        global OpenWrapper
-        OpenWrapper = open
-        return OpenWrapper
-    raise AttributeError(name)
-
 
 # Pretend this exception was created here.
 UnsupportedOperation.__module__ = "io"
@@ -102,10 +85,7 @@ class BufferedIOBase(_io._BufferedIOBase, IOBase):
 class TextIOBase(_io._TextIOBase, IOBase):
     __doc__ = _io._TextIOBase.__doc__
 
-try:
-    RawIOBase.register(FileIO)
-except NameError:
-    pass
+RawIOBase.register(FileIO)
 
 for klass in (BytesIO, BufferedReader, BufferedWriter, BufferedRandom,
               BufferedRWPair):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_io.py b/Lib/test/test_io.py
index 0fe4a46571..09c11d59a4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_io.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_io.py
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@
 import random
 import signal
 import sys
-import sysconfig
 import textwrap
 import threading
 import time
@@ -44,6 +43,7 @@
 from test.support import os_helper
 from test.support import threading_helper
 from test.support import warnings_helper
+from test.support import skip_if_sanitizer
 from test.support.os_helper import FakePath
 
 import codecs
@@ -66,20 +66,9 @@ def byteslike(*pos, **kw):
     class EmptyStruct(ctypes.Structure):
         pass
 
-_cflags = sysconfig.get_config_var('CFLAGS') or ''
-_config_args = sysconfig.get_config_var('CONFIG_ARGS') or ''
-MEMORY_SANITIZER = (
-    '-fsanitize=memory' in _cflags or
-    '--with-memory-sanitizer' in _config_args
-)
-
-ADDRESS_SANITIZER = (
-    '-fsanitize=address' in _cflags
-)
-
 # Does io.IOBase finalizer log the exception if the close() method fails?
 # The exception is ignored silently by default in release build.
-IOBASE_EMITS_UNRAISABLE = (hasattr(sys, "gettotalrefcount") or sys.flags.dev_mode)
+IOBASE_EMITS_UNRAISABLE = (support.Py_DEBUG or sys.flags.dev_mode)
 
 
 def _default_chunk_size():
@@ -87,6 +76,14 @@ def _default_chunk_size():
     with open(__file__, "r", encoding="latin-1") as f:
         return f._CHUNK_SIZE
 
+requires_alarm = unittest.skipUnless(
+    hasattr(signal, "alarm"), "test requires signal.alarm()"
+)
+
+
+class BadIndex:
+    def __index__(self):
+        1/0
 
 class MockRawIOWithoutRead:
     """A RawIO implementation without read(), so as to exercise the default
@@ -266,6 +263,27 @@ class PyMockUnseekableIO(MockUnseekableIO, pyio.BytesIO):
     UnsupportedOperation = pyio.UnsupportedOperation
 
 
+class MockCharPseudoDevFileIO(MockFileIO):
+    # GH-95782
+    # ftruncate() does not work on these special files (and CPython then raises
+    # appropriate exceptions), so truncate() does not have to be accounted for
+    # here.
+    def __init__(self, data):
+        super().__init__(data)
+
+    def seek(self, *args):
+        return 0
+
+    def tell(self, *args):
+        return 0
+
+class CMockCharPseudoDevFileIO(MockCharPseudoDevFileIO, io.BytesIO):
+    pass
+
+class PyMockCharPseudoDevFileIO(MockCharPseudoDevFileIO, pyio.BytesIO):
+    pass
+
+
 class MockNonBlockWriterIO:
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -415,8 +433,8 @@ def test_invalid_operations(self):
             self.assertRaises(exc, fp.read)
             self.assertRaises(exc, fp.readline)
         with self.open(os_helper.TESTFN, "wb") as fp:
-                self.assertRaises(exc, fp.read)
-                self.assertRaises(exc, fp.readline)
+            self.assertRaises(exc, fp.read)
+            self.assertRaises(exc, fp.readline)
         with self.open(os_helper.TESTFN, "wb", buffering=0) as fp:
             self.assertRaises(exc, fp.read)
             self.assertRaises(exc, fp.readline)
@@ -433,6 +451,10 @@ def test_invalid_operations(self):
             self.assertRaises(exc, fp.seek, 1, self.SEEK_CUR)
             self.assertRaises(exc, fp.seek, -1, self.SEEK_END)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten, "fstat() of a pipe fd is not supported"
+    )
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
     def test_optional_abilities(self):
         # Test for OSError when optional APIs are not supported
         # The purpose of this test is to try fileno(), reading, writing and
@@ -893,6 +915,14 @@ def badopener(fname, flags):
             open('non-existent', 'r', opener=badopener)
         self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'opener returned -2')
 
+    def test_opener_invalid_fd(self):
+        # Check that OSError is raised with error code EBADF if the
+        # opener returns an invalid file descriptor (see gh-82212).
+        fd = os_helper.make_bad_fd()
+        with self.assertRaises(OSError) as cm:
+            self.open('foo', opener=lambda name, flags: fd)
+        self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.EBADF)
+
     def test_fileio_closefd(self):
         # Issue #4841
         with self.open(__file__, 'rb') as f1, \
@@ -1040,12 +1070,101 @@ def close(self):
         del obj
         support.gc_collect()
         self.assertIsNone(wr(), wr)
-    
+
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, AssertionError: filter ('', ResourceWarning) did not catch any warning
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_destructor(self):
         super().test_destructor(self)
 
+@support.cpython_only
+class TestIOCTypes(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        _io = import_helper.import_module("_io")
+        self.types = [
+            _io.BufferedRWPair,
+            _io.BufferedRandom,
+            _io.BufferedReader,
+            _io.BufferedWriter,
+            _io.BytesIO,
+            _io.FileIO,
+            _io.IncrementalNewlineDecoder,
+            _io.StringIO,
+            _io.TextIOWrapper,
+            _io._BufferedIOBase,
+            _io._BytesIOBuffer,
+            _io._IOBase,
+            _io._RawIOBase,
+            _io._TextIOBase,
+        ]
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            self.types.append(_io._WindowsConsoleIO)
+        self._io = _io
+
+    def test_immutable_types(self):
+        for tp in self.types:
+            with self.subTest(tp=tp):
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "immutable"):
+                    tp.foo = "bar"
+
+    def test_class_hierarchy(self):
+        def check_subs(types, base):
+            for tp in types:
+                with self.subTest(tp=tp, base=base):
+                    self.assertTrue(issubclass(tp, base))
+
+        def recursive_check(d):
+            for k, v in d.items():
+                if isinstance(v, dict):
+                    recursive_check(v)
+                elif isinstance(v, set):
+                    check_subs(v, k)
+                else:
+                    self.fail("corrupt test dataset")
+
+        _io = self._io
+        hierarchy = {
+            _io._IOBase: {
+                _io._BufferedIOBase: {
+                    _io.BufferedRWPair,
+                    _io.BufferedRandom,
+                    _io.BufferedReader,
+                    _io.BufferedWriter,
+                    _io.BytesIO,
+                },
+                _io._RawIOBase: {
+                    _io.FileIO,
+                },
+                _io._TextIOBase: {
+                    _io.StringIO,
+                    _io.TextIOWrapper,
+                },
+            },
+        }
+        if sys.platform == "win32":
+            hierarchy[_io._IOBase][_io._RawIOBase].add(_io._WindowsConsoleIO)
+
+        recursive_check(hierarchy)
+
+    def test_subclassing(self):
+        _io = self._io
+        dataset = {k: True for k in self.types}
+        dataset[_io._BytesIOBuffer] = False
+
+        for tp, is_basetype in dataset.items():
+            with self.subTest(tp=tp, is_basetype=is_basetype):
+                name = f"{tp.__name__}_subclass"
+                bases = (tp,)
+                if is_basetype:
+                    _ = type(name, bases, {})
+                else:
+                    msg = "not an acceptable base type"
+                    with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
+                        _ = type(name, bases, {})
+
+    def test_disallow_instantiation(self):
+        _io = self._io
+        support.check_disallow_instantiation(self, _io._BytesIOBuffer)
+
 class PyIOTest(IOTest):
     pass
 
@@ -1463,6 +1582,7 @@ def test_read_all(self):
 
         self.assertEqual(b"abcdefg", bufio.read())
 
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     @support.requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_threads(self):
         try:
@@ -1542,11 +1662,25 @@ def test_no_extraneous_read(self):
 
     def test_read_on_closed(self):
         # Issue #23796
-        b = io.BufferedReader(io.BytesIO(b"12"))
+        b = self.BufferedReader(self.BytesIO(b"12"))
         b.read(1)
         b.close()
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.peek)
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.read1, 1)
+        with self.subTest('peek'):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.peek)
+        with self.subTest('read1'):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.read1, 1)
+        with self.subTest('read'):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.read)
+        with self.subTest('readinto'):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.readinto, bytearray())
+        with self.subTest('readinto1'):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.readinto1, bytearray())
+        with self.subTest('flush'):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.flush)
+        with self.subTest('truncate'):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.truncate)
+        with self.subTest('seek'):
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, b.seek, 0)
 
     def test_truncate_on_read_only(self):
         rawio = self.MockFileIO(b"abc")
@@ -1555,13 +1689,38 @@ def test_truncate_on_read_only(self):
         self.assertRaises(self.UnsupportedOperation, bufio.truncate)
         self.assertRaises(self.UnsupportedOperation, bufio.truncate, 0)
 
+    def test_tell_character_device_file(self):
+        # GH-95782
+        # For the (former) bug in BufferedIO to manifest, the wrapped IO obj
+        # must be able to produce at least 2 bytes.
+        raw = self.MockCharPseudoDevFileIO(b"12")
+        buf = self.tp(raw)
+        self.assertEqual(buf.tell(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(buf.read(1), b"1")
+        self.assertEqual(buf.tell(), 0)
+
+    def test_seek_character_device_file(self):
+        raw = self.MockCharPseudoDevFileIO(b"12")
+        buf = self.tp(raw)
+        self.assertEqual(buf.seek(0, io.SEEK_CUR), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(buf.seek(1, io.SEEK_SET), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(buf.seek(0, io.SEEK_CUR), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(buf.read(1), b"1")
+
+        # In the C implementation, tell() sets the BufferedIO's abs_pos to 0,
+        # which means that the next seek() could return a negative offset if it
+        # does not sanity-check:
+        self.assertEqual(buf.tell(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(buf.seek(0, io.SEEK_CUR), 0)
+
 
 class CBufferedReaderTest(BufferedReaderTest, SizeofTest):
     tp = io.BufferedReader
 
     @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, fallible allocation")
-    @unittest.skipIf(MEMORY_SANITIZER or ADDRESS_SANITIZER, "sanitizer defaults to crashing "
-                     "instead of returning NULL for malloc failure.")
+    @skip_if_sanitizer(memory=True, address=True, thread=True,
+                       reason="sanitizer defaults to crashing "
+                       "instead of returning NULL for malloc failure.")
     def test_constructor(self):
         BufferedReaderTest.test_constructor(self)
         # The allocation can succeed on 32-bit builds, e.g. with more
@@ -1775,7 +1934,7 @@ def test_write_non_blocking(self):
         self.assertTrue(s.startswith(b"01234567A"), s)
 
     def test_write_and_rewind(self):
-        raw = io.BytesIO()
+        raw = self.BytesIO()
         bufio = self.tp(raw, 4)
         self.assertEqual(bufio.write(b"abcdef"), 6)
         self.assertEqual(bufio.tell(), 6)
@@ -1854,6 +2013,7 @@ def test_truncate_after_write(self):
                 f.truncate()
                 self.assertEqual(f.tell(), buffer_size + 2)
 
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     @support.requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_threads(self):
         try:
@@ -1925,6 +2085,7 @@ def bad_write(b):
         self.assertRaises(OSError, b.close) # exception not swallowed
         self.assertTrue(b.closed)
 
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_slow_close_from_thread(self):
         # Issue #31976
         rawio = self.SlowFlushRawIO()
@@ -1942,8 +2103,9 @@ class CBufferedWriterTest(BufferedWriterTest, SizeofTest):
     tp = io.BufferedWriter
 
     @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, fallible allocation")
-    @unittest.skipIf(MEMORY_SANITIZER or ADDRESS_SANITIZER, "sanitizer defaults to crashing "
-                     "instead of returning NULL for malloc failure.")
+    @skip_if_sanitizer(memory=True, address=True, thread=True,
+                       reason="sanitizer defaults to crashing "
+                       "instead of returning NULL for malloc failure.")
     def test_constructor(self):
         BufferedWriterTest.test_constructor(self)
         # The allocation can succeed on 32-bit builds, e.g. with more
@@ -1986,7 +2148,7 @@ def test_garbage_collection(self):
     def test_args_error(self):
         # Issue #17275
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "BufferedWriter"):
-            self.tp(io.BytesIO(), 1024, 1024, 1024)
+            self.tp(self.BytesIO(), 1024, 1024, 1024)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
@@ -2425,6 +2587,28 @@ def test_interleaved_read_write(self):
                 f.flush()
                 self.assertEqual(raw.getvalue(), b'a2c')
 
+    def test_read1_after_write(self):
+        with self.BytesIO(b'abcdef') as raw:
+            with self.tp(raw, 3) as f:
+                f.write(b"1")
+                self.assertEqual(f.read1(1), b'b')
+                f.flush()
+                self.assertEqual(raw.getvalue(), b'1bcdef')
+        with self.BytesIO(b'abcdef') as raw:
+            with self.tp(raw, 3) as f:
+                f.write(b"1")
+                self.assertEqual(f.read1(), b'bcd')
+                f.flush()
+                self.assertEqual(raw.getvalue(), b'1bcdef')
+        with self.BytesIO(b'abcdef') as raw:
+            with self.tp(raw, 3) as f:
+                f.write(b"1")
+                # XXX: read(100) returns different numbers of bytes
+                # in Python and C implementations.
+                self.assertEqual(f.read1(100)[:3], b'bcd')
+                f.flush()
+                self.assertEqual(raw.getvalue(), b'1bcdef')
+
     def test_interleaved_readline_write(self):
         with self.BytesIO(b'ab\ncdef\ng\n') as raw:
             with self.tp(raw) as f:
@@ -2449,8 +2633,9 @@ class CBufferedRandomTest(BufferedRandomTest, SizeofTest):
     tp = io.BufferedRandom
 
     @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, fallible allocation")
-    @unittest.skipIf(MEMORY_SANITIZER or ADDRESS_SANITIZER, "sanitizer defaults to crashing "
-                     "instead of returning NULL for malloc failure.")
+    @skip_if_sanitizer(memory=True, address=True, thread=True,
+                       reason="sanitizer defaults to crashing "
+                       "instead of returning NULL for malloc failure.")
     def test_constructor(self):
         BufferedRandomTest.test_constructor(self)
         # The allocation can succeed on 32-bit builds, e.g. with more
@@ -2470,7 +2655,7 @@ def test_garbage_collection(self):
     def test_args_error(self):
         # Issue #17275
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "BufferedRandom"):
-            self.tp(io.BytesIO(), 1024, 1024, 1024)
+            self.tp(self.BytesIO(), 1024, 1024, 1024)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
@@ -2647,8 +2832,29 @@ def test_constructor(self):
         self.assertEqual(t.encoding, "utf-8")
         self.assertEqual(t.line_buffering, True)
         self.assertEqual("\xe9\n", t.readline())
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.__init__, b, encoding="utf-8", newline=42)
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, t.__init__, b, encoding="utf-8", newline='xyzzy')
+        invalid_type = TypeError if self.is_C else ValueError
+        with self.assertRaises(invalid_type):
+            t.__init__(b, encoding=42)
+        with self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError):
+            t.__init__(b, encoding='\udcfe')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            t.__init__(b, encoding='utf-8\0')
+        with self.assertRaises(invalid_type):
+            t.__init__(b, encoding="utf-8", errors=42)
+        if support.Py_DEBUG or sys.flags.dev_mode or self.is_C:
+            with self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError):
+                t.__init__(b, encoding="utf-8", errors='\udcfe')
+        if support.Py_DEBUG or sys.flags.dev_mode or self.is_C:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                t.__init__(b, encoding="utf-8", errors='replace\0')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            t.__init__(b, encoding="utf-8", newline=42)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            t.__init__(b, encoding="utf-8", newline='\udcfe')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            t.__init__(b, encoding="utf-8", newline='\n\0')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            t.__init__(b, encoding="utf-8", newline='xyzzy')
 
     def test_uninitialized(self):
         t = self.TextIOWrapper.__new__(self.TextIOWrapper)
@@ -2769,27 +2975,16 @@ def test_default_encoding(self):
                 if key in os.environ:
                     del os.environ[key]
 
-            current_locale_encoding = locale.getpreferredencoding(False)
+            current_locale_encoding = locale.getencoding()
             b = self.BytesIO()
             with warnings.catch_warnings():
                 warnings.simplefilter("ignore", EncodingWarning)
-            t = self.TextIOWrapper(b)
+                t = self.TextIOWrapper(b)
             self.assertEqual(t.encoding, current_locale_encoding)
         finally:
             os.environ.clear()
             os.environ.update(old_environ)
 
-    @support.cpython_only
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.utf8_mode, "utf-8 mode is enabled")
-    def test_device_encoding(self):
-        # Issue 15989
-        import _testcapi
-        b = self.BytesIO()
-        b.fileno = lambda: _testcapi.INT_MAX + 1
-        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, self.TextIOWrapper, b, encoding="locale")
-        b.fileno = lambda: _testcapi.UINT_MAX + 1
-        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, self.TextIOWrapper, b, encoding="locale")
-
     def test_encoding(self):
         # Check the encoding attribute is always set, and valid
         b = self.BytesIO()
@@ -2797,7 +2992,7 @@ def test_encoding(self):
         self.assertEqual(t.encoding, "utf-8")
         with warnings.catch_warnings():
             warnings.simplefilter("ignore", EncodingWarning)
-        t = self.TextIOWrapper(b)
+            t = self.TextIOWrapper(b)
         self.assertIsNotNone(t.encoding)
         codecs.lookup(t.encoding)
 
@@ -3345,6 +3540,7 @@ def test_errors_property(self):
             self.assertEqual(f.errors, "replace")
 
     @support.no_tracing
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_threads_write(self):
         # Issue6750: concurrent writes could duplicate data
         event = threading.Event()
@@ -3529,7 +3725,7 @@ def test_illegal_encoder(self):
         # encode() is invalid shouldn't cause an assertion failure.
         rot13 = codecs.lookup("rot13")
         with support.swap_attr(rot13, '_is_text_encoding', True):
-            t = io.TextIOWrapper(io.BytesIO(b'foo'), encoding="rot13")
+            t = self.TextIOWrapper(self.BytesIO(b'foo'), encoding="rot13")
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, t.write, 'bar')
 
     def test_illegal_decoder(self):
@@ -3638,6 +3834,10 @@ def seekable(self): return True
         F.tell = lambda x: 0
         t = self.TextIOWrapper(F(), encoding='utf-8')
 
+    def test_reconfigure_locale(self):
+        wrapper = self.TextIOWrapper(self.BytesIO(b"test"))
+        wrapper.reconfigure(encoding="locale")
+
     def test_reconfigure_encoding_read(self):
         # latin1 -> utf8
         # (latin1 can decode utf-8 encoded string)
@@ -3719,6 +3919,59 @@ def test_reconfigure_defaults(self):
 
         self.assertEqual(txt.detach().getvalue(), b'LF\nCRLF\r\n')
 
+    def test_reconfigure_errors(self):
+        txt = self.TextIOWrapper(self.BytesIO(), 'ascii', 'replace', '\r')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):  # there was a crash
+            txt.reconfigure(encoding=42)
+        if self.is_C:
+            with self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError):
+                txt.reconfigure(encoding='\udcfe')
+            with self.assertRaises(LookupError):
+                txt.reconfigure(encoding='locale\0')
+        # TODO: txt.reconfigure(encoding='utf-8\0')
+        # TODO: txt.reconfigure(encoding='nonexisting')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            txt.reconfigure(errors=42)
+        if self.is_C:
+            with self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError):
+                txt.reconfigure(errors='\udcfe')
+        # TODO: txt.reconfigure(errors='ignore\0')
+        # TODO: txt.reconfigure(errors='nonexisting')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            txt.reconfigure(newline=42)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            txt.reconfigure(newline='\udcfe')
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            txt.reconfigure(newline='xyz')
+        if not self.is_C:
+            # TODO: Should fail in C too.
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                txt.reconfigure(newline='\n\0')
+        if self.is_C:
+            # TODO: Use __bool__(), not __index__().
+            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
+                txt.reconfigure(line_buffering=BadIndex())
+            with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+                txt.reconfigure(line_buffering=2**1000)
+            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
+                txt.reconfigure(write_through=BadIndex())
+            with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+                txt.reconfigure(write_through=2**1000)
+            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):  # there was a crash
+                txt.reconfigure(line_buffering=BadIndex(),
+                                write_through=BadIndex())
+        self.assertEqual(txt.encoding, 'ascii')
+        self.assertEqual(txt.errors, 'replace')
+        self.assertIs(txt.line_buffering, False)
+        self.assertIs(txt.write_through, False)
+
+        txt.reconfigure(encoding='latin1', errors='ignore', newline='\r\n',
+                        line_buffering=True, write_through=True)
+        self.assertEqual(txt.encoding, 'latin1')
+        self.assertEqual(txt.errors, 'ignore')
+        self.assertIs(txt.line_buffering, True)
+        self.assertIs(txt.write_through, True)
+
     def test_reconfigure_newline(self):
         raw = self.BytesIO(b'CR\rEOF')
         txt = self.TextIOWrapper(raw, 'ascii', newline='\n')
@@ -3766,6 +4019,14 @@ def test_issue25862(self):
         t.write('x')
         t.tell()
 
+    def test_issue35928(self):
+        p = self.BufferedRWPair(self.BytesIO(b'foo\nbar\n'), self.BytesIO())
+        f = self.TextIOWrapper(p)
+        res = f.readline()
+        self.assertEqual(res, 'foo\n')
+        f.write(res)
+        self.assertEqual(res + f.readline(), 'foo\nbar\n')
+
 
 class MemviewBytesIO(io.BytesIO):
     '''A BytesIO object whose read method returns memoryviews
@@ -3924,7 +4185,7 @@ def test_garbage_collection(self):
         # all data to disk.
         # The Python version has __del__, so it ends in gc.garbage instead.
         with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', ResourceWarning)):
-            rawio = io.FileIO(os_helper.TESTFN, "wb")
+            rawio = self.FileIO(os_helper.TESTFN, "wb")
             b = self.BufferedWriter(rawio)
             t = self.TextIOWrapper(b, encoding="ascii")
             t.write("456def")
@@ -4117,7 +4378,15 @@ def test_translate(self):
         self.assertEqual(decoder.decode(b"\r\r\n"), "\r\r\n")
 
 class CIncrementalNewlineDecoderTest(IncrementalNewlineDecoderTest):
-    pass
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_uninitialized(self):
+        uninitialized = self.IncrementalNewlineDecoder.__new__(
+            self.IncrementalNewlineDecoder)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, uninitialized.decode, b'bar')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, uninitialized.getstate)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, uninitialized.setstate, (b'foo', 0))
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, uninitialized.reset)
+
 
 class PyIncrementalNewlineDecoderTest(IncrementalNewlineDecoderTest):
     pass
@@ -4127,38 +4396,24 @@ class PyIncrementalNewlineDecoderTest(IncrementalNewlineDecoderTest):
 
 class MiscIOTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
+    # for test__all__, actual values are set in subclasses
+    name_of_module = None
+    extra_exported = ()
+    not_exported = ()
+
     def tearDown(self):
         os_helper.unlink(os_helper.TESTFN)
 
     def test___all__(self):
-        for name in self.io.__all__:
-            obj = getattr(self.io, name, None)
-            self.assertIsNotNone(obj, name)
-            if name in ("open", "open_code"):
-                continue
-            elif "error" in name.lower() or name == "UnsupportedOperation":
-                self.assertTrue(issubclass(obj, Exception), name)
-            elif not name.startswith("SEEK_"):
-                self.assertTrue(issubclass(obj, self.IOBase))
+        support.check__all__(self, self.io, self.name_of_module,
+                             extra=self.extra_exported,
+                             not_exported=self.not_exported)
 
     def test_attributes(self):
         f = self.open(os_helper.TESTFN, "wb", buffering=0)
         self.assertEqual(f.mode, "wb")
         f.close()
 
-        # XXX RUSTPYTHON: universal mode is deprecated anyway, so I
-        #                 feel fine about skipping it
-
-        # with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-        #     f = self.open(os_helper.TESTFN, "U", encoding="utf-8")
-        # self.assertEqual(f.name,            os_helper.TESTFN)
-        # self.assertEqual(f.buffer.name,     os_helper.TESTFN)
-        # self.assertEqual(f.buffer.raw.name, os_helper.TESTFN)
-        # self.assertEqual(f.mode,            "U")
-        # self.assertEqual(f.buffer.mode,     "rb")
-        # self.assertEqual(f.buffer.raw.mode, "rb")
-        # f.close()
-
         f = self.open(os_helper.TESTFN, "w+", encoding="utf-8")
         self.assertEqual(f.mode,            "w+")
         self.assertEqual(f.buffer.mode,     "rb+") # Does it really matter?
@@ -4172,6 +4427,17 @@ def test_attributes(self):
         f.close()
         g.close()
 
+    def test_removed_u_mode(self):
+        # bpo-37330: The "U" mode has been removed in Python 3.11
+        for mode in ("U", "rU", "r+U"):
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
+                self.open(os_helper.TESTFN, mode)
+            self.assertIn('invalid mode', str(cm.exception))
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten, "fstat() of a pipe fd is not supported"
+    )
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
     def test_open_pipe_with_append(self):
         # bpo-27805: Ignore ESPIPE from lseek() in open().
         r, w = os.pipe()
@@ -4316,6 +4582,7 @@ def cleanup_fds():
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
     def test_warn_on_dealloc_fd(self):
         self._check_warn_on_dealloc_fd("rb", buffering=0)
         self._check_warn_on_dealloc_fd("rb")
@@ -4324,6 +4591,7 @@ def test_warn_on_dealloc_fd(self):
 
     def test_pickling(self):
         # Pickling file objects is forbidden
+        msg = "cannot pickle"
         for kwargs in [
                 {"mode": "w"},
                 {"mode": "wb"},
@@ -4338,21 +4606,30 @@ def test_pickling(self):
             if "b" not in kwargs["mode"]:
                 kwargs["encoding"] = "utf-8"
             for protocol in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
-                with self.open(os_helper.TESTFN, **kwargs) as f:
-                    self.assertRaises(TypeError, pickle.dumps, f, protocol)
+                with self.subTest(protocol=protocol, kwargs=kwargs):
+                    with self.open(os_helper.TESTFN, **kwargs) as f:
+                        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
+                            pickle.dumps(f, protocol)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten, "fstat() of a pipe fd is not supported"
+    )
     def test_nonblock_pipe_write_bigbuf(self):
         self._test_nonblock_pipe_write(16*1024)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten, "fstat() of a pipe fd is not supported"
+    )
     def test_nonblock_pipe_write_smallbuf(self):
         self._test_nonblock_pipe_write(1024)
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'set_blocking'),
                          'os.set_blocking() required for this test')
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
     def _test_nonblock_pipe_write(self, bufsize):
         sent = []
         received = []
@@ -4490,17 +4767,22 @@ def test_check_encoding_warning(self):
         self.assertTrue(
             warnings[1].startswith(b"<string>:8: EncodingWarning: "))
 
-    @support.cpython_only
-    # Depending if OpenWrapper was already created or not, the warning is
-    # emitted or not. For example, the attribute is already created when this
-    # test is run multiple times.
-    @warnings_helper.ignore_warnings(category=DeprecationWarning)
-    def test_openwrapper(self):
-        self.assertIs(self.io.OpenWrapper, self.io.open)
+    def test_text_encoding(self):
+        # PEP 597, bpo-47000. io.text_encoding() returns "locale" or "utf-8"
+        # based on sys.flags.utf8_mode
+        code = "import io; print(io.text_encoding(None))"
+
+        proc = assert_python_ok('-X', 'utf8=0', '-c', code)
+        self.assertEqual(b"locale", proc.out.strip())
+
+        proc = assert_python_ok('-X', 'utf8=1', '-c', code)
+        self.assertEqual(b"utf-8", proc.out.strip())
 
 
 class CMiscIOTest(MiscIOTest):
     io = io
+    name_of_module = "io", "_io"
+    extra_exported = "BlockingIOError",
 
     def test_readinto_buffer_overflow(self):
         # Issue #18025
@@ -4552,9 +4834,13 @@ def run():
         else:
             self.assertFalse(err.strip('.!'))
 
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
     def test_daemon_threads_shutdown_stdout_deadlock(self):
         self.check_daemon_threads_shutdown_deadlock('stdout')
 
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
     def test_daemon_threads_shutdown_stderr_deadlock(self):
         self.check_daemon_threads_shutdown_deadlock('stderr')
 
@@ -4566,6 +4852,9 @@ def test_check_encoding_errors(self): # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passe
 
 class PyMiscIOTest(MiscIOTest):
     io = pyio
+    name_of_module = "_pyio", "io"
+    extra_exported = "BlockingIOError", "open_code",
+    not_exported = "valid_seek_flags",
 
 
 @unittest.skipIf(os.name == 'nt', 'POSIX signals required for this test.')
@@ -4657,12 +4946,18 @@ def _read():
                 if e.errno != errno.EBADF:
                     raise
 
+    @requires_alarm
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
     def test_interrupted_write_unbuffered(self):
         self.check_interrupted_write(b"xy", b"xy", mode="wb", buffering=0)
 
+    @requires_alarm
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
     def test_interrupted_write_buffered(self):
         self.check_interrupted_write(b"xy", b"xy", mode="wb")
 
+    @requires_alarm
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, "pipe"), "requires os.pipe()")
     def test_interrupted_write_text(self):
         self.check_interrupted_write("xy", b"xy", mode="w", encoding="ascii")
 
@@ -4694,9 +4989,11 @@ def on_alarm(*args):
             wio.close()
             os.close(r)
 
+    @requires_alarm
     def test_reentrant_write_buffered(self):
         self.check_reentrant_write(b"xy", mode="wb")
 
+    @requires_alarm
     def test_reentrant_write_text(self):
         self.check_reentrant_write("xy", mode="w", encoding="ascii")
 
@@ -4726,12 +5023,16 @@ def alarm_handler(sig, frame):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @requires_alarm
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
     def test_interrupted_read_retry_buffered(self):
         self.check_interrupted_read_retry(lambda x: x.decode('latin1'),
                                           mode="rb")
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @requires_alarm
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
     def test_interrupted_read_retry_text(self):
         self.check_interrupted_read_retry(lambda x: x,
                                           mode="r", encoding="latin1")
@@ -4805,10 +5106,14 @@ def alarm2(sig, frame):
                     raise
 
     @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, thread 'main' panicked at 'already borrowed: BorrowMutError'")
+    @requires_alarm
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
     def test_interrupted_write_retry_buffered(self):
         self.check_interrupted_write_retry(b"x", mode="wb")
 
     @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, thread 'main' panicked at 'already borrowed: BorrowMutError'")
+    @requires_alarm
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
     def test_interrupted_write_retry_text(self):
         self.check_interrupted_write_retry("x", mode="w", encoding="latin1")
 
@@ -4825,7 +5130,7 @@ class PySignalsTest(SignalsTest):
     test_reentrant_write_text = None
 
 
-def load_tests(*args):
+def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
     tests = (CIOTest, PyIOTest, APIMismatchTest,
              CBufferedReaderTest, PyBufferedReaderTest,
              CBufferedWriterTest, PyBufferedWriterTest,
@@ -4835,32 +5140,33 @@ def load_tests(*args):
              CIncrementalNewlineDecoderTest, PyIncrementalNewlineDecoderTest,
              CTextIOWrapperTest, PyTextIOWrapperTest,
              CMiscIOTest, PyMiscIOTest,
-             CSignalsTest, PySignalsTest,
+             CSignalsTest, PySignalsTest, TestIOCTypes,
              )
 
     # Put the namespaces of the IO module we are testing and some useful mock
     # classes in the __dict__ of each test.
     mocks = (MockRawIO, MisbehavedRawIO, MockFileIO, CloseFailureIO,
              MockNonBlockWriterIO, MockUnseekableIO, MockRawIOWithoutRead,
-             SlowFlushRawIO)
-    all_members = io.__all__# + ["IncrementalNewlineDecoder"] XXX RUSTPYTHON
+             SlowFlushRawIO, MockCharPseudoDevFileIO)
+    all_members = io.__all__
     c_io_ns = {name : getattr(io, name) for name in all_members}
     py_io_ns = {name : getattr(pyio, name) for name in all_members}
     globs = globals()
     c_io_ns.update((x.__name__, globs["C" + x.__name__]) for x in mocks)
     py_io_ns.update((x.__name__, globs["Py" + x.__name__]) for x in mocks)
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON (need to update io.py, see bpo-43680)
-    # Avoid turning open into a bound method.
-    py_io_ns["open"] = pyio.OpenWrapper
     for test in tests:
         if test.__name__.startswith("C"):
             for name, obj in c_io_ns.items():
                 setattr(test, name, obj)
+            test.is_C = True
         elif test.__name__.startswith("Py"):
             for name, obj in py_io_ns.items():
                 setattr(test, name, obj)
+            test.is_C = False
 
-    suite = unittest.TestSuite([unittest.makeSuite(test) for test in tests])
+    suite = loader.suiteClass()
+    for test in tests:
+        suite.addTest(loader.loadTestsFromTestCase(test))
     return suite
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

From 8ed79bd1afa155c36cda1a14e566e4a1a902b111 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 14:41:43 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 298/705] add a dummy parameter for support.skip_if_sanitizer

---
 Lib/test/support/__init__.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
index 975ff21101..b49ffbd536 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ def check_sanitizer(*, address=False, memory=False, ub=False):
     )
 
 
-def skip_if_sanitizer(reason=None, *, address=False, memory=False, ub=False):
+def skip_if_sanitizer(reason=None, *, address=False, memory=False, ub=False, thread=False):
     """Decorator raising SkipTest if running with a sanitizer active."""
     if not reason:
         reason = 'not working with sanitizers active'

From 9944b3dac1680809419e3b341595b2dbc4b288c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 28 Jul 2024 14:43:05 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 299/705] Mark failing tests

---
 Lib/io.py           |  3 +--
 Lib/test/test_io.py | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/io.py b/Lib/io.py
index de76e23906..e37e81c2bf 100644
--- a/Lib/io.py
+++ b/Lib/io.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
            "BufferedRandom", "TextIOBase", "TextIOWrapper",
            "UnsupportedOperation", "SEEK_SET", "SEEK_CUR", "SEEK_END",
            "DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE", "text_encoding",
-           # "IncrementalNewlineDecoder"
+           "IncrementalNewlineDecoder"
            ]
 
 
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@
                  # IncrementalNewlineDecoder,
                  text_encoding, TextIOWrapper)
 
-
 # Pretend this exception was created here.
 UnsupportedOperation.__module__ = "io"
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_io.py b/Lib/test/test_io.py
index 09c11d59a4..4f459675de 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_io.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_io.py
@@ -1796,6 +1796,11 @@ def test_flush_error_on_close(self):
     def test_truncate_on_read_only(self): # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
         super().test_truncate_on_read_only() # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_seek_character_device_file(self):
+        super().test_seek_character_device_file()
+
 
 class PyBufferedReaderTest(BufferedReaderTest):
     tp = pyio.BufferedReader
@@ -2662,6 +2667,16 @@ def test_args_error(self):
     def test_flush_error_on_close(self):
         super().test_flush_error_on_close()
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_seek_character_device_file(self):
+        super().test_seek_character_device_file()
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; f.read1(1) returns b'a'
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_read1_after_write(self):
+        super().test_read1_after_write()
+
 
 class PyBufferedRandomTest(BufferedRandomTest):
     tp = pyio.BufferedRandom
@@ -4166,6 +4181,16 @@ def test_reconfigure_defaults(self):
     def test_reconfigure_newline(self):
         super().test_reconfigure_newline()
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_reconfigure_errors(self):
+        super().test_reconfigure_errors()
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_reconfigure_locale(self):
+        super().test_reconfigure_locale()
+
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_initialization(self):
@@ -4248,6 +4273,11 @@ class PyTextIOWrapperTest(TextIOWrapperTest):
     io = pyio
     shutdown_error = "LookupError: unknown encoding: ascii"
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        super().test_constructor()
+
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_newlines(self):
@@ -4350,8 +4380,6 @@ def test_newline_decoder(self):
         self.check_newline_decoding_utf8(decoder)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, decoder.setstate, 42)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_newline_bytes(self):
         # Issue 5433: Excessive optimization in IncrementalNewlineDecoder
         def _check(dec):
@@ -4365,8 +4393,6 @@ def _check(dec):
         dec = self.IncrementalNewlineDecoder(None, translate=True)
         _check(dec)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_translate(self):
         # issue 35062
         for translate in (-2, -1, 1, 2):
@@ -4767,6 +4793,8 @@ def test_check_encoding_warning(self):
         self.assertTrue(
             warnings[1].startswith(b"<string>:8: EncodingWarning: "))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_text_encoding(self):
         # PEP 597, bpo-47000. io.text_encoding() returns "locale" or "utf-8"
         # based on sys.flags.utf8_mode
@@ -4784,6 +4812,11 @@ class CMiscIOTest(MiscIOTest):
     name_of_module = "io", "_io"
     extra_exported = "BlockingIOError",
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test___all__(self):
+        super().test___all__()
+
     def test_readinto_buffer_overflow(self):
         # Issue #18025
         class BadReader(self.io.BufferedIOBase):

From 6ca4685fee775f1e84a5decc1d64bc94c33e480a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 29 Jul 2024 00:15:04 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 300/705] __objclass__

---
 .cspell.json                  | 1 +
 Lib/test/test_descr.py        | 2 --
 vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs | 8 +++++++-
 vm/src/builtins/getset.rs     | 7 ++++++-
 vm/src/function/method.rs     | 7 ++-----
 vm/src/vm/context.rs          | 1 +
 6 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.cspell.json b/.cspell.json
index ad90153f56..e2723d6ce5 100644
--- a/.cspell.json
+++ b/.cspell.json
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
     "metas",
     "modpow",
     "nanos",
+    "objclass",
     "peekable",
     "powc",
     "powf",
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_descr.py b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
index 8389ce67c9..eae8b42fce 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_descr.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_descr.py
@@ -4635,8 +4635,6 @@ def test_builtin_function_or_method(self):
         # hash([].append) should not be based on hash([])
         hash(l.append)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_special_unbound_method_types(self):
         # Testing objects of <type 'wrapper_descriptor'>...
         self.assertTrue(list.__add__ == list.__add__)
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
index 6f0705e8ec..16340c3a62 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::{PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyType};
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{builtin_func::PyNativeMethod, type_},
+    builtins::{builtin_func::PyNativeMethod, type_, PyTypeRef},
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{FuncArgs, PyMethodDef, PyMethodFlags, PySetterValue},
     types::{Callable, GetDescriptor, Representable, Unconstructible},
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ pub struct PyMethodDescriptor {
     pub common: PyDescriptor,
     pub method: &'static PyMethodDef,
     // vectorcall: vectorcallfunc,
+    pub objclass: &'static Py<PyType>, // TODO: move to tp_members
 }
 
 impl PyMethodDescriptor {
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ impl PyMethodDescriptor {
                 qualname: PyRwLock::new(None),
             },
             method,
+            objclass: typ,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -126,6 +128,10 @@ impl PyMethodDescriptor {
                 .map(|signature| signature.to_string())
         })
     }
+    #[pygetset(magic)]
+    fn objclass(&self) -> PyTypeRef {
+        self.objclass.to_owned()
+    }
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn reduce(
         &self,
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs b/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs
index 2fa1e41483..603ec021e2 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /*! Python `attribute` descriptor class. (PyGetSet)
 
 */
-use super::PyType;
+use super::{PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{IntoPyGetterFunc, IntoPySetterFunc, PyGetterFunc, PySetterFunc, PySetterValue},
@@ -139,6 +139,11 @@ impl PyGetSet {
     fn qualname(&self) -> String {
         format!("{}.{}", self.class.slot_name(), self.name.clone())
     }
+
+    #[pygetset(magic)]
+    fn objclass(&self) -> PyTypeRef {
+        self.class.to_owned()
+    }
 }
 impl Unconstructible for PyGetSet {}
 
diff --git a/vm/src/function/method.rs b/vm/src/function/method.rs
index 513cb9383c..c8652ffb50 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/method.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/method.rs
@@ -170,11 +170,8 @@ impl PyMethodDef {
         class: &'static Py<PyType>,
     ) -> PyRef<PyMethodDescriptor> {
         debug_assert!(self.flags.contains(PyMethodFlags::METHOD));
-        PyRef::new_ref(
-            self.to_method(class, ctx),
-            ctx.types.method_descriptor_type.to_owned(),
-            None,
-        )
+        let method = self.to_method(class, ctx);
+        PyRef::new_ref(method, ctx.types.method_descriptor_type.to_owned(), None)
     }
     pub fn build_bound_method(
         &'static self,
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/context.rs b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
index 217d4eecf5..f67035d0f3 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/context.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
@@ -174,6 +174,7 @@ declare_const_name! {
     __neg__,
     __new__,
     __next__,
+    __objclass__,
     __or__,
     __orig_bases__,
     __orig_class__,

From 6f8360a8789ff970195d75fc3338098ca8a55782 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 29 Jul 2024 01:13:04 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 301/705] sys.exception

---
 Lib/test/test_sys.py | 6 ------
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs | 9 ++++++++-
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_sys.py b/Lib/test/test_sys.py
index 82c42006ab..590d9c8df8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_sys.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_sys.py
@@ -75,8 +75,6 @@ class ActiveExceptionTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_exc_info_no_exception(self):
         self.assertEqual(sys.exc_info(), (None, None, None))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; AttributeError: module 'sys' has no attribute 'exception'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_sys_exception_no_exception(self):
         self.assertEqual(sys.exception(), None)
 
@@ -110,8 +108,6 @@ def f():
         self.assertIs(exc_info[1], e)
         self.assertIs(exc_info[2], e.__traceback__)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; AttributeError: module 'sys' has no attribute 'exception'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_sys_exception_with_exception_instance(self):
         def f():
             raise ValueError(42)
@@ -125,8 +121,6 @@ def f():
         self.assertIsInstance(e, ValueError)
         self.assertIs(exc, e)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; AttributeError: module 'sys' has no attribute 'exception'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_sys_exception_with_exception_type(self):
         def f():
             raise ValueError
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index bc629dc22a..590f1d1ce7 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,9 @@ pub(crate) use sys::{UnraisableHookArgs, __module_def, DOC, MAXSIZE, MULTIARCH};
 #[pymodule]
 mod sys {
     use crate::{
-        builtins::{PyDictRef, PyNamespace, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
+        builtins::{
+            PyBaseExceptionRef, PyDictRef, PyNamespace, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef,
+        },
         common::{
             ascii,
             hash::{PyHash, PyUHash},
@@ -309,6 +311,11 @@ mod sys {
         Err(vm.new_exception(vm.ctx.exceptions.system_exit.to_owned(), vec![code]))
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn exception(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<PyBaseExceptionRef> {
+        vm.topmost_exception()
+    }
+
     #[pyfunction(name = "__displayhook__")]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn displayhook(obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {

From 55f04db6b8ff68c8e080044b12600943e8c3fe20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Andrew Bowen <andrewb12505@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 29 Jul 2024 01:55:32 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 302/705] Update codecs and test_codecs from cpython v3.12.4
 (#5372)

* updated test_codecs.py from cpython v3.12.4

* updated codecs.py from cpython v3.12.4
---
 Lib/codecs.py           |  25 ++--
 Lib/test/test_codecs.py | 285 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 204 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/codecs.py b/Lib/codecs.py
index e6ad6e3a05..82f23983e7 100644
--- a/Lib/codecs.py
+++ b/Lib/codecs.py
@@ -414,6 +414,9 @@ def __enter__(self):
     def __exit__(self, type, value, tb):
         self.stream.close()
 
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, proto):
+        raise TypeError("can't serialize %s" % self.__class__.__name__)
+
 ###
 
 class StreamReader(Codec):
@@ -663,6 +666,9 @@ def __enter__(self):
     def __exit__(self, type, value, tb):
         self.stream.close()
 
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, proto):
+        raise TypeError("can't serialize %s" % self.__class__.__name__)
+
 ###
 
 class StreamReaderWriter:
@@ -750,6 +756,9 @@ def __enter__(self):
     def __exit__(self, type, value, tb):
         self.stream.close()
 
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, proto):
+        raise TypeError("can't serialize %s" % self.__class__.__name__)
+
 ###
 
 class StreamRecoder:
@@ -866,6 +875,9 @@ def __enter__(self):
     def __exit__(self, type, value, tb):
         self.stream.close()
 
+    def __reduce_ex__(self, proto):
+        raise TypeError("can't serialize %s" % self.__class__.__name__)
+
 ### Shortcuts
 
 def open(filename, mode='r', encoding=None, errors='strict', buffering=-1):
@@ -878,7 +890,8 @@ def open(filename, mode='r', encoding=None, errors='strict', buffering=-1):
         codecs. Output is also codec dependent and will usually be
         Unicode as well.
 
-        Underlying encoded files are always opened in binary mode.
+        If encoding is not None, then the
+        underlying encoded files are always opened in binary mode.
         The default file mode is 'r', meaning to open the file in read mode.
 
         encoding specifies the encoding which is to be used for the
@@ -1114,13 +1127,3 @@ def make_encoding_map(decoding_map):
 _false = 0
 if _false:
     import encodings
-
-### Tests
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-
-    # Make stdout translate Latin-1 output into UTF-8 output
-    sys.stdout = EncodedFile(sys.stdout, 'latin-1', 'utf-8')
-
-    # Have stdin translate Latin-1 input into UTF-8 input
-    sys.stdin = EncodedFile(sys.stdin, 'utf-8', 'latin-1')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_codecs.py b/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
index 0b972a58a5..085b800b6d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import codecs
 import contextlib
+import copy
 import io
 import locale
+import pickle
 import sys
 import unittest
 import encodings
@@ -9,12 +11,15 @@
 
 from test import support
 from test.support import os_helper
-from test.support import warnings_helper
 
 try:
     import _testcapi
 except ImportError:
     _testcapi = None
+try:
+    import _testinternalcapi
+except ImportError:
+    _testinternalcapi = None
 
 try:
     import ctypes
@@ -845,11 +850,12 @@ def test_decoder_state(self):
                                          "spamspam", self.spamle)
         self.check_state_handling_decode(self.encoding,
                                          "spamspam", self.spambe)
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+        
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON - ValueError: invalid mode 'Ub'
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug691291(self):
-        # Files are always opened in binary mode, even if no binary mode was
+        # If encoding is not None, then
+        # files are always opened in binary mode, even if no binary mode was
         # specified.  This means that no automatic conversion of '\n' is done
         # on reading and writing.
         s1 = 'Hello\r\nworld\r\n'
@@ -1378,8 +1384,11 @@ def test_escape(self):
             check(br"\9", b"\\9")
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
             check(b"\\\xfa", b"\\\xfa")
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+        for i in range(0o400, 0o1000):
+            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                check(rb'\%o' % i, bytes([i & 0o377]))
+    
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON - ValueError: not raised by escape_decode
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_errors(self):
         decode = codecs.escape_decode
@@ -1723,6 +1732,12 @@ def test_builtin_encode(self):
         self.assertEqual("pyth\xf6n.org".encode("idna"), b"xn--pythn-mua.org")
         self.assertEqual("pyth\xf6n.org.".encode("idna"), b"xn--pythn-mua.org.")
 
+    def test_builtin_decode_length_limit(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(UnicodeError, "way too long"):
+            (b"xn--016c"+b"a"*1100).decode("idna")
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(UnicodeError, "too long"):
+            (b"xn--016c"+b"a"*70).decode("idna")
+
     def test_stream(self):
         r = codecs.getreader("idna")(io.BytesIO(b"abc"))
         r.read(3)
@@ -1933,6 +1948,7 @@ def test_file_closes_if_lookup_error_raised(self):
 
             file().close.assert_called()
 
+
 class StreamReaderTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -1943,6 +1959,61 @@ def test_readlines(self):
         f = self.reader(self.stream)
         self.assertEqual(f.readlines(), ['\ud55c\n', '\uae00'])
 
+    def test_copy(self):
+        f = self.reader(Queue(b'\xed\x95\x9c\n\xea\xb8\x80'))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamReader'):
+            copy.copy(f)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamReader'):
+            copy.deepcopy(f)
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(protocol=proto):
+                f = self.reader(Queue(b'\xed\x95\x9c\n\xea\xb8\x80'))
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamReader'):
+                    pickle.dumps(f, proto)
+
+
+class StreamWriterTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.writer = codecs.getwriter('utf-8')
+  
+    def test_copy(self):
+        f = self.writer(Queue(b''))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamWriter'):
+            copy.copy(f)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamWriter'):
+            copy.deepcopy(f)
+    
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(protocol=proto):
+                f = self.writer(Queue(b''))
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamWriter'):
+                    pickle.dumps(f, proto)
+
+
+class StreamReaderWriterTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.reader = codecs.getreader('latin1')
+        self.writer = codecs.getwriter('utf-8')
+
+    def test_copy(self):
+        f = codecs.StreamReaderWriter(Queue(b''), self.reader, self.writer)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamReaderWriter'):
+            copy.copy(f)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamReaderWriter'):
+            copy.deepcopy(f)
+    
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(protocol=proto):
+                f = codecs.StreamReaderWriter(Queue(b''), self.reader, self.writer)
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamReaderWriter'):
+                    pickle.dumps(f, proto)
+
 
 class EncodedFileTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -2086,7 +2157,10 @@ def test_basics(self):
                 name += "_codec"
             elif encoding == "latin_1":
                 name = "latin_1"
-            self.assertEqual(encoding.replace("_", "-"), name.replace("_", "-"))
+            # Skip the mbcs alias on Windows
+            if name != "mbcs":
+                self.assertEqual(encoding.replace("_", "-"),
+                                 name.replace("_", "-"))
 
             (b, size) = codecs.getencoder(encoding)(s)
             self.assertEqual(size, len(s), "encoding=%r" % encoding)
@@ -2156,6 +2230,7 @@ def test_basics(self):
                                          "encoding=%r" % encoding)
 
     @support.cpython_only
+    @unittest.skipIf(_testcapi is None, 'need _testcapi module')
     def test_basics_capi(self):
         s = "abc123"  # all codecs should be able to encode these
         for encoding in all_unicode_encodings:
@@ -2601,6 +2676,8 @@ def test_escape_encode(self):
         check('\u20ac', br'\u20ac')
         check('\U0001d120', br'\U0001d120')
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_escape_decode(self):
         decode = codecs.unicode_escape_decode
         check = coding_checker(self, decode)
@@ -2639,6 +2716,9 @@ def test_escape_decode(self):
             check(br"\9", "\\9")
         with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
             check(b"\\\xfa", "\\\xfa")
+        for i in range(0o400, 0o1000):
+            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                check(rb'\%o' % i, chr(i))
 
     def test_decode_errors(self):
         decode = codecs.unicode_escape_decode
@@ -3037,29 +3117,26 @@ def test_binary_to_text_denylists_text_transforms(self):
                     bad_input.decode("rot_13")
                 self.assertIsNone(failure.exception.__cause__)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    
+    # @unittest.skipUnless(zlib, "Requires zlib support")
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, ^ restore once test passes
     @unittest.expectedFailure
-    @unittest.skipUnless(zlib, "Requires zlib support")
-    def test_custom_zlib_error_is_wrapped(self):
+    def test_custom_zlib_error_is_noted(self):
         # Check zlib codec gives a good error for malformed input
-        msg = "^decoding with 'zlib_codec' codec failed"
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, msg) as failure:
+        msg = "decoding with 'zlib_codec' codec failed"
+        with self.assertRaises(zlib.error) as failure:
             codecs.decode(b"hello", "zlib_codec")
-        self.assertIsInstance(failure.exception.__cause__,
-                                                type(failure.exception))
+        self.assertEqual(msg, failure.exception.__notes__[0])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_custom_hex_error_is_wrapped(self):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON - AttributeError: 'Error' object has no attribute '__notes__'
+    @unittest.expectedFailure 
+    def test_custom_hex_error_is_noted(self):
         # Check hex codec gives a good error for malformed input
-        msg = "^decoding with 'hex_codec' codec failed"
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(Exception, msg) as failure:
+        import binascii
+        msg = "decoding with 'hex_codec' codec failed"
+        with self.assertRaises(binascii.Error) as failure:
             codecs.decode(b"hello", "hex_codec")
-        self.assertIsInstance(failure.exception.__cause__,
-                                                type(failure.exception))
-
-    # Unfortunately, the bz2 module throws OSError, which the codec
-    # machinery currently can't wrap :(
+        self.assertEqual(msg, failure.exception.__notes__[0])
 
     # Ensure codec aliases from http://bugs.python.org/issue7475 work
     def test_aliases(self):
@@ -3083,11 +3160,8 @@ def test_uu_invalid(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, codecs.decode, b"", "uu-codec")
 
 
-# The codec system tries to wrap exceptions in order to ensure the error
-# mentions the operation being performed and the codec involved. We
-# currently *only* want this to happen for relatively stateless
-# exceptions, where the only significant information they contain is their
-# type and a single str argument.
+# The codec system tries to add notes to exceptions in order to ensure
+# the error mentions the operation being performed and the codec involved.
 
 # Use a local codec registry to avoid appearing to leak objects when
 # registering multiple search functions
@@ -3097,10 +3171,10 @@ def _get_test_codec(codec_name):
     return _TEST_CODECS.get(codec_name)
 
 
-class ExceptionChainingTest(unittest.TestCase):
+class ExceptionNotesTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
-        self.codec_name = 'exception_chaining_test'
+        self.codec_name = 'exception_notes_test'
         codecs.register(_get_test_codec)
         self.addCleanup(codecs.unregister, _get_test_codec)
 
@@ -3124,105 +3198,98 @@ def set_codec(self, encode, decode):
         _TEST_CODECS[self.codec_name] = codec_info
 
     @contextlib.contextmanager
-    def assertWrapped(self, operation, exc_type, msg):
-        full_msg = r"{} with {!r} codec failed \({}: {}\)".format(
-                  operation, self.codec_name, exc_type.__name__, msg)
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(exc_type, full_msg) as caught:
+    def assertNoted(self, operation, exc_type, msg):
+        full_msg = r"{} with {!r} codec failed".format(
+                  operation, self.codec_name)
+        with self.assertRaises(exc_type) as caught:
             yield caught
-        self.assertIsInstance(caught.exception.__cause__, exc_type)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(caught.exception.__cause__.__traceback__)
+        self.assertIn(full_msg, caught.exception.__notes__[0])
+        caught.exception.__notes__.clear()
 
     def raise_obj(self, *args, **kwds):
         # Helper to dynamically change the object raised by a test codec
         raise self.obj_to_raise
-
-    def check_wrapped(self, obj_to_raise, msg, exc_type=RuntimeError):
+    
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def check_note(self, obj_to_raise, msg, exc_type=RuntimeError):
         self.obj_to_raise = obj_to_raise
         self.set_codec(self.raise_obj, self.raise_obj)
-        with self.assertWrapped("encoding", exc_type, msg):
+        with self.assertNoted("encoding", exc_type, msg):
             "str_input".encode(self.codec_name)
-        with self.assertWrapped("encoding", exc_type, msg):
+        with self.assertNoted("encoding", exc_type, msg):
             codecs.encode("str_input", self.codec_name)
-        with self.assertWrapped("decoding", exc_type, msg):
+        with self.assertNoted("decoding", exc_type, msg):
             b"bytes input".decode(self.codec_name)
-        with self.assertWrapped("decoding", exc_type, msg):
+        with self.assertNoted("decoding", exc_type, msg):
             codecs.decode(b"bytes input", self.codec_name)
-
+    
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_raise_by_type(self):
-        self.check_wrapped(RuntimeError, "")
-
+        self.check_note(RuntimeError, "")
+    
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_raise_by_value(self):
-        msg = "This should be wrapped"
-        self.check_wrapped(RuntimeError(msg), msg)
-
+        msg = "This should be noted"
+        self.check_note(RuntimeError(msg), msg)
+        
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_raise_grandchild_subclass_exact_size(self):
-        msg = "This should be wrapped"
+        msg = "This should be noted"
         class MyRuntimeError(RuntimeError):
             __slots__ = ()
-        self.check_wrapped(MyRuntimeError(msg), msg, MyRuntimeError)
+        self.check_note(MyRuntimeError(msg), msg, MyRuntimeError)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_raise_subclass_with_weakref_support(self):
-        msg = "This should be wrapped"
+        msg = "This should be noted"
         class MyRuntimeError(RuntimeError):
             pass
-        self.check_wrapped(MyRuntimeError(msg), msg, MyRuntimeError)
+        self.check_note(MyRuntimeError(msg), msg, MyRuntimeError)
 
-    def check_not_wrapped(self, obj_to_raise, msg):
-        def raise_obj(*args, **kwds):
-            raise obj_to_raise
-        self.set_codec(raise_obj, raise_obj)
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, msg):
-            "str input".encode(self.codec_name)
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, msg):
-            codecs.encode("str input", self.codec_name)
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, msg):
-            b"bytes input".decode(self.codec_name)
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(RuntimeError, msg):
-            codecs.decode(b"bytes input", self.codec_name)
-
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
-    def test_init_override_is_not_wrapped(self):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_init_override(self):
         class CustomInit(RuntimeError):
             def __init__(self):
                 pass
-        self.check_not_wrapped(CustomInit, "")
-
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
-    def test_new_override_is_not_wrapped(self):
+        self.check_note(CustomInit, "")
+    
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure 
+    def test_new_override(self):
         class CustomNew(RuntimeError):
             def __new__(cls):
                 return super().__new__(cls)
-        self.check_not_wrapped(CustomNew, "")
+        self.check_note(CustomNew, "")
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
-    def test_instance_attribute_is_not_wrapped(self):
-        msg = "This should NOT be wrapped"
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_instance_attribute(self):
+        msg = "This should be noted"
         exc = RuntimeError(msg)
         exc.attr = 1
-        self.check_not_wrapped(exc, "^{}$".format(msg))
+        self.check_note(exc, "^{}$".format(msg))
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
-    def test_non_str_arg_is_not_wrapped(self):
-        self.check_not_wrapped(RuntimeError(1), "1")
-
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
-    def test_multiple_args_is_not_wrapped(self):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_non_str_arg(self):
+        self.check_note(RuntimeError(1), "1")
+        
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_multiple_args(self):
         msg_re = r"^\('a', 'b', 'c'\)$"
-        self.check_not_wrapped(RuntimeError('a', 'b', 'c'), msg_re)
+        self.check_note(RuntimeError('a', 'b', 'c'), msg_re)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     # http://bugs.python.org/issue19609
-    def test_codec_lookup_failure_not_wrapped(self):
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+    def test_codec_lookup_failure(self):
         msg = "^unknown encoding: {}$".format(self.codec_name)
-        # The initial codec lookup should not be wrapped
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(LookupError, msg):
             "str input".encode(self.codec_name)
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(LookupError, msg):
@@ -3232,7 +3299,7 @@ def test_codec_lookup_failure_not_wrapped(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(LookupError, msg):
             codecs.decode(b"bytes input", self.codec_name)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_unflagged_non_text_codec_handling(self):
         # The stdlib non-text codecs are now marked so they're
@@ -3461,9 +3528,14 @@ def test_incremental(self):
     def test_mbcs_alias(self):
         # Check that looking up our 'default' codepage will return
         # mbcs when we don't have a more specific one available
-        with mock.patch('_winapi.GetACP', return_value=123):
-            codec = codecs.lookup('cp123')
-            self.assertEqual(codec.name, 'mbcs')
+        code_page = 99_999
+        name = f'cp{code_page}'
+        with mock.patch('_winapi.GetACP', return_value=code_page):
+            try:
+                codec = codecs.lookup(name)
+                self.assertEqual(codec.name, 'mbcs')
+            finally:
+                codecs.unregister(name)
 
     @support.bigmemtest(size=2**31, memuse=7, dry_run=False)
     def test_large_input(self, size):
@@ -3624,9 +3696,31 @@ def test_seeking_write(self):
         self.assertEqual(sr.readline(), b'1\n')
         self.assertEqual(sr.readline(), b'abc\n')
         self.assertEqual(sr.readline(), b'789\n')
+    
+    def test_copy(self):
+        bio = io.BytesIO()
+        codec = codecs.lookup('ascii')
+        sr = codecs.StreamRecoder(bio, codec.encode, codec.decode,
+                                  encodings.ascii.StreamReader, encodings.ascii.StreamWriter)
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamRecoder'):
+            copy.copy(sr)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamRecoder'):
+            copy.deepcopy(sr)
+    
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        q = Queue(b'')
+        codec = codecs.lookup('ascii')
+        sr = codecs.StreamRecoder(q, codec.encode, codec.decode,
+                                  encodings.ascii.StreamReader, encodings.ascii.StreamWriter)
+
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(protocol=proto):
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'StreamRecoder'):
+                    pickle.dumps(sr, proto)
 
 
-@unittest.skipIf(_testcapi is None, 'need _testcapi module')
+@unittest.skipIf(_testinternalcapi is None, 'need _testinternalcapi module')
 class LocaleCodecTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """
     Test indirectly _Py_DecodeUTF8Ex() and _Py_EncodeUTF8Ex().
@@ -3640,7 +3734,7 @@ class LocaleCodecTest(unittest.TestCase):
     SURROGATES = "\uDC80\uDCFF"
 
     def encode(self, text, errors="strict"):
-        return _testcapi.EncodeLocaleEx(text, 0, errors)
+        return _testinternalcapi.EncodeLocaleEx(text, 0, errors)
 
     def check_encode_strings(self, errors):
         for text in self.STRINGS:
@@ -3680,7 +3774,7 @@ def test_encode_unsupported_error_handler(self):
         self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception), 'unsupported error handler')
 
     def decode(self, encoded, errors="strict"):
-        return _testcapi.DecodeLocaleEx(encoded, 0, errors)
+        return _testinternalcapi.DecodeLocaleEx(encoded, 0, errors)
 
     def check_decode_strings(self, errors):
         is_utf8 = (self.ENCODING == "utf-8")
@@ -3767,9 +3861,10 @@ class Rot13UtilTest(unittest.TestCase):
     $ echo "Hello World" | python -m encodings.rot_13
     """
     def test_rot13_func(self):
+        from encodings.rot_13 import rot13
         infile = io.StringIO('Gb or, be abg gb or, gung vf gur dhrfgvba')
         outfile = io.StringIO()
-        encodings.rot_13.rot13(infile, outfile)
+        rot13(infile, outfile)
         outfile.seek(0)
         plain_text = outfile.read()
         self.assertEqual(

From 694354e5e6d472ed147b4a05cc65eec952a9eb71 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 29 Jul 2024 16:18:38 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 303/705] temp fix slot member_count

---
 vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs | 11 +++++++----
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs       | 11 ++++++++---
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
index 16340c3a62..408b0efc84 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
@@ -320,10 +320,13 @@ fn set_slot_at_object(
                 PySetterValue::Delete => obj.set_slot(offset, None),
             };
         }
-        MemberKind::ObjectEx => match value {
-            PySetterValue::Assign(v) => obj.set_slot(offset, Some(v)),
-            PySetterValue::Delete => obj.set_slot(offset, None),
-        },
+        MemberKind::ObjectEx => {
+            let value = match value {
+                PySetterValue::Assign(v) => Some(v),
+                PySetterValue::Delete => None,
+            };
+            obj.set_slot(offset, value);
+        }
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index 296afff17c..15df5ff3c5 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -934,9 +934,14 @@ impl Constructor for PyType {
                 None
             };
 
-        let base_member_count = base.slots.member_count;
-        let member_count: usize =
-            base.slots.member_count + heaptype_slots.as_ref().map(|x| x.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+        // FIXME: this is a temporary fix. multi bases with multiple slots will break object
+        let base_member_count = bases
+            .iter()
+            .map(|base| base.slots.member_count)
+            .max()
+            .unwrap();
+        let heaptype_member_count = heaptype_slots.as_ref().map(|x| x.len()).unwrap_or(0);
+        let member_count: usize = base_member_count + heaptype_member_count;
 
         let flags = PyTypeFlags::heap_type_flags() | PyTypeFlags::HAS_DICT;
         let (slots, heaptype_ext) = {

From 09d74336fa939ddd9d9f25c239c89e67ea44bcd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Mon, 29 Jul 2024 16:41:39 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 304/705] Update fraction,test_numeric_tower from CPython
 3.12.4

---
 Lib/fractions.py               | 420 ++++++++++++++-----
 Lib/test/test_fractions.py     | 742 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 Lib/test/test_numeric_tower.py |   2 +-
 3 files changed, 1065 insertions(+), 99 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/fractions.py b/Lib/fractions.py
index f9ac882ec0..88b418fe38 100644
--- a/Lib/fractions.py
+++ b/Lib/fractions.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 """Fraction, infinite-precision, rational numbers."""
 
 from decimal import Decimal
+import functools
 import math
 import numbers
 import operator
@@ -20,21 +21,144 @@
 # _PyHASH_MODULUS.
 _PyHASH_INF = sys.hash_info.inf
 
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize = 1 << 14)
+def _hash_algorithm(numerator, denominator):
+
+    # To make sure that the hash of a Fraction agrees with the hash
+    # of a numerically equal integer, float or Decimal instance, we
+    # follow the rules for numeric hashes outlined in the
+    # documentation.  (See library docs, 'Built-in Types').
+
+    try:
+        dinv = pow(denominator, -1, _PyHASH_MODULUS)
+    except ValueError:
+        # ValueError means there is no modular inverse.
+        hash_ = _PyHASH_INF
+    else:
+        # The general algorithm now specifies that the absolute value of
+        # the hash is
+        #    (|N| * dinv) % P
+        # where N is self._numerator and P is _PyHASH_MODULUS.  That's
+        # optimized here in two ways:  first, for a non-negative int i,
+        # hash(i) == i % P, but the int hash implementation doesn't need
+        # to divide, and is faster than doing % P explicitly.  So we do
+        #    hash(|N| * dinv)
+        # instead.  Second, N is unbounded, so its product with dinv may
+        # be arbitrarily expensive to compute.  The final answer is the
+        # same if we use the bounded |N| % P instead, which can again
+        # be done with an int hash() call.  If 0 <= i < P, hash(i) == i,
+        # so this nested hash() call wastes a bit of time making a
+        # redundant copy when |N| < P, but can save an arbitrarily large
+        # amount of computation for large |N|.
+        hash_ = hash(hash(abs(numerator)) * dinv)
+    result = hash_ if numerator >= 0 else -hash_
+    return -2 if result == -1 else result
+
 _RATIONAL_FORMAT = re.compile(r"""
-    \A\s*                                 # optional whitespace at the start,
-    (?P<sign>[-+]?)                       # an optional sign, then
-    (?=\d|\.\d)                           # lookahead for digit or .digit
-    (?P<num>\d*|\d+(_\d+)*)               # numerator (possibly empty)
-    (?:                                   # followed by
-       (?:/(?P<denom>\d+(_\d+)*))?        # an optional denominator
-    |                                     # or
-       (?:\.(?P<decimal>d*|\d+(_\d+)*))?  # an optional fractional part
-       (?:E(?P<exp>[-+]?\d+(_\d+)*))?     # and optional exponent
+    \A\s*                                  # optional whitespace at the start,
+    (?P<sign>[-+]?)                        # an optional sign, then
+    (?=\d|\.\d)                            # lookahead for digit or .digit
+    (?P<num>\d*|\d+(_\d+)*)                # numerator (possibly empty)
+    (?:                                    # followed by
+       (?:\s*/\s*(?P<denom>\d+(_\d+)*))?   # an optional denominator
+    |                                      # or
+       (?:\.(?P<decimal>\d*|\d+(_\d+)*))?  # an optional fractional part
+       (?:E(?P<exp>[-+]?\d+(_\d+)*))?      # and optional exponent
     )
-    \s*\Z                                 # and optional whitespace to finish
+    \s*\Z                                  # and optional whitespace to finish
 """, re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
 
 
+# Helpers for formatting
+
+def _round_to_exponent(n, d, exponent, no_neg_zero=False):
+    """Round a rational number to the nearest multiple of a given power of 10.
+
+    Rounds the rational number n/d to the nearest integer multiple of
+    10**exponent, rounding to the nearest even integer multiple in the case of
+    a tie. Returns a pair (sign: bool, significand: int) representing the
+    rounded value (-1)**sign * significand * 10**exponent.
+
+    If no_neg_zero is true, then the returned sign will always be False when
+    the significand is zero. Otherwise, the sign reflects the sign of the
+    input.
+
+    d must be positive, but n and d need not be relatively prime.
+    """
+    if exponent >= 0:
+        d *= 10**exponent
+    else:
+        n *= 10**-exponent
+
+    # The divmod quotient is correct for round-ties-towards-positive-infinity;
+    # In the case of a tie, we zero out the least significant bit of q.
+    q, r = divmod(n + (d >> 1), d)
+    if r == 0 and d & 1 == 0:
+        q &= -2
+
+    sign = q < 0 if no_neg_zero else n < 0
+    return sign, abs(q)
+
+
+def _round_to_figures(n, d, figures):
+    """Round a rational number to a given number of significant figures.
+
+    Rounds the rational number n/d to the given number of significant figures
+    using the round-ties-to-even rule, and returns a triple
+    (sign: bool, significand: int, exponent: int) representing the rounded
+    value (-1)**sign * significand * 10**exponent.
+
+    In the special case where n = 0, returns a significand of zero and
+    an exponent of 1 - figures, for compatibility with formatting.
+    Otherwise, the returned significand satisfies
+    10**(figures - 1) <= significand < 10**figures.
+
+    d must be positive, but n and d need not be relatively prime.
+    figures must be positive.
+    """
+    # Special case for n == 0.
+    if n == 0:
+        return False, 0, 1 - figures
+
+    # Find integer m satisfying 10**(m - 1) <= abs(n)/d <= 10**m. (If abs(n)/d
+    # is a power of 10, either of the two possible values for m is fine.)
+    str_n, str_d = str(abs(n)), str(d)
+    m = len(str_n) - len(str_d) + (str_d <= str_n)
+
+    # Round to a multiple of 10**(m - figures). The significand we get
+    # satisfies 10**(figures - 1) <= significand <= 10**figures.
+    exponent = m - figures
+    sign, significand = _round_to_exponent(n, d, exponent)
+
+    # Adjust in the case where significand == 10**figures, to ensure that
+    # 10**(figures - 1) <= significand < 10**figures.
+    if len(str(significand)) == figures + 1:
+        significand //= 10
+        exponent += 1
+
+    return sign, significand, exponent
+
+
+# Pattern for matching float-style format specifications;
+# supports 'e', 'E', 'f', 'F', 'g', 'G' and '%' presentation types.
+_FLOAT_FORMAT_SPECIFICATION_MATCHER = re.compile(r"""
+    (?:
+        (?P<fill>.)?
+        (?P<align>[<>=^])
+    )?
+    (?P<sign>[-+ ]?)
+    (?P<no_neg_zero>z)?
+    (?P<alt>\#)?
+    # A '0' that's *not* followed by another digit is parsed as a minimum width
+    # rather than a zeropad flag.
+    (?P<zeropad>0(?=[0-9]))?
+    (?P<minimumwidth>0|[1-9][0-9]*)?
+    (?P<thousands_sep>[,_])?
+    (?:\.(?P<precision>0|[1-9][0-9]*))?
+    (?P<presentation_type>[eEfFgG%])
+""", re.DOTALL | re.VERBOSE).fullmatch
+
+
 class Fraction(numbers.Rational):
     """This class implements rational numbers.
 
@@ -59,7 +183,7 @@ class Fraction(numbers.Rational):
     __slots__ = ('_numerator', '_denominator')
 
     # We're immutable, so use __new__ not __init__
-    def __new__(cls, numerator=0, denominator=None, *, _normalize=True):
+    def __new__(cls, numerator=0, denominator=None):
         """Constructs a Rational.
 
         Takes a string like '3/2' or '1.5', another Rational instance, a
@@ -155,12 +279,11 @@ def __new__(cls, numerator=0, denominator=None, *, _normalize=True):
 
         if denominator == 0:
             raise ZeroDivisionError('Fraction(%s, 0)' % numerator)
-        if _normalize:
-            g = math.gcd(numerator, denominator)
-            if denominator < 0:
-                g = -g
-            numerator //= g
-            denominator //= g
+        g = math.gcd(numerator, denominator)
+        if denominator < 0:
+            g = -g
+        numerator //= g
+        denominator //= g
         self._numerator = numerator
         self._denominator = denominator
         return self
@@ -177,7 +300,7 @@ def from_float(cls, f):
         elif not isinstance(f, float):
             raise TypeError("%s.from_float() only takes floats, not %r (%s)" %
                             (cls.__name__, f, type(f).__name__))
-        return cls(*f.as_integer_ratio())
+        return cls._from_coprime_ints(*f.as_integer_ratio())
 
     @classmethod
     def from_decimal(cls, dec):
@@ -189,13 +312,28 @@ def from_decimal(cls, dec):
             raise TypeError(
                 "%s.from_decimal() only takes Decimals, not %r (%s)" %
                 (cls.__name__, dec, type(dec).__name__))
-        return cls(*dec.as_integer_ratio())
+        return cls._from_coprime_ints(*dec.as_integer_ratio())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_coprime_ints(cls, numerator, denominator, /):
+        """Convert a pair of ints to a rational number, for internal use.
+
+        The ratio of integers should be in lowest terms and the denominator
+        should be positive.
+        """
+        obj = super(Fraction, cls).__new__(cls)
+        obj._numerator = numerator
+        obj._denominator = denominator
+        return obj
+
+    def is_integer(self):
+        """Return True if the Fraction is an integer."""
+        return self._denominator == 1
 
     def as_integer_ratio(self):
-        """Return the integer ratio as a tuple.
+        """Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is equal to the original Fraction.
 
-        Return a tuple of two integers, whose ratio is equal to the
-        Fraction and with a positive denominator.
+        The ratio is in lowest terms and has a positive denominator.
         """
         return (self._numerator, self._denominator)
 
@@ -245,14 +383,16 @@ def limit_denominator(self, max_denominator=1000000):
                 break
             p0, q0, p1, q1 = p1, q1, p0+a*p1, q2
             n, d = d, n-a*d
-
         k = (max_denominator-q0)//q1
-        bound1 = Fraction(p0+k*p1, q0+k*q1)
-        bound2 = Fraction(p1, q1)
-        if abs(bound2 - self) <= abs(bound1-self):
-            return bound2
+
+        # Determine which of the candidates (p0+k*p1)/(q0+k*q1) and p1/q1 is
+        # closer to self. The distance between them is 1/(q1*(q0+k*q1)), while
+        # the distance from p1/q1 to self is d/(q1*self._denominator). So we
+        # need to compare 2*(q0+k*q1) with self._denominator/d.
+        if 2*d*(q0+k*q1) <= self._denominator:
+            return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(p1, q1)
         else:
-            return bound1
+            return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(p0+k*p1, q0+k*q1)
 
     @property
     def numerator(a):
@@ -274,6 +414,122 @@ def __str__(self):
         else:
             return '%s/%s' % (self._numerator, self._denominator)
 
+    def __format__(self, format_spec, /):
+        """Format this fraction according to the given format specification."""
+
+        # Backwards compatiblility with existing formatting.
+        if not format_spec:
+            return str(self)
+
+        # Validate and parse the format specifier.
+        match = _FLOAT_FORMAT_SPECIFICATION_MATCHER(format_spec)
+        if match is None:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid format specifier {format_spec!r} "
+                f"for object of type {type(self).__name__!r}"
+            )
+        elif match["align"] is not None and match["zeropad"] is not None:
+            # Avoid the temptation to guess.
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Invalid format specifier {format_spec!r} "
+                f"for object of type {type(self).__name__!r}; "
+                "can't use explicit alignment when zero-padding"
+            )
+        fill = match["fill"] or " "
+        align = match["align"] or ">"
+        pos_sign = "" if match["sign"] == "-" else match["sign"]
+        no_neg_zero = bool(match["no_neg_zero"])
+        alternate_form = bool(match["alt"])
+        zeropad = bool(match["zeropad"])
+        minimumwidth = int(match["minimumwidth"] or "0")
+        thousands_sep = match["thousands_sep"]
+        precision = int(match["precision"] or "6")
+        presentation_type = match["presentation_type"]
+        trim_zeros = presentation_type in "gG" and not alternate_form
+        trim_point = not alternate_form
+        exponent_indicator = "E" if presentation_type in "EFG" else "e"
+
+        # Round to get the digits we need, figure out where to place the point,
+        # and decide whether to use scientific notation. 'point_pos' is the
+        # relative to the _end_ of the digit string: that is, it's the number
+        # of digits that should follow the point.
+        if presentation_type in "fF%":
+            exponent = -precision
+            if presentation_type == "%":
+                exponent -= 2
+            negative, significand = _round_to_exponent(
+                self._numerator, self._denominator, exponent, no_neg_zero)
+            scientific = False
+            point_pos = precision
+        else:  # presentation_type in "eEgG"
+            figures = (
+                max(precision, 1)
+                if presentation_type in "gG"
+                else precision + 1
+            )
+            negative, significand, exponent = _round_to_figures(
+                self._numerator, self._denominator, figures)
+            scientific = (
+                presentation_type in "eE"
+                or exponent > 0
+                or exponent + figures <= -4
+            )
+            point_pos = figures - 1 if scientific else -exponent
+
+        # Get the suffix - the part following the digits, if any.
+        if presentation_type == "%":
+            suffix = "%"
+        elif scientific:
+            suffix = f"{exponent_indicator}{exponent + point_pos:+03d}"
+        else:
+            suffix = ""
+
+        # String of output digits, padded sufficiently with zeros on the left
+        # so that we'll have at least one digit before the decimal point.
+        digits = f"{significand:0{point_pos + 1}d}"
+
+        # Before padding, the output has the form f"{sign}{leading}{trailing}",
+        # where `leading` includes thousands separators if necessary and
+        # `trailing` includes the decimal separator where appropriate.
+        sign = "-" if negative else pos_sign
+        leading = digits[: len(digits) - point_pos]
+        frac_part = digits[len(digits) - point_pos :]
+        if trim_zeros:
+            frac_part = frac_part.rstrip("0")
+        separator = "" if trim_point and not frac_part else "."
+        trailing = separator + frac_part + suffix
+
+        # Do zero padding if required.
+        if zeropad:
+            min_leading = minimumwidth - len(sign) - len(trailing)
+            # When adding thousands separators, they'll be added to the
+            # zero-padded portion too, so we need to compensate.
+            leading = leading.zfill(
+                3 * min_leading // 4 + 1 if thousands_sep else min_leading
+            )
+
+        # Insert thousands separators if required.
+        if thousands_sep:
+            first_pos = 1 + (len(leading) - 1) % 3
+            leading = leading[:first_pos] + "".join(
+                thousands_sep + leading[pos : pos + 3]
+                for pos in range(first_pos, len(leading), 3)
+            )
+
+        # We now have a sign and a body. Pad with fill character if necessary
+        # and return.
+        body = leading + trailing
+        padding = fill * (minimumwidth - len(sign) - len(body))
+        if align == ">":
+            return padding + sign + body
+        elif align == "<":
+            return sign + body + padding
+        elif align == "^":
+            half = len(padding) // 2
+            return padding[:half] + sign + body + padding[half:]
+        else:  # align == "="
+            return sign + padding + body
+
     def _operator_fallbacks(monomorphic_operator, fallback_operator):
         """Generates forward and reverse operators given a purely-rational
         operator and a function from the operator module.
@@ -355,8 +611,10 @@ class doesn't subclass a concrete type, there's no
 
         """
         def forward(a, b):
-            if isinstance(b, (int, Fraction)):
+            if isinstance(b, Fraction):
                 return monomorphic_operator(a, b)
+            elif isinstance(b, int):
+                return monomorphic_operator(a, Fraction(b))
             elif isinstance(b, float):
                 return fallback_operator(float(a), b)
             elif isinstance(b, complex):
@@ -369,7 +627,7 @@ def forward(a, b):
         def reverse(b, a):
             if isinstance(a, numbers.Rational):
                 # Includes ints.
-                return monomorphic_operator(a, b)
+                return monomorphic_operator(Fraction(a), b)
             elif isinstance(a, numbers.Real):
                 return fallback_operator(float(a), float(b))
             elif isinstance(a, numbers.Complex):
@@ -451,40 +709,40 @@ def reverse(b, a):
 
     def _add(a, b):
         """a + b"""
-        na, da = a.numerator, a.denominator
-        nb, db = b.numerator, b.denominator
+        na, da = a._numerator, a._denominator
+        nb, db = b._numerator, b._denominator
         g = math.gcd(da, db)
         if g == 1:
-            return Fraction(na * db + da * nb, da * db, _normalize=False)
+            return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(na * db + da * nb, da * db)
         s = da // g
         t = na * (db // g) + nb * s
         g2 = math.gcd(t, g)
         if g2 == 1:
-            return Fraction(t, s * db, _normalize=False)
-        return Fraction(t // g2, s * (db // g2), _normalize=False)
+            return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(t, s * db)
+        return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(t // g2, s * (db // g2))
 
     __add__, __radd__ = _operator_fallbacks(_add, operator.add)
 
     def _sub(a, b):
         """a - b"""
-        na, da = a.numerator, a.denominator
-        nb, db = b.numerator, b.denominator
+        na, da = a._numerator, a._denominator
+        nb, db = b._numerator, b._denominator
         g = math.gcd(da, db)
         if g == 1:
-            return Fraction(na * db - da * nb, da * db, _normalize=False)
+            return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(na * db - da * nb, da * db)
         s = da // g
         t = na * (db // g) - nb * s
         g2 = math.gcd(t, g)
         if g2 == 1:
-            return Fraction(t, s * db, _normalize=False)
-        return Fraction(t // g2, s * (db // g2), _normalize=False)
+            return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(t, s * db)
+        return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(t // g2, s * (db // g2))
 
     __sub__, __rsub__ = _operator_fallbacks(_sub, operator.sub)
 
     def _mul(a, b):
         """a * b"""
-        na, da = a.numerator, a.denominator
-        nb, db = b.numerator, b.denominator
+        na, da = a._numerator, a._denominator
+        nb, db = b._numerator, b._denominator
         g1 = math.gcd(na, db)
         if g1 > 1:
             na //= g1
@@ -493,15 +751,17 @@ def _mul(a, b):
         if g2 > 1:
             nb //= g2
             da //= g2
-        return Fraction(na * nb, db * da, _normalize=False)
+        return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(na * nb, db * da)
 
     __mul__, __rmul__ = _operator_fallbacks(_mul, operator.mul)
 
     def _div(a, b):
         """a / b"""
         # Same as _mul(), with inversed b.
-        na, da = a.numerator, a.denominator
-        nb, db = b.numerator, b.denominator
+        nb, db = b._numerator, b._denominator
+        if nb == 0:
+            raise ZeroDivisionError('Fraction(%s, 0)' % db)
+        na, da = a._numerator, a._denominator
         g1 = math.gcd(na, nb)
         if g1 > 1:
             na //= g1
@@ -513,7 +773,7 @@ def _div(a, b):
         n, d = na * db, nb * da
         if d < 0:
             n, d = -n, -d
-        return Fraction(n, d, _normalize=False)
+        return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(n, d)
 
     __truediv__, __rtruediv__ = _operator_fallbacks(_div, operator.truediv)
 
@@ -550,17 +810,17 @@ def __pow__(a, b):
             if b.denominator == 1:
                 power = b.numerator
                 if power >= 0:
-                    return Fraction(a._numerator ** power,
-                                    a._denominator ** power,
-                                    _normalize=False)
-                elif a._numerator >= 0:
-                    return Fraction(a._denominator ** -power,
-                                    a._numerator ** -power,
-                                    _normalize=False)
+                    return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(a._numerator ** power,
+                                                       a._denominator ** power)
+                elif a._numerator > 0:
+                    return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(a._denominator ** -power,
+                                                       a._numerator ** -power)
+                elif a._numerator == 0:
+                    raise ZeroDivisionError('Fraction(%s, 0)' %
+                                            a._denominator ** -power)
                 else:
-                    return Fraction((-a._denominator) ** -power,
-                                    (-a._numerator) ** -power,
-                                    _normalize=False)
+                    return Fraction._from_coprime_ints((-a._denominator) ** -power,
+                                                       (-a._numerator) ** -power)
             else:
                 # A fractional power will generally produce an
                 # irrational number.
@@ -584,15 +844,15 @@ def __rpow__(b, a):
 
     def __pos__(a):
         """+a: Coerces a subclass instance to Fraction"""
-        return Fraction(a._numerator, a._denominator, _normalize=False)
+        return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(a._numerator, a._denominator)
 
     def __neg__(a):
         """-a"""
-        return Fraction(-a._numerator, a._denominator, _normalize=False)
+        return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(-a._numerator, a._denominator)
 
     def __abs__(a):
         """abs(a)"""
-        return Fraction(abs(a._numerator), a._denominator, _normalize=False)
+        return Fraction._from_coprime_ints(abs(a._numerator), a._denominator)
 
     def __int__(a, _index=operator.index):
         """int(a)"""
@@ -610,12 +870,12 @@ def __trunc__(a):
 
     def __floor__(a):
         """math.floor(a)"""
-        return a.numerator // a.denominator
+        return a._numerator // a._denominator
 
     def __ceil__(a):
         """math.ceil(a)"""
         # The negations cleverly convince floordiv to return the ceiling.
-        return -(-a.numerator // a.denominator)
+        return -(-a._numerator // a._denominator)
 
     def __round__(self, ndigits=None):
         """round(self, ndigits)
@@ -623,10 +883,11 @@ def __round__(self, ndigits=None):
         Rounds half toward even.
         """
         if ndigits is None:
-            floor, remainder = divmod(self.numerator, self.denominator)
-            if remainder * 2 < self.denominator:
+            d = self._denominator
+            floor, remainder = divmod(self._numerator, d)
+            if remainder * 2 < d:
                 return floor
-            elif remainder * 2 > self.denominator:
+            elif remainder * 2 > d:
                 return floor + 1
             # Deal with the half case:
             elif floor % 2 == 0:
@@ -644,36 +905,7 @@ def __round__(self, ndigits=None):
 
     def __hash__(self):
         """hash(self)"""
-
-        # To make sure that the hash of a Fraction agrees with the hash
-        # of a numerically equal integer, float or Decimal instance, we
-        # follow the rules for numeric hashes outlined in the
-        # documentation.  (See library docs, 'Built-in Types').
-
-        try:
-            dinv = pow(self._denominator, -1, _PyHASH_MODULUS)
-        except ValueError:
-            # ValueError means there is no modular inverse.
-            hash_ = _PyHASH_INF
-        else:
-            # The general algorithm now specifies that the absolute value of
-            # the hash is
-            #    (|N| * dinv) % P
-            # where N is self._numerator and P is _PyHASH_MODULUS.  That's
-            # optimized here in two ways:  first, for a non-negative int i,
-            # hash(i) == i % P, but the int hash implementation doesn't need
-            # to divide, and is faster than doing % P explicitly.  So we do
-            #    hash(|N| * dinv)
-            # instead.  Second, N is unbounded, so its product with dinv may
-            # be arbitrarily expensive to compute.  The final answer is the
-            # same if we use the bounded |N| % P instead, which can again
-            # be done with an int hash() call.  If 0 <= i < P, hash(i) == i,
-            # so this nested hash() call wastes a bit of time making a
-            # redundant copy when |N| < P, but can save an arbitrarily large
-            # amount of computation for large |N|.
-            hash_ = hash(hash(abs(self._numerator)) * dinv)
-        result = hash_ if self._numerator >= 0 else -hash_
-        return -2 if result == -1 else result
+        return _hash_algorithm(self._numerator, self._denominator)
 
     def __eq__(a, b):
         """a == b"""
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_fractions.py b/Lib/test/test_fractions.py
index a79932cfa8..41f93390b5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_fractions.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_fractions.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 """Tests for Lib/fractions.py."""
 
+import cmath
 from decimal import Decimal
 # from test.support import requires_IEEE_754
 import math
@@ -7,13 +8,18 @@
 import operator
 import fractions
 import functools
+import os
 import sys
 import typing
 import unittest
 from copy import copy, deepcopy
+import pickle
 from pickle import dumps, loads
 F = fractions.Fraction
 
+#locate file with float format test values
+test_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__) or os.curdir
+format_testfile = os.path.join(test_dir, 'formatfloat_testcases.txt')
 
 class DummyFloat(object):
     """Dummy float class for testing comparisons with Fractions"""
@@ -86,6 +92,197 @@ class DummyFraction(fractions.Fraction):
 def _components(r):
     return (r.numerator, r.denominator)
 
+def typed_approx_eq(a, b):
+    return type(a) == type(b) and (a == b or math.isclose(a, b))
+
+class Symbolic:
+    """Simple non-numeric class for testing mixed arithmetic.
+    It is not Integral, Rational, Real or Complex, and cannot be conveted
+    to int, float or complex. but it supports some arithmetic operations.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(f'{self} * {other}')
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(f'{other} * {self}')
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(f'{self} / {other}')
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(f'{other} / {self}')
+    def __mod__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(f'{self} % {other}')
+    def __rmod__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(f'{other} % {self}')
+    def __pow__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(f'{self} ** {other}')
+    def __rpow__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(f'{other} ** {self}')
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if other.__class__ != self.__class__:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.value == other.value
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f'{self.value}'
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.value!r})'
+
+class SymbolicReal(Symbolic):
+    pass
+numbers.Real.register(SymbolicReal)
+
+class SymbolicComplex(Symbolic):
+    pass
+numbers.Complex.register(SymbolicComplex)
+
+class Rat:
+    """Simple Rational class for testing mixed arithmetic."""
+    def __init__(self, n, d):
+        self.numerator = n
+        self.denominator = d
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.numerator * other.numerator,
+                              self.denominator * other.denominator)
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(other.numerator * self.numerator,
+                              other.denominator * self.denominator)
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.numerator * other.denominator,
+                              self.denominator * other.numerator)
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(other.numerator * self.denominator,
+                              other.denominator * self.numerator)
+    def __mod__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        d = self.denominator * other.numerator
+        return self.__class__(self.numerator * other.denominator % d, d)
+    def __rmod__(self, other):
+        d = other.denominator * self.numerator
+        return self.__class__(other.numerator * self.denominator % d, d)
+
+        return self.__class__(other.numerator / self.numerator,
+                              other.denominator / self.denominator)
+    def __pow__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.numerator ** other,
+                              self.denominator ** other)
+    def __float__(self):
+        return self.numerator / self.denominator
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if self.__class__ != other.__class__:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return (typed_approx_eq(self.numerator, other.numerator) and
+                typed_approx_eq(self.denominator, other.denominator))
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.numerator!r}, {self.denominator!r})'
+numbers.Rational.register(Rat)
+
+class Root:
+    """Simple Real class for testing mixed arithmetic."""
+    def __init__(self, v, n=F(2)):
+        self.base = v
+        self.degree = n
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.base * other**self.degree, self.degree)
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(other**self.degree * self.base, self.degree)
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.base / other**self.degree, self.degree)
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(other**self.degree / self.base, self.degree)
+    def __pow__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.base, self.degree / other)
+    def __float__(self):
+        return float(self.base) ** (1 / float(self.degree))
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if self.__class__ != other.__class__:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return typed_approx_eq(self.base, other.base) and typed_approx_eq(self.degree, other.degree)
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.base!r}, {self.degree!r})'
+numbers.Real.register(Root)
+
+class Polar:
+    """Simple Complex class for testing mixed arithmetic."""
+    def __init__(self, r, phi):
+        self.r = r
+        self.phi = phi
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.r * other, self.phi)
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(other * self.r, self.phi)
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.r / other, self.phi)
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(other / self.r, -self.phi)
+    def __pow__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.r ** other, self.phi * other)
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if self.__class__ != other.__class__:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return typed_approx_eq(self.r, other.r) and typed_approx_eq(self.phi, other.phi)
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.r!r}, {self.phi!r})'
+numbers.Complex.register(Polar)
+
+class Rect:
+    """Other simple Complex class for testing mixed arithmetic."""
+    def __init__(self, x, y):
+        self.x = x
+        self.y = y
+    def __mul__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.x * other, self.y * other)
+    def __rmul__(self, other):
+        return self.__class__(other * self.x, other * self.y)
+    def __truediv__(self, other):
+        if isinstance(other, F):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.__class__(self.x / other, self.y / other)
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other):
+        r = self.x * self.x + self.y * self.y
+        return self.__class__(other * (self.x / r), other * (self.y / r))
+    def __rpow__(self, other):
+        return Polar(other ** self.x, math.log(other) * self.y)
+    def __complex__(self):
+        return complex(self.x, self.y)
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if self.__class__ != other.__class__:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return typed_approx_eq(self.x, other.x) and typed_approx_eq(self.y, other.y)
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.x!r}, {self.y!r})'
+numbers.Complex.register(Rect)
+
+class RectComplex(Rect, complex):
+    pass
 
 class FractionTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -161,6 +358,7 @@ def testInitFromDecimal(self):
     def testFromString(self):
         self.assertEqual((5, 1), _components(F("5")))
         self.assertEqual((3, 2), _components(F("3/2")))
+        self.assertEqual((3, 2), _components(F("3 / 2")))
         self.assertEqual((3, 2), _components(F(" \n  +3/2")))
         self.assertEqual((-3, 2), _components(F("-3/2  ")))
         self.assertEqual((13, 2), _components(F("    013/02 \n  ")))
@@ -189,9 +387,6 @@ def testFromString(self):
         self.assertRaisesMessage(
             ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '/2'",
             F, "/2")
-        self.assertRaisesMessage(
-            ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '3 /2'",
-            F, "3 /2")
         self.assertRaisesMessage(
             # Denominators don't need a sign.
             ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '3/+2'",
@@ -258,6 +453,30 @@ def testFromString(self):
         self.assertRaisesMessage(
             ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '1.1e+1__1'",
             F, "1.1e+1__1")
+        self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '123.dd'",
+            F, "123.dd")
+        self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '123.5_dd'",
+            F, "123.5_dd")
+        self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: 'dd.5'",
+            F, "dd.5")
+        self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '7_dd'",
+            F, "7_dd")
+        self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '1/dd'",
+            F, "1/dd")
+        self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '1/123_dd'",
+            F, "1/123_dd")
+        self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '789edd'",
+            F, "789edd")
+        self.assertRaisesMessage(
+            ValueError, "Invalid literal for Fraction: '789e2_dd'",
+            F, "789e2_dd")
         # Test catastrophic backtracking.
         val = "9"*50 + "_"
         self.assertRaisesMessage(
@@ -341,6 +560,19 @@ def testFromDecimal(self):
             ValueError, "cannot convert NaN to integer ratio",
             F.from_decimal, Decimal("snan"))
 
+    def test_is_integer(self):
+        self.assertTrue(F(1, 1).is_integer())
+        self.assertTrue(F(-1, 1).is_integer())
+        self.assertTrue(F(1, -1).is_integer())
+        self.assertTrue(F(2, 2).is_integer())
+        self.assertTrue(F(-2, 2).is_integer())
+        self.assertTrue(F(2, -2).is_integer())
+
+        self.assertFalse(F(1, 2).is_integer())
+        self.assertFalse(F(-1, 2).is_integer())
+        self.assertFalse(F(1, -2).is_integer())
+        self.assertFalse(F(-1, -2).is_integer())
+
     def test_as_integer_ratio(self):
         self.assertEqual(F(4, 6).as_integer_ratio(), (2, 3))
         self.assertEqual(F(-4, 6).as_integer_ratio(), (-2, 3))
@@ -476,6 +708,7 @@ def testArithmetic(self):
         self.assertEqual(F(5, 6), F(2, 3) * F(5, 4))
         self.assertEqual(F(1, 4), F(1, 10) / F(2, 5))
         self.assertEqual(F(-15, 8), F(3, 4) / F(-2, 5))
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, operator.truediv, F(1), F(0))
         self.assertTypedEquals(2, F(9, 10) // F(2, 5))
         self.assertTypedEquals(10**23, F(10**23, 1) // F(1))
         self.assertEqual(F(5, 6), F(7, 3) % F(3, 2))
@@ -552,6 +785,7 @@ def testMixedArithmetic(self):
         self.assertTypedEquals(0.9, 1.0 - F(1, 10))
         self.assertTypedEquals(0.9 + 0j, (1.0 + 0j) - F(1, 10))
 
+    def testMixedMultiplication(self):
         self.assertTypedEquals(F(1, 10), F(1, 10) * 1)
         self.assertTypedEquals(0.1, F(1, 10) * 1.0)
         self.assertTypedEquals(0.1 + 0j, F(1, 10) * (1.0 + 0j))
@@ -559,6 +793,29 @@ def testMixedArithmetic(self):
         self.assertTypedEquals(0.1, 1.0 * F(1, 10))
         self.assertTypedEquals(0.1 + 0j, (1.0 + 0j) * F(1, 10))
 
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) * DummyFraction(5, 3), F(5, 2))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(DummyFraction(5, 3) * F(3, 2), F(5, 2))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) * Rat(5, 3), Rat(15, 6))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Rat(5, 3) * F(3, 2), F(5, 2))
+
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) * Root(4), Root(F(9, 1)))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Root(4) * F(3, 2), 3.0)
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) * SymbolicReal('X'), SymbolicReal('3/2 * X'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mul, SymbolicReal('X'), F(3, 2))
+
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) * Polar(4, 2), Polar(F(6, 1), 2))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) * Polar(4.0, 2), Polar(6.0, 2))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) * Rect(4, 3), Rect(F(6, 1), F(9, 2)))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) * RectComplex(4, 3), RectComplex(6.0+0j, 4.5+0j))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mul, Polar(4, 2), F(3, 2))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Rect(4, 3) * F(3, 2), 6.0 + 4.5j)
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) * SymbolicComplex('X'), SymbolicComplex('3/2 * X'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mul, SymbolicComplex('X'), F(3, 2))
+
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) * Symbolic('X'), Symbolic('3/2 * X'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mul, Symbolic('X'), F(3, 2))
+
+    def testMixedDivision(self):
         self.assertTypedEquals(F(1, 10), F(1, 10) / 1)
         self.assertTypedEquals(0.1, F(1, 10) / 1.0)
         self.assertTypedEquals(0.1 + 0j, F(1, 10) / (1.0 + 0j))
@@ -566,6 +823,28 @@ def testMixedArithmetic(self):
         self.assertTypedEquals(10.0, 1.0 / F(1, 10))
         self.assertTypedEquals(10.0 + 0j, (1.0 + 0j) / F(1, 10))
 
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) / DummyFraction(3, 5), F(5, 2))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(DummyFraction(5, 3) / F(2, 3), F(5, 2))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) / Rat(3, 5), Rat(15, 6))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Rat(5, 3) / F(2, 3), F(5, 2))
+
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(2, 3) / Root(4), Root(F(1, 9)))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Root(4) / F(2, 3), 3.0)
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) / SymbolicReal('X'), SymbolicReal('3/2 / X'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.truediv, SymbolicReal('X'), F(3, 2))
+
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) / Polar(4, 2), Polar(F(3, 8), -2))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) / Polar(4.0, 2), Polar(0.375, -2))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) / Rect(4, 3), Rect(0.24, 0.18))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.truediv, Polar(4, 2), F(2, 3))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Rect(4, 3) / F(2, 3), 6.0 + 4.5j)
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) / SymbolicComplex('X'), SymbolicComplex('3/2 / X'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.truediv, SymbolicComplex('X'), F(3, 2))
+
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) / Symbolic('X'), Symbolic('3/2 / X'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.truediv, Symbolic('X'), F(2, 3))
+
+    def testMixedIntegerDivision(self):
         self.assertTypedEquals(0, F(1, 10) // 1)
         self.assertTypedEquals(0.0, F(1, 10) // 1.0)
         self.assertTypedEquals(10, 1 // F(1, 10))
@@ -590,6 +869,26 @@ def testMixedArithmetic(self):
         self.assertTypedTupleEquals(divmod(-0.1, float('inf')), divmod(F(-1, 10), float('inf')))
         self.assertTypedTupleEquals(divmod(-0.1, float('-inf')), divmod(F(-1, 10), float('-inf')))
 
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) % DummyFraction(3, 5), F(3, 10))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(DummyFraction(5, 3) % F(2, 3), F(1, 3))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) % Rat(3, 5), Rat(3, 6))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Rat(5, 3) % F(2, 3), F(1, 3))
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mod, F(2, 3), Root(4))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Root(4) % F(3, 2), 0.5)
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) % SymbolicReal('X'), SymbolicReal('3/2 % X'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mod, SymbolicReal('X'), F(3, 2))
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mod, F(3, 2), Polar(4, 2))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mod, F(3, 2), RectComplex(4, 3))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mod, Rect(4, 3), F(2, 3))
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) % SymbolicComplex('X'), SymbolicComplex('3/2 % X'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mod, SymbolicComplex('X'), F(3, 2))
+
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) % Symbolic('X'), Symbolic('3/2 % X'))
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.mod, Symbolic('X'), F(2, 3))
+
+    def testMixedPower(self):
         # ** has more interesting conversion rules.
         self.assertTypedEquals(F(100, 1), F(1, 10) ** -2)
         self.assertTypedEquals(F(100, 1), F(10, 1) ** 2)
@@ -606,6 +905,40 @@ def testMixedArithmetic(self):
         self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, operator.pow,
                           F(0, 1), -2)
 
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) ** Rat(3, 1), F(27, 8))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) ** Rat(-3, 1), F(8, 27))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(-3, 2) ** Rat(-3, 1), F(-8, 27))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(9, 4) ** Rat(3, 2), 3.375)
+        self.assertIsInstance(F(4, 9) ** Rat(-3, 2), float)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(F(4, 9) ** Rat(-3, 2), 3.375)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(F(-4, 9) ** Rat(-3, 2), 3.375j)
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Rat(9, 4) ** F(3, 2), 3.375)
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Rat(3, 2) ** F(3, 1), Rat(27, 8))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Rat(3, 2) ** F(-3, 1), F(8, 27))
+        self.assertIsInstance(Rat(4, 9) ** F(-3, 2), float)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(Rat(4, 9) ** F(-3, 2), 3.375)
+
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Root(4) ** F(2, 3), Root(4, 3.0))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Root(4) ** F(2, 1), Root(4, F(1)))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Root(4) ** F(-2, 1), Root(4, -F(1)))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Root(4) ** F(-2, 3), Root(4, -3.0))
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) ** SymbolicReal('X'), SymbolicReal('1.5 ** X'))
+        self.assertEqual(SymbolicReal('X') ** F(3, 2), SymbolicReal('X ** 1.5'))
+
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) ** Rect(2, 0), Polar(2.25, 0.0))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(1, 1) ** Rect(2, 3), Polar(1.0, 0.0))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(3, 2) ** RectComplex(2, 0), Polar(2.25, 0.0))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(F(1, 1) ** RectComplex(2, 3), Polar(1.0, 0.0))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Polar(4, 2) ** F(3, 2), Polar(8.0, 3.0))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Polar(4, 2) ** F(3, 1), Polar(64, 6))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Polar(4, 2) ** F(-3, 1), Polar(0.015625, -6))
+        self.assertTypedEquals(Polar(4, 2) ** F(-3, 2), Polar(0.125, -3.0))
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) ** SymbolicComplex('X'), SymbolicComplex('1.5 ** X'))
+        self.assertEqual(SymbolicComplex('X') ** F(3, 2), SymbolicComplex('X ** 1.5'))
+
+        self.assertEqual(F(3, 2) ** Symbolic('X'), Symbolic('1.5 ** X'))
+        self.assertEqual(Symbolic('X') ** F(3, 2), Symbolic('X ** 1.5'))
+
     def testMixingWithDecimal(self):
         # Decimal refuses mixed arithmetic (but not mixed comparisons)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, operator.add,
@@ -795,7 +1128,8 @@ def testApproximateCos1(self):
     def test_copy_deepcopy_pickle(self):
         r = F(13, 7)
         dr = DummyFraction(13, 7)
-        self.assertEqual(r, loads(dumps(r)))
+        for proto in range(0, pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            self.assertEqual(r, loads(dumps(r, proto)))
         self.assertEqual(id(r), id(copy(r)))
         self.assertEqual(id(r), id(deepcopy(r)))
         self.assertNotEqual(id(dr), id(copy(dr)))
@@ -832,6 +1166,406 @@ def denominator(self):
         self.assertEqual(type(f.numerator), myint)
         self.assertEqual(type(f.denominator), myint)
 
+    def test_format_no_presentation_type(self):
+        # Triples (fraction, specification, expected_result)
+        testcases = [
+            (F(1, 3), '', '1/3'),
+            (F(-1, 3), '', '-1/3'),
+            (F(3), '', '3'),
+            (F(-3), '', '-3'),
+        ]
+        for fraction, spec, expected in testcases:
+            with self.subTest(fraction=fraction, spec=spec):
+                self.assertEqual(format(fraction, spec), expected)
+
+    def test_format_e_presentation_type(self):
+        # Triples (fraction, specification, expected_result)
+        testcases = [
+            (F(2, 3), '.6e', '6.666667e-01'),
+            (F(3, 2), '.6e', '1.500000e+00'),
+            (F(2, 13), '.6e', '1.538462e-01'),
+            (F(2, 23), '.6e', '8.695652e-02'),
+            (F(2, 33), '.6e', '6.060606e-02'),
+            (F(13, 2), '.6e', '6.500000e+00'),
+            (F(20, 2), '.6e', '1.000000e+01'),
+            (F(23, 2), '.6e', '1.150000e+01'),
+            (F(33, 2), '.6e', '1.650000e+01'),
+            (F(2, 3), '.6e', '6.666667e-01'),
+            (F(3, 2), '.6e', '1.500000e+00'),
+            # Zero
+            (F(0), '.3e', '0.000e+00'),
+            # Powers of 10, to exercise the log10 boundary logic
+            (F(1, 1000), '.3e', '1.000e-03'),
+            (F(1, 100), '.3e', '1.000e-02'),
+            (F(1, 10), '.3e', '1.000e-01'),
+            (F(1, 1), '.3e', '1.000e+00'),
+            (F(10), '.3e', '1.000e+01'),
+            (F(100), '.3e', '1.000e+02'),
+            (F(1000), '.3e', '1.000e+03'),
+            # Boundary where we round up to the next power of 10
+            (F('99.999994999999'), '.6e', '9.999999e+01'),
+            (F('99.999995'), '.6e', '1.000000e+02'),
+            (F('99.999995000001'), '.6e', '1.000000e+02'),
+            # Negatives
+            (F(-2, 3), '.6e', '-6.666667e-01'),
+            (F(-3, 2), '.6e', '-1.500000e+00'),
+            (F(-100), '.6e', '-1.000000e+02'),
+            # Large and small
+            (F('1e1000'), '.3e', '1.000e+1000'),
+            (F('1e-1000'), '.3e', '1.000e-1000'),
+            # Using 'E' instead of 'e' should give us a capital 'E'
+            (F(2, 3), '.6E', '6.666667E-01'),
+            # Tiny precision
+            (F(2, 3), '.1e', '6.7e-01'),
+            (F('0.995'), '.0e', '1e+00'),
+            # Default precision is 6
+            (F(22, 7), 'e', '3.142857e+00'),
+            # Alternate form forces a decimal point
+            (F('0.995'), '#.0e', '1.e+00'),
+            # Check that padding takes the exponent into account.
+            (F(22, 7), '11.6e', '3.142857e+00'),
+            (F(22, 7), '12.6e', '3.142857e+00'),
+            (F(22, 7), '13.6e', ' 3.142857e+00'),
+            # Thousands separators
+            (F('1234567.123456'), ',.5e', '1.23457e+06'),
+            (F('123.123456'), '012_.2e', '0_001.23e+02'),
+            # z flag is legal, but never makes a difference to the output
+            (F(-1, 7**100), 'z.6e', '-3.091690e-85'),
+        ]
+        for fraction, spec, expected in testcases:
+            with self.subTest(fraction=fraction, spec=spec):
+                self.assertEqual(format(fraction, spec), expected)
+
+    def test_format_f_presentation_type(self):
+        # Triples (fraction, specification, expected_result)
+        testcases = [
+            # Simple .f formatting
+            (F(0, 1), '.2f', '0.00'),
+            (F(1, 3), '.2f', '0.33'),
+            (F(2, 3), '.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(4, 3), '.2f', '1.33'),
+            (F(1, 8), '.2f', '0.12'),
+            (F(3, 8), '.2f', '0.38'),
+            (F(1, 13), '.2f', '0.08'),
+            (F(1, 199), '.2f', '0.01'),
+            (F(1, 200), '.2f', '0.00'),
+            (F(22, 7), '.5f', '3.14286'),
+            (F('399024789'), '.2f', '399024789.00'),
+            # Large precision (more than float can provide)
+            (F(104348, 33215), '.50f',
+             '3.14159265392142104470871594159265392142104470871594'),
+            # Precision defaults to 6 if not given
+            (F(22, 7), 'f', '3.142857'),
+            (F(0), 'f', '0.000000'),
+            (F(-22, 7), 'f', '-3.142857'),
+            # Round-ties-to-even checks
+            (F('1.225'), '.2f', '1.22'),
+            (F('1.2250000001'), '.2f', '1.23'),
+            (F('1.2349999999'), '.2f', '1.23'),
+            (F('1.235'), '.2f', '1.24'),
+            (F('1.245'), '.2f', '1.24'),
+            (F('1.2450000001'), '.2f', '1.25'),
+            (F('1.2549999999'), '.2f', '1.25'),
+            (F('1.255'), '.2f', '1.26'),
+            (F('-1.225'), '.2f', '-1.22'),
+            (F('-1.2250000001'), '.2f', '-1.23'),
+            (F('-1.2349999999'), '.2f', '-1.23'),
+            (F('-1.235'), '.2f', '-1.24'),
+            (F('-1.245'), '.2f', '-1.24'),
+            (F('-1.2450000001'), '.2f', '-1.25'),
+            (F('-1.2549999999'), '.2f', '-1.25'),
+            (F('-1.255'), '.2f', '-1.26'),
+            # Negatives and sign handling
+            (F(2, 3), '.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '-.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '+.2f', '+0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), ' .2f', ' 0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), '.2f', '-0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), '-.2f', '-0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), '+.2f', '-0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), ' .2f', '-0.67'),
+            # Formatting to zero places
+            (F(1, 2), '.0f', '0'),
+            (F(-1, 2), '.0f', '-0'),
+            (F(22, 7), '.0f', '3'),
+            (F(-22, 7), '.0f', '-3'),
+            # Formatting to zero places, alternate form
+            (F(1, 2), '#.0f', '0.'),
+            (F(-1, 2), '#.0f', '-0.'),
+            (F(22, 7), '#.0f', '3.'),
+            (F(-22, 7), '#.0f', '-3.'),
+            # z flag for suppressing negative zeros
+            (F('-0.001'), 'z.2f', '0.00'),
+            (F('-0.001'), '-z.2f', '0.00'),
+            (F('-0.001'), '+z.2f', '+0.00'),
+            (F('-0.001'), ' z.2f', ' 0.00'),
+            (F('0.001'), 'z.2f', '0.00'),
+            (F('0.001'), '-z.2f', '0.00'),
+            (F('0.001'), '+z.2f', '+0.00'),
+            (F('0.001'), ' z.2f', ' 0.00'),
+            # Specifying a minimum width
+            (F(2, 3), '6.2f', '  0.67'),
+            (F(12345), '6.2f', '12345.00'),
+            (F(12345), '12f', '12345.000000'),
+            # Fill and alignment
+            (F(2, 3), '>6.2f', '  0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '<6.2f', '0.67  '),
+            (F(2, 3), '^3.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '^4.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '^5.2f', '0.67 '),
+            (F(2, 3), '^6.2f', ' 0.67 '),
+            (F(2, 3), '^7.2f', ' 0.67  '),
+            (F(2, 3), '^8.2f', '  0.67  '),
+            # '=' alignment
+            (F(-2, 3), '=+8.2f', '-   0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '=+8.2f', '+   0.67'),
+            # Fill character
+            (F(-2, 3), 'X>3.2f', '-0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), 'X>7.2f', 'XX-0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), 'X<7.2f', '-0.67XX'),
+            (F(-2, 3), 'X^7.2f', 'X-0.67X'),
+            (F(-2, 3), 'X=7.2f', '-XX0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), ' >7.2f', '  -0.67'),
+            # Corner cases: weird fill characters
+            (F(-2, 3), '\x00>7.2f', '\x00\x00-0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), '\n>7.2f', '\n\n-0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), '\t>7.2f', '\t\t-0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), '>>7.2f', '>>-0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), '<>7.2f', '<<-0.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), '→>7.2f', '→→-0.67'),
+            # Zero-padding
+            (F(-2, 3), '07.2f', '-000.67'),
+            (F(-2, 3), '-07.2f', '-000.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '+07.2f', '+000.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), ' 07.2f', ' 000.67'),
+            # An isolated zero is a minimum width, not a zero-pad flag.
+            # So unlike zero-padding, it's legal in combination with alignment.
+            (F(2, 3), '0.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '>0.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '<0.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '^0.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '=0.2f', '0.67'),
+            # Corner case: zero-padding _and_ a zero minimum width.
+            (F(2, 3), '00.2f', '0.67'),
+            # Thousands separator (only affects portion before the point)
+            (F(2, 3), ',.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), ',.7f', '0.6666667'),
+            (F('123456.789'), ',.2f', '123,456.79'),
+            (F('1234567'), ',.2f', '1,234,567.00'),
+            (F('12345678'), ',.2f', '12,345,678.00'),
+            (F('12345678'), ',f', '12,345,678.000000'),
+            # Underscore as thousands separator
+            (F(2, 3), '_.2f', '0.67'),
+            (F(2, 3), '_.7f', '0.6666667'),
+            (F('123456.789'), '_.2f', '123_456.79'),
+            (F('1234567'), '_.2f', '1_234_567.00'),
+            (F('12345678'), '_.2f', '12_345_678.00'),
+            # Thousands and zero-padding
+            (F('1234.5678'), '07,.2f', '1,234.57'),
+            (F('1234.5678'), '08,.2f', '1,234.57'),
+            (F('1234.5678'), '09,.2f', '01,234.57'),
+            (F('1234.5678'), '010,.2f', '001,234.57'),
+            (F('1234.5678'), '011,.2f', '0,001,234.57'),
+            (F('1234.5678'), '012,.2f', '0,001,234.57'),
+            (F('1234.5678'), '013,.2f', '00,001,234.57'),
+            (F('1234.5678'), '014,.2f', '000,001,234.57'),
+            (F('1234.5678'), '015,.2f', '0,000,001,234.57'),
+            (F('1234.5678'), '016,.2f', '0,000,001,234.57'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '07,.2f', '-1,234.57'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '08,.2f', '-1,234.57'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '09,.2f', '-1,234.57'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '010,.2f', '-01,234.57'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '011,.2f', '-001,234.57'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '012,.2f', '-0,001,234.57'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '013,.2f', '-0,001,234.57'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '014,.2f', '-00,001,234.57'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '015,.2f', '-000,001,234.57'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '016,.2f', '-0,000,001,234.57'),
+            # Corner case: no decimal point
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '06,.0f', '-1,235'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '07,.0f', '-01,235'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '08,.0f', '-001,235'),
+            (F('-1234.5678'), '09,.0f', '-0,001,235'),
+            # Corner-case - zero-padding specified through fill and align
+            # instead of the zero-pad character - in this case, treat '0' as a
+            # regular fill character and don't attempt to insert commas into
+            # the filled portion. This differs from the int and float
+            # behaviour.
+            (F('1234.5678'), '0=12,.2f', '00001,234.57'),
+            # Corner case where it's not clear whether the '0' indicates zero
+            # padding or gives the minimum width, but there's still an obvious
+            # answer to give. We want this to work in case the minimum width
+            # is being inserted programmatically: spec = f'{width}.2f'.
+            (F('12.34'), '0.2f', '12.34'),
+            (F('12.34'), 'X>0.2f', '12.34'),
+            # 'F' should work identically to 'f'
+            (F(22, 7), '.5F', '3.14286'),
+            # %-specifier
+            (F(22, 7), '.2%', '314.29%'),
+            (F(1, 7), '.2%', '14.29%'),
+            (F(1, 70), '.2%', '1.43%'),
+            (F(1, 700), '.2%', '0.14%'),
+            (F(1, 7000), '.2%', '0.01%'),
+            (F(1, 70000), '.2%', '0.00%'),
+            (F(1, 7), '.0%', '14%'),
+            (F(1, 7), '#.0%', '14.%'),
+            (F(100, 7), ',.2%', '1,428.57%'),
+            (F(22, 7), '7.2%', '314.29%'),
+            (F(22, 7), '8.2%', ' 314.29%'),
+            (F(22, 7), '08.2%', '0314.29%'),
+            # Test cases from #67790 and discuss.python.org Ideas thread.
+            (F(1, 3), '.2f', '0.33'),
+            (F(1, 8), '.2f', '0.12'),
+            (F(3, 8), '.2f', '0.38'),
+            (F(2545, 1000), '.2f', '2.54'),
+            (F(2549, 1000), '.2f', '2.55'),
+            (F(2635, 1000), '.2f', '2.64'),
+            (F(1, 100), '.1f', '0.0'),
+            (F(49, 1000), '.1f', '0.0'),
+            (F(51, 1000), '.1f', '0.1'),
+            (F(149, 1000), '.1f', '0.1'),
+            (F(151, 1000), '.1f', '0.2'),
+        ]
+        for fraction, spec, expected in testcases:
+            with self.subTest(fraction=fraction, spec=spec):
+                self.assertEqual(format(fraction, spec), expected)
+
+    def test_format_g_presentation_type(self):
+        # Triples (fraction, specification, expected_result)
+        testcases = [
+            (F('0.000012345678'), '.6g', '1.23457e-05'),
+            (F('0.00012345678'), '.6g', '0.000123457'),
+            (F('0.0012345678'), '.6g', '0.00123457'),
+            (F('0.012345678'), '.6g', '0.0123457'),
+            (F('0.12345678'), '.6g', '0.123457'),
+            (F('1.2345678'), '.6g', '1.23457'),
+            (F('12.345678'), '.6g', '12.3457'),
+            (F('123.45678'), '.6g', '123.457'),
+            (F('1234.5678'), '.6g', '1234.57'),
+            (F('12345.678'), '.6g', '12345.7'),
+            (F('123456.78'), '.6g', '123457'),
+            (F('1234567.8'), '.6g', '1.23457e+06'),
+            # Rounding up cases
+            (F('9.99999e+2'), '.4g', '1000'),
+            (F('9.99999e-8'), '.4g', '1e-07'),
+            (F('9.99999e+8'), '.4g', '1e+09'),
+            # Check round-ties-to-even behaviour
+            (F('-0.115'), '.2g', '-0.12'),
+            (F('-0.125'), '.2g', '-0.12'),
+            (F('-0.135'), '.2g', '-0.14'),
+            (F('-0.145'), '.2g', '-0.14'),
+            (F('0.115'), '.2g', '0.12'),
+            (F('0.125'), '.2g', '0.12'),
+            (F('0.135'), '.2g', '0.14'),
+            (F('0.145'), '.2g', '0.14'),
+            # Trailing zeros and decimal point suppressed by default ...
+            (F(0), '.6g', '0'),
+            (F('123.400'), '.6g', '123.4'),
+            (F('123.000'), '.6g', '123'),
+            (F('120.000'), '.6g', '120'),
+            (F('12000000'), '.6g', '1.2e+07'),
+            # ... but not when alternate form is in effect
+            (F(0), '#.6g', '0.00000'),
+            (F('123.400'), '#.6g', '123.400'),
+            (F('123.000'), '#.6g', '123.000'),
+            (F('120.000'), '#.6g', '120.000'),
+            (F('12000000'), '#.6g', '1.20000e+07'),
+            # 'G' format (uses 'E' instead of 'e' for the exponent indicator)
+            (F('123.45678'), '.6G', '123.457'),
+            (F('1234567.8'), '.6G', '1.23457E+06'),
+            # Default precision is 6 significant figures
+            (F('3.1415926535'), 'g', '3.14159'),
+            # Precision 0 is treated the same as precision 1.
+            (F('0.000031415'), '.0g', '3e-05'),
+            (F('0.00031415'), '.0g', '0.0003'),
+            (F('0.31415'), '.0g', '0.3'),
+            (F('3.1415'), '.0g', '3'),
+            (F('3.1415'), '#.0g', '3.'),
+            (F('31.415'), '.0g', '3e+01'),
+            (F('31.415'), '#.0g', '3.e+01'),
+            (F('0.000031415'), '.1g', '3e-05'),
+            (F('0.00031415'), '.1g', '0.0003'),
+            (F('0.31415'), '.1g', '0.3'),
+            (F('3.1415'), '.1g', '3'),
+            (F('3.1415'), '#.1g', '3.'),
+            (F('31.415'), '.1g', '3e+01'),
+            # Thousands separator
+            (F(2**64), '_.25g', '18_446_744_073_709_551_616'),
+            # As with 'e' format, z flag is legal, but has no effect
+            (F(-1, 7**100), 'zg', '-3.09169e-85'),
+        ]
+        for fraction, spec, expected in testcases:
+            with self.subTest(fraction=fraction, spec=spec):
+                self.assertEqual(format(fraction, spec), expected)
+
+    def test_invalid_formats(self):
+        fraction = F(2, 3)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            format(fraction, None)
+
+        invalid_specs = [
+            'Q6f',  # regression test
+            # illegal to use fill or alignment when zero padding
+            'X>010f',
+            'X<010f',
+            'X^010f',
+            'X=010f',
+            '0>010f',
+            '0<010f',
+            '0^010f',
+            '0=010f',
+            '>010f',
+            '<010f',
+            '^010f',
+            '=010e',
+            '=010f',
+            '=010g',
+            '=010%',
+            '>00.2f',
+            '>00f',
+            # Too many zeros - minimum width should not have leading zeros
+            '006f',
+            # Leading zeros in precision
+            '.010f',
+            '.02f',
+            '.000f',
+            # Missing precision
+            '.e',
+            '.f',
+            '.g',
+            '.%',
+            # Z instead of z for negative zero suppression
+            'Z.2f'
+        ]
+        for spec in invalid_specs:
+            with self.subTest(spec=spec):
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    format(fraction, spec)
+
+    # @requires_IEEE_754
+    def test_float_format_testfile(self):
+        with open(format_testfile, encoding="utf-8") as testfile:
+            for line in testfile:
+                if line.startswith('--'):
+                    continue
+                line = line.strip()
+                if not line:
+                    continue
+
+                lhs, rhs = map(str.strip, line.split('->'))
+                fmt, arg = lhs.split()
+                if fmt == '%r':
+                    continue
+                fmt2 = fmt[1:]
+                with self.subTest(fmt=fmt, arg=arg):
+                    f = F(float(arg))
+                    self.assertEqual(format(f, fmt2), rhs)
+                    if f:  # skip negative zero
+                        self.assertEqual(format(-f, fmt2), '-' + rhs)
+                    f = F(arg)
+                    self.assertEqual(float(format(f, fmt2)), float(rhs))
+                    self.assertEqual(float(format(-f, fmt2)), float('-' + rhs))
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_numeric_tower.py b/Lib/test/test_numeric_tower.py
index 9cd85e1363..337682d6ba 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_numeric_tower.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_numeric_tower.py
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ def test_fractions(self):
         # The numbers ABC doesn't enforce that the "true" division
         # of integers produces a float.  This tests that the
         # Rational.__float__() method has required type conversions.
-        x = F(DummyIntegral(1), DummyIntegral(2), _normalize=False)
+        x = F._from_coprime_ints(DummyIntegral(1), DummyIntegral(2))
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, lambda: x.numerator/x.denominator)
         self.assertEqual(float(x), 0.5)
 

From 6092c07eb58233da1e1b107eafe7b08ef5f8046c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Aug 2024 06:23:07 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 305/705] better error message for freeze-stdlib

---
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs | 14 +++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index c6ad7aefcf..579d5e6d3c 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -230,7 +230,9 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                 Some(s.as_str()) == rustpythonpath_env.as_deref() || Some(s.as_str()) == pythonpath_env.as_deref()
             });
 
-            let guide_message = if !env_set {
+            let guide_message = if cfg!(feature = "freeze-stdlib") {
+                "`rustpython_pylib` maybe not set while using `freeze-stdlib` feature. Try using `rustpython::InterpreterConfig::init_stdlib` or manually call `vm.add_frozen(rustpython_pylib::FROZEN_STDLIB)` in `rustpython_vm::Interpreter::with_init`."
+            } else if !env_set {
                 "Neither RUSTPYTHONPATH nor PYTHONPATH is set. Try setting one of them to the stdlib directory."
             } else if path_contains_env {
                 "RUSTPYTHONPATH or PYTHONPATH is set, but it doesn't contain the encodings library. If you are customizing the RustPython vm/interpreter, try adding the stdlib directory to the path. If you are developing the RustPython interpreter, it might be a bug during development."
@@ -238,14 +240,16 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                 "RUSTPYTHONPATH or PYTHONPATH is set, but it wasn't loaded to `Settings::path_list`. If you are going to customize the RustPython vm/interpreter, those environment variables are not loaded in the Settings struct by default. Please try creating a customized instance of the Settings struct. If you are developing the RustPython interpreter, it might be a bug during development."
             };
 
-            let msg = format!(
+            let mut msg = format!(
                 "RustPython could not import the encodings module. It usually means something went wrong. Please carefully read the following messages and follow the steps.\n\
                 \n\
-                {guide_message}\n\
+                {guide_message}");
+            if !cfg!(feature = "freeze-stdlib") {
+                msg += "\n\
                 If you don't have access to a consistent external environment (e.g. targeting wasm, embedding \
                     rustpython in another application), try enabling the `freeze-stdlib` feature.\n\
-                If this is intended and you want to exclude the encodings module from your interpreter, please remove the `encodings` feature from `rustpython-vm` crate."
-            );
+                If this is intended and you want to exclude the encodings module from your interpreter, please remove the `encodings` feature from `rustpython-vm` crate.";
+            }
 
             let err = self.new_runtime_error(msg);
             err.set_cause(Some(import_err));

From 08e7ec948b4c515c55e5bb93a35dbaca3290c9b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Aug 2024 05:12:50 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 306/705] Don't let Interpreter::run silently ignore result
 value

---
 vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
index 515a93bfb6..af28ad87ab 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ impl Interpreter {
     ///
     /// See [`finalize`] for the finalization steps.
     /// See also [`enter`] for pure function call to obtain Python exception.
-    pub fn run<F, R>(self, f: F) -> u8
+    pub fn run<F>(self, f: F) -> u8
     where
-        F: FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<R>,
+        F: FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()>,
     {
         let res = self.enter(|vm| f(vm));
         self.finalize(res.err())

From 0bd1a3efb2d5a312effb08bd0aa510947f9601c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Aug 2024 05:25:31 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 307/705] vm.print

---
 vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
index 8f0f158553..e3d1436882 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
@@ -156,6 +156,15 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             .invoke(args, self)
     }
 
+    /// Same as __builtins__.print in Python.
+    /// A convenience function to provide a simple way to print objects for debug purpose.
+    // NOTE: Keep the interface simple.
+    pub fn print(&self, args: impl IntoFuncArgs) -> PyResult<()> {
+        let ret = self.builtins.get_attr("print", self)?.call(args, self)?;
+        debug_assert!(self.is_none(&ret));
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     #[deprecated(note = "in favor of `obj.call(args, vm)`")]
     pub fn invoke(&self, obj: &impl AsObject, args: impl IntoFuncArgs) -> PyResult {
         obj.as_object().call(args, self)

From ff9aa0fc544916143442b2e419b8723d4ce7bb62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Aug 2024 06:51:19 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 308/705] Add example projects

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml                  |  6 ++++
 Cargo.toml                                 |  2 +-
 example_projects/.gitignore                |  2 ++
 example_projects/aheui-rust.md             | 10 ++++++
 example_projects/barebone/Cargo.toml       |  9 +++++
 example_projects/barebone/src/main.rs      | 17 ++++++++++
 example_projects/frozen_stdlib/Cargo.toml  | 11 ++++++
 example_projects/frozen_stdlib/src/main.rs | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 example_projects/.gitignore
 create mode 100644 example_projects/aheui-rust.md
 create mode 100644 example_projects/barebone/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 example_projects/barebone/src/main.rs
 create mode 100644 example_projects/frozen_stdlib/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 example_projects/frozen_stdlib/src/main.rs

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 8cb71b0671..bec7eafa32 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -148,6 +148,12 @@ jobs:
       - name: check compilation without threading
         run: cargo check ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }}
 
+      - name: Test example projects
+        run:
+          cargo run --manifest-path example_projects/barebone/Cargo.toml
+          cargo run --manifest-path example_projects/frozen_stdlib/Cargo.toml
+        if: runner.os == 'Linux'
+
       - name: prepare AppleSilicon build
         uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2c407851ad..b8e1c0c513 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -176,4 +176,4 @@ perf = "warn"
 style = "warn"
 complexity = "warn"
 suspicious = "warn"
-correctness = "warn"
\ No newline at end of file
+correctness = "warn"
diff --git a/example_projects/.gitignore b/example_projects/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..661ad40fd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example_projects/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+*/target
+*/Cargo.lock
diff --git a/example_projects/aheui-rust.md b/example_projects/aheui-rust.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d812ee244f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example_projects/aheui-rust.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# aheui-rust
+
+- Crate link: https://github.com/youknowone/aheui-rust/tree/main/rpaheui
+- Creating a frozenlib: https://github.com/youknowone/aheui-rust/blob/main/rpaheui/src/lib.rs
+
+This crate shows you how to embed an entire Python project into bytecode and ship it. Follow the `FROZEN` constant and see how it's made and how you can use it.
+
+If you'd like to learn more about how to initialize the Standard Library with the `freeze-stdlib` feature, check out the example project at `example_projects/frozen_stdlib/src/main.rs`.
+
+Just a heads-up, it doesn't automatically resolve dependencies. If you have more dependencies than the standard library, Don't forget to also freeze them.
diff --git a/example_projects/barebone/Cargo.toml b/example_projects/barebone/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ffae04e4ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example_projects/barebone/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+[package]
+name = "example-barebone"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+rustpython-vm = { path = "../../vm", default-features = false }
+
+[workspace]
diff --git a/example_projects/barebone/src/main.rs b/example_projects/barebone/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d9ffbefab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example_projects/barebone/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use rustpython_vm::Interpreter;
+
+pub fn main() {
+    let interp = Interpreter::without_stdlib(Default::default());
+    let value = interp.enter(|vm| {
+        let max = vm.builtins.get_attr("max", vm)?;
+        let value = max.call((vm.ctx.new_int(5), vm.ctx.new_int(10)), vm)?;
+        vm.print((vm.ctx.new_str("python print"), value.clone()))?;
+        Ok(value)
+    });
+    match value {
+        Ok(value) => println!("Rust repr: {:?}", value),
+        Err(err) => {
+            interp.finalize(err);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/example_projects/frozen_stdlib/Cargo.toml b/example_projects/frozen_stdlib/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..12e9e5902d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example_projects/frozen_stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "example_frozen_stdlib"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[dependencies]
+rustpython = { path = "../../", default-features = false, features = ["freeze-stdlib"] }
+rustpython-vm = { path = "../../vm", default-features = false, features = ["freeze-stdlib"] }
+rustpython-pylib = { path = "../../pylib", default-features = false, features = ["freeze-stdlib"] }
+
+[workspace]
diff --git a/example_projects/frozen_stdlib/src/main.rs b/example_projects/frozen_stdlib/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd6cfc3b35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/example_projects/frozen_stdlib/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+/// Setting up a project with a frozen stdlib can be done *either* by using `rustpython::InterpreterConfig` or `rustpython_vm::Interpreter::with_init`.
+/// See each function for example.
+/// 
+/// See also: `aheui-rust.md` for freezing your own package.
+
+use rustpython_vm::{PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+
+fn run(keyword: &str, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+    let json = vm.import("json", 0)?;
+    let json_loads = json.get_attr("loads", vm)?;
+    let template = r#"{"key": "value"}"#;
+    let json_string = template.replace("value", keyword);
+    let dict = json_loads.call((vm.ctx.new_str(json_string),), vm)?;
+    vm.print((dict,))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn interpreter_with_config() {
+    let interpreter = rustpython::InterpreterConfig::new()
+        .init_stdlib()
+        .interpreter();
+    // Use interpreter.enter to reuse the same interpreter later
+    interpreter.run(|vm| run("rustpython::InterpreterConfig", vm));
+}
+
+fn interpreter_with_vm() {
+    let interpreter = rustpython_vm::Interpreter::with_init(Default::default(), |vm| {
+        // This is unintuitive, but the stdlib is out of the vm crate.
+        // Any suggestion to improve this is welcome.
+        vm.add_frozen(rustpython_pylib::FROZEN_STDLIB);
+    });
+    // Use interpreter.enter to reuse the same interpreter later
+    interpreter.run(|vm| run("rustpython_vm::Interpreter::with_init", vm));
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    interpreter_with_config();
+    interpreter_with_vm();
+}

From eb985beed6aa2ea75d1553c0ce532b4ae6d828c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Aug 2024 07:39:56 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 309/705] freeze-stdlib imply stdlib

---
 Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b8e1c0c513..fa11556753 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ importlib = ["rustpython-vm/importlib"]
 encodings = ["rustpython-vm/encodings"]
 stdlib = ["rustpython-stdlib", "rustpython-pylib", "encodings"]
 flame-it = ["rustpython-vm/flame-it", "flame", "flamescope"]
-freeze-stdlib = ["rustpython-vm/freeze-stdlib", "rustpython-pylib?/freeze-stdlib"]
+freeze-stdlib = ["stdlib", "rustpython-vm/freeze-stdlib", "rustpython-pylib?/freeze-stdlib"]
 jit = ["rustpython-vm/jit"]
 threading = ["rustpython-vm/threading", "rustpython-stdlib/threading"]
 zlib = ["stdlib", "rustpython-stdlib/zlib"]

From d45c5de906ca0cfb0748f7ebf783749373b821b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Aug 2024 08:13:17 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 310/705] ignore local config files

---
 .gitignore | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 23facc8e6e..485272adfb 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ __pycache__
 .vscode
 wasm-pack.log
 .idea/
+.envrc
+.python-version
 
 flame-graph.html
 flame.txt

From 2c2e0fb172e947776eafb4ba12288affd744ea98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Aug 2024 08:17:00 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 311/705] pyperf bench script

---
 scripts/bench.sh | 14 ++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 scripts/bench.sh

diff --git a/scripts/bench.sh b/scripts/bench.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..084970b0fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/bench.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+for BENCH in "int" "nbody" "fannkuch" "scimark"; do
+ for CPYTHON in "3.9" "3.10"; do
+  CMD="python${CPYTHON} ${BENCH}.py -o reports/${BENCH}_cpython${CPYTHON}.pyperf"
+  echo "${CMD}"
+  ${CMD} 
+  sleep 1 
+ done
+ for RUSTPYTHON in "3819" "main"; do
+  CMD="./target/release/rustpython_${RUSTPYTHON} ${BENCH}.py -o reports/${BENCH}_rustpython_${RUSTPYTHON}.pyperf"
+  echo "${CMD}"
+  ${CMD}  
+  sleep 1 
+ done
+done

From 8673169ee76c3380bf9c3602c76412d1f96a9bd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Aug 2024 08:03:53 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 312/705] 0.4.0

---
 Cargo.lock                  | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 Cargo.toml                  | 39 +++++++++++++++-----------
 common/Cargo.toml           |  2 +-
 compiler/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 compiler/core/Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 derive-impl/Cargo.toml      |  2 +-
 derive/Cargo.toml           |  2 +-
 jit/Cargo.toml              |  4 +--
 pylib/Cargo.toml            |  4 +--
 stdlib/Cargo.toml           |  2 +-
 vm/Cargo.toml               |  2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 wapm.toml                   |  2 +-
 wasm/lib/Cargo.toml         |  2 +-
 15 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index cf295cc2de..5fcb773d84 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1986,7 +1986,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "atty",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -2009,8 +2009,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-ast"
-version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4cdaf8ee5c1473b993b398c174641d3aa9da847af36e8d5eb8291930b72f31a5"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2021,7 +2022,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-codegen"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
@@ -2039,7 +2040,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-common"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ascii",
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
@@ -2066,7 +2067,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-compiler"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "rustpython-codegen",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
@@ -2075,7 +2076,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -2088,7 +2089,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-derive"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "rustpython-compiler",
  "rustpython-derive-impl",
@@ -2097,7 +2098,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-derive-impl"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "maplit",
@@ -2122,8 +2123,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-format"
-version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0389039b132ad8e350552d771270ccd03186985696764bcee2239694e7839942"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -2134,7 +2136,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-jit"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "approx",
  "cranelift",
@@ -2149,8 +2151,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-literal"
-version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a8304be3cae00232a1721a911033e55877ca3810215f66798e964a2d8d22281d"
 dependencies = [
  "hexf-parse",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2161,8 +2164,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser"
-version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "868f724daac0caf9bd36d38caf45819905193a901e8f1c983345a68e18fb2abb"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2184,8 +2188,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-core"
-version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b4b6c12fa273825edc7bccd9a734f0ad5ba4b8a2f4da5ff7efe946f066d0f4ad"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "memchr",
@@ -2194,8 +2199,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-vendored"
-version = "0.3.1"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655#00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "04fcea49a4630a3a5d940f4d514dc4f575ed63c14c3e3ed07146634aed7f67a6"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2203,7 +2209,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-pylib"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
@@ -2212,7 +2218,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.5.0",
  "num_enum",
@@ -2221,7 +2227,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-stdlib"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "adler32",
  "ahash",
@@ -2296,7 +2302,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-vm"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "ascii",
@@ -2373,7 +2379,7 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython_wasm"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "console_error_panic_hook",
  "js-sys",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index fa11556753..32070587f5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
 rust-version = "1.75.0"
@@ -17,24 +17,29 @@ members = [
 ]
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
-rustpython-compiler-core = { path = "compiler/core", version = "0.3.1" }
-rustpython-compiler = { path = "compiler", version = "0.3.1" }
-rustpython-codegen = { path = "compiler/codegen", version = "0.3.1" }
-rustpython-common = { path = "common", version = "0.3.1" }
-rustpython-derive = { path = "derive", version = "0.3.1" }
-rustpython-derive-impl = { path = "derive-impl", version = "0.3.1" }
-rustpython-jit = { path = "jit", version = "0.3.1" }
-rustpython-vm = { path = "vm", default-features = false, version = "0.3.1" }
-rustpython-pylib = { path = "pylib", version = "0.3.1" }
-rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.3.1" }
-rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-compiler-core = { path = "compiler/core", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-compiler = { path = "compiler", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-codegen = { path = "compiler/codegen", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-common = { path = "common", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-derive = { path = "derive", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-derive-impl = { path = "derive-impl", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-jit = { path = "jit", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-vm = { path = "vm", default-features = false, version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-pylib = { path = "pylib", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
 
-rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.3.1", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+rustpython-literal = { version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-parser-core = { version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-parser = { version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-ast = { version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-format= { version = "0.4.0" }
+# rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+# rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+# rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+# rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+# rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
 # rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
 # rustpython-parser = { path = "../RustPython-parser/parser" }
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index afb2c18d63..94bee08b7f 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-common"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 description = "General python functions and algorithms for use in RustPython"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
diff --git a/compiler/Cargo.toml b/compiler/Cargo.toml
index 593fe7dc3c..3e017dabe6 100644
--- a/compiler/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-compiler"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 description = "A usability wrapper around rustpython-parser and rustpython-compiler-core"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index 37a430982c..fe0b42ffa2 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-codegen"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 description = "Compiler for python code into bytecode for the rustpython VM."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
index a9b63ff9bf..d7727b7138 100644
--- a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
 description = "RustPython specific bytecode."
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
index c8ae2d9e63..0eaa2cb499 100644
--- a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-derive-impl"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 description = "Rust language extensions and macros specific to rustpython."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/derive/Cargo.toml b/derive/Cargo.toml
index 22fc67d051..d172f90cbb 100644
--- a/derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-derive"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 description = "Rust language extensions and macros specific to rustpython."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/jit/Cargo.toml b/jit/Cargo.toml
index 0eea678e36..6fa518979c 100644
--- a/jit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/jit/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-jit"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 description = "Experimental JIT(just in time) compiler for python code."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ version = "3.1.0"
 features = ["system"]
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-rustpython-derive = { path = "../derive", version = "0.3.1" }
+rustpython-derive = { path = "../derive", version = "0.4.0" }
 
 approx = "0.5.1"
 
diff --git a/pylib/Cargo.toml b/pylib/Cargo.toml
index 3448a13ba0..d38359bb23 100644
--- a/pylib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/pylib/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-pylib"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 description = "A subset of the Python standard library for use with RustPython"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ freeze-stdlib = []
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-derive = { version = "0.3.1", path = "../derive" }
+rustpython-derive = { version = "0.4.0", path = "../derive" }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 glob = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 8c34533edb..718a804267 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-stdlib"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 description = "RustPython standard libraries in Rust."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 2392d25f2d..a00ee79a66 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-vm"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 description = "RustPython virtual machine."
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
index a628744428..e890730a06 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
diff --git a/wapm.toml b/wapm.toml
index 13f10f1558..07f07a3b07 100644
--- a/wapm.toml
+++ b/wapm.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 description = "A Python-3 (CPython >= 3.5.0) Interpreter written in Rust 🐍 😱 🤘"
 license-file = "LICENSE"
 readme = "README.md"
diff --git a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
index c0ef10aa78..3b3cd8127c 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython_wasm"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 license = "MIT"
 description = "A Python-3 (CPython >= 3.5.0) Interpreter written in Rust, compiled to WASM"

From a2df2f014b9d9a8356f9e265c5e5d5c24c97d761 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 Aug 2024 08:56:36 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 313/705] Fix dis.dis without compiler feature

---
 Cargo.toml        |  2 +-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml |  2 ++
 stdlib/src/dis.rs | 18 +++++++++++++-----
 3 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 32070587f5..284567575f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "rustpython-stdlib/ssl-vendor"]
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-pylib = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-rustpython-stdlib = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+rustpython-stdlib = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["compiler"] }
 rustpython-vm = { workspace = true, features = ["compiler"] }
 rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 718a804267..4872b2113e 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ edition = "2021"
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [features]
+default = ["compiler"]
+compiler = ["rustpython-vm/compiler"]
 threading = ["rustpython-common/threading", "rustpython-vm/threading"]
 zlib = ["libz-sys", "flate2/zlib"]
 bz2 = ["bzip2"]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/dis.rs b/stdlib/src/dis.rs
index 9ac6245a24..d9322d4871 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/dis.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/dis.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ mod decl {
     use crate::vm::{
         builtins::{PyCode, PyDictRef, PyStrRef},
         bytecode::CodeFlags,
-        compiler, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+        PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -13,10 +13,18 @@ mod decl {
         let co = if let Ok(co) = obj.get_attr("__code__", vm) {
             // Method or function:
             PyRef::try_from_object(vm, co)?
-        } else if let Ok(co_str) = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, obj.clone()) {
-            // String:
-            vm.compile(co_str.as_str(), compiler::Mode::Exec, "<dis>".to_owned())
-                .map_err(|err| vm.new_syntax_error(&err, Some(co_str.as_str())))?
+        } else if let Ok(_co_str) = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, obj.clone()) {
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "compiler"))]
+            return Err(vm.new_runtime_error(
+                "dis.dis() with str argument requires `compiler` feature".to_owned(),
+            ));
+            #[cfg(feature = "compiler")]
+            vm.compile(
+                _co_str.as_str(),
+                crate::vm::compiler::Mode::Exec,
+                "<dis>".to_owned(),
+            )
+            .map_err(|err| vm.new_syntax_error(&err, Some(_co_str.as_str())))?
         } else {
             PyRef::try_from_object(vm, obj)?
         };

From 2919df1df57dccaa7f49a350a57340cf674ace9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 8 Aug 2024 23:04:31 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 314/705] Mark rust-version 1.78

---
 Cargo.toml                  | 178 +++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 common/Cargo.toml           |  11 ++-
 compiler/Cargo.toml         |  11 ++-
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml |  12 ++-
 compiler/core/Cargo.toml    |  11 ++-
 derive-impl/Cargo.toml      |  11 ++-
 derive/Cargo.toml           |  11 ++-
 jit/Cargo.toml              |  11 ++-
 pylib/Cargo.toml            |   9 +-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml           |  11 ++-
 vm/Cargo.toml               |  11 ++-
 vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml    |   9 +-
 wasm/lib/Cargo.toml         |  11 ++-
 13 files changed, 164 insertions(+), 143 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 284567575f..eec5d84a8f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,92 +1,13 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython"
-version = "0.4.0"
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.75.0"
 description = "A python interpreter written in rust."
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
 include = ["LICENSE", "Cargo.toml", "src/**/*.rs"]
-
-[workspace]
-resolver = "2"
-members = [
-    "compiler", "compiler/core", "compiler/codegen",
-    ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "vm/sre_engine", "pylib", "stdlib", "wasm/lib", "derive-impl",
-]
-
-[workspace.dependencies]
-rustpython-compiler-core = { path = "compiler/core", version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-compiler = { path = "compiler", version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-codegen = { path = "compiler/codegen", version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-common = { path = "common", version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-derive = { path = "derive", version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-derive-impl = { path = "derive-impl", version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-jit = { path = "jit", version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-vm = { path = "vm", default-features = false, version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-pylib = { path = "pylib", version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
-
-rustpython-literal = { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-parser-core = { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-parser = { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-ast = { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-format= { version = "0.4.0" }
-# rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-# rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-# rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-# rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-# rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-# rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
-# rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
-# rustpython-parser = { path = "../RustPython-parser/parser" }
-# rustpython-ast = { path = "../RustPython-parser/ast" }
-# rustpython-format = { path = "../RustPython-parser/format" }
-
-ahash = "0.8.11"
-ascii = "1.0"
-atty = "0.2.14"
-bitflags = "2.4.1"
-bstr = "0.2.17"
-cfg-if = "1.0"
-chrono = "0.4.37"
-crossbeam-utils = "0.8.19"
-flame = "0.2.2"
-glob = "0.3"
-hex = "0.4.3"
-indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
-insta = "1.38.0"
-itertools = "0.11.0"
-is-macro = "0.3.0"
-junction = "1.0.0"
-libc = "0.2.153"
-log = "0.4.16"
-nix = { version = "0.27", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
-malachite-bigint = "0.2.0"
-malachite-q = "0.4.4"
-malachite-base = "0.4.4"
-memchr = "2.7.2"
-num-complex = "0.4.0"
-num-integer = "0.1.44"
-num-traits = "0.2"
-num_enum = "0.7"
-once_cell = "1.19.0"
-parking_lot = "0.12.1"
-paste = "1.0.7"
-rand = "0.8.5"
-rustyline = "14.0.0"
-serde = { version = "1.0.133", default-features = false }
-schannel = "0.1.22"
-static_assertions = "1.1"
-syn = "1.0.109"
-thiserror = "1.0"
-thread_local = "1.1.4"
-unicode_names2 = "1.2.0"
-widestring = "1.1.0"
-windows-sys = "0.52.0"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 [features]
 default = ["threading", "stdlib", "zlib", "importlib"]
@@ -171,6 +92,93 @@ rev = "2024.02.14"
 [package.metadata.vcpkg.target]
 x86_64-pc-windows-msvc = { triplet = "x64-windows-static-md", dev-dependencies = ["openssl" ] }
 
+[workspace]
+resolver = "2"
+members = [
+    "compiler", "compiler/core", "compiler/codegen",
+    ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "vm/sre_engine", "pylib", "stdlib", "wasm/lib", "derive-impl",
+]
+
+[workspace.package]
+version = "0.4.0"
+authors = ["RustPython Team"]
+edition = "2021"
+rust-version = "1.78.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
+license = "MIT"
+
+[workspace.dependencies]
+rustpython-compiler-core = { path = "compiler/core", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-compiler = { path = "compiler", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-codegen = { path = "compiler/codegen", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-common = { path = "common", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-derive = { path = "derive", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-derive-impl = { path = "derive-impl", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-jit = { path = "jit", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-vm = { path = "vm", default-features = false, version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-pylib = { path = "pylib", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
+
+rustpython-literal = { version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-parser-core = { version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-parser = { version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-ast = { version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-format= { version = "0.4.0" }
+# rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+# rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+# rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+# rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+# rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+# rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
+# rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
+# rustpython-parser = { path = "../RustPython-parser/parser" }
+# rustpython-ast = { path = "../RustPython-parser/ast" }
+# rustpython-format = { path = "../RustPython-parser/format" }
+
+ahash = "0.8.11"
+ascii = "1.0"
+atty = "0.2.14"
+bitflags = "2.4.1"
+bstr = "0.2.17"
+cfg-if = "1.0"
+chrono = "0.4.37"
+crossbeam-utils = "0.8.19"
+flame = "0.2.2"
+glob = "0.3"
+hex = "0.4.3"
+indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
+insta = "1.38.0"
+itertools = "0.11.0"
+is-macro = "0.3.0"
+junction = "1.0.0"
+libc = "0.2.153"
+log = "0.4.16"
+nix = { version = "0.27", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
+malachite-bigint = "0.2.0"
+malachite-q = "0.4.4"
+malachite-base = "0.4.4"
+memchr = "2.7.2"
+num-complex = "0.4.0"
+num-integer = "0.1.44"
+num-traits = "0.2"
+num_enum = "0.7"
+once_cell = "1.19.0"
+parking_lot = "0.12.1"
+paste = "1.0.7"
+rand = "0.8.5"
+rustyline = "14.0.0"
+serde = { version = "1.0.133", default-features = false }
+schannel = "0.1.22"
+static_assertions = "1.1"
+syn = "1.0.109"
+thiserror = "1.0"
+thread_local = "1.1.4"
+unicode_names2 = "1.2.0"
+widestring = "1.1.0"
+windows-sys = "0.52.0"
+
 # Lints
 
 [workspace.lints.rust]
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 94bee08b7f..354dacc086 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-common"
-version = "0.4.0"
 description = "General python functions and algorithms for use in RustPython"
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-edition = "2021"
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 [features]
 threading = ["parking_lot"]
diff --git a/compiler/Cargo.toml b/compiler/Cargo.toml
index 3e017dabe6..cb98093c9e 100644
--- a/compiler/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-compiler"
-version = "0.4.0"
 description = "A usability wrapper around rustpython-parser and rustpython-compiler-core"
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
-edition = "2021"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-codegen = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index fe0b42ffa2..0fe950be71 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-codegen"
-version = "0.4.0"
 description = "Compiler for python code into bytecode for the rustpython VM."
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
-edition = "2021"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-ast = { workspace = true, features=["unparse", "constant-optimization"] }
diff --git a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
index d7727b7138..3d05fc2734 100644
--- a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
 description = "RustPython specific bytecode."
-version = "0.4.0"
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-edition = "2021"
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true, features=["location"] }
diff --git a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
index 0eaa2cb499..a843f5d3c5 100644
--- a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-derive-impl"
-version = "0.4.0"
 description = "Rust language extensions and macros specific to rustpython."
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
-edition = "2021"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/derive/Cargo.toml b/derive/Cargo.toml
index d172f90cbb..d38686ce7d 100644
--- a/derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-derive"
-version = "0.4.0"
 description = "Rust language extensions and macros specific to rustpython."
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
-edition = "2021"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 [lib]
 proc-macro = true
diff --git a/jit/Cargo.toml b/jit/Cargo.toml
index 6fa518979c..cc26eb59a5 100644
--- a/jit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/jit/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-jit"
-version = "0.4.0"
 description = "Experimental JIT(just in time) compiler for python code."
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
-edition = "2021"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 autotests = false
 
diff --git a/pylib/Cargo.toml b/pylib/Cargo.toml
index d38359bb23..64a9da0219 100644
--- a/pylib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/pylib/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-pylib"
-version = "0.4.0"
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 description = "A subset of the Python standard library for use with RustPython"
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
 license-file = "Lib/PSF-LICENSE"
-edition = "2021"
 include = ["Cargo.toml", "src/**/*.rs", "Lib/", "!Lib/**/test/", "!Lib/**/*.pyc"]
+authors = ["CPython Developers"]
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
 
 [features]
 freeze-stdlib = []
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 4872b2113e..485855d646 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-stdlib"
-version = "0.4.0"
 description = "RustPython standard libraries in Rust."
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
-edition = "2021"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index a00ee79a66..251d482ebe 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-vm"
-version = "0.4.0"
 description = "RustPython virtual machine."
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
-edition = "2021"
 include = ["src/**/*.rs", "Cargo.toml", "build.rs", "Lib/**/*.py"]
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 [features]
 default = ["compiler"]
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
index e890730a06..28f98a3212 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
-version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>", "RustPython Team"]
 description = "A low-level implementation of Python's SRE regex engine"
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
-license = "MIT"
-edition = "2021"
 keywords = ["regex"]
 include = ["LICENSE", "src/**/*.rs"]
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 num_enum = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
index 3b3cd8127c..9b71bbce25 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustpython_wasm"
-version = "0.4.0"
-authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-license = "MIT"
 description = "A Python-3 (CPython >= 3.5.0) Interpreter written in Rust, compiled to WASM"
-repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/tree/main/wasm/lib"
-edition = "2021"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
 
 [lib]
 crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]

From 4f80d7013ea035dd93fa88d0ef2102b41d6552c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Benjamin DeMann <benjamin.demann@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Apr 2023 14:42:18 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 315/705] add wasmbind feature

---
 vm/Cargo.toml          |  2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs  | 20 ++++++++++++--------
 vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs | 19 +++++++++++--------
 3 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 251d482ebe..33a1af586d 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ ast = ["rustpython-ast"]
 codegen = ["rustpython-codegen", "ast"]
 parser = ["rustpython-parser", "ast"]
 serde = ["dep:serde"]
+wasmbind = ["chrono/wasmbind", "getrandom/js"]
+
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler = { workspace = true, optional = true }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index d026f2953e..75434c2f2f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -104,15 +104,19 @@ mod decl {
 
     #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
     fn _time(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
-        use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
-        #[wasm_bindgen]
-        extern "C" {
-            type Date;
-            #[wasm_bindgen(static_method_of = Date)]
-            fn now() -> f64;
+        #[cfg(feature = "wasmbind")]
+        {
+            use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+            #[wasm_bindgen]
+            extern "C" {
+                type Date;
+                #[wasm_bindgen(static_method_of = Date)]
+                fn now() -> f64;
+            }
+            // Date.now returns unix time in milliseconds, we want it in seconds
+            return Ok(Date::now() / 1000.0);
         }
-        // Date.now returns unix time in milliseconds, we want it in seconds
-        Ok(Date::now() / 1000.0)
+        panic!("Date not available")
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
index e3d1436882..8003ac4ae1 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
@@ -21,15 +21,18 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         }
         #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
         {
-            use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
-            #[wasm_bindgen]
-            extern "C" {
-                #[wasm_bindgen(js_namespace = console)]
-                fn error(s: &str);
+            #[cfg(feature = "wasmbind")]
+            {
+                use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+                #[wasm_bindgen]
+                extern "C" {
+                    #[wasm_bindgen(js_namespace = console)]
+                    fn error(s: &str);
+                }
+                let mut s = String::new();
+                self.write_exception(&mut s, &exc).unwrap();
+                error(&s);
             }
-            let mut s = String::new();
-            self.write_exception(&mut s, &exc).unwrap();
-            error(&s);
             panic!("{}; exception backtrace above", msg)
         }
     }

From f1dac5087ef88c9e30fb35479380233cd7e4a4ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Benjamin DeMann <benjamin.demann@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Apr 2023 09:09:39 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 316/705] address pr notes

---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs  | 22 +++++++++-------------
 vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs | 21 +++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 75434c2f2f..2c421db8f8 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -102,21 +102,17 @@ mod decl {
         Ok(duration_since_system_now(vm)?.as_secs_f64())
     }
 
-    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
+    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi"), feature = "wasmbind"))]
     fn _time(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
-        #[cfg(feature = "wasmbind")]
-        {
-            use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
-            #[wasm_bindgen]
-            extern "C" {
-                type Date;
-                #[wasm_bindgen(static_method_of = Date)]
-                fn now() -> f64;
-            }
-            // Date.now returns unix time in milliseconds, we want it in seconds
-            return Ok(Date::now() / 1000.0);
+        use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+        #[wasm_bindgen]
+        extern "C" {
+            type Date;
+            #[wasm_bindgen(static_method_of = Date)]
+            fn now() -> f64;
         }
-        panic!("Date not available")
+        // Date.now returns unix time in milliseconds, we want it in seconds
+        return Ok(Date::now() / 1000.0);
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
index 8003ac4ae1..31bb940e3f 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
@@ -19,20 +19,17 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             self.flush_std();
             panic!("{msg}")
         }
-        #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi")))]
+        #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi"), feature = "wasmbind"))]
         {
-            #[cfg(feature = "wasmbind")]
-            {
-                use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
-                #[wasm_bindgen]
-                extern "C" {
-                    #[wasm_bindgen(js_namespace = console)]
-                    fn error(s: &str);
-                }
-                let mut s = String::new();
-                self.write_exception(&mut s, &exc).unwrap();
-                error(&s);
+            use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
+            #[wasm_bindgen]
+            extern "C" {
+                #[wasm_bindgen(js_namespace = console)]
+                fn error(s: &str);
             }
+            let mut s = String::new();
+            self.write_exception(&mut s, &exc).unwrap();
+            error(&s);
             panic!("{}; exception backtrace above", msg)
         }
     }

From 63c9909aa0af669e5a4167c8b1a7633a852fe1b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Benjamin DeMann <benjamin.demann@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Apr 2023 10:10:25 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 317/705] run the first block if wasmbind is not present

---
 vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
index 31bb940e3f..5b5ef0526f 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     #[track_caller]
     #[cold]
     fn _py_panic_failed(&self, exc: PyBaseExceptionRef, msg: &str) -> ! {
-        #[cfg(not(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi"))))]
+        #[cfg(not(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi"), feature = "wasmbind")))]
         {
             self.print_exception(exc);
             self.flush_std();

From dbb6794a41bdd03f409f90b308914764d08e93be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Benjamin DeMann <benjamin.demann@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Apr 2023 10:21:15 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 318/705] add cfg for not wasmbind for time

---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 6 +++++-
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 2c421db8f8..e64d51f1ab 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -97,7 +97,11 @@ mod decl {
         _time(vm)
     }
 
-    #[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))]
+    #[cfg(any(
+        not(target_arch = "wasm32"),
+        target_os = "wasi",
+        not(feature = "wasmbind")
+    ))]
     fn _time(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
         Ok(duration_since_system_now(vm)?.as_secs_f64())
     }

From d8c35770ab429f6994f150b787746a020e998f9a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Benjamin DeMann <benjamin.demann@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Apr 2023 11:08:43 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 319/705] enable js feature of getrandom only for wasmbind

---
 vm/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 33a1af586d..cfe177f67d 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ thread_local = { workspace = true }
 memchr = { workspace = true }
 
 caseless = "0.2.1"
-getrandom = { version = "0.2.12", features = ["js"] }
+getrandom = { version = "0.2.12", features = ["custom"] }
 flamer = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 half = "1.8.2"
 memoffset = "0.9.1"

From d2a4a330f9a319a680584f966c45d56a89524f34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 9 Aug 2024 00:58:11 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 320/705] following chrono/wasmbind convention

---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 16 ++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index e64d51f1ab..5c60b8ae82 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -97,16 +97,20 @@ mod decl {
         _time(vm)
     }
 
-    #[cfg(any(
-        not(target_arch = "wasm32"),
-        target_os = "wasi",
-        not(feature = "wasmbind")
-    ))]
+    #[cfg(not(all(
+        target_arch = "wasm32",
+        feature = "wasmbind",
+        not(any(target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "wasi"))
+    )))]
     fn _time(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
         Ok(duration_since_system_now(vm)?.as_secs_f64())
     }
 
-    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi"), feature = "wasmbind"))]
+    #[cfg(all(
+        target_arch = "wasm32",
+        feature = "wasmbind",
+        not(any(target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "wasi"))
+    ))]
     fn _time(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
         use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
         #[wasm_bindgen]

From 3f28309b7b7e81b82894ae45a65824146812d710 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 9 Aug 2024 00:58:53 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 321/705] revert unnecessary change

---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 5c60b8ae82..4a9e66066d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ mod decl {
             fn now() -> f64;
         }
         // Date.now returns unix time in milliseconds, we want it in seconds
-        return Ok(Date::now() / 1000.0);
+        Ok(Date::now() / 1000.0)
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]

From b6e9a3f37e456319f4419a9e80846e6922142732 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 9 Aug 2024 00:59:29 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 322/705] rustpython_wasm uses the new feature

---
 wasm/lib/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
index 9b71bbce25..7d46a3c8da 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-pylib = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 rustpython-stdlib = { workspace = true, default-features = false, optional = true }
 # make sure no threading! otherwise wasm build will fail
-rustpython-vm = { workspace = true, features = ["compiler", "encodings", "serde"] }
+rustpython-vm = { workspace = true, features = ["compiler", "encodings", "serde", "wasmbind"] }
 
 rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
 

From 7dfb7604213301b6b01493dcf17b2c5f8fb58570 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Oct 2022 16:50:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 323/705] Make rustpython-vm compatible with non-js
 wasm32-unknown & add tests

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml         | 15 ++++++++-------
 Cargo.lock                        |  8 ++++++++
 Cargo.toml                        |  3 ++-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml                 |  2 +-
 vm/Cargo.toml                     |  9 ++++-----
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs             | 12 ++++++++++--
 vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs            | 19 ++++++++++++++++++-
 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml | 11 +++++++++++
 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/README.md  |  1 +
 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 10 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/README.md
 create mode 100644 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index bec7eafa32..2d2ec40d4b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -216,13 +216,6 @@ jobs:
       - name: Check compilation for freebsd
         run: cargo check --target x86_64-unknown-freebsd
 
-      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-        with:
-          target: wasm32-unknown-unknown
-
-      - name: Check compilation for wasm32
-        run: cargo check --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --no-default-features
-
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
           target: x86_64-unknown-freebsd
@@ -380,6 +373,14 @@ jobs:
         env:
           NODE_OPTIONS: "--openssl-legacy-provider"
         working-directory: ./wasm/demo
+      - uses: mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action@v1
+        with: { wabt-version: "1.0.30" }
+      - name: check wasm32-unknown without js
+        run: |
+          cargo build --release -p wasm-unknown-test --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --verbose
+          if wasm-objdump -xj Import target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/wasm_unknown_test.wasm; then
+            echo "ERROR: wasm32-unknown module expects imports from the host environment" >2
+          fi
       - name: build notebook demo
         if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/release'
         run: |
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 5fcb773d84..b5d99cb2a3 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3154,6 +3154,14 @@ version = "0.2.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "af190c94f2773fdb3729c55b007a722abb5384da03bc0986df4c289bf5567e96"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-unknown-test"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom",
+ "rustpython-vm",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
 version = "0.3.61"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index eec5d84a8f..741aab8856 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -96,7 +96,8 @@ x86_64-pc-windows-msvc = { triplet = "x64-windows-static-md", dev-dependencies =
 resolver = "2"
 members = [
     "compiler", "compiler/core", "compiler/codegen",
-    ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "vm/sre_engine", "pylib", "stdlib", "wasm/lib", "derive-impl",
+    ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "vm/sre_engine", "pylib", "stdlib", "derive-impl",
+    "wasm/lib", "wasm/wasm-unknown-test",
 ]
 
 [workspace.package]
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 485855d646..1e327c4e9d 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "openssl/vendored", "openssl-probe"]
 [dependencies]
 # rustpython crates
 rustpython-derive = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-vm = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-vm = { workspace = true, default-features = false }
 rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
 
 ahash = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index cfe177f67d..8088e732e3 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ repository.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
 
 [features]
-default = ["compiler"]
+default = ["compiler", "wasmbind"]
 importlib = []
 encodings = ["importlib"]
 vm-tracing-logging = []
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@ ast = ["rustpython-ast"]
 codegen = ["rustpython-codegen", "ast"]
 parser = ["rustpython-parser", "ast"]
 serde = ["dep:serde"]
-wasmbind = ["chrono/wasmbind", "getrandom/js"]
-
+wasmbind = ["chrono/wasmbind", "getrandom/js", "wasm-bindgen"]
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -142,8 +141,8 @@ features = [
   "Win32_UI_WindowsAndMessaging",
 ]
 
-[target.'cfg(target_arch = "wasm32")'.dependencies]
-wasm-bindgen = "0.2.92"
+[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "unknown"))'.dependencies]
+wasm-bindgen = { version = "0.2.92", optional = true }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 glob = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 4a9e66066d..8ef67bacec 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -99,8 +99,7 @@ mod decl {
 
     #[cfg(not(all(
         target_arch = "wasm32",
-        feature = "wasmbind",
-        not(any(target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "wasi"))
+        not(any(target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "wasi")),
     )))]
     fn _time(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
         Ok(duration_since_system_now(vm)?.as_secs_f64())
@@ -123,6 +122,15 @@ mod decl {
         Ok(Date::now() / 1000.0)
     }
 
+    #[cfg(all(
+        target_arch = "wasm32",
+        not(feature = "wasmbind"),
+        not(any(target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "wasi"))
+    ))]
+    fn _time(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
+        Err(vm.new_not_implemented_error("time.time".to_owned()))
+    }
+
     #[pyfunction]
     fn monotonic(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
         Ok(get_monotonic_time(vm)?.as_secs_f64())
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
index 5b5ef0526f..466db6f3a8 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
@@ -13,12 +13,20 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     #[track_caller]
     #[cold]
     fn _py_panic_failed(&self, exc: PyBaseExceptionRef, msg: &str) -> ! {
-        #[cfg(not(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi"), feature = "wasmbind")))]
+        #[cfg(not(all(
+            target_arch = "wasm32",
+            not(any(target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "wasi")),
+        )))]
         {
             self.print_exception(exc);
             self.flush_std();
             panic!("{msg}")
         }
+        #[cfg(all(
+            target_arch = "wasm32",
+            feature = "wasmbind",
+            not(any(target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "wasi")),
+        ))]
         #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", not(target_os = "wasi"), feature = "wasmbind"))]
         {
             use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
@@ -32,6 +40,15 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             error(&s);
             panic!("{}; exception backtrace above", msg)
         }
+        #[cfg(all(
+            target_arch = "wasm32",
+            not(feature = "wasmbind"),
+            not(any(target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "wasi")),
+        ))]
+        {
+            let _ = exc;
+            panic!("{}; python exception not available", msg)
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn flush_std(&self) {
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b559016923
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+[package]
+name = "wasm-unknown-test"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+getrandom = { version = "0.2.7", features = ["custom"] }
+rustpython-vm = { path = "../../vm", default-features = false, features = ["compiler"] }
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/README.md b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c4abd59cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+A test crate to ensure that `rustpython-vm` compiles on `wasm32-unknown-unknown` without a JS host.
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd043aea3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+use rustpython_vm::{eval, Interpreter};
+
+pub unsafe extern "C" fn eval(s: *const u8, l: usize) -> u32 {
+    let src = std::slice::from_raw_parts(s, l);
+    let src = std::str::from_utf8(src).unwrap();
+    Interpreter::without_stdlib(Default::default()).enter(|vm| {
+        let res = eval::eval(vm, src, vm.new_scope_with_builtins(), "<string>").unwrap();
+        res.try_into_value(vm).unwrap()
+    })
+}
+
+fn getrandom_always_fail(_buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), getrandom::Error> {
+    Err(getrandom::Error::UNSUPPORTED)
+}
+
+getrandom::register_custom_getrandom!(getrandom_always_fail);

From a82982725e73441eb7ae122805ed653f9523c0e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 9 Aug 2024 02:20:56 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 324/705] fix getrandom

---
 Cargo.toml                        | 2 ++
 vm/Cargo.toml                     | 5 +++--
 wasm/lib/Cargo.toml               | 2 +-
 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 4 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 741aab8856..fb230a780a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ cfg-if = "1.0"
 chrono = "0.4.37"
 crossbeam-utils = "0.8.19"
 flame = "0.2.2"
+getrandom = "0.2.12"
 glob = "0.3"
 hex = "0.4.3"
 indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
@@ -179,6 +180,7 @@ thread_local = "1.1.4"
 unicode_names2 = "1.2.0"
 widestring = "1.1.0"
 windows-sys = "0.52.0"
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2.92"
 
 # Lints
 
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 8088e732e3..78702bc8fd 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ cfg-if = { workspace = true }
 crossbeam-utils = { workspace = true }
 chrono = { workspace = true, features = ["wasmbind"] }
 flame = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+getrandom = { workspace = true }
 hex = { workspace = true }
 indexmap = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
@@ -72,7 +73,6 @@ thread_local = { workspace = true }
 memchr = { workspace = true }
 
 caseless = "0.2.1"
-getrandom = { version = "0.2.12", features = ["custom"] }
 flamer = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 half = "1.8.2"
 memoffset = "0.9.1"
@@ -142,7 +142,8 @@ features = [
 ]
 
 [target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "unknown"))'.dependencies]
-wasm-bindgen = { version = "0.2.92", optional = true }
+wasm-bindgen = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+getrandom = { workspace = true, features = ["custom"] }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 glob = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
index 7d46a3c8da..1e5c37f4ef 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ rustpython-vm = { workspace = true, features = ["compiler", "encodings", "serde"
 rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
 
 serde = { workspace = true }
+wasm-bindgen = { workspace = true }
 
 console_error_panic_hook = "0.1"
 js-sys = "0.3"
 serde-wasm-bindgen = "0.3.1"
-wasm-bindgen = "0.2.80"
 wasm-bindgen-futures = "0.4"
 web-sys = { version = "0.3", features = [
     "console",
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
index b559016923..78d67ae11d 100644
--- a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ edition = "2021"
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
-getrandom = { version = "0.2.7", features = ["custom"] }
+getrandom = { version = "0.2.12", features = ["custom"] }
 rustpython-vm = { path = "../../vm", default-features = false, features = ["compiler"] }

From fe63ca762f290c9eb1a25dc7f360c37fd12cd40d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 9 Aug 2024 01:28:29 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 325/705] separate wasm-unknown-test

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml         | 2 +-
 Cargo.lock                        | 8 --------
 Cargo.toml                        | 2 +-
 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml | 2 ++
 4 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 2d2ec40d4b..0f39ed8343 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ jobs:
         with: { wabt-version: "1.0.30" }
       - name: check wasm32-unknown without js
         run: |
-          cargo build --release -p wasm-unknown-test --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --verbose
+          cargo build --release --manifest-path wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --verbose
           if wasm-objdump -xj Import target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/wasm_unknown_test.wasm; then
             echo "ERROR: wasm32-unknown module expects imports from the host environment" >2
           fi
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b5d99cb2a3..5fcb773d84 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3154,14 +3154,6 @@ version = "0.2.92"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "af190c94f2773fdb3729c55b007a722abb5384da03bc0986df4c289bf5567e96"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "wasm-unknown-test"
-version = "0.1.0"
-dependencies = [
- "getrandom",
- "rustpython-vm",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
 version = "0.3.61"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index fb230a780a..283698f52c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ resolver = "2"
 members = [
     "compiler", "compiler/core", "compiler/codegen",
     ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "vm/sre_engine", "pylib", "stdlib", "derive-impl",
-    "wasm/lib", "wasm/wasm-unknown-test",
+    "wasm/lib",
 ]
 
 [workspace.package]
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
index 78d67ae11d..f5e0b55786 100644
--- a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,3 +9,5 @@ crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 [dependencies]
 getrandom = { version = "0.2.12", features = ["custom"] }
 rustpython-vm = { path = "../../vm", default-features = false, features = ["compiler"] }
+
+[workspace]

From ea11d78995c281f4eeae0513d69d8d2eb127d855 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Oct 2022 17:23:32 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 326/705] Fix compilation without compiler feature

---
 stdlib/src/dis.rs | 25 +++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/dis.rs b/stdlib/src/dis.rs
index d9322d4871..12c2ea75df 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/dis.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/dis.rs
@@ -13,18 +13,23 @@ mod decl {
         let co = if let Ok(co) = obj.get_attr("__code__", vm) {
             // Method or function:
             PyRef::try_from_object(vm, co)?
-        } else if let Ok(_co_str) = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, obj.clone()) {
+        } else if let Ok(co_str) = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, obj.clone()) {
             #[cfg(not(feature = "compiler"))]
-            return Err(vm.new_runtime_error(
-                "dis.dis() with str argument requires `compiler` feature".to_owned(),
-            ));
+            {
+                let _ = co_str;
+                return Err(vm.new_runtime_error(
+                    "dis.dis() with str argument requires `compiler` feature".to_owned(),
+                ));
+            }
             #[cfg(feature = "compiler")]
-            vm.compile(
-                _co_str.as_str(),
-                crate::vm::compiler::Mode::Exec,
-                "<dis>".to_owned(),
-            )
-            .map_err(|err| vm.new_syntax_error(&err, Some(_co_str.as_str())))?
+            {
+                vm.compile(
+                    co_str.as_str(),
+                    crate::vm::compiler::Mode::Exec,
+                    "<dis>".to_owned(),
+                )
+                .map_err(|err| vm.new_syntax_error(&err, Some(co_str.as_str())))?
+            }
         } else {
             PyRef::try_from_object(vm, obj)?
         };

From 42bba6920e0ab0e0fbd576d83229e5191d92444c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 9 Aug 2024 02:02:21 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 327/705] apply suggestion

---
 vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
index 466db6f3a8..b687eea34c 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             not(any(target_os = "emscripten", target_os = "wasi")),
         ))]
         {
-            let _ = exc;
+            use crate::convert::ToPyObject;
+            let err_string: String = exc.to_pyobject(self).repr(self).unwrap().to_string();
+            eprintln!("{err_string}");
             panic!("{}; python exception not available", msg)
         }
     }

From a13b99642b0bc13ca89d01768a7ddbec18fe8219 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Niels Buwen <nielsbuwen@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 18 Aug 2024 17:59:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 328/705] Add get/set methods for function module/annotations
 (#5392)

---------

Co-authored-by: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
---
 vm/src/builtins/function.rs | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/frame.rs             | 11 ++++-----
 2 files changed, 51 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
index ab069e0e73..e4cc49f9db 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,9 @@ pub struct PyFunction {
     type_params: PyMutex<PyTupleRef>,
     #[cfg(feature = "jit")]
     jitted_code: OnceCell<CompiledCode>,
+    annotations: PyMutex<PyDictRef>,
+    module: PyMutex<PyObjectRef>,
+    doc: PyMutex<PyObjectRef>,
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for PyFunction {
@@ -49,6 +52,7 @@ unsafe impl Traverse for PyFunction {
 }
 
 impl PyFunction {
+    #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub(crate) fn new(
         code: PyRef<PyCode>,
         globals: PyDictRef,
@@ -57,6 +61,9 @@ impl PyFunction {
         kw_only_defaults: Option<PyDictRef>,
         qualname: PyStrRef,
         type_params: PyTupleRef,
+        annotations: PyDictRef,
+        module: PyObjectRef,
+        doc: PyObjectRef,
     ) -> Self {
         let name = PyMutex::new(code.obj_name.to_owned());
         PyFunction {
@@ -69,6 +76,9 @@ impl PyFunction {
             type_params: PyMutex::new(type_params),
             #[cfg(feature = "jit")]
             jitted_code: OnceCell::new(),
+            annotations: PyMutex::new(annotations),
+            module: PyMutex::new(module),
+            doc: PyMutex::new(doc),
         }
     }
 
@@ -406,6 +416,41 @@ impl PyFunction {
         *self.name.lock() = name;
     }
 
+    #[pymember(magic)]
+    fn doc(_vm: &VirtualMachine, zelf: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult {
+        let zelf: PyRef<PyFunction> = zelf.downcast().unwrap_or_else(|_| unreachable!());
+        let doc = zelf.doc.lock();
+        Ok(doc.clone())
+    }
+
+    #[pymember(magic, setter)]
+    fn set_doc(vm: &VirtualMachine, zelf: PyObjectRef, value: PySetterValue) -> PyResult<()> {
+        let zelf: PyRef<PyFunction> = zelf.downcast().unwrap_or_else(|_| unreachable!());
+        let value = value.unwrap_or_none(vm);
+        *zelf.doc.lock() = value;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(magic)]
+    fn module(&self) -> PyObjectRef {
+        self.module.lock().clone()
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(magic, setter)]
+    fn set_module(&self, module: PySetterValue<PyObjectRef>, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+        *self.module.lock() = module.unwrap_or_none(vm);
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(magic)]
+    fn annotations(&self) -> PyDictRef {
+        self.annotations.lock().clone()
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(magic, setter)]
+    fn set_annotations(&self, annotations: PyDictRef) {
+        *self.annotations.lock() = annotations
+    }
+
     #[pygetset(magic)]
     fn qualname(&self) -> PyStrRef {
         self.qualname.lock().clone()
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 606ab83001..5a42a1f88a 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1731,6 +1731,8 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             None
         };
 
+        let module = vm.unwrap_or_none(self.globals.get_item_opt(identifier!(vm, __name__), vm)?);
+
         // pop argc arguments
         // argument: name, args, globals
         // let scope = self.scope.clone();
@@ -1742,17 +1744,16 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             kw_only_defaults,
             qualified_name.clone(),
             type_params,
+            annotations.downcast().unwrap(),
+            module,
+            vm.ctx.none(),
         )
         .into_pyobject(vm);
 
-        func_obj.set_attr(identifier!(vm, __doc__), vm.ctx.none(), vm)?;
-
         let name = qualified_name.as_str().split('.').next_back().unwrap();
         func_obj.set_attr(identifier!(vm, __name__), vm.new_pyobj(name), vm)?;
         func_obj.set_attr(identifier!(vm, __qualname__), qualified_name, vm)?;
-        let module = vm.unwrap_or_none(self.globals.get_item_opt(identifier!(vm, __name__), vm)?);
-        func_obj.set_attr(identifier!(vm, __module__), module, vm)?;
-        func_obj.set_attr(identifier!(vm, __annotations__), annotations, vm)?;
+        func_obj.set_attr(identifier!(vm, __doc__), vm.ctx.none(), vm)?;
 
         self.push_value(func_obj);
         Ok(None)

From 8bc59441789868cc3da216703f743cd33b03752b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 28 Aug 2024 04:13:03 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 329/705] Bump webpack from 4.28.2 to 5.94.0 in /wasm/example

Bumps [webpack](https://github.com/webpack/webpack) from 4.28.2 to 5.94.0.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/webpack/webpack/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/webpack/webpack/compare/v4.28.2...v5.94.0)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: webpack
  dependency-type: direct:development
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 wasm/example/package.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/wasm/example/package.json b/wasm/example/package.json
index 5653448b25..f612826301 100644
--- a/wasm/example/package.json
+++ b/wasm/example/package.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
     },
     "devDependencies": {
         "raw-loader": "1.0.0",
-        "webpack": "4.28.2",
+        "webpack": "5.94.0",
         "webpack-cli": "^3.1.2"
     },
     "scripts": {

From 3bbf6b9d53f8b241fbedf26608c0e2a54826b439 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 10 Sep 2024 10:58:40 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 330/705] less strict time bound for
 test_re.test_search_anchor_at_beginning

---
 Lib/test/test_re.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_re.py b/Lib/test/test_re.py
index bd4f43e545..a060a3deef 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_re.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_re.py
@@ -2246,7 +2246,7 @@ def test_search_anchor_at_beginning(self):
         t = time.perf_counter() - start
         # Without optimization it takes 1 second on my computer.
         # With optimization -- 0.0003 seconds.
-        self.assertLess(t, 0.1)
+        self.assertLess(t, 0.2)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure

From 8066f36a4ea8ba6f2f59c459b95c1f63820ab76b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 2024 07:19:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 331/705] Fix copysign behavior for NaNs (#5396)

---
 Lib/test/test_complex.py | 2 --
 Lib/test/test_decimal.py | 2 --
 Lib/test/test_float.py   | 2 --
 stdlib/src/math.rs       | 6 +-----
 4 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_complex.py b/Lib/test/test_complex.py
index 7dfe0152da..106182cab1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_complex.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_complex.py
@@ -568,8 +568,6 @@ class complex2(complex):
                     self.assertFloatsAreIdentical(z.real, x)
                     self.assertFloatsAreIdentical(z.imag, y)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_constructor_negative_nans_from_string(self):
         self.assertEqual(copysign(1., complex("-nan").real), -1.)
         self.assertEqual(copysign(1., complex("-nanj").imag), -1.)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_decimal.py b/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
index 472397e8df..55e830e699 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
@@ -2079,8 +2079,6 @@ def test_tonum_methods(self):
         for d, n, r in test_triples:
             self.assertEqual(str(round(Decimal(d), n)), r)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_nan_to_float(self):
         # Test conversions of decimal NANs to float.
         # See http://bugs.python.org/issue15544
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_float.py b/Lib/test/test_float.py
index c730380cc9..b37c3ed32e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_float.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_float.py
@@ -1053,8 +1053,6 @@ def test_inf_signs(self):
         self.assertEqual(copysign(1.0, float('inf')), 1.0)
         self.assertEqual(copysign(1.0, float('-inf')), -1.0)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(getattr(sys, 'float_repr_style', '') == 'short',
                          "applies only when using short float repr style")
     def test_nan_signs(self):
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index 65aafb8880..c1abc1a6f2 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -110,11 +110,7 @@ mod math {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn copysign(x: ArgIntoFloat, y: ArgIntoFloat) -> f64 {
-        if x.is_nan() || y.is_nan() {
-            x.into()
-        } else {
-            x.copysign(*y)
-        }
+        x.copysign(*y)
     }
 
     // Power and logarithmic functions:

From dd06516d1cdc5fdbe8072c8986d00195287afe93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 15 Sep 2024 04:42:29 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 332/705] Deprecate delegating int() to __trunc__

---
 Lib/test/test_long.py     |  2 --
 vm/src/protocol/number.rs | 13 ++++++-------
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_long.py b/Lib/test/test_long.py
index 6bbb44a695..6d69232818 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_long.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_long.py
@@ -378,8 +378,6 @@ def test_long(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, int, '\u3053\u3093\u306b\u3061\u306f')
 
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_conversion(self):
 
         class JustLong:
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
index 0dbb5ca8de..08d42027e2 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
@@ -63,13 +63,12 @@ impl PyObject {
         } else if let Some(i) = self.to_number().int(vm).or_else(|| self.try_index_opt(vm)) {
             i
         } else if let Ok(Some(f)) = vm.get_special_method(self, identifier!(vm, __trunc__)) {
-            // TODO: Deprecate in 3.11
-            // warnings::warn(
-            //     vm.ctx.exceptions.deprecation_warning.clone(),
-            //     "The delegation of int() to __trunc__ is deprecated.".to_owned(),
-            //     1,
-            //     vm,
-            // )?;
+            warnings::warn(
+                vm.ctx.exceptions.deprecation_warning,
+                "The delegation of int() to __trunc__ is deprecated.".to_owned(),
+                1,
+                vm,
+            )?;
             let ret = f.invoke((), vm)?;
             ret.try_index(vm).map_err(|_| {
                 vm.new_type_error(format!(

From ae78ecc2c522a3b5aa02b55ab7be886eb47b4c0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: hongmengning <go@before.tech>
Date: Wed, 11 Sep 2024 21:13:52 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 333/705] Add missing symbols in exceptions.rs

---
 vm/src/exceptions.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 0ca1937318..990d74ea0f 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ impl PyPayload for PyBaseException {
 }
 
 impl VirtualMachine {
-    // Why `impl VirtualMachine?
+    // Why `impl VirtualMachine`?
     // These functions are natively free function in CPython - not methods of PyException
 
     /// Print exception chain by calling sys.excepthook

From 23f7cbf1c3fb513e666b3d66054ce5578f150662 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 2024 23:26:21 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 334/705] Make sqlite optional

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 2 +-
 Cargo.toml                | 1 +
 stdlib/Cargo.toml         | 5 +++--
 stdlib/src/lib.rs         | 7 +++++--
 4 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 0f39ed8343..e05f3efd6f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 env:
-  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,ssl
+  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,sqlite,ssl
   # Skip additional tests on Windows. They are checked on Linux and MacOS.
   WINDOWS_SKIPS: >-
     test_datetime
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 283698f52c..59625995ff 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ jit = ["rustpython-vm/jit"]
 threading = ["rustpython-vm/threading", "rustpython-stdlib/threading"]
 zlib = ["stdlib", "rustpython-stdlib/zlib"]
 bz2 = ["stdlib", "rustpython-stdlib/bz2"]
+sqlite = ["rustpython-stdlib/sqlite"]
 ssl = ["rustpython-stdlib/ssl"]
 ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "rustpython-stdlib/ssl-vendor"]
 
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 1e327c4e9d..54155f9d95 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ compiler = ["rustpython-vm/compiler"]
 threading = ["rustpython-common/threading", "rustpython-vm/threading"]
 zlib = ["libz-sys", "flate2/zlib"]
 bz2 = ["bzip2"]
+sqlite = ["dep:libsqlite3-sys"]
 ssl = ["openssl", "openssl-sys", "foreign-types-shared"]
 ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "openssl/vendored", "openssl-probe"]
 
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ openssl-probe = { version = "0.1.5", optional = true }
 foreign-types-shared = { version = "0.1.1", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))'.dependencies]
-libsqlite3-sys = { version = "0.28", features = ["bundled"] }
+libsqlite3-sys = { version = "0.28", features = ["bundled"], optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 junction = { workspace = true }
@@ -135,4 +136,4 @@ features = [
 system-configuration = "0.5.0"
 
 [lints]
-workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
+workspace = true
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 185b3d8ced..a910c58543 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,10 @@ mod resource;
 mod scproxy;
 #[cfg(any(unix, windows, target_os = "wasi"))]
 mod select;
-#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+#[cfg(all(
+    feature = "sqlite",
+    not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32"))
+))]
 mod sqlite;
 #[cfg(all(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), feature = "ssl"))]
 mod ssl;
@@ -141,7 +144,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "_multiprocessing" => multiprocessing::make_module,
             "_socket" => socket::make_module,
         }
-        #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+        #[cfg(all(feature = "sqlite", not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32"))))]
         {
             "_sqlite3" => sqlite::make_module,
         }

From b5c1fd95dcbad8fe5b59021c5a5bb5eeeb596e1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ricardo Robles <ricardo.r.f@hotmail.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 2024 04:18:48 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 335/705] Add zoneinfo from Python 3.12.6 (#5400)

---
 .../support/_hypothesis_stubs/__init__.py     |  111 +
 .../support/_hypothesis_stubs/_helpers.py     |   43 +
 .../support/_hypothesis_stubs/strategies.py   |   91 +
 Lib/test/support/hypothesis_helper.py         |   45 +
 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/__init__.py            |    5 +
 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/__main__.py            |    3 +
 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/_support.py            |  100 +
 .../test_zoneinfo/data/update_test_data.py    |    0
 .../test_zoneinfo/data/zoneinfo_data.json     |  190 ++
 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py       | 2259 +++++++++++++++++
 .../test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo_property.py   |  368 +++
 Lib/zoneinfo/__init__.py                      |   31 +
 Lib/zoneinfo/_common.py                       |  164 ++
 Lib/zoneinfo/_tzpath.py                       |  181 ++
 Lib/zoneinfo/_zoneinfo.py                     |  772 ++++++
 15 files changed, 4363 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/_helpers.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/strategies.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/support/hypothesis_helper.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/__main__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/_support.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/data/update_test_data.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/data/zoneinfo_data.json
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo_property.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/zoneinfo/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/zoneinfo/_common.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/zoneinfo/_tzpath.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/zoneinfo/_zoneinfo.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/__init__.py b/Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ba5bb814b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+from enum import Enum
+import functools
+import unittest
+
+__all__ = [
+    "given",
+    "example",
+    "assume",
+    "reject",
+    "register_random",
+    "strategies",
+    "HealthCheck",
+    "settings",
+    "Verbosity",
+]
+
+from . import strategies
+
+
+def given(*_args, **_kwargs):
+    def decorator(f):
+        if examples := getattr(f, "_examples", []):
+
+            @functools.wraps(f)
+            def test_function(self):
+                for example_args, example_kwargs in examples:
+                    with self.subTest(*example_args, **example_kwargs):
+                        f(self, *example_args, **example_kwargs)
+
+        else:
+            # If we have found no examples, we must skip the test. If @example
+            # is applied after @given, it will re-wrap the test to remove the
+            # skip decorator.
+            test_function = unittest.skip(
+                "Hypothesis required for property test with no " +
+                "specified examples"
+            )(f)
+
+        test_function._given = True
+        return test_function
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def example(*args, **kwargs):
+    if bool(args) == bool(kwargs):
+        raise ValueError("Must specify exactly one of *args or **kwargs")
+
+    def decorator(f):
+        base_func = getattr(f, "__wrapped__", f)
+        if not hasattr(base_func, "_examples"):
+            base_func._examples = []
+
+        base_func._examples.append((args, kwargs))
+
+        if getattr(f, "_given", False):
+            # If the given decorator is below all the example decorators,
+            # it would be erroneously skipped, so we need to re-wrap the new
+            # base function.
+            f = given()(base_func)
+
+        return f
+
+    return decorator
+
+
+def assume(condition):
+    if not condition:
+        raise unittest.SkipTest("Unsatisfied assumption")
+    return True
+
+
+def reject():
+    assume(False)
+
+
+def register_random(*args, **kwargs):
+    pass  # pragma: no cover
+
+
+def settings(*args, **kwargs):
+    return lambda f: f  # pragma: nocover
+
+
+class HealthCheck(Enum):
+    data_too_large = 1
+    filter_too_much = 2
+    too_slow = 3
+    return_value = 5
+    large_base_example = 7
+    not_a_test_method = 8
+
+    @classmethod
+    def all(cls):
+        return list(cls)
+
+
+class Verbosity(Enum):
+    quiet = 0
+    normal = 1
+    verbose = 2
+    debug = 3
+
+
+class Phase(Enum):
+    explicit = 0
+    reuse = 1
+    generate = 2
+    target = 3
+    shrink = 4
+    explain = 5
diff --git a/Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/_helpers.py b/Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/_helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f6244e4db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Stub out only the subset of the interface that we actually use in our tests.
+class StubClass:
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.__stub_args = args
+        self.__stub_kwargs = kwargs
+        self.__repr = None
+
+    def _with_repr(self, new_repr):
+        new_obj = self.__class__(*self.__stub_args, **self.__stub_kwargs)
+        new_obj.__repr = new_repr
+        return new_obj
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self.__repr is not None:
+            return self.__repr
+
+        argstr = ", ".join(self.__stub_args)
+        kwargstr = ", ".join(f"{kw}={val}" for kw, val in self.__stub_kwargs.items())
+
+        in_parens = argstr
+        if kwargstr:
+            in_parens += ", " + kwargstr
+
+        return f"{self.__class__.__qualname__}({in_parens})"
+
+
+def stub_factory(klass, name, *, with_repr=None, _seen={}):
+    if (klass, name) not in _seen:
+
+        class Stub(klass):
+            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                super().__init__()
+                self.__stub_args = args
+                self.__stub_kwargs = kwargs
+
+        Stub.__name__ = name
+        Stub.__qualname__ = name
+        if with_repr is not None:
+            Stub._repr = None
+
+        _seen.setdefault((klass, name, with_repr), Stub)
+
+    return _seen[(klass, name, with_repr)]
diff --git a/Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/strategies.py b/Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/strategies.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d2b885d41e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/support/_hypothesis_stubs/strategies.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+import functools
+
+from ._helpers import StubClass, stub_factory
+
+
+class StubStrategy(StubClass):
+    def __make_trailing_repr(self, transformation_name, func):
+        func_name = func.__name__ or repr(func)
+        return f"{self!r}.{transformation_name}({func_name})"
+
+    def map(self, pack):
+        return self._with_repr(self.__make_trailing_repr("map", pack))
+
+    def flatmap(self, expand):
+        return self._with_repr(self.__make_trailing_repr("flatmap", expand))
+
+    def filter(self, condition):
+        return self._with_repr(self.__make_trailing_repr("filter", condition))
+
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        new_repr = f"one_of({self!r}, {other!r})"
+        return self._with_repr(new_repr)
+
+
+_STRATEGIES = {
+    "binary",
+    "booleans",
+    "builds",
+    "characters",
+    "complex_numbers",
+    "composite",
+    "data",
+    "dates",
+    "datetimes",
+    "decimals",
+    "deferred",
+    "dictionaries",
+    "emails",
+    "fixed_dictionaries",
+    "floats",
+    "fractions",
+    "from_regex",
+    "from_type",
+    "frozensets",
+    "functions",
+    "integers",
+    "iterables",
+    "just",
+    "lists",
+    "none",
+    "nothing",
+    "one_of",
+    "permutations",
+    "random_module",
+    "randoms",
+    "recursive",
+    "register_type_strategy",
+    "runner",
+    "sampled_from",
+    "sets",
+    "shared",
+    "slices",
+    "timedeltas",
+    "times",
+    "text",
+    "tuples",
+    "uuids",
+}
+
+__all__ = sorted(_STRATEGIES)
+
+
+def composite(f):
+    strategy = stub_factory(StubStrategy, f.__name__)
+
+    @functools.wraps(f)
+    def inner(*args, **kwargs):
+        return strategy(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    return inner
+
+
+def __getattr__(name):
+    if name not in _STRATEGIES:
+        raise AttributeError(f"Unknown attribute {name}")
+
+    return stub_factory(StubStrategy, f"hypothesis.strategies.{name}")
+
+
+def __dir__():
+    return __all__
diff --git a/Lib/test/support/hypothesis_helper.py b/Lib/test/support/hypothesis_helper.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40f58a2f59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/support/hypothesis_helper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+import os
+
+try:
+    import hypothesis
+except ImportError:
+    from . import _hypothesis_stubs as hypothesis
+else:
+    # Regrtest changes to use a tempdir as the working directory, so we have
+    # to tell Hypothesis to use the original in order to persist the database.
+    from .os_helper import SAVEDCWD
+    from hypothesis.configuration import set_hypothesis_home_dir
+
+    set_hypothesis_home_dir(os.path.join(SAVEDCWD, ".hypothesis"))
+
+    # When using the real Hypothesis, we'll configure it to ignore occasional
+    # slow tests (avoiding flakiness from random VM slowness in CI).
+    hypothesis.settings.register_profile(
+        "slow-is-ok",
+        deadline=None,
+        suppress_health_check=[
+            hypothesis.HealthCheck.too_slow,
+            hypothesis.HealthCheck.differing_executors,
+        ],
+    )
+    hypothesis.settings.load_profile("slow-is-ok")
+
+    # For local development, we'll write to the default on-local-disk database
+    # of failing examples, and also use a pull-through cache to automatically
+    # replay any failing examples discovered in CI.  For details on how this
+    # works, see https://hypothesis.readthedocs.io/en/latest/database.html
+    if "CI" not in os.environ:
+        from hypothesis.database import (
+            GitHubArtifactDatabase,
+            MultiplexedDatabase,
+            ReadOnlyDatabase,
+        )
+
+        hypothesis.settings.register_profile(
+            "cpython-local-dev",
+            database=MultiplexedDatabase(
+                hypothesis.settings.default.database,
+                ReadOnlyDatabase(GitHubArtifactDatabase("python", "cpython")),
+            ),
+        )
+        hypothesis.settings.load_profile("cpython-local-dev")
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b16ecc311
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import os
+from test.support import load_package_tests
+
+def load_tests(*args):
+    return load_package_tests(os.path.dirname(__file__), *args)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/__main__.py b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5cc4e055d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+import unittest
+
+unittest.main('test.test_zoneinfo')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/_support.py b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a76c163fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+import contextlib
+import functools
+import sys
+import threading
+import unittest
+from test.support.import_helper import import_fresh_module
+
+OS_ENV_LOCK = threading.Lock()
+TZPATH_LOCK = threading.Lock()
+TZPATH_TEST_LOCK = threading.Lock()
+
+
+def call_once(f):
+    """Decorator that ensures a function is only ever called once."""
+    lock = threading.Lock()
+    cached = functools.lru_cache(None)(f)
+
+    @functools.wraps(f)
+    def inner():
+        with lock:
+            return cached()
+
+    return inner
+
+
+@call_once
+def get_modules():
+    """Retrieve two copies of zoneinfo: pure Python and C accelerated.
+
+    Because this function manipulates the import system in a way that might
+    be fragile or do unexpected things if it is run many times, it uses a
+    `call_once` decorator to ensure that this is only ever called exactly
+    one time — in other words, when using this function you will only ever
+    get one copy of each module rather than a fresh import each time.
+    """
+    import zoneinfo as c_module
+
+    py_module = import_fresh_module("zoneinfo", blocked=["_zoneinfo"])
+
+    return py_module, c_module
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def set_zoneinfo_module(module):
+    """Make sure sys.modules["zoneinfo"] refers to `module`.
+
+    This is necessary because `pickle` will refuse to serialize
+    an type calling itself `zoneinfo.ZoneInfo` unless `zoneinfo.ZoneInfo`
+    refers to the same object.
+    """
+
+    NOT_PRESENT = object()
+    old_zoneinfo = sys.modules.get("zoneinfo", NOT_PRESENT)
+    sys.modules["zoneinfo"] = module
+    yield
+    if old_zoneinfo is not NOT_PRESENT:
+        sys.modules["zoneinfo"] = old_zoneinfo
+    else:  # pragma: nocover
+        sys.modules.pop("zoneinfo")
+
+
+class ZoneInfoTestBase(unittest.TestCase):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        cls.klass = cls.module.ZoneInfo
+        super().setUpClass()
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def tzpath_context(self, tzpath, block_tzdata=True, lock=TZPATH_LOCK):
+        def pop_tzdata_modules():
+            tzdata_modules = {}
+            for modname in list(sys.modules):
+                if modname.split(".", 1)[0] != "tzdata":  # pragma: nocover
+                    continue
+
+                tzdata_modules[modname] = sys.modules.pop(modname)
+
+            return tzdata_modules
+
+        with lock:
+            if block_tzdata:
+                # In order to fully exclude tzdata from the path, we need to
+                # clear the sys.modules cache of all its contents — setting the
+                # root package to None is not enough to block direct access of
+                # already-imported submodules (though it will prevent new
+                # imports of submodules).
+                tzdata_modules = pop_tzdata_modules()
+                sys.modules["tzdata"] = None
+
+            old_path = self.module.TZPATH
+            try:
+                self.module.reset_tzpath(tzpath)
+                yield
+            finally:
+                if block_tzdata:
+                    sys.modules.pop("tzdata")
+                    for modname, module in tzdata_modules.items():
+                        sys.modules[modname] = module
+
+                self.module.reset_tzpath(old_path)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/data/update_test_data.py b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/data/update_test_data.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/data/zoneinfo_data.json b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/data/zoneinfo_data.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..48e70ac6d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/data/zoneinfo_data.json
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+{
+    "data": {
+      "Africa/Abidjan": [
+        "{Wp48S^xk9=GL@E0stWa761SMbT8$j-~f{VGF<>F7KxBg5R*{Ksocg8-YYVul=v7vZzaHN",
+        "uC=da5UI2rH18c!OnjV{y4u(+A!!VBKmY&$ORw>7UO^(500B;v0RR91bXh%WvBYQl0ssI2",
+        "00dcD"
+      ],
+      "Africa/Casablanca": [
+        "{Wp48S^xk9=GL@E0stWa761SMbT8$j;0b&Kz+C_;7KxBg5R*{N&yjMUR~;C-fDaSOU;q-~",
+        "FqW+4{YBjbcw}`a!dW>b)R2-0a+uwf`P3{_Y@HuCz}S$J$ZJ>R_V<~|Fk>sgX4=%0vUrh-",
+        "lt@YP^Wrus;j?`Th#xRPzf<<~Hp4DH^gZX>d{+WOp~HNu8!{uWu}&XphAd{j1;rB4|9?R!",
+        "pqruAFUMt8#*WcrVS{;kLlY(cJRV$w?d2car%R<ALOSO?^`4;ZZtI)%f^^G^>s>q9BgTU4",
+        "Ht-tQKZ7Z`9QqOb?R#b%z?rk>!CkH7jy3wja4NG2q)H}fNRKg8v{);Em;K3Cncf4C6&Oaj",
+        "V+DbX%o4+)CV3+e!Lm6dutu(0BQpH1T?W(~cQtKV*^_Pdx!LirjpTs?Bmt@vktjLq4;)O!",
+        "rrly=c*rwTwMJFd0I57`hgkc?=nyI4RZf9W$6DCWugmf&)wk^tWH17owj=#PGH7Xv-?9$j",
+        "njwDlkOE+BFNR9YXEmBpO;rqEw=e2IR-8^(W;8ma?M3JVd($2T>IW+0tk|Gm8>ftukRQ9J",
+        "8k3brzqMnVyjsLI-CKneFa)Lxvp_a<CkQEd#(pMA^rr}rBNElGA=*!M)puBdoErR9{kWL@",
+        "w=svMc6eZ^-(vQZrV<u^PY#nOIUDJ8%A&;BUVlY9=;@i2j2J1_`P>q40f}0J3VVoWL5rox",
+        "`Kptivcp}o5xA^@>qNI%?zo=Yj4AMV?kbAA)j(1%)+Pp)bSn+7Yk`M{oE}L-Z!G6<Dgq&*",
+        "(C-mFJfbEGDH5M^vBr65rcnsx*~|Em_GeU#B)(+T!|MG-nxj0@IPbp-nHejH3~>OMr5G+h",
+        "p)$3Lg{ono{4cN>Vr&>L4kXH;_VnBL5U!LgzqE%P7QQ*<E!guRW2SE@ayq@)G2nXqA2tGo",
+        "QIgc6>tue}O`3(TZ0`aKn&~8trOQ-rBXCp)f@P6RMO4l0+;b|5-pk9_ryNh}Zc*v%mvz_#",
+        "yd<xXt%~gT90dn4e{Ac<baL-)Y{L7&5G($I$>6fjB0g9{MmMnu8bG%#C~ugXK^S^k@?ab#",
+        "O|aE>dDTt4s4n69(~@t~!wniV%g<uWQat_i6>7khFx~I*4>Y|V$4j5%KPF*-FyKIi@!Ho&",
+        "x8QQsksYt8)D+W)Ni!=G`ogSu^vLL-l#7A7=iIAKL2SuZk9F}NfNk86VI)9WZE?%2wC-ya",
+        "F~z#Qsq)LH0|_D8^5fU8X%GeQ4TB>R-dlziA&tZe&1ada208!$nk`7bOFO2S00G<w{Sp8G",
+        "{cR_IvBYQl0ssI200dcD"
+      ],
+      "America/Los_Angeles": [
+        "{Wp48S^xk9=GL@E0stWa761SMbT8$j;0qH3OkDsf7KxBg5R*;z{h&-RlhRYu$%jt%!jv+I",
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+      ],
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+        "Mdv&xvBYQl0ssI200dcD"
+      ],
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+      ],
+      "Europe/Lisbon": [
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+        "Z2tpNvBYQl0ssI200dcD"
+      ],
+      "Europe/London": [
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+        "d*>C_1G_1g6`Yd~8|%-=2l~oGN!~TVv2Bnk>7wW8L@^?vX$f3AiT)(4nrCuTm9%(XC6Nai",
+        "E(;}7&=YZagjAN$O-cN;1u{dTkElmB0GT$|Wa)QMmKrx<|LCJ9qlUoFsUbD^H^6_8(w<0{",
+        "ftj&O1~p_%lh5z;zNV&sP<T$*OgK)_0B#JDtXOkhC;Bo7h)#RUy;vBiVLN-T$*7t*t9@ey",
+        "3Woa&24QZ_z38BQ@A(A<(9n@%R?}B`7%w2wowt~UU;bAlqCzr(H$M5t==jGIqMqCsE=Jwa",
+        "$3P+3^&|~i28@=d_u6Cgthe(Lq(wxKpdSDL|7X6Un<nrt00Gwuz#ISo`BbmvvBYQl0ssI2",
+        "00dcD"
+      ],
+      "Pacific/Kiritimati": [
+        "{Wp48S^xk9=GL@E0stWa761SMbT8$j-~jCaVO;<!7KxBg5R*{K!`A|q%C5j6({{dSEy5>+",
+        "NF2>iK{8KMUf+)<-)VxXbLxD(alL}N$AT-ogNbJSMMYeX+Z{jS)b8TK^PB=FxyBxzfmFto",
+        "eo0R`a(%NO?#aEH9|?Cv00000NIsFh6BW2800DjO0RR918Pu^`vBYQl0ssI200dcD"
+      ],
+      "UTC": [
+        "{Wp48S^xk9=GL@E0stWa761SMbT8$j-~e#|9bEt_7KxBg5R*|3h1|xhHLji!C57qW6L*|H",
+        "pEErm00000ygu;I+>V)?00B92fhY-(AGY&-0RR9100dcD"
+      ]
+    },
+    "metadata": {
+      "version": "2020a"
+    }
+  }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8414721555
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2259 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import base64
+import contextlib
+import dataclasses
+import importlib.metadata
+import io
+import json
+import os
+import pathlib
+import pickle
+import re
+import shutil
+import struct
+import tempfile
+import unittest
+from datetime import date, datetime, time, timedelta, timezone
+from functools import cached_property
+
+from test.support import MISSING_C_DOCSTRINGS
+from test.test_zoneinfo import _support as test_support
+from test.test_zoneinfo._support import OS_ENV_LOCK, TZPATH_TEST_LOCK, ZoneInfoTestBase
+from test.support.import_helper import import_module, CleanImport
+
+lzma = import_module('lzma')
+py_zoneinfo, c_zoneinfo = test_support.get_modules()
+
+try:
+    importlib.metadata.metadata("tzdata")
+    HAS_TZDATA_PKG = True
+except importlib.metadata.PackageNotFoundError:
+    HAS_TZDATA_PKG = False
+
+ZONEINFO_DATA = None
+ZONEINFO_DATA_V1 = None
+TEMP_DIR = None
+DATA_DIR = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent / "data"
+ZONEINFO_JSON = DATA_DIR / "zoneinfo_data.json"
+DRIVE = os.path.splitdrive('x:')[0]
+
+# Useful constants
+ZERO = timedelta(0)
+ONE_H = timedelta(hours=1)
+
+
+def setUpModule():
+    global TEMP_DIR
+    global ZONEINFO_DATA
+    global ZONEINFO_DATA_V1
+
+    TEMP_DIR = pathlib.Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="zoneinfo"))
+    ZONEINFO_DATA = ZoneInfoData(ZONEINFO_JSON, TEMP_DIR / "v2")
+    ZONEINFO_DATA_V1 = ZoneInfoData(ZONEINFO_JSON, TEMP_DIR / "v1", v1=True)
+
+
+def tearDownModule():
+    shutil.rmtree(TEMP_DIR)
+
+
+class TzPathUserMixin:
+    """
+    Adds a setUp() and tearDown() to make TZPATH manipulations thread-safe.
+
+    Any tests that require manipulation of the TZPATH global are necessarily
+    thread unsafe, so we will acquire a lock and reset the TZPATH variable
+    to the default state before each test and release the lock after the test
+    is through.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def tzpath(self):  # pragma: nocover
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def block_tzdata(self):
+        return True
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
+            stack.enter_context(
+                self.tzpath_context(
+                    self.tzpath,
+                    block_tzdata=self.block_tzdata,
+                    lock=TZPATH_TEST_LOCK,
+                )
+            )
+            self.addCleanup(stack.pop_all().close)
+
+        super().setUp()
+
+
+class DatetimeSubclassMixin:
+    """
+    Replaces all ZoneTransition transition dates with a datetime subclass.
+    """
+
+    class DatetimeSubclass(datetime):
+        @classmethod
+        def from_datetime(cls, dt):
+            return cls(
+                dt.year,
+                dt.month,
+                dt.day,
+                dt.hour,
+                dt.minute,
+                dt.second,
+                dt.microsecond,
+                tzinfo=dt.tzinfo,
+                fold=dt.fold,
+            )
+
+    def load_transition_examples(self, key):
+        transition_examples = super().load_transition_examples(key)
+        for zt in transition_examples:
+            dt = zt.transition
+            new_dt = self.DatetimeSubclass.from_datetime(dt)
+            new_zt = dataclasses.replace(zt, transition=new_dt)
+            yield new_zt
+
+
+class ZoneInfoTest(TzPathUserMixin, ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+    class_name = "ZoneInfo"
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super().setUp()
+
+        # This is necessary because various subclasses pull from different
+        # data sources (e.g. tzdata, V1 files, etc).
+        self.klass.clear_cache()
+
+    @property
+    def zoneinfo_data(self):
+        return ZONEINFO_DATA
+
+    @property
+    def tzpath(self):
+        return [self.zoneinfo_data.tzpath]
+
+    def zone_from_key(self, key):
+        return self.klass(key)
+
+    def zones(self):
+        return ZoneDumpData.transition_keys()
+
+    def fixed_offset_zones(self):
+        return ZoneDumpData.fixed_offset_zones()
+
+    def load_transition_examples(self, key):
+        return ZoneDumpData.load_transition_examples(key)
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        # Zones constructed with a key must have str(zone) == key
+        for key in self.zones():
+            with self.subTest(key):
+                zi = self.zone_from_key(key)
+
+                self.assertEqual(str(zi), key)
+
+        # Zones with no key constructed should have str(zone) == repr(zone)
+        file_key = self.zoneinfo_data.keys[0]
+        file_path = self.zoneinfo_data.path_from_key(file_key)
+
+        with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
+            with self.subTest(test_name="Repr test", path=file_path):
+                zi_ff = self.klass.from_file(f)
+                self.assertEqual(str(zi_ff), repr(zi_ff))
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        # The repr is not guaranteed, but I think we can insist that it at
+        # least contain the name of the class.
+        key = next(iter(self.zones()))
+
+        zi = self.klass(key)
+        class_name = self.class_name
+        with self.subTest(name="from key"):
+            self.assertRegex(repr(zi), class_name)
+
+        file_key = self.zoneinfo_data.keys[0]
+        file_path = self.zoneinfo_data.path_from_key(file_key)
+        with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
+            zi_ff = self.klass.from_file(f, key=file_key)
+
+        with self.subTest(name="from file with key"):
+            self.assertRegex(repr(zi_ff), class_name)
+
+        with open(file_path, "rb") as f:
+            zi_ff_nk = self.klass.from_file(f)
+
+        with self.subTest(name="from file without key"):
+            self.assertRegex(repr(zi_ff_nk), class_name)
+
+    def test_key_attribute(self):
+        key = next(iter(self.zones()))
+
+        def from_file_nokey(key):
+            with open(self.zoneinfo_data.path_from_key(key), "rb") as f:
+                return self.klass.from_file(f)
+
+        constructors = (
+            ("Primary constructor", self.klass, key),
+            ("no_cache", self.klass.no_cache, key),
+            ("from_file", from_file_nokey, None),
+        )
+
+        for msg, constructor, expected in constructors:
+            zi = constructor(key)
+
+            # Ensure that the key attribute is set to the input to ``key``
+            with self.subTest(msg):
+                self.assertEqual(zi.key, expected)
+
+            # Ensure that the key attribute is read-only
+            with self.subTest(f"{msg}: readonly"):
+                with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+                    zi.key = "Some/Value"
+
+    def test_bad_keys(self):
+        bad_keys = [
+            "Eurasia/Badzone",  # Plausible but does not exist
+            "BZQ",
+            "America.Los_Angeles",
+            "🇨🇦",  # Non-ascii
+            "America/New\ud800York",  # Contains surrogate character
+        ]
+
+        for bad_key in bad_keys:
+            with self.assertRaises(self.module.ZoneInfoNotFoundError):
+                self.klass(bad_key)
+
+    def test_bad_keys_paths(self):
+        bad_keys = [
+            "/America/Los_Angeles",  # Absolute path
+            "America/Los_Angeles/",  # Trailing slash - not normalized
+            "../zoneinfo/America/Los_Angeles",  # Traverses above TZPATH
+            "America/../America/Los_Angeles",  # Not normalized
+            "America/./Los_Angeles",
+        ]
+
+        for bad_key in bad_keys:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                self.klass(bad_key)
+
+    def test_bad_zones(self):
+        bad_zones = [
+            b"",  # Empty file
+            b"AAAA3" + b" " * 15,  # Bad magic
+        ]
+
+        for bad_zone in bad_zones:
+            fobj = io.BytesIO(bad_zone)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                self.klass.from_file(fobj)
+
+    def test_fromutc_errors(self):
+        key = next(iter(self.zones()))
+        zone = self.zone_from_key(key)
+
+        bad_values = [
+            (datetime(2019, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc), ValueError),
+            (datetime(2019, 1, 1), ValueError),
+            (date(2019, 1, 1), TypeError),
+            (time(0), TypeError),
+            (0, TypeError),
+            ("2019-01-01", TypeError),
+        ]
+
+        for val, exc_type in bad_values:
+            with self.subTest(val=val):
+                with self.assertRaises(exc_type):
+                    zone.fromutc(val)
+
+    def test_utc(self):
+        zi = self.klass("UTC")
+        dt = datetime(2020, 1, 1, tzinfo=zi)
+
+        self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), ZERO)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), ZERO)
+        self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), "UTC")
+
+    def test_unambiguous(self):
+        test_cases = []
+        for key in self.zones():
+            for zone_transition in self.load_transition_examples(key):
+                test_cases.append(
+                    (
+                        key,
+                        zone_transition.transition - timedelta(days=2),
+                        zone_transition.offset_before,
+                    )
+                )
+
+                test_cases.append(
+                    (
+                        key,
+                        zone_transition.transition + timedelta(days=2),
+                        zone_transition.offset_after,
+                    )
+                )
+
+        for key, dt, offset in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(key=key, dt=dt, offset=offset):
+                tzi = self.zone_from_key(key)
+                dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=tzi)
+
+                self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), offset.tzname, dt)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), offset.utcoffset, dt)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), offset.dst, dt)
+
+    def test_folds_and_gaps(self):
+        test_cases = []
+        for key in self.zones():
+            tests = {"folds": [], "gaps": []}
+            for zt in self.load_transition_examples(key):
+                if zt.fold:
+                    test_group = tests["folds"]
+                elif zt.gap:
+                    test_group = tests["gaps"]
+                else:
+                    # Assign a random variable here to disable the peephole
+                    # optimizer so that coverage can see this line.
+                    # See bpo-2506 for more information.
+                    no_peephole_opt = None
+                    continue
+
+                # Cases are of the form key, dt, fold, offset
+                dt = zt.anomaly_start - timedelta(seconds=1)
+                test_group.append((dt, 0, zt.offset_before))
+                test_group.append((dt, 1, zt.offset_before))
+
+                dt = zt.anomaly_start
+                test_group.append((dt, 0, zt.offset_before))
+                test_group.append((dt, 1, zt.offset_after))
+
+                dt = zt.anomaly_start + timedelta(seconds=1)
+                test_group.append((dt, 0, zt.offset_before))
+                test_group.append((dt, 1, zt.offset_after))
+
+                dt = zt.anomaly_end - timedelta(seconds=1)
+                test_group.append((dt, 0, zt.offset_before))
+                test_group.append((dt, 1, zt.offset_after))
+
+                dt = zt.anomaly_end
+                test_group.append((dt, 0, zt.offset_after))
+                test_group.append((dt, 1, zt.offset_after))
+
+                dt = zt.anomaly_end + timedelta(seconds=1)
+                test_group.append((dt, 0, zt.offset_after))
+                test_group.append((dt, 1, zt.offset_after))
+
+            for grp, test_group in tests.items():
+                test_cases.append(((key, grp), test_group))
+
+        for (key, grp), tests in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(key=key, grp=grp):
+                tzi = self.zone_from_key(key)
+
+                for dt, fold, offset in tests:
+                    dt = dt.replace(fold=fold, tzinfo=tzi)
+
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), offset.tzname, dt)
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), offset.utcoffset, dt)
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), offset.dst, dt)
+
+    def test_folds_from_utc(self):
+        for key in self.zones():
+            zi = self.zone_from_key(key)
+            with self.subTest(key=key):
+                for zt in self.load_transition_examples(key):
+                    if not zt.fold:
+                        continue
+
+                    dt_utc = zt.transition_utc
+                    dt_before_utc = dt_utc - timedelta(seconds=1)
+                    dt_after_utc = dt_utc + timedelta(seconds=1)
+
+                    dt_before = dt_before_utc.astimezone(zi)
+                    self.assertEqual(dt_before.fold, 0, (dt_before, dt_utc))
+
+                    dt_after = dt_after_utc.astimezone(zi)
+                    self.assertEqual(dt_after.fold, 1, (dt_after, dt_utc))
+
+    def test_time_variable_offset(self):
+        # self.zones() only ever returns variable-offset zones
+        for key in self.zones():
+            zi = self.zone_from_key(key)
+            t = time(11, 15, 1, 34471, tzinfo=zi)
+
+            with self.subTest(key=key):
+                self.assertIs(t.tzname(), None)
+                self.assertIs(t.utcoffset(), None)
+                self.assertIs(t.dst(), None)
+
+    def test_time_fixed_offset(self):
+        for key, offset in self.fixed_offset_zones():
+            zi = self.zone_from_key(key)
+
+            t = time(11, 15, 1, 34471, tzinfo=zi)
+
+            with self.subTest(key=key):
+                self.assertEqual(t.tzname(), offset.tzname)
+                self.assertEqual(t.utcoffset(), offset.utcoffset)
+                self.assertEqual(t.dst(), offset.dst)
+
+
+class CZoneInfoTest(ZoneInfoTest):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(MISSING_C_DOCSTRINGS,
+                     "Signature information for builtins requires docstrings")
+    def test_signatures(self):
+        """Ensure that C module has valid method signatures."""
+        import inspect
+
+        must_have_signatures = (
+            self.klass.clear_cache,
+            self.klass.no_cache,
+            self.klass.from_file,
+        )
+        for method in must_have_signatures:
+            with self.subTest(method=method):
+                inspect.Signature.from_callable(method)
+
+    def test_fold_mutate(self):
+        """Test that fold isn't mutated when no change is necessary.
+
+        The underlying C API is capable of mutating datetime objects, and
+        may rely on the fact that addition of a datetime object returns a
+        new datetime; this test ensures that the input datetime to fromutc
+        is not mutated.
+        """
+
+        def to_subclass(dt):
+            class SameAddSubclass(type(dt)):
+                def __add__(self, other):
+                    if other == timedelta(0):
+                        return self
+
+                    return super().__add__(other)  # pragma: nocover
+
+            return SameAddSubclass(
+                dt.year,
+                dt.month,
+                dt.day,
+                dt.hour,
+                dt.minute,
+                dt.second,
+                dt.microsecond,
+                fold=dt.fold,
+                tzinfo=dt.tzinfo,
+            )
+
+        subclass = [False, True]
+
+        key = "Europe/London"
+        zi = self.zone_from_key(key)
+        for zt in self.load_transition_examples(key):
+            if zt.fold and zt.offset_after.utcoffset == ZERO:
+                example = zt.transition_utc.replace(tzinfo=zi)
+                break
+
+        for subclass in [False, True]:
+            if subclass:
+                dt = to_subclass(example)
+            else:
+                dt = example
+
+            with self.subTest(subclass=subclass):
+                dt_fromutc = zi.fromutc(dt)
+
+                self.assertEqual(dt_fromutc.fold, 1)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.fold, 0)
+
+
+class ZoneInfoDatetimeSubclassTest(DatetimeSubclassMixin, ZoneInfoTest):
+    pass
+
+
+class CZoneInfoDatetimeSubclassTest(DatetimeSubclassMixin, CZoneInfoTest):
+    pass
+
+
+class ZoneInfoSubclassTest(ZoneInfoTest):
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        super().setUpClass()
+
+        class ZISubclass(cls.klass):
+            pass
+
+        cls.class_name = "ZISubclass"
+        cls.parent_klass = cls.klass
+        cls.klass = ZISubclass
+
+    def test_subclass_own_cache(self):
+        base_obj = self.parent_klass("Europe/London")
+        sub_obj = self.klass("Europe/London")
+
+        self.assertIsNot(base_obj, sub_obj)
+        self.assertIsInstance(base_obj, self.parent_klass)
+        self.assertIsInstance(sub_obj, self.klass)
+
+
+class CZoneInfoSubclassTest(ZoneInfoSubclassTest):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class ZoneInfoV1Test(ZoneInfoTest):
+    @property
+    def zoneinfo_data(self):
+        return ZONEINFO_DATA_V1
+
+    def load_transition_examples(self, key):
+        # We will discard zdump examples outside the range epoch +/- 2**31,
+        # because they are not well-supported in Version 1 files.
+        epoch = datetime(1970, 1, 1)
+        max_offset_32 = timedelta(seconds=2 ** 31)
+        min_dt = epoch - max_offset_32
+        max_dt = epoch + max_offset_32
+
+        for zt in ZoneDumpData.load_transition_examples(key):
+            if min_dt <= zt.transition <= max_dt:
+                yield zt
+
+
+class CZoneInfoV1Test(ZoneInfoV1Test):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+@unittest.skipIf(
+    not HAS_TZDATA_PKG, "Skipping tzdata-specific tests: tzdata not installed"
+)
+class TZDataTests(ZoneInfoTest):
+    """
+    Runs all the ZoneInfoTest tests, but against the tzdata package
+
+    NOTE: The ZoneDumpData has frozen test data, but tzdata will update, so
+    some of the tests (particularly those related to the far future) may break
+    in the event that the time zone policies in the relevant time zones change.
+    """
+
+    @property
+    def tzpath(self):
+        return []
+
+    @property
+    def block_tzdata(self):
+        return False
+
+    def zone_from_key(self, key):
+        return self.klass(key=key)
+
+
+@unittest.skipIf(
+    not HAS_TZDATA_PKG, "Skipping tzdata-specific tests: tzdata not installed"
+)
+class CTZDataTests(TZDataTests):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class WeirdZoneTest(ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+
+    def test_one_transition(self):
+        LMT = ZoneOffset("LMT", -timedelta(hours=6, minutes=31, seconds=2))
+        STD = ZoneOffset("STD", -timedelta(hours=6))
+
+        transitions = [
+            ZoneTransition(datetime(1883, 6, 9, 14), LMT, STD),
+        ]
+
+        after = "STD6"
+
+        zf = self.construct_zone(transitions, after)
+        zi = self.klass.from_file(zf)
+
+        dt0 = datetime(1883, 6, 9, 1, tzinfo=zi)
+        dt1 = datetime(1883, 6, 10, 1, tzinfo=zi)
+
+        for dt, offset in [(dt0, LMT), (dt1, STD)]:
+            with self.subTest(name="local", dt=dt):
+                self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), offset.tzname)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), offset.utcoffset)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), offset.dst)
+
+        dts = [
+            (
+                datetime(1883, 6, 9, 1, tzinfo=zi),
+                datetime(1883, 6, 9, 7, 31, 2, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            ),
+            (
+                datetime(2010, 4, 1, 12, tzinfo=zi),
+                datetime(2010, 4, 1, 18, tzinfo=timezone.utc),
+            ),
+        ]
+
+        for dt_local, dt_utc in dts:
+            with self.subTest(name="fromutc", dt=dt_local):
+                dt_actual = dt_utc.astimezone(zi)
+                self.assertEqual(dt_actual, dt_local)
+
+                dt_utc_actual = dt_local.astimezone(timezone.utc)
+                self.assertEqual(dt_utc_actual, dt_utc)
+
+    def test_one_zone_dst(self):
+        DST = ZoneOffset("DST", ONE_H, ONE_H)
+        transitions = [
+            ZoneTransition(datetime(1970, 1, 1), DST, DST),
+        ]
+
+        after = "STD0DST-1,0/0,J365/25"
+
+        zf = self.construct_zone(transitions, after)
+        zi = self.klass.from_file(zf)
+
+        dts = [
+            datetime(1900, 3, 1),
+            datetime(1965, 9, 12),
+            datetime(1970, 1, 1),
+            datetime(2010, 11, 3),
+            datetime(2040, 1, 1),
+        ]
+
+        for dt in dts:
+            dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=zi)
+            with self.subTest(dt=dt):
+                self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), DST.tzname)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), DST.utcoffset)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), DST.dst)
+
+    def test_no_tz_str(self):
+        STD = ZoneOffset("STD", ONE_H, ZERO)
+        DST = ZoneOffset("DST", 2 * ONE_H, ONE_H)
+
+        transitions = []
+        for year in range(1996, 2000):
+            transitions.append(
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(year, 3, 1, 2), STD, DST)
+            )
+            transitions.append(
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(year, 11, 1, 2), DST, STD)
+            )
+
+        after = ""
+
+        zf = self.construct_zone(transitions, after)
+
+        # According to RFC 8536, local times after the last transition time
+        # with an empty TZ string are unspecified. We will go with "hold the
+        # last transition", but the most we should promise is "doesn't crash."
+        zi = self.klass.from_file(zf)
+
+        cases = [
+            (datetime(1995, 1, 1), STD),
+            (datetime(1996, 4, 1), DST),
+            (datetime(1996, 11, 2), STD),
+            (datetime(2001, 1, 1), STD),
+        ]
+
+        for dt, offset in cases:
+            dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=zi)
+            with self.subTest(dt=dt):
+                self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), offset.tzname)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), offset.utcoffset)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), offset.dst)
+
+        # Test that offsets return None when using a datetime.time
+        t = time(0, tzinfo=zi)
+        with self.subTest("Testing datetime.time"):
+            self.assertIs(t.tzname(), None)
+            self.assertIs(t.utcoffset(), None)
+            self.assertIs(t.dst(), None)
+
+    def test_tz_before_only(self):
+        # From RFC 8536 Section 3.2:
+        #
+        #   If there are no transitions, local time for all timestamps is
+        #   specified by the TZ string in the footer if present and nonempty;
+        #   otherwise, it is specified by time type 0.
+
+        offsets = [
+            ZoneOffset("STD", ZERO, ZERO),
+            ZoneOffset("DST", ONE_H, ONE_H),
+        ]
+
+        for offset in offsets:
+            # Phantom transition to set time type 0.
+            transitions = [
+                ZoneTransition(None, offset, offset),
+            ]
+
+            after = ""
+
+            zf = self.construct_zone(transitions, after)
+            zi = self.klass.from_file(zf)
+
+            dts = [
+                datetime(1900, 1, 1),
+                datetime(1970, 1, 1),
+                datetime(2000, 1, 1),
+            ]
+
+            for dt in dts:
+                dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=zi)
+                with self.subTest(offset=offset, dt=dt):
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), offset.tzname)
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), offset.utcoffset)
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), offset.dst)
+
+    def test_empty_zone(self):
+        zf = self.construct_zone([], "")
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            self.klass.from_file(zf)
+
+    def test_zone_very_large_timestamp(self):
+        """Test when a transition is in the far past or future.
+
+        Particularly, this is a concern if something:
+
+            1. Attempts to call ``datetime.timestamp`` for a datetime outside
+               of ``[datetime.min, datetime.max]``.
+            2. Attempts to construct a timedelta outside of
+               ``[timedelta.min, timedelta.max]``.
+
+        This actually occurs "in the wild", as some time zones on Ubuntu (at
+        least as of 2020) have an initial transition added at ``-2**58``.
+        """
+
+        LMT = ZoneOffset("LMT", timedelta(seconds=-968))
+        GMT = ZoneOffset("GMT", ZERO)
+
+        transitions = [
+            (-(1 << 62), LMT, LMT),
+            ZoneTransition(datetime(1912, 1, 1), LMT, GMT),
+            ((1 << 62), GMT, GMT),
+        ]
+
+        after = "GMT0"
+
+        zf = self.construct_zone(transitions, after)
+        zi = self.klass.from_file(zf, key="Africa/Abidjan")
+
+        offset_cases = [
+            (datetime.min, LMT),
+            (datetime.max, GMT),
+            (datetime(1911, 12, 31), LMT),
+            (datetime(1912, 1, 2), GMT),
+        ]
+
+        for dt_naive, offset in offset_cases:
+            dt = dt_naive.replace(tzinfo=zi)
+            with self.subTest(name="offset", dt=dt, offset=offset):
+                self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), offset.tzname)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), offset.utcoffset)
+                self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), offset.dst)
+
+        utc_cases = [
+            (datetime.min, datetime.min + timedelta(seconds=968)),
+            (datetime(1898, 12, 31, 23, 43, 52), datetime(1899, 1, 1)),
+            (
+                datetime(1911, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999),
+                datetime(1912, 1, 1, 0, 16, 7, 999999),
+            ),
+            (datetime(1912, 1, 1, 0, 16, 8), datetime(1912, 1, 1, 0, 16, 8)),
+            (datetime(1970, 1, 1), datetime(1970, 1, 1)),
+            (datetime.max, datetime.max),
+        ]
+
+        for naive_dt, naive_dt_utc in utc_cases:
+            dt = naive_dt.replace(tzinfo=zi)
+            dt_utc = naive_dt_utc.replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
+
+            self.assertEqual(dt_utc.astimezone(zi), dt)
+            self.assertEqual(dt, dt_utc)
+
+    def test_fixed_offset_phantom_transition(self):
+        UTC = ZoneOffset("UTC", ZERO, ZERO)
+
+        transitions = [ZoneTransition(datetime(1970, 1, 1), UTC, UTC)]
+
+        after = "UTC0"
+        zf = self.construct_zone(transitions, after)
+        zi = self.klass.from_file(zf, key="UTC")
+
+        dt = datetime(2020, 1, 1, tzinfo=zi)
+        with self.subTest("datetime.datetime"):
+            self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), UTC.tzname)
+            self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), UTC.utcoffset)
+            self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), UTC.dst)
+
+        t = time(0, tzinfo=zi)
+        with self.subTest("datetime.time"):
+            self.assertEqual(t.tzname(), UTC.tzname)
+            self.assertEqual(t.utcoffset(), UTC.utcoffset)
+            self.assertEqual(t.dst(), UTC.dst)
+
+    def construct_zone(self, transitions, after=None, version=3):
+        # These are not used for anything, so we're not going to include
+        # them for now.
+        isutc = []
+        isstd = []
+        leap_seconds = []
+
+        offset_lists = [[], []]
+        trans_times_lists = [[], []]
+        trans_idx_lists = [[], []]
+
+        v1_range = (-(2 ** 31), 2 ** 31)
+        v2_range = (-(2 ** 63), 2 ** 63)
+        ranges = [v1_range, v2_range]
+
+        def zt_as_tuple(zt):
+            # zt may be a tuple (timestamp, offset_before, offset_after) or
+            # a ZoneTransition object — this is to allow the timestamp to be
+            # values that are outside the valid range for datetimes but still
+            # valid 64-bit timestamps.
+            if isinstance(zt, tuple):
+                return zt
+
+            if zt.transition:
+                trans_time = int(zt.transition_utc.timestamp())
+            else:
+                trans_time = None
+
+            return (trans_time, zt.offset_before, zt.offset_after)
+
+        transitions = sorted(map(zt_as_tuple, transitions), key=lambda x: x[0])
+
+        for zt in transitions:
+            trans_time, offset_before, offset_after = zt
+
+            for v, (dt_min, dt_max) in enumerate(ranges):
+                offsets = offset_lists[v]
+                trans_times = trans_times_lists[v]
+                trans_idx = trans_idx_lists[v]
+
+                if trans_time is not None and not (
+                    dt_min <= trans_time <= dt_max
+                ):
+                    continue
+
+                if offset_before not in offsets:
+                    offsets.append(offset_before)
+
+                if offset_after not in offsets:
+                    offsets.append(offset_after)
+
+                if trans_time is not None:
+                    trans_times.append(trans_time)
+                    trans_idx.append(offsets.index(offset_after))
+
+        isutcnt = len(isutc)
+        isstdcnt = len(isstd)
+        leapcnt = len(leap_seconds)
+
+        zonefile = io.BytesIO()
+
+        time_types = ("l", "q")
+        for v in range(min((version, 2))):
+            offsets = offset_lists[v]
+            trans_times = trans_times_lists[v]
+            trans_idx = trans_idx_lists[v]
+            time_type = time_types[v]
+
+            # Translate the offsets into something closer to the C values
+            abbrstr = bytearray()
+            ttinfos = []
+
+            for offset in offsets:
+                utcoff = int(offset.utcoffset.total_seconds())
+                isdst = bool(offset.dst)
+                abbrind = len(abbrstr)
+
+                ttinfos.append((utcoff, isdst, abbrind))
+                abbrstr += offset.tzname.encode("ascii") + b"\x00"
+            abbrstr = bytes(abbrstr)
+
+            typecnt = len(offsets)
+            timecnt = len(trans_times)
+            charcnt = len(abbrstr)
+
+            # Write the header
+            zonefile.write(b"TZif")
+            zonefile.write(b"%d" % version)
+            zonefile.write(b" " * 15)
+            zonefile.write(
+                struct.pack(
+                    ">6l", isutcnt, isstdcnt, leapcnt, timecnt, typecnt, charcnt
+                )
+            )
+
+            # Now the transition data
+            zonefile.write(struct.pack(f">{timecnt}{time_type}", *trans_times))
+            zonefile.write(struct.pack(f">{timecnt}B", *trans_idx))
+
+            for ttinfo in ttinfos:
+                zonefile.write(struct.pack(">lbb", *ttinfo))
+
+            zonefile.write(bytes(abbrstr))
+
+            # Now the metadata and leap seconds
+            zonefile.write(struct.pack(f"{isutcnt}b", *isutc))
+            zonefile.write(struct.pack(f"{isstdcnt}b", *isstd))
+            zonefile.write(struct.pack(f">{leapcnt}l", *leap_seconds))
+
+            # Finally we write the TZ string if we're writing a Version 2+ file
+            if v > 0:
+                zonefile.write(b"\x0A")
+                zonefile.write(after.encode("ascii"))
+                zonefile.write(b"\x0A")
+
+        zonefile.seek(0)
+        return zonefile
+
+
+class CWeirdZoneTest(WeirdZoneTest):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class TZStrTest(ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+
+    NORMAL = 0
+    FOLD = 1
+    GAP = 2
+
+    @classmethod
+    def setUpClass(cls):
+        super().setUpClass()
+
+        cls._populate_test_cases()
+        cls.populate_tzstr_header()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def populate_tzstr_header(cls):
+        out = bytearray()
+        # The TZif format always starts with a Version 1 file followed by
+        # the Version 2+ file. In this case, we have no transitions, just
+        # the tzstr in the footer, so up to the footer, the files are
+        # identical and we can just write the same file twice in a row.
+        for _ in range(2):
+            out += b"TZif"  # Magic value
+            out += b"3"  # Version
+            out += b" " * 15  # Reserved
+
+            # We will not write any of the manual transition parts
+            out += struct.pack(">6l", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
+
+        cls._tzif_header = bytes(out)
+
+    def zone_from_tzstr(self, tzstr):
+        """Creates a zoneinfo file following a POSIX rule."""
+        zonefile = io.BytesIO(self._tzif_header)
+        zonefile.seek(0, 2)
+
+        # Write the footer
+        zonefile.write(b"\x0A")
+        zonefile.write(tzstr.encode("ascii"))
+        zonefile.write(b"\x0A")
+
+        zonefile.seek(0)
+
+        return self.klass.from_file(zonefile, key=tzstr)
+
+    def test_tzstr_localized(self):
+        for tzstr, cases in self.test_cases.items():
+            with self.subTest(tzstr=tzstr):
+                zi = self.zone_from_tzstr(tzstr)
+
+            for dt_naive, offset, _ in cases:
+                dt = dt_naive.replace(tzinfo=zi)
+
+                with self.subTest(tzstr=tzstr, dt=dt, offset=offset):
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.tzname(), offset.tzname)
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.utcoffset(), offset.utcoffset)
+                    self.assertEqual(dt.dst(), offset.dst)
+
+    def test_tzstr_from_utc(self):
+        for tzstr, cases in self.test_cases.items():
+            with self.subTest(tzstr=tzstr):
+                zi = self.zone_from_tzstr(tzstr)
+
+            for dt_naive, offset, dt_type in cases:
+                if dt_type == self.GAP:
+                    continue  # Cannot create a gap from UTC
+
+                dt_utc = (dt_naive - offset.utcoffset).replace(
+                    tzinfo=timezone.utc
+                )
+
+                # Check that we can go UTC -> Our zone
+                dt_act = dt_utc.astimezone(zi)
+                dt_exp = dt_naive.replace(tzinfo=zi)
+
+                self.assertEqual(dt_act, dt_exp)
+
+                if dt_type == self.FOLD:
+                    self.assertEqual(dt_act.fold, dt_naive.fold, dt_naive)
+                else:
+                    self.assertEqual(dt_act.fold, 0)
+
+                # Now check that we can go our zone -> UTC
+                dt_act = dt_exp.astimezone(timezone.utc)
+
+                self.assertEqual(dt_act, dt_utc)
+
+    def test_extreme_tzstr(self):
+        tzstrs = [
+            # Extreme offset hour
+            "AAA24",
+            "AAA+24",
+            "AAA-24",
+            "AAA24BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA+24BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA-24BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB24,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB+24,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB-24,J60/2,J300/2",
+            # Extreme offset minutes
+            "AAA4:00BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4:59BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB5:00,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB5:59,J60/2,J300/2",
+            # Extreme offset seconds
+            "AAA4:00:00BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4:00:59BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB5:00:00,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB5:00:59,J60/2,J300/2",
+            # Extreme total offset
+            "AAA24:59:59BBB5,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA-24:59:59BBB5,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB24:59:59,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB-24:59:59,J60/2,J300/2",
+            # Extreme months
+            "AAA4BBB,M12.1.1/2,M1.1.1/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.1.1/2,M12.1.1/2",
+            # Extreme weeks
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.5.1/2,M1.1.1/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.1.1/2,M1.5.1/2",
+            # Extreme weekday
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.1.6/2,M2.1.1/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.1.1/2,M2.1.6/2",
+            # Extreme numeric offset
+            "AAA4BBB,0/2,20/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,0/2,0/14",
+            "AAA4BBB,20/2,365/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,365/2,365/14",
+            # Extreme julian offset
+            "AAA4BBB,J1/2,J20/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J1/2,J1/14",
+            "AAA4BBB,J20/2,J365/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J365/2,J365/14",
+            # Extreme transition hour
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/167,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/+167,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/-167,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/167",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/+167",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/-167",
+            # Extreme transition minutes
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2:00,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2:59,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/2:00",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/2:59",
+            # Extreme transition seconds
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2:00:00,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2:00:59,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/2:00:00",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/2:00:59",
+            # Extreme total transition time
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/167:59:59,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/-167:59:59,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/167:59:59",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/-167:59:59",
+        ]
+
+        for tzstr in tzstrs:
+            with self.subTest(tzstr=tzstr):
+                self.zone_from_tzstr(tzstr)
+
+    def test_invalid_tzstr(self):
+        invalid_tzstrs = [
+            "PST8PDT",  # DST but no transition specified
+            "+11",  # Unquoted alphanumeric
+            "GMT,M3.2.0/2,M11.1.0/3",  # Transition rule but no DST
+            "GMT0+11,M3.2.0/2,M11.1.0/3",  # Unquoted alphanumeric in DST
+            "PST8PDT,M3.2.0/2",  # Only one transition rule
+            # Invalid offset hours
+            "AAA168",
+            "AAA+168",
+            "AAA-168",
+            "AAA168BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA+168BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA-168BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB168,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB+168,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB-168,J60/2,J300/2",
+            # Invalid offset minutes
+            "AAA4:0BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4:100BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB5:0,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB5:100,J60/2,J300/2",
+            # Invalid offset seconds
+            "AAA4:00:0BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4:00:100BBB,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB5:00:0,J60/2,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB5:00:100,J60/2,J300/2",
+            # Completely invalid dates
+            "AAA4BBB,M1443339,M11.1.0/3",
+            "AAA4BBB,M3.2.0/2,0349309483959c",
+            "AAA4BBB,,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,z,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,z",
+            # Invalid months
+            "AAA4BBB,M13.1.1/2,M1.1.1/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.1.1/2,M13.1.1/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,M0.1.1/2,M1.1.1/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.1.1/2,M0.1.1/2",
+            # Invalid weeks
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.6.1/2,M1.1.1/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.1.1/2,M1.6.1/2",
+            # Invalid weekday
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.1.7/2,M2.1.1/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,M1.1.1/2,M2.1.7/2",
+            # Invalid numeric offset
+            "AAA4BBB,-1/2,20/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,1/2,-1/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,367,20/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,1/2,367/2",
+            # Invalid julian offset
+            "AAA4BBB,J0/2,J20/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J20/2,J366/2",
+            # Invalid transition time
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2/3,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/2/3",
+            # Invalid transition hour
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/168,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/+168,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/-168,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/168",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/+168",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/-168",
+            # Invalid transition minutes
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2:0,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2:100,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/2:0",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/2:100",
+            # Invalid transition seconds
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2:00:0,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2:00:100,J300/2",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/2:00:0",
+            "AAA4BBB,J60/2,J300/2:00:100",
+        ]
+
+        for invalid_tzstr in invalid_tzstrs:
+            with self.subTest(tzstr=invalid_tzstr):
+                # Not necessarily a guaranteed property, but we should show
+                # the problematic TZ string if that's the cause of failure.
+                tzstr_regex = re.escape(invalid_tzstr)
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, tzstr_regex):
+                    self.zone_from_tzstr(invalid_tzstr)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _populate_test_cases(cls):
+        # This method uses a somewhat unusual style in that it populates the
+        # test cases for each tzstr by using a decorator to automatically call
+        # a function that mutates the current dictionary of test cases.
+        #
+        # The population of the test cases is done in individual functions to
+        # give each set of test cases its own namespace in which to define
+        # its offsets (this way we don't have to worry about variable reuse
+        # causing problems if someone makes a typo).
+        #
+        # The decorator for calling is used to make it more obvious that each
+        # function is actually called (if it's not decorated, it's not called).
+        def call(f):
+            """Decorator to call the addition methods.
+
+            This will call a function which adds at least one new entry into
+            the `cases` dictionary. The decorator will also assert that
+            something was added to the dictionary.
+            """
+            prev_len = len(cases)
+            f()
+            assert len(cases) > prev_len, "Function did not add a test case!"
+
+        NORMAL = cls.NORMAL
+        FOLD = cls.FOLD
+        GAP = cls.GAP
+
+        cases = {}
+
+        @call
+        def _add():
+            # Transition to EDT on the 2nd Sunday in March at 4 AM, and
+            # transition back on the first Sunday in November at 3AM
+            tzstr = "EST5EDT,M3.2.0/4:00,M11.1.0/3:00"
+
+            EST = ZoneOffset("EST", timedelta(hours=-5), ZERO)
+            EDT = ZoneOffset("EDT", timedelta(hours=-4), ONE_H)
+
+            cases[tzstr] = (
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 9), EST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 10, 3, 59), EST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 10, 4, 0, fold=0), EST, GAP),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 10, 4, 0, fold=1), EDT, GAP),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 10, 4, 1, fold=0), EST, GAP),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 10, 4, 1, fold=1), EDT, GAP),
+                (datetime(2019, 11, 2), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 11, 3, 1, 59, fold=1), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 11, 3, 2, 0, fold=0), EDT, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2019, 11, 3, 2, 0, fold=1), EST, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 8, 3, 59), EST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 8, 4, 0, fold=0), EST, GAP),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 8, 4, 0, fold=1), EDT, GAP),
+                (datetime(2020, 11, 1, 1, 59, fold=1), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 11, 1, 2, 0, fold=0), EDT, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2020, 11, 1, 2, 0, fold=1), EST, FOLD),
+            )
+
+        @call
+        def _add():
+            # Transition to BST happens on the last Sunday in March at 1 AM GMT
+            # and the transition back happens the last Sunday in October at 2AM BST
+            tzstr = "GMT0BST-1,M3.5.0/1:00,M10.5.0/2:00"
+
+            GMT = ZoneOffset("GMT", ZERO, ZERO)
+            BST = ZoneOffset("BST", ONE_H, ONE_H)
+
+            cases[tzstr] = (
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 30), GMT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 31, 0, 59), GMT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 31, 2, 0), BST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 26), BST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 27, 0, 59, fold=1), BST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 27, 1, 0, fold=0), BST, GAP),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 27, 2, 0, fold=1), GMT, GAP),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 29, 0, 59), GMT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 29, 2, 0), BST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 10, 25, 0, 59, fold=1), BST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 10, 25, 1, 0, fold=0), BST, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2020, 10, 25, 2, 0, fold=1), GMT, NORMAL),
+            )
+
+        @call
+        def _add():
+            # Austrialian time zone - DST start is chronologically first
+            tzstr = "AEST-10AEDT,M10.1.0/2,M4.1.0/3"
+
+            AEST = ZoneOffset("AEST", timedelta(hours=10), ZERO)
+            AEDT = ZoneOffset("AEDT", timedelta(hours=11), ONE_H)
+
+            cases[tzstr] = (
+                (datetime(2019, 4, 6), AEDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 4, 7, 1, 59), AEDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 4, 7, 1, 59, fold=1), AEDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 4, 7, 2, 0, fold=0), AEDT, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2019, 4, 7, 2, 1, fold=0), AEDT, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2019, 4, 7, 2, 0, fold=1), AEST, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2019, 4, 7, 2, 1, fold=1), AEST, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2019, 4, 7, 3, 0, fold=0), AEST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 4, 7, 3, 0, fold=1), AEST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 5, 0), AEST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 6, 1, 59), AEST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 6, 2, 0, fold=0), AEST, GAP),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 6, 2, 0, fold=1), AEDT, GAP),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 6, 3, 0), AEDT, NORMAL),
+            )
+
+        @call
+        def _add():
+            # Irish time zone - negative DST
+            tzstr = "IST-1GMT0,M10.5.0,M3.5.0/1"
+
+            GMT = ZoneOffset("GMT", ZERO, -ONE_H)
+            IST = ZoneOffset("IST", ONE_H, ZERO)
+
+            cases[tzstr] = (
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 30), GMT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 31, 0, 59), GMT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 31, 2, 0), IST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 26), IST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 27, 0, 59, fold=1), IST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 27, 1, 0, fold=0), IST, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 27, 1, 0, fold=1), GMT, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2019, 10, 27, 2, 0, fold=1), GMT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 29, 0, 59), GMT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 29, 2, 0), IST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 10, 25, 0, 59, fold=1), IST, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 10, 25, 1, 0, fold=0), IST, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2020, 10, 25, 2, 0, fold=1), GMT, NORMAL),
+            )
+
+        @call
+        def _add():
+            # Pacific/Kosrae: Fixed offset zone with a quoted numerical tzname
+            tzstr = "<+11>-11"
+
+            cases[tzstr] = (
+                (
+                    datetime(2020, 1, 1),
+                    ZoneOffset("+11", timedelta(hours=11)),
+                    NORMAL,
+                ),
+            )
+
+        @call
+        def _add():
+            # Quoted STD and DST, transitions at 24:00
+            tzstr = "<-04>4<-03>,M9.1.6/24,M4.1.6/24"
+
+            M04 = ZoneOffset("-04", timedelta(hours=-4))
+            M03 = ZoneOffset("-03", timedelta(hours=-3), ONE_H)
+
+            cases[tzstr] = (
+                (datetime(2020, 5, 1), M04, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 11, 1), M03, NORMAL),
+            )
+
+        @call
+        def _add():
+            # Permanent daylight saving time is modeled with transitions at 0/0
+            # and J365/25, as mentioned in RFC 8536 Section 3.3.1
+            tzstr = "EST5EDT,0/0,J365/25"
+
+            EDT = ZoneOffset("EDT", timedelta(hours=-4), ONE_H)
+
+            cases[tzstr] = (
+                (datetime(2019, 1, 1), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 6, 1), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 1, 1), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 1), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 6, 1), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2400, 1, 1), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2400, 3, 1), EDT, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2400, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999), EDT, NORMAL),
+            )
+
+        @call
+        def _add():
+            # Transitions on March 1st and November 1st of each year
+            tzstr = "AAA3BBB,J60/12,J305/12"
+
+            AAA = ZoneOffset("AAA", timedelta(hours=-3))
+            BBB = ZoneOffset("BBB", timedelta(hours=-2), ONE_H)
+
+            cases[tzstr] = (
+                (datetime(2019, 1, 1), AAA, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 2, 28), AAA, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 1, 11, 59), AAA, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 1, 12, fold=0), AAA, GAP),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 1, 12, fold=1), BBB, GAP),
+                (datetime(2019, 3, 1, 13), BBB, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 11, 1, 10, 59), BBB, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 11, 1, 11, fold=0), BBB, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2019, 11, 1, 11, fold=1), AAA, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2019, 11, 1, 12), AAA, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2019, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999), AAA, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 1, 1), AAA, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 2, 29), AAA, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 1, 11, 59), AAA, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 1, 12, fold=0), AAA, GAP),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 1, 12, fold=1), BBB, GAP),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 1, 13), BBB, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 11, 1, 10, 59), BBB, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 11, 1, 11, fold=0), BBB, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2020, 11, 1, 11, fold=1), AAA, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2020, 11, 1, 12), AAA, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59, 999999), AAA, NORMAL),
+            )
+
+        @call
+        def _add():
+            # Taken from America/Godthab, this rule has a transition on the
+            # Saturday before the last Sunday of March and October, at 22:00
+            # and 23:00, respectively. This is encoded with negative start
+            # and end transition times.
+            tzstr = "<-03>3<-02>,M3.5.0/-2,M10.5.0/-1"
+
+            N03 = ZoneOffset("-03", timedelta(hours=-3))
+            N02 = ZoneOffset("-02", timedelta(hours=-2), ONE_H)
+
+            cases[tzstr] = (
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 27), N03, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 28, 21, 59, 59), N03, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 28, 22, fold=0), N03, GAP),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 28, 22, fold=1), N02, GAP),
+                (datetime(2020, 3, 28, 23), N02, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 10, 24, 21), N02, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2020, 10, 24, 22, fold=0), N02, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2020, 10, 24, 22, fold=1), N03, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2020, 10, 24, 23), N03, NORMAL),
+            )
+
+        @call
+        def _add():
+            # Transition times with minutes and seconds
+            tzstr = "AAA3BBB,M3.2.0/01:30,M11.1.0/02:15:45"
+
+            AAA = ZoneOffset("AAA", timedelta(hours=-3))
+            BBB = ZoneOffset("BBB", timedelta(hours=-2), ONE_H)
+
+            cases[tzstr] = (
+                (datetime(2012, 3, 11, 1, 0), AAA, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2012, 3, 11, 1, 30, fold=0), AAA, GAP),
+                (datetime(2012, 3, 11, 1, 30, fold=1), BBB, GAP),
+                (datetime(2012, 3, 11, 2, 30), BBB, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2012, 11, 4, 1, 15, 44, 999999), BBB, NORMAL),
+                (datetime(2012, 11, 4, 1, 15, 45, fold=0), BBB, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2012, 11, 4, 1, 15, 45, fold=1), AAA, FOLD),
+                (datetime(2012, 11, 4, 2, 15, 45), AAA, NORMAL),
+            )
+
+        cls.test_cases = cases
+
+
+class CTZStrTest(TZStrTest):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class ZoneInfoCacheTest(TzPathUserMixin, ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.klass.clear_cache()
+        super().setUp()
+
+    @property
+    def zoneinfo_data(self):
+        return ZONEINFO_DATA
+
+    @property
+    def tzpath(self):
+        return [self.zoneinfo_data.tzpath]
+
+    def test_ephemeral_zones(self):
+        self.assertIs(
+            self.klass("America/Los_Angeles"), self.klass("America/Los_Angeles")
+        )
+
+    def test_strong_refs(self):
+        tz0 = self.klass("Australia/Sydney")
+        tz1 = self.klass("Australia/Sydney")
+
+        self.assertIs(tz0, tz1)
+
+    def test_no_cache(self):
+
+        tz0 = self.klass("Europe/Lisbon")
+        tz1 = self.klass.no_cache("Europe/Lisbon")
+
+        self.assertIsNot(tz0, tz1)
+
+    def test_cache_reset_tzpath(self):
+        """Test that the cache persists when tzpath has been changed.
+
+        The PEP specifies that as long as a reference exists to one zone
+        with a given key, the primary constructor must continue to return
+        the same object.
+        """
+        zi0 = self.klass("America/Los_Angeles")
+        with self.tzpath_context([]):
+            zi1 = self.klass("America/Los_Angeles")
+
+        self.assertIs(zi0, zi1)
+
+    def test_clear_cache_explicit_none(self):
+        la0 = self.klass("America/Los_Angeles")
+        self.klass.clear_cache(only_keys=None)
+        la1 = self.klass("America/Los_Angeles")
+
+        self.assertIsNot(la0, la1)
+
+    def test_clear_cache_one_key(self):
+        """Tests that you can clear a single key from the cache."""
+        la0 = self.klass("America/Los_Angeles")
+        dub0 = self.klass("Europe/Dublin")
+
+        self.klass.clear_cache(only_keys=["America/Los_Angeles"])
+
+        la1 = self.klass("America/Los_Angeles")
+        dub1 = self.klass("Europe/Dublin")
+
+        self.assertIsNot(la0, la1)
+        self.assertIs(dub0, dub1)
+
+    def test_clear_cache_two_keys(self):
+        la0 = self.klass("America/Los_Angeles")
+        dub0 = self.klass("Europe/Dublin")
+        tok0 = self.klass("Asia/Tokyo")
+
+        self.klass.clear_cache(
+            only_keys=["America/Los_Angeles", "Europe/Dublin"]
+        )
+
+        la1 = self.klass("America/Los_Angeles")
+        dub1 = self.klass("Europe/Dublin")
+        tok1 = self.klass("Asia/Tokyo")
+
+        self.assertIsNot(la0, la1)
+        self.assertIsNot(dub0, dub1)
+        self.assertIs(tok0, tok1)
+
+
+class CZoneInfoCacheTest(ZoneInfoCacheTest):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class ZoneInfoPickleTest(TzPathUserMixin, ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.klass.clear_cache()
+
+        with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
+            stack.enter_context(test_support.set_zoneinfo_module(self.module))
+            self.addCleanup(stack.pop_all().close)
+
+        super().setUp()
+
+    @property
+    def zoneinfo_data(self):
+        return ZONEINFO_DATA
+
+    @property
+    def tzpath(self):
+        return [self.zoneinfo_data.tzpath]
+
+    def test_cache_hit(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
+                zi_in = self.klass("Europe/Dublin")
+                pkl = pickle.dumps(zi_in, protocol=proto)
+                zi_rt = pickle.loads(pkl)
+
+                with self.subTest(test="Is non-pickled ZoneInfo"):
+                    self.assertIs(zi_in, zi_rt)
+
+                zi_rt2 = pickle.loads(pkl)
+                with self.subTest(test="Is unpickled ZoneInfo"):
+                    self.assertIs(zi_rt, zi_rt2)
+
+    def test_cache_miss(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
+                zi_in = self.klass("Europe/Dublin")
+                pkl = pickle.dumps(zi_in, protocol=proto)
+
+                del zi_in
+                self.klass.clear_cache()  # Induce a cache miss
+                zi_rt = pickle.loads(pkl)
+                zi_rt2 = pickle.loads(pkl)
+
+                self.assertIs(zi_rt, zi_rt2)
+
+    def test_no_cache(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
+                zi_no_cache = self.klass.no_cache("Europe/Dublin")
+
+                pkl = pickle.dumps(zi_no_cache, protocol=proto)
+                zi_rt = pickle.loads(pkl)
+
+                with self.subTest(test="Not the pickled object"):
+                    self.assertIsNot(zi_rt, zi_no_cache)
+
+                zi_rt2 = pickle.loads(pkl)
+                with self.subTest(test="Not a second unpickled object"):
+                    self.assertIsNot(zi_rt, zi_rt2)
+
+                zi_cache = self.klass("Europe/Dublin")
+                with self.subTest(test="Not a cached object"):
+                    self.assertIsNot(zi_rt, zi_cache)
+
+    def test_from_file(self):
+        key = "Europe/Dublin"
+        with open(self.zoneinfo_data.path_from_key(key), "rb") as f:
+            zi_nokey = self.klass.from_file(f)
+
+            f.seek(0)
+            zi_key = self.klass.from_file(f, key=key)
+
+        test_cases = [
+            (zi_key, "ZoneInfo with key"),
+            (zi_nokey, "ZoneInfo without key"),
+        ]
+
+        for zi, test_name in test_cases:
+            for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+                with self.subTest(test_name=test_name, proto=proto):
+                    with self.assertRaises(pickle.PicklingError):
+                        pickle.dumps(zi, protocol=proto)
+
+    def test_pickle_after_from_file(self):
+        # This may be a bit of paranoia, but this test is to ensure that no
+        # global state is maintained in order to handle the pickle cache and
+        # from_file behavior, and that it is possible to interweave the
+        # constructors of each of these and pickling/unpickling without issues.
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
+                key = "Europe/Dublin"
+                zi = self.klass(key)
+
+                pkl_0 = pickle.dumps(zi, protocol=proto)
+                zi_rt_0 = pickle.loads(pkl_0)
+                self.assertIs(zi, zi_rt_0)
+
+                with open(self.zoneinfo_data.path_from_key(key), "rb") as f:
+                    zi_ff = self.klass.from_file(f, key=key)
+
+                pkl_1 = pickle.dumps(zi, protocol=proto)
+                zi_rt_1 = pickle.loads(pkl_1)
+                self.assertIs(zi, zi_rt_1)
+
+                with self.assertRaises(pickle.PicklingError):
+                    pickle.dumps(zi_ff, protocol=proto)
+
+                pkl_2 = pickle.dumps(zi, protocol=proto)
+                zi_rt_2 = pickle.loads(pkl_2)
+                self.assertIs(zi, zi_rt_2)
+
+
+class CZoneInfoPickleTest(ZoneInfoPickleTest):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class CallingConventionTest(ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    """Tests for functions with restricted calling conventions."""
+
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+
+    @property
+    def zoneinfo_data(self):
+        return ZONEINFO_DATA
+
+    def test_from_file(self):
+        with open(self.zoneinfo_data.path_from_key("UTC"), "rb") as f:
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                self.klass.from_file(fobj=f)
+
+    def test_clear_cache(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            self.klass.clear_cache(["UTC"])
+
+
+class CCallingConventionTest(CallingConventionTest):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class TzPathTest(TzPathUserMixin, ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+
+    @staticmethod
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def python_tzpath_context(value):
+        path_var = "PYTHONTZPATH"
+        unset_env_sentinel = object()
+        old_env = unset_env_sentinel
+        try:
+            with OS_ENV_LOCK:
+                old_env = os.environ.get(path_var, None)
+                os.environ[path_var] = value
+                yield
+        finally:
+            if old_env is unset_env_sentinel:
+                # In this case, `old_env` was never retrieved from the
+                # environment for whatever reason, so there's no need to
+                # reset the environment TZPATH.
+                pass
+            elif old_env is None:
+                del os.environ[path_var]
+            else:
+                os.environ[path_var] = old_env  # pragma: nocover
+
+    def test_env_variable(self):
+        """Tests that the environment variable works with reset_tzpath."""
+        new_paths = [
+            ("", []),
+            (f"{DRIVE}/etc/zoneinfo", [f"{DRIVE}/etc/zoneinfo"]),
+            (f"{DRIVE}/a/b/c{os.pathsep}{DRIVE}/d/e/f", [f"{DRIVE}/a/b/c", f"{DRIVE}/d/e/f"]),
+        ]
+
+        for new_path_var, expected_result in new_paths:
+            with self.python_tzpath_context(new_path_var):
+                with self.subTest(tzpath=new_path_var):
+                    self.module.reset_tzpath()
+                    tzpath = self.module.TZPATH
+                    self.assertSequenceEqual(tzpath, expected_result)
+
+    def test_env_variable_relative_paths(self):
+        test_cases = [
+            [("path/to/somewhere",), ()],
+            [
+                (f"{DRIVE}/usr/share/zoneinfo", "path/to/somewhere",),
+                (f"{DRIVE}/usr/share/zoneinfo",),
+            ],
+            [("../relative/path",), ()],
+            [
+                (f"{DRIVE}/usr/share/zoneinfo", "../relative/path",),
+                (f"{DRIVE}/usr/share/zoneinfo",),
+            ],
+            [("path/to/somewhere", "../relative/path",), ()],
+            [
+                (
+                    f"{DRIVE}/usr/share/zoneinfo",
+                    "path/to/somewhere",
+                    "../relative/path",
+                ),
+                (f"{DRIVE}/usr/share/zoneinfo",),
+            ],
+        ]
+
+        for input_paths, expected_paths in test_cases:
+            path_var = os.pathsep.join(input_paths)
+            with self.python_tzpath_context(path_var):
+                with self.subTest("warning", path_var=path_var):
+                    # Note: Per PEP 615 the warning is implementation-defined
+                    # behavior, other implementations need not warn.
+                    with self.assertWarns(self.module.InvalidTZPathWarning) as w:
+                        self.module.reset_tzpath()
+                    self.assertEqual(w.warnings[0].filename, __file__)
+
+                tzpath = self.module.TZPATH
+                with self.subTest("filtered", path_var=path_var):
+                    self.assertSequenceEqual(tzpath, expected_paths)
+
+    def test_env_variable_relative_paths_warning_location(self):
+        path_var = "path/to/somewhere"
+
+        with self.python_tzpath_context(path_var):
+            with CleanImport("zoneinfo", "zoneinfo._tzpath"):
+                with self.assertWarns(RuntimeWarning) as w:
+                    import zoneinfo
+                InvalidTZPathWarning = zoneinfo.InvalidTZPathWarning
+            self.assertIsInstance(w.warnings[0].message, InvalidTZPathWarning)
+            # It should represent the current file:
+            self.assertEqual(w.warnings[0].filename, __file__)
+
+    def test_reset_tzpath_kwarg(self):
+        self.module.reset_tzpath(to=[f"{DRIVE}/a/b/c"])
+
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(self.module.TZPATH, (f"{DRIVE}/a/b/c",))
+
+    def test_reset_tzpath_relative_paths(self):
+        bad_values = [
+            ("path/to/somewhere",),
+            ("/usr/share/zoneinfo", "path/to/somewhere",),
+            ("../relative/path",),
+            ("/usr/share/zoneinfo", "../relative/path",),
+            ("path/to/somewhere", "../relative/path",),
+            ("/usr/share/zoneinfo", "path/to/somewhere", "../relative/path",),
+        ]
+        for input_paths in bad_values:
+            with self.subTest(input_paths=input_paths):
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    self.module.reset_tzpath(to=input_paths)
+
+    def test_tzpath_type_error(self):
+        bad_values = [
+            "/etc/zoneinfo:/usr/share/zoneinfo",
+            b"/etc/zoneinfo:/usr/share/zoneinfo",
+            0,
+        ]
+
+        for bad_value in bad_values:
+            with self.subTest(value=bad_value):
+                with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                    self.module.reset_tzpath(bad_value)
+
+    def test_tzpath_attribute(self):
+        tzpath_0 = [f"{DRIVE}/one", f"{DRIVE}/two"]
+        tzpath_1 = [f"{DRIVE}/three"]
+
+        with self.tzpath_context(tzpath_0):
+            query_0 = self.module.TZPATH
+
+        with self.tzpath_context(tzpath_1):
+            query_1 = self.module.TZPATH
+
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(tzpath_0, query_0)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(tzpath_1, query_1)
+
+
+class CTzPathTest(TzPathTest):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class TestModule(ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+
+    @property
+    def zoneinfo_data(self):
+        return ZONEINFO_DATA
+
+    @cached_property
+    def _UTC_bytes(self):
+        zone_file = self.zoneinfo_data.path_from_key("UTC")
+        with open(zone_file, "rb") as f:
+            return f.read()
+
+    def touch_zone(self, key, tz_root):
+        """Creates a valid TZif file at key under the zoneinfo root tz_root.
+
+        tz_root must exist, but all folders below that will be created.
+        """
+        if not os.path.exists(tz_root):
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"{tz_root} does not exist.")
+
+        root_dir, *tail = key.rsplit("/", 1)
+        if tail:  # If there's no tail, then the first component isn't a dir
+            os.makedirs(os.path.join(tz_root, root_dir), exist_ok=True)
+
+        zonefile_path = os.path.join(tz_root, key)
+        with open(zonefile_path, "wb") as f:
+            f.write(self._UTC_bytes)
+
+    def test_getattr_error(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            self.module.NOATTRIBUTE
+
+    def test_dir_contains_all(self):
+        """dir(self.module) should at least contain everything in __all__."""
+        module_all_set = set(self.module.__all__)
+        module_dir_set = set(dir(self.module))
+
+        difference = module_all_set - module_dir_set
+
+        self.assertFalse(difference)
+
+    def test_dir_unique(self):
+        """Test that there are no duplicates in dir(self.module)"""
+        module_dir = dir(self.module)
+        module_unique = set(module_dir)
+
+        self.assertCountEqual(module_dir, module_unique)
+
+    def test_available_timezones(self):
+        with self.tzpath_context([self.zoneinfo_data.tzpath]):
+            self.assertTrue(self.zoneinfo_data.keys)  # Sanity check
+
+            available_keys = self.module.available_timezones()
+            zoneinfo_keys = set(self.zoneinfo_data.keys)
+
+            # If tzdata is not present, zoneinfo_keys == available_keys,
+            # otherwise it should be a subset.
+            union = zoneinfo_keys & available_keys
+            self.assertEqual(zoneinfo_keys, union)
+
+    def test_available_timezones_weirdzone(self):
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            # Make a fictional zone at "Mars/Olympus_Mons"
+            self.touch_zone("Mars/Olympus_Mons", td)
+
+            with self.tzpath_context([td]):
+                available_keys = self.module.available_timezones()
+                self.assertIn("Mars/Olympus_Mons", available_keys)
+
+    def test_folder_exclusions(self):
+        expected = {
+            "America/Los_Angeles",
+            "America/Santiago",
+            "America/Indiana/Indianapolis",
+            "UTC",
+            "Europe/Paris",
+            "Europe/London",
+            "Asia/Tokyo",
+            "Australia/Sydney",
+        }
+
+        base_tree = list(expected)
+        posix_tree = [f"posix/{x}" for x in base_tree]
+        right_tree = [f"right/{x}" for x in base_tree]
+
+        cases = [
+            ("base_tree", base_tree),
+            ("base_and_posix", base_tree + posix_tree),
+            ("base_and_right", base_tree + right_tree),
+            ("all_trees", base_tree + right_tree + posix_tree),
+        ]
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            for case_name, tree in cases:
+                tz_root = os.path.join(td, case_name)
+                os.mkdir(tz_root)
+
+                for key in tree:
+                    self.touch_zone(key, tz_root)
+
+                with self.tzpath_context([tz_root]):
+                    with self.subTest(case_name):
+                        actual = self.module.available_timezones()
+                        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_exclude_posixrules(self):
+        expected = {
+            "America/New_York",
+            "Europe/London",
+        }
+
+        tree = list(expected) + ["posixrules"]
+
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as td:
+            for key in tree:
+                self.touch_zone(key, td)
+
+            with self.tzpath_context([td]):
+                actual = self.module.available_timezones()
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+
+class CTestModule(TestModule):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class ExtensionBuiltTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Smoke test to ensure that the C and Python extensions are both tested.
+
+    Because the intention is for the Python and C versions of ZoneInfo to
+    behave identically, these tests necessarily rely on implementation details,
+    so the tests may need to be adjusted if the implementations change. Do not
+    rely on these tests as an indication of stable properties of these classes.
+    """
+
+    def test_cache_location(self):
+        # The pure Python version stores caches on attributes, but the C
+        # extension stores them in C globals (at least for now)
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(c_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo, "_weak_cache"))
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(py_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo, "_weak_cache"))
+
+    def test_gc_tracked(self):
+        import gc
+
+        self.assertTrue(gc.is_tracked(py_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo))
+        self.assertTrue(gc.is_tracked(c_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo))
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ZoneOffset:
+    tzname: str
+    utcoffset: timedelta
+    dst: timedelta = ZERO
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class ZoneTransition:
+    transition: datetime
+    offset_before: ZoneOffset
+    offset_after: ZoneOffset
+
+    @property
+    def transition_utc(self):
+        return (self.transition - self.offset_before.utcoffset).replace(
+            tzinfo=timezone.utc
+        )
+
+    @property
+    def fold(self):
+        """Whether this introduces a fold"""
+        return self.offset_before.utcoffset > self.offset_after.utcoffset
+
+    @property
+    def gap(self):
+        """Whether this introduces a gap"""
+        return self.offset_before.utcoffset < self.offset_after.utcoffset
+
+    @property
+    def delta(self):
+        return self.offset_after.utcoffset - self.offset_before.utcoffset
+
+    @property
+    def anomaly_start(self):
+        if self.fold:
+            return self.transition + self.delta
+        else:
+            return self.transition
+
+    @property
+    def anomaly_end(self):
+        if not self.fold:
+            return self.transition + self.delta
+        else:
+            return self.transition
+
+
+class ZoneInfoData:
+    def __init__(self, source_json, tzpath, v1=False):
+        self.tzpath = pathlib.Path(tzpath)
+        self.keys = []
+        self.v1 = v1
+        self._populate_tzpath(source_json)
+
+    def path_from_key(self, key):
+        return self.tzpath / key
+
+    def _populate_tzpath(self, source_json):
+        with open(source_json, "rb") as f:
+            zoneinfo_dict = json.load(f)
+
+        zoneinfo_data = zoneinfo_dict["data"]
+
+        for key, value in zoneinfo_data.items():
+            self.keys.append(key)
+            raw_data = self._decode_text(value)
+
+            if self.v1:
+                data = self._convert_to_v1(raw_data)
+            else:
+                data = raw_data
+
+            destination = self.path_from_key(key)
+            destination.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True, parents=True)
+            with open(destination, "wb") as f:
+                f.write(data)
+
+    def _decode_text(self, contents):
+        raw_data = b"".join(map(str.encode, contents))
+        decoded = base64.b85decode(raw_data)
+
+        return lzma.decompress(decoded)
+
+    def _convert_to_v1(self, contents):
+        assert contents[0:4] == b"TZif", "Invalid TZif data found!"
+        version = int(contents[4:5])
+
+        header_start = 4 + 16
+        header_end = header_start + 24  # 6l == 24 bytes
+        assert version >= 2, "Version 1 file found: no conversion necessary"
+        isutcnt, isstdcnt, leapcnt, timecnt, typecnt, charcnt = struct.unpack(
+            ">6l", contents[header_start:header_end]
+        )
+
+        file_size = (
+            timecnt * 5
+            + typecnt * 6
+            + charcnt
+            + leapcnt * 8
+            + isstdcnt
+            + isutcnt
+        )
+        file_size += header_end
+        out = b"TZif" + b"\x00" + contents[5:file_size]
+
+        assert (
+            contents[file_size : (file_size + 4)] == b"TZif"
+        ), "Version 2 file not truncated at Version 2 header"
+
+        return out
+
+
+class ZoneDumpData:
+    @classmethod
+    def transition_keys(cls):
+        return cls._get_zonedump().keys()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load_transition_examples(cls, key):
+        return cls._get_zonedump()[key]
+
+    @classmethod
+    def fixed_offset_zones(cls):
+        if not cls._FIXED_OFFSET_ZONES:
+            cls._populate_fixed_offsets()
+
+        return cls._FIXED_OFFSET_ZONES.items()
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _get_zonedump(cls):
+        if not cls._ZONEDUMP_DATA:
+            cls._populate_zonedump_data()
+        return cls._ZONEDUMP_DATA
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _populate_fixed_offsets(cls):
+        cls._FIXED_OFFSET_ZONES = {
+            "UTC": ZoneOffset("UTC", ZERO, ZERO),
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _populate_zonedump_data(cls):
+        def _Africa_Abidjan():
+            LMT = ZoneOffset("LMT", timedelta(seconds=-968))
+            GMT = ZoneOffset("GMT", ZERO)
+
+            return [
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1912, 1, 1), LMT, GMT),
+            ]
+
+        def _Africa_Casablanca():
+            P00_s = ZoneOffset("+00", ZERO, ZERO)
+            P01_d = ZoneOffset("+01", ONE_H, ONE_H)
+            P00_d = ZoneOffset("+00", ZERO, -ONE_H)
+            P01_s = ZoneOffset("+01", ONE_H, ZERO)
+
+            return [
+                # Morocco sometimes pauses DST during Ramadan
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2018, 3, 25, 2), P00_s, P01_d),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2018, 5, 13, 3), P01_d, P00_s),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2018, 6, 17, 2), P00_s, P01_d),
+                # On October 28th Morocco set standard time to +01,
+                # with negative DST only during Ramadan
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2018, 10, 28, 3), P01_d, P01_s),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2019, 5, 5, 3), P01_s, P00_d),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2019, 6, 9, 2), P00_d, P01_s),
+            ]
+
+        def _America_Los_Angeles():
+            LMT = ZoneOffset("LMT", timedelta(seconds=-28378), ZERO)
+            PST = ZoneOffset("PST", timedelta(hours=-8), ZERO)
+            PDT = ZoneOffset("PDT", timedelta(hours=-7), ONE_H)
+            PWT = ZoneOffset("PWT", timedelta(hours=-7), ONE_H)
+            PPT = ZoneOffset("PPT", timedelta(hours=-7), ONE_H)
+
+            return [
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1883, 11, 18, 12, 7, 2), LMT, PST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1918, 3, 31, 2), PST, PDT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1918, 3, 31, 2), PST, PDT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1918, 10, 27, 2), PDT, PST),
+                # Transition to Pacific War Time
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1942, 2, 9, 2), PST, PWT),
+                # Transition from Pacific War Time to Pacific Peace Time
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1945, 8, 14, 16), PWT, PPT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1945, 9, 30, 2), PPT, PST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2015, 3, 8, 2), PST, PDT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2015, 11, 1, 2), PDT, PST),
+                # After 2038: Rules continue indefinitely
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2450, 3, 13, 2), PST, PDT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2450, 11, 6, 2), PDT, PST),
+            ]
+
+        def _America_Santiago():
+            LMT = ZoneOffset("LMT", timedelta(seconds=-16966), ZERO)
+            SMT = ZoneOffset("SMT", timedelta(seconds=-16966), ZERO)
+            N05 = ZoneOffset("-05", timedelta(seconds=-18000), ZERO)
+            N04 = ZoneOffset("-04", timedelta(seconds=-14400), ZERO)
+            N03 = ZoneOffset("-03", timedelta(seconds=-10800), ONE_H)
+
+            return [
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1890, 1, 1), LMT, SMT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1910, 1, 10), SMT, N05),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1916, 7, 1), N05, SMT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2008, 3, 30), N03, N04),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2008, 10, 12), N04, N03),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2040, 4, 8), N03, N04),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2040, 9, 2), N04, N03),
+            ]
+
+        def _Asia_Tokyo():
+            JST = ZoneOffset("JST", timedelta(seconds=32400), ZERO)
+            JDT = ZoneOffset("JDT", timedelta(seconds=36000), ONE_H)
+
+            # Japan had DST from 1948 to 1951, and it was unusual in that
+            # the transition from DST to STD occurred at 25:00, and is
+            # denominated as such in the time zone database
+            return [
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1948, 5, 2), JST, JDT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1948, 9, 12, 1), JDT, JST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1951, 9, 9, 1), JDT, JST),
+            ]
+
+        def _Australia_Sydney():
+            LMT = ZoneOffset("LMT", timedelta(seconds=36292), ZERO)
+            AEST = ZoneOffset("AEST", timedelta(seconds=36000), ZERO)
+            AEDT = ZoneOffset("AEDT", timedelta(seconds=39600), ONE_H)
+
+            return [
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1895, 2, 1), LMT, AEST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1917, 1, 1, 0, 1), AEST, AEDT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1917, 3, 25, 2), AEDT, AEST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2012, 4, 1, 3), AEDT, AEST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2012, 10, 7, 2), AEST, AEDT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2040, 4, 1, 3), AEDT, AEST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2040, 10, 7, 2), AEST, AEDT),
+            ]
+
+        def _Europe_Dublin():
+            LMT = ZoneOffset("LMT", timedelta(seconds=-1500), ZERO)
+            DMT = ZoneOffset("DMT", timedelta(seconds=-1521), ZERO)
+            IST_0 = ZoneOffset("IST", timedelta(seconds=2079), ONE_H)
+            GMT_0 = ZoneOffset("GMT", ZERO, ZERO)
+            BST = ZoneOffset("BST", ONE_H, ONE_H)
+            GMT_1 = ZoneOffset("GMT", ZERO, -ONE_H)
+            IST_1 = ZoneOffset("IST", ONE_H, ZERO)
+
+            return [
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1880, 8, 2, 0), LMT, DMT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1916, 5, 21, 2), DMT, IST_0),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1916, 10, 1, 3), IST_0, GMT_0),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1917, 4, 8, 2), GMT_0, BST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2016, 3, 27, 1), GMT_1, IST_1),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2016, 10, 30, 2), IST_1, GMT_1),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2487, 3, 30, 1), GMT_1, IST_1),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2487, 10, 26, 2), IST_1, GMT_1),
+            ]
+
+        def _Europe_Lisbon():
+            WET = ZoneOffset("WET", ZERO, ZERO)
+            WEST = ZoneOffset("WEST", ONE_H, ONE_H)
+            CET = ZoneOffset("CET", ONE_H, ZERO)
+            CEST = ZoneOffset("CEST", timedelta(seconds=7200), ONE_H)
+
+            return [
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1992, 3, 29, 1), WET, WEST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1992, 9, 27, 2), WEST, CET),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1993, 3, 28, 2), CET, CEST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1993, 9, 26, 3), CEST, CET),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1996, 3, 31, 2), CET, WEST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1996, 10, 27, 2), WEST, WET),
+            ]
+
+        def _Europe_London():
+            LMT = ZoneOffset("LMT", timedelta(seconds=-75), ZERO)
+            GMT = ZoneOffset("GMT", ZERO, ZERO)
+            BST = ZoneOffset("BST", ONE_H, ONE_H)
+
+            return [
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1847, 12, 1), LMT, GMT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2005, 3, 27, 1), GMT, BST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2005, 10, 30, 2), BST, GMT),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2043, 3, 29, 1), GMT, BST),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(2043, 10, 25, 2), BST, GMT),
+            ]
+
+        def _Pacific_Kiritimati():
+            LMT = ZoneOffset("LMT", timedelta(seconds=-37760), ZERO)
+            N1040 = ZoneOffset("-1040", timedelta(seconds=-38400), ZERO)
+            N10 = ZoneOffset("-10", timedelta(seconds=-36000), ZERO)
+            P14 = ZoneOffset("+14", timedelta(seconds=50400), ZERO)
+
+            # This is literally every transition in Christmas Island history
+            return [
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1901, 1, 1), LMT, N1040),
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1979, 10, 1), N1040, N10),
+                # They skipped December 31, 1994
+                ZoneTransition(datetime(1994, 12, 31), N10, P14),
+            ]
+
+        cls._ZONEDUMP_DATA = {
+            "Africa/Abidjan": _Africa_Abidjan(),
+            "Africa/Casablanca": _Africa_Casablanca(),
+            "America/Los_Angeles": _America_Los_Angeles(),
+            "America/Santiago": _America_Santiago(),
+            "Australia/Sydney": _Australia_Sydney(),
+            "Asia/Tokyo": _Asia_Tokyo(),
+            "Europe/Dublin": _Europe_Dublin(),
+            "Europe/Lisbon": _Europe_Lisbon(),
+            "Europe/London": _Europe_London(),
+            "Pacific/Kiritimati": _Pacific_Kiritimati(),
+        }
+
+    _ZONEDUMP_DATA = None
+    _FIXED_OFFSET_ZONES = None
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo_property.py b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo_property.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..feaa77f3e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo_property.py
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+import contextlib
+import datetime
+import os
+import pickle
+import unittest
+import zoneinfo
+
+from test.support.hypothesis_helper import hypothesis
+
+import test.test_zoneinfo._support as test_support
+
+ZoneInfoTestBase = test_support.ZoneInfoTestBase
+
+py_zoneinfo, c_zoneinfo = test_support.get_modules()
+
+UTC = datetime.timezone.utc
+MIN_UTC = datetime.datetime.min.replace(tzinfo=UTC)
+MAX_UTC = datetime.datetime.max.replace(tzinfo=UTC)
+ZERO = datetime.timedelta(0)
+
+
+def _valid_keys():
+    """Get available time zones, including posix/ and right/ directories."""
+    from importlib import resources
+
+    available_zones = sorted(zoneinfo.available_timezones())
+    TZPATH = zoneinfo.TZPATH
+
+    def valid_key(key):
+        for root in TZPATH:
+            key_file = os.path.join(root, key)
+            if os.path.exists(key_file):
+                return True
+
+        components = key.split("/")
+        package_name = ".".join(["tzdata.zoneinfo"] + components[:-1])
+        resource_name = components[-1]
+
+        try:
+            return resources.files(package_name).joinpath(resource_name).is_file()
+        except ModuleNotFoundError:
+            return False
+
+    # This relies on the fact that dictionaries maintain insertion order — for
+    # shrinking purposes, it is preferable to start with the standard version,
+    # then move to the posix/ version, then to the right/ version.
+    out_zones = {"": available_zones}
+    for prefix in ["posix", "right"]:
+        prefix_out = []
+        for key in available_zones:
+            prefix_key = f"{prefix}/{key}"
+            if valid_key(prefix_key):
+                prefix_out.append(prefix_key)
+
+        out_zones[prefix] = prefix_out
+
+    output = []
+    for keys in out_zones.values():
+        output.extend(keys)
+
+    return output
+
+
+VALID_KEYS = _valid_keys()
+if not VALID_KEYS:
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("No time zone data available")
+
+
+def valid_keys():
+    return hypothesis.strategies.sampled_from(VALID_KEYS)
+
+
+KEY_EXAMPLES = [
+    "Africa/Abidjan",
+    "Africa/Casablanca",
+    "America/Los_Angeles",
+    "America/Santiago",
+    "Asia/Tokyo",
+    "Australia/Sydney",
+    "Europe/Dublin",
+    "Europe/Lisbon",
+    "Europe/London",
+    "Pacific/Kiritimati",
+    "UTC",
+]
+
+
+def add_key_examples(f):
+    for key in KEY_EXAMPLES:
+        f = hypothesis.example(key)(f)
+    return f
+
+
+class ZoneInfoTest(ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+
+    @hypothesis.given(key=valid_keys())
+    @add_key_examples
+    def test_str(self, key):
+        zi = self.klass(key)
+        self.assertEqual(str(zi), key)
+
+    @hypothesis.given(key=valid_keys())
+    @add_key_examples
+    def test_key(self, key):
+        zi = self.klass(key)
+
+        self.assertEqual(zi.key, key)
+
+    @hypothesis.given(
+        dt=hypothesis.strategies.one_of(
+            hypothesis.strategies.datetimes(), hypothesis.strategies.times()
+        )
+    )
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime.min)
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime.max)
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1))
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(2039, 1, 1))
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.time(0))
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.time(12, 0))
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.time(23, 59, 59, 999999))
+    def test_utc(self, dt):
+        zi = self.klass("UTC")
+        dt_zi = dt.replace(tzinfo=zi)
+
+        self.assertEqual(dt_zi.utcoffset(), ZERO)
+        self.assertEqual(dt_zi.dst(), ZERO)
+        self.assertEqual(dt_zi.tzname(), "UTC")
+
+
+class CZoneInfoTest(ZoneInfoTest):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class ZoneInfoPickleTest(ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        with contextlib.ExitStack() as stack:
+            stack.enter_context(test_support.set_zoneinfo_module(self.module))
+            self.addCleanup(stack.pop_all().close)
+
+        super().setUp()
+
+    @hypothesis.given(key=valid_keys())
+    @add_key_examples
+    def test_pickle_unpickle_cache(self, key):
+        zi = self.klass(key)
+        pkl_str = pickle.dumps(zi)
+        zi_rt = pickle.loads(pkl_str)
+
+        self.assertIs(zi, zi_rt)
+
+    @hypothesis.given(key=valid_keys())
+    @add_key_examples
+    def test_pickle_unpickle_no_cache(self, key):
+        zi = self.klass.no_cache(key)
+        pkl_str = pickle.dumps(zi)
+        zi_rt = pickle.loads(pkl_str)
+
+        self.assertIsNot(zi, zi_rt)
+        self.assertEqual(str(zi), str(zi_rt))
+
+    @hypothesis.given(key=valid_keys())
+    @add_key_examples
+    def test_pickle_unpickle_cache_multiple_rounds(self, key):
+        """Test that pickle/unpickle is idempotent."""
+        zi_0 = self.klass(key)
+        pkl_str_0 = pickle.dumps(zi_0)
+        zi_1 = pickle.loads(pkl_str_0)
+        pkl_str_1 = pickle.dumps(zi_1)
+        zi_2 = pickle.loads(pkl_str_1)
+        pkl_str_2 = pickle.dumps(zi_2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(pkl_str_0, pkl_str_1)
+        self.assertEqual(pkl_str_1, pkl_str_2)
+
+        self.assertIs(zi_0, zi_1)
+        self.assertIs(zi_0, zi_2)
+        self.assertIs(zi_1, zi_2)
+
+    @hypothesis.given(key=valid_keys())
+    @add_key_examples
+    def test_pickle_unpickle_no_cache_multiple_rounds(self, key):
+        """Test that pickle/unpickle is idempotent."""
+        zi_cache = self.klass(key)
+
+        zi_0 = self.klass.no_cache(key)
+        pkl_str_0 = pickle.dumps(zi_0)
+        zi_1 = pickle.loads(pkl_str_0)
+        pkl_str_1 = pickle.dumps(zi_1)
+        zi_2 = pickle.loads(pkl_str_1)
+        pkl_str_2 = pickle.dumps(zi_2)
+
+        self.assertEqual(pkl_str_0, pkl_str_1)
+        self.assertEqual(pkl_str_1, pkl_str_2)
+
+        self.assertIsNot(zi_0, zi_1)
+        self.assertIsNot(zi_0, zi_2)
+        self.assertIsNot(zi_1, zi_2)
+
+        self.assertIsNot(zi_0, zi_cache)
+        self.assertIsNot(zi_1, zi_cache)
+        self.assertIsNot(zi_2, zi_cache)
+
+
+class CZoneInfoPickleTest(ZoneInfoPickleTest):
+    module = c_zoneinfo
+
+
+class ZoneInfoCacheTest(ZoneInfoTestBase):
+    module = py_zoneinfo
+
+    @hypothesis.given(key=valid_keys())
+    @add_key_examples
+    def test_cache(self, key):
+        zi_0 = self.klass(key)
+        zi_1 = self.klass(key)
+
+        self.assertIs(zi_0, zi_1)
+
+    @hypothesis.given(key=valid_keys())
+    @add_key_examples
+    def test_no_cache(self, key):
+        zi_0 = self.klass.no_cache(key)
+        zi_1 = self.klass.no_cache(key)
+
+        self.assertIsNot(zi_0, zi_1)
+
+
+class CZoneInfoCacheTest(ZoneInfoCacheTest):
+    klass = c_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo
+
+
+class PythonCConsistencyTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests that the C and Python versions do the same thing."""
+
+    def _is_ambiguous(self, dt):
+        return dt.replace(fold=not dt.fold).utcoffset() == dt.utcoffset()
+
+    @hypothesis.given(dt=hypothesis.strategies.datetimes(), key=valid_keys())
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime.min, key="America/New_York")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime.max, key="America/New_York")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1), key="America/New_York")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(2020, 1, 1), key="Europe/Paris")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(2020, 6, 1), key="Europe/Paris")
+    def test_same_str(self, dt, key):
+        py_dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=py_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key))
+        c_dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=c_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key))
+
+        self.assertEqual(str(py_dt), str(c_dt))
+
+    @hypothesis.given(dt=hypothesis.strategies.datetimes(), key=valid_keys())
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1), key="America/New_York")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(2020, 2, 5), key="America/New_York")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(2020, 8, 12), key="America/New_York")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(2040, 1, 1), key="Africa/Casablanca")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1), key="Europe/Paris")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime(2040, 1, 1), key="Europe/Paris")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime.min, key="Asia/Tokyo")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime.max, key="Asia/Tokyo")
+    def test_same_offsets_and_names(self, dt, key):
+        py_dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=py_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key))
+        c_dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=c_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key))
+
+        self.assertEqual(py_dt.tzname(), c_dt.tzname())
+        self.assertEqual(py_dt.utcoffset(), c_dt.utcoffset())
+        self.assertEqual(py_dt.dst(), c_dt.dst())
+
+    @hypothesis.given(
+        dt=hypothesis.strategies.datetimes(timezones=hypothesis.strategies.just(UTC)),
+        key=valid_keys(),
+    )
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=MIN_UTC, key="Asia/Tokyo")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=MAX_UTC, key="Asia/Tokyo")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=MIN_UTC, key="America/New_York")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=MAX_UTC, key="America/New_York")
+    @hypothesis.example(
+        dt=datetime.datetime(2006, 10, 29, 5, 15, tzinfo=UTC),
+        key="America/New_York",
+    )
+    def test_same_from_utc(self, dt, key):
+        py_zi = py_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key)
+        c_zi = c_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key)
+
+        # Convert to UTC: This can overflow, but we just care about consistency
+        py_overflow_exc = None
+        c_overflow_exc = None
+        try:
+            py_dt = dt.astimezone(py_zi)
+        except OverflowError as e:
+            py_overflow_exc = e
+
+        try:
+            c_dt = dt.astimezone(c_zi)
+        except OverflowError as e:
+            c_overflow_exc = e
+
+        if (py_overflow_exc is not None) != (c_overflow_exc is not None):
+            raise py_overflow_exc or c_overflow_exc  # pragma: nocover
+
+        if py_overflow_exc is not None:
+            return  # Consistently raises the same exception
+
+        # PEP 495 says that an inter-zone comparison between ambiguous
+        # datetimes is always False.
+        if py_dt != c_dt:
+            self.assertEqual(
+                self._is_ambiguous(py_dt),
+                self._is_ambiguous(c_dt),
+                (py_dt, c_dt),
+            )
+
+        self.assertEqual(py_dt.tzname(), c_dt.tzname())
+        self.assertEqual(py_dt.utcoffset(), c_dt.utcoffset())
+        self.assertEqual(py_dt.dst(), c_dt.dst())
+
+    @hypothesis.given(dt=hypothesis.strategies.datetimes(), key=valid_keys())
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime.max, key="America/New_York")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime.min, key="America/New_York")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime.min, key="Asia/Tokyo")
+    @hypothesis.example(dt=datetime.datetime.max, key="Asia/Tokyo")
+    def test_same_to_utc(self, dt, key):
+        py_dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=py_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key))
+        c_dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=c_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key))
+
+        # Convert from UTC: Overflow OK if it happens in both implementations
+        py_overflow_exc = None
+        c_overflow_exc = None
+        try:
+            py_utc = py_dt.astimezone(UTC)
+        except OverflowError as e:
+            py_overflow_exc = e
+
+        try:
+            c_utc = c_dt.astimezone(UTC)
+        except OverflowError as e:
+            c_overflow_exc = e
+
+        if (py_overflow_exc is not None) != (c_overflow_exc is not None):
+            raise py_overflow_exc or c_overflow_exc  # pragma: nocover
+
+        if py_overflow_exc is not None:
+            return  # Consistently raises the same exception
+
+        self.assertEqual(py_utc, c_utc)
+
+    @hypothesis.given(key=valid_keys())
+    @add_key_examples
+    def test_cross_module_pickle(self, key):
+        py_zi = py_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key)
+        c_zi = c_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(key)
+
+        with test_support.set_zoneinfo_module(py_zoneinfo):
+            py_pkl = pickle.dumps(py_zi)
+
+        with test_support.set_zoneinfo_module(c_zoneinfo):
+            c_pkl = pickle.dumps(c_zi)
+
+        with test_support.set_zoneinfo_module(c_zoneinfo):
+            # Python → C
+            py_to_c_zi = pickle.loads(py_pkl)
+            self.assertIs(py_to_c_zi, c_zi)
+
+        with test_support.set_zoneinfo_module(py_zoneinfo):
+            # C → Python
+            c_to_py_zi = pickle.loads(c_pkl)
+            self.assertIs(c_to_py_zi, py_zi)
diff --git a/Lib/zoneinfo/__init__.py b/Lib/zoneinfo/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5510ee049
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/zoneinfo/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+__all__ = [
+    "ZoneInfo",
+    "reset_tzpath",
+    "available_timezones",
+    "TZPATH",
+    "ZoneInfoNotFoundError",
+    "InvalidTZPathWarning",
+]
+
+from . import _tzpath
+from ._common import ZoneInfoNotFoundError
+
+try:
+    from _zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
+except ImportError:  # pragma: nocover
+    from ._zoneinfo import ZoneInfo
+
+reset_tzpath = _tzpath.reset_tzpath
+available_timezones = _tzpath.available_timezones
+InvalidTZPathWarning = _tzpath.InvalidTZPathWarning
+
+
+def __getattr__(name):
+    if name == "TZPATH":
+        return _tzpath.TZPATH
+    else:
+        raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}")
+
+
+def __dir__():
+    return sorted(list(globals()) + ["TZPATH"])
diff --git a/Lib/zoneinfo/_common.py b/Lib/zoneinfo/_common.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98cdfe37ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/zoneinfo/_common.py
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+import struct
+
+
+def load_tzdata(key):
+    from importlib import resources
+
+    components = key.split("/")
+    package_name = ".".join(["tzdata.zoneinfo"] + components[:-1])
+    resource_name = components[-1]
+
+    try:
+        return resources.files(package_name).joinpath(resource_name).open("rb")
+    except (ImportError, FileNotFoundError, UnicodeEncodeError):
+        # There are three types of exception that can be raised that all amount
+        # to "we cannot find this key":
+        #
+        # ImportError: If package_name doesn't exist (e.g. if tzdata is not
+        #   installed, or if there's an error in the folder name like
+        #   Amrica/New_York)
+        # FileNotFoundError: If resource_name doesn't exist in the package
+        #   (e.g. Europe/Krasnoy)
+        # UnicodeEncodeError: If package_name or resource_name are not UTF-8,
+        #   such as keys containing a surrogate character.
+        raise ZoneInfoNotFoundError(f"No time zone found with key {key}")
+
+
+def load_data(fobj):
+    header = _TZifHeader.from_file(fobj)
+
+    if header.version == 1:
+        time_size = 4
+        time_type = "l"
+    else:
+        # Version 2+ has 64-bit integer transition times
+        time_size = 8
+        time_type = "q"
+
+        # Version 2+ also starts with a Version 1 header and data, which
+        # we need to skip now
+        skip_bytes = (
+            header.timecnt * 5  # Transition times and types
+            + header.typecnt * 6  # Local time type records
+            + header.charcnt  # Time zone designations
+            + header.leapcnt * 8  # Leap second records
+            + header.isstdcnt  # Standard/wall indicators
+            + header.isutcnt  # UT/local indicators
+        )
+
+        fobj.seek(skip_bytes, 1)
+
+        # Now we need to read the second header, which is not the same
+        # as the first
+        header = _TZifHeader.from_file(fobj)
+
+    typecnt = header.typecnt
+    timecnt = header.timecnt
+    charcnt = header.charcnt
+
+    # The data portion starts with timecnt transitions and indices
+    if timecnt:
+        trans_list_utc = struct.unpack(
+            f">{timecnt}{time_type}", fobj.read(timecnt * time_size)
+        )
+        trans_idx = struct.unpack(f">{timecnt}B", fobj.read(timecnt))
+    else:
+        trans_list_utc = ()
+        trans_idx = ()
+
+    # Read the ttinfo struct, (utoff, isdst, abbrind)
+    if typecnt:
+        utcoff, isdst, abbrind = zip(
+            *(struct.unpack(">lbb", fobj.read(6)) for i in range(typecnt))
+        )
+    else:
+        utcoff = ()
+        isdst = ()
+        abbrind = ()
+
+    # Now read the abbreviations. They are null-terminated strings, indexed
+    # not by position in the array but by position in the unsplit
+    # abbreviation string. I suppose this makes more sense in C, which uses
+    # null to terminate the strings, but it's inconvenient here...
+    abbr_vals = {}
+    abbr_chars = fobj.read(charcnt)
+
+    def get_abbr(idx):
+        # Gets a string starting at idx and running until the next \x00
+        #
+        # We cannot pre-populate abbr_vals by splitting on \x00 because there
+        # are some zones that use subsets of longer abbreviations, like so:
+        #
+        #  LMT\x00AHST\x00HDT\x00
+        #
+        # Where the idx to abbr mapping should be:
+        #
+        # {0: "LMT", 4: "AHST", 5: "HST", 9: "HDT"}
+        if idx not in abbr_vals:
+            span_end = abbr_chars.find(b"\x00", idx)
+            abbr_vals[idx] = abbr_chars[idx:span_end].decode()
+
+        return abbr_vals[idx]
+
+    abbr = tuple(get_abbr(idx) for idx in abbrind)
+
+    # The remainder of the file consists of leap seconds (currently unused) and
+    # the standard/wall and ut/local indicators, which are metadata we don't need.
+    # In version 2 files, we need to skip the unnecessary data to get at the TZ string:
+    if header.version >= 2:
+        # Each leap second record has size (time_size + 4)
+        skip_bytes = header.isutcnt + header.isstdcnt + header.leapcnt * 12
+        fobj.seek(skip_bytes, 1)
+
+        c = fobj.read(1)  # Should be \n
+        assert c == b"\n", c
+
+        tz_bytes = b""
+        while (c := fobj.read(1)) != b"\n":
+            tz_bytes += c
+
+        tz_str = tz_bytes
+    else:
+        tz_str = None
+
+    return trans_idx, trans_list_utc, utcoff, isdst, abbr, tz_str
+
+
+class _TZifHeader:
+    __slots__ = [
+        "version",
+        "isutcnt",
+        "isstdcnt",
+        "leapcnt",
+        "timecnt",
+        "typecnt",
+        "charcnt",
+    ]
+
+    def __init__(self, *args):
+        for attr, val in zip(self.__slots__, args, strict=True):
+            setattr(self, attr, val)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_file(cls, stream):
+        # The header starts with a 4-byte "magic" value
+        if stream.read(4) != b"TZif":
+            raise ValueError("Invalid TZif file: magic not found")
+
+        _version = stream.read(1)
+        if _version == b"\x00":
+            version = 1
+        else:
+            version = int(_version)
+        stream.read(15)
+
+        args = (version,)
+
+        # Slots are defined in the order that the bytes are arranged
+        args = args + struct.unpack(">6l", stream.read(24))
+
+        return cls(*args)
+
+
+class ZoneInfoNotFoundError(KeyError):
+    """Exception raised when a ZoneInfo key is not found."""
diff --git a/Lib/zoneinfo/_tzpath.py b/Lib/zoneinfo/_tzpath.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5db17bea04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/zoneinfo/_tzpath.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+import os
+import sysconfig
+
+
+def _reset_tzpath(to=None, stacklevel=4):
+    global TZPATH
+
+    tzpaths = to
+    if tzpaths is not None:
+        if isinstance(tzpaths, (str, bytes)):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"tzpaths must be a list or tuple, "
+                + f"not {type(tzpaths)}: {tzpaths!r}"
+            )
+
+        if not all(map(os.path.isabs, tzpaths)):
+            raise ValueError(_get_invalid_paths_message(tzpaths))
+        base_tzpath = tzpaths
+    else:
+        env_var = os.environ.get("PYTHONTZPATH", None)
+        if env_var is None:
+            env_var = sysconfig.get_config_var("TZPATH")
+        base_tzpath = _parse_python_tzpath(env_var, stacklevel)
+
+    TZPATH = tuple(base_tzpath)
+
+
+def reset_tzpath(to=None):
+    """Reset global TZPATH."""
+    # We need `_reset_tzpath` helper function because it produces a warning,
+    # it is used as both a module-level call and a public API.
+    # This is how we equalize the stacklevel for both calls.
+    _reset_tzpath(to)
+
+
+def _parse_python_tzpath(env_var, stacklevel):
+    if not env_var:
+        return ()
+
+    raw_tzpath = env_var.split(os.pathsep)
+    new_tzpath = tuple(filter(os.path.isabs, raw_tzpath))
+
+    # If anything has been filtered out, we will warn about it
+    if len(new_tzpath) != len(raw_tzpath):
+        import warnings
+
+        msg = _get_invalid_paths_message(raw_tzpath)
+
+        warnings.warn(
+            "Invalid paths specified in PYTHONTZPATH environment variable. "
+            + msg,
+            InvalidTZPathWarning,
+            stacklevel=stacklevel,
+        )
+
+    return new_tzpath
+
+
+def _get_invalid_paths_message(tzpaths):
+    invalid_paths = (path for path in tzpaths if not os.path.isabs(path))
+
+    prefix = "\n    "
+    indented_str = prefix + prefix.join(invalid_paths)
+
+    return (
+        "Paths should be absolute but found the following relative paths:"
+        + indented_str
+    )
+
+
+def find_tzfile(key):
+    """Retrieve the path to a TZif file from a key."""
+    _validate_tzfile_path(key)
+    for search_path in TZPATH:
+        filepath = os.path.join(search_path, key)
+        if os.path.isfile(filepath):
+            return filepath
+
+    return None
+
+
+_TEST_PATH = os.path.normpath(os.path.join("_", "_"))[:-1]
+
+
+def _validate_tzfile_path(path, _base=_TEST_PATH):
+    if os.path.isabs(path):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"ZoneInfo keys may not be absolute paths, got: {path}"
+        )
+
+    # We only care about the kinds of path normalizations that would change the
+    # length of the key - e.g. a/../b -> a/b, or a/b/ -> a/b. On Windows,
+    # normpath will also change from a/b to a\b, but that would still preserve
+    # the length.
+    new_path = os.path.normpath(path)
+    if len(new_path) != len(path):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"ZoneInfo keys must be normalized relative paths, got: {path}"
+        )
+
+    resolved = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(_base, new_path))
+    if not resolved.startswith(_base):
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"ZoneInfo keys must refer to subdirectories of TZPATH, got: {path}"
+        )
+
+
+del _TEST_PATH
+
+
+def available_timezones():
+    """Returns a set containing all available time zones.
+
+    .. caution::
+
+        This may attempt to open a large number of files, since the best way to
+        determine if a given file on the time zone search path is to open it
+        and check for the "magic string" at the beginning.
+    """
+    from importlib import resources
+
+    valid_zones = set()
+
+    # Start with loading from the tzdata package if it exists: this has a
+    # pre-assembled list of zones that only requires opening one file.
+    try:
+        with resources.files("tzdata").joinpath("zones").open("r") as f:
+            for zone in f:
+                zone = zone.strip()
+                if zone:
+                    valid_zones.add(zone)
+    except (ImportError, FileNotFoundError):
+        pass
+
+    def valid_key(fpath):
+        try:
+            with open(fpath, "rb") as f:
+                return f.read(4) == b"TZif"
+        except Exception:  # pragma: nocover
+            return False
+
+    for tz_root in TZPATH:
+        if not os.path.exists(tz_root):
+            continue
+
+        for root, dirnames, files in os.walk(tz_root):
+            if root == tz_root:
+                # right/ and posix/ are special directories and shouldn't be
+                # included in the output of available zones
+                if "right" in dirnames:
+                    dirnames.remove("right")
+                if "posix" in dirnames:
+                    dirnames.remove("posix")
+
+            for file in files:
+                fpath = os.path.join(root, file)
+
+                key = os.path.relpath(fpath, start=tz_root)
+                if os.sep != "/":  # pragma: nocover
+                    key = key.replace(os.sep, "/")
+
+                if not key or key in valid_zones:
+                    continue
+
+                if valid_key(fpath):
+                    valid_zones.add(key)
+
+    if "posixrules" in valid_zones:
+        # posixrules is a special symlink-only time zone where it exists, it
+        # should not be included in the output
+        valid_zones.remove("posixrules")
+
+    return valid_zones
+
+
+class InvalidTZPathWarning(RuntimeWarning):
+    """Warning raised if an invalid path is specified in PYTHONTZPATH."""
+
+
+TZPATH = ()
+_reset_tzpath(stacklevel=5)
diff --git a/Lib/zoneinfo/_zoneinfo.py b/Lib/zoneinfo/_zoneinfo.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b77dc0ed39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/zoneinfo/_zoneinfo.py
@@ -0,0 +1,772 @@
+import bisect
+import calendar
+import collections
+import functools
+import re
+import weakref
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, tzinfo
+
+from . import _common, _tzpath
+
+EPOCH = datetime(1970, 1, 1)
+EPOCHORDINAL = datetime(1970, 1, 1).toordinal()
+
+# It is relatively expensive to construct new timedelta objects, and in most
+# cases we're looking at the same deltas, like integer numbers of hours, etc.
+# To improve speed and memory use, we'll keep a dictionary with references
+# to the ones we've already used so far.
+#
+# Loading every time zone in the 2020a version of the time zone database
+# requires 447 timedeltas, which requires approximately the amount of space
+# that ZoneInfo("America/New_York") with 236 transitions takes up, so we will
+# set the cache size to 512 so that in the common case we always get cache
+# hits, but specifically crafted ZoneInfo objects don't leak arbitrary amounts
+# of memory.
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=512)
+def _load_timedelta(seconds):
+    return timedelta(seconds=seconds)
+
+
+class ZoneInfo(tzinfo):
+    _strong_cache_size = 8
+    _strong_cache = collections.OrderedDict()
+    _weak_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+    __module__ = "zoneinfo"
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls):
+        cls._strong_cache = collections.OrderedDict()
+        cls._weak_cache = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
+
+    def __new__(cls, key):
+        instance = cls._weak_cache.get(key, None)
+        if instance is None:
+            instance = cls._weak_cache.setdefault(key, cls._new_instance(key))
+            instance._from_cache = True
+
+        # Update the "strong" cache
+        cls._strong_cache[key] = cls._strong_cache.pop(key, instance)
+
+        if len(cls._strong_cache) > cls._strong_cache_size:
+            cls._strong_cache.popitem(last=False)
+
+        return instance
+
+    @classmethod
+    def no_cache(cls, key):
+        obj = cls._new_instance(key)
+        obj._from_cache = False
+
+        return obj
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _new_instance(cls, key):
+        obj = super().__new__(cls)
+        obj._key = key
+        obj._file_path = obj._find_tzfile(key)
+
+        if obj._file_path is not None:
+            file_obj = open(obj._file_path, "rb")
+        else:
+            file_obj = _common.load_tzdata(key)
+
+        with file_obj as f:
+            obj._load_file(f)
+
+        return obj
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_file(cls, fobj, /, key=None):
+        obj = super().__new__(cls)
+        obj._key = key
+        obj._file_path = None
+        obj._load_file(fobj)
+        obj._file_repr = repr(fobj)
+
+        # Disable pickling for objects created from files
+        obj.__reduce__ = obj._file_reduce
+
+        return obj
+
+    @classmethod
+    def clear_cache(cls, *, only_keys=None):
+        if only_keys is not None:
+            for key in only_keys:
+                cls._weak_cache.pop(key, None)
+                cls._strong_cache.pop(key, None)
+
+        else:
+            cls._weak_cache.clear()
+            cls._strong_cache.clear()
+
+    @property
+    def key(self):
+        return self._key
+
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        return self._find_trans(dt).utcoff
+
+    def dst(self, dt):
+        return self._find_trans(dt).dstoff
+
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        return self._find_trans(dt).tzname
+
+    def fromutc(self, dt):
+        """Convert from datetime in UTC to datetime in local time"""
+
+        if not isinstance(dt, datetime):
+            raise TypeError("fromutc() requires a datetime argument")
+        if dt.tzinfo is not self:
+            raise ValueError("dt.tzinfo is not self")
+
+        timestamp = self._get_local_timestamp(dt)
+        num_trans = len(self._trans_utc)
+
+        if num_trans >= 1 and timestamp < self._trans_utc[0]:
+            tti = self._tti_before
+            fold = 0
+        elif (
+            num_trans == 0 or timestamp > self._trans_utc[-1]
+        ) and not isinstance(self._tz_after, _ttinfo):
+            tti, fold = self._tz_after.get_trans_info_fromutc(
+                timestamp, dt.year
+            )
+        elif num_trans == 0:
+            tti = self._tz_after
+            fold = 0
+        else:
+            idx = bisect.bisect_right(self._trans_utc, timestamp)
+
+            if num_trans > 1 and timestamp >= self._trans_utc[1]:
+                tti_prev, tti = self._ttinfos[idx - 2 : idx]
+            elif timestamp > self._trans_utc[-1]:
+                tti_prev = self._ttinfos[-1]
+                tti = self._tz_after
+            else:
+                tti_prev = self._tti_before
+                tti = self._ttinfos[0]
+
+            # Detect fold
+            shift = tti_prev.utcoff - tti.utcoff
+            fold = shift.total_seconds() > timestamp - self._trans_utc[idx - 1]
+        dt += tti.utcoff
+        if fold:
+            return dt.replace(fold=1)
+        else:
+            return dt
+
+    def _find_trans(self, dt):
+        if dt is None:
+            if self._fixed_offset:
+                return self._tz_after
+            else:
+                return _NO_TTINFO
+
+        ts = self._get_local_timestamp(dt)
+
+        lt = self._trans_local[dt.fold]
+
+        num_trans = len(lt)
+
+        if num_trans and ts < lt[0]:
+            return self._tti_before
+        elif not num_trans or ts > lt[-1]:
+            if isinstance(self._tz_after, _TZStr):
+                return self._tz_after.get_trans_info(ts, dt.year, dt.fold)
+            else:
+                return self._tz_after
+        else:
+            # idx is the transition that occurs after this timestamp, so we
+            # subtract off 1 to get the current ttinfo
+            idx = bisect.bisect_right(lt, ts) - 1
+            assert idx >= 0
+            return self._ttinfos[idx]
+
+    def _get_local_timestamp(self, dt):
+        return (
+            (dt.toordinal() - EPOCHORDINAL) * 86400
+            + dt.hour * 3600
+            + dt.minute * 60
+            + dt.second
+        )
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self._key is not None:
+            return f"{self._key}"
+        else:
+            return repr(self)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self._key is not None:
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}(key={self._key!r})"
+        else:
+            return f"{self.__class__.__name__}.from_file({self._file_repr})"
+
+    def __reduce__(self):
+        return (self.__class__._unpickle, (self._key, self._from_cache))
+
+    def _file_reduce(self):
+        import pickle
+
+        raise pickle.PicklingError(
+            "Cannot pickle a ZoneInfo file created from a file stream."
+        )
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _unpickle(cls, key, from_cache, /):
+        if from_cache:
+            return cls(key)
+        else:
+            return cls.no_cache(key)
+
+    def _find_tzfile(self, key):
+        return _tzpath.find_tzfile(key)
+
+    def _load_file(self, fobj):
+        # Retrieve all the data as it exists in the zoneinfo file
+        trans_idx, trans_utc, utcoff, isdst, abbr, tz_str = _common.load_data(
+            fobj
+        )
+
+        # Infer the DST offsets (needed for .dst()) from the data
+        dstoff = self._utcoff_to_dstoff(trans_idx, utcoff, isdst)
+
+        # Convert all the transition times (UTC) into "seconds since 1970-01-01 local time"
+        trans_local = self._ts_to_local(trans_idx, trans_utc, utcoff)
+
+        # Construct `_ttinfo` objects for each transition in the file
+        _ttinfo_list = [
+            _ttinfo(
+                _load_timedelta(utcoffset), _load_timedelta(dstoffset), tzname
+            )
+            for utcoffset, dstoffset, tzname in zip(utcoff, dstoff, abbr)
+        ]
+
+        self._trans_utc = trans_utc
+        self._trans_local = trans_local
+        self._ttinfos = [_ttinfo_list[idx] for idx in trans_idx]
+
+        # Find the first non-DST transition
+        for i in range(len(isdst)):
+            if not isdst[i]:
+                self._tti_before = _ttinfo_list[i]
+                break
+        else:
+            if self._ttinfos:
+                self._tti_before = self._ttinfos[0]
+            else:
+                self._tti_before = None
+
+        # Set the "fallback" time zone
+        if tz_str is not None and tz_str != b"":
+            self._tz_after = _parse_tz_str(tz_str.decode())
+        else:
+            if not self._ttinfos and not _ttinfo_list:
+                raise ValueError("No time zone information found.")
+
+            if self._ttinfos:
+                self._tz_after = self._ttinfos[-1]
+            else:
+                self._tz_after = _ttinfo_list[-1]
+
+        # Determine if this is a "fixed offset" zone, meaning that the output
+        # of the utcoffset, dst and tzname functions does not depend on the
+        # specific datetime passed.
+        #
+        # We make three simplifying assumptions here:
+        #
+        # 1. If _tz_after is not a _ttinfo, it has transitions that might
+        #    actually occur (it is possible to construct TZ strings that
+        #    specify STD and DST but no transitions ever occur, such as
+        #    AAA0BBB,0/0,J365/25).
+        # 2. If _ttinfo_list contains more than one _ttinfo object, the objects
+        #    represent different offsets.
+        # 3. _ttinfo_list contains no unused _ttinfos (in which case an
+        #    otherwise fixed-offset zone with extra _ttinfos defined may
+        #    appear to *not* be a fixed offset zone).
+        #
+        # Violations to these assumptions would be fairly exotic, and exotic
+        # zones should almost certainly not be used with datetime.time (the
+        # only thing that would be affected by this).
+        if len(_ttinfo_list) > 1 or not isinstance(self._tz_after, _ttinfo):
+            self._fixed_offset = False
+        elif not _ttinfo_list:
+            self._fixed_offset = True
+        else:
+            self._fixed_offset = _ttinfo_list[0] == self._tz_after
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _utcoff_to_dstoff(trans_idx, utcoffsets, isdsts):
+        # Now we must transform our ttis and abbrs into `_ttinfo` objects,
+        # but there is an issue: .dst() must return a timedelta with the
+        # difference between utcoffset() and the "standard" offset, but
+        # the "base offset" and "DST offset" are not encoded in the file;
+        # we can infer what they are from the isdst flag, but it is not
+        # sufficient to just look at the last standard offset, because
+        # occasionally countries will shift both DST offset and base offset.
+
+        typecnt = len(isdsts)
+        dstoffs = [0] * typecnt  # Provisionally assign all to 0.
+        dst_cnt = sum(isdsts)
+        dst_found = 0
+
+        for i in range(1, len(trans_idx)):
+            if dst_cnt == dst_found:
+                break
+
+            idx = trans_idx[i]
+
+            dst = isdsts[idx]
+
+            # We're only going to look at daylight saving time
+            if not dst:
+                continue
+
+            # Skip any offsets that have already been assigned
+            if dstoffs[idx] != 0:
+                continue
+
+            dstoff = 0
+            utcoff = utcoffsets[idx]
+
+            comp_idx = trans_idx[i - 1]
+
+            if not isdsts[comp_idx]:
+                dstoff = utcoff - utcoffsets[comp_idx]
+
+            if not dstoff and idx < (typecnt - 1):
+                comp_idx = trans_idx[i + 1]
+
+                # If the following transition is also DST and we couldn't
+                # find the DST offset by this point, we're going to have to
+                # skip it and hope this transition gets assigned later
+                if isdsts[comp_idx]:
+                    continue
+
+                dstoff = utcoff - utcoffsets[comp_idx]
+
+            if dstoff:
+                dst_found += 1
+                dstoffs[idx] = dstoff
+        else:
+            # If we didn't find a valid value for a given index, we'll end up
+            # with dstoff = 0 for something where `isdst=1`. This is obviously
+            # wrong - one hour will be a much better guess than 0
+            for idx in range(typecnt):
+                if not dstoffs[idx] and isdsts[idx]:
+                    dstoffs[idx] = 3600
+
+        return dstoffs
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _ts_to_local(trans_idx, trans_list_utc, utcoffsets):
+        """Generate number of seconds since 1970 *in the local time*.
+
+        This is necessary to easily find the transition times in local time"""
+        if not trans_list_utc:
+            return [[], []]
+
+        # Start with the timestamps and modify in-place
+        trans_list_wall = [list(trans_list_utc), list(trans_list_utc)]
+
+        if len(utcoffsets) > 1:
+            offset_0 = utcoffsets[0]
+            offset_1 = utcoffsets[trans_idx[0]]
+            if offset_1 > offset_0:
+                offset_1, offset_0 = offset_0, offset_1
+        else:
+            offset_0 = offset_1 = utcoffsets[0]
+
+        trans_list_wall[0][0] += offset_0
+        trans_list_wall[1][0] += offset_1
+
+        for i in range(1, len(trans_idx)):
+            offset_0 = utcoffsets[trans_idx[i - 1]]
+            offset_1 = utcoffsets[trans_idx[i]]
+
+            if offset_1 > offset_0:
+                offset_1, offset_0 = offset_0, offset_1
+
+            trans_list_wall[0][i] += offset_0
+            trans_list_wall[1][i] += offset_1
+
+        return trans_list_wall
+
+
+class _ttinfo:
+    __slots__ = ["utcoff", "dstoff", "tzname"]
+
+    def __init__(self, utcoff, dstoff, tzname):
+        self.utcoff = utcoff
+        self.dstoff = dstoff
+        self.tzname = tzname
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        return (
+            self.utcoff == other.utcoff
+            and self.dstoff == other.dstoff
+            and self.tzname == other.tzname
+        )
+
+    def __repr__(self):  # pragma: nocover
+        return (
+            f"{self.__class__.__name__}"
+            + f"({self.utcoff}, {self.dstoff}, {self.tzname})"
+        )
+
+
+_NO_TTINFO = _ttinfo(None, None, None)
+
+
+class _TZStr:
+    __slots__ = (
+        "std",
+        "dst",
+        "start",
+        "end",
+        "get_trans_info",
+        "get_trans_info_fromutc",
+        "dst_diff",
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, std_abbr, std_offset, dst_abbr, dst_offset, start=None, end=None
+    ):
+        self.dst_diff = dst_offset - std_offset
+        std_offset = _load_timedelta(std_offset)
+        self.std = _ttinfo(
+            utcoff=std_offset, dstoff=_load_timedelta(0), tzname=std_abbr
+        )
+
+        self.start = start
+        self.end = end
+
+        dst_offset = _load_timedelta(dst_offset)
+        delta = _load_timedelta(self.dst_diff)
+        self.dst = _ttinfo(utcoff=dst_offset, dstoff=delta, tzname=dst_abbr)
+
+        # These are assertions because the constructor should only be called
+        # by functions that would fail before passing start or end
+        assert start is not None, "No transition start specified"
+        assert end is not None, "No transition end specified"
+
+        self.get_trans_info = self._get_trans_info
+        self.get_trans_info_fromutc = self._get_trans_info_fromutc
+
+    def transitions(self, year):
+        start = self.start.year_to_epoch(year)
+        end = self.end.year_to_epoch(year)
+        return start, end
+
+    def _get_trans_info(self, ts, year, fold):
+        """Get the information about the current transition - tti"""
+        start, end = self.transitions(year)
+
+        # With fold = 0, the period (denominated in local time) with the
+        # smaller offset starts at the end of the gap and ends at the end of
+        # the fold; with fold = 1, it runs from the start of the gap to the
+        # beginning of the fold.
+        #
+        # So in order to determine the DST boundaries we need to know both
+        # the fold and whether DST is positive or negative (rare), and it
+        # turns out that this boils down to fold XOR is_positive.
+        if fold == (self.dst_diff >= 0):
+            end -= self.dst_diff
+        else:
+            start += self.dst_diff
+
+        if start < end:
+            isdst = start <= ts < end
+        else:
+            isdst = not (end <= ts < start)
+
+        return self.dst if isdst else self.std
+
+    def _get_trans_info_fromutc(self, ts, year):
+        start, end = self.transitions(year)
+        start -= self.std.utcoff.total_seconds()
+        end -= self.dst.utcoff.total_seconds()
+
+        if start < end:
+            isdst = start <= ts < end
+        else:
+            isdst = not (end <= ts < start)
+
+        # For positive DST, the ambiguous period is one dst_diff after the end
+        # of DST; for negative DST, the ambiguous period is one dst_diff before
+        # the start of DST.
+        if self.dst_diff > 0:
+            ambig_start = end
+            ambig_end = end + self.dst_diff
+        else:
+            ambig_start = start
+            ambig_end = start - self.dst_diff
+
+        fold = ambig_start <= ts < ambig_end
+
+        return (self.dst if isdst else self.std, fold)
+
+
+def _post_epoch_days_before_year(year):
+    """Get the number of days between 1970-01-01 and YEAR-01-01"""
+    y = year - 1
+    return y * 365 + y // 4 - y // 100 + y // 400 - EPOCHORDINAL
+
+
+class _DayOffset:
+    __slots__ = ["d", "julian", "hour", "minute", "second"]
+
+    def __init__(self, d, julian, hour=2, minute=0, second=0):
+        min_day = 0 + julian  # convert bool to int
+        if not min_day <= d <= 365:
+            raise ValueError(f"d must be in [{min_day}, 365], not: {d}")
+
+        self.d = d
+        self.julian = julian
+        self.hour = hour
+        self.minute = minute
+        self.second = second
+
+    def year_to_epoch(self, year):
+        days_before_year = _post_epoch_days_before_year(year)
+
+        d = self.d
+        if self.julian and d >= 59 and calendar.isleap(year):
+            d += 1
+
+        epoch = (days_before_year + d) * 86400
+        epoch += self.hour * 3600 + self.minute * 60 + self.second
+
+        return epoch
+
+
+class _CalendarOffset:
+    __slots__ = ["m", "w", "d", "hour", "minute", "second"]
+
+    _DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH = (
+        -1,
+        0,
+        31,
+        59,
+        90,
+        120,
+        151,
+        181,
+        212,
+        243,
+        273,
+        304,
+        334,
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, m, w, d, hour=2, minute=0, second=0):
+        if not 1 <= m <= 12:
+            raise ValueError("m must be in [1, 12]")
+
+        if not 1 <= w <= 5:
+            raise ValueError("w must be in [1, 5]")
+
+        if not 0 <= d <= 6:
+            raise ValueError("d must be in [0, 6]")
+
+        self.m = m
+        self.w = w
+        self.d = d
+        self.hour = hour
+        self.minute = minute
+        self.second = second
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _ymd2ord(cls, year, month, day):
+        return (
+            _post_epoch_days_before_year(year)
+            + cls._DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month]
+            + (month > 2 and calendar.isleap(year))
+            + day
+        )
+
+    # TODO: These are not actually epoch dates as they are expressed in local time
+    def year_to_epoch(self, year):
+        """Calculates the datetime of the occurrence from the year"""
+        # We know year and month, we need to convert w, d into day of month
+        #
+        # Week 1 is the first week in which day `d` (where 0 = Sunday) appears.
+        # Week 5 represents the last occurrence of day `d`, so we need to know
+        # the range of the month.
+        first_day, days_in_month = calendar.monthrange(year, self.m)
+
+        # This equation seems magical, so I'll break it down:
+        # 1. calendar says 0 = Monday, POSIX says 0 = Sunday
+        #    so we need first_day + 1 to get 1 = Monday -> 7 = Sunday,
+        #    which is still equivalent because this math is mod 7
+        # 2. Get first day - desired day mod 7: -1 % 7 = 6, so we don't need
+        #    to do anything to adjust negative numbers.
+        # 3. Add 1 because month days are a 1-based index.
+        month_day = (self.d - (first_day + 1)) % 7 + 1
+
+        # Now use a 0-based index version of `w` to calculate the w-th
+        # occurrence of `d`
+        month_day += (self.w - 1) * 7
+
+        # month_day will only be > days_in_month if w was 5, and `w` means
+        # "last occurrence of `d`", so now we just check if we over-shot the
+        # end of the month and if so knock off 1 week.
+        if month_day > days_in_month:
+            month_day -= 7
+
+        ordinal = self._ymd2ord(year, self.m, month_day)
+        epoch = ordinal * 86400
+        epoch += self.hour * 3600 + self.minute * 60 + self.second
+        return epoch
+
+
+def _parse_tz_str(tz_str):
+    # The tz string has the format:
+    #
+    # std[offset[dst[offset],start[/time],end[/time]]]
+    #
+    # std and dst must be 3 or more characters long and must not contain
+    # a leading colon, embedded digits, commas, nor a plus or minus signs;
+    # The spaces between "std" and "offset" are only for display and are
+    # not actually present in the string.
+    #
+    # The format of the offset is ``[+|-]hh[:mm[:ss]]``
+
+    offset_str, *start_end_str = tz_str.split(",", 1)
+
+    parser_re = re.compile(
+        r"""
+        (?P<std>[^<0-9:.+-]+|<[a-zA-Z0-9+-]+>)
+        (?:
+            (?P<stdoff>[+-]?\d{1,3}(?::\d{2}(?::\d{2})?)?)
+            (?:
+                (?P<dst>[^0-9:.+-]+|<[a-zA-Z0-9+-]+>)
+                (?P<dstoff>[+-]?\d{1,3}(?::\d{2}(?::\d{2})?)?)?
+            )? # dst
+        )? # stdoff
+        """,
+        re.ASCII|re.VERBOSE
+    )
+
+    m = parser_re.fullmatch(offset_str)
+
+    if m is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"{tz_str} is not a valid TZ string")
+
+    std_abbr = m.group("std")
+    dst_abbr = m.group("dst")
+    dst_offset = None
+
+    std_abbr = std_abbr.strip("<>")
+
+    if dst_abbr:
+        dst_abbr = dst_abbr.strip("<>")
+
+    if std_offset := m.group("stdoff"):
+        try:
+            std_offset = _parse_tz_delta(std_offset)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid STD offset in {tz_str}") from e
+    else:
+        std_offset = 0
+
+    if dst_abbr is not None:
+        if dst_offset := m.group("dstoff"):
+            try:
+                dst_offset = _parse_tz_delta(dst_offset)
+            except ValueError as e:
+                raise ValueError(f"Invalid DST offset in {tz_str}") from e
+        else:
+            dst_offset = std_offset + 3600
+
+        if not start_end_str:
+            raise ValueError(f"Missing transition rules: {tz_str}")
+
+        start_end_strs = start_end_str[0].split(",", 1)
+        try:
+            start, end = (_parse_dst_start_end(x) for x in start_end_strs)
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid TZ string: {tz_str}") from e
+
+        return _TZStr(std_abbr, std_offset, dst_abbr, dst_offset, start, end)
+    elif start_end_str:
+        raise ValueError(f"Transition rule present without DST: {tz_str}")
+    else:
+        # This is a static ttinfo, don't return _TZStr
+        return _ttinfo(
+            _load_timedelta(std_offset), _load_timedelta(0), std_abbr
+        )
+
+
+def _parse_dst_start_end(dststr):
+    date, *time = dststr.split("/", 1)
+    type = date[:1]
+    if type == "M":
+        n_is_julian = False
+        m = re.fullmatch(r"M(\d{1,2})\.(\d).(\d)", date, re.ASCII)
+        if m is None:
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid dst start/end date: {dststr}")
+        date_offset = tuple(map(int, m.groups()))
+        offset = _CalendarOffset(*date_offset)
+    else:
+        if type == "J":
+            n_is_julian = True
+            date = date[1:]
+        else:
+            n_is_julian = False
+
+        doy = int(date)
+        offset = _DayOffset(doy, n_is_julian)
+
+    if time:
+        offset.hour, offset.minute, offset.second = _parse_transition_time(time[0])
+
+    return offset
+
+
+def _parse_transition_time(time_str):
+    match = re.fullmatch(
+        r"(?P<sign>[+-])?(?P<h>\d{1,3})(:(?P<m>\d{2})(:(?P<s>\d{2}))?)?",
+        time_str,
+        re.ASCII
+    )
+    if match is None:
+        raise ValueError(f"Invalid time: {time_str}")
+
+    h, m, s = (int(v or 0) for v in match.group("h", "m", "s"))
+
+    if h > 167:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Hour must be in [0, 167]: {time_str}"
+        )
+
+    if match.group("sign") == "-":
+        h, m, s = -h, -m, -s
+
+    return h, m, s
+
+
+def _parse_tz_delta(tz_delta):
+    match = re.fullmatch(
+        r"(?P<sign>[+-])?(?P<h>\d{1,3})(:(?P<m>\d{2})(:(?P<s>\d{2}))?)?",
+        tz_delta,
+        re.ASCII
+    )
+    # Anything passed to this function should already have hit an equivalent
+    # regular expression to find the section to parse.
+    assert match is not None, tz_delta
+
+    h, m, s = (int(v or 0) for v in match.group("h", "m", "s"))
+
+    total = h * 3600 + m * 60 + s
+
+    if h > 24:
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Offset hours must be in [0, 24]: {tz_delta}"
+        )
+
+    # Yes, +5 maps to an offset of -5h
+    if match.group("sign") != "-":
+        total = -total
+
+    return total

From b36c95b91eec168dd2296a92d153e89d638bd93a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Sep 2024 20:59:12 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 336/705] Fix set intersection_update implementation

---
 Lib/test/test_weakset.py |  2 --
 vm/src/builtins/set.rs   | 12 +++---------
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_weakset.py b/Lib/test/test_weakset.py
index 587b17b34c..6c4cb05a5f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_weakset.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_weakset.py
@@ -322,8 +322,6 @@ def test_ixor(self):
             else:
                 self.assertNotIn(c, self.s)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_inplace_on_self(self):
         t = self.s.copy()
         t |= t
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
index 65f4338bc6..fd001500d8 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
@@ -391,16 +391,10 @@ impl PySetInner {
         others: impl std::iter::Iterator<Item = ArgIterable>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let mut temp_inner = self.copy();
+        let temp_inner = self.fold_op(others, PySetInner::intersection, vm)?;
         self.clear();
-        for iterable in others {
-            for item in iterable.iter(vm)? {
-                let obj = item?;
-                if temp_inner.contains(&obj, vm)? {
-                    self.add(obj, vm)?;
-                }
-            }
-            temp_inner = self.copy()
+        for obj in temp_inner.elements() {
+            self.add(obj, vm)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }

From 8152e7e62c304c95764504058ab86909a7c369f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 2024 17:17:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 337/705] Make Gid/Uid less janky

---
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs | 115 +++++++++++++----------------------------
 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 39a450b4f9..e134bf28c5 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -1111,17 +1111,13 @@ pub mod module {
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn setgid(gid: Option<Gid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let gid =
-            gid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
+    fn setgid(gid: Gid, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         unistd::setgid(gid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn setegid(egid: Option<Gid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let egid =
-            egid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
+    fn setegid(egid: Gid, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         unistd::setegid(egid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
@@ -1139,7 +1135,7 @@ pub mod module {
             .map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
-    fn try_from_id(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef, typ_name: &str) -> PyResult<Option<u32>> {
+    fn try_from_id(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef, typ_name: &str) -> PyResult<u32> {
         use std::cmp::Ordering;
         let i = obj
             .try_to_ref::<PyInt>(vm)
@@ -1152,53 +1148,47 @@ pub mod module {
             .try_to_primitive::<i64>(vm)?;
 
         match i.cmp(&-1) {
-            Ordering::Greater => Ok(Some(i.try_into().map_err(|_| {
+            Ordering::Greater => Ok(i.try_into().map_err(|_| {
                 vm.new_overflow_error(format!("{typ_name} is larger than maximum"))
-            })?)),
+            })?),
             Ordering::Less => {
                 Err(vm.new_overflow_error(format!("{typ_name} is less than minimum")))
             }
-            Ordering::Equal => Ok(None), // -1 means does not change the value
+            // -1 means does not change the value
+            // In CPython, this is `(uid_t) -1`, rustc gets mad when we try to declare
+            // a negative unsigned integer :).
+            Ordering::Equal => Ok(-1i32 as u32),
         }
     }
 
-    impl TryFromObject for Option<Uid> {
+    impl TryFromObject for Uid {
         fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-            Ok(try_from_id(vm, obj, "uid")?.map(Uid::from_raw))
+            try_from_id(vm, obj, "uid").map(Uid::from_raw)
         }
     }
 
-    impl TryFromObject for Option<Gid> {
+    impl TryFromObject for Gid {
         fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-            Ok(try_from_id(vm, obj, "gid")?.map(Gid::from_raw))
+            try_from_id(vm, obj, "gid").map(Gid::from_raw)
         }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn setuid(uid: Option<Uid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let uid =
-            uid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
-        unistd::setuid(uid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
+    fn setuid(uid: Uid) -> nix::Result<()> {
+        unistd::setuid(uid)
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn seteuid(euid: Option<Uid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let euid =
-            euid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
-        unistd::seteuid(euid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
+    fn seteuid(euid: Uid) -> nix::Result<()> {
+        unistd::seteuid(euid)
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn setreuid(ruid: Option<Uid>, euid: Option<Uid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        if let Some(ruid) = ruid {
-            unistd::setuid(ruid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
-        }
-        if let Some(euid) = euid {
-            unistd::seteuid(euid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
+    fn setreuid(ruid: Uid, euid: Uid) -> nix::Result<()> {
+        let ret = unsafe { libc::setreuid(ruid.as_raw(), euid.as_raw()) };
+        nix::Error::result(ret).map(drop)
     }
 
     // cfg from nix
@@ -1209,20 +1199,8 @@ pub mod module {
         target_os = "openbsd"
     ))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn setresuid(
-        ruid: Option<Uid>,
-        euid: Option<Uid>,
-        suid: Option<Uid>,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let unwrap_or_unchanged =
-            |u: Option<Uid>| u.unwrap_or_else(|| Uid::from_raw(libc::uid_t::MAX));
-        unistd::setresuid(
-            unwrap_or_unchanged(ruid),
-            unwrap_or_unchanged(euid),
-            unwrap_or_unchanged(suid),
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
+    fn setresuid(ruid: Uid, euid: Uid, suid: Uid) -> nix::Result<()> {
+        unistd::setresuid(ruid, euid, suid)
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
@@ -1271,8 +1249,8 @@ pub mod module {
     // cfg from nix
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "linux", target_os = "openbsd"))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn getresuid(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(u32, u32, u32)> {
-        let ret = unistd::getresuid().map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))?;
+    fn getresuid() -> nix::Result<(u32, u32, u32)> {
+        let ret = unistd::getresuid()?;
         Ok((
             ret.real.as_raw(),
             ret.effective.as_raw(),
@@ -1283,8 +1261,8 @@ pub mod module {
     // cfg from nix
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "linux", target_os = "openbsd"))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn getresgid(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(u32, u32, u32)> {
-        let ret = unistd::getresgid().map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))?;
+    fn getresgid() -> nix::Result<(u32, u32, u32)> {
+        let ret = unistd::getresgid()?;
         Ok((
             ret.real.as_raw(),
             ret.effective.as_raw(),
@@ -1300,32 +1278,15 @@ pub mod module {
         target_os = "openbsd"
     ))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn setresgid(
-        rgid: Option<Gid>,
-        egid: Option<Gid>,
-        sgid: Option<Gid>,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let unwrap_or_unchanged =
-            |u: Option<Gid>| u.unwrap_or_else(|| Gid::from_raw(libc::gid_t::MAX));
-        unistd::setresgid(
-            unwrap_or_unchanged(rgid),
-            unwrap_or_unchanged(egid),
-            unwrap_or_unchanged(sgid),
-        )
-        .map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
+    fn setresgid(rgid: Gid, egid: Gid, sgid: Gid, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        unistd::setresgid(rgid, egid, sgid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn setregid(rgid: Option<Gid>, egid: Option<Gid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        if let Some(rgid) = rgid {
-            unistd::setgid(rgid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
-        }
-        if let Some(egid) = egid {
-            unistd::setegid(egid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
+    fn setregid(rgid: Gid, egid: Gid) -> nix::Result<()> {
+        let ret = unsafe { libc::setregid(rgid.as_raw(), egid.as_raw()) };
+        nix::Error::result(ret).map(drop)
     }
 
     // cfg from nix
@@ -1336,10 +1297,8 @@ pub mod module {
         target_os = "openbsd"
     ))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn initgroups(user_name: PyStrRef, gid: Option<Gid>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+    fn initgroups(user_name: PyStrRef, gid: Gid, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         let user = user_name.to_cstring(vm)?;
-        let gid =
-            gid.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
         unistd::initgroups(&user, gid).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
@@ -1347,15 +1306,11 @@ pub mod module {
     #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "macos", target_os = "redox")))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn setgroups(
-        group_ids: crate::function::ArgIterable<Option<Gid>>,
+        group_ids: crate::function::ArgIterable<Gid>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<()> {
-        let gids = group_ids
-            .iter(vm)?
-            .collect::<Result<Option<Vec<_>>, _>>()?
-            .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_errno_error(1, "Operation not permitted".to_string()))?;
-        let ret = unistd::setgroups(&gids);
-        ret.map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
+        let gids = group_ids.iter(vm)?.collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
+        unistd::setgroups(&gids).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "freebsd", target_os = "macos"))]

From a8964f4108d9ba0f1b87ced33eef955922b4825d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 16 Sep 2024 23:26:51 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 338/705] Add select.epoll

---
 Cargo.lock             |   2 +
 Cargo.toml             |   1 +
 Lib/test/test_poll.py  |   2 -
 stdlib/Cargo.toml      |   3 +
 stdlib/src/select.rs   | 320 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------
 vm/Cargo.toml          |   1 +
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs    |  16 ++-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs    |   7 +
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs |  14 +-
 9 files changed, 322 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 5fcb773d84..9d8f440878 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2273,6 +2273,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "puruspe",
  "rand",
  "rand_core",
+ "rustix",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-derive",
  "rustpython-vm",
@@ -2342,6 +2343,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand",
  "result-like",
  "rustc_version",
+ "rustix",
  "rustpython-ast",
  "rustpython-codegen",
  "rustpython-common",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 59625995ff..44025aa7fe 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@ once_cell = "1.19.0"
 parking_lot = "0.12.1"
 paste = "1.0.7"
 rand = "0.8.5"
+rustix = { version = "0.38", features = ["event"] }
 rustyline = "14.0.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0.133", default-features = false }
 schannel = "0.1.22"
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_poll.py b/Lib/test/test_poll.py
index 88eed5303f..338eb00f0c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_poll.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_poll.py
@@ -211,8 +211,6 @@ def test_threaded_poll(self):
             os.write(w, b'spam')
             t.join()
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON add support for negative timeout
-    @unittest.expectedFailure    
     @unittest.skipUnless(threading, 'Threading required for this test.')
     @threading_helper.reap_threads
     def test_poll_blocks_with_negative_ms(self):
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 54155f9d95..386450dae4 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -98,6 +98,9 @@ page_size = "0.4"
 [target.'cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox"), not(target_os = "ios")))'.dependencies]
 termios = "0.3.3"
 
+[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
+rustix = { workspace = true }
+
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 gethostname = "0.2.3"
 socket2 = { version = "0.5.6", features = ["all"] }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index 62c9025078..0e367bc35f 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -325,12 +325,59 @@ mod decl {
     pub(super) mod poll {
         use super::*;
         use crate::vm::{
-            builtins::PyFloat, common::lock::PyMutex, convert::ToPyObject, function::OptionalArg,
-            stdlib::io::Fildes, AsObject, PyPayload,
+            builtins::PyFloat,
+            common::lock::PyMutex,
+            convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject},
+            function::OptionalArg,
+            stdlib::io::Fildes,
+            AsObject, PyPayload,
         };
         use libc::pollfd;
-        use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
-        use std::time;
+        use num_traits::{Signed, ToPrimitive};
+        use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+        #[derive(Default)]
+        pub(super) struct TimeoutArg<const MILLIS: bool>(pub Option<Duration>);
+
+        impl<const MILLIS: bool> TryFromObject for TimeoutArg<MILLIS> {
+            fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
+                let timeout = if vm.is_none(&obj) {
+                    None
+                } else if let Some(float) = obj.payload::<PyFloat>() {
+                    let float = float.to_f64();
+                    if float.is_nan() {
+                        return Err(
+                            vm.new_value_error("Invalid value NaN (not a number)".to_owned())
+                        );
+                    }
+                    if float.is_sign_negative() {
+                        None
+                    } else {
+                        let secs = if MILLIS { float * 1000.0 } else { float };
+                        Some(Duration::from_secs_f64(secs))
+                    }
+                } else if let Some(int) = obj.try_index_opt(vm).transpose()? {
+                    if int.as_bigint().is_negative() {
+                        None
+                    } else {
+                        let n = int.as_bigint().to_u64().ok_or_else(|| {
+                            vm.new_overflow_error("value out of range".to_owned())
+                        })?;
+                        Some(if MILLIS {
+                            Duration::from_millis(n)
+                        } else {
+                            Duration::from_secs(n)
+                        })
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                        "expected an int or float for duration, got {}",
+                        obj.class()
+                    )));
+                };
+                Ok(Self(timeout))
+            }
+        }
 
         #[pyclass(module = "select", name = "poll")]
         #[derive(Default, Debug, PyPayload)]
@@ -399,50 +446,31 @@ mod decl {
             #[pymethod]
             fn poll(
                 &self,
-                timeout: OptionalOption,
+                timeout: OptionalArg<TimeoutArg<true>>,
                 vm: &VirtualMachine,
             ) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
                 let mut fds = self.fds.lock();
-                let timeout_ms = match timeout.flatten() {
-                    Some(ms) => {
-                        let ms = if let Some(float) = ms.payload::<PyFloat>() {
-                            float.to_f64().to_i32()
-                        } else if let Some(int) = ms.try_index_opt(vm) {
-                            int?.as_bigint().to_i32()
-                        } else {
-                            return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                                "expected an int or float for duration, got {}",
-                                ms.class()
-                            )));
-                        };
-                        ms.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_value_error("value out of range".to_owned()))?
-                    }
-                    None => -1,
+                let TimeoutArg(timeout) = timeout.unwrap_or_default();
+                let timeout_ms = match timeout {
+                    Some(d) => i32::try_from(d.as_millis())
+                        .map_err(|_| vm.new_overflow_error("value out of range".to_owned()))?,
+                    None => -1i32,
                 };
-                let timeout_ms = if timeout_ms < 0 { -1 } else { timeout_ms };
-                let deadline = (timeout_ms >= 0)
-                    .then(|| time::Instant::now() + time::Duration::from_millis(timeout_ms as u64));
+                let deadline = timeout.map(|d| Instant::now() + d);
                 let mut poll_timeout = timeout_ms;
                 loop {
                     let res = unsafe { libc::poll(fds.as_mut_ptr(), fds.len() as _, poll_timeout) };
-                    let res = if res < 0 {
-                        Err(io::Error::last_os_error())
-                    } else {
-                        Ok(())
-                    };
-                    match res {
-                        Ok(()) => break,
-                        Err(e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::Interrupted => {
-                            vm.check_signals()?;
-                            if let Some(d) = deadline {
-                                match d.checked_duration_since(time::Instant::now()) {
-                                    Some(remaining) => poll_timeout = remaining.as_millis() as i32,
-                                    // we've timed out
-                                    None => break,
-                                }
-                            }
+                    match nix::Error::result(res) {
+                        Ok(_) => break,
+                        Err(nix::Error::EINTR) => vm.check_signals()?,
+                        Err(e) => return Err(e.into_pyexception(vm)),
+                    }
+                    if let Some(d) = deadline {
+                        if let Some(remaining) = d.checked_duration_since(Instant::now()) {
+                            poll_timeout = remaining.as_millis() as i32;
+                        } else {
+                            break;
                         }
-                        Err(e) => return Err(e.to_pyexception(vm)),
                     }
                 }
                 Ok(fds
@@ -453,4 +481,216 @@ mod decl {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android", target_os = "redox"))]
+    #[pyattr(name = "epoll", once)]
+    fn epoll(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
+        use crate::vm::class::PyClassImpl;
+        epoll::PyEpoll::make_class(&vm.ctx)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android", target_os = "redox"))]
+    #[pyattr]
+    use libc::{
+        EPOLLERR, EPOLLEXCLUSIVE, EPOLLHUP, EPOLLIN, EPOLLMSG, EPOLLONESHOT, EPOLLOUT, EPOLLPRI,
+        EPOLLRDBAND, EPOLLRDHUP, EPOLLRDNORM, EPOLLWAKEUP, EPOLLWRBAND, EPOLLWRNORM, EPOLL_CLOEXEC,
+    };
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android", target_os = "redox"))]
+    #[pyattr]
+    const EPOLLET: u32 = libc::EPOLLET as u32;
+
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android", target_os = "redox"))]
+    pub(super) mod epoll {
+        use super::*;
+        use crate::vm::{
+            builtins::PyTypeRef,
+            common::lock::{PyRwLock, PyRwLockReadGuard},
+            convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject},
+            function::OptionalArg,
+            stdlib::io::Fildes,
+            types::Constructor,
+            PyPayload,
+        };
+        use rustix::event::epoll::{self, EventData, EventFlags};
+        use std::ops::Deref;
+        use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, IntoRawFd, OwnedFd};
+        use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+
+        #[pyclass(module = "select", name = "epoll")]
+        #[derive(Debug, rustpython_vm::PyPayload)]
+        pub struct PyEpoll {
+            epoll_fd: PyRwLock<Option<OwnedFd>>,
+        }
+
+        #[derive(FromArgs)]
+        pub struct EpollNewArgs {
+            #[pyarg(any, default = "-1")]
+            sizehint: i32,
+            #[pyarg(any, default = "0")]
+            flags: i32,
+        }
+
+        impl Constructor for PyEpoll {
+            type Args = EpollNewArgs;
+            fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, args: EpollNewArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+                if let ..=-2 | 0 = args.sizehint {
+                    return Err(vm.new_value_error("negative sizehint".to_owned()));
+                }
+                if !matches!(args.flags, 0 | libc::EPOLL_CLOEXEC) {
+                    return Err(vm.new_os_error("invalid flags".to_owned()));
+                }
+                Self::new()
+                    .map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))?
+                    .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
+                    .map(Into::into)
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[derive(FromArgs)]
+        struct EpollPollArgs {
+            #[pyarg(any, default)]
+            timeout: poll::TimeoutArg<false>,
+            #[pyarg(any, default = "-1")]
+            maxevents: i32,
+        }
+
+        #[pyclass(with(Constructor))]
+        impl PyEpoll {
+            fn new() -> std::io::Result<Self> {
+                let epoll_fd = epoll::create(epoll::CreateFlags::CLOEXEC)?;
+                let epoll_fd = Some(epoll_fd).into();
+                Ok(PyEpoll { epoll_fd })
+            }
+
+            #[pymethod]
+            fn close(&self) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+                let fd = self.epoll_fd.write().take();
+                if let Some(fd) = fd {
+                    nix::unistd::close(fd.into_raw_fd())?;
+                }
+                Ok(())
+            }
+
+            #[pygetset]
+            fn closed(&self) -> bool {
+                self.epoll_fd.read().is_none()
+            }
+
+            fn get_epoll(
+                &self,
+                vm: &VirtualMachine,
+            ) -> PyResult<impl Deref<Target = OwnedFd> + '_> {
+                PyRwLockReadGuard::try_map(self.epoll_fd.read(), |x| x.as_ref()).map_err(|_| {
+                    vm.new_value_error("I/O operation on closed epoll object".to_owned())
+                })
+            }
+
+            #[pymethod]
+            fn fileno(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<i32> {
+                self.get_epoll(vm).map(|epoll_fd| epoll_fd.as_raw_fd())
+            }
+
+            #[pyclassmethod]
+            fn fromfd(cls: PyTypeRef, fd: OwnedFd, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyRef<Self>> {
+                let epoll_fd = Some(fd).into();
+                Self { epoll_fd }.into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
+            }
+
+            #[pymethod]
+            fn register(
+                &self,
+                fd: Fildes,
+                eventmask: OptionalArg<u32>,
+                vm: &VirtualMachine,
+            ) -> PyResult<()> {
+                let events = match eventmask {
+                    OptionalArg::Present(mask) => EventFlags::from_bits_retain(mask),
+                    OptionalArg::Missing => EventFlags::IN | EventFlags::PRI | EventFlags::OUT,
+                };
+                let epoll_fd = &*self.get_epoll(vm)?;
+                let data = EventData::new_u64(fd.as_raw_fd() as u64);
+                epoll::add(epoll_fd, fd, data, events).map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))
+            }
+
+            #[pymethod]
+            fn modify(&self, fd: Fildes, eventmask: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+                let events = EventFlags::from_bits_retain(eventmask);
+                let epoll_fd = &*self.get_epoll(vm)?;
+                let data = EventData::new_u64(fd.as_raw_fd() as u64);
+                epoll::modify(epoll_fd, fd, data, events).map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))
+            }
+
+            #[pymethod]
+            fn unregister(&self, fd: Fildes, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+                let epoll_fd = &*self.get_epoll(vm)?;
+                epoll::delete(epoll_fd, fd).map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))
+            }
+
+            #[pymethod]
+            fn poll(&self, args: EpollPollArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyListRef> {
+                let poll::TimeoutArg(timeout) = args.timeout;
+                let maxevents = args.maxevents;
+
+                let make_poll_timeout = |d: Duration| i32::try_from(d.as_millis());
+                let mut poll_timeout = match timeout {
+                    Some(d) => make_poll_timeout(d)
+                        .map_err(|_| vm.new_overflow_error("timeout is too large".to_owned()))?,
+                    None => -1,
+                };
+
+                let deadline = timeout.map(|d| Instant::now() + d);
+                let maxevents = match maxevents {
+                    ..-1 => {
+                        return Err(vm.new_value_error(format!(
+                            "maxevents must be greater than 0, got {maxevents}"
+                        )))
+                    }
+                    -1 => libc::FD_SETSIZE - 1,
+                    _ => maxevents as usize,
+                };
+
+                let mut events = epoll::EventVec::with_capacity(maxevents);
+
+                let epoll = &*self.get_epoll(vm)?;
+
+                loop {
+                    match epoll::wait(epoll, &mut events, poll_timeout) {
+                        Ok(()) => break,
+                        Err(rustix::io::Errno::INTR) => vm.check_signals()?,
+                        Err(e) => return Err(e.into_pyexception(vm)),
+                    }
+                    if let Some(deadline) = deadline {
+                        if let Some(new_timeout) = deadline.checked_duration_since(Instant::now()) {
+                            poll_timeout = make_poll_timeout(new_timeout).unwrap();
+                        } else {
+                            break;
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                let ret = events
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(|ev| (ev.data.u64() as i32, { ev.flags }.bits()).to_pyobject(vm))
+                    .collect();
+
+                Ok(vm.ctx.new_list(ret))
+            }
+
+            #[pymethod(magic)]
+            fn enter(zelf: PyRef<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyRef<Self>> {
+                zelf.get_epoll(vm)?;
+                Ok(zelf)
+            }
+
+            #[pymethod(magic)]
+            fn exit(
+                &self,
+                _exc_type: OptionalArg,
+                _exc_value: OptionalArg,
+                _exc_tb: OptionalArg,
+            ) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+                self.close()
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 78702bc8fd..2b50fbc6d6 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ unic-ucd-category  = "0.9.0"
 unic-ucd-ident     = "0.9.0"
 
 [target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
+rustix = { workspace = true }
 exitcode = "1.1.2"
 uname = "0.1.1"
 strum = "0.24.0"
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index fb64caeb1b..38512d2985 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 }
 
 // not used on all platforms
-#[allow(unused)]
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct Fildes(pub i32);
@@ -100,6 +99,21 @@ impl TryFromObject for Fildes {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(unix)]
+impl std::os::fd::AsFd for Fildes {
+    fn as_fd(&self) -> std::os::fd::BorrowedFd<'_> {
+        // SAFETY: none, really. but, python's os api of passing around file descriptors
+        //         everywhere isn't really io-safe anyway, so, this is passed to the user.
+        unsafe { std::os::fd::BorrowedFd::borrow_raw(self.0) }
+    }
+}
+#[cfg(unix)]
+impl std::os::fd::AsRawFd for Fildes {
+    fn as_raw_fd(&self) -> std::os::fd::RawFd {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+
 #[pymodule]
 mod _io {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 58b2d770ac..5d70327d38 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,13 @@ impl crate::convert::IntoPyException for nix::Error {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(unix)]
+impl crate::convert::IntoPyException for rustix::io::Errno {
+    fn into_pyexception(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        io::Error::from(self).into_pyexception(vm)
+    }
+}
+
 /// Convert the error stored in the `errno` variable into an Exception
 #[inline]
 pub fn errno_err(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 39a450b4f9..29f24ad80b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub mod module {
         env,
         ffi::{CStr, CString},
         fs, io,
-        os::fd::{AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, IntoRawFd, OwnedFd, RawFd},
+        os::fd::{AsRawFd, BorrowedFd, FromRawFd, IntoRawFd, OwnedFd, RawFd},
     };
     use strum_macros::{EnumIter, EnumString};
 
@@ -174,6 +174,18 @@ pub mod module {
         }
     }
 
+    impl TryFromObject for OwnedFd {
+        fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
+            let fd = i32::try_from_object(vm, obj)?;
+            if fd == -1 {
+                return Err(io::Error::from_raw_os_error(libc::EBADF).into_pyexception(vm));
+            }
+            // SAFETY: none, really. but, python's os api of passing around file descriptors
+            //         everywhere isn't really io-safe anyway, so, this is passed to the user.
+            Ok(unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(fd) })
+        }
+    }
+
     impl ToPyObject for OwnedFd {
         fn to_pyobject(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
             self.into_raw_fd().to_pyobject(vm)

From 8cff0ed6c251d60e90eb42103bb92403e49589cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Sep 2024 15:18:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 339/705] Avoid allocating a vector of elements when hashing
 frozenset (#5408)

Adds a `try_fold_keys` method to Dict which allows performing common
operations on all elements without needing to create a Vec first.
---
 vm/src/builtins/set.rs |  8 ++++----
 vm/src/dictdatatype.rs | 11 +++++++++++
 2 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
index fd001500d8..2d8a9a8dd0 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
@@ -436,12 +436,12 @@ impl PySetInner {
             ((h ^ 89869747) ^ (h.wrapping_shl(16))).wrapping_mul(3644798167)
         }
         // Factor in the number of active entries
-        let mut hash: u64 = (self.elements().len() as u64 + 1).wrapping_mul(1927868237);
+        let mut hash: u64 = (self.len() as u64 + 1).wrapping_mul(1927868237);
         // Xor-in shuffled bits from every entry's hash field because xor is
         // commutative and a frozenset hash should be independent of order.
-        for element in self.elements().iter() {
-            hash ^= _shuffle_bits(element.hash(vm)? as u64);
-        }
+        hash = self.content.try_fold_keys(hash, |h, element| {
+            Ok(h ^ _shuffle_bits(element.hash(vm)? as u64))
+        })?;
         // Disperse patterns arising in nested frozensets
         hash ^= (hash >> 11) ^ (hash >> 25);
         hash = hash.wrapping_mul(69069).wrapping_add(907133923);
diff --git a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
index 96715e7311..4baeef0bfc 100644
--- a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
@@ -530,6 +530,17 @@ impl<T: Clone> Dict<T> {
             .collect()
     }
 
+    pub fn try_fold_keys<Acc, Fold>(&self, init: Acc, f: Fold) -> PyResult<Acc>
+    where
+        Fold: FnMut(Acc, &PyObject) -> PyResult<Acc>,
+    {
+        self.read()
+            .entries
+            .iter()
+            .filter_map(|v| v.as_ref().map(|v| v.key.as_object()))
+            .try_fold(init, f)
+    }
+
     /// Lookup the index for the given key.
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "flame-it", flame("Dict"))]
     fn lookup<K: DictKey + ?Sized>(

From 5f75728ede6d765a8819f31c82ff226ccb41c786 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 22 Sep 2024 01:42:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 340/705] Fix inconsistent behavior of Decimal.from_float

---
 Lib/_pydecimal.py        | 27 ++++++++++++++++-----------
 Lib/test/test_decimal.py |  2 --
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/_pydecimal.py b/Lib/_pydecimal.py
index e7df67dc9b..a0b608380a 100644
--- a/Lib/_pydecimal.py
+++ b/Lib/_pydecimal.py
@@ -734,18 +734,23 @@ def from_float(cls, f):
 
         """
         if isinstance(f, int):                # handle integer inputs
-            return cls(f)
-        if not isinstance(f, float):
-            raise TypeError("argument must be int or float.")
-        if _math.isinf(f) or _math.isnan(f):
-            return cls(repr(f))
-        if _math.copysign(1.0, f) == 1.0:
-            sign = 0
+            sign = 0 if f >= 0 else 1
+            k = 0
+            coeff = str(abs(f))
+        elif isinstance(f, float):
+            if _math.isinf(f) or _math.isnan(f):
+                return cls(repr(f))
+            if _math.copysign(1.0, f) == 1.0:
+                sign = 0
+            else:
+                sign = 1
+            n, d = abs(f).as_integer_ratio()
+            k = d.bit_length() - 1
+            coeff = str(n*5**k)
         else:
-            sign = 1
-        n, d = abs(f).as_integer_ratio()
-        k = d.bit_length() - 1
-        result = _dec_from_triple(sign, str(n*5**k), -k)
+            raise TypeError("argument must be int or float.")
+
+        result = _dec_from_triple(sign, coeff, -k)
         if cls is Decimal:
             return result
         else:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_decimal.py b/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
index 55e830e699..04f4fc4a01 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
@@ -1257,8 +1257,6 @@ def test_wide_char_separator_decimal_point(self):
         self.assertEqual(format(Decimal('100000000.123'), 'n'),
                          '100\u066c000\u066c000\u066b123')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decimal_from_float_argument_type(self):
         class A(self.decimal.Decimal):
             def __init__(self, a):

From 7933edad439203c39cf527f0ff6f508ec0a0f048 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 2024 14:07:44 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 341/705] Add missing functionality to posixsubprocess

---
 Lib/test/test_exception_hierarchy.py |   1 -
 Lib/test/test_subprocess.py          |   8 -
 stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs        | 309 ++++++++++++++++++++-------
 vm/src/exceptions.rs                 |   3 +-
 vm/src/function/protocol.rs          |  15 ++
 5 files changed, 250 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_exception_hierarchy.py b/Lib/test/test_exception_hierarchy.py
index 74664f7926..efee88cd5e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_exception_hierarchy.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_exception_hierarchy.py
@@ -81,7 +81,6 @@ def _make_map(s):
         return _map
     _map = _make_map(_pep_map)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_errno_mapping(self):
         # The OSError constructor maps errnos to subclasses
         # A sample test for the basic functionality
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
index 1794acb742..bc898567f7 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
@@ -1614,8 +1614,6 @@ def test_file_not_found_includes_filename(self):
             subprocess.call(['/opt/nonexistent_binary', 'with', 'some', 'args'])
         self.assertEqual(c.exception.filename, '/opt/nonexistent_binary')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(mswindows, "behavior currently not supported on Windows")
     def test_file_not_found_with_bad_cwd(self):
         with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError) as c:
@@ -2033,8 +2031,6 @@ def test_start_new_session(self):
             child_sid = int(output)
             self.assertNotEqual(parent_sid, child_sid)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'setpgid') and hasattr(os, 'getpgid'),
                          'no setpgid or getpgid on platform')
     def test_process_group_0(self):
@@ -2053,8 +2049,6 @@ def test_process_group_0(self):
             child_pgid = int(output)
             self.assertNotEqual(parent_pgid, child_pgid)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'setreuid'), 'no setreuid on platform')
     def test_user(self):
         # For code coverage of the user parameter.  We don't care if we get a
@@ -2112,8 +2106,6 @@ def test_user_error(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             subprocess.check_call(ZERO_RETURN_CMD, user=65535)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, observed gids do not match expected gids
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(os, 'setregid'), 'no setregid() on platform')
     def test_group(self):
         gid = os.getegid()
diff --git a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
index cbc78d962b..47e19d317c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
@@ -5,23 +5,29 @@ use crate::vm::{
     stdlib::posix,
     {PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine},
 };
-use nix::{errno::Errno, unistd};
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
-use std::ffi::CStr;
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
-use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use nix::{
+    errno::Errno,
+    unistd::{self, Pid},
+};
 use std::{
     convert::Infallible as Never,
-    ffi::CString,
-    io::{self, prelude::*},
+    ffi::{CStr, CString},
+    io::prelude::*,
+    marker::PhantomData,
+    ops::Deref,
+    os::fd::FromRawFd,
 };
+use std::{fs::File, os::unix::io::AsRawFd};
 use unistd::{Gid, Uid};
 
 pub(crate) use _posixsubprocess::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _posixsubprocess {
-    use super::{exec, CStrPathLike, ForkExecArgs, ProcArgs};
+    use rustpython_vm::{AsObject, TryFromBorrowedObject};
+
+    use super::*;
     use crate::vm::{convert::IntoPyException, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -29,19 +35,20 @@ mod _posixsubprocess {
         if args.preexec_fn.is_some() {
             return Err(vm.new_not_implemented_error("preexec_fn not supported yet".to_owned()));
         }
-        let cstrs_to_ptrs = |cstrs: &[CStrPathLike]| {
-            cstrs
-                .iter()
-                .map(|s| s.s.as_ptr())
-                .chain(std::iter::once(std::ptr::null()))
-                .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        let extra_groups = args
+            .groups_list
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|l| Vec::<Gid>::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, l.as_object()))
+            .transpose()?;
+        let argv = CharPtrVec::from_iter(args.args.iter());
+        let envp = args.env_list.as_ref().map(CharPtrVec::from_iter);
+        let procargs = ProcArgs {
+            argv: &argv,
+            envp: envp.as_deref(),
+            extra_groups: extra_groups.as_deref(),
         };
-        let argv = cstrs_to_ptrs(&args.args);
-        let argv = &argv;
-        let envp = args.env_list.as_ref().map(|s| cstrs_to_ptrs(s));
-        let envp = envp.as_deref();
         match unsafe { nix::unistd::fork() }.map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))? {
-            nix::unistd::ForkResult::Child => exec(&args, ProcArgs { argv, envp }),
+            nix::unistd::ForkResult::Child => exec(&args, procargs),
             nix::unistd::ForkResult::Parent { child } => Ok(child.as_raw()),
         }
     }
@@ -49,7 +56,6 @@ mod _posixsubprocess {
 
 macro_rules! gen_args {
     ($($field:ident: $t:ty),*$(,)?) => {
-        #[allow(dead_code)]
         #[derive(FromArgs)]
         struct ForkExecArgs {
             $(#[pyarg(positional)] $field: $t,)*
@@ -66,6 +72,52 @@ impl TryFromObject for CStrPathLike {
         Ok(CStrPathLike { s })
     }
 }
+impl AsRef<CStr> for CStrPathLike {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &CStr {
+        &self.s
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct CharPtrVec<'a> {
+    vec: Vec<*const libc::c_char>,
+    marker: PhantomData<Vec<&'a CStr>>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: AsRef<CStr>> FromIterator<&'a T> for CharPtrVec<'a> {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a T>>(iter: I) -> Self {
+        let vec = iter
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|x| x.as_ref().as_ptr())
+            .chain(std::iter::once(std::ptr::null()))
+            .collect();
+        Self {
+            vec,
+            marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Deref for CharPtrVec<'a> {
+    type Target = CharPtrSlice<'a>;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        unsafe {
+            &*(self.vec.as_slice() as *const [*const libc::c_char] as *const CharPtrSlice<'a>)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+struct CharPtrSlice<'a> {
+    marker: PhantomData<[&'a CStr]>,
+    slice: [*const libc::c_char],
+}
+
+impl<'a> CharPtrSlice<'a> {
+    fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const *const libc::c_char {
+        self.slice.as_ptr()
+    }
+}
 
 gen_args! {
     args: ArgSequence<CStrPathLike> /* list */,
@@ -84,39 +136,56 @@ gen_args! {
     errpipe_write: i32,
     restore_signals: bool,
     call_setsid: bool,
-    // TODO: Difference between gid_to_set and gid_object.
-    // One is a `gid_t` and the other is a `PyObject` in CPython.
-    gid_to_set: Option<Option<Gid>>,
-    gid_object: PyObjectRef,
+    pgid_to_set: libc::pid_t,
+    gid: Option<Gid>,
     groups_list: Option<PyListRef>,
-    uid: Option<Option<Uid>>,
+    uid: Option<Uid>,
     child_umask: i32,
     preexec_fn: Option<PyObjectRef>,
-    use_vfork: bool,
+    _use_vfork: bool,
 }
 
 // can't reallocate inside of exec(), so we reallocate prior to fork() and pass this along
 struct ProcArgs<'a> {
-    argv: &'a [*const libc::c_char],
-    envp: Option<&'a [*const libc::c_char]>,
+    argv: &'a CharPtrSlice<'a>,
+    envp: Option<&'a CharPtrSlice<'a>>,
+    extra_groups: Option<&'a [Gid]>,
 }
 
 fn exec(args: &ForkExecArgs, procargs: ProcArgs) -> ! {
-    match exec_inner(args, procargs) {
+    let mut ctx = ExecErrorContext::NoExec;
+    match exec_inner(args, procargs, &mut ctx) {
         Ok(x) => match x {},
         Err(e) => {
-            let buf: &mut [u8] = &mut [0; 256];
-            let mut cur = io::Cursor::new(&mut *buf);
-            // TODO: check if reached preexec, if not then have "noexec" after
-            let _ = write!(cur, "OSError:{}:", e as i32);
-            let pos = cur.position();
-            let _ = unistd::write(args.errpipe_write, &buf[..pos as usize]);
+            let mut pipe =
+                std::mem::ManuallyDrop::new(unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(args.errpipe_write) });
+            let _ = write!(pipe, "OSError:{}:{}", e as i32, ctx.as_msg());
             std::process::exit(255)
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn exec_inner(args: &ForkExecArgs, procargs: ProcArgs) -> nix::Result<Never> {
+enum ExecErrorContext {
+    NoExec,
+    ChDir,
+    Exec,
+}
+
+impl ExecErrorContext {
+    fn as_msg(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            ExecErrorContext::NoExec => "noexec",
+            ExecErrorContext::ChDir => "noexec:chdir",
+            ExecErrorContext::Exec => "",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn exec_inner(
+    args: &ForkExecArgs,
+    procargs: ProcArgs,
+    ctx: &mut ExecErrorContext,
+) -> nix::Result<Never> {
     for &fd in args.fds_to_keep.as_slice() {
         if fd != args.errpipe_write {
             posix::raw_set_inheritable(fd, true)?
@@ -158,7 +227,7 @@ fn exec_inner(args: &ForkExecArgs, procargs: ProcArgs) -> nix::Result<Never> {
     dup_into_stdio(errwrite, 2)?;
 
     if let Some(ref cwd) = args.cwd {
-        unistd::chdir(cwd.s.as_c_str())?
+        unistd::chdir(cwd.s.as_c_str()).inspect_err(|_| *ctx = ExecErrorContext::ChDir)?
     }
 
     if args.child_umask >= 0 {
@@ -170,28 +239,35 @@ fn exec_inner(args: &ForkExecArgs, procargs: ProcArgs) -> nix::Result<Never> {
     }
 
     if args.call_setsid {
-        #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
         unistd::setsid()?;
     }
 
-    if let Some(_groups_list) = args.groups_list.as_ref() {
-        // TODO: setgroups
-        // unistd::setgroups(groups_size, groups);
+    if args.pgid_to_set > -1 {
+        unistd::setpgid(Pid::from_raw(0), Pid::from_raw(args.pgid_to_set))?;
     }
 
-    if let Some(_gid) = args.gid_to_set.as_ref() {
-        // TODO: setgid
-        // unistd::setregid(gid, gid)?;
+    if let Some(_groups) = procargs.extra_groups {
+        #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "macos", target_os = "redox")))]
+        unistd::setgroups(_groups)?;
     }
 
-    if let Some(_uid) = args.uid.as_ref() {
-        // TODO: setuid
-        // unistd::setreuid(uid, uid)?;
+    if let Some(gid) = args.gid.filter(|x| x.as_raw() != u32::MAX) {
+        let ret = unsafe { libc::setregid(gid.as_raw(), gid.as_raw()) };
+        nix::Error::result(ret)?;
     }
 
+    if let Some(uid) = args.uid.filter(|x| x.as_raw() != u32::MAX) {
+        let ret = unsafe { libc::setreuid(uid.as_raw(), uid.as_raw()) };
+        nix::Error::result(ret)?;
+    }
+
+    *ctx = ExecErrorContext::Exec;
+
     if args.close_fds {
-        #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
-        close_fds(3, &args.fds_to_keep)?;
+        close_fds(KeepFds {
+            above: 2,
+            keep: &args.fds_to_keep,
+        });
     }
 
     let mut first_err = None;
@@ -211,47 +287,128 @@ fn exec_inner(args: &ForkExecArgs, procargs: ProcArgs) -> nix::Result<Never> {
     Err(first_err.unwrap_or_else(Errno::last))
 }
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+struct KeepFds<'a> {
+    above: i32,
+    keep: &'a [i32],
+}
+
+impl KeepFds<'_> {
+    fn should_keep(self, fd: i32) -> bool {
+        fd > self.above && self.keep.binary_search(&fd).is_err()
+    }
+}
+
+fn close_fds(keep: KeepFds<'_>) {
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
+    if close_dir_fds(keep).is_ok() {
+        return;
+    }
+    #[cfg(target_os = "redox")]
+    if close_filetable_fds(keep).is_ok() {
+        return;
+    }
+    close_fds_brute_force(keep)
+}
+
 #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
-fn close_fds(above: i32, keep: &[i32]) -> nix::Result<()> {
+fn close_dir_fds(keep: KeepFds<'_>) -> nix::Result<()> {
     use nix::{dir::Dir, fcntl::OFlag};
-    // TODO: close fds by brute force if readdir doesn't work:
-    // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.8/Modules/_posixsubprocess.c#L220
+
+    #[cfg(any(
+        target_os = "dragonfly",
+        target_os = "freebsd",
+        target_os = "netbsd",
+        target_os = "openbsd",
+        target_vendor = "apple",
+    ))]
+    let fd_dir_name = c"/dev/fd";
+
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
+    let fd_dir_name = c"/proc/self/fd";
+
     let mut dir = Dir::open(
-        FD_DIR_NAME,
+        fd_dir_name,
         OFlag::O_RDONLY | OFlag::O_DIRECTORY,
         nix::sys::stat::Mode::empty(),
     )?;
     let dirfd = dir.as_raw_fd();
-    for e in dir.iter() {
-        if let Some(fd) = pos_int_from_ascii(e?.file_name()) {
-            if fd != dirfd && fd > above && !keep.contains(&fd) {
-                unistd::close(fd)?
+    'outer: for e in dir.iter() {
+        let e = e?;
+        let mut parser = IntParser::default();
+        for &c in e.file_name().to_bytes() {
+            if parser.feed(c).is_err() {
+                continue 'outer;
             }
         }
+        let fd = parser.num;
+        if fd != dirfd && keep.should_keep(fd) {
+            let _ = unistd::close(fd);
+        }
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[cfg(any(
-    target_os = "dragonfly",
-    target_os = "freebsd",
-    target_os = "netbsd",
-    target_os = "openbsd",
-    target_vendor = "apple",
-))]
-const FD_DIR_NAME: &CStr = unsafe { CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(b"/dev/fd\0") };
-
-#[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android"))]
-const FD_DIR_NAME: &CStr = unsafe { CStr::from_bytes_with_nul_unchecked(b"/proc/self/fd\0") };
+#[cfg(target_os = "redox")]
+fn close_filetable_fds(keep: KeepFds<'_>) -> nix::Result<()> {
+    use nix::fcntl;
+    use std::os::fd::{FromRawFd, OwnedFd};
+    let fd = fcntl::open(
+        c"/scheme/thisproc/current/filetable",
+        fcntl::OFlag::O_RDONLY,
+        nix::sys::stat::Mode::empty(),
+    )?;
+    let filetable = unsafe { OwnedFd::from_raw_fd(fd) };
+    let read_one = || -> nix::Result<_> {
+        let mut byte = 0;
+        let n = nix::unistd::read(filetable.as_raw_fd(), std::slice::from_mut(&mut byte))?;
+        Ok((n > 0).then_some(byte))
+    };
+    while let Some(c) = read_one()? {
+        let mut parser = IntParser::default();
+        if parser.feed(c).is_err() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let done = loop {
+            let Some(c) = read_one()? else { break true };
+            if parser.feed(c).is_err() {
+                break false;
+            }
+        };
 
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
-fn pos_int_from_ascii(name: &CStr) -> Option<i32> {
-    let mut num = 0;
-    for c in name.to_bytes() {
-        if !c.is_ascii_digit() {
-            return None;
+        let fd = parser.num as i32;
+        if fd != filetable.as_raw_fd() && keep.should_keep(fd) {
+            let _ = unistd::close(fd);
+        }
+        if done {
+            break;
         }
-        num = num * 10 + i32::from(c - b'0')
     }
-    Some(num)
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn close_fds_brute_force(keep: KeepFds<'_>) {
+    let max_fd = nix::unistd::sysconf(nix::unistd::SysconfVar::OPEN_MAX)
+        .ok()
+        .flatten()
+        .unwrap_or(256) as i32;
+    let fds = itertools::chain![Some(keep.above), keep.keep.iter().copied(), Some(max_fd)];
+    for fd in fds.tuple_windows().flat_map(|(start, end)| start + 1..end) {
+        let _ = unistd::close(fd);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct IntParser {
+    num: i32,
+}
+
+struct NonDigit;
+impl IntParser {
+    fn feed(&mut self, c: u8) -> Result<(), NonDigit> {
+        let digit = (c as char).to_digit(10).ok_or(NonDigit)?;
+        self.num *= 10;
+        self.num += digit as i32;
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 990d74ea0f..66ceeca67f 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -1139,7 +1139,8 @@ pub(crate) fn errno_to_exc_type(errno: i32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<&'sta
     use crate::stdlib::errno::errors;
     let excs = &vm.ctx.exceptions;
     match errno {
-        errors::EWOULDBLOCK => Some(excs.blocking_io_error),
+        #[allow(unreachable_patterns)] // EAGAIN is sometimes the same as EWOULDBLOCK
+        errors::EWOULDBLOCK | errors::EAGAIN => Some(excs.blocking_io_error),
         errors::EALREADY => Some(excs.blocking_io_error),
         errors::EINPROGRESS => Some(excs.blocking_io_error),
         errors::EPIPE => Some(excs.broken_pipe_error),
diff --git a/vm/src/function/protocol.rs b/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
index 14aa5ad841..295332e480 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
@@ -224,6 +224,21 @@ impl<T> std::ops::Deref for ArgSequence<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a, T> IntoIterator for &'a ArgSequence<T> {
+    type Item = &'a T;
+    type IntoIter = std::slice::Iter<'a, T>;
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.iter()
+    }
+}
+impl<T> IntoIterator for ArgSequence<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+    type IntoIter = std::vec::IntoIter<T>;
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.0.into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: TryFromObject> TryFromObject for ArgSequence<T> {
     fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
         obj.try_to_value(vm).map(Self)

From 48025e0102a326858b865d8025ecd67db8d63ec3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 21 Sep 2024 20:55:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 342/705] Cache hash value for FrozenSets

Adds a hash field to the `PyFrozenSet` data type in order to avoid
recomputing the hash of an immutable object.
---
 Lib/test/test_set.py   | 10 +---------
 vm/src/builtins/set.rs | 43 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_set.py b/Lib/test/test_set.py
index 523c39ce68..75447336e4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_set.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_set.py
@@ -728,15 +728,7 @@ def powerset(s):
             for i in range(len(s)+1):
                 yield from map(frozenset, itertools.combinations(s, i))
 
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-        # The original test has:
-        # for n in range(18):
-        # Due to general performance overhead, hashing a frozenset takes
-        # about 50 times longer than in CPython. This test amplifies that
-        # exponentially, so the best we can do here reasonably is 13.
-        # Even if the internal hash function did nothing, it would still be
-        # about 40 times slower than CPython.
-        for n in range(13):
+        for n in range(18):
             t = 2 ** n
             mask = t - 1
             for nums in (range, zf_range):
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
index 2d8a9a8dd0..1ab1fe21cf 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ use crate::{
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
 };
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use rustpython_common::{
+    atomic::{Ordering, PyAtomic, Radium},
+    hash,
+};
 use std::{fmt, ops::Deref};
 
 pub type SetContentType = dictdatatype::Dict<()>;
@@ -71,9 +75,18 @@ impl PySet {
 }
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "frozenset", unhashable = true)]
-#[derive(Default)]
 pub struct PyFrozenSet {
     inner: PySetInner,
+    hash: PyAtomic<PyHash>,
+}
+
+impl Default for PyFrozenSet {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        PyFrozenSet {
+            inner: PySetInner::default(),
+            hash: hash::SENTINEL.into(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl PyFrozenSet {
@@ -87,7 +100,10 @@ impl PyFrozenSet {
             inner.add(elem, vm)?;
         }
         // FIXME: empty set check
-        Ok(Self { inner })
+        Ok(Self {
+            inner,
+            ..Default::default()
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn elements(&self) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
@@ -102,6 +118,7 @@ impl PyFrozenSet {
     ) -> PyResult<Self> {
         Ok(Self {
             inner: self.inner.fold_op(others, op, vm)?,
+            ..Default::default()
         })
     }
 
@@ -115,6 +132,7 @@ impl PyFrozenSet {
             inner: self
                 .inner
                 .fold_op(std::iter::once(other.into_iterable(vm)?), op, vm)?,
+            ..Default::default()
         })
     }
 }
@@ -472,6 +490,7 @@ impl PySetInner {
                     op(
                         &PyFrozenSet {
                             inner: set.inner.copy(),
+                            ..Default::default()
                         }
                         .into_pyobject(vm),
                         vm,
@@ -956,6 +975,7 @@ impl PyFrozenSet {
         } else {
             Self {
                 inner: zelf.inner.copy(),
+                ..Default::default()
             }
             .into_ref(&vm.ctx)
         }
@@ -1057,6 +1077,7 @@ impl PyFrozenSet {
                 inner: other
                     .as_inner()
                     .difference(ArgIterable::try_from_object(vm, zelf.into())?, vm)?,
+                ..Default::default()
             }))
         } else {
             Ok(PyArithmeticValue::NotImplemented)
@@ -1107,7 +1128,23 @@ impl AsSequence for PyFrozenSet {
 impl Hashable for PyFrozenSet {
     #[inline]
     fn hash(zelf: &crate::Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyHash> {
-        zelf.inner.hash(vm)
+        let hash = match zelf.hash.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+            hash::SENTINEL => {
+                let hash = zelf.inner.hash(vm)?;
+                match Radium::compare_exchange(
+                    &zelf.hash,
+                    hash::SENTINEL,
+                    hash::fix_sentinel(hash),
+                    Ordering::Relaxed,
+                    Ordering::Relaxed,
+                ) {
+                    Ok(_) => hash,
+                    Err(prev_stored) => prev_stored,
+                }
+            }
+            hash => hash,
+        };
+        Ok(hash)
     }
 }
 

From e534b10722489af5ba77bbf2855711e521658d00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 18 Sep 2024 14:14:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 343/705] Fix build with ossl1

---
 stdlib/build.rs   | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs | 14 ++++++++------
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/build.rs b/stdlib/build.rs
index d8dad9b974..0109c633d7 100644
--- a/stdlib/build.rs
+++ b/stdlib/build.rs
@@ -1,29 +1,34 @@
 fn main() {
     println!(r#"cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(osslconf, values("OPENSSL_NO_COMP"))"#);
-    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl101)");
-    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl102)");
-    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl110)");
-    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl110g)");
-    println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl111)");
+
+    #[allow(clippy::unusual_byte_groupings)]
+    let ossl_vers = [
+        (0x1_00_01_00_0, "ossl101"),
+        (0x1_00_02_00_0, "ossl102"),
+        (0x1_01_00_00_0, "ossl110"),
+        (0x1_01_00_07_0, "ossl110g"),
+        (0x1_01_00_08_0, "ossl110h"),
+        (0x1_01_01_00_0, "ossl111"),
+        (0x1_01_01_04_0, "ossl111d"),
+        (0x3_00_00_00_0, "ossl300"),
+        (0x3_01_00_00_0, "ossl310"),
+        (0x3_02_00_00_0, "ossl320"),
+        (0x3_03_00_00_0, "ossl330"),
+    ];
+
+    for (_, cfg) in ossl_vers {
+        println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg({cfg})");
+    }
+
     #[allow(clippy::unusual_byte_groupings)]
     if let Ok(v) = std::env::var("DEP_OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER") {
         println!("cargo:rustc-env=OPENSSL_API_VERSION={v}");
         // cfg setup from openssl crate's build script
         let version = u64::from_str_radix(&v, 16).unwrap();
-        if version >= 0x1_00_01_00_0 {
-            println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=ossl101");
-        }
-        if version >= 0x1_00_02_00_0 {
-            println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=ossl102");
-        }
-        if version >= 0x1_01_00_00_0 {
-            println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=ossl110");
-        }
-        if version >= 0x1_01_00_07_0 {
-            println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=ossl110g");
-        }
-        if version >= 0x1_01_01_00_0 {
-            println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=ossl111");
+        for (ver, cfg) in ossl_vers {
+            if version >= ver {
+                println!("cargo:rustc-cfg={cfg}");
+            }
         }
     }
     if let Ok(v) = std::env::var("DEP_OPENSSL_CONF") {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index f4bd9b2ebb..dc64d18267 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -700,12 +700,14 @@ mod _ssl {
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
         ) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
             let binary_form = binary_form.unwrap_or(false);
-            let certs = self
-                .ctx()
-                .cert_store()
-                .all_certificates()
-                .iter()
-                .map(|cert| cert_to_py(vm, cert, binary_form))
+            let ctx = self.ctx();
+            #[cfg(ossl300)]
+            let certs = ctx.cert_store().all_certificates();
+            #[cfg(not(ossl300))]
+            let certs = ctx.cert_store().objects().iter().filter_map(|x| x.x509());
+            let certs = certs
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|ref cert| cert_to_py(vm, cert, binary_form))
                 .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()?;
             Ok(certs)
         }

From 0dacf8a32677b19ab694427ec2d314ce3b243caf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 2024 04:33:41 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 344/705] Remove dependency on uuid-macro-internal

`uuid-macro-internal` is only relevant when using `uuid!` macro to parse
uuids at compile time. RustPython doesn't do that so it's unnecessary.
---
 Cargo.lock        | 12 ------------
 stdlib/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9d8f440878..6d6e59dc0d 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -3035,18 +3035,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "atomic",
  "getrandom",
  "rand",
- "uuid-macro-internal",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "uuid-macro-internal"
-version = "1.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1b300a878652a387d2a0de915bdae8f1a548f0c6d45e072fe2688794b656cc9"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 386450dae4..934c9b5cf1 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ bzip2 = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 # uuid
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "android", target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "redox")))'.dependencies]
 mac_address = "1.1.3"
-uuid = { version = "1.1.2", features = ["v1", "fast-rng", "macro-diagnostics"] }
+uuid = { version = "1.1.2", features = ["v1", "fast-rng"] }
 
 # mmap
 [target.'cfg(all(unix, not(target_arch = "wasm32")))'.dependencies]

From d1f95f04a7c5e47b20f59e3fa0468bf82bc47858 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 2024 16:54:21 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 345/705] Remove dependency on proc-macro-crate

This dependency is only useful when modifying the crate name of
`num_enum` crate. RustPython doesn't do that so it's unnecessary.
---
 Cargo.lock | 37 -------------------------------------
 Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 6d6e59dc0d..a5010c18e8 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1419,15 +1419,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "nom8"
-version = "0.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ae01545c9c7fc4486ab7debaf2aad7003ac19431791868fb2e8066df97fad2f8"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "num-complex"
 version = "0.4.3"
@@ -1481,7 +1472,6 @@ version = "0.7.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "681030a937600a36906c185595136d26abfebb4aa9c65701cefcaf8578bb982b"
 dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.32",
@@ -1698,16 +1688,6 @@ version = "0.2.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5b40af805b3121feab8a3c29f04d8ad262fa8e0561883e7653e024ae4479e6de"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "proc-macro-crate"
-version = "1.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "66618389e4ec1c7afe67d51a9bf34ff9236480f8d51e7489b7d5ab0303c13f34"
-dependencies = [
- "once_cell",
- "toml_edit",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
 version = "1.0.79"
@@ -2795,23 +2775,6 @@ version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "toml_datetime"
-version = "0.5.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4553f467ac8e3d374bc9a177a26801e5d0f9b211aa1673fb137a403afd1c9cf5"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.18.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "56c59d8dd7d0dcbc6428bf7aa2f0e823e26e43b3c9aca15bbc9475d23e5fa12b"
-dependencies = [
- "indexmap 1.9.3",
- "nom8",
- "toml_datetime",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "twox-hash"
 version = "1.6.3"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 44025aa7fe..018c9a5b14 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ memchr = "2.7.2"
 num-complex = "0.4.0"
 num-integer = "0.1.44"
 num-traits = "0.2"
-num_enum = "0.7"
+num_enum = { version = "0.7", default-features = false }
 once_cell = "1.19.0"
 parking_lot = "0.12.1"
 paste = "1.0.7"

From 76236682564d53da2853e45daf9da205628b657f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 23 Sep 2024 21:20:17 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 346/705] Raise TypeError if BaseException receives Keyword
 arguments

---
 Lib/test/test_exceptions.py | 2 --
 vm/src/exceptions.rs        | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py b/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py
index 000ef02d91..47e7894960 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py
@@ -668,8 +668,6 @@ def testChainingDescriptors(self):
         e.__suppress_context__ = False
         self.assertFalse(e.__suppress_context__)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testKeywordArgs(self):
         # test that builtin exception don't take keyword args,
         # but user-defined subclasses can if they want
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 66ceeca67f..0b61c90174 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -649,6 +649,9 @@ impl Constructor for PyBaseException {
     type Args = FuncArgs;
 
     fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        if cls.is(PyBaseException::class(&vm.ctx)) && !args.kwargs.is_empty() {
+            return Err(vm.new_type_error("BaseException() takes no keyword arguments".to_owned()));
+        }
         PyBaseException::new(args.args, vm)
             .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
             .map(Into::into)

From 37dc28a69dbe3d469c4157614c010e65675e247a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 26 Sep 2024 23:11:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 347/705] Update deps (#5417)

* Upgrade nix

* Update deps

* Upgrade pyo3, winreg

* Fix errors from upgrading
---
 Cargo.lock                     | 1130 ++++++++++++++------------------
 Cargo.toml                     |   10 +-
 benches/execution.rs           |    9 +-
 benches/microbenchmarks.rs     |   20 +-
 common/Cargo.toml              |    1 -
 common/src/int.rs              |    3 +-
 common/src/lib.rs              |    2 +
 stdlib/src/socket.rs           |    7 +-
 vm/Cargo.toml                  |   12 +-
 vm/src/buffer.rs               |    3 +-
 vm/src/builtins/complex.rs     |   15 +-
 vm/src/builtins/int.rs         |    2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/number.rs      |    2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs         |   33 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs          |    2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs        |   17 +-
 wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs |   12 +-
 17 files changed, 575 insertions(+), 705 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a5010c18e8..d89421a911 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fe438c63458706e03479442743baae6c88256498e6431708f6dfc520a26515d3"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "adler"
-version = "1.0.2"
+name = "adler2"
+version = "2.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f26201604c87b1e01bd3d98f8d5d9a8fcbb815e8cedb41ffccbeb4bf593a35fe"
+checksum = "512761e0bb2578dd7380c6baaa0f4ce03e84f95e960231d1dec8bf4d7d6e2627"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "adler32"
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "aho-corasick"
-version = "0.7.20"
+version = "1.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cc936419f96fa211c1b9166887b38e5e40b19958e5b895be7c1f93adec7071ac"
+checksum = "8e60d3430d3a69478ad0993f19238d2df97c507009a52b3c10addcd7f6bcb916"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
-version = "1.0.69"
+version = "1.0.89"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "224afbd727c3d6e4b90103ece64b8d1b67fbb1973b1046c2281eed3f3803f800"
+checksum = "86fdf8605db99b54d3cd748a44c6d04df638eb5dafb219b135d0149bd0db01f6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "approx"
@@ -83,9 +83,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "arrayvec"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.7.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8da52d66c7071e2e3fa2a1e5c6d088fec47b593032b254f5e980de8ea54454d6"
+checksum = "7c02d123df017efcdfbd739ef81735b36c5ba83ec3c59c80a9d7ecc718f92e50"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ascii"
@@ -95,11 +95,11 @@ checksum = "d92bec98840b8f03a5ff5413de5293bfcd8bf96467cf5452609f939ec6f5de16"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "atomic"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b88d82667eca772c4aa12f0f1348b3ae643424c8876448f3f7bd5787032e234c"
+checksum = "8d818003e740b63afc82337e3160717f4f63078720a810b7b903e70a5d1d2994"
 dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
+ "bytemuck",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d468802bab17cbc0cc575e9b053f41e72aa36bfa6b7f55e3529ffa43161b97fa"
+checksum = "0c4b4d0bd25bd0b74681c0ad21497610ce1b7c91b1022cd21c80c6fbdd9476b0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
@@ -133,9 +133,9 @@ checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.5.0"
+version = "2.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cf4b9d6a944f767f8e5e0db018570623c85f3d925ac718db4e06d0187adb21c1"
+checksum = "b048fb63fd8b5923fc5aa7b340d8e156aec7ec02f0c78fa8a6ddc2613f6f71de"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "blake2"
@@ -148,35 +148,41 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "block-buffer"
-version = "0.10.3"
+version = "0.10.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "69cce20737498f97b993470a6e536b8523f0af7892a4f928cceb1ac5e52ebe7e"
+checksum = "3078c7629b62d3f0439517fa394996acacc5cbc91c5a20d8c658e77abd503a71"
 dependencies = [
  "generic-array",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bstr"
-version = "0.2.17"
+version = "1.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ba3569f383e8f1598449f1a423e72e99569137b47740b1da11ef19af3d5c3223"
+checksum = "40723b8fb387abc38f4f4a37c09073622e41dd12327033091ef8950659e6dc0c"
 dependencies = [
- "lazy_static 1.4.0",
  "memchr",
  "regex-automata",
+ "serde",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
-version = "3.12.0"
+version = "3.16.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "79296716171880943b8470b5f8d03aa55eb2e645a4874bdbb28adb49162e012c"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bytemuck"
+version = "1.18.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0d261e256854913907f67ed06efbc3338dfe6179796deefc1ff763fc1aee5535"
+checksum = "94bbb0ad554ad961ddc5da507a12a29b14e4ae5bda06b19f575a3e6079d2e2ae"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder"
-version = "1.4.3"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "14c189c53d098945499cdfa7ecc63567cf3886b3332b312a5b4585d8d3a6a610"
+checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bzip2"
@@ -217,9 +223,12 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.0.79"
+version = "1.1.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "50d30906286121d95be3d479533b458f87493b30a4b5f79a607db8f5d11aa91f"
+checksum = "07b1695e2c7e8fc85310cde85aeaab7e3097f593c91d209d3f9df76c928100f0"
+dependencies = [
+ "shlex",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
@@ -233,18 +242,24 @@ version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fd16c4719339c4530435d38e511904438d07cce7950afa3718a84ac36c10e89e"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cfg_aliases"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "613afe47fcd5fac7ccf1db93babcb082c5994d996f20b8b159f2ad1658eb5724"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.37"
+version = "0.4.38"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a0d04d43504c61aa6c7531f1871dd0d418d91130162063b789da00fd7057a5e"
+checksum = "a21f936df1771bf62b77f047b726c4625ff2e8aa607c01ec06e5a05bd8463401"
 dependencies = [
  "android-tzdata",
  "iana-time-zone",
  "js-sys",
  "num-traits",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-targets 0.52.0",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -264,33 +279,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clipboard-win"
-version = "5.0.0"
+version = "5.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c57002a5d9be777c1ef967e33674dac9ebd310d8893e4e3437b14d5f0f6372cc"
+checksum = "15efe7a882b08f34e38556b14f2fb3daa98769d06c7f0c1b076dfd0d983bc892"
 dependencies = [
  "error-code",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "codespan-reporting"
-version = "0.11.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3538270d33cc669650c4b093848450d380def10c331d38c768e34cac80576e6e"
-dependencies = [
- "termcolor",
- "unicode-width",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "console"
-version = "0.15.5"
+version = "0.15.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c3d79fbe8970a77e3e34151cc13d3b3e248aa0faaecb9f6091fa07ebefe5ad60"
+checksum = "0e1f83fc076bd6dd27517eacdf25fef6c4dfe5f1d7448bafaaf3a26f13b5e4eb"
 dependencies = [
  "encode_unicode",
- "lazy_static 1.4.0",
+ "lazy_static 1.5.0",
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.42.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -311,9 +316,9 @@ checksum = "6245d59a3e82a7fc217c5828a6692dbc6dfb63a0c8c90495621f7b9d79704a0e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "core-foundation"
-version = "0.9.3"
+version = "0.9.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "194a7a9e6de53fa55116934067c844d9d749312f75c6f6d0980e8c252f8c2146"
+checksum = "91e195e091a93c46f7102ec7818a2aa394e1e1771c3ab4825963fa03e45afb8f"
 dependencies = [
  "core-foundation-sys",
  "libc",
@@ -321,15 +326,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "core-foundation-sys"
-version = "0.8.3"
+version = "0.8.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5827cebf4670468b8772dd191856768aedcb1b0278a04f989f7766351917b9dc"
+checksum = "773648b94d0e5d620f64f280777445740e61fe701025087ec8b57f45c791888b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "28d997bd5e24a5928dd43e46dc529867e207907fe0b239c3477d924f7f2ca320"
+checksum = "608697df725056feaccfa42cffdaeeec3fccc4ffc38358ecd19b243e716a78e0"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -452,9 +457,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crc32fast"
-version = "1.3.2"
+version = "1.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b540bd8bc810d3885c6ea91e2018302f68baba2129ab3e88f32389ee9370880d"
+checksum = "a97769d94ddab943e4510d138150169a2758b5ef3eb191a9ee688de3e23ef7b3"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
@@ -471,7 +476,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "criterion-plot",
  "csv",
  "itertools 0.10.5",
- "lazy_static 1.4.0",
+ "lazy_static 1.5.0",
  "num-traits",
  "oorandom",
  "plotters",
@@ -495,44 +500,30 @@ dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.10.5",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "crossbeam-channel"
-version = "0.5.13"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "33480d6946193aa8033910124896ca395333cae7e2d1113d1fef6c3272217df2"
-dependencies = [
- "crossbeam-utils",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-deque"
-version = "0.8.2"
+version = "0.8.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "715e8152b692bba2d374b53d4875445368fdf21a94751410af607a5ac677d1fc"
+checksum = "613f8cc01fe9cf1a3eb3d7f488fd2fa8388403e97039e2f73692932e291a770d"
 dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-epoch",
  "crossbeam-utils",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-epoch"
-version = "0.9.13"
+version = "0.9.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "01a9af1f4c2ef74bb8aa1f7e19706bc72d03598c8a570bb5de72243c7a9d9d5a"
+checksum = "5b82ac4a3c2ca9c3460964f020e1402edd5753411d7737aa39c3714ad1b5420e"
 dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
- "cfg-if",
  "crossbeam-utils",
- "memoffset 0.7.1",
- "scopeguard",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
-version = "0.8.19"
+version = "0.8.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "248e3bacc7dc6baa3b21e405ee045c3047101a49145e7e9eca583ab4c2ca5345"
+checksum = "22ec99545bb0ed0ea7bb9b8e1e9122ea386ff8a48c0922e43f36d45ab09e0e80"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crunchy"
@@ -552,9 +543,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "csv"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "af91f40b7355f82b0a891f50e70399475945bb0b0da4f1700ce60761c9d3e359"
+checksum = "ac574ff4d437a7b5ad237ef331c17ccca63c46479e5b5453eb8e10bb99a759fe"
 dependencies = [
  "csv-core",
  "itoa",
@@ -564,75 +555,31 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "csv-core"
-version = "0.1.10"
+version = "0.1.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2b2466559f260f48ad25fe6317b3c8dac77b5bdb5763ac7d9d6103530663bc90"
+checksum = "5efa2b3d7902f4b634a20cae3c9c4e6209dc4779feb6863329607560143efa70"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "86d3488e7665a7a483b57e25bdd90d0aeb2bc7608c8d0346acf2ad3f1caf1d62"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
- "cxxbridge-flags",
- "cxxbridge-macro",
- "link-cplusplus",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cxx-build"
-version = "1.0.91"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48fcaf066a053a41a81dfb14d57d99738b767febb8b735c3016e469fac5da690"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
- "codespan-reporting",
- "once_cell",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "scratch",
- "syn 1.0.109",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "1.0.91"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a2ef98b8b717a829ca5603af80e1f9e2e48013ab227b68ef37872ef84ee479bf"
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "1.0.91"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "086c685979a698443656e5cf7856c95c642295a38599f12fb1ff76fb28d19892"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "derive_more"
-version = "0.99.17"
+version = "0.99.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4fb810d30a7c1953f91334de7244731fc3f3c10d7fe163338a35b9f640960321"
+checksum = "5f33878137e4dafd7fa914ad4e259e18a4e8e532b9617a2d0150262bf53abfce"
 dependencies = [
  "convert_case",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustc_version",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "digest"
-version = "0.10.6"
+version = "0.10.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8168378f4e5023e7218c89c891c0fd8ecdb5e5e4f18cb78f38cf245dd021e76f"
+checksum = "9ed9a281f7bc9b7576e61468ba615a66a5c8cfdff42420a70aa82701a3b1e292"
 dependencies = [
  "block-buffer",
  "crypto-common",
@@ -674,27 +621,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "dyn-clone"
-version = "1.0.10"
+version = "1.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c9b0705efd4599c15a38151f4721f7bc388306f61084d3bfd50bd07fbca5cb60"
+checksum = "0d6ef0072f8a535281e4876be788938b528e9a1d43900b82c2569af7da799125"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "either"
-version = "1.8.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7fcaabb2fef8c910e7f4c7ce9f67a1283a1715879a7c230ca9d6d1ae31f16d91"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "embed-doc-image"
-version = "0.1.4"
+version = "1.13.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "af36f591236d9d822425cb6896595658fa558fcebf5ee8accac1d4b92c47166e"
-dependencies = [
- "base64",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
-]
+checksum = "60b1af1c220855b6ceac025d3f6ecdd2b7c4894bfe9cd9bda4fbb4bc7c0d4cf0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "encode_unicode"
@@ -727,9 +662,9 @@ checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.8"
+version = "0.3.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a258e46cdc063eb8519c00b9fc845fc47bcfca4130e2f08e88665ceda8474245"
+checksum = "534c5cf6194dfab3db3242765c03bbe257cf92f22b38f6bc0c58d59108a820ba"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
@@ -737,9 +672,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "error-code"
-version = "3.0.0"
+version = "3.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "281e452d3bad4005426416cdba5ccfd4f5c1280e10099e21db27f7c1c28347fc"
+checksum = "a5d9305ccc6942a704f4335694ecd3de2ea531b114ac2d51f5f843750787a92f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "exitcode"
@@ -784,21 +719,21 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flamescope"
-version = "0.1.2"
+version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c3cc29a6c0dfa26d3a0e80021edda5671eeed79381130897737cdd273ea18909"
+checksum = "8168cbad48fdda10be94de9c6319f9e8ac5d3cf0a1abda1864269dfcca3d302a"
 dependencies = [
  "flame",
- "indexmap 1.9.3",
+ "indexmap",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.0.28"
+version = "1.0.33"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "46303f565772937ffe1d394a4fac6f411c6013172fadde9dcdb1e147a086940e"
+checksum = "324a1be68054ef05ad64b861cc9eaf1d623d2d8cb25b4bf2cb9cdd902b4bf253"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
  "libz-sys",
@@ -837,9 +772,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "generic-array"
-version = "0.14.6"
+version = "0.14.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bff49e947297f3312447abdca79f45f4738097cc82b06e72054d2223f601f1b9"
+checksum = "85649ca51fd72272d7821adaf274ad91c288277713d9c18820d8499a7ff69e9a"
 dependencies = [
  "typenum",
  "version_check",
@@ -866,9 +801,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.2.14"
+version = "0.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "94b22e06ecb0110981051723910cbf0b5f5e09a2062dd7663334ee79a9d1286c"
+checksum = "c4567c8db10ae91089c99af84c68c38da3ec2f087c3f82960bcdbf3656b6f4d7"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
@@ -885,27 +820,34 @@ checksum = "d2fabcfbdc87f4758337ca535fb41a6d701b65693ce38287d856d1674551ec9b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "half"
-version = "1.8.2"
+version = "1.8.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eabb4a44450da02c90444cf74558da904edde8fb4e9035a9a6a4e15445af0bd7"
+checksum = "1b43ede17f21864e81be2fa654110bf1e793774238d86ef8555c37e6519c0403"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.12.3"
+name = "half"
+version = "2.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"
+checksum = "6dd08c532ae367adf81c312a4580bc67f1d0fe8bc9c460520283f4c0ff277888"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "crunchy",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.14.3"
+version = "0.14.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "290f1a1d9242c78d09ce40a5e87e7554ee637af1351968159f4952f028f75604"
+checksum = "e5274423e17b7c9fc20b6e7e208532f9b19825d82dfd615708b70edd83df41f1"
+dependencies = [
+ "ahash",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
-version = "0.4.1"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "95505c38b4572b2d910cecb0281560f54b440a19336cbbcb27bf6ce6adc6f5a8"
+checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
@@ -918,12 +860,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
-version = "0.2.6"
+version = "0.3.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ee512640fe35acbfb4bb779db6f0d80704c2cacfa2e39b601ef3e3f47d1ae4c7"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
-]
+checksum = "d231dfb89cfffdbc30e7fc41579ed6066ad03abda9e567ccafae602b97ec5024"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hex"
@@ -948,77 +887,65 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "iana-time-zone"
-version = "0.1.53"
+version = "0.1.61"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "64c122667b287044802d6ce17ee2ddf13207ed924c712de9a66a5814d5b64765"
+checksum = "235e081f3925a06703c2d0117ea8b91f042756fd6e7a6e5d901e8ca1a996b220"
 dependencies = [
  "android_system_properties",
  "core-foundation-sys",
  "iana-time-zone-haiku",
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "winapi",
+ "windows-core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "iana-time-zone-haiku"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0703ae284fc167426161c2e3f1da3ea71d94b21bedbcc9494e92b28e334e3dca"
-dependencies = [
- "cxx",
- "cxx-build",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "indexmap"
-version = "1.9.3"
+version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bd070e393353796e801d209ad339e89596eb4c8d430d18ede6a1cced8fafbd99"
+checksum = "f31827a206f56af32e590ba56d5d2d085f558508192593743f16b2306495269f"
 dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
- "hashbrown 0.12.3",
+ "cc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.2.6"
+version = "2.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "168fb715dda47215e360912c096649d23d58bf392ac62f73919e831745e40f26"
+checksum = "68b900aa2f7301e21c36462b170ee99994de34dff39a4a6a528e80e7376d07e5"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.14.3",
+ "hashbrown",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indoc"
-version = "2.0.4"
+version = "2.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e186cfbae8084e513daff4240b4797e342f988cecda4fb6c939150f96315fd8"
+checksum = "b248f5224d1d606005e02c97f5aa4e88eeb230488bcc03bc9ca4d7991399f2b5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "insta"
-version = "1.38.0"
+version = "1.40.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3eab73f58e59ca6526037208f0e98851159ec1633cf17b6cd2e1f2c3fd5d53cc"
+checksum = "6593a41c7a73841868772495db7dc1e8ecab43bb5c0b6da2059246c4b506ab60"
 dependencies = [
  "console",
- "lazy_static 1.4.0",
+ "lazy_static 1.5.0",
  "linked-hash-map",
  "similar",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "is-macro"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f4467ed1321b310c2625c5aa6c1b1ffc5de4d9e42668cf697a08fb033ee8265e"
+checksum = "2069faacbe981460232f880d26bf3c7634e322d49053aa48c27e3ae642f728f1"
 dependencies = [
  "Inflector",
- "pmutil 0.6.1",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.32",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1041,43 +968,43 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "1.0.5"
+version = "1.0.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fad582f4b9e86b6caa621cabeb0963332d92eea04729ab12892c2533951e6440"
+checksum = "49f1f14873335454500d59611f1cf4a4b0f786f9ac11f4312a78e4cf2566695b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.61"
+version = "0.3.70"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "445dde2150c55e483f3d8416706b97ec8e8237c307e5b7b4b8dd15e6af2a0730"
+checksum = "1868808506b929d7b0cfa8f75951347aa71bb21144b7791bae35d9bccfcfe37a"
 dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "junction"
-version = "1.0.0"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ca39ef0d69b18e6a2fd14c2f0a1d593200f4a4ed949b240b5917ab51fac754cb"
+checksum = "72bbdfd737a243da3dfc1f99ee8d6e166480f17ab4ac84d7c34aacd73fc7bd16"
 dependencies = [
  "scopeguard",
- "winapi",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "keccak"
-version = "0.1.3"
+version = "0.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3afef3b6eff9ce9d8ff9b3601125eec7f0c8cbac7abd14f355d053fa56c98768"
+checksum = "ecc2af9a1119c51f12a14607e783cb977bde58bc069ff0c3da1095e635d70654"
 dependencies = [
  "cpufeatures",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lalrpop-util"
-version = "0.20.0"
+version = "0.20.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3f35c735096c0293d313e8f2a641627472b83d01b937177fe76e5e2708d31e0d"
+checksum = "507460a910eb7b32ee961886ff48539633b788a36b65692b95f225b844c82553"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
@@ -1087,9 +1014,9 @@ checksum = "76f033c7ad61445c5b347c7382dd1237847eb1bce590fe50365dcb33d546be73"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
-version = "1.4.0"
+version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
+checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lexical-parse-float"
@@ -1123,15 +1050,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.153"
+version = "0.2.159"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9c198f91728a82281a64e1f4f9eeb25d82cb32a5de251c6bd1b5154d63a8e7bd"
+checksum = "561d97a539a36e26a9a5fad1ea11a3039a67714694aaa379433e580854bc3dc5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libffi"
-version = "3.1.0"
+version = "3.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6cb06d5b4c428f3cd682943741c39ed4157ae989fffe1094a08eaf7c4014cf60"
+checksum = "ce826c243048e3d5cec441799724de52e2d42f820468431fc3fceee2341871e2"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "libffi-sys",
@@ -1139,13 +1066,29 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libffi-sys"
-version = "2.1.0"
+version = "2.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "11c6f11e063a27ffe040a9d15f0b661bf41edc2383b7ae0e0ad5a7e7d53d9da3"
+checksum = "f36115160c57e8529781b4183c2bb51fdc1f6d6d1ed345591d84be7703befb3c"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libm"
+version = "0.2.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ec2a862134d2a7d32d7983ddcdd1c4923530833c9f2ea1a44fc5fa473989058"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libredox"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c0ff37bd590ca25063e35af745c343cb7a0271906fb7b37e4813e8f79f00268d"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "libc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "libsqlite3-sys"
 version = "0.28.0"
@@ -1159,24 +1102,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libz-sys"
-version = "1.1.8"
+version = "1.1.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9702761c3935f8cc2f101793272e202c72b99da8f4224a19ddcf1279a6450bbf"
+checksum = "d2d16453e800a8cf6dd2fc3eb4bc99b786a9b90c663b8559a5b1a041bf89e472"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "pkg-config",
  "vcpkg",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "link-cplusplus"
-version = "1.0.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ecd207c9c713c34f95a097a5b029ac2ce6010530c7b49d7fea24d977dede04f5"
-dependencies = [
- "cc",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "linked-hash-map"
 version = "0.5.6"
@@ -1185,15 +1119,15 @@ checksum = "0717cef1bc8b636c6e1c1bbdefc09e6322da8a9321966e8928ef80d20f7f770f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.4.12"
+version = "0.4.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c4cd1a83af159aa67994778be9070f0ae1bd732942279cabb14f86f986a21456"
+checksum = "78b3ae25bc7c8c38cec158d1f2757ee79e9b3740fbc7ccf0e59e4b08d793fa89"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
-version = "0.4.9"
+version = "0.4.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "435011366fe56583b16cf956f9df0095b405b82d76425bc8981c0e22e60ec4df"
+checksum = "07af8b9cdd281b7915f413fa73f29ebd5d55d0d3f0155584dade1ff18cea1b17"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
  "scopeguard",
@@ -1201,29 +1135,26 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
-version = "0.4.17"
+version = "0.4.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "abb12e687cfb44aa40f41fc3978ef76448f9b6038cad6aef4259d3c095a2382e"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
-]
+checksum = "a7a70ba024b9dc04c27ea2f0c0548feb474ec5c54bba33a7f72f873a39d07b24"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lz4_flex"
-version = "0.11.1"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3ea9b256699eda7b0387ffbc776dd625e28bde3918446381781245b7a50349d8"
+checksum = "75761162ae2b0e580d7e7c390558127e5f01b4194debd6221fd8c207fc80e3f5"
 dependencies = [
  "twox-hash",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mac_address"
-version = "1.1.5"
+version = "1.1.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4863ee94f19ed315bf3bc00299338d857d4b5bc856af375cc97d237382ad3856"
+checksum = "8836fae9d0d4be2c8b4efcdd79e828a2faa058a90d005abf42f91cac5493a08e"
 dependencies = [
- "nix 0.23.2",
+ "nix 0.28.0",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
@@ -1238,9 +1169,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite"
-version = "0.4.4"
+version = "0.4.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "220cb36c52aa6eff45559df497abe0e2a4c1209f92279a746a399f622d7b95c7"
+checksum = "5616515d632967cd329b6f6db96be9a03ea0b3a49cdbc45b0016803dad8a77b7"
 dependencies = [
  "malachite-base",
  "malachite-nz",
@@ -1249,11 +1180,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-base"
-version = "0.4.4"
+version = "0.4.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6538136c5daf04126d6be4899f7fe4879b7f8de896dd1b4210fe6de5b94f2555"
+checksum = "46059721011b0458b7bd6d9179be5d0b60294281c23320c207adceaecc54d13b"
 dependencies = [
+ "hashbrown",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "libm",
  "ryu",
 ]
 
@@ -1272,20 +1205,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-nz"
-version = "0.4.4"
+version = "0.4.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f0b05577b7a3f09433106460b10304f97fc572f0baabf6640e6cb1e23f5fc52"
+checksum = "1503b27e825cabd1c3d0ff1e95a39fb2ec9eab6fd3da6cfa41aec7091d273e78"
 dependencies = [
- "embed-doc-image",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "libm",
  "malachite-base",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-q"
-version = "0.4.4"
+version = "0.4.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a1cfdb4016292e6acd832eaee261175f3af8bbee62afeefe4420ebce4c440cb5"
+checksum = "a475503a70a3679dbe3b9b230a23622516742528ba614a7b2490f180ea9cb514"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "malachite-base",
@@ -1306,46 +1239,29 @@ checksum = "2532096657941c2fea9c289d370a250971c689d4f143798ff67113ec042024a5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "md-5"
-version = "0.10.5"
+version = "0.10.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6365506850d44bff6e2fbcb5176cf63650e48bd45ef2fe2665ae1570e0f4b9ca"
+checksum = "d89e7ee0cfbedfc4da3340218492196241d89eefb6dab27de5df917a6d2e78cf"
 dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
  "digest",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memchr"
-version = "2.7.2"
+version = "2.7.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c8640c5d730cb13ebd907d8d04b52f55ac9a2eec55b440c8892f40d56c76c1d"
+checksum = "78ca9ab1a0babb1e7d5695e3530886289c18cf2f87ec19a575a0abdce112e3a3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memmap2"
-version = "0.5.8"
+version = "0.5.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4b182332558b18d807c4ce1ca8ca983b34c3ee32765e47b3f0f69b90355cc1dc"
+checksum = "83faa42c0a078c393f6b29d5db232d8be22776a891f8f56e5284faee4a20b327"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.6.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.7.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5de893c32cde5f383baa4c04c5d6dbdd735cfd4a794b0debdb2bb1b421da5ff4"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "memoffset"
 version = "0.9.1"
@@ -1357,11 +1273,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9d811f3e15f28568be3407c8e7fdb6514c1cda3cb30683f15b6a1a1dc4ea14a7"
+checksum = "e2d80299ef12ff69b16a84bb182e3b9df68b5a91574d3d4fa6e41b65deec4df1"
 dependencies = [
- "adler",
+ "adler2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1384,97 +1300,85 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nix"
-version = "0.23.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8f3790c00a0150112de0f4cd161e3d7fc4b2d8a5542ffc35f099a2562aecb35c"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "cc",
- "cfg-if",
- "libc",
- "memoffset 0.6.5",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "nix"
-version = "0.27.1"
+version = "0.28.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2eb04e9c688eff1c89d72b407f168cf79bb9e867a9d3323ed6c01519eb9cc053"
+checksum = "ab2156c4fce2f8df6c499cc1c763e4394b7482525bf2a9701c9d79d215f519e4"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "cfg-if",
+ "cfg_aliases 0.1.1",
  "libc",
- "memoffset 0.9.1",
+ "memoffset",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "nix"
-version = "0.28.0"
+version = "0.29.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab2156c4fce2f8df6c499cc1c763e4394b7482525bf2a9701c9d79d215f519e4"
+checksum = "71e2746dc3a24dd78b3cfcb7be93368c6de9963d30f43a6a73998a9cf4b17b46"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "cfg-if",
- "cfg_aliases",
+ "cfg_aliases 0.2.1",
  "libc",
+ "memoffset",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num-complex"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "02e0d21255c828d6f128a1e41534206671e8c3ea0c62f32291e808dc82cff17d"
+checksum = "73f88a1307638156682bada9d7604135552957b7818057dcef22705b4d509495"
 dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num-integer"
-version = "0.1.45"
+version = "0.1.46"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "225d3389fb3509a24c93f5c29eb6bde2586b98d9f016636dff58d7c6f7569cd9"
+checksum = "7969661fd2958a5cb096e56c8e1ad0444ac2bbcd0061bd28660485a44879858f"
 dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
  "num-traits",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num-traits"
-version = "0.2.15"
+version = "0.2.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "578ede34cf02f8924ab9447f50c28075b4d3e5b269972345e7e0372b38c6cdcd"
+checksum = "071dfc062690e90b734c0b2273ce72ad0ffa95f0c74596bc250dcfd960262841"
 dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num_cpus"
-version = "1.15.0"
+version = "1.16.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0fac9e2da13b5eb447a6ce3d392f23a29d8694bff781bf03a16cd9ac8697593b"
+checksum = "4161fcb6d602d4d2081af7c3a45852d875a03dd337a6bfdd6e06407b61342a43"
 dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi 0.2.6",
+ "hermit-abi 0.3.9",
  "libc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num_enum"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "02339744ee7253741199f897151b38e72257d13802d4ee837285cc2990a90845"
+checksum = "4e613fc340b2220f734a8595782c551f1250e969d87d3be1ae0579e8d4065179"
 dependencies = [
  "num_enum_derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "num_enum_derive"
-version = "0.7.2"
+version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "681030a937600a36906c185595136d26abfebb4aa9c65701cefcaf8578bb982b"
+checksum = "af1844ef2428cc3e1cb900be36181049ef3d3193c63e43026cfe202983b27a56"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.32",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1485,9 +1389,9 @@ checksum = "3fdb12b2476b595f9358c5161aa467c2438859caa136dec86c26fdd2efe17b92"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
-version = "11.1.3"
+version = "11.1.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0ab1bc2a289d34bd04a330323ac98a1b4bc82c9d9fcb1e66b63caa84da26b575"
+checksum = "b410bbe7e14ab526a0e86877eb47c6996a2bd7746f027ba551028c925390e4e9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl"
@@ -1495,7 +1399,7 @@ version = "0.10.66"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9529f4786b70a3e8c61e11179af17ab6188ad8d0ded78c5529441ed39d4bd9c1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "foreign-types",
  "libc",
@@ -1506,13 +1410,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-macros"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b501e44f11665960c7e7fcf062c7d96a14ade4aa98116c004b2e37b5be7d736c"
+checksum = "a948666b637a0f465e8564c73e89d4dde00d72d4d473cc972f390fc3dcee7d9c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1523,9 +1427,9 @@ checksum = "ff011a302c396a5197692431fc1948019154afc178baf7d8e37367442a4601cf"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-src"
-version = "300.2.1+3.2.0"
+version = "300.3.2+3.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3fe476c29791a5ca0d1273c697e96085bbabbbea2ef7afd5617e78a4b40332d3"
+checksum = "a211a18d945ef7e648cc6e0058f4c548ee46aab922ea203e0d30e966ea23647b"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
@@ -1561,9 +1465,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot"
-version = "0.12.1"
+version = "0.12.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3742b2c103b9f06bc9fff0a37ff4912935851bee6d36f3c02bcc755bcfec228f"
+checksum = "f1bf18183cf54e8d6059647fc3063646a1801cf30896933ec2311622cc4b9a27"
 dependencies = [
  "lock_api",
  "parking_lot_core",
@@ -1571,37 +1475,37 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "parking_lot_core"
-version = "0.9.7"
+version = "0.9.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9069cbb9f99e3a5083476ccb29ceb1de18b9118cafa53e90c9551235de2b9521"
+checksum = "1e401f977ab385c9e4e3ab30627d6f26d00e2c73eef317493c4ec6d468726cf8"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
- "redox_syscall 0.2.16",
+ "redox_syscall 0.5.5",
  "smallvec",
- "windows-sys 0.45.0",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "paste"
-version = "1.0.12"
+version = "1.0.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9f746c4065a8fa3fe23974dd82f15431cc8d40779821001404d10d2e79ca7d79"
+checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf"
-version = "0.11.1"
+version = "0.11.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "928c6535de93548188ef63bb7c4036bd415cd8f36ad25af44b9789b2ee72a48c"
+checksum = "ade2d8b8f33c7333b51bcf0428d37e217e9f32192ae4772156f65063b8ce03dc"
 dependencies = [
  "phf_shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf_codegen"
-version = "0.11.1"
+version = "0.11.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a56ac890c5e3ca598bbdeaa99964edb5b0258a583a9eb6ef4e89fc85d9224770"
+checksum = "e8d39688d359e6b34654d328e262234662d16cc0f60ec8dcbe5e718709342a5a"
 dependencies = [
  "phf_generator",
  "phf_shared",
@@ -1609,9 +1513,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf_generator"
-version = "0.11.1"
+version = "0.11.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b1181c94580fa345f50f19d738aaa39c0ed30a600d95cb2d3e23f94266f14fbf"
+checksum = "48e4cc64c2ad9ebe670cb8fd69dd50ae301650392e81c05f9bfcb2d5bdbc24b0"
 dependencies = [
  "phf_shared",
  "rand",
@@ -1619,24 +1523,24 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf_shared"
-version = "0.11.1"
+version = "0.11.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e1fb5f6f826b772a8d4c0394209441e7d37cbbb967ae9c7e0e8134365c9ee676"
+checksum = "90fcb95eef784c2ac79119d1dd819e162b5da872ce6f3c3abe1e8ca1c082f72b"
 dependencies = [
  "siphasher",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pkg-config"
-version = "0.3.26"
+version = "0.3.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ac9a59f73473f1b8d852421e59e64809f025994837ef743615c6d0c5b305160"
+checksum = "953ec861398dccce10c670dfeaf3ec4911ca479e9c02154b3a215178c5f566f2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters"
-version = "0.3.4"
+version = "0.3.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2538b639e642295546c50fcd545198c9d64ee2a38620a628724a3b266d5fbf97"
+checksum = "5aeb6f403d7a4911efb1e33402027fc44f29b5bf6def3effcc22d7bb75f2b747"
 dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
  "plotters-backend",
@@ -1647,15 +1551,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters-backend"
-version = "0.3.4"
+version = "0.3.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "193228616381fecdc1224c62e96946dfbc73ff4384fba576e052ff8c1bea8142"
+checksum = "df42e13c12958a16b3f7f4386b9ab1f3e7933914ecea48da7139435263a4172a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters-svg"
-version = "0.3.3"
+version = "0.3.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f9a81d2759aae1dae668f783c308bc5c8ebd191ff4184aaa1b37f65a6ae5a56f"
+checksum = "51bae2ac328883f7acdfea3d66a7c35751187f870bc81f94563733a154d7a670"
 dependencies = [
  "plotters-backend",
 ]
@@ -1672,48 +1576,47 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "pmutil"
-version = "0.6.1"
+name = "portable-atomic"
+version = "1.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "52a40bc70c2c58040d2d8b167ba9a5ff59fc9dab7ad44771cfde3dcfde7a09c6"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.32",
-]
+checksum = "d30538d42559de6b034bc76fd6dd4c38961b1ee5c6c56e3808c50128fdbc22ce"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ppv-lite86"
-version = "0.2.17"
+version = "0.2.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b40af805b3121feab8a3c29f04d8ad262fa8e0561883e7653e024ae4479e6de"
+checksum = "77957b295656769bb8ad2b6a6b09d897d94f05c41b069aede1fcdaa675eaea04"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.79"
+version = "1.0.86"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e835ff2298f5721608eb1a980ecaee1aef2c132bf95ecc026a11b7bf3c01c02e"
+checksum = "5e719e8df665df0d1c8fbfd238015744736151d4445ec0836b8e628aae103b77"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "puruspe"
-version = "0.2.4"
+version = "0.2.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06a1eed715f625eaa95fba5e049dcf7bc06fa396d6d2e55015b3764e234dfd3f"
+checksum = "3804877ffeba468c806c2ad9057bbbae92e4b2c410c2f108baaa0042f241fa4c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
-version = "0.20.2"
+version = "0.22.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9a89dc7a5850d0e983be1ec2a463a171d20990487c3cfcd68b5363f1ee3d6fe0"
+checksum = "15ee168e30649f7f234c3d49ef5a7a6cbf5134289bc46c29ff3155fa3221c225"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "indoc",
  "libc",
- "memoffset 0.9.1",
- "parking_lot",
+ "memoffset",
+ "once_cell",
+ "portable-atomic",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "pyo3-ffi",
  "pyo3-macros",
@@ -1722,9 +1625,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-build-config"
-version = "0.20.2"
+version = "0.22.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "07426f0d8fe5a601f26293f300afd1a7b1ed5e78b2a705870c5f30893c5163be"
+checksum = "e61cef80755fe9e46bb8a0b8f20752ca7676dcc07a5277d8b7768c6172e529b3"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -1732,9 +1635,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-ffi"
-version = "0.20.2"
+version = "0.22.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dbb7dec17e17766b46bca4f1a4215a85006b4c2ecde122076c562dd058da6cf1"
+checksum = "67ce096073ec5405f5ee2b8b31f03a68e02aa10d5d4f565eca04acc41931fa1c"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "pyo3-build-config",
@@ -1742,33 +1645,34 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros"
-version = "0.20.2"
+version = "0.22.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "05f738b4e40d50b5711957f142878cfa0f28e054aa0ebdfc3fd137a843f74ed3"
+checksum = "2440c6d12bc8f3ae39f1e775266fa5122fd0c8891ce7520fa6048e683ad3de28"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.32",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros-backend"
-version = "0.20.2"
+version = "0.22.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0fc910d4851847827daf9d6cdd4a823fbdaab5b8818325c5e97a86da79e8881f"
+checksum = "1be962f0e06da8f8465729ea2cb71a416d2257dff56cbe40a70d3e62a93ae5d1"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
+ "pyo3-build-config",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.32",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.33"
+version = "1.0.37"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5267fca4496028628a95160fc423a33e8b2e6af8a5302579e322e4b520293cae"
+checksum = "b5b9d34b8991d19d98081b46eacdd8eb58c6f2b201139f7c5f643cc155a633af"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -1821,9 +1725,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rayon"
-version = "1.6.1"
+version = "1.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6db3a213adf02b3bcfd2d3846bb41cb22857d131789e01df434fb7e7bc0759b7"
+checksum = "b418a60154510ca1a002a752ca9714984e21e4241e804d32555251faf8b78ffa"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
  "rayon-core",
@@ -1831,14 +1735,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rayon-core"
-version = "1.10.2"
+version = "1.12.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "356a0625f1954f730c0201cdab48611198dc6ce21f4acff55089b5a78e6e835b"
+checksum = "1465873a3dfdaa8ae7cb14b4383657caab0b3e8a0aa9ae8e04b044854c8dfce2"
 dependencies = [
- "crossbeam-channel",
  "crossbeam-deque",
  "crossbeam-utils",
- "num_cpus",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1849,21 +1751,21 @@ checksum = "41cc0f7e4d5d4544e8861606a285bb08d3e70712ccc7d2b84d7c0ccfaf4b05ce"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.2.16"
+version = "0.5.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fb5a58c1855b4b6819d59012155603f0b22ad30cad752600aadfcb695265519a"
+checksum = "62871f2d65009c0256aed1b9cfeeb8ac272833c404e13d53d400cd0dad7a2ac0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_users"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b033d837a7cf162d7993aded9304e30a83213c648b6e389db233191f891e5c2b"
+checksum = "ba009ff324d1fc1b900bd1fdb31564febe58a8ccc8a6fdbb93b543d33b13ca43"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom",
- "redox_syscall 0.2.16",
+ "libredox",
  "thiserror",
 ]
 
@@ -1881,26 +1783,32 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "1.7.1"
+version = "1.10.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48aaa5748ba571fb95cd2c85c09f629215d3a6ece942baa100950af03a34f733"
+checksum = "4219d74c6b67a3654a9fbebc4b419e22126d13d2f3c4a07ee0cb61ff79a79619"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
+ "regex-automata",
  "regex-syntax",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.1.10"
+version = "0.4.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6c230d73fb8d8c1b9c0b3135c5142a8acee3a0558fb8db5cf1cb65f8d7862132"
+checksum = "38caf58cc5ef2fed281f89292ef23f6365465ed9a41b7a7754eb4e26496c92df"
+dependencies = [
+ "aho-corasick",
+ "memchr",
+ "regex-syntax",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
-version = "0.6.28"
+version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "456c603be3e8d448b072f410900c09faf164fbce2d480456f50eea6e25f9c848"
+checksum = "7a66a03ae7c801facd77a29370b4faec201768915ac14a721ba36f20bc9c209b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "region"
@@ -1929,7 +1837,7 @@ version = "0.4.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1fabf0a2e54f711c68c50d49f648a1a8a37adcb57353f518ac4df374f0788f42"
 dependencies = [
- "pmutil 0.5.3",
+ "pmutil",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 1.0.109",
@@ -1944,20 +1852,20 @@ checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc_version"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bfa0f585226d2e68097d4f95d113b15b83a82e819ab25717ec0590d9584ef366"
+checksum = "cfcb3a22ef46e85b45de6ee7e79d063319ebb6594faafcf1c225ea92ab6e9b92"
 dependencies = [
  "semver",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.32"
+version = "0.38.37"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "65e04861e65f21776e67888bfbea442b3642beaa0138fdb1dd7a84a52dffdb89"
+checksum = "8acb788b847c24f28525660c4d7758620a7210875711f79e7f663cc152726811"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
@@ -2005,8 +1913,8 @@ name = "rustpython-codegen"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
- "indexmap 2.2.6",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "indexmap",
  "insta",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "log",
@@ -2023,8 +1931,7 @@ name = "rustpython-common"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ascii",
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
- "bstr",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "libc",
@@ -2058,7 +1965,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "lz4_flex",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2107,7 +2014,7 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0389039b132ad8e350552d771270ccd03186985696764bcee2239694e7839942"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "num-traits",
@@ -2200,7 +2107,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "num_enum",
  "optional",
 ]
@@ -2226,7 +2133,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "foreign-types-shared",
  "gethostname",
  "hex",
- "indexmap 2.2.6",
+ "indexmap",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "junction",
  "libc",
@@ -2238,7 +2145,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "memmap2",
  "mt19937",
- "nix 0.27.1",
+ "nix 0.29.0",
  "num-complex",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
@@ -2288,7 +2195,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "ascii",
  "atty",
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "bstr",
  "caseless",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -2299,9 +2206,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "flamer",
  "getrandom",
  "glob",
- "half",
+ "half 2.4.1",
  "hex",
- "indexmap 2.2.6",
+ "indexmap",
  "is-macro",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "junction",
@@ -2309,8 +2216,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "memchr",
- "memoffset 0.9.1",
- "nix 0.27.1",
+ "memoffset",
+ "nix 0.29.0",
  "num-complex",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
@@ -2379,9 +2286,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
-version = "1.0.11"
+version = "1.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5583e89e108996506031660fe09baa5011b9dd0341b89029313006d1fb508d70"
+checksum = "955d28af4278de8121b7ebeb796b6a45735dc01436d898801014aced2773a3d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustyline"
@@ -2389,7 +2296,7 @@ version = "14.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7803e8936da37efd9b6d4478277f4b2b9bb5cdb37a113e8d63222e58da647e63"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.5.0",
+ "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "clipboard-win",
  "fd-lock",
@@ -2407,9 +2314,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
-version = "1.0.15"
+version = "1.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1ad4cc8da4ef723ed60bced201181d83791ad433213d8c24efffda1eec85d741"
+checksum = "f3cb5ba0dc43242ce17de99c180e96db90b235b8a9fdc9543c96d2209116bd9f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "same-file"
@@ -2422,36 +2329,30 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "schannel"
-version = "0.1.22"
+version = "0.1.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c3733bf4cf7ea0880754e19cb5a462007c4a8c1914bff372ccc95b464f1df88"
+checksum = "e9aaafd5a2b6e3d657ff009d82fbd630b6bd54dd4eb06f21693925cdf80f9b8b"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "scopeguard"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "scratch"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ddccb15bcce173023b3fedd9436f882a0739b8dfb45e4f6b6002bee5929f61b2"
+checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
-version = "1.0.16"
+version = "1.0.23"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "58bc9567378fc7690d6b2addae4e60ac2eeea07becb2c64b9f218b53865cba2a"
+checksum = "61697e0a1c7e512e84a621326239844a24d8207b4669b41bc18b32ea5cbf988b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.152"
+version = "1.0.210"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bb7d1f0d3021d347a83e556fc4683dea2ea09d87bccdf88ff5c12545d89d5efb"
+checksum = "c8e3592472072e6e22e0a54d5904d9febf8508f65fb8552499a1abc7d1078c3a"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
@@ -2474,28 +2375,29 @@ version = "0.11.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2bef2ebfde456fb76bbcf9f59315333decc4fda0b2b44b420243c11e0f5ec1f5"
 dependencies = [
- "half",
+ "half 1.8.3",
  "serde",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.152"
+version = "1.0.210"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "af487d118eecd09402d70a5d72551860e788df87b464af30e5ea6a38c75c541e"
+checksum = "243902eda00fad750862fc144cea25caca5e20d615af0a81bee94ca738f1df1f"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.93"
+version = "1.0.128"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cad406b69c91885b5107daf2c29572f6c8cdb3c66826821e286c533490c0bc76"
+checksum = "6ff5456707a1de34e7e37f2a6fd3d3f808c318259cbd01ab6377795054b483d8"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
+ "memchr",
  "ryu",
  "serde",
 ]
@@ -2513,9 +2415,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sha2"
-version = "0.10.6"
+version = "0.10.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "82e6b795fe2e3b1e845bafcb27aa35405c4d47cdfc92af5fc8d3002f76cebdc0"
+checksum = "793db75ad2bcafc3ffa7c68b215fee268f537982cd901d132f89c6343f3a3dc8"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "cpufeatures",
@@ -2524,43 +2426,49 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sha3"
-version = "0.10.6"
+version = "0.10.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bdf0c33fae925bdc080598b84bc15c55e7b9a4a43b3c704da051f977469691c9"
+checksum = "75872d278a8f37ef87fa0ddbda7802605cb18344497949862c0d4dcb291eba60"
 dependencies = [
  "digest",
  "keccak",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "shlex"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "similar"
-version = "2.2.1"
+version = "2.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "420acb44afdae038210c99e69aae24109f32f15500aa708e81d46c9f29d55fcf"
+checksum = "1de1d4f81173b03af4c0cbed3c898f6bff5b870e4a7f5d6f4057d62a7a4b686e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "siphasher"
-version = "0.3.10"
+version = "0.3.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7bd3e3206899af3f8b12af284fafc038cc1dc2b41d1b89dd17297221c5d225de"
+checksum = "38b58827f4464d87d377d175e90bf58eb00fd8716ff0a62f80356b5e61555d0d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "slice-group-by"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "03b634d87b960ab1a38c4fe143b508576f075e7c978bfad18217645ebfdfa2ec"
+checksum = "826167069c09b99d56f31e9ae5c99049e932a98c9dc2dac47645b08dbbf76ba7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.10.0"
+version = "1.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a507befe795404456341dfab10cef66ead4c041f62b8b11bbb92bffe5d0953e0"
+checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
-version = "0.5.6"
+version = "0.5.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "05ffd9c0a93b7543e062e759284fcf5f5e3b098501104bfbdde4d404db792871"
+checksum = "ce305eb0b4296696835b71df73eb912e0f1ffd2556a501fcede6e0c50349191c"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
@@ -2580,28 +2488,28 @@ checksum = "8ea5119cdb4c55b55d432abb513a0429384878c15dde60cc77b1c99de1a95a6a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
-version = "0.24.1"
+version = "0.26.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "063e6045c0e62079840579a7e47a355ae92f60eb74daaf156fb1e84ba164e63f"
+checksum = "8fec0f0aef304996cf250b31b5a10dee7980c85da9d759361292b8bca5a18f06"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum_macros"
-version = "0.24.3"
+version = "0.26.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1e385be0d24f186b4ce2f9982191e7101bb737312ad61c1f2f984f34bcf85d59"
+checksum = "4c6bee85a5a24955dc440386795aa378cd9cf82acd5f764469152d2270e581be"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "subtle"
-version = "2.4.1"
+version = "2.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6bdef32e8150c2a081110b42772ffe7d7c9032b606bc226c8260fd97e0976601"
+checksum = "13c2bddecc57b384dee18652358fb23172facb8a2c51ccc10d74c157bdea3292"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
@@ -2616,9 +2524,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.32"
+version = "2.0.77"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "239814284fd6f1a4ffe4ca893952cdd93c224b6a1571c9a9eadd670295c0c9e2"
+checksum = "9f35bcdf61fd8e7be6caf75f429fdca8beb3ed76584befb503b1569faee373ed"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2636,9 +2544,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "system-configuration"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d75182f12f490e953596550b65ee31bda7c8e043d9386174b353bda50838c3fd"
+checksum = "ba3a3adc5c275d719af8cb4272ea1c4a6d668a777f37e115f6d11ddbc1c8e0e7"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 1.3.2",
  "core-foundation",
@@ -2657,15 +2565,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "target-lexicon"
-version = "0.12.6"
+version = "0.12.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8ae9980cab1db3fceee2f6c6f643d5d8de2997c58ee8d25fb0cc8a9e9e7348e5"
+checksum = "61c41af27dd6d1e27b1b16b489db798443478cef1f06a660c96db617ba5de3b1"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "termcolor"
-version = "1.2.0"
+version = "1.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "be55cf8942feac5c765c2c993422806843c9a9a45d4d5c407ad6dd2ea95eb9b6"
+checksum = "06794f8f6c5c898b3275aebefa6b8a1cb24cd2c6c79397ab15774837a0bc5755"
 dependencies = [
  "winapi-util",
 ]
@@ -2696,22 +2604,22 @@ checksum = "b7b3e525a49ec206798b40326a44121291b530c963cfb01018f63e135bac543d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.38"
+version = "1.0.64"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6a9cd18aa97d5c45c6603caea1da6628790b37f7a34b6ca89522331c5180fed0"
+checksum = "d50af8abc119fb8bb6dbabcfa89656f46f84aa0ac7688088608076ad2b459a84"
 dependencies = [
  "thiserror-impl",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.38"
+version = "1.0.64"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1fb327af4685e4d03fa8cbcf1716380da910eeb2bb8be417e7f9fd3fb164f36f"
+checksum = "08904e7672f5eb876eaaf87e0ce17857500934f4981c4a0ab2b4aa98baac7fc3"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2727,9 +2635,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thread_local"
-version = "1.1.7"
+version = "1.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3fdd6f064ccff2d6567adcb3873ca630700f00b5ad3f060c25b5dcfd9a4ce152"
+checksum = "8b9ef9bad013ada3808854ceac7b46812a6465ba368859a37e2100283d2d719c"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2737,9 +2645,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "timsort"
-version = "0.1.2"
+version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3cb4fa83bb73adf1c7219f4fe4bf3c0ac5635e4e51e070fad5df745a41bedfb8"
+checksum = "639ce8ef6d2ba56be0383a94dd13b92138d58de44c62618303bb798fa92bdc00"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tiny-keccak"
@@ -2762,9 +2670,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tinyvec"
-version = "1.6.0"
+version = "1.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87cc5ceb3875bb20c2890005a4e226a4651264a5c75edb2421b52861a0a0cb50"
+checksum = "445e881f4f6d382d5f27c034e25eb92edd7c784ceab92a0937db7f2e9471b938"
 dependencies = [
  "tinyvec_macros",
 ]
@@ -2787,9 +2695,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typenum"
-version = "1.16.0"
+version = "1.17.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "497961ef93d974e23eb6f433eb5fe1b7930b659f06d12dec6fc44a8f554c0bba"
+checksum = "42ff0bf0c66b8238c6f3b578df37d0b7848e55df8577b3f74f92a69acceeb825"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ucd"
@@ -2930,36 +2838,36 @@ checksum = "623f59e6af2a98bdafeb93fa277ac8e1e40440973001ca15cf4ae1541cd16d56"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.6"
+version = "1.0.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "84a22b9f218b40614adcb3f4ff08b703773ad44fa9423e4e0d346d5db86e4ebc"
+checksum = "e91b56cd4cadaeb79bbf1a5645f6b4f8dc5bde8834ad5894a8db35fda9efa1fe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-normalization"
-version = "0.1.22"
+version = "0.1.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5c5713f0fc4b5db668a2ac63cdb7bb4469d8c9fed047b1d0292cc7b0ce2ba921"
+checksum = "5033c97c4262335cded6d6fc3e5c18ab755e1a3dc96376350f3d8e9f009ad956"
 dependencies = [
  "tinyvec",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-segmentation"
-version = "1.10.1"
+version = "1.12.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1dd624098567895118886609431a7c3b8f516e41d30e0643f03d94592a147e36"
+checksum = "f6ccf251212114b54433ec949fd6a7841275f9ada20dddd2f29e9ceea4501493"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-width"
-version = "0.1.10"
+version = "0.1.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c0edd1e5b14653f783770bce4a4dabb4a5108a5370a5f5d8cfe8710c361f6c8b"
+checksum = "7dd6e30e90baa6f72411720665d41d89b9a3d039dc45b8faea1ddd07f617f6af"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2"
-version = "1.2.2"
+version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "addeebf294df7922a1164f729fb27ebbbcea99cc32b3bf08afab62757f707677"
+checksum = "d1673eca9782c84de5f81b82e4109dcfb3611c8ba0d52930ec4a9478f547b2dd"
 dependencies = [
  "phf",
  "unicode_names2_generator",
@@ -2967,9 +2875,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2_generator"
-version = "1.2.2"
+version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f444b8bba042fe3c1251ffaca35c603f2dc2ccc08d595c65a8c4f76f3e8426c0"
+checksum = "b91e5b84611016120197efd7dc93ef76774f4e084cd73c9fb3ea4a86c570c56e"
 dependencies = [
  "getopts",
  "log",
@@ -2985,15 +2893,15 @@ checksum = "c7de7d73e1754487cb58364ee906a499937a0dfabd86bcb980fa99ec8c8fa2ce"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "utf8parse"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "936e4b492acfd135421d8dca4b1aa80a7bfc26e702ef3af710e0752684df5372"
+checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "1.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1674845326ee10d37ca60470760d4288a6f80f304007d92e5c53bab78c9cfd79"
+checksum = "81dfa00651efa65069b0b6b651f4aaa31ba9e3c3ce0137aaad053604ee7e0314"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic",
  "getrandom",
@@ -3014,9 +2922,9 @@ checksum = "f1bddf1187be692e79c5ffeab891132dfb0f236ed36a43c7ed39f1165ee20191"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "version_check"
-version = "0.9.4"
+version = "0.9.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "49874b5167b65d7193b8aba1567f5c7d93d001cafc34600cee003eda787e483f"
+checksum = "0b928f33d975fc6ad9f86c8f283853ad26bdd5b10b7f1542aa2fa15e2289105a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "volatile"
@@ -3026,12 +2934,11 @@ checksum = "f8e76fae08f03f96e166d2dfda232190638c10e0383841252416f9cfe2ae60e6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "walkdir"
-version = "2.3.2"
+version = "2.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "808cf2735cd4b6866113f648b791c6adc5714537bc222d9347bb203386ffda56"
+checksum = "29790946404f91d9c5d06f9874efddea1dc06c5efe94541a7d6863108e3a5e4b"
 dependencies = [
  "same-file",
- "winapi",
  "winapi-util",
 ]
 
@@ -3043,34 +2950,35 @@ checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.92"
+version = "0.2.93"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4be2531df63900aeb2bca0daaaddec08491ee64ceecbee5076636a3b026795a8"
+checksum = "a82edfc16a6c469f5f44dc7b571814045d60404b55a0ee849f9bcfa2e63dd9b5"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
+ "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.92"
+version = "0.2.93"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "614d787b966d3989fa7bb98a654e369c762374fd3213d212cfc0251257e747da"
+checksum = "9de396da306523044d3302746f1208fa71d7532227f15e347e2d93e4145dd77b"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "log",
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.32",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-futures"
-version = "0.4.34"
+version = "0.4.43"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f219e0d211ba40266969f6dbdd90636da12f75bee4fc9d6c23d1260dadb51454"
+checksum = "61e9300f63a621e96ed275155c108eb6f843b6a26d053f122ab69724559dc8ed"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
@@ -3080,9 +2988,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.92"
+version = "0.2.93"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a1f8823de937b71b9460c0c34e25f3da88250760bec0ebac694b49997550d726"
+checksum = "585c4c91a46b072c92e908d99cb1dcdf95c5218eeb6f3bf1efa991ee7a68cccf"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -3090,28 +2998,28 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.92"
+version = "0.2.93"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e94f17b526d0a461a191c78ea52bbce64071ed5c04c9ffe424dcb38f74171bb7"
+checksum = "afc340c74d9005395cf9dd098506f7f44e38f2b4a21c6aaacf9a105ea5e1e836"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.32",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.92"
+version = "0.2.93"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "af190c94f2773fdb3729c55b007a722abb5384da03bc0986df4c289bf5567e96"
+checksum = "c62a0a307cb4a311d3a07867860911ca130c3494e8c2719593806c08bc5d0484"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.61"
+version = "0.3.70"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e33b99f4b23ba3eec1a53ac264e35a755f00e966e0065077d6027c0f575b0b97"
+checksum = "26fdeaafd9bd129f65e7c031593c24d62186301e0c72c8978fa1678be7d532c0"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -3119,13 +3027,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "which"
-version = "4.4.0"
+version = "6.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2441c784c52b289a054b7201fc93253e288f094e2f4be9058343127c4226a269"
+checksum = "b4ee928febd44d98f2f459a4a79bd4d928591333a494a10a868418ac1b39cf1f"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
- "libc",
- "once_cell",
+ "home",
+ "rustix",
+ "winsafe",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3152,11 +3061,11 @@ checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi-util"
-version = "0.1.5"
+version = "0.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "70ec6ce85bb158151cae5e5c87f95a8e97d2c0c4b001223f33a334e3ce5de178"
+checksum = "cf221c93e13a30d793f7645a0e7762c55d169dbb0a49671918a2319d289b10bb"
 dependencies = [
- "winapi",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3172,7 +3081,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e48a53791691ab099e5e2ad123536d0fff50652600abaf43bbf952894110d0be"
 dependencies = [
  "windows-core",
- "windows-targets 0.52.0",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3181,7 +3090,7 @@ version = "0.52.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "33ab640c8d7e35bf8ba19b884ba838ceb4fba93a4e8c65a9059d08afcfc683d9"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.0",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3197,30 +3106,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.36.1",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.42.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5a3e1820f08b8513f676f7ab6c1f99ff312fb97b553d30ff4dd86f9f15728aa7"
-dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.42.1",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.42.1",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.42.1",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.42.1",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.42.1",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.42.1",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.42.1",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.45.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "75283be5efb2831d37ea142365f009c02ec203cd29a3ebecbc093d52315b66d0"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.42.1",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.48.0"
@@ -3236,22 +3121,16 @@ version = "0.52.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "282be5f36a8ce781fad8c8ae18fa3f9beff57ec1b52cb3de0789201425d9a33d"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.0",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.42.1"
+name = "windows-sys"
+version = "0.59.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e2522491fbfcd58cc84d47aeb2958948c4b8982e9a2d8a2a35bbaed431390e7"
+checksum = "1e38bc4d79ed67fd075bcc251a1c39b32a1776bbe92e5bef1f0bf1f8c531853b"
 dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.42.1",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.42.1",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.42.1",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.42.1",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.42.1",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.42.1",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.42.1",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3271,25 +3150,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a18201040b24831fbb9e4eb208f8892e1f50a37feb53cc7ff887feb8f50e7cd"
+checksum = "9b724f72796e036ab90c1021d4780d4d3d648aca59e491e6b98e725b84e99973"
 dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.0",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.0",
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.6",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.6",
+ "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.6",
+ "windows_i686_gnullvm",
+ "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.6",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.6",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.6",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.6",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.42.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8c9864e83243fdec7fc9c5444389dcbbfd258f745e7853198f365e3c4968a608"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3298,9 +3172,9 @@ checksum = "2b38e32f0abccf9987a4e3079dfb67dcd799fb61361e53e2882c3cbaf0d905d8"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb7764e35d4db8a7921e09562a0304bf2f93e0a51bfccee0bd0bb0b666b015ea"
+checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
@@ -3308,12 +3182,6 @@ version = "0.36.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9bb8c3fd39ade2d67e9874ac4f3db21f0d710bee00fe7cab16949ec184eeaa47"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.42.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c8b1b673ffc16c47a9ff48570a9d85e25d265735c503681332589af6253c6c7"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3322,9 +3190,9 @@ checksum = "dc35310971f3b2dbbf3f0690a219f40e2d9afcf64f9ab7cc1be722937c26b4bc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbaa0368d4f1d2aaefc55b6fcfee13f41544ddf36801e793edbbfd7d7df075ef"
+checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
@@ -3332,12 +3200,6 @@ version = "0.36.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "180e6ccf01daf4c426b846dfc66db1fc518f074baa793aa7d9b9aaeffad6a3b6"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.42.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "de3887528ad530ba7bdbb1faa8275ec7a1155a45ffa57c37993960277145d640"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3346,21 +3208,21 @@ checksum = "a75915e7def60c94dcef72200b9a8e58e5091744960da64ec734a6c6e9b3743e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a28637cb1fa3560a16915793afb20081aba2c92ee8af57b4d5f28e4b3e7df313"
+checksum = "8e9b5ad5ab802e97eb8e295ac6720e509ee4c243f69d781394014ebfe8bbfa0b"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.36.1"
+name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
+version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e2e7917148b2812d1eeafaeb22a97e4813dfa60a3f8f78ebe204bcc88f12f024"
+checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.42.1"
+version = "0.36.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bf4d1122317eddd6ff351aa852118a2418ad4214e6613a50e0191f7004372605"
+checksum = "e2e7917148b2812d1eeafaeb22a97e4813dfa60a3f8f78ebe204bcc88f12f024"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
@@ -3370,9 +3232,9 @@ checksum = "8f55c233f70c4b27f66c523580f78f1004e8b5a8b659e05a4eb49d4166cca406"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ffe5e8e31046ce6230cc7215707b816e339ff4d4d67c65dffa206fd0f7aa7b9a"
+checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
@@ -3380,12 +3242,6 @@ version = "0.36.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4dcd171b8776c41b97521e5da127a2d86ad280114807d0b2ab1e462bc764d9e1"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.42.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1040f221285e17ebccbc2591ffdc2d44ee1f9186324dd3e84e99ac68d699c45"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3394,15 +3250,9 @@ checksum = "53d40abd2583d23e4718fddf1ebec84dbff8381c07cae67ff7768bbf19c6718e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.52.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3d6fa32db2bc4a2f5abeacf2b69f7992cd09dca97498da74a151a3132c26befd"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.42.1"
+version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "628bfdf232daa22b0d64fdb62b09fcc36bb01f05a3939e20ab73aaf9470d0463"
+checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
@@ -3412,9 +3262,9 @@ checksum = "0b7b52767868a23d5bab768e390dc5f5c55825b6d30b86c844ff2dc7414044cc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a657e1e9d3f514745a572a6846d3c7aa7dbe1658c056ed9c3344c4109a6949e"
+checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
@@ -3422,12 +3272,6 @@ version = "0.36.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c811ca4a8c853ef420abd8592ba53ddbbac90410fab6903b3e79972a631f7680"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.42.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "447660ad36a13288b1db4d4248e857b510e8c3a225c822ba4fb748c0aafecffd"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3436,41 +3280,49 @@ checksum = "ed94fce61571a4006852b7389a063ab983c02eb1bb37b47f8272ce92d06d9538"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dff9641d1cd4be8d1a070daf9e3773c5f67e78b4d9d42263020c057706765c04"
+checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winreg"
-version = "0.10.1"
+version = "0.52.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "80d0f4e272c85def139476380b12f9ac60926689dd2e01d4923222f40580869d"
+checksum = "a277a57398d4bfa075df44f501a17cfdf8542d224f0d36095a2adc7aee4ef0a5"
 dependencies = [
- "winapi",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winsafe"
+version = "0.0.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d135d17ab770252ad95e9a872d365cf3090e3be864a34ab46f48555993efc904"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "xml-rs"
-version = "0.8.14"
+version = "0.8.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "52839dc911083a8ef63efa4d039d1f58b5e409f923e44c80828f206f66e5541c"
+checksum = "af4e2e2f7cba5a093896c1e150fbfe177d1883e7448200efb81d40b9d339ef26"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.7.32"
+version = "0.7.35"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "74d4d3961e53fa4c9a25a8637fc2bfaf2595b3d3ae34875568a5cf64787716be"
+checksum = "1b9b4fd18abc82b8136838da5d50bae7bdea537c574d8dc1a34ed098d6c166f0"
 dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
  "zerocopy-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.7.32"
+version = "0.7.35"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ce1b18ccd8e73a9321186f97e46f9f04b778851177567b1975109d26a08d2a6"
+checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.32",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 018c9a5b14..6e90643efe 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ rustyline = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 criterion = { version = "0.3.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
-pyo3 = { version = "0.20.2", features = ["auto-initialize"] }
+pyo3 = { version = "0.22", features = ["auto-initialize"] }
 
 [[bench]]
 name = "execution"
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ members = [
 version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.78.0"
+rust-version = "1.80.0"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
 license = "MIT"
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ ahash = "0.8.11"
 ascii = "1.0"
 atty = "0.2.14"
 bitflags = "2.4.1"
-bstr = "0.2.17"
+bstr = "1"
 cfg-if = "1.0"
 chrono = "0.4.37"
 crossbeam-utils = "0.8.19"
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ is-macro = "0.3.0"
 junction = "1.0.0"
 libc = "0.2.153"
 log = "0.4.16"
-nix = { version = "0.27", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
+nix = { version = "0.29", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
 malachite-bigint = "0.2.0"
 malachite-q = "0.4.4"
 malachite-base = "0.4.4"
@@ -176,6 +176,8 @@ rustyline = "14.0.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0.133", default-features = false }
 schannel = "0.1.22"
 static_assertions = "1.1"
+strum = "0.26"
+strum_macros = "0.26"
 syn = "1.0.109"
 thiserror = "1.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.4"
diff --git a/benches/execution.rs b/benches/execution.rs
index 8f09aca808..6ec9b89f2a 100644
--- a/benches/execution.rs
+++ b/benches/execution.rs
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ use std::path::Path;
 fn bench_cpython_code(b: &mut Bencher, source: &str) {
     pyo3::Python::with_gil(|py| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            let module =
-                pyo3::types::PyModule::from_code(py, source, "", "").expect("Error running source");
+            let module = pyo3::types::PyModule::from_code_bound(py, source, "", "")
+                .expect("Error running source");
             black_box(module);
         })
     })
@@ -53,9 +53,10 @@ pub fn benchmark_file_parsing(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, name: &str,
         b.iter(|| ast::Suite::parse(contents, name).unwrap())
     });
     group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("cpython", name), |b| {
+        use pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods;
         pyo3::Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let builtins =
-                pyo3::types::PyModule::import(py, "builtins").expect("Failed to import builtins");
+            let builtins = pyo3::types::PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")
+                .expect("Failed to import builtins");
             let compile = builtins.getattr("compile").expect("no compile in builtins");
             b.iter(|| {
                 let x = compile
diff --git a/benches/microbenchmarks.rs b/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
index 8575ae50ad..b742b959b7 100644
--- a/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
+++ b/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use criterion::{
     criterion_group, criterion_main, measurement::WallTime, BatchSize, BenchmarkGroup, BenchmarkId,
     Criterion, Throughput,
 };
+use pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods;
 use rustpython_compiler::Mode;
 use rustpython_vm::{AsObject, Interpreter, PyResult, Settings};
 use std::{
@@ -44,11 +45,14 @@ fn bench_cpython_code(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, bench: &MicroBenchma
 
         // Grab the exec function in advance so we don't have lookups in the hot code
         let builtins =
-            pyo3::types::PyModule::import(py, "builtins").expect("Failed to import builtins");
+            pyo3::types::PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins").expect("Failed to import builtins");
         let exec = builtins.getattr("exec").expect("no exec in builtins");
 
-        let bench_func = |(globals, locals): &mut (&pyo3::types::PyDict, &pyo3::types::PyDict)| {
-            let res = exec.call((code, &*globals, &*locals), None);
+        let bench_func = |(globals, locals): &mut (
+            pyo3::Bound<pyo3::types::PyDict>,
+            pyo3::Bound<pyo3::types::PyDict>,
+        )| {
+            let res = exec.call((&code, &*globals, &*locals), None);
             if let Err(e) = res {
                 e.print(py);
                 panic!("Error running microbenchmark")
@@ -56,13 +60,13 @@ fn bench_cpython_code(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, bench: &MicroBenchma
         };
 
         let bench_setup = |iterations| {
-            let globals = pyo3::types::PyDict::new(py);
-            let locals = pyo3::types::PyDict::new(py);
+            let globals = pyo3::types::PyDict::new_bound(py);
+            let locals = pyo3::types::PyDict::new_bound(py);
             if let Some(idx) = iterations {
                 globals.set_item("ITERATIONS", idx).unwrap();
             }
 
-            let res = exec.call((setup_code, &globals, &locals), None);
+            let res = exec.call((&setup_code, &globals, &locals), None);
             if let Err(e) = res {
                 e.print(py);
                 panic!("Error running microbenchmark setup code")
@@ -93,9 +97,9 @@ fn cpy_compile_code<'a>(
     py: pyo3::Python<'a>,
     code: &str,
     name: &str,
-) -> pyo3::PyResult<&'a pyo3::types::PyCode> {
+) -> pyo3::PyResult<pyo3::Bound<'a, pyo3::types::PyCode>> {
     let builtins =
-        pyo3::types::PyModule::import(py, "builtins").expect("Failed to import builtins");
+        pyo3::types::PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins").expect("Failed to import builtins");
     let compile = builtins.getattr("compile").expect("no compile in builtins");
     compile.call1((code, name, "exec"))?.extract()
 }
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 354dacc086..8ba07f4be8 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ rustpython-format = { workspace = true }
 
 ascii = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
-bstr = { workspace = true }
 cfg-if = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 libc = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/common/src/int.rs b/common/src/int.rs
index 2de993b59b..0c19f55141 100644
--- a/common/src/int.rs
+++ b/common/src/int.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use bstr::ByteSlice;
 use malachite_base::{num::conversion::traits::RoundingInto, rounding_modes::RoundingMode};
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, BigUint, Sign};
 use malachite_q::Rational;
@@ -32,7 +31,7 @@ pub fn float_to_ratio(value: f64) -> Option<(BigInt, BigInt)> {
 
 pub fn bytes_to_int(lit: &[u8], mut base: u32) -> Option<BigInt> {
     // split sign
-    let mut lit = lit.trim();
+    let mut lit = lit.trim_ascii();
     let sign = match lit.first()? {
         b'+' => Some(Sign::Plus),
         b'-' => Some(Sign::Minus),
diff --git a/common/src/lib.rs b/common/src/lib.rs
index 8a94b939b5..25501e4f5b 100644
--- a/common/src/lib.rs
+++ b/common/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 //! A crate to hold types and functions common to all rustpython components.
 
+#![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", feature(byte_slice_trim_ascii))]
+
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
 pub use macros::*;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 8012aeb624..8645866854 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -1842,15 +1842,16 @@ mod _socket {
         #[cfg(unix)]
         {
             use nix::poll::*;
+            use std::os::fd::AsFd;
             let events = match kind {
                 SelectKind::Read => PollFlags::POLLIN,
                 SelectKind::Write => PollFlags::POLLOUT,
                 SelectKind::Connect => PollFlags::POLLOUT | PollFlags::POLLERR,
             };
-            let mut pollfd = [PollFd::new(sock, events)];
+            let mut pollfd = [PollFd::new(sock.as_fd(), events)];
             let timeout = match interval {
-                Some(d) => d.as_millis() as _,
-                None => -1,
+                Some(d) => d.try_into().unwrap_or(PollTimeout::MAX),
+                None => PollTimeout::NONE,
             };
             let ret = poll(&mut pollfd, timeout)?;
             Ok(ret == 0)
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 2b50fbc6d6..4bcd8512e2 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ memchr = { workspace = true }
 
 caseless = "0.2.1"
 flamer = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
-half = "1.8.2"
+half = "2"
 memoffset = "0.9.1"
 optional = "0.5.0"
 result-like = "0.4.6"
@@ -94,12 +94,12 @@ unic-ucd-ident     = "0.9.0"
 rustix = { workspace = true }
 exitcode = "1.1.2"
 uname = "0.1.1"
-strum = "0.24.0"
-strum_macros = "0.24.0"
+strum = { workspace = true }
+strum_macros = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 rustyline = { workspace = true }
-which = "4.2.5"
+which = "6"
 
 [target.'cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))'.dependencies]
 num_cpus = "1.13.1"
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ num_cpus = "1.13.1"
 junction = { workspace = true }
 schannel = { workspace = true }
 widestring = { workspace = true }
-winreg = "0.10.1"
+winreg = "0.52"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows]
 version = "0.52.0"
@@ -152,4 +152,4 @@ itertools = { workspace = true }
 rustc_version = "0.4.0"
 
 [lints]
-workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
+workspace = true
diff --git a/vm/src/buffer.rs b/vm/src/buffer.rs
index 2b61ee629d..bebc7b13a9 100644
--- a/vm/src/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/buffer.rs
@@ -540,7 +540,8 @@ make_pack_float!(f64);
 impl Packable for f16 {
     fn pack<E: ByteOrder>(vm: &VirtualMachine, arg: PyObjectRef, data: &mut [u8]) -> PyResult<()> {
         let f_64 = *ArgIntoFloat::try_from_object(vm, arg)?;
-        let f_16 = f16::from_f64(f_64);
+        // "from_f64 should be preferred in any non-`const` context" except it gives the wrong result :/
+        let f_16 = f16::from_f64_const(f_64);
         if f_16.is_infinite() != f_64.is_infinite() {
             return Err(vm.new_overflow_error("float too large to pack with e format".to_owned()));
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
index 51aef98881..fb5bc5066c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ fn inner_pow(v1: Complex64, v2: Complex64, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Comp
         };
     }
 
-    let ans = v1.powc(v2);
+    let ans = powc(v1, v2);
     if ans.is_infinite() && !(v1.is_infinite() || v2.is_infinite()) {
         Err(vm.new_overflow_error("complex exponentiation overflow".to_owned()))
     } else {
@@ -139,6 +139,19 @@ fn inner_pow(v1: Complex64, v2: Complex64, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Comp
     }
 }
 
+// num-complex changed their powc() implementation in 0.4.4, making it incompatible
+// with what the regression tests expect. this is that old formula.
+fn powc(a: Complex64, exp: Complex64) -> Complex64 {
+    let (r, theta) = a.to_polar();
+    if r.is_zero() {
+        return Complex64::new(r, r);
+    }
+    Complex64::from_polar(
+        r.powf(exp.re) * (-exp.im * theta).exp(),
+        exp.re * theta + exp.im * r.ln(),
+    )
+}
+
 impl Constructor for PyComplex {
     type Args = ComplexArgs;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
index 3022213e4b..eb05b4394a 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
@@ -855,7 +855,7 @@ fn try_int_radix(obj: &PyObject, base: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Big
 
     let opt = match_class!(match obj.to_owned() {
         string @ PyStr => {
-            let s = string.as_str();
+            let s = string.as_str().trim();
             bytes_to_int(s.as_bytes(), base)
         }
         bytes @ PyBytes => {
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
index 08d42027e2..92636dc11d 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl PyObject {
                 ))
             })
         } else if let Some(s) = self.payload::<PyStr>() {
-            try_convert(self, s.as_str().as_bytes(), vm)
+            try_convert(self, s.as_str().trim().as_bytes(), vm)
         } else if let Some(bytes) = self.payload::<PyBytes>() {
             try_convert(self, bytes, vm)
         } else if let Some(bytearray) = self.payload::<PyByteArray>() {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 203c6cc8c7..ed4754dae2 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -406,9 +406,9 @@ pub mod module {
         };
 
         let flag = if follow_symlinks.0 {
-            nix::unistd::FchownatFlags::FollowSymlink
+            nix::fcntl::AtFlags::empty()
         } else {
-            nix::unistd::FchownatFlags::NoFollowSymlink
+            nix::fcntl::AtFlags::AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
         };
 
         let dir_fd = dir_fd.get_opt();
@@ -631,10 +631,10 @@ pub mod module {
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn nice(increment: i32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<i32> {
-        use nix::errno::{errno, Errno};
+        use nix::errno::Errno;
         Errno::clear();
         let res = unsafe { libc::nice(increment) };
-        if res == -1 && errno() != 0 {
+        if res == -1 && Errno::last_raw() != 0 {
             Err(errno_err(vm))
         } else {
             Ok(res)
@@ -877,16 +877,11 @@ pub mod module {
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn pipe(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(RawFd, RawFd)> {
-        use nix::unistd::close;
+    fn pipe(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(OwnedFd, OwnedFd)> {
         use nix::unistd::pipe;
         let (rfd, wfd) = pipe().map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
-        set_inheritable(rfd, false, vm)
-            .and_then(|_| set_inheritable(wfd, false, vm))
-            .inspect_err(|_| {
-                let _ = close(rfd);
-                let _ = close(wfd);
-            })?;
+        set_inheritable(rfd.as_raw_fd(), false, vm)?;
+        set_inheritable(wfd.as_raw_fd(), false, vm)?;
         Ok((rfd, wfd))
     }
 
@@ -901,7 +896,7 @@ pub mod module {
         target_os = "openbsd"
     ))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn pipe2(flags: libc::c_int, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(RawFd, RawFd)> {
+    fn pipe2(flags: libc::c_int, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(OwnedFd, OwnedFd)> {
         let oflags = fcntl::OFlag::from_bits_truncate(flags);
         nix::unistd::pipe2(oflags).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
@@ -1227,7 +1222,7 @@ pub mod module {
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn ttyname(fd: i32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+    fn ttyname(fd: BorrowedFd<'_>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         let name = unistd::ttyname(fd).map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))?;
         let name = name.into_os_string().into_string().unwrap();
         Ok(vm.ctx.new_str(name).into())
@@ -1756,10 +1751,10 @@ pub mod module {
         who: PriorityWhoType,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult {
-        use nix::errno::{errno, Errno};
+        use nix::errno::Errno;
         Errno::clear();
         let retval = unsafe { libc::getpriority(which, who) };
-        if errno() != 0 {
+        if Errno::last_raw() != 0 {
             Err(errno_err(vm))
         } else {
             Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(retval).into())
@@ -1973,10 +1968,10 @@ pub mod module {
         PathconfName(name): PathconfName,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<Option<libc::c_long>> {
-        use nix::errno::{self, Errno};
+        use nix::errno::Errno;
 
         Errno::clear();
-        debug_assert_eq!(errno::errno(), 0);
+        debug_assert_eq!(Errno::last_raw(), 0);
         let raw = match &path {
             OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => {
                 let path = path.clone().into_cstring(vm)?;
@@ -1986,7 +1981,7 @@ pub mod module {
         };
 
         if raw == -1 {
-            if errno::errno() == 0 {
+            if Errno::last_raw() == 0 {
                 Ok(None)
             } else {
                 Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 8ef67bacec..a5e21819b8 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -630,7 +630,7 @@ mod platform {
 
         let ts = TimeSpec::from(dur);
         let res = unsafe { libc::nanosleep(ts.as_ref(), std::ptr::null_mut()) };
-        let interrupted = res == -1 && nix::errno::errno() == libc::EINTR;
+        let interrupted = res == -1 && nix::Error::last_raw() == libc::EINTR;
 
         if interrupted {
             vm.check_signals()?;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
index b992de9cb9..b368c43a3e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ mod winreg {
         TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use ::winreg::{enums::RegType, RegKey, RegValue};
+    use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
     use std::{ffi::OsStr, io};
     use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation;
 
@@ -97,7 +98,7 @@ mod winreg {
 
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn bool(&self) -> bool {
-            !self.key().raw_handle().is_null()
+            self.key().raw_handle() != 0
         }
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn enter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {
@@ -125,10 +126,8 @@ mod winreg {
             match self {
                 Self::PyHkey(py) => f(&py.key()),
                 Self::Constant(hkey) => {
-                    let k = RegKey::predef(*hkey);
-                    let res = f(&k);
-                    std::mem::forget(k);
-                    res
+                    let k = ManuallyDrop::new(RegKey::predef(*hkey));
+                    f(&k)
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -283,9 +282,11 @@ mod winreg {
                 i.map(|i| vm.ctx.new_int(i).into())
             }};
         }
-        let bytes_to_wide = |b: &[u8]| -> Option<&[u16]> {
-            if b.len() % 2 == 0 {
-                Some(unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(b.as_ptr().cast(), b.len() / 2) })
+        let bytes_to_wide = |b| {
+            if <[u8]>::len(b) % 2 == 0 {
+                let (pref, wide, suf) = unsafe { <[u8]>::align_to::<u16>(b) };
+                assert!(pref.is_empty() && suf.is_empty(), "wide slice is unaligned");
+                Some(wide)
             } else {
                 None
             }
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs b/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs
index 4e5704dc24..86a3ea3ab3 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs
@@ -70,15 +70,15 @@ mod _browser {
             None => FetchResponseFormat::Text,
         };
 
-        let mut opts = web_sys::RequestInit::new();
+        let opts = web_sys::RequestInit::new();
 
         match method {
-            Some(s) => opts.method(s.as_str()),
-            None => opts.method("GET"),
+            Some(s) => opts.set_method(s.as_str()),
+            None => opts.set_method("GET"),
         };
 
         if let Some(body) = body {
-            opts.body(Some(&convert::py_to_js(vm, body)));
+            opts.set_body(&convert::py_to_js(vm, body));
         }
 
         let request = web_sys::Request::new_with_str_and_init(url.as_str(), &opts)
@@ -225,8 +225,8 @@ mod _browser {
     fn load_module(module: PyStrRef, path: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         let weak_vm = weak_vm(vm);
 
-        let mut opts = web_sys::RequestInit::new();
-        opts.method("GET");
+        let opts = web_sys::RequestInit::new();
+        opts.set_method("GET");
 
         let request = web_sys::Request::new_with_str_and_init(path.as_str(), &opts)
             .map_err(|err| convert::js_py_typeerror(vm, err))?;

From 6fb19ac74f4322cccc4a29b96c698c0b83977511 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 28 Sep 2024 03:25:04 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 348/705] Handle MemoryError for sequences

---
 vm/src/sequence.rs | 13 +++++++++++--
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs   |  2 ++
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/sequence.rs b/vm/src/sequence.rs
index 7f47874dda..3f2d1e94d2 100644
--- a/vm/src/sequence.rs
+++ b/vm/src/sequence.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 use crate::{
-    builtins::PyIntRef, function::OptionalArg, sliceable::SequenceIndexOp, types::PyComparisonOp,
-    vm::VirtualMachine, AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult,
+    builtins::PyIntRef,
+    function::OptionalArg,
+    sliceable::SequenceIndexOp,
+    types::PyComparisonOp,
+    vm::{VirtualMachine, MAX_MEMORY_SIZE},
+    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult,
 };
 use optional::Optioned;
 use std::ops::{Deref, Range};
@@ -95,6 +99,11 @@ where
 {
     fn mul(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, n: isize) -> PyResult<Vec<T>> {
         let n = vm.check_repeat_or_overflow_error(self.as_ref().len(), n)?;
+
+        if n > 1 && std::mem::size_of_val(self.as_ref()) >= MAX_MEMORY_SIZE / n {
+            return Err(vm.new_memory_error("".to_owned()));
+        }
+
         let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(n * self.as_ref().len());
         for _ in 0..n {
             v.extend_from_slice(self.as_ref());
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 579d5e6d3c..1a5f40e767 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -53,6 +53,8 @@ pub use interpreter::Interpreter;
 pub(crate) use method::PyMethod;
 pub use setting::Settings;
 
+pub const MAX_MEMORY_SIZE: usize = isize::MAX as usize;
+
 // Objects are live when they are on stack, or referenced by a name (for now)
 
 /// Top level container of a python virtual machine. In theory you could

From edb7abde5abcb66a53ac8a997d73f0403fb3f367 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Oct 2024 14:09:37 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 349/705] Bump pyo3 from 0.22.3 to 0.22.4

Bumps [pyo3](https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3) from 0.22.3 to 0.22.4.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/PyO3/pyo3/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/pyo3/pyo3/compare/v0.22.3...v0.22.4)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: pyo3
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.lock | 20 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d89421a911..5b995c7cdf 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1607,9 +1607,9 @@ checksum = "3804877ffeba468c806c2ad9057bbbae92e4b2c410c2f108baaa0042f241fa4c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
-version = "0.22.3"
+version = "0.22.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "15ee168e30649f7f234c3d49ef5a7a6cbf5134289bc46c29ff3155fa3221c225"
+checksum = "00e89ce2565d6044ca31a3eb79a334c3a79a841120a98f64eea9f579564cb691"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "indoc",
@@ -1625,9 +1625,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-build-config"
-version = "0.22.3"
+version = "0.22.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e61cef80755fe9e46bb8a0b8f20752ca7676dcc07a5277d8b7768c6172e529b3"
+checksum = "d8afbaf3abd7325e08f35ffb8deb5892046fcb2608b703db6a583a5ba4cea01e"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -1635,9 +1635,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-ffi"
-version = "0.22.3"
+version = "0.22.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "67ce096073ec5405f5ee2b8b31f03a68e02aa10d5d4f565eca04acc41931fa1c"
+checksum = "ec15a5ba277339d04763f4c23d85987a5b08cbb494860be141e6a10a8eb88022"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "pyo3-build-config",
@@ -1645,9 +1645,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros"
-version = "0.22.3"
+version = "0.22.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2440c6d12bc8f3ae39f1e775266fa5122fd0c8891ce7520fa6048e683ad3de28"
+checksum = "15e0f01b5364bcfbb686a52fc4181d412b708a68ed20c330db9fc8d2c2bf5a43"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
@@ -1657,9 +1657,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros-backend"
-version = "0.22.3"
+version = "0.22.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1be962f0e06da8f8465729ea2cb71a416d2257dff56cbe40a70d3e62a93ae5d1"
+checksum = "a09b550200e1e5ed9176976d0060cbc2ea82dc8515da07885e7b8153a85caacb"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",

From 1aab5240cf91e26ee5093e3df2f4f6e3884c869f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 20 Mar 2024 23:06:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 350/705] Update for rust 1.77

---
 vm/src/object/core.rs | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index 624a3a41af..6a8166b201 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -364,8 +364,11 @@ impl PyWeak {
     fn drop_inner(&self) {
         let dealloc = {
             let mut guard = unsafe { self.parent.as_ref().lock() };
-            let offset = memoffset::offset_of!(PyInner<PyWeak>, payload);
-            let pyinner = (self as *const Self as usize - offset) as *const PyInner<Self>;
+            let offset = std::mem::offset_of!(PyInner<PyWeak>, payload);
+            let pyinner = (self as *const Self)
+                .cast::<u8>()
+                .wrapping_sub(offset)
+                .cast::<PyInner<Self>>();
             let node_ptr = unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(pyinner as *mut Py<Self>) };
             // the list doesn't have ownership over its PyRef<PyWeak>! we're being dropped
             // right now so that should be obvious!!

From eae60113afd213cfd9a3dfb653cc015b19b4ad40 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 16 Jun 2024 20:01:14 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 351/705] Update some stuff for inline const & associated type
 bounds

---
 common/src/str.rs                | 13 ++++++++-----
 compiler/core/src/frozen.rs      |  3 +--
 vm/src/builtins/dict.rs          |  7 ++-----
 vm/src/function/builtin.rs       | 19 +++++++------------
 vm/src/intern.rs                 |  8 ++------
 vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs | 31 ++++++++++++-------------------
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs                 | 11 ++++-------
 7 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index 48fdb0f95a..1606ebc07d 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -331,12 +331,15 @@ pub mod levenshtein {
 /// ```
 #[macro_export]
 macro_rules! ascii {
-    ($x:literal) => {{
-        const STR: &str = $x;
-        const _: () = if !STR.is_ascii() {
-            panic!("ascii!() argument is not an ascii string");
+    ($x:expr $(,)?) => {{
+        let s = const {
+            let s: &str = $x;
+            if !s.is_ascii() {
+                panic!("ascii!() argument is not an ascii string");
+            }
+            s
         };
-        unsafe { $crate::vendored::ascii::AsciiStr::from_ascii_unchecked(STR.as_bytes()) }
+        unsafe { $crate::vendored::ascii::AsciiStr::from_ascii_unchecked(s.as_bytes()) }
     }};
 }
 pub use ascii;
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/frozen.rs b/compiler/core/src/frozen.rs
index 4565eac8aa..991898c1ea 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/frozen.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/frozen.rs
@@ -102,8 +102,7 @@ impl FrozenLib<Vec<u8>> {
     /// Encode the given iterator of frozen modules into a compressed vector of bytes
     pub fn encode<'a, I, B: AsRef<[u8]>>(lib: I) -> FrozenLib<Vec<u8>>
     where
-        I: IntoIterator<Item = (&'a str, FrozenModule<B>)>,
-        I::IntoIter: ExactSizeIterator + Clone,
+        I: IntoIterator<Item = (&'a str, FrozenModule<B>), IntoIter: ExactSizeIterator + Clone>,
     {
         let iter = lib.into_iter();
         let mut bytes = Vec::new();
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
index 0fa2e18c37..68567e493f 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
@@ -728,11 +728,8 @@ impl ExactSizeIterator for DictIter<'_> {
 }
 
 #[pyclass]
-trait DictView: PyPayload + PyClassDef + Iterable + Representable
-where
-    Self::ReverseIter: PyPayload,
-{
-    type ReverseIter;
+trait DictView: PyPayload + PyClassDef + Iterable + Representable {
+    type ReverseIter: PyPayload;
 
     fn dict(&self) -> &PyDictRef;
     fn item(vm: &VirtualMachine, key: PyObjectRef, value: PyObjectRef) -> PyObjectRef;
diff --git a/vm/src/function/builtin.rs b/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
index 41e04d2520..bf9a5ed345 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
@@ -55,19 +55,14 @@ const fn zst_ref_out_of_thin_air<T: 'static>(x: T) -> &'static T {
     // would never get called anyway if we consider this semantically a Box::leak(Box::new(x))-type
     // operation. if T isn't zero-sized, we don't have to worry about it because we'll fail to compile.
     std::mem::forget(x);
-    trait Zst: Sized + 'static {
-        const THIN_AIR: &'static Self = {
-            if std::mem::size_of::<Self>() == 0 {
-                // SAFETY: we just confirmed that Self is zero-sized, so we can
-                //         pull a value of it out of thin air.
-                unsafe { std::ptr::NonNull::<Self>::dangling().as_ref() }
-            } else {
-                panic!("can't use a non-zero-sized type here")
-            }
-        };
+    const {
+        if std::mem::size_of::<T>() != 0 {
+            panic!("can't use a non-zero-sized type here")
+        }
+        // SAFETY: we just confirmed that T is zero-sized, so we can
+        //         pull a value of it out of thin air.
+        unsafe { std::ptr::NonNull::<T>::dangling().as_ref() }
     }
-    impl<T: 'static> Zst for T {}
-    <T as Zst>::THIN_AIR
 }
 
 /// Get the [`STATIC_FUNC`](IntoPyNativeFn::STATIC_FUNC) of the passed function. The same
diff --git a/vm/src/intern.rs b/vm/src/intern.rs
index 1f6fb09f28..45bd45d965 100644
--- a/vm/src/intern.rs
+++ b/vm/src/intern.rs
@@ -228,12 +228,8 @@ mod sealed {
 }
 
 /// A sealed marker trait for `DictKey` types that always become an exact instance of `str`
-pub trait InternableString
-where
-    Self: sealed::SealedInternable + ToPyObject + AsRef<Self::Interned>,
-    Self::Interned: MaybeInternedString,
-{
-    type Interned: ?Sized;
+pub trait InternableString: sealed::SealedInternable + ToPyObject + AsRef<Self::Interned> {
+    type Interned: MaybeInternedString + ?Sized;
     fn into_pyref_exact(self, str_type: PyTypeRef) -> PyRefExact<PyStr>;
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs b/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
index b7476c8498..b690b80f75 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData};
+use std::fmt;
 
 use crate::{
     object::{
@@ -16,25 +16,18 @@ pub(in crate::object) struct PyObjVTable {
 }
 
 impl PyObjVTable {
-    pub fn of<T: PyObjectPayload>() -> &'static Self {
-        struct Helper<T: PyObjectPayload>(PhantomData<T>);
-        trait VtableHelper {
-            const VTABLE: PyObjVTable;
+    pub const fn of<T: PyObjectPayload>() -> &'static Self {
+        &PyObjVTable {
+            drop_dealloc: drop_dealloc_obj::<T>,
+            debug: debug_obj::<T>,
+            trace: const {
+                if T::IS_TRACE {
+                    Some(try_trace_obj::<T>)
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            },
         }
-        impl<T: PyObjectPayload> VtableHelper for Helper<T> {
-            const VTABLE: PyObjVTable = PyObjVTable {
-                drop_dealloc: drop_dealloc_obj::<T>,
-                debug: debug_obj::<T>,
-                trace: {
-                    if T::IS_TRACE {
-                        Some(try_trace_obj::<T>)
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
-                },
-            };
-        }
-        &Helper::<T>::VTABLE
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 1a5f40e767..295e599b7d 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -133,13 +133,10 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         let import_func = ctx.none();
         let profile_func = RefCell::new(ctx.none());
         let trace_func = RefCell::new(ctx.none());
-        // hack to get around const array repeat expressions, rust issue #79270
-        const NONE: Option<PyObjectRef> = None;
-        // putting it in a const optimizes better, prevents linear initialization of the array
-        #[allow(clippy::declare_interior_mutable_const)]
-        const SIGNAL_HANDLERS: RefCell<[Option<PyObjectRef>; signal::NSIG]> =
-            RefCell::new([NONE; signal::NSIG]);
-        let signal_handlers = Some(Box::new(SIGNAL_HANDLERS));
+        let signal_handlers = Some(Box::new(
+            // putting it in a const optimizes better, prevents linear initialization of the array
+            const { RefCell::new([const { None }; signal::NSIG]) },
+        ));
 
         let module_inits = stdlib::get_module_inits();
 

From c883f0ad8af76a981eaca511fa2c3e334117dbad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Oct 2024 16:31:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 352/705] Updates for Rust 1.82

---
 Cargo.toml                   |  2 +-
 common/src/boxvec.rs         | 25 +++----------------------
 common/src/lock/cell_lock.rs |  6 +++---
 stdlib/src/grp.rs            |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/select.rs         |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/socket.rs         |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs         | 12 ++++--------
 vm/src/object/core.rs        |  4 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs         |  2 +-
 9 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6e90643efe..35ff857581 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ members = [
 version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.80.0"
+rust-version = "1.82.0"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
 license = "MIT"
 
diff --git a/common/src/boxvec.rs b/common/src/boxvec.rs
index ca81b75107..50f9ab2717 100644
--- a/common/src/boxvec.rs
+++ b/common/src/boxvec.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 //! An unresizable vector backed by a `Box<[T]>`
 
 use std::{
-    alloc,
     borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut},
     cmp, fmt,
     mem::{self, MaybeUninit},
@@ -35,29 +34,11 @@ macro_rules! panic_oob {
     };
 }
 
-fn capacity_overflow() -> ! {
-    panic!("capacity overflow")
-}
-
 impl<T> BoxVec<T> {
     pub fn new(n: usize) -> BoxVec<T> {
-        unsafe {
-            let layout = match alloc::Layout::array::<T>(n) {
-                Ok(l) => l,
-                Err(_) => capacity_overflow(),
-            };
-            let ptr = if mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
-                ptr::NonNull::<MaybeUninit<T>>::dangling().as_ptr()
-            } else {
-                let ptr = alloc::alloc(layout);
-                if ptr.is_null() {
-                    alloc::handle_alloc_error(layout)
-                }
-                ptr as *mut MaybeUninit<T>
-            };
-            let ptr = ptr::slice_from_raw_parts_mut(ptr, n);
-            let xs = Box::from_raw(ptr);
-            BoxVec { xs, len: 0 }
+        BoxVec {
+            xs: Box::new_uninit_slice(n),
+            len: 0,
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/common/src/lock/cell_lock.rs b/common/src/lock/cell_lock.rs
index 5c31fcdbb7..b10101f269 100644
--- a/common/src/lock/cell_lock.rs
+++ b/common/src/lock/cell_lock.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use lock_api::{
     GetThreadId, RawMutex, RawRwLock, RawRwLockDowngrade, RawRwLockRecursive, RawRwLockUpgrade,
     RawRwLockUpgradeDowngrade,
 };
-use std::{cell::Cell, num::NonZeroUsize};
+use std::{cell::Cell, num::NonZero};
 
 pub struct RawCellMutex {
     locked: Cell<bool>,
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ fn deadlock(lock_kind: &str, ty: &str) -> ! {
 pub struct SingleThreadId(());
 unsafe impl GetThreadId for SingleThreadId {
     const INIT: Self = SingleThreadId(());
-    fn nonzero_thread_id(&self) -> NonZeroUsize {
-        NonZeroUsize::new(1).unwrap()
+    fn nonzero_thread_id(&self) -> NonZero<usize> {
+        NonZero::new(1).unwrap()
     }
 }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/grp.rs b/stdlib/src/grp.rs
index 959c984be8..d3eb0848bb 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/grp.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/grp.rs
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ mod grp {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getgrall(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
         // setgrent, getgrent, etc are not thread safe. Could use fgetgrent_r, but this is easier
-        static GETGRALL: parking_lot::Mutex<()> = parking_lot::const_mutex(());
+        static GETGRALL: parking_lot::Mutex<()> = parking_lot::Mutex::new(());
         let _guard = GETGRALL.lock();
         let mut list = Vec::new();
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index 0e367bc35f..af76d86c8a 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ mod platform {
     // based off winsock2.h: https://gist.github.com/piscisaureus/906386#file-winsock2-h-L128-L141
 
     pub unsafe fn FD_SET(fd: RawFd, set: *mut fd_set) {
-        let mut slot = std::ptr::addr_of_mut!((*set).fd_array).cast::<RawFd>();
+        let mut slot = (&raw mut (*set).fd_array).cast::<RawFd>();
         let fd_count = (*set).fd_count;
         for _ in 0..fd_count {
             if *slot == fd {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 8645866854..bf2f5ecd30 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -2217,7 +2217,7 @@ mod _socket {
                 fn as_slice(&self) -> &[netioapi::MIB_IF_ROW2] {
                     unsafe {
                         let p = self.ptr.as_ptr();
-                        let ptr = ptr::addr_of!((*p).Table) as *const netioapi::MIB_IF_ROW2;
+                        let ptr = &raw const (*p).Table as *const netioapi::MIB_IF_ROW2;
                         std::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, (*p).NumEntries as usize)
                     }
                 }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index e24b7e475f..c47bc6420d 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
         ffi::{c_int, c_longlong, c_uint, c_void, CStr},
         fmt::Debug,
         ops::Deref,
-        ptr::{addr_of_mut, null, null_mut},
+        ptr::{null, null_mut},
         thread::ThreadId,
     };
 
@@ -1178,14 +1178,10 @@ mod _sqlite {
                 )
             };
 
-            // TODO: replace with Result.inspect_err when stable
-            if let Err(exc) = db.check(ret, vm) {
+            db.check(ret, vm).inspect_err(|_| {
                 // create_collation do not call destructor if error occur
                 let _ = unsafe { Box::from_raw(data) };
-                Err(exc)
-            } else {
-                Ok(())
-            }
+            })
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
@@ -2396,7 +2392,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
             let ret = unsafe {
                 sqlite3_open_v2(
                     path,
-                    addr_of_mut!(db),
+                    &raw mut db,
                     SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE
                         | SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE
                         | if uri { SQLITE_OPEN_URI } else { 0 },
diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index 6a8166b201..b326935464 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ unsafe impl Link for WeakLink {
 
     #[inline(always)]
     unsafe fn pointers(target: NonNull<Self::Target>) -> NonNull<Pointers<Self::Target>> {
-        NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr::addr_of_mut!((*target.as_ptr()).0.payload.pointers))
+        NonNull::new_unchecked(&raw mut (*target.as_ptr()).0.payload.pointers)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1047,7 +1047,7 @@ impl<T: PyObjectPayload> PyRef<T> {
     pub fn leak(pyref: Self) -> &'static Py<T> {
         let ptr = pyref.ptr;
         std::mem::forget(pyref);
-        unsafe { &*ptr.as_ptr() }
+        unsafe { ptr.as_ref() }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
index f5d1e50a26..0edca9c0a6 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ mod pwd {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getpwall(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
         // setpwent, getpwent, etc are not thread safe. Could use fgetpwent_r, but this is easier
-        static GETPWALL: parking_lot::Mutex<()> = parking_lot::const_mutex(());
+        static GETPWALL: parking_lot::Mutex<()> = parking_lot::Mutex::new(());
         let _guard = GETPWALL.lock();
         let mut list = Vec::new();
 

From 7ae9432524031e0ec62354bb3e31c655a57e2d02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 23:07:20 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 353/705] Change deprecated type PanicInfo to PanicHookInfo

---
 wasm/lib/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/lib.rs b/wasm/lib/src/lib.rs
index 85546c78d3..a5f1a5895a 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub(crate) use vm_class::weak_vm;
 use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
 
 /// Sets error info on the window object, and prints the backtrace to console
-pub fn panic_hook(info: &panic::PanicInfo) {
+pub fn panic_hook(info: &panic::PanicHookInfo) {
     // If something errors, just ignore it; we don't want to panic in the panic hook
     let try_set_info = || {
         let msg = &info.to_string();

From 98d09e781623ccec64643cf5412453cc78ba4f18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2024 17:38:32 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 354/705] Remove time.daylight  from freebsd

---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index a5e21819b8..566650d0f2 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 extern "C" {
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "freebsd"))]
     #[link_name = "daylight"]
     static c_daylight: std::ffi::c_int;
     // pub static dstbias: std::ffi::c_int;
@@ -163,6 +164,7 @@ mod decl {
         unsafe { super::c_timezone }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "freebsd"))]
     #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     #[pyattr]

From 91598f9121f14b6e86a84e82aad83c52d075a7ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 10 Nov 2024 00:13:13 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 355/705] change numbers.py from
 [v3.12.3](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/6293d00e7201f3f28b1f4512e57dc4f03855cabd/Lib/numbers.py#L8)

---
 Lib/numbers.py | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/numbers.py b/Lib/numbers.py
index 0985dd85f6..a2913e32cf 100644
--- a/Lib/numbers.py
+++ b/Lib/numbers.py
@@ -5,6 +5,31 @@
 
 TODO: Fill out more detailed documentation on the operators."""
 
+############ Maintenance notes #########################################
+#
+# ABCs are different from other standard library modules in that they
+# specify compliance tests.  In general, once an ABC has been published,
+# new methods (either abstract or concrete) cannot be added.
+#
+# Though classes that inherit from an ABC would automatically receive a
+# new mixin method, registered classes would become non-compliant and
+# violate the contract promised by ``isinstance(someobj, SomeABC)``.
+#
+# Though irritating, the correct procedure for adding new abstract or
+# mixin methods is to create a new ABC as a subclass of the previous
+# ABC.
+#
+# Because they are so hard to change, new ABCs should have their APIs
+# carefully thought through prior to publication.
+#
+# Since ABCMeta only checks for the presence of methods, it is possible
+# to alter the signature of a method by adding optional arguments
+# or changing parameter names.  This is still a bit dubious but at
+# least it won't cause isinstance() to return an incorrect result.
+#
+#
+#######################################################################
+
 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
 
 __all__ = ["Number", "Complex", "Real", "Rational", "Integral"]
@@ -118,7 +143,7 @@ def __rtruediv__(self, other):
 
     @abstractmethod
     def __pow__(self, exponent):
-        """self**exponent; should promote to float or complex when necessary."""
+        """self ** exponent; should promote to float or complex when necessary."""
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -167,7 +192,7 @@ def __trunc__(self):
         """trunc(self): Truncates self to an Integral.
 
         Returns an Integral i such that:
-          * i>0 iff self>0;
+          * i > 0 iff self > 0;
           * abs(i) <= abs(self);
           * for any Integral j satisfying the first two conditions,
             abs(i) >= abs(j) [i.e. i has "maximal" abs among those].
@@ -203,7 +228,7 @@ def __divmod__(self, other):
         return (self // other, self % other)
 
     def __rdivmod__(self, other):
-        """divmod(other, self): The pair (self // other, self % other).
+        """divmod(other, self): The pair (other // self, other % self).
 
         Sometimes this can be computed faster than the pair of
         operations.

From 0c69391bbd97067ba2c5c6220548b740c607015a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 10 Nov 2024 00:15:21 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 356/705] Copy test for numbers.py from v3.12.3

---
 Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py   |  85 +---------------
 Lib/test/test_abstract_numbers.py | 158 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 161 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py
index db500e812b..a7696376a5 100644
--- a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py
@@ -82,14 +82,6 @@ def test_typeerror(self):
             self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, "")
             self.assertRaises(TypeError, t, None)
 
-    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
-    def test_valid_ranges(self):
-        # invalid values of the correct type
-        # raise ValueError (not OverflowError)
-        for t, (l, h) in zip(unsigned_types, unsigned_ranges):
-            self.assertRaises(ValueError, t, l-1)
-            self.assertRaises(ValueError, t, h+1)
-
     def test_from_param(self):
         # the from_param class method attribute always
         # returns PyCArgObject instances
@@ -106,7 +98,7 @@ def test_byref(self):
     def test_floats(self):
         # c_float and c_double can be created from
         # Python int and float
-        class FloatLike(object):
+        class FloatLike:
             def __float__(self):
                 return 2.0
         f = FloatLike()
@@ -117,15 +109,15 @@ def __float__(self):
             self.assertEqual(t(f).value, 2.0)
 
     def test_integers(self):
-        class FloatLike(object):
+        class FloatLike:
             def __float__(self):
                 return 2.0
         f = FloatLike()
-        class IntLike(object):
+        class IntLike:
             def __int__(self):
                 return 2
         d = IntLike()
-        class IndexLike(object):
+        class IndexLike:
             def __index__(self):
                 return 2
         i = IndexLike()
@@ -205,19 +197,6 @@ def test_char_from_address(self):
         a[0] = ord('?')
         self.assertEqual(v.value, b'?')
 
-    # array does not support c_bool / 't'
-    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
-    def test_bool_from_address(self):
-        from ctypes import c_bool
-        from array import array
-        a = array(c_bool._type_, [True])
-        v = t.from_address(a.buffer_info()[0])
-        self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
-        self.assertEqual(type(v) is t)
-        a[0] = False
-        self.assertEqual(v.value, a[0])
-        self.assertEqual(type(v) is t)
-
     def test_init(self):
         # c_int() can be initialized from Python's int, and c_int.
         # Not from c_long or so, which seems strange, abc should
@@ -234,62 +213,6 @@ def test_float_overflow(self):
             if (hasattr(t, "__ctype_le__")):
                 self.assertRaises(OverflowError, t.__ctype_le__, big_int)
 
-    @unittest.skip('test disabled')
-    def test_perf(self):
-        check_perf()
-
-from ctypes import _SimpleCData
-class c_int_S(_SimpleCData):
-    _type_ = "i"
-    __slots__ = []
-
-def run_test(rep, msg, func, arg=None):
-##    items = [None] * rep
-    items = range(rep)
-    from time import perf_counter as clock
-    if arg is not None:
-        start = clock()
-        for i in items:
-            func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg); func(arg)
-        stop = clock()
-    else:
-        start = clock()
-        for i in items:
-            func(); func(); func(); func(); func()
-        stop = clock()
-    print("%15s: %.2f us" % (msg, ((stop-start)*1e6/5/rep)))
-
-def check_perf():
-    # Construct 5 objects
-    from ctypes import c_int
-
-    REP = 200000
-
-    run_test(REP, "int()", int)
-    run_test(REP, "int(999)", int)
-    run_test(REP, "c_int()", c_int)
-    run_test(REP, "c_int(999)", c_int)
-    run_test(REP, "c_int_S()", c_int_S)
-    run_test(REP, "c_int_S(999)", c_int_S)
-
-# Python 2.3 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
-#
-#          int(): 0.87 us
-#       int(999): 0.87 us
-#        c_int(): 3.35 us
-#     c_int(999): 3.34 us
-#      c_int_S(): 3.23 us
-#   c_int_S(999): 3.24 us
-
-# Python 2.2 -OO, win2k, P4 700 MHz:
-#
-#          int(): 0.89 us
-#       int(999): 0.89 us
-#        c_int(): 9.99 us
-#     c_int(999): 10.02 us
-#      c_int_S(): 9.87 us
-#   c_int_S(999): 9.85 us
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-##    check_perf()
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_abstract_numbers.py b/Lib/test/test_abstract_numbers.py
index 2e06f0d16f..72232b670c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_abstract_numbers.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_abstract_numbers.py
@@ -1,14 +1,34 @@
 """Unit tests for numbers.py."""
 
+import abc
 import math
 import operator
 import unittest
-from numbers import Complex, Real, Rational, Integral
+from numbers import Complex, Real, Rational, Integral, Number
+
+
+def concretize(cls):
+    def not_implemented(*args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    for name in dir(cls):
+        try:
+            value = getattr(cls, name)
+            if value.__isabstractmethod__:
+                setattr(cls, name, not_implemented)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+    abc.update_abstractmethods(cls)
+    return cls
+
 
 class TestNumbers(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_int(self):
         self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, Integral))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, Rational))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, Real))
         self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, Complex))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, Number))
 
         self.assertEqual(7, int(7).real)
         self.assertEqual(0, int(7).imag)
@@ -18,8 +38,11 @@ def test_int(self):
         self.assertEqual(1, int(7).denominator)
 
     def test_float(self):
+        self.assertFalse(issubclass(float, Integral))
         self.assertFalse(issubclass(float, Rational))
         self.assertTrue(issubclass(float, Real))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(float, Complex))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(float, Number))
 
         self.assertEqual(7.3, float(7.3).real)
         self.assertEqual(0, float(7.3).imag)
@@ -27,8 +50,11 @@ def test_float(self):
         self.assertEqual(-7.3, float(-7.3).conjugate())
 
     def test_complex(self):
+        self.assertFalse(issubclass(complex, Integral))
+        self.assertFalse(issubclass(complex, Rational))
         self.assertFalse(issubclass(complex, Real))
         self.assertTrue(issubclass(complex, Complex))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(complex, Number))
 
         c1, c2 = complex(3, 2), complex(4,1)
         # XXX: This is not ideal, but see the comment in math_trunc().
@@ -40,5 +66,135 @@ def test_complex(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, int, c1)
 
 
+class TestNumbersDefaultMethods(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_complex(self):
+        @concretize
+        class MyComplex(Complex):
+            def __init__(self, real, imag):
+                self.r = real
+                self.i = imag
+
+            @property
+            def real(self):
+                return self.r
+
+            @property
+            def imag(self):
+                return self.i
+
+            def __add__(self, other):
+                if isinstance(other, Complex):
+                    return MyComplex(self.imag + other.imag,
+                                     self.real + other.real)
+                raise NotImplementedError
+
+            def __neg__(self):
+                return MyComplex(-self.real, -self.imag)
+
+            def __eq__(self, other):
+                if isinstance(other, Complex):
+                    return self.imag == other.imag and self.real == other.real
+                if isinstance(other, Number):
+                    return self.imag == 0 and self.real == other.real
+
+        # test __bool__
+        self.assertTrue(bool(MyComplex(1, 1)))
+        self.assertTrue(bool(MyComplex(0, 1)))
+        self.assertTrue(bool(MyComplex(1, 0)))
+        self.assertFalse(bool(MyComplex(0, 0)))
+
+        # test __sub__
+        self.assertEqual(MyComplex(2, 3) - complex(1, 2), MyComplex(1, 1))
+
+        # test __rsub__
+        self.assertEqual(complex(2, 3) - MyComplex(1, 2), MyComplex(1, 1))
+
+    def test_real(self):
+        @concretize
+        class MyReal(Real):
+            def __init__(self, n):
+                self.n = n
+
+            def __pos__(self):
+                return self.n
+
+            def __float__(self):
+                return float(self.n)
+
+            def __floordiv__(self, other):
+                return self.n // other
+
+            def __rfloordiv__(self, other):
+                return other // self.n
+
+            def __mod__(self, other):
+                return self.n % other
+
+            def __rmod__(self, other):
+                return other % self.n
+
+        # test __divmod__
+        self.assertEqual(divmod(MyReal(3), 2), (1, 1))
+
+        # test __rdivmod__
+        self.assertEqual(divmod(3, MyReal(2)), (1, 1))
+
+        # test __complex__
+        self.assertEqual(complex(MyReal(1)), 1+0j)
+
+        # test real
+        self.assertEqual(MyReal(3).real, 3)
+
+        # test imag
+        self.assertEqual(MyReal(3).imag, 0)
+
+        # test conjugate
+        self.assertEqual(MyReal(123).conjugate(), 123)
+
+
+    def test_rational(self):
+        @concretize
+        class MyRational(Rational):
+            def __init__(self, numerator, denominator):
+                self.n = numerator
+                self.d = denominator
+
+            @property
+            def numerator(self):
+                return self.n
+
+            @property
+            def denominator(self):
+                return self.d
+
+        # test__float__
+        self.assertEqual(float(MyRational(5, 2)), 2.5)
+
+
+    def test_integral(self):
+        @concretize
+        class MyIntegral(Integral):
+            def __init__(self, n):
+                self.n = n
+
+            def __pos__(self):
+                return self.n
+
+            def __int__(self):
+                return self.n
+
+        # test __index__
+        self.assertEqual(operator.index(MyIntegral(123)), 123)
+
+        # test __float__
+        self.assertEqual(float(MyIntegral(123)), 123.0)
+
+        # test numerator
+        self.assertEqual(MyIntegral(123).numerator, 123)
+
+        # test denominator
+        self.assertEqual(MyIntegral(123).denominator, 1)
+
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

From d887e5c24cf9c4536a30cbcf3fb2e6209c9c05d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 00:17:30 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 357/705] first copy from cpython v3.12.3

---
 Lib/random.py           | 192 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 Lib/test/test_random.py | 139 +++++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 236 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/random.py b/Lib/random.py
index 85bad08d57..36e3925811 100644
--- a/Lib/random.py
+++ b/Lib/random.py
@@ -32,6 +32,11 @@
            circular uniform
            von Mises
 
+    discrete distributions
+    ----------------------
+           binomial
+
+
 General notes on the underlying Mersenne Twister core generator:
 
 * The period is 2**19937-1.
@@ -49,6 +54,7 @@
 from math import log as _log, exp as _exp, pi as _pi, e as _e, ceil as _ceil
 from math import sqrt as _sqrt, acos as _acos, cos as _cos, sin as _sin
 from math import tau as TWOPI, floor as _floor, isfinite as _isfinite
+from math import lgamma as _lgamma, fabs as _fabs, log2 as _log2
 try:
     from os import urandom as _urandom
 except ImportError:
@@ -72,7 +78,7 @@ def _urandom(*args, **kwargs):
 
 try:
     # hashlib is pretty heavy to load, try lean internal module first
-    from _sha512 import sha512 as _sha512
+    from _sha2 import sha512 as _sha512
 except ImportError:
     # fallback to official implementation
     from hashlib import sha512 as _sha512
@@ -81,6 +87,7 @@ def _urandom(*args, **kwargs):
     "Random",
     "SystemRandom",
     "betavariate",
+    "binomialvariate",
     "choice",
     "choices",
     "expovariate",
@@ -249,7 +256,7 @@ def _randbelow_with_getrandbits(self, n):
         "Return a random int in the range [0,n).  Defined for n > 0."
 
         getrandbits = self.getrandbits
-        k = n.bit_length()  # don't use (n-1) here because n can be 1
+        k = n.bit_length()
         r = getrandbits(k)  # 0 <= r < 2**k
         while r >= n:
             r = getrandbits(k)
@@ -304,58 +311,25 @@ def randrange(self, start, stop=None, step=_ONE):
 
         # This code is a bit messy to make it fast for the
         # common case while still doing adequate error checking.
-        try:
-            istart = _index(start)
-        except TypeError:
-            istart = int(start)
-            if istart != start:
-                _warn('randrange() will raise TypeError in the future',
-                      DeprecationWarning, 2)
-                raise ValueError("non-integer arg 1 for randrange()")
-            _warn('non-integer arguments to randrange() have been deprecated '
-                  'since Python 3.10 and will be removed in a subsequent '
-                  'version',
-                  DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        istart = _index(start)
         if stop is None:
             # We don't check for "step != 1" because it hasn't been
             # type checked and converted to an integer yet.
             if step is not _ONE:
-                raise TypeError('Missing a non-None stop argument')
+                raise TypeError("Missing a non-None stop argument")
             if istart > 0:
                 return self._randbelow(istart)
             raise ValueError("empty range for randrange()")
 
-        # stop argument supplied.
-        try:
-            istop = _index(stop)
-        except TypeError:
-            istop = int(stop)
-            if istop != stop:
-                _warn('randrange() will raise TypeError in the future',
-                      DeprecationWarning, 2)
-                raise ValueError("non-integer stop for randrange()")
-            _warn('non-integer arguments to randrange() have been deprecated '
-                  'since Python 3.10 and will be removed in a subsequent '
-                  'version',
-                  DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        # Stop argument supplied.
+        istop = _index(stop)
         width = istop - istart
-        try:
-            istep = _index(step)
-        except TypeError:
-            istep = int(step)
-            if istep != step:
-                _warn('randrange() will raise TypeError in the future',
-                      DeprecationWarning, 2)
-                raise ValueError("non-integer step for randrange()")
-            _warn('non-integer arguments to randrange() have been deprecated '
-                  'since Python 3.10 and will be removed in a subsequent '
-                  'version',
-                  DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        istep = _index(step)
         # Fast path.
         if istep == 1:
             if width > 0:
                 return istart + self._randbelow(width)
-            raise ValueError("empty range for randrange() (%d, %d, %d)" % (istart, istop, width))
+            raise ValueError(f"empty range in randrange({start}, {stop})")
 
         # Non-unit step argument supplied.
         if istep > 0:
@@ -365,7 +339,7 @@ def randrange(self, start, stop=None, step=_ONE):
         else:
             raise ValueError("zero step for randrange()")
         if n <= 0:
-            raise ValueError("empty range for randrange()")
+            raise ValueError(f"empty range in randrange({start}, {stop}, {step})")
         return istart + istep * self._randbelow(n)
 
     def randint(self, a, b):
@@ -531,7 +505,14 @@ def choices(self, population, weights=None, *, cum_weights=None, k=1):
     ## -------------------- real-valued distributions  -------------------
 
     def uniform(self, a, b):
-        "Get a random number in the range [a, b) or [a, b] depending on rounding."
+        """Get a random number in the range [a, b) or [a, b] depending on rounding.
+
+        The mean (expected value) and variance of the random variable are:
+
+            E[X] = (a + b) / 2
+            Var[X] = (b - a) ** 2 / 12
+
+        """
         return a + (b - a) * self.random()
 
     def triangular(self, low=0.0, high=1.0, mode=None):
@@ -542,6 +523,11 @@ def triangular(self, low=0.0, high=1.0, mode=None):
 
         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_distribution
 
+        The mean (expected value) and variance of the random variable are:
+
+            E[X] = (low + high + mode) / 3
+            Var[X] = (low**2 + high**2 + mode**2 - low*high - low*mode - high*mode) / 18
+
         """
         u = self.random()
         try:
@@ -623,7 +609,7 @@ def lognormvariate(self, mu, sigma):
         """
         return _exp(self.normalvariate(mu, sigma))
 
-    def expovariate(self, lambd):
+    def expovariate(self, lambd=1.0):
         """Exponential distribution.
 
         lambd is 1.0 divided by the desired mean.  It should be
@@ -632,12 +618,15 @@ def expovariate(self, lambd):
         positive infinity if lambd is positive, and from negative
         infinity to 0 if lambd is negative.
 
-        """
-        # lambd: rate lambd = 1/mean
-        # ('lambda' is a Python reserved word)
+        The mean (expected value) and variance of the random variable are:
 
+            E[X] = 1 / lambd
+            Var[X] = 1 / lambd ** 2
+
+        """
         # we use 1-random() instead of random() to preclude the
         # possibility of taking the log of zero.
+
         return -_log(1.0 - self.random()) / lambd
 
     def vonmisesvariate(self, mu, kappa):
@@ -693,8 +682,12 @@ def gammavariate(self, alpha, beta):
           pdf(x) =  --------------------------------------
                       math.gamma(alpha) * beta ** alpha
 
+        The mean (expected value) and variance of the random variable are:
+
+            E[X] = alpha * beta
+            Var[X] = alpha * beta ** 2
+
         """
-        # alpha > 0, beta > 0, mean is alpha*beta, variance is alpha*beta**2
 
         # Warning: a few older sources define the gamma distribution in terms
         # of alpha > -1.0
@@ -753,6 +746,11 @@ def betavariate(self, alpha, beta):
         Conditions on the parameters are alpha > 0 and beta > 0.
         Returned values range between 0 and 1.
 
+        The mean (expected value) and variance of the random variable are:
+
+            E[X] = alpha / (alpha + beta)
+            Var[X] = alpha * beta / ((alpha + beta)**2 * (alpha + beta + 1))
+
         """
         ## See
         ## http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-bugs-list/2001-January/003752.html
@@ -793,6 +791,97 @@ def weibullvariate(self, alpha, beta):
         return alpha * (-_log(u)) ** (1.0 / beta)
 
 
+    ## -------------------- discrete  distributions  ---------------------
+
+    def binomialvariate(self, n=1, p=0.5):
+        """Binomial random variable.
+
+        Gives the number of successes for *n* independent trials
+        with the probability of success in each trial being *p*:
+
+            sum(random() < p for i in range(n))
+
+        Returns an integer in the range:   0 <= X <= n
+
+        The mean (expected value) and variance of the random variable are:
+
+            E[X] = n * p
+            Var[x] = n * p * (1 - p)
+
+        """
+        # Error check inputs and handle edge cases
+        if n < 0:
+            raise ValueError("n must be non-negative")
+        if p <= 0.0 or p >= 1.0:
+            if p == 0.0:
+                return 0
+            if p == 1.0:
+                return n
+            raise ValueError("p must be in the range 0.0 <= p <= 1.0")
+
+        random = self.random
+
+        # Fast path for a common case
+        if n == 1:
+            return _index(random() < p)
+
+        # Exploit symmetry to establish:  p <= 0.5
+        if p > 0.5:
+            return n - self.binomialvariate(n, 1.0 - p)
+
+        if n * p < 10.0:
+            # BG: Geometric method by Devroye with running time of O(np).
+            # https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/42372.42381
+            x = y = 0
+            c = _log2(1.0 - p)
+            if not c:
+                return x
+            while True:
+                y += _floor(_log2(random()) / c) + 1
+                if y > n:
+                    return x
+                x += 1
+
+        # BTRS: Transformed rejection with squeeze method by Wolfgang Hörmann
+        # https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.47.8407&rep=rep1&type=pdf
+        assert n*p >= 10.0 and p <= 0.5
+        setup_complete = False
+
+        spq = _sqrt(n * p * (1.0 - p))  # Standard deviation of the distribution
+        b = 1.15 + 2.53 * spq
+        a = -0.0873 + 0.0248 * b + 0.01 * p
+        c = n * p + 0.5
+        vr = 0.92 - 4.2 / b
+
+        while True:
+
+            u = random()
+            u -= 0.5
+            us = 0.5 - _fabs(u)
+            k = _floor((2.0 * a / us + b) * u + c)
+            if k < 0 or k > n:
+                continue
+
+            # The early-out "squeeze" test substantially reduces
+            # the number of acceptance condition evaluations.
+            v = random()
+            if us >= 0.07 and v <= vr:
+                return k
+
+            # Acceptance-rejection test.
+            # Note, the original paper erroneously omits the call to log(v)
+            # when comparing to the log of the rescaled binomial distribution.
+            if not setup_complete:
+                alpha = (2.83 + 5.1 / b) * spq
+                lpq = _log(p / (1.0 - p))
+                m = _floor((n + 1) * p)         # Mode of the distribution
+                h = _lgamma(m + 1) + _lgamma(n - m + 1)
+                setup_complete = True           # Only needs to be done once
+            v *= alpha / (a / (us * us) + b)
+            if _log(v) <= h - _lgamma(k + 1) - _lgamma(n - k + 1) + (k - m) * lpq:
+                return k
+
+
 ## ------------------------------------------------------------------
 ## --------------- Operating System Random Source  ------------------
 
@@ -859,6 +948,7 @@ def _notimplemented(self, *args, **kwds):
 gammavariate = _inst.gammavariate
 gauss = _inst.gauss
 betavariate = _inst.betavariate
+binomialvariate = _inst.binomialvariate
 paretovariate = _inst.paretovariate
 weibullvariate = _inst.weibullvariate
 getstate = _inst.getstate
@@ -883,15 +973,17 @@ def _test_generator(n, func, args):
     low = min(data)
     high = max(data)
 
-    print(f'{t1 - t0:.3f} sec, {n} times {func.__name__}')
+    print(f'{t1 - t0:.3f} sec, {n} times {func.__name__}{args!r}')
     print('avg %g, stddev %g, min %g, max %g\n' % (xbar, sigma, low, high))
 
 
-def _test(N=2000):
+def _test(N=10_000):
     _test_generator(N, random, ())
     _test_generator(N, normalvariate, (0.0, 1.0))
     _test_generator(N, lognormvariate, (0.0, 1.0))
     _test_generator(N, vonmisesvariate, (0.0, 1.0))
+    _test_generator(N, binomialvariate, (15, 0.60))
+    _test_generator(N, binomialvariate, (100, 0.75))
     _test_generator(N, gammavariate, (0.01, 1.0))
     _test_generator(N, gammavariate, (0.1, 1.0))
     _test_generator(N, gammavariate, (0.1, 2.0))
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_random.py b/Lib/test/test_random.py
index 4bf00d5dbb..41c8697d25 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_random.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_random.py
@@ -386,8 +386,6 @@ def test_getrandbits(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.gen.getrandbits, -1)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.gen.getrandbits, 10.1)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON AttributeError: 'super' object has no attribute 'getstate'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_pickling(self):
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             state = pickle.dumps(self.gen, proto)
@@ -509,50 +507,44 @@ def test_randrange_nonunit_step(self):
         self.assertEqual(rint, 0)
 
     def test_randrange_errors(self):
-        raises = partial(self.assertRaises, ValueError, self.gen.randrange)
+        raises_value_error = partial(self.assertRaises, ValueError, self.gen.randrange)
+        raises_type_error = partial(self.assertRaises, TypeError, self.gen.randrange)
+
         # Empty range
-        raises(3, 3)
-        raises(-721)
-        raises(0, 100, -12)
-        # Non-integer start/stop
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, raises, 3.14159)
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, self.gen.randrange, 3.0)
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, self.gen.randrange, Fraction(3, 1))
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, raises, '3')
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, raises, 0, 2.71828)
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, self.gen.randrange, 0, 2.0)
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, self.gen.randrange, 0, Fraction(2, 1))
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, raises, 0, '2')
-        # Zero and non-integer step
-        raises(0, 42, 0)
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, raises, 0, 42, 0.0)
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, raises, 0, 0, 0.0)
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, raises, 0, 42, 3.14159)
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, self.gen.randrange, 0, 42, 3.0)
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, self.gen.randrange, 0, 42, Fraction(3, 1))
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, raises, 0, 42, '3')
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, self.gen.randrange, 0, 42, 1.0)
-        self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning, raises, 0, 0, 1.0)
-
-    def test_randrange_argument_handling(self):
-        randrange = self.gen.randrange
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            randrange(10.0, 20, 2)
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            randrange(10, 20.0, 2)
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            randrange(10, 20, 1.0)
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            randrange(10, 20, 2.0)
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                randrange(10.5)
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                randrange(10, 20.5)
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                randrange(10, 20, 1.5)
+        raises_value_error(3, 3)
+        raises_value_error(-721)
+        raises_value_error(0, 100, -12)
+
+        # Zero step
+        raises_value_error(0, 42, 0)
+        raises_type_error(0, 42, 0.0)
+        raises_type_error(0, 0, 0.0)
+
+        # Non-integer stop
+        raises_type_error(3.14159)
+        raises_type_error(3.0)
+        raises_type_error(Fraction(3, 1))
+        raises_type_error('3')
+        raises_type_error(0, 2.71827)
+        raises_type_error(0, 2.0)
+        raises_type_error(0, Fraction(2, 1))
+        raises_type_error(0, '2')
+        raises_type_error(0, 2.71827, 2)
+
+        # Non-integer start
+        raises_type_error(2.71827, 5)
+        raises_type_error(2.0, 5)
+        raises_type_error(Fraction(2, 1), 5)
+        raises_type_error('2', 5)
+        raises_type_error(2.71827, 5, 2)
+
+        # Non-integer step
+        raises_type_error(0, 42, 3.14159)
+        raises_type_error(0, 42, 3.0)
+        raises_type_error(0, 42, Fraction(3, 1))
+        raises_type_error(0, 42, '3')
+        raises_type_error(0, 42, 1.0)
+        raises_type_error(0, 0, 1.0)
 
     def test_randrange_step(self):
         # bpo-42772: When stop is None, the step argument was being ignored.
@@ -1027,6 +1019,7 @@ def test_zeroinputs(self):
         g.random = x[:].pop; g.uniform(1,10)
         g.random = x[:].pop; g.paretovariate(1.0)
         g.random = x[:].pop; g.expovariate(1.0)
+        g.random = x[:].pop; g.expovariate()
         g.random = x[:].pop; g.weibullvariate(1.0, 1.0)
         g.random = x[:].pop; g.vonmisesvariate(1.0, 1.0)
         g.random = x[:].pop; g.normalvariate(0.0, 1.0)
@@ -1084,6 +1077,9 @@ def test_constant(self):
                 (g.lognormvariate, (0.0, 0.0), 1.0),
                 (g.lognormvariate, (-float('inf'), 0.0), 0.0),
                 (g.normalvariate, (10.0, 0.0), 10.0),
+                (g.binomialvariate, (0, 0.5), 0),
+                (g.binomialvariate, (10, 0.0), 0),
+                (g.binomialvariate, (10, 1.0), 10),
                 (g.paretovariate, (float('inf'),), 1.0),
                 (g.weibullvariate, (10.0, float('inf')), 10.0),
                 (g.weibullvariate, (0.0, 10.0), 0.0),
@@ -1091,6 +1087,59 @@ def test_constant(self):
             for i in range(N):
                 self.assertEqual(variate(*args), expected)
 
+    def test_binomialvariate(self):
+        B = random.binomialvariate
+
+        # Cover all the code paths
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            B(n=-1)                            # Negative n
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            B(n=1, p=-0.5)                     # Negative p
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            B(n=1, p=1.5)                      # p > 1.0
+        self.assertEqual(B(10, 0.0), 0)        # p == 0.0
+        self.assertEqual(B(10, 1.0), 10)       # p == 1.0
+        self.assertTrue(B(1, 0.3) in {0, 1})   # n == 1 fast path
+        self.assertTrue(B(1, 0.9) in {0, 1})   # n == 1 fast path
+        self.assertTrue(B(1, 0.0) in {0})      # n == 1 fast path
+        self.assertTrue(B(1, 1.0) in {1})      # n == 1 fast path
+
+        # BG method p <= 0.5 and n*p=1.25
+        self.assertTrue(B(5, 0.25) in set(range(6)))
+
+        # BG method p >= 0.5 and n*(1-p)=1.25
+        self.assertTrue(B(5, 0.75) in set(range(6)))
+
+        # BTRS method p <= 0.5 and n*p=25
+        self.assertTrue(B(100, 0.25) in set(range(101)))
+
+        # BTRS method p > 0.5 and n*(1-p)=25
+        self.assertTrue(B(100, 0.75) in set(range(101)))
+
+        # Statistical tests chosen such that they are
+        # exceedingly unlikely to ever fail for correct code.
+
+        # BG code path
+        # Expected dist: [31641, 42188, 21094, 4688, 391]
+        c = Counter(B(4, 0.25) for i in range(100_000))
+        self.assertTrue(29_641 <= c[0] <= 33_641, c)
+        self.assertTrue(40_188 <= c[1] <= 44_188)
+        self.assertTrue(19_094 <= c[2] <= 23_094)
+        self.assertTrue(2_688  <= c[3] <= 6_688)
+        self.assertEqual(set(c), {0, 1, 2, 3, 4})
+
+        # BTRS code path
+        # Sum of c[20], c[21], c[22], c[23], c[24] expected to be 36,214
+        c = Counter(B(100, 0.25) for i in range(100_000))
+        self.assertTrue(34_214 <= c[20]+c[21]+c[22]+c[23]+c[24] <= 38_214)
+        self.assertTrue(set(c) <= set(range(101)))
+        self.assertEqual(c.total(), 100_000)
+
+        # Demonstrate the BTRS works for huge values of n
+        self.assertTrue(19_000_000 <= B(100_000_000, 0.2) <= 21_000_000)
+        self.assertTrue(89_000_000 <= B(100_000_000, 0.9) <= 91_000_000)
+
+
     def test_von_mises_range(self):
         # Issue 17149: von mises variates were not consistently in the
         # range [0, 2*PI].

From 4f5b26698c2ba3c4f1a56f5f6064c72f735cee3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 11 Nov 2024 00:17:57 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 358/705] skip test 'super' object has no attribute 'getstate'

---
 Lib/test/test_random.py | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_random.py b/Lib/test/test_random.py
index 41c8697d25..70bfbf09b5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_random.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_random.py
@@ -386,6 +386,8 @@ def test_getrandbits(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.gen.getrandbits, -1)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.gen.getrandbits, 10.1)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON AttributeError: 'super' object has no attribute 'getstate'
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_pickling(self):
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             state = pickle.dumps(self.gen, proto)

From fbd0c7a99efb62e7539fd4fbf129ce21cfa0d019 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 14 Nov 2024 16:39:17 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 359/705] Implement IncrementalNewlineDecoder in rust

---
 Lib/io.py                            |  11 +-
 Lib/test/test_difflib.py             |   1 -
 Lib/test/test_fileinput.py           |   2 -
 Lib/test/test_imp.py                 |   1 -
 Lib/test/test_importlib/test_abc.py  |  10 -
 Lib/test/test_importlib/test_util.py |   6 -
 Lib/test/test_io.py                  |  40 ----
 Lib/test/test_linecache.py           |   6 -
 Lib/test/test_popen.py               |   2 -
 Lib/test/test_subprocess.py          |   5 -
 Lib/test/test_traceback.py           |  18 --
 common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs      |   5 +
 derive-impl/src/from_args.rs         |   3 +-
 vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs             |  49 ++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs                  | 276 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 vm/src/types/slot.rs                 |  11 +-
 16 files changed, 324 insertions(+), 122 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/io.py b/Lib/io.py
index e37e81c2bf..7362ae305d 100644
--- a/Lib/io.py
+++ b/Lib/io.py
@@ -57,9 +57,7 @@
 from _io import (DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE, BlockingIOError, UnsupportedOperation,
                  open, open_code, FileIO, BytesIO, StringIO, BufferedReader,
                  BufferedWriter, BufferedRWPair, BufferedRandom,
-                 # XXX RUSTPYTHON TODO: IncrementalNewlineDecoder
-                 # IncrementalNewlineDecoder,
-                 text_encoding, TextIOWrapper)
+                 IncrementalNewlineDecoder, text_encoding, TextIOWrapper)
 
 # Pretend this exception was created here.
 UnsupportedOperation.__module__ = "io"
@@ -100,10 +98,3 @@ class TextIOBase(_io._TextIOBase, IOBase):
     pass
 else:
     RawIOBase.register(_WindowsConsoleIO)
-
-
-# XXX: RUSTPYTHON; borrow IncrementalNewlineDecoder from _pyio
-try:
-    from _pyio import IncrementalNewlineDecoder
-except ImportError:
-    pass
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_difflib.py b/Lib/test/test_difflib.py
index ed41074f7e..5592a2d5a3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_difflib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_difflib.py
@@ -186,7 +186,6 @@ def test_mdiff_catch_stop_iteration(self):
 the end"""
 
 class TestSFpatches(unittest.TestCase):
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_html_diff(self):
         # Check SF patch 914575 for generating HTML differences
         f1a = ((patch914575_from1 + '123\n'*10)*3)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_fileinput.py b/Lib/test/test_fileinput.py
index df894c5b2a..bda6dee6bf 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_fileinput.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_fileinput.py
@@ -280,8 +280,6 @@ def __call__(self, *args, **kargs):
             fi.readline()
         self.assertTrue(custom_open_hook.invoked, "openhook not invoked")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_readline(self):
         with open(TESTFN, 'wb') as f:
             f.write(b'A\nB\r\nC\r')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_imp.py b/Lib/test/test_imp.py
index 1ccd072b3f..c4aba69197 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_imp.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_imp.py
@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ def test_find_module_encoding(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
             imp.find_module('badsyntax_pep3120', path)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_issue1267(self):
         for mod, encoding, _ in self.test_strings:
             fp, filename, info  = imp.find_module('module_' + mod,
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_abc.py b/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_abc.py
index a231ae1d5f..603125f6d9 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_abc.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_abc.py
@@ -701,8 +701,6 @@ def verify_code(self, code_object):
 class SourceOnlyLoaderTests(SourceLoaderTestHarness):
     """Test importlib.abc.SourceLoader for source-only loading."""
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_source(self):
         # Verify the source code is returned as a string.
         # If an OSError is raised by get_data then raise ImportError.
@@ -761,8 +759,6 @@ def test_package_settings(self):
                 self.verify_module(module)
                 self.assertFalse(hasattr(module, '__path__'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_source_encoding(self):
         # Source is considered encoded in UTF-8 by default unless otherwise
         # specified by an encoding line.
@@ -882,8 +878,6 @@ class SourceLoaderGetSourceTests:
 
     """Tests for importlib.abc.SourceLoader.get_source()."""
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_default_encoding(self):
         # Should have no problems with UTF-8 text.
         name = 'mod'
@@ -893,8 +887,6 @@ def test_default_encoding(self):
         returned_source = mock.get_source(name)
         self.assertEqual(returned_source, source)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decoded_source(self):
         # Decoding should work.
         name = 'mod'
@@ -905,8 +897,6 @@ def test_decoded_source(self):
         returned_source = mock.get_source(name)
         self.assertEqual(returned_source, source)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_universal_newlines(self):
         # PEP 302 says universal newlines should be used.
         name = 'mod'
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_util.py b/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_util.py
index dc27e4aa99..201f506911 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_util.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_importlib/test_util.py
@@ -36,22 +36,16 @@ class DecodeSourceBytesTests:
 
     source = "string ='ü'"
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ut8_default(self):
         source_bytes = self.source.encode('utf-8')
         self.assertEqual(self.util.decode_source(source_bytes), self.source)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_specified_encoding(self):
         source = '# coding=latin-1\n' + self.source
         source_bytes = source.encode('latin-1')
         assert source_bytes != source.encode('utf-8')
         self.assertEqual(self.util.decode_source(source_bytes), source)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_universal_newlines(self):
         source = '\r\n'.join([self.source, self.source])
         source_bytes = source.encode('utf-8')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_io.py b/Lib/test/test_io.py
index 4f459675de..9cc22b959d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_io.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_io.py
@@ -4121,41 +4121,6 @@ def test_newlines(self):
     def test_newlines_input(self):
         super().test_newlines_input()
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_read_one_by_one(self):
-        super().test_read_one_by_one()
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_read_by_chunk(self):
-        super().test_read_by_chunk()
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_issue1395_1(self):
-        super().test_issue1395_1()
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_issue1395_2(self):
-        super().test_issue1395_2()
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_issue1395_3(self):
-        super().test_issue1395_3()
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_issue1395_4(self):
-        super().test_issue1395_4()
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_issue1395_5(self):
-        super().test_issue1395_5()
-
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_reconfigure_write_through(self):
@@ -4812,11 +4777,6 @@ class CMiscIOTest(MiscIOTest):
     name_of_module = "io", "_io"
     extra_exported = "BlockingIOError",
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test___all__(self):
-        super().test___all__()
-
     def test_readinto_buffer_overflow(self):
         # Issue #18025
         class BadReader(self.io.BufferedIOBase):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_linecache.py b/Lib/test/test_linecache.py
index 706daf65be..72dd40136c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_linecache.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_linecache.py
@@ -187,8 +187,6 @@ def test_lazycache_no_globals(self):
         self.assertEqual(False, linecache.lazycache(FILENAME, None))
         self.assertEqual(lines, linecache.getlines(FILENAME))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_lazycache_smoke(self):
         lines = linecache.getlines(NONEXISTENT_FILENAME, globals())
         linecache.clearcache()
@@ -199,8 +197,6 @@ def test_lazycache_smoke(self):
         # globals: this would error if the lazy value wasn't resolved.
         self.assertEqual(lines, linecache.getlines(NONEXISTENT_FILENAME))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_lazycache_provide_after_failed_lookup(self):
         linecache.clearcache()
         lines = linecache.getlines(NONEXISTENT_FILENAME, globals())
@@ -219,8 +215,6 @@ def test_lazycache_bad_filename(self):
         self.assertEqual(False, linecache.lazycache('', globals()))
         self.assertEqual(False, linecache.lazycache('<foo>', globals()))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_lazycache_already_cached(self):
         linecache.clearcache()
         lines = linecache.getlines(NONEXISTENT_FILENAME, globals())
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_popen.py b/Lib/test/test_popen.py
index e3030ee02e..e6bfc480cb 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_popen.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_popen.py
@@ -54,12 +54,10 @@ def test_return_code(self):
         else:
             self.assertEqual(os.waitstatus_to_exitcode(status), 42)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_contextmanager(self):
         with os.popen("echo hello") as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), "hello\n")
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_iterating(self):
         with os.popen("echo hello") as f:
             self.assertEqual(list(f), ["hello\n"])
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
index bc898567f7..d7507eb7f0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
@@ -1056,8 +1056,6 @@ def test_writes_before_communicate(self):
         self.assertEqual(stdout, b"bananasplit")
         self.assertEqual(stderr, b"")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_universal_newlines_and_text(self):
         args = [
             sys.executable, "-c",
@@ -1097,7 +1095,6 @@ def test_universal_newlines_and_text(self):
                 self.assertEqual(p.stdout.read(),
                                  "line4\nline5\nline6\nline7\nline8")
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_universal_newlines_communicate(self):
         # universal newlines through communicate()
         p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
@@ -1149,7 +1146,6 @@ def test_universal_newlines_communicate_input_none(self):
         p.communicate()
         self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_universal_newlines_communicate_stdin_stdout_stderr(self):
         # universal newlines through communicate(), with stdin, stdout, stderr
         p = subprocess.Popen([sys.executable, "-c",
@@ -3805,7 +3801,6 @@ def popen_via_context_manager(*args, **kwargs):
                 raise KeyboardInterrupt  # Test how __exit__ handles ^C.
         self._test_keyboardinterrupt_no_kill(popen_via_context_manager)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_getoutput(self):
         self.assertEqual(subprocess.getoutput('echo xyzzy'), 'xyzzy')
         self.assertEqual(subprocess.getstatusoutput('echo xyzzy'),
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_traceback.py b/Lib/test/test_traceback.py
index 20f8085ccf..28a8697235 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_traceback.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_traceback.py
@@ -1040,8 +1040,6 @@ def extract():
 
 class TestFrame(unittest.TestCase):
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_basics(self):
         linecache.clearcache()
         linecache.lazycache("f", globals())
@@ -1059,8 +1057,6 @@ def test_basics(self):
         self.assertNotEqual(f, object())
         self.assertEqual(f, ALWAYS_EQ)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_lazy_lines(self):
         linecache.clearcache()
         f = traceback.FrameSummary("f", 1, "dummy", lookup_line=False)
@@ -1109,8 +1105,6 @@ def test_extract_stack_limit(self):
         s = traceback.StackSummary.extract(traceback.walk_stack(None), limit=5)
         self.assertEqual(len(s), 5)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_extract_stack_lookup_lines(self):
         linecache.clearcache()
         linecache.updatecache('/foo.py', globals())
@@ -1120,8 +1114,6 @@ def test_extract_stack_lookup_lines(self):
         linecache.clearcache()
         self.assertEqual(s[0].line, "import sys")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_extract_stackup_deferred_lookup_lines(self):
         linecache.clearcache()
         c = test_code('/foo.py', 'method')
@@ -1153,8 +1145,6 @@ def test_format_smoke(self):
             ['  File "foo.py", line 1, in fred\n    line\n'],
             s.format())
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_locals(self):
         linecache.updatecache('/foo.py', globals())
         c = test_code('/foo.py', 'method')
@@ -1162,8 +1152,6 @@ def test_locals(self):
         s = traceback.StackSummary.extract(iter([(f, 6)]), capture_locals=True)
         self.assertEqual(s[0].locals, {'something': '1'})
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_no_locals(self):
         linecache.updatecache('/foo.py', globals())
         c = test_code('/foo.py', 'method')
@@ -1444,8 +1432,6 @@ def recurse(n):
                 traceback.walk_tb(exc_info[2]), limit=5)
         self.assertEqual(expected_stack, exc.stack)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_lookup_lines(self):
         linecache.clearcache()
         e = Exception("uh oh")
@@ -1457,8 +1443,6 @@ def test_lookup_lines(self):
         linecache.updatecache('/foo.py', globals())
         self.assertEqual(exc.stack[0].line, "import sys")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_locals(self):
         linecache.updatecache('/foo.py', globals())
         e = Exception("uh oh")
@@ -1470,8 +1454,6 @@ def test_locals(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             exc.stack[0].locals, {'something': '1', 'other': "'string'"})
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_no_locals(self):
         linecache.updatecache('/foo.py', globals())
         e = Exception("uh oh")
diff --git a/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs b/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
index 1a50542645..93f77ca701 100644
--- a/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
+++ b/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
@@ -92,6 +92,11 @@ impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: Default> Default for ThreadMutex<R, G, T> {
         Self::new(T::default())
     }
 }
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T> From<T> for ThreadMutex<R, G, T> {
+    fn from(val: T) -> Self {
+        Self::new(val)
+    }
+}
 impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> ThreadMutex<R, G, T> {
     pub fn lock(&self) -> Option<ThreadMutexGuard<R, G, T>> {
         if self.raw.lock() {
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs b/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
index 48bcd4fe22..7b5b684213 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
+use syn::ext::IdentExt;
 use syn::{
     parse_quote, Attribute, Data, DeriveInput, Expr, Field, Ident, Lit, Meta, NestedMeta, Result,
 };
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ fn generate_field((i, field): (usize, &Field)) -> Result<TokenStream> {
     };
 
     let name = field.ident.as_ref();
-    let name_string = name.map(Ident::to_string);
+    let name_string = name.map(|ident| ident.unraw().to_string());
     if matches!(&name_string, Some(s) if s.starts_with("_phantom")) {
         return Ok(quote! {
             #name: ::std::marker::PhantomData,
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
index e9e85d1fe8..9d1cc2f5ce 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
@@ -56,11 +56,30 @@ impl IntoPyTuple for Vec<PyObjectRef> {
     }
 }
 
-macro_rules! impl_into_pyobj_tuple {
-    ($(($T:ident, $idx:tt)),+) => {
+pub trait FromPyTuple<'a>: Sized {
+    fn from_pytuple(tuple: &'a PyTuple, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Self>;
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_from_into_pytuple {
+    ($($T:ident),+) => {
         impl<$($T: ToPyObject),*> IntoPyTuple for ($($T,)*) {
             fn into_pytuple(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTupleRef {
-                PyTuple::new_ref(vec![$(self.$idx.to_pyobject(vm)),*], &vm.ctx)
+                #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+                let ($($T,)*) = self;
+                PyTuple::new_ref(vec![$($T.to_pyobject(vm)),*], &vm.ctx)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // TODO: figure out a way to let PyObjectRef implement TryFromBorrowedObject, and
+        //       have this be a TryFromBorrowedObject bound
+        impl<'a, $($T: TryFromObject),*> FromPyTuple<'a> for ($($T,)*) {
+            fn from_pytuple(tuple: &'a PyTuple, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Self> {
+                #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+                let &[$(ref $T),+] = tuple.as_slice().try_into().map_err(|_| {
+                    vm.new_type_error(format!("expected tuple with {} elements", impl_from_into_pytuple!(@count $($T)+)))
+                })?;
+                Ok(($($T::try_from_object(vm, $T.clone())?,)+))
+
             }
         }
 
@@ -70,15 +89,21 @@ macro_rules! impl_into_pyobj_tuple {
             }
         }
     };
+    (@count $($T:ident)+) => {
+        0 $(+ impl_from_into_pytuple!(@discard $T))+
+    };
+    (@discard $T:ident) => {
+        1
+    };
 }
 
-impl_into_pyobj_tuple!((A, 0));
-impl_into_pyobj_tuple!((A, 0), (B, 1));
-impl_into_pyobj_tuple!((A, 0), (B, 1), (C, 2));
-impl_into_pyobj_tuple!((A, 0), (B, 1), (C, 2), (D, 3));
-impl_into_pyobj_tuple!((A, 0), (B, 1), (C, 2), (D, 3), (E, 4));
-impl_into_pyobj_tuple!((A, 0), (B, 1), (C, 2), (D, 3), (E, 4), (F, 5));
-impl_into_pyobj_tuple!((A, 0), (B, 1), (C, 2), (D, 3), (E, 4), (F, 5), (G, 6));
+impl_from_into_pytuple!(A);
+impl_from_into_pytuple!(A, B);
+impl_from_into_pytuple!(A, B, C);
+impl_from_into_pytuple!(A, B, C, D);
+impl_from_into_pytuple!(A, B, C, D, E);
+impl_from_into_pytuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F);
+impl_from_into_pytuple!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G);
 
 impl PyTuple {
     pub(crate) fn fast_getitem(&self, idx: usize) -> PyObjectRef {
@@ -185,6 +210,10 @@ impl PyTuple {
             Self { elements }.into_ref(&vm.ctx)
         })
     }
+
+    pub fn extract_tuple<'a, T: FromPyTuple<'a>>(&'a self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<T> {
+        T::from_pytuple(self, vm)
+    }
 }
 
 #[pyclass(
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 38512d2985..fb31ae4872 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ mod _io {
     use crate::{
         builtins::{
             PyBaseExceptionRef, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyIntRef, PyMemoryView, PyStr,
-            PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
+            PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
         },
         class::StaticType,
         common::lock::{
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ mod _io {
     use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, BigUint};
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
     use std::{
+        borrow::Cow,
         io::{self, prelude::*, Cursor, SeekFrom},
         ops::Range,
     };
@@ -2243,7 +2244,9 @@ mod _io {
             let has_read1 = vm.get_attribute_opt(buffer.clone(), "read1")?.is_some();
             let seekable = vm.call_method(&buffer, "seekable", ())?.try_to_bool(vm)?;
 
-            let (encoder, decoder) = Self::find_coder(&buffer, encoding.as_str(), &errors, vm)?;
+            let newline = args.newline.unwrap_or_default();
+            let (encoder, decoder) =
+                Self::find_coder(&buffer, encoding.as_str(), &errors, newline, vm)?;
 
             *data = Some(TextIOData {
                 buffer,
@@ -2251,7 +2254,7 @@ mod _io {
                 decoder,
                 encoding,
                 errors,
-                newline: args.newline.unwrap_or_default(),
+                newline,
                 line_buffering: args.line_buffering.unwrap_or_default(),
                 write_through: args.write_through.unwrap_or_default(),
                 chunk_size: 8192,
@@ -2291,6 +2294,7 @@ mod _io {
             buffer: &PyObject,
             encoding: &str,
             errors: &Py<PyStr>,
+            newline: Newlines,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
         ) -> PyResult<(
             Option<(PyObjectRef, Option<EncodeFunc>)>,
@@ -2315,10 +2319,17 @@ mod _io {
             };
 
             let decoder = if vm.call_method(buffer, "readable", ())?.try_to_bool(vm)? {
-                let incremental_decoder =
-                    codec.get_incremental_decoder(Some(errors.to_owned()), vm)?;
-                // TODO: wrap in IncrementalNewlineDecoder if newlines == Universal | Passthrough
-                Some(incremental_decoder)
+                let decoder = codec.get_incremental_decoder(Some(errors.to_owned()), vm)?;
+                if let Newlines::Universal | Newlines::Passthrough = newline {
+                    let args = IncrementalNewlineDecoderArgs {
+                        decoder,
+                        translate: matches!(newline, Newlines::Universal),
+                        errors: None,
+                    };
+                    Some(IncrementalNewlineDecoder::construct_and_init(args, vm)?.into())
+                } else {
+                    Some(decoder)
+                }
             } else {
                 None
             };
@@ -2333,8 +2344,13 @@ mod _io {
             let mut data = self.data.lock().unwrap();
             if let Some(data) = data.as_mut() {
                 if let Some(encoding) = args.encoding {
-                    let (encoder, decoder) =
-                        Self::find_coder(&data.buffer, encoding.as_str(), &data.errors, vm)?;
+                    let (encoder, decoder) = Self::find_coder(
+                        &data.buffer,
+                        encoding.as_str(),
+                        &data.errors,
+                        data.newline,
+                        vm,
+                    )?;
                     data.encoding = encoding;
                     data.encoder = encoder;
                     data.decoder = decoder;
@@ -2370,6 +2386,25 @@ mod _io {
             vm.call_method(&textio.buffer, "writable", ())
         }
 
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn line_buffering(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
+            Ok(self.lock(vm)?.line_buffering)
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn write_through(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
+            Ok(self.lock(vm)?.write_through)
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn newlines(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<PyObjectRef>> {
+            let data = self.lock(vm)?;
+            let Some(decoder) = &data.decoder else {
+                return Ok(None);
+            };
+            vm.get_attribute_opt(decoder.clone(), "newlines")
+        }
+
         #[pygetset(name = "_CHUNK_SIZE")]
         fn chunksize(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
             Ok(self.lock(vm)?.chunk_size)
@@ -3122,6 +3157,229 @@ mod _io {
         }
     }
 
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload, Default)]
+    struct IncrementalNewlineDecoder {
+        // TODO: Traverse
+        data: PyThreadMutex<Option<IncrementalNewlineDecoderData>>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    struct IncrementalNewlineDecoderData {
+        decoder: PyObjectRef,
+        // afaict, this is used for nothing
+        // errors: PyObjectRef,
+        pendingcr: bool,
+        translate: bool,
+        seennl: SeenNewline,
+    }
+
+    bitflags! {
+        #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Copy, Clone)]
+        struct SeenNewline: u8 {
+            const LF = 1;
+            const CR = 2;
+            const CRLF = 4;
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl DefaultConstructor for IncrementalNewlineDecoder {}
+
+    #[derive(FromArgs)]
+    struct IncrementalNewlineDecoderArgs {
+        #[pyarg(any)]
+        decoder: PyObjectRef,
+        #[pyarg(any)]
+        translate: bool,
+        #[pyarg(any, default)]
+        errors: Option<PyObjectRef>,
+    }
+
+    impl Initializer for IncrementalNewlineDecoder {
+        type Args = IncrementalNewlineDecoderArgs;
+        fn init(zelf: PyRef<Self>, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            let _ = args.errors;
+            let mut data = zelf.lock_opt(vm)?;
+            *data = Some(IncrementalNewlineDecoderData {
+                decoder: args.decoder,
+                translate: args.translate,
+                pendingcr: false,
+                seennl: SeenNewline::empty(),
+            });
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor, Initializer))]
+    impl IncrementalNewlineDecoder {
+        fn lock_opt(
+            &self,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<PyThreadMutexGuard<Option<IncrementalNewlineDecoderData>>> {
+            self.data
+                .lock()
+                .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_runtime_error("reentrant call inside nldecoder".to_owned()))
+        }
+
+        fn lock(
+            &self,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<PyMappedThreadMutexGuard<IncrementalNewlineDecoderData>> {
+            let lock = self.lock_opt(vm)?;
+            PyThreadMutexGuard::try_map(lock, |x| x.as_mut()).map_err(|_| {
+                vm.new_value_error("I/O operation on uninitialized nldecoder".to_owned())
+            })
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn decode(&self, args: NewlineDecodeArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyStrRef> {
+            self.lock(vm)?.decode(args.input, args.r#final, vm)
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn getstate(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, u64)> {
+            let data = self.lock(vm)?;
+            let (buffer, flag) = if vm.is_none(&data.decoder) {
+                (vm.ctx.new_bytes(vec![]).into(), 0)
+            } else {
+                vm.call_method(&data.decoder, "getstate", ())?
+                    .try_to_ref::<PyTuple>(vm)?
+                    .extract_tuple::<(PyObjectRef, u64)>(vm)?
+            };
+            let flag = (flag << 1) | (data.pendingcr as u64);
+            Ok((buffer, flag))
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn setstate(&self, state: PyTupleRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            let mut data = self.lock(vm)?;
+            let (buffer, flag) = state.extract_tuple::<(PyObjectRef, u64)>(vm)?;
+            data.pendingcr = flag & 1 != 0;
+            if !vm.is_none(&data.decoder) {
+                vm.call_method(&data.decoder, "setstate", ((buffer, flag >> 1),))?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn reset(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            let mut data = self.lock(vm)?;
+            data.seennl = SeenNewline::empty();
+            data.pendingcr = false;
+            if !vm.is_none(&data.decoder) {
+                vm.call_method(&data.decoder, "reset", ())?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn newlines(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            let data = self.lock(vm)?;
+            Ok(match data.seennl.bits() {
+                1 => "\n".to_pyobject(vm),
+                2 => "\r".to_pyobject(vm),
+                3 => ("\r", "\n").to_pyobject(vm),
+                4 => "\r\n".to_pyobject(vm),
+                5 => ("\n", "\r\n").to_pyobject(vm),
+                6 => ("\r", "\r\n").to_pyobject(vm),
+                7 => ("\r", "\n", "\r\n").to_pyobject(vm),
+                _ => vm.ctx.none(),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(FromArgs)]
+    struct NewlineDecodeArgs {
+        #[pyarg(any)]
+        input: PyObjectRef,
+        #[pyarg(any, default)]
+        r#final: bool,
+    }
+
+    impl IncrementalNewlineDecoderData {
+        fn decode(
+            &mut self,
+            input: PyObjectRef,
+            final_: bool,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<PyStrRef> {
+            let output = if vm.is_none(&self.decoder) {
+                input
+            } else {
+                vm.call_method(&self.decoder, "decode", (input, final_))?
+            };
+            let orig_output: PyStrRef = output.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            // this being Cow::Owned means we need to allocate a new string
+            let mut output = Cow::Borrowed(orig_output.as_str());
+            if self.pendingcr && (final_ || !output.is_empty()) {
+                output = ["\r", &*output].concat().into();
+                self.pendingcr = false;
+            }
+            if !final_ {
+                if let Some(s) = output.strip_suffix('\r') {
+                    output = s.to_owned().into();
+                    self.pendingcr = true;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if output.is_empty() {
+                return Ok(vm.ctx.empty_str.to_owned());
+            }
+
+            if (self.seennl == SeenNewline::LF || self.seennl.is_empty()) && !output.contains('\r')
+            {
+                if self.seennl.is_empty() && output.contains('\n') {
+                    self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::LF);
+                }
+            } else if !self.translate {
+                let mut matches = output.match_indices(['\r', '\n']);
+                while !self.seennl.is_all() {
+                    let Some((i, c)) = matches.next() else { break };
+                    match c {
+                        "\n" => self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::LF),
+                        // if c isn't \n, it can only be \r
+                        _ if output[i + 1..].starts_with('\n') => {
+                            matches.next();
+                            self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::CRLF);
+                        }
+                        _ => self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::CR),
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                let mut chunks = output.match_indices(['\r', '\n']);
+                let mut new_string = String::with_capacity(output.len());
+                let mut last_modification_index = 0;
+                while let Some((cr_index, chunk)) = chunks.next() {
+                    if chunk == "\r" {
+                        // skip copying the CR
+                        let mut next_chunk_index = cr_index + 1;
+                        if output[cr_index + 1..].starts_with('\n') {
+                            chunks.next();
+                            self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::CRLF);
+                            // skip the LF too
+                            next_chunk_index += 1;
+                        } else {
+                            self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::CR);
+                        }
+                        new_string.push_str(&output[last_modification_index..cr_index]);
+                        new_string.push('\n');
+                        last_modification_index = next_chunk_index;
+                    } else {
+                        self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::LF);
+                    }
+                }
+                new_string.push_str(&output[last_modification_index..]);
+                output = new_string.into();
+            }
+
+            Ok(match output {
+                Cow::Borrowed(_) => orig_output,
+                Cow::Owned(s) => vm.ctx.new_str(s),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "StringIO", base = "_TextIOBase")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
diff --git a/vm/src/types/slot.rs b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
index 7b904a32b7..3bbf3fc813 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/slot.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
@@ -782,7 +782,16 @@ pub trait Constructor: PyPayload {
     fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult;
 }
 
-pub trait DefaultConstructor: PyPayload + Default {}
+pub trait DefaultConstructor: PyPayload + Default {
+    fn construct_and_init(args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyRef<Self>>
+    where
+        Self: Initializer,
+    {
+        let this = Self::default().into_ref(&vm.ctx);
+        Self::init(this.clone(), args, vm)?;
+        Ok(this)
+    }
+}
 
 /// For types that cannot be instantiated through Python code.
 #[pyclass]

From 24fd19b35db92604d245a2c3fea54bda7f87748f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christian Clauss <cclauss@me.com>
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2024 16:38:54 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 360/705] Keep GitHub Actions up to date with GitHub's
 Dependabot

Fixes software supply chain safety warnings like at the bottom right of

https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/actions/runs/11870777239
* [Keeping your actions up to date with Dependabot](https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/working-with-dependabot/keeping-your-actions-up-to-date-with-dependabot)
* [Configuration options for the dependabot.yml file - package-ecosystem](https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-version-updates/configuration-options-for-the-dependabot.yml-file#package-ecosystem)
---
 .github/dependabot.yml | 13 +++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/dependabot.yml

diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be006de9a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# Keep GitHub Actions up to date with GitHub's Dependabot...
+# https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/working-with-dependabot/keeping-your-actions-up-to-date-with-dependabot
+# https://docs.github.com/en/code-security/dependabot/dependabot-version-updates/configuration-options-for-the-dependabot.yml-file#package-ecosystem
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: github-actions
+    directory: /
+    groups:
+      github-actions:
+        patterns:
+          - "*"  # Group all Actions updates into a single larger pull request
+    schedule:
+      interval: weekly

From 0cc1c323ed3f1916f49f253a49b710fc6b8e987a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bo Maryniuk <bo@maryniuk.net>
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2024 21:29:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 361/705] Move log message to the debug level

---
 vm/src/frame.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 5a42a1f88a..547b9440c7 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1534,7 +1534,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 .topmost_exception()
                 .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_runtime_error("No active exception to reraise".to_owned()))?,
         };
-        info!("Exception raised: {:?} with cause: {:?}", exception, cause);
+        debug!("Exception raised: {:?} with cause: {:?}", exception, cause);
         if let Some(cause) = cause {
             exception.set_cause(cause);
         }

From 4910b308eef1e3f5c5a09660354b85923afa454b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Buciu Theodor Marian <theodor.buciu@proton.me>
Date: Sun, 10 Nov 2024 16:23:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 362/705] Fix compile error when using ```vm-tracing-logging```

---
 vm/src/frame.rs             | 2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/callable.rs | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 5a42a1f88a..879ecdafc2 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                         let next = exception.traceback();
                         let new_traceback =
                             PyTraceback::new(next, frame.object.to_owned(), frame.lasti(), loc.row);
-                        vm_trace!("Adding to traceback: {:?} {:?}", new_traceback, loc.row());
+                        vm_trace!("Adding to traceback: {:?} {:?}", new_traceback, loc.row);
                         exception.set_traceback(Some(new_traceback.into_ref(&vm.ctx)));
 
                         vm.contextualize_exception(&exception);
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/callable.rs b/vm/src/protocol/callable.rs
index 8a04e2021e..ca10555720 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/callable.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/callable.rs
@@ -24,16 +24,17 @@ impl PyObject {
 
     /// PyObject_Call
     pub fn call_with_args(&self, args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        vm_trace!("Invoke: {:?} {:?}", callable, args);
         let Some(callable) = self.to_callable() else {
             return Err(
                 vm.new_type_error(format!("'{}' object is not callable", self.class().name()))
             );
         };
+        vm_trace!("Invoke: {:?} {:?}", callable, args);
         callable.invoke(args, vm)
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct PyCallable<'a> {
     pub obj: &'a PyObject,
     pub call: GenericMethod,

From 9647ebe206b8e85d2b9b3d815a26127abb25a5b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2024 13:20:19 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 363/705] Fix prettier formatting

---
 wasm/lib/README.md      | 16 ++++++++--------
 wasm/notebook/README.md | 24 ++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/wasm/lib/README.md b/wasm/lib/README.md
index b5f0e5df10..3a75500920 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/README.md
+++ b/wasm/lib/README.md
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ A Python-3 (CPython >= 3.8.0) Interpreter written in Rust.
 
 ## Goals
 
--   Full Python-3 environment entirely in Rust (not CPython bindings)
--   A clean implementation without compatibility hacks
+- Full Python-3 environment entirely in Rust (not CPython bindings)
+- A clean implementation without compatibility hacks
 
 ## Quick Documentation
 
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ pyEval(code, options?);
 
 `options`:
 
--   `vars?`: `{ [key: string]: any }`: Variables passed to the VM that can be
-    accessed in Python with the variable `js_vars`. Functions do work, and
-    receive the Python kwargs as the `this` argument.
--   `stdout?`: `"console" | ((out: string) => void) | null`: A function to replace the
-    native print function, and it will be `console.log` when giving `undefined`
-    or "console", and it will be a dumb function when giving null.
+- `vars?`: `{ [key: string]: any }`: Variables passed to the VM that can be
+  accessed in Python with the variable `js_vars`. Functions do work, and
+  receive the Python kwargs as the `this` argument.
+- `stdout?`: `"console" | ((out: string) => void) | null`: A function to replace the
+  native print function, and it will be `console.log` when giving `undefined`
+  or "console", and it will be a dumb function when giving null.
 
 ## License
 
diff --git a/wasm/notebook/README.md b/wasm/notebook/README.md
index 0e4d07d0e6..f9a07e9eb5 100644
--- a/wasm/notebook/README.md
+++ b/wasm/notebook/README.md
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ You can use the notebook to experiment with using Python and Javascript in the b
 
 The main use case is for scientific communication where you can have:
 
--   text or thesis in markdown,
--   math with Tex,
--   a model or analysis written in python,
--   a user interface and interactive visualization with JS.
+- text or thesis in markdown,
+- math with Tex,
+- a model or analysis written in python,
+- a user interface and interactive visualization with JS.
 
 The Notebook loads python in your browser (so you don't have to install it) then let yous play with those languages.
 
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ To read more about the reasoning behind certain features, check the blog on [htt
 
 Sample notebooks are under `snippets`
 
--   `snippets/python-markdown-math.txt`: python, markdown and math
--   `snippets/python-js.txt`, adds javascript
--   `snippets/python-js-css-md/` adds styling with css in separate, more organized files.
+- `snippets/python-markdown-math.txt`: python, markdown and math
+- `snippets/python-js.txt`, adds javascript
+- `snippets/python-js-css-md/` adds styling with css in separate, more organized files.
 
 ## How to use
 
--   Run locally with `npm run dev`
--   Build with `npm run dist`
+- Run locally with `npm run dev`
+- Build with `npm run dist`
 
 ## JS API
 
@@ -96,6 +96,6 @@ assert adder(5) == 9
 
 ## Wish list / TO DO
 
--   Collaborative peer-to-peer editing with WebRTC. Think Google Doc or Etherpad editing but for code in the browser
--   `%%load` command for dynamically adding javascript libraries or css framework
--   Clean up and organize the code. Seriously rethink if we want to make it more than a toy.
+- Collaborative peer-to-peer editing with WebRTC. Think Google Doc or Etherpad editing but for code in the browser
+- `%%load` command for dynamically adding javascript libraries or css framework
+- Clean up and organize the code. Seriously rethink if we want to make it more than a toy.

From 3b6db8e21a73a816bce2644abd58a5bc3d545743 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 27 Nov 2024 19:22:20 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 364/705] Bump the github-actions group with 7 updates

Bumps the github-actions group with 7 updates:

| Package | From | To |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [actions/checkout](https://github.com/actions/checkout) | `3` | `4` |
| [actions/setup-python](https://github.com/actions/setup-python) | `4` | `5` |
| [actions/setup-node](https://github.com/actions/setup-node) | `3` | `4` |
| [mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action](https://github.com/mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action) | `1` | `3` |
| [peaceiris/actions-gh-pages](https://github.com/peaceiris/actions-gh-pages) | `2` | `4` |
| [wasmerio/setup-wasmer](https://github.com/wasmerio/setup-wasmer) | `2` | `3` |
| [codecov/codecov-action](https://github.com/codecov/codecov-action) | `3` | `5` |


Updates `actions/checkout` from 3 to 4
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/checkout/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/actions/checkout/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/checkout/compare/v3...v4)

Updates `actions/setup-python` from 4 to 5
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/setup-python/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/setup-python/compare/v4...v5)

Updates `actions/setup-node` from 3 to 4
- [Release notes](https://github.com/actions/setup-node/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/actions/setup-node/compare/v3...v4)

Updates `mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action` from 1 to 3
- [Release notes](https://github.com/mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action/compare/v1...v3)

Updates `peaceiris/actions-gh-pages` from 2 to 4
- [Release notes](https://github.com/peaceiris/actions-gh-pages/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/peaceiris/actions-gh-pages/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/peaceiris/actions-gh-pages/compare/v2...v4)

Updates `wasmerio/setup-wasmer` from 2 to 3
- [Release notes](https://github.com/wasmerio/setup-wasmer/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/wasmerio/setup-wasmer/compare/v2...v3)

Updates `codecov/codecov-action` from 3 to 5
- [Release notes](https://github.com/codecov/codecov-action/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/codecov/codecov-action/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/codecov/codecov-action/compare/v3...v5)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: actions/checkout
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
  dependency-group: github-actions
- dependency-name: actions/setup-python
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
  dependency-group: github-actions
- dependency-name: actions/setup-node
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
  dependency-group: github-actions
- dependency-name: mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
  dependency-group: github-actions
- dependency-name: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
  dependency-group: github-actions
- dependency-name: wasmerio/setup-wasmer
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
  dependency-group: github-actions
- dependency-name: codecov/codecov-action
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
  dependency-group: github-actions
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml      | 30 +++++++++++++++---------------
 .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml | 16 ++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index e05f3efd6f..b2805fa753 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ jobs:
         os: [macos-latest, ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
       fail-fast: false
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
           components: clippy
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Ensure compilation on various targets
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
           target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
@@ -241,10 +241,10 @@ jobs:
         os: [macos-latest, ubuntu-latest, windows-latest]
       fail-fast: false
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
       - name: Set up the Windows environment
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: build rustpython
         run: cargo build --release --verbose --features=threading ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }},jit
         if: runner.os != 'macOS'
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
       - name: run snippets
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Check Rust code with rustfmt and clippy
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
             components: rustfmt, clippy
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ jobs:
         run: cargo fmt --check
       - name: run clippy on wasm
         run: cargo clippy --manifest-path=wasm/lib/Cargo.toml -- -Dwarnings
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
       - name: install ruff
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Run tests under miri
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@master
         with:
             toolchain: nightly
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Check the WASM package and demo
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
 
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
@@ -359,12 +359,12 @@ jobs:
           wget https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases/download/v0.34.0/geckodriver-v0.34.0-linux64.tar.gz
           mkdir geckodriver
           tar -xzf geckodriver-v0.34.0-linux64.tar.gz -C geckodriver
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
       - run: python -m pip install -r requirements.txt
         working-directory: ./wasm/tests
-      - uses: actions/setup-node@v3
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
       - name: run test
         run: |
           export PATH=$PATH:`pwd`/../../geckodriver
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@ jobs:
         env:
           NODE_OPTIONS: "--openssl-legacy-provider"
         working-directory: ./wasm/demo
-      - uses: mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action@v1
+      - uses: mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action@v3
         with: { wabt-version: "1.0.30" }
       - name: check wasm32-unknown without js
         run: |
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: ./wasm/notebook
       - name: Deploy demo to Github Pages
         if: success() && github.ref == 'refs/heads/release'
-        uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@v2
+        uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@v4
         env:
           ACTIONS_DEPLOY_KEY: ${{ secrets.ACTIONS_DEMO_DEPLOY_KEY }}
           PUBLISH_DIR: ./wasm/demo/dist
@@ -404,14 +404,14 @@ jobs:
     name: Run snippets and cpython tests on wasm-wasi
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
           target: wasm32-wasi
 
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
       - name: Setup Wasmer
-        uses: wasmerio/setup-wasmer@v2
+        uses: wasmerio/setup-wasmer@v3
       - name: Install clang
         run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install clang -y
       - name: build rustpython
diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
index 9176f232c7..0880e2d249 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ jobs:
     name: Collect code coverage data
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       - uses: taiki-e/install-action@cargo-llvm-cov
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get -y install lcov
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Prepare code coverage data
         run: cargo llvm-cov report --lcov --output-path='codecov.lcov'
       - name: Upload to Codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5
         with:
           file: ./codecov.lcov
 
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Collect regression test data
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
       - name: build rustpython
         run: cargo build --release --verbose
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ jobs:
     name: Collect what is left data
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
       - name: build rustpython
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@ jobs:
     name: Collect benchmark data
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: 3.9
       - run: cargo install cargo-criterion

From fffd0f5465588d3e59accfe8544051912c116242 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2024 09:53:54 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 365/705] new clippy lint update Rust v1.83.0

---
 common/src/boxvec.rs               |  4 ++--
 common/src/linked_list.rs          |  2 +-
 common/src/lock/immutable_mutex.rs | 10 ++++------
 common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs    | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs      |  2 +-
 vm/src/object/ext.rs               |  8 ++++----
 vm/src/ospath.rs                   |  2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/iter.rs            |  4 ++--
 vm/src/protocol/number.rs          |  2 +-
 vm/src/py_serde.rs                 |  4 ++--
 vm/src/recursion.rs                |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs            |  2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs        |  2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs        |  2 +-
 14 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/boxvec.rs b/common/src/boxvec.rs
index ca81b75107..520e50f24e 100644
--- a/common/src/boxvec.rs
+++ b/common/src/boxvec.rs
@@ -468,8 +468,8 @@ pub struct Drain<'a, T> {
     vec: ptr::NonNull<BoxVec<T>>,
 }
 
-unsafe impl<'a, T: Sync> Sync for Drain<'a, T> {}
-unsafe impl<'a, T: Sync> Send for Drain<'a, T> {}
+unsafe impl<T: Sync> Sync for Drain<'_, T> {}
+unsafe impl<T: Sync> Send for Drain<'_, T> {}
 
 impl<T> Iterator for Drain<'_, T> {
     type Item = T;
diff --git a/common/src/linked_list.rs b/common/src/linked_list.rs
index 3941d2c830..3040bab0b9 100644
--- a/common/src/linked_list.rs
+++ b/common/src/linked_list.rs
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ impl<T: Link> LinkedList<T, T::Target> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T, F> Iterator for DrainFilter<'a, T, F>
+impl<T, F> Iterator for DrainFilter<'_, T, F>
 where
     T: Link,
     F: FnMut(&mut T::Target) -> bool,
diff --git a/common/src/lock/immutable_mutex.rs b/common/src/lock/immutable_mutex.rs
index 3f5eba7878..0e8c6b7946 100644
--- a/common/src/lock/immutable_mutex.rs
+++ b/common/src/lock/immutable_mutex.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ impl<'a, R: RawMutex, T: ?Sized> ImmutableMappedMutexGuard<'a, R, T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, T: ?Sized> Deref for ImmutableMappedMutexGuard<'a, R, T> {
+impl<R: RawMutex, T: ?Sized> Deref for ImmutableMappedMutexGuard<'_, R, T> {
     type Target = T;
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
         // SAFETY: self.data is valid for the lifetime of the guard
@@ -53,22 +53,20 @@ impl<'a, R: RawMutex, T: ?Sized> Deref for ImmutableMappedMutexGuard<'a, R, T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, T: ?Sized> Drop for ImmutableMappedMutexGuard<'a, R, T> {
+impl<R: RawMutex, T: ?Sized> Drop for ImmutableMappedMutexGuard<'_, R, T> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         // SAFETY: An ImmutableMappedMutexGuard always holds the lock
         unsafe { self.raw.unlock() }
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, T: fmt::Debug + ?Sized> fmt::Debug for ImmutableMappedMutexGuard<'a, R, T> {
+impl<R: RawMutex, T: fmt::Debug + ?Sized> fmt::Debug for ImmutableMappedMutexGuard<'_, R, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, T: fmt::Display + ?Sized> fmt::Display
-    for ImmutableMappedMutexGuard<'a, R, T>
-{
+impl<R: RawMutex, T: fmt::Display + ?Sized> fmt::Display for ImmutableMappedMutexGuard<'_, R, T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
diff --git a/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs b/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
index 1a50542645..46e324ea85 100644
--- a/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
+++ b/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
@@ -192,31 +192,31 @@ impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> ThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T> {
         }
     }
 }
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> Deref for ThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T> {
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> Deref for ThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T> {
     type Target = T;
     fn deref(&self) -> &T {
         unsafe { &*self.mu.data.get() }
     }
 }
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> DerefMut for ThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T> {
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> DerefMut for ThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T> {
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
         unsafe { &mut *self.mu.data.get() }
     }
 }
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> Drop for ThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T> {
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> Drop for ThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         unsafe { self.mu.raw.unlock() }
     }
 }
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Display> fmt::Display
-    for ThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T>
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Display> fmt::Display
+    for ThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T>
 {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
 }
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug
-    for ThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T>
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug
+    for ThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T>
 {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
@@ -259,31 +259,31 @@ impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> MappedThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G
         }
     }
 }
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> Deref for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T> {
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> Deref for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T> {
     type Target = T;
     fn deref(&self) -> &T {
         unsafe { self.data.as_ref() }
     }
 }
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> DerefMut for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T> {
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> DerefMut for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T> {
     fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T {
         unsafe { self.data.as_mut() }
     }
 }
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> Drop for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T> {
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> Drop for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         unsafe { self.mu.unlock() }
     }
 }
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Display> fmt::Display
-    for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T>
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Display> fmt::Display
+    for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T>
 {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
 }
-impl<'a, R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug
-    for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'a, R, G, T>
+impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug
+    for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T>
 {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
diff --git a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
index 47e19d317c..64e897b607 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ struct CharPtrSlice<'a> {
     slice: [*const libc::c_char],
 }
 
-impl<'a> CharPtrSlice<'a> {
+impl CharPtrSlice<'_> {
     fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const *const libc::c_char {
         self.slice.as_ptr()
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/object/ext.rs b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
index ec8b59bda1..f7247bc5e0 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/ext.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
@@ -500,21 +500,21 @@ pub struct PyLease<'a, T: PyObjectPayload> {
     inner: PyRwLockReadGuard<'a, PyRef<T>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> PyLease<'a, T> {
+impl<T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> PyLease<'_, T> {
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn into_owned(self) -> PyRef<T> {
         self.inner.clone()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> Borrow<PyObject> for PyLease<'a, T> {
+impl<T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> Borrow<PyObject> for PyLease<'_, T> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn borrow(&self) -> &PyObject {
         self.inner.as_ref()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> Deref for PyLease<'a, T> {
+impl<T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> Deref for PyLease<'_, T> {
     type Target = PyRef<T>;
     #[inline(always)]
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ impl<'a, T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> Deref for PyLease<'a, T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T> fmt::Display for PyLease<'a, T>
+impl<T> fmt::Display for PyLease<'_, T>
 where
     T: PyPayload + fmt::Display,
 {
diff --git a/vm/src/ospath.rs b/vm/src/ospath.rs
index ac574339f6..fe26f227d1 100644
--- a/vm/src/ospath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/ospath.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ impl<'a> IOErrorBuilder<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> ToPyException for IOErrorBuilder<'a> {
+impl ToPyException for IOErrorBuilder<'_> {
     fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
         let excp = self.error.to_pyexception(vm);
 
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs b/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
index 36952916c7..d9c49ed15f 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ where
     _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
 }
 
-unsafe impl<'a, T, O> Traverse for PyIterIter<'a, T, O>
+unsafe impl<T, O> Traverse for PyIterIter<'_, T, O>
 where
     O: Traverse + Borrow<PyObject>,
 {
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T, O> Iterator for PyIterIter<'a, T, O>
+impl<T, O> Iterator for PyIterIter<'_, T, O>
 where
     T: TryFromObject,
     O: Borrow<PyObject>,
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
index 92636dc11d..01829bb553 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ unsafe impl Traverse for PyNumber<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Deref for PyNumber<'a> {
+impl Deref for PyNumber<'_> {
     type Target = PyObject;
 
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
diff --git a/vm/src/py_serde.rs b/vm/src/py_serde.rs
index 10a2acc9cf..b4b12e430d 100644
--- a/vm/src/py_serde.rs
+++ b/vm/src/py_serde.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ where
 pub fn deserialize<'de, D>(
     vm: &'de VirtualMachine,
     deserializer: D,
-) -> Result<<PyObjectDeserializer as DeserializeSeed>::Value, D::Error>
+) -> Result<<PyObjectDeserializer<'de> as DeserializeSeed<'de>>::Value, D::Error>
 where
     D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
 {
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ impl<'s> PyObjectSerializer<'s> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'s> serde::Serialize for PyObjectSerializer<'s> {
+impl serde::Serialize for PyObjectSerializer<'_> {
     fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
     where
         S: serde::Serializer,
diff --git a/vm/src/recursion.rs b/vm/src/recursion.rs
index c7b75e5881..7392cca4de 100644
--- a/vm/src/recursion.rs
+++ b/vm/src/recursion.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl<'vm> ReprGuard<'vm> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'vm> Drop for ReprGuard<'vm> {
+impl Drop for ReprGuard<'_> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         self.vm.repr_guards.borrow_mut().remove(&self.id);
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
index b4051d5c48..71317bf484 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ mod _codecs {
             PyStr::is_ascii(self)
         }
     }
-    impl<'vm> encodings::ErrorHandler for ErrorsHandler<'vm> {
+    impl encodings::ErrorHandler for ErrorsHandler<'_> {
         type Error = PyBaseExceptionRef;
         type StrBuf = PyStrRef;
         type BytesBuf = PyBytesRef;
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
index ca269c73d0..77f4ccdf36 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ pub struct SearchIter<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     pub state: State,
 }
 
-impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Iterator for SearchIter<'a, S> {
+impl<S: StrDrive> Iterator for SearchIter<'_, S> {
     type Item = ();
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
index e3f14ef019..ca8b3179dc 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub trait StrDrive: Copy {
     fn back_skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize);
 }
 
-impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a [u8] {
+impl StrDrive for &[u8] {
     #[inline]
     fn count(&self) -> usize {
         self.len()

From ebde8546c937be949ec17311dc6c9a6b265f88cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2024 11:05:44 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 366/705] remove elided lifetime

---
 jit/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/jit/src/lib.rs b/jit/src/lib.rs
index d982ce4391..1d099635e2 100644
--- a/jit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/jit/src/lib.rs
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ pub struct Args<'a> {
     code: &'a CompiledCode,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Args<'a> {
+impl Args<'_> {
     pub fn invoke(&self) -> Option<AbiValue> {
         unsafe { self.code.invoke_raw(&self.cif_args) }
     }

From 582a4ab267b6c9d661a94168b4b4e44d8d5495f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2024 11:18:53 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 367/705] delete elided lifetime

---
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index dc64d18267..03222ff4f5 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -1503,7 +1503,7 @@ mod bio {
 
     pub struct MemBioSlice<'a>(*mut sys::BIO, PhantomData<&'a [u8]>);
 
-    impl<'a> Drop for MemBioSlice<'a> {
+    impl Drop for MemBioSlice<'_> {
         fn drop(&mut self) {
             unsafe {
                 sys::BIO_free_all(self.0);

From 6a6af6a952cae81e15e13e692ff38e73a1742167 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2024 11:19:10 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 368/705] change to use c str literal

---
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index e24b7e475f..da775900bd 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -1026,7 +1026,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
                 name_cstring = name.to_cstring(vm)?;
                 name_cstring.as_ptr()
             } else {
-                b"main\0".as_ptr().cast()
+                c"main".as_ptr().cast()
             };
 
             let sleep_ms = (sleep * 1000.0) as c_int;
@@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
             let target_db = target.db_lock(vm)?;
 
             let handle = unsafe {
-                sqlite3_backup_init(target_db.db, b"main\0".as_ptr().cast(), db.db, name_ptr)
+                sqlite3_backup_init(target_db.db, c"main".as_ptr().cast(), db.db, name_ptr)
             };
 
             if handle.is_null() {

From da3d3d9296994a0b46c2368e00308e769afaff95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2024 11:57:42 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 369/705] allow manual c string literal

---
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index da775900bd..a5d81e71ab 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -1004,7 +1004,9 @@ mod _sqlite {
             )
         }
 
+        // TODO: Make it build without clippy::manual_c_str_literals
         #[pymethod]
+        #[allow(clippy::manual_c_str_literals)]
         fn backup(zelf: &Py<Self>, args: BackupArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
             let BackupArgs {
                 target,
@@ -1026,7 +1028,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
                 name_cstring = name.to_cstring(vm)?;
                 name_cstring.as_ptr()
             } else {
-                c"main".as_ptr().cast()
+                b"main\0".as_ptr().cast()
             };
 
             let sleep_ms = (sleep * 1000.0) as c_int;
@@ -1035,7 +1037,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
             let target_db = target.db_lock(vm)?;
 
             let handle = unsafe {
-                sqlite3_backup_init(target_db.db, c"main".as_ptr().cast(), db.db, name_ptr)
+                sqlite3_backup_init(target_db.db, b"main\0".as_ptr().cast(), db.db, name_ptr)
             };
 
             if handle.is_null() {

From e4be8829947b87b25f0710d65560ca7a096fb700 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 13 Nov 2024 15:48:22 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 370/705] Miscellaneous cli-related parity fixes

---
 Cargo.lock                  |   2 -
 Cargo.toml                  |   2 -
 Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py   |  16 ---
 Lib/test/test_repl.py       |   2 -
 src/interpreter.rs          |   2 +-
 src/lib.rs                  |  96 ++++++++--------
 src/settings.rs             | 218 +++++++++++++++++-------------------
 src/shell.rs                |  11 +-
 vm/Cargo.toml               |   5 +-
 vm/src/function/argument.rs |   1 +
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs   |   4 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs        |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs         |  14 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs        |   2 +-
 vm/src/vm/compile.rs        |  14 ++-
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs            |  44 ++++++--
 vm/src/vm/setting.rs        |  18 ++-
 17 files changed, 225 insertions(+), 228 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 5b995c7cdf..a26f97ecf2 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1876,7 +1876,6 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
- "atty",
  "cfg-if",
  "clap",
  "criterion",
@@ -2194,7 +2193,6 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "ascii",
- "atty",
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "bstr",
  "caseless",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6e90643efe..5e870e6aa3 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ rustpython-stdlib = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["compiler"]
 rustpython-vm = { workspace = true, features = ["compiler"] }
 rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
 
-atty = { workspace = true }
 cfg-if = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
 flame = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@ rustpython-format= { version = "0.4.0" }
 
 ahash = "0.8.11"
 ascii = "1.0"
-atty = "0.2.14"
 bitflags = "2.4.1"
 bstr = "1"
 cfg-if = "1.0"
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
index bda1f78223..f7247705d0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
@@ -177,8 +177,6 @@ def test_run_module(self):
         # All good if module is located and run successfully
         assert_python_ok('-m', 'timeit', '-n', '1')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_run_module_bug1764407(self):
         # -m and -i need to play well together
         # Runs the timeit module and checks the __main__
@@ -335,8 +333,6 @@ def test_osx_android_utf8(self):
         self.assertEqual(stdout, expected)
         self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_non_interactive_output_buffering(self):
         code = textwrap.dedent("""
             import sys
@@ -352,8 +348,6 @@ def test_non_interactive_output_buffering(self):
                          'False False False\n'
                          'False False True\n')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_unbuffered_output(self):
         # Test expected operation of the '-u' switch
         for stream in ('stdout', 'stderr'):
@@ -447,8 +441,6 @@ def check_input(self, code, expected):
                 stdout, stderr = proc.communicate()
         self.assertEqual(stdout.rstrip(), expected)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith('win'), "TODO: RUSTPYTHON windows has \n troubles")
     def test_stdin_readline(self):
         # Issue #11272: check that sys.stdin.readline() replaces '\r\n' by '\n'
         # on Windows (sys.stdin is opened in binary mode)
@@ -456,16 +448,12 @@ def test_stdin_readline(self):
             "import sys; print(repr(sys.stdin.readline()))",
             b"'abc\\n'")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith('win'), "TODO: RUSTPYTHON windows has \n troubles")
     def test_builtin_input(self):
         # Issue #11272: check that input() strips newlines ('\n' or '\r\n')
         self.check_input(
             "print(repr(input()))",
             b"'abc'")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith('win'), "TODO: RUSTPYTHON windows has \n troubles")
     def test_output_newline(self):
         # Issue 13119 Newline for print() should be \r\n on Windows.
         code = """if 1:
@@ -632,8 +620,6 @@ def test_unknown_options(self):
         self.assertEqual(err.splitlines().count(b'Unknown option: -a'), 1)
         self.assertEqual(b'', out)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(interpreter_requires_environment(),
                      'Cannot run -I tests when PYTHON env vars are required.')
     def test_isolatedmode(self):
@@ -662,8 +648,6 @@ def test_isolatedmode(self):
                                           cwd=tmpdir)
             self.assertEqual(out.strip(), b"ok")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_sys_flags_set(self):
         # Issue 31845: a startup refactoring broke reading flags from env vars
         for value, expected in (("", 0), ("1", 1), ("text", 1), ("2", 2)):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_repl.py b/Lib/test/test_repl.py
index a63c1213c6..03bf8d8b54 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_repl.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_repl.py
@@ -92,8 +92,6 @@ def test_multiline_string_parsing(self):
         output = kill_python(p)
         self.assertEqual(p.returncode, 0)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_close_stdin(self):
         user_input = dedent('''
             import os
diff --git a/src/interpreter.rs b/src/interpreter.rs
index 984fd8af80..9d4dc4ee98 100644
--- a/src/interpreter.rs
+++ b/src/interpreter.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ pub type InitHook = Box<dyn FnOnce(&mut VirtualMachine)>;
 /// use rustpython_vm::Settings;
 /// // Override your settings here.
 /// let mut settings = Settings::default();
-/// settings.debug = true;
+/// settings.debug = 1;
 /// // You may want to add paths to `rustpython_vm::Settings::path_list` to allow import python libraries.
 /// settings.path_list.push("".to_owned());  // add current working directory
 /// let interpreter = rustpython::InterpreterConfig::new()
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 0b5e88ec42..326a3f174f 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -50,13 +50,14 @@ mod interpreter;
 mod settings;
 mod shell;
 
-use atty::Stream;
 use rustpython_vm::{scope::Scope, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
-use std::{env, process::ExitCode};
+use std::env;
+use std::io::IsTerminal;
+use std::process::ExitCode;
 
 pub use interpreter::InterpreterConfig;
 pub use rustpython_vm as vm;
-pub use settings::{opts_with_clap, RunMode};
+pub use settings::{opts_with_clap, InstallPipMode, RunMode};
 
 /// The main cli of the `rustpython` interpreter. This function will return `std::process::ExitCode`
 /// based on the return code of the python code ran through the cli.
@@ -73,9 +74,6 @@ pub fn run(init: impl FnOnce(&mut VirtualMachine) + 'static) -> ExitCode {
 
     let (settings, run_mode) = opts_with_clap();
 
-    // Be quiet if "quiet" arg is set OR stdin is not connected to a terminal
-    let quiet_var = settings.quiet || !atty::is(Stream::Stdin);
-
     // don't translate newlines (\r\n <=> \n)
     #[cfg(windows)]
     {
@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ pub fn run(init: impl FnOnce(&mut VirtualMachine) + 'static) -> ExitCode {
     config = config.init_hook(Box::new(init));
 
     let interp = config.interpreter();
-    let exitcode = interp.run(move |vm| run_rustpython(vm, run_mode, quiet_var));
+    let exitcode = interp.run(move |vm| run_rustpython(vm, run_mode));
 
     ExitCode::from(exitcode)
 }
@@ -117,7 +115,6 @@ fn setup_main_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Scope> {
     Ok(scope)
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "ssl")]
 fn get_pip(scope: Scope, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
     let get_getpip = rustpython_vm::py_compile!(
         source = r#"\
@@ -128,7 +125,7 @@ __import__("io").TextIOWrapper(
         mode = "eval"
     );
     eprintln!("downloading get-pip.py...");
-    let getpip_code = vm.run_code_obj(vm.ctx.new_code(get_getpip), scope.clone())?;
+    let getpip_code = vm.run_code_obj(vm.ctx.new_code(get_getpip), vm.new_scope_with_builtins())?;
     let getpip_code: rustpython_vm::builtins::PyStrRef = getpip_code
         .downcast()
         .expect("TextIOWrapper.read() should return str");
@@ -137,29 +134,21 @@ __import__("io").TextIOWrapper(
     Ok(())
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "ssl")]
-fn ensurepip(_: Scope, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-    vm.run_module("ensurepip")
-}
-
-fn install_pip(_installer: &str, _scope: Scope, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-    #[cfg(feature = "ssl")]
-    {
-        match _installer {
-            "ensurepip" => ensurepip(_scope, vm),
-            "get-pip" => get_pip(_scope, vm),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
-        }
+fn install_pip(installer: InstallPipMode, scope: Scope, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+    if cfg!(not(feature = "ssl")) {
+        return Err(vm.new_exception_msg(
+            vm.ctx.exceptions.system_error.to_owned(),
+            "install-pip requires rustpython be build with '--features=ssl'".to_owned(),
+        ));
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "ssl"))]
-    Err(vm.new_exception_msg(
-        vm.ctx.exceptions.system_error.to_owned(),
-        "install-pip requires rustpython be build with '--features=ssl'".to_owned(),
-    ))
+    match installer {
+        InstallPipMode::Ensurepip => vm.run_module("ensurepip"),
+        InstallPipMode::GetPip => get_pip(scope, vm),
+    }
 }
 
-fn run_rustpython(vm: &VirtualMachine, run_mode: RunMode, quiet: bool) -> PyResult<()> {
+fn run_rustpython(vm: &VirtualMachine, run_mode: RunMode) -> PyResult<()> {
     #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
     let main_guard = flame::start_guard("RustPython main");
 
@@ -183,33 +172,46 @@ fn run_rustpython(vm: &VirtualMachine, run_mode: RunMode, quiet: bool) -> PyResu
         );
     }
 
-    match run_mode {
+    let is_repl = matches!(run_mode, RunMode::Repl);
+    if !vm.state.settings.quiet
+        && (vm.state.settings.verbose > 0 || (is_repl && std::io::stdin().is_terminal()))
+    {
+        eprintln!(
+            "Welcome to the magnificent Rust Python {} interpreter \u{1f631} \u{1f596}",
+            env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION")
+        );
+        eprintln!(
+            "RustPython {}.{}.{}",
+            vm::version::MAJOR,
+            vm::version::MINOR,
+            vm::version::MICRO,
+        );
+
+        eprintln!("Type \"help\", \"copyright\", \"credits\" or \"license\" for more information.");
+    }
+    let res = match run_mode {
         RunMode::Command(command) => {
             debug!("Running command {}", command);
-            vm.run_code_string(scope, &command, "<stdin>".to_owned())?;
+            vm.run_code_string(scope.clone(), &command, "<stdin>".to_owned())
+                .map(drop)
         }
         RunMode::Module(module) => {
             debug!("Running module {}", module);
-            vm.run_module(&module)?;
-        }
-        RunMode::InstallPip(installer) => {
-            install_pip(&installer, scope, vm)?;
+            vm.run_module(&module)
         }
-        RunMode::ScriptInteractive(script, interactive) => {
-            if let Some(script) = script {
-                debug!("Running script {}", &script);
-                vm.run_script(scope.clone(), &script)?;
-            } else if !quiet {
-                println!(
-                    "Welcome to the magnificent Rust Python {} interpreter \u{1f631} \u{1f596}",
-                    crate_version!()
-                );
-            }
-            if interactive {
-                shell::run_shell(vm, scope)?;
-            }
+        RunMode::InstallPip(installer) => install_pip(installer, scope.clone(), vm),
+        RunMode::Script(script) => {
+            debug!("Running script {}", &script);
+            vm.run_script(scope.clone(), &script)
         }
+        RunMode::Repl => Ok(()),
+    };
+    if is_repl || vm.state.settings.inspect {
+        shell::run_shell(vm, scope)?;
+    } else {
+        res?;
     }
+
     #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
     {
         main_guard.end();
diff --git a/src/settings.rs b/src/settings.rs
index 9a6aca85e2..f6b7f21f25 100644
--- a/src/settings.rs
+++ b/src/settings.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,18 @@
 use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches};
 use rustpython_vm::Settings;
-use std::{env, str::FromStr};
+use std::env;
 
 pub enum RunMode {
-    ScriptInteractive(Option<String>, bool),
+    Script(String),
     Command(String),
     Module(String),
-    InstallPip(String),
+    InstallPip(InstallPipMode),
+    Repl,
+}
+
+pub enum InstallPipMode {
+    Ensurepip,
+    GetPip,
 }
 
 pub fn opts_with_clap() -> (Settings, RunMode) {
@@ -58,8 +64,9 @@ fn parse_arguments<'a>(app: App<'a, '_>) -> ArgMatches<'a> {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .value_name("get-pip args")
                 .min_values(0)
-                .help("install the pip package manager for rustpython; \
-                        requires rustpython be build with the ssl feature enabled."
+                .help(
+                    "install the pip package manager for rustpython; \
+                     requires rustpython be build with the ssl feature enabled.",
                 ),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -74,45 +81,58 @@ fn parse_arguments<'a>(app: App<'a, '_>) -> ArgMatches<'a> {
                 .multiple(true)
                 .help("Give the verbosity (can be applied multiple times)"),
         )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("debug").short("d").help("Debug the parser."))
+        .arg(
+            Arg::with_name("debug")
+                .short("d")
+                .multiple(true)
+                .help("Debug the parser."),
+        )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("quiet")
                 .short("q")
+                .multiple(true)
                 .help("Be quiet at startup."),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("inspect")
                 .short("i")
+                .multiple(true)
                 .help("Inspect interactively after running the script."),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("no-user-site")
                 .short("s")
+                .multiple(true)
                 .help("don't add user site directory to sys.path."),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("no-site")
                 .short("S")
+                .multiple(true)
                 .help("don't imply 'import site' on initialization"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("dont-write-bytecode")
                 .short("B")
+                .multiple(true)
                 .help("don't write .pyc files on import"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("safe-path")
                 .short("P")
+                .multiple(true)
                 .help("don’t prepend a potentially unsafe path to sys.path"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("ignore-environment")
                 .short("E")
+                .multiple(true)
                 .help("Ignore environment variables PYTHON* such as PYTHONPATH"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("isolate")
                 .short("I")
+                .multiple(true)
                 .help("isolate Python from the user's environment (implies -E and -s)"),
         )
         .arg(
@@ -136,22 +156,22 @@ fn parse_arguments<'a>(app: App<'a, '_>) -> ArgMatches<'a> {
                 .long("check-hash-based-pycs")
                 .takes_value(true)
                 .number_of_values(1)
-                .default_value("default")
-                .help("always|default|never\ncontrol how Python invalidates hash-based .pyc files"),
+                .possible_values(&["always", "default", "never"])
+                .help("control how Python invalidates hash-based .pyc files"),
         )
         .arg(
             Arg::with_name("bytes-warning")
                 .short("b")
                 .multiple(true)
-                .help("issue warnings about using bytes where strings are usually expected (-bb: issue errors)"),
-        ).arg(
-            Arg::with_name("unbuffered")
-                .short("u")
                 .help(
-                    "force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered; \
-                        this option has no effect on stdin; also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x",
+                    "issue warnings about using bytes where strings \
+                     are usually expected (-bb: issue errors)",
                 ),
-        );
+        )
+        .arg(Arg::with_name("unbuffered").short("u").multiple(true).help(
+            "force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered; \
+             this option has no effect on stdin; also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x",
+        ));
     #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
     let app = app
         .arg(
@@ -174,67 +194,49 @@ fn parse_arguments<'a>(app: App<'a, '_>) -> ArgMatches<'a> {
 fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
     let mut settings = Settings::default();
     settings.isolated = matches.is_present("isolate");
-    settings.ignore_environment = matches.is_present("ignore-environment");
+    let ignore_environment = settings.isolated || matches.is_present("ignore-environment");
+    settings.ignore_environment = ignore_environment;
     settings.interactive = !matches.is_present("c")
         && !matches.is_present("m")
         && (!matches.is_present("script") || matches.is_present("inspect"));
     settings.bytes_warning = matches.occurrences_of("bytes-warning");
     settings.import_site = !matches.is_present("no-site");
 
-    let ignore_environment = settings.ignore_environment || settings.isolated;
-
     if !ignore_environment {
         settings.path_list.extend(get_paths("RUSTPYTHONPATH"));
         settings.path_list.extend(get_paths("PYTHONPATH"));
     }
 
     // Now process command line flags:
-    if matches.is_present("debug") || (!ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONDEBUG").is_some())
-    {
-        settings.debug = true;
-    }
 
-    if matches.is_present("inspect")
-        || (!ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONINSPECT").is_some())
-    {
-        settings.inspect = true;
-    }
-
-    if matches.is_present("optimize") {
-        settings.optimize = matches.occurrences_of("optimize").try_into().unwrap();
-    } else if !ignore_environment {
-        if let Ok(value) = get_env_var_value("PYTHONOPTIMIZE") {
-            settings.optimize = value;
+    let count_flag = |arg, env| {
+        let mut val = matches.occurrences_of(arg) as u8;
+        if !ignore_environment {
+            if let Some(value) = get_env_var_value(env) {
+                val = std::cmp::max(val, value);
+            }
         }
-    }
+        val
+    };
 
-    if matches.is_present("verbose") {
-        settings.verbose = matches.occurrences_of("verbose").try_into().unwrap();
-    } else if !ignore_environment {
-        if let Ok(value) = get_env_var_value("PYTHONVERBOSE") {
-            settings.verbose = value;
-        }
-    }
+    settings.optimize = count_flag("optimize", "PYTHONOPTIMIZE");
+    settings.verbose = count_flag("verbose", "PYTHONVERBOSE");
+    settings.debug = count_flag("debug", "PYTHONDEBUG");
 
-    if matches.is_present("no-user-site")
-        || matches.is_present("isolate")
-        || (!ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONNOUSERSITE").is_some())
-    {
-        settings.user_site_directory = false;
-    }
+    let bool_env_var = |env| !ignore_environment && env::var_os(env).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_empty());
+    let bool_flag = |arg, env| matches.is_present(arg) || bool_env_var(env);
 
-    if matches.is_present("quiet") {
-        settings.quiet = true;
-    }
+    settings.user_site_directory =
+        !(settings.isolated || bool_flag("no-user-site", "PYTHONNOUSERSITE"));
+    settings.quiet = matches.is_present("quiet");
+    settings.write_bytecode = !bool_flag("dont-write-bytecode", "PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE");
+    settings.safe_path = settings.isolated || bool_flag("safe-path", "PYTHONSAFEPATH");
+    settings.inspect = bool_flag("inspect", "PYTHONINSPECT");
+    settings.buffered_stdio = !bool_flag("unbuffered", "PYTHONUNBUFFERED");
 
-    if matches.is_present("dont-write-bytecode")
-        || (!ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE").is_some())
-    {
-        settings.write_bytecode = false;
-    }
     if !ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS").is_some() {
         settings.int_max_str_digits = match env::var("PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS").unwrap().parse() {
-            Ok(digits) if digits == 0 || digits >= 640 => digits,
+            Ok(digits @ (0 | 640..)) => digits,
             _ => {
                 error!("Fatal Python error: config_init_int_max_str_digits: PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS: invalid limit; must be >= 640 or 0 for unlimited.\nPython runtime state: preinitialized");
                 std::process::exit(1);
@@ -242,54 +244,44 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
         };
     }
 
-    if matches.is_present("safe-path")
-        || (!ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONSAFEPATH").is_some())
-    {
-        settings.safe_path = true;
-    }
-
-    matches
+    settings.check_hash_pycs_mode = matches
         .value_of("check-hash-based-pycs")
-        .unwrap_or("default")
-        .clone_into(&mut settings.check_hash_pycs_mode);
+        .map(|val| val.parse().unwrap())
+        .unwrap_or_default();
 
-    let mut dev_mode = false;
-    let mut warn_default_encoding = false;
-    if let Some(xopts) = matches.values_of("implementation-option") {
-        settings.xoptions.extend(xopts.map(|s| {
-            let mut parts = s.splitn(2, '=');
-            let name = parts.next().unwrap().to_owned();
-            let value = parts.next().map(ToOwned::to_owned);
-            if name == "dev" {
-                dev_mode = true
-            }
-            if name == "warn_default_encoding" {
-                warn_default_encoding = true
-            }
-            if name == "no_sig_int" {
-                settings.install_signal_handlers = false;
+    let xopts = matches
+        .values_of("implementation-option")
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .map(|s| {
+            let (name, value) = s.split_once('=').unzip();
+            let name = name.unwrap_or(s);
+            match name {
+                "dev" => settings.dev_mode = true,
+                "warn_default_encoding" => settings.warn_default_encoding = true,
+                "no_sig_int" => settings.install_signal_handlers = false,
+                "int_max_str_digits" => {
+                    settings.int_max_str_digits = match value.unwrap().parse() {
+                        Ok(digits) if digits == 0 || digits >= 640 => digits,
+                        _ => {
+                            error!(
+                                "Fatal Python error: config_init_int_max_str_digits: \
+                                 -X int_max_str_digits: \
+                                 invalid limit; must be >= 640 or 0 for unlimited.\n\
+                                 Python runtime state: preinitialized"
+                            );
+                            std::process::exit(1);
+                        }
+                    };
+                }
+                _ => {}
             }
-            if name == "int_max_str_digits" {
-                settings.int_max_str_digits = match value.as_ref().unwrap().parse() {
-                    Ok(digits) if digits == 0 || digits >= 640 => digits,
-                    _ => {
+            (name.to_owned(), value.map(str::to_owned))
+        });
+    settings.xoptions.extend(xopts);
 
-                    error!("Fatal Python error: config_init_int_max_str_digits: -X int_max_str_digits: invalid limit; must be >= 640 or 0 for unlimited.\nPython runtime state: preinitialized");
-                    std::process::exit(1);
-                    },
-                };
-            }
-            (name, value)
-        }));
-    }
-    settings.dev_mode = dev_mode;
-    if warn_default_encoding
-        || (!ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING").is_some())
-    {
-        settings.warn_default_encoding = true;
-    }
+    settings.warn_default_encoding |= bool_env_var("PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING");
 
-    if dev_mode {
+    if settings.dev_mode {
         settings.warnoptions.push("default".to_owned())
     }
     if settings.bytes_warning > 0 {
@@ -320,25 +312,20 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
         settings.isolated = true;
         let mut args: Vec<_> = get_pip_args.map(ToOwned::to_owned).collect();
         if args.is_empty() {
-            args.push("ensurepip".to_owned());
-            args.push("--upgrade".to_owned());
-            args.push("--default-pip".to_owned());
+            args.extend(["ensurepip", "--upgrade", "--default-pip"].map(str::to_owned));
         }
-        let installer = args[0].clone();
-        let mode = match installer.as_str() {
-            "ensurepip" | "get-pip" => RunMode::InstallPip(installer),
+        let mode = match &*args[0] {
+            "ensurepip" => InstallPipMode::Ensurepip,
+            "get-pip" => InstallPipMode::GetPip,
             _ => panic!("--install-pip takes ensurepip or get-pip as first argument"),
         };
-        (mode, args)
+        (RunMode::InstallPip(mode), args)
     } else if let Some(argv) = matches.values_of("script") {
         let argv: Vec<_> = argv.map(ToOwned::to_owned).collect();
         let script = argv[0].clone();
-        (
-            RunMode::ScriptInteractive(Some(script), matches.is_present("inspect")),
-            argv,
-        )
+        (RunMode::Script(script), argv)
     } else {
-        (RunMode::ScriptInteractive(None, true), vec!["".to_owned()])
+        (RunMode::Repl, vec!["".to_owned()])
     };
 
     let hash_seed = match env::var("PYTHONHASHSEED") {
@@ -358,8 +345,13 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
 }
 
 /// Get environment variable and turn it into integer.
-fn get_env_var_value(name: &str) -> Result<u8, std::env::VarError> {
-    env::var(name).map(|value| u8::from_str(&value).unwrap_or(1))
+fn get_env_var_value(name: &str) -> Option<u8> {
+    env::var_os(name).filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).map(|value| {
+        value
+            .to_str()
+            .and_then(|v| v.parse::<u8>().ok())
+            .unwrap_or(1)
+    })
 }
 
 /// Helper function to retrieve a sequence of paths from an environment variable.
diff --git a/src/shell.rs b/src/shell.rs
index 75d980b44c..91becb0bbf 100644
--- a/src/shell.rs
+++ b/src/shell.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use rustpython_vm::{
     compiler::{self, CompileError, CompileErrorType},
     readline::{Readline, ReadlineResult},
     scope::Scope,
-    version, AsObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    AsObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 enum ShellExecResult {
@@ -93,15 +93,6 @@ pub fn run_shell(vm: &VirtualMachine, scope: Scope) -> PyResult<()> {
 
     let mut continuing = false;
 
-    println!(
-        "RustPython {}.{}.{}",
-        version::MAJOR,
-        version::MINOR,
-        version::MICRO,
-    );
-
-    println!("Type \"help\", \"copyright\", \"credits\" or \"license\" for more information.");
-
     loop {
         let prompt_name = if continuing { "ps2" } else { "ps1" };
         let prompt = vm
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 4bcd8512e2..dd81414ebb 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ rustpython-sre_engine = { workspace = true }
 
 ascii = { workspace = true }
 ahash = { workspace = true }
-atty = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
 bstr = { workspace = true }
 cfg-if = { workspace = true }
@@ -68,6 +67,8 @@ paste = { workspace = true }
 rand = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 static_assertions = { workspace = true }
+strum = { workspace = true }
+strum_macros = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
 thread_local = { workspace = true }
 memchr = { workspace = true }
@@ -94,8 +95,6 @@ unic-ucd-ident     = "0.9.0"
 rustix = { workspace = true }
 exitcode = "1.1.2"
 uname = "0.1.1"
-strum = { workspace = true }
-strum_macros = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 rustyline = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/src/function/argument.rs b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
index 880591860a..bc60cfa253 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/argument.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ into_func_args_from_tuple!((v1, T1), (v2, T2));
 into_func_args_from_tuple!((v1, T1), (v2, T2), (v3, T3));
 into_func_args_from_tuple!((v1, T1), (v2, T2), (v3, T3), (v4, T4));
 into_func_args_from_tuple!((v1, T1), (v2, T2), (v3, T3), (v4, T4), (v5, T5));
+into_func_args_from_tuple!((v1, T1), (v2, T2), (v3, T3), (v4, T4), (v5, T5), (v6, T6));
 
 /// The `FuncArgs` struct is one of the most used structs then creating
 /// a rust function that can be called from python. It holds both positional
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index 27b55bc6c9..b151f58323 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ pub use builtins::{ascii, print, reversed};
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod builtins {
+    use std::io::IsTerminal;
+
     use crate::{
         builtins::{
             enumerate::PyReverseSequenceIterator,
@@ -432,7 +434,7 @@ mod builtins {
         };
 
         // everything is normalish, we can just rely on rustyline to use stdin/stdout
-        if fd_matches(&stdin, 0) && fd_matches(&stdout, 1) && atty::is(atty::Stream::Stdin) {
+        if fd_matches(&stdin, 0) && fd_matches(&stdout, 1) && std::io::stdin().is_terminal() {
             let prompt = prompt.as_ref().map_or("", |s| s.as_str());
             let mut readline = Readline::new(());
             match readline.readline(prompt) {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
index ab711bccc0..d8727e74ff 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ mod _imp {
     #[pyattr]
     fn check_hash_based_pycs(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStrRef {
         vm.ctx
-            .new_str(vm.state.settings.check_hash_pycs_mode.clone())
+            .new_str(vm.state.settings.check_hash_pycs_mode.to_string())
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index fb31ae4872..165dc621db 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
     convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyException},
     PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
-pub use _io::io_open as open;
+pub use _io::{io_open as open, OpenArgs};
 
 impl ToPyException for std::io::Error {
     fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
@@ -3822,17 +3822,17 @@ mod _io {
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     pub struct OpenArgs {
         #[pyarg(any, default = "-1")]
-        buffering: isize,
+        pub buffering: isize,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
-        encoding: Option<PyStrRef>,
+        pub encoding: Option<PyStrRef>,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
-        errors: Option<PyStrRef>,
+        pub errors: Option<PyStrRef>,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
-        newline: Option<PyStrRef>,
+        pub newline: Option<PyStrRef>,
         #[pyarg(any, default = "true")]
-        closefd: bool,
+        pub closefd: bool,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
-        opener: Option<PyObjectRef>,
+        pub opener: Option<PyObjectRef>,
     }
     impl Default for OpenArgs {
         fn default() -> Self {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index 590f1d1ce7..59414b5fdd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ mod sys {
     impl Flags {
         fn from_settings(settings: &Settings) -> Self {
             Self {
-                debug: settings.debug as u8,
+                debug: settings.debug,
                 inspect: settings.inspect as u8,
                 interactive: settings.interactive as u8,
                 optimize: settings.optimize,
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/compile.rs b/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
index 1088568d64..b7c888ab10 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
@@ -35,12 +35,14 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             return Ok(());
         }
 
-        let dir = std::path::Path::new(path)
-            .parent()
-            .unwrap()
-            .to_str()
-            .unwrap();
-        self.insert_sys_path(self.new_pyobj(dir))?;
+        if !self.state.settings.safe_path {
+            let dir = std::path::Path::new(path)
+                .parent()
+                .unwrap()
+                .to_str()
+                .unwrap();
+            self.insert_sys_path(self.new_pyobj(dir))?;
+        }
 
         match std::fs::read_to_string(path) {
             Ok(source) => {
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 1a5f40e767..e8bde4e79b 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ use std::{
 pub use context::Context;
 pub use interpreter::Interpreter;
 pub(crate) use method::PyMethod;
-pub use setting::Settings;
+pub use setting::{CheckHashPycsMode, Settings};
 
 pub const MAX_MEMORY_SIZE: usize = isize::MAX as usize;
 
@@ -301,17 +301,39 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
 
             #[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))]
             {
-                // this isn't fully compatible with CPython; it imports "io" and sets
-                // builtins.open to io.OpenWrapper, but this is easier, since it doesn't
-                // require the Python stdlib to be present
                 let io = import::import_builtin(self, "_io")?;
-                let set_stdio = |name, fd, mode: &str| {
-                    let stdio = crate::stdlib::io::open(
+                let set_stdio = |name, fd, write| {
+                    let buffered_stdio = self.state.settings.buffered_stdio;
+                    let unbuffered = write && !buffered_stdio;
+                    let buf = crate::stdlib::io::open(
                         self.ctx.new_int(fd).into(),
-                        Some(mode),
-                        Default::default(),
+                        Some(if write { "wb" } else { "rb" }),
+                        crate::stdlib::io::OpenArgs {
+                            buffering: if unbuffered { 0 } else { -1 },
+                            ..Default::default()
+                        },
                         self,
                     )?;
+                    let raw = if unbuffered {
+                        buf.clone()
+                    } else {
+                        buf.get_attr("raw", self)?
+                    };
+                    raw.set_attr("name", self.ctx.new_str(format!("<{name}>")), self)?;
+                    let isatty = self.call_method(&raw, "isatty", ())?.is_true(self)?;
+                    let write_through = !buffered_stdio;
+                    let line_buffering = buffered_stdio && (isatty || fd == 2);
+
+                    let newline = if cfg!(windows) { None } else { Some("\n") };
+
+                    let stdio = self.call_method(
+                        &io,
+                        "TextIOWrapper",
+                        (buf, (), (), newline, line_buffering, write_through),
+                    )?;
+                    let mode = if write { "w" } else { "r" };
+                    stdio.set_attr("mode", self.ctx.new_str(mode), self)?;
+
                     let dunder_name = self.ctx.intern_str(format!("__{name}__"));
                     self.sys_module.set_attr(
                         dunder_name, // e.g. __stdin__
@@ -321,9 +343,9 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                     self.sys_module.set_attr(name, stdio, self)?;
                     Ok(())
                 };
-                set_stdio("stdin", 0, "r")?;
-                set_stdio("stdout", 1, "w")?;
-                set_stdio("stderr", 2, "w")?;
+                set_stdio("stdin", 0, false)?;
+                set_stdio("stdout", 1, true)?;
+                set_stdio("stderr", 2, true)?;
 
                 let io_open = io.get_attr("open", self)?;
                 self.builtins.set_attr("open", io_open, self)?;
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/setting.rs b/vm/src/vm/setting.rs
index 36bb9cee6d..1abd26cf4c 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/setting.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/setting.rs
@@ -73,14 +73,13 @@ pub struct Settings {
 
     // int configure_c_stdio;
     /// -u, PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x
-    // TODO: use this; can TextIOWrapper even work with a non-buffered?
     pub buffered_stdio: bool,
 
     // wchar_t *stdio_encoding;
     pub utf8_mode: u8,
     // wchar_t *stdio_errors;
     /// --check-hash-based-pycs
-    pub check_hash_pycs_mode: String,
+    pub check_hash_pycs_mode: CheckHashPycsMode,
 
     // int use_frozen_modules;
     /// -P
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ pub struct Settings {
     // wchar_t *home;
     // wchar_t *platlibdir;
     /// -d command line switch
-    pub debug: bool,
+    pub debug: u8,
 
     /// -O optimization switch counter
     pub optimize: u8,
@@ -115,6 +114,15 @@ pub struct Settings {
     pub profile_format: Option<String>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Default, Copy, Clone, strum_macros::Display, strum_macros::EnumString)]
+#[strum(serialize_all = "lowercase")]
+pub enum CheckHashPycsMode {
+    #[default]
+    Default,
+    Always,
+    Never,
+}
+
 impl Settings {
     pub fn with_path(mut self, path: String) -> Self {
         self.path_list.push(path);
@@ -126,7 +134,7 @@ impl Settings {
 impl Default for Settings {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Settings {
-            debug: false,
+            debug: 0,
             inspect: false,
             interactive: false,
             optimize: 0,
@@ -148,7 +156,7 @@ impl Default for Settings {
             argv: vec![],
             hash_seed: None,
             buffered_stdio: true,
-            check_hash_pycs_mode: "default".to_owned(),
+            check_hash_pycs_mode: CheckHashPycsMode::Default,
             allow_external_library: cfg!(feature = "importlib"),
             utf8_mode: 1,
             int_max_str_digits: 4300,

From 8ac7e34be268da5add6ff670150419cdf5acd3f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2024 17:05:24 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 371/705] Updates for Rust 1.83

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml          | 8 ++++----
 Cargo.toml                         | 2 +-
 README.md                          | 8 ++++----
 common/src/boxvec.rs               | 2 ++
 common/src/linked_list.rs          | 2 +-
 common/src/lock/immutable_mutex.rs | 2 ++
 common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs    | 2 ++
 common/src/str.rs                  | 4 +---
 jit/src/lib.rs                     | 2 +-
 stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs      | 2 +-
 vm/src/object/ext.rs               | 8 ++++----
 vm/src/ospath.rs                   | 2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/iter.rs            | 4 ++--
 vm/src/protocol/number.rs          | 2 +-
 vm/src/recursion.rs                | 2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs            | 2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs        | 2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs        | 2 +-
 wapm.toml                          | 2 +-
 19 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index e05f3efd6f..f60bddabeb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
-          target: wasm32-wasi
+          target: wasm32-wasip1
 
       - uses: Swatinem/rust-cache@v2
       - name: Setup Wasmer
@@ -415,8 +415,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install clang
         run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install clang -y
       - name: build rustpython
-        run: cargo build --release --target wasm32-wasi --features freeze-stdlib,stdlib --verbose
+        run: cargo build --release --target wasm32-wasip1 --features freeze-stdlib,stdlib --verbose
       - name: run snippets
-        run: wasmer run --dir `pwd` target/wasm32-wasi/release/rustpython.wasm -- `pwd`/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py
+        run: wasmer run --dir `pwd` target/wasm32-wasip1/release/rustpython.wasm -- `pwd`/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py
       - name: run cpython unittest
-        run: wasmer run --dir `pwd` target/wasm32-wasi/release/rustpython.wasm -- `pwd`/Lib/test/test_int.py
+        run: wasmer run --dir `pwd` target/wasm32-wasip1/release/rustpython.wasm -- `pwd`/Lib/test/test_int.py
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 35ff857581..e2dc581ef9 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ members = [
 version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.82.0"
+rust-version = "1.83.0"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
 license = "MIT"
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 96e201ac17..903e829b93 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -91,13 +91,13 @@ You can compile RustPython to a standalone WebAssembly WASI module so it can run
 Build
 
 ```bash
-cargo build --target wasm32-wasi --no-default-features --features freeze-stdlib,stdlib --release
+cargo build --target wasm32-wasip1 --no-default-features --features freeze-stdlib,stdlib --release
 ```
 
 Run by wasmer
 
 ```bash
-wasmer run --dir `pwd` -- target/wasm32-wasi/release/rustpython.wasm `pwd`/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py
+wasmer run --dir `pwd` -- target/wasm32-wasip1/release/rustpython.wasm `pwd`/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py
 ```
 
 Run by wapm
@@ -114,10 +114,10 @@ $ wapm run rustpython
 You can build the WebAssembly WASI file with:
 
 ```bash
-cargo build --release --target wasm32-wasi --features="freeze-stdlib"
+cargo build --release --target wasm32-wasip1 --features="freeze-stdlib"
 ```
 
-> Note: we use the `freeze-stdlib` to include the standard library inside the binary. You also have to run once `rustup target add wasm32-wasi`.
+> Note: we use the `freeze-stdlib` to include the standard library inside the binary. You also have to run once `rustup target add wasm32-wasip1`.
 
 ### JIT (Just in time) compiler
 
diff --git a/common/src/boxvec.rs b/common/src/boxvec.rs
index 50f9ab2717..40856c6727 100644
--- a/common/src/boxvec.rs
+++ b/common/src/boxvec.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 //! An unresizable vector backed by a `Box<[T]>`
 
+#![allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)]
+
 use std::{
     borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut},
     cmp, fmt,
diff --git a/common/src/linked_list.rs b/common/src/linked_list.rs
index 3941d2c830..3040bab0b9 100644
--- a/common/src/linked_list.rs
+++ b/common/src/linked_list.rs
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ impl<T: Link> LinkedList<T, T::Target> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T, F> Iterator for DrainFilter<'a, T, F>
+impl<T, F> Iterator for DrainFilter<'_, T, F>
 where
     T: Link,
     F: FnMut(&mut T::Target) -> bool,
diff --git a/common/src/lock/immutable_mutex.rs b/common/src/lock/immutable_mutex.rs
index 3f5eba7878..3001cc757e 100644
--- a/common/src/lock/immutable_mutex.rs
+++ b/common/src/lock/immutable_mutex.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)]
+
 use lock_api::{MutexGuard, RawMutex};
 use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData, ops::Deref};
 
diff --git a/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs b/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
index 1a50542645..a1e1ee8be7 100644
--- a/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
+++ b/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+#![allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)]
+
 use lock_api::{GetThreadId, GuardNoSend, RawMutex};
 use std::{
     cell::UnsafeCell,
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index 1606ebc07d..3f9bf583b8 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -334,9 +334,7 @@ macro_rules! ascii {
     ($x:expr $(,)?) => {{
         let s = const {
             let s: &str = $x;
-            if !s.is_ascii() {
-                panic!("ascii!() argument is not an ascii string");
-            }
+            assert!(s.is_ascii(), "ascii!() argument is not an ascii string");
             s
         };
         unsafe { $crate::vendored::ascii::AsciiStr::from_ascii_unchecked(s.as_bytes()) }
diff --git a/jit/src/lib.rs b/jit/src/lib.rs
index d982ce4391..1d099635e2 100644
--- a/jit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/jit/src/lib.rs
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ pub struct Args<'a> {
     code: &'a CompiledCode,
 }
 
-impl<'a> Args<'a> {
+impl Args<'_> {
     pub fn invoke(&self) -> Option<AbiValue> {
         unsafe { self.code.invoke_raw(&self.cif_args) }
     }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
index 47e19d317c..64e897b607 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ struct CharPtrSlice<'a> {
     slice: [*const libc::c_char],
 }
 
-impl<'a> CharPtrSlice<'a> {
+impl CharPtrSlice<'_> {
     fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const *const libc::c_char {
         self.slice.as_ptr()
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/object/ext.rs b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
index ec8b59bda1..f7247bc5e0 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/ext.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
@@ -500,21 +500,21 @@ pub struct PyLease<'a, T: PyObjectPayload> {
     inner: PyRwLockReadGuard<'a, PyRef<T>>,
 }
 
-impl<'a, T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> PyLease<'a, T> {
+impl<T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> PyLease<'_, T> {
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn into_owned(self) -> PyRef<T> {
         self.inner.clone()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> Borrow<PyObject> for PyLease<'a, T> {
+impl<T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> Borrow<PyObject> for PyLease<'_, T> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn borrow(&self) -> &PyObject {
         self.inner.as_ref()
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> Deref for PyLease<'a, T> {
+impl<T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> Deref for PyLease<'_, T> {
     type Target = PyRef<T>;
     #[inline(always)]
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ impl<'a, T: PyObjectPayload + PyPayload> Deref for PyLease<'a, T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T> fmt::Display for PyLease<'a, T>
+impl<T> fmt::Display for PyLease<'_, T>
 where
     T: PyPayload + fmt::Display,
 {
diff --git a/vm/src/ospath.rs b/vm/src/ospath.rs
index ac574339f6..fe26f227d1 100644
--- a/vm/src/ospath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/ospath.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ impl<'a> IOErrorBuilder<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> ToPyException for IOErrorBuilder<'a> {
+impl ToPyException for IOErrorBuilder<'_> {
     fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
         let excp = self.error.to_pyexception(vm);
 
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs b/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
index 36952916c7..d9c49ed15f 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ where
     _phantom: std::marker::PhantomData<T>,
 }
 
-unsafe impl<'a, T, O> Traverse for PyIterIter<'a, T, O>
+unsafe impl<T, O> Traverse for PyIterIter<'_, T, O>
 where
     O: Traverse + Borrow<PyObject>,
 {
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, T, O> Iterator for PyIterIter<'a, T, O>
+impl<T, O> Iterator for PyIterIter<'_, T, O>
 where
     T: TryFromObject,
     O: Borrow<PyObject>,
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
index 92636dc11d..01829bb553 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ unsafe impl Traverse for PyNumber<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a> Deref for PyNumber<'a> {
+impl Deref for PyNumber<'_> {
     type Target = PyObject;
 
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
diff --git a/vm/src/recursion.rs b/vm/src/recursion.rs
index c7b75e5881..7392cca4de 100644
--- a/vm/src/recursion.rs
+++ b/vm/src/recursion.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl<'vm> ReprGuard<'vm> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<'vm> Drop for ReprGuard<'vm> {
+impl Drop for ReprGuard<'_> {
     fn drop(&mut self) {
         self.vm.repr_guards.borrow_mut().remove(&self.id);
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
index b4051d5c48..71317bf484 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ mod _codecs {
             PyStr::is_ascii(self)
         }
     }
-    impl<'vm> encodings::ErrorHandler for ErrorsHandler<'vm> {
+    impl encodings::ErrorHandler for ErrorsHandler<'_> {
         type Error = PyBaseExceptionRef;
         type StrBuf = PyStrRef;
         type BytesBuf = PyBytesRef;
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
index ca269c73d0..77f4ccdf36 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ pub struct SearchIter<'a, S: StrDrive> {
     pub state: State,
 }
 
-impl<'a, S: StrDrive> Iterator for SearchIter<'a, S> {
+impl<S: StrDrive> Iterator for SearchIter<'_, S> {
     type Item = ();
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
index e3f14ef019..ca8b3179dc 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub trait StrDrive: Copy {
     fn back_skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize);
 }
 
-impl<'a> StrDrive for &'a [u8] {
+impl StrDrive for &[u8] {
     #[inline]
     fn count(&self) -> usize {
         self.len()
diff --git a/wapm.toml b/wapm.toml
index 07f07a3b07..22d8f18164 100644
--- a/wapm.toml
+++ b/wapm.toml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
 
 [[module]]
 name = "rustpython"
-source = "target/wasm32-wasi/release/rustpython.wasm"
+source = "target/wasm32-wasip1/release/rustpython.wasm"
 abi = "wasi"
 
 [[command]]

From c6da4ffcdd6d7ba1f18845584728a64dd634e8b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 3 Dec 2024 17:29:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 372/705] Try to fix universal write on windows

---
 Lib/test/test_calendar.py    | 4 +---
 Lib/test/test_gzip.py        | 1 -
 Lib/test/test_httpservers.py | 2 --
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs          | 8 +++-----
 4 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_calendar.py b/Lib/test/test_calendar.py
index a53766d455..24e472b5fe 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_calendar.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_calendar.py
@@ -845,9 +845,7 @@ def test_several_leapyears_in_range(self):
 
 
 def conv(s):
-    # XXX RUSTPYTHON TODO: TextIOWrapper newline translation
-    return s.encode()
-    # return s.replace('\n', os.linesep).encode()
+    return s.replace('\n', os.linesep).encode()
 
 class CommandLineTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def run_ok(self, *args):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_gzip.py b/Lib/test/test_gzip.py
index 9d66385abd..6a709d3f66 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_gzip.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_gzip.py
@@ -725,7 +725,6 @@ def test_bad_params(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             gzip.open(self.filename, "rb", newline="\n")
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_encoding(self):
         # Test non-default encoding.
         uncompressed = data1.decode("ascii") * 50
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_httpservers.py b/Lib/test/test_httpservers.py
index 570abcec67..59700ac791 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_httpservers.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_httpservers.py
@@ -616,8 +616,6 @@ class request_handler(NoLogRequestHandler, CGIHTTPRequestHandler):
         pass
 
     linesep = os.linesep.encode('ascii')
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    linesep = b'\n'
 
     def setUp(self):
         BaseTestCase.setUp(self)
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 165dc621db..3c35b05e1a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -2750,15 +2750,13 @@ mod _io {
             let data = obj.as_str();
 
             let replace_nl = match textio.newline {
+                Newlines::Lf => Some("\n"),
                 Newlines::Cr => Some("\r"),
                 Newlines::Crlf => Some("\r\n"),
+                Newlines::Universal if cfg!(windows) => Some("\r\n"),
                 _ => None,
             };
-            let has_lf = if replace_nl.is_some() || textio.line_buffering {
-                data.contains('\n')
-            } else {
-                false
-            };
+            let has_lf = (replace_nl.is_some() || textio.line_buffering) && data.contains('\n');
             let flush = textio.line_buffering && (has_lf || data.contains('\r'));
             let chunk = if let Some(replace_nl) = replace_nl {
                 if has_lf {

From 40a9ddad4e5597b0cd68adb168b57f4ffe7b7030 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2024 15:04:56 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 373/705] update test_fstring.py from cpython 3.12.7 add
 expectedFailure to tag what should rustpython do add comment for some
 syntaxerror which make test run broken

---
 Lib/test/test_fstring.py | 1800 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 1181 insertions(+), 619 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_fstring.py b/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
index b1cd9b1604..b3a38dd652 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
@@ -8,15 +8,18 @@
 # Unicode identifiers in tests is allowed by PEP 3131.
 
 import ast
+import datetime
 import os
 import re
 import types
 import decimal
 import unittest
+import warnings
+from test import support
 from test.support.os_helper import temp_cwd
-from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_failure
+from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_failure, assert_python_ok
 
-a_global = 'global variable'
+a_global = "global variable"
 
 # You could argue that I'm too strict in looking for specific error
 #  values with assertRaisesRegex, but without it it's way too easy to
@@ -25,6 +28,7 @@
 #  worthwhile tradeoff. When I switched to this method, I found many
 #  examples where I wasn't testing what I thought I was.
 
+
 class TestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def assertAllRaise(self, exception_type, regex, error_strings):
         for str in error_strings:
@@ -36,43 +40,45 @@ def test__format__lookup(self):
         # Make sure __format__ is looked up on the type, not the instance.
         class X:
             def __format__(self, spec):
-                return 'class'
+                return "class"
 
         x = X()
 
         # Add a bound __format__ method to the 'y' instance, but not
         #  the 'x' instance.
         y = X()
-        y.__format__ = types.MethodType(lambda self, spec: 'instance', y)
+        y.__format__ = types.MethodType(lambda self, spec: "instance", y)
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'{y}', format(y))
-        self.assertEqual(f'{y}', 'class')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{y}", format(y))
+        self.assertEqual(f"{y}", "class")
         self.assertEqual(format(x), format(y))
 
         # __format__ is not called this way, but still make sure it
         #  returns what we expect (so we can make sure we're bypassing
         #  it).
-        self.assertEqual(x.__format__(''), 'class')
-        self.assertEqual(y.__format__(''), 'instance')
+        self.assertEqual(x.__format__(""), "class")
+        self.assertEqual(y.__format__(""), "instance")
 
         # This is how __format__ is actually called.
-        self.assertEqual(type(x).__format__(x, ''), 'class')
-        self.assertEqual(type(y).__format__(y, ''), 'class')
+        self.assertEqual(type(x).__format__(x, ""), "class")
+        self.assertEqual(type(y).__format__(y, ""), "class")
 
     def test_ast(self):
         # Inspired by http://bugs.python.org/issue24975
         class X:
             def __init__(self):
                 self.called = False
+
             def __call__(self):
                 self.called = True
                 return 4
+
         x = X()
         expr = """
 a = 10
 f'{a * x()}'"""
         t = ast.parse(expr)
-        c = compile(t, '', 'exec')
+        c = compile(t, "", "exec")
 
         # Make sure x was not called.
         self.assertFalse(x.called)
@@ -278,7 +284,6 @@ def test_ast_line_numbers_duplicate_expression(self):
         self.assertEqual(binop.right.col_offset, 27)
 
     def test_ast_numbers_fstring_with_formatting(self):
-
         t = ast.parse('f"Here is that pesky {xxx:.3f} again"')
         self.assertEqual(len(t.body), 1)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[0].lineno, 1)
@@ -300,6 +305,8 @@ def test_ast_numbers_fstring_with_formatting(self):
         self.assertEqual(name.col_offset, 22)
         self.assertEqual(name.end_col_offset, 25)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ast_line_numbers_multiline_fstring(self):
         # See bpo-30465 for details.
         expr = """
@@ -329,13 +336,13 @@ def test_ast_line_numbers_multiline_fstring(self):
         self.assertEqual(t.body[1].lineno, 3)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.lineno, 3)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[0].lineno, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[1].lineno, 3)
-        self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[2].lineno, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[1].lineno, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[2].lineno, 6)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[1].col_offset, 0)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.col_offset, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[0].col_offset, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[1].col_offset, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[2].col_offset, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[0].col_offset, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[1].col_offset, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(t.body[1].value.values[2].col_offset, 11)
         # NOTE: the following lineno information and col_offset is correct for
         # expressions within FormattedValues.
         binop = t.body[1].value.values[1].value
@@ -366,19 +373,21 @@ def test_ast_line_numbers_multiline_fstring(self):
         self.assertEqual(t.body[0].lineno, 2)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.lineno, 2)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[0].lineno, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[1].lineno, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[2].lineno, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[1].lineno, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[2].lineno, 3)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[0].col_offset, 0)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.col_offset, 4)
-        self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[0].col_offset, 4)
-        self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[1].col_offset, 4)
-        self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[2].col_offset, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[0].col_offset, 8)
+        self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[1].col_offset, 10)
+        self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[2].col_offset, 17)
         # Check {blech}
         self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[1].value.lineno, 3)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[1].value.end_lineno, 3)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[1].value.col_offset, 11)
         self.assertEqual(t.body[0].value.values[1].value.end_col_offset, 16)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ast_line_numbers_with_parentheses(self):
         expr = """
 x = (
@@ -387,6 +396,20 @@ def test_ast_line_numbers_with_parentheses(self):
         t = ast.parse(expr)
         self.assertEqual(type(t), ast.Module)
         self.assertEqual(len(t.body), 1)
+        # check the joinedstr location
+        joinedstr = t.body[0].value
+        self.assertEqual(type(joinedstr), ast.JoinedStr)
+        self.assertEqual(joinedstr.lineno, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(joinedstr.end_lineno, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(joinedstr.col_offset, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(joinedstr.end_col_offset, 17)
+        # check the formatted value location
+        fv = t.body[0].value.values[1]
+        self.assertEqual(type(fv), ast.FormattedValue)
+        self.assertEqual(fv.lineno, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(fv.end_lineno, 3)
+        self.assertEqual(fv.col_offset, 7)
+        self.assertEqual(fv.end_col_offset, 16)
         # check the test(t) location
         call = t.body[0].value.values[1].value
         self.assertEqual(type(call), ast.Call)
@@ -397,6 +420,38 @@ def test_ast_line_numbers_with_parentheses(self):
 
         expr = """
 x = (
+    u'wat',
+    u"wat",
+    b'wat',
+    b"wat",
+    f'wat',
+    f"wat",
+)
+
+y = (
+    u'''wat''',
+    u\"\"\"wat\"\"\",
+    b'''wat''',
+    b\"\"\"wat\"\"\",
+    f'''wat''',
+    f\"\"\"wat\"\"\",
+)
+        """
+        t = ast.parse(expr)
+        self.assertEqual(type(t), ast.Module)
+        self.assertEqual(len(t.body), 2)
+        x, y = t.body
+
+        # Check the single quoted string offsets first.
+        offsets = [(elt.col_offset, elt.end_col_offset) for elt in x.value.elts]
+        self.assertTrue(all(offset == (4, 10) for offset in offsets))
+
+        # Check the triple quoted string offsets.
+        offsets = [(elt.col_offset, elt.end_col_offset) for elt in y.value.elts]
+        self.assertTrue(all(offset == (4, 14) for offset in offsets))
+
+        expr = """
+x = (
         'PERL_MM_OPT', (
             f'wat'
             f'some_string={f(x)} '
@@ -415,9 +470,9 @@ def test_ast_line_numbers_with_parentheses(self):
         # check the first wat
         self.assertEqual(type(wat1), ast.Constant)
         self.assertEqual(wat1.lineno, 4)
-        self.assertEqual(wat1.end_lineno, 6)
-        self.assertEqual(wat1.col_offset, 12)
-        self.assertEqual(wat1.end_col_offset, 18)
+        self.assertEqual(wat1.end_lineno, 5)
+        self.assertEqual(wat1.col_offset, 14)
+        self.assertEqual(wat1.end_col_offset, 26)
         # check the call
         call = middle.value
         self.assertEqual(type(call), ast.Call)
@@ -427,427 +482,673 @@ def test_ast_line_numbers_with_parentheses(self):
         self.assertEqual(call.end_col_offset, 31)
         # check the second wat
         self.assertEqual(type(wat2), ast.Constant)
-        self.assertEqual(wat2.lineno, 4)
+        self.assertEqual(wat2.lineno, 5)
         self.assertEqual(wat2.end_lineno, 6)
-        self.assertEqual(wat2.col_offset, 12)
-        self.assertEqual(wat2.end_col_offset, 18)
+        self.assertEqual(wat2.col_offset, 32)
+        # wat ends at the offset 17, but the whole f-string
+        # ends at the offset 18 (since the quote is part of the
+        # f-string but not the wat string)
+        self.assertEqual(wat2.end_col_offset, 17)
+        self.assertEqual(fstring.end_col_offset, 18)
+
+    def test_ast_fstring_empty_format_spec(self):
+        expr = "f'{expr:}'"
+
+        mod = ast.parse(expr)
+        self.assertEqual(type(mod), ast.Module)
+        self.assertEqual(len(mod.body), 1)
+
+        fstring = mod.body[0].value
+        self.assertEqual(type(fstring), ast.JoinedStr)
+        self.assertEqual(len(fstring.values), 1)
+
+        fv = fstring.values[0]
+        self.assertEqual(type(fv), ast.FormattedValue)
+
+        format_spec = fv.format_spec
+        self.assertEqual(type(format_spec), ast.JoinedStr)
+        self.assertEqual(len(format_spec.values), 0)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_docstring(self):
         def f():
-            f'''Not a docstring'''
+            f"""Not a docstring"""
+
         self.assertIsNone(f.__doc__)
+
         def g():
-            '''Not a docstring''' \
-            f''
+            """Not a docstring""" f""
+
         self.assertIsNone(g.__doc__)
 
     def test_literal_eval(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'malformed node or string'):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, "malformed node or string"):
             ast.literal_eval("f'x'")
 
     def test_ast_compile_time_concat(self):
-        x = ['']
+        x = [""]
 
         expr = """x[0] = 'foo' f'{3}'"""
         t = ast.parse(expr)
-        c = compile(t, '', 'exec')
+        c = compile(t, "", "exec")
         exec(c)
-        self.assertEqual(x[0], 'foo3')
+        self.assertEqual(x[0], "foo3")
 
     def test_compile_time_concat_errors(self):
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError,
-                            'cannot mix bytes and nonbytes literals',
-                            [r"""f'' b''""",
-                             r"""b'' f''""",
-                             ])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "cannot mix bytes and nonbytes literals",
+            [
+                r"""f'' b''""",
+                r"""b'' f''""",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_literal(self):
-        self.assertEqual(f'', '')
-        self.assertEqual(f'a', 'a')
-        self.assertEqual(f' ', ' ')
+        self.assertEqual(f"", "")
+        self.assertEqual(f"a", "a")
+        self.assertEqual(f" ", " ")
 
     def test_unterminated_string(self):
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: unterminated string',
-                            [r"""f'{"x'""",
-                             r"""f'{"x}'""",
-                             r"""f'{("x'""",
-                             r"""f'{("x}'""",
-                             ])
-
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "unterminated string",
+            [
+                r"""f'{"x'""",
+                r"""f'{"x}'""",
+                r"""f'{("x'""",
+                r"""f'{("x}'""",
+            ],
+        )
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "exhausts limited stack on WASI")
     def test_mismatched_parens(self):
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r"f-string: closing parenthesis '\}' "
-                            r"does not match opening parenthesis '\('",
-                            ["f'{((}'",
-                             ])
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r"f-string: closing parenthesis '\)' "
-                            r"does not match opening parenthesis '\['",
-                            ["f'{a[4)}'",
-                            ])
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r"f-string: closing parenthesis '\]' "
-                            r"does not match opening parenthesis '\('",
-                            ["f'{a(4]}'",
-                            ])
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r"f-string: closing parenthesis '\}' "
-                            r"does not match opening parenthesis '\['",
-                            ["f'{a[4}'",
-                            ])
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r"f-string: closing parenthesis '\}' "
-                            r"does not match opening parenthesis '\('",
-                            ["f'{a(4}'",
-                            ])
-        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, "f'{" + "("*500 + "}'")
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"closing parenthesis '\}' " r"does not match opening parenthesis '\('",
+            [
+                "f'{((}'",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"closing parenthesis '\)' " r"does not match opening parenthesis '\['",
+            [
+                "f'{a[4)}'",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"closing parenthesis '\]' " r"does not match opening parenthesis '\('",
+            [
+                "f'{a(4]}'",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"closing parenthesis '\}' " r"does not match opening parenthesis '\['",
+            [
+                "f'{a[4}'",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"closing parenthesis '\}' " r"does not match opening parenthesis '\('",
+            [
+                "f'{a(4}'",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, "f'{" + "(" * 500 + "}'")
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "exhausts limited stack on WASI")
+    def test_fstring_nested_too_deeply(self):
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: expressions nested too deeply",
+            ['f"{1+2:{1+2:{1+1:{1}}}}"'],
+        )
+
+        def create_nested_fstring(n):
+            if n == 0:
+                return "1+1"
+            prev = create_nested_fstring(n - 1)
+            return f'f"{{{prev}}}"'
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError, "too many nested f-strings", [create_nested_fstring(160)]
+        )
+
+    def test_syntax_error_in_nested_fstring(self):
+        # See gh-104016 for more information on this crash
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError, "invalid syntax", ['f"{1 1:' + ('{f"1:' * 199)]
+        )
 
     def test_double_braces(self):
-        self.assertEqual(f'{{', '{')
-        self.assertEqual(f'a{{', 'a{')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{{b', '{b')
-        self.assertEqual(f'a{{b', 'a{b')
-        self.assertEqual(f'}}', '}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'a}}', 'a}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'}}b', '}b')
-        self.assertEqual(f'a}}b', 'a}b')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{{}}', '{}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'a{{}}', 'a{}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{{b}}', '{b}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{{}}c', '{}c')
-        self.assertEqual(f'a{{b}}', 'a{b}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'a{{}}c', 'a{}c')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{{b}}c', '{b}c')
-        self.assertEqual(f'a{{b}}c', 'a{b}c')
-
-        self.assertEqual(f'{{{10}', '{10')
-        self.assertEqual(f'}}{10}', '}10')
-        self.assertEqual(f'}}{{{10}', '}{10')
-        self.assertEqual(f'}}a{{{10}', '}a{10')
-
-        self.assertEqual(f'{10}{{', '10{')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{10}}}', '10}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{10}}}{{', '10}{')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{10}}}a{{' '}', '10}a{}')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{{", "{")
+        self.assertEqual(f"a{{", "a{")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{{b", "{b")
+        self.assertEqual(f"a{{b", "a{b")
+        self.assertEqual(f"}}", "}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"a}}", "a}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"}}b", "}b")
+        self.assertEqual(f"a}}b", "a}b")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{{}}", "{}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"a{{}}", "a{}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{{b}}", "{b}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{{}}c", "{}c")
+        self.assertEqual(f"a{{b}}", "a{b}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"a{{}}c", "a{}c")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{{b}}c", "{b}c")
+        self.assertEqual(f"a{{b}}c", "a{b}c")
+
+        self.assertEqual(f"{{{10}", "{10")
+        self.assertEqual(f"}}{10}", "}10")
+        self.assertEqual(f"}}{{{10}", "}{10")
+        self.assertEqual(f"}}a{{{10}", "}a{10")
+
+        self.assertEqual(f"{10}{{", "10{")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{10}}}", "10}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{10}}}{{", "10}{")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{10}}}a{{" "}", "10}a{}")
 
         # Inside of strings, don't interpret doubled brackets.
-        self.assertEqual(f'{"{{}}"}', '{{}}')
+        self.assertEqual(f'{"{{}}"}', "{{}}")
 
-        self.assertAllRaise(TypeError, 'unhashable type',
-                            ["f'{ {{}} }'", # dict in a set
-                             ])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            TypeError,
+            "unhashable type",
+            [
+                "f'{ {{}} }'",  # dict in a set
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_compile_time_concat(self):
-        x = 'def'
-        self.assertEqual('abc' f'## {x}ghi', 'abc## defghi')
-        self.assertEqual('abc' f'{x}' 'ghi', 'abcdefghi')
-        self.assertEqual('abc' f'{x}' 'gh' f'i{x:4}', 'abcdefghidef ')
-        self.assertEqual('{x}' f'{x}', '{x}def')
-        self.assertEqual('{x' f'{x}', '{xdef')
-        self.assertEqual('{x}' f'{x}', '{x}def')
-        self.assertEqual('{{x}}' f'{x}', '{{x}}def')
-        self.assertEqual('{{x' f'{x}', '{{xdef')
-        self.assertEqual('x}}' f'{x}', 'x}}def')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x}' 'x}}', 'defx}}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x}' '', 'def')
-        self.assertEqual('' f'{x}' '', 'def')
-        self.assertEqual('' f'{x}', 'def')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x}' '2', 'def2')
-        self.assertEqual('1' f'{x}' '2', '1def2')
-        self.assertEqual('1' f'{x}', '1def')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x}' f'-{x}', 'def-def')
-        self.assertEqual('' f'', '')
-        self.assertEqual('' f'' '', '')
-        self.assertEqual('' f'' '' f'', '')
-        self.assertEqual(f'', '')
-        self.assertEqual(f'' '', '')
-        self.assertEqual(f'' '' f'', '')
-        self.assertEqual(f'' '' f'' '', '')
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting '}'",
-                            ["f'{3' f'}'",  # can't concat to get a valid f-string
-                             ])
+        x = "def"
+        self.assertEqual("abc" f"## {x}ghi", "abc## defghi")
+        self.assertEqual("abc" f"{x}" "ghi", "abcdefghi")
+        self.assertEqual("abc" f"{x}" "gh" f"i{x:4}", "abcdefghidef ")
+        self.assertEqual("{x}" f"{x}", "{x}def")
+        self.assertEqual("{x" f"{x}", "{xdef")
+        self.assertEqual("{x}" f"{x}", "{x}def")
+        self.assertEqual("{{x}}" f"{x}", "{{x}}def")
+        self.assertEqual("{{x" f"{x}", "{{xdef")
+        self.assertEqual("x}}" f"{x}", "x}}def")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x}" "x}}", "defx}}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x}" "", "def")
+        self.assertEqual("" f"{x}" "", "def")
+        self.assertEqual("" f"{x}", "def")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x}" "2", "def2")
+        self.assertEqual("1" f"{x}" "2", "1def2")
+        self.assertEqual("1" f"{x}", "1def")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x}" f"-{x}", "def-def")
+        self.assertEqual("" f"", "")
+        self.assertEqual("" f"" "", "")
+        self.assertEqual("" f"" "" f"", "")
+        self.assertEqual(f"", "")
+        self.assertEqual(f"" "", "")
+        self.assertEqual(f"" "" f"", "")
+        self.assertEqual(f"" "" f"" "", "")
+
+        # This is not really [f'{'] + [f'}'] since we treat the inside
+        # of braces as a purely new context, so it is actually f'{ and
+        # then eval('  f') (a valid expression) and then }' which would
+        # constitute a valid f-string.
+        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON SyntaxError
+        # self.assertEqual(f'{' f'}', " f")
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "expecting '}'",
+            [
+                '''f'{3' f"}"''',  # can't concat to get a valid f-string
+            ],
+        )
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_comments(self):
         # These aren't comments, since they're in strings.
-        d = {'#': 'hash'}
-        self.assertEqual(f'{"#"}', '#')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{d["#"]}', 'hash')
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string expression part cannot include '#'",
-                            ["f'{1#}'",   # error because the expression becomes "(1#)"
-                             "f'{3(#)}'",
-                             "f'{#}'",
-                             ])
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r"f-string: unmatched '\)'",
-                            ["f'{)#}'",   # When wrapped in parens, this becomes
-                                          #  '()#)'.  Make sure that doesn't compile.
-                             ])
+        d = {"#": "hash"}
+        self.assertEqual(f'{"#"}', "#")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{d["#"]}', "hash")
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "'{' was never closed",
+            [
+                "f'{1#}'",  # error because everything after '#' is a comment
+                "f'{#}'",
+                "f'one: {1#}'",
+                "f'{1# one} {2 this is a comment still#}'",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"f-string: unmatched '\)'",
+            [
+                "f'{)#}'",  # When wrapped in parens, this becomes
+                #  '()#)'.  Make sure that doesn't compile.
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"""A complex trick: {
+2  # two
+}""",
+            "A complex trick: 2",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"""
+{
+40 # forty
++  # plus
+2  # two
+}""",
+            "\n42",
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"""
+{
+40 # forty
++  # plus
+2  # two
+}""",
+            "\n42",
+        )
+# TODO: RUSTPYTHON SyntaxError
+#         self.assertEqual(
+#             f"""
+# # this is not a comment
+# { # the following operation it's
+# 3 # this is a number
+# * 2}""",
+#             "\n# this is not a comment\n6",
+#         )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"""
+{# f'a {comment}'
+86 # constant
+# nothing more
+}""",
+            "\n86",
+        )
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"f-string: valid expression required before '}'",
+            [
+                """f'''
+{
+# only a comment
+}'''
+""",  # this is equivalent to f'{}'
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_many_expressions(self):
         # Create a string with many expressions in it. Note that
         #  because we have a space in here as a literal, we're actually
         #  going to use twice as many ast nodes: one for each literal
         #  plus one for each expression.
-        def build_fstr(n, extra=''):
-            return "f'" + ('{x} ' * n) + extra + "'"
+        def build_fstr(n, extra=""):
+            return "f'" + ("{x} " * n) + extra + "'"
 
-        x = 'X'
+        x = "X"
         width = 1
 
         # Test around 256.
         for i in range(250, 260):
-            self.assertEqual(eval(build_fstr(i)), (x+' ')*i)
+            self.assertEqual(eval(build_fstr(i)), (x + " ") * i)
 
         # Test concatenating 2 largs fstrings.
-        self.assertEqual(eval(build_fstr(255)*256), (x+' ')*(255*256))
+        self.assertEqual(eval(build_fstr(255) * 256), (x + " ") * (255 * 256))
 
-        s = build_fstr(253, '{x:{width}} ')
-        self.assertEqual(eval(s), (x+' ')*254)
+        s = build_fstr(253, "{x:{width}} ")
+        self.assertEqual(eval(s), (x + " ") * 254)
 
         # Test lots of expressions and constants, concatenated.
         s = "f'{1}' 'x' 'y'" * 1024
-        self.assertEqual(eval(s), '1xy' * 1024)
+        self.assertEqual(eval(s), "1xy" * 1024)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_format_specifier_expressions(self):
         width = 10
         precision = 4
-        value = decimal.Decimal('12.34567')
-        self.assertEqual(f'result: {value:{width}.{precision}}', 'result:      12.35')
-        self.assertEqual(f'result: {value:{width!r}.{precision}}', 'result:      12.35')
-        self.assertEqual(f'result: {value:{width:0}.{precision:1}}', 'result:      12.35')
-        self.assertEqual(f'result: {value:{1}{0:0}.{precision:1}}', 'result:      12.35')
-        self.assertEqual(f'result: {value:{ 1}{ 0:0}.{ precision:1}}', 'result:      12.35')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{10:#{1}0x}', '       0xa')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{10:{"#"}1{0}{"x"}}', '       0xa')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{-10:-{"#"}1{0}x}', '      -0xa')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{-10:{"-"}#{1}0{"x"}}', '      -0xa')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{10:#{3 != {4:5} and width}x}', '       0xa')
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting '}'",
-                            ["""f'{"s"!r{":10"}}'""",
-
-                             # This looks like a nested format spec.
-                             ])
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: invalid syntax",
-                            [# Invalid syntax inside a nested spec.
-                             "f'{4:{/5}}'",
-                             ])
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expressions nested too deeply",
-                            [# Can't nest format specifiers.
-                             "f'result: {value:{width:{0}}.{precision:1}}'",
-                             ])
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: invalid conversion character',
-                            [# No expansion inside conversion or for
-                             #  the : or ! itself.
-                             """f'{"s"!{"r"}}'""",
-                             ])
+        value = decimal.Decimal("12.34567")
+        self.assertEqual(f"result: {value:{width}.{precision}}", "result:      12.35")
+        self.assertEqual(f"result: {value:{width!r}.{precision}}", "result:      12.35")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"result: {value:{width:0}.{precision:1}}", "result:      12.35"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"result: {value:{1}{0:0}.{precision:1}}", "result:      12.35"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"result: {value:{ 1}{ 0:0}.{ precision:1}}", "result:      12.35"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(f"{10:#{1}0x}", "       0xa")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{10:{"#"}1{0}{"x"}}', "       0xa")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{-10:-{"#"}1{0}x}', "      -0xa")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{-10:{"-"}#{1}0{"x"}}', "      -0xa")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{10:#{3 != {4:5} and width}x}", "       0xa")
+
+        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON SyntaxError
+        # self.assertEqual(
+        #     f"result: {value:{width:{0}}.{precision:1}}", "result:      12.35"
+        # )
+
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: expecting ':' or '}'",
+            [
+                """f'{"s"!r{":10"}}'""",
+                # This looks like a nested format spec.
+            ],
+        )
+
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: expecting a valid expression after '{'",
+            [  # Invalid syntax inside a nested spec.
+                "f'{4:{/5}}'",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: invalid conversion character",
+            [  # No expansion inside conversion or for
+                #  the : or ! itself.
+                """f'{"s"!{"r"}}'""",
+            ],
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_custom_format_specifier(self):
+        class CustomFormat:
+            def __format__(self, format_spec):
+                return format_spec
+
+        self.assertEqual(f"{CustomFormat():\n}", "\n")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{CustomFormat():\u2603}", "☃")
+        with self.assertWarns(SyntaxWarning):
+            exec(r'f"{F():¯\_(ツ)_/¯}"', {"F": CustomFormat})
 
     def test_side_effect_order(self):
         class X:
             def __init__(self):
                 self.i = 0
+
             def __format__(self, spec):
                 self.i += 1
                 return str(self.i)
 
         x = X()
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x} {x}', '1 2')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x} {x}", "1 2")
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_missing_expression(self):
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: empty expression not allowed',
-                            ["f'{}'",
-                             "f'{ }'"
-                             "f' {} '",
-                             "f'{10:{ }}'",
-                             "f' { } '",
-
-                             # The Python parser ignores also the following
-                             # whitespace characters in additional to a space.
-                             "f'''{\t\f\r\n}'''",
-                             ])
-
-        # Different error messeges are raised when a specfier ('!', ':' or '=') is used after an empty expression
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expression required before '!'",
-                            ["f'{!r}'",
-                             "f'{ !r}'",
-                             "f'{!}'",
-                             "f'''{\t\f\r\n!a}'''",
-
-                             # Catch empty expression before the
-                             #  missing closing brace.
-                             "f'{!'",
-                             "f'{!s:'",
-
-                             # Catch empty expression before the
-                             #  invalid conversion.
-                             "f'{!x}'",
-                             "f'{ !xr}'",
-                             "f'{!x:}'",
-                             "f'{!x:a}'",
-                             "f'{ !xr:}'",
-                             "f'{ !xr:a}'",
-                             ])
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expression required before ':'",
-                            ["f'{:}'",
-                             "f'{ :!}'",
-                             "f'{:2}'",
-                             "f'''{\t\f\r\n:a}'''",
-                             "f'{:'",
-                             ])
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expression required before '='",
-                            ["f'{=}'",
-                             "f'{ =}'",
-                             "f'{ =:}'",
-                             "f'{   =!}'",
-                             "f'''{\t\f\r\n=}'''",
-                             "f'{='",
-                             ])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: valid expression required before '}'",
+            [
+                "f'{}'",
+                "f'{ }'" "f' {} '",
+                "f'{10:{ }}'",
+                "f' { } '",
+                # The Python parser ignores also the following
+                # whitespace characters in additional to a space.
+                "f'''{\t\f\r\n}'''",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: valid expression required before '!'",
+            [
+                "f'{!r}'",
+                "f'{ !r}'",
+                "f'{!}'",
+                "f'''{\t\f\r\n!a}'''",
+                # Catch empty expression before the
+                #  missing closing brace.
+                "f'{!'",
+                "f'{!s:'",
+                # Catch empty expression before the
+                #  invalid conversion.
+                "f'{!x}'",
+                "f'{ !xr}'",
+                "f'{!x:}'",
+                "f'{!x:a}'",
+                "f'{ !xr:}'",
+                "f'{ !xr:a}'",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: valid expression required before ':'",
+            [
+                "f'{:}'",
+                "f'{ :!}'",
+                "f'{:2}'",
+                "f'''{\t\f\r\n:a}'''",
+                "f'{:'",
+                "F'{[F'{:'}[F'{:'}]]]",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: valid expression required before '='",
+            [
+                "f'{=}'",
+                "f'{ =}'",
+                "f'{ =:}'",
+                "f'{   =!}'",
+                "f'''{\t\f\r\n=}'''",
+                "f'{='",
+            ],
+        )
 
         # Different error message is raised for other whitespace characters.
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r"invalid non-printable character U\+00A0",
-                            ["f'''{\xa0}'''",
-                             "\xa0",
-                             ])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"invalid non-printable character U\+00A0",
+            [
+                "f'''{\xa0}'''",
+                "\xa0",
+            ],
+        )
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_parens_in_expressions(self):
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3,}', '(3,)')
-
-        # Add these because when an expression is evaluated, parens
-        #  are added around it. But we shouldn't go from an invalid
-        #  expression to a valid one. The added parens are just
-        #  supposed to allow whitespace (including newlines).
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: invalid syntax',
-                            ["f'{,}'",
-                             "f'{,}'",  # this is (,), which is an error
-                             ])
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r"f-string: unmatched '\)'",
-                            ["f'{3)+(4}'",
-                             ])
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'unterminated string literal',
-                            ["f'{\n}'",
-                             ])
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3,}", "(3,)")
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: expecting a valid expression after '{'",
+            [
+                "f'{,}'",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"f-string: unmatched '\)'",
+            [
+                "f'{3)+(4}'",
+            ],
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_newlines_before_syntax_error(self):
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax",
-                ["f'{.}'", "\nf'{.}'", "\n\nf'{.}'"])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: expecting a valid expression after '{'",
+            ["f'{.}'", "\nf'{.}'", "\n\nf'{.}'"],
+        )
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_backslashes_in_string_part(self):
-        self.assertEqual(f'\t', '\t')
-        self.assertEqual(r'\t', '\\t')
-        self.assertEqual(rf'\t', '\\t')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2}\t', '2\t')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2}\t{3}', '2\t3')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\t{3}', '\t3')
-
-        self.assertEqual(f'\u0394', '\u0394')
-        self.assertEqual(r'\u0394', '\\u0394')
-        self.assertEqual(rf'\u0394', '\\u0394')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2}\u0394', '2\u0394')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2}\u0394{3}', '2\u03943')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\u0394{3}', '\u03943')
-
-        self.assertEqual(f'\U00000394', '\u0394')
-        self.assertEqual(r'\U00000394', '\\U00000394')
-        self.assertEqual(rf'\U00000394', '\\U00000394')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2}\U00000394', '2\u0394')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2}\U00000394{3}', '2\u03943')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\U00000394{3}', '\u03943')
-
-        self.assertEqual(f'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}', '\u0394')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2}\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}', '2\u0394')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2}\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}{3}', '2\u03943')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}{3}', '\u03943')
-        self.assertEqual(f'2\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}', '2\u0394')
-        self.assertEqual(f'2\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}3', '2\u03943')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}3', '\u03943')
-
-        self.assertEqual(f'\x20', ' ')
-        self.assertEqual(r'\x20', '\\x20')
-        self.assertEqual(rf'\x20', '\\x20')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2}\x20', '2 ')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2}\x20{3}', '2 3')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\x20{3}', ' 3')
-
-        self.assertEqual(f'2\x20', '2 ')
-        self.assertEqual(f'2\x203', '2 3')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\x203', ' 3')
-
-        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):  # invalid escape sequence
+        self.assertEqual(f"\t", "\t")
+        self.assertEqual(r"\t", "\\t")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\t", "\\t")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2}\t", "2\t")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2}\t{3}", "2\t3")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\t{3}", "\t3")
+
+        self.assertEqual(f"\u0394", "\u0394")
+        self.assertEqual(r"\u0394", "\\u0394")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\u0394", "\\u0394")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2}\u0394", "2\u0394")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2}\u0394{3}", "2\u03943")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\u0394{3}", "\u03943")
+
+        self.assertEqual(f"\U00000394", "\u0394")
+        self.assertEqual(r"\U00000394", "\\U00000394")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\U00000394", "\\U00000394")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2}\U00000394", "2\u0394")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2}\U00000394{3}", "2\u03943")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\U00000394{3}", "\u03943")
+
+        self.assertEqual(f"\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}", "\u0394")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2}\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}", "2\u0394")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2}\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}{3}", "2\u03943")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}{3}", "\u03943")
+        self.assertEqual(f"2\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}", "2\u0394")
+        self.assertEqual(f"2\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}3", "2\u03943")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA}3", "\u03943")
+
+        self.assertEqual(f"\x20", " ")
+        self.assertEqual(r"\x20", "\\x20")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\x20", "\\x20")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2}\x20", "2 ")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2}\x20{3}", "2 3")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\x20{3}", " 3")
+
+        self.assertEqual(f"2\x20", "2 ")
+        self.assertEqual(f"2\x203", "2 3")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\x203", " 3")
+
+        with self.assertWarns(SyntaxWarning):  # invalid escape sequence
             value = eval(r"f'\{6*7}'")
-        self.assertEqual(value, '\\42')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\\{6*7}', '\\42')
-        self.assertEqual(fr'\{6*7}', '\\42')
-
-        AMPERSAND = 'spam'
+        self.assertEqual(value, "\\42")
+        with self.assertWarns(SyntaxWarning):  # invalid escape sequence
+            value = eval(r"f'\g'")
+        self.assertEqual(value, "\\g")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\\{6*7}", "\\42")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\{6*7}", "\\42")
+
+        AMPERSAND = "spam"
         # Get the right unicode character (&), or pick up local variable
         # depending on the number of backslashes.
-        self.assertEqual(f'\N{AMPERSAND}', '&')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\\N{AMPERSAND}', '\\Nspam')
-        self.assertEqual(fr'\N{AMPERSAND}', '\\Nspam')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\\\N{AMPERSAND}', '\\&')
+        self.assertEqual(f"\N{AMPERSAND}", "&")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\\N{AMPERSAND}", "\\Nspam")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\N{AMPERSAND}", "\\Nspam")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\\\N{AMPERSAND}", "\\&")
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_misformed_unicode_character_name(self):
         # These test are needed because unicode names are parsed
         # differently inside f-strings.
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r"\(unicode error\) 'unicodeescape' codec can't decode bytes in position .*: malformed \\N character escape",
-                            [r"f'\N'",
-                             r"f'\N '",
-                             r"f'\N  '",  # See bpo-46503.
-                             r"f'\N{'",
-                             r"f'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA'",
-
-                             # Here are the non-f-string versions,
-                             #  which should give the same errors.
-                             r"'\N'",
-                             r"'\N '",
-                             r"'\N  '",
-                             r"'\N{'",
-                             r"'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA'",
-                             ])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"\(unicode error\) 'unicodeescape' codec can't decode bytes in position .*: malformed \\N character escape",
+            [
+                r"f'\N'",
+                r"f'\N '",
+                r"f'\N  '",  # See bpo-46503.
+                r"f'\N{'",
+                r"f'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA'",
+                # Here are the non-f-string versions,
+                #  which should give the same errors.
+                r"'\N'",
+                r"'\N '",
+                r"'\N  '",
+                r"'\N{'",
+                r"'\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA'",
+            ],
+        )
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_no_backslashes_in_expression_part(self):
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string expression part cannot include a backslash',
-                            [r"f'{\'a\'}'",
-                             r"f'{\t3}'",
-                             r"f'{\}'",
-                             r"rf'{\'a\'}'",
-                             r"rf'{\t3}'",
-                             r"rf'{\}'",
-                             r"""rf'{"\N{LEFT CURLY BRACKET}"}'""",
-                             r"f'{\n}'",
-                             ])
+    def test_backslashes_in_expression_part(self):
+        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON SyntaxError
+        # self.assertEqual(
+        #     f"{(
+        #                 1 +
+        #                 2
+        # )}",
+        #     "3",
+        # )
+
+        self.assertEqual("\N{LEFT CURLY BRACKET}", "{")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{"\N{LEFT CURLY BRACKET}"}', "{")
+        self.assertEqual(rf'{"\N{LEFT CURLY BRACKET}"}', "{")
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: valid expression required before '}'",
+            [
+                "f'{\n}'",
+            ],
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_invalid_backslashes_inside_fstring_context(self):
+        # All of these variations are invalid python syntax,
+        # so they are also invalid in f-strings as well.
+        cases = [
+            formatting.format(expr=expr)
+            for formatting in [
+                "{expr}",
+                "f'{{{expr}}}'",
+                "rf'{{{expr}}}'",
+            ]
+            for expr in [
+                r"\'a\'",
+                r"\t3",
+                r"\\"[0],
+            ]
+        ]
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError, "unexpected character after line continuation", cases
+        )
 
     def test_no_escapes_for_braces(self):
         """
         Only literal curly braces begin an expression.
         """
         # \x7b is '{'.
-        self.assertEqual(f'\x7b1+1}}', '{1+1}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\x7b1+1', '{1+1')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\u007b1+1', '{1+1')
-        self.assertEqual(f'\N{LEFT CURLY BRACKET}1+1\N{RIGHT CURLY BRACKET}', '{1+1}')
+        self.assertEqual(f"\x7b1+1}}", "{1+1}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\x7b1+1", "{1+1")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\u007b1+1", "{1+1")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\N{LEFT CURLY BRACKET}1+1\N{RIGHT CURLY BRACKET}", "{1+1}")
 
     def test_newlines_in_expressions(self):
-        self.assertEqual(f'{0}', '0')
-        self.assertEqual(rf'''{3+
-4}''', '7')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{0}", "0")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            rf"""{3+
+4}""",
+            "7",
+        )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_lambda(self):
         x = 5
         self.assertEqual(f'{(lambda y:x*y)("8")!r}', "'88888'")
@@ -855,17 +1156,99 @@ def test_lambda(self):
         self.assertEqual(f'{(lambda y:x*y)("8"):10}', "88888     ")
 
         # lambda doesn't work without parens, because the colon
-        #  makes the parser think it's a format_spec
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: invalid syntax',
-                            ["f'{lambda x:x}'",
-                             ])
+        # makes the parser think it's a format_spec
+        # emit warning if we can match a format_spec
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: lambda expressions are not allowed " "without parentheses",
+            [
+                "f'{lambda x:x}'",
+                "f'{lambda :x}'",
+                "f'{lambda *arg, :x}'",
+                "f'{1, lambda:x}'",
+                "f'{lambda x:}'",
+                "f'{lambda :}'",
+            ],
+        )
+        # Ensure the detection of invalid lambdas doesn't trigger detection
+        # for valid lambdas in the second error pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"):
+            compile("lambda name_3=f'{name_4}': {name_3}\n1 $ 1", "<string>", "exec")
+
+        # but don't emit the paren warning in general cases
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting a valid expression after '{'"
+        ):
+            eval("f'{+ lambda:None}'")
+
+    def test_valid_prefixes(self):
+        self.assertEqual(f"{1}", "1")
+        self.assertEqual(Rf"{2}", "2")
+        self.assertEqual(Rf"{3}", "3")
+
+    def test_roundtrip_raw_quotes(self):
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\'", "\\'")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\"", '\\"')
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\"\'", "\\\"\\'")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\'\"", "\\'\\\"")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\"\'\"", '\\"\\\'\\"')
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\'\"\'", "\\'\\\"\\'")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\"\'\"\'", "\\\"\\'\\\"\\'")
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_fstring_backslash_before_double_bracket(self):
+        deprecated_cases = [
+            (r"f'\{{\}}'", "\\{\\}"),
+            (r"f'\{{'", "\\{"),
+            (r"f'\{{{1+1}'", "\\{2"),
+            (r"f'\}}{1+1}'", "\\}2"),
+            (r"f'{1+1}\}}'", "2\\}"),
+        ]
+
+        for case, expected_result in deprecated_cases:
+            with self.subTest(case=case, expected_result=expected_result):
+                with self.assertWarns(SyntaxWarning):
+                    result = eval(case)
+                self.assertEqual(result, expected_result)
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\{{\}}", "\\{\\}")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\{{", "\\{")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\{{{1+1}", "\\{2")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\}}{1+1}", "\\}2")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"{1+1}\}}", "2\\}")
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_fstring_backslash_before_double_bracket_warns_once(self):
+        with self.assertWarns(SyntaxWarning) as w:
+            eval(r"f'\{{'")
+        self.assertEqual(len(w.warnings), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(w.warnings[0].category, SyntaxWarning)
+
+    def test_fstring_backslash_prefix_raw(self):
+        self.assertEqual(f"\\", "\\")
+        self.assertEqual(f"\\\\", "\\\\")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\\", r"\\")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\\\\", r"\\\\")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\\", r"\\")
+        self.assertEqual(rf"\\\\", r"\\\\")
+        self.assertEqual(Rf"\\", R"\\")
+        self.assertEqual(Rf"\\\\", R"\\\\")
+        self.assertEqual(Rf"\\", R"\\")
+        self.assertEqual(Rf"\\\\", R"\\\\")
+        self.assertEqual(Rf"\\", R"\\")
+        self.assertEqual(Rf"\\\\", R"\\\\")
+
+    def test_fstring_format_spec_greedy_matching(self):
+        self.assertEqual(f"{1:}}}", "1}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{1:>3{5}}}}", "                                  1}")
 
     def test_yield(self):
         # Not terribly useful, but make sure the yield turns
         #  a function into a generator
         def fn(y):
-            f'y:{yield y*2}'
-            f'{yield}'
+            f"y:{yield y*2}"
+            f"{yield}"
 
         g = fn(4)
         self.assertEqual(next(g), 8)
@@ -873,257 +1256,329 @@ def fn(y):
 
     def test_yield_send(self):
         def fn(x):
-            yield f'x:{yield (lambda i: x * i)}'
+            yield f"x:{yield (lambda i: x * i)}"
 
         g = fn(10)
         the_lambda = next(g)
         self.assertEqual(the_lambda(4), 40)
-        self.assertEqual(g.send('string'), 'x:string')
+        self.assertEqual(g.send("string"), "x:string")
 
-    def test_expressions_with_triple_quoted_strings(self):
-        self.assertEqual(f"{'''x'''}", 'x')
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON self.assertEqual(f"{'''eric's'''}", "eric's")
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON SyntaxError
+    # def test_expressions_with_triple_quoted_strings(self):
+    #     self.assertEqual(f"{'''x'''}", 'x')
+    #     self.assertEqual(f"{'''eric's'''}", "eric's")
 
-        # Test concatenation within an expression
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON self.assertEqual(f'{"x" """eric"s""" "y"}', 'xeric"sy')
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON self.assertEqual(f'{"x" """eric"s"""}', 'xeric"s')
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON self.assertEqual(f'{"""eric"s""" "y"}', 'eric"sy')
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON self.assertEqual(f'{"""x""" """eric"s""" "y"}', 'xeric"sy')
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON self.assertEqual(f'{"""x""" """eric"s""" """y"""}', 'xeric"sy')
-        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON self.assertEqual(f'{r"""x""" """eric"s""" """y"""}', 'xeric"sy')
+    #     # Test concatenation within an expression
+    #     self.assertEqual(f'{"x" """eric"s""" "y"}', 'xeric"sy')
+    #     self.assertEqual(f'{"x" """eric"s"""}', 'xeric"s')
+    #     self.assertEqual(f'{"""eric"s""" "y"}', 'eric"sy')
+    #     self.assertEqual(f'{"""x""" """eric"s""" "y"}', 'xeric"sy')
+    #     self.assertEqual(f'{"""x""" """eric"s""" """y"""}', 'xeric"sy')
+    #     self.assertEqual(f'{r"""x""" """eric"s""" """y"""}', 'xeric"sy')
 
     def test_multiple_vars(self):
         x = 98
-        y = 'abc'
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x}{y}', '98abc')
+        y = "abc"
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x}{y}", "98abc")
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'X{x}{y}', 'X98abc')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x}X{y}', '98Xabc')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x}{y}X', '98abcX')
+        self.assertEqual(f"X{x}{y}", "X98abc")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x}X{y}", "98Xabc")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x}{y}X", "98abcX")
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'X{x}Y{y}', 'X98Yabc')
-        self.assertEqual(f'X{x}{y}Y', 'X98abcY')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x}X{y}Y', '98XabcY')
+        self.assertEqual(f"X{x}Y{y}", "X98Yabc")
+        self.assertEqual(f"X{x}{y}Y", "X98abcY")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x}X{y}Y", "98XabcY")
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'X{x}Y{y}Z', 'X98YabcZ')
+        self.assertEqual(f"X{x}Y{y}Z", "X98YabcZ")
 
     def test_closure(self):
         def outer(x):
             def inner():
-                return f'x:{x}'
+                return f"x:{x}"
+
             return inner
 
-        self.assertEqual(outer('987')(), 'x:987')
-        self.assertEqual(outer(7)(), 'x:7')
+        self.assertEqual(outer("987")(), "x:987")
+        self.assertEqual(outer(7)(), "x:7")
 
     def test_arguments(self):
         y = 2
+
         def f(x, width):
-            return f'x={x*y:{width}}'
+            return f"x={x*y:{width}}"
 
-        self.assertEqual(f('foo', 10), 'x=foofoo    ')
-        x = 'bar'
-        self.assertEqual(f(10, 10), 'x=        20')
+        self.assertEqual(f("foo", 10), "x=foofoo    ")
+        x = "bar"
+        self.assertEqual(f(10, 10), "x=        20")
 
     def test_locals(self):
         value = 123
-        self.assertEqual(f'v:{value}', 'v:123')
+        self.assertEqual(f"v:{value}", "v:123")
 
     def test_missing_variable(self):
         with self.assertRaises(NameError):
-            f'v:{value}'
+            f"v:{value}"
 
     def test_missing_format_spec(self):
         class O:
             def __format__(self, spec):
                 if not spec:
-                    return '*'
+                    return "*"
                 return spec
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'{O():x}', 'x')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{O()}', '*')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{O():}', '*')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{O():x}", "x")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{O()}", "*")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{O():}", "*")
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3:}', '3')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3!s:}', '3')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3:}", "3")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3!s:}", "3")
 
     def test_global(self):
-        self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global}', 'g:global variable')
-        self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global!r}', "g:'global variable'")
+        self.assertEqual(f"g:{a_global}", "g:global variable")
+        self.assertEqual(f"g:{a_global!r}", "g:'global variable'")
 
-        a_local = 'local variable'
-        self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global} l:{a_local}',
-                         'g:global variable l:local variable')
-        self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global!r}',
-                         "g:'global variable'")
-        self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global} l:{a_local!r}',
-                         "g:global variable l:'local variable'")
+        a_local = "local variable"
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"g:{a_global} l:{a_local}", "g:global variable l:local variable"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(f"g:{a_global!r}", "g:'global variable'")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"g:{a_global} l:{a_local!r}", "g:global variable l:'local variable'"
+        )
 
-        self.assertIn("module 'unittest' from", f'{unittest}')
+        self.assertIn("module 'unittest' from", f"{unittest}")
 
     def test_shadowed_global(self):
-        a_global = 'really a local'
-        self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global}', 'g:really a local')
-        self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global!r}', "g:'really a local'")
-
-        a_local = 'local variable'
-        self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global} l:{a_local}',
-                         'g:really a local l:local variable')
-        self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global!r}',
-                         "g:'really a local'")
-        self.assertEqual(f'g:{a_global} l:{a_local!r}',
-                         "g:really a local l:'local variable'")
+        a_global = "really a local"
+        self.assertEqual(f"g:{a_global}", "g:really a local")
+        self.assertEqual(f"g:{a_global!r}", "g:'really a local'")
+
+        a_local = "local variable"
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"g:{a_global} l:{a_local}", "g:really a local l:local variable"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(f"g:{a_global!r}", "g:'really a local'")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"g:{a_global} l:{a_local!r}", "g:really a local l:'local variable'"
+        )
 
     def test_call(self):
         def foo(x):
-            return 'x=' + str(x)
+            return "x=" + str(x)
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'{foo(10)}', 'x=10')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{foo(10)}", "x=10")
 
     def test_nested_fstrings(self):
         y = 5
-        self.assertEqual(f'{f"{0}"*3}', '000')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{f"{y}"*3}', '555')
+        self.assertEqual(f'{f"{0}"*3}', "000")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{f"{y}"*3}', "555")
 
     def test_invalid_string_prefixes(self):
-        single_quote_cases = ["fu''",
-                             "uf''",
-                             "Fu''",
-                             "fU''",
-                             "Uf''",
-                             "uF''",
-                             "ufr''",
-                             "urf''",
-                             "fur''",
-                             "fru''",
-                             "rfu''",
-                             "ruf''",
-                             "FUR''",
-                             "Fur''",
-                             "fb''",
-                             "fB''",
-                             "Fb''",
-                             "FB''",
-                             "bf''",
-                             "bF''",
-                             "Bf''",
-                             "BF''",]
+        single_quote_cases = [
+            "fu''",
+            "uf''",
+            "Fu''",
+            "fU''",
+            "Uf''",
+            "uF''",
+            "ufr''",
+            "urf''",
+            "fur''",
+            "fru''",
+            "rfu''",
+            "ruf''",
+            "FUR''",
+            "Fur''",
+            "fb''",
+            "fB''",
+            "Fb''",
+            "FB''",
+            "bf''",
+            "bF''",
+            "Bf''",
+            "BF''",
+        ]
         double_quote_cases = [case.replace("'", '"') for case in single_quote_cases]
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'invalid syntax',
-                            single_quote_cases + double_quote_cases)
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError, "invalid syntax", single_quote_cases + double_quote_cases
+        )
 
     def test_leading_trailing_spaces(self):
-        self.assertEqual(f'{ 3}', '3')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{  3}', '3')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3 }', '3')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3  }', '3')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{ 3}", "3")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{  3}", "3")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3 }", "3")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3  }", "3")
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'expr={ {x: y for x, y in [(1, 2), ]}}',
-                         'expr={1: 2}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'expr={ {x: y for x, y in [(1, 2), ]} }',
-                         'expr={1: 2}')
+        self.assertEqual(f"expr={ {x: y for x, y in [(1, 2), ]}}", "expr={1: 2}")
+        self.assertEqual(f"expr={ {x: y for x, y in [(1, 2), ]} }", "expr={1: 2}")
 
     def test_not_equal(self):
         # There's a special test for this because there's a special
         #  case in the f-string parser to look for != as not ending an
         #  expression. Normally it would, while looking for !s or !r.
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3!=4}', 'True')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3!=4:}', 'True')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3!=4!s}', 'True')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3!=4!s:.3}', 'Tru')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3!=4}", "True")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3!=4:}", "True")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3!=4!s}", "True")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3!=4!s:.3}", "Tru")
 
     def test_equal_equal(self):
         # Because an expression ending in = has special meaning,
         # there's a special test for ==. Make sure it works.
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'{0==1}', 'False')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{0==1}", "False")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_conversions(self):
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3.14:10.10}', '      3.14')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3.14!s:10.10}', '3.14      ')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3.14!r:10.10}', '3.14      ')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3.14!a:10.10}', '3.14      ')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3.14:10.10}", "      3.14")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3.14!s:10.10}", "3.14      ")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3.14!r:10.10}", "3.14      ")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3.14!a:10.10}", "3.14      ")
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'{"a"}', 'a')
+        self.assertEqual(f'{"a"}', "a")
         self.assertEqual(f'{"a"!r}', "'a'")
         self.assertEqual(f'{"a"!a}', "'a'")
 
+        # Conversions can have trailing whitespace after them since it
+        # does not provide any significance
+        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON SyntaxError
+        # self.assertEqual(f"{3!s  }", "3")
+        # self.assertEqual(f"{3.14!s  :10.10}", "3.14      ")
+
         # Not a conversion.
         self.assertEqual(f'{"a!r"}', "a!r")
 
         # Not a conversion, but show that ! is allowed in a format spec.
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3.14:!<10.10}', '3.14!!!!!!')
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'f-string: invalid conversion character',
-                            ["f'{3!g}'",
-                             "f'{3!A}'",
-                             "f'{3!3}'",
-                             "f'{3!G}'",
-                             "f'{3!!}'",
-                             "f'{3!:}'",
-                             "f'{3! s}'",  # no space before conversion char
-                             ])
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting '}'",
-                            ["f'{x!s{y}}'",
-                             "f'{3!ss}'",
-                             "f'{3!ss:}'",
-                             "f'{3!ss:s}'",
-                             ])
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3.14:!<10.10}", "3.14!!!!!!")
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: expecting '}'",
+            [
+                "f'{3!'",
+                "f'{3!s'",
+                "f'{3!g'",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: missing conversion character",
+            [
+                "f'{3!}'",
+                "f'{3!:'",
+                "f'{3!:}'",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        for conv_identifier in "g", "A", "G", "ä", "ɐ":
+            self.assertAllRaise(
+                SyntaxError,
+                "f-string: invalid conversion character %r: "
+                "expected 's', 'r', or 'a'" % conv_identifier,
+                ["f'{3!" + conv_identifier + "}'"],
+            )
+
+        for conv_non_identifier in "3", "!":
+            self.assertAllRaise(
+                SyntaxError,
+                "f-string: invalid conversion character",
+                ["f'{3!" + conv_non_identifier + "}'"],
+            )
+
+        for conv in " s", " s ":
+            self.assertAllRaise(
+                SyntaxError,
+                "f-string: conversion type must come right after the"
+                " exclamanation mark",
+                ["f'{3!" + conv + "}'"],
+            )
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: invalid conversion character 'ss': " "expected 's', 'r', or 'a'",
+            [
+                "f'{3!ss}'",
+                "f'{3!ss:}'",
+                "f'{3!ss:s}'",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_assignment(self):
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, r'invalid syntax',
-                            ["f'' = 3",
-                             "f'{0}' = x",
-                             "f'{x}' = x",
-                             ])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            r"invalid syntax",
+            [
+                "f'' = 3",
+                "f'{0}' = x",
+                "f'{x}' = x",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_del(self):
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, 'invalid syntax',
-                            ["del f''",
-                             "del '' f''",
-                             ])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "invalid syntax",
+            [
+                "del f''",
+                "del '' f''",
+            ],
+        )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_mismatched_braces(self):
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: single '}' is not allowed",
-                            ["f'{{}'",
-                             "f'{{}}}'",
-                             "f'}'",
-                             "f'x}'",
-                             "f'x}x'",
-                             r"f'\u007b}'",
-
-                             # Can't have { or } in a format spec.
-                             "f'{3:}>10}'",
-                             "f'{3:}}>10}'",
-                             ])
-
-        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting '}'",
-                            ["f'{3:{{>10}'",
-                             "f'{3'",
-                             "f'{3!'",
-                             "f'{3:'",
-                             "f'{3!s'",
-                             "f'{3!s:'",
-                             "f'{3!s:3'",
-                             "f'x{'",
-                             "f'x{x'",
-                             "f'{x'",
-                             "f'{3:s'",
-                             "f'{{{'",
-                             "f'{{}}{'",
-                             "f'{'",
-                             "f'x{<'",  # See bpo-46762.
-                             "f'x{>'",
-                             "f'{i='",  # See gh-93418.
-                             ])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: single '}' is not allowed",
+            [
+                "f'{{}'",
+                "f'{{}}}'",
+                "f'}'",
+                "f'x}'",
+                "f'x}x'",
+                r"f'\u007b}'",
+                # Can't have { or } in a format spec.
+                "f'{3:}>10}'",
+                "f'{3:}}>10}'",
+            ],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: expecting '}'",
+            [
+                "f'{3'",
+                "f'{3!'",
+                "f'{3:'",
+                "f'{3!s'",
+                "f'{3!s:'",
+                "f'{3!s:3'",
+                "f'x{'",
+                "f'x{x'",
+                "f'{x'",
+                "f'{3:s'",
+                "f'{{{'",
+                "f'{{}}{'",
+                "f'{'",
+                "f'{i='",  # See gh-93418.
+            ],
+        )
+
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: expecting a valid expression after '{'",
+            [
+                "f'{3:{{>10}'",
+            ],
+        )
 
         # But these are just normal strings.
-        self.assertEqual(f'{"{"}', '{')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{"}"}', '}')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3:{"}"}>10}', '}}}}}}}}}3')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{2:{"{"}>10}', '{{{{{{{{{2')
+        self.assertEqual(f'{"{"}', "{")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{"}"}', "}")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{3:{"}"}>10}', "}}}}}}}}}3")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{2:{"{"}>10}', "{{{{{{{{{2")
 
     def test_if_conditional(self):
         # There's special logic in compile.c to test if the
@@ -1132,7 +1587,7 @@ def test_if_conditional(self):
 
         def test_fstring(x, expected):
             flag = 0
-            if f'{x}':
+            if f"{x}":
                 flag = 1
             else:
                 flag = 2
@@ -1140,7 +1595,7 @@ def test_fstring(x, expected):
 
         def test_concat_empty(x, expected):
             flag = 0
-            if '' f'{x}':
+            if "" f"{x}":
                 flag = 1
             else:
                 flag = 2
@@ -1148,141 +1603,153 @@ def test_concat_empty(x, expected):
 
         def test_concat_non_empty(x, expected):
             flag = 0
-            if ' ' f'{x}':
+            if " " f"{x}":
                 flag = 1
             else:
                 flag = 2
             self.assertEqual(flag, expected)
 
-        test_fstring('', 2)
-        test_fstring(' ', 1)
+        test_fstring("", 2)
+        test_fstring(" ", 1)
 
-        test_concat_empty('', 2)
-        test_concat_empty(' ', 1)
+        test_concat_empty("", 2)
+        test_concat_empty(" ", 1)
 
-        test_concat_non_empty('', 1)
-        test_concat_non_empty(' ', 1)
+        test_concat_non_empty("", 1)
+        test_concat_non_empty(" ", 1)
 
     def test_empty_format_specifier(self):
-        x = 'test'
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x}', 'test')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x:}', 'test')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x!s:}', 'test')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x!r:}', "'test'")
+        x = "test"
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x}", "test")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x:}", "test")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x!s:}", "test")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x!r:}", "'test'")
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON d[0] error
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_str_format_differences(self):
-        d = {'a': 'string',
-             0: 'integer',
-             }
+        d = {
+            "a": "string",
+            0: "integer",
+        }
         a = 0
-        self.assertEqual(f'{d[0]}', 'integer')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{d["a"]}', 'string')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{d[a]}', 'integer')
-        self.assertEqual('{d[a]}'.format(d=d), 'string')
-        self.assertEqual('{d[0]}'.format(d=d), 'integer')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{d[0]}", "integer")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{d["a"]}', "string")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{d[a]}", "integer")
+        self.assertEqual("{d[a]}".format(d=d), "string")
+        self.assertEqual("{d[0]}".format(d=d), "integer")
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_errors(self):
         # see issue 26287
-        self.assertAllRaise(TypeError, 'unsupported',
-                            [r"f'{(lambda: 0):x}'",
-                             r"f'{(0,):x}'",
-                             ])
-        self.assertAllRaise(ValueError, 'Unknown format code',
-                            [r"f'{1000:j}'",
-                             r"f'{1000:j}'",
-                            ])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            TypeError,
+            "unsupported",
+            [
+                r"f'{(lambda: 0):x}'",
+                r"f'{(0,):x}'",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            ValueError,
+            "Unknown format code",
+            [
+                r"f'{1000:j}'",
+                r"f'{1000:j}'",
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_filename_in_syntaxerror(self):
         # see issue 38964
         with temp_cwd() as cwd:
-            file_path = os.path.join(cwd, 't.py')
-            with open(file_path, 'w', encoding="utf-8") as f:
-                f.write('f"{a b}"') # This generates a SyntaxError
-            _, _, stderr = assert_python_failure(file_path,
-                                                 PYTHONIOENCODING='ascii')
-        self.assertIn(file_path.encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace'), stderr)
+            file_path = os.path.join(cwd, "t.py")
+            with open(file_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
+                f.write('f"{a b}"')  # This generates a SyntaxError
+            _, _, stderr = assert_python_failure(file_path, PYTHONIOENCODING="ascii")
+        self.assertIn(file_path.encode("ascii", "backslashreplace"), stderr)
 
     def test_loop(self):
         for i in range(1000):
-            self.assertEqual(f'i:{i}', 'i:' + str(i))
+            self.assertEqual(f"i:{i}", "i:" + str(i))
 
     def test_dict(self):
-        d = {'"': 'dquote',
-             "'": 'squote',
-             'foo': 'bar',
-             }
-        self.assertEqual(f'''{d["'"]}''', 'squote')
-        self.assertEqual(f"""{d['"']}""", 'dquote')
+        d = {
+            '"': "dquote",
+            "'": "squote",
+            "foo": "bar",
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(f"""{d["'"]}""", "squote")
+        self.assertEqual(f"""{d['"']}""", "dquote")
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'{d["foo"]}', 'bar')
-        self.assertEqual(f"{d['foo']}", 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(f'{d["foo"]}', "bar")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{d['foo']}", "bar")
 
     def test_backslash_char(self):
         # Check eval of a backslash followed by a control char.
         # See bpo-30682: this used to raise an assert in pydebug mode.
-        self.assertEqual(eval('f"\\\n"'), '')
-        self.assertEqual(eval('f"\\\r"'), '')
+        self.assertEqual(eval('f"\\\n"'), "")
+        self.assertEqual(eval('f"\\\r"'), "")
 
     def test_debug_conversion(self):
-        x = 'A string'
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x=}', 'x=' + repr(x))
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x =}', 'x =' + repr(x))
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x=!s}', 'x=' + str(x))
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x=!r}', 'x=' + repr(x))
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x=!a}', 'x=' + ascii(x))
+        x = "A string"
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x=}", "x=" + repr(x))
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x =}", "x =" + repr(x))
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x=!s}", "x=" + str(x))
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x=!r}", "x=" + repr(x))
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x=!a}", "x=" + ascii(x))
 
         x = 2.71828
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x=:.2f}', 'x=' + format(x, '.2f'))
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x=:}', 'x=' + format(x, ''))
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x=!r:^20}', 'x=' + format(repr(x), '^20'))
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x=!s:^20}', 'x=' + format(str(x), '^20'))
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x=!a:^20}', 'x=' + format(ascii(x), '^20'))
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x=:.2f}", "x=" + format(x, ".2f"))
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x=:}", "x=" + format(x, ""))
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x=!r:^20}", "x=" + format(repr(x), "^20"))
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x=!s:^20}", "x=" + format(str(x), "^20"))
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x=!a:^20}", "x=" + format(ascii(x), "^20"))
 
         x = 9
-        self.assertEqual(f'{3*x+15=}', '3*x+15=42')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{3*x+15=}", "3*x+15=42")
 
         # There is code in ast.c that deals with non-ascii expression values.  So,
         # use a unicode identifier to trigger that.
         tenπ = 31.4
-        self.assertEqual(f'{tenπ=:.2f}', 'tenπ=31.40')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{tenπ=:.2f}", "tenπ=31.40")
 
         # Also test with Unicode in non-identifiers.
-        self.assertEqual(f'{"Σ"=}', '"Σ"=\'Σ\'')
+        self.assertEqual(f'{"Σ"=}', "\"Σ\"='Σ'")
 
         # Make sure nested fstrings still work.
-        self.assertEqual(f'{f"{3.1415=:.1f}":*^20}', '*****3.1415=3.1*****')
+        self.assertEqual(f'{f"{3.1415=:.1f}":*^20}', "*****3.1415=3.1*****")
 
         # Make sure text before and after an expression with = works
         # correctly.
-        pi = 'π'
-        self.assertEqual(f'alpha α {pi=} ω omega', "alpha α pi='π' ω omega")
+        pi = "π"
+        self.assertEqual(f"alpha α {pi=} ω omega", "alpha α pi='π' ω omega")
 
         # Check multi-line expressions.
-        self.assertEqual(f'''{
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"""{
 3
-=}''', '\n3\n=3')
+=}""",
+            "\n3\n=3",
+        )
 
         # Since = is handled specially, make sure all existing uses of
         # it still work.
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'{0==1}', 'False')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{0!=1}', 'True')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{0<=1}', 'True')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{0>=1}', 'False')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{(x:="5")}', '5')
-        self.assertEqual(x, '5')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{(x:=5)}', '5')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{0==1}", "False")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{0!=1}", "True")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{0<=1}", "True")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{0>=1}", "False")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{(x:="5")}', "5")
+        self.assertEqual(x, "5")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{(x:=5)}", "5")
         self.assertEqual(x, 5)
-        self.assertEqual(f'{"="}', '=')
+        self.assertEqual(f'{"="}', "=")
 
         x = 20
         # This isn't an assignment expression, it's 'x', with a format
         # spec of '=10'.  See test_walrus: you need to use parens.
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x:=10}', '        20')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x:=10}", "        20")
 
         # Test named function parameters, to make sure '=' parsing works
         # there.
@@ -1291,36 +1758,54 @@ def f(a):
             oldx = x
             x = a
             return oldx
+
         x = 0
-        self.assertEqual(f'{f(a="3=")}', '0')
-        self.assertEqual(x, '3=')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{f(a=4)}', '3=')
+        self.assertEqual(f'{f(a="3=")}', "0")
+        self.assertEqual(x, "3=")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{f(a=4)}", "3=")
         self.assertEqual(x, 4)
 
+        # Check debug expressions in format spec
+        y = 20
+        self.assertEqual(f"{2:{y=}}", "yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy2")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f"{datetime.datetime.now():h1{y=}h2{y=}h3{y=}}", "h1y=20h2y=20h3y=20"
+        )
+
         # Make sure __format__ is being called.
         class C:
             def __format__(self, s):
-                return f'FORMAT-{s}'
+                return f"FORMAT-{s}"
+
             def __repr__(self):
-                return 'REPR'
+                return "REPR"
 
-        self.assertEqual(f'{C()=}', 'C()=REPR')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{C()=!r}', 'C()=REPR')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{C()=:}', 'C()=FORMAT-')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{C()=: }', 'C()=FORMAT- ')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{C()=:x}', 'C()=FORMAT-x')
-        self.assertEqual(f'{C()=!r:*^20}', 'C()=********REPR********')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{C()=}", "C()=REPR")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{C()=!r}", "C()=REPR")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{C()=:}", "C()=FORMAT-")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{C()=: }", "C()=FORMAT- ")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{C()=:x}", "C()=FORMAT-x")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{C()=!r:*^20}", "C()=********REPR********")
+        self.assertEqual(f"{C():{20=}}", "FORMAT-20=20")
 
         self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, "f'{C=]'")
 
         # Make sure leading and following text works.
-        x = 'foo'
-        self.assertEqual(f'X{x=}Y', 'Xx='+repr(x)+'Y')
+        x = "foo"
+        self.assertEqual(f"X{x=}Y", "Xx=" + repr(x) + "Y")
 
         # Make sure whitespace around the = works.
-        self.assertEqual(f'X{x  =}Y', 'Xx  ='+repr(x)+'Y')
-        self.assertEqual(f'X{x=  }Y', 'Xx=  '+repr(x)+'Y')
-        self.assertEqual(f'X{x  =  }Y', 'Xx  =  '+repr(x)+'Y')
+        self.assertEqual(f"X{x  =}Y", "Xx  =" + repr(x) + "Y")
+        self.assertEqual(f"X{x=  }Y", "Xx=  " + repr(x) + "Y")
+        self.assertEqual(f"X{x  =  }Y", "Xx  =  " + repr(x) + "Y")
+        self.assertEqual(f"sadsd {1 + 1 =  :{1 + 1:1d}f}", "sadsd 1 + 1 =  2.000000")
+
+# TODO: RUSTPYTHON SyntaxError
+#         self.assertEqual(
+#             f"{1+2 = # my comment
+#   }",
+#             "1+2 = \n  3",
+#         )
 
         # These next lines contains tabs.  Backslash escapes don't
         # work in f-strings.
@@ -1328,23 +1813,25 @@ def __repr__(self):
         # this will be to dynamically created and exec the f-strings.  But
         # that's such a hassle I'll save it for another day.  For now, convert
         # the tabs to spaces just to shut up patchcheck.
-        #self.assertEqual(f'X{x =}Y', 'Xx\t='+repr(x)+'Y')
-        #self.assertEqual(f'X{x =       }Y', 'Xx\t=\t'+repr(x)+'Y')
+        # self.assertEqual(f'X{x =}Y', 'Xx\t='+repr(x)+'Y')
+        # self.assertEqual(f'X{x =       }Y', 'Xx\t=\t'+repr(x)+'Y')
 
     def test_walrus(self):
         x = 20
         # This isn't an assignment expression, it's 'x', with a format
         # spec of '=10'.
-        self.assertEqual(f'{x:=10}', '        20')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{x:=10}", "        20")
 
         # This is an assignment expression, which requires parens.
-        self.assertEqual(f'{(x:=10)}', '10')
+        self.assertEqual(f"{(x:=10)}", "10")
         self.assertEqual(x, 10)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_invalid_syntax_error_message(self):
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "f-string: invalid syntax"):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting '=', or '!', or ':', or '}'"
+        ):
             compile("f'{a $ b}'", "?", "exec")
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
@@ -1352,37 +1839,112 @@ def test_invalid_syntax_error_message(self):
     def test_with_two_commas_in_format_specifier(self):
         error_msg = re.escape("Cannot specify ',' with ','.")
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, error_msg):
-            f'{1:,,}'
+            f"{1:,,}"
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_with_two_underscore_in_format_specifier(self):
         error_msg = re.escape("Cannot specify '_' with '_'.")
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, error_msg):
-            f'{1:__}'
+            f"{1:__}"
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_with_a_commas_and_an_underscore_in_format_specifier(self):
         error_msg = re.escape("Cannot specify both ',' and '_'.")
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, error_msg):
-            f'{1:,_}'
+            f"{1:,_}"
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_with_an_underscore_and_a_comma_in_format_specifier(self):
         error_msg = re.escape("Cannot specify both ',' and '_'.")
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, error_msg):
-            f'{1:_,}'
+            f"{1:_,}"
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_syntax_error_for_starred_expressions(self):
-        error_msg = re.escape("cannot use starred expression here")
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, error_msg):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "can't use starred expression here"):
             compile("f'{*a}'", "?", "exec")
 
-        error_msg = re.escape("cannot use double starred expression here")
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, error_msg):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            SyntaxError, "f-string: expecting a valid expression after '{'"
+        ):
             compile("f'{**a}'", "?", "exec")
 
-if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_not_closing_quotes(self):
+        self.assertAllRaise(SyntaxError, "unterminated f-string literal", ['f"', "f'"])
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError, "unterminated triple-quoted f-string literal", ['f"""', "f'''"]
+        )
+        # Ensure that the errors are reported at the correct line number.
+        data = '''\
+x = 1 + 1
+y = 2 + 2
+z = f"""
+sdfjnsdfjsdf
+sdfsdfs{1+
+2} dfigdf {3+
+4}sdufsd""
+'''
+        try:
+            compile(data, "?", "exec")
+        except SyntaxError as e:
+            self.assertEqual(e.text, 'z = f"""')
+            self.assertEqual(e.lineno, 3)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_syntax_error_after_debug(self):
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: expecting a valid expression after '{'",
+            [
+                "f'{1=}{;'",
+                "f'{1=}{+;'",
+                "f'{1=}{2}{;'",
+                "f'{1=}{3}{;'",
+            ],
+        )
+        self.assertAllRaise(
+            SyntaxError,
+            "f-string: expecting '=', or '!', or ':', or '}'",
+            [
+                "f'{1=}{1;'",
+                "f'{1=}{1;}'",
+            ],
+        )
+
+    def test_debug_in_file(self):
+        with temp_cwd():
+            script = "script.py"
+            with open("script.py", "w") as f:
+                f.write(f"""\
+print(f'''{{
+3
+=}}''')""")
+
+            _, stdout, _ = assert_python_ok(script)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            stdout.decode("utf-8").strip().replace("\r\n", "\n").replace("\r", "\n"),
+            "3\n=3",
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_syntax_warning_infinite_recursion_in_file(self):
+        with temp_cwd():
+            script = "script.py"
+            with open(script, "w") as f:
+                f.write(r"print(f'\{1}')")
+
+            _, stdout, stderr = assert_python_ok(script)
+            self.assertIn(rb"\1", stdout)
+            self.assertEqual(len(stderr.strip().splitlines()), 2)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

From 044f66fba3347091998c0c98b47446cb11046e37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2024 08:50:52 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 374/705] copy from cpython v3.12.7

---
 Lib/test/test_float.py | 102 +++++++----------------------------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_float.py b/Lib/test/test_float.py
index b37c3ed32e..353c1ea9b7 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_float.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_float.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 import unittest
 
 from test import support
-from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support.testcase import FloatsAreIdenticalMixin
 from test.test_grammar import (VALID_UNDERSCORE_LITERALS,
                                INVALID_UNDERSCORE_LITERALS)
 from math import isinf, isnan, copysign, ldexp
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
 except ImportError:
     _testcapi = None
 
-HAVE_IEEE_754 = float.__getformat__("double").startswith("IEEE")
 INF = float("inf")
 NAN = float("nan")
 
@@ -742,8 +741,13 @@ def test_format_testfile(self):
 
                 lhs, rhs = map(str.strip, line.split('->'))
                 fmt, arg = lhs.split()
-                self.assertEqual(fmt % float(arg), rhs)
-                self.assertEqual(fmt % -float(arg), '-' + rhs)
+                f = float(arg)
+                self.assertEqual(fmt % f, rhs)
+                self.assertEqual(fmt % -f, '-' + rhs)
+                if fmt != '%r':
+                    fmt2 = fmt[1:]
+                    self.assertEqual(format(f, fmt2), rhs)
+                    self.assertEqual(format(-f, fmt2), '-' + rhs)
 
     def test_issue5864(self):
         self.assertEqual(format(123.456, '.4'), '123.5')
@@ -833,7 +837,7 @@ def test_short_repr(self):
             self.assertEqual(repr(float(negs)), str(float(negs)))
 
 @support.requires_IEEE_754
-class RoundTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+class RoundTestCase(unittest.TestCase, FloatsAreIdenticalMixin):
 
     def test_inf_nan(self):
         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, round, INF)
@@ -863,10 +867,10 @@ def test_large_n(self):
 
     def test_small_n(self):
         for n in [-308, -309, -400, 1-2**31, -2**31, -2**31-1, -2**100]:
-            self.assertEqual(round(123.456, n), 0.0)
-            self.assertEqual(round(-123.456, n), -0.0)
-            self.assertEqual(round(1e300, n), 0.0)
-            self.assertEqual(round(1e-320, n), 0.0)
+            self.assertFloatsAreIdentical(round(123.456, n), 0.0)
+            self.assertFloatsAreIdentical(round(-123.456, n), -0.0)
+            self.assertFloatsAreIdentical(round(1e300, n), 0.0)
+            self.assertFloatsAreIdentical(round(1e-320, n), 0.0)
 
     def test_overflow(self):
         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, round, 1.6e308, -308)
@@ -1053,32 +1057,22 @@ def test_inf_signs(self):
         self.assertEqual(copysign(1.0, float('inf')), 1.0)
         self.assertEqual(copysign(1.0, float('-inf')), -1.0)
 
-    @unittest.skipUnless(getattr(sys, 'float_repr_style', '') == 'short',
-                         "applies only when using short float repr style")
     def test_nan_signs(self):
-        # When using the dtoa.c code, the sign of float('nan') should
-        # be predictable.
+        # The sign of float('nan') should be predictable.
         self.assertEqual(copysign(1.0, float('nan')), 1.0)
         self.assertEqual(copysign(1.0, float('-nan')), -1.0)
 
 
 fromHex = float.fromhex
 toHex = float.hex
-class HexFloatTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+class HexFloatTestCase(FloatsAreIdenticalMixin, unittest.TestCase):
     MAX = fromHex('0x.fffffffffffff8p+1024')  # max normal
     MIN = fromHex('0x1p-1022')                # min normal
     TINY = fromHex('0x0.0000000000001p-1022') # min subnormal
     EPS = fromHex('0x0.0000000000001p0') # diff between 1.0 and next float up
 
     def identical(self, x, y):
-        # check that floats x and y are identical, or that both
-        # are NaNs
-        if isnan(x) or isnan(y):
-            if isnan(x) == isnan(y):
-                return
-        elif x == y and (x != 0.0 or copysign(1.0, x) == copysign(1.0, y)):
-            return
-        self.fail('%r not identical to %r' % (x, y))
+        self.assertFloatsAreIdentical(x, y)
 
     def test_ends(self):
         self.identical(self.MIN, ldexp(1.0, -1022))
@@ -1517,69 +1511,5 @@ def __init__(self, value):
         self.assertEqual(getattr(f, 'foo', 'none'), 'bar')
 
 
-# Test PyFloat_Pack2(), PyFloat_Pack4() and PyFloat_Pack8()
-# Test PyFloat_Unpack2(), PyFloat_Unpack4() and PyFloat_Unpack8()
-BIG_ENDIAN = 0
-LITTLE_ENDIAN = 1
-EPSILON = {
-    2: 2.0 ** -11,  # binary16
-    4: 2.0 ** -24,  # binary32
-    8: 2.0 ** -53,  # binary64
-}
-
-@unittest.skipIf(_testcapi is None, 'needs _testcapi')
-class PackTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_pack(self):
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_pack(2, 1.5, BIG_ENDIAN),
-                         b'>\x00')
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_pack(4, 1.5, BIG_ENDIAN),
-                         b'?\xc0\x00\x00')
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_pack(8, 1.5, BIG_ENDIAN),
-                         b'?\xf8\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00')
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_pack(2, 1.5, LITTLE_ENDIAN),
-                         b'\x00>')
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_pack(4, 1.5, LITTLE_ENDIAN),
-                         b'\x00\x00\xc0?')
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_pack(8, 1.5, LITTLE_ENDIAN),
-                         b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xf8?')
-
-    def test_unpack(self):
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_unpack(b'>\x00', BIG_ENDIAN),
-                         1.5)
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_unpack(b'?\xc0\x00\x00', BIG_ENDIAN),
-                         1.5)
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_unpack(b'?\xf8\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00', BIG_ENDIAN),
-                         1.5)
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_unpack(b'\x00>', LITTLE_ENDIAN),
-                         1.5)
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_unpack(b'\x00\x00\xc0?', LITTLE_ENDIAN),
-                         1.5)
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.float_unpack(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xf8?', LITTLE_ENDIAN),
-                         1.5)
-
-    def test_roundtrip(self):
-        large = 2.0 ** 100
-        values = [1.0, 1.5, large, 1.0/7, math.pi]
-        if HAVE_IEEE_754:
-            values.extend((INF, NAN))
-        for value in values:
-            for size in (2, 4, 8,):
-                if size == 2 and value == large:
-                    # too large for 16-bit float
-                    continue
-                rel_tol = EPSILON[size]
-                for endian in (BIG_ENDIAN, LITTLE_ENDIAN):
-                    with self.subTest(value=value, size=size, endian=endian):
-                        data = _testcapi.float_pack(size, value, endian)
-                        value2 = _testcapi.float_unpack(data, endian)
-                        if isnan(value):
-                            self.assertTrue(isnan(value2), (value, value2))
-                        elif size < 8:
-                            self.assertTrue(math.isclose(value2, value, rel_tol=rel_tol),
-                                            (value, value2))
-                        else:
-                            self.assertEqual(value2, value)
-
-
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()

From 0cf4534c5c8b8cbcabad65f749d1f48756035650 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 29 Nov 2024 08:52:12 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 375/705] copy new file "Lib/test/support/testcase.py" for
 test_float.py

---
 Lib/test/support/testcase.py | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/support/testcase.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/support/testcase.py b/Lib/test/support/testcase.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fad1e4cb34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/support/testcase.py
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from math import copysign, isnan
+
+
+class ExceptionIsLikeMixin:
+    def assertExceptionIsLike(self, exc, template):
+        """
+        Passes when the provided `exc` matches the structure of `template`.
+        Individual exceptions don't have to be the same objects or even pass
+        an equality test: they only need to be the same type and contain equal
+        `exc_obj.args`.
+        """
+        if exc is None and template is None:
+            return
+
+        if template is None:
+            self.fail(f"unexpected exception: {exc}")
+
+        if exc is None:
+            self.fail(f"expected an exception like {template!r}, got None")
+
+        if not isinstance(exc, ExceptionGroup):
+            self.assertEqual(exc.__class__, template.__class__)
+            self.assertEqual(exc.args[0], template.args[0])
+        else:
+            self.assertEqual(exc.message, template.message)
+            self.assertEqual(len(exc.exceptions), len(template.exceptions))
+            for e, t in zip(exc.exceptions, template.exceptions):
+                self.assertExceptionIsLike(e, t)
+
+
+class FloatsAreIdenticalMixin:
+    def assertFloatsAreIdentical(self, x, y):
+        """Fail unless floats x and y are identical, in the sense that:
+        (1) both x and y are nans, or
+        (2) both x and y are infinities, with the same sign, or
+        (3) both x and y are zeros, with the same sign, or
+        (4) x and y are both finite and nonzero, and x == y
+
+        """
+        msg = 'floats {!r} and {!r} are not identical'
+
+        if isnan(x) or isnan(y):
+            if isnan(x) and isnan(y):
+                return
+        elif x == y:
+            if x != 0.0:
+                return
+            # both zero; check that signs match
+            elif copysign(1.0, x) == copysign(1.0, y):
+                return
+            else:
+                msg += ': zeros have different signs'
+        self.fail(msg.format(x, y))
+
+
+class ComplexesAreIdenticalMixin(FloatsAreIdenticalMixin):
+    def assertComplexesAreIdentical(self, x, y):
+        """Fail unless complex numbers x and y have equal values and signs.
+
+        In particular, if x and y both have real (or imaginary) part
+        zero, but the zeros have different signs, this test will fail.
+
+        """
+        self.assertFloatsAreIdentical(x.real, y.real)
+        self.assertFloatsAreIdentical(x.imag, y.imag)

From 3dced01af0d416d96478795569d467a0238fdb50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Oskar Skog <oskar@oskog97.com>
Date: Thu, 5 Dec 2024 12:56:53 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 376/705] Move os.system from posix.rs to os.rs

Fixes #5100
---
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_os.py | 6 +++---
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs               | 9 +++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs            | 7 -------
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_os.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_os.py
index 849fc238a8..ab40582fd8 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_os.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_os.py
@@ -502,9 +502,9 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
             assert set(collected_files) == set(expected_files)
 
 # system()
-if "win" not in sys.platform:
-    assert os.system('ls') == 0
-    assert os.system('{') != 0
+if os.name in ('posix', 'nt'):
+    assert os.system('echo test') == 0
+    assert os.system('&') != 0
 
     for arg in [None, 1, 1.0, TabError]:
         assert_raises(TypeError, os.system, arg)
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 5d70327d38..24637d5a90 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         protocol::PyIterReturn,
         recursion::ReprGuard,
         types::{IterNext, Iterable, PyStructSequence, Representable, SelfIter},
+        utils::ToCString,
         vm::VirtualMachine,
         AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
     };
@@ -1028,6 +1029,14 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         })
     }
 
+    #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn system(command: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<i32> {
+        let cstr = command.to_cstring(vm)?;
+        let x = unsafe { libc::system(cstr.as_ptr()) };
+        Ok(x)
+    }
+
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct UtimeArgs {
         path: OsPath,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index ed4754dae2..1b843bab60 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -901,13 +901,6 @@ pub mod module {
         nix::unistd::pipe2(oflags).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
-    #[pyfunction]
-    fn system(command: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<i32> {
-        let cstr = command.to_cstring(vm)?;
-        let x = unsafe { libc::system(cstr.as_ptr()) };
-        Ok(x)
-    }
-
     fn _chmod(
         path: OsPath,
         dir_fd: DirFd<0>,

From 01f7536b36a94b1ab479253b8227c5151136bfff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: carsonzhu <carsonzhu@tencent.com>
Date: Mon, 9 Dec 2024 10:58:44 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 377/705] expose run_shell

---
 src/lib.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 326a3f174f..0e35a6ad83 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ use std::process::ExitCode;
 pub use interpreter::InterpreterConfig;
 pub use rustpython_vm as vm;
 pub use settings::{opts_with_clap, InstallPipMode, RunMode};
+pub use shell::run_shell;
 
 /// The main cli of the `rustpython` interpreter. This function will return `std::process::ExitCode`
 /// based on the return code of the python code ran through the cli.

From 646cc816567b4f1bf1fde4f877da54f9d374e97f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Patil <theshubhamp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 28 Dec 2024 08:04:53 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 378/705] Add GitHub Binary Release Pipeline for RustPython
 (#5456)

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 106 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 106 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/workflows/release.yml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..681d568c42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+
+name: Release
+
+permissions:
+  contents: write
+
+env:
+  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,sqlite,ssl
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.platform.runner }}
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        platform:
+          - runner: ubuntu-latest
+            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu
+#          - runner: ubuntu-latest
+#            target: i686-unknown-linux-gnu
+#          - runner: ubuntu-latest
+#            target: aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu
+#          - runner: ubuntu-latest
+#            target: armv7-unknown-linux-gnueabi
+#          - runner: ubuntu-latest
+#            target: s390x-unknown-linux-gnu
+#          - runner: ubuntu-latest
+#            target: powerpc64le-unknown-linux-gnu
+          - runner: macos-latest
+            target: aarch64-apple-darwin
+#          - runner: macos-latest
+#            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
+          - runner: windows-latest
+            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+#          - runner: windows-latest
+#            target: i686-pc-windows-msvc
+#          - runner: windows-latest
+#            target: aarch64-pc-windows-msvc
+      fail-fast: false
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+
+      - name: Set up Environment
+        shell: bash
+        run: rustup target add ${{ matrix.platform.target }}
+      - name: Set up Windows Environment
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          cargo install --target-dir=target -v cargo-vcpkg
+          cargo vcpkg -v build
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+      - name: Set up MacOS Environment
+        run: brew install autoconf automake libtool
+        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+
+      - name: Build RustPython
+        run: cargo build --release --target=${{ matrix.platform.target }} --verbose --features=threading ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }}
+        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+      - name: Build RustPython
+        run: cargo build --release --target=${{ matrix.platform.target }} --verbose --features=threading ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }},jit
+        if: runner.os != 'macOS'
+
+      - name: Rename Binary
+        run: cp target/${{ matrix.platform.target }}/release/rustpython target/rustpython-release-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}
+        if: runner.os != 'Windows'
+      - name: Rename Binary
+        run: cp target/${{ matrix.platform.target }}/release/rustpython.exe target/rustpython-release-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}.exe
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+
+      - name: Upload Binary Artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: rustpython-release-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}
+          path: target/rustpython-release-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}*
+
+  release:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    needs: build
+    steps:
+      - name: Download Binary Artifacts
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          path: bin
+          pattern: rustpython-release-*
+          merge-multiple: true
+
+      - name: List Binaries
+        run: |
+          ls -lah bin/
+          file bin/*
+      - name: Create Release
+        env:
+          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          tag: ${{ github.ref_name }}
+          run: ${{ github.run_number }}
+        run: |
+          today=$(date '+%Y-%m-%d')
+          gh release create "$today-$tag-$run" \
+              --repo="$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
+              --title="RustPython Release $today-$tag #$run" \
+              --target="$tag" \
+              --generate-notes \
+              bin/rustpython-release-*
\ No newline at end of file

From 8d187fd275ff4fba3d6c57be443af01cff55095b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 27 Dec 2024 08:35:33 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 379/705] Bump result-like to 0.5.0

---
 Cargo.lock    | 17 ++++++++---------
 vm/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a26f97ecf2..d7a74a305f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1566,13 +1566,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pmutil"
-version = "0.5.3"
+version = "0.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3894e5d549cccbe44afecf72922f277f603cd4bb0219c8342631ef18fffbe004"
+checksum = "52a40bc70c2c58040d2d8b167ba9a5ff59fc9dab7ad44771cfde3dcfde7a09c6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1824,24 +1824,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "result-like"
-version = "0.4.6"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ccc7ce6435c33898517a30e85578cd204cbb696875efb93dec19a2d31294f810"
+checksum = "abf7172fef6a7d056b5c26bf6c826570267562d51697f4982ff3ba4aec68a9df"
 dependencies = [
  "result-like-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "result-like-derive"
-version = "0.4.6"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1fabf0a2e54f711c68c50d49f648a1a8a37adcb57353f518ac4df374f0788f42"
+checksum = "a8d6574c02e894d66370cfc681e5d68fedbc9a548fb55b30a96b3f0ae22d0fe5"
 dependencies = [
  "pmutil",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
- "syn-ext",
+ "syn 2.0.77",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index dd81414ebb..e22954b7ad 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ flamer = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 half = "2"
 memoffset = "0.9.1"
 optional = "0.5.0"
-result-like = "0.4.6"
+result-like = "0.5.0"
 timsort = "0.1.2"
 
 ## unicode stuff

From 38593fbd85bd29c488e28f26f8c1673586209c64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Patil <theshubhamp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Dec 2024 13:14:27 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 380/705] Check operand types in bool or, and, xor to be PyInt
 (#5461)

* Added Tests for Bitwise or, and, xor type error

* Sync binary operator order comment with actual implementation

* Check operand types in bool or, and, xor to be PyInt

PyNumber methods are expected to type check both arguments.

Dispatch is not done by inverting parameter order for __r<op>__ (example __ror__) when calls are handled via PyNumberMethods
---
 extra_tests/snippets/operator_arithmetic.py | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/builtins/bool.rs                     | 16 +++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_arithmetic.py b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_arithmetic.py
index d44728d0ff..e1f2c4a38d 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_arithmetic.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_arithmetic.py
@@ -32,3 +32,23 @@
 
 # Right shift raises value error on negative
 assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: 1 >> -1)
+
+# Bitwise or, and, xor raises value error on incompatible types
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: "abc" | True)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: "abc" & True)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: "abc" ^ True)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: True | "abc")
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: True & "abc")
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: True ^ "abc")
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: "abc" | 1.5)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: "abc" & 1.5)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: "abc" ^ 1.5)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: 1.5 | "abc")
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: 1.5 & "abc")
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: 1.5 ^ "abc")
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: True | 1.5)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: True & 1.5)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: True ^ 1.5)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: 1.5 | True)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: 1.5 & True)
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: 1.5 ^ True)
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs
index b3cb20238e..63bf6cff2d 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs
@@ -127,8 +127,10 @@ impl PyBool {
             let lhs = get_value(&lhs);
             let rhs = get_value(&rhs);
             (lhs || rhs).to_pyobject(vm)
+        } else if let Some(lhs) = lhs.payload::<PyInt>() {
+            lhs.or(rhs, vm).to_pyobject(vm)
         } else {
-            get_py_int(&lhs).or(rhs, vm).to_pyobject(vm)
+            vm.ctx.not_implemented()
         }
     }
 
@@ -141,8 +143,10 @@ impl PyBool {
             let lhs = get_value(&lhs);
             let rhs = get_value(&rhs);
             (lhs && rhs).to_pyobject(vm)
+        } else if let Some(lhs) = lhs.payload::<PyInt>() {
+            lhs.and(rhs, vm).to_pyobject(vm)
         } else {
-            get_py_int(&lhs).and(rhs, vm).to_pyobject(vm)
+            vm.ctx.not_implemented()
         }
     }
 
@@ -155,8 +159,10 @@ impl PyBool {
             let lhs = get_value(&lhs);
             let rhs = get_value(&rhs);
             (lhs ^ rhs).to_pyobject(vm)
+        } else if let Some(lhs) = lhs.payload::<PyInt>() {
+            lhs.xor(rhs, vm).to_pyobject(vm)
         } else {
-            get_py_int(&lhs).xor(rhs, vm).to_pyobject(vm)
+            vm.ctx.not_implemented()
         }
     }
 }
@@ -207,7 +213,3 @@ pub(crate) fn init(context: &Context) {
 pub(crate) fn get_value(obj: &PyObject) -> bool {
     !obj.payload::<PyInt>().unwrap().as_bigint().is_zero()
 }
-
-fn get_py_int(obj: &PyObject) -> &PyInt {
-    obj.payload::<PyInt>().unwrap()
-}

From 1abaf87abe241da7a9836bd387f2aee33a1d6378 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Patil <theshubhamp@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 28 Dec 2024 09:10:03 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 381/705] Temporarily disable release notes generation

Release creation fails with this error:
```
HTTP 422: Validation Failed (https://api.github.com/repos/RustPython/RustPython/releases)
body is too long (maximum is 125000 characters)
Error: Process completed with exit code 1.
```

Most likely because there's no previous release to diff of from.

Disabling, getting a green release & enabling back might fix this.
---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 681d568c42..7926acb50b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -102,5 +102,4 @@ jobs:
               --repo="$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
               --title="RustPython Release $today-$tag #$run" \
               --target="$tag" \
-              --generate-notes \
               bin/rustpython-release-*
\ No newline at end of file

From fef1e31634342df68963628ceaa2282ac6d6d66f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ankit Goel <ankitgoel616@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 31 Dec 2024 12:26:29 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 382/705] Bump rust-caseless to 0.2.2

---
 Cargo.lock    | 5 ++---
 vm/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d7a74a305f..0a9e1c9508 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -207,11 +207,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "caseless"
-version = "0.2.1"
+version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "808dab3318747be122cb31d36de18d4d1c81277a76f8332a02b81a3d73463d7f"
+checksum = "8b6fd507454086c8edfd769ca6ada439193cdb209c7681712ef6275cccbfe5d8"
 dependencies = [
- "regex",
  "unicode-normalization",
 ]
 
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index e22954b7ad..6eaca281f8 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ thiserror = { workspace = true }
 thread_local = { workspace = true }
 memchr = { workspace = true }
 
-caseless = "0.2.1"
+caseless = "0.2.2"
 flamer = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 half = "2"
 memoffset = "0.9.1"

From c8fd3bd683e16427a412c5cd1b2be568d8f333a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 30 Dec 2024 12:55:38 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 383/705] Build wasm on release

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 24 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 7926acb50b..e0b0be12e2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -76,9 +76,31 @@ jobs:
           name: rustpython-release-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}
           path: target/rustpython-release-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}*
 
+  build-wasm:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+
+      - name: Set up Environment
+        shell: bash
+        run: rustup target add wasm32-wasi
+
+      - name: Build RustPython
+        run: cargo build --target wasm32-wasi --no-default-features --features freeze-stdlib,stdlib --release
+
+      - name: Rename Binary
+        run: cp target/wasm32-wasi/release/rustpython.wasm target/rustpython-release-wasm32-wasi.wasm
+
+      - name: Upload Binary Artifacts
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: rustpython-release-wasm32-wasi
+          path: target/rustpython-release-wasm32-wasi.wasm
+
   release:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    needs: build
+    needs: [build, build-wasm]
     steps:
       - name: Download Binary Artifacts
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4

From c561d33cb213aaf2b8ede3907fcf2fccacc3b4c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Patil <theshubhamp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2025 21:26:18 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 384/705] Support both Release & Pre-Release in Release
 Workflow

On Push "main" is removed
---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 24 +++++++++++++++++++-----
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index e0b0be12e2..b8ef1ca1f4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
-on:
-  push:
-    branches: [main]
-
 name: Release
 
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      pre-release:
+        type: boolean
+        description: Mark "Pre-Release"
+        required: false
+        default: true
+
 permissions:
   contents: write
 
@@ -119,9 +124,18 @@ jobs:
           tag: ${{ github.ref_name }}
           run: ${{ github.run_number }}
         run: |
+          if [[ "${{ github.event.inputs.pre-release }}" == "true" ]]; then
+            RELEASE_TYPE_NAME=Pre-Release
+            PRERELEASE_ARG=--prerelease
+          else
+            RELEASE_TYPE_NAME=Release
+            PRERELEASE_ARG=
+          fi
+          
           today=$(date '+%Y-%m-%d')
           gh release create "$today-$tag-$run" \
               --repo="$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
-              --title="RustPython Release $today-$tag #$run" \
+              --title="RustPython $RELEASE_TYPE_NAME $today-$tag #$run" \
               --target="$tag" \
+              $PRERELEASE_ARG \
               bin/rustpython-release-*
\ No newline at end of file

From bd627b58af3f9e549532120e9a03f2a532185b46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Patil <theshubhamp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2025 21:29:33 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 385/705] Schedule Pre-Release on Monday 9AM UTC

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index b8ef1ca1f4..c0f2895c44 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 name: Release
 
 on:
+  schedule:
+    # 9 AM UTC on every Monday
+    - cron: "0 9 * * Mon"
   workflow_dispatch:
     inputs:
       pre-release:

From 3feaf689d875dd0519547a649fa778552cdf5aeb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Patil <theshubhamp@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 3 Jan 2025 21:38:31 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 386/705] Re-enable Release Notes Generation

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index c0f2895c44..8933d2107d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -140,5 +140,6 @@ jobs:
               --repo="$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" \
               --title="RustPython $RELEASE_TYPE_NAME $today-$tag #$run" \
               --target="$tag" \
+              --generate-notes \
               $PRERELEASE_ARG \
               bin/rustpython-release-*
\ No newline at end of file

From bb0480e978b0113749ca7010f087cb8d509d4594 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?=E8=8B=8F=E5=90=91=E5=A4=9C?=
 <46275354+fu050409@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 7 Jan 2025 00:52:16 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 387/705] docs(readme): fix installation command for cargo

---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 96e201ac17..5339dfbd61 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ NOTE: For windows users, please set `RUSTPYTHONPATH` environment variable as `Li
 You can also install and run RustPython with the following:
 
 ```bash
-$ cargo install --git https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython
+$ cargo install --git https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython rustpython
 $ rustpython
 Welcome to the magnificent Rust Python interpreter
 >>>>>

From 8c7bfb3e1a6bd65d683efae1f8e8357e2f55d41b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jan 2025 12:54:04 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 388/705] Fix redox

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 1 +
 common/src/lib.rs         | 2 +-
 stdlib/src/lib.rs         | 1 +
 vm/src/lib.rs             | 1 +
 4 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index f60bddabeb..f45c1c0dce 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -229,6 +229,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: coolreader18/redoxer-action@v1
         with:
           command: check
+          args: --ignore-rust-version
 
   snippets_cpython:
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'skip:ci') }}
diff --git a/common/src/lib.rs b/common/src/lib.rs
index 25501e4f5b..cf2286c1cd 100644
--- a/common/src/lib.rs
+++ b/common/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! A crate to hold types and functions common to all rustpython components.
 
-#![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", feature(byte_slice_trim_ascii))]
+#![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", feature(byte_slice_trim_ascii, new_uninit))]
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index a910c58543..33eb114f0a 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // to allow `mod foo {}` in foo.rs; clippy thinks this is a mistake/misunderstanding of
 // how `mod` works, but we want this sometimes for pymodule declarations
 #![allow(clippy::module_inception)]
+#![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", feature(raw_ref_op))]
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate rustpython_derive;
diff --git a/vm/src/lib.rs b/vm/src/lib.rs
index cb2e773273..93adaa13f8 100644
--- a/vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #![allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RustPython/RustPython/main/logo.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/rustpython-vm/")]
+#![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", feature(raw_ref_op))]
 
 #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
 #[macro_use]

From e2a55cbf34dc999c29f5e0984a24e727246f9fcd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Patil <theshubhamp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 6 Jan 2025 19:35:14 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 389/705] Handle pre-release flag being empty for schedule
 triggers in release workflow

GitHub workflow_dispatch input variables are always empty for other triggers
---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 8933d2107d..70255d8082 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -127,12 +127,12 @@ jobs:
           tag: ${{ github.ref_name }}
           run: ${{ github.run_number }}
         run: |
-          if [[ "${{ github.event.inputs.pre-release }}" == "true" ]]; then
-            RELEASE_TYPE_NAME=Pre-Release
-            PRERELEASE_ARG=--prerelease
-          else
+          if [[ "${{ github.event.inputs.pre-release }}" == "false" ]]; then
             RELEASE_TYPE_NAME=Release
             PRERELEASE_ARG=
+          else
+            RELEASE_TYPE_NAME=Pre-Release
+            PRERELEASE_ARG=--prerelease
           fi
           
           today=$(date '+%Y-%m-%d')

From d06459fa49b12cd0164844d1164d0ba97ec7db0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Bob McWhirter <bob@mcwhirter.org>
Date: Wed, 8 Jan 2025 14:03:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 390/705] guard signal-handling init more broadly

If `install_signal_handlers` is false (due to embedding),
the VM still inits the signal stdlib and installs a lot
of signal-handling, including touching *ever* signal,
including SIGINT.

When running multiple concurrent interpreters with
varying inits at varying times, this can break the
hosting application's signal-handling so lovingly
set up before starting anything with RustPython.
---
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs | 38 +++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index 83e9d861b2..73c9d978e6 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -110,28 +110,28 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
         module: &Py<crate::builtins::PyModule>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) {
-        let sig_dfl = vm.new_pyobj(SIG_DFL as u8);
-        let sig_ign = vm.new_pyobj(SIG_IGN as u8);
+        if vm.state.settings.install_signal_handlers {
+            let sig_dfl = vm.new_pyobj(SIG_DFL as u8);
+            let sig_ign = vm.new_pyobj(SIG_IGN as u8);
 
-        for signum in 1..NSIG {
-            let handler = unsafe { libc::signal(signum as i32, SIG_IGN) };
-            if handler != SIG_ERR {
-                unsafe { libc::signal(signum as i32, handler) };
+            for signum in 1..NSIG {
+                let handler = unsafe { libc::signal(signum as i32, SIG_IGN) };
+                if handler != SIG_ERR {
+                    unsafe { libc::signal(signum as i32, handler) };
+                }
+                let py_handler = if handler == SIG_DFL {
+                    Some(sig_dfl.clone())
+                } else if handler == SIG_IGN {
+                    Some(sig_ign.clone())
+                } else {
+                    None
+                };
+                vm.signal_handlers.as_deref().unwrap().borrow_mut()[signum] = py_handler;
             }
-            let py_handler = if handler == SIG_DFL {
-                Some(sig_dfl.clone())
-            } else if handler == SIG_IGN {
-                Some(sig_ign.clone())
-            } else {
-                None
-            };
-            vm.signal_handlers.as_deref().unwrap().borrow_mut()[signum] = py_handler;
-        }
 
-        let int_handler = module
-            .get_attr("default_int_handler", vm)
-            .expect("_signal does not have this attr?");
-        if vm.state.settings.install_signal_handlers {
+            let int_handler = module
+                .get_attr("default_int_handler", vm)
+                .expect("_signal does not have this attr?");
             signal(libc::SIGINT, int_handler, vm).expect("Failed to set sigint handler");
         }
     }

From b7db23bbae1198cc0c97e35e0db02fca84371509 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jan 2025 15:59:44 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 391/705] Fix warnings for Rust 1.84

---
 Cargo.lock                        | 21 ++++++++++-----------
 common/src/int.rs                 |  6 +++---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs   | 15 ++++++---------
 derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs        |  2 +-
 derive-impl/src/util.rs           |  2 +-
 src/shell/helper.rs               |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/array.rs               |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/contextvars.rs         | 14 ++++++--------
 stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs         |  2 +-
 vm/src/anystr.rs                  |  7 ++-----
 vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs     |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs   |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs            |  9 +++------
 vm/src/cformat.rs                 |  4 ++--
 vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs        |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs         |  3 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs        |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs               |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs               |  4 ++--
 vm/src/types/slot.rs              |  4 ++--
 vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs               |  4 ++--
 vm/src/warn.rs                    |  2 +-
 wasm/lib/src/convert.rs           |  2 +-
 24 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 0a9e1c9508..5d5db7f5ca 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2946,9 +2946,9 @@ checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.93"
+version = "0.2.99"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a82edfc16a6c469f5f44dc7b571814045d60404b55a0ee849f9bcfa2e63dd9b5"
+checksum = "a474f6281d1d70c17ae7aa6a613c87fce69a127e2624002df63dcb39d6cf6396"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2957,13 +2957,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.93"
+version = "0.2.99"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9de396da306523044d3302746f1208fa71d7532227f15e347e2d93e4145dd77b"
+checksum = "5f89bb38646b4f81674e8f5c3fb81b562be1fd936d84320f3264486418519c79"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "log",
- "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.77",
@@ -2984,9 +2983,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.93"
+version = "0.2.99"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "585c4c91a46b072c92e908d99cb1dcdf95c5218eeb6f3bf1efa991ee7a68cccf"
+checksum = "2cc6181fd9a7492eef6fef1f33961e3695e4579b9872a6f7c83aee556666d4fe"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -2994,9 +2993,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.93"
+version = "0.2.99"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "afc340c74d9005395cf9dd098506f7f44e38f2b4a21c6aaacf9a105ea5e1e836"
+checksum = "30d7a95b763d3c45903ed6c81f156801839e5ee968bb07e534c44df0fcd330c2"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -3007,9 +3006,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.93"
+version = "0.2.99"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c62a0a307cb4a311d3a07867860911ca130c3494e8c2719593806c08bc5d0484"
+checksum = "943aab3fdaaa029a6e0271b35ea10b72b943135afe9bffca82384098ad0e06a6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
diff --git a/common/src/int.rs b/common/src/int.rs
index 0c19f55141..ca449ac708 100644
--- a/common/src/int.rs
+++ b/common/src/int.rs
@@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ pub fn bytes_to_int(lit: &[u8], mut base: u32) -> Option<BigInt> {
                     return Some(BigInt::zero());
                 }
             }
-            16 => lit.get(1).map_or(false, |&b| matches!(b, b'x' | b'X')),
-            2 => lit.get(1).map_or(false, |&b| matches!(b, b'b' | b'B')),
-            8 => lit.get(1).map_or(false, |&b| matches!(b, b'o' | b'O')),
+            16 => lit.get(1).is_some_and(|&b| matches!(b, b'x' | b'X')),
+            2 => lit.get(1).is_some_and(|&b| matches!(b, b'b' | b'B')),
+            8 => lit.get(1).is_some_and(|&b| matches!(b, b'o' | b'O')),
             _ => false,
         }
     } else {
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index dc9f8a976e..eeb4b7dec6 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -3102,19 +3102,18 @@ impl Compiler {
             Expr::Tuple(ExprTuple { elts, .. }) => elts.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
             Expr::Set(ExprSet { elts, .. }) => elts.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
             Expr::Dict(ExprDict { keys, values, .. }) => {
-                keys.iter()
-                    .any(|key| key.as_ref().map_or(false, Self::contains_await))
+                keys.iter().flatten().any(Self::contains_await)
                     || values.iter().any(Self::contains_await)
             }
             Expr::Slice(ExprSlice {
                 lower, upper, step, ..
             }) => {
-                lower.as_ref().map_or(false, |l| Self::contains_await(l))
-                    || upper.as_ref().map_or(false, |u| Self::contains_await(u))
-                    || step.as_ref().map_or(false, |s| Self::contains_await(s))
+                lower.as_deref().is_some_and(Self::contains_await)
+                    || upper.as_deref().is_some_and(Self::contains_await)
+                    || step.as_deref().is_some_and(Self::contains_await)
             }
             Expr::Yield(ExprYield { value, .. }) => {
-                value.as_ref().map_or(false, |v| Self::contains_await(v))
+                value.as_deref().is_some_and(Self::contains_await)
             }
             Expr::Await(ExprAwait { .. }) => true,
             Expr::YieldFrom(ExprYieldFrom { value, .. }) => Self::contains_await(value),
@@ -3128,9 +3127,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 ..
             }) => {
                 Self::contains_await(value)
-                    || format_spec
-                        .as_ref()
-                        .map_or(false, |fs| Self::contains_await(fs))
+                    || format_spec.as_deref().is_some_and(Self::contains_await)
             }
             Expr::Name(located_ast::ExprName { .. }) => false,
             Expr::Lambda(located_ast::ExprLambda { body, .. }) => Self::contains_await(body),
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
index a2896ffeed..dedb3eb77a 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ fn generate_class_def(
             && if let Ok(Meta::List(l)) = attr.parse_meta() {
                 l.nested
                     .into_iter()
-                    .any(|n| n.get_ident().map_or(false, |p| p == "PyStructSequence"))
+                    .any(|n| n.get_ident().is_some_and(|p| p == "PyStructSequence"))
             } else {
                 false
             }
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/util.rs b/derive-impl/src/util.rs
index 916b19db06..f016b0d1e9 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/util.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/util.rs
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@ impl AttributeExt for Attribute {
             let has_name = list
                 .nested
                 .iter()
-                .any(|nested_meta| nested_meta.get_path().map_or(false, |p| p.is_ident(name)));
+                .any(|nested_meta| nested_meta.get_path().is_some_and(|p| p.is_ident(name)));
             if !has_name {
                 list.nested.push(new_item())
             }
diff --git a/src/shell/helper.rs b/src/shell/helper.rs
index 34691e7995..c228dbdf65 100644
--- a/src/shell/helper.rs
+++ b/src/shell/helper.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ fn split_idents_on_dot(line: &str) -> Option<(usize, Vec<String>)> {
         match c {
             '.' => {
                 // check for a double dot
-                if i != 0 && words.last().map_or(false, |s| s.is_empty()) {
+                if i != 0 && words.last().is_some_and(|s| s.is_empty()) {
                     return None;
                 }
                 reverse_string(words.last_mut().unwrap());
diff --git a/stdlib/src/array.rs b/stdlib/src/array.rs
index 9f4540aa24..9bd58f8043 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/array.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/array.rs
@@ -1238,7 +1238,7 @@ mod array {
 
             let res = match array_a.cmp(&array_b) {
                 // fast path for same ArrayContentType type
-                Ok(partial_ord) => partial_ord.map_or(false, |ord| op.eval_ord(ord)),
+                Ok(partial_ord) => partial_ord.is_some_and(|ord| op.eval_ord(ord)),
                 Err(()) => {
                     let iter = Iterator::zip(array_a.iter(vm), array_b.iter(vm));
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs b/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
index 8e1bfca005..40a59050b3 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
@@ -129,18 +129,16 @@ mod _contextvars {
 
             super::CONTEXTS.with(|ctxs| {
                 let mut ctxs = ctxs.borrow_mut();
-                if !ctxs
-                    .last()
-                    .map_or(false, |ctx| ctx.get_id() == zelf.get_id())
-                {
+                // TODO: use Vec::pop_if once stabilized
+                if ctxs.last().is_some_and(|ctx| ctx.get_id() == zelf.get_id()) {
+                    let _ = ctxs.pop();
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
                     let msg =
                         "cannot exit context: thread state references a different context object"
                             .to_owned();
-                    return Err(vm.new_runtime_error(msg));
+                    Err(vm.new_runtime_error(msg))
                 }
-
-                let _ = ctxs.pop();
-                Ok(())
             })?;
             zelf.inner.entered.set(false);
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs b/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs
index 56105ceca6..70483073a7 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ mod unicodedata {
         }
 
         fn check_age(&self, c: char) -> bool {
-            Age::of(c).map_or(false, |age| age.actual() <= self.unic_version)
+            Age::of(c).is_some_and(|age| age.actual() <= self.unic_version)
         }
 
         fn extract_char(&self, character: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<char>> {
diff --git a/vm/src/anystr.rs b/vm/src/anystr.rs
index be04cba641..f5bfab1c57 100644
--- a/vm/src/anystr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/anystr.rs
@@ -385,17 +385,14 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
             let (end_len, i_diff) = match *ch {
                 b'\n' => (keep, 1),
                 b'\r' => {
-                    let is_rn = enumerated.peek().map_or(false, |(_, ch)| **ch == b'\n');
+                    let is_rn = enumerated.next_if(|(_, ch)| **ch == b'\n').is_some();
                     if is_rn {
-                        let _ = enumerated.next();
                         (keep + keep, 2)
                     } else {
                         (keep, 1)
                     }
                 }
-                _ => {
-                    continue;
-                }
+                _ => continue,
             };
             let range = last_i..i + end_len;
             last_i = i + i_diff;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs b/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs
index 4efb41b450..f9ed4719d8 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ impl PyAsyncGenAThrow {
     }
 
     fn ignored_close(&self, res: &PyResult<PyIterReturn>) -> bool {
-        res.as_ref().map_or(false, |v| match v {
+        res.as_ref().is_ok_and(|v| match v {
             PyIterReturn::Return(obj) => obj.payload_is::<PyAsyncGenWrappedValue>(),
             PyIterReturn::StopIteration(_) => false,
         })
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
index 408b0efc84..4b10f63f21 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl GetDescriptor for PyMethodDescriptor {
         let bound = match obj {
             Some(obj) => {
                 if descr.method.flags.contains(PyMethodFlags::METHOD) {
-                    if cls.map_or(false, |c| c.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.types.type_type)) {
+                    if cls.is_some_and(|c| c.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.types.type_type)) {
                         obj
                     } else {
                         return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
index 5e7608c778..7b2386a39b 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ impl PyMappingProxy {
         match &self.mapping {
             MappingProxyInner::Class(class) => Ok(key
                 .as_interned_str(vm)
-                .map_or(false, |key| class.attributes.read().contains_key(key))),
+                .is_some_and(|key| class.attributes.read().contains_key(key))),
             MappingProxyInner::Mapping(mapping) => mapping.to_sequence().contains(key, vm),
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index ddf2493ded..c0a096b211 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -903,9 +903,8 @@ impl PyStr {
             let end_len = match ch {
                 '\n' => 1,
                 '\r' => {
-                    let is_rn = enumerated.peek().map_or(false, |(_, ch)| *ch == '\n');
+                    let is_rn = enumerated.next_if(|(_, ch)| *ch == '\n').is_some();
                     if is_rn {
-                        let _ = enumerated.next();
                         2
                     } else {
                         1
@@ -913,9 +912,7 @@ impl PyStr {
                 }
                 '\x0b' | '\x0c' | '\x1c' | '\x1d' | '\x1e' | '\u{0085}' | '\u{2028}'
                 | '\u{2029}' => ch.len_utf8(),
-                _ => {
-                    continue;
-                }
+                _ => continue,
             };
             let range = if args.keepends {
                 last_i..i + end_len
@@ -1160,7 +1157,7 @@ impl PyStr {
     #[pymethod]
     fn isidentifier(&self) -> bool {
         let mut chars = self.as_str().chars();
-        let is_identifier_start = chars.next().map_or(false, |c| c == '_' || is_xid_start(c));
+        let is_identifier_start = chars.next().is_some_and(|c| c == '_' || is_xid_start(c));
         // a string is not an identifier if it has whitespace or starts with a number
         is_identifier_start && chars.all(is_xid_continue)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/cformat.rs b/vm/src/cformat.rs
index 2ba7f11238..79f4d68833 100644
--- a/vm/src/cformat.rs
+++ b/vm/src/cformat.rs
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_bytes(
         return if is_mapping
             || values_obj
                 .payload::<tuple::PyTuple>()
-                .map_or(false, |e| e.is_empty())
+                .is_some_and(|e| e.is_empty())
         {
             for (_, part) in format.iter_mut() {
                 match part {
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_string(
         return if is_mapping
             || values_obj
                 .payload::<tuple::PyTuple>()
-                .map_or(false, |e| e.is_empty())
+                .is_some_and(|e| e.is_empty())
         {
             for (_, part) in format.iter() {
                 match part {
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs b/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs
index 11cd03d445..986b806f6c 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ impl PyMapping<'_> {
     // PyMapping::Check
     #[inline]
     pub fn check(obj: &PyObject) -> bool {
-        Self::find_methods(obj).map_or(false, |x| x.as_ref().check())
+        Self::find_methods(obj).is_some_and(|x| x.as_ref().check())
     }
 
     pub fn find_methods(obj: &PyObject) -> Option<PointerSlot<PyMappingMethods>> {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index b151f58323..cc9b0a8be7 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -429,8 +429,7 @@ mod builtins {
         let fd_matches = |obj, expected| {
             vm.call_method(obj, "fileno", ())
                 .and_then(|o| i64::try_from_object(vm, o))
-                .ok()
-                .map_or(false, |fd| fd == expected)
+                .is_ok_and(|fd| fd == expected)
         };
 
         // everything is normalish, we can just rely on rustyline to use stdin/stdout
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index f3d476497d..eb800a0b1f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@ mod decl {
             self.grouper
                 .as_ref()
                 .and_then(|g| g.upgrade())
-                .map_or(false, |ref current_grouper| grouper.is(current_grouper))
+                .is_some_and(|current_grouper| grouper.is(&current_grouper))
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 4cfcef5afc..803cade630 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
                 .as_path()
                 .parent()
                 .and_then(|dst_parent| dst_parent.join(&args.src).symlink_metadata().ok())
-                .map_or(false, |meta| meta.is_dir());
+                .is_some_and(|meta| meta.is_dir());
         let res = if dir {
             win_fs::symlink_dir(args.src.path, args.dst.path)
         } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 24637d5a90..0b3f617552 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -274,8 +274,8 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
     fn remove(path: OsPath, dir_fd: DirFd<0>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         let [] = dir_fd.0;
         let is_junction = cfg!(windows)
-            && fs::metadata(&path).map_or(false, |meta| meta.file_type().is_dir())
-            && fs::symlink_metadata(&path).map_or(false, |meta| meta.file_type().is_symlink());
+            && fs::metadata(&path).is_ok_and(|meta| meta.file_type().is_dir())
+            && fs::symlink_metadata(&path).is_ok_and(|meta| meta.file_type().is_symlink());
         let res = if is_junction {
             fs::remove_dir(&path)
         } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/types/slot.rs b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
index 3bbf3fc813..75f113977d 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/slot.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ impl PyType {
                     .attributes
                     .read()
                     .get(identifier!(ctx, __hash__))
-                    .map_or(false, |a| a.is(&ctx.none));
+                    .is_some_and(|a| a.is(&ctx.none));
                 let wrapper = if is_unhashable {
                     hash_not_implemented
                 } else {
@@ -945,7 +945,7 @@ pub trait GetDescriptor: PyPayload {
 
     #[inline]
     fn _cls_is(cls: &Option<PyObjectRef>, other: &impl Borrow<PyObject>) -> bool {
-        cls.as_ref().map_or(false, |cls| other.borrow().is(cls))
+        cls.as_ref().is_some_and(|cls| other.borrow().is(cls))
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
index 3069f6ebe2..56c32d2927 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
@@ -298,8 +298,8 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         }
 
         if let Some(slot_c) = class_c.slots.as_number.left_ternary_op(op_slot) {
-            if slot_a.map_or(false, |slot_a| (slot_a as usize) != (slot_c as usize))
-                && slot_b.map_or(false, |slot_b| (slot_b as usize) != (slot_c as usize))
+            if slot_a.is_some_and(|slot_a| slot_a != slot_c)
+                && slot_b.is_some_and(|slot_b| slot_b != slot_c)
             {
                 let ret = slot_c(a, b, c, self)?;
                 if !ret.is(&self.ctx.not_implemented) {
diff --git a/vm/src/warn.rs b/vm/src/warn.rs
index c1e4dc3473..ab316c8559 100644
--- a/vm/src/warn.rs
+++ b/vm/src/warn.rs
@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ fn setup_context(
 
     // Stack level comparisons to Python code is off by one as there is no
     // warnings-related stack level to avoid.
-    if stack_level <= 0 || f.as_ref().map_or(false, |frame| frame.is_internal_frame()) {
+    if stack_level <= 0 || f.as_ref().is_some_and(|frame| frame.is_internal_frame()) {
         loop {
             stack_level -= 1;
             if stack_level <= 0 {
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
index 7ebc4e257b..0618d9a37b 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ extern "C" {
 
 pub fn py_err_to_js_err(vm: &VirtualMachine, py_err: &PyBaseExceptionRef) -> JsValue {
     let jserr = vm.try_class("_js", "JSError").ok();
-    let js_arg = if jserr.map_or(false, |jserr| py_err.fast_isinstance(&jserr)) {
+    let js_arg = if jserr.is_some_and(|jserr| py_err.fast_isinstance(&jserr)) {
         py_err.get_arg(0)
     } else {
         None

From c901bc07a48f1709b6fe87f2bedac1b29a5c8e7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 9 Jan 2025 22:09:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 392/705] Upgrade wasm deps + fix demo

---
 Lib/_dummy_os.py                  |  22 ++++---
 Lib/io.py                         |  12 +++-
 wasm/demo/package.json            |  29 ++++-----
 wasm/demo/snippets/import_pypi.py |  11 ++--
 wasm/demo/src/browser_module.rs   |   0
 wasm/demo/src/index.ejs           |   3 +-
 wasm/demo/src/index.js            | 101 +++++++++++++++---------------
 wasm/demo/src/style.css           |   2 +-
 wasm/demo/webpack.config.js       |  14 ++++-
 wasm/lib/src/convert.rs           |  12 +++-
 10 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 wasm/demo/src/browser_module.rs

diff --git a/Lib/_dummy_os.py b/Lib/_dummy_os.py
index 5bd5ec0a13..38e287af69 100644
--- a/Lib/_dummy_os.py
+++ b/Lib/_dummy_os.py
@@ -5,22 +5,30 @@
 try:
     from os import *
 except ImportError:
-    import abc
+    import abc, sys
 
     def __getattr__(name):
-        raise OSError("no os specific module found")
+        if name in {"_path_normpath", "__path__"}:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        if name.isupper():
+            return 0
+        def dummy(*args, **kwargs):
+            import io
+            return io.UnsupportedOperation(f"{name}: no os specific module found")
+        dummy.__name__ = f"dummy_{name}"
+        return dummy
 
-    def _shim():
-        import _dummy_os, sys
-        sys.modules['os'] = _dummy_os
-        sys.modules['os.path'] = _dummy_os.path
+    sys.modules['os'] = sys.modules['posix'] = sys.modules[__name__]
 
     import posixpath as path
-    import sys
     sys.modules['os.path'] = path
     del sys
 
     sep = path.sep
+    supports_dir_fd = set()
+    supports_effective_ids = set()
+    supports_fd = set()
+    supports_follow_symlinks = set()
 
 
     def fspath(path):
diff --git a/Lib/io.py b/Lib/io.py
index 7362ae305d..c2812876d3 100644
--- a/Lib/io.py
+++ b/Lib/io.py
@@ -55,10 +55,15 @@
 import abc
 
 from _io import (DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE, BlockingIOError, UnsupportedOperation,
-                 open, open_code, FileIO, BytesIO, StringIO, BufferedReader,
+                 open, open_code, BytesIO, StringIO, BufferedReader,
                  BufferedWriter, BufferedRWPair, BufferedRandom,
                  IncrementalNewlineDecoder, text_encoding, TextIOWrapper)
 
+try:
+    from _io import FileIO
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
 # Pretend this exception was created here.
 UnsupportedOperation.__module__ = "io"
 
@@ -82,7 +87,10 @@ class BufferedIOBase(_io._BufferedIOBase, IOBase):
 class TextIOBase(_io._TextIOBase, IOBase):
     __doc__ = _io._TextIOBase.__doc__
 
-RawIOBase.register(FileIO)
+try:
+    RawIOBase.register(FileIO)
+except NameError:
+    pass
 
 for klass in (BytesIO, BufferedReader, BufferedWriter, BufferedRandom,
               BufferedRWPair):
diff --git a/wasm/demo/package.json b/wasm/demo/package.json
index c875132508..53ed264ea7 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/package.json
+++ b/wasm/demo/package.json
@@ -4,24 +4,25 @@
     "description": "Bindings to the RustPython library for WebAssembly",
     "main": "index.js",
     "dependencies": {
-        "codemirror": "^5.42.0",
-        "local-echo": "^0.2.0",
-        "xterm": "^3.8.0"
+        "@codemirror/lang-python": "^6.1.6",
+        "@xterm/addon-fit": "^0.10.0",
+        "@xterm/xterm": "^5.3.0",
+        "codemirror": "^6.0.1",
+        "upgrade": "^1.1.0",
+        "xterm-readline": "^1.1.2"
     },
     "devDependencies": {
-        "@wasm-tool/wasm-pack-plugin": "^1.1.0",
-        "clean-webpack-plugin": "^3.0.0",
-        "css-loader": "^3.4.1",
-        "html-webpack-plugin": "^3.2.0",
-        "mini-css-extract-plugin": "^0.9.0",
-        "raw-loader": "^4.0.0",
-        "serve": "^11.0.2",
-        "webpack": "^4.16.3",
-        "webpack-cli": "^3.1.0",
-        "webpack-dev-server": "^3.1.5"
+        "@wasm-tool/wasm-pack-plugin": "^1.7.0",
+        "css-loader": "^7.1.2",
+        "html-webpack-plugin": "^5.6.3",
+        "mini-css-extract-plugin": "^2.9.2",
+        "serve": "^14.2.4",
+        "webpack": "^5.97.1",
+        "webpack-cli": "^6.0.1",
+        "webpack-dev-server": "^5.2.0"
     },
     "scripts": {
-        "dev": "webpack-dev-server -d",
+        "dev": "webpack serve",
         "build": "webpack",
         "dist": "webpack --mode production",
         "test": "webpack --mode production && cd ../tests && pytest"
diff --git a/wasm/demo/snippets/import_pypi.py b/wasm/demo/snippets/import_pypi.py
index cbe837cd05..a7c8a8e7fd 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/snippets/import_pypi.py
+++ b/wasm/demo/snippets/import_pypi.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-import asyncweb
-import whlimport
-
-whlimport.setup()
-
 # make sys.modules['os'] a dumb version of the os module, which has posixpath
 # available as os.path as well as a few other utilities, but will raise an
 # OSError for anything that actually requires an OS
 import _dummy_os
-_dummy_os._shim()
+
+import asyncweb
+import whlimport
+
+whlimport.setup()
 
 @asyncweb.main
 async def main():
diff --git a/wasm/demo/src/browser_module.rs b/wasm/demo/src/browser_module.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e69de29bb2..0000000000
diff --git a/wasm/demo/src/index.ejs b/wasm/demo/src/index.ejs
index 02f2f52f5c..d261b110e5 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/src/index.ejs
+++ b/wasm/demo/src/index.ejs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
             browser's devtools and play with <code>rp.pyEval('1 + 1')</code>
         </p>
         <div id="code-wrapper">
-            <textarea id="code"><%= defaultSnippet %></textarea>
             <select id="snippets">
                 <% for (const name of snippets) { %>
                     <option
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@
         <a href="https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython">
             <img
                 style="position: absolute; top: 0; right: 0; border: 0;"
-                src="https://s3.amazonaws.com/github/ribbons/forkme_right_green_007200.png"
+                src="https://github.blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/forkme_right_green_007200.png"
                 alt="Fork me on GitHub"
             />
         </a>
diff --git a/wasm/demo/src/index.js b/wasm/demo/src/index.js
index aa1619eb2f..db3554c481 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/src/index.js
+++ b/wasm/demo/src/index.js
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 import './style.css';
-import 'xterm/lib/xterm.css';
-import CodeMirror from 'codemirror';
-import 'codemirror/mode/python/python';
-import 'codemirror/addon/comment/comment';
-import 'codemirror/lib/codemirror.css';
-import { Terminal } from 'xterm';
-import LocalEchoController from 'local-echo';
+import '@xterm/xterm/css/xterm.css';
+import { EditorView, basicSetup } from 'codemirror';
+import { keymap } from '@codemirror/view';
+import { indentUnit } from '@codemirror/language';
+import { indentWithTab } from '@codemirror/commands';
+import { python } from '@codemirror/lang-python';
+import { Terminal } from '@xterm/xterm';
+import { FitAddon } from '@xterm/addon-fit';
+import { Readline } from 'xterm-readline';
 
 let rp;
 
@@ -22,23 +24,24 @@ import('rustpython')
         document.getElementById('error').textContent = e;
     });
 
-const editor = CodeMirror.fromTextArea(document.getElementById('code'), {
-    extraKeys: {
-        'Ctrl-Enter': runCodeFromTextarea,
-        'Cmd-Enter': runCodeFromTextarea,
-        'Shift-Tab': 'indentLess',
-        'Ctrl-/': 'toggleComment',
-        'Cmd-/': 'toggleComment',
-        Tab: (editor) => {
-            var spaces = Array(editor.getOption('indentUnit') + 1).join(' ');
-            editor.replaceSelection(spaces);
-        },
-    },
-    lineNumbers: true,
-    mode: 'text/x-python',
-    indentUnit: 4,
-    autofocus: true,
+const fixedHeightEditor = EditorView.theme({
+    '&': { height: '100%' },
+    '.cm-scroller': { overflow: 'auto' },
 });
+const editor = new EditorView({
+    parent: document.getElementById('code-wrapper'),
+    extensions: [
+        basicSetup,
+        python(),
+        keymap.of(
+            { key: 'Ctrl-Enter', mac: 'Cmd-Enter', run: runCodeFromTextarea },
+            indentWithTab,
+        ),
+        indentUnit.of('    '),
+        fixedHeightEditor,
+    ],
+});
+editor.focus();
 
 const consoleElement = document.getElementById('console');
 const errorElement = document.getElementById('error');
@@ -48,7 +51,7 @@ function runCodeFromTextarea() {
     consoleElement.value = '';
     errorElement.textContent = '';
 
-    const code = editor.getValue();
+    const code = editor.state.doc.toString();
     try {
         rp.pyExec(code, {
             stdout: (output) => {
@@ -78,18 +81,25 @@ function updateSnippet() {
     // the require here creates a webpack context; it's fine to use it
     // dynamically.
     // https://webpack.js.org/guides/dependency-management/
-    const { default: snippet } = require(
-        `raw-loader!../snippets/${selected}.py`,
-    );
+    const snippet = require(`../snippets/${selected}.py?raw`);
 
-    editor.setValue(snippet);
-    runCodeFromTextarea();
+    editor.dispatch({
+        changes: { from: 0, to: editor.state.doc.length, insert: snippet },
+    });
 }
+function updateSnippetAndRun() {
+    updateSnippet();
+    requestAnimationFrame(runCodeFromTextarea);
+}
+updateSnippet();
 
 const term = new Terminal();
+const readline = new Readline();
+const fitAddon = new FitAddon();
+term.loadAddon(readline);
+term.loadAddon(fitAddon);
 term.open(document.getElementById('terminal'));
-
-const localEcho = new LocalEchoController(term);
+fitAddon.fit();
 
 let terminalVM;
 
@@ -107,40 +117,33 @@ finally:
 }
 
 async function readPrompts() {
-    let continuing = false;
+    let continuing = '';
 
     while (true) {
-        const ps1 = getPrompt('ps1');
-        const ps2 = getPrompt('ps2');
-        let input;
+        let input = await readline.read(getPrompt(continuing ? 'ps2' : 'ps1'));
+        if (input.endsWith('\n')) input = input.slice(0, -1);
         if (continuing) {
-            const prom = localEcho.read(ps2, ps2);
-            localEcho._activePrompt.prompt = ps1;
-            localEcho._input = localEcho.history.entries.pop() + '\n';
-            localEcho._cursor = localEcho._input.length;
-            localEcho._active = true;
-            input = await prom;
-            if (!input.endsWith('\n')) continue;
-        } else {
-            input = await localEcho.read(ps1, ps2);
+            input = continuing += '\n' + input;
+            if (!continuing.endsWith('\n')) continue;
         }
         try {
+            console.log([input]);
             terminalVM.execSingle(input);
         } catch (err) {
             if (err.canContinue) {
-                continuing = true;
+                continuing = input;
                 continue;
             } else if (err instanceof WebAssembly.RuntimeError) {
                 err = window.__RUSTPYTHON_ERROR || err;
             }
-            localEcho.println(err);
+            readline.print('' + err);
         }
-        continuing = false;
+        continuing = '';
     }
 }
 
 function onReady() {
-    snippets.addEventListener('change', updateSnippet);
+    snippets.addEventListener('change', updateSnippetAndRun);
     document
         .getElementById('run-btn')
         .addEventListener('click', runCodeFromTextarea);
@@ -148,7 +151,7 @@ function onReady() {
     runCodeFromTextarea();
 
     terminalVM = rp.vmStore.init('term_vm');
-    terminalVM.setStdout((data) => localEcho.print(data));
+    terminalVM.setStdout((data) => readline.print(data));
     readPrompts().catch((err) => console.error(err));
 
     // so that the test knows that we're ready
diff --git a/wasm/demo/src/style.css b/wasm/demo/src/style.css
index 771894e491..f9892745ac 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/src/style.css
+++ b/wasm/demo/src/style.css
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ textarea {
     resize: vertical;
 }
 
-#code,
+#code-wrapper,
 #console {
     height: 30vh;
     width: calc(100% - 3px);
diff --git a/wasm/demo/webpack.config.js b/wasm/demo/webpack.config.js
index e20b477241..75fb6786e6 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/webpack.config.js
+++ b/wasm/demo/webpack.config.js
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
 const MiniCssExtractPlugin = require('mini-css-extract-plugin');
 const WasmPackPlugin = require('@wasm-tool/wasm-pack-plugin');
-const { CleanWebpackPlugin } = require('clean-webpack-plugin');
 
 const path = require('path');
 const fs = require('fs');
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ module.exports = (env = {}) => {
         output: {
             path: path.join(__dirname, 'dist'),
             filename: 'index.js',
+            clean: true,
         },
         mode: 'development',
         resolve: {
@@ -28,10 +28,17 @@ module.exports = (env = {}) => {
                     test: /\.css$/,
                     use: [MiniCssExtractPlugin.loader, 'css-loader'],
                 },
+                {
+                    resourceQuery: '?raw',
+                    type: 'asset/source',
+                },
+                {
+                    test: /\.wasm$/,
+                    type: 'webassembly/async',
+                },
             ],
         },
         plugins: [
-            new CleanWebpackPlugin(),
             new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
                 filename: 'index.html',
                 template: 'src/index.ejs',
@@ -51,6 +58,9 @@ module.exports = (env = {}) => {
                 filename: 'styles.css',
             }),
         ],
+        experiments: {
+            asyncWebAssembly: true,
+        },
     };
     if (!env.noWasmPack) {
         config.plugins.push(
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
index 0618d9a37b..0bf1d21c95 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 use crate::js_module;
 use crate::vm_class::{stored_vm_from_wasm, WASMVirtualMachine};
 use js_sys::{Array, ArrayBuffer, Object, Promise, Reflect, SyntaxError, Uint8Array};
-use rustpython_parser::ParseErrorType;
+use rustpython_parser::{lexer::LexicalErrorType, ParseErrorType};
 use rustpython_vm::{
     builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
     compiler::{CompileError, CompileErrorType},
@@ -258,7 +258,15 @@ pub fn syntax_err(err: CompileError) -> SyntaxError {
         &"col".into(),
         &(err.location.unwrap().column.get()).into(),
     );
-    let can_continue = matches!(&err.error, CompileErrorType::Parse(ParseErrorType::Eof));
+    let can_continue = matches!(
+        &err.error,
+        CompileErrorType::Parse(
+            ParseErrorType::Eof
+                | ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::Eof)
+                | ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::IndentationError)
+                | ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(rustpython_parser::Tok::Dedent, _)
+        )
+    );
     let _ = Reflect::set(&js_err, &"canContinue".into(), &can_continue.into());
     js_err
 }

From 76c699b4ba159ca2dfe2e15d683fd229dd3ebb32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sacha Dupuydauby <sdupuydauby@proton.me>
Date: Fri, 10 Jan 2025 00:06:26 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 393/705] Update contextlib from CPython 3.12

---
 Lib/contextlib.py           |  35 ++++++++---
 Lib/test/test_contextlib.py | 114 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/contextlib.py b/Lib/contextlib.py
index 58e9a49887..b831d8916c 100644
--- a/Lib/contextlib.py
+++ b/Lib/contextlib.py
@@ -145,14 +145,17 @@ def __exit__(self, typ, value, traceback):
             except StopIteration:
                 return False
             else:
-                raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop")
+                try:
+                    raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop")
+                finally:
+                    self.gen.close()
         else:
             if value is None:
                 # Need to force instantiation so we can reliably
                 # tell if we get the same exception back
                 value = typ()
             try:
-                self.gen.throw(typ, value, traceback)
+                self.gen.throw(value)
             except StopIteration as exc:
                 # Suppress StopIteration *unless* it's the same exception that
                 # was passed to throw().  This prevents a StopIteration
@@ -187,7 +190,10 @@ def __exit__(self, typ, value, traceback):
                     raise
                 exc.__traceback__ = traceback
                 return False
-            raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop after throw()")
+            try:
+                raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop after throw()")
+            finally:
+                self.gen.close()
 
 class _AsyncGeneratorContextManager(
     _GeneratorContextManagerBase,
@@ -212,14 +218,17 @@ async def __aexit__(self, typ, value, traceback):
             except StopAsyncIteration:
                 return False
             else:
-                raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop")
+                try:
+                    raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop")
+                finally:
+                    await self.gen.aclose()
         else:
             if value is None:
                 # Need to force instantiation so we can reliably
                 # tell if we get the same exception back
                 value = typ()
             try:
-                await self.gen.athrow(typ, value, traceback)
+                await self.gen.athrow(value)
             except StopAsyncIteration as exc:
                 # Suppress StopIteration *unless* it's the same exception that
                 # was passed to throw().  This prevents a StopIteration
@@ -254,7 +263,10 @@ async def __aexit__(self, typ, value, traceback):
                     raise
                 exc.__traceback__ = traceback
                 return False
-            raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop after athrow()")
+            try:
+                raise RuntimeError("generator didn't stop after athrow()")
+            finally:
+                await self.gen.aclose()
 
 
 def contextmanager(func):
@@ -441,7 +453,16 @@ def __exit__(self, exctype, excinst, exctb):
         # exactly reproduce the limitations of the CPython interpreter.
         #
         # See http://bugs.python.org/issue12029 for more details
-        return exctype is not None and issubclass(exctype, self._exceptions)
+        if exctype is None:
+            return
+        if issubclass(exctype, self._exceptions):
+            return True
+        if issubclass(exctype, BaseExceptionGroup):
+            match, rest = excinst.split(self._exceptions)
+            if rest is None:
+                return True
+            raise rest
+        return False
 
 
 class _BaseExitStack:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py b/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py
index 71215ecf5d..f6478b43e0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 from contextlib import *  # Tests __all__
 from test import support
 from test.support import os_helper
+from test.support.testcase import ExceptionIsLikeMixin
 import weakref
 
 
@@ -158,9 +159,45 @@ def whoo():
                 yield
         ctx = whoo()
         ctx.__enter__()
-        self.assertRaises(
-            RuntimeError, ctx.__exit__, TypeError, TypeError("foo"), None
-        )
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            ctx.__exit__(TypeError, TypeError("foo"), None)
+        if support.check_impl_detail(cpython=True):
+            # The "gen" attribute is an implementation detail.
+            self.assertFalse(ctx.gen.gi_suspended)
+
+    def test_contextmanager_trap_no_yield(self):
+        @contextmanager
+        def whoo():
+            if False:
+                yield
+        ctx = whoo()
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            ctx.__enter__()
+
+    def test_contextmanager_trap_second_yield(self):
+        @contextmanager
+        def whoo():
+            yield
+            yield
+        ctx = whoo()
+        ctx.__enter__()
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            ctx.__exit__(None, None, None)
+        if support.check_impl_detail(cpython=True):
+            # The "gen" attribute is an implementation detail.
+            self.assertFalse(ctx.gen.gi_suspended)
+
+    def test_contextmanager_non_normalised(self):
+        @contextmanager
+        def whoo():
+            try:
+                yield
+            except RuntimeError:
+                raise SyntaxError
+        ctx = whoo()
+        ctx.__enter__()
+        with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
+            ctx.__exit__(RuntimeError, None, None)
 
     def test_contextmanager_except(self):
         state = []
@@ -241,6 +278,23 @@ def test_issue29692():
             self.assertEqual(ex.args[0], 'issue29692:Unchained')
             self.assertIsNone(ex.__cause__)
 
+    def test_contextmanager_wrap_runtimeerror(self):
+        @contextmanager
+        def woohoo():
+            try:
+                yield
+            except Exception as exc:
+                raise RuntimeError(f'caught {exc}') from exc
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            with woohoo():
+                1 / 0
+        # If the context manager wrapped StopIteration in a RuntimeError,
+        # we also unwrap it, because we can't tell whether the wrapping was
+        # done by the generator machinery or by the generator itself.
+        with self.assertRaises(StopIteration):
+            with woohoo():
+                raise StopIteration
+
     def _create_contextmanager_attribs(self):
         def attribs(**kw):
             def decorate(func):
@@ -252,6 +306,7 @@ def decorate(func):
         @attribs(foo='bar')
         def baz(spam):
             """Whee!"""
+            yield
         return baz
 
     def test_contextmanager_attribs(self):
@@ -308,8 +363,11 @@ def woohoo(a, *, b):
 
     def test_recursive(self):
         depth = 0
+        ncols = 0
         @contextmanager
         def woohoo():
+            nonlocal ncols
+            ncols += 1
             nonlocal depth
             before = depth
             depth += 1
@@ -323,6 +381,7 @@ def recursive():
                 recursive()
 
         recursive()
+        self.assertEqual(ncols, 10)
         self.assertEqual(depth, 0)
 
 
@@ -374,12 +433,10 @@ class FileContextTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def testWithOpen(self):
         tfn = tempfile.mktemp()
         try:
-            f = None
             with open(tfn, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                 self.assertFalse(f.closed)
                 f.write("Booh\n")
             self.assertTrue(f.closed)
-            f = None
             with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
                 with open(tfn, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
                     self.assertFalse(f.closed)
@@ -1160,7 +1217,7 @@ class TestRedirectStderr(TestRedirectStream, unittest.TestCase):
     orig_stream = "stderr"
 
 
-class TestSuppress(unittest.TestCase):
+class TestSuppress(ExceptionIsLikeMixin, unittest.TestCase):
 
     @support.requires_docstrings
     def test_instance_docs(self):
@@ -1214,6 +1271,51 @@ def test_cm_is_reentrant(self):
             1/0
         self.assertTrue(outer_continued)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_exception_groups(self):
+        eg_ve = lambda: ExceptionGroup(
+            "EG with ValueErrors only",
+            [ValueError("ve1"), ValueError("ve2"), ValueError("ve3")],
+        )
+        eg_all = lambda: ExceptionGroup(
+            "EG with many types of exceptions",
+            [ValueError("ve1"), KeyError("ke1"), ValueError("ve2"), KeyError("ke2")],
+        )
+        with suppress(ValueError):
+            raise eg_ve()
+        with suppress(ValueError, KeyError):
+            raise eg_all()
+        with self.assertRaises(ExceptionGroup) as eg1:
+            with suppress(ValueError):
+                raise eg_all()
+        self.assertExceptionIsLike(
+            eg1.exception,
+            ExceptionGroup(
+                "EG with many types of exceptions",
+                [KeyError("ke1"), KeyError("ke2")],
+            ),
+        )
+
+        # Check handling of BaseExceptionGroup, using GeneratorExit so that
+        # we don't accidentally discard a ctrl-c with KeyboardInterrupt.
+        with suppress(GeneratorExit):
+            raise BaseExceptionGroup("message", [GeneratorExit()])
+        # If we raise a BaseException group, we can still suppress parts
+        with self.assertRaises(BaseExceptionGroup) as eg1:
+            with suppress(KeyError):
+                raise BaseExceptionGroup("message", [GeneratorExit("g"), KeyError("k")])
+        self.assertExceptionIsLike(
+            eg1.exception, BaseExceptionGroup("message", [GeneratorExit("g")]),
+        )
+        # If we suppress all the leaf BaseExceptions, we get a non-base ExceptionGroup
+        with self.assertRaises(ExceptionGroup) as eg1:
+            with suppress(GeneratorExit):
+                raise BaseExceptionGroup("message", [GeneratorExit("g"), KeyError("k")])
+        self.assertExceptionIsLike(
+            eg1.exception, ExceptionGroup("message", [KeyError("k")]),
+        )
+
 
 class TestChdir(unittest.TestCase):
     def make_relative_path(self, *parts):

From 53db70e78445534a80bbd239f3179a854637b025 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Shubham Patil <theshubhamp@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 13 Jan 2025 11:25:27 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 394/705] Support recursion in JIT-ed functions (#5473)

---
 jit/src/instructions.rs             | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++------
 jit/src/lib.rs                      | 37 +++++++++++++------
 jit/tests/common.rs                 | 12 ++++++-
 jit/tests/misc_tests.rs             | 12 +++++++
 vm/src/builtins/function.rs         |  3 +-
 vm/src/builtins/function/jitfunc.rs | 21 ++++++++++-
 6 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/jit/src/instructions.rs b/jit/src/instructions.rs
index 24585eba3f..2d5e990dd0 100644
--- a/jit/src/instructions.rs
+++ b/jit/src/instructions.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use super::{JitCompileError, JitSig, JitType};
+use cranelift::codegen::ir::FuncRef;
 use cranelift::prelude::*;
 use num_traits::cast::ToPrimitive;
 use rustpython_compiler_core::bytecode::{
@@ -6,8 +8,6 @@ use rustpython_compiler_core::bytecode::{
 };
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 
-use super::{JitCompileError, JitSig, JitType};
-
 #[repr(u16)]
 enum CustomTrapCode {
     /// Raised when shifting by a negative number
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ enum JitValue {
     Bool(Value),
     None,
     Tuple(Vec<JitValue>),
+    FuncRef(FuncRef),
 }
 
 impl JitValue {
@@ -43,14 +44,14 @@ impl JitValue {
             JitValue::Int(_) => Some(JitType::Int),
             JitValue::Float(_) => Some(JitType::Float),
             JitValue::Bool(_) => Some(JitType::Bool),
-            JitValue::None | JitValue::Tuple(_) => None,
+            JitValue::None | JitValue::Tuple(_) | JitValue::FuncRef(_) => None,
         }
     }
 
     fn into_value(self) -> Option<Value> {
         match self {
             JitValue::Int(val) | JitValue::Float(val) | JitValue::Bool(val) => Some(val),
-            JitValue::None | JitValue::Tuple(_) => None,
+            JitValue::None | JitValue::Tuple(_) | JitValue::FuncRef(_) => None,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
         builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'b>,
         num_variables: usize,
         arg_types: &[JitType],
+        ret_type: Option<JitType>,
         entry_block: Block,
     ) -> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
         let mut compiler = FunctionCompiler {
@@ -77,7 +79,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
             label_to_block: HashMap::new(),
             sig: JitSig {
                 args: arg_types.to_vec(),
-                ret: None,
+                ret: ret_type,
             },
         };
         let params = compiler.builder.func.dfg.block_params(entry_block).to_vec();
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
             }
             JitValue::Bool(val) => Ok(val),
             JitValue::None => Ok(self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I8, 0)),
-            JitValue::Tuple(_) => Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported),
+            JitValue::Tuple(_) | JitValue::FuncRef(_) => Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported),
         }
     }
 
@@ -146,6 +148,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn compile<C: bytecode::Constant>(
         &mut self,
+        func_ref: FuncRef,
         bytecode: &CodeObject<C>,
     ) -> Result<(), JitCompileError> {
         // TODO: figure out if this is sufficient -- previously individual labels were associated
@@ -177,7 +180,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            self.add_instruction(instruction, arg, &bytecode.constants)?;
+            self.add_instruction(func_ref, bytecode, instruction, arg)?;
         }
 
         Ok(())
@@ -229,9 +232,10 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
 
     pub fn add_instruction<C: bytecode::Constant>(
         &mut self,
+        func_ref: FuncRef,
+        bytecode: &CodeObject<C>,
         instruction: Instruction,
         arg: OpArg,
-        constants: &[C],
     ) -> Result<(), JitCompileError> {
         match instruction {
             Instruction::ExtendedArg => Ok(()),
@@ -282,7 +286,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                 self.store_variable(idx.get(arg), val)
             }
             Instruction::LoadConst { idx } => {
-                let val = self.prepare_const(constants[idx.get(arg) as usize].borrow_constant())?;
+                let val = self
+                    .prepare_const(bytecode.constants[idx.get(arg) as usize].borrow_constant())?;
                 self.stack.push(val);
                 Ok(())
             }
@@ -311,7 +316,8 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                 self.return_value(val)
             }
             Instruction::ReturnConst { idx } => {
-                let val = self.prepare_const(constants[idx.get(arg) as usize].borrow_constant())?;
+                let val = self
+                    .prepare_const(bytecode.constants[idx.get(arg) as usize].borrow_constant())?;
                 self.return_value(val)
             }
             Instruction::CompareOperation { op, .. } => {
@@ -508,6 +514,36 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                 // TODO: block support
                 Ok(())
             }
+            Instruction::LoadGlobal(idx) => {
+                let name = &bytecode.names[idx.get(arg) as usize];
+
+                if name.as_ref() != bytecode.obj_name.as_ref() {
+                    Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported)
+                } else {
+                    self.stack.push(JitValue::FuncRef(func_ref));
+                    Ok(())
+                }
+            }
+            Instruction::CallFunctionPositional { nargs } => {
+                let nargs = nargs.get(arg);
+
+                let mut args = Vec::new();
+                for _ in 0..nargs {
+                    let arg = self.stack.pop().ok_or(JitCompileError::BadBytecode)?;
+                    args.push(arg.into_value().unwrap());
+                }
+
+                match self.stack.pop().ok_or(JitCompileError::BadBytecode)? {
+                    JitValue::FuncRef(reference) => {
+                        let call = self.builder.ins().call(reference, &args);
+                        let returns = self.builder.inst_results(call);
+                        self.stack.push(JitValue::Int(returns[0]));
+
+                        Ok(())
+                    }
+                    _ => Err(JitCompileError::BadBytecode),
+                }
+            }
             _ => Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported),
         }
     }
diff --git a/jit/src/lib.rs b/jit/src/lib.rs
index 1d099635e2..99bfb45c78 100644
--- a/jit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/jit/src/lib.rs
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ impl Jit {
         &mut self,
         bytecode: &bytecode::CodeObject<C>,
         args: &[JitType],
+        ret: Option<JitType>,
     ) -> Result<(FuncId, JitSig), JitCompileError> {
         for arg in args {
             self.ctx
@@ -58,16 +59,37 @@ impl Jit {
                 .push(AbiParam::new(arg.to_cranelift()));
         }
 
+        if ret.is_some() {
+            self.ctx
+                .func
+                .signature
+                .returns
+                .push(AbiParam::new(ret.clone().unwrap().to_cranelift()));
+        }
+
+        let id = self.module.declare_function(
+            &format!("jit_{}", bytecode.obj_name.as_ref()),
+            Linkage::Export,
+            &self.ctx.func.signature,
+        )?;
+
+        let func_ref = self.module.declare_func_in_func(id, &mut self.ctx.func);
+
         let mut builder = FunctionBuilder::new(&mut self.ctx.func, &mut self.builder_context);
         let entry_block = builder.create_block();
         builder.append_block_params_for_function_params(entry_block);
         builder.switch_to_block(entry_block);
 
         let sig = {
-            let mut compiler =
-                FunctionCompiler::new(&mut builder, bytecode.varnames.len(), args, entry_block);
+            let mut compiler = FunctionCompiler::new(
+                &mut builder,
+                bytecode.varnames.len(),
+                args,
+                ret,
+                entry_block,
+            );
 
-            compiler.compile(bytecode)?;
+            compiler.compile(func_ref, bytecode)?;
 
             compiler.sig
         };
@@ -75,12 +97,6 @@ impl Jit {
         builder.seal_all_blocks();
         builder.finalize();
 
-        let id = self.module.declare_function(
-            &format!("jit_{}", bytecode.obj_name.as_ref()),
-            Linkage::Export,
-            &self.ctx.func.signature,
-        )?;
-
         self.module.define_function(id, &mut self.ctx)?;
 
         self.module.clear_context(&mut self.ctx);
@@ -92,10 +108,11 @@ impl Jit {
 pub fn compile<C: bytecode::Constant>(
     bytecode: &bytecode::CodeObject<C>,
     args: &[JitType],
+    ret: Option<JitType>,
 ) -> Result<CompiledCode, JitCompileError> {
     let mut jit = Jit::new();
 
-    let (id, sig) = jit.build_function(bytecode, args)?;
+    let (id, sig) = jit.build_function(bytecode, args, ret)?;
 
     jit.module.finalize_definitions();
 
diff --git a/jit/tests/common.rs b/jit/tests/common.rs
index ef5e8cfbc2..a2d4fc3bc1 100644
--- a/jit/tests/common.rs
+++ b/jit/tests/common.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,17 @@ impl Function {
             arg_types.push(arg_type);
         }
 
-        rustpython_jit::compile(&self.code, &arg_types).expect("Compile failure")
+        let ret_type = match self.annotations.get("return") {
+            Some(StackValue::String(annotation)) => match annotation.as_str() {
+                "int" => Some(JitType::Int),
+                "float" => Some(JitType::Float),
+                "bool" => Some(JitType::Bool),
+                _ => panic!("Unrecognised jit type"),
+            },
+            _ => None,
+        };
+
+        rustpython_jit::compile(&self.code, &arg_types, ret_type).expect("Compile failure")
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/jit/tests/misc_tests.rs b/jit/tests/misc_tests.rs
index 7c1b6c3afb..7e1174da4a 100644
--- a/jit/tests/misc_tests.rs
+++ b/jit/tests/misc_tests.rs
@@ -113,3 +113,15 @@ fn test_unpack_tuple() {
     assert_eq!(unpack_tuple(0, 1), Ok(1));
     assert_eq!(unpack_tuple(1, 2), Ok(2));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn test_recursive_fib() {
+    let fib = jit_function! { fib(n: i64) -> i64 => r##"
+        def fib(n: int) -> int:
+          if n == 0 or n == 1:
+            return 1
+          return fib(n-1) + fib(n-2)
+    "## };
+
+    assert_eq!(fib(10), Ok(89));
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
index e4cc49f9db..eb5a142f0c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
@@ -506,7 +506,8 @@ impl PyFunction {
         zelf.jitted_code
             .get_or_try_init(|| {
                 let arg_types = jitfunc::get_jit_arg_types(&zelf, vm)?;
-                rustpython_jit::compile(&zelf.code.code, &arg_types)
+                let ret_type = jitfunc::jit_ret_type(&zelf, vm)?;
+                rustpython_jit::compile(&zelf.code.code, &arg_types, ret_type)
                     .map_err(|err| jitfunc::new_jit_error(err.to_string(), vm))
             })
             .map(drop)
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/function/jitfunc.rs b/vm/src/builtins/function/jitfunc.rs
index fe73c3afc0..d46458fc65 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/function/jitfunc.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/function/jitfunc.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ fn get_jit_arg_type(dict: &PyDictRef, name: &str, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResu
             Ok(JitType::Bool)
         } else {
             Err(new_jit_error(
-                "Jit requires argument to be either int or float".to_owned(),
+                "Jit requires argument to be either int, float or bool".to_owned(),
                 vm,
             ))
         }
@@ -106,6 +106,25 @@ pub fn get_jit_arg_types(func: &Py<PyFunction>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult
     }
 }
 
+pub fn jit_ret_type(func: &Py<PyFunction>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<JitType>> {
+    let func_obj: PyObjectRef = func.as_ref().to_owned();
+    let annotations = func_obj.get_attr("__annotations__", vm)?;
+    if vm.is_none(&annotations) {
+        Err(new_jit_error(
+            "Jitting function requires return type to have annotations".to_owned(),
+            vm,
+        ))
+    } else if let Ok(dict) = PyDictRef::try_from_object(vm, annotations) {
+        if dict.contains_key("return", vm) {
+            get_jit_arg_type(&dict, "return", vm).map_or(Ok(None), |t| Ok(Some(t)))
+        } else {
+            Ok(None)
+        }
+    } else {
+        Err(vm.new_type_error("Function annotations aren't a dict".to_owned()))
+    }
+}
+
 fn get_jit_value(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: &PyObject) -> Result<AbiValue, ArgsError> {
     // This does exact type checks as subclasses of int/float can't be passed to jitted functions
     let cls = obj.class();

From 0e00d2328d654310c92b187165cfb615bebb6981 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Jan 2025 09:11:51 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 395/705] wasm32-wasi -> wasm32-wasip1

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 10 +++++-----
 scripts/release-wapm.sh       |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 70255d8082..5554ed0a8b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -92,19 +92,19 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Set up Environment
         shell: bash
-        run: rustup target add wasm32-wasi
+        run: rustup target add wasm32-wasip1
 
       - name: Build RustPython
-        run: cargo build --target wasm32-wasi --no-default-features --features freeze-stdlib,stdlib --release
+        run: cargo build --target wasm32-wasip1 --no-default-features --features freeze-stdlib,stdlib --release
 
       - name: Rename Binary
-        run: cp target/wasm32-wasi/release/rustpython.wasm target/rustpython-release-wasm32-wasi.wasm
+        run: cp target/wasm32-wasip1/release/rustpython.wasm target/rustpython-release-wasm32-wasip1.wasm
 
       - name: Upload Binary Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
-          name: rustpython-release-wasm32-wasi
-          path: target/rustpython-release-wasm32-wasi.wasm
+          name: rustpython-release-wasm32-wasip1
+          path: target/rustpython-release-wasm32-wasip1.wasm
 
   release:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/scripts/release-wapm.sh b/scripts/release-wapm.sh
index 1b8e2ecfe2..62171fbe61 100644
--- a/scripts/release-wapm.sh
+++ b/scripts/release-wapm.sh
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ FEATURES_FOR_WAPM=(stdlib zlib)
 
 export BUILDTIME_RUSTPYTHONPATH="/lib/rustpython"
 
-cargo build --release --target wasm32-wasi --no-default-features --features="${FEATURES_FOR_WAPM[*]}"
+cargo build --release --target wasm32-wasip1 --no-default-features --features="${FEATURES_FOR_WAPM[*]}"
 
 wapm publish

From b7a7b6b9231c7043975b071e063f0fa11e653b75 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 13 Jan 2025 09:13:40 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 396/705] remove warnings from wasm build

---
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index 73c9d978e6..8c5db53d17 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 
 #[pymodule]
 pub(crate) mod _signal {
+    #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
     use crate::{
         convert::{IntoPyException, TryFromBorrowedObject},
-        signal, Py, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        Py,
     };
+    use crate::{signal, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
     use std::sync::atomic::{self, Ordering};
 
     #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]

From 5ad7e97e0586cd7dd6fbee184d514b4d097dab5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 16 Jan 2025 00:52:16 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 397/705] Add better panic for abnormal downcast error

---
 vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs | 10 +++++++++-
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
index ea8fa21c17..0585b7e290 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
@@ -365,7 +365,15 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         let actual_class = obj.class();
         let actual_type = &*actual_class.name();
         let expected_type = &*class.name();
-        let msg = format!("Expected {msg} '{expected_type}' but '{actual_type}' found");
+        let msg = format!("Expected {msg} '{expected_type}' but '{actual_type}' found.");
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        let msg = if class.get_id() == actual_class.get_id() {
+            let mut msg = msg;
+            msg += " Did you forget to add `#[pyclass(with(Constructor))]`?";
+            msg
+        } else {
+            msg
+        };
         self.new_exception_msg(error_type.to_owned(), msg)
     }
 

From 2d83a67bd604f23d529bf92b86cb41092d5e0e02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 15 Jan 2025 20:28:09 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 398/705] Update zlib from 3.12.6 and _ZlibDecompressor
 implementation (#5476)

* add is_s390x and skip_on_s390x to test support

* update zlib tests to 3.12

* _ZlibDecompressor implementation
---
 Lib/test/support/__init__.py |   4 +
 Lib/test/test_zlib.py        | 290 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 stdlib/src/zlib.rs           | 138 +++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs          |   5 +
 4 files changed, 380 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
index b49ffbd536..a1a6bd8e73 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
@@ -532,6 +532,10 @@ def requires_legacy_unicode_capi():
 
 has_fork_support = hasattr(os, "fork") and not is_emscripten and not is_wasi
 
+# From python 3.12.6
+is_s390x = hasattr(os, 'uname') and os.uname().machine == 's390x'
+skip_on_s390x = unittest.skipIf(is_s390x, 'skipped on s390x')
+
 def requires_fork():
     return unittest.skipUnless(has_fork_support, "requires working os.fork()")
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zlib.py b/Lib/test/test_zlib.py
index 026a5abc25..686131be74 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_zlib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zlib.py
@@ -7,20 +7,36 @@
 import pickle
 import random
 import sys
-from test.support import bigmemtest, _1G, _4G
+from test.support import bigmemtest, _1G, _4G, is_s390x
 
 
 zlib = import_helper.import_module('zlib')
 
 requires_Compress_copy = unittest.skipUnless(
-        hasattr(zlib.compressobj(), "copy"),
-        'requires Compress.copy()')
+    hasattr(zlib.compressobj(), "copy"),
+    'requires Compress.copy()')
 requires_Decompress_copy = unittest.skipUnless(
-        hasattr(zlib.decompressobj(), "copy"),
-        'requires Decompress.copy()')
+    hasattr(zlib.decompressobj(), "copy"),
+    'requires Decompress.copy()')
+
+
+# def _zlib_runtime_version_tuple(zlib_version=zlib.ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION):
+#     # Register "1.2.3" as "1.2.3.0"
+#     # or "1.2.0-linux","1.2.0.f","1.2.0.f-linux"
+#     v = zlib_version.split('-', 1)[0].split('.')
+#     if len(v) < 4:
+#         v.append('0')
+#     elif not v[-1].isnumeric():
+#         v[-1] = '0'
+#     return tuple(map(int, v))
+#
+#
+# ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION_TUPLE = _zlib_runtime_version_tuple()
+
 
-# bpo-46623: On s390x, when a hardware accelerator is used, using different
-# ways to compress data with zlib can produce different compressed data.
+# bpo-46623: When a hardware accelerator is used (currently only on s390x),
+# using different ways to compress data with zlib can produce different
+# compressed data.
 # Simplified test_pair() code:
 #
 #   def func1(data):
@@ -43,10 +59,9 @@
 #
 #   zlib.decompress(func1(data)) == zlib.decompress(func2(data)) == data
 #
-# Make the assumption that s390x always has an accelerator to simplify the skip
-# condition. Windows doesn't have os.uname() but it doesn't support s390x.
-skip_on_s390x = unittest.skipIf(hasattr(os, 'uname') and os.uname().machine == 's390x',
-                                'skipped on s390x')
+# To simplify the skip condition, make the assumption that s390x always has an
+# accelerator, and nothing else has it.
+HW_ACCELERATED = is_s390x
 
 
 class VersionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -141,7 +156,7 @@ def test_badcompressobj(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, zlib.compressobj, 1, zlib.DEFLATED, 0)
         # specifying total bits too large causes an error
         self.assertRaises(ValueError,
-                zlib.compressobj, 1, zlib.DEFLATED, zlib.MAX_WBITS + 1)
+                          zlib.compressobj, 1, zlib.DEFLATED, zlib.MAX_WBITS + 1)
 
     def test_baddecompressobj(self):
         # verify failure on building decompress object with bad params
@@ -214,12 +229,14 @@ def test_keywords(self):
                                          bufsize=zlib.DEF_BUF_SIZE),
                          HAMLET_SCENE)
 
-    @skip_on_s390x
     def test_speech128(self):
         # compress more data
         data = HAMLET_SCENE * 128
         x = zlib.compress(data)
-        self.assertEqual(zlib.compress(bytearray(data)), x)
+        # With hardware acceleration, the compressed bytes
+        # might not be identical.
+        if not HW_ACCELERATED:
+            self.assertEqual(zlib.compress(bytearray(data)), x)
         for ob in x, bytearray(x):
             self.assertEqual(zlib.decompress(ob), data)
 
@@ -227,8 +244,8 @@ def test_incomplete_stream(self):
         # A useful error message is given
         x = zlib.compress(HAMLET_SCENE)
         self.assertRaisesRegex(zlib.error,
-            "Error -5 while decompressing data: incomplete or truncated stream",
-            zlib.decompress, x[:-1])
+                               "Error -5 while decompressing data: incomplete or truncated stream",
+                               zlib.decompress, x[:-1])
 
     # Memory use of the following functions takes into account overallocation
 
@@ -268,7 +285,6 @@ class CompressObjectTestCase(BaseCompressTestCase, unittest.TestCase):
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     # Test compression object
-    @skip_on_s390x
     def test_pair(self):
         # straightforward compress/decompress objects
         datasrc = HAMLET_SCENE * 128
@@ -279,7 +295,10 @@ def test_pair(self):
             x1 = co.compress(data)
             x2 = co.flush()
             self.assertRaises(zlib.error, co.flush) # second flush should not work
-            self.assertEqual(x1 + x2, datazip)
+            # With hardware acceleration, the compressed bytes might not
+            # be identical.
+            if not HW_ACCELERATED:
+                self.assertEqual(x1 + x2, datazip)
         for v1, v2 in ((x1, x2), (bytearray(x1), bytearray(x2))):
             dco = zlib.decompressobj()
             y1 = dco.decompress(v1 + v2)
@@ -364,7 +383,7 @@ def test_decompinc(self, flush=False, source=None, cx=256, dcx=64):
             bufs.append(dco.decompress(combuf[i:i+dcx]))
             self.assertEqual(b'', dco.unconsumed_tail, ########
                              "(A) uct should be b'': not %d long" %
-                                       len(dco.unconsumed_tail))
+                             len(dco.unconsumed_tail))
             self.assertEqual(b'', dco.unused_data)
         if flush:
             bufs.append(dco.flush())
@@ -377,7 +396,7 @@ def test_decompinc(self, flush=False, source=None, cx=256, dcx=64):
                     break
         self.assertEqual(b'', dco.unconsumed_tail, ########
                          "(B) uct should be b'': not %d long" %
-                                       len(dco.unconsumed_tail))
+                         len(dco.unconsumed_tail))
         self.assertEqual(b'', dco.unused_data)
         self.assertEqual(data, b''.join(bufs))
         # Failure means: "decompressobj with init options failed"
@@ -406,7 +425,7 @@ def test_decompimax(self, source=None, cx=256, dcx=64):
             #max_length = 1 + len(cb)//10
             chunk = dco.decompress(cb, dcx)
             self.assertFalse(len(chunk) > dcx,
-                    'chunk too big (%d>%d)' % (len(chunk), dcx))
+                             'chunk too big (%d>%d)' % (len(chunk), dcx))
             bufs.append(chunk)
             cb = dco.unconsumed_tail
         bufs.append(dco.flush())
@@ -431,7 +450,7 @@ def test_decompressmaxlen(self, flush=False):
             max_length = 1 + len(cb)//10
             chunk = dco.decompress(cb, max_length)
             self.assertFalse(len(chunk) > max_length,
-                        'chunk too big (%d>%d)' % (len(chunk),max_length))
+                             'chunk too big (%d>%d)' % (len(chunk),max_length))
             bufs.append(chunk)
             cb = dco.unconsumed_tail
         if flush:
@@ -440,7 +459,7 @@ def test_decompressmaxlen(self, flush=False):
             while chunk:
                 chunk = dco.decompress(b'', max_length)
                 self.assertFalse(len(chunk) > max_length,
-                            'chunk too big (%d>%d)' % (len(chunk),max_length))
+                                 'chunk too big (%d>%d)' % (len(chunk),max_length))
                 bufs.append(chunk)
         self.assertEqual(data, b''.join(bufs), 'Wrong data retrieved')
 
@@ -487,9 +506,8 @@ def test_flushes(self):
         sync_opt = ['Z_NO_FLUSH', 'Z_SYNC_FLUSH', 'Z_FULL_FLUSH',
                     'Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH']
 
-        ver = tuple(int(v) for v in zlib.ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION.split('.'))
         # Z_BLOCK has a known failure prior to 1.2.5.3
-        if ver >= (1, 2, 5, 3):
+        if ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION_TUPLE >= (1, 2, 5, 3):
             sync_opt.append('Z_BLOCK')
 
         sync_opt = [getattr(zlib, opt) for opt in sync_opt
@@ -498,20 +516,16 @@ def test_flushes(self):
 
         for sync in sync_opt:
             for level in range(10):
-                try:
+                with self.subTest(sync=sync, level=level):
                     obj = zlib.compressobj( level )
                     a = obj.compress( data[:3000] )
                     b = obj.flush( sync )
                     c = obj.compress( data[3000:] )
                     d = obj.flush()
-                except:
-                    print("Error for flush mode={}, level={}"
-                          .format(sync, level))
-                    raise
-                self.assertEqual(zlib.decompress(b''.join([a,b,c,d])),
-                                 data, ("Decompress failed: flush "
-                                        "mode=%i, level=%i") % (sync, level))
-                del obj
+                    self.assertEqual(zlib.decompress(b''.join([a,b,c,d])),
+                                     data, ("Decompress failed: flush "
+                                            "mode=%i, level=%i") % (sync, level))
+                    del obj
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(zlib, 'Z_SYNC_FLUSH'),
                          'requires zlib.Z_SYNC_FLUSH')
@@ -526,18 +540,7 @@ def test_odd_flush(self):
 
         # Try 17K of data
         # generate random data stream
-        try:
-            # In 2.3 and later, WichmannHill is the RNG of the bug report
-            gen = random.WichmannHill()
-        except AttributeError:
-            try:
-                # 2.2 called it Random
-                gen = random.Random()
-            except AttributeError:
-                # others might simply have a single RNG
-                gen = random
-        gen.seed(1)
-        data = gen.randbytes(17 * 1024)
+        data = random.randbytes(17 * 1024)
 
         # compress, sync-flush, and decompress
         first = co.compress(data)
@@ -642,7 +645,7 @@ def test_decompress_unused_data(self):
                         self.assertEqual(dco.unconsumed_tail, b'')
                     else:
                         data += dco.decompress(
-                                dco.unconsumed_tail + x[i : i + step], maxlen)
+                            dco.unconsumed_tail + x[i : i + step], maxlen)
                 data += dco.flush()
                 self.assertTrue(dco.eof)
                 self.assertEqual(data, source)
@@ -830,16 +833,7 @@ def test_large_unconsumed_tail(self, size):
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_wbits(self):
         # wbits=0 only supported since zlib v1.2.3.5
-        # Register "1.2.3" as "1.2.3.0"
-        # or "1.2.0-linux","1.2.0.f","1.2.0.f-linux"
-        v = zlib.ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION.split('-', 1)[0].split('.')
-        if len(v) < 4:
-            v.append('0')
-        elif not v[-1].isnumeric():
-            v[-1] = '0'
-
-        v = tuple(map(int, v))
-        supports_wbits_0 = v >= (1, 2, 3, 5)
+        supports_wbits_0 = ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION_TUPLE >= (1, 2, 3, 5)
 
         co = zlib.compressobj(level=1, wbits=15)
         zlib15 = co.compress(HAMLET_SCENE) + co.flush()
@@ -965,6 +959,188 @@ def choose_lines(source, number, seed=None, generator=random):
        Farewell.
 """
 
+class ZlibDecompressorTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Test adopted from test_bz2.py
+    TEXT = HAMLET_SCENE
+    DATA = zlib.compress(HAMLET_SCENE)
+    BAD_DATA = b"Not a valid deflate block"
+    BIG_TEXT = DATA * ((128 * 1024 // len(DATA)) + 1)
+    BIG_DATA = zlib.compress(BIG_TEXT)
+
+    def test_Constructor(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, zlib._ZlibDecompressor, "ASDA")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, zlib._ZlibDecompressor, -15, "notbytes")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, zlib._ZlibDecompressor, -15, b"bytes", 5)
+
+    def testDecompress(self):
+        zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, zlibd.decompress)
+        text = zlibd.decompress(self.DATA)
+        self.assertEqual(text, self.TEXT)
+
+    def testDecompressChunks10(self):
+        zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+        text = b''
+        n = 0
+        while True:
+            str = self.DATA[n*10:(n+1)*10]
+            if not str:
+                break
+            text += zlibd.decompress(str)
+            n += 1
+        self.assertEqual(text, self.TEXT)
+
+    def testDecompressUnusedData(self):
+        zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+        unused_data = b"this is unused data"
+        text = zlibd.decompress(self.DATA+unused_data)
+        self.assertEqual(text, self.TEXT)
+        self.assertEqual(zlibd.unused_data, unused_data)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def testEOFError(self):
+        zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+        text = zlibd.decompress(self.DATA)
+        self.assertRaises(EOFError, zlibd.decompress, b"anything")
+        self.assertRaises(EOFError, zlibd.decompress, b"")
+
+    @support.skip_if_pgo_task
+    @bigmemtest(size=_4G + 100, memuse=3.3)
+    def testDecompress4G(self, size):
+        # "Test zlib._ZlibDecompressor.decompress() with >4GiB input"
+        blocksize = min(10 * 1024 * 1024, size)
+        block = random.randbytes(blocksize)
+        try:
+            data = block * ((size-1) // blocksize + 1)
+            compressed = zlib.compress(data)
+            zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+            decompressed = zlibd.decompress(compressed)
+            self.assertTrue(decompressed == data)
+        finally:
+            data = None
+            compressed = None
+            decompressed = None
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def testPickle(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                pickle.dumps(zlib._ZlibDecompressor(), proto)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def testDecompressorChunksMaxsize(self):
+        zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+        max_length = 100
+        out = []
+
+        # Feed some input
+        len_ = len(self.BIG_DATA) - 64
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.BIG_DATA[:len_],
+                                    max_length=max_length))
+        self.assertFalse(zlibd.needs_input)
+        self.assertEqual(len(out[-1]), max_length)
+
+        # Retrieve more data without providing more input
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(b'', max_length=max_length))
+        self.assertFalse(zlibd.needs_input)
+        self.assertEqual(len(out[-1]), max_length)
+
+        # Retrieve more data while providing more input
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.BIG_DATA[len_:],
+                                    max_length=max_length))
+        self.assertLessEqual(len(out[-1]), max_length)
+
+        # Retrieve remaining uncompressed data
+        while not zlibd.eof:
+            out.append(zlibd.decompress(b'', max_length=max_length))
+            self.assertLessEqual(len(out[-1]), max_length)
+
+        out = b"".join(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out, self.BIG_TEXT)
+        self.assertEqual(zlibd.unused_data, b"")
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_decompressor_inputbuf_1(self):
+        # Test reusing input buffer after moving existing
+        # contents to beginning
+        zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+        out = []
+
+        # Create input buffer and fill it
+        self.assertEqual(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[:100],
+                                          max_length=0), b'')
+
+        # Retrieve some results, freeing capacity at beginning
+        # of input buffer
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(b'', 2))
+
+        # Add more data that fits into input buffer after
+        # moving existing data to beginning
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[100:105], 15))
+
+        # Decompress rest of data
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[105:]))
+        self.assertEqual(b''.join(out), self.TEXT)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_decompressor_inputbuf_2(self):
+        # Test reusing input buffer by appending data at the
+        # end right away
+        zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+        out = []
+
+        # Create input buffer and empty it
+        self.assertEqual(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[:200],
+                                          max_length=0), b'')
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(b''))
+
+        # Fill buffer with new data
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[200:280], 2))
+
+        # Append some more data, not enough to require resize
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[280:300], 2))
+
+        # Decompress rest of data
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[300:]))
+        self.assertEqual(b''.join(out), self.TEXT)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_decompressor_inputbuf_3(self):
+        # Test reusing input buffer after extending it
+
+        zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+        out = []
+
+        # Create almost full input buffer
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[:200], 5))
+
+        # Add even more data to it, requiring resize
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[200:300], 5))
+
+        # Decompress rest of data
+        out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[300:]))
+        self.assertEqual(b''.join(out), self.TEXT)
+
+    def test_failure(self):
+        zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, zlibd.decompress, self.BAD_DATA * 30)
+        # Previously, a second call could crash due to internal inconsistency
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, zlibd.decompress, self.BAD_DATA * 30)
+
+    @support.refcount_test
+    def test_refleaks_in___init__(self):
+        gettotalrefcount = support.get_attribute(sys, 'gettotalrefcount')
+        zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
+        refs_before = gettotalrefcount()
+        for i in range(100):
+            zlibd.__init__()
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(gettotalrefcount() - refs_before, 0, delta=10)
 
 class CustomInt:
     def __index__(self):
diff --git a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
index 37ee1c83f7..83a7535c33 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ mod zlib {
     use libz_sys::{
         Z_BLOCK, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY, Z_FILTERED, Z_FINISH, Z_FIXED, Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY, Z_RLE, Z_TREES,
     };
+    use rustpython_vm::types::Constructor;
 
     // copied from zlibmodule.c (commit 530f506ac91338)
     #[pyattr]
@@ -587,4 +588,141 @@ mod zlib {
             Ok(Self::new(int))
         }
     }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "_ZlibDecompressor")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    pub struct ZlibDecompressor {
+        decompress: PyMutex<Decompress>,
+        unused_data: PyMutex<PyBytesRef>,
+        unconsumed_tail: PyMutex<PyBytesRef>,
+    }
+
+    impl Constructor for ZlibDecompressor {
+        type Args = ();
+
+        fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            let decompress = Decompress::new(true);
+            let zlib_decompressor = Self {
+                decompress: PyMutex::new(decompress),
+                unused_data: PyMutex::new(PyBytes::from(vec![]).into_ref(&vm.ctx)),
+                unconsumed_tail: PyMutex::new(PyBytes::from(vec![]).into_ref(&vm.ctx)),
+            };
+            zlib_decompressor
+                .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
+                .map(Into::into)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor))]
+    impl ZlibDecompressor {
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
+            self.unused_data.lock().clone()
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn unconsumed_tail(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
+            self.unconsumed_tail.lock().clone()
+        }
+
+        fn save_unused_input(
+            &self,
+            d: &Decompress,
+            data: &[u8],
+            stream_end: bool,
+            orig_in: u64,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) {
+            let leftover = &data[(d.total_in() - orig_in) as usize..];
+
+            if stream_end && !leftover.is_empty() {
+                let mut unused_data = self.unused_data.lock();
+                let unused: Vec<_> = unused_data
+                    .as_bytes()
+                    .iter()
+                    .chain(leftover)
+                    .copied()
+                    .collect();
+                *unused_data = vm.ctx.new_pyref(unused);
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn decompress(&self, args: PyBytesRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            // let max_length = args.max_length.value;
+            // let max_length = (max_length != 0).then_some(max_length);
+            let max_length = None;
+            let data = args.as_bytes();
+
+            let mut d = self.decompress.lock();
+            let orig_in = d.total_in();
+
+            let (ret, stream_end) =
+                match _decompress(data, &mut d, DEF_BUF_SIZE, max_length, false, vm) {
+                    Ok((buf, true)) => {
+                        // Eof is true
+                        (Ok(buf), true)
+                    }
+                    Ok((buf, false)) => (Ok(buf), false),
+                    Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
+                };
+            self.save_unused_input(&d, data, stream_end, orig_in, vm);
+
+            let leftover = if stream_end {
+                b""
+            } else {
+                &data[(d.total_in() - orig_in) as usize..]
+            };
+
+            let mut unconsumed_tail = self.unconsumed_tail.lock();
+            if !leftover.is_empty() || !unconsumed_tail.is_empty() {
+                *unconsumed_tail = PyBytes::from(leftover.to_owned()).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
+            }
+
+            ret
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn flush(&self, length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            let length = match length {
+                OptionalArg::Present(l) => {
+                    let l: isize = l.into();
+                    if l <= 0 {
+                        return Err(
+                            vm.new_value_error("length must be greater than zero".to_owned())
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        l as usize
+                    }
+                }
+                OptionalArg::Missing => DEF_BUF_SIZE,
+            };
+
+            let mut data = self.unconsumed_tail.lock();
+            let mut d = self.decompress.lock();
+
+            let orig_in = d.total_in();
+
+            let (ret, stream_end) = match _decompress(&data, &mut d, length, None, true, vm) {
+                Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
+                Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
+            };
+            self.save_unused_input(&d, &data, stream_end, orig_in, vm);
+
+            *data = PyBytes::from(Vec::new()).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
+
+            // TODO: drop the inner decompressor, somehow
+            // if stream_end {
+            //
+            // }
+            ret
+        }
+
+        // TODO: Wait for getstate pyslot to be fixed
+        // #[pyslot]
+        // fn getstate(zelf: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        //     Err(vm.new_type_error("cannot serialize '_ZlibDecompressor' object".to_owned()))
+        // }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
index ea8fa21c17..55f06e90da 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
@@ -394,4 +394,9 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             obj.as_object(),
         )
     }
+
+    pub fn new_eof_error(&self, msg: String) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        let eof_error = self.ctx.exceptions.eof_error.to_owned();
+        self.new_exception_msg(eof_error, msg)
+    }
 }

From 16d8bab61aeffcd24e9e25a15661702a1e3c17af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 02:44:06 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 399/705] Update Logging to 3.12.7 (#5478)

* updated logging to 3.12, added logging tests, and added smtplib and tests

* fix expected failures on test_smtplib.py

* mark all rustpython fails on test_logging.py
---
 Lib/logging/__init__.py      |  254 +-
 Lib/logging/config.py        |  222 +-
 Lib/logging/handlers.py      |  261 +-
 Lib/smtplib.py               | 1109 ++++++
 Lib/test/support/__init__.py |   35 +-
 Lib/test/support/smtpd.py    |  873 +++++
 Lib/test/test_logging.py     | 7049 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/test/test_smtplib.py     | 1568 ++++++++
 Lib/test/test_smtpnet.py     |   90 +
 9 files changed, 11203 insertions(+), 258 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/smtplib.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/support/smtpd.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_logging.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_smtplib.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_smtpnet.py

diff --git a/Lib/logging/__init__.py b/Lib/logging/__init__.py
index 19bd2bc20b..28df075dcd 100644
--- a/Lib/logging/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/logging/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright 2001-2019 by Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
+# Copyright 2001-2022 by Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
 #
 # Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
 # documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
@@ -18,13 +18,14 @@
 Logging package for Python. Based on PEP 282 and comments thereto in
 comp.lang.python.
 
-Copyright (C) 2001-2019 Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
+Copyright (C) 2001-2022 Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
 
 To use, simply 'import logging' and log away!
 """
 
 import sys, os, time, io, re, traceback, warnings, weakref, collections.abc
 
+from types import GenericAlias
 from string import Template
 from string import Formatter as StrFormatter
 
@@ -37,7 +38,8 @@
            'exception', 'fatal', 'getLevelName', 'getLogger', 'getLoggerClass',
            'info', 'log', 'makeLogRecord', 'setLoggerClass', 'shutdown',
            'warn', 'warning', 'getLogRecordFactory', 'setLogRecordFactory',
-           'lastResort', 'raiseExceptions']
+           'lastResort', 'raiseExceptions', 'getLevelNamesMapping',
+           'getHandlerByName', 'getHandlerNames']
 
 import threading
 
@@ -63,20 +65,25 @@
 raiseExceptions = True
 
 #
-# If you don't want threading information in the log, set this to zero
+# If you don't want threading information in the log, set this to False
 #
 logThreads = True
 
 #
-# If you don't want multiprocessing information in the log, set this to zero
+# If you don't want multiprocessing information in the log, set this to False
 #
 logMultiprocessing = True
 
 #
-# If you don't want process information in the log, set this to zero
+# If you don't want process information in the log, set this to False
 #
 logProcesses = True
 
+#
+# If you don't want asyncio task information in the log, set this to False
+#
+logAsyncioTasks = True
+
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #   Level related stuff
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -116,6 +123,9 @@
     'NOTSET': NOTSET,
 }
 
+def getLevelNamesMapping():
+    return _nameToLevel.copy()
+
 def getLevelName(level):
     """
     Return the textual or numeric representation of logging level 'level'.
@@ -156,15 +166,15 @@ def addLevelName(level, levelName):
     finally:
         _releaseLock()
 
-if hasattr(sys, '_getframe'):
-    currentframe = lambda: sys._getframe(3)
+if hasattr(sys, "_getframe"):
+    currentframe = lambda: sys._getframe(1)
 else: #pragma: no cover
     def currentframe():
         """Return the frame object for the caller's stack frame."""
         try:
             raise Exception
-        except Exception:
-            return sys.exc_info()[2].tb_frame.f_back
+        except Exception as exc:
+            return exc.__traceback__.tb_frame.f_back
 
 #
 # _srcfile is used when walking the stack to check when we've got the first
@@ -181,13 +191,18 @@ def currentframe():
 _srcfile = os.path.normcase(addLevelName.__code__.co_filename)
 
 # _srcfile is only used in conjunction with sys._getframe().
-# To provide compatibility with older versions of Python, set _srcfile
-# to None if _getframe() is not available; this value will prevent
-# findCaller() from being called. You can also do this if you want to avoid
-# the overhead of fetching caller information, even when _getframe() is
-# available.
-#if not hasattr(sys, '_getframe'):
-#    _srcfile = None
+# Setting _srcfile to None will prevent findCaller() from being called. This
+# way, you can avoid the overhead of fetching caller information.
+
+# The following is based on warnings._is_internal_frame. It makes sure that
+# frames of the import mechanism are skipped when logging at module level and
+# using a stacklevel value greater than one.
+def _is_internal_frame(frame):
+    """Signal whether the frame is a CPython or logging module internal."""
+    filename = os.path.normcase(frame.f_code.co_filename)
+    return filename == _srcfile or (
+            "importlib" in filename and "_bootstrap" in filename
+    )
 
 
 def _checkLevel(level):
@@ -307,7 +322,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, level, pathname, lineno,
         # Thus, while not removing the isinstance check, it does now look
         # for collections.abc.Mapping rather than, as before, dict.
         if (args and len(args) == 1 and isinstance(args[0], collections.abc.Mapping)
-            and args[0]):
+                and args[0]):
             args = args[0]
         self.args = args
         self.levelname = getLevelName(level)
@@ -325,7 +340,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, level, pathname, lineno,
         self.lineno = lineno
         self.funcName = func
         self.created = ct
-        self.msecs = (ct - int(ct)) * 1000
+        self.msecs = int((ct - int(ct)) * 1000) + 0.0  # see gh-89047
         self.relativeCreated = (self.created - _startTime) * 1000
         if logThreads:
             self.thread = threading.get_ident()
@@ -352,9 +367,18 @@ def __init__(self, name, level, pathname, lineno,
         else:
             self.process = None
 
+        self.taskName = None
+        if logAsyncioTasks:
+            asyncio = sys.modules.get('asyncio')
+            if asyncio:
+                try:
+                    self.taskName = asyncio.current_task().get_name()
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+
     def __repr__(self):
         return '<LogRecord: %s, %s, %s, %s, "%s">'%(self.name, self.levelno,
-            self.pathname, self.lineno, self.msg)
+                                                    self.pathname, self.lineno, self.msg)
 
     def getMessage(self):
         """
@@ -487,7 +511,7 @@ def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
     def usesTime(self):
         fmt = self._fmt
-        return fmt.find('$asctime') >= 0 or fmt.find(self.asctime_format) >= 0
+        return fmt.find('$asctime') >= 0 or fmt.find(self.asctime_search) >= 0
 
     def validate(self):
         pattern = Template.pattern
@@ -557,6 +581,7 @@ class Formatter(object):
                         (typically at application startup time)
     %(thread)d          Thread ID (if available)
     %(threadName)s      Thread name (if available)
+    %(taskName)s        Task name (if available)
     %(process)d         Process ID (if available)
     %(message)s         The result of record.getMessage(), computed just as
                         the record is emitted
@@ -583,7 +608,7 @@ def __init__(self, fmt=None, datefmt=None, style='%', validate=True, *,
         """
         if style not in _STYLES:
             raise ValueError('Style must be one of: %s' % ','.join(
-                             _STYLES.keys()))
+                _STYLES.keys()))
         self._style = _STYLES[style][0](fmt, defaults=defaults)
         if validate:
             self._style.validate()
@@ -808,23 +833,36 @@ def filter(self, record):
         Determine if a record is loggable by consulting all the filters.
 
         The default is to allow the record to be logged; any filter can veto
-        this and the record is then dropped. Returns a zero value if a record
-        is to be dropped, else non-zero.
+        this by returning a false value.
+        If a filter attached to a handler returns a log record instance,
+        then that instance is used in place of the original log record in
+        any further processing of the event by that handler.
+        If a filter returns any other true value, the original log record
+        is used in any further processing of the event by that handler.
+
+        If none of the filters return false values, this method returns
+        a log record.
+        If any of the filters return a false value, this method returns
+        a false value.
 
         .. versionchanged:: 3.2
 
            Allow filters to be just callables.
+
+        .. versionchanged:: 3.12
+           Allow filters to return a LogRecord instead of
+           modifying it in place.
         """
-        rv = True
         for f in self.filters:
             if hasattr(f, 'filter'):
                 result = f.filter(record)
             else:
                 result = f(record) # assume callable - will raise if not
             if not result:
-                rv = False
-                break
-        return rv
+                return False
+            if isinstance(result, LogRecord):
+                record = result
+        return record
 
 #---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 #   Handler classes and functions
@@ -845,8 +883,9 @@ def _removeHandlerRef(wr):
     if acquire and release and handlers:
         acquire()
         try:
-            if wr in handlers:
-                handlers.remove(wr)
+            handlers.remove(wr)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
         finally:
             release()
 
@@ -860,6 +899,23 @@ def _addHandlerRef(handler):
     finally:
         _releaseLock()
 
+
+def getHandlerByName(name):
+    """
+    Get a handler with the specified *name*, or None if there isn't one with
+    that name.
+    """
+    return _handlers.get(name)
+
+
+def getHandlerNames():
+    """
+    Return all known handler names as an immutable set.
+    """
+    result = set(_handlers.keys())
+    return frozenset(result)
+
+
 class Handler(Filterer):
     """
     Handler instances dispatch logging events to specific destinations.
@@ -958,10 +1014,14 @@ def handle(self, record):
 
         Emission depends on filters which may have been added to the handler.
         Wrap the actual emission of the record with acquisition/release of
-        the I/O thread lock. Returns whether the filter passed the record for
-        emission.
+        the I/O thread lock.
+
+        Returns an instance of the log record that was emitted
+        if it passed all filters, otherwise a false value is returned.
         """
         rv = self.filter(record)
+        if isinstance(rv, LogRecord):
+            record = rv
         if rv:
             self.acquire()
             try:
@@ -1032,7 +1092,7 @@ def handleError(self, record):
                 else:
                     # couldn't find the right stack frame, for some reason
                     sys.stderr.write('Logged from file %s, line %s\n' % (
-                                     record.filename, record.lineno))
+                        record.filename, record.lineno))
                 # Issue 18671: output logging message and arguments
                 try:
                     sys.stderr.write('Message: %r\n'
@@ -1044,7 +1104,7 @@ def handleError(self, record):
                     sys.stderr.write('Unable to print the message and arguments'
                                      ' - possible formatting error.\nUse the'
                                      ' traceback above to help find the error.\n'
-                                    )
+                                     )
             except OSError: #pragma: no cover
                 pass    # see issue 5971
             finally:
@@ -1136,6 +1196,8 @@ def __repr__(self):
             name += ' '
         return '<%s %s(%s)>' % (self.__class__.__name__, name, level)
 
+    __class_getitem__ = classmethod(GenericAlias)
+
 
 class FileHandler(StreamHandler):
     """
@@ -1459,7 +1521,7 @@ def debug(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
         To pass exception information, use the keyword argument exc_info with
         a true value, e.g.
 
-        logger.debug("Houston, we have a %s", "thorny problem", exc_info=1)
+        logger.debug("Houston, we have a %s", "thorny problem", exc_info=True)
         """
         if self.isEnabledFor(DEBUG):
             self._log(DEBUG, msg, args, **kwargs)
@@ -1471,7 +1533,7 @@ def info(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
         To pass exception information, use the keyword argument exc_info with
         a true value, e.g.
 
-        logger.info("Houston, we have a %s", "interesting problem", exc_info=1)
+        logger.info("Houston, we have a %s", "notable problem", exc_info=True)
         """
         if self.isEnabledFor(INFO):
             self._log(INFO, msg, args, **kwargs)
@@ -1483,14 +1545,14 @@ def warning(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
         To pass exception information, use the keyword argument exc_info with
         a true value, e.g.
 
-        logger.warning("Houston, we have a %s", "bit of a problem", exc_info=1)
+        logger.warning("Houston, we have a %s", "bit of a problem", exc_info=True)
         """
         if self.isEnabledFor(WARNING):
             self._log(WARNING, msg, args, **kwargs)
 
     def warn(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
         warnings.warn("The 'warn' method is deprecated, "
-            "use 'warning' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+                      "use 'warning' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
         self.warning(msg, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def error(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -1500,7 +1562,7 @@ def error(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
         To pass exception information, use the keyword argument exc_info with
         a true value, e.g.
 
-        logger.error("Houston, we have a %s", "major problem", exc_info=1)
+        logger.error("Houston, we have a %s", "major problem", exc_info=True)
         """
         if self.isEnabledFor(ERROR):
             self._log(ERROR, msg, args, **kwargs)
@@ -1518,7 +1580,7 @@ def critical(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
         To pass exception information, use the keyword argument exc_info with
         a true value, e.g.
 
-        logger.critical("Houston, we have a %s", "major disaster", exc_info=1)
+        logger.critical("Houston, we have a %s", "major disaster", exc_info=True)
         """
         if self.isEnabledFor(CRITICAL):
             self._log(CRITICAL, msg, args, **kwargs)
@@ -1536,7 +1598,7 @@ def log(self, level, msg, *args, **kwargs):
         To pass exception information, use the keyword argument exc_info with
         a true value, e.g.
 
-        logger.log(level, "We have a %s", "mysterious problem", exc_info=1)
+        logger.log(level, "We have a %s", "mysterious problem", exc_info=True)
         """
         if not isinstance(level, int):
             if raiseExceptions:
@@ -1554,33 +1616,31 @@ def findCaller(self, stack_info=False, stacklevel=1):
         f = currentframe()
         #On some versions of IronPython, currentframe() returns None if
         #IronPython isn't run with -X:Frames.
-        if f is not None:
-            f = f.f_back
-        orig_f = f
-        while f and stacklevel > 1:
-            f = f.f_back
-            stacklevel -= 1
-        if not f:
-            f = orig_f
-        rv = "(unknown file)", 0, "(unknown function)", None
-        while hasattr(f, "f_code"):
-            co = f.f_code
-            filename = os.path.normcase(co.co_filename)
-            if filename == _srcfile:
-                f = f.f_back
-                continue
-            sinfo = None
-            if stack_info:
-                sio = io.StringIO()
-                sio.write('Stack (most recent call last):\n')
+        if f is None:
+            return "(unknown file)", 0, "(unknown function)", None
+        while stacklevel > 0:
+            next_f = f.f_back
+            if next_f is None:
+                ## We've got options here.
+                ## If we want to use the last (deepest) frame:
+                break
+                ## If we want to mimic the warnings module:
+                #return ("sys", 1, "(unknown function)", None)
+                ## If we want to be pedantic:
+                #raise ValueError("call stack is not deep enough")
+            f = next_f
+            if not _is_internal_frame(f):
+                stacklevel -= 1
+        co = f.f_code
+        sinfo = None
+        if stack_info:
+            with io.StringIO() as sio:
+                sio.write("Stack (most recent call last):\n")
                 traceback.print_stack(f, file=sio)
                 sinfo = sio.getvalue()
                 if sinfo[-1] == '\n':
                     sinfo = sinfo[:-1]
-                sio.close()
-            rv = (co.co_filename, f.f_lineno, co.co_name, sinfo)
-            break
-        return rv
+        return co.co_filename, f.f_lineno, co.co_name, sinfo
 
     def makeRecord(self, name, level, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info,
                    func=None, extra=None, sinfo=None):
@@ -1589,7 +1649,7 @@ def makeRecord(self, name, level, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info,
         specialized LogRecords.
         """
         rv = _logRecordFactory(name, level, fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info, func,
-                             sinfo)
+                               sinfo)
         if extra is not None:
             for key in extra:
                 if (key in ["message", "asctime"]) or (key in rv.__dict__):
@@ -1630,8 +1690,14 @@ def handle(self, record):
         This method is used for unpickled records received from a socket, as
         well as those created locally. Logger-level filtering is applied.
         """
-        if (not self.disabled) and self.filter(record):
-            self.callHandlers(record)
+        if self.disabled:
+            return
+        maybe_record = self.filter(record)
+        if not maybe_record:
+            return
+        if isinstance(maybe_record, LogRecord):
+            record = maybe_record
+        self.callHandlers(record)
 
     def addHandler(self, hdlr):
         """
@@ -1737,7 +1803,7 @@ def isEnabledFor(self, level):
                     is_enabled = self._cache[level] = False
                 else:
                     is_enabled = self._cache[level] = (
-                        level >= self.getEffectiveLevel()
+                            level >= self.getEffectiveLevel()
                     )
             finally:
                 _releaseLock()
@@ -1762,13 +1828,30 @@ def getChild(self, suffix):
             suffix = '.'.join((self.name, suffix))
         return self.manager.getLogger(suffix)
 
+    def getChildren(self):
+
+        def _hierlevel(logger):
+            if logger is logger.manager.root:
+                return 0
+            return 1 + logger.name.count('.')
+
+        d = self.manager.loggerDict
+        _acquireLock()
+        try:
+            # exclude PlaceHolders - the last check is to ensure that lower-level
+            # descendants aren't returned - if there are placeholders, a logger's
+            # parent field might point to a grandparent or ancestor thereof.
+            return set(item for item in d.values()
+                       if isinstance(item, Logger) and item.parent is self and
+                       _hierlevel(item) == 1 + _hierlevel(item.parent))
+        finally:
+            _releaseLock()
+
     def __repr__(self):
         level = getLevelName(self.getEffectiveLevel())
         return '<%s %s (%s)>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name, level)
 
     def __reduce__(self):
-        # In general, only the root logger will not be accessible via its name.
-        # However, the root logger's class has its own __reduce__ method.
         if getLogger(self.name) is not self:
             import pickle
             raise pickle.PicklingError('logger cannot be pickled')
@@ -1848,7 +1931,7 @@ def warning(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
 
     def warn(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
         warnings.warn("The 'warn' method is deprecated, "
-            "use 'warning' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+                      "use 'warning' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
         self.warning(msg, *args, **kwargs)
 
     def error(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -1902,18 +1985,11 @@ def hasHandlers(self):
         """
         return self.logger.hasHandlers()
 
-    def _log(self, level, msg, args, exc_info=None, extra=None, stack_info=False):
+    def _log(self, level, msg, args, **kwargs):
         """
         Low-level log implementation, proxied to allow nested logger adapters.
         """
-        return self.logger._log(
-            level,
-            msg,
-            args,
-            exc_info=exc_info,
-            extra=extra,
-            stack_info=stack_info,
-        )
+        return self.logger._log(level, msg, args, **kwargs)
 
     @property
     def manager(self):
@@ -1932,6 +2008,8 @@ def __repr__(self):
         level = getLevelName(logger.getEffectiveLevel())
         return '<%s %s (%s)>' % (self.__class__.__name__, logger.name, level)
 
+    __class_getitem__ = classmethod(GenericAlias)
+
 root = RootLogger(WARNING)
 Logger.root = root
 Logger.manager = Manager(Logger.root)
@@ -1971,7 +2049,7 @@ def basicConfig(**kwargs):
               that this argument is incompatible with 'filename' - if both
               are present, 'stream' is ignored.
     handlers  If specified, this should be an iterable of already created
-              handlers, which will be added to the root handler. Any handler
+              handlers, which will be added to the root logger. Any handler
               in the list which does not have a formatter assigned will be
               assigned the formatter created in this function.
     force     If this keyword  is specified as true, any existing handlers
@@ -2047,7 +2125,7 @@ def basicConfig(**kwargs):
             style = kwargs.pop("style", '%')
             if style not in _STYLES:
                 raise ValueError('Style must be one of: %s' % ','.join(
-                                 _STYLES.keys()))
+                    _STYLES.keys()))
             fs = kwargs.pop("format", _STYLES[style][1])
             fmt = Formatter(fs, dfs, style)
             for h in handlers:
@@ -2124,7 +2202,7 @@ def warning(msg, *args, **kwargs):
 
 def warn(msg, *args, **kwargs):
     warnings.warn("The 'warn' function is deprecated, "
-        "use 'warning' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+                  "use 'warning' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
     warning(msg, *args, **kwargs)
 
 def info(msg, *args, **kwargs):
@@ -2179,7 +2257,11 @@ def shutdown(handlerList=_handlerList):
             if h:
                 try:
                     h.acquire()
-                    h.flush()
+                    # MemoryHandlers might not want to be flushed on close,
+                    # but circular imports prevent us scoping this to just
+                    # those handlers.  hence the default to True.
+                    if getattr(h, 'flushOnClose', True):
+                        h.flush()
                     h.close()
                 except (OSError, ValueError):
                     # Ignore errors which might be caused
@@ -2242,7 +2324,9 @@ def _showwarning(message, category, filename, lineno, file=None, line=None):
         logger = getLogger("py.warnings")
         if not logger.handlers:
             logger.addHandler(NullHandler())
-        logger.warning("%s", s)
+        # bpo-46557: Log str(s) as msg instead of logger.warning("%s", s)
+        # since some log aggregation tools group logs by the msg arg
+        logger.warning(str(s))
 
 def captureWarnings(capture):
     """
diff --git a/Lib/logging/config.py b/Lib/logging/config.py
index 3bc63b7862..ef04a35168 100644
--- a/Lib/logging/config.py
+++ b/Lib/logging/config.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright 2001-2019 by Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
+# Copyright 2001-2023 by Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
 #
 # Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
 # documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
@@ -19,18 +19,20 @@
 is based on PEP 282 and comments thereto in comp.lang.python, and influenced
 by Apache's log4j system.
 
-Copyright (C) 2001-2019 Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
+Copyright (C) 2001-2022 Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
 
 To use, simply 'import logging' and log away!
 """
 
 import errno
+import functools
 import io
 import logging
 import logging.handlers
+import os
+import queue
 import re
 import struct
-import sys
 import threading
 import traceback
 
@@ -59,15 +61,24 @@ def fileConfig(fname, defaults=None, disable_existing_loggers=True, encoding=Non
     """
     import configparser
 
+    if isinstance(fname, str):
+        if not os.path.exists(fname):
+            raise FileNotFoundError(f"{fname} doesn't exist")
+        elif not os.path.getsize(fname):
+            raise RuntimeError(f'{fname} is an empty file')
+
     if isinstance(fname, configparser.RawConfigParser):
         cp = fname
     else:
-        cp = configparser.ConfigParser(defaults)
-        if hasattr(fname, 'readline'):
-            cp.read_file(fname)
-        else:
-            encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
-            cp.read(fname, encoding=encoding)
+        try:
+            cp = configparser.ConfigParser(defaults)
+            if hasattr(fname, 'readline'):
+                cp.read_file(fname)
+            else:
+                encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
+                cp.read(fname, encoding=encoding)
+        except configparser.ParsingError as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(f'{fname} is invalid: {e}')
 
     formatters = _create_formatters(cp)
 
@@ -113,11 +124,18 @@ def _create_formatters(cp):
         fs = cp.get(sectname, "format", raw=True, fallback=None)
         dfs = cp.get(sectname, "datefmt", raw=True, fallback=None)
         stl = cp.get(sectname, "style", raw=True, fallback='%')
+        defaults = cp.get(sectname, "defaults", raw=True, fallback=None)
+
         c = logging.Formatter
         class_name = cp[sectname].get("class")
         if class_name:
             c = _resolve(class_name)
-        f = c(fs, dfs, stl)
+
+        if defaults is not None:
+            defaults = eval(defaults, vars(logging))
+            f = c(fs, dfs, stl, defaults=defaults)
+        else:
+            f = c(fs, dfs, stl)
         formatters[form] = f
     return formatters
 
@@ -296,7 +314,7 @@ def convert_with_key(self, key, value, replace=True):
             if replace:
                 self[key] = result
             if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
-                               ConvertingTuple):
+                                ConvertingTuple):
                 result.parent = self
                 result.key = key
         return result
@@ -305,7 +323,7 @@ def convert(self, value):
         result = self.configurator.convert(value)
         if value is not result:
             if type(result) in (ConvertingDict, ConvertingList,
-                               ConvertingTuple):
+                                ConvertingTuple):
                 result.parent = self
         return result
 
@@ -392,11 +410,9 @@ def resolve(self, s):
                     self.importer(used)
                     found = getattr(found, frag)
             return found
-        except ImportError:
-            e, tb = sys.exc_info()[1:]
+        except ImportError as e:
             v = ValueError('Cannot resolve %r: %s' % (s, e))
-            v.__cause__, v.__traceback__ = e, tb
-            raise v
+            raise v from e
 
     def ext_convert(self, value):
         """Default converter for the ext:// protocol."""
@@ -448,8 +464,8 @@ def convert(self, value):
         elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingList) and isinstance(value, list):
             value = ConvertingList(value)
             value.configurator = self
-        elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingTuple) and\
-                 isinstance(value, tuple) and not hasattr(value, '_fields'):
+        elif not isinstance(value, ConvertingTuple) and \
+                isinstance(value, tuple) and not hasattr(value, '_fields'):
             value = ConvertingTuple(value)
             value.configurator = self
         elif isinstance(value, str): # str for py3k
@@ -469,10 +485,10 @@ def configure_custom(self, config):
         c = config.pop('()')
         if not callable(c):
             c = self.resolve(c)
-        props = config.pop('.', None)
         # Check for valid identifiers
-        kwargs = {k: config[k] for k in config if valid_ident(k)}
+        kwargs = {k: config[k] for k in config if (k != '.' and valid_ident(k))}
         result = c(**kwargs)
+        props = config.pop('.', None)
         if props:
             for name, value in props.items():
                 setattr(result, name, value)
@@ -484,6 +500,33 @@ def as_tuple(self, value):
             value = tuple(value)
         return value
 
+def _is_queue_like_object(obj):
+    """Check that *obj* implements the Queue API."""
+    if isinstance(obj, (queue.Queue, queue.SimpleQueue)):
+        return True
+    # defer importing multiprocessing as much as possible
+    from multiprocessing.queues import Queue as MPQueue
+    if isinstance(obj, MPQueue):
+        return True
+    # Depending on the multiprocessing start context, we cannot create
+    # a multiprocessing.managers.BaseManager instance 'mm' to get the
+    # runtime type of mm.Queue() or mm.JoinableQueue() (see gh-119819).
+    #
+    # Since we only need an object implementing the Queue API, we only
+    # do a protocol check, but we do not use typing.runtime_checkable()
+    # and typing.Protocol to reduce import time (see gh-121723).
+    #
+    # Ideally, we would have wanted to simply use strict type checking
+    # instead of a protocol-based type checking since the latter does
+    # not check the method signatures.
+    #
+    # Note that only 'put_nowait' and 'get' are required by the logging
+    # queue handler and queue listener (see gh-124653) and that other
+    # methods are either optional or unused.
+    minimal_queue_interface = ['put_nowait', 'get']
+    return all(callable(getattr(obj, method, None))
+               for method in minimal_queue_interface)
+
 class DictConfigurator(BaseConfigurator):
     """
     Configure logging using a dictionary-like object to describe the
@@ -542,7 +585,7 @@ def configure(self):
                 for name in formatters:
                     try:
                         formatters[name] = self.configure_formatter(
-                                                            formatters[name])
+                            formatters[name])
                     except Exception as e:
                         raise ValueError('Unable to configure '
                                          'formatter %r' % name) from e
@@ -566,7 +609,7 @@ def configure(self):
                         handler.name = name
                         handlers[name] = handler
                     except Exception as e:
-                        if 'target not configured yet' in str(e.__cause__):
+                        if ' not configured yet' in str(e.__cause__):
                             deferred.append(name)
                         else:
                             raise ValueError('Unable to configure handler '
@@ -669,18 +712,27 @@ def configure_formatter(self, config):
             dfmt = config.get('datefmt', None)
             style = config.get('style', '%')
             cname = config.get('class', None)
+            defaults = config.get('defaults', None)
 
             if not cname:
                 c = logging.Formatter
             else:
                 c = _resolve(cname)
 
+            kwargs  = {}
+
+            # Add defaults only if it exists.
+            # Prevents TypeError in custom formatter callables that do not
+            # accept it.
+            if defaults is not None:
+                kwargs['defaults'] = defaults
+
             # A TypeError would be raised if "validate" key is passed in with a formatter callable
             # that does not accept "validate" as a parameter
             if 'validate' in config:  # if user hasn't mentioned it, the default will be fine
-                result = c(fmt, dfmt, style, config['validate'])
+                result = c(fmt, dfmt, style, config['validate'], **kwargs)
             else:
-                result = c(fmt, dfmt, style)
+                result = c(fmt, dfmt, style, **kwargs)
 
         return result
 
@@ -697,10 +749,29 @@ def add_filters(self, filterer, filters):
         """Add filters to a filterer from a list of names."""
         for f in filters:
             try:
-                filterer.addFilter(self.config['filters'][f])
+                if callable(f) or callable(getattr(f, 'filter', None)):
+                    filter_ = f
+                else:
+                    filter_ = self.config['filters'][f]
+                filterer.addFilter(filter_)
             except Exception as e:
                 raise ValueError('Unable to add filter %r' % f) from e
 
+    def _configure_queue_handler(self, klass, **kwargs):
+        if 'queue' in kwargs:
+            q = kwargs.pop('queue')
+        else:
+            q = queue.Queue()  # unbounded
+
+        rhl = kwargs.pop('respect_handler_level', False)
+        lklass = kwargs.pop('listener', logging.handlers.QueueListener)
+        handlers = kwargs.pop('handlers', [])
+
+        listener = lklass(q, *handlers, respect_handler_level=rhl)
+        handler = klass(q, **kwargs)
+        handler.listener = listener
+        return handler
+
     def configure_handler(self, config):
         """Configure a handler from a dictionary."""
         config_copy = dict(config)  # for restoring in case of error
@@ -720,28 +791,87 @@ def configure_handler(self, config):
             factory = c
         else:
             cname = config.pop('class')
-            klass = self.resolve(cname)
-            #Special case for handler which refers to another handler
-            if issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.MemoryHandler) and\
-                'target' in config:
-                try:
-                    th = self.config['handlers'][config['target']]
-                    if not isinstance(th, logging.Handler):
-                        config.update(config_copy)  # restore for deferred cfg
-                        raise TypeError('target not configured yet')
-                    config['target'] = th
-                except Exception as e:
-                    raise ValueError('Unable to set target handler '
-                                     '%r' % config['target']) from e
-            elif issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.SMTPHandler) and\
-                'mailhost' in config:
+            if callable(cname):
+                klass = cname
+            else:
+                klass = self.resolve(cname)
+            if issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.MemoryHandler):
+                if 'flushLevel' in config:
+                    config['flushLevel'] = logging._checkLevel(config['flushLevel'])
+                if 'target' in config:
+                    # Special case for handler which refers to another handler
+                    try:
+                        tn = config['target']
+                        th = self.config['handlers'][tn]
+                        if not isinstance(th, logging.Handler):
+                            config.update(config_copy)  # restore for deferred cfg
+                            raise TypeError('target not configured yet')
+                        config['target'] = th
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to set target handler %r' % tn) from e
+            elif issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.QueueHandler):
+                # Another special case for handler which refers to other handlers
+                # if 'handlers' not in config:
+                # raise ValueError('No handlers specified for a QueueHandler')
+                if 'queue' in config:
+                    qspec = config['queue']
+
+                    if isinstance(qspec, str):
+                        q = self.resolve(qspec)
+                        if not callable(q):
+                            raise TypeError('Invalid queue specifier %r' % qspec)
+                        config['queue'] = q()
+                    elif isinstance(qspec, dict):
+                        if '()' not in qspec:
+                            raise TypeError('Invalid queue specifier %r' % qspec)
+                        config['queue'] = self.configure_custom(dict(qspec))
+                    elif not _is_queue_like_object(qspec):
+                        raise TypeError('Invalid queue specifier %r' % qspec)
+
+                if 'listener' in config:
+                    lspec = config['listener']
+                    if isinstance(lspec, type):
+                        if not issubclass(lspec, logging.handlers.QueueListener):
+                            raise TypeError('Invalid listener specifier %r' % lspec)
+                    else:
+                        if isinstance(lspec, str):
+                            listener = self.resolve(lspec)
+                            if isinstance(listener, type) and \
+                                    not issubclass(listener, logging.handlers.QueueListener):
+                                raise TypeError('Invalid listener specifier %r' % lspec)
+                        elif isinstance(lspec, dict):
+                            if '()' not in lspec:
+                                raise TypeError('Invalid listener specifier %r' % lspec)
+                            listener = self.configure_custom(dict(lspec))
+                        else:
+                            raise TypeError('Invalid listener specifier %r' % lspec)
+                        if not callable(listener):
+                            raise TypeError('Invalid listener specifier %r' % lspec)
+                        config['listener'] = listener
+                if 'handlers' in config:
+                    hlist = []
+                    try:
+                        for hn in config['handlers']:
+                            h = self.config['handlers'][hn]
+                            if not isinstance(h, logging.Handler):
+                                config.update(config_copy)  # restore for deferred cfg
+                                raise TypeError('Required handler %r '
+                                                'is not configured yet' % hn)
+                            hlist.append(h)
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        raise ValueError('Unable to set required handler %r' % hn) from e
+                    config['handlers'] = hlist
+            elif issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.SMTPHandler) and \
+                    'mailhost' in config:
                 config['mailhost'] = self.as_tuple(config['mailhost'])
-            elif issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.SysLogHandler) and\
-                'address' in config:
+            elif issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.SysLogHandler) and \
+                    'address' in config:
                 config['address'] = self.as_tuple(config['address'])
-            factory = klass
-        props = config.pop('.', None)
-        kwargs = {k: config[k] for k in config if valid_ident(k)}
+            if issubclass(klass, logging.handlers.QueueHandler):
+                factory = functools.partial(self._configure_queue_handler, klass)
+            else:
+                factory = klass
+        kwargs = {k: config[k] for k in config if (k != '.' and valid_ident(k))}
         try:
             result = factory(**kwargs)
         except TypeError as te:
@@ -759,6 +889,7 @@ def configure_handler(self, config):
             result.setLevel(logging._checkLevel(level))
         if filters:
             self.add_filters(result, filters)
+        props = config.pop('.', None)
         if props:
             for name, value in props.items():
                 setattr(result, name, value)
@@ -794,6 +925,7 @@ def configure_logger(self, name, config, incremental=False):
         """Configure a non-root logger from a dictionary."""
         logger = logging.getLogger(name)
         self.common_logger_config(logger, config, incremental)
+        logger.disabled = False
         propagate = config.get('propagate', None)
         if propagate is not None:
             logger.propagate = propagate
diff --git a/Lib/logging/handlers.py b/Lib/logging/handlers.py
index 61a39958c0..bf42ea1103 100644
--- a/Lib/logging/handlers.py
+++ b/Lib/logging/handlers.py
@@ -187,15 +187,18 @@ def shouldRollover(self, record):
         Basically, see if the supplied record would cause the file to exceed
         the size limit we have.
         """
-        # See bpo-45401: Never rollover anything other than regular files
-        if os.path.exists(self.baseFilename) and not os.path.isfile(self.baseFilename):
-            return False
         if self.stream is None:                 # delay was set...
             self.stream = self._open()
         if self.maxBytes > 0:                   # are we rolling over?
+            pos = self.stream.tell()
+            if not pos:
+                # gh-116263: Never rollover an empty file
+                return False
             msg = "%s\n" % self.format(record)
-            self.stream.seek(0, 2)  #due to non-posix-compliant Windows feature
-            if self.stream.tell() + len(msg) >= self.maxBytes:
+            if pos + len(msg) >= self.maxBytes:
+                # See bpo-45401: Never rollover anything other than regular files
+                if os.path.exists(self.baseFilename) and not os.path.isfile(self.baseFilename):
+                    return False
                 return True
         return False
 
@@ -232,19 +235,19 @@ def __init__(self, filename, when='h', interval=1, backupCount=0,
         if self.when == 'S':
             self.interval = 1 # one second
             self.suffix = "%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S"
-            self.extMatch = r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}_\d{2}-\d{2}-\d{2}(\.\w+)?$"
+            extMatch = r"(?<!\d)\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}_\d{2}-\d{2}-\d{2}(?!\d)"
         elif self.when == 'M':
             self.interval = 60 # one minute
             self.suffix = "%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M"
-            self.extMatch = r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}_\d{2}-\d{2}(\.\w+)?$"
+            extMatch = r"(?<!\d)\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}_\d{2}-\d{2}(?!\d)"
         elif self.when == 'H':
             self.interval = 60 * 60 # one hour
             self.suffix = "%Y-%m-%d_%H"
-            self.extMatch = r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}_\d{2}(\.\w+)?$"
+            extMatch = r"(?<!\d)\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}_\d{2}(?!\d)"
         elif self.when == 'D' or self.when == 'MIDNIGHT':
             self.interval = 60 * 60 * 24 # one day
             self.suffix = "%Y-%m-%d"
-            self.extMatch = r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}(\.\w+)?$"
+            extMatch = r"(?<!\d)\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}(?!\d)"
         elif self.when.startswith('W'):
             self.interval = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7 # one week
             if len(self.when) != 2:
@@ -253,11 +256,17 @@ def __init__(self, filename, when='h', interval=1, backupCount=0,
                 raise ValueError("Invalid day specified for weekly rollover: %s" % self.when)
             self.dayOfWeek = int(self.when[1])
             self.suffix = "%Y-%m-%d"
-            self.extMatch = r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}(\.\w+)?$"
+            extMatch = r"(?<!\d)\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}(?!\d)"
         else:
             raise ValueError("Invalid rollover interval specified: %s" % self.when)
 
-        self.extMatch = re.compile(self.extMatch, re.ASCII)
+        # extMatch is a pattern for matching a datetime suffix in a file name.
+        # After custom naming, it is no longer guaranteed to be separated by
+        # periods from other parts of the filename.  The lookup statements
+        # (?<!\d) and (?!\d) ensure that the datetime suffix (which itself
+        # starts and ends with digits) is not preceded or followed by digits.
+        # This reduces the number of false matches and improves performance.
+        self.extMatch = re.compile(extMatch, re.ASCII)
         self.interval = self.interval * interval # multiply by units requested
         # The following line added because the filename passed in could be a
         # path object (see Issue #27493), but self.baseFilename will be a string
@@ -295,11 +304,11 @@ def computeRollover(self, currentTime):
                 rotate_ts = _MIDNIGHT
             else:
                 rotate_ts = ((self.atTime.hour * 60 + self.atTime.minute)*60 +
-                    self.atTime.second)
+                             self.atTime.second)
 
             r = rotate_ts - ((currentHour * 60 + currentMinute) * 60 +
-                currentSecond)
-            if r < 0:
+                             currentSecond)
+            if r <= 0:
                 # Rotate time is before the current time (for example when
                 # self.rotateAt is 13:45 and it now 14:15), rotation is
                 # tomorrow.
@@ -328,17 +337,21 @@ def computeRollover(self, currentTime):
                         daysToWait = self.dayOfWeek - day
                     else:
                         daysToWait = 6 - day + self.dayOfWeek + 1
-                    newRolloverAt = result + (daysToWait * (60 * 60 * 24))
-                    if not self.utc:
-                        dstNow = t[-1]
-                        dstAtRollover = time.localtime(newRolloverAt)[-1]
-                        if dstNow != dstAtRollover:
-                            if not dstNow:  # DST kicks in before next rollover, so we need to deduct an hour
-                                addend = -3600
-                            else:           # DST bows out before next rollover, so we need to add an hour
-                                addend = 3600
-                            newRolloverAt += addend
-                    result = newRolloverAt
+                    result += daysToWait * _MIDNIGHT
+                result += self.interval - _MIDNIGHT * 7
+            else:
+                result += self.interval - _MIDNIGHT
+            if not self.utc:
+                dstNow = t[-1]
+                dstAtRollover = time.localtime(result)[-1]
+                if dstNow != dstAtRollover:
+                    if not dstNow:  # DST kicks in before next rollover, so we need to deduct an hour
+                        addend = -3600
+                        if not time.localtime(result-3600)[-1]:
+                            addend = 0
+                    else:           # DST bows out before next rollover, so we need to add an hour
+                        addend = 3600
+                    result += addend
         return result
 
     def shouldRollover(self, record):
@@ -348,11 +361,15 @@ def shouldRollover(self, record):
         record is not used, as we are just comparing times, but it is needed so
         the method signatures are the same
         """
-        # See bpo-45401: Never rollover anything other than regular files
-        if os.path.exists(self.baseFilename) and not os.path.isfile(self.baseFilename):
-            return False
         t = int(time.time())
         if t >= self.rolloverAt:
+            # See #89564: Never rollover anything other than regular files
+            if os.path.exists(self.baseFilename) and not os.path.isfile(self.baseFilename):
+                # The file is not a regular file, so do not rollover, but do
+                # set the next rollover time to avoid repeated checks.
+                self.rolloverAt = self.computeRollover(t)
+                return False
+
             return True
         return False
 
@@ -365,32 +382,28 @@ def getFilesToDelete(self):
         dirName, baseName = os.path.split(self.baseFilename)
         fileNames = os.listdir(dirName)
         result = []
-        # See bpo-44753: Don't use the extension when computing the prefix.
-        n, e = os.path.splitext(baseName)
-        prefix = n + '.'
-        plen = len(prefix)
-        for fileName in fileNames:
-            if self.namer is None:
-                # Our files will always start with baseName
-                if not fileName.startswith(baseName):
-                    continue
-            else:
-                # Our files could be just about anything after custom naming, but
-                # likely candidates are of the form
-                # foo.log.DATETIME_SUFFIX or foo.DATETIME_SUFFIX.log
-                if (not fileName.startswith(baseName) and fileName.endswith(e) and
-                    len(fileName) > (plen + 1) and not fileName[plen+1].isdigit()):
-                    continue
-
-            if fileName[:plen] == prefix:
-                suffix = fileName[plen:]
-                # See bpo-45628: The date/time suffix could be anywhere in the
-                # filename
-                parts = suffix.split('.')
-                for part in parts:
-                    if self.extMatch.match(part):
+        if self.namer is None:
+            prefix = baseName + '.'
+            plen = len(prefix)
+            for fileName in fileNames:
+                if fileName[:plen] == prefix:
+                    suffix = fileName[plen:]
+                    if self.extMatch.fullmatch(suffix):
+                        result.append(os.path.join(dirName, fileName))
+        else:
+            for fileName in fileNames:
+                # Our files could be just about anything after custom naming,
+                # but they should contain the datetime suffix.
+                # Try to find the datetime suffix in the file name and verify
+                # that the file name can be generated by this handler.
+                m = self.extMatch.search(fileName)
+                while m:
+                    dfn = self.namer(self.baseFilename + "." + m[0])
+                    if os.path.basename(dfn) == fileName:
                         result.append(os.path.join(dirName, fileName))
                         break
+                    m = self.extMatch.search(fileName, m.start() + 1)
+
         if len(result) < self.backupCount:
             result = []
         else:
@@ -406,17 +419,14 @@ def doRollover(self):
         then we have to get a list of matching filenames, sort them and remove
         the one with the oldest suffix.
         """
-        if self.stream:
-            self.stream.close()
-            self.stream = None
         # get the time that this sequence started at and make it a TimeTuple
         currentTime = int(time.time())
-        dstNow = time.localtime(currentTime)[-1]
         t = self.rolloverAt - self.interval
         if self.utc:
             timeTuple = time.gmtime(t)
         else:
             timeTuple = time.localtime(t)
+            dstNow = time.localtime(currentTime)[-1]
             dstThen = timeTuple[-1]
             if dstNow != dstThen:
                 if dstNow:
@@ -427,26 +437,19 @@ def doRollover(self):
         dfn = self.rotation_filename(self.baseFilename + "." +
                                      time.strftime(self.suffix, timeTuple))
         if os.path.exists(dfn):
-            os.remove(dfn)
+            # Already rolled over.
+            return
+
+        if self.stream:
+            self.stream.close()
+            self.stream = None
         self.rotate(self.baseFilename, dfn)
         if self.backupCount > 0:
             for s in self.getFilesToDelete():
                 os.remove(s)
         if not self.delay:
             self.stream = self._open()
-        newRolloverAt = self.computeRollover(currentTime)
-        while newRolloverAt <= currentTime:
-            newRolloverAt = newRolloverAt + self.interval
-        #If DST changes and midnight or weekly rollover, adjust for this.
-        if (self.when == 'MIDNIGHT' or self.when.startswith('W')) and not self.utc:
-            dstAtRollover = time.localtime(newRolloverAt)[-1]
-            if dstNow != dstAtRollover:
-                if not dstNow:  # DST kicks in before next rollover, so we need to deduct an hour
-                    addend = -3600
-                else:           # DST bows out before next rollover, so we need to add an hour
-                    addend = 3600
-                newRolloverAt += addend
-        self.rolloverAt = newRolloverAt
+        self.rolloverAt = self.computeRollover(currentTime)
 
 class WatchedFileHandler(logging.FileHandler):
     """
@@ -800,7 +803,7 @@ class SysLogHandler(logging.Handler):
         "panic":    LOG_EMERG,      #  DEPRECATED
         "warn":     LOG_WARNING,    #  DEPRECATED
         "warning":  LOG_WARNING,
-        }
+    }
 
     facility_names = {
         "auth":         LOG_AUTH,
@@ -827,12 +830,10 @@ class SysLogHandler(logging.Handler):
         "local5":       LOG_LOCAL5,
         "local6":       LOG_LOCAL6,
         "local7":       LOG_LOCAL7,
-        }
+    }
 
-    #The map below appears to be trivially lowercasing the key. However,
-    #there's more to it than meets the eye - in some locales, lowercasing
-    #gives unexpected results. See SF #1524081: in the Turkish locale,
-    #"INFO".lower() != "info"
+    # Originally added to work around GH-43683. Unnecessary since GH-50043 but kept
+    # for backwards compatibility.
     priority_map = {
         "DEBUG" : "debug",
         "INFO" : "info",
@@ -859,12 +860,49 @@ def __init__(self, address=('localhost', SYSLOG_UDP_PORT),
         self.address = address
         self.facility = facility
         self.socktype = socktype
+        self.socket = None
+        self.createSocket()
+
+    def _connect_unixsocket(self, address):
+        use_socktype = self.socktype
+        if use_socktype is None:
+            use_socktype = socket.SOCK_DGRAM
+        self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, use_socktype)
+        try:
+            self.socket.connect(address)
+            # it worked, so set self.socktype to the used type
+            self.socktype = use_socktype
+        except OSError:
+            self.socket.close()
+            if self.socktype is not None:
+                # user didn't specify falling back, so fail
+                raise
+            use_socktype = socket.SOCK_STREAM
+            self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, use_socktype)
+            try:
+                self.socket.connect(address)
+                # it worked, so set self.socktype to the used type
+                self.socktype = use_socktype
+            except OSError:
+                self.socket.close()
+                raise
+
+    def createSocket(self):
+        """
+        Try to create a socket and, if it's not a datagram socket, connect it
+        to the other end. This method is called during handler initialization,
+        but it's not regarded as an error if the other end isn't listening yet
+        --- the method will be called again when emitting an event,
+        if there is no socket at that point.
+        """
+        address = self.address
+        socktype = self.socktype
 
         if isinstance(address, str):
             self.unixsocket = True
             # Syslog server may be unavailable during handler initialisation.
             # C's openlog() function also ignores connection errors.
-            # Moreover, we ignore these errors while logging, so it not worse
+            # Moreover, we ignore these errors while logging, so it's not worse
             # to ignore it also here.
             try:
                 self._connect_unixsocket(address)
@@ -895,30 +933,6 @@ def __init__(self, address=('localhost', SYSLOG_UDP_PORT),
             self.socket = sock
             self.socktype = socktype
 
-    def _connect_unixsocket(self, address):
-        use_socktype = self.socktype
-        if use_socktype is None:
-            use_socktype = socket.SOCK_DGRAM
-        self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, use_socktype)
-        try:
-            self.socket.connect(address)
-            # it worked, so set self.socktype to the used type
-            self.socktype = use_socktype
-        except OSError:
-            self.socket.close()
-            if self.socktype is not None:
-                # user didn't specify falling back, so fail
-                raise
-            use_socktype = socket.SOCK_STREAM
-            self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, use_socktype)
-            try:
-                self.socket.connect(address)
-                # it worked, so set self.socktype to the used type
-                self.socktype = use_socktype
-            except OSError:
-                self.socket.close()
-                raise
-
     def encodePriority(self, facility, priority):
         """
         Encode the facility and priority. You can pass in strings or
@@ -938,7 +952,10 @@ def close(self):
         """
         self.acquire()
         try:
-            self.socket.close()
+            sock = self.socket
+            if sock:
+                self.socket = None
+                sock.close()
             logging.Handler.close(self)
         finally:
             self.release()
@@ -978,6 +995,10 @@ def emit(self, record):
             # Message is a string. Convert to bytes as required by RFC 5424
             msg = msg.encode('utf-8')
             msg = prio + msg
+
+            if not self.socket:
+                self.createSocket()
+
             if self.unixsocket:
                 try:
                     self.socket.send(msg)
@@ -1094,7 +1115,16 @@ def __init__(self, appname, dllname=None, logtype="Application"):
                 dllname = os.path.join(dllname[0], r'win32service.pyd')
             self.dllname = dllname
             self.logtype = logtype
-            self._welu.AddSourceToRegistry(appname, dllname, logtype)
+            # Administrative privileges are required to add a source to the registry.
+            # This may not be available for a user that just wants to add to an
+            # existing source - handle this specific case.
+            try:
+                self._welu.AddSourceToRegistry(appname, dllname, logtype)
+            except Exception as e:
+                # This will probably be a pywintypes.error. Only raise if it's not
+                # an "access denied" error, else let it pass
+                if getattr(e, 'winerror', None) != 5:  # not access denied
+                    raise
             self.deftype = win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE
             self.typemap = {
                 logging.DEBUG   : win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_INFORMATION_TYPE,
@@ -1102,10 +1132,10 @@ def __init__(self, appname, dllname=None, logtype="Application"):
                 logging.WARNING : win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_WARNING_TYPE,
                 logging.ERROR   : win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE,
                 logging.CRITICAL: win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_ERROR_TYPE,
-         }
+            }
         except ImportError:
-            print("The Python Win32 extensions for NT (service, event "\
-                        "logging) appear not to be available.")
+            print("The Python Win32 extensions for NT (service, event " \
+                  "logging) appear not to be available.")
             self._welu = None
 
     def getMessageID(self, record):
@@ -1348,7 +1378,7 @@ def shouldFlush(self, record):
         Check for buffer full or a record at the flushLevel or higher.
         """
         return (len(self.buffer) >= self.capacity) or \
-                (record.levelno >= self.flushLevel)
+            (record.levelno >= self.flushLevel)
 
     def setTarget(self, target):
         """
@@ -1366,7 +1396,7 @@ def flush(self):
         records to the target, if there is one. Override if you want
         different behaviour.
 
-        The record buffer is also cleared by this operation.
+        The record buffer is only cleared if a target has been set.
         """
         self.acquire()
         try:
@@ -1411,6 +1441,7 @@ def __init__(self, queue):
         """
         logging.Handler.__init__(self)
         self.queue = queue
+        self.listener = None  # will be set to listener if configured via dictConfig()
 
     def enqueue(self, record):
         """
@@ -1424,12 +1455,15 @@ def enqueue(self, record):
 
     def prepare(self, record):
         """
-        Prepares a record for queuing. The object returned by this method is
+        Prepare a record for queuing. The object returned by this method is
         enqueued.
 
-        The base implementation formats the record to merge the message
-        and arguments, and removes unpickleable items from the record
-        in-place.
+        The base implementation formats the record to merge the message and
+        arguments, and removes unpickleable items from the record in-place.
+        Specifically, it overwrites the record's `msg` and
+        `message` attributes with the merged message (obtained by
+        calling the handler's `format` method), and sets the `args`,
+        `exc_info` and `exc_text` attributes to None.
 
         You might want to override this method if you want to convert
         the record to a dict or JSON string, or send a modified copy
@@ -1439,7 +1473,7 @@ def prepare(self, record):
         # (if there's exception data), and also returns the formatted
         # message. We can then use this to replace the original
         # msg + args, as these might be unpickleable. We also zap the
-        # exc_info and exc_text attributes, as they are no longer
+        # exc_info, exc_text and stack_info attributes, as they are no longer
         # needed and, if not None, will typically not be pickleable.
         msg = self.format(record)
         # bpo-35726: make copy of record to avoid affecting other handlers in the chain.
@@ -1449,6 +1483,7 @@ def prepare(self, record):
         record.args = None
         record.exc_info = None
         record.exc_text = None
+        record.stack_info = None
         return record
 
     def emit(self, record):
diff --git a/Lib/smtplib.py b/Lib/smtplib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..912233d817
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/smtplib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1109 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
+
+'''SMTP/ESMTP client class.
+
+This should follow RFC 821 (SMTP), RFC 1869 (ESMTP), RFC 2554 (SMTP
+Authentication) and RFC 2487 (Secure SMTP over TLS).
+
+Notes:
+
+Please remember, when doing ESMTP, that the names of the SMTP service
+extensions are NOT the same thing as the option keywords for the RCPT
+and MAIL commands!
+
+Example:
+
+  >>> import smtplib
+  >>> s=smtplib.SMTP("localhost")
+  >>> print(s.help())
+  This is Sendmail version 8.8.4
+  Topics:
+      HELO    EHLO    MAIL    RCPT    DATA
+      RSET    NOOP    QUIT    HELP    VRFY
+      EXPN    VERB    ETRN    DSN
+  For more info use "HELP <topic>".
+  To report bugs in the implementation send email to
+      sendmail-bugs@sendmail.org.
+  For local information send email to Postmaster at your site.
+  End of HELP info
+  >>> s.putcmd("vrfy","someone@here")
+  >>> s.getreply()
+  (250, "Somebody OverHere <somebody@here.my.org>")
+  >>> s.quit()
+'''
+
+# Author: The Dragon De Monsyne <dragondm@integral.org>
+# ESMTP support, test code and doc fixes added by
+#     Eric S. Raymond <esr@thyrsus.com>
+# Better RFC 821 compliance (MAIL and RCPT, and CRLF in data)
+#     by Carey Evans <c.evans@clear.net.nz>, for picky mail servers.
+# RFC 2554 (authentication) support by Gerhard Haering <gerhard@bigfoot.de>.
+#
+# This was modified from the Python 1.5 library HTTP lib.
+
+import socket
+import io
+import re
+import email.utils
+import email.message
+import email.generator
+import base64
+import hmac
+import copy
+import datetime
+import sys
+from email.base64mime import body_encode as encode_base64
+
+__all__ = ["SMTPException", "SMTPNotSupportedError", "SMTPServerDisconnected", "SMTPResponseException",
+           "SMTPSenderRefused", "SMTPRecipientsRefused", "SMTPDataError",
+           "SMTPConnectError", "SMTPHeloError", "SMTPAuthenticationError",
+           "quoteaddr", "quotedata", "SMTP"]
+
+SMTP_PORT = 25
+SMTP_SSL_PORT = 465
+CRLF = "\r\n"
+bCRLF = b"\r\n"
+_MAXLINE = 8192 # more than 8 times larger than RFC 821, 4.5.3
+_MAXCHALLENGE = 5  # Maximum number of AUTH challenges sent
+
+OLDSTYLE_AUTH = re.compile(r"auth=(.*)", re.I)
+
+# Exception classes used by this module.
+class SMTPException(OSError):
+    """Base class for all exceptions raised by this module."""
+
+class SMTPNotSupportedError(SMTPException):
+    """The command or option is not supported by the SMTP server.
+
+    This exception is raised when an attempt is made to run a command or a
+    command with an option which is not supported by the server.
+    """
+
+class SMTPServerDisconnected(SMTPException):
+    """Not connected to any SMTP server.
+
+    This exception is raised when the server unexpectedly disconnects,
+    or when an attempt is made to use the SMTP instance before
+    connecting it to a server.
+    """
+
+class SMTPResponseException(SMTPException):
+    """Base class for all exceptions that include an SMTP error code.
+
+    These exceptions are generated in some instances when the SMTP
+    server returns an error code.  The error code is stored in the
+    `smtp_code' attribute of the error, and the `smtp_error' attribute
+    is set to the error message.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, code, msg):
+        self.smtp_code = code
+        self.smtp_error = msg
+        self.args = (code, msg)
+
+class SMTPSenderRefused(SMTPResponseException):
+    """Sender address refused.
+
+    In addition to the attributes set by on all SMTPResponseException
+    exceptions, this sets `sender' to the string that the SMTP refused.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, code, msg, sender):
+        self.smtp_code = code
+        self.smtp_error = msg
+        self.sender = sender
+        self.args = (code, msg, sender)
+
+class SMTPRecipientsRefused(SMTPException):
+    """All recipient addresses refused.
+
+    The errors for each recipient are accessible through the attribute
+    'recipients', which is a dictionary of exactly the same sort as
+    SMTP.sendmail() returns.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, recipients):
+        self.recipients = recipients
+        self.args = (recipients,)
+
+
+class SMTPDataError(SMTPResponseException):
+    """The SMTP server didn't accept the data."""
+
+class SMTPConnectError(SMTPResponseException):
+    """Error during connection establishment."""
+
+class SMTPHeloError(SMTPResponseException):
+    """The server refused our HELO reply."""
+
+class SMTPAuthenticationError(SMTPResponseException):
+    """Authentication error.
+
+    Most probably the server didn't accept the username/password
+    combination provided.
+    """
+
+def quoteaddr(addrstring):
+    """Quote a subset of the email addresses defined by RFC 821.
+
+    Should be able to handle anything email.utils.parseaddr can handle.
+    """
+    displayname, addr = email.utils.parseaddr(addrstring)
+    if (displayname, addr) == ('', ''):
+        # parseaddr couldn't parse it, use it as is and hope for the best.
+        if addrstring.strip().startswith('<'):
+            return addrstring
+        return "<%s>" % addrstring
+    return "<%s>" % addr
+
+def _addr_only(addrstring):
+    displayname, addr = email.utils.parseaddr(addrstring)
+    if (displayname, addr) == ('', ''):
+        # parseaddr couldn't parse it, so use it as is.
+        return addrstring
+    return addr
+
+# Legacy method kept for backward compatibility.
+def quotedata(data):
+    """Quote data for email.
+
+    Double leading '.', and change Unix newline '\\n', or Mac '\\r' into
+    internet CRLF end-of-line.
+    """
+    return re.sub(r'(?m)^\.', '..',
+                  re.sub(r'(?:\r\n|\n|\r(?!\n))', CRLF, data))
+
+def _quote_periods(bindata):
+    return re.sub(br'(?m)^\.', b'..', bindata)
+
+def _fix_eols(data):
+    return  re.sub(r'(?:\r\n|\n|\r(?!\n))', CRLF, data)
+
+try:
+    import ssl
+except ImportError:
+    _have_ssl = False
+else:
+    _have_ssl = True
+
+
+class SMTP:
+    """This class manages a connection to an SMTP or ESMTP server.
+    SMTP Objects:
+        SMTP objects have the following attributes:
+            helo_resp
+                This is the message given by the server in response to the
+                most recent HELO command.
+
+            ehlo_resp
+                This is the message given by the server in response to the
+                most recent EHLO command. This is usually multiline.
+
+            does_esmtp
+                This is a True value _after you do an EHLO command_, if the
+                server supports ESMTP.
+
+            esmtp_features
+                This is a dictionary, which, if the server supports ESMTP,
+                will _after you do an EHLO command_, contain the names of the
+                SMTP service extensions this server supports, and their
+                parameters (if any).
+
+                Note, all extension names are mapped to lower case in the
+                dictionary.
+
+        See each method's docstrings for details.  In general, there is a
+        method of the same name to perform each SMTP command.  There is also a
+        method called 'sendmail' that will do an entire mail transaction.
+        """
+    debuglevel = 0
+
+    sock = None
+    file = None
+    helo_resp = None
+    ehlo_msg = "ehlo"
+    ehlo_resp = None
+    does_esmtp = False
+    default_port = SMTP_PORT
+
+    def __init__(self, host='', port=0, local_hostname=None,
+                 timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                 source_address=None):
+        """Initialize a new instance.
+
+        If specified, `host` is the name of the remote host to which to
+        connect.  If specified, `port` specifies the port to which to connect.
+        By default, smtplib.SMTP_PORT is used.  If a host is specified the
+        connect method is called, and if it returns anything other than a
+        success code an SMTPConnectError is raised.  If specified,
+        `local_hostname` is used as the FQDN of the local host in the HELO/EHLO
+        command.  Otherwise, the local hostname is found using
+        socket.getfqdn(). The `source_address` parameter takes a 2-tuple (host,
+        port) for the socket to bind to as its source address before
+        connecting. If the host is '' and port is 0, the OS default behavior
+        will be used.
+
+        """
+        self._host = host
+        self.timeout = timeout
+        self.esmtp_features = {}
+        self.command_encoding = 'ascii'
+        self.source_address = source_address
+        self._auth_challenge_count = 0
+
+        if host:
+            (code, msg) = self.connect(host, port)
+            if code != 220:
+                self.close()
+                raise SMTPConnectError(code, msg)
+        if local_hostname is not None:
+            self.local_hostname = local_hostname
+        else:
+            # RFC 2821 says we should use the fqdn in the EHLO/HELO verb, and
+            # if that can't be calculated, that we should use a domain literal
+            # instead (essentially an encoded IP address like [A.B.C.D]).
+            fqdn = socket.getfqdn()
+            if '.' in fqdn:
+                self.local_hostname = fqdn
+            else:
+                # We can't find an fqdn hostname, so use a domain literal
+                addr = '127.0.0.1'
+                try:
+                    addr = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
+                except socket.gaierror:
+                    pass
+                self.local_hostname = '[%s]' % addr
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        try:
+            code, message = self.docmd("QUIT")
+            if code != 221:
+                raise SMTPResponseException(code, message)
+        except SMTPServerDisconnected:
+            pass
+        finally:
+            self.close()
+
+    def set_debuglevel(self, debuglevel):
+        """Set the debug output level.
+
+        A non-false value results in debug messages for connection and for all
+        messages sent to and received from the server.
+
+        """
+        self.debuglevel = debuglevel
+
+    def _print_debug(self, *args):
+        if self.debuglevel > 1:
+            print(datetime.datetime.now().time(), *args, file=sys.stderr)
+        else:
+            print(*args, file=sys.stderr)
+
+    def _get_socket(self, host, port, timeout):
+        # This makes it simpler for SMTP_SSL to use the SMTP connect code
+        # and just alter the socket connection bit.
+        if timeout is not None and not timeout:
+            raise ValueError('Non-blocking socket (timeout=0) is not supported')
+        if self.debuglevel > 0:
+            self._print_debug('connect: to', (host, port), self.source_address)
+        return socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout,
+                                        self.source_address)
+
+    def connect(self, host='localhost', port=0, source_address=None):
+        """Connect to a host on a given port.
+
+        If the hostname ends with a colon (`:') followed by a number, and
+        there is no port specified, that suffix will be stripped off and the
+        number interpreted as the port number to use.
+
+        Note: This method is automatically invoked by __init__, if a host is
+        specified during instantiation.
+
+        """
+
+        if source_address:
+            self.source_address = source_address
+
+        if not port and (host.find(':') == host.rfind(':')):
+            i = host.rfind(':')
+            if i >= 0:
+                host, port = host[:i], host[i + 1:]
+                try:
+                    port = int(port)
+                except ValueError:
+                    raise OSError("nonnumeric port")
+        if not port:
+            port = self.default_port
+        sys.audit("smtplib.connect", self, host, port)
+        self.sock = self._get_socket(host, port, self.timeout)
+        self.file = None
+        (code, msg) = self.getreply()
+        if self.debuglevel > 0:
+            self._print_debug('connect:', repr(msg))
+        return (code, msg)
+
+    def send(self, s):
+        """Send `s' to the server."""
+        if self.debuglevel > 0:
+            self._print_debug('send:', repr(s))
+        if self.sock:
+            if isinstance(s, str):
+                # send is used by the 'data' command, where command_encoding
+                # should not be used, but 'data' needs to convert the string to
+                # binary itself anyway, so that's not a problem.
+                s = s.encode(self.command_encoding)
+            sys.audit("smtplib.send", self, s)
+            try:
+                self.sock.sendall(s)
+            except OSError:
+                self.close()
+                raise SMTPServerDisconnected('Server not connected')
+        else:
+            raise SMTPServerDisconnected('please run connect() first')
+
+    def putcmd(self, cmd, args=""):
+        """Send a command to the server."""
+        if args == "":
+            s = cmd
+        else:
+            s = f'{cmd} {args}'
+        if '\r' in s or '\n' in s:
+            s = s.replace('\n', '\\n').replace('\r', '\\r')
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'command and arguments contain prohibited newline characters: {s}'
+            )
+        self.send(f'{s}{CRLF}')
+
+    def getreply(self):
+        """Get a reply from the server.
+
+        Returns a tuple consisting of:
+
+          - server response code (e.g. '250', or such, if all goes well)
+            Note: returns -1 if it can't read response code.
+
+          - server response string corresponding to response code (multiline
+            responses are converted to a single, multiline string).
+
+        Raises SMTPServerDisconnected if end-of-file is reached.
+        """
+        resp = []
+        if self.file is None:
+            self.file = self.sock.makefile('rb')
+        while 1:
+            try:
+                line = self.file.readline(_MAXLINE + 1)
+            except OSError as e:
+                self.close()
+                raise SMTPServerDisconnected("Connection unexpectedly closed: "
+                                             + str(e))
+            if not line:
+                self.close()
+                raise SMTPServerDisconnected("Connection unexpectedly closed")
+            if self.debuglevel > 0:
+                self._print_debug('reply:', repr(line))
+            if len(line) > _MAXLINE:
+                self.close()
+                raise SMTPResponseException(500, "Line too long.")
+            resp.append(line[4:].strip(b' \t\r\n'))
+            code = line[:3]
+            # Check that the error code is syntactically correct.
+            # Don't attempt to read a continuation line if it is broken.
+            try:
+                errcode = int(code)
+            except ValueError:
+                errcode = -1
+                break
+            # Check if multiline response.
+            if line[3:4] != b"-":
+                break
+
+        errmsg = b"\n".join(resp)
+        if self.debuglevel > 0:
+            self._print_debug('reply: retcode (%s); Msg: %a' % (errcode, errmsg))
+        return errcode, errmsg
+
+    def docmd(self, cmd, args=""):
+        """Send a command, and return its response code."""
+        self.putcmd(cmd, args)
+        return self.getreply()
+
+    # std smtp commands
+    def helo(self, name=''):
+        """SMTP 'helo' command.
+        Hostname to send for this command defaults to the FQDN of the local
+        host.
+        """
+        self.putcmd("helo", name or self.local_hostname)
+        (code, msg) = self.getreply()
+        self.helo_resp = msg
+        return (code, msg)
+
+    def ehlo(self, name=''):
+        """ SMTP 'ehlo' command.
+        Hostname to send for this command defaults to the FQDN of the local
+        host.
+        """
+        self.esmtp_features = {}
+        self.putcmd(self.ehlo_msg, name or self.local_hostname)
+        (code, msg) = self.getreply()
+        # According to RFC1869 some (badly written)
+        # MTA's will disconnect on an ehlo. Toss an exception if
+        # that happens -ddm
+        if code == -1 and len(msg) == 0:
+            self.close()
+            raise SMTPServerDisconnected("Server not connected")
+        self.ehlo_resp = msg
+        if code != 250:
+            return (code, msg)
+        self.does_esmtp = True
+        #parse the ehlo response -ddm
+        assert isinstance(self.ehlo_resp, bytes), repr(self.ehlo_resp)
+        resp = self.ehlo_resp.decode("latin-1").split('\n')
+        del resp[0]
+        for each in resp:
+            # To be able to communicate with as many SMTP servers as possible,
+            # we have to take the old-style auth advertisement into account,
+            # because:
+            # 1) Else our SMTP feature parser gets confused.
+            # 2) There are some servers that only advertise the auth methods we
+            #    support using the old style.
+            auth_match = OLDSTYLE_AUTH.match(each)
+            if auth_match:
+                # This doesn't remove duplicates, but that's no problem
+                self.esmtp_features["auth"] = self.esmtp_features.get("auth", "") \
+                                              + " " + auth_match.groups(0)[0]
+                continue
+
+            # RFC 1869 requires a space between ehlo keyword and parameters.
+            # It's actually stricter, in that only spaces are allowed between
+            # parameters, but were not going to check for that here.  Note
+            # that the space isn't present if there are no parameters.
+            m = re.match(r'(?P<feature>[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9\-]*) ?', each)
+            if m:
+                feature = m.group("feature").lower()
+                params = m.string[m.end("feature"):].strip()
+                if feature == "auth":
+                    self.esmtp_features[feature] = self.esmtp_features.get(feature, "") \
+                                                   + " " + params
+                else:
+                    self.esmtp_features[feature] = params
+        return (code, msg)
+
+    def has_extn(self, opt):
+        """Does the server support a given SMTP service extension?"""
+        return opt.lower() in self.esmtp_features
+
+    def help(self, args=''):
+        """SMTP 'help' command.
+        Returns help text from server."""
+        self.putcmd("help", args)
+        return self.getreply()[1]
+
+    def rset(self):
+        """SMTP 'rset' command -- resets session."""
+        self.command_encoding = 'ascii'
+        return self.docmd("rset")
+
+    def _rset(self):
+        """Internal 'rset' command which ignores any SMTPServerDisconnected error.
+
+        Used internally in the library, since the server disconnected error
+        should appear to the application when the *next* command is issued, if
+        we are doing an internal "safety" reset.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.rset()
+        except SMTPServerDisconnected:
+            pass
+
+    def noop(self):
+        """SMTP 'noop' command -- doesn't do anything :>"""
+        return self.docmd("noop")
+
+    def mail(self, sender, options=()):
+        """SMTP 'mail' command -- begins mail xfer session.
+
+        This method may raise the following exceptions:
+
+         SMTPNotSupportedError  The options parameter includes 'SMTPUTF8'
+                                but the SMTPUTF8 extension is not supported by
+                                the server.
+        """
+        optionlist = ''
+        if options and self.does_esmtp:
+            if any(x.lower()=='smtputf8' for x in options):
+                if self.has_extn('smtputf8'):
+                    self.command_encoding = 'utf-8'
+                else:
+                    raise SMTPNotSupportedError(
+                        'SMTPUTF8 not supported by server')
+            optionlist = ' ' + ' '.join(options)
+        self.putcmd("mail", "FROM:%s%s" % (quoteaddr(sender), optionlist))
+        return self.getreply()
+
+    def rcpt(self, recip, options=()):
+        """SMTP 'rcpt' command -- indicates 1 recipient for this mail."""
+        optionlist = ''
+        if options and self.does_esmtp:
+            optionlist = ' ' + ' '.join(options)
+        self.putcmd("rcpt", "TO:%s%s" % (quoteaddr(recip), optionlist))
+        return self.getreply()
+
+    def data(self, msg):
+        """SMTP 'DATA' command -- sends message data to server.
+
+        Automatically quotes lines beginning with a period per rfc821.
+        Raises SMTPDataError if there is an unexpected reply to the
+        DATA command; the return value from this method is the final
+        response code received when the all data is sent.  If msg
+        is a string, lone '\\r' and '\\n' characters are converted to
+        '\\r\\n' characters.  If msg is bytes, it is transmitted as is.
+        """
+        self.putcmd("data")
+        (code, repl) = self.getreply()
+        if self.debuglevel > 0:
+            self._print_debug('data:', (code, repl))
+        if code != 354:
+            raise SMTPDataError(code, repl)
+        else:
+            if isinstance(msg, str):
+                msg = _fix_eols(msg).encode('ascii')
+            q = _quote_periods(msg)
+            if q[-2:] != bCRLF:
+                q = q + bCRLF
+            q = q + b"." + bCRLF
+            self.send(q)
+            (code, msg) = self.getreply()
+            if self.debuglevel > 0:
+                self._print_debug('data:', (code, msg))
+            return (code, msg)
+
+    def verify(self, address):
+        """SMTP 'verify' command -- checks for address validity."""
+        self.putcmd("vrfy", _addr_only(address))
+        return self.getreply()
+    # a.k.a.
+    vrfy = verify
+
+    def expn(self, address):
+        """SMTP 'expn' command -- expands a mailing list."""
+        self.putcmd("expn", _addr_only(address))
+        return self.getreply()
+
+    # some useful methods
+
+    def ehlo_or_helo_if_needed(self):
+        """Call self.ehlo() and/or self.helo() if needed.
+
+        If there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session, this
+        method tries ESMTP EHLO first.
+
+        This method may raise the following exceptions:
+
+         SMTPHeloError            The server didn't reply properly to
+                                  the helo greeting.
+        """
+        if self.helo_resp is None and self.ehlo_resp is None:
+            if not (200 <= self.ehlo()[0] <= 299):
+                (code, resp) = self.helo()
+                if not (200 <= code <= 299):
+                    raise SMTPHeloError(code, resp)
+
+    def auth(self, mechanism, authobject, *, initial_response_ok=True):
+        """Authentication command - requires response processing.
+
+        'mechanism' specifies which authentication mechanism is to
+        be used - the valid values are those listed in the 'auth'
+        element of 'esmtp_features'.
+
+        'authobject' must be a callable object taking a single argument:
+
+                data = authobject(challenge)
+
+        It will be called to process the server's challenge response; the
+        challenge argument it is passed will be a bytes.  It should return
+        an ASCII string that will be base64 encoded and sent to the server.
+
+        Keyword arguments:
+            - initial_response_ok: Allow sending the RFC 4954 initial-response
+              to the AUTH command, if the authentication methods supports it.
+        """
+        # RFC 4954 allows auth methods to provide an initial response.  Not all
+        # methods support it.  By definition, if they return something other
+        # than None when challenge is None, then they do.  See issue #15014.
+        mechanism = mechanism.upper()
+        initial_response = (authobject() if initial_response_ok else None)
+        if initial_response is not None:
+            response = encode_base64(initial_response.encode('ascii'), eol='')
+            (code, resp) = self.docmd("AUTH", mechanism + " " + response)
+            self._auth_challenge_count = 1
+        else:
+            (code, resp) = self.docmd("AUTH", mechanism)
+            self._auth_challenge_count = 0
+        # If server responds with a challenge, send the response.
+        while code == 334:
+            self._auth_challenge_count += 1
+            challenge = base64.decodebytes(resp)
+            response = encode_base64(
+                authobject(challenge).encode('ascii'), eol='')
+            (code, resp) = self.docmd(response)
+            # If server keeps sending challenges, something is wrong.
+            if self._auth_challenge_count > _MAXCHALLENGE:
+                raise SMTPException(
+                    "Server AUTH mechanism infinite loop. Last response: "
+                    + repr((code, resp))
+                )
+        if code in (235, 503):
+            return (code, resp)
+        raise SMTPAuthenticationError(code, resp)
+
+    def auth_cram_md5(self, challenge=None):
+        """ Authobject to use with CRAM-MD5 authentication. Requires self.user
+        and self.password to be set."""
+        # CRAM-MD5 does not support initial-response.
+        if challenge is None:
+            return None
+        return self.user + " " + hmac.HMAC(
+            self.password.encode('ascii'), challenge, 'md5').hexdigest()
+
+    def auth_plain(self, challenge=None):
+        """ Authobject to use with PLAIN authentication. Requires self.user and
+        self.password to be set."""
+        return "\0%s\0%s" % (self.user, self.password)
+
+    def auth_login(self, challenge=None):
+        """ Authobject to use with LOGIN authentication. Requires self.user and
+        self.password to be set."""
+        if challenge is None or self._auth_challenge_count < 2:
+            return self.user
+        else:
+            return self.password
+
+    def login(self, user, password, *, initial_response_ok=True):
+        """Log in on an SMTP server that requires authentication.
+
+        The arguments are:
+            - user:         The user name to authenticate with.
+            - password:     The password for the authentication.
+
+        Keyword arguments:
+            - initial_response_ok: Allow sending the RFC 4954 initial-response
+              to the AUTH command, if the authentication methods supports it.
+
+        If there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session, this
+        method tries ESMTP EHLO first.
+
+        This method will return normally if the authentication was successful.
+
+        This method may raise the following exceptions:
+
+         SMTPHeloError            The server didn't reply properly to
+                                  the helo greeting.
+         SMTPAuthenticationError  The server didn't accept the username/
+                                  password combination.
+         SMTPNotSupportedError    The AUTH command is not supported by the
+                                  server.
+         SMTPException            No suitable authentication method was
+                                  found.
+        """
+
+        self.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()
+        if not self.has_extn("auth"):
+            raise SMTPNotSupportedError(
+                "SMTP AUTH extension not supported by server.")
+
+        # Authentication methods the server claims to support
+        advertised_authlist = self.esmtp_features["auth"].split()
+
+        # Authentication methods we can handle in our preferred order:
+        preferred_auths = ['CRAM-MD5', 'PLAIN', 'LOGIN']
+
+        # We try the supported authentications in our preferred order, if
+        # the server supports them.
+        authlist = [auth for auth in preferred_auths
+                    if auth in advertised_authlist]
+        if not authlist:
+            raise SMTPException("No suitable authentication method found.")
+
+        # Some servers advertise authentication methods they don't really
+        # support, so if authentication fails, we continue until we've tried
+        # all methods.
+        self.user, self.password = user, password
+        for authmethod in authlist:
+            method_name = 'auth_' + authmethod.lower().replace('-', '_')
+            try:
+                (code, resp) = self.auth(
+                    authmethod, getattr(self, method_name),
+                    initial_response_ok=initial_response_ok)
+                # 235 == 'Authentication successful'
+                # 503 == 'Error: already authenticated'
+                if code in (235, 503):
+                    return (code, resp)
+            except SMTPAuthenticationError as e:
+                last_exception = e
+
+        # We could not login successfully.  Return result of last attempt.
+        raise last_exception
+
+    def starttls(self, *, context=None):
+        """Puts the connection to the SMTP server into TLS mode.
+
+        If there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session, this
+        method tries ESMTP EHLO first.
+
+        If the server supports TLS, this will encrypt the rest of the SMTP
+        session. If you provide the context parameter,
+        the identity of the SMTP server and client can be checked. This,
+        however, depends on whether the socket module really checks the
+        certificates.
+
+        This method may raise the following exceptions:
+
+         SMTPHeloError            The server didn't reply properly to
+                                  the helo greeting.
+        """
+        self.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()
+        if not self.has_extn("starttls"):
+            raise SMTPNotSupportedError(
+                "STARTTLS extension not supported by server.")
+        (resp, reply) = self.docmd("STARTTLS")
+        if resp == 220:
+            if not _have_ssl:
+                raise RuntimeError("No SSL support included in this Python")
+            if context is None:
+                context = ssl._create_stdlib_context()
+            self.sock = context.wrap_socket(self.sock,
+                                            server_hostname=self._host)
+            self.file = None
+            # RFC 3207:
+            # The client MUST discard any knowledge obtained from
+            # the server, such as the list of SMTP service extensions,
+            # which was not obtained from the TLS negotiation itself.
+            self.helo_resp = None
+            self.ehlo_resp = None
+            self.esmtp_features = {}
+            self.does_esmtp = False
+        else:
+            # RFC 3207:
+            # 501 Syntax error (no parameters allowed)
+            # 454 TLS not available due to temporary reason
+            raise SMTPResponseException(resp, reply)
+        return (resp, reply)
+
+    def sendmail(self, from_addr, to_addrs, msg, mail_options=(),
+                 rcpt_options=()):
+        """This command performs an entire mail transaction.
+
+        The arguments are:
+            - from_addr    : The address sending this mail.
+            - to_addrs     : A list of addresses to send this mail to.  A bare
+                             string will be treated as a list with 1 address.
+            - msg          : The message to send.
+            - mail_options : List of ESMTP options (such as 8bitmime) for the
+                             mail command.
+            - rcpt_options : List of ESMTP options (such as DSN commands) for
+                             all the rcpt commands.
+
+        msg may be a string containing characters in the ASCII range, or a byte
+        string.  A string is encoded to bytes using the ascii codec, and lone
+        \\r and \\n characters are converted to \\r\\n characters.
+
+        If there has been no previous EHLO or HELO command this session, this
+        method tries ESMTP EHLO first.  If the server does ESMTP, message size
+        and each of the specified options will be passed to it.  If EHLO
+        fails, HELO will be tried and ESMTP options suppressed.
+
+        This method will return normally if the mail is accepted for at least
+        one recipient.  It returns a dictionary, with one entry for each
+        recipient that was refused.  Each entry contains a tuple of the SMTP
+        error code and the accompanying error message sent by the server.
+
+        This method may raise the following exceptions:
+
+         SMTPHeloError          The server didn't reply properly to
+                                the helo greeting.
+         SMTPRecipientsRefused  The server rejected ALL recipients
+                                (no mail was sent).
+         SMTPSenderRefused      The server didn't accept the from_addr.
+         SMTPDataError          The server replied with an unexpected
+                                error code (other than a refusal of
+                                a recipient).
+         SMTPNotSupportedError  The mail_options parameter includes 'SMTPUTF8'
+                                but the SMTPUTF8 extension is not supported by
+                                the server.
+
+        Note: the connection will be open even after an exception is raised.
+
+        Example:
+
+         >>> import smtplib
+         >>> s=smtplib.SMTP("localhost")
+         >>> tolist=["one@one.org","two@two.org","three@three.org","four@four.org"]
+         >>> msg = '''\\
+         ... From: Me@my.org
+         ... Subject: testin'...
+         ...
+         ... This is a test '''
+         >>> s.sendmail("me@my.org",tolist,msg)
+         { "three@three.org" : ( 550 ,"User unknown" ) }
+         >>> s.quit()
+
+        In the above example, the message was accepted for delivery to three
+        of the four addresses, and one was rejected, with the error code
+        550.  If all addresses are accepted, then the method will return an
+        empty dictionary.
+
+        """
+        self.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()
+        esmtp_opts = []
+        if isinstance(msg, str):
+            msg = _fix_eols(msg).encode('ascii')
+        if self.does_esmtp:
+            if self.has_extn('size'):
+                esmtp_opts.append("size=%d" % len(msg))
+            for option in mail_options:
+                esmtp_opts.append(option)
+        (code, resp) = self.mail(from_addr, esmtp_opts)
+        if code != 250:
+            if code == 421:
+                self.close()
+            else:
+                self._rset()
+            raise SMTPSenderRefused(code, resp, from_addr)
+        senderrs = {}
+        if isinstance(to_addrs, str):
+            to_addrs = [to_addrs]
+        for each in to_addrs:
+            (code, resp) = self.rcpt(each, rcpt_options)
+            if (code != 250) and (code != 251):
+                senderrs[each] = (code, resp)
+            if code == 421:
+                self.close()
+                raise SMTPRecipientsRefused(senderrs)
+        if len(senderrs) == len(to_addrs):
+            # the server refused all our recipients
+            self._rset()
+            raise SMTPRecipientsRefused(senderrs)
+        (code, resp) = self.data(msg)
+        if code != 250:
+            if code == 421:
+                self.close()
+            else:
+                self._rset()
+            raise SMTPDataError(code, resp)
+        #if we got here then somebody got our mail
+        return senderrs
+
+    def send_message(self, msg, from_addr=None, to_addrs=None,
+                     mail_options=(), rcpt_options=()):
+        """Converts message to a bytestring and passes it to sendmail.
+
+        The arguments are as for sendmail, except that msg is an
+        email.message.Message object.  If from_addr is None or to_addrs is
+        None, these arguments are taken from the headers of the Message as
+        described in RFC 2822 (a ValueError is raised if there is more than
+        one set of 'Resent-' headers).  Regardless of the values of from_addr and
+        to_addr, any Bcc field (or Resent-Bcc field, when the Message is a
+        resent) of the Message object won't be transmitted.  The Message
+        object is then serialized using email.generator.BytesGenerator and
+        sendmail is called to transmit the message.  If the sender or any of
+        the recipient addresses contain non-ASCII and the server advertises the
+        SMTPUTF8 capability, the policy is cloned with utf8 set to True for the
+        serialization, and SMTPUTF8 and BODY=8BITMIME are asserted on the send.
+        If the server does not support SMTPUTF8, an SMTPNotSupported error is
+        raised.  Otherwise the generator is called without modifying the
+        policy.
+
+        """
+        # 'Resent-Date' is a mandatory field if the Message is resent (RFC 2822
+        # Section 3.6.6). In such a case, we use the 'Resent-*' fields.  However,
+        # if there is more than one 'Resent-' block there's no way to
+        # unambiguously determine which one is the most recent in all cases,
+        # so rather than guess we raise a ValueError in that case.
+        #
+        # TODO implement heuristics to guess the correct Resent-* block with an
+        # option allowing the user to enable the heuristics.  (It should be
+        # possible to guess correctly almost all of the time.)
+
+        self.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()
+        resent = msg.get_all('Resent-Date')
+        if resent is None:
+            header_prefix = ''
+        elif len(resent) == 1:
+            header_prefix = 'Resent-'
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("message has more than one 'Resent-' header block")
+        if from_addr is None:
+            # Prefer the sender field per RFC 2822:3.6.2.
+            from_addr = (msg[header_prefix + 'Sender']
+                         if (header_prefix + 'Sender') in msg
+                         else msg[header_prefix + 'From'])
+            from_addr = email.utils.getaddresses([from_addr])[0][1]
+        if to_addrs is None:
+            addr_fields = [f for f in (msg[header_prefix + 'To'],
+                                       msg[header_prefix + 'Bcc'],
+                                       msg[header_prefix + 'Cc'])
+                           if f is not None]
+            to_addrs = [a[1] for a in email.utils.getaddresses(addr_fields)]
+        # Make a local copy so we can delete the bcc headers.
+        msg_copy = copy.copy(msg)
+        del msg_copy['Bcc']
+        del msg_copy['Resent-Bcc']
+        international = False
+        try:
+            ''.join([from_addr, *to_addrs]).encode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            if not self.has_extn('smtputf8'):
+                raise SMTPNotSupportedError(
+                    "One or more source or delivery addresses require"
+                    " internationalized email support, but the server"
+                    " does not advertise the required SMTPUTF8 capability")
+            international = True
+        with io.BytesIO() as bytesmsg:
+            if international:
+                g = email.generator.BytesGenerator(
+                    bytesmsg, policy=msg.policy.clone(utf8=True))
+                mail_options = (*mail_options, 'SMTPUTF8', 'BODY=8BITMIME')
+            else:
+                g = email.generator.BytesGenerator(bytesmsg)
+            g.flatten(msg_copy, linesep='\r\n')
+            flatmsg = bytesmsg.getvalue()
+        return self.sendmail(from_addr, to_addrs, flatmsg, mail_options,
+                             rcpt_options)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Close the connection to the SMTP server."""
+        try:
+            file = self.file
+            self.file = None
+            if file:
+                file.close()
+        finally:
+            sock = self.sock
+            self.sock = None
+            if sock:
+                sock.close()
+
+    def quit(self):
+        """Terminate the SMTP session."""
+        res = self.docmd("quit")
+        # A new EHLO is required after reconnecting with connect()
+        self.ehlo_resp = self.helo_resp = None
+        self.esmtp_features = {}
+        self.does_esmtp = False
+        self.close()
+        return res
+
+if _have_ssl:
+
+    class SMTP_SSL(SMTP):
+        """ This is a subclass derived from SMTP that connects over an SSL
+        encrypted socket (to use this class you need a socket module that was
+        compiled with SSL support). If host is not specified, '' (the local
+        host) is used. If port is omitted, the standard SMTP-over-SSL port
+        (465) is used.  local_hostname and source_address have the same meaning
+        as they do in the SMTP class.  context also optional, can contain a
+        SSLContext.
+
+        """
+
+        default_port = SMTP_SSL_PORT
+
+        def __init__(self, host='', port=0, local_hostname=None,
+                     *, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
+                     source_address=None, context=None):
+            if context is None:
+                context = ssl._create_stdlib_context()
+            self.context = context
+            SMTP.__init__(self, host, port, local_hostname, timeout,
+                          source_address)
+
+        def _get_socket(self, host, port, timeout):
+            if self.debuglevel > 0:
+                self._print_debug('connect:', (host, port))
+            new_socket = super()._get_socket(host, port, timeout)
+            new_socket = self.context.wrap_socket(new_socket,
+                                                  server_hostname=self._host)
+            return new_socket
+
+    __all__.append("SMTP_SSL")
+
+#
+# LMTP extension
+#
+LMTP_PORT = 2003
+
+class LMTP(SMTP):
+    """LMTP - Local Mail Transfer Protocol
+
+    The LMTP protocol, which is very similar to ESMTP, is heavily based
+    on the standard SMTP client. It's common to use Unix sockets for
+    LMTP, so our connect() method must support that as well as a regular
+    host:port server.  local_hostname and source_address have the same
+    meaning as they do in the SMTP class.  To specify a Unix socket,
+    you must use an absolute path as the host, starting with a '/'.
+
+    Authentication is supported, using the regular SMTP mechanism. When
+    using a Unix socket, LMTP generally don't support or require any
+    authentication, but your mileage might vary."""
+
+    ehlo_msg = "lhlo"
+
+    def __init__(self, host='', port=LMTP_PORT, local_hostname=None,
+                 source_address=None, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
+        """Initialize a new instance."""
+        super().__init__(host, port, local_hostname=local_hostname,
+                         source_address=source_address, timeout=timeout)
+
+    def connect(self, host='localhost', port=0, source_address=None):
+        """Connect to the LMTP daemon, on either a Unix or a TCP socket."""
+        if host[0] != '/':
+            return super().connect(host, port, source_address=source_address)
+
+        if self.timeout is not None and not self.timeout:
+            raise ValueError('Non-blocking socket (timeout=0) is not supported')
+
+        # Handle Unix-domain sockets.
+        try:
+            self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            if self.timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
+            self.file = None
+            self.sock.connect(host)
+        except OSError:
+            if self.debuglevel > 0:
+                self._print_debug('connect fail:', host)
+            if self.sock:
+                self.sock.close()
+            self.sock = None
+            raise
+        (code, msg) = self.getreply()
+        if self.debuglevel > 0:
+            self._print_debug('connect:', msg)
+        return (code, msg)
+
+
+# Test the sendmail method, which tests most of the others.
+# Note: This always sends to localhost.
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    def prompt(prompt):
+        sys.stdout.write(prompt + ": ")
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+        return sys.stdin.readline().strip()
+
+    fromaddr = prompt("From")
+    toaddrs = prompt("To").split(',')
+    print("Enter message, end with ^D:")
+    msg = ''
+    while line := sys.stdin.readline():
+        msg = msg + line
+    print("Message length is %d" % len(msg))
+
+    server = SMTP('localhost')
+    server.set_debuglevel(1)
+    server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg)
+    server.quit()
diff --git a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
index a1a6bd8e73..3490936b73 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
@@ -400,33 +400,37 @@ def skip_if_buildbot(reason=None):
         isbuildbot = False
     return unittest.skipIf(isbuildbot, reason)
 
-def check_sanitizer(*, address=False, memory=False, ub=False):
+def check_sanitizer(*, address=False, memory=False, ub=False, thread=False):
     """Returns True if Python is compiled with sanitizer support"""
-    if not (address or memory or ub):
-        raise ValueError('At least one of address, memory, or ub must be True')
+    if not (address or memory or ub or thread):
+        raise ValueError('At least one of address, memory, ub or thread must be True')
 
 
-    _cflags = sysconfig.get_config_var('CFLAGS') or ''
-    _config_args = sysconfig.get_config_var('CONFIG_ARGS') or ''
+    cflags = sysconfig.get_config_var('CFLAGS') or ''
+    config_args = sysconfig.get_config_var('CONFIG_ARGS') or ''
     memory_sanitizer = (
-        '-fsanitize=memory' in _cflags or
-        '--with-memory-sanitizer' in _config_args
+            '-fsanitize=memory' in cflags or
+            '--with-memory-sanitizer' in config_args
     )
     address_sanitizer = (
-        '-fsanitize=address' in _cflags or
-        '--with-address-sanitizer' in _config_args
+            '-fsanitize=address' in cflags or
+            '--with-address-sanitizer' in config_args
     )
     ub_sanitizer = (
-        '-fsanitize=undefined' in _cflags or
-        '--with-undefined-behavior-sanitizer' in _config_args
+            '-fsanitize=undefined' in cflags or
+            '--with-undefined-behavior-sanitizer' in config_args
+    )
+    thread_sanitizer = (
+            '-fsanitize=thread' in cflags or
+            '--with-thread-sanitizer' in config_args
     )
     return (
-        (memory and memory_sanitizer) or
-        (address and address_sanitizer) or
-        (ub and ub_sanitizer)
+            (memory and memory_sanitizer) or
+            (address and address_sanitizer) or
+            (ub and ub_sanitizer) or
+            (thread and thread_sanitizer)
     )
 
-
 def skip_if_sanitizer(reason=None, *, address=False, memory=False, ub=False, thread=False):
     """Decorator raising SkipTest if running with a sanitizer active."""
     if not reason:
@@ -2550,3 +2554,4 @@ def adjust_int_max_str_digits(max_digits):
 #Windows doesn't have os.uname() but it doesn't support s390x.
 skip_on_s390x = unittest.skipIf(hasattr(os, 'uname') and os.uname().machine == 's390x',
                                 'skipped on s390x')
+HAVE_ASAN_FORK_BUG = check_sanitizer(address=True)
diff --git a/Lib/test/support/smtpd.py b/Lib/test/support/smtpd.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec4e7d2f4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/support/smtpd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,873 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python3
+"""An RFC 5321 smtp proxy with optional RFC 1870 and RFC 6531 extensions.
+
+Usage: %(program)s [options] [localhost:localport [remotehost:remoteport]]
+
+Options:
+
+    --nosetuid
+    -n
+        This program generally tries to setuid `nobody', unless this flag is
+        set.  The setuid call will fail if this program is not run as root (in
+        which case, use this flag).
+
+    --version
+    -V
+        Print the version number and exit.
+
+    --class classname
+    -c classname
+        Use `classname' as the concrete SMTP proxy class.  Uses `PureProxy' by
+        default.
+
+    --size limit
+    -s limit
+        Restrict the total size of the incoming message to "limit" number of
+        bytes via the RFC 1870 SIZE extension.  Defaults to 33554432 bytes.
+
+    --smtputf8
+    -u
+        Enable the SMTPUTF8 extension and behave as an RFC 6531 smtp proxy.
+
+    --debug
+    -d
+        Turn on debugging prints.
+
+    --help
+    -h
+        Print this message and exit.
+
+Version: %(__version__)s
+
+If localhost is not given then `localhost' is used, and if localport is not
+given then 8025 is used.  If remotehost is not given then `localhost' is used,
+and if remoteport is not given, then 25 is used.
+"""
+
+# Overview:
+#
+# This file implements the minimal SMTP protocol as defined in RFC 5321.  It
+# has a hierarchy of classes which implement the backend functionality for the
+# smtpd.  A number of classes are provided:
+#
+#   SMTPServer - the base class for the backend.  Raises NotImplementedError
+#   if you try to use it.
+#
+#   DebuggingServer - simply prints each message it receives on stdout.
+#
+#   PureProxy - Proxies all messages to a real smtpd which does final
+#   delivery.  One known problem with this class is that it doesn't handle
+#   SMTP errors from the backend server at all.  This should be fixed
+#   (contributions are welcome!).
+#
+#
+# Author: Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org>
+#
+# TODO:
+#
+# - support mailbox delivery
+# - alias files
+# - Handle more ESMTP extensions
+# - handle error codes from the backend smtpd
+
+import sys
+import os
+import errno
+import getopt
+import time
+import socket
+import collections
+from test.support import asyncore, asynchat
+from warnings import warn
+from email._header_value_parser import get_addr_spec, get_angle_addr
+
+__all__ = [
+    "SMTPChannel", "SMTPServer", "DebuggingServer", "PureProxy",
+]
+
+program = sys.argv[0]
+__version__ = 'Python SMTP proxy version 0.3'
+
+
+class Devnull:
+    def write(self, msg): pass
+    def flush(self): pass
+
+
+DEBUGSTREAM = Devnull()
+NEWLINE = '\n'
+COMMASPACE = ', '
+DATA_SIZE_DEFAULT = 33554432
+
+
+def usage(code, msg=''):
+    print(__doc__ % globals(), file=sys.stderr)
+    if msg:
+        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
+    sys.exit(code)
+
+
+class SMTPChannel(asynchat.async_chat):
+    COMMAND = 0
+    DATA = 1
+
+    command_size_limit = 512
+    command_size_limits = collections.defaultdict(lambda x=command_size_limit: x)
+
+    @property
+    def max_command_size_limit(self):
+        try:
+            return max(self.command_size_limits.values())
+        except ValueError:
+            return self.command_size_limit
+
+    def __init__(self, server, conn, addr, data_size_limit=DATA_SIZE_DEFAULT,
+                 map=None, enable_SMTPUTF8=False, decode_data=False):
+        asynchat.async_chat.__init__(self, conn, map=map)
+        self.smtp_server = server
+        self.conn = conn
+        self.addr = addr
+        self.data_size_limit = data_size_limit
+        self.enable_SMTPUTF8 = enable_SMTPUTF8
+        self._decode_data = decode_data
+        if enable_SMTPUTF8 and decode_data:
+            raise ValueError("decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot"
+                             " be set to True at the same time")
+        if decode_data:
+            self._emptystring = ''
+            self._linesep = '\r\n'
+            self._dotsep = '.'
+            self._newline = NEWLINE
+        else:
+            self._emptystring = b''
+            self._linesep = b'\r\n'
+            self._dotsep = ord(b'.')
+            self._newline = b'\n'
+        self._set_rset_state()
+        self.seen_greeting = ''
+        self.extended_smtp = False
+        self.command_size_limits.clear()
+        self.fqdn = socket.getfqdn()
+        try:
+            self.peer = conn.getpeername()
+        except OSError as err:
+            # a race condition  may occur if the other end is closing
+            # before we can get the peername
+            self.close()
+            if err.errno != errno.ENOTCONN:
+                raise
+            return
+        print('Peer:', repr(self.peer), file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+        self.push('220 %s %s' % (self.fqdn, __version__))
+
+    def _set_post_data_state(self):
+        """Reset state variables to their post-DATA state."""
+        self.smtp_state = self.COMMAND
+        self.mailfrom = None
+        self.rcpttos = []
+        self.require_SMTPUTF8 = False
+        self.num_bytes = 0
+        self.set_terminator(b'\r\n')
+
+    def _set_rset_state(self):
+        """Reset all state variables except the greeting."""
+        self._set_post_data_state()
+        self.received_data = ''
+        self.received_lines = []
+
+
+    # properties for backwards-compatibility
+    @property
+    def __server(self):
+        warn("Access to __server attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'smtp_server' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.smtp_server
+    @__server.setter
+    def __server(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __server attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'smtp_server' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.smtp_server = value
+
+    @property
+    def __line(self):
+        warn("Access to __line attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'received_lines' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.received_lines
+    @__line.setter
+    def __line(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __line attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'received_lines' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.received_lines = value
+
+    @property
+    def __state(self):
+        warn("Access to __state attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'smtp_state' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.smtp_state
+    @__state.setter
+    def __state(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __state attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'smtp_state' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.smtp_state = value
+
+    @property
+    def __greeting(self):
+        warn("Access to __greeting attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'seen_greeting' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.seen_greeting
+    @__greeting.setter
+    def __greeting(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __greeting attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'seen_greeting' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.seen_greeting = value
+
+    @property
+    def __mailfrom(self):
+        warn("Access to __mailfrom attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'mailfrom' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.mailfrom
+    @__mailfrom.setter
+    def __mailfrom(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __mailfrom attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'mailfrom' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.mailfrom = value
+
+    @property
+    def __rcpttos(self):
+        warn("Access to __rcpttos attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'rcpttos' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.rcpttos
+    @__rcpttos.setter
+    def __rcpttos(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __rcpttos attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'rcpttos' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.rcpttos = value
+
+    @property
+    def __data(self):
+        warn("Access to __data attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'received_data' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.received_data
+    @__data.setter
+    def __data(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __data attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'received_data' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.received_data = value
+
+    @property
+    def __fqdn(self):
+        warn("Access to __fqdn attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'fqdn' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.fqdn
+    @__fqdn.setter
+    def __fqdn(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __fqdn attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'fqdn' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.fqdn = value
+
+    @property
+    def __peer(self):
+        warn("Access to __peer attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'peer' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.peer
+    @__peer.setter
+    def __peer(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __peer attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'peer' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.peer = value
+
+    @property
+    def __conn(self):
+        warn("Access to __conn attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'conn' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.conn
+    @__conn.setter
+    def __conn(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __conn attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'conn' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.conn = value
+
+    @property
+    def __addr(self):
+        warn("Access to __addr attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "use 'addr' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        return self.addr
+    @__addr.setter
+    def __addr(self, value):
+        warn("Setting __addr attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
+             "set 'addr' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
+        self.addr = value
+
+    # Overrides base class for convenience.
+    def push(self, msg):
+        asynchat.async_chat.push(self, bytes(
+            msg + '\r\n', 'utf-8' if self.require_SMTPUTF8 else 'ascii'))
+
+    # Implementation of base class abstract method
+    def collect_incoming_data(self, data):
+        limit = None
+        if self.smtp_state == self.COMMAND:
+            limit = self.max_command_size_limit
+        elif self.smtp_state == self.DATA:
+            limit = self.data_size_limit
+        if limit and self.num_bytes > limit:
+            return
+        elif limit:
+            self.num_bytes += len(data)
+        if self._decode_data:
+            self.received_lines.append(str(data, 'utf-8'))
+        else:
+            self.received_lines.append(data)
+
+    # Implementation of base class abstract method
+    def found_terminator(self):
+        line = self._emptystring.join(self.received_lines)
+        print('Data:', repr(line), file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+        self.received_lines = []
+        if self.smtp_state == self.COMMAND:
+            sz, self.num_bytes = self.num_bytes, 0
+            if not line:
+                self.push('500 Error: bad syntax')
+                return
+            if not self._decode_data:
+                line = str(line, 'utf-8')
+            i = line.find(' ')
+            if i < 0:
+                command = line.upper()
+                arg = None
+            else:
+                command = line[:i].upper()
+                arg = line[i+1:].strip()
+            max_sz = (self.command_size_limits[command]
+                      if self.extended_smtp else self.command_size_limit)
+            if sz > max_sz:
+                self.push('500 Error: line too long')
+                return
+            method = getattr(self, 'smtp_' + command, None)
+            if not method:
+                self.push('500 Error: command "%s" not recognized' % command)
+                return
+            method(arg)
+            return
+        else:
+            if self.smtp_state != self.DATA:
+                self.push('451 Internal confusion')
+                self.num_bytes = 0
+                return
+            if self.data_size_limit and self.num_bytes > self.data_size_limit:
+                self.push('552 Error: Too much mail data')
+                self.num_bytes = 0
+                return
+            # Remove extraneous carriage returns and de-transparency according
+            # to RFC 5321, Section 4.5.2.
+            data = []
+            for text in line.split(self._linesep):
+                if text and text[0] == self._dotsep:
+                    data.append(text[1:])
+                else:
+                    data.append(text)
+            self.received_data = self._newline.join(data)
+            args = (self.peer, self.mailfrom, self.rcpttos, self.received_data)
+            kwargs = {}
+            if not self._decode_data:
+                kwargs = {
+                    'mail_options': self.mail_options,
+                    'rcpt_options': self.rcpt_options,
+                }
+            status = self.smtp_server.process_message(*args, **kwargs)
+            self._set_post_data_state()
+            if not status:
+                self.push('250 OK')
+            else:
+                self.push(status)
+
+    # SMTP and ESMTP commands
+    def smtp_HELO(self, arg):
+        if not arg:
+            self.push('501 Syntax: HELO hostname')
+            return
+        # See issue #21783 for a discussion of this behavior.
+        if self.seen_greeting:
+            self.push('503 Duplicate HELO/EHLO')
+            return
+        self._set_rset_state()
+        self.seen_greeting = arg
+        self.push('250 %s' % self.fqdn)
+
+    def smtp_EHLO(self, arg):
+        if not arg:
+            self.push('501 Syntax: EHLO hostname')
+            return
+        # See issue #21783 for a discussion of this behavior.
+        if self.seen_greeting:
+            self.push('503 Duplicate HELO/EHLO')
+            return
+        self._set_rset_state()
+        self.seen_greeting = arg
+        self.extended_smtp = True
+        self.push('250-%s' % self.fqdn)
+        if self.data_size_limit:
+            self.push('250-SIZE %s' % self.data_size_limit)
+            self.command_size_limits['MAIL'] += 26
+        if not self._decode_data:
+            self.push('250-8BITMIME')
+        if self.enable_SMTPUTF8:
+            self.push('250-SMTPUTF8')
+            self.command_size_limits['MAIL'] += 10
+        self.push('250 HELP')
+
+    def smtp_NOOP(self, arg):
+        if arg:
+            self.push('501 Syntax: NOOP')
+        else:
+            self.push('250 OK')
+
+    def smtp_QUIT(self, arg):
+        # args is ignored
+        self.push('221 Bye')
+        self.close_when_done()
+
+    def _strip_command_keyword(self, keyword, arg):
+        keylen = len(keyword)
+        if arg[:keylen].upper() == keyword:
+            return arg[keylen:].strip()
+        return ''
+
+    def _getaddr(self, arg):
+        if not arg:
+            return '', ''
+        if arg.lstrip().startswith('<'):
+            address, rest = get_angle_addr(arg)
+        else:
+            address, rest = get_addr_spec(arg)
+        if not address:
+            return address, rest
+        return address.addr_spec, rest
+
+    def _getparams(self, params):
+        # Return params as dictionary. Return None if not all parameters
+        # appear to be syntactically valid according to RFC 1869.
+        result = {}
+        for param in params:
+            param, eq, value = param.partition('=')
+            if not param.isalnum() or eq and not value:
+                return None
+            result[param] = value if eq else True
+        return result
+
+    def smtp_HELP(self, arg):
+        if arg:
+            extended = ' [SP <mail-parameters>]'
+            lc_arg = arg.upper()
+            if lc_arg == 'EHLO':
+                self.push('250 Syntax: EHLO hostname')
+            elif lc_arg == 'HELO':
+                self.push('250 Syntax: HELO hostname')
+            elif lc_arg == 'MAIL':
+                msg = '250 Syntax: MAIL FROM: <address>'
+                if self.extended_smtp:
+                    msg += extended
+                self.push(msg)
+            elif lc_arg == 'RCPT':
+                msg = '250 Syntax: RCPT TO: <address>'
+                if self.extended_smtp:
+                    msg += extended
+                self.push(msg)
+            elif lc_arg == 'DATA':
+                self.push('250 Syntax: DATA')
+            elif lc_arg == 'RSET':
+                self.push('250 Syntax: RSET')
+            elif lc_arg == 'NOOP':
+                self.push('250 Syntax: NOOP')
+            elif lc_arg == 'QUIT':
+                self.push('250 Syntax: QUIT')
+            elif lc_arg == 'VRFY':
+                self.push('250 Syntax: VRFY <address>')
+            else:
+                self.push('501 Supported commands: EHLO HELO MAIL RCPT '
+                          'DATA RSET NOOP QUIT VRFY')
+        else:
+            self.push('250 Supported commands: EHLO HELO MAIL RCPT DATA '
+                      'RSET NOOP QUIT VRFY')
+
+    def smtp_VRFY(self, arg):
+        if arg:
+            address, params = self._getaddr(arg)
+            if address:
+                self.push('252 Cannot VRFY user, but will accept message '
+                          'and attempt delivery')
+            else:
+                self.push('502 Could not VRFY %s' % arg)
+        else:
+            self.push('501 Syntax: VRFY <address>')
+
+    def smtp_MAIL(self, arg):
+        if not self.seen_greeting:
+            self.push('503 Error: send HELO first')
+            return
+        print('===> MAIL', arg, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+        syntaxerr = '501 Syntax: MAIL FROM: <address>'
+        if self.extended_smtp:
+            syntaxerr += ' [SP <mail-parameters>]'
+        if arg is None:
+            self.push(syntaxerr)
+            return
+        arg = self._strip_command_keyword('FROM:', arg)
+        address, params = self._getaddr(arg)
+        if not address:
+            self.push(syntaxerr)
+            return
+        if not self.extended_smtp and params:
+            self.push(syntaxerr)
+            return
+        if self.mailfrom:
+            self.push('503 Error: nested MAIL command')
+            return
+        self.mail_options = params.upper().split()
+        params = self._getparams(self.mail_options)
+        if params is None:
+            self.push(syntaxerr)
+            return
+        if not self._decode_data:
+            body = params.pop('BODY', '7BIT')
+            if body not in ['7BIT', '8BITMIME']:
+                self.push('501 Error: BODY can only be one of 7BIT, 8BITMIME')
+                return
+        if self.enable_SMTPUTF8:
+            smtputf8 = params.pop('SMTPUTF8', False)
+            if smtputf8 is True:
+                self.require_SMTPUTF8 = True
+            elif smtputf8 is not False:
+                self.push('501 Error: SMTPUTF8 takes no arguments')
+                return
+        size = params.pop('SIZE', None)
+        if size:
+            if not size.isdigit():
+                self.push(syntaxerr)
+                return
+            elif self.data_size_limit and int(size) > self.data_size_limit:
+                self.push('552 Error: message size exceeds fixed maximum message size')
+                return
+        if len(params.keys()) > 0:
+            self.push('555 MAIL FROM parameters not recognized or not implemented')
+            return
+        self.mailfrom = address
+        print('sender:', self.mailfrom, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+        self.push('250 OK')
+
+    def smtp_RCPT(self, arg):
+        if not self.seen_greeting:
+            self.push('503 Error: send HELO first');
+            return
+        print('===> RCPT', arg, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+        if not self.mailfrom:
+            self.push('503 Error: need MAIL command')
+            return
+        syntaxerr = '501 Syntax: RCPT TO: <address>'
+        if self.extended_smtp:
+            syntaxerr += ' [SP <mail-parameters>]'
+        if arg is None:
+            self.push(syntaxerr)
+            return
+        arg = self._strip_command_keyword('TO:', arg)
+        address, params = self._getaddr(arg)
+        if not address:
+            self.push(syntaxerr)
+            return
+        if not self.extended_smtp and params:
+            self.push(syntaxerr)
+            return
+        self.rcpt_options = params.upper().split()
+        params = self._getparams(self.rcpt_options)
+        if params is None:
+            self.push(syntaxerr)
+            return
+        # XXX currently there are no options we recognize.
+        if len(params.keys()) > 0:
+            self.push('555 RCPT TO parameters not recognized or not implemented')
+            return
+        self.rcpttos.append(address)
+        print('recips:', self.rcpttos, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+        self.push('250 OK')
+
+    def smtp_RSET(self, arg):
+        if arg:
+            self.push('501 Syntax: RSET')
+            return
+        self._set_rset_state()
+        self.push('250 OK')
+
+    def smtp_DATA(self, arg):
+        if not self.seen_greeting:
+            self.push('503 Error: send HELO first');
+            return
+        if not self.rcpttos:
+            self.push('503 Error: need RCPT command')
+            return
+        if arg:
+            self.push('501 Syntax: DATA')
+            return
+        self.smtp_state = self.DATA
+        self.set_terminator(b'\r\n.\r\n')
+        self.push('354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>')
+
+    # Commands that have not been implemented
+    def smtp_EXPN(self, arg):
+        self.push('502 EXPN not implemented')
+
+
+class SMTPServer(asyncore.dispatcher):
+    # SMTPChannel class to use for managing client connections
+    channel_class = SMTPChannel
+
+    def __init__(self, localaddr, remoteaddr,
+                 data_size_limit=DATA_SIZE_DEFAULT, map=None,
+                 enable_SMTPUTF8=False, decode_data=False):
+        self._localaddr = localaddr
+        self._remoteaddr = remoteaddr
+        self.data_size_limit = data_size_limit
+        self.enable_SMTPUTF8 = enable_SMTPUTF8
+        self._decode_data = decode_data
+        if enable_SMTPUTF8 and decode_data:
+            raise ValueError("decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot"
+                             " be set to True at the same time")
+        asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self, map=map)
+        try:
+            gai_results = socket.getaddrinfo(*localaddr,
+                                             type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            self.create_socket(gai_results[0][0], gai_results[0][1])
+            # try to re-use a server port if possible
+            self.set_reuse_addr()
+            self.bind(localaddr)
+            self.listen(5)
+        except:
+            self.close()
+            raise
+        else:
+            print('%s started at %s\n\tLocal addr: %s\n\tRemote addr:%s' % (
+                self.__class__.__name__, time.ctime(time.time()),
+                localaddr, remoteaddr), file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+
+    def handle_accepted(self, conn, addr):
+        print('Incoming connection from %s' % repr(addr), file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+        channel = self.channel_class(self,
+                                     conn,
+                                     addr,
+                                     self.data_size_limit,
+                                     self._map,
+                                     self.enable_SMTPUTF8,
+                                     self._decode_data)
+
+    # API for "doing something useful with the message"
+    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data, **kwargs):
+        """Override this abstract method to handle messages from the client.
+
+        peer is a tuple containing (ipaddr, port) of the client that made the
+        socket connection to our smtp port.
+
+        mailfrom is the raw address the client claims the message is coming
+        from.
+
+        rcpttos is a list of raw addresses the client wishes to deliver the
+        message to.
+
+        data is a string containing the entire full text of the message,
+        headers (if supplied) and all.  It has been `de-transparencied'
+        according to RFC 821, Section 4.5.2.  In other words, a line
+        containing a `.' followed by other text has had the leading dot
+        removed.
+
+        kwargs is a dictionary containing additional information.  It is
+        empty if decode_data=True was given as init parameter, otherwise
+        it will contain the following keys:
+            'mail_options': list of parameters to the mail command.  All
+                            elements are uppercase strings.  Example:
+                            ['BODY=8BITMIME', 'SMTPUTF8'].
+            'rcpt_options': same, for the rcpt command.
+
+        This function should return None for a normal `250 Ok' response;
+        otherwise, it should return the desired response string in RFC 821
+        format.
+
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class DebuggingServer(SMTPServer):
+
+    def _print_message_content(self, peer, data):
+        inheaders = 1
+        lines = data.splitlines()
+        for line in lines:
+            # headers first
+            if inheaders and not line:
+                peerheader = 'X-Peer: ' + peer[0]
+                if not isinstance(data, str):
+                    # decoded_data=false; make header match other binary output
+                    peerheader = repr(peerheader.encode('utf-8'))
+                print(peerheader)
+                inheaders = 0
+            if not isinstance(data, str):
+                # Avoid spurious 'str on bytes instance' warning.
+                line = repr(line)
+            print(line)
+
+    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data, **kwargs):
+        print('---------- MESSAGE FOLLOWS ----------')
+        if kwargs:
+            if kwargs.get('mail_options'):
+                print('mail options: %s' % kwargs['mail_options'])
+            if kwargs.get('rcpt_options'):
+                print('rcpt options: %s\n' % kwargs['rcpt_options'])
+        self._print_message_content(peer, data)
+        print('------------ END MESSAGE ------------')
+
+
+class PureProxy(SMTPServer):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if 'enable_SMTPUTF8' in kwargs and kwargs['enable_SMTPUTF8']:
+            raise ValueError("PureProxy does not support SMTPUTF8.")
+        super(PureProxy, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data):
+        lines = data.split('\n')
+        # Look for the last header
+        i = 0
+        for line in lines:
+            if not line:
+                break
+            i += 1
+        lines.insert(i, 'X-Peer: %s' % peer[0])
+        data = NEWLINE.join(lines)
+        refused = self._deliver(mailfrom, rcpttos, data)
+        # TBD: what to do with refused addresses?
+        print('we got some refusals:', refused, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+
+    def _deliver(self, mailfrom, rcpttos, data):
+        import smtplib
+        refused = {}
+        try:
+            s = smtplib.SMTP()
+            s.connect(self._remoteaddr[0], self._remoteaddr[1])
+            try:
+                refused = s.sendmail(mailfrom, rcpttos, data)
+            finally:
+                s.quit()
+        except smtplib.SMTPRecipientsRefused as e:
+            print('got SMTPRecipientsRefused', file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+            refused = e.recipients
+        except (OSError, smtplib.SMTPException) as e:
+            print('got', e.__class__, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
+            # All recipients were refused.  If the exception had an associated
+            # error code, use it.  Otherwise,fake it with a non-triggering
+            # exception code.
+            errcode = getattr(e, 'smtp_code', -1)
+            errmsg = getattr(e, 'smtp_error', 'ignore')
+            for r in rcpttos:
+                refused[r] = (errcode, errmsg)
+        return refused
+
+
+class Options:
+    setuid = True
+    classname = 'PureProxy'
+    size_limit = None
+    enable_SMTPUTF8 = False
+
+
+def parseargs():
+    global DEBUGSTREAM
+    try:
+        opts, args = getopt.getopt(
+            sys.argv[1:], 'nVhc:s:du',
+            ['class=', 'nosetuid', 'version', 'help', 'size=', 'debug',
+             'smtputf8'])
+    except getopt.error as e:
+        usage(1, e)
+
+    options = Options()
+    for opt, arg in opts:
+        if opt in ('-h', '--help'):
+            usage(0)
+        elif opt in ('-V', '--version'):
+            print(__version__)
+            sys.exit(0)
+        elif opt in ('-n', '--nosetuid'):
+            options.setuid = False
+        elif opt in ('-c', '--class'):
+            options.classname = arg
+        elif opt in ('-d', '--debug'):
+            DEBUGSTREAM = sys.stderr
+        elif opt in ('-u', '--smtputf8'):
+            options.enable_SMTPUTF8 = True
+        elif opt in ('-s', '--size'):
+            try:
+                int_size = int(arg)
+                options.size_limit = int_size
+            except:
+                print('Invalid size: ' + arg, file=sys.stderr)
+                sys.exit(1)
+
+    # parse the rest of the arguments
+    if len(args) < 1:
+        localspec = 'localhost:8025'
+        remotespec = 'localhost:25'
+    elif len(args) < 2:
+        localspec = args[0]
+        remotespec = 'localhost:25'
+    elif len(args) < 3:
+        localspec = args[0]
+        remotespec = args[1]
+    else:
+        usage(1, 'Invalid arguments: %s' % COMMASPACE.join(args))
+
+    # split into host/port pairs
+    i = localspec.find(':')
+    if i < 0:
+        usage(1, 'Bad local spec: %s' % localspec)
+    options.localhost = localspec[:i]
+    try:
+        options.localport = int(localspec[i+1:])
+    except ValueError:
+        usage(1, 'Bad local port: %s' % localspec)
+    i = remotespec.find(':')
+    if i < 0:
+        usage(1, 'Bad remote spec: %s' % remotespec)
+    options.remotehost = remotespec[:i]
+    try:
+        options.remoteport = int(remotespec[i+1:])
+    except ValueError:
+        usage(1, 'Bad remote port: %s' % remotespec)
+    return options
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    options = parseargs()
+    # Become nobody
+    classname = options.classname
+    if "." in classname:
+        lastdot = classname.rfind(".")
+        mod = __import__(classname[:lastdot], globals(), locals(), [""])
+        classname = classname[lastdot+1:]
+    else:
+        import __main__ as mod
+    class_ = getattr(mod, classname)
+    proxy = class_((options.localhost, options.localport),
+                   (options.remotehost, options.remoteport),
+                   options.size_limit, enable_SMTPUTF8=options.enable_SMTPUTF8)
+    if options.setuid:
+        try:
+            import pwd
+        except ImportError:
+            print('Cannot import module "pwd"; try running with -n option.', file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+        nobody = pwd.getpwnam('nobody')[2]
+        try:
+            os.setuid(nobody)
+        except PermissionError:
+            print('Cannot setuid "nobody"; try running with -n option.', file=sys.stderr)
+            sys.exit(1)
+    try:
+        asyncore.loop()
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        pass
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_logging.py b/Lib/test/test_logging.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a570d65f6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_logging.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7049 @@
+# Copyright 2001-2022 by Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
+# documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
+# both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation, and that the name of Vinay Sajip
+# not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution
+# of the software without specific, written prior permission.
+# VINAY SAJIP DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING
+# ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL
+# VINAY SAJIP BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR
+# ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER
+# IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
+# OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+"""Test harness for the logging module. Run all tests.
+
+Copyright (C) 2001-2022 Vinay Sajip. All Rights Reserved.
+"""
+import logging
+import logging.handlers
+import logging.config
+
+import codecs
+import configparser
+import copy
+import datetime
+import pathlib
+import pickle
+import io
+import itertools
+import gc
+import json
+import os
+import queue
+import random
+import re
+import shutil
+import socket
+import struct
+import sys
+import tempfile
+from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok, assert_python_failure
+from test import support
+from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support import os_helper
+from test.support import socket_helper
+from test.support import threading_helper
+from test.support import warnings_helper
+from test.support import asyncore
+from test.support import smtpd
+from test.support.logging_helper import TestHandler
+import textwrap
+import threading
+import asyncio
+import time
+import unittest
+import warnings
+import weakref
+
+from http.server import HTTPServer, BaseHTTPRequestHandler
+from unittest.mock import patch
+from urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qs
+from socketserver import (ThreadingUDPServer, DatagramRequestHandler,
+                          ThreadingTCPServer, StreamRequestHandler)
+
+try:
+    import win32evtlog, win32evtlogutil, pywintypes
+except ImportError:
+    win32evtlog = win32evtlogutil = pywintypes = None
+
+try:
+    import zlib
+except ImportError:
+    pass
+
+
+# gh-89363: Skip fork() test if Python is built with Address Sanitizer (ASAN)
+# to work around a libasan race condition, dead lock in pthread_create().
+skip_if_asan_fork = unittest.skipIf(
+    support.HAVE_ASAN_FORK_BUG,
+    "libasan has a pthread_create() dead lock related to thread+fork")
+skip_if_tsan_fork = unittest.skipIf(
+    support.check_sanitizer(thread=True),
+    "TSAN doesn't support threads after fork")
+
+
+class BaseTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    """Base class for logging tests."""
+
+    log_format = "%(name)s -> %(levelname)s: %(message)s"
+    expected_log_pat = r"^([\w.]+) -> (\w+): (\d+)$"
+    message_num = 0
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """Setup the default logging stream to an internal StringIO instance,
+        so that we can examine log output as we want."""
+        self._threading_key = threading_helper.threading_setup()
+
+        logger_dict = logging.getLogger().manager.loggerDict
+        logging._acquireLock()
+        try:
+            self.saved_handlers = logging._handlers.copy()
+            self.saved_handler_list = logging._handlerList[:]
+            self.saved_loggers = saved_loggers = logger_dict.copy()
+            self.saved_name_to_level = logging._nameToLevel.copy()
+            self.saved_level_to_name = logging._levelToName.copy()
+            self.logger_states = logger_states = {}
+            for name in saved_loggers:
+                logger_states[name] = getattr(saved_loggers[name],
+                                              'disabled', None)
+        finally:
+            logging._releaseLock()
+
+        # Set two unused loggers
+        self.logger1 = logging.getLogger("\xab\xd7\xbb")
+        self.logger2 = logging.getLogger("\u013f\u00d6\u0047")
+
+        self.root_logger = logging.getLogger("")
+        self.original_logging_level = self.root_logger.getEffectiveLevel()
+
+        self.stream = io.StringIO()
+        self.root_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+        self.root_hdlr = logging.StreamHandler(self.stream)
+        self.root_formatter = logging.Formatter(self.log_format)
+        self.root_hdlr.setFormatter(self.root_formatter)
+        if self.logger1.hasHandlers():
+            hlist = self.logger1.handlers + self.root_logger.handlers
+            raise AssertionError('Unexpected handlers: %s' % hlist)
+        if self.logger2.hasHandlers():
+            hlist = self.logger2.handlers + self.root_logger.handlers
+            raise AssertionError('Unexpected handlers: %s' % hlist)
+        self.root_logger.addHandler(self.root_hdlr)
+        self.assertTrue(self.logger1.hasHandlers())
+        self.assertTrue(self.logger2.hasHandlers())
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        """Remove our logging stream, and restore the original logging
+        level."""
+        self.stream.close()
+        self.root_logger.removeHandler(self.root_hdlr)
+        while self.root_logger.handlers:
+            h = self.root_logger.handlers[0]
+            self.root_logger.removeHandler(h)
+            h.close()
+        self.root_logger.setLevel(self.original_logging_level)
+        logging._acquireLock()
+        try:
+            logging._levelToName.clear()
+            logging._levelToName.update(self.saved_level_to_name)
+            logging._nameToLevel.clear()
+            logging._nameToLevel.update(self.saved_name_to_level)
+            logging._handlers.clear()
+            logging._handlers.update(self.saved_handlers)
+            logging._handlerList[:] = self.saved_handler_list
+            manager = logging.getLogger().manager
+            manager.disable = 0
+            loggerDict = manager.loggerDict
+            loggerDict.clear()
+            loggerDict.update(self.saved_loggers)
+            logger_states = self.logger_states
+            for name in self.logger_states:
+                if logger_states[name] is not None:
+                    self.saved_loggers[name].disabled = logger_states[name]
+        finally:
+            logging._releaseLock()
+
+        self.doCleanups()
+        threading_helper.threading_cleanup(*self._threading_key)
+
+    def assert_log_lines(self, expected_values, stream=None, pat=None):
+        """Match the collected log lines against the regular expression
+        self.expected_log_pat, and compare the extracted group values to
+        the expected_values list of tuples."""
+        stream = stream or self.stream
+        pat = re.compile(pat or self.expected_log_pat)
+        actual_lines = stream.getvalue().splitlines()
+        self.assertEqual(len(actual_lines), len(expected_values))
+        for actual, expected in zip(actual_lines, expected_values):
+            match = pat.search(actual)
+            if not match:
+                self.fail("Log line does not match expected pattern:\n" +
+                          actual)
+            self.assertEqual(tuple(match.groups()), expected)
+        s = stream.read()
+        if s:
+            self.fail("Remaining output at end of log stream:\n" + s)
+
+    def next_message(self):
+        """Generate a message consisting solely of an auto-incrementing
+        integer."""
+        self.message_num += 1
+        return "%d" % self.message_num
+
+
+class BuiltinLevelsTest(BaseTest):
+    """Test builtin levels and their inheritance."""
+
+    def test_flat(self):
+        # Logging levels in a flat logger namespace.
+        m = self.next_message
+
+        ERR = logging.getLogger("ERR")
+        ERR.setLevel(logging.ERROR)
+        INF = logging.LoggerAdapter(logging.getLogger("INF"), {})
+        INF.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+        DEB = logging.getLogger("DEB")
+        DEB.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+        # These should log.
+        ERR.log(logging.CRITICAL, m())
+        ERR.error(m())
+
+        INF.log(logging.CRITICAL, m())
+        INF.error(m())
+        INF.warning(m())
+        INF.info(m())
+
+        DEB.log(logging.CRITICAL, m())
+        DEB.error(m())
+        DEB.warning(m())
+        DEB.info(m())
+        DEB.debug(m())
+
+        # These should not log.
+        ERR.warning(m())
+        ERR.info(m())
+        ERR.debug(m())
+
+        INF.debug(m())
+
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('ERR', 'CRITICAL', '1'),
+            ('ERR', 'ERROR', '2'),
+            ('INF', 'CRITICAL', '3'),
+            ('INF', 'ERROR', '4'),
+            ('INF', 'WARNING', '5'),
+            ('INF', 'INFO', '6'),
+            ('DEB', 'CRITICAL', '7'),
+            ('DEB', 'ERROR', '8'),
+            ('DEB', 'WARNING', '9'),
+            ('DEB', 'INFO', '10'),
+            ('DEB', 'DEBUG', '11'),
+        ])
+
+    def test_nested_explicit(self):
+        # Logging levels in a nested namespace, all explicitly set.
+        m = self.next_message
+
+        INF = logging.getLogger("INF")
+        INF.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+        INF_ERR  = logging.getLogger("INF.ERR")
+        INF_ERR.setLevel(logging.ERROR)
+
+        # These should log.
+        INF_ERR.log(logging.CRITICAL, m())
+        INF_ERR.error(m())
+
+        # These should not log.
+        INF_ERR.warning(m())
+        INF_ERR.info(m())
+        INF_ERR.debug(m())
+
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('INF.ERR', 'CRITICAL', '1'),
+            ('INF.ERR', 'ERROR', '2'),
+        ])
+
+    def test_nested_inherited(self):
+        # Logging levels in a nested namespace, inherited from parent loggers.
+        m = self.next_message
+
+        INF = logging.getLogger("INF")
+        INF.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+        INF_ERR  = logging.getLogger("INF.ERR")
+        INF_ERR.setLevel(logging.ERROR)
+        INF_UNDEF = logging.getLogger("INF.UNDEF")
+        INF_ERR_UNDEF = logging.getLogger("INF.ERR.UNDEF")
+        UNDEF = logging.getLogger("UNDEF")
+
+        # These should log.
+        INF_UNDEF.log(logging.CRITICAL, m())
+        INF_UNDEF.error(m())
+        INF_UNDEF.warning(m())
+        INF_UNDEF.info(m())
+        INF_ERR_UNDEF.log(logging.CRITICAL, m())
+        INF_ERR_UNDEF.error(m())
+
+        # These should not log.
+        INF_UNDEF.debug(m())
+        INF_ERR_UNDEF.warning(m())
+        INF_ERR_UNDEF.info(m())
+        INF_ERR_UNDEF.debug(m())
+
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('INF.UNDEF', 'CRITICAL', '1'),
+            ('INF.UNDEF', 'ERROR', '2'),
+            ('INF.UNDEF', 'WARNING', '3'),
+            ('INF.UNDEF', 'INFO', '4'),
+            ('INF.ERR.UNDEF', 'CRITICAL', '5'),
+            ('INF.ERR.UNDEF', 'ERROR', '6'),
+        ])
+
+    def test_nested_with_virtual_parent(self):
+        # Logging levels when some parent does not exist yet.
+        m = self.next_message
+
+        INF = logging.getLogger("INF")
+        GRANDCHILD = logging.getLogger("INF.BADPARENT.UNDEF")
+        CHILD = logging.getLogger("INF.BADPARENT")
+        INF.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+
+        # These should log.
+        GRANDCHILD.log(logging.FATAL, m())
+        GRANDCHILD.info(m())
+        CHILD.log(logging.FATAL, m())
+        CHILD.info(m())
+
+        # These should not log.
+        GRANDCHILD.debug(m())
+        CHILD.debug(m())
+
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('INF.BADPARENT.UNDEF', 'CRITICAL', '1'),
+            ('INF.BADPARENT.UNDEF', 'INFO', '2'),
+            ('INF.BADPARENT', 'CRITICAL', '3'),
+            ('INF.BADPARENT', 'INFO', '4'),
+        ])
+
+    def test_regression_22386(self):
+        """See issue #22386 for more information."""
+        self.assertEqual(logging.getLevelName('INFO'), logging.INFO)
+        self.assertEqual(logging.getLevelName(logging.INFO), 'INFO')
+
+    def test_issue27935(self):
+        fatal = logging.getLevelName('FATAL')
+        self.assertEqual(fatal, logging.FATAL)
+
+    def test_regression_29220(self):
+        """See issue #29220 for more information."""
+        logging.addLevelName(logging.INFO, '')
+        self.addCleanup(logging.addLevelName, logging.INFO, 'INFO')
+        self.assertEqual(logging.getLevelName(logging.INFO), '')
+        self.assertEqual(logging.getLevelName(logging.NOTSET), 'NOTSET')
+        self.assertEqual(logging.getLevelName('NOTSET'), logging.NOTSET)
+
+class BasicFilterTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Test the bundled Filter class."""
+
+    def test_filter(self):
+        # Only messages satisfying the specified criteria pass through the
+        #  filter.
+        filter_ = logging.Filter("spam.eggs")
+        handler = self.root_logger.handlers[0]
+        try:
+            handler.addFilter(filter_)
+            spam = logging.getLogger("spam")
+            spam_eggs = logging.getLogger("spam.eggs")
+            spam_eggs_fish = logging.getLogger("spam.eggs.fish")
+            spam_bakedbeans = logging.getLogger("spam.bakedbeans")
+
+            spam.info(self.next_message())
+            spam_eggs.info(self.next_message())  # Good.
+            spam_eggs_fish.info(self.next_message())  # Good.
+            spam_bakedbeans.info(self.next_message())
+
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('spam.eggs', 'INFO', '2'),
+                ('spam.eggs.fish', 'INFO', '3'),
+            ])
+        finally:
+            handler.removeFilter(filter_)
+
+    def test_callable_filter(self):
+        # Only messages satisfying the specified criteria pass through the
+        #  filter.
+
+        def filterfunc(record):
+            parts = record.name.split('.')
+            prefix = '.'.join(parts[:2])
+            return prefix == 'spam.eggs'
+
+        handler = self.root_logger.handlers[0]
+        try:
+            handler.addFilter(filterfunc)
+            spam = logging.getLogger("spam")
+            spam_eggs = logging.getLogger("spam.eggs")
+            spam_eggs_fish = logging.getLogger("spam.eggs.fish")
+            spam_bakedbeans = logging.getLogger("spam.bakedbeans")
+
+            spam.info(self.next_message())
+            spam_eggs.info(self.next_message())  # Good.
+            spam_eggs_fish.info(self.next_message())  # Good.
+            spam_bakedbeans.info(self.next_message())
+
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('spam.eggs', 'INFO', '2'),
+                ('spam.eggs.fish', 'INFO', '3'),
+            ])
+        finally:
+            handler.removeFilter(filterfunc)
+
+    def test_empty_filter(self):
+        f = logging.Filter()
+        r = logging.makeLogRecord({'name': 'spam.eggs'})
+        self.assertTrue(f.filter(r))
+
+#
+#   First, we define our levels. There can be as many as you want - the only
+#     limitations are that they should be integers, the lowest should be > 0 and
+#   larger values mean less information being logged. If you need specific
+#   level values which do not fit into these limitations, you can use a
+#   mapping dictionary to convert between your application levels and the
+#   logging system.
+#
+SILENT      = 120
+TACITURN    = 119
+TERSE       = 118
+EFFUSIVE    = 117
+SOCIABLE    = 116
+VERBOSE     = 115
+TALKATIVE   = 114
+GARRULOUS   = 113
+CHATTERBOX  = 112
+BORING      = 111
+
+LEVEL_RANGE = range(BORING, SILENT + 1)
+
+#
+#   Next, we define names for our levels. You don't need to do this - in which
+#   case the system will use "Level n" to denote the text for the level.
+#
+my_logging_levels = {
+    SILENT      : 'Silent',
+    TACITURN    : 'Taciturn',
+    TERSE       : 'Terse',
+    EFFUSIVE    : 'Effusive',
+    SOCIABLE    : 'Sociable',
+    VERBOSE     : 'Verbose',
+    TALKATIVE   : 'Talkative',
+    GARRULOUS   : 'Garrulous',
+    CHATTERBOX  : 'Chatterbox',
+    BORING      : 'Boring',
+}
+
+class GarrulousFilter(logging.Filter):
+
+    """A filter which blocks garrulous messages."""
+
+    def filter(self, record):
+        return record.levelno != GARRULOUS
+
+class VerySpecificFilter(logging.Filter):
+
+    """A filter which blocks sociable and taciturn messages."""
+
+    def filter(self, record):
+        return record.levelno not in [SOCIABLE, TACITURN]
+
+
+class CustomLevelsAndFiltersTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Test various filtering possibilities with custom logging levels."""
+
+    # Skip the logger name group.
+    expected_log_pat = r"^[\w.]+ -> (\w+): (\d+)$"
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        BaseTest.setUp(self)
+        for k, v in my_logging_levels.items():
+            logging.addLevelName(k, v)
+
+    def log_at_all_levels(self, logger):
+        for lvl in LEVEL_RANGE:
+            logger.log(lvl, self.next_message())
+
+    def test_handler_filter_replaces_record(self):
+        def replace_message(record: logging.LogRecord):
+            record = copy.copy(record)
+            record.msg = "new message!"
+            return record
+
+        # Set up a logging hierarchy such that "child" and it's handler
+        # (and thus `replace_message()`) always get called before
+        # propagating up to "parent".
+        # Then we can confirm that `replace_message()` was able to
+        # replace the log record without having a side effect on
+        # other loggers or handlers.
+        parent = logging.getLogger("parent")
+        child = logging.getLogger("parent.child")
+        stream_1 = io.StringIO()
+        stream_2 = io.StringIO()
+        handler_1 = logging.StreamHandler(stream_1)
+        handler_2 = logging.StreamHandler(stream_2)
+        handler_2.addFilter(replace_message)
+        parent.addHandler(handler_1)
+        child.addHandler(handler_2)
+
+        child.info("original message")
+        handler_1.flush()
+        handler_2.flush()
+        self.assertEqual(stream_1.getvalue(), "original message\n")
+        self.assertEqual(stream_2.getvalue(), "new message!\n")
+
+    def test_logging_filter_replaces_record(self):
+        records = set()
+
+        class RecordingFilter(logging.Filter):
+            def filter(self, record: logging.LogRecord):
+                records.add(id(record))
+                return copy.copy(record)
+
+        logger = logging.getLogger("logger")
+        logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+        logger.addFilter(RecordingFilter())
+        logger.addFilter(RecordingFilter())
+
+        logger.info("msg")
+
+        self.assertEqual(2, len(records))
+
+    def test_logger_filter(self):
+        # Filter at logger level.
+        self.root_logger.setLevel(VERBOSE)
+        # Levels >= 'Verbose' are good.
+        self.log_at_all_levels(self.root_logger)
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('Verbose', '5'),
+            ('Sociable', '6'),
+            ('Effusive', '7'),
+            ('Terse', '8'),
+            ('Taciturn', '9'),
+            ('Silent', '10'),
+        ])
+
+    def test_handler_filter(self):
+        # Filter at handler level.
+        self.root_logger.handlers[0].setLevel(SOCIABLE)
+        try:
+            # Levels >= 'Sociable' are good.
+            self.log_at_all_levels(self.root_logger)
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('Sociable', '6'),
+                ('Effusive', '7'),
+                ('Terse', '8'),
+                ('Taciturn', '9'),
+                ('Silent', '10'),
+            ])
+        finally:
+            self.root_logger.handlers[0].setLevel(logging.NOTSET)
+
+    def test_specific_filters(self):
+        # Set a specific filter object on the handler, and then add another
+        #  filter object on the logger itself.
+        handler = self.root_logger.handlers[0]
+        specific_filter = None
+        garr = GarrulousFilter()
+        handler.addFilter(garr)
+        try:
+            self.log_at_all_levels(self.root_logger)
+            first_lines = [
+                # Notice how 'Garrulous' is missing
+                ('Boring', '1'),
+                ('Chatterbox', '2'),
+                ('Talkative', '4'),
+                ('Verbose', '5'),
+                ('Sociable', '6'),
+                ('Effusive', '7'),
+                ('Terse', '8'),
+                ('Taciturn', '9'),
+                ('Silent', '10'),
+            ]
+            self.assert_log_lines(first_lines)
+
+            specific_filter = VerySpecificFilter()
+            self.root_logger.addFilter(specific_filter)
+            self.log_at_all_levels(self.root_logger)
+            self.assert_log_lines(first_lines + [
+                # Not only 'Garrulous' is still missing, but also 'Sociable'
+                # and 'Taciturn'
+                ('Boring', '11'),
+                ('Chatterbox', '12'),
+                ('Talkative', '14'),
+                ('Verbose', '15'),
+                ('Effusive', '17'),
+                ('Terse', '18'),
+                ('Silent', '20'),
+            ])
+        finally:
+            if specific_filter:
+                self.root_logger.removeFilter(specific_filter)
+            handler.removeFilter(garr)
+
+
+def make_temp_file(*args, **kwargs):
+    fd, fn = tempfile.mkstemp(*args, **kwargs)
+    os.close(fd)
+    return fn
+
+
+class HandlerTest(BaseTest):
+    def test_name(self):
+        h = logging.Handler()
+        h.name = 'generic'
+        self.assertEqual(h.name, 'generic')
+        h.name = 'anothergeneric'
+        self.assertEqual(h.name, 'anothergeneric')
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, h.emit, None)
+
+    def test_builtin_handlers(self):
+        # We can't actually *use* too many handlers in the tests,
+        # but we can try instantiating them with various options
+        if sys.platform in ('linux', 'darwin'):
+            for existing in (True, False):
+                fn = make_temp_file()
+                if not existing:
+                    os.unlink(fn)
+                h = logging.handlers.WatchedFileHandler(fn, encoding='utf-8', delay=True)
+                if existing:
+                    dev, ino = h.dev, h.ino
+                    self.assertEqual(dev, -1)
+                    self.assertEqual(ino, -1)
+                    r = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'Test'})
+                    h.handle(r)
+                    # Now remove the file.
+                    os.unlink(fn)
+                    self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(fn))
+                    # The next call should recreate the file.
+                    h.handle(r)
+                    self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(fn))
+                else:
+                    self.assertEqual(h.dev, -1)
+                    self.assertEqual(h.ino, -1)
+                h.close()
+                if existing:
+                    os.unlink(fn)
+            if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+                sockname = '/var/run/syslog'
+            else:
+                sockname = '/dev/log'
+            try:
+                h = logging.handlers.SysLogHandler(sockname)
+                self.assertEqual(h.facility, h.LOG_USER)
+                self.assertTrue(h.unixsocket)
+                h.close()
+            except OSError: # syslogd might not be available
+                pass
+        for method in ('GET', 'POST', 'PUT'):
+            if method == 'PUT':
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.handlers.HTTPHandler,
+                                  'localhost', '/log', method)
+            else:
+                h = logging.handlers.HTTPHandler('localhost', '/log', method)
+                h.close()
+        h = logging.handlers.BufferingHandler(0)
+        r = logging.makeLogRecord({})
+        self.assertTrue(h.shouldFlush(r))
+        h.close()
+        h = logging.handlers.BufferingHandler(1)
+        self.assertFalse(h.shouldFlush(r))
+        h.close()
+
+    def test_pathlike_objects(self):
+        """
+        Test that path-like objects are accepted as filename arguments to handlers.
+
+        See Issue #27493.
+        """
+        fn = make_temp_file()
+        os.unlink(fn)
+        pfn = os_helper.FakePath(fn)
+        cases = (
+            (logging.FileHandler, (pfn, 'w')),
+            (logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler, (pfn, 'a')),
+            (logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler, (pfn, 'h')),
+        )
+        if sys.platform in ('linux', 'darwin'):
+            cases += ((logging.handlers.WatchedFileHandler, (pfn, 'w')),)
+        for cls, args in cases:
+            h = cls(*args, encoding="utf-8")
+            self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(fn))
+            h.close()
+            os.unlink(fn)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(os.name == 'nt', 'WatchedFileHandler not appropriate for Windows.')
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        support.is_emscripten, "Emscripten cannot fstat unlinked files."
+    )
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
+    def test_race(self):
+        # Issue #14632 refers.
+        def remove_loop(fname, tries):
+            for _ in range(tries):
+                try:
+                    os.unlink(fname)
+                    self.deletion_time = time.time()
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
+                time.sleep(0.004 * random.randint(0, 4))
+
+        del_count = 500
+        log_count = 500
+
+        self.handle_time = None
+        self.deletion_time = None
+
+        for delay in (False, True):
+            fn = make_temp_file('.log', 'test_logging-3-')
+            remover = threading.Thread(target=remove_loop, args=(fn, del_count))
+            remover.daemon = True
+            remover.start()
+            h = logging.handlers.WatchedFileHandler(fn, encoding='utf-8', delay=delay)
+            f = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s: %(levelname)s: %(message)s')
+            h.setFormatter(f)
+            try:
+                for _ in range(log_count):
+                    time.sleep(0.005)
+                    r = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'testing' })
+                    try:
+                        self.handle_time = time.time()
+                        h.handle(r)
+                    except Exception:
+                        print('Deleted at %s, '
+                              'opened at %s' % (self.deletion_time,
+                                                self.handle_time))
+                        raise
+            finally:
+                remover.join()
+                h.close()
+                if os.path.exists(fn):
+                    os.unlink(fn)
+
+    # The implementation relies on os.register_at_fork existing, but we test
+    # based on os.fork existing because that is what users and this test use.
+    # This helps ensure that when fork exists (the important concept) that the
+    # register_at_fork mechanism is also present and used.
+    @support.requires_fork()
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @skip_if_asan_fork
+    @skip_if_tsan_fork
+    def test_post_fork_child_no_deadlock(self):
+        """Ensure child logging locks are not held; bpo-6721 & bpo-36533."""
+        class _OurHandler(logging.Handler):
+            def __init__(self):
+                super().__init__()
+                self.sub_handler = logging.StreamHandler(
+                    stream=open('/dev/null', 'wt', encoding='utf-8'))
+
+            def emit(self, record):
+                self.sub_handler.acquire()
+                try:
+                    self.sub_handler.emit(record)
+                finally:
+                    self.sub_handler.release()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(logging._handlers), 0)
+        refed_h = _OurHandler()
+        self.addCleanup(refed_h.sub_handler.stream.close)
+        refed_h.name = 'because we need at least one for this test'
+        self.assertGreater(len(logging._handlers), 0)
+        self.assertGreater(len(logging._at_fork_reinit_lock_weakset), 1)
+        test_logger = logging.getLogger('test_post_fork_child_no_deadlock')
+        test_logger.addHandler(refed_h)
+        test_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+
+        locks_held__ready_to_fork = threading.Event()
+        fork_happened__release_locks_and_end_thread = threading.Event()
+
+        def lock_holder_thread_fn():
+            logging._acquireLock()
+            try:
+                refed_h.acquire()
+                try:
+                    # Tell the main thread to do the fork.
+                    locks_held__ready_to_fork.set()
+
+                    # If the deadlock bug exists, the fork will happen
+                    # without dealing with the locks we hold, deadlocking
+                    # the child.
+
+                    # Wait for a successful fork or an unreasonable amount of
+                    # time before releasing our locks.  To avoid a timing based
+                    # test we'd need communication from os.fork() as to when it
+                    # has actually happened.  Given this is a regression test
+                    # for a fixed issue, potentially less reliably detecting
+                    # regression via timing is acceptable for simplicity.
+                    # The test will always take at least this long. :(
+                    fork_happened__release_locks_and_end_thread.wait(0.5)
+                finally:
+                    refed_h.release()
+            finally:
+                logging._releaseLock()
+
+        lock_holder_thread = threading.Thread(
+            target=lock_holder_thread_fn,
+            name='test_post_fork_child_no_deadlock lock holder')
+        lock_holder_thread.start()
+
+        locks_held__ready_to_fork.wait()
+        pid = os.fork()
+        if pid == 0:
+            # Child process
+            try:
+                test_logger.info(r'Child process did not deadlock. \o/')
+            finally:
+                os._exit(0)
+        else:
+            # Parent process
+            test_logger.info(r'Parent process returned from fork. \o/')
+            fork_happened__release_locks_and_end_thread.set()
+            lock_holder_thread.join()
+
+            support.wait_process(pid, exitcode=0)
+
+
+class BadStream(object):
+    def write(self, data):
+        raise RuntimeError('deliberate mistake')
+
+class TestStreamHandler(logging.StreamHandler):
+    def handleError(self, record):
+        self.error_record = record
+
+class StreamWithIntName(object):
+    level = logging.NOTSET
+    name = 2
+
+class StreamHandlerTest(BaseTest):
+    def test_error_handling(self):
+        h = TestStreamHandler(BadStream())
+        r = logging.makeLogRecord({})
+        old_raise = logging.raiseExceptions
+
+        try:
+            h.handle(r)
+            self.assertIs(h.error_record, r)
+
+            h = logging.StreamHandler(BadStream())
+            with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+                h.handle(r)
+                msg = '\nRuntimeError: deliberate mistake\n'
+                self.assertIn(msg, stderr.getvalue())
+
+            logging.raiseExceptions = False
+            with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+                h.handle(r)
+                self.assertEqual('', stderr.getvalue())
+        finally:
+            logging.raiseExceptions = old_raise
+
+    def test_stream_setting(self):
+        """
+        Test setting the handler's stream
+        """
+        h = logging.StreamHandler()
+        stream = io.StringIO()
+        old = h.setStream(stream)
+        self.assertIs(old, sys.stderr)
+        actual = h.setStream(old)
+        self.assertIs(actual, stream)
+        # test that setting to existing value returns None
+        actual = h.setStream(old)
+        self.assertIsNone(actual)
+
+    def test_can_represent_stream_with_int_name(self):
+        h = logging.StreamHandler(StreamWithIntName())
+        self.assertEqual(repr(h), '<StreamHandler 2 (NOTSET)>')
+
+# -- The following section could be moved into a server_helper.py module
+# -- if it proves to be of wider utility than just test_logging
+
+class TestSMTPServer(smtpd.SMTPServer):
+    """
+    This class implements a test SMTP server.
+
+    :param addr: A (host, port) tuple which the server listens on.
+                 You can specify a port value of zero: the server's
+                 *port* attribute will hold the actual port number
+                 used, which can be used in client connections.
+    :param handler: A callable which will be called to process
+                    incoming messages. The handler will be passed
+                    the client address tuple, who the message is from,
+                    a list of recipients and the message data.
+    :param poll_interval: The interval, in seconds, used in the underlying
+                          :func:`select` or :func:`poll` call by
+                          :func:`asyncore.loop`.
+    :param sockmap: A dictionary which will be used to hold
+                    :class:`asyncore.dispatcher` instances used by
+                    :func:`asyncore.loop`. This avoids changing the
+                    :mod:`asyncore` module's global state.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, addr, handler, poll_interval, sockmap):
+        smtpd.SMTPServer.__init__(self, addr, None, map=sockmap,
+                                  decode_data=True)
+        self.port = self.socket.getsockname()[1]
+        self._handler = handler
+        self._thread = None
+        self._quit = False
+        self.poll_interval = poll_interval
+
+    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data):
+        """
+        Delegates to the handler passed in to the server's constructor.
+
+        Typically, this will be a test case method.
+        :param peer: The client (host, port) tuple.
+        :param mailfrom: The address of the sender.
+        :param rcpttos: The addresses of the recipients.
+        :param data: The message.
+        """
+        self._handler(peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data)
+
+    def start(self):
+        """
+        Start the server running on a separate daemon thread.
+        """
+        self._thread = t = threading.Thread(target=self.serve_forever,
+                                            args=(self.poll_interval,))
+        t.daemon = True
+        t.start()
+
+    def serve_forever(self, poll_interval):
+        """
+        Run the :mod:`asyncore` loop until normal termination
+        conditions arise.
+        :param poll_interval: The interval, in seconds, used in the underlying
+                              :func:`select` or :func:`poll` call by
+                              :func:`asyncore.loop`.
+        """
+        while not self._quit:
+            asyncore.loop(poll_interval, map=self._map, count=1)
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """
+        Stop the thread by closing the server instance.
+        Wait for the server thread to terminate.
+        """
+        self._quit = True
+        threading_helper.join_thread(self._thread)
+        self._thread = None
+        self.close()
+        asyncore.close_all(map=self._map, ignore_all=True)
+
+
+class ControlMixin(object):
+    """
+    This mixin is used to start a server on a separate thread, and
+    shut it down programmatically. Request handling is simplified - instead
+    of needing to derive a suitable RequestHandler subclass, you just
+    provide a callable which will be passed each received request to be
+    processed.
+
+    :param handler: A handler callable which will be called with a
+                    single parameter - the request - in order to
+                    process the request. This handler is called on the
+                    server thread, effectively meaning that requests are
+                    processed serially. While not quite web scale ;-),
+                    this should be fine for testing applications.
+    :param poll_interval: The polling interval in seconds.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, handler, poll_interval):
+        self._thread = None
+        self.poll_interval = poll_interval
+        self._handler = handler
+        self.ready = threading.Event()
+
+    def start(self):
+        """
+        Create a daemon thread to run the server, and start it.
+        """
+        self._thread = t = threading.Thread(target=self.serve_forever,
+                                            args=(self.poll_interval,))
+        t.daemon = True
+        t.start()
+
+    def serve_forever(self, poll_interval):
+        """
+        Run the server. Set the ready flag before entering the
+        service loop.
+        """
+        self.ready.set()
+        super(ControlMixin, self).serve_forever(poll_interval)
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """
+        Tell the server thread to stop, and wait for it to do so.
+        """
+        self.shutdown()
+        if self._thread is not None:
+            threading_helper.join_thread(self._thread)
+            self._thread = None
+        self.server_close()
+        self.ready.clear()
+
+class TestHTTPServer(ControlMixin, HTTPServer):
+    """
+    An HTTP server which is controllable using :class:`ControlMixin`.
+
+    :param addr: A tuple with the IP address and port to listen on.
+    :param handler: A handler callable which will be called with a
+                    single parameter - the request - in order to
+                    process the request.
+    :param poll_interval: The polling interval in seconds.
+    :param log: Pass ``True`` to enable log messages.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, addr, handler, poll_interval=0.5,
+                 log=False, sslctx=None):
+        class DelegatingHTTPRequestHandler(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
+            def __getattr__(self, name, default=None):
+                if name.startswith('do_'):
+                    return self.process_request
+                raise AttributeError(name)
+
+            def process_request(self):
+                self.server._handler(self)
+
+            def log_message(self, format, *args):
+                if log:
+                    super(DelegatingHTTPRequestHandler,
+                          self).log_message(format, *args)
+        HTTPServer.__init__(self, addr, DelegatingHTTPRequestHandler)
+        ControlMixin.__init__(self, handler, poll_interval)
+        self.sslctx = sslctx
+
+    def get_request(self):
+        try:
+            sock, addr = self.socket.accept()
+            if self.sslctx:
+                sock = self.sslctx.wrap_socket(sock, server_side=True)
+        except OSError as e:
+            # socket errors are silenced by the caller, print them here
+            sys.stderr.write("Got an error:\n%s\n" % e)
+            raise
+        return sock, addr
+
+class TestTCPServer(ControlMixin, ThreadingTCPServer):
+    """
+    A TCP server which is controllable using :class:`ControlMixin`.
+
+    :param addr: A tuple with the IP address and port to listen on.
+    :param handler: A handler callable which will be called with a single
+                    parameter - the request - in order to process the request.
+    :param poll_interval: The polling interval in seconds.
+    :bind_and_activate: If True (the default), binds the server and starts it
+                        listening. If False, you need to call
+                        :meth:`server_bind` and :meth:`server_activate` at
+                        some later time before calling :meth:`start`, so that
+                        the server will set up the socket and listen on it.
+    """
+
+    allow_reuse_address = True
+
+    def __init__(self, addr, handler, poll_interval=0.5,
+                 bind_and_activate=True):
+        class DelegatingTCPRequestHandler(StreamRequestHandler):
+
+            def handle(self):
+                self.server._handler(self)
+        ThreadingTCPServer.__init__(self, addr, DelegatingTCPRequestHandler,
+                                    bind_and_activate)
+        ControlMixin.__init__(self, handler, poll_interval)
+
+    def server_bind(self):
+        super(TestTCPServer, self).server_bind()
+        self.port = self.socket.getsockname()[1]
+
+class TestUDPServer(ControlMixin, ThreadingUDPServer):
+    """
+    A UDP server which is controllable using :class:`ControlMixin`.
+
+    :param addr: A tuple with the IP address and port to listen on.
+    :param handler: A handler callable which will be called with a
+                    single parameter - the request - in order to
+                    process the request.
+    :param poll_interval: The polling interval for shutdown requests,
+                          in seconds.
+    :bind_and_activate: If True (the default), binds the server and
+                        starts it listening. If False, you need to
+                        call :meth:`server_bind` and
+                        :meth:`server_activate` at some later time
+                        before calling :meth:`start`, so that the server will
+                        set up the socket and listen on it.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, addr, handler, poll_interval=0.5,
+                 bind_and_activate=True):
+        class DelegatingUDPRequestHandler(DatagramRequestHandler):
+
+            def handle(self):
+                self.server._handler(self)
+
+            def finish(self):
+                data = self.wfile.getvalue()
+                if data:
+                    try:
+                        super(DelegatingUDPRequestHandler, self).finish()
+                    except OSError:
+                        if not self.server._closed:
+                            raise
+
+        ThreadingUDPServer.__init__(self, addr,
+                                    DelegatingUDPRequestHandler,
+                                    bind_and_activate)
+        ControlMixin.__init__(self, handler, poll_interval)
+        self._closed = False
+
+    def server_bind(self):
+        super(TestUDPServer, self).server_bind()
+        self.port = self.socket.getsockname()[1]
+
+    def server_close(self):
+        super(TestUDPServer, self).server_close()
+        self._closed = True
+
+if hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"):
+    class TestUnixStreamServer(TestTCPServer):
+        address_family = socket.AF_UNIX
+
+    class TestUnixDatagramServer(TestUDPServer):
+        address_family = socket.AF_UNIX
+
+# - end of server_helper section
+
+@support.requires_working_socket()
+@threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+class SMTPHandlerTest(BaseTest):
+    # bpo-14314, bpo-19665, bpo-34092: don't wait forever
+    TIMEOUT = support.LONG_TIMEOUT
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.skip(reason="Hangs RustPython")
+    def test_basic(self):
+        sockmap = {}
+        server = TestSMTPServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), self.process_message, 0.001,
+                                sockmap)
+        server.start()
+        addr = (socket_helper.HOST, server.port)
+        h = logging.handlers.SMTPHandler(addr, 'me', 'you', 'Log',
+                                         timeout=self.TIMEOUT)
+        self.assertEqual(h.toaddrs, ['you'])
+        self.messages = []
+        r = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'Hello \u2713'})
+        self.handled = threading.Event()
+        h.handle(r)
+        self.handled.wait(self.TIMEOUT)
+        server.stop()
+        self.assertTrue(self.handled.is_set())
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.messages), 1)
+        peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data = self.messages[0]
+        self.assertEqual(mailfrom, 'me')
+        self.assertEqual(rcpttos, ['you'])
+        self.assertIn('\nSubject: Log\n', data)
+        self.assertTrue(data.endswith('\n\nHello \u2713'))
+        h.close()
+
+    def process_message(self, *args):
+        self.messages.append(args)
+        self.handled.set()
+
+class MemoryHandlerTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Tests for the MemoryHandler."""
+
+    # Do not bother with a logger name group.
+    expected_log_pat = r"^[\w.]+ -> (\w+): (\d+)$"
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        BaseTest.setUp(self)
+        self.mem_hdlr = logging.handlers.MemoryHandler(10, logging.WARNING,
+                                                       self.root_hdlr)
+        self.mem_logger = logging.getLogger('mem')
+        self.mem_logger.propagate = 0
+        self.mem_logger.addHandler(self.mem_hdlr)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.mem_hdlr.close()
+        BaseTest.tearDown(self)
+
+    def test_flush(self):
+        # The memory handler flushes to its target handler based on specific
+        #  criteria (message count and message level).
+        self.mem_logger.debug(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([])
+        self.mem_logger.info(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([])
+        # This will flush because the level is >= logging.WARNING
+        self.mem_logger.warning(self.next_message())
+        lines = [
+            ('DEBUG', '1'),
+            ('INFO', '2'),
+            ('WARNING', '3'),
+        ]
+        self.assert_log_lines(lines)
+        for n in (4, 14):
+            for i in range(9):
+                self.mem_logger.debug(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines(lines)
+            # This will flush because it's the 10th message since the last
+            #  flush.
+            self.mem_logger.debug(self.next_message())
+            lines = lines + [('DEBUG', str(i)) for i in range(n, n + 10)]
+            self.assert_log_lines(lines)
+
+        self.mem_logger.debug(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines(lines)
+
+    def test_flush_on_close(self):
+        """
+        Test that the flush-on-close configuration works as expected.
+        """
+        self.mem_logger.debug(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([])
+        self.mem_logger.info(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([])
+        self.mem_logger.removeHandler(self.mem_hdlr)
+        # Default behaviour is to flush on close. Check that it happens.
+        self.mem_hdlr.close()
+        lines = [
+            ('DEBUG', '1'),
+            ('INFO', '2'),
+        ]
+        self.assert_log_lines(lines)
+        # Now configure for flushing not to be done on close.
+        self.mem_hdlr = logging.handlers.MemoryHandler(10, logging.WARNING,
+                                                       self.root_hdlr,
+                                                       False)
+        self.mem_logger.addHandler(self.mem_hdlr)
+        self.mem_logger.debug(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines(lines)  # no change
+        self.mem_logger.info(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines(lines)  # no change
+        self.mem_logger.removeHandler(self.mem_hdlr)
+        self.mem_hdlr.close()
+        # assert that no new lines have been added
+        self.assert_log_lines(lines)  # no change
+
+    def test_shutdown_flush_on_close(self):
+        """
+        Test that the flush-on-close configuration is respected by the
+        shutdown method.
+        """
+        self.mem_logger.debug(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([])
+        self.mem_logger.info(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([])
+        # Default behaviour is to flush on close. Check that it happens.
+        logging.shutdown(handlerList=[logging.weakref.ref(self.mem_hdlr)])
+        lines = [
+            ('DEBUG', '1'),
+            ('INFO', '2'),
+        ]
+        self.assert_log_lines(lines)
+        # Now configure for flushing not to be done on close.
+        self.mem_hdlr = logging.handlers.MemoryHandler(10, logging.WARNING,
+                                                       self.root_hdlr,
+                                                       False)
+        self.mem_logger.addHandler(self.mem_hdlr)
+        self.mem_logger.debug(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines(lines)  # no change
+        self.mem_logger.info(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines(lines)  # no change
+        # assert that no new lines have been added after shutdown
+        logging.shutdown(handlerList=[logging.weakref.ref(self.mem_hdlr)])
+        self.assert_log_lines(lines) # no change
+
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    def test_race_between_set_target_and_flush(self):
+        class MockRaceConditionHandler:
+            def __init__(self, mem_hdlr):
+                self.mem_hdlr = mem_hdlr
+                self.threads = []
+
+            def removeTarget(self):
+                self.mem_hdlr.setTarget(None)
+
+            def handle(self, msg):
+                thread = threading.Thread(target=self.removeTarget)
+                self.threads.append(thread)
+                thread.start()
+
+        target = MockRaceConditionHandler(self.mem_hdlr)
+        try:
+            self.mem_hdlr.setTarget(target)
+
+            for _ in range(10):
+                time.sleep(0.005)
+                self.mem_logger.info("not flushed")
+                self.mem_logger.warning("flushed")
+        finally:
+            for thread in target.threads:
+                threading_helper.join_thread(thread)
+
+
+class ExceptionFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+    """A special exception formatter."""
+    def formatException(self, ei):
+        return "Got a [%s]" % ei[0].__name__
+
+def closeFileHandler(h, fn):
+    h.close()
+    os.remove(fn)
+
+class ConfigFileTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Reading logging config from a .ini-style config file."""
+
+    check_no_resource_warning = warnings_helper.check_no_resource_warning
+    expected_log_pat = r"^(\w+) \+\+ (\w+)$"
+
+    # config0 is a standard configuration.
+    config0 = """
+    [loggers]
+    keys=root
+
+    [handlers]
+    keys=hand1
+
+    [formatters]
+    keys=form1
+
+    [logger_root]
+    level=WARNING
+    handlers=hand1
+
+    [handler_hand1]
+    class=StreamHandler
+    level=NOTSET
+    formatter=form1
+    args=(sys.stdout,)
+
+    [formatter_form1]
+    format=%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s
+    datefmt=
+    """
+
+    # config1 adds a little to the standard configuration.
+    config1 = """
+    [loggers]
+    keys=root,parser
+
+    [handlers]
+    keys=hand1
+
+    [formatters]
+    keys=form1
+
+    [logger_root]
+    level=WARNING
+    handlers=
+
+    [logger_parser]
+    level=DEBUG
+    handlers=hand1
+    propagate=1
+    qualname=compiler.parser
+
+    [handler_hand1]
+    class=StreamHandler
+    level=NOTSET
+    formatter=form1
+    args=(sys.stdout,)
+
+    [formatter_form1]
+    format=%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s
+    datefmt=
+    """
+
+    # config1a moves the handler to the root.
+    config1a = """
+    [loggers]
+    keys=root,parser
+
+    [handlers]
+    keys=hand1
+
+    [formatters]
+    keys=form1
+
+    [logger_root]
+    level=WARNING
+    handlers=hand1
+
+    [logger_parser]
+    level=DEBUG
+    handlers=
+    propagate=1
+    qualname=compiler.parser
+
+    [handler_hand1]
+    class=StreamHandler
+    level=NOTSET
+    formatter=form1
+    args=(sys.stdout,)
+
+    [formatter_form1]
+    format=%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s
+    datefmt=
+    """
+
+    # config2 has a subtle configuration error that should be reported
+    config2 = config1.replace("sys.stdout", "sys.stbout")
+
+    # config3 has a less subtle configuration error
+    config3 = config1.replace("formatter=form1", "formatter=misspelled_name")
+
+    # config4 specifies a custom formatter class to be loaded
+    config4 = """
+    [loggers]
+    keys=root
+
+    [handlers]
+    keys=hand1
+
+    [formatters]
+    keys=form1
+
+    [logger_root]
+    level=NOTSET
+    handlers=hand1
+
+    [handler_hand1]
+    class=StreamHandler
+    level=NOTSET
+    formatter=form1
+    args=(sys.stdout,)
+
+    [formatter_form1]
+    class=""" + __name__ + """.ExceptionFormatter
+    format=%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s
+    datefmt=
+    """
+
+    # config5 specifies a custom handler class to be loaded
+    config5 = config1.replace('class=StreamHandler', 'class=logging.StreamHandler')
+
+    # config6 uses ', ' delimiters in the handlers and formatters sections
+    config6 = """
+    [loggers]
+    keys=root,parser
+
+    [handlers]
+    keys=hand1, hand2
+
+    [formatters]
+    keys=form1, form2
+
+    [logger_root]
+    level=WARNING
+    handlers=
+
+    [logger_parser]
+    level=DEBUG
+    handlers=hand1
+    propagate=1
+    qualname=compiler.parser
+
+    [handler_hand1]
+    class=StreamHandler
+    level=NOTSET
+    formatter=form1
+    args=(sys.stdout,)
+
+    [handler_hand2]
+    class=StreamHandler
+    level=NOTSET
+    formatter=form1
+    args=(sys.stderr,)
+
+    [formatter_form1]
+    format=%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s
+    datefmt=
+
+    [formatter_form2]
+    format=%(message)s
+    datefmt=
+    """
+
+    # config7 adds a compiler logger, and uses kwargs instead of args.
+    config7 = """
+    [loggers]
+    keys=root,parser,compiler
+
+    [handlers]
+    keys=hand1
+
+    [formatters]
+    keys=form1
+
+    [logger_root]
+    level=WARNING
+    handlers=hand1
+
+    [logger_compiler]
+    level=DEBUG
+    handlers=
+    propagate=1
+    qualname=compiler
+
+    [logger_parser]
+    level=DEBUG
+    handlers=
+    propagate=1
+    qualname=compiler.parser
+
+    [handler_hand1]
+    class=StreamHandler
+    level=NOTSET
+    formatter=form1
+    kwargs={'stream': sys.stdout,}
+
+    [formatter_form1]
+    format=%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s
+    datefmt=
+    """
+
+    # config 8, check for resource warning
+    config8 = r"""
+    [loggers]
+    keys=root
+
+    [handlers]
+    keys=file
+
+    [formatters]
+    keys=
+
+    [logger_root]
+    level=DEBUG
+    handlers=file
+
+    [handler_file]
+    class=FileHandler
+    level=DEBUG
+    args=("{tempfile}",)
+    kwargs={{"encoding": "utf-8"}}
+    """
+
+
+    config9 = """
+    [loggers]
+    keys=root
+
+    [handlers]
+    keys=hand1
+
+    [formatters]
+    keys=form1
+
+    [logger_root]
+    level=WARNING
+    handlers=hand1
+
+    [handler_hand1]
+    class=StreamHandler
+    level=NOTSET
+    formatter=form1
+    args=(sys.stdout,)
+
+    [formatter_form1]
+    format=%(message)s ++ %(customfield)s
+    defaults={"customfield": "defaultvalue"}
+    """
+
+    disable_test = """
+    [loggers]
+    keys=root
+
+    [handlers]
+    keys=screen
+
+    [formatters]
+    keys=
+
+    [logger_root]
+    level=DEBUG
+    handlers=screen
+
+    [handler_screen]
+    level=DEBUG
+    class=StreamHandler
+    args=(sys.stdout,)
+    formatter=
+    """
+
+    def apply_config(self, conf, **kwargs):
+        file = io.StringIO(textwrap.dedent(conf))
+        logging.config.fileConfig(file, encoding="utf-8", **kwargs)
+
+    def test_config0_ok(self):
+        # A simple config file which overrides the default settings.
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config0)
+            logger = logging.getLogger()
+            # Won't output anything
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            # Outputs a message
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('ERROR', '2'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config0_using_cp_ok(self):
+        # A simple config file which overrides the default settings.
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            file = io.StringIO(textwrap.dedent(self.config0))
+            cp = configparser.ConfigParser()
+            cp.read_file(file)
+            logging.config.fileConfig(cp)
+            logger = logging.getLogger()
+            # Won't output anything
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            # Outputs a message
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('ERROR', '2'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config1_ok(self, config=config1):
+        # A config file defining a sub-parser as well.
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(config)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '1'),
+                ('ERROR', '2'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config2_failure(self):
+        # A simple config file which overrides the default settings.
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, self.apply_config, self.config2)
+
+    def test_config3_failure(self):
+        # A simple config file which overrides the default settings.
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, self.apply_config, self.config3)
+
+    def test_config4_ok(self):
+        # A config file specifying a custom formatter class.
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config4)
+            logger = logging.getLogger()
+            try:
+                raise RuntimeError()
+            except RuntimeError:
+                logging.exception("just testing")
+            sys.stdout.seek(0)
+            self.assertEqual(output.getvalue(),
+                             "ERROR:root:just testing\nGot a [RuntimeError]\n")
+            # Original logger output is empty
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config5_ok(self):
+        self.test_config1_ok(config=self.config5)
+
+    def test_config6_ok(self):
+        self.test_config1_ok(config=self.config6)
+
+    def test_config7_ok(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config1a)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            # See issue #11424. compiler-hyphenated sorts
+            # between compiler and compiler.xyz and this
+            # was preventing compiler.xyz from being included
+            # in the child loggers of compiler because of an
+            # overzealous loop termination condition.
+            hyphenated = logging.getLogger('compiler-hyphenated')
+            # All will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            hyphenated.critical(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '1'),
+                ('ERROR', '2'),
+                ('CRITICAL', '3'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config7)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            self.assertFalse(logger.disabled)
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.lexer")
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            # Will not appear
+            hyphenated.critical(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '4'),
+                ('ERROR', '5'),
+                ('INFO', '6'),
+                ('ERROR', '7'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config8_ok(self):
+
+        with self.check_no_resource_warning():
+            fn = make_temp_file(".log", "test_logging-X-")
+
+            # Replace single backslash with double backslash in windows
+            # to avoid unicode error during string formatting
+            if os.name == "nt":
+                fn = fn.replace("\\", "\\\\")
+
+            config8 = self.config8.format(tempfile=fn)
+
+            self.apply_config(config8)
+            self.apply_config(config8)
+
+        handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+        self.addCleanup(closeFileHandler, handler, fn)
+
+    def test_config9_ok(self):
+        self.apply_config(self.config9)
+        formatter = logging.root.handlers[0].formatter
+        result = formatter.format(logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'test'}))
+        self.assertEqual(result, 'test ++ defaultvalue')
+        result = formatter.format(logging.makeLogRecord(
+            {'msg': 'test', 'customfield': "customvalue"}))
+        self.assertEqual(result, 'test ++ customvalue')
+
+
+    def test_logger_disabling(self):
+        self.apply_config(self.disable_test)
+        logger = logging.getLogger('some_pristine_logger')
+        self.assertFalse(logger.disabled)
+        self.apply_config(self.disable_test)
+        self.assertTrue(logger.disabled)
+        self.apply_config(self.disable_test, disable_existing_loggers=False)
+        self.assertFalse(logger.disabled)
+
+    def test_config_set_handler_names(self):
+        test_config = """
+            [loggers]
+            keys=root
+
+            [handlers]
+            keys=hand1
+
+            [formatters]
+            keys=form1
+
+            [logger_root]
+            handlers=hand1
+
+            [handler_hand1]
+            class=StreamHandler
+            formatter=form1
+
+            [formatter_form1]
+            format=%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s
+            """
+        self.apply_config(test_config)
+        self.assertEqual(logging.getLogger().handlers[0].name, 'hand1')
+
+    def test_exception_if_confg_file_is_invalid(self):
+        test_config = """
+            [loggers]
+            keys=root
+
+            [handlers]
+            keys=hand1
+
+            [formatters]
+            keys=form1
+
+            [logger_root]
+            handlers=hand1
+
+            [handler_hand1]
+            class=StreamHandler
+            formatter=form1
+
+            [formatter_form1]
+            format=%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s
+
+            prince
+            """
+
+        file = io.StringIO(textwrap.dedent(test_config))
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, logging.config.fileConfig, file)
+
+    def test_exception_if_confg_file_is_empty(self):
+        fd, fn = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='test_empty_', suffix='.ini')
+        os.close(fd)
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, logging.config.fileConfig, fn)
+        os.remove(fn)
+
+    def test_exception_if_config_file_does_not_exist(self):
+        self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError, logging.config.fileConfig, 'filenotfound')
+
+    def test_defaults_do_no_interpolation(self):
+        """bpo-33802 defaults should not get interpolated"""
+        ini = textwrap.dedent("""
+            [formatters]
+            keys=default
+
+            [formatter_default]
+
+            [handlers]
+            keys=console
+
+            [handler_console]
+            class=logging.StreamHandler
+            args=tuple()
+
+            [loggers]
+            keys=root
+
+            [logger_root]
+            formatter=default
+            handlers=console
+            """).strip()
+        fd, fn = tempfile.mkstemp(prefix='test_logging_', suffix='.ini')
+        try:
+            os.write(fd, ini.encode('ascii'))
+            os.close(fd)
+            logging.config.fileConfig(
+                fn,
+                encoding="utf-8",
+                defaults=dict(
+                    version=1,
+                    disable_existing_loggers=False,
+                    formatters={
+                        "generic": {
+                            "format": "%(asctime)s [%(process)d] [%(levelname)s] %(message)s",
+                            "datefmt": "[%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S %z]",
+                            "class": "logging.Formatter"
+                        },
+                    },
+                )
+            )
+        finally:
+            os.unlink(fn)
+
+
+@support.requires_working_socket()
+@threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+class SocketHandlerTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Test for SocketHandler objects."""
+
+    server_class = TestTCPServer
+    address = ('localhost', 0)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """Set up a TCP server to receive log messages, and a SocketHandler
+        pointing to that server's address and port."""
+        BaseTest.setUp(self)
+        # Issue #29177: deal with errors that happen during setup
+        self.server = self.sock_hdlr = self.server_exception = None
+        try:
+            self.server = server = self.server_class(self.address,
+                                                     self.handle_socket, 0.01)
+            server.start()
+            # Uncomment next line to test error recovery in setUp()
+            # raise OSError('dummy error raised')
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.server_exception = e
+            return
+        server.ready.wait()
+        hcls = logging.handlers.SocketHandler
+        if isinstance(server.server_address, tuple):
+            self.sock_hdlr = hcls('localhost', server.port)
+        else:
+            self.sock_hdlr = hcls(server.server_address, None)
+        self.log_output = ''
+        self.root_logger.removeHandler(self.root_logger.handlers[0])
+        self.root_logger.addHandler(self.sock_hdlr)
+        self.handled = threading.Semaphore(0)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        """Shutdown the TCP server."""
+        try:
+            if self.sock_hdlr:
+                self.root_logger.removeHandler(self.sock_hdlr)
+                self.sock_hdlr.close()
+            if self.server:
+                self.server.stop()
+        finally:
+            BaseTest.tearDown(self)
+
+    def handle_socket(self, request):
+        conn = request.connection
+        while True:
+            chunk = conn.recv(4)
+            if len(chunk) < 4:
+                break
+            slen = struct.unpack(">L", chunk)[0]
+            chunk = conn.recv(slen)
+            while len(chunk) < slen:
+                chunk = chunk + conn.recv(slen - len(chunk))
+            obj = pickle.loads(chunk)
+            record = logging.makeLogRecord(obj)
+            self.log_output += record.msg + '\n'
+            self.handled.release()
+
+    def test_output(self):
+        # The log message sent to the SocketHandler is properly received.
+        if self.server_exception:
+            self.skipTest(self.server_exception)
+        logger = logging.getLogger("tcp")
+        logger.error("spam")
+        self.handled.acquire()
+        logger.debug("eggs")
+        self.handled.acquire()
+        self.assertEqual(self.log_output, "spam\neggs\n")
+
+    def test_noserver(self):
+        if self.server_exception:
+            self.skipTest(self.server_exception)
+        # Avoid timing-related failures due to SocketHandler's own hard-wired
+        # one-second timeout on socket.create_connection() (issue #16264).
+        self.sock_hdlr.retryStart = 2.5
+        # Kill the server
+        self.server.stop()
+        # The logging call should try to connect, which should fail
+        try:
+            raise RuntimeError('Deliberate mistake')
+        except RuntimeError:
+            self.root_logger.exception('Never sent')
+        self.root_logger.error('Never sent, either')
+        now = time.time()
+        self.assertGreater(self.sock_hdlr.retryTime, now)
+        time.sleep(self.sock_hdlr.retryTime - now + 0.001)
+        self.root_logger.error('Nor this')
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"), "Unix sockets required")
+class UnixSocketHandlerTest(SocketHandlerTest):
+
+    """Test for SocketHandler with unix sockets."""
+
+    if hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"):
+        server_class = TestUnixStreamServer
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # override the definition in the base class
+        self.address = socket_helper.create_unix_domain_name()
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, self.address)
+        SocketHandlerTest.setUp(self)
+
+@support.requires_working_socket()
+@threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+class DatagramHandlerTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Test for DatagramHandler."""
+
+    server_class = TestUDPServer
+    address = ('localhost', 0)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """Set up a UDP server to receive log messages, and a DatagramHandler
+        pointing to that server's address and port."""
+        BaseTest.setUp(self)
+        # Issue #29177: deal with errors that happen during setup
+        self.server = self.sock_hdlr = self.server_exception = None
+        try:
+            self.server = server = self.server_class(self.address,
+                                                     self.handle_datagram, 0.01)
+            server.start()
+            # Uncomment next line to test error recovery in setUp()
+            # raise OSError('dummy error raised')
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.server_exception = e
+            return
+        server.ready.wait()
+        hcls = logging.handlers.DatagramHandler
+        if isinstance(server.server_address, tuple):
+            self.sock_hdlr = hcls('localhost', server.port)
+        else:
+            self.sock_hdlr = hcls(server.server_address, None)
+        self.log_output = ''
+        self.root_logger.removeHandler(self.root_logger.handlers[0])
+        self.root_logger.addHandler(self.sock_hdlr)
+        self.handled = threading.Event()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        """Shutdown the UDP server."""
+        try:
+            if self.server:
+                self.server.stop()
+            if self.sock_hdlr:
+                self.root_logger.removeHandler(self.sock_hdlr)
+                self.sock_hdlr.close()
+        finally:
+            BaseTest.tearDown(self)
+
+    def handle_datagram(self, request):
+        slen = struct.pack('>L', 0) # length of prefix
+        packet = request.packet[len(slen):]
+        obj = pickle.loads(packet)
+        record = logging.makeLogRecord(obj)
+        self.log_output += record.msg + '\n'
+        self.handled.set()
+
+    def test_output(self):
+        # The log message sent to the DatagramHandler is properly received.
+        if self.server_exception:
+            self.skipTest(self.server_exception)
+        logger = logging.getLogger("udp")
+        logger.error("spam")
+        self.handled.wait()
+        self.handled.clear()
+        logger.error("eggs")
+        self.handled.wait()
+        self.assertEqual(self.log_output, "spam\neggs\n")
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"), "Unix sockets required")
+class UnixDatagramHandlerTest(DatagramHandlerTest):
+
+    """Test for DatagramHandler using Unix sockets."""
+
+    if hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"):
+        server_class = TestUnixDatagramServer
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # override the definition in the base class
+        self.address = socket_helper.create_unix_domain_name()
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, self.address)
+        DatagramHandlerTest.setUp(self)
+
+@support.requires_working_socket()
+@threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+class SysLogHandlerTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Test for SysLogHandler using UDP."""
+
+    server_class = TestUDPServer
+    address = ('localhost', 0)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """Set up a UDP server to receive log messages, and a SysLogHandler
+        pointing to that server's address and port."""
+        BaseTest.setUp(self)
+        # Issue #29177: deal with errors that happen during setup
+        self.server = self.sl_hdlr = self.server_exception = None
+        try:
+            self.server = server = self.server_class(self.address,
+                                                     self.handle_datagram, 0.01)
+            server.start()
+            # Uncomment next line to test error recovery in setUp()
+            # raise OSError('dummy error raised')
+        except OSError as e:
+            self.server_exception = e
+            return
+        server.ready.wait()
+        hcls = logging.handlers.SysLogHandler
+        if isinstance(server.server_address, tuple):
+            self.sl_hdlr = hcls((server.server_address[0], server.port))
+        else:
+            self.sl_hdlr = hcls(server.server_address)
+        self.log_output = b''
+        self.root_logger.removeHandler(self.root_logger.handlers[0])
+        self.root_logger.addHandler(self.sl_hdlr)
+        self.handled = threading.Event()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        """Shutdown the server."""
+        try:
+            if self.server:
+                self.server.stop()
+            if self.sl_hdlr:
+                self.root_logger.removeHandler(self.sl_hdlr)
+                self.sl_hdlr.close()
+        finally:
+            BaseTest.tearDown(self)
+
+    def handle_datagram(self, request):
+        self.log_output = request.packet
+        self.handled.set()
+
+    def test_output(self):
+        if self.server_exception:
+            self.skipTest(self.server_exception)
+        # The log message sent to the SysLogHandler is properly received.
+        logger = logging.getLogger("slh")
+        logger.error("sp\xe4m")
+        self.handled.wait(support.LONG_TIMEOUT)
+        self.assertEqual(self.log_output, b'<11>sp\xc3\xa4m\x00')
+        self.handled.clear()
+        self.sl_hdlr.append_nul = False
+        logger.error("sp\xe4m")
+        self.handled.wait(support.LONG_TIMEOUT)
+        self.assertEqual(self.log_output, b'<11>sp\xc3\xa4m')
+        self.handled.clear()
+        self.sl_hdlr.ident = "h\xe4m-"
+        logger.error("sp\xe4m")
+        self.handled.wait(support.LONG_TIMEOUT)
+        self.assertEqual(self.log_output, b'<11>h\xc3\xa4m-sp\xc3\xa4m')
+
+    def test_udp_reconnection(self):
+        logger = logging.getLogger("slh")
+        self.sl_hdlr.close()
+        self.handled.clear()
+        logger.error("sp\xe4m")
+        self.handled.wait(support.LONG_TIMEOUT)
+        self.assertEqual(self.log_output, b'<11>sp\xc3\xa4m\x00')
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"), "Unix sockets required")
+class UnixSysLogHandlerTest(SysLogHandlerTest):
+
+    """Test for SysLogHandler with Unix sockets."""
+
+    if hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"):
+        server_class = TestUnixDatagramServer
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # override the definition in the base class
+        self.address = socket_helper.create_unix_domain_name()
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, self.address)
+        SysLogHandlerTest.setUp(self)
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(socket_helper.IPV6_ENABLED,
+                     'IPv6 support required for this test.')
+class IPv6SysLogHandlerTest(SysLogHandlerTest):
+
+    """Test for SysLogHandler with IPv6 host."""
+
+    server_class = TestUDPServer
+    address = ('::1', 0)
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.server_class.address_family = socket.AF_INET6
+        super(IPv6SysLogHandlerTest, self).setUp()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.server_class.address_family = socket.AF_INET
+        super(IPv6SysLogHandlerTest, self).tearDown()
+
+@support.requires_working_socket()
+@threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+class HTTPHandlerTest(BaseTest):
+    """Test for HTTPHandler."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """Set up an HTTP server to receive log messages, and a HTTPHandler
+        pointing to that server's address and port."""
+        BaseTest.setUp(self)
+        self.handled = threading.Event()
+
+    def handle_request(self, request):
+        self.command = request.command
+        self.log_data = urlparse(request.path)
+        if self.command == 'POST':
+            try:
+                rlen = int(request.headers['Content-Length'])
+                self.post_data = request.rfile.read(rlen)
+            except:
+                self.post_data = None
+        request.send_response(200)
+        request.end_headers()
+        self.handled.set()
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.skip("RUSTPYTHON")
+    def test_output(self):
+        # The log message sent to the HTTPHandler is properly received.
+        logger = logging.getLogger("http")
+        root_logger = self.root_logger
+        root_logger.removeHandler(self.root_logger.handlers[0])
+        for secure in (False, True):
+            addr = ('localhost', 0)
+            if secure:
+                try:
+                    import ssl
+                except ImportError:
+                    sslctx = None
+                else:
+                    here = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+                    localhost_cert = os.path.join(here, "certdata", "keycert.pem")
+                    sslctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_SERVER)
+                    sslctx.load_cert_chain(localhost_cert)
+
+                    context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=localhost_cert)
+            else:
+                sslctx = None
+                context = None
+            self.server = server = TestHTTPServer(addr, self.handle_request,
+                                                  0.01, sslctx=sslctx)
+            server.start()
+            server.ready.wait()
+            host = 'localhost:%d' % server.server_port
+            secure_client = secure and sslctx
+            self.h_hdlr = logging.handlers.HTTPHandler(host, '/frob',
+                                                       secure=secure_client,
+                                                       context=context,
+                                                       credentials=('foo', 'bar'))
+            self.log_data = None
+            root_logger.addHandler(self.h_hdlr)
+
+            for method in ('GET', 'POST'):
+                self.h_hdlr.method = method
+                self.handled.clear()
+                msg = "sp\xe4m"
+                logger.error(msg)
+                self.handled.wait()
+                self.assertEqual(self.log_data.path, '/frob')
+                self.assertEqual(self.command, method)
+                if method == 'GET':
+                    d = parse_qs(self.log_data.query)
+                else:
+                    d = parse_qs(self.post_data.decode('utf-8'))
+                self.assertEqual(d['name'], ['http'])
+                self.assertEqual(d['funcName'], ['test_output'])
+                self.assertEqual(d['msg'], [msg])
+
+            self.server.stop()
+            self.root_logger.removeHandler(self.h_hdlr)
+            self.h_hdlr.close()
+
+class MemoryTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Test memory persistence of logger objects."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        """Create a dict to remember potentially destroyed objects."""
+        BaseTest.setUp(self)
+        self._survivors = {}
+
+    def _watch_for_survival(self, *args):
+        """Watch the given objects for survival, by creating weakrefs to
+        them."""
+        for obj in args:
+            key = id(obj), repr(obj)
+            self._survivors[key] = weakref.ref(obj)
+
+    def _assertTruesurvival(self):
+        """Assert that all objects watched for survival have survived."""
+        # Trigger cycle breaking.
+        gc.collect()
+        dead = []
+        for (id_, repr_), ref in self._survivors.items():
+            if ref() is None:
+                dead.append(repr_)
+        if dead:
+            self.fail("%d objects should have survived "
+                      "but have been destroyed: %s" % (len(dead), ", ".join(dead)))
+
+    def test_persistent_loggers(self):
+        # Logger objects are persistent and retain their configuration, even
+        #  if visible references are destroyed.
+        self.root_logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+        foo = logging.getLogger("foo")
+        self._watch_for_survival(foo)
+        foo.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+        self.root_logger.debug(self.next_message())
+        foo.debug(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('foo', 'DEBUG', '2'),
+        ])
+        del foo
+        # foo has survived.
+        self._assertTruesurvival()
+        # foo has retained its settings.
+        bar = logging.getLogger("foo")
+        bar.debug(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('foo', 'DEBUG', '2'),
+            ('foo', 'DEBUG', '3'),
+        ])
+
+
+class EncodingTest(BaseTest):
+    def test_encoding_plain_file(self):
+        # In Python 2.x, a plain file object is treated as having no encoding.
+        log = logging.getLogger("test")
+        fn = make_temp_file(".log", "test_logging-1-")
+        # the non-ascii data we write to the log.
+        data = "foo\x80"
+        try:
+            handler = logging.FileHandler(fn, encoding="utf-8")
+            log.addHandler(handler)
+            try:
+                # write non-ascii data to the log.
+                log.warning(data)
+            finally:
+                log.removeHandler(handler)
+                handler.close()
+            # check we wrote exactly those bytes, ignoring trailing \n etc
+            f = open(fn, encoding="utf-8")
+            try:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read().rstrip(), data)
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+        finally:
+            if os.path.isfile(fn):
+                os.remove(fn)
+
+    def test_encoding_cyrillic_unicode(self):
+        log = logging.getLogger("test")
+        # Get a message in Unicode: Do svidanya in Cyrillic (meaning goodbye)
+        message = '\u0434\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f'
+        # Ensure it's written in a Cyrillic encoding
+        writer_class = codecs.getwriter('cp1251')
+        writer_class.encoding = 'cp1251'
+        stream = io.BytesIO()
+        writer = writer_class(stream, 'strict')
+        handler = logging.StreamHandler(writer)
+        log.addHandler(handler)
+        try:
+            log.warning(message)
+        finally:
+            log.removeHandler(handler)
+            handler.close()
+        # check we wrote exactly those bytes, ignoring trailing \n etc
+        s = stream.getvalue()
+        # Compare against what the data should be when encoded in CP-1251
+        self.assertEqual(s, b'\xe4\xee \xf1\xe2\xe8\xe4\xe0\xed\xe8\xff\n')
+
+
+class WarningsTest(BaseTest):
+
+    def test_warnings(self):
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            logging.captureWarnings(True)
+            self.addCleanup(logging.captureWarnings, False)
+            warnings.filterwarnings("always", category=UserWarning)
+            stream = io.StringIO()
+            h = logging.StreamHandler(stream)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("py.warnings")
+            logger.addHandler(h)
+            warnings.warn("I'm warning you...")
+            logger.removeHandler(h)
+            s = stream.getvalue()
+            h.close()
+            self.assertGreater(s.find("UserWarning: I'm warning you...\n"), 0)
+
+            # See if an explicit file uses the original implementation
+            a_file = io.StringIO()
+            warnings.showwarning("Explicit", UserWarning, "dummy.py", 42,
+                                 a_file, "Dummy line")
+            s = a_file.getvalue()
+            a_file.close()
+            self.assertEqual(s,
+                             "dummy.py:42: UserWarning: Explicit\n  Dummy line\n")
+
+    def test_warnings_no_handlers(self):
+        with warnings.catch_warnings():
+            logging.captureWarnings(True)
+            self.addCleanup(logging.captureWarnings, False)
+
+            # confirm our assumption: no loggers are set
+            logger = logging.getLogger("py.warnings")
+            self.assertEqual(logger.handlers, [])
+
+            warnings.showwarning("Explicit", UserWarning, "dummy.py", 42)
+            self.assertEqual(len(logger.handlers), 1)
+            self.assertIsInstance(logger.handlers[0], logging.NullHandler)
+
+
+def formatFunc(format, datefmt=None):
+    return logging.Formatter(format, datefmt)
+
+class myCustomFormatter:
+    def __init__(self, fmt, datefmt=None):
+        pass
+
+def handlerFunc():
+    return logging.StreamHandler()
+
+class CustomHandler(logging.StreamHandler):
+    pass
+
+class CustomListener(logging.handlers.QueueListener):
+    pass
+
+class CustomQueue(queue.Queue):
+    pass
+
+class CustomQueueProtocol:
+    def __init__(self, maxsize=0):
+        self.queue = queue.Queue(maxsize)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attribute):
+        queue = object.__getattribute__(self, 'queue')
+        return getattr(queue, attribute)
+
+class CustomQueueFakeProtocol(CustomQueueProtocol):
+    # An object implementing the minimial Queue API for
+    # the logging module but with incorrect signatures.
+    #
+    # The object will be considered a valid queue class since we
+    # do not check the signatures (only callability of methods)
+    # but will NOT be usable in production since a TypeError will
+    # be raised due to the extra argument in 'put_nowait'.
+    def put_nowait(self):
+        pass
+
+class CustomQueueWrongProtocol(CustomQueueProtocol):
+    put_nowait = None
+
+class MinimalQueueProtocol:
+    def put_nowait(self, x): pass
+    def get(self): pass
+
+def queueMaker():
+    return queue.Queue()
+
+def listenerMaker(arg1, arg2, respect_handler_level=False):
+    def func(queue, *handlers, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.setdefault('respect_handler_level', respect_handler_level)
+        return CustomListener(queue, *handlers, **kwargs)
+    return func
+
+class ConfigDictTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Reading logging config from a dictionary."""
+
+    check_no_resource_warning = warnings_helper.check_no_resource_warning
+    expected_log_pat = r"^(\w+) \+\+ (\w+)$"
+
+    # config0 is a standard configuration.
+    config0 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+            'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config1 adds a little to the standard configuration.
+    config1 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config1a moves the handler to the root. Used with config8a
+    config1a = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+            'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config2 has a subtle configuration error that should be reported
+    config2 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdbout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # As config1 but with a misspelt level on a handler
+    config2a = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NTOSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+
+    # As config1 but with a misspelt level on a logger
+    config2b = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WRANING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config3 has a less subtle configuration error
+    config3 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'misspelled_name',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config4 specifies a custom formatter class to be loaded
+    config4 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                '()' : __name__ + '.ExceptionFormatter',
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'NOTSET',
+            'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+        },
+    }
+
+    # As config4 but using an actual callable rather than a string
+    config4a = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                '()' : ExceptionFormatter,
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s',
+            },
+            'form2' : {
+                '()' : __name__ + '.formatFunc',
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s',
+            },
+            'form3' : {
+                '()' : formatFunc,
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+            'hand2' : {
+                '()' : handlerFunc,
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'NOTSET',
+            'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config5 specifies a custom handler class to be loaded
+    config5 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : __name__ + '.CustomHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config6 specifies a custom handler class to be loaded
+    # but has bad arguments
+    config6 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : __name__ + '.CustomHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+                '9' : 'invalid parameter name',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config 7 does not define compiler.parser but defines compiler.lexer
+    # so compiler.parser should be disabled after applying it
+    config7 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.lexer' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config8 defines both compiler and compiler.lexer
+    # so compiler.parser should not be disabled (since
+    # compiler is defined)
+    config8 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'disable_existing_loggers' : False,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+            'compiler.lexer' : {
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config8a disables existing loggers
+    config8a = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'disable_existing_loggers' : True,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+            'compiler.lexer' : {
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    config9 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'WARNING',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'WARNING',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'NOTSET',
+        },
+    }
+
+    config9a = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'incremental' : True,
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'level' : 'WARNING',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'INFO',
+            },
+        },
+    }
+
+    config9b = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'incremental' : True,
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'level' : 'INFO',
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'INFO',
+            },
+        },
+    }
+
+    # As config1 but with a filter added
+    config10 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'filters' : {
+            'filt1' : {
+                'name' : 'compiler.parser',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+                'filters' : ['filt1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'filters' : ['filt1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+            'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+        },
+    }
+
+    # As config1 but using cfg:// references
+    config11 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'true_formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handler_configs': {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'formatters' : 'cfg://true_formatters',
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : 'cfg://handler_configs[hand1]',
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # As config11 but missing the version key
+    config12 = {
+        'true_formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handler_configs': {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'formatters' : 'cfg://true_formatters',
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : 'cfg://handler_configs[hand1]',
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # As config11 but using an unsupported version
+    config13 = {
+        'version': 2,
+        'true_formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handler_configs': {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'formatters' : 'cfg://true_formatters',
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : 'cfg://handler_configs[hand1]',
+        },
+        'loggers' : {
+            'compiler.parser' : {
+                'level' : 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+        },
+    }
+
+    # As config0, but with properties
+    config14 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(levelname)s ++ %(message)s',
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+                '.': {
+                    'foo': 'bar',
+                    'terminator': '!\n',
+                }
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+            'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+        },
+    }
+
+    # config0 but with default values for formatter. Skipped 15, it is defined
+    # in the test code.
+    config16 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1' : {
+                'format' : '%(message)s ++ %(customfield)s',
+                'defaults': {"customfield": "defaultvalue"}
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'form1',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+            'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+        },
+    }
+
+    class CustomFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+        custom_property = "."
+
+        def format(self, record):
+            return super().format(record)
+
+    config17 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            "custom": {
+                "()": CustomFormatter,
+                "style": "{",
+                "datefmt": "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S",
+                "format": "{message}", # <-- to force an exception when configuring
+                ".": {
+                    "custom_property": "value"
+                }
+            }
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class' : 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter' : 'custom',
+                'level' : 'NOTSET',
+                'stream'  : 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        'root' : {
+            'level' : 'WARNING',
+            'handlers' : ['hand1'],
+        },
+    }
+
+    config18  = {
+        "version": 1,
+        "handlers": {
+            "console": {
+                "class": "logging.StreamHandler",
+                "level": "DEBUG",
+            },
+            "buffering": {
+                "class": "logging.handlers.MemoryHandler",
+                "capacity": 5,
+                "target": "console",
+                "level": "DEBUG",
+                "flushLevel": "ERROR"
+            }
+        },
+        "loggers": {
+            "mymodule": {
+                "level": "DEBUG",
+                "handlers": ["buffering"],
+                "propagate": "true"
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    bad_format = {
+        "version": 1,
+        "formatters": {
+            "mySimpleFormatter": {
+                "format": "%(asctime)s (%(name)s) %(levelname)s: %(message)s",
+                "style": "$"
+            }
+        },
+        "handlers": {
+            "fileGlobal": {
+                "class": "logging.StreamHandler",
+                "level": "DEBUG",
+                "formatter": "mySimpleFormatter"
+            },
+            "bufferGlobal": {
+                "class": "logging.handlers.MemoryHandler",
+                "capacity": 5,
+                "formatter": "mySimpleFormatter",
+                "target": "fileGlobal",
+                "level": "DEBUG"
+            }
+        },
+        "loggers": {
+            "mymodule": {
+                "level": "DEBUG",
+                "handlers": ["bufferGlobal"],
+                "propagate": "true"
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    # Configuration with custom logging.Formatter subclass as '()' key and 'validate' set to False
+    custom_formatter_class_validate = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1': {
+                '()': __name__ + '.ExceptionFormatter',
+                'format': '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s',
+                'validate': False,
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter': 'form1',
+                'level': 'NOTSET',
+                'stream': 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        "loggers": {
+            "my_test_logger_custom_formatter": {
+                "level": "DEBUG",
+                "handlers": ["hand1"],
+                "propagate": "true"
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    # Configuration with custom logging.Formatter subclass as 'class' key and 'validate' set to False
+    custom_formatter_class_validate2 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1': {
+                'class': __name__ + '.ExceptionFormatter',
+                'format': '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s',
+                'validate': False,
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter': 'form1',
+                'level': 'NOTSET',
+                'stream': 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        "loggers": {
+            "my_test_logger_custom_formatter": {
+                "level": "DEBUG",
+                "handlers": ["hand1"],
+                "propagate": "true"
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    # Configuration with custom class that is not inherited from logging.Formatter
+    custom_formatter_class_validate3 = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1': {
+                'class': __name__ + '.myCustomFormatter',
+                'format': '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s',
+                'validate': False,
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter': 'form1',
+                'level': 'NOTSET',
+                'stream': 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        "loggers": {
+            "my_test_logger_custom_formatter": {
+                "level": "DEBUG",
+                "handlers": ["hand1"],
+                "propagate": "true"
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    # Configuration with custom function, 'validate' set to False and no defaults
+    custom_formatter_with_function = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1': {
+                '()': formatFunc,
+                'format': '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s',
+                'validate': False,
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter': 'form1',
+                'level': 'NOTSET',
+                'stream': 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        "loggers": {
+            "my_test_logger_custom_formatter": {
+                "level": "DEBUG",
+                "handlers": ["hand1"],
+                "propagate": "true"
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    # Configuration with custom function, and defaults
+    custom_formatter_with_defaults = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'formatters': {
+            'form1': {
+                '()': formatFunc,
+                'format': '%(levelname)s:%(name)s:%(message)s:%(customfield)s',
+                'defaults': {"customfield": "myvalue"}
+            },
+        },
+        'handlers' : {
+            'hand1' : {
+                'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                'formatter': 'form1',
+                'level': 'NOTSET',
+                'stream': 'ext://sys.stdout',
+            },
+        },
+        "loggers": {
+            "my_test_logger_custom_formatter": {
+                "level": "DEBUG",
+                "handlers": ["hand1"],
+                "propagate": "true"
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    config_queue_handler = {
+        'version': 1,
+        'handlers' : {
+            'h1' : {
+                'class': 'logging.FileHandler',
+            },
+            # key is before depended on handlers to test that deferred config works
+            'ah' : {
+                'class': 'logging.handlers.QueueHandler',
+                'handlers': ['h1']
+            },
+        },
+        "root": {
+            "level": "DEBUG",
+            "handlers": ["ah"]
+        }
+    }
+
+    def apply_config(self, conf):
+        logging.config.dictConfig(conf)
+
+    def check_handler(self, name, cls):
+        h = logging.getHandlerByName(name)
+        self.assertIsInstance(h, cls)
+
+    def test_config0_ok(self):
+        # A simple config which overrides the default settings.
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config0)
+            self.check_handler('hand1', logging.StreamHandler)
+            logger = logging.getLogger()
+            # Won't output anything
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            # Outputs a message
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('ERROR', '2'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config1_ok(self, config=config1):
+        # A config defining a sub-parser as well.
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(config)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '1'),
+                ('ERROR', '2'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config2_failure(self):
+        # A simple config which overrides the default settings.
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, self.apply_config, self.config2)
+
+    def test_config2a_failure(self):
+        # A simple config which overrides the default settings.
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, self.apply_config, self.config2a)
+
+    def test_config2b_failure(self):
+        # A simple config which overrides the default settings.
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, self.apply_config, self.config2b)
+
+    def test_config3_failure(self):
+        # A simple config which overrides the default settings.
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, self.apply_config, self.config3)
+
+    def test_config4_ok(self):
+        # A config specifying a custom formatter class.
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config4)
+            self.check_handler('hand1', logging.StreamHandler)
+            #logger = logging.getLogger()
+            try:
+                raise RuntimeError()
+            except RuntimeError:
+                logging.exception("just testing")
+            sys.stdout.seek(0)
+            self.assertEqual(output.getvalue(),
+                             "ERROR:root:just testing\nGot a [RuntimeError]\n")
+            # Original logger output is empty
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config4a_ok(self):
+        # A config specifying a custom formatter class.
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config4a)
+            #logger = logging.getLogger()
+            try:
+                raise RuntimeError()
+            except RuntimeError:
+                logging.exception("just testing")
+            sys.stdout.seek(0)
+            self.assertEqual(output.getvalue(),
+                             "ERROR:root:just testing\nGot a [RuntimeError]\n")
+            # Original logger output is empty
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config5_ok(self):
+        self.test_config1_ok(config=self.config5)
+        self.check_handler('hand1', CustomHandler)
+
+    def test_config6_failure(self):
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, self.apply_config, self.config6)
+
+    def test_config7_ok(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config1)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '1'),
+                ('ERROR', '2'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config7)
+            self.check_handler('hand1', logging.StreamHandler)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            self.assertTrue(logger.disabled)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.lexer")
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '3'),
+                ('ERROR', '4'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    # Same as test_config_7_ok but don't disable old loggers.
+    def test_config_8_ok(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config1)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            # All will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '1'),
+                ('ERROR', '2'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config8)
+            self.check_handler('hand1', logging.StreamHandler)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            self.assertFalse(logger.disabled)
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.lexer")
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '3'),
+                ('ERROR', '4'),
+                ('INFO', '5'),
+                ('ERROR', '6'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config_8a_ok(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config1a)
+            self.check_handler('hand1', logging.StreamHandler)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            # See issue #11424. compiler-hyphenated sorts
+            # between compiler and compiler.xyz and this
+            # was preventing compiler.xyz from being included
+            # in the child loggers of compiler because of an
+            # overzealous loop termination condition.
+            hyphenated = logging.getLogger('compiler-hyphenated')
+            # All will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            hyphenated.critical(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '1'),
+                ('ERROR', '2'),
+                ('CRITICAL', '3'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config8a)
+            self.check_handler('hand1', logging.StreamHandler)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            self.assertFalse(logger.disabled)
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.lexer")
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            # Will not appear
+            hyphenated.critical(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '4'),
+                ('ERROR', '5'),
+                ('INFO', '6'),
+                ('ERROR', '7'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    def test_config_9_ok(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config9)
+            self.check_handler('hand1', logging.StreamHandler)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            # Nothing will be output since both handler and logger are set to WARNING
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([], stream=output)
+            self.apply_config(self.config9a)
+            # Nothing will be output since handler is still set to WARNING
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([], stream=output)
+            self.apply_config(self.config9b)
+            # Message should now be output
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '3'),
+            ], stream=output)
+
+    def test_config_10_ok(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config10)
+            self.check_handler('hand1', logging.StreamHandler)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            logger.warning(self.next_message())
+            logger = logging.getLogger('compiler')
+            # Not output, because filtered
+            logger.warning(self.next_message())
+            logger = logging.getLogger('compiler.lexer')
+            # Not output, because filtered
+            logger.warning(self.next_message())
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser.codegen")
+            # Output, as not filtered
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('WARNING', '1'),
+                ('ERROR', '4'),
+            ], stream=output)
+
+    def test_config11_ok(self):
+        self.test_config1_ok(self.config11)
+
+    def test_config12_failure(self):
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, self.apply_config, self.config12)
+
+    def test_config13_failure(self):
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, self.apply_config, self.config13)
+
+    def test_config14_ok(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.apply_config(self.config14)
+            h = logging._handlers['hand1']
+            self.assertEqual(h.foo, 'bar')
+            self.assertEqual(h.terminator, '!\n')
+            logging.warning('Exclamation')
+            self.assertTrue(output.getvalue().endswith('Exclamation!\n'))
+
+    def test_config15_ok(self):
+
+        with self.check_no_resource_warning():
+            fn = make_temp_file(".log", "test_logging-X-")
+
+            config = {
+                "version": 1,
+                "handlers": {
+                    "file": {
+                        "class": "logging.FileHandler",
+                        "filename": fn,
+                        "encoding": "utf-8",
+                    }
+                },
+                "root": {
+                    "handlers": ["file"]
+                }
+            }
+
+            self.apply_config(config)
+            self.apply_config(config)
+
+        handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+        self.addCleanup(closeFileHandler, handler, fn)
+
+    def test_config16_ok(self):
+        self.apply_config(self.config16)
+        h = logging._handlers['hand1']
+
+        # Custom value
+        result = h.formatter.format(logging.makeLogRecord(
+            {'msg': 'Hello', 'customfield': 'customvalue'}))
+        self.assertEqual(result, 'Hello ++ customvalue')
+
+        # Default value
+        result = h.formatter.format(logging.makeLogRecord(
+            {'msg': 'Hello'}))
+        self.assertEqual(result, 'Hello ++ defaultvalue')
+
+    def test_config17_ok(self):
+        self.apply_config(self.config17)
+        h = logging._handlers['hand1']
+        self.assertEqual(h.formatter.custom_property, 'value')
+
+    def test_config18_ok(self):
+        self.apply_config(self.config18)
+        handler = logging.getLogger('mymodule').handlers[0]
+        self.assertEqual(handler.flushLevel, logging.ERROR)
+
+    def setup_via_listener(self, text, verify=None):
+        text = text.encode("utf-8")
+        # Ask for a randomly assigned port (by using port 0)
+        t = logging.config.listen(0, verify)
+        t.start()
+        t.ready.wait()
+        # Now get the port allocated
+        port = t.port
+        t.ready.clear()
+        try:
+            sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            sock.settimeout(2.0)
+            sock.connect(('localhost', port))
+
+            slen = struct.pack('>L', len(text))
+            s = slen + text
+            sentsofar = 0
+            left = len(s)
+            while left > 0:
+                sent = sock.send(s[sentsofar:])
+                sentsofar += sent
+                left -= sent
+            sock.close()
+        finally:
+            t.ready.wait(2.0)
+            logging.config.stopListening()
+            threading_helper.join_thread(t)
+
+    @support.requires_working_socket()
+    def test_listen_config_10_ok(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.setup_via_listener(json.dumps(self.config10))
+            self.check_handler('hand1', logging.StreamHandler)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            logger.warning(self.next_message())
+            logger = logging.getLogger('compiler')
+            # Not output, because filtered
+            logger.warning(self.next_message())
+            logger = logging.getLogger('compiler.lexer')
+            # Not output, because filtered
+            logger.warning(self.next_message())
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser.codegen")
+            # Output, as not filtered
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('WARNING', '1'),
+                ('ERROR', '4'),
+            ], stream=output)
+
+    @support.requires_working_socket()
+    def test_listen_config_1_ok(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.setup_via_listener(textwrap.dedent(ConfigFileTest.config1))
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.assert_log_lines([
+                ('INFO', '1'),
+                ('ERROR', '2'),
+            ], stream=output)
+            # Original logger output is empty.
+            self.assert_log_lines([])
+
+    @support.requires_working_socket()
+    def test_listen_verify(self):
+
+        def verify_fail(stuff):
+            return None
+
+        def verify_reverse(stuff):
+            return stuff[::-1]
+
+        logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+        to_send = textwrap.dedent(ConfigFileTest.config1)
+        # First, specify a verification function that will fail.
+        # We expect to see no output, since our configuration
+        # never took effect.
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.setup_via_listener(to_send, verify_fail)
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([], stream=output)
+        # Original logger output has the stuff we logged.
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('INFO', '1'),
+            ('ERROR', '2'),
+        ], pat=r"^[\w.]+ -> (\w+): (\d+)$")
+
+        # Now, perform no verification. Our configuration
+        # should take effect.
+
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.setup_via_listener(to_send)    # no verify callable specified
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('INFO', '3'),
+            ('ERROR', '4'),
+        ], stream=output)
+        # Original logger output still has the stuff we logged before.
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('INFO', '1'),
+            ('ERROR', '2'),
+        ], pat=r"^[\w.]+ -> (\w+): (\d+)$")
+
+        # Now, perform verification which transforms the bytes.
+
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            self.setup_via_listener(to_send[::-1], verify_reverse)
+            logger = logging.getLogger("compiler.parser")
+            # Both will output a message
+            logger.info(self.next_message())
+            logger.error(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('INFO', '5'),
+            ('ERROR', '6'),
+        ], stream=output)
+        # Original logger output still has the stuff we logged before.
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('INFO', '1'),
+            ('ERROR', '2'),
+        ], pat=r"^[\w.]+ -> (\w+): (\d+)$")
+
+    def test_bad_format(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.apply_config, self.bad_format)
+
+    def test_bad_format_with_dollar_style(self):
+        config = copy.deepcopy(self.bad_format)
+        config['formatters']['mySimpleFormatter']['format'] = "${asctime} (${name}) ${levelname}: ${message}"
+
+        self.apply_config(config)
+        handler = logging.getLogger('mymodule').handlers[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(handler.target, logging.Handler)
+        self.assertIsInstance(handler.formatter._style,
+                              logging.StringTemplateStyle)
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(logging.getHandlerNames()),
+                         ['bufferGlobal', 'fileGlobal'])
+
+    def test_custom_formatter_class_with_validate(self):
+        self.apply_config(self.custom_formatter_class_validate)
+        handler = logging.getLogger("my_test_logger_custom_formatter").handlers[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(handler.formatter, ExceptionFormatter)
+
+    def test_custom_formatter_class_with_validate2(self):
+        self.apply_config(self.custom_formatter_class_validate2)
+        handler = logging.getLogger("my_test_logger_custom_formatter").handlers[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(handler.formatter, ExceptionFormatter)
+
+    def test_custom_formatter_class_with_validate2_with_wrong_fmt(self):
+        config = self.custom_formatter_class_validate.copy()
+        config['formatters']['form1']['style'] = "$"
+
+        # Exception should not be raised as we have configured 'validate' to False
+        self.apply_config(config)
+        handler = logging.getLogger("my_test_logger_custom_formatter").handlers[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(handler.formatter, ExceptionFormatter)
+
+    def test_custom_formatter_class_with_validate3(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.apply_config, self.custom_formatter_class_validate3)
+
+    def test_custom_formatter_function_with_validate(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.apply_config, self.custom_formatter_with_function)
+
+    def test_custom_formatter_function_with_defaults(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.apply_config, self.custom_formatter_with_defaults)
+
+    def test_baseconfig(self):
+        d = {
+            'atuple': (1, 2, 3),
+            'alist': ['a', 'b', 'c'],
+            'adict': {'d': 'e', 'f': 3 },
+            'nest1': ('g', ('h', 'i'), 'j'),
+            'nest2': ['k', ['l', 'm'], 'n'],
+            'nest3': ['o', 'cfg://alist', 'p'],
+        }
+        bc = logging.config.BaseConfigurator(d)
+        self.assertEqual(bc.convert('cfg://atuple[1]'), 2)
+        self.assertEqual(bc.convert('cfg://alist[1]'), 'b')
+        self.assertEqual(bc.convert('cfg://nest1[1][0]'), 'h')
+        self.assertEqual(bc.convert('cfg://nest2[1][1]'), 'm')
+        self.assertEqual(bc.convert('cfg://adict.d'), 'e')
+        self.assertEqual(bc.convert('cfg://adict[f]'), 3)
+        v = bc.convert('cfg://nest3')
+        self.assertEqual(v.pop(1), ['a', 'b', 'c'])
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, bc.convert, 'cfg://nosuch')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, bc.convert, 'cfg://!')
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, bc.convert, 'cfg://adict[2]')
+
+    def test_namedtuple(self):
+        # see bpo-39142
+        from collections import namedtuple
+
+        class MyHandler(logging.StreamHandler):
+            def __init__(self, resource, *args, **kwargs):
+                super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+                self.resource: namedtuple = resource
+
+            def emit(self, record):
+                record.msg += f' {self.resource.type}'
+                return super().emit(record)
+
+        Resource = namedtuple('Resource', ['type', 'labels'])
+        resource = Resource(type='my_type', labels=['a'])
+
+        config = {
+            'version': 1,
+            'handlers': {
+                'myhandler': {
+                    '()': MyHandler,
+                    'resource': resource
+                }
+            },
+            'root':  {'level': 'INFO', 'handlers': ['myhandler']},
+        }
+        with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+            self.apply_config(config)
+            logging.info('some log')
+        self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), 'some log my_type\n')
+
+    def test_config_callable_filter_works(self):
+        def filter_(_):
+            return 1
+        self.apply_config({
+            "version": 1, "root": {"level": "DEBUG", "filters": [filter_]}
+        })
+        assert logging.getLogger().filters[0] is filter_
+        logging.getLogger().filters = []
+
+    def test_config_filter_works(self):
+        filter_ = logging.Filter("spam.eggs")
+        self.apply_config({
+            "version": 1, "root": {"level": "DEBUG", "filters": [filter_]}
+        })
+        assert logging.getLogger().filters[0] is filter_
+        logging.getLogger().filters = []
+
+    def test_config_filter_method_works(self):
+        class FakeFilter:
+            def filter(self, _):
+                return 1
+        filter_ = FakeFilter()
+        self.apply_config({
+            "version": 1, "root": {"level": "DEBUG", "filters": [filter_]}
+        })
+        assert logging.getLogger().filters[0] is filter_
+        logging.getLogger().filters = []
+
+    def test_invalid_type_raises(self):
+        class NotAFilter: pass
+        for filter_ in [None, 1, NotAFilter()]:
+            self.assertRaises(
+                ValueError,
+                self.apply_config,
+                {"version": 1, "root": {"level": "DEBUG", "filters": [filter_]}}
+            )
+
+    def do_queuehandler_configuration(self, qspec, lspec):
+        cd = copy.deepcopy(self.config_queue_handler)
+        fn = make_temp_file('.log', 'test_logging-cqh-')
+        cd['handlers']['h1']['filename'] = fn
+        if qspec is not None:
+            cd['handlers']['ah']['queue'] = qspec
+        if lspec is not None:
+            cd['handlers']['ah']['listener'] = lspec
+        qh = None
+        try:
+            self.apply_config(cd)
+            qh = logging.getHandlerByName('ah')
+            self.assertEqual(sorted(logging.getHandlerNames()), ['ah', 'h1'])
+            self.assertIsNotNone(qh.listener)
+            qh.listener.start()
+            logging.debug('foo')
+            logging.info('bar')
+            logging.warning('baz')
+
+            # Need to let the listener thread finish its work
+            while support.sleeping_retry(support.LONG_TIMEOUT,
+                                         "queue not empty"):
+                if qh.listener.queue.empty():
+                    break
+
+            # wait until the handler completed its last task
+            qh.listener.queue.join()
+
+            with open(fn, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                data = f.read().splitlines()
+            self.assertEqual(data, ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'])
+        finally:
+            if qh:
+                qh.listener.stop()
+            h = logging.getHandlerByName('h1')
+            if h:
+                self.addCleanup(closeFileHandler, h, fn)
+            else:
+                self.addCleanup(os.remove, fn)
+
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
+    def test_config_queue_handler(self):
+        qs = [CustomQueue(), CustomQueueProtocol()]
+        dqs = [{'()': f'{__name__}.{cls}', 'maxsize': 10}
+               for cls in ['CustomQueue', 'CustomQueueProtocol']]
+        dl = {
+            '()': __name__ + '.listenerMaker',
+            'arg1': None,
+            'arg2': None,
+            'respect_handler_level': True
+        }
+        qvalues = (None, __name__ + '.queueMaker', __name__ + '.CustomQueue', *dqs, *qs)
+        lvalues = (None, __name__ + '.CustomListener', dl, CustomListener)
+        for qspec, lspec in itertools.product(qvalues, lvalues):
+            self.do_queuehandler_configuration(qspec, lspec)
+
+        # Some failure cases
+        qvalues = (None, 4, int, '', 'foo')
+        lvalues = (None, 4, int, '', 'bar')
+        for qspec, lspec in itertools.product(qvalues, lvalues):
+            if lspec is None and qspec is None:
+                continue
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as ctx:
+                self.do_queuehandler_configuration(qspec, lspec)
+            msg = str(ctx.exception)
+            self.assertEqual(msg, "Unable to configure handler 'ah'")
+
+    def _apply_simple_queue_listener_configuration(self, qspec):
+        self.apply_config({
+            "version": 1,
+            "handlers": {
+                "queue_listener": {
+                    "class": "logging.handlers.QueueHandler",
+                    "queue": qspec,
+                },
+            },
+        })
+
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
+    @patch("multiprocessing.Manager")
+    def test_config_queue_handler_does_not_create_multiprocessing_manager(self, manager):
+        # gh-120868, gh-121723, gh-124653
+
+        for qspec in [
+            {"()": "queue.Queue", "maxsize": -1},
+            queue.Queue(),
+            # queue.SimpleQueue does not inherit from queue.Queue
+            queue.SimpleQueue(),
+            # CustomQueueFakeProtocol passes the checks but will not be usable
+            # since the signatures are incompatible. Checking the Queue API
+            # without testing the type of the actual queue is a trade-off
+            # between usability and the work we need to do in order to safely
+            # check that the queue object correctly implements the API.
+            CustomQueueFakeProtocol(),
+            MinimalQueueProtocol(),
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(qspec=qspec):
+                self._apply_simple_queue_listener_configuration(qspec)
+                manager.assert_not_called()
+
+    @patch("multiprocessing.Manager")
+    def test_config_queue_handler_invalid_config_does_not_create_multiprocessing_manager(self, manager):
+        # gh-120868, gh-121723
+
+        for qspec in [object(), CustomQueueWrongProtocol()]:
+            with self.subTest(qspec=qspec), self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                self._apply_simple_queue_listener_configuration(qspec)
+                manager.assert_not_called()
+
+    @skip_if_tsan_fork
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
+    @unittest.skipUnless(support.Py_DEBUG, "requires a debug build for testing"
+                                           " assertions in multiprocessing")
+    def test_config_reject_simple_queue_handler_multiprocessing_context(self):
+        # multiprocessing.SimpleQueue does not implement 'put_nowait'
+        # and thus cannot be used as a queue-like object (gh-124653)
+
+        import multiprocessing
+
+        if support.MS_WINDOWS:
+            start_methods = ['spawn']
+        else:
+            start_methods = ['spawn', 'fork', 'forkserver']
+
+        for start_method in start_methods:
+            with self.subTest(start_method=start_method):
+                ctx = multiprocessing.get_context(start_method)
+                qspec = ctx.SimpleQueue()
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    self._apply_simple_queue_listener_configuration(qspec)
+
+    @skip_if_tsan_fork
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
+    @unittest.skipUnless(support.Py_DEBUG, "requires a debug build for testing"
+                                           "assertions in multiprocessing")
+    def test_config_queue_handler_multiprocessing_context(self):
+        # regression test for gh-121723
+        if support.MS_WINDOWS:
+            start_methods = ['spawn']
+        else:
+            start_methods = ['spawn', 'fork', 'forkserver']
+        for start_method in start_methods:
+            with self.subTest(start_method=start_method):
+                ctx = multiprocessing.get_context(start_method)
+                with ctx.Manager() as manager:
+                    q = manager.Queue()
+                    records = []
+                    # use 1 process and 1 task per child to put 1 record
+                    with ctx.Pool(1, initializer=self._mpinit_issue121723,
+                                  initargs=(q, "text"), maxtasksperchild=1):
+                        records.append(q.get(timeout=60))
+                    self.assertTrue(q.empty())
+                self.assertEqual(len(records), 1)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _mpinit_issue121723(qspec, message_to_log):
+        # static method for pickling support
+        logging.config.dictConfig({
+            'version': 1,
+            'disable_existing_loggers': True,
+            'handlers': {
+                'log_to_parent': {
+                    'class': 'logging.handlers.QueueHandler',
+                    'queue': qspec
+                }
+            },
+            'root': {'handlers': ['log_to_parent'], 'level': 'DEBUG'}
+        })
+        # log a message (this creates a record put in the queue)
+        logging.getLogger().info(message_to_log)
+
+    # TODO: RustPython
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
+    def test_multiprocessing_queues(self):
+        # See gh-119819
+
+        cd = copy.deepcopy(self.config_queue_handler)
+        from multiprocessing import Queue as MQ, Manager as MM
+        q1 = MQ()  # this can't be pickled
+        q2 = MM().Queue()  # a proxy queue for use when pickling is needed
+        q3 = MM().JoinableQueue()  # a joinable proxy queue
+        for qspec in (q1, q2, q3):
+            fn = make_temp_file('.log', 'test_logging-cmpqh-')
+            cd['handlers']['h1']['filename'] = fn
+            cd['handlers']['ah']['queue'] = qspec
+            qh = None
+            try:
+                self.apply_config(cd)
+                qh = logging.getHandlerByName('ah')
+                self.assertEqual(sorted(logging.getHandlerNames()), ['ah', 'h1'])
+                self.assertIsNotNone(qh.listener)
+                self.assertIs(qh.queue, qspec)
+                self.assertIs(qh.listener.queue, qspec)
+            finally:
+                h = logging.getHandlerByName('h1')
+                if h:
+                    self.addCleanup(closeFileHandler, h, fn)
+                else:
+                    self.addCleanup(os.remove, fn)
+
+    def test_90195(self):
+        # See gh-90195
+        config = {
+            'version': 1,
+            'disable_existing_loggers': False,
+            'handlers': {
+                'console': {
+                    'level': 'DEBUG',
+                    'class': 'logging.StreamHandler',
+                },
+            },
+            'loggers': {
+                'a': {
+                    'level': 'DEBUG',
+                    'handlers': ['console']
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        logger = logging.getLogger('a')
+        self.assertFalse(logger.disabled)
+        self.apply_config(config)
+        self.assertFalse(logger.disabled)
+        # Should disable all loggers ...
+        self.apply_config({'version': 1})
+        self.assertTrue(logger.disabled)
+        del config['disable_existing_loggers']
+        self.apply_config(config)
+        # Logger should be enabled, since explicitly mentioned
+        self.assertFalse(logger.disabled)
+
+    # TODO: RustPython
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_111615(self):
+        # See gh-111615
+        import_helper.import_module('_multiprocessing')  # see gh-113692
+        mp = import_helper.import_module('multiprocessing')
+
+        config = {
+            'version': 1,
+            'handlers': {
+                'sink': {
+                    'class': 'logging.handlers.QueueHandler',
+                    'queue': mp.get_context('spawn').Queue(),
+                },
+            },
+            'root': {
+                'handlers': ['sink'],
+                'level': 'DEBUG',
+            },
+        }
+        logging.config.dictConfig(config)
+
+    # gh-118868: check if kwargs are passed to logging QueueHandler
+    def test_kwargs_passing(self):
+        class CustomQueueHandler(logging.handlers.QueueHandler):
+            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                super().__init__(queue.Queue())
+                self.custom_kwargs = kwargs
+
+        custom_kwargs = {'foo': 'bar'}
+
+        config = {
+            'version': 1,
+            'handlers': {
+                'custom': {
+                    'class': CustomQueueHandler,
+                    **custom_kwargs
+                },
+            },
+            'root': {
+                'level': 'DEBUG',
+                'handlers': ['custom']
+            }
+        }
+
+        logging.config.dictConfig(config)
+
+        handler = logging.getHandlerByName('custom')
+        self.assertEqual(handler.custom_kwargs, custom_kwargs)
+
+
+class ManagerTest(BaseTest):
+    def test_manager_loggerclass(self):
+        logged = []
+
+        class MyLogger(logging.Logger):
+            def _log(self, level, msg, args, exc_info=None, extra=None):
+                logged.append(msg)
+
+        man = logging.Manager(None)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, man.setLoggerClass, int)
+        man.setLoggerClass(MyLogger)
+        logger = man.getLogger('test')
+        logger.warning('should appear in logged')
+        logging.warning('should not appear in logged')
+
+        self.assertEqual(logged, ['should appear in logged'])
+
+    def test_set_log_record_factory(self):
+        man = logging.Manager(None)
+        expected = object()
+        man.setLogRecordFactory(expected)
+        self.assertEqual(man.logRecordFactory, expected)
+
+class ChildLoggerTest(BaseTest):
+    def test_child_loggers(self):
+        r = logging.getLogger()
+        l1 = logging.getLogger('abc')
+        l2 = logging.getLogger('def.ghi')
+        c1 = r.getChild('xyz')
+        c2 = r.getChild('uvw.xyz')
+        self.assertIs(c1, logging.getLogger('xyz'))
+        self.assertIs(c2, logging.getLogger('uvw.xyz'))
+        c1 = l1.getChild('def')
+        c2 = c1.getChild('ghi')
+        c3 = l1.getChild('def.ghi')
+        self.assertIs(c1, logging.getLogger('abc.def'))
+        self.assertIs(c2, logging.getLogger('abc.def.ghi'))
+        self.assertIs(c2, c3)
+
+    def test_get_children(self):
+        r = logging.getLogger()
+        l1 = logging.getLogger('foo')
+        l2 = logging.getLogger('foo.bar')
+        l3 = logging.getLogger('foo.bar.baz.bozz')
+        l4 = logging.getLogger('bar')
+        kids = r.getChildren()
+        expected = {l1, l4}
+        self.assertEqual(expected, kids & expected)  # might be other kids for root
+        self.assertNotIn(l2, expected)
+        kids = l1.getChildren()
+        self.assertEqual({l2}, kids)
+        kids = l2.getChildren()
+        self.assertEqual(set(), kids)
+
+class DerivedLogRecord(logging.LogRecord):
+    pass
+
+class LogRecordFactoryTest(BaseTest):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        class CheckingFilter(logging.Filter):
+            def __init__(self, cls):
+                self.cls = cls
+
+            def filter(self, record):
+                t = type(record)
+                if t is not self.cls:
+                    msg = 'Unexpected LogRecord type %s, expected %s' % (t,
+                                                                         self.cls)
+                    raise TypeError(msg)
+                return True
+
+        BaseTest.setUp(self)
+        self.filter = CheckingFilter(DerivedLogRecord)
+        self.root_logger.addFilter(self.filter)
+        self.orig_factory = logging.getLogRecordFactory()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.root_logger.removeFilter(self.filter)
+        BaseTest.tearDown(self)
+        logging.setLogRecordFactory(self.orig_factory)
+
+    def test_logrecord_class(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.root_logger.warning,
+                          self.next_message())
+        logging.setLogRecordFactory(DerivedLogRecord)
+        self.root_logger.error(self.next_message())
+        self.assert_log_lines([
+            ('root', 'ERROR', '2'),
+        ])
+
+
+@threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+class QueueHandlerTest(BaseTest):
+    # Do not bother with a logger name group.
+    expected_log_pat = r"^[\w.]+ -> (\w+): (\d+)$"
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        BaseTest.setUp(self)
+        self.queue = queue.Queue(-1)
+        self.que_hdlr = logging.handlers.QueueHandler(self.queue)
+        self.name = 'que'
+        self.que_logger = logging.getLogger('que')
+        self.que_logger.propagate = False
+        self.que_logger.setLevel(logging.WARNING)
+        self.que_logger.addHandler(self.que_hdlr)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.que_hdlr.close()
+        BaseTest.tearDown(self)
+
+    def test_queue_handler(self):
+        self.que_logger.debug(self.next_message())
+        self.assertRaises(queue.Empty, self.queue.get_nowait)
+        self.que_logger.info(self.next_message())
+        self.assertRaises(queue.Empty, self.queue.get_nowait)
+        msg = self.next_message()
+        self.que_logger.warning(msg)
+        data = self.queue.get_nowait()
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(data, logging.LogRecord))
+        self.assertEqual(data.name, self.que_logger.name)
+        self.assertEqual((data.msg, data.args), (msg, None))
+
+    def test_formatting(self):
+        msg = self.next_message()
+        levelname = logging.getLevelName(logging.WARNING)
+        log_format_str = '{name} -> {levelname}: {message}'
+        formatted_msg = log_format_str.format(name=self.name,
+                                              levelname=levelname, message=msg)
+        formatter = logging.Formatter(self.log_format)
+        self.que_hdlr.setFormatter(formatter)
+        self.que_logger.warning(msg)
+        log_record = self.queue.get_nowait()
+        self.assertEqual(formatted_msg, log_record.msg)
+        self.assertEqual(formatted_msg, log_record.message)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(logging.handlers, 'QueueListener'),
+                         'logging.handlers.QueueListener required for this test')
+    def test_queue_listener(self):
+        handler = TestHandler(support.Matcher())
+        listener = logging.handlers.QueueListener(self.queue, handler)
+        listener.start()
+        try:
+            self.que_logger.warning(self.next_message())
+            self.que_logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.que_logger.critical(self.next_message())
+        finally:
+            listener.stop()
+        self.assertTrue(handler.matches(levelno=logging.WARNING, message='1'))
+        self.assertTrue(handler.matches(levelno=logging.ERROR, message='2'))
+        self.assertTrue(handler.matches(levelno=logging.CRITICAL, message='3'))
+        handler.close()
+
+        # Now test with respect_handler_level set
+
+        handler = TestHandler(support.Matcher())
+        handler.setLevel(logging.CRITICAL)
+        listener = logging.handlers.QueueListener(self.queue, handler,
+                                                  respect_handler_level=True)
+        listener.start()
+        try:
+            self.que_logger.warning(self.next_message())
+            self.que_logger.error(self.next_message())
+            self.que_logger.critical(self.next_message())
+        finally:
+            listener.stop()
+        self.assertFalse(handler.matches(levelno=logging.WARNING, message='4'))
+        self.assertFalse(handler.matches(levelno=logging.ERROR, message='5'))
+        self.assertTrue(handler.matches(levelno=logging.CRITICAL, message='6'))
+        handler.close()
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(logging.handlers, 'QueueListener'),
+                         'logging.handlers.QueueListener required for this test')
+    def test_queue_listener_with_StreamHandler(self):
+        # Test that traceback and stack-info only appends once (bpo-34334, bpo-46755).
+        listener = logging.handlers.QueueListener(self.queue, self.root_hdlr)
+        listener.start()
+        try:
+            1 / 0
+        except ZeroDivisionError as e:
+            exc = e
+            self.que_logger.exception(self.next_message(), exc_info=exc)
+        self.que_logger.error(self.next_message(), stack_info=True)
+        listener.stop()
+        self.assertEqual(self.stream.getvalue().strip().count('Traceback'), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(self.stream.getvalue().strip().count('Stack'), 1)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(logging.handlers, 'QueueListener'),
+                         'logging.handlers.QueueListener required for this test')
+    def test_queue_listener_with_multiple_handlers(self):
+        # Test that queue handler format doesn't affect other handler formats (bpo-35726).
+        self.que_hdlr.setFormatter(self.root_formatter)
+        self.que_logger.addHandler(self.root_hdlr)
+
+        listener = logging.handlers.QueueListener(self.queue, self.que_hdlr)
+        listener.start()
+        self.que_logger.error("error")
+        listener.stop()
+        self.assertEqual(self.stream.getvalue().strip(), "que -> ERROR: error")
+
+if hasattr(logging.handlers, 'QueueListener'):
+    import multiprocessing
+    from unittest.mock import patch
+
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+    class QueueListenerTest(BaseTest):
+        """
+        Tests based on patch submitted for issue #27930. Ensure that
+        QueueListener handles all log messages.
+        """
+
+        repeat = 20
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def setup_and_log(log_queue, ident):
+            """
+            Creates a logger with a QueueHandler that logs to a queue read by a
+            QueueListener. Starts the listener, logs five messages, and stops
+            the listener.
+            """
+            logger = logging.getLogger('test_logger_with_id_%s' % ident)
+            logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+            handler = logging.handlers.QueueHandler(log_queue)
+            logger.addHandler(handler)
+            listener = logging.handlers.QueueListener(log_queue)
+            listener.start()
+
+            logger.info('one')
+            logger.info('two')
+            logger.info('three')
+            logger.info('four')
+            logger.info('five')
+
+            listener.stop()
+            logger.removeHandler(handler)
+            handler.close()
+
+        @patch.object(logging.handlers.QueueListener, 'handle')
+        def test_handle_called_with_queue_queue(self, mock_handle):
+            for i in range(self.repeat):
+                log_queue = queue.Queue()
+                self.setup_and_log(log_queue, '%s_%s' % (self.id(), i))
+            self.assertEqual(mock_handle.call_count, 5 * self.repeat,
+                             'correct number of handled log messages')
+
+        @patch.object(logging.handlers.QueueListener, 'handle')
+        def test_handle_called_with_mp_queue(self, mock_handle):
+            # bpo-28668: The multiprocessing (mp) module is not functional
+            # when the mp.synchronize module cannot be imported.
+            support.skip_if_broken_multiprocessing_synchronize()
+            for i in range(self.repeat):
+                log_queue = multiprocessing.Queue()
+                self.setup_and_log(log_queue, '%s_%s' % (self.id(), i))
+                log_queue.close()
+                log_queue.join_thread()
+            self.assertEqual(mock_handle.call_count, 5 * self.repeat,
+                             'correct number of handled log messages')
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def get_all_from_queue(log_queue):
+            try:
+                while True:
+                    yield log_queue.get_nowait()
+            except queue.Empty:
+                return []
+
+        def test_no_messages_in_queue_after_stop(self):
+            """
+            Five messages are logged then the QueueListener is stopped. This
+            test then gets everything off the queue. Failure of this test
+            indicates that messages were not registered on the queue until
+            _after_ the QueueListener stopped.
+            """
+            # bpo-28668: The multiprocessing (mp) module is not functional
+            # when the mp.synchronize module cannot be imported.
+            support.skip_if_broken_multiprocessing_synchronize()
+            for i in range(self.repeat):
+                queue = multiprocessing.Queue()
+                self.setup_and_log(queue, '%s_%s' %(self.id(), i))
+                # time.sleep(1)
+                items = list(self.get_all_from_queue(queue))
+                queue.close()
+                queue.join_thread()
+
+                expected = [[], [logging.handlers.QueueListener._sentinel]]
+                self.assertIn(items, expected,
+                              'Found unexpected messages in queue: %s' % (
+                                  [m.msg if isinstance(m, logging.LogRecord)
+                                   else m for m in items]))
+
+        def test_calls_task_done_after_stop(self):
+            # Issue 36813: Make sure queue.join does not deadlock.
+            log_queue = queue.Queue()
+            listener = logging.handlers.QueueListener(log_queue)
+            listener.start()
+            listener.stop()
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                # Make sure all tasks are done and .join won't block.
+                log_queue.task_done()
+
+
+ZERO = datetime.timedelta(0)
+
+class UTC(datetime.tzinfo):
+    def utcoffset(self, dt):
+        return ZERO
+
+    dst = utcoffset
+
+    def tzname(self, dt):
+        return 'UTC'
+
+utc = UTC()
+
+class AssertErrorMessage:
+
+    def assert_error_message(self, exception, message, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            self.assertRaises((), *args, **kwargs)
+        except exception as e:
+            self.assertEqual(message, str(e))
+
+class FormatterTest(unittest.TestCase, AssertErrorMessage):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.common = {
+            'name': 'formatter.test',
+            'level': logging.DEBUG,
+            'pathname': os.path.join('path', 'to', 'dummy.ext'),
+            'lineno': 42,
+            'exc_info': None,
+            'func': None,
+            'msg': 'Message with %d %s',
+            'args': (2, 'placeholders'),
+        }
+        self.variants = {
+            'custom': {
+                'custom': 1234
+            }
+        }
+
+    def get_record(self, name=None):
+        result = dict(self.common)
+        if name is not None:
+            result.update(self.variants[name])
+        return logging.makeLogRecord(result)
+
+    def test_percent(self):
+        # Test %-formatting
+        r = self.get_record()
+        f = logging.Formatter('${%(message)s}')
+        self.assertEqual(f.format(r), '${Message with 2 placeholders}')
+        f = logging.Formatter('%(random)s')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.format, r)
+        self.assertFalse(f.usesTime())
+        f = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s')
+        self.assertTrue(f.usesTime())
+        f = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)-15s')
+        self.assertTrue(f.usesTime())
+        f = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)#15s')
+        self.assertTrue(f.usesTime())
+
+    def test_braces(self):
+        # Test {}-formatting
+        r = self.get_record()
+        f = logging.Formatter('$%{message}%$', style='{')
+        self.assertEqual(f.format(r), '$%Message with 2 placeholders%$')
+        f = logging.Formatter('{random}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.format, r)
+        f = logging.Formatter("{message}", style='{')
+        self.assertFalse(f.usesTime())
+        f = logging.Formatter('{asctime}', style='{')
+        self.assertTrue(f.usesTime())
+        f = logging.Formatter('{asctime!s:15}', style='{')
+        self.assertTrue(f.usesTime())
+        f = logging.Formatter('{asctime:15}', style='{')
+        self.assertTrue(f.usesTime())
+
+    def test_dollars(self):
+        # Test $-formatting
+        r = self.get_record()
+        f = logging.Formatter('${message}', style='$')
+        self.assertEqual(f.format(r), 'Message with 2 placeholders')
+        f = logging.Formatter('$message', style='$')
+        self.assertEqual(f.format(r), 'Message with 2 placeholders')
+        f = logging.Formatter('$$%${message}%$$', style='$')
+        self.assertEqual(f.format(r), '$%Message with 2 placeholders%$')
+        f = logging.Formatter('${random}', style='$')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.format, r)
+        self.assertFalse(f.usesTime())
+        f = logging.Formatter('${asctime}', style='$')
+        self.assertTrue(f.usesTime())
+        f = logging.Formatter('$asctime', style='$')
+        self.assertTrue(f.usesTime())
+        f = logging.Formatter('${message}', style='$')
+        self.assertFalse(f.usesTime())
+        f = logging.Formatter('${asctime}--', style='$')
+        self.assertTrue(f.usesTime())
+
+    # TODO: RustPython
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_format_validate(self):
+        # Check correct formatting
+        # Percentage style
+        f = logging.Formatter("%(levelname)-15s - %(message) 5s - %(process)03d - %(module) - %(asctime)*.3s")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "%(levelname)-15s - %(message) 5s - %(process)03d - %(module) - %(asctime)*.3s")
+        f = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)*s - %(asctime)*.3s - %(process)-34.33o")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "%(asctime)*s - %(asctime)*.3s - %(process)-34.33o")
+        f = logging.Formatter("%(process)#+027.23X")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "%(process)#+027.23X")
+        f = logging.Formatter("%(foo)#.*g")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "%(foo)#.*g")
+
+        # StrFormat Style
+        f = logging.Formatter("$%{message}%$ - {asctime!a:15} - {customfield['key']}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "$%{message}%$ - {asctime!a:15} - {customfield['key']}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{process:.2f} - {custom.f:.4f}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{process:.2f} - {custom.f:.4f}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{customfield!s:#<30}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{customfield!s:#<30}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{message!r}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{message!r}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{message!s}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{message!s}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{message!a}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{message!a}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{process!r:4.2}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{process!r:4.2}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{process!s:<#30,.12f}- {custom:=+#30,.1d} - {module:^30}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{process!s:<#30,.12f}- {custom:=+#30,.1d} - {module:^30}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{process!s:{w},.{p}}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{process!s:{w},.{p}}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{foo:12.{p}}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{foo:12.{p}}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{foo:{w}.6}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{foo:{w}.6}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{foo[0].bar[1].baz}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{foo[0].bar[1].baz}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{foo[k1].bar[k2].baz}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{foo[k1].bar[k2].baz}")
+        f = logging.Formatter("{12[k1].bar[k2].baz}", style="{")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "{12[k1].bar[k2].baz}")
+
+        # Dollar style
+        f = logging.Formatter("${asctime} - $message", style="$")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "${asctime} - $message")
+        f = logging.Formatter("$bar $$", style="$")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "$bar $$")
+        f = logging.Formatter("$bar $$$$", style="$")
+        self.assertEqual(f._fmt, "$bar $$$$")  # this would print two $($$)
+
+        # Testing when ValueError being raised from incorrect format
+        # Percentage Style
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, "%(asctime)Z")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, "%(asctime)b")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, "%(asctime)*")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, "%(asctime)*3s")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, "%(asctime)_")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{asctime}')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '${message}')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '%(foo)#12.3*f')  # with both * and decimal number as precision
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '%(foo)0*.8*f')
+
+        # StrFormat Style
+        # Testing failure for '-' in field name
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: invalid field name/expression: 'name-thing'",
+            logging.Formatter, "{name-thing}", style="{"
+        )
+        # Testing failure for style mismatch
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: no fields",
+            logging.Formatter, '%(asctime)s', style='{'
+        )
+        # Testing failure for invalid conversion
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid conversion: 'Z'"
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{asctime!s:#30,15f}', style='{')
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: expected ':' after conversion specifier",
+            logging.Formatter, '{asctime!aa:15}', style='{'
+        )
+        # Testing failure for invalid spec
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: bad specifier: '.2ff'",
+            logging.Formatter, '{process:.2ff}', style='{'
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{process:.2Z}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{process!s:<##30,12g}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{process!s:<#30#,12g}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{process!s:{{w}},{{p}}}', style='{')
+        # Testing failure for mismatch braces
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: expected '}' before end of string",
+            logging.Formatter, '{process', style='{'
+        )
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: Single '}' encountered in format string",
+            logging.Formatter, 'process}', style='{'
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{{foo!r:4.2}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{{foo!r:4.2}}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{foo/bar}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{foo:{{w}}.{{p}}}}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{foo!X:{{w}}.{{p}}}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{foo!a:random}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{foo!a:ran{dom}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{foo!a:ran{d}om}', style='{')
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '{foo.!a:d}', style='{')
+
+        # Dollar style
+        # Testing failure for mismatch bare $
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: bare \'$\' not allowed",
+            logging.Formatter, '$bar $$$', style='$'
+        )
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: bare \'$\' not allowed",
+            logging.Formatter, 'bar $', style='$'
+        )
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: bare \'$\' not allowed",
+            logging.Formatter, 'foo $.', style='$'
+        )
+        # Testing failure for mismatch style
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: no fields",
+            logging.Formatter, '{asctime}', style='$'
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '%(asctime)s', style='$')
+
+        # Testing failure for incorrect fields
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            ValueError,
+            "invalid format: no fields",
+            logging.Formatter, 'foo', style='$'
+        )
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, '${asctime', style='$')
+
+    def test_defaults_parameter(self):
+        fmts = ['%(custom)s %(message)s', '{custom} {message}', '$custom $message']
+        styles = ['%', '{', '$']
+        for fmt, style in zip(fmts, styles):
+            f = logging.Formatter(fmt, style=style, defaults={'custom': 'Default'})
+            r = self.get_record()
+            self.assertEqual(f.format(r), 'Default Message with 2 placeholders')
+            r = self.get_record("custom")
+            self.assertEqual(f.format(r), '1234 Message with 2 placeholders')
+
+            # Without default
+            f = logging.Formatter(fmt, style=style)
+            r = self.get_record()
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.format, r)
+
+            # Non-existing default is ignored
+            f = logging.Formatter(fmt, style=style, defaults={'Non-existing': 'Default'})
+            r = self.get_record("custom")
+            self.assertEqual(f.format(r), '1234 Message with 2 placeholders')
+
+    def test_invalid_style(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.Formatter, None, None, 'x')
+
+    # TODO: RustPython
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_time(self):
+        r = self.get_record()
+        dt = datetime.datetime(1993, 4, 21, 8, 3, 0, 0, utc)
+        # We use None to indicate we want the local timezone
+        # We're essentially converting a UTC time to local time
+        r.created = time.mktime(dt.astimezone(None).timetuple())
+        r.msecs = 123
+        f = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(message)s')
+        f.converter = time.gmtime
+        self.assertEqual(f.formatTime(r), '1993-04-21 08:03:00,123')
+        self.assertEqual(f.formatTime(r, '%Y:%d'), '1993:21')
+        f.format(r)
+        self.assertEqual(r.asctime, '1993-04-21 08:03:00,123')
+
+    # TODO: RustPython
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_default_msec_format_none(self):
+        class NoMsecFormatter(logging.Formatter):
+            default_msec_format = None
+            default_time_format = '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S'
+
+        r = self.get_record()
+        dt = datetime.datetime(1993, 4, 21, 8, 3, 0, 123, utc)
+        r.created = time.mktime(dt.astimezone(None).timetuple())
+        f = NoMsecFormatter()
+        f.converter = time.gmtime
+        self.assertEqual(f.formatTime(r), '21/04/1993 08:03:00')
+
+    def test_issue_89047(self):
+        f = logging.Formatter(fmt='{asctime}.{msecs:03.0f} {message}', style='{', datefmt="%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
+        for i in range(2500):
+            time.sleep(0.0004)
+            r = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'Message %d' % (i + 1)})
+            s = f.format(r)
+            self.assertNotIn('.1000', s)
+
+
+class TestBufferingFormatter(logging.BufferingFormatter):
+    def formatHeader(self, records):
+        return '[(%d)' % len(records)
+
+    def formatFooter(self, records):
+        return '(%d)]' % len(records)
+
+class BufferingFormatterTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.records = [
+            logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'one'}),
+            logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'two'}),
+        ]
+
+    def test_default(self):
+        f = logging.BufferingFormatter()
+        self.assertEqual('', f.format([]))
+        self.assertEqual('onetwo', f.format(self.records))
+
+    def test_custom(self):
+        f = TestBufferingFormatter()
+        self.assertEqual('[(2)onetwo(2)]', f.format(self.records))
+        lf = logging.Formatter('<%(message)s>')
+        f = TestBufferingFormatter(lf)
+        self.assertEqual('[(2)<one><two>(2)]', f.format(self.records))
+
+class ExceptionTest(BaseTest):
+    def test_formatting(self):
+        r = self.root_logger
+        h = RecordingHandler()
+        r.addHandler(h)
+        try:
+            raise RuntimeError('deliberate mistake')
+        except:
+            logging.exception('failed', stack_info=True)
+        r.removeHandler(h)
+        h.close()
+        r = h.records[0]
+        self.assertTrue(r.exc_text.startswith('Traceback (most recent '
+                                              'call last):\n'))
+        self.assertTrue(r.exc_text.endswith('\nRuntimeError: '
+                                            'deliberate mistake'))
+        self.assertTrue(r.stack_info.startswith('Stack (most recent '
+                                                'call last):\n'))
+        self.assertTrue(r.stack_info.endswith('logging.exception(\'failed\', '
+                                              'stack_info=True)'))
+
+
+class LastResortTest(BaseTest):
+    def test_last_resort(self):
+        # Test the last resort handler
+        root = self.root_logger
+        root.removeHandler(self.root_hdlr)
+        old_lastresort = logging.lastResort
+        old_raise_exceptions = logging.raiseExceptions
+
+        try:
+            with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+                root.debug('This should not appear')
+                self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), '')
+                root.warning('Final chance!')
+                self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), 'Final chance!\n')
+
+            # No handlers and no last resort, so 'No handlers' message
+            logging.lastResort = None
+            with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+                root.warning('Final chance!')
+                msg = 'No handlers could be found for logger "root"\n'
+                self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), msg)
+
+            # 'No handlers' message only printed once
+            with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+                root.warning('Final chance!')
+                self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), '')
+
+            # If raiseExceptions is False, no message is printed
+            root.manager.emittedNoHandlerWarning = False
+            logging.raiseExceptions = False
+            with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+                root.warning('Final chance!')
+                self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), '')
+        finally:
+            root.addHandler(self.root_hdlr)
+            logging.lastResort = old_lastresort
+            logging.raiseExceptions = old_raise_exceptions
+
+
+class FakeHandler:
+
+    def __init__(self, identifier, called):
+        for method in ('acquire', 'flush', 'close', 'release'):
+            setattr(self, method, self.record_call(identifier, method, called))
+
+    def record_call(self, identifier, method_name, called):
+        def inner():
+            called.append('{} - {}'.format(identifier, method_name))
+        return inner
+
+
+class RecordingHandler(logging.NullHandler):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(RecordingHandler, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.records = []
+
+    def handle(self, record):
+        """Keep track of all the emitted records."""
+        self.records.append(record)
+
+
+class ShutdownTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Test suite for the shutdown method."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(ShutdownTest, self).setUp()
+        self.called = []
+
+        raise_exceptions = logging.raiseExceptions
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, logging, 'raiseExceptions', raise_exceptions)
+
+    def raise_error(self, error):
+        def inner():
+            raise error()
+        return inner
+
+    def test_no_failure(self):
+        # create some fake handlers
+        handler0 = FakeHandler(0, self.called)
+        handler1 = FakeHandler(1, self.called)
+        handler2 = FakeHandler(2, self.called)
+
+        # create live weakref to those handlers
+        handlers = map(logging.weakref.ref, [handler0, handler1, handler2])
+
+        logging.shutdown(handlerList=list(handlers))
+
+        expected = ['2 - acquire', '2 - flush', '2 - close', '2 - release',
+                    '1 - acquire', '1 - flush', '1 - close', '1 - release',
+                    '0 - acquire', '0 - flush', '0 - close', '0 - release']
+        self.assertEqual(expected, self.called)
+
+    def _test_with_failure_in_method(self, method, error):
+        handler = FakeHandler(0, self.called)
+        setattr(handler, method, self.raise_error(error))
+        handlers = [logging.weakref.ref(handler)]
+
+        logging.shutdown(handlerList=list(handlers))
+
+        self.assertEqual('0 - release', self.called[-1])
+
+    def test_with_ioerror_in_acquire(self):
+        self._test_with_failure_in_method('acquire', OSError)
+
+    def test_with_ioerror_in_flush(self):
+        self._test_with_failure_in_method('flush', OSError)
+
+    def test_with_ioerror_in_close(self):
+        self._test_with_failure_in_method('close', OSError)
+
+    def test_with_valueerror_in_acquire(self):
+        self._test_with_failure_in_method('acquire', ValueError)
+
+    def test_with_valueerror_in_flush(self):
+        self._test_with_failure_in_method('flush', ValueError)
+
+    def test_with_valueerror_in_close(self):
+        self._test_with_failure_in_method('close', ValueError)
+
+    def test_with_other_error_in_acquire_without_raise(self):
+        logging.raiseExceptions = False
+        self._test_with_failure_in_method('acquire', IndexError)
+
+    def test_with_other_error_in_flush_without_raise(self):
+        logging.raiseExceptions = False
+        self._test_with_failure_in_method('flush', IndexError)
+
+    def test_with_other_error_in_close_without_raise(self):
+        logging.raiseExceptions = False
+        self._test_with_failure_in_method('close', IndexError)
+
+    def test_with_other_error_in_acquire_with_raise(self):
+        logging.raiseExceptions = True
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, self._test_with_failure_in_method,
+                          'acquire', IndexError)
+
+    def test_with_other_error_in_flush_with_raise(self):
+        logging.raiseExceptions = True
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, self._test_with_failure_in_method,
+                          'flush', IndexError)
+
+    def test_with_other_error_in_close_with_raise(self):
+        logging.raiseExceptions = True
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, self._test_with_failure_in_method,
+                          'close', IndexError)
+
+
+class ModuleLevelMiscTest(BaseTest):
+
+    """Test suite for some module level methods."""
+
+    def test_disable(self):
+        old_disable = logging.root.manager.disable
+        # confirm our assumptions are correct
+        self.assertEqual(old_disable, 0)
+        self.addCleanup(logging.disable, old_disable)
+
+        logging.disable(83)
+        self.assertEqual(logging.root.manager.disable, 83)
+
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, logging.disable, "doesnotexists")
+
+        class _NotAnIntOrString:
+            pass
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, logging.disable, _NotAnIntOrString())
+
+        logging.disable("WARN")
+
+        # test the default value introduced in 3.7
+        # (Issue #28524)
+        logging.disable()
+        self.assertEqual(logging.root.manager.disable, logging.CRITICAL)
+
+    def _test_log(self, method, level=None):
+        called = []
+        support.patch(self, logging, 'basicConfig',
+                      lambda *a, **kw: called.append((a, kw)))
+
+        recording = RecordingHandler()
+        logging.root.addHandler(recording)
+
+        log_method = getattr(logging, method)
+        if level is not None:
+            log_method(level, "test me: %r", recording)
+        else:
+            log_method("test me: %r", recording)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(recording.records), 1)
+        record = recording.records[0]
+        self.assertEqual(record.getMessage(), "test me: %r" % recording)
+
+        expected_level = level if level is not None else getattr(logging, method.upper())
+        self.assertEqual(record.levelno, expected_level)
+
+        # basicConfig was not called!
+        self.assertEqual(called, [])
+
+    def test_log(self):
+        self._test_log('log', logging.ERROR)
+
+    def test_debug(self):
+        self._test_log('debug')
+
+    def test_info(self):
+        self._test_log('info')
+
+    def test_warning(self):
+        self._test_log('warning')
+
+    def test_error(self):
+        self._test_log('error')
+
+    def test_critical(self):
+        self._test_log('critical')
+
+    def test_set_logger_class(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, logging.setLoggerClass, object)
+
+        class MyLogger(logging.Logger):
+            pass
+
+        logging.setLoggerClass(MyLogger)
+        self.assertEqual(logging.getLoggerClass(), MyLogger)
+
+        logging.setLoggerClass(logging.Logger)
+        self.assertEqual(logging.getLoggerClass(), logging.Logger)
+
+    def test_subclass_logger_cache(self):
+        # bpo-37258
+        message = []
+
+        class MyLogger(logging.getLoggerClass()):
+            def __init__(self, name='MyLogger', level=logging.NOTSET):
+                super().__init__(name, level)
+                message.append('initialized')
+
+        logging.setLoggerClass(MyLogger)
+        logger = logging.getLogger('just_some_logger')
+        self.assertEqual(message, ['initialized'])
+        stream = io.StringIO()
+        h = logging.StreamHandler(stream)
+        logger.addHandler(h)
+        try:
+            logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
+            logger.debug("hello")
+            self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue().strip(), "hello")
+
+            stream.truncate(0)
+            stream.seek(0)
+
+            logger.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+            logger.debug("hello")
+            self.assertEqual(stream.getvalue(), "")
+        finally:
+            logger.removeHandler(h)
+            h.close()
+            logging.setLoggerClass(logging.Logger)
+
+    # TODO: RustPython
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_logging_at_shutdown(self):
+        # bpo-20037: Doing text I/O late at interpreter shutdown must not crash
+        code = textwrap.dedent("""
+            import logging
+
+            class A:
+                def __del__(self):
+                    try:
+                        raise ValueError("some error")
+                    except Exception:
+                        logging.exception("exception in __del__")
+
+            a = A()
+        """)
+        rc, out, err = assert_python_ok("-c", code)
+        err = err.decode()
+        self.assertIn("exception in __del__", err)
+        self.assertIn("ValueError: some error", err)
+
+    # TODO: RustPython
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_logging_at_shutdown_open(self):
+        # bpo-26789: FileHandler keeps a reference to the builtin open()
+        # function to be able to open or reopen the file during Python
+        # finalization.
+        filename = os_helper.TESTFN
+        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, filename)
+
+        code = textwrap.dedent(f"""
+            import builtins
+            import logging
+
+            class A:
+                def __del__(self):
+                    logging.error("log in __del__")
+
+            # basicConfig() opens the file, but logging.shutdown() closes
+            # it at Python exit. When A.__del__() is called,
+            # FileHandler._open() must be called again to re-open the file.
+            logging.basicConfig(filename={filename!r}, encoding="utf-8")
+
+            a = A()
+
+            # Simulate the Python finalization which removes the builtin
+            # open() function.
+            del builtins.open
+        """)
+        assert_python_ok("-c", code)
+
+        with open(filename, encoding="utf-8") as fp:
+            self.assertEqual(fp.read().rstrip(), "ERROR:root:log in __del__")
+
+    def test_recursion_error(self):
+        # Issue 36272
+        code = textwrap.dedent("""
+            import logging
+
+            def rec():
+                logging.error("foo")
+                rec()
+
+            rec()
+        """)
+        rc, out, err = assert_python_failure("-c", code)
+        err = err.decode()
+        self.assertNotIn("Cannot recover from stack overflow.", err)
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 1)
+
+    def test_get_level_names_mapping(self):
+        mapping = logging.getLevelNamesMapping()
+        self.assertEqual(logging._nameToLevel, mapping)  # value is equivalent
+        self.assertIsNot(logging._nameToLevel, mapping)  # but not the internal data
+        new_mapping = logging.getLevelNamesMapping()     # another call -> another copy
+        self.assertIsNot(mapping, new_mapping)           # verify not the same object as before
+        self.assertEqual(mapping, new_mapping)           # but equivalent in value
+
+
+class LogRecordTest(BaseTest):
+    def test_str_rep(self):
+        r = logging.makeLogRecord({})
+        s = str(r)
+        self.assertTrue(s.startswith('<LogRecord: '))
+        self.assertTrue(s.endswith('>'))
+
+    def test_dict_arg(self):
+        h = RecordingHandler()
+        r = logging.getLogger()
+        r.addHandler(h)
+        d = {'less' : 'more' }
+        logging.warning('less is %(less)s', d)
+        self.assertIs(h.records[0].args, d)
+        self.assertEqual(h.records[0].message, 'less is more')
+        r.removeHandler(h)
+        h.close()
+
+    @staticmethod # pickled as target of child process in the following test
+    def _extract_logrecord_process_name(key, logMultiprocessing, conn=None):
+        prev_logMultiprocessing = logging.logMultiprocessing
+        logging.logMultiprocessing = logMultiprocessing
+        try:
+            import multiprocessing as mp
+            name = mp.current_process().name
+
+            r1 = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': f'msg1_{key}'})
+
+            # https://bugs.python.org/issue45128
+            with support.swap_item(sys.modules, 'multiprocessing', None):
+                r2 = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': f'msg2_{key}'})
+
+            results = {'processName'  : name,
+                       'r1.processName': r1.processName,
+                       'r2.processName': r2.processName,
+                       }
+        finally:
+            logging.logMultiprocessing = prev_logMultiprocessing
+        if conn:
+            conn.send(results)
+        else:
+            return results
+
+    def test_multiprocessing(self):
+        support.skip_if_broken_multiprocessing_synchronize()
+        multiprocessing_imported = 'multiprocessing' in sys.modules
+        try:
+            # logMultiprocessing is True by default
+            self.assertEqual(logging.logMultiprocessing, True)
+
+            LOG_MULTI_PROCESSING = True
+            # When logMultiprocessing == True:
+            # In the main process processName = 'MainProcess'
+            r = logging.makeLogRecord({})
+            self.assertEqual(r.processName, 'MainProcess')
+
+            results = self._extract_logrecord_process_name(1, LOG_MULTI_PROCESSING)
+            self.assertEqual('MainProcess', results['processName'])
+            self.assertEqual('MainProcess', results['r1.processName'])
+            self.assertEqual('MainProcess', results['r2.processName'])
+
+            # In other processes, processName is correct when multiprocessing in imported,
+            # but it is (incorrectly) defaulted to 'MainProcess' otherwise (bpo-38762).
+            import multiprocessing
+            parent_conn, child_conn = multiprocessing.Pipe()
+            p = multiprocessing.Process(
+                target=self._extract_logrecord_process_name,
+                args=(2, LOG_MULTI_PROCESSING, child_conn,)
+            )
+            p.start()
+            results = parent_conn.recv()
+            self.assertNotEqual('MainProcess', results['processName'])
+            self.assertEqual(results['processName'], results['r1.processName'])
+            self.assertEqual('MainProcess', results['r2.processName'])
+            p.join()
+
+        finally:
+            if multiprocessing_imported:
+                import multiprocessing
+
+    def test_optional(self):
+        NONE = self.assertIsNone
+        NOT_NONE = self.assertIsNotNone
+
+        r = logging.makeLogRecord({})
+        NOT_NONE(r.thread)
+        NOT_NONE(r.threadName)
+        NOT_NONE(r.process)
+        NOT_NONE(r.processName)
+        NONE(r.taskName)
+        log_threads = logging.logThreads
+        log_processes = logging.logProcesses
+        log_multiprocessing = logging.logMultiprocessing
+        log_asyncio_tasks = logging.logAsyncioTasks
+        try:
+            logging.logThreads = False
+            logging.logProcesses = False
+            logging.logMultiprocessing = False
+            logging.logAsyncioTasks = False
+            r = logging.makeLogRecord({})
+
+            NONE(r.thread)
+            NONE(r.threadName)
+            NONE(r.process)
+            NONE(r.processName)
+            NONE(r.taskName)
+        finally:
+            logging.logThreads = log_threads
+            logging.logProcesses = log_processes
+            logging.logMultiprocessing = log_multiprocessing
+            logging.logAsyncioTasks = log_asyncio_tasks
+
+    async def _make_record_async(self, assertion):
+        r = logging.makeLogRecord({})
+        assertion(r.taskName)
+
+    @support.requires_working_socket()
+    def test_taskName_with_asyncio_imported(self):
+        try:
+            make_record = self._make_record_async
+            with asyncio.Runner() as runner:
+                logging.logAsyncioTasks = True
+                runner.run(make_record(self.assertIsNotNone))
+                logging.logAsyncioTasks = False
+                runner.run(make_record(self.assertIsNone))
+        finally:
+            asyncio.set_event_loop_policy(None)
+
+    @support.requires_working_socket()
+    def test_taskName_without_asyncio_imported(self):
+        try:
+            make_record = self._make_record_async
+            with asyncio.Runner() as runner, support.swap_item(sys.modules, 'asyncio', None):
+                logging.logAsyncioTasks = True
+                runner.run(make_record(self.assertIsNone))
+                logging.logAsyncioTasks = False
+                runner.run(make_record(self.assertIsNone))
+        finally:
+            asyncio.set_event_loop_policy(None)
+
+
+class BasicConfigTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    """Test suite for logging.basicConfig."""
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(BasicConfigTest, self).setUp()
+        self.handlers = logging.root.handlers
+        self.saved_handlers = logging._handlers.copy()
+        self.saved_handler_list = logging._handlerList[:]
+        self.original_logging_level = logging.root.level
+        self.addCleanup(self.cleanup)
+        logging.root.handlers = []
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        for h in logging.root.handlers[:]:
+            logging.root.removeHandler(h)
+            h.close()
+        super(BasicConfigTest, self).tearDown()
+
+    def cleanup(self):
+        setattr(logging.root, 'handlers', self.handlers)
+        logging._handlers.clear()
+        logging._handlers.update(self.saved_handlers)
+        logging._handlerList[:] = self.saved_handler_list
+        logging.root.setLevel(self.original_logging_level)
+
+    def test_no_kwargs(self):
+        logging.basicConfig()
+
+        # handler defaults to a StreamHandler to sys.stderr
+        self.assertEqual(len(logging.root.handlers), 1)
+        handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(handler, logging.StreamHandler)
+        self.assertEqual(handler.stream, sys.stderr)
+
+        formatter = handler.formatter
+        # format defaults to logging.BASIC_FORMAT
+        self.assertEqual(formatter._style._fmt, logging.BASIC_FORMAT)
+        # datefmt defaults to None
+        self.assertIsNone(formatter.datefmt)
+        # style defaults to %
+        self.assertIsInstance(formatter._style, logging.PercentStyle)
+
+        # level is not explicitly set
+        self.assertEqual(logging.root.level, self.original_logging_level)
+
+    def test_strformatstyle(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            logging.basicConfig(stream=sys.stdout, style="{")
+            logging.error("Log an error")
+            sys.stdout.seek(0)
+            self.assertEqual(output.getvalue().strip(),
+                             "ERROR:root:Log an error")
+
+    def test_stringtemplatestyle(self):
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            logging.basicConfig(stream=sys.stdout, style="$")
+            logging.error("Log an error")
+            sys.stdout.seek(0)
+            self.assertEqual(output.getvalue().strip(),
+                             "ERROR:root:Log an error")
+
+    def test_filename(self):
+
+        def cleanup(h1, h2, fn):
+            h1.close()
+            h2.close()
+            os.remove(fn)
+
+        logging.basicConfig(filename='test.log', encoding='utf-8')
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(logging.root.handlers), 1)
+        handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(handler, logging.FileHandler)
+
+        expected = logging.FileHandler('test.log', 'a', encoding='utf-8')
+        self.assertEqual(handler.stream.mode, expected.stream.mode)
+        self.assertEqual(handler.stream.name, expected.stream.name)
+        self.addCleanup(cleanup, handler, expected, 'test.log')
+
+    def test_filemode(self):
+
+        def cleanup(h1, h2, fn):
+            h1.close()
+            h2.close()
+            os.remove(fn)
+
+        logging.basicConfig(filename='test.log', filemode='wb')
+
+        handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+        expected = logging.FileHandler('test.log', 'wb')
+        self.assertEqual(handler.stream.mode, expected.stream.mode)
+        self.addCleanup(cleanup, handler, expected, 'test.log')
+
+    def test_stream(self):
+        stream = io.StringIO()
+        self.addCleanup(stream.close)
+        logging.basicConfig(stream=stream)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(logging.root.handlers), 1)
+        handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+        self.assertIsInstance(handler, logging.StreamHandler)
+        self.assertEqual(handler.stream, stream)
+
+    def test_format(self):
+        logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s - %(message)s')
+
+        formatter = logging.root.handlers[0].formatter
+        self.assertEqual(formatter._style._fmt, '%(asctime)s - %(message)s')
+
+    def test_datefmt(self):
+        logging.basicConfig(datefmt='bar')
+
+        formatter = logging.root.handlers[0].formatter
+        self.assertEqual(formatter.datefmt, 'bar')
+
+    def test_style(self):
+        logging.basicConfig(style='$')
+
+        formatter = logging.root.handlers[0].formatter
+        self.assertIsInstance(formatter._style, logging.StringTemplateStyle)
+
+    def test_level(self):
+        old_level = logging.root.level
+        self.addCleanup(logging.root.setLevel, old_level)
+
+        logging.basicConfig(level=57)
+        self.assertEqual(logging.root.level, 57)
+        # Test that second call has no effect
+        logging.basicConfig(level=58)
+        self.assertEqual(logging.root.level, 57)
+
+    def test_incompatible(self):
+        assertRaises = self.assertRaises
+        handlers = [logging.StreamHandler()]
+        stream = sys.stderr
+        assertRaises(ValueError, logging.basicConfig, filename='test.log',
+                     stream=stream)
+        assertRaises(ValueError, logging.basicConfig, filename='test.log',
+                     handlers=handlers)
+        assertRaises(ValueError, logging.basicConfig, stream=stream,
+                     handlers=handlers)
+        # Issue 23207: test for invalid kwargs
+        assertRaises(ValueError, logging.basicConfig, loglevel=logging.INFO)
+        # Should pop both filename and filemode even if filename is None
+        logging.basicConfig(filename=None, filemode='a')
+
+    def test_handlers(self):
+        handlers = [
+            logging.StreamHandler(),
+            logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout),
+            logging.StreamHandler(),
+        ]
+        f = logging.Formatter()
+        handlers[2].setFormatter(f)
+        logging.basicConfig(handlers=handlers)
+        self.assertIs(handlers[0], logging.root.handlers[0])
+        self.assertIs(handlers[1], logging.root.handlers[1])
+        self.assertIs(handlers[2], logging.root.handlers[2])
+        self.assertIsNotNone(handlers[0].formatter)
+        self.assertIsNotNone(handlers[1].formatter)
+        self.assertIs(handlers[2].formatter, f)
+        self.assertIs(handlers[0].formatter, handlers[1].formatter)
+
+    def test_force(self):
+        old_string_io = io.StringIO()
+        new_string_io = io.StringIO()
+        old_handlers = [logging.StreamHandler(old_string_io)]
+        new_handlers = [logging.StreamHandler(new_string_io)]
+        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING, handlers=old_handlers)
+        logging.warning('warn')
+        logging.info('info')
+        logging.debug('debug')
+        self.assertEqual(len(logging.root.handlers), 1)
+        logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, handlers=new_handlers,
+                            force=True)
+        logging.warning('warn')
+        logging.info('info')
+        logging.debug('debug')
+        self.assertEqual(len(logging.root.handlers), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(old_string_io.getvalue().strip(),
+                         'WARNING:root:warn')
+        self.assertEqual(new_string_io.getvalue().strip(),
+                         'WARNING:root:warn\nINFO:root:info')
+
+    def test_encoding(self):
+        try:
+            encoding = 'utf-8'
+            logging.basicConfig(filename='test.log', encoding=encoding,
+                                errors='strict',
+                                format='%(message)s', level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+            self.assertEqual(len(logging.root.handlers), 1)
+            handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+            self.assertIsInstance(handler, logging.FileHandler)
+            self.assertEqual(handler.encoding, encoding)
+            logging.debug('The Øresund Bridge joins Copenhagen to Malmö')
+        finally:
+            handler.close()
+            with open('test.log', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                data = f.read().strip()
+            os.remove('test.log')
+            self.assertEqual(data,
+                             'The Øresund Bridge joins Copenhagen to Malmö')
+
+    def test_encoding_errors(self):
+        try:
+            encoding = 'ascii'
+            logging.basicConfig(filename='test.log', encoding=encoding,
+                                errors='ignore',
+                                format='%(message)s', level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+            self.assertEqual(len(logging.root.handlers), 1)
+            handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+            self.assertIsInstance(handler, logging.FileHandler)
+            self.assertEqual(handler.encoding, encoding)
+            logging.debug('The Øresund Bridge joins Copenhagen to Malmö')
+        finally:
+            handler.close()
+            with open('test.log', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                data = f.read().strip()
+            os.remove('test.log')
+            self.assertEqual(data, 'The resund Bridge joins Copenhagen to Malm')
+
+    def test_encoding_errors_default(self):
+        try:
+            encoding = 'ascii'
+            logging.basicConfig(filename='test.log', encoding=encoding,
+                                format='%(message)s', level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+            self.assertEqual(len(logging.root.handlers), 1)
+            handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+            self.assertIsInstance(handler, logging.FileHandler)
+            self.assertEqual(handler.encoding, encoding)
+            self.assertEqual(handler.errors, 'backslashreplace')
+            logging.debug('😂: ☃️: The Øresund Bridge joins Copenhagen to Malmö')
+        finally:
+            handler.close()
+            with open('test.log', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                data = f.read().strip()
+            os.remove('test.log')
+            self.assertEqual(data, r'\U0001f602: \u2603\ufe0f: The \xd8resund '
+                                   r'Bridge joins Copenhagen to Malm\xf6')
+
+    # TODO: RustPython
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_encoding_errors_none(self):
+        # Specifying None should behave as 'strict'
+        try:
+            encoding = 'ascii'
+            logging.basicConfig(filename='test.log', encoding=encoding,
+                                errors=None,
+                                format='%(message)s', level=logging.DEBUG)
+
+            self.assertEqual(len(logging.root.handlers), 1)
+            handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+            self.assertIsInstance(handler, logging.FileHandler)
+            self.assertEqual(handler.encoding, encoding)
+            self.assertIsNone(handler.errors)
+
+            message = []
+
+            def dummy_handle_error(record):
+                message.append(str(sys.exception()))
+
+            handler.handleError = dummy_handle_error
+            logging.debug('The Øresund Bridge joins Copenhagen to Malmö')
+            self.assertTrue(message)
+            self.assertIn("'ascii' codec can't encode "
+                          "character '\\xd8' in position 4:", message[0])
+        finally:
+            handler.close()
+            with open('test.log', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                data = f.read().strip()
+            os.remove('test.log')
+            # didn't write anything due to the encoding error
+            self.assertEqual(data, r'')
+
+    @support.requires_working_socket()
+    def test_log_taskName(self):
+        async def log_record():
+            logging.warning('hello world')
+
+        handler = None
+        log_filename = make_temp_file('.log', 'test-logging-taskname-')
+        self.addCleanup(os.remove, log_filename)
+        try:
+            encoding = 'utf-8'
+            logging.basicConfig(filename=log_filename, errors='strict',
+                                encoding=encoding, level=logging.WARNING,
+                                format='%(taskName)s - %(message)s')
+
+            self.assertEqual(len(logging.root.handlers), 1)
+            handler = logging.root.handlers[0]
+            self.assertIsInstance(handler, logging.FileHandler)
+
+            with asyncio.Runner(debug=True) as runner:
+                logging.logAsyncioTasks = True
+                runner.run(log_record())
+            with open(log_filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+                data = f.read().strip()
+            self.assertRegex(data, r'Task-\d+ - hello world')
+        finally:
+            asyncio.set_event_loop_policy(None)
+            if handler:
+                handler.close()
+
+
+    def _test_log(self, method, level=None):
+        # logging.root has no handlers so basicConfig should be called
+        called = []
+
+        old_basic_config = logging.basicConfig
+        def my_basic_config(*a, **kw):
+            old_basic_config()
+            old_level = logging.root.level
+            logging.root.setLevel(100)  # avoid having messages in stderr
+            self.addCleanup(logging.root.setLevel, old_level)
+            called.append((a, kw))
+
+        support.patch(self, logging, 'basicConfig', my_basic_config)
+
+        log_method = getattr(logging, method)
+        if level is not None:
+            log_method(level, "test me")
+        else:
+            log_method("test me")
+
+        # basicConfig was called with no arguments
+        self.assertEqual(called, [((), {})])
+
+    def test_log(self):
+        self._test_log('log', logging.WARNING)
+
+    def test_debug(self):
+        self._test_log('debug')
+
+    def test_info(self):
+        self._test_log('info')
+
+    def test_warning(self):
+        self._test_log('warning')
+
+    def test_error(self):
+        self._test_log('error')
+
+    def test_critical(self):
+        self._test_log('critical')
+
+
+class LoggerAdapterTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(LoggerAdapterTest, self).setUp()
+        old_handler_list = logging._handlerList[:]
+
+        self.recording = RecordingHandler()
+        self.logger = logging.root
+        self.logger.addHandler(self.recording)
+        self.addCleanup(self.logger.removeHandler, self.recording)
+        self.addCleanup(self.recording.close)
+
+        def cleanup():
+            logging._handlerList[:] = old_handler_list
+
+        self.addCleanup(cleanup)
+        self.addCleanup(logging.shutdown)
+        self.adapter = logging.LoggerAdapter(logger=self.logger, extra=None)
+
+    def test_exception(self):
+        msg = 'testing exception: %r'
+        exc = None
+        try:
+            1 / 0
+        except ZeroDivisionError as e:
+            exc = e
+            self.adapter.exception(msg, self.recording)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.recording.records), 1)
+        record = self.recording.records[0]
+        self.assertEqual(record.levelno, logging.ERROR)
+        self.assertEqual(record.msg, msg)
+        self.assertEqual(record.args, (self.recording,))
+        self.assertEqual(record.exc_info,
+                         (exc.__class__, exc, exc.__traceback__))
+
+    def test_exception_excinfo(self):
+        try:
+            1 / 0
+        except ZeroDivisionError as e:
+            exc = e
+
+        self.adapter.exception('exc_info test', exc_info=exc)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.recording.records), 1)
+        record = self.recording.records[0]
+        self.assertEqual(record.exc_info,
+                         (exc.__class__, exc, exc.__traceback__))
+
+    def test_critical(self):
+        msg = 'critical test! %r'
+        self.adapter.critical(msg, self.recording)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.recording.records), 1)
+        record = self.recording.records[0]
+        self.assertEqual(record.levelno, logging.CRITICAL)
+        self.assertEqual(record.msg, msg)
+        self.assertEqual(record.args, (self.recording,))
+        self.assertEqual(record.funcName, 'test_critical')
+
+    def test_is_enabled_for(self):
+        old_disable = self.adapter.logger.manager.disable
+        self.adapter.logger.manager.disable = 33
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, self.adapter.logger.manager, 'disable',
+                        old_disable)
+        self.assertFalse(self.adapter.isEnabledFor(32))
+
+    def test_has_handlers(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.adapter.hasHandlers())
+
+        for handler in self.logger.handlers:
+            self.logger.removeHandler(handler)
+
+        self.assertFalse(self.logger.hasHandlers())
+        self.assertFalse(self.adapter.hasHandlers())
+
+    def test_nested(self):
+        msg = 'Adapters can be nested, yo.'
+        adapter = PrefixAdapter(logger=self.logger, extra=None)
+        adapter_adapter = PrefixAdapter(logger=adapter, extra=None)
+        adapter_adapter.prefix = 'AdapterAdapter'
+        self.assertEqual(repr(adapter), repr(adapter_adapter))
+        adapter_adapter.log(logging.CRITICAL, msg, self.recording)
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.recording.records), 1)
+        record = self.recording.records[0]
+        self.assertEqual(record.levelno, logging.CRITICAL)
+        self.assertEqual(record.msg, f"Adapter AdapterAdapter {msg}")
+        self.assertEqual(record.args, (self.recording,))
+        self.assertEqual(record.funcName, 'test_nested')
+        orig_manager = adapter_adapter.manager
+        self.assertIs(adapter.manager, orig_manager)
+        self.assertIs(self.logger.manager, orig_manager)
+        temp_manager = object()
+        try:
+            adapter_adapter.manager = temp_manager
+            self.assertIs(adapter_adapter.manager, temp_manager)
+            self.assertIs(adapter.manager, temp_manager)
+            self.assertIs(self.logger.manager, temp_manager)
+        finally:
+            adapter_adapter.manager = orig_manager
+        self.assertIs(adapter_adapter.manager, orig_manager)
+        self.assertIs(adapter.manager, orig_manager)
+        self.assertIs(self.logger.manager, orig_manager)
+
+    def test_styled_adapter(self):
+        # Test an example from the Cookbook.
+        records = self.recording.records
+        adapter = StyleAdapter(self.logger)
+        adapter.warning('Hello, {}!', 'world')
+        self.assertEqual(str(records[-1].msg), 'Hello, world!')
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'test_styled_adapter')
+        adapter.log(logging.WARNING, 'Goodbye {}.', 'world')
+        self.assertEqual(str(records[-1].msg), 'Goodbye world.')
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'test_styled_adapter')
+
+    def test_nested_styled_adapter(self):
+        records = self.recording.records
+        adapter = PrefixAdapter(self.logger)
+        adapter.prefix = '{}'
+        adapter2 = StyleAdapter(adapter)
+        adapter2.warning('Hello, {}!', 'world')
+        self.assertEqual(str(records[-1].msg), '{} Hello, world!')
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'test_nested_styled_adapter')
+        adapter2.log(logging.WARNING, 'Goodbye {}.', 'world')
+        self.assertEqual(str(records[-1].msg), '{} Goodbye world.')
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'test_nested_styled_adapter')
+
+    def test_find_caller_with_stacklevel(self):
+        the_level = 1
+        trigger = self.adapter.warning
+
+        def innermost():
+            trigger('test', stacklevel=the_level)
+
+        def inner():
+            innermost()
+
+        def outer():
+            inner()
+
+        records = self.recording.records
+        outer()
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'innermost')
+        lineno = records[-1].lineno
+        the_level += 1
+        outer()
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'inner')
+        self.assertGreater(records[-1].lineno, lineno)
+        lineno = records[-1].lineno
+        the_level += 1
+        outer()
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'outer')
+        self.assertGreater(records[-1].lineno, lineno)
+        lineno = records[-1].lineno
+        the_level += 1
+        outer()
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'test_find_caller_with_stacklevel')
+        self.assertGreater(records[-1].lineno, lineno)
+
+    def test_extra_in_records(self):
+        self.adapter = logging.LoggerAdapter(logger=self.logger,
+                                             extra={'foo': '1'})
+
+        self.adapter.critical('foo should be here')
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.recording.records), 1)
+        record = self.recording.records[0]
+        self.assertTrue(hasattr(record, 'foo'))
+        self.assertEqual(record.foo, '1')
+
+    def test_extra_not_merged_by_default(self):
+        self.adapter.critical('foo should NOT be here', extra={'foo': 'nope'})
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.recording.records), 1)
+        record = self.recording.records[0]
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(record, 'foo'))
+
+
+class PrefixAdapter(logging.LoggerAdapter):
+    prefix = 'Adapter'
+
+    def process(self, msg, kwargs):
+        return f"{self.prefix} {msg}", kwargs
+
+
+class Message:
+    def __init__(self, fmt, args):
+        self.fmt = fmt
+        self.args = args
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.fmt.format(*self.args)
+
+
+class StyleAdapter(logging.LoggerAdapter):
+    def log(self, level, msg, /, *args, stacklevel=1, **kwargs):
+        if self.isEnabledFor(level):
+            msg, kwargs = self.process(msg, kwargs)
+            self.logger.log(level, Message(msg, args), **kwargs,
+                            stacklevel=stacklevel+1)
+
+
+class LoggerTest(BaseTest, AssertErrorMessage):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(LoggerTest, self).setUp()
+        self.recording = RecordingHandler()
+        self.logger = logging.Logger(name='blah')
+        self.logger.addHandler(self.recording)
+        self.addCleanup(self.logger.removeHandler, self.recording)
+        self.addCleanup(self.recording.close)
+        self.addCleanup(logging.shutdown)
+
+    def test_set_invalid_level(self):
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            TypeError, 'Level not an integer or a valid string: None',
+            self.logger.setLevel, None)
+        self.assert_error_message(
+            TypeError, 'Level not an integer or a valid string: (0, 0)',
+            self.logger.setLevel, (0, 0))
+
+    def test_exception(self):
+        msg = 'testing exception: %r'
+        exc = None
+        try:
+            1 / 0
+        except ZeroDivisionError as e:
+            exc = e
+            self.logger.exception(msg, self.recording)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(self.recording.records), 1)
+        record = self.recording.records[0]
+        self.assertEqual(record.levelno, logging.ERROR)
+        self.assertEqual(record.msg, msg)
+        self.assertEqual(record.args, (self.recording,))
+        self.assertEqual(record.exc_info,
+                         (exc.__class__, exc, exc.__traceback__))
+
+    def test_log_invalid_level_with_raise(self):
+        with support.swap_attr(logging, 'raiseExceptions', True):
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.logger.log, '10', 'test message')
+
+    def test_log_invalid_level_no_raise(self):
+        with support.swap_attr(logging, 'raiseExceptions', False):
+            self.logger.log('10', 'test message')  # no exception happens
+
+    def test_find_caller_with_stack_info(self):
+        called = []
+        support.patch(self, logging.traceback, 'print_stack',
+                      lambda f, file: called.append(file.getvalue()))
+
+        self.logger.findCaller(stack_info=True)
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(called), 1)
+        self.assertEqual('Stack (most recent call last):\n', called[0])
+
+    def test_find_caller_with_stacklevel(self):
+        the_level = 1
+        trigger = self.logger.warning
+
+        def innermost():
+            trigger('test', stacklevel=the_level)
+
+        def inner():
+            innermost()
+
+        def outer():
+            inner()
+
+        records = self.recording.records
+        outer()
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'innermost')
+        lineno = records[-1].lineno
+        the_level += 1
+        outer()
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'inner')
+        self.assertGreater(records[-1].lineno, lineno)
+        lineno = records[-1].lineno
+        the_level += 1
+        outer()
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'outer')
+        self.assertGreater(records[-1].lineno, lineno)
+        lineno = records[-1].lineno
+        root_logger = logging.getLogger()
+        root_logger.addHandler(self.recording)
+        trigger = logging.warning
+        outer()
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'outer')
+        root_logger.removeHandler(self.recording)
+        trigger = self.logger.warning
+        the_level += 1
+        outer()
+        self.assertEqual(records[-1].funcName, 'test_find_caller_with_stacklevel')
+        self.assertGreater(records[-1].lineno, lineno)
+
+    def test_make_record_with_extra_overwrite(self):
+        name = 'my record'
+        level = 13
+        fn = lno = msg = args = exc_info = func = sinfo = None
+        rv = logging._logRecordFactory(name, level, fn, lno, msg, args,
+                                       exc_info, func, sinfo)
+
+        for key in ('message', 'asctime') + tuple(rv.__dict__.keys()):
+            extra = {key: 'some value'}
+            self.assertRaises(KeyError, self.logger.makeRecord, name, level,
+                              fn, lno, msg, args, exc_info,
+                              extra=extra, sinfo=sinfo)
+
+    def test_make_record_with_extra_no_overwrite(self):
+        name = 'my record'
+        level = 13
+        fn = lno = msg = args = exc_info = func = sinfo = None
+        extra = {'valid_key': 'some value'}
+        result = self.logger.makeRecord(name, level, fn, lno, msg, args,
+                                        exc_info, extra=extra, sinfo=sinfo)
+        self.assertIn('valid_key', result.__dict__)
+
+    def test_has_handlers(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.logger.hasHandlers())
+
+        for handler in self.logger.handlers:
+            self.logger.removeHandler(handler)
+        self.assertFalse(self.logger.hasHandlers())
+
+    def test_has_handlers_no_propagate(self):
+        child_logger = logging.getLogger('blah.child')
+        child_logger.propagate = False
+        self.assertFalse(child_logger.hasHandlers())
+
+    def test_is_enabled_for(self):
+        old_disable = self.logger.manager.disable
+        self.logger.manager.disable = 23
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, self.logger.manager, 'disable', old_disable)
+        self.assertFalse(self.logger.isEnabledFor(22))
+
+    def test_is_enabled_for_disabled_logger(self):
+        old_disabled = self.logger.disabled
+        old_disable = self.logger.manager.disable
+
+        self.logger.disabled = True
+        self.logger.manager.disable = 21
+
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, self.logger, 'disabled', old_disabled)
+        self.addCleanup(setattr, self.logger.manager, 'disable', old_disable)
+
+        self.assertFalse(self.logger.isEnabledFor(22))
+
+    def test_root_logger_aliases(self):
+        root = logging.getLogger()
+        self.assertIs(root, logging.root)
+        self.assertIs(root, logging.getLogger(None))
+        self.assertIs(root, logging.getLogger(''))
+        self.assertIs(root, logging.getLogger('root'))
+        self.assertIs(root, logging.getLogger('foo').root)
+        self.assertIs(root, logging.getLogger('foo.bar').root)
+        self.assertIs(root, logging.getLogger('foo').parent)
+
+        self.assertIsNot(root, logging.getLogger('\0'))
+        self.assertIsNot(root, logging.getLogger('foo.bar').parent)
+
+    def test_invalid_names(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, logging.getLogger, any)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, logging.getLogger, b'foo')
+
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            for name in ('', 'root', 'foo', 'foo.bar', 'baz.bar'):
+                logger = logging.getLogger(name)
+                s = pickle.dumps(logger, proto)
+                unpickled = pickle.loads(s)
+                self.assertIs(unpickled, logger)
+
+    def test_caching(self):
+        root = self.root_logger
+        logger1 = logging.getLogger("abc")
+        logger2 = logging.getLogger("abc.def")
+
+        # Set root logger level and ensure cache is empty
+        root.setLevel(logging.ERROR)
+        self.assertEqual(logger2.getEffectiveLevel(), logging.ERROR)
+        self.assertEqual(logger2._cache, {})
+
+        # Ensure cache is populated and calls are consistent
+        self.assertTrue(logger2.isEnabledFor(logging.ERROR))
+        self.assertFalse(logger2.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG))
+        self.assertEqual(logger2._cache, {logging.ERROR: True, logging.DEBUG: False})
+        self.assertEqual(root._cache, {})
+        self.assertTrue(logger2.isEnabledFor(logging.ERROR))
+
+        # Ensure root cache gets populated
+        self.assertEqual(root._cache, {})
+        self.assertTrue(root.isEnabledFor(logging.ERROR))
+        self.assertEqual(root._cache, {logging.ERROR: True})
+
+        # Set parent logger level and ensure caches are emptied
+        logger1.setLevel(logging.CRITICAL)
+        self.assertEqual(logger2.getEffectiveLevel(), logging.CRITICAL)
+        self.assertEqual(logger2._cache, {})
+
+        # Ensure logger2 uses parent logger's effective level
+        self.assertFalse(logger2.isEnabledFor(logging.ERROR))
+
+        # Set level to NOTSET and ensure caches are empty
+        logger2.setLevel(logging.NOTSET)
+        self.assertEqual(logger2.getEffectiveLevel(), logging.CRITICAL)
+        self.assertEqual(logger2._cache, {})
+        self.assertEqual(logger1._cache, {})
+        self.assertEqual(root._cache, {})
+
+        # Verify logger2 follows parent and not root
+        self.assertFalse(logger2.isEnabledFor(logging.ERROR))
+        self.assertTrue(logger2.isEnabledFor(logging.CRITICAL))
+        self.assertFalse(logger1.isEnabledFor(logging.ERROR))
+        self.assertTrue(logger1.isEnabledFor(logging.CRITICAL))
+        self.assertTrue(root.isEnabledFor(logging.ERROR))
+
+        # Disable logging in manager and ensure caches are clear
+        logging.disable()
+        self.assertEqual(logger2.getEffectiveLevel(), logging.CRITICAL)
+        self.assertEqual(logger2._cache, {})
+        self.assertEqual(logger1._cache, {})
+        self.assertEqual(root._cache, {})
+
+        # Ensure no loggers are enabled
+        self.assertFalse(logger1.isEnabledFor(logging.CRITICAL))
+        self.assertFalse(logger2.isEnabledFor(logging.CRITICAL))
+        self.assertFalse(root.isEnabledFor(logging.CRITICAL))
+
+
+class BaseFileTest(BaseTest):
+    "Base class for handler tests that write log files"
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        BaseTest.setUp(self)
+        self.fn = make_temp_file(".log", "test_logging-2-")
+        self.rmfiles = []
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        for fn in self.rmfiles:
+            os.unlink(fn)
+        if os.path.exists(self.fn):
+            os.unlink(self.fn)
+        BaseTest.tearDown(self)
+
+    def assertLogFile(self, filename):
+        "Assert a log file is there and register it for deletion"
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(filename),
+                        msg="Log file %r does not exist" % filename)
+        self.rmfiles.append(filename)
+
+    def next_rec(self):
+        return logging.LogRecord('n', logging.DEBUG, 'p', 1,
+                                 self.next_message(), None, None, None)
+
+class FileHandlerTest(BaseFileTest):
+    def test_delay(self):
+        os.unlink(self.fn)
+        fh = logging.FileHandler(self.fn, encoding='utf-8', delay=True)
+        self.assertIsNone(fh.stream)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.fn))
+        fh.handle(logging.makeLogRecord({}))
+        self.assertIsNotNone(fh.stream)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.fn))
+        fh.close()
+
+    def test_emit_after_closing_in_write_mode(self):
+        # Issue #42378
+        os.unlink(self.fn)
+        fh = logging.FileHandler(self.fn, encoding='utf-8', mode='w')
+        fh.setFormatter(logging.Formatter('%(message)s'))
+        fh.emit(self.next_rec())    # '1'
+        fh.close()
+        fh.emit(self.next_rec())    # '2'
+        with open(self.fn) as fp:
+            self.assertEqual(fp.read().strip(), '1')
+
+class RotatingFileHandlerTest(BaseFileTest):
+    def test_should_not_rollover(self):
+        # If file is empty rollover never occurs
+        rh = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", maxBytes=1)
+        self.assertFalse(rh.shouldRollover(None))
+        rh.close()
+
+        # If maxBytes is zero rollover never occurs
+        rh = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", maxBytes=0)
+        self.assertFalse(rh.shouldRollover(None))
+        rh.close()
+
+        with open(self.fn, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write(b'\n')
+        rh = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", maxBytes=0)
+        self.assertFalse(rh.shouldRollover(None))
+        rh.close()
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "WASI does not have /dev/null.")
+    def test_should_not_rollover_non_file(self):
+        # bpo-45401 - test with special file
+        # We set maxBytes to 1 so that rollover would normally happen, except
+        # for the check for regular files
+        rh = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(
+            os.devnull, encoding="utf-8", maxBytes=1)
+        self.assertFalse(rh.shouldRollover(self.next_rec()))
+        rh.close()
+
+    def test_should_rollover(self):
+        with open(self.fn, 'wb') as f:
+            f.write(b'\n')
+        rh = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(self.fn, encoding="utf-8", maxBytes=2)
+        self.assertTrue(rh.shouldRollover(self.next_rec()))
+        rh.close()
+
+    def test_file_created(self):
+        # checks that the file is created and assumes it was created
+        # by us
+        os.unlink(self.fn)
+        rh = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(self.fn, encoding="utf-8")
+        rh.emit(self.next_rec())
+        self.assertLogFile(self.fn)
+        rh.close()
+
+    def test_max_bytes(self, delay=False):
+        kwargs = {'delay': delay} if delay else {}
+        os.unlink(self.fn)
+        rh = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", backupCount=2, maxBytes=100, **kwargs)
+        self.assertIs(os.path.exists(self.fn), not delay)
+        small = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'a'})
+        large = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'b'*100})
+        self.assertFalse(rh.shouldRollover(small))
+        self.assertFalse(rh.shouldRollover(large))
+        rh.emit(small)
+        self.assertLogFile(self.fn)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.fn + ".1"))
+        self.assertFalse(rh.shouldRollover(small))
+        self.assertTrue(rh.shouldRollover(large))
+        rh.emit(large)
+        self.assertTrue(os.path.exists(self.fn))
+        self.assertLogFile(self.fn + ".1")
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(self.fn + ".2"))
+        self.assertTrue(rh.shouldRollover(small))
+        self.assertTrue(rh.shouldRollover(large))
+        rh.close()
+
+    def test_max_bytes_delay(self):
+        self.test_max_bytes(delay=True)
+
+    def test_rollover_filenames(self):
+        def namer(name):
+            return name + ".test"
+        rh = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", backupCount=2, maxBytes=1)
+        rh.namer = namer
+        rh.emit(self.next_rec())
+        self.assertLogFile(self.fn)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(namer(self.fn + ".1")))
+        rh.emit(self.next_rec())
+        self.assertLogFile(namer(self.fn + ".1"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(namer(self.fn + ".2")))
+        rh.emit(self.next_rec())
+        self.assertLogFile(namer(self.fn + ".2"))
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(namer(self.fn + ".3")))
+        rh.emit(self.next_rec())
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(namer(self.fn + ".3")))
+        rh.close()
+
+    def test_namer_rotator_inheritance(self):
+        class HandlerWithNamerAndRotator(logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler):
+            def namer(self, name):
+                return name + ".test"
+
+            def rotator(self, source, dest):
+                if os.path.exists(source):
+                    os.replace(source, dest + ".rotated")
+
+        rh = HandlerWithNamerAndRotator(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", backupCount=2, maxBytes=1)
+        self.assertEqual(rh.namer(self.fn), self.fn + ".test")
+        rh.emit(self.next_rec())
+        self.assertLogFile(self.fn)
+        rh.emit(self.next_rec())
+        self.assertLogFile(rh.namer(self.fn + ".1") + ".rotated")
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(rh.namer(self.fn + ".1")))
+        rh.close()
+
+    @support.requires_zlib()
+    def test_rotator(self):
+        def namer(name):
+            return name + ".gz"
+
+        def rotator(source, dest):
+            with open(source, "rb") as sf:
+                data = sf.read()
+                compressed = zlib.compress(data, 9)
+                with open(dest, "wb") as df:
+                    df.write(compressed)
+            os.remove(source)
+
+        rh = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", backupCount=2, maxBytes=1)
+        rh.rotator = rotator
+        rh.namer = namer
+        m1 = self.next_rec()
+        rh.emit(m1)
+        self.assertLogFile(self.fn)
+        m2 = self.next_rec()
+        rh.emit(m2)
+        fn = namer(self.fn + ".1")
+        self.assertLogFile(fn)
+        newline = os.linesep
+        with open(fn, "rb") as f:
+            compressed = f.read()
+            data = zlib.decompress(compressed)
+            self.assertEqual(data.decode("ascii"), m1.msg + newline)
+        rh.emit(self.next_rec())
+        fn = namer(self.fn + ".2")
+        self.assertLogFile(fn)
+        with open(fn, "rb") as f:
+            compressed = f.read()
+            data = zlib.decompress(compressed)
+            self.assertEqual(data.decode("ascii"), m1.msg + newline)
+        rh.emit(self.next_rec())
+        fn = namer(self.fn + ".2")
+        with open(fn, "rb") as f:
+            compressed = f.read()
+            data = zlib.decompress(compressed)
+            self.assertEqual(data.decode("ascii"), m2.msg + newline)
+        self.assertFalse(os.path.exists(namer(self.fn + ".3")))
+        rh.close()
+
+class TimedRotatingFileHandlerTest(BaseFileTest):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.skip("OS dependent bug")
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "WASI does not have /dev/null.")
+    def test_should_not_rollover(self):
+        # See bpo-45401. Should only ever rollover regular files
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            os.devnull, 'S', encoding="utf-8", backupCount=1)
+        time.sleep(1.1)    # a little over a second ...
+        r = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'testing - device file'})
+        self.assertFalse(fh.shouldRollover(r))
+        fh.close()
+
+    # other test methods added below
+    def test_rollover(self):
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, 'S', encoding="utf-8", backupCount=1)
+        fmt = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(message)s')
+        fh.setFormatter(fmt)
+        r1 = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'testing - initial'})
+        fh.emit(r1)
+        self.assertLogFile(self.fn)
+        time.sleep(1.1)    # a little over a second ...
+        r2 = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'testing - after delay'})
+        fh.emit(r2)
+        fh.close()
+        # At this point, we should have a recent rotated file which we
+        # can test for the existence of. However, in practice, on some
+        # machines which run really slowly, we don't know how far back
+        # in time to go to look for the log file. So, we go back a fair
+        # bit, and stop as soon as we see a rotated file. In theory this
+        # could of course still fail, but the chances are lower.
+        found = False
+        now = datetime.datetime.now()
+        GO_BACK = 5 * 60 # seconds
+        for secs in range(GO_BACK):
+            prev = now - datetime.timedelta(seconds=secs)
+            fn = self.fn + prev.strftime(".%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S")
+            found = os.path.exists(fn)
+            if found:
+                self.rmfiles.append(fn)
+                break
+        msg = 'No rotated files found, went back %d seconds' % GO_BACK
+        if not found:
+            # print additional diagnostics
+            dn, fn = os.path.split(self.fn)
+            files = [f for f in os.listdir(dn) if f.startswith(fn)]
+            print('Test time: %s' % now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H-%M-%S"), file=sys.stderr)
+            print('The only matching files are: %s' % files, file=sys.stderr)
+            for f in files:
+                print('Contents of %s:' % f)
+                path = os.path.join(dn, f)
+                with open(path, 'r') as tf:
+                    print(tf.read())
+        self.assertTrue(found, msg=msg)
+
+    # TODO: RustPython
+    @unittest.skip("OS dependent bug")
+    def test_rollover_at_midnight(self, weekly=False):
+        os_helper.unlink(self.fn)
+        now = datetime.datetime.now()
+        atTime = now.time()
+        if not 0.1 < atTime.microsecond/1e6 < 0.9:
+            # The test requires all records to be emitted within
+            # the range of the same whole second.
+            time.sleep((0.1 - atTime.microsecond/1e6) % 1.0)
+            now = datetime.datetime.now()
+            atTime = now.time()
+        atTime = atTime.replace(microsecond=0)
+        fmt = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s %(message)s')
+        when = f'W{now.weekday()}' if weekly else 'MIDNIGHT'
+        for i in range(3):
+            fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+                self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when=when, atTime=atTime)
+            fh.setFormatter(fmt)
+            r2 = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': f'testing1 {i}'})
+            fh.emit(r2)
+            fh.close()
+        self.assertLogFile(self.fn)
+        with open(self.fn, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            for i, line in enumerate(f):
+                self.assertIn(f'testing1 {i}', line)
+
+        os.utime(self.fn, (now.timestamp() - 1,)*2)
+        for i in range(2):
+            fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+                self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when=when, atTime=atTime)
+            fh.setFormatter(fmt)
+            r2 = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': f'testing2 {i}'})
+            fh.emit(r2)
+            fh.close()
+        rolloverDate = now - datetime.timedelta(days=7 if weekly else 1)
+        otherfn = f'{self.fn}.{rolloverDate:%Y-%m-%d}'
+        self.assertLogFile(otherfn)
+        with open(self.fn, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            for i, line in enumerate(f):
+                self.assertIn(f'testing2 {i}', line)
+        with open(otherfn, encoding="utf-8") as f:
+            for i, line in enumerate(f):
+                self.assertIn(f'testing1 {i}', line)
+
+    # TODO: RustPython
+    @unittest.skip("OS dependent bug")
+    def test_rollover_at_weekday(self):
+        self.test_rollover_at_midnight(weekly=True)
+
+    def test_invalid(self):
+        assertRaises = self.assertRaises
+        assertRaises(ValueError, logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler,
+                     self.fn, 'X', encoding="utf-8", delay=True)
+        assertRaises(ValueError, logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler,
+                     self.fn, 'W', encoding="utf-8", delay=True)
+        assertRaises(ValueError, logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler,
+                     self.fn, 'W7', encoding="utf-8", delay=True)
+
+    # TODO: Test for utc=False.
+    def test_compute_rollover_daily_attime(self):
+        currentTime = 0
+        rh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='MIDNIGHT',
+            utc=True, atTime=None)
+        try:
+            actual = rh.computeRollover(currentTime)
+            self.assertEqual(actual, currentTime + 24 * 60 * 60)
+
+            actual = rh.computeRollover(currentTime + 24 * 60 * 60 - 1)
+            self.assertEqual(actual, currentTime + 24 * 60 * 60)
+
+            actual = rh.computeRollover(currentTime + 24 * 60 * 60)
+            self.assertEqual(actual, currentTime + 48 * 60 * 60)
+
+            actual = rh.computeRollover(currentTime + 25 * 60 * 60)
+            self.assertEqual(actual, currentTime + 48 * 60 * 60)
+        finally:
+            rh.close()
+
+        atTime = datetime.time(12, 0, 0)
+        rh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='MIDNIGHT',
+            utc=True, atTime=atTime)
+        try:
+            actual = rh.computeRollover(currentTime)
+            self.assertEqual(actual, currentTime + 12 * 60 * 60)
+
+            actual = rh.computeRollover(currentTime + 12 * 60 * 60 - 1)
+            self.assertEqual(actual, currentTime + 12 * 60 * 60)
+
+            actual = rh.computeRollover(currentTime + 12 * 60 * 60)
+            self.assertEqual(actual, currentTime + 36 * 60 * 60)
+
+            actual = rh.computeRollover(currentTime + 13 * 60 * 60)
+            self.assertEqual(actual, currentTime + 36 * 60 * 60)
+        finally:
+            rh.close()
+
+    # TODO: Test for utc=False.
+    def test_compute_rollover_weekly_attime(self):
+        currentTime = int(time.time())
+        today = currentTime - currentTime % 86400
+
+        atTime = datetime.time(12, 0, 0)
+
+        wday = time.gmtime(today).tm_wday
+        for day in range(7):
+            rh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+                self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='W%d' % day, interval=1, backupCount=0,
+                utc=True, atTime=atTime)
+            try:
+                if wday > day:
+                    # The rollover day has already passed this week, so we
+                    # go over into next week
+                    expected = (7 - wday + day)
+                else:
+                    expected = (day - wday)
+                # At this point expected is in days from now, convert to seconds
+                expected *= 24 * 60 * 60
+                # Add in the rollover time
+                expected += 12 * 60 * 60
+                # Add in adjustment for today
+                expected += today
+
+                actual = rh.computeRollover(today)
+                if actual != expected:
+                    print('failed in timezone: %d' % time.timezone)
+                    print('local vars: %s' % locals())
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+                actual = rh.computeRollover(today + 12 * 60 * 60 - 1)
+                if actual != expected:
+                    print('failed in timezone: %d' % time.timezone)
+                    print('local vars: %s' % locals())
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+                if day == wday:
+                    # goes into following week
+                    expected += 7 * 24 * 60 * 60
+                actual = rh.computeRollover(today + 12 * 60 * 60)
+                if actual != expected:
+                    print('failed in timezone: %d' % time.timezone)
+                    print('local vars: %s' % locals())
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+                actual = rh.computeRollover(today + 13 * 60 * 60)
+                if actual != expected:
+                    print('failed in timezone: %d' % time.timezone)
+                    print('local vars: %s' % locals())
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+            finally:
+                rh.close()
+
+    def test_compute_files_to_delete(self):
+        # See bpo-46063 for background
+        wd = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='test_logging_')
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, wd)
+        times = []
+        dt = datetime.datetime.now()
+        for i in range(10):
+            times.append(dt.strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S'))
+            dt += datetime.timedelta(seconds=5)
+        prefixes = ('a.b', 'a.b.c', 'd.e', 'd.e.f', 'g')
+        files = []
+        rotators = []
+        for prefix in prefixes:
+            p = os.path.join(wd, '%s.log' % prefix)
+            rotator = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(p, when='s',
+                                                                interval=5,
+                                                                backupCount=7,
+                                                                delay=True)
+            rotators.append(rotator)
+            if prefix.startswith('a.b'):
+                for t in times:
+                    files.append('%s.log.%s' % (prefix, t))
+            elif prefix.startswith('d.e'):
+                def namer(filename):
+                    dirname, basename = os.path.split(filename)
+                    basename = basename.replace('.log', '') + '.log'
+                    return os.path.join(dirname, basename)
+                rotator.namer = namer
+                for t in times:
+                    files.append('%s.%s.log' % (prefix, t))
+            elif prefix == 'g':
+                def namer(filename):
+                    dirname, basename = os.path.split(filename)
+                    basename = 'g' + basename[6:] + '.oldlog'
+                    return os.path.join(dirname, basename)
+                rotator.namer = namer
+                for t in times:
+                    files.append('g%s.oldlog' % t)
+        # Create empty files
+        for fn in files:
+            p = os.path.join(wd, fn)
+            with open(p, 'wb') as f:
+                pass
+        # Now the checks that only the correct files are offered up for deletion
+        for i, prefix in enumerate(prefixes):
+            rotator = rotators[i]
+            candidates = rotator.getFilesToDelete()
+            self.assertEqual(len(candidates), 3, candidates)
+            if prefix.startswith('a.b'):
+                p = '%s.log.' % prefix
+                for c in candidates:
+                    d, fn = os.path.split(c)
+                    self.assertTrue(fn.startswith(p))
+            elif prefix.startswith('d.e'):
+                for c in candidates:
+                    d, fn = os.path.split(c)
+                    self.assertTrue(fn.endswith('.log'), fn)
+                    self.assertTrue(fn.startswith(prefix + '.') and
+                                    fn[len(prefix) + 2].isdigit())
+            elif prefix == 'g':
+                for c in candidates:
+                    d, fn = os.path.split(c)
+                    self.assertTrue(fn.endswith('.oldlog'))
+                    self.assertTrue(fn.startswith('g') and fn[1].isdigit())
+
+    def test_compute_files_to_delete_same_filename_different_extensions(self):
+        # See GH-93205 for background
+        wd = pathlib.Path(tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='test_logging_'))
+        self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, wd)
+        times = []
+        dt = datetime.datetime.now()
+        n_files = 10
+        for _ in range(n_files):
+            times.append(dt.strftime('%Y-%m-%d_%H-%M-%S'))
+            dt += datetime.timedelta(seconds=5)
+        prefixes = ('a.log', 'a.log.b')
+        files = []
+        rotators = []
+        for i, prefix in enumerate(prefixes):
+            backupCount = i+1
+            rotator = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(wd / prefix, when='s',
+                                                                interval=5,
+                                                                backupCount=backupCount,
+                                                                delay=True)
+            rotators.append(rotator)
+            for t in times:
+                files.append('%s.%s' % (prefix, t))
+        for t in times:
+            files.append('a.log.%s.c' % t)
+        # Create empty files
+        for f in files:
+            (wd / f).touch()
+        # Now the checks that only the correct files are offered up for deletion
+        for i, prefix in enumerate(prefixes):
+            backupCount = i+1
+            rotator = rotators[i]
+            candidates = rotator.getFilesToDelete()
+            self.assertEqual(len(candidates), n_files - backupCount, candidates)
+            matcher = re.compile(r"^\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2}_\d{2}-\d{2}-\d{2}\Z")
+            for c in candidates:
+                d, fn = os.path.split(c)
+                self.assertTrue(fn.startswith(prefix+'.'))
+                suffix = fn[(len(prefix)+1):]
+                self.assertRegex(suffix, matcher)
+
+    # Run with US-style DST rules: DST begins 2 a.m. on second Sunday in
+    # March (M3.2.0) and ends 2 a.m. on first Sunday in November (M11.1.0).
+    @support.run_with_tz('EST+05EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0')
+    def test_compute_rollover_MIDNIGHT_local(self):
+        # DST begins at 2012-3-11T02:00:00 and ends at 2012-11-4T02:00:00.
+        DT = datetime.datetime
+        def test(current, expected):
+            actual = fh.computeRollover(current.timestamp())
+            diff = actual - expected.timestamp()
+            if diff:
+                self.assertEqual(diff, 0, datetime.timedelta(seconds=diff))
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='MIDNIGHT', utc=False)
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 11, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 0, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 4, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 0, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 0, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='MIDNIGHT', utc=False,
+            atTime=datetime.time(12, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 10, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 12, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 13, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 12, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 3, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 12, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 13, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 12, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='MIDNIGHT', utc=False,
+            atTime=datetime.time(2, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 10, 2, 0))
+        # 2:00:00 is the same as 3:00:00 at 2012-3-11.
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 2, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 3, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0))
+        # No time between 2:00:00 and 3:00:00 at 2012-3-11.
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 4, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 2, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 3, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 2, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 3, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0))
+
+        # 1:00:00-2:00:00 is repeated twice at 2012-11-4.
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 59, 59, fold=1), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 3, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 2, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='MIDNIGHT', utc=False,
+            atTime=datetime.time(2, 30, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 2, 29, 59), DT(2012, 3, 10, 2, 30))
+        # No time 2:30:00 at 2012-3-11.
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 2, 30), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 3, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 30))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 30))
+        # No time between 2:00:00 and 3:00:00 at 2012-3-11.
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 2, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 30), DT(2012, 3, 12, 2, 30))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 2, 29, 59), DT(2012, 11, 3, 2, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 2, 30), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 3, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 30))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='MIDNIGHT', utc=False,
+            atTime=datetime.time(1, 30, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 29, 59), DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 30), DT(2012, 3, 12, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 12, 1, 30))
+        # No time between 2:00:00 and 3:00:00 at 2012-3-11.
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 30), DT(2012, 3, 12, 1, 30))
+
+        # 1:00:00-2:00:00 is repeated twice at 2012-11-4.
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 29, 59), DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30), DT(2012, 11, 5, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 5, 1, 30))
+        # It is weird, but the rollover date jumps back from 2012-11-5
+        # to 2012-11-4.
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 0, fold=1), DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30, fold=1))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 29, 59, fold=1), DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30, fold=1))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30, fold=1), DT(2012, 11, 5, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 59, 59, fold=1), DT(2012, 11, 5, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 30), DT(2012, 11, 5, 1, 30))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+    # Run with US-style DST rules: DST begins 2 a.m. on second Sunday in
+    # March (M3.2.0) and ends 2 a.m. on first Sunday in November (M11.1.0).
+    @support.run_with_tz('EST+05EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0')
+    def test_compute_rollover_W6_local(self):
+        # DST begins at 2012-3-11T02:00:00 and ends at 2012-11-4T02:00:00.
+        DT = datetime.datetime
+        def test(current, expected):
+            actual = fh.computeRollover(current.timestamp())
+            diff = actual - expected.timestamp()
+            if diff:
+                self.assertEqual(diff, 0, datetime.timedelta(seconds=diff))
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='W6', utc=False)
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 5, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 5, 0, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 5, 1, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 10, 29, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 29, 0, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 29, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 0, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='W6', utc=False,
+            atTime=datetime.time(0, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 11, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 0, 0), DT(2012, 3, 18, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 0), DT(2012, 3, 18, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 4, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 0, 0), DT(2012, 11, 11, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 11, 0, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='W6', utc=False,
+            atTime=datetime.time(12, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 4, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 12, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 13, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 12, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 10, 28, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 12, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 13, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 12, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='W6', utc=False,
+            atTime=datetime.time(2, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 4, 2, 0))
+        # 2:00:00 is the same as 3:00:00 at 2012-3-11.
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 2, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 3, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0))
+        # No time between 2:00:00 and 3:00:00 at 2012-3-11.
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0), DT(2012, 3, 18, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 4, 0), DT(2012, 3, 18, 2, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 10, 28, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 2, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 3, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0))
+
+        # 1:00:00-2:00:00 is repeated twice at 2012-11-4.
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 59, 59, fold=1), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0), DT(2012, 11, 11, 2, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 3, 0), DT(2012, 11, 11, 2, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='W6', utc=False,
+            atTime=datetime.time(2, 30, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 2, 29, 59), DT(2012, 3, 4, 2, 30))
+        # No time 2:30:00 at 2012-3-11.
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 2, 30), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 3, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 30))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 30))
+        # No time between 2:00:00 and 3:00:00 at 2012-3-11.
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0), DT(2012, 3, 18, 2, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 30), DT(2012, 3, 18, 2, 30))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 2, 29, 59), DT(2012, 10, 28, 2, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 2, 30), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 3, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 30))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='W6', utc=False,
+            atTime=datetime.time(1, 30, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 29, 59), DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 30), DT(2012, 3, 18, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 18, 1, 30))
+        # No time between 2:00:00 and 3:00:00 at 2012-3-11.
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 0), DT(2012, 3, 18, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 3, 30), DT(2012, 3, 18, 1, 30))
+
+        # 1:00:00-2:00:00 is repeated twice at 2012-11-4.
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 29, 59), DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30), DT(2012, 11, 11, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 11, 1, 30))
+        # It is weird, but the rollover date jumps back from 2012-11-11
+        # to 2012-11-4.
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 0, fold=1), DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30, fold=1))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 29, 59, fold=1), DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30, fold=1))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 30, fold=1), DT(2012, 11, 11, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 59, 59, fold=1), DT(2012, 11, 11, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 0), DT(2012, 11, 11, 1, 30))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 2, 30), DT(2012, 11, 11, 1, 30))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+    # Run with US-style DST rules: DST begins 2 a.m. on second Sunday in
+    # March (M3.2.0) and ends 2 a.m. on first Sunday in November (M11.1.0).
+    @support.run_with_tz('EST+05EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0')
+    def test_compute_rollover_MIDNIGHT_local_interval(self):
+        # DST begins at 2012-3-11T02:00:00 and ends at 2012-11-4T02:00:00.
+        DT = datetime.datetime
+        def test(current, expected):
+            actual = fh.computeRollover(current.timestamp())
+            diff = actual - expected.timestamp()
+            if diff:
+                self.assertEqual(diff, 0, datetime.timedelta(seconds=diff))
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='MIDNIGHT', utc=False, interval=3)
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 8, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 11, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 9, 0, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 9, 1, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 13, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 0, 0), DT(2012, 3, 14, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 0), DT(2012, 3, 14, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 1, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 4, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 2, 0, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 2, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 6, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 0, 0), DT(2012, 11, 7, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 7, 0, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='MIDNIGHT', utc=False, interval=3,
+            atTime=datetime.time(12, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 8, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 10, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 8, 12, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 8, 13, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 12, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 12, 0), DT(2012, 3, 13, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 13, 0), DT(2012, 3, 13, 12, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 1, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 3, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 1, 12, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 1, 13, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 5, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 12, 0), DT(2012, 11, 6, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 13, 0), DT(2012, 11, 6, 12, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+    # Run with US-style DST rules: DST begins 2 a.m. on second Sunday in
+    # March (M3.2.0) and ends 2 a.m. on first Sunday in November (M11.1.0).
+    @support.run_with_tz('EST+05EDT,M3.2.0,M11.1.0')
+    def test_compute_rollover_W6_local_interval(self):
+        # DST begins at 2012-3-11T02:00:00 and ends at 2012-11-4T02:00:00.
+        DT = datetime.datetime
+        def test(current, expected):
+            actual = fh.computeRollover(current.timestamp())
+            diff = actual - expected.timestamp()
+            if diff:
+                self.assertEqual(diff, 0, datetime.timedelta(seconds=diff))
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='W6', utc=False, interval=3)
+
+        test(DT(2012, 2, 19, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 5, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 2, 20, 0, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 2, 20, 1, 0), DT(2012, 3, 12, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 19, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 5, 0, 0), DT(2012, 3, 26, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 5, 1, 0), DT(2012, 3, 26, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 14, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 10, 29, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 15, 0, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 15, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 5, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 12, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 29, 0, 0), DT(2012, 11, 19, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 29, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 19, 0, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='W6', utc=False, interval=3,
+            atTime=datetime.time(0, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 2, 25, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 11, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 2, 26, 0, 0), DT(2012, 3, 18, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 2, 26, 1, 0), DT(2012, 3, 18, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 10, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 25, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 0, 0), DT(2012, 4, 1, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 11, 1, 0), DT(2012, 4, 1, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 20, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 4, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 21, 0, 0), DT(2012, 11, 11, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 21, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 11, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 3, 23, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 18, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 0, 0), DT(2012, 11, 25, 0, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 11, 4, 1, 0), DT(2012, 11, 25, 0, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+        fh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+            self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when='W6', utc=False, interval=3,
+            atTime=datetime.time(12, 0, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 2, 18, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 4, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 2, 19, 12, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 2, 19, 13, 0), DT(2012, 3, 11, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 3, 18, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 12, 0), DT(2012, 3, 25, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 3, 4, 13, 0), DT(2012, 3, 25, 12, 0))
+
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 14, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 10, 28, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 14, 12, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 14, 13, 0), DT(2012, 11, 4, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 11, 59, 59), DT(2012, 11, 11, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 12, 0), DT(2012, 11, 18, 12, 0))
+        test(DT(2012, 10, 28, 13, 0), DT(2012, 11, 18, 12, 0))
+
+        fh.close()
+
+
+def secs(**kw):
+    return datetime.timedelta(**kw) // datetime.timedelta(seconds=1)
+
+for when, exp in (('S', 1),
+                  ('M', 60),
+                  ('H', 60 * 60),
+                  ('D', 60 * 60 * 24),
+                  ('MIDNIGHT', 60 * 60 * 24),
+                  # current time (epoch start) is a Thursday, W0 means Monday
+                  ('W0', secs(days=4, hours=24)),
+                  ):
+    for interval in 1, 3:
+        def test_compute_rollover(self, when=when, interval=interval, exp=exp):
+            rh = logging.handlers.TimedRotatingFileHandler(
+                self.fn, encoding="utf-8", when=when, interval=interval, backupCount=0, utc=True)
+            currentTime = 0.0
+            actual = rh.computeRollover(currentTime)
+            if when.startswith('W'):
+                exp += secs(days=7*(interval-1))
+            else:
+                exp *= interval
+            if exp != actual:
+                # Failures occur on some systems for MIDNIGHT and W0.
+                # Print detailed calculation for MIDNIGHT so we can try to see
+                # what's going on
+                if when == 'MIDNIGHT':
+                    try:
+                        if rh.utc:
+                            t = time.gmtime(currentTime)
+                        else:
+                            t = time.localtime(currentTime)
+                        currentHour = t[3]
+                        currentMinute = t[4]
+                        currentSecond = t[5]
+                        # r is the number of seconds left between now and midnight
+                        r = logging.handlers._MIDNIGHT - ((currentHour * 60 +
+                                                           currentMinute) * 60 +
+                                                          currentSecond)
+                        result = currentTime + r
+                        print('t: %s (%s)' % (t, rh.utc), file=sys.stderr)
+                        print('currentHour: %s' % currentHour, file=sys.stderr)
+                        print('currentMinute: %s' % currentMinute, file=sys.stderr)
+                        print('currentSecond: %s' % currentSecond, file=sys.stderr)
+                        print('r: %s' % r, file=sys.stderr)
+                        print('result: %s' % result, file=sys.stderr)
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        print('exception in diagnostic code: %s' % e, file=sys.stderr)
+            self.assertEqual(exp, actual)
+            rh.close()
+        name = "test_compute_rollover_%s" % when
+        if interval > 1:
+            name += "_interval"
+        test_compute_rollover.__name__ = name
+        setattr(TimedRotatingFileHandlerTest, name, test_compute_rollover)
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(win32evtlog, 'win32evtlog/win32evtlogutil/pywintypes required for this test.')
+class NTEventLogHandlerTest(BaseTest):
+    def test_basic(self):
+        logtype = 'Application'
+        elh = win32evtlog.OpenEventLog(None, logtype)
+        num_recs = win32evtlog.GetNumberOfEventLogRecords(elh)
+
+        try:
+            h = logging.handlers.NTEventLogHandler('test_logging')
+        except pywintypes.error as e:
+            if e.winerror == 5:  # access denied
+                raise unittest.SkipTest('Insufficient privileges to run test')
+            raise
+
+        r = logging.makeLogRecord({'msg': 'Test Log Message'})
+        h.handle(r)
+        h.close()
+        # Now see if the event is recorded
+        self.assertLess(num_recs, win32evtlog.GetNumberOfEventLogRecords(elh))
+        flags = win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_BACKWARDS_READ | \
+                win32evtlog.EVENTLOG_SEQUENTIAL_READ
+        found = False
+        GO_BACK = 100
+        events = win32evtlog.ReadEventLog(elh, flags, GO_BACK)
+        for e in events:
+            if e.SourceName != 'test_logging':
+                continue
+            msg = win32evtlogutil.SafeFormatMessage(e, logtype)
+            if msg != 'Test Log Message\r\n':
+                continue
+            found = True
+            break
+        msg = 'Record not found in event log, went back %d records' % GO_BACK
+        self.assertTrue(found, msg=msg)
+
+
+class MiscTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test__all__(self):
+        not_exported = {
+            'logThreads', 'logMultiprocessing', 'logProcesses', 'currentframe',
+            'PercentStyle', 'StrFormatStyle', 'StringTemplateStyle',
+            'Filterer', 'PlaceHolder', 'Manager', 'RootLogger', 'root',
+            'threading', 'logAsyncioTasks'}
+        support.check__all__(self, logging, not_exported=not_exported)
+
+
+# Set the locale to the platform-dependent default.  I have no idea
+# why the test does this, but in any case we save the current locale
+# first and restore it at the end.
+def setUpModule():
+    unittest.enterModuleContext(support.run_with_locale('LC_ALL', ''))
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_smtplib.py b/Lib/test/test_smtplib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a36d7bbe2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_smtplib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1568 @@
+import base64
+import email.mime.text
+from email.message import EmailMessage
+from email.base64mime import body_encode as encode_base64
+import email.utils
+import hashlib
+import hmac
+import socket
+import smtplib
+import io
+import re
+import sys
+import time
+import select
+import errno
+import textwrap
+import threading
+
+import unittest
+from test import support, mock_socket
+from test.support import hashlib_helper
+from test.support import socket_helper
+from test.support import threading_helper
+from test.support import asyncore
+from test.support import smtpd
+from unittest.mock import Mock
+
+
+support.requires_working_socket(module=True)
+
+HOST = socket_helper.HOST
+
+if sys.platform == 'darwin':
+    # select.poll returns a select.POLLHUP at the end of the tests
+    # on darwin, so just ignore it
+    def handle_expt(self):
+        pass
+    smtpd.SMTPChannel.handle_expt = handle_expt
+
+
+def server(evt, buf, serv):
+    serv.listen()
+    evt.set()
+    try:
+        conn, addr = serv.accept()
+    except TimeoutError:
+        pass
+    else:
+        n = 500
+        while buf and n > 0:
+            r, w, e = select.select([], [conn], [])
+            if w:
+                sent = conn.send(buf)
+                buf = buf[sent:]
+
+            n -= 1
+
+        conn.close()
+    finally:
+        serv.close()
+        evt.set()
+
+class GeneralTests:
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        smtplib.socket = mock_socket
+        self.port = 25
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        smtplib.socket = socket
+
+    # This method is no longer used but is retained for backward compatibility,
+    # so test to make sure it still works.
+    def testQuoteData(self):
+        teststr  = "abc\n.jkl\rfoo\r\n..blue"
+        expected = "abc\r\n..jkl\r\nfoo\r\n...blue"
+        self.assertEqual(expected, smtplib.quotedata(teststr))
+
+    def testBasic1(self):
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hola mundo")
+        # connects
+        client = self.client(HOST, self.port)
+        client.close()
+
+    def testSourceAddress(self):
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hola mundo")
+        # connects
+        client = self.client(HOST, self.port,
+                             source_address=('127.0.0.1',19876))
+        self.assertEqual(client.source_address, ('127.0.0.1', 19876))
+        client.close()
+
+    def testBasic2(self):
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hola mundo")
+        # connects, include port in host name
+        client = self.client("%s:%s" % (HOST, self.port))
+        client.close()
+
+    def testLocalHostName(self):
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hola mundo")
+        # check that supplied local_hostname is used
+        client = self.client(HOST, self.port, local_hostname="testhost")
+        self.assertEqual(client.local_hostname, "testhost")
+        client.close()
+
+    def testTimeoutDefault(self):
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hola mundo")
+        self.assertIsNone(mock_socket.getdefaulttimeout())
+        mock_socket.setdefaulttimeout(30)
+        self.assertEqual(mock_socket.getdefaulttimeout(), 30)
+        try:
+            client = self.client(HOST, self.port)
+        finally:
+            mock_socket.setdefaulttimeout(None)
+        self.assertEqual(client.sock.gettimeout(), 30)
+        client.close()
+
+    def testTimeoutNone(self):
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hola mundo")
+        self.assertIsNone(socket.getdefaulttimeout())
+        socket.setdefaulttimeout(30)
+        try:
+            client = self.client(HOST, self.port, timeout=None)
+        finally:
+            socket.setdefaulttimeout(None)
+        self.assertIsNone(client.sock.gettimeout())
+        client.close()
+
+    def testTimeoutZero(self):
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hola mundo")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            self.client(HOST, self.port, timeout=0)
+
+    def testTimeoutValue(self):
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hola mundo")
+        client = self.client(HOST, self.port, timeout=30)
+        self.assertEqual(client.sock.gettimeout(), 30)
+        client.close()
+
+    def test_debuglevel(self):
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hello world")
+        client = self.client()
+        client.set_debuglevel(1)
+        with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+            client.connect(HOST, self.port)
+        client.close()
+        expected = re.compile(r"^connect:", re.MULTILINE)
+        self.assertRegex(stderr.getvalue(), expected)
+
+    def test_debuglevel_2(self):
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hello world")
+        client = self.client()
+        client.set_debuglevel(2)
+        with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+            client.connect(HOST, self.port)
+        client.close()
+        expected = re.compile(r"^\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}\.\d{6} connect: ",
+                              re.MULTILINE)
+        self.assertRegex(stderr.getvalue(), expected)
+
+
+class SMTPGeneralTests(GeneralTests, unittest.TestCase):
+
+    client = smtplib.SMTP
+
+
+class LMTPGeneralTests(GeneralTests, unittest.TestCase):
+
+    client = smtplib.LMTP
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX'), "test requires Unix domain socket")
+    def testUnixDomainSocketTimeoutDefault(self):
+        local_host = '/some/local/lmtp/delivery/program'
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"220 Hello world")
+        try:
+            client = self.client(local_host, self.port)
+        finally:
+            mock_socket.setdefaulttimeout(None)
+        self.assertIsNone(client.sock.gettimeout())
+        client.close()
+
+    def testTimeoutZero(self):
+        super().testTimeoutZero()
+        local_host = '/some/local/lmtp/delivery/program'
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            self.client(local_host, timeout=0)
+
+# Test server thread using the specified SMTP server class
+def debugging_server(serv, serv_evt, client_evt):
+    serv_evt.set()
+
+    try:
+        if hasattr(select, 'poll'):
+            poll_fun = asyncore.poll2
+        else:
+            poll_fun = asyncore.poll
+
+        n = 1000
+        while asyncore.socket_map and n > 0:
+            poll_fun(0.01, asyncore.socket_map)
+
+            # when the client conversation is finished, it will
+            # set client_evt, and it's then ok to kill the server
+            if client_evt.is_set():
+                serv.close()
+                break
+
+            n -= 1
+
+    except TimeoutError:
+        pass
+    finally:
+        if not client_evt.is_set():
+            # allow some time for the client to read the result
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+            serv.close()
+        asyncore.close_all()
+        serv_evt.set()
+
+MSG_BEGIN = '---------- MESSAGE FOLLOWS ----------\n'
+MSG_END = '------------ END MESSAGE ------------\n'
+
+# NOTE: Some SMTP objects in the tests below are created with a non-default
+# local_hostname argument to the constructor, since (on some systems) the FQDN
+# lookup caused by the default local_hostname sometimes takes so long that the
+# test server times out, causing the test to fail.
+
+# Test behavior of smtpd.DebuggingServer
+class DebuggingServerTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    maxDiff = None
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.thread_key = threading_helper.threading_setup()
+        self.real_getfqdn = socket.getfqdn
+        socket.getfqdn = mock_socket.getfqdn
+        # temporarily replace sys.stdout to capture DebuggingServer output
+        self.old_stdout = sys.stdout
+        self.output = io.StringIO()
+        sys.stdout = self.output
+
+        self.serv_evt = threading.Event()
+        self.client_evt = threading.Event()
+        # Capture SMTPChannel debug output
+        self.old_DEBUGSTREAM = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM
+        smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = io.StringIO()
+        # Pick a random unused port by passing 0 for the port number
+        self.serv = smtpd.DebuggingServer((HOST, 0), ('nowhere', -1),
+                                          decode_data=True)
+        # Keep a note of what server host and port were assigned
+        self.host, self.port = self.serv.socket.getsockname()[:2]
+        serv_args = (self.serv, self.serv_evt, self.client_evt)
+        self.thread = threading.Thread(target=debugging_server, args=serv_args)
+        self.thread.start()
+
+        # wait until server thread has assigned a port number
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.serv_evt.clear()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        socket.getfqdn = self.real_getfqdn
+        # indicate that the client is finished
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        # wait for the server thread to terminate
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        threading_helper.join_thread(self.thread)
+        # restore sys.stdout
+        sys.stdout = self.old_stdout
+        # restore DEBUGSTREAM
+        smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM.close()
+        smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = self.old_DEBUGSTREAM
+        del self.thread
+        self.doCleanups()
+        threading_helper.threading_cleanup(*self.thread_key)
+
+    def get_output_without_xpeer(self):
+        test_output = self.output.getvalue()
+        return re.sub(r'(.*?)^X-Peer:\s*\S+\n(.*)', r'\1\2',
+                      test_output, flags=re.MULTILINE|re.DOTALL)
+
+    def testBasic(self):
+        # connect
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testSourceAddress(self):
+        # connect
+        src_port = socket_helper.find_unused_port()
+        try:
+            smtp = smtplib.SMTP(self.host, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                                timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT,
+                                source_address=(self.host, src_port))
+            self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+            self.assertEqual(smtp.source_address, (self.host, src_port))
+            self.assertEqual(smtp.local_hostname, 'localhost')
+            smtp.quit()
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno == errno.EADDRINUSE:
+                self.skipTest("couldn't bind to source port %d" % src_port)
+            raise
+
+    def testNOOP(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        expected = (250, b'OK')
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.noop(), expected)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testRSET(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        expected = (250, b'OK')
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.rset(), expected)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testELHO(self):
+        # EHLO isn't implemented in DebuggingServer
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        expected = (250, b'\nSIZE 33554432\nHELP')
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.ehlo(), expected)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testEXPNNotImplemented(self):
+        # EXPN isn't implemented in DebuggingServer
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        expected = (502, b'EXPN not implemented')
+        smtp.putcmd('EXPN')
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.getreply(), expected)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def test_issue43124_putcmd_escapes_newline(self):
+        # see: https://bugs.python.org/issue43124
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as exc:
+            smtp.putcmd('helo\nX-INJECTED')
+        self.assertIn("prohibited newline characters", str(exc.exception))
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testVRFY(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        expected = (252, b'Cannot VRFY user, but will accept message ' + \
+                    b'and attempt delivery')
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.vrfy('nobody@nowhere.com'), expected)
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.verify('nobody@nowhere.com'), expected)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testSecondHELO(self):
+        # check that a second HELO returns a message that it's a duplicate
+        # (this behavior is specific to smtpd.SMTPChannel)
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.helo()
+        expected = (503, b'Duplicate HELO/EHLO')
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.helo(), expected)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testHELP(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.help(), b'Supported commands: EHLO HELO MAIL ' + \
+                         b'RCPT DATA RSET NOOP QUIT VRFY')
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testSend(self):
+        # connect and send mail
+        m = 'A test message'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.sendmail('John', 'Sally', m)
+        # XXX(nnorwitz): this test is flaky and dies with a bad file descriptor
+        # in asyncore.  This sleep might help, but should really be fixed
+        # properly by using an Event variable.
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.output.flush()
+        mexpect = '%s%s\n%s' % (MSG_BEGIN, m, MSG_END)
+        self.assertEqual(self.output.getvalue(), mexpect)
+
+    def testSendBinary(self):
+        m = b'A test message'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.sendmail('John', 'Sally', m)
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.output.flush()
+        mexpect = '%s%s\n%s' % (MSG_BEGIN, m.decode('ascii'), MSG_END)
+        self.assertEqual(self.output.getvalue(), mexpect)
+
+    def testSendNeedingDotQuote(self):
+        # Issue 12283
+        m = '.A test\n.mes.sage.'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.sendmail('John', 'Sally', m)
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.output.flush()
+        mexpect = '%s%s\n%s' % (MSG_BEGIN, m, MSG_END)
+        self.assertEqual(self.output.getvalue(), mexpect)
+
+    def test_issue43124_escape_localhostname(self):
+        # see: https://bugs.python.org/issue43124
+        # connect and send mail
+        m = 'wazzuuup\nlinetwo'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='hi\nX-INJECTED',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as exc:
+            smtp.sendmail("hi@me.com", "you@me.com", m)
+        self.assertIn(
+            "prohibited newline characters: ehlo hi\\nX-INJECTED",
+            str(exc.exception),
+        )
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        debugout = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM.getvalue()
+        self.assertNotIn("X-INJECTED", debugout)
+
+    def test_issue43124_escape_options(self):
+        # see: https://bugs.python.org/issue43124
+        # connect and send mail
+        m = 'wazzuuup\nlinetwo'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+            HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.sendmail("hi@me.com", "you@me.com", m)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as exc:
+            smtp.mail("hi@me.com", ["X-OPTION\nX-INJECTED-1", "X-OPTION2\nX-INJECTED-2"])
+        msg = str(exc.exception)
+        self.assertIn("prohibited newline characters", msg)
+        self.assertIn("X-OPTION\\nX-INJECTED-1 X-OPTION2\\nX-INJECTED-2", msg)
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        debugout = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM.getvalue()
+        self.assertNotIn("X-OPTION", debugout)
+        self.assertNotIn("X-OPTION2", debugout)
+        self.assertNotIn("X-INJECTED-1", debugout)
+        self.assertNotIn("X-INJECTED-2", debugout)
+
+    def testSendNullSender(self):
+        m = 'A test message'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.sendmail('<>', 'Sally', m)
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.output.flush()
+        mexpect = '%s%s\n%s' % (MSG_BEGIN, m, MSG_END)
+        self.assertEqual(self.output.getvalue(), mexpect)
+        debugout = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM.getvalue()
+        sender = re.compile("^sender: <>$", re.MULTILINE)
+        self.assertRegex(debugout, sender)
+
+    def testSendMessage(self):
+        m = email.mime.text.MIMEText('A test message')
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.send_message(m, from_addr='John', to_addrs='Sally')
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.output.flush()
+        # Remove the X-Peer header that DebuggingServer adds as figuring out
+        # exactly what IP address format is put there is not easy (and
+        # irrelevant to our test).  Typically 127.0.0.1 or ::1, but it is
+        # not always the same as socket.gethostbyname(HOST). :(
+        test_output = self.get_output_without_xpeer()
+        del m['X-Peer']
+        mexpect = '%s%s\n%s' % (MSG_BEGIN, m.as_string(), MSG_END)
+        self.assertEqual(test_output, mexpect)
+
+    def testSendMessageWithAddresses(self):
+        m = email.mime.text.MIMEText('A test message')
+        m['From'] = 'foo@bar.com'
+        m['To'] = 'John'
+        m['CC'] = 'Sally, Fred'
+        m['Bcc'] = 'John Root <root@localhost>, "Dinsdale" <warped@silly.walks.com>'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.send_message(m)
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+        # make sure the Bcc header is still in the message.
+        self.assertEqual(m['Bcc'], 'John Root <root@localhost>, "Dinsdale" '
+                                   '<warped@silly.walks.com>')
+
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.output.flush()
+        # Remove the X-Peer header that DebuggingServer adds.
+        test_output = self.get_output_without_xpeer()
+        del m['X-Peer']
+        # The Bcc header should not be transmitted.
+        del m['Bcc']
+        mexpect = '%s%s\n%s' % (MSG_BEGIN, m.as_string(), MSG_END)
+        self.assertEqual(test_output, mexpect)
+        debugout = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM.getvalue()
+        sender = re.compile("^sender: foo@bar.com$", re.MULTILINE)
+        self.assertRegex(debugout, sender)
+        for addr in ('John', 'Sally', 'Fred', 'root@localhost',
+                     'warped@silly.walks.com'):
+            to_addr = re.compile(r"^recips: .*'{}'.*$".format(addr),
+                                 re.MULTILINE)
+            self.assertRegex(debugout, to_addr)
+
+    def testSendMessageWithSomeAddresses(self):
+        # Make sure nothing breaks if not all of the three 'to' headers exist
+        m = email.mime.text.MIMEText('A test message')
+        m['From'] = 'foo@bar.com'
+        m['To'] = 'John, Dinsdale'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.send_message(m)
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.output.flush()
+        # Remove the X-Peer header that DebuggingServer adds.
+        test_output = self.get_output_without_xpeer()
+        del m['X-Peer']
+        mexpect = '%s%s\n%s' % (MSG_BEGIN, m.as_string(), MSG_END)
+        self.assertEqual(test_output, mexpect)
+        debugout = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM.getvalue()
+        sender = re.compile("^sender: foo@bar.com$", re.MULTILINE)
+        self.assertRegex(debugout, sender)
+        for addr in ('John', 'Dinsdale'):
+            to_addr = re.compile(r"^recips: .*'{}'.*$".format(addr),
+                                 re.MULTILINE)
+            self.assertRegex(debugout, to_addr)
+
+    def testSendMessageWithSpecifiedAddresses(self):
+        # Make sure addresses specified in call override those in message.
+        m = email.mime.text.MIMEText('A test message')
+        m['From'] = 'foo@bar.com'
+        m['To'] = 'John, Dinsdale'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.send_message(m, from_addr='joe@example.com', to_addrs='foo@example.net')
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.output.flush()
+        # Remove the X-Peer header that DebuggingServer adds.
+        test_output = self.get_output_without_xpeer()
+        del m['X-Peer']
+        mexpect = '%s%s\n%s' % (MSG_BEGIN, m.as_string(), MSG_END)
+        self.assertEqual(test_output, mexpect)
+        debugout = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM.getvalue()
+        sender = re.compile("^sender: joe@example.com$", re.MULTILINE)
+        self.assertRegex(debugout, sender)
+        for addr in ('John', 'Dinsdale'):
+            to_addr = re.compile(r"^recips: .*'{}'.*$".format(addr),
+                                 re.MULTILINE)
+            self.assertNotRegex(debugout, to_addr)
+        recip = re.compile(r"^recips: .*'foo@example.net'.*$", re.MULTILINE)
+        self.assertRegex(debugout, recip)
+
+    def testSendMessageWithMultipleFrom(self):
+        # Sender overrides To
+        m = email.mime.text.MIMEText('A test message')
+        m['From'] = 'Bernard, Bianca'
+        m['Sender'] = 'the_rescuers@Rescue-Aid-Society.com'
+        m['To'] = 'John, Dinsdale'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.send_message(m)
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.output.flush()
+        # Remove the X-Peer header that DebuggingServer adds.
+        test_output = self.get_output_without_xpeer()
+        del m['X-Peer']
+        mexpect = '%s%s\n%s' % (MSG_BEGIN, m.as_string(), MSG_END)
+        self.assertEqual(test_output, mexpect)
+        debugout = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM.getvalue()
+        sender = re.compile("^sender: the_rescuers@Rescue-Aid-Society.com$", re.MULTILINE)
+        self.assertRegex(debugout, sender)
+        for addr in ('John', 'Dinsdale'):
+            to_addr = re.compile(r"^recips: .*'{}'.*$".format(addr),
+                                 re.MULTILINE)
+            self.assertRegex(debugout, to_addr)
+
+    def testSendMessageResent(self):
+        m = email.mime.text.MIMEText('A test message')
+        m['From'] = 'foo@bar.com'
+        m['To'] = 'John'
+        m['CC'] = 'Sally, Fred'
+        m['Bcc'] = 'John Root <root@localhost>, "Dinsdale" <warped@silly.walks.com>'
+        m['Resent-Date'] = 'Thu, 1 Jan 1970 17:42:00 +0000'
+        m['Resent-From'] = 'holy@grail.net'
+        m['Resent-To'] = 'Martha <my_mom@great.cooker.com>, Jeff'
+        m['Resent-Bcc'] = 'doe@losthope.net'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.send_message(m)
+        # XXX (see comment in testSend)
+        time.sleep(0.01)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.output.flush()
+        # The Resent-Bcc headers are deleted before serialization.
+        del m['Bcc']
+        del m['Resent-Bcc']
+        # Remove the X-Peer header that DebuggingServer adds.
+        test_output = self.get_output_without_xpeer()
+        del m['X-Peer']
+        mexpect = '%s%s\n%s' % (MSG_BEGIN, m.as_string(), MSG_END)
+        self.assertEqual(test_output, mexpect)
+        debugout = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM.getvalue()
+        sender = re.compile("^sender: holy@grail.net$", re.MULTILINE)
+        self.assertRegex(debugout, sender)
+        for addr in ('my_mom@great.cooker.com', 'Jeff', 'doe@losthope.net'):
+            to_addr = re.compile(r"^recips: .*'{}'.*$".format(addr),
+                                 re.MULTILINE)
+            self.assertRegex(debugout, to_addr)
+
+    def testSendMessageMultipleResentRaises(self):
+        m = email.mime.text.MIMEText('A test message')
+        m['From'] = 'foo@bar.com'
+        m['To'] = 'John'
+        m['CC'] = 'Sally, Fred'
+        m['Bcc'] = 'John Root <root@localhost>, "Dinsdale" <warped@silly.walks.com>'
+        m['Resent-Date'] = 'Thu, 1 Jan 1970 17:42:00 +0000'
+        m['Resent-From'] = 'holy@grail.net'
+        m['Resent-To'] = 'Martha <my_mom@great.cooker.com>, Jeff'
+        m['Resent-Bcc'] = 'doe@losthope.net'
+        m['Resent-Date'] = 'Thu, 2 Jan 1970 17:42:00 +0000'
+        m['Resent-To'] = 'holy@grail.net'
+        m['Resent-From'] = 'Martha <my_mom@great.cooker.com>, Jeff'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            smtp.send_message(m)
+        smtp.close()
+
+class NonConnectingTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testNotConnected(self):
+        # Test various operations on an unconnected SMTP object that
+        # should raise exceptions (at present the attempt in SMTP.send
+        # to reference the nonexistent 'sock' attribute of the SMTP object
+        # causes an AttributeError)
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
+        self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPServerDisconnected, smtp.ehlo)
+        self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPServerDisconnected,
+                          smtp.send, 'test msg')
+
+    def testNonnumericPort(self):
+        # check that non-numeric port raises OSError
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, smtplib.SMTP,
+                          "localhost", "bogus")
+        self.assertRaises(OSError, smtplib.SMTP,
+                          "localhost:bogus")
+
+    def testSockAttributeExists(self):
+        # check that sock attribute is present outside of a connect() call
+        # (regression test, the previous behavior raised an
+        #  AttributeError: 'SMTP' object has no attribute 'sock')
+        with smtplib.SMTP() as smtp:
+            self.assertIsNone(smtp.sock)
+
+
+class DefaultArgumentsTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.msg = EmailMessage()
+        self.msg['From'] = 'Páolo <főo@bar.com>'
+        self.smtp = smtplib.SMTP()
+        self.smtp.ehlo = Mock(return_value=(200, 'OK'))
+        self.smtp.has_extn, self.smtp.sendmail = Mock(), Mock()
+
+    def testSendMessage(self):
+        expected_mail_options = ('SMTPUTF8', 'BODY=8BITMIME')
+        self.smtp.send_message(self.msg)
+        self.smtp.send_message(self.msg)
+        self.assertEqual(self.smtp.sendmail.call_args_list[0][0][3],
+                         expected_mail_options)
+        self.assertEqual(self.smtp.sendmail.call_args_list[1][0][3],
+                         expected_mail_options)
+
+    def testSendMessageWithMailOptions(self):
+        mail_options = ['STARTTLS']
+        expected_mail_options = ('STARTTLS', 'SMTPUTF8', 'BODY=8BITMIME')
+        self.smtp.send_message(self.msg, None, None, mail_options)
+        self.assertEqual(mail_options, ['STARTTLS'])
+        self.assertEqual(self.smtp.sendmail.call_args_list[0][0][3],
+                         expected_mail_options)
+
+
+# test response of client to a non-successful HELO message
+class BadHELOServerTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        smtplib.socket = mock_socket
+        mock_socket.reply_with(b"199 no hello for you!")
+        self.old_stdout = sys.stdout
+        self.output = io.StringIO()
+        sys.stdout = self.output
+        self.port = 25
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        smtplib.socket = socket
+        sys.stdout = self.old_stdout
+
+    def testFailingHELO(self):
+        self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPConnectError, smtplib.SMTP,
+                          HOST, self.port, 'localhost', 3)
+
+
+class TooLongLineTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    respdata = b'250 OK' + (b'.' * smtplib._MAXLINE * 2) + b'\n'
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.thread_key = threading_helper.threading_setup()
+        self.old_stdout = sys.stdout
+        self.output = io.StringIO()
+        sys.stdout = self.output
+
+        self.evt = threading.Event()
+        self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        self.sock.settimeout(15)
+        self.port = socket_helper.bind_port(self.sock)
+        servargs = (self.evt, self.respdata, self.sock)
+        self.thread = threading.Thread(target=server, args=servargs)
+        self.thread.start()
+        self.evt.wait()
+        self.evt.clear()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.evt.wait()
+        sys.stdout = self.old_stdout
+        threading_helper.join_thread(self.thread)
+        del self.thread
+        self.doCleanups()
+        threading_helper.threading_cleanup(*self.thread_key)
+
+    def testLineTooLong(self):
+        self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPResponseException, smtplib.SMTP,
+                          HOST, self.port, 'localhost', 3)
+
+
+sim_users = {'Mr.A@somewhere.com':'John A',
+             'Ms.B@xn--fo-fka.com':'Sally B',
+             'Mrs.C@somewhereesle.com':'Ruth C',
+             }
+
+sim_auth = ('Mr.A@somewhere.com', 'somepassword')
+sim_cram_md5_challenge = ('PENCeUxFREJoU0NnbmhNWitOMjNGNn'
+                          'dAZWx3b29kLmlubm9zb2Z0LmNvbT4=')
+sim_lists = {'list-1':['Mr.A@somewhere.com','Mrs.C@somewhereesle.com'],
+             'list-2':['Ms.B@xn--fo-fka.com',],
+             }
+
+# Simulated SMTP channel & server
+class ResponseException(Exception): pass
+class SimSMTPChannel(smtpd.SMTPChannel):
+
+    quit_response = None
+    mail_response = None
+    rcpt_response = None
+    data_response = None
+    rcpt_count = 0
+    rset_count = 0
+    disconnect = 0
+    AUTH = 99    # Add protocol state to enable auth testing.
+    authenticated_user = None
+
+    def __init__(self, extra_features, *args, **kw):
+        self._extrafeatures = ''.join(
+            [ "250-{0}\r\n".format(x) for x in extra_features ])
+        super(SimSMTPChannel, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
+
+    # AUTH related stuff.  It would be nice if support for this were in smtpd.
+    def found_terminator(self):
+        if self.smtp_state == self.AUTH:
+            line = self._emptystring.join(self.received_lines)
+            print('Data:', repr(line), file=smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM)
+            self.received_lines = []
+            try:
+                self.auth_object(line)
+            except ResponseException as e:
+                self.smtp_state = self.COMMAND
+                self.push('%s %s' % (e.smtp_code, e.smtp_error))
+            return
+        super().found_terminator()
+
+
+    def smtp_AUTH(self, arg):
+        if not self.seen_greeting:
+            self.push('503 Error: send EHLO first')
+            return
+        if not self.extended_smtp or 'AUTH' not in self._extrafeatures:
+            self.push('500 Error: command "AUTH" not recognized')
+            return
+        if self.authenticated_user is not None:
+            self.push(
+                '503 Bad sequence of commands: already authenticated')
+            return
+        args = arg.split()
+        if len(args) not in [1, 2]:
+            self.push('501 Syntax: AUTH <mechanism> [initial-response]')
+            return
+        auth_object_name = '_auth_%s' % args[0].lower().replace('-', '_')
+        try:
+            self.auth_object = getattr(self, auth_object_name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            self.push('504 Command parameter not implemented: unsupported '
+                      ' authentication mechanism {!r}'.format(auth_object_name))
+            return
+        self.smtp_state = self.AUTH
+        self.auth_object(args[1] if len(args) == 2 else None)
+
+    def _authenticated(self, user, valid):
+        if valid:
+            self.authenticated_user = user
+            self.push('235 Authentication Succeeded')
+        else:
+            self.push('535 Authentication credentials invalid')
+        self.smtp_state = self.COMMAND
+
+    def _decode_base64(self, string):
+        return base64.decodebytes(string.encode('ascii')).decode('utf-8')
+
+    def _auth_plain(self, arg=None):
+        if arg is None:
+            self.push('334 ')
+        else:
+            logpass = self._decode_base64(arg)
+            try:
+                *_, user, password = logpass.split('\0')
+            except ValueError as e:
+                self.push('535 Splitting response {!r} into user and password'
+                          ' failed: {}'.format(logpass, e))
+                return
+            self._authenticated(user, password == sim_auth[1])
+
+    def _auth_login(self, arg=None):
+        if arg is None:
+            # base64 encoded 'Username:'
+            self.push('334 VXNlcm5hbWU6')
+        elif not hasattr(self, '_auth_login_user'):
+            self._auth_login_user = self._decode_base64(arg)
+            # base64 encoded 'Password:'
+            self.push('334 UGFzc3dvcmQ6')
+        else:
+            password = self._decode_base64(arg)
+            self._authenticated(self._auth_login_user, password == sim_auth[1])
+            del self._auth_login_user
+
+    def _auth_buggy(self, arg=None):
+        # This AUTH mechanism will 'trap' client in a neverending 334
+        # base64 encoded 'BuGgYbUgGy'
+        self.push('334 QnVHZ1liVWdHeQ==')
+
+    def _auth_cram_md5(self, arg=None):
+        if arg is None:
+            self.push('334 {}'.format(sim_cram_md5_challenge))
+        else:
+            logpass = self._decode_base64(arg)
+            try:
+                user, hashed_pass = logpass.split()
+            except ValueError as e:
+                self.push('535 Splitting response {!r} into user and password '
+                          'failed: {}'.format(logpass, e))
+                return False
+            valid_hashed_pass = hmac.HMAC(
+                sim_auth[1].encode('ascii'),
+                self._decode_base64(sim_cram_md5_challenge).encode('ascii'),
+                'md5').hexdigest()
+            self._authenticated(user, hashed_pass == valid_hashed_pass)
+    # end AUTH related stuff.
+
+    def smtp_EHLO(self, arg):
+        resp = ('250-testhost\r\n'
+                '250-EXPN\r\n'
+                '250-SIZE 20000000\r\n'
+                '250-STARTTLS\r\n'
+                '250-DELIVERBY\r\n')
+        resp = resp + self._extrafeatures + '250 HELP'
+        self.push(resp)
+        self.seen_greeting = arg
+        self.extended_smtp = True
+
+    def smtp_VRFY(self, arg):
+        # For max compatibility smtplib should be sending the raw address.
+        if arg in sim_users:
+            self.push('250 %s %s' % (sim_users[arg], smtplib.quoteaddr(arg)))
+        else:
+            self.push('550 No such user: %s' % arg)
+
+    def smtp_EXPN(self, arg):
+        list_name = arg.lower()
+        if list_name in sim_lists:
+            user_list = sim_lists[list_name]
+            for n, user_email in enumerate(user_list):
+                quoted_addr = smtplib.quoteaddr(user_email)
+                if n < len(user_list) - 1:
+                    self.push('250-%s %s' % (sim_users[user_email], quoted_addr))
+                else:
+                    self.push('250 %s %s' % (sim_users[user_email], quoted_addr))
+        else:
+            self.push('550 No access for you!')
+
+    def smtp_QUIT(self, arg):
+        if self.quit_response is None:
+            super(SimSMTPChannel, self).smtp_QUIT(arg)
+        else:
+            self.push(self.quit_response)
+            self.close_when_done()
+
+    def smtp_MAIL(self, arg):
+        if self.mail_response is None:
+            super().smtp_MAIL(arg)
+        else:
+            self.push(self.mail_response)
+            if self.disconnect:
+                self.close_when_done()
+
+    def smtp_RCPT(self, arg):
+        if self.rcpt_response is None:
+            super().smtp_RCPT(arg)
+            return
+        self.rcpt_count += 1
+        self.push(self.rcpt_response[self.rcpt_count-1])
+
+    def smtp_RSET(self, arg):
+        self.rset_count += 1
+        super().smtp_RSET(arg)
+
+    def smtp_DATA(self, arg):
+        if self.data_response is None:
+            super().smtp_DATA(arg)
+        else:
+            self.push(self.data_response)
+
+    def handle_error(self):
+        raise
+
+
+class SimSMTPServer(smtpd.SMTPServer):
+
+    channel_class = SimSMTPChannel
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        self._extra_features = []
+        self._addresses = {}
+        smtpd.SMTPServer.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def handle_accepted(self, conn, addr):
+        self._SMTPchannel = self.channel_class(
+            self._extra_features, self, conn, addr,
+            decode_data=self._decode_data)
+
+    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data):
+        self._addresses['from'] = mailfrom
+        self._addresses['tos'] = rcpttos
+
+    def add_feature(self, feature):
+        self._extra_features.append(feature)
+
+    def handle_error(self):
+        raise
+
+
+# Test various SMTP & ESMTP commands/behaviors that require a simulated server
+# (i.e., something with more features than DebuggingServer)
+class SMTPSimTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.thread_key = threading_helper.threading_setup()
+        self.real_getfqdn = socket.getfqdn
+        socket.getfqdn = mock_socket.getfqdn
+        self.serv_evt = threading.Event()
+        self.client_evt = threading.Event()
+        # Pick a random unused port by passing 0 for the port number
+        self.serv = SimSMTPServer((HOST, 0), ('nowhere', -1), decode_data=True)
+        # Keep a note of what port was assigned
+        self.port = self.serv.socket.getsockname()[1]
+        serv_args = (self.serv, self.serv_evt, self.client_evt)
+        self.thread = threading.Thread(target=debugging_server, args=serv_args)
+        self.thread.start()
+
+        # wait until server thread has assigned a port number
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.serv_evt.clear()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        socket.getfqdn = self.real_getfqdn
+        # indicate that the client is finished
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        # wait for the server thread to terminate
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        threading_helper.join_thread(self.thread)
+        del self.thread
+        self.doCleanups()
+        threading_helper.threading_cleanup(*self.thread_key)
+
+    def testBasic(self):
+        # smoke test
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testEHLO(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+
+        # no features should be present before the EHLO
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.esmtp_features, {})
+
+        # features expected from the test server
+        expected_features = {'expn':'',
+                             'size': '20000000',
+                             'starttls': '',
+                             'deliverby': '',
+                             'help': '',
+                             }
+
+        smtp.ehlo()
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.esmtp_features, expected_features)
+        for k in expected_features:
+            self.assertTrue(smtp.has_extn(k))
+        self.assertFalse(smtp.has_extn('unsupported-feature'))
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testVRFY(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+
+        for addr_spec, name in sim_users.items():
+            expected_known = (250, bytes('%s %s' %
+                                         (name, smtplib.quoteaddr(addr_spec)),
+                                         "ascii"))
+            self.assertEqual(smtp.vrfy(addr_spec), expected_known)
+
+        u = 'nobody@nowhere.com'
+        expected_unknown = (550, ('No such user: %s' % u).encode('ascii'))
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.vrfy(u), expected_unknown)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testEXPN(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+
+        for listname, members in sim_lists.items():
+            users = []
+            for m in members:
+                users.append('%s %s' % (sim_users[m], smtplib.quoteaddr(m)))
+            expected_known = (250, bytes('\n'.join(users), "ascii"))
+            self.assertEqual(smtp.expn(listname), expected_known)
+
+        u = 'PSU-Members-List'
+        expected_unknown = (550, b'No access for you!')
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.expn(u), expected_unknown)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def testAUTH_PLAIN(self):
+        self.serv.add_feature("AUTH PLAIN")
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        resp = smtp.login(sim_auth[0], sim_auth[1])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, (235, b'Authentication Succeeded'))
+        smtp.close()
+
+    def testAUTH_LOGIN(self):
+        self.serv.add_feature("AUTH LOGIN")
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        resp = smtp.login(sim_auth[0], sim_auth[1])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, (235, b'Authentication Succeeded'))
+        smtp.close()
+
+    def testAUTH_LOGIN_initial_response_ok(self):
+        self.serv.add_feature("AUTH LOGIN")
+        with smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                          timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT) as smtp:
+            smtp.user, smtp.password = sim_auth
+            smtp.ehlo("test_auth_login")
+            resp = smtp.auth("LOGIN", smtp.auth_login, initial_response_ok=True)
+            self.assertEqual(resp, (235, b'Authentication Succeeded'))
+
+    def testAUTH_LOGIN_initial_response_notok(self):
+        self.serv.add_feature("AUTH LOGIN")
+        with smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                          timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT) as smtp:
+            smtp.user, smtp.password = sim_auth
+            smtp.ehlo("test_auth_login")
+            resp = smtp.auth("LOGIN", smtp.auth_login, initial_response_ok=False)
+            self.assertEqual(resp, (235, b'Authentication Succeeded'))
+
+    def testAUTH_BUGGY(self):
+        self.serv.add_feature("AUTH BUGGY")
+
+        def auth_buggy(challenge=None):
+            self.assertEqual(b"BuGgYbUgGy", challenge)
+            return "\0"
+
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+            HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT
+        )
+        try:
+            smtp.user, smtp.password = sim_auth
+            smtp.ehlo("test_auth_buggy")
+            expect = r"^Server AUTH mechanism infinite loop.*"
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(smtplib.SMTPException, expect) as cm:
+                smtp.auth("BUGGY", auth_buggy, initial_response_ok=False)
+        finally:
+            smtp.close()
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('md5', openssl=True)
+    def testAUTH_CRAM_MD5(self):
+        self.serv.add_feature("AUTH CRAM-MD5")
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        resp = smtp.login(sim_auth[0], sim_auth[1])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, (235, b'Authentication Succeeded'))
+        smtp.close()
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @hashlib_helper.requires_hashdigest('md5', openssl=True)
+    def testAUTH_multiple(self):
+        # Test that multiple authentication methods are tried.
+        self.serv.add_feature("AUTH BOGUS PLAIN LOGIN CRAM-MD5")
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        resp = smtp.login(sim_auth[0], sim_auth[1])
+        self.assertEqual(resp, (235, b'Authentication Succeeded'))
+        smtp.close()
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_auth_function(self):
+        supported = {'PLAIN', 'LOGIN'}
+        try:
+            hashlib.md5()
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            supported.add('CRAM-MD5')
+        for mechanism in supported:
+            self.serv.add_feature("AUTH {}".format(mechanism))
+        for mechanism in supported:
+            with self.subTest(mechanism=mechanism):
+                smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port,
+                                    local_hostname='localhost',
+                                    timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+                smtp.ehlo('foo')
+                smtp.user, smtp.password = sim_auth[0], sim_auth[1]
+                method = 'auth_' + mechanism.lower().replace('-', '_')
+                resp = smtp.auth(mechanism, getattr(smtp, method))
+                self.assertEqual(resp, (235, b'Authentication Succeeded'))
+                smtp.close()
+
+    def test_quit_resets_greeting(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port,
+                            local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        code, message = smtp.ehlo()
+        self.assertEqual(code, 250)
+        self.assertIn('size', smtp.esmtp_features)
+        smtp.quit()
+        self.assertNotIn('size', smtp.esmtp_features)
+        smtp.connect(HOST, self.port)
+        self.assertNotIn('size', smtp.esmtp_features)
+        smtp.ehlo_or_helo_if_needed()
+        self.assertIn('size', smtp.esmtp_features)
+        smtp.quit()
+
+    def test_with_statement(self):
+        with smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port) as smtp:
+            code, message = smtp.noop()
+            self.assertEqual(code, 250)
+        self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPServerDisconnected, smtp.send, b'foo')
+        with smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port) as smtp:
+            smtp.close()
+        self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPServerDisconnected, smtp.send, b'foo')
+
+    def test_with_statement_QUIT_failure(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPResponseException) as error:
+            with smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port) as smtp:
+                smtp.noop()
+                self.serv._SMTPchannel.quit_response = '421 QUIT FAILED'
+        self.assertEqual(error.exception.smtp_code, 421)
+        self.assertEqual(error.exception.smtp_error, b'QUIT FAILED')
+
+    #TODO: add tests for correct AUTH method fallback now that the
+    #test infrastructure can support it.
+
+    # Issue 17498: make sure _rset does not raise SMTPServerDisconnected exception
+    def test__rest_from_mail_cmd(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        smtp.noop()
+        self.serv._SMTPchannel.mail_response = '451 Requested action aborted'
+        self.serv._SMTPchannel.disconnect = True
+        with self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPSenderRefused):
+            smtp.sendmail('John', 'Sally', 'test message')
+        self.assertIsNone(smtp.sock)
+
+    # Issue 5713: make sure close, not rset, is called if we get a 421 error
+    def test_421_from_mail_cmd(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        smtp.noop()
+        self.serv._SMTPchannel.mail_response = '421 closing connection'
+        with self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPSenderRefused):
+            smtp.sendmail('John', 'Sally', 'test message')
+        self.assertIsNone(smtp.sock)
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv._SMTPchannel.rset_count, 0)
+
+    def test_421_from_rcpt_cmd(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        smtp.noop()
+        self.serv._SMTPchannel.rcpt_response = ['250 accepted', '421 closing']
+        with self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPRecipientsRefused) as r:
+            smtp.sendmail('John', ['Sally', 'Frank', 'George'], 'test message')
+        self.assertIsNone(smtp.sock)
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv._SMTPchannel.rset_count, 0)
+        self.assertDictEqual(r.exception.args[0], {'Frank': (421, b'closing')})
+
+    def test_421_from_data_cmd(self):
+        class MySimSMTPChannel(SimSMTPChannel):
+            def found_terminator(self):
+                if self.smtp_state == self.DATA:
+                    self.push('421 closing')
+                else:
+                    super().found_terminator()
+        self.serv.channel_class = MySimSMTPChannel
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        smtp.noop()
+        with self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPDataError):
+            smtp.sendmail('John@foo.org', ['Sally@foo.org'], 'test message')
+        self.assertIsNone(smtp.sock)
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv._SMTPchannel.rcpt_count, 0)
+
+    def test_smtputf8_NotSupportedError_if_no_server_support(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+            HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.ehlo()
+        self.assertTrue(smtp.does_esmtp)
+        self.assertFalse(smtp.has_extn('smtputf8'))
+        self.assertRaises(
+            smtplib.SMTPNotSupportedError,
+            smtp.sendmail,
+            'John', 'Sally', '', mail_options=['BODY=8BITMIME', 'SMTPUTF8'])
+        self.assertRaises(
+            smtplib.SMTPNotSupportedError,
+            smtp.mail, 'John', options=['BODY=8BITMIME', 'SMTPUTF8'])
+
+    def test_send_unicode_without_SMTPUTF8(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+            HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError, smtp.sendmail, 'Alice', 'Böb', '')
+        self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError, smtp.mail, 'Älice')
+
+    def test_send_message_error_on_non_ascii_addrs_if_no_smtputf8(self):
+        # This test is located here and not in the SMTPUTF8SimTests
+        # class because it needs a "regular" SMTP server to work
+        msg = EmailMessage()
+        msg['From'] = "Páolo <főo@bar.com>"
+        msg['To'] = 'Dinsdale'
+        msg['Subject'] = 'Nudge nudge, wink, wink \u1F609'
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+            HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        with self.assertRaises(smtplib.SMTPNotSupportedError):
+            smtp.send_message(msg)
+
+    def test_name_field_not_included_in_envelop_addresses(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+            HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+
+        message = EmailMessage()
+        message['From'] = email.utils.formataddr(('Michaël', 'michael@example.com'))
+        message['To'] = email.utils.formataddr(('René', 'rene@example.com'))
+
+        self.assertDictEqual(smtp.send_message(message), {})
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv._addresses['from'], 'michael@example.com')
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv._addresses['tos'], ['rene@example.com'])
+
+
+class SimSMTPUTF8Server(SimSMTPServer):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        # The base SMTP server turns these on automatically, but our test
+        # server is set up to munge the EHLO response, so we need to provide
+        # them as well.  And yes, the call is to SMTPServer not SimSMTPServer.
+        self._extra_features = ['SMTPUTF8', '8BITMIME']
+        smtpd.SMTPServer.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def handle_accepted(self, conn, addr):
+        self._SMTPchannel = self.channel_class(
+            self._extra_features, self, conn, addr,
+            decode_data=self._decode_data,
+            enable_SMTPUTF8=self.enable_SMTPUTF8,
+        )
+
+    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data, mail_options=None,
+                        rcpt_options=None):
+        self.last_peer = peer
+        self.last_mailfrom = mailfrom
+        self.last_rcpttos = rcpttos
+        self.last_message = data
+        self.last_mail_options = mail_options
+        self.last_rcpt_options = rcpt_options
+
+
+class SMTPUTF8SimTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    maxDiff = None
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.thread_key = threading_helper.threading_setup()
+        self.real_getfqdn = socket.getfqdn
+        socket.getfqdn = mock_socket.getfqdn
+        self.serv_evt = threading.Event()
+        self.client_evt = threading.Event()
+        # Pick a random unused port by passing 0 for the port number
+        self.serv = SimSMTPUTF8Server((HOST, 0), ('nowhere', -1),
+                                      decode_data=False,
+                                      enable_SMTPUTF8=True)
+        # Keep a note of what port was assigned
+        self.port = self.serv.socket.getsockname()[1]
+        serv_args = (self.serv, self.serv_evt, self.client_evt)
+        self.thread = threading.Thread(target=debugging_server, args=serv_args)
+        self.thread.start()
+
+        # wait until server thread has assigned a port number
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.serv_evt.clear()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        socket.getfqdn = self.real_getfqdn
+        # indicate that the client is finished
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        # wait for the server thread to terminate
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        threading_helper.join_thread(self.thread)
+        del self.thread
+        self.doCleanups()
+        threading_helper.threading_cleanup(*self.thread_key)
+
+    def test_test_server_supports_extensions(self):
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+            HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.ehlo()
+        self.assertTrue(smtp.does_esmtp)
+        self.assertTrue(smtp.has_extn('smtputf8'))
+
+    def test_send_unicode_with_SMTPUTF8_via_sendmail(self):
+        m = '¡a test message containing unicode!'.encode('utf-8')
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+            HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.sendmail('Jőhn', 'Sálly', m,
+                      mail_options=['BODY=8BITMIME', 'SMTPUTF8'])
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_mailfrom, 'Jőhn')
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_rcpttos, ['Sálly'])
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_message, m)
+        self.assertIn('BODY=8BITMIME', self.serv.last_mail_options)
+        self.assertIn('SMTPUTF8', self.serv.last_mail_options)
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_rcpt_options, [])
+
+    def test_send_unicode_with_SMTPUTF8_via_low_level_API(self):
+        m = '¡a test message containing unicode!'.encode('utf-8')
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+            HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        smtp.ehlo()
+        self.assertEqual(
+            smtp.mail('Jő', options=['BODY=8BITMIME', 'SMTPUTF8']),
+            (250, b'OK'))
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.rcpt('János'), (250, b'OK'))
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.data(m), (250, b'OK'))
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_mailfrom, 'Jő')
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_rcpttos, ['János'])
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_message, m)
+        self.assertIn('BODY=8BITMIME', self.serv.last_mail_options)
+        self.assertIn('SMTPUTF8', self.serv.last_mail_options)
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_rcpt_options, [])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_send_message_uses_smtputf8_if_addrs_non_ascii(self):
+        msg = EmailMessage()
+        msg['From'] = "Páolo <főo@bar.com>"
+        msg['To'] = 'Dinsdale'
+        msg['Subject'] = 'Nudge nudge, wink, wink \u1F609'
+        # XXX I don't know why I need two \n's here, but this is an existing
+        # bug (if it is one) and not a problem with the new functionality.
+        msg.set_content("oh là là, know what I mean, know what I mean?\n\n")
+        # XXX smtpd converts received /r/n to /n, so we can't easily test that
+        # we are successfully sending /r/n :(.
+        expected = textwrap.dedent("""\
+            From: Páolo <főo@bar.com>
+            To: Dinsdale
+            Subject: Nudge nudge, wink, wink \u1F609
+            Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
+            Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit
+            MIME-Version: 1.0
+
+            oh là là, know what I mean, know what I mean?
+            """)
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(
+            HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.addCleanup(smtp.close)
+        self.assertEqual(smtp.send_message(msg), {})
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_mailfrom, 'főo@bar.com')
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_rcpttos, ['Dinsdale'])
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_message.decode(), expected)
+        self.assertIn('BODY=8BITMIME', self.serv.last_mail_options)
+        self.assertIn('SMTPUTF8', self.serv.last_mail_options)
+        self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_rcpt_options, [])
+
+
+EXPECTED_RESPONSE = encode_base64(b'\0psu\0doesnotexist', eol='')
+
+class SimSMTPAUTHInitialResponseChannel(SimSMTPChannel):
+    def smtp_AUTH(self, arg):
+        # RFC 4954's AUTH command allows for an optional initial-response.
+        # Not all AUTH methods support this; some require a challenge.  AUTH
+        # PLAIN does those, so test that here.  See issue #15014.
+        args = arg.split()
+        if args[0].lower() == 'plain':
+            if len(args) == 2:
+                # AUTH PLAIN <initial-response> with the response base 64
+                # encoded.  Hard code the expected response for the test.
+                if args[1] == EXPECTED_RESPONSE:
+                    self.push('235 Ok')
+                    return
+        self.push('571 Bad authentication')
+
+class SimSMTPAUTHInitialResponseServer(SimSMTPServer):
+    channel_class = SimSMTPAUTHInitialResponseChannel
+
+
+class SMTPAUTHInitialResponseSimTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.thread_key = threading_helper.threading_setup()
+        self.real_getfqdn = socket.getfqdn
+        socket.getfqdn = mock_socket.getfqdn
+        self.serv_evt = threading.Event()
+        self.client_evt = threading.Event()
+        # Pick a random unused port by passing 0 for the port number
+        self.serv = SimSMTPAUTHInitialResponseServer(
+            (HOST, 0), ('nowhere', -1), decode_data=True)
+        # Keep a note of what port was assigned
+        self.port = self.serv.socket.getsockname()[1]
+        serv_args = (self.serv, self.serv_evt, self.client_evt)
+        self.thread = threading.Thread(target=debugging_server, args=serv_args)
+        self.thread.start()
+
+        # wait until server thread has assigned a port number
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        self.serv_evt.clear()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        socket.getfqdn = self.real_getfqdn
+        # indicate that the client is finished
+        self.client_evt.set()
+        # wait for the server thread to terminate
+        self.serv_evt.wait()
+        threading_helper.join_thread(self.thread)
+        del self.thread
+        self.doCleanups()
+        threading_helper.threading_cleanup(*self.thread_key)
+
+    def testAUTH_PLAIN_initial_response_login(self):
+        self.serv.add_feature('AUTH PLAIN')
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        smtp.login('psu', 'doesnotexist')
+        smtp.close()
+
+    def testAUTH_PLAIN_initial_response_auth(self):
+        self.serv.add_feature('AUTH PLAIN')
+        smtp = smtplib.SMTP(HOST, self.port, local_hostname='localhost',
+                            timeout=support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        smtp.user = 'psu'
+        smtp.password = 'doesnotexist'
+        code, response = smtp.auth('plain', smtp.auth_plain)
+        smtp.close()
+        self.assertEqual(code, 235)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_smtpnet.py b/Lib/test/test_smtpnet.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..be25e961f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_smtpnet.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+import unittest
+from test import support
+from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support import socket_helper
+import smtplib
+import socket
+
+ssl = import_helper.import_module("ssl")
+
+support.requires("network")
+
+def check_ssl_verifiy(host, port):
+    context = ssl.create_default_context()
+    with socket.create_connection((host, port)) as sock:
+        try:
+            sock = context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=host)
+        except Exception:
+            return False
+        else:
+            sock.close()
+            return True
+
+
+class SmtpTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    testServer = 'smtp.gmail.com'
+    remotePort = 587
+
+    def test_connect_starttls(self):
+        support.get_attribute(smtplib, 'SMTP_SSL')
+        context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+        context.check_hostname = False
+        context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+        with socket_helper.transient_internet(self.testServer):
+            server = smtplib.SMTP(self.testServer, self.remotePort)
+            try:
+                server.starttls(context=context)
+            except smtplib.SMTPException as e:
+                if e.args[0] == 'STARTTLS extension not supported by server.':
+                    unittest.skip(e.args[0])
+                else:
+                    raise
+            server.ehlo()
+            server.quit()
+
+
+class SmtpSSLTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    testServer = 'smtp.gmail.com'
+    remotePort = 465
+
+    def test_connect(self):
+        support.get_attribute(smtplib, 'SMTP_SSL')
+        with socket_helper.transient_internet(self.testServer):
+            server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(self.testServer, self.remotePort)
+            server.ehlo()
+            server.quit()
+
+    def test_connect_default_port(self):
+        support.get_attribute(smtplib, 'SMTP_SSL')
+        with socket_helper.transient_internet(self.testServer):
+            server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(self.testServer)
+            server.ehlo()
+            server.quit()
+
+    @support.requires_resource('walltime')
+    def test_connect_using_sslcontext(self):
+        context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLS_CLIENT)
+        context.check_hostname = False
+        context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+        support.get_attribute(smtplib, 'SMTP_SSL')
+        with socket_helper.transient_internet(self.testServer):
+            server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(self.testServer, self.remotePort, context=context)
+            server.ehlo()
+            server.quit()
+
+    def test_connect_using_sslcontext_verified(self):
+        with socket_helper.transient_internet(self.testServer):
+            can_verify = check_ssl_verifiy(self.testServer, self.remotePort)
+            if not can_verify:
+                self.skipTest("SSL certificate can't be verified")
+
+        support.get_attribute(smtplib, 'SMTP_SSL')
+        context = ssl.create_default_context()
+        with socket_helper.transient_internet(self.testServer):
+            server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(self.testServer, self.remotePort, context=context)
+            server.ehlo()
+            server.quit()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
\ No newline at end of file

From f0fb375028c93b289a0f6b65bdd0049d62b82ef0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 15:48:59 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 400/705] update numbers tests

---
 Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py
index a7696376a5..a5c661b0e9 100644
--- a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_numbers.py
@@ -147,10 +147,10 @@ def test_alignments(self):
 
             # alignment of the type...
             self.assertEqual((code, alignment(t)),
-                                 (code, align))
+                             (code, align))
             # and alignment of an instance
             self.assertEqual((code, alignment(t())),
-                                 (code, align))
+                             (code, align))
 
     def test_int_from_address(self):
         from array import array

From 491db2f0c67f1e3c9ad8f1a1998354186e42e421 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 18:04:25 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 401/705] update test_unary to 3.12.8

---
 Lib/test/test_unary.py | 9 +++------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unary.py b/Lib/test/test_unary.py
index c3c17cc9f6..a45fbf6bd6 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unary.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unary.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ def test_negative(self):
         self.assertTrue(-2 == 0 - 2)
         self.assertEqual(-0, 0)
         self.assertEqual(--2, 2)
-        self.assertTrue(-2 == 0 - 2)
         self.assertTrue(-2.0 == 0 - 2.0)
         self.assertTrue(-2j == 0 - 2j)
 
@@ -16,15 +15,13 @@ def test_positive(self):
         self.assertEqual(+2, 2)
         self.assertEqual(+0, 0)
         self.assertEqual(++2, 2)
-        self.assertEqual(+2, 2)
         self.assertEqual(+2.0, 2.0)
         self.assertEqual(+2j, 2j)
 
     def test_invert(self):
-        self.assertTrue(-2 == 0 - 2)
-        self.assertEqual(-0, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(--2, 2)
-        self.assertTrue(-2 == 0 - 2)
+        self.assertTrue(~2 == -(2+1))
+        self.assertEqual(~0, -1)
+        self.assertEqual(~~2, 2)
 
     def test_no_overflow(self):
         nines = "9" * 32

From 86e2eb06483bdbd546d0d5db96b5c1316432f8ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 18:14:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 402/705] update test_float to 3.12.8

---
 Lib/test/test_float.py | 32 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_float.py b/Lib/test/test_float.py
index 353c1ea9b7..19c17af596 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_float.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_float.py
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ def check(s):
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError, msg='float(%r)' % (s,)) as cm:
                 float(s)
             self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
-                'could not convert string to float: %r' % (s,))
+                             'could not convert string to float: %r' % (s,))
 
         check('\xbd')
         check('123\xbd')
@@ -155,7 +155,9 @@ def check(s):
         # non-UTF-8 byte string
         check(b'123\xa0')
 
-    @support.run_with_locale('LC_NUMERIC', 'fr_FR', 'de_DE')
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.skip("RustPython panics on this")
+    @support.run_with_locale('LC_NUMERIC', 'fr_FR', 'de_DE', '')
     def test_float_with_comma(self):
         # set locale to something that doesn't use '.' for the decimal point
         # float must not accept the locale specific decimal point but
@@ -290,11 +292,11 @@ def test_is_integer(self):
 
     def test_floatasratio(self):
         for f, ratio in [
-                (0.875, (7, 8)),
-                (-0.875, (-7, 8)),
-                (0.0, (0, 1)),
-                (11.5, (23, 2)),
-            ]:
+            (0.875, (7, 8)),
+            (-0.875, (-7, 8)),
+            (0.0, (0, 1)),
+            (11.5, (23, 2)),
+        ]:
             self.assertEqual(f.as_integer_ratio(), ratio)
 
         for i in range(10000):
@@ -337,7 +339,7 @@ def test_float_containment(self):
             self.assertTrue((f,) == (f,), "(%r,) != (%r,)" % (f, f))
             self.assertTrue({f} == {f}, "{%r} != {%r}" % (f, f))
             self.assertTrue({f : None} == {f: None}, "{%r : None} != "
-                                                   "{%r : None}" % (f, f))
+                                                     "{%r : None}" % (f, f))
 
             # identical containers
             l, t, s, d = [f], (f,), {f}, {f: None}
@@ -667,8 +669,6 @@ def test_float_specials_do_unpack(self):
                           ('<f', LE_FLOAT_NAN)]:
             struct.unpack(fmt, data)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @support.requires_IEEE_754
     @unittest.skipIf(_testcapi is None, 'needs _testcapi')
     def test_serialized_float_rounding(self):
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ def test_issue35560(self):
 class ReprTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_repr(self):
         with open(os.path.join(os.path.split(__file__)[0],
-                  'floating_points.txt'), encoding="utf-8") as floats_file:
+                               'floating_points.txt'), encoding="utf-8") as floats_file:
             for line in floats_file:
                 line = line.strip()
                 if not line or line.startswith('#'):
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ def test_short_repr(self):
             '2.86438000439698e+28',
             '8.89142905246179e+28',
             '3.08578087079232e+35',
-            ]
+        ]
 
         for s in test_strings:
             negs = '-'+s
@@ -883,7 +883,7 @@ def test_overflow(self):
     def test_previous_round_bugs(self):
         # particular cases that have occurred in bug reports
         self.assertEqual(round(562949953421312.5, 1),
-                          562949953421312.5)
+                         562949953421312.5)
         self.assertEqual(round(56294995342131.5, 3),
                          56294995342131.5)
         # round-half-even
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ def test_invalid_inputs(self):
             '0x1.\uff10p0',
             '0x1p0 \n 0x2p0',
             '0x1p0\0 0x1p0',  # embedded null byte is not end of string
-            ]
+        ]
         for x in invalid_inputs:
             try:
                 result = fromHex(x)
@@ -1152,7 +1152,7 @@ def test_whitespace(self):
             ('1.0', 1.0),
             ('-0x.2', -0.125),
             ('-0.0', -0.0)
-            ]
+        ]
         whitespace = [
             '',
             ' ',
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ def test_whitespace(self):
             '\f',
             '\v',
             '\r'
-            ]
+        ]
         for inp, expected in value_pairs:
             for lead in whitespace:
                 for trail in whitespace:

From 9c9fa7e53763400e6d4b959350e9b529ff2a97ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 18:19:40 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 403/705] update test_list to 3.12.8

---
 Lib/test/test_list.py | 36 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_list.py b/Lib/test/test_list.py
index 575a77db0b..c82bf5067d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_list.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_list.py
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ def test_basic(self):
 
         if sys.maxsize == 0x7fffffff:
             # This test can currently only work on 32-bit machines.
+            # XXX If/when PySequence_Length() returns a ssize_t, it should be
+            # XXX re-enabled.
             # Verify clearing of bug #556025.
             # This assumes that the max data size (sys.maxint) == max
             # address size this also assumes that the address size is at
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ def imul(a, b): a *= b
         self.assertRaises((MemoryError, OverflowError), imul, lst, n)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skip("Crashes on windows debug build")
     def test_list_resize_overflow(self):
         # gh-97616: test new_allocated * sizeof(PyObject*) overflow
         # check in list_resize()
@@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ def test_list_resize_overflow(self):
         del lst[1:]
         self.assertEqual(len(lst), 1)
 
-        size = ((2 ** (tuple.__itemsize__ * 8) - 1) // 2)
+        size = sys.maxsize
         with self.assertRaises((MemoryError, OverflowError)):
             lst * size
         with self.assertRaises((MemoryError, OverflowError)):
@@ -117,7 +119,7 @@ def check(n):
             l = [0] * n
             s = repr(l)
             self.assertEqual(s,
-                '[' + ', '.join(['0'] * n) + ']')
+                             '[' + ', '.join(['0'] * n) + ']')
         check(10)       # check our checking code
         check(1000000)
 
@@ -206,6 +208,7 @@ class L(list): pass
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             (3,) + L([1,2])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; hang")
     def test_equal_operator_modifying_operand(self):
         # test fix for seg fault reported in bpo-38588 part 2.
@@ -232,6 +235,33 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
         list4 = [1]
         self.assertFalse(list3 == list4)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; hang")
+    def test_lt_operator_modifying_operand(self):
+        # See gh-120298
+        class evil:
+            def __lt__(self, other):
+                other.clear()
+                return NotImplemented
+
+        a = [[evil()]]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            a[0] < a
+
+    def test_list_index_modifing_operand(self):
+        # See gh-120384
+        class evil:
+            def __init__(self, lst):
+                self.lst = lst
+            def __iter__(self):
+                yield from self.lst
+                self.lst.clear()
+
+        lst = list(range(5))
+        operand = evil(lst)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lst[::-1] = operand
+
     @cpython_only
     def test_preallocation(self):
         iterable = [0] * 10

From 396df1a506885a4401749f39a1d73176a868595b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 17 Jan 2025 18:23:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 404/705] update test_listcomps.py to 3.12.8

---
 Lib/test/support/__init__.py |  17 +
 Lib/test/test_listcomps.py   | 713 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 674 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
index 3490936b73..1efe5bddb1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
@@ -2555,3 +2555,20 @@ def adjust_int_max_str_digits(max_digits):
 skip_on_s390x = unittest.skipIf(hasattr(os, 'uname') and os.uname().machine == 's390x',
                                 'skipped on s390x')
 HAVE_ASAN_FORK_BUG = check_sanitizer(address=True)
+
+# From python 3.12.8
+class BrokenIter:
+    def __init__(self, init_raises=False, next_raises=False, iter_raises=False):
+        if init_raises:
+            1/0
+        self.next_raises = next_raises
+        self.iter_raises = iter_raises
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        if self.next_raises:
+            1/0
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        if self.iter_raises:
+            1/0
+        return self
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_listcomps.py b/Lib/test/test_listcomps.py
index 91bf2547ed..ad1c5053a3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_listcomps.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_listcomps.py
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 import doctest
+import textwrap
+import traceback
+import types
 import unittest
 
+from test.support import BrokenIter
+
 
 doctests = """
 ########### Tests borrowed from or inspired by test_genexps.py ############
@@ -87,65 +92,661 @@
     >>> [None for i in range(10)]
     [None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None, None]
 
-########### Tests for various scoping corner cases ############
-
-Return lambdas that use the iteration variable as a default argument
-
-    >>> items = [(lambda i=i: i) for i in range(5)]
-    >>> [x() for x in items]
-    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-
-Same again, only this time as a closure variable
-
-    >>> items = [(lambda: i) for i in range(5)]
-    >>> [x() for x in items]
-    [4, 4, 4, 4, 4]
-
-Another way to test that the iteration variable is local to the list comp
-
-    >>> items = [(lambda: i) for i in range(5)]
-    >>> i = 20
-    >>> [x() for x in items]
-    [4, 4, 4, 4, 4]
-
-And confirm that a closure can jump over the list comp scope
-
-    >>> items = [(lambda: y) for i in range(5)]
-    >>> y = 2
-    >>> [x() for x in items]
-    [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
-
-We also repeat each of the above scoping tests inside a function
-
-    >>> def test_func():
-    ...     items = [(lambda i=i: i) for i in range(5)]
-    ...     return [x() for x in items]
-    >>> test_func()
-    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-
-    >>> def test_func():
-    ...     items = [(lambda: i) for i in range(5)]
-    ...     return [x() for x in items]
-    >>> test_func()
-    [4, 4, 4, 4, 4]
-
-    >>> def test_func():
-    ...     items = [(lambda: i) for i in range(5)]
-    ...     i = 20
-    ...     return [x() for x in items]
-    >>> test_func()
-    [4, 4, 4, 4, 4]
-
-    >>> def test_func():
-    ...     items = [(lambda: y) for i in range(5)]
-    ...     y = 2
-    ...     return [x() for x in items]
-    >>> test_func()
-    [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
-
 """
 
 
+class ListComprehensionTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _check_in_scopes(self, code, outputs=None, ns=None, scopes=None, raises=(),
+                         exec_func=exec):
+        code = textwrap.dedent(code)
+        scopes = scopes or ["module", "class", "function"]
+        for scope in scopes:
+            with self.subTest(scope=scope):
+                if scope == "class":
+                    newcode = textwrap.dedent("""
+                        class _C:
+                            {code}
+                    """).format(code=textwrap.indent(code, "    "))
+                    def get_output(moddict, name):
+                        return getattr(moddict["_C"], name)
+                elif scope == "function":
+                    newcode = textwrap.dedent("""
+                        def _f():
+                            {code}
+                            return locals()
+                        _out = _f()
+                    """).format(code=textwrap.indent(code, "    "))
+                    def get_output(moddict, name):
+                        return moddict["_out"][name]
+                else:
+                    newcode = code
+                    def get_output(moddict, name):
+                        return moddict[name]
+                newns = ns.copy() if ns else {}
+                try:
+                    exec_func(newcode, newns)
+                except raises as e:
+                    # We care about e.g. NameError vs UnboundLocalError
+                    self.assertIs(type(e), raises)
+                else:
+                    for k, v in (outputs or {}).items():
+                        self.assertEqual(get_output(newns, k), v, k)
+
+    def test_lambdas_with_iteration_var_as_default(self):
+        code = """
+            items = [(lambda i=i: i) for i in range(5)]
+            y = [x() for x in items]
+        """
+        outputs = {"y": [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_lambdas_with_free_var(self):
+        code = """
+            items = [(lambda: i) for i in range(5)]
+            y = [x() for x in items]
+        """
+        outputs = {"y": [4, 4, 4, 4, 4]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_class_scope_free_var_with_class_cell(self):
+        class C:
+            def method(self):
+                super()
+                return __class__
+            items = [(lambda: i) for i in range(5)]
+            y = [x() for x in items]
+
+        self.assertEqual(C.y, [4, 4, 4, 4, 4])
+        self.assertIs(C().method(), C)
+
+    def test_references_super(self):
+        code = """
+            res = [super for x in [1]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs={"res": [super]})
+
+    def test_references___class__(self):
+        code = """
+            res = [__class__ for x in [1]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, raises=NameError)
+
+    def test_references___class___defined(self):
+        code = """
+            __class__ = 2
+            res = [__class__ for x in [1]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(
+            code, outputs={"res": [2]}, scopes=["module", "function"])
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, raises=NameError, scopes=["class"])
+
+    def test_references___class___enclosing(self):
+        code = """
+            __class__ = 2
+            class C:
+                res = [__class__ for x in [1]]
+            res = C.res
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, raises=NameError)
+
+    def test_super_and_class_cell_in_sibling_comps(self):
+        code = """
+            [super for _ in [1]]
+            [__class__ for _ in [1]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, raises=NameError)
+
+    def test_inner_cell_shadows_outer(self):
+        code = """
+            items = [(lambda: i) for i in range(5)]
+            i = 20
+            y = [x() for x in items]
+        """
+        outputs = {"y": [4, 4, 4, 4, 4], "i": 20}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_inner_cell_shadows_outer_no_store(self):
+        code = """
+            def f(x):
+                return [lambda: x for x in range(x)], x
+            fns, x = f(2)
+            y = [fn() for fn in fns]
+        """
+        outputs = {"y": [1, 1], "x": 2}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_closure_can_jump_over_comp_scope(self):
+        code = """
+            items = [(lambda: y) for i in range(5)]
+            y = 2
+            z = [x() for x in items]
+        """
+        outputs = {"z": [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["module", "function"])
+
+    def test_cell_inner_free_outer(self):
+        code = """
+            def f():
+                return [lambda: x for x in (x, [1])[1]]
+            x = ...
+            y = [fn() for fn in f()]
+        """
+        outputs = {"y": [1]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["module", "function"])
+
+    def test_free_inner_cell_outer(self):
+        code = """
+            g = 2
+            def f():
+                return g
+            y = [g for x in [1]]
+        """
+        outputs = {"y": [2]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["module", "function"])
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, scopes=["class"], raises=NameError)
+
+    def test_inner_cell_shadows_outer_redefined(self):
+        code = """
+            y = 10
+            items = [(lambda: y) for y in range(5)]
+            x = y
+            y = 20
+            out = [z() for z in items]
+        """
+        outputs = {"x": 10, "out": [4, 4, 4, 4, 4]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_shadows_outer_cell(self):
+        code = """
+            def inner():
+                return g
+            [g for g in range(5)]
+            x = inner()
+        """
+        outputs = {"x": -1}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, ns={"g": -1})
+
+    def test_explicit_global(self):
+        code = """
+            global g
+            x = g
+            g = 2
+            items = [g for g in [1]]
+            y = g
+        """
+        outputs = {"x": 1, "y": 2, "items": [1]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, ns={"g": 1})
+
+    def test_explicit_global_2(self):
+        code = """
+            global g
+            x = g
+            g = 2
+            items = [g for x in [1]]
+            y = g
+        """
+        outputs = {"x": 1, "y": 2, "items": [2]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, ns={"g": 1})
+
+    def test_explicit_global_3(self):
+        code = """
+            global g
+            fns = [lambda: g for g in [2]]
+            items = [fn() for fn in fns]
+        """
+        outputs = {"items": [2]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, ns={"g": 1})
+
+    def test_assignment_expression(self):
+        code = """
+            x = -1
+            items = [(x:=y) for y in range(3)]
+        """
+        outputs = {"x": 2}
+        # assignment expression in comprehension is disallowed in class scope
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["module", "function"])
+
+    def test_free_var_in_comp_child(self):
+        code = """
+            lst = range(3)
+            funcs = [lambda: x for x in lst]
+            inc = [x + 1 for x in lst]
+            [x for x in inc]
+            x = funcs[0]()
+        """
+        outputs = {"x": 2}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_shadow_with_free_and_local(self):
+        code = """
+            lst = range(3)
+            x = -1
+            funcs = [lambda: x for x in lst]
+            items = [x + 1 for x in lst]
+        """
+        outputs = {"x": -1}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_shadow_comp_iterable_name(self):
+        code = """
+            x = [1]
+            y = [x for x in x]
+        """
+        outputs = {"x": [1]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_nested_free(self):
+        code = """
+            x = 1
+            def g():
+                [x for x in range(3)]
+                return x
+            g()
+        """
+        outputs = {"x": 1}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["module", "function"])
+
+    def test_introspecting_frame_locals(self):
+        code = """
+            import sys
+            [i for i in range(2)]
+            i = 20
+            sys._getframe().f_locals
+        """
+        outputs = {"i": 20}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_nested(self):
+        code = """
+            l = [2, 3]
+            y = [[x ** 2 for x in range(x)] for x in l]
+        """
+        outputs = {"y": [[0, 1], [0, 1, 4]]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_nested_2(self):
+        code = """
+            l = [1, 2, 3]
+            x = 3
+            y = [x for [x ** x for x in range(x)][x - 1] in l]
+        """
+        outputs = {"y": [3, 3, 3]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["module", "function"])
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, scopes=["class"], raises=NameError)
+
+    def test_nested_3(self):
+        code = """
+            l = [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]
+            y = [x for (x, [x ** x for x in range(x)][x - 1]) in l]
+        """
+        outputs = {"y": [1, 3, 5]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_nested_4(self):
+        code = """
+            items = [([lambda: x for x in range(2)], lambda: x) for x in range(3)]
+            out = [([fn() for fn in fns], fn()) for fns, fn in items]
+        """
+        outputs = {"out": [([1, 1], 2), ([1, 1], 2), ([1, 1], 2)]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_nameerror(self):
+        code = """
+            [x for x in [1]]
+            x
+        """
+
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, raises=NameError)
+
+    def test_dunder_name(self):
+        code = """
+            y = [__x for __x in [1]]
+        """
+        outputs = {"y": [1]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs)
+
+    def test_unbound_local_after_comprehension(self):
+        def f():
+            if False:
+                x = 0
+            [x for x in [1]]
+            return x
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnboundLocalError):
+            f()
+
+    def test_unbound_local_inside_comprehension(self):
+        def f():
+            l = [None]
+            return [1 for (l[0], l) in [[1, 2]]]
+
+        with self.assertRaises(UnboundLocalError):
+            f()
+
+    def test_global_outside_cellvar_inside_plus_freevar(self):
+        code = """
+            a = 1
+            def f():
+                func, = [(lambda: b) for b in [a]]
+                return b, func()
+            x = f()
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(
+            code, {"x": (2, 1)}, ns={"b": 2}, scopes=["function", "module"])
+        # inside a class, the `a = 1` assignment is not visible
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, raises=NameError, scopes=["class"])
+
+    def test_cell_in_nested_comprehension(self):
+        code = """
+            a = 1
+            def f():
+                (func, inner_b), = [[lambda: b for b in c] + [b] for c in [[a]]]
+                return b, inner_b, func()
+            x = f()
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(
+            code, {"x": (2, 2, 1)}, ns={"b": 2}, scopes=["function", "module"])
+        # inside a class, the `a = 1` assignment is not visible
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, raises=NameError, scopes=["class"])
+
+    def test_name_error_in_class_scope(self):
+        code = """
+            y = 1
+            [x + y for x in range(2)]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, raises=NameError, scopes=["class"])
+
+    def test_global_in_class_scope(self):
+        code = """
+            y = 2
+            vals = [(x, y) for x in range(2)]
+        """
+        outputs = {"vals": [(0, 1), (1, 1)]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, ns={"y": 1}, scopes=["class"])
+
+    def test_in_class_scope_inside_function_1(self):
+        code = """
+            class C:
+                y = 2
+                vals = [(x, y) for x in range(2)]
+            vals = C.vals
+        """
+        outputs = {"vals": [(0, 1), (1, 1)]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, ns={"y": 1}, scopes=["function"])
+
+    def test_in_class_scope_inside_function_2(self):
+        code = """
+            y = 1
+            class C:
+                y = 2
+                vals = [(x, y) for x in range(2)]
+            vals = C.vals
+        """
+        outputs = {"vals": [(0, 1), (1, 1)]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["function"])
+
+    def test_in_class_scope_with_global(self):
+        code = """
+            y = 1
+            class C:
+                global y
+                y = 2
+                # Ensure the listcomp uses the global, not the value in the
+                # class namespace
+                locals()['y'] = 3
+                vals = [(x, y) for x in range(2)]
+            vals = C.vals
+        """
+        outputs = {"vals": [(0, 2), (1, 2)]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["module", "class"])
+        outputs = {"vals": [(0, 1), (1, 1)]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["function"])
+
+    def test_in_class_scope_with_nonlocal(self):
+        code = """
+            y = 1
+            class C:
+                nonlocal y
+                y = 2
+                # Ensure the listcomp uses the global, not the value in the
+                # class namespace
+                locals()['y'] = 3
+                vals = [(x, y) for x in range(2)]
+            vals = C.vals
+        """
+        outputs = {"vals": [(0, 2), (1, 2)]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["function"])
+
+    def test_nested_has_free_var(self):
+        code = """
+            items = [a for a in [1] if [a for _ in [0]]]
+        """
+        outputs = {"items": [1]}
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, outputs, scopes=["class"])
+
+    def test_nested_free_var_not_bound_in_outer_comp(self):
+        code = """
+            z = 1
+            items = [a for a in [1] if [x for x in [1] if z]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"items": [1]}, scopes=["module", "function"])
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"items": []}, ns={"z": 0}, scopes=["class"])
+
+    def test_nested_free_var_in_iter(self):
+        code = """
+            items = [_C for _C in [1] for [0, 1][[x for x in [1] if _C][0]] in [2]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"items": [1]})
+
+    def test_nested_free_var_in_expr(self):
+        code = """
+            items = [(_C, [x for x in [1] if _C]) for _C in [0, 1]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"items": [(0, []), (1, [1])]})
+
+    def test_nested_listcomp_in_lambda(self):
+        code = """
+            f = [(z, lambda y: [(x, y, z) for x in [3]]) for z in [1]]
+            (z, func), = f
+            out = func(2)
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"z": 1, "out": [(3, 2, 1)]})
+
+    def test_lambda_in_iter(self):
+        code = """
+            (func, c), = [(a, b) for b in [1] for a in [lambda : a]]
+            d = func()
+            assert d is func
+            # must use "a" in this scope
+            e = a if False else None
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"c": 1, "e": None})
+
+    def test_assign_to_comp_iter_var_in_outer_function(self):
+        code = """
+            a = [1 for a in [0]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"a": [1]}, scopes=["function"])
+
+    def test_no_leakage_to_locals(self):
+        code = """
+            def b():
+                [a for b in [1] for _ in []]
+                return b, locals()
+            r, s = b()
+            x = r is b
+            y = list(s.keys())
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"x": True, "y": []}, scopes=["module"])
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"x": True, "y": ["b"]}, scopes=["function"])
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, raises=NameError, scopes=["class"])
+
+    def test_iter_var_available_in_locals(self):
+        code = """
+            l = [1, 2]
+            y = 0
+            items = [locals()["x"] for x in l]
+            items2 = [vars()["x"] for x in l]
+            items3 = [("x" in dir()) for x in l]
+            items4 = [eval("x") for x in l]
+            # x is available, and does not overwrite y
+            [exec("y = x") for x in l]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(
+            code,
+            {
+                "items": [1, 2],
+                "items2": [1, 2],
+                "items3": [True, True],
+                "items4": [1, 2],
+                "y": 0
+            }
+        )
+
+    def test_comp_in_try_except(self):
+        template = """
+            value = ["ab"]
+            result = snapshot = None
+            try:
+                result = [{func}(value) for value in value]
+            except:
+                snapshot = value
+                raise
+        """
+        # No exception.
+        code = template.format(func='len')
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"value": ["ab"], "result": [2], "snapshot": None})
+        # Handles exception.
+        code = template.format(func='int')
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"value": ["ab"], "result": None, "snapshot": ["ab"]},
+                              raises=ValueError)
+
+    def test_comp_in_try_finally(self):
+        template = """
+            value = ["ab"]
+            result = snapshot = None
+            try:
+                result = [{func}(value) for value in value]
+            finally:
+                snapshot = value
+        """
+        # No exception.
+        code = template.format(func='len')
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"value": ["ab"], "result": [2], "snapshot": ["ab"]})
+        # Handles exception.
+        code = template.format(func='int')
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"value": ["ab"], "result": None, "snapshot": ["ab"]},
+                              raises=ValueError)
+
+    def test_exception_in_post_comp_call(self):
+        code = """
+            value = [1, None]
+            try:
+                [v for v in value].sort()
+            except:
+                pass
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"value": [1, None]})
+
+    def test_frame_locals(self):
+        code = """
+            val = [sys._getframe().f_locals for a in [0]][0]["a"]
+        """
+        import sys
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"val": 0}, ns={"sys": sys})
+
+    def _recursive_replace(self, maybe_code):
+        if not isinstance(maybe_code, types.CodeType):
+            return maybe_code
+        return maybe_code.replace(co_consts=tuple(
+            self._recursive_replace(c) for c in maybe_code.co_consts
+        ))
+
+    def _replacing_exec(self, code_string, ns):
+        co = compile(code_string, "<string>", "exec")
+        co = self._recursive_replace(co)
+        exec(co, ns)
+
+    def test_code_replace(self):
+        code = """
+            x = 3
+            [x for x in (1, 2)]
+            dir()
+            y = [x]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"y": [3], "x": 3})
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"y": [3], "x": 3}, exec_func=self._replacing_exec)
+
+    def test_code_replace_extended_arg(self):
+        num_names = 300
+        assignments = "; ".join(f"x{i} = {i}" for i in range(num_names))
+        name_list = ", ".join(f"x{i}" for i in range(num_names))
+        expected = {
+            "y": list(range(num_names)),
+            **{f"x{i}": i for i in range(num_names)}
+        }
+        code = f"""
+            {assignments}
+            [({name_list}) for {name_list} in (range(300),)]
+            dir()
+            y = [{name_list}]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, expected)
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, expected, exec_func=self._replacing_exec)
+
+    def test_multiple_comprehension_name_reuse(self):
+        code = """
+            [x for x in [1]]
+            y = [x for _ in [1]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"y": [3]}, ns={"x": 3})
+
+        code = """
+            x = 2
+            [x for x in [1]]
+            y = [x for _ in [1]]
+        """
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"x": 2, "y": [3]}, ns={"x": 3}, scopes=["class"])
+        self._check_in_scopes(code, {"x": 2, "y": [2]}, ns={"x": 3}, scopes=["function", "module"])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_exception_locations(self):
+        # The location of an exception raised from __init__ or
+        # __next__ should should be the iterator expression
+
+        def init_raises():
+            try:
+                [x for x in BrokenIter(init_raises=True)]
+            except Exception as e:
+                return e
+
+        def next_raises():
+            try:
+                [x for x in BrokenIter(next_raises=True)]
+            except Exception as e:
+                return e
+
+        def iter_raises():
+            try:
+                [x for x in BrokenIter(iter_raises=True)]
+            except Exception as e:
+                return e
+
+        for func, expected in [(init_raises, "BrokenIter(init_raises=True)"),
+                               (next_raises, "BrokenIter(next_raises=True)"),
+                               (iter_raises, "BrokenIter(iter_raises=True)"),
+                               ]:
+            with self.subTest(func):
+                exc = func()
+                f = traceback.extract_tb(exc.__traceback__)[0]
+                indent = 16
+                co = func.__code__
+                self.assertEqual(f.lineno, co.co_firstlineno + 2)
+                self.assertEqual(f.end_lineno, co.co_firstlineno + 2)
+                self.assertEqual(f.line[f.colno - indent : f.end_colno - indent],
+                                 expected)
+
 __test__ = {'doctests' : doctests}
 
 def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):

From 7d770f55fb69b8b4911207456c04d1c5dccb3b34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 21 Jan 2025 23:30:42 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 405/705] more assertions in switch_to_block

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index eeb4b7dec6..6d3a1eb6d6 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -3036,16 +3036,17 @@ impl Compiler {
     fn switch_to_block(&mut self, block: ir::BlockIdx) {
         let code = self.current_code_info();
         let prev = code.current_block;
+        assert_ne!(prev, block, "recursive switching {prev:?} -> {block:?}");
         assert_eq!(
             code.blocks[block].next,
             ir::BlockIdx::NULL,
-            "switching to completed block"
+            "switching {prev:?} -> {block:?} to completed block"
         );
         let prev_block = &mut code.blocks[prev.0 as usize];
         assert_eq!(
             prev_block.next.0,
             u32::MAX,
-            "switching from block that's already got a next"
+            "switching {prev:?} -> {block:?} from block that's already got a next"
         );
         prev_block.next = block;
         code.current_block = block;

From a500178b3c088f2fec8a39302a2fde8d1bdf835f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 22 Jan 2025 01:31:24 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 406/705] update parser to fix match crash

---
 Cargo.lock | 20 +++++++-------------
 Cargo.toml | 20 ++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 5d5db7f5ca..4687a97fac 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
-version = 3
+version = 4
 
 [[package]]
 name = "Inflector"
@@ -1895,8 +1895,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-ast"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4cdaf8ee5c1473b993b398c174641d3aa9da847af36e8d5eb8291930b72f31a5"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2008,8 +2007,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-format"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0389039b132ad8e350552d771270ccd03186985696764bcee2239694e7839942"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -2036,8 +2034,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-literal"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a8304be3cae00232a1721a911033e55877ca3810215f66798e964a2d8d22281d"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
 dependencies = [
  "hexf-parse",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2049,8 +2046,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "868f724daac0caf9bd36d38caf45819905193a901e8f1c983345a68e18fb2abb"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2073,8 +2069,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-core"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b4b6c12fa273825edc7bccd9a734f0ad5ba4b8a2f4da5ff7efe946f066d0f4ad"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "memchr",
@@ -2084,8 +2079,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-vendored"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "04fcea49a4630a3a5d940f4d514dc4f575ed63c14c3e3ed07146634aed7f67a6"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "once_cell",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index af27add260..eadbdea4b7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -122,16 +122,16 @@ rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.4.
 rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
 
-rustpython-literal = { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-parser-core = { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-parser = { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-ast = { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-format= { version = "0.4.0" }
-# rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-# rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-# rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-# rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
-# rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "00d2f1d1a7522ef9c85c10dfa5f0bb7178dee655" }
+# rustpython-literal = { version = "0.4.0" }
+# rustpython-parser-core = { version = "0.4.0" }
+# rustpython-parser = { version = "0.4.0" }
+# rustpython-ast = { version = "0.4.0" }
+# rustpython-format= { version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701" }
+rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701" }
+rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701" }
+rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701" }
+rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701" }
 # rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
 # rustpython-parser = { path = "../RustPython-parser/parser" }

From 396a0ca563697ddf5244b2230a1963256c3093fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 25 Jan 2025 06:14:15 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 407/705] Basic Match statements (#5485)

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs     | 155 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 compiler/codegen/src/error.rs       |   8 ++
 compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs |  12 ++-
 3 files changed, 166 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 6d3a1eb6d6..b75e977b5d 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@ use num_complex::Complex64;
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
 use rustpython_ast::located::{self as located_ast, Located};
 use rustpython_compiler_core::{
-    bytecode::{self, Arg as OpArgMarker, CodeObject, ConstantData, Instruction, OpArg, OpArgType},
+    bytecode::{
+        self, Arg as OpArgMarker, CodeObject, ComparisonOperator, ConstantData, Instruction, OpArg,
+        OpArgType,
+    },
     Mode,
 };
 use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
@@ -211,6 +214,12 @@ macro_rules! emit {
     };
 }
 
+struct PatternContext {
+    current_block: usize,
+    blocks: Vec<ir::BlockIdx>,
+    allow_irrefutable: bool,
+}
+
 impl Compiler {
     fn new(opts: CompileOpts, source_path: String, code_name: String) -> Self {
         let module_code = ir::CodeInfo {
@@ -1755,14 +1764,152 @@ impl Compiler {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn compile_pattern_value(
+        &mut self,
+        value: &located_ast::PatternMatchValue,
+        _pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        self.compile_expression(&value.value)?;
+        emit!(
+            self,
+            Instruction::CompareOperation {
+                op: ComparisonOperator::Equal
+            }
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compile_pattern_as(
+        &mut self,
+        as_pattern: &located_ast::PatternMatchAs,
+        pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        if as_pattern.pattern.is_none() && !pattern_context.allow_irrefutable {
+            // TODO: better error message
+            if let Some(_name) = as_pattern.name.as_ref() {
+                return Err(
+                    self.error_loc(CodegenErrorType::InvalidMatchCase, as_pattern.location())
+                );
+            }
+            return Err(self.error_loc(CodegenErrorType::InvalidMatchCase, as_pattern.location()));
+        }
+        // Need to make a copy for (possibly) storing later:
+        emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
+        if let Some(pattern) = &as_pattern.pattern {
+            self.compile_pattern_inner(pattern, pattern_context)?;
+        }
+        if let Some(name) = as_pattern.name.as_ref() {
+            self.store_name(name.as_str())?;
+        } else {
+            emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compile_pattern_inner(
+        &mut self,
+        pattern_type: &located_ast::Pattern,
+        pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        match &pattern_type {
+            located_ast::Pattern::MatchValue(value) => {
+                self.compile_pattern_value(value, pattern_context)
+            }
+            located_ast::Pattern::MatchAs(as_pattern) => {
+                self.compile_pattern_as(as_pattern, pattern_context)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                eprintln!("not implemented pattern type: {pattern_type:?}");
+                Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::NotImplementedYet))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn compile_pattern(
+        &mut self,
+        pattern_type: &located_ast::Pattern,
+        pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        self.compile_pattern_inner(pattern_type, pattern_context)?;
+        emit!(
+            self,
+            Instruction::JumpIfFalse {
+                target: pattern_context.blocks[pattern_context.current_block + 1]
+            }
+        );
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compile_match_inner(
+        &mut self,
+        subject: &located_ast::Expr,
+        cases: &[located_ast::MatchCase],
+        pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        self.compile_expression(subject)?;
+        pattern_context.blocks = std::iter::repeat_with(|| self.new_block())
+            .take(cases.len() + 1)
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let end_block = *pattern_context.blocks.last().unwrap();
+
+        let _match_case_type = cases.last().expect("cases is not empty");
+        // TODO: get proper check for default case
+        // let has_default = match_case_type.pattern.is_match_as() && 1 < cases.len();
+        let has_default = false;
+        for i in 0..cases.len() - (has_default as usize) {
+            self.switch_to_block(pattern_context.blocks[i]);
+            pattern_context.current_block = i;
+            pattern_context.allow_irrefutable = cases[i].guard.is_some() || i == cases.len() - 1;
+            let m = &cases[i];
+            // Only copy the subject if we're *not* on the last case:
+            if i != cases.len() - has_default as usize - 1 {
+                emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
+            }
+            self.compile_pattern(&m.pattern, pattern_context)?;
+            self.compile_statements(&m.body)?;
+            emit!(self, Instruction::Jump { target: end_block });
+        }
+        // TODO: below code is not called and does not work
+        if has_default {
+            // A trailing "case _" is common, and lets us save a bit of redundant
+            // pushing and popping in the loop above:
+            let m = &cases.last().unwrap();
+            self.switch_to_block(*pattern_context.blocks.last().unwrap());
+            if cases.len() == 1 {
+                // No matches. Done with the subject:
+                emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+            } else {
+                // Show line coverage for default case (it doesn't create bytecode)
+                // emit!(self, Instruction::Nop);
+            }
+            self.compile_statements(&m.body)?;
+        }
+
+        self.switch_to_block(end_block);
+
+        let code = self.current_code_info();
+        pattern_context
+            .blocks
+            .iter()
+            .zip(pattern_context.blocks.iter().skip(1))
+            .for_each(|(a, b)| {
+                code.blocks[a.0 as usize].next = *b;
+            });
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     fn compile_match(
         &mut self,
         subject: &located_ast::Expr,
         cases: &[located_ast::MatchCase],
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        eprintln!("match subject: {subject:?}");
-        eprintln!("match cases: {cases:?}");
-        Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::NotImplementedYet))
+        let mut pattern_context = PatternContext {
+            current_block: usize::MAX,
+            blocks: Vec::new(),
+            allow_irrefutable: false,
+        };
+        self.compile_match_inner(subject, cases, &mut pattern_context)?;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn compile_chained_comparison(
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
index 017f735105..27333992df 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ pub enum CodegenErrorType {
     TooManyStarUnpack,
     EmptyWithItems,
     EmptyWithBody,
+    DuplicateStore(String),
+    InvalidMatchCase,
     NotImplementedYet, // RustPython marker for unimplemented features
 }
 
@@ -75,6 +77,12 @@ impl fmt::Display for CodegenErrorType {
             EmptyWithBody => {
                 write!(f, "empty body on With")
             }
+            DuplicateStore(s) => {
+                write!(f, "duplicate store {s}")
+            }
+            InvalidMatchCase => {
+                write!(f, "invalid match case")
+            }
             NotImplementedYet => {
                 write!(f, "RustPython does not implement this feature yet")
             }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
index 8522c82037..bbb134facf 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
@@ -886,11 +886,13 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 self.scan_statements(orelse)?;
                 self.scan_statements(finalbody)?;
             }
-            Stmt::Match(StmtMatch { subject, .. }) => {
-                return Err(SymbolTableError {
-                    error: "match expression is not implemented yet".to_owned(),
-                    location: Some(subject.location()),
-                });
+            Stmt::Match(StmtMatch { subject, cases, .. }) => {
+                self.scan_expression(subject, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                for case in cases {
+                    // TODO: below
+                    // self.scan_pattern(&case.pattern, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                    self.scan_statements(&case.body)?;
+                }
             }
             Stmt::Raise(StmtRaise { exc, cause, .. }) => {
                 if let Some(expression) = exc {

From 29d014a0e1343b0a4d2b12a6755c9662ba38d484 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 3 Feb 2025 10:03:14 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 408/705] Pin malachite versions to avoid API incompatibility

---
 Cargo.lock | 64 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------
 Cargo.toml | 16 +++++++-------
 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 4687a97fac..796a3ef7c0 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -307,12 +307,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "convert_case"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6245d59a3e82a7fc217c5828a6692dbc6dfb63a0c8c90495621f7b9d79704a0e"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "core-foundation"
 version = "0.9.4"
@@ -563,15 +557,23 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "derive_more"
-version = "0.99.18"
+version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f33878137e4dafd7fa914ad4e259e18a4e8e532b9617a2d0150262bf53abfce"
+checksum = "4a9b99b9cbbe49445b21764dc0625032a89b145a2642e67603e1c936f5458d05"
+dependencies = [
+ "derive_more-impl",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "derive_more-impl"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cb7330aeadfbe296029522e6c40f315320aba36fc43a5b3632f3795348f3bd22"
 dependencies = [
- "convert_case",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "rustc_version",
  "syn 2.0.77",
+ "unicode-xid",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1074,9 +1076,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libm"
-version = "0.2.8"
+version = "0.2.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4ec2a862134d2a7d32d7983ddcdd1c4923530833c9f2ea1a44fc5fa473989058"
+checksum = "8355be11b20d696c8f18f6cc018c4e372165b1fa8126cef092399c9951984ffa"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libredox"
@@ -1168,9 +1170,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite"
-version = "0.4.16"
+version = "0.4.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5616515d632967cd329b6f6db96be9a03ea0b3a49cdbc45b0016803dad8a77b7"
+checksum = "4a6ecab92657eb234bfe98abd0b17920772c6b14ce69256950142e2eb36d000b"
 dependencies = [
  "malachite-base",
  "malachite-nz",
@@ -1179,9 +1181,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-base"
-version = "0.4.16"
+version = "0.4.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "46059721011b0458b7bd6d9179be5d0b60294281c23320c207adceaecc54d13b"
+checksum = "06f6d078bb4dad5b76f6a85737e6c9113667d199612a73eef375c56e75d5d4d5"
 dependencies = [
  "hashbrown",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -1191,9 +1193,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-bigint"
-version = "0.2.0"
+version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "17703a19c80bbdd0b7919f0f104f3b0597f7de4fc4e90a477c15366a5ba03faa"
+checksum = "63c7698e7abae9522edd41b54ae0395a9bd736ca5054b5fbe672316283a7b817"
 dependencies = [
  "derive_more",
  "malachite",
@@ -1204,9 +1206,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-nz"
-version = "0.4.16"
+version = "0.4.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1503b27e825cabd1c3d0ff1e95a39fb2ec9eab6fd3da6cfa41aec7091d273e78"
+checksum = "ad61a09cde72dcdb8b2baaf3e71430c5bd94fb6753da89f17301a459f3e466db"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "libm",
@@ -1215,9 +1217,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-q"
-version = "0.4.16"
+version = "0.4.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a475503a70a3679dbe3b9b230a23622516742528ba614a7b2490f180ea9cb514"
+checksum = "be4a9dfffb87667ae94e8320213d3f5419e3e37311bc6bf8f4d2ab9b44f3a535"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "malachite-base",
@@ -1895,7 +1897,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-ast"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2007,7 +2009,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-format"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -2034,7 +2036,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-literal"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
 dependencies = [
  "hexf-parse",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2046,7 +2048,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2069,7 +2071,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-core"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "memchr",
@@ -2079,7 +2081,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-vendored"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701#f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "once_cell",
@@ -2853,6 +2855,12 @@ version = "0.1.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7dd6e30e90baa6f72411720665d41d89b9a3d039dc45b8faea1ddd07f617f6af"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-xid"
+version = "0.2.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ebc1c04c71510c7f702b52b7c350734c9ff1295c464a03335b00bb84fc54f853"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2"
 version = "1.3.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index eadbdea4b7..c679279fb2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -127,11 +127,11 @@ rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0",
 # rustpython-parser = { version = "0.4.0" }
 # rustpython-ast = { version = "0.4.0" }
 # rustpython-format= { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701" }
-rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701" }
-rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701" }
-rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701" }
-rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "f07b97cef396d573364639904d767c9ff3e3e701" }
+rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e" }
+rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e" }
+rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e" }
+rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e" }
+rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e" }
 # rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
 # rustpython-parser = { path = "../RustPython-parser/parser" }
@@ -157,9 +157,9 @@ junction = "1.0.0"
 libc = "0.2.153"
 log = "0.4.16"
 nix = { version = "0.29", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
-malachite-bigint = "0.2.0"
-malachite-q = "0.4.4"
-malachite-base = "0.4.4"
+malachite-bigint = "0.2.2"
+malachite-q = "<=0.4.18"
+malachite-base = "<=0.4.18"
 memchr = "2.7.2"
 num-complex = "0.4.0"
 num-integer = "0.1.44"

From 8f5cc6174c6d1f98f035ae1e6252115cd484c35c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 6 Feb 2025 20:41:34 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 409/705] fix windows sleep

---
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py
index 96ead76583..b0323c8840 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ def echo(text):
         return ["cmd", "/C", f"echo {text}"]
     def sleep(secs):
         # TODO: make work in a non-unixy environment (something with timeout.exe?)
-        return ["sleep", str(secs)]
+        return ["powershell", "/C", "sleep", str(secs)]
 
 p = subprocess.Popen(echo("test"))
 

From 3de1c2ab56fed2c3ca059a6ea17c4565ee2e66d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 9 Feb 2025 22:55:08 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 410/705] Update malachite-q and base to 0.4.22 (#5499)

* update malachite-q and base to 0.4.22

* Update malachite-bigint from parser

---------

Co-authored-by: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
---
 Cargo.lock | 32 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 Cargo.toml | 16 ++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 796a3ef7c0..70395fb1d5 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1170,9 +1170,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite"
-version = "0.4.18"
+version = "0.4.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a6ecab92657eb234bfe98abd0b17920772c6b14ce69256950142e2eb36d000b"
+checksum = "2fbdf9cb251732db30a7200ebb6ae5d22fe8e11397364416617d2c2cf0c51cb5"
 dependencies = [
  "malachite-base",
  "malachite-nz",
@@ -1181,9 +1181,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-base"
-version = "0.4.18"
+version = "0.4.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06f6d078bb4dad5b76f6a85737e6c9113667d199612a73eef375c56e75d5d4d5"
+checksum = "5ea0ed76adf7defc1a92240b5c36d5368cfe9251640dcce5bd2d0b7c1fd87aeb"
 dependencies = [
  "hashbrown",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -1193,9 +1193,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-bigint"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "63c7698e7abae9522edd41b54ae0395a9bd736ca5054b5fbe672316283a7b817"
+checksum = "d149aaa2965d70381709d9df4c7ee1fc0de1c614a4efc2ee356f5e43d68749f8"
 dependencies = [
  "derive_more",
  "malachite",
@@ -1206,9 +1206,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-nz"
-version = "0.4.18"
+version = "0.4.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ad61a09cde72dcdb8b2baaf3e71430c5bd94fb6753da89f17301a459f3e466db"
+checksum = "34a79feebb2bc9aa7762047c8e5495269a367da6b5a90a99882a0aeeac1841f7"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "libm",
@@ -1217,9 +1217,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-q"
-version = "0.4.18"
+version = "0.4.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "be4a9dfffb87667ae94e8320213d3f5419e3e37311bc6bf8f4d2ab9b44f3a535"
+checksum = "50f235d5747b1256b47620f5640c2a17a88c7569eebdf27cd9cb130e1a619191"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "malachite-base",
@@ -1897,7 +1897,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-ast"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2009,7 +2009,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-format"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
@@ -2036,7 +2036,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-literal"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
 dependencies = [
  "hexf-parse",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2048,7 +2048,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2071,7 +2071,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-core"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
 dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "memchr",
@@ -2081,7 +2081,7 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-parser-vendored"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e#4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e"
+source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "once_cell",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c679279fb2..f1391d000e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -127,11 +127,11 @@ rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0",
 # rustpython-parser = { version = "0.4.0" }
 # rustpython-ast = { version = "0.4.0" }
 # rustpython-format= { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e" }
-rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e" }
-rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e" }
-rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e" }
-rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "4588ea5c3e6327009640e7c9c89eb6fa9220358e" }
+rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
+rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
+rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
+rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
+rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
 # rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
 # rustpython-parser = { path = "../RustPython-parser/parser" }
@@ -157,9 +157,9 @@ junction = "1.0.0"
 libc = "0.2.153"
 log = "0.4.16"
 nix = { version = "0.29", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
-malachite-bigint = "0.2.2"
-malachite-q = "<=0.4.18"
-malachite-base = "<=0.4.18"
+malachite-bigint = "0.2.3"
+malachite-q = "0.4.22"
+malachite-base = "0.4.22"
 memchr = "2.7.2"
 num-complex = "0.4.0"
 num-integer = "0.1.44"

From 465627f104b6b0fb6d2046636d97a0dc6f05d744 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Lee Dogeon <dev.moreal@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 7 Feb 2025 04:22:23 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 411/705] Implement vm logics related with ParamSpec,
 TypeVarTuple

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs     | 23 +++++++++++++++++++++--
 compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs | 14 ++++++++++++--
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs       |  8 +++++++-
 vm/src/frame.rs                     | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs             | 17 +++++++++++++++--
 5 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index b75e977b5d..bcb67ca0f5 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -1095,8 +1095,27 @@ impl Compiler {
                         self.store_name(name.as_ref())?;
                     }
                 }
-                located_ast::TypeParam::ParamSpec(_) => todo!(),
-                located_ast::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(_) => todo!(),
+                located_ast::TypeParam::ParamSpec(located_ast::TypeParamParamSpec {
+                    name, ..
+                }) => {
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                        value: name.to_string(),
+                    });
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::ParamSpec);
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
+                    self.store_name(name.as_ref())?;
+                }
+                located_ast::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(located_ast::TypeParamTypeVarTuple {
+                    name,
+                    ..
+                }) => {
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                        value: name.to_string(),
+                    });
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::TypeVarTuple);
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
+                    self.store_name(name.as_ref())?;
+                }
             };
         }
         emit!(
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
index bbb134facf..80c6e389fc 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
@@ -1257,8 +1257,18 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                         self.scan_expression(binding, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                     }
                 }
-                ast::located::TypeParam::ParamSpec(_) => todo!(),
-                ast::located::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(_) => todo!(),
+                ast::located::TypeParam::ParamSpec(ast::TypeParamParamSpec {
+                    name,
+                    range: param_spec_range,
+                }) => {
+                    self.register_name(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned, param_spec_range.start)?;
+                }
+                ast::located::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(ast::TypeParamTypeVarTuple {
+                    name,
+                    range: type_var_tuple_range,
+                }) => {
+                    self.register_name(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned, type_var_tuple_range.start)?;
+                }
             }
         }
         Ok(())
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index c8dbc63744..46839c2695 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -595,10 +595,12 @@ pub enum Instruction {
     TypeVarWithBound,
     TypeVarWithConstraint,
     TypeAlias,
+    TypeVarTuple,
+    ParamSpec,
     // If you add a new instruction here, be sure to keep LAST_INSTRUCTION updated
 }
 // This must be kept up to date to avoid marshaling errors
-const LAST_INSTRUCTION: Instruction = Instruction::TypeAlias;
+const LAST_INSTRUCTION: Instruction = Instruction::ParamSpec;
 const _: () = assert!(mem::size_of::<Instruction>() == 1);
 
 impl From<Instruction> for u8 {
@@ -1291,6 +1293,8 @@ impl Instruction {
             TypeVarWithBound => -1,
             TypeVarWithConstraint => -1,
             TypeAlias => -2,
+            ParamSpec => 0,
+            TypeVarTuple => 0,
         }
     }
 
@@ -1460,6 +1464,8 @@ impl Instruction {
             TypeVarWithBound => w!(TypeVarWithBound),
             TypeVarWithConstraint => w!(TypeVarWithConstraint),
             TypeAlias => w!(TypeAlias),
+            ParamSpec => w!(ParamSpec),
+            TypeVarTuple => w!(TypeVarTuple),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 8fc7e171b3..fac6da8df5 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1202,6 +1202,23 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 self.push_value(type_alias.into_ref(&vm.ctx).into());
                 Ok(None)
             }
+            bytecode::Instruction::ParamSpec => {
+                let param_spec_name = self.pop_value();
+                let param_spec: PyObjectRef = _typing::make_paramspec(param_spec_name.clone())
+                    .into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+                    .into();
+                self.push_value(param_spec);
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+            bytecode::Instruction::TypeVarTuple => {
+                let type_var_tuple_name = self.pop_value();
+                let type_var_tuple: PyObjectRef =
+                    _typing::make_typevartuple(type_var_tuple_name.clone())
+                        .into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+                        .into();
+                self.push_value(type_var_tuple);
+                Ok(None)
+            }
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
index daa0180325..29ce516b14 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
@@ -75,18 +75,31 @@ pub(crate) mod _typing {
     #[pyclass(name = "ParamSpec")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    struct ParamSpec {}
+    pub(crate) struct ParamSpec {
+        name: PyObjectRef,
+    }
+
     #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
     impl ParamSpec {}
 
+    pub(crate) fn make_paramspec(name: PyObjectRef) -> ParamSpec {
+        ParamSpec { name }
+    }
+
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "TypeVarTuple")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
     #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub(crate) struct TypeVarTuple {}
+    pub(crate) struct TypeVarTuple {
+        name: PyObjectRef,
+    }
     #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
     impl TypeVarTuple {}
 
+    pub(crate) fn make_typevartuple(name: PyObjectRef) -> TypeVarTuple {
+        TypeVarTuple { name }
+    }
+
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "ParamSpecArgs")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]

From c9e62002ec87c5fe56c3f77791ba8473f1fdcd0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Feb 2025 16:09:38 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 412/705] Fixed the implementation of some math functions to
 match CPython closer. (#5510)

Signed-off-by: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
---
 Lib/test/test_random.py |  2 --
 stdlib/src/math.rs      | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_random.py b/Lib/test/test_random.py
index 70bfbf09b5..5bd92f32c2 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_random.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_random.py
@@ -1012,8 +1012,6 @@ def gamma(z, sqrt2pi=(2.0*pi)**0.5):
     ])
 
 class TestDistributions(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON ValueError: math domain error
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_zeroinputs(self):
         # Verify that distributions can handle a series of zero inputs'
         g = random.Random()
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index c1abc1a6f2..30b088f714 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -132,6 +132,9 @@ mod math {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn log(x: PyObjectRef, base: OptionalArg<ArgIntoFloat>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
         let base = base.map(|b| *b).unwrap_or(std::f64::consts::E);
+        if base.is_sign_negative() {
+            return Err(vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()));
+        }
         log2(x, vm).map(|logx| logx / base.log2())
     }
 
@@ -192,16 +195,18 @@ mod math {
         let x = *x;
         let y = *y;
 
-        if x < 0.0 && x.is_finite() && y.fract() != 0.0 && y.is_finite() {
-            return Err(vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()));
-        }
-
-        if x == 0.0 && y < 0.0 && y != f64::NEG_INFINITY {
+        if x < 0.0 && x.is_finite() && y.fract() != 0.0 && y.is_finite()
+            || x == 0.0 && y < 0.0 && y != f64::NEG_INFINITY
+        {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()));
         }
 
         let value = x.powf(y);
 
+        if x.is_finite() && y.is_finite() && value.is_infinite() {
+            return Err(vm.new_overflow_error("math range error".to_string()));
+        }
+
         Ok(value)
     }
 
@@ -212,6 +217,9 @@ mod math {
             return Ok(value);
         }
         if value.is_sign_negative() {
+            if value.is_zero() {
+                return Ok(-0.0f64);
+            }
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()));
         }
         Ok(value.sqrt())
@@ -260,6 +268,9 @@ mod math {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn cos(x: ArgIntoFloat, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
+        if x.is_infinite() {
+            return Err(vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()));
+        }
         call_math_func!(cos, x, vm)
     }
 
@@ -394,11 +405,17 @@ mod math {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn sin(x: ArgIntoFloat, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
+        if x.is_infinite() {
+            return Err(vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()));
+        }
         call_math_func!(sin, x, vm)
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn tan(x: ArgIntoFloat, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
+        if x.is_infinite() {
+            return Err(vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()));
+        }
         call_math_func!(tan, x, vm)
     }
 

From 2d5e4d89b071f0538564aaeb286640ba01a2e8a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Feb 2025 13:03:11 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 413/705] Update openssl to fix possible vulnerability

---
 Cargo.lock        | 8 ++++----
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs | 6 +++++-
 2 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 70395fb1d5..4285718fa7 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1396,9 +1396,9 @@ checksum = "b410bbe7e14ab526a0e86877eb47c6996a2bd7746f027ba551028c925390e4e9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl"
-version = "0.10.66"
+version = "0.10.70"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9529f4786b70a3e8c61e11179af17ab6188ad8d0ded78c5529441ed39d4bd9c1"
+checksum = "61cfb4e166a8bb8c9b55c500bc2308550148ece889be90f609377e58140f42c6"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -1437,9 +1437,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-sys"
-version = "0.9.103"
+version = "0.9.105"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7f9e8deee91df40a943c71b917e5874b951d32a802526c85721ce3b776c929d6"
+checksum = "8b22d5b84be05a8d6947c7cb71f7c849aa0f112acd4bf51c2a7c1c988ac0a9dc"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index 03222ff4f5..3622b74d1a 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -612,7 +612,11 @@ mod _ssl {
                     Ok(pbuf.to_vec())
                 })?;
                 ctx.set_alpn_select_callback(move |_, client| {
-                    ssl::select_next_proto(&server, client).ok_or(ssl::AlpnError::NOACK)
+                    let proto =
+                        ssl::select_next_proto(&server, client).ok_or(ssl::AlpnError::NOACK)?;
+                    let pos = memchr::memmem::find(client, proto)
+                        .expect("selected alpn proto should be present in client protos");
+                    Ok(&client[pos..proto.len()])
                 });
                 Ok(())
             }

From 6e35e20e49d82ebcf0500d8b18d5dbcd0a9fd92a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Feb 2025 22:13:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 414/705] dependency bump

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock               | 226 +++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 Cargo.toml               |  48 ++++-----
 compiler/core/Cargo.toml |   2 +-
 derive-impl/Cargo.toml   |   6 +-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml        |  16 +--
 5 files changed, 170 insertions(+), 128 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 4285718fa7..8f4c765e02 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2,12 +2,6 @@
 # It is not intended for manual editing.
 version = 4
 
-[[package]]
-name = "Inflector"
-version = "0.11.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fe438c63458706e03479442743baae6c88256498e6431708f6dfc520a26515d3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "adler2"
 version = "2.0.0"
@@ -249,9 +243,9 @@ checksum = "613afe47fcd5fac7ccf1db93babcb082c5994d996f20b8b159f2ad1658eb5724"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.38"
+version = "0.4.39"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a21f936df1771bf62b77f047b726c4625ff2e8aa607c01ec06e5a05bd8463401"
+checksum = "7e36cc9d416881d2e24f9a963be5fb1cd90966419ac844274161d10488b3e825"
 dependencies = [
  "android-tzdata",
  "iana-time-zone",
@@ -272,7 +266,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 1.3.2",
  "strsim",
  "textwrap 0.11.0",
- "unicode-width",
+ "unicode-width 0.1.14",
  "vec_map",
 ]
 
@@ -514,9 +508,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
-version = "0.8.20"
+version = "0.8.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "22ec99545bb0ed0ea7bb9b8e1e9122ea386ff8a48c0922e43f36d45ab09e0e80"
+checksum = "d0a5c400df2834b80a4c3327b3aad3a4c4cd4de0629063962b03235697506a28"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crunchy"
@@ -572,7 +566,7 @@ checksum = "cb7330aeadfbe296029522e6c40f315320aba36fc43a5b3632f3795348f3bd22"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
  "unicode-xid",
 ]
 
@@ -783,12 +777,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "gethostname"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1ebd34e35c46e00bb73e81363248d627782724609fe1b6396f553f68fe3862e"
+checksum = "4fd4b8790c0792e3b11895efdf5f289ebe8b59107a6624f1cce68f24ff8c7035"
 dependencies = [
- "libc",
- "winapi",
+ "rustix",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -797,7 +791,7 @@ version = "0.2.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "14dbbfd5c71d70241ecf9e6f13737f7b5ce823821063188d7e46c41d371eebd5"
 dependencies = [
- "unicode-width",
+ "unicode-width 0.1.14",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -939,14 +933,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "is-macro"
-version = "0.3.6"
+version = "0.3.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2069faacbe981460232f880d26bf3c7634e322d49053aa48c27e3ae642f728f1"
+checksum = "1d57a3e447e24c22647738e4607f1df1e0ec6f72e16182c4cd199f647cdfb0e4"
 dependencies = [
- "Inflector",
+ "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -967,6 +961,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.12.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ba291022dbbd398a455acf126c1e341954079855bc60dfdda641363bd6922569"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
 version = "1.0.11"
@@ -1007,6 +1010,12 @@ version = "0.20.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "507460a910eb7b32ee961886ff48539633b788a36b65692b95f225b844c82553"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lambert_w"
+version = "1.0.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b0c98033daa8d13aa2171722fd201bae337924189091f7988bdaff5301fa8c9"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
 version = "0.2.11"
@@ -1051,9 +1060,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.159"
+version = "0.2.169"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "561d97a539a36e26a9a5fad1ea11a3039a67714694aaa379433e580854bc3dc5"
+checksum = "b5aba8db14291edd000dfcc4d620c7ebfb122c613afb886ca8803fa4e128a20a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libffi"
@@ -1136,9 +1145,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
-version = "0.4.22"
+version = "0.4.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a7a70ba024b9dc04c27ea2f0c0548feb474ec5c54bba33a7f72f873a39d07b24"
+checksum = "04cbf5b083de1c7e0222a7a51dbfdba1cbe1c6ab0b15e29fff3f6c077fd9cd9f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lz4_flex"
@@ -1256,9 +1265,9 @@ checksum = "78ca9ab1a0babb1e7d5695e3530886289c18cf2f87ec19a575a0abdce112e3a3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memmap2"
-version = "0.5.10"
+version = "0.9.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "83faa42c0a078c393f6b29d5db232d8be22776a891f8f56e5284faee4a20b327"
+checksum = "fd3f7eed9d3848f8b98834af67102b720745c4ec028fcd0aa0239277e7de374f"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -1379,14 +1388,14 @@ checksum = "af1844ef2428cc3e1cb900be36181049ef3d3193c63e43026cfe202983b27a56"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.19.0"
+version = "1.20.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3fdb12b2476b595f9358c5161aa467c2438859caa136dec86c26fdd2efe17b92"
+checksum = "945462a4b81e43c4e3ba96bd7b49d834c6f61198356aa858733bc4acf3cbe62e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
@@ -1417,7 +1426,7 @@ checksum = "a948666b637a0f465e8564c73e89d4dde00d72d4d473cc972f390fc3dcee7d9c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1456,9 +1465,9 @@ checksum = "978aa494585d3ca4ad74929863093e87cac9790d81fe7aba2b3dc2890643a0fc"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "page_size"
-version = "0.4.2"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eebde548fbbf1ea81a99b128872779c437752fb99f217c45245e1a61dcd9edcd"
+checksum = "30d5b2194ed13191c1999ae0704b7839fb18384fa22e49b57eeaa97d79ce40da"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "winapi",
@@ -1573,7 +1582,7 @@ checksum = "52a40bc70c2c58040d2d8b167ba9a5ff59fc9dab7ad44771cfde3dcfde7a09c6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1593,18 +1602,21 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.86"
+version = "1.0.93"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e719e8df665df0d1c8fbfd238015744736151d4445ec0836b8e628aae103b77"
+checksum = "60946a68e5f9d28b0dc1c21bb8a97ee7d018a8b322fa57838ba31cc878e22d99"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "puruspe"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3804877ffeba468c806c2ad9057bbbae92e4b2c410c2f108baaa0042f241fa4c"
+checksum = "5666f1226a41ebb7191b702947674f4814c9919da58a9f91a60090412664bbce"
+dependencies = [
+ "lambert_w",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
@@ -1653,7 +1665,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1666,14 +1678,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.37"
+version = "1.0.38"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b5b9d34b8991d19d98081b46eacdd8eb58c6f2b201139f7c5f643cc155a633af"
+checksum = "0e4dccaaaf89514f546c693ddc140f729f958c247918a13380cccc6078391acc"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
@@ -1767,7 +1779,7 @@ checksum = "ba009ff324d1fc1b900bd1fdb31564febe58a8ccc8a6fdbb93b543d33b13ca43"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom",
  "libredox",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 1.0.64",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1841,7 +1853,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pmutil",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1914,7 +1926,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "indexmap",
  "insta",
- "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
  "log",
  "num-complex",
  "num-traits",
@@ -1931,7 +1943,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ascii",
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "cfg-if",
- "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
  "libc",
  "lock_api",
  "malachite-base",
@@ -1964,7 +1976,7 @@ name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
- "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
  "lz4_flex",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "num-complex",
@@ -1985,7 +1997,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-derive-impl"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
  "maplit",
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -1995,7 +2007,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-parser-core",
  "syn 1.0.109",
  "syn-ext",
- "textwrap 0.15.2",
+ "textwrap 0.16.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2030,7 +2042,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-derive",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.11",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2127,7 +2139,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "gethostname",
  "hex",
  "indexmap",
- "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
  "junction",
  "libc",
  "libsqlite3-sys",
@@ -2202,7 +2214,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hex",
  "indexmap",
  "is-macro",
- "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "itertools 0.12.1",
  "junction",
  "libc",
  "log",
@@ -2241,7 +2253,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
  "strum",
  "strum_macros",
- "thiserror",
+ "thiserror 2.0.11",
  "thread_local",
  "timsort",
  "uname",
@@ -2284,9 +2296,9 @@ checksum = "955d28af4278de8121b7ebeb796b6a45735dc01436d898801014aced2773a3d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustyline"
-version = "14.0.0"
+version = "15.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7803e8936da37efd9b6d4478277f4b2b9bb5cdb37a113e8d63222e58da647e63"
+checksum = "2ee1e066dc922e513bda599c6ccb5f3bb2b0ea5870a579448f2622993f0a9a2f"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.6.0",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -2296,12 +2308,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "log",
  "memchr",
- "nix 0.28.0",
+ "nix 0.29.0",
  "radix_trie",
  "unicode-segmentation",
- "unicode-width",
+ "unicode-width 0.2.0",
  "utf8parse",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2321,9 +2333,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "schannel"
-version = "0.1.24"
+version = "0.1.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e9aaafd5a2b6e3d657ff009d82fbd630b6bd54dd4eb06f21693925cdf80f9b8b"
+checksum = "1f29ebaa345f945cec9fbbc532eb307f0fdad8161f281b6369539c8d84876b3d"
 dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
@@ -2342,9 +2354,9 @@ checksum = "61697e0a1c7e512e84a621326239844a24d8207b4669b41bc18b32ea5cbf988b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.210"
+version = "1.0.217"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c8e3592472072e6e22e0a54d5904d9febf8508f65fb8552499a1abc7d1078c3a"
+checksum = "02fc4265df13d6fa1d00ecff087228cc0a2b5f3c0e87e258d8b94a156e984c70"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
@@ -2373,13 +2385,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.210"
+version = "1.0.217"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "243902eda00fad750862fc144cea25caca5e20d615af0a81bee94ca738f1df1f"
+checksum = "5a9bf7cf98d04a2b28aead066b7496853d4779c9cc183c440dbac457641e19a0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2458,9 +2470,9 @@ checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
-version = "0.5.7"
+version = "0.5.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ce305eb0b4296696835b71df73eb912e0f1ffd2556a501fcede6e0c50349191c"
+checksum = "c970269d99b64e60ec3bd6ad27270092a5394c4e309314b18ae3fe575695fbe8"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
@@ -2480,21 +2492,21 @@ checksum = "8ea5119cdb4c55b55d432abb513a0429384878c15dde60cc77b1c99de1a95a6a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
-version = "0.26.3"
+version = "0.27.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8fec0f0aef304996cf250b31b5a10dee7980c85da9d759361292b8bca5a18f06"
+checksum = "ce1475c515a4f03a8a7129bb5228b81a781a86cb0b3fbbc19e1c556d491a401f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum_macros"
-version = "0.26.4"
+version = "0.27.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4c6bee85a5a24955dc440386795aa378cd9cf82acd5f764469152d2270e581be"
+checksum = "9688894b43459159c82bfa5a5fa0435c19cbe3c9b427fa1dd7b1ce0c279b18a7"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2516,9 +2528,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.77"
+version = "2.0.98"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9f35bcdf61fd8e7be6caf75f429fdca8beb3ed76584befb503b1569faee373ed"
+checksum = "36147f1a48ae0ec2b5b3bc5b537d267457555a10dc06f3dbc8cb11ba3006d3b1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2585,14 +2597,14 @@ version = "0.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d326610f408c7a4eb6f51c37c330e496b08506c9457c9d34287ecc38809fb060"
 dependencies = [
- "unicode-width",
+ "unicode-width 0.1.14",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "textwrap"
-version = "0.15.2"
+version = "0.16.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b7b3e525a49ec206798b40326a44121291b530c963cfb01018f63e135bac543d"
+checksum = "23d434d3f8967a09480fb04132ebe0a3e088c173e6d0ee7897abbdf4eab0f8b9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
@@ -2600,7 +2612,16 @@ version = "1.0.64"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d50af8abc119fb8bb6dbabcfa89656f46f84aa0ac7688088608076ad2b459a84"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl",
+ "thiserror-impl 1.0.64",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror"
+version = "2.0.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d452f284b73e6d76dd36758a0c8684b1d5be31f92b89d07fd5822175732206fc"
+dependencies = [
+ "thiserror-impl 2.0.11",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2611,7 +2632,18 @@ checksum = "08904e7672f5eb876eaaf87e0ce17857500934f4981c4a0ab2b4aa98baac7fc3"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "thiserror-impl"
+version = "2.0.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "26afc1baea8a989337eeb52b6e72a039780ce45c3edfcc9c5b9d112feeb173c2"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2855,6 +2887,12 @@ version = "0.1.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7dd6e30e90baa6f72411720665d41d89b9a3d039dc45b8faea1ddd07f617f6af"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-width"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1fc81956842c57dac11422a97c3b8195a1ff727f06e85c84ed2e8aa277c9a0fd"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-xid"
 version = "0.2.6"
@@ -2948,26 +2986,27 @@ checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
-version = "0.2.99"
+version = "0.2.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a474f6281d1d70c17ae7aa6a613c87fce69a127e2624002df63dcb39d6cf6396"
+checksum = "1edc8929d7499fc4e8f0be2262a241556cfc54a0bea223790e71446f2aab1ef5"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "once_cell",
+ "rustversion",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.99"
+version = "0.2.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5f89bb38646b4f81674e8f5c3fb81b562be1fd936d84320f3264486418519c79"
+checksum = "2f0a0651a5c2bc21487bde11ee802ccaf4c51935d0d3d42a6101f98161700bc6"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "log",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
@@ -2985,9 +3024,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
-version = "0.2.99"
+version = "0.2.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2cc6181fd9a7492eef6fef1f33961e3695e4579b9872a6f7c83aee556666d4fe"
+checksum = "7fe63fc6d09ed3792bd0897b314f53de8e16568c2b3f7982f468c0bf9bd0b407"
 dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
@@ -2995,22 +3034,25 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.99"
+version = "0.2.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "30d7a95b763d3c45903ed6c81f156801839e5ee968bb07e534c44df0fcd330c2"
+checksum = "8ae87ea40c9f689fc23f209965b6fb8a99ad69aeeb0231408be24920604395de"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.99"
+version = "0.2.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "943aab3fdaaa029a6e0271b35ea10b72b943135afe9bffca82384098ad0e06a6"
+checksum = "1a05d73b933a847d6cccdda8f838a22ff101ad9bf93e33684f39c1f5f0eece3d"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
@@ -3321,5 +3363,5 @@ checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.77",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f1391d000e..e838110e89 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -139,50 +139,50 @@ rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version
 # rustpython-format = { path = "../RustPython-parser/format" }
 
 ahash = "0.8.11"
-ascii = "1.0"
-bitflags = "2.4.1"
+ascii = "1.1"
+bitflags = "2.4.2"
 bstr = "1"
 cfg-if = "1.0"
-chrono = "0.4.37"
-crossbeam-utils = "0.8.19"
+chrono = "0.4.39"
+crossbeam-utils = "0.8.21"
 flame = "0.2.2"
-getrandom = "0.2.12"
+getrandom = "0.2.15"
 glob = "0.3"
 hex = "0.4.3"
 indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
 insta = "1.38.0"
-itertools = "0.11.0"
-is-macro = "0.3.0"
-junction = "1.0.0"
-libc = "0.2.153"
-log = "0.4.16"
+itertools = "0.12.1"
+is-macro = "0.3.7"
+junction = "1.2.0"
+libc = "0.2.169"
+log = "0.4.25"
 nix = { version = "0.29", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
 malachite-bigint = "0.2.3"
 malachite-q = "0.4.22"
 malachite-base = "0.4.22"
-memchr = "2.7.2"
-num-complex = "0.4.0"
-num-integer = "0.1.44"
+memchr = "2.7.4"
+num-complex = "0.4.6"
+num-integer = "0.1.46"
 num-traits = "0.2"
 num_enum = { version = "0.7", default-features = false }
-once_cell = "1.19.0"
-parking_lot = "0.12.1"
-paste = "1.0.7"
+once_cell = "1.20.3"
+parking_lot = "0.12.3"
+paste = "1.0.15"
 rand = "0.8.5"
 rustix = { version = "0.38", features = ["event"] }
-rustyline = "14.0.0"
+rustyline = "15.0.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0.133", default-features = false }
-schannel = "0.1.22"
+schannel = "0.1.27"
 static_assertions = "1.1"
-strum = "0.26"
-strum_macros = "0.26"
+strum = "0.27"
+strum_macros = "0.27"
 syn = "1.0.109"
-thiserror = "1.0"
-thread_local = "1.1.4"
-unicode_names2 = "1.2.0"
+thiserror = "2.0"
+thread_local = "1.1.8"
+unicode_names2 = "1.3.0"
 widestring = "1.1.0"
 windows-sys = "0.52.0"
-wasm-bindgen = "0.2.92"
+wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100"
 
 # Lints
 
diff --git a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
index 3d05fc2734..619ffcf61e 100644
--- a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ bitflags = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 malachite-bigint = { workspace = true }
 num-complex = { workspace = true }
-serde = { version = "1.0.133", optional = true, default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
+serde = { version = "1.0.217", optional = true, default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
 
 lz4_flex = "0.11"
 
diff --git a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
index a843f5d3c5..83a4bc4214 100644
--- a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,10 +18,10 @@ once_cell = { workspace = true }
 syn = { workspace = true, features = ["full", "extra-traits"] }
 
 maplit = "1.0.2"
-proc-macro2 = "1.0.79"
-quote = "1.0.18"
+proc-macro2 = "1.0.93"
+quote = "1.0.38"
 syn-ext = { version = "0.4.0", features = ["full"] }
-textwrap = { version = "0.15.0", default-features = false }
+textwrap = { version = "0.16.1", default-features = false }
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 934c9b5cf1..3d91b6fab9 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ thread_local = { workspace = true }
 
 memchr = { workspace = true }
 base64 = "0.13.0"
-csv-core = "0.1.10"
+csv-core = "0.1.11"
 dyn-clone = "1.0.10"
 libz-sys = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
-puruspe = "0.2.4"
+puruspe = "0.3.0"
 xml-rs = "0.8.14"
 
 # random
 rand = { workspace = true }
-rand_core = "0.6.3"
+rand_core = "0.6.4"
 mt19937 = "2.0.1"
 
 # Crypto:
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ uuid = { version = "1.1.2", features = ["v1", "fast-rng"] }
 
 # mmap
 [target.'cfg(all(unix, not(target_arch = "wasm32")))'.dependencies]
-memmap2 = "0.5.4"
-page_size = "0.4"
+memmap2 = "0.5.10"
+page_size = "0.6"
 
 [target.'cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox"), not(target_os = "ios")))'.dependencies]
 termios = "0.3.3"
@@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ termios = "0.3.3"
 rustix = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
-gethostname = "0.2.3"
-socket2 = { version = "0.5.6", features = ["all"] }
+gethostname = "1.0.0"
+socket2 = { version = "0.5.8", features = ["all"] }
 dns-lookup = "2"
 openssl = { version = "0.10.66", optional = true }
 openssl-sys = { version = "0.9.80", optional = true }
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ features = [
 ]
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
-system-configuration = "0.5.0"
+system-configuration = "0.5.1"
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true

From a46ce8ec3a9ab954d38f861ea43d0844b9976ddb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Feb 2025 21:11:01 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 415/705] Mark version 3.13.0 (#5495)

* bump to 3.13.1
* fix some tests
* strip left whitespace from doc
* remove specific difflib test that was causing issues
* fix test_enum

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml                 |   2 +-
 .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml            |   2 +-
 Cargo.lock                                | 472 +++++++++++++---------
 DEVELOPMENT.md                            |   2 +-
 Lib/difflib.py                            |  19 -
 Lib/test/test_enum.py                     |  30 +-
 README.md                                 |   2 +-
 common/src/str.rs                         |  31 ++
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml               |   1 +
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs           |  42 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py    |   2 -
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_imghdr.py     |  27 --
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py |  12 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_xdrlib.py     |  12 -
 extra_tests/snippets/syntax_class.py      |   4 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/syntax_doc.py        |  15 +
 extra_tests/snippets/syntax_function2.py  |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs                    |  28 +-
 vm/src/version.rs                         |   4 +-
 whats_left.py                             |   4 +-
 20 files changed, 406 insertions(+), 307 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_imghdr.py
 delete mode 100644 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_xdrlib.py
 create mode 100644 extra_tests/snippets/syntax_doc.py

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index ee8d274c18..7bbed2c3c2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ env:
     test_weakref
     test_yield_from
   # Python version targeted by the CI.
-  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.12.3"
+  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.13.1"
 
 jobs:
   rust_tests:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
index 0880e2d249..60a06d80c7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ name: Periodic checks/tasks
 
 env:
   CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,ssl,jit
-  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.12.0"
+  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.13.1"
 
 jobs:
   # codecov collects code coverage data from the rust tests, python snippets and python test suite.
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 8f4c765e02..c238cf994f 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -21,10 +21,10 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e89da841a80418a9b391ebaea17f5c112ffaaa96f621d2c285b5174da76b9011"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "getrandom",
+ "getrandom 0.2.15",
  "once_cell",
  "version_check",
- "zerocopy",
+ "zerocopy 0.7.35",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
-version = "1.0.89"
+version = "1.0.95"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "86fdf8605db99b54d3cd748a44c6d04df638eb5dafb219b135d0149bd0db01f6"
+checksum = "34ac096ce696dc2fcabef30516bb13c0a68a11d30131d3df6f04711467681b04"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "approx"
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "1.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c4b4d0bd25bd0b74681c0ad21497610ce1b7c91b1022cd21c80c6fbdd9476b0"
+checksum = "ace50bade8e6234aa140d9a2f552bbee1db4d353f69b8217bc503490fc1a9f26"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
@@ -127,9 +127,9 @@ checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b048fb63fd8b5923fc5aa7b340d8e156aec7ec02f0c78fa8a6ddc2613f6f71de"
+checksum = "8f68f53c83ab957f72c32642f3868eec03eb974d1fb82e453128456482613d36"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "blake2"
@@ -151,9 +151,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bstr"
-version = "1.10.0"
+version = "1.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40723b8fb387abc38f4f4a37c09073622e41dd12327033091ef8950659e6dc0c"
+checksum = "531a9155a481e2ee699d4f98f43c0ca4ff8ee1bfd55c31e9e98fb29d2b176fe0"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "regex-automata",
@@ -162,15 +162,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bumpalo"
-version = "3.16.0"
+version = "3.17.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "79296716171880943b8470b5f8d03aa55eb2e645a4874bdbb28adb49162e012c"
+checksum = "1628fb46dfa0b37568d12e5edd512553eccf6a22a78e8bde00bb4aed84d5bdbf"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytemuck"
-version = "1.18.0"
+version = "1.21.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "94bbb0ad554ad961ddc5da507a12a29b14e4ae5bda06b19f575a3e6079d2e2ae"
+checksum = "ef657dfab802224e671f5818e9a4935f9b1957ed18e58292690cc39e7a4092a3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "byteorder"
@@ -190,9 +190,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bzip2-sys"
-version = "0.1.11+1.0.8"
+version = "0.1.12+1.0.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "736a955f3fa7875102d57c82b8cac37ec45224a07fd32d58f9f7a186b6cd4cdc"
+checksum = "72ebc2f1a417f01e1da30ef264ee86ae31d2dcd2d603ea283d3c244a883ca2a9"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.1.21"
+version = "1.2.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "07b1695e2c7e8fc85310cde85aeaab7e3097f593c91d209d3f9df76c928100f0"
+checksum = "c7777341816418c02e033934a09f20dc0ccaf65a5201ef8a450ae0105a573fda"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
@@ -229,12 +229,6 @@ version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cfg_aliases"
-version = "0.1.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fd16c4719339c4530435d38e511904438d07cce7950afa3718a84ac36c10e89e"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg_aliases"
 version = "0.2.1"
@@ -281,14 +275,14 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "console"
-version = "0.15.8"
+version = "0.15.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0e1f83fc076bd6dd27517eacdf25fef6c4dfe5f1d7448bafaaf3a26f13b5e4eb"
+checksum = "ea3c6ecd8059b57859df5c69830340ed3c41d30e3da0c1cbed90a96ac853041b"
 dependencies = [
  "encode_unicode",
- "lazy_static 1.5.0",
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "once_cell",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -319,9 +313,9 @@ checksum = "773648b94d0e5d620f64f280777445740e61fe701025087ec8b57f45c791888b"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cpufeatures"
-version = "0.2.14"
+version = "0.2.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "608697df725056feaccfa42cffdaeeec3fccc4ffc38358ecd19b243e716a78e0"
+checksum = "59ed5838eebb26a2bb2e58f6d5b5316989ae9d08bab10e0e6d103e656d1b0280"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -489,9 +483,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-deque"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "613f8cc01fe9cf1a3eb3d7f488fd2fa8388403e97039e2f73692932e291a770d"
+checksum = "9dd111b7b7f7d55b72c0a6ae361660ee5853c9af73f70c3c2ef6858b950e2e51"
 dependencies = [
  "crossbeam-epoch",
  "crossbeam-utils",
@@ -514,9 +508,9 @@ checksum = "d0a5c400df2834b80a4c3327b3aad3a4c4cd4de0629063962b03235697506a28"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crunchy"
-version = "0.2.2"
+version = "0.2.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7a81dae078cea95a014a339291cec439d2f232ebe854a9d672b796c6afafa9b7"
+checksum = "43da5946c66ffcc7745f48db692ffbb10a83bfe0afd96235c5c2a4fb23994929"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "crypto-common"
@@ -530,9 +524,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "csv"
-version = "1.3.0"
+version = "1.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ac574ff4d437a7b5ad237ef331c17ccca63c46479e5b5453eb8e10bb99a759fe"
+checksum = "acdc4883a9c96732e4733212c01447ebd805833b7275a73ca3ee080fd77afdaf"
 dependencies = [
  "csv-core",
  "itoa",
@@ -542,9 +536,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "csv-core"
-version = "0.1.11"
+version = "0.1.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5efa2b3d7902f4b634a20cae3c9c4e6209dc4779feb6863329607560143efa70"
+checksum = "7d02f3b0da4c6504f86e9cd789d8dbafab48c2321be74e9987593de5a894d93d"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
@@ -616,9 +610,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "dyn-clone"
-version = "1.0.17"
+version = "1.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0d6ef0072f8a535281e4876be788938b528e9a1d43900b82c2569af7da799125"
+checksum = "feeef44e73baff3a26d371801df019877a9866a8c493d315ab00177843314f35"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "either"
@@ -628,9 +622,9 @@ checksum = "60b1af1c220855b6ceac025d3f6ecdd2b7c4894bfe9cd9bda4fbb4bc7c0d4cf0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "encode_unicode"
-version = "0.3.6"
+version = "1.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a357d28ed41a50f9c765dbfe56cbc04a64e53e5fc58ba79fbc34c10ef3df831f"
+checksum = "34aa73646ffb006b8f5147f3dc182bd4bcb190227ce861fc4a4844bf8e3cb2c0"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "endian-type"
@@ -657,12 +651,12 @@ checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.9"
+version = "0.3.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "534c5cf6194dfab3db3242765c03bbe257cf92f22b38f6bc0c58d59108a820ba"
+checksum = "33d852cb9b869c2a9b3df2f71a3074817f01e1844f839a144f5fcef059a4eb5d"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -726,9 +720,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.0.33"
+version = "1.0.35"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "324a1be68054ef05ad64b861cc9eaf1d623d2d8cb25b4bf2cb9cdd902b4bf253"
+checksum = "c936bfdafb507ebbf50b8074c54fa31c5be9a1e7e5f467dd659697041407d07c"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
  "libz-sys",
@@ -803,15 +797,27 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
  "libc",
- "wasi",
+ "wasi 0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "glob"
+name = "getrandom"
 version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d2fabcfbdc87f4758337ca535fb41a6d701b65693ce38287d856d1674551ec9b"
+checksum = "43a49c392881ce6d5c3b8cb70f98717b7c07aabbdff06687b9030dbfbe2725f8"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "wasi 0.13.3+wasi-0.2.2",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "glob"
+version = "0.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a8d1add55171497b4705a648c6b583acafb01d58050a51727785f0b2c8e0a2b2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "half"
@@ -838,6 +844,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "ahash",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.15.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bf151400ff0baff5465007dd2f3e717f3fe502074ca563069ce3a6629d07b289"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
 version = "0.5.0"
@@ -873,11 +885,11 @@ checksum = "dfa686283ad6dd069f105e5ab091b04c62850d3e4cf5d67debad1933f55023df"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "home"
-version = "0.5.9"
+version = "0.5.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e3d1354bf6b7235cb4a0576c2619fd4ed18183f689b12b006a0ee7329eeff9a5"
+checksum = "589533453244b0995c858700322199b2becb13b627df2851f64a2775d024abcf"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -905,12 +917,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.5.0"
+version = "2.7.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "68b900aa2f7301e21c36462b170ee99994de34dff39a4a6a528e80e7376d07e5"
+checksum = "8c9c992b02b5b4c94ea26e32fe5bccb7aa7d9f390ab5c1221ff895bc7ea8b652"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
- "hashbrown",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -921,13 +933,14 @@ checksum = "b248f5224d1d606005e02c97f5aa4e88eeb230488bcc03bc9ca4d7991399f2b5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "insta"
-version = "1.40.0"
+version = "1.42.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6593a41c7a73841868772495db7dc1e8ecab43bb5c0b6da2059246c4b506ab60"
+checksum = "71c1b125e30d93896b365e156c33dadfffab45ee8400afcbba4752f59de08a86"
 dependencies = [
  "console",
- "lazy_static 1.5.0",
  "linked-hash-map",
+ "once_cell",
+ "pin-project",
  "similar",
 ]
 
@@ -972,16 +985,17 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "1.0.11"
+version = "1.0.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "49f1f14873335454500d59611f1cf4a4b0f786f9ac11f4312a78e4cf2566695b"
+checksum = "d75a2a4b1b190afb6f5425f10f6a8f959d2ea0b9c2b1d79553551850539e4674"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.70"
+version = "0.3.77"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1868808506b929d7b0cfa8f75951347aa71bb21144b7791bae35d9bccfcfe37a"
+checksum = "1cfaf33c695fc6e08064efbc1f72ec937429614f25eef83af942d0e227c3a28f"
 dependencies = [
+ "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
@@ -1095,7 +1109,7 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c0ff37bd590ca25063e35af745c343cb7a0271906fb7b37e4813e8f79f00268d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "libc",
 ]
 
@@ -1112,9 +1126,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libz-sys"
-version = "1.1.20"
+version = "1.1.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d2d16453e800a8cf6dd2fc3eb4bc99b786a9b90c663b8559a5b1a041bf89e472"
+checksum = "df9b68e50e6e0b26f672573834882eb57759f6db9b3be2ea3c35c91188bb4eaa"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "pkg-config",
@@ -1129,9 +1143,9 @@ checksum = "0717cef1bc8b636c6e1c1bbdefc09e6322da8a9321966e8928ef80d20f7f770f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.4.14"
+version = "0.4.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "78b3ae25bc7c8c38cec158d1f2757ee79e9b3740fbc7ccf0e59e4b08d793fa89"
+checksum = "d26c52dbd32dccf2d10cac7725f8eae5296885fb5703b261f7d0a0739ec807ab"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
@@ -1160,11 +1174,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mac_address"
-version = "1.1.7"
+version = "1.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8836fae9d0d4be2c8b4efcdd79e828a2faa058a90d005abf42f91cac5493a08e"
+checksum = "c0aeb26bf5e836cc1c341c8106051b573f1766dfa05aa87f0b98be5e51b02303"
 dependencies = [
- "nix 0.28.0",
+ "nix",
  "winapi",
 ]
 
@@ -1194,7 +1208,7 @@ version = "0.4.22"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5ea0ed76adf7defc1a92240b5c36d5368cfe9251640dcce5bd2d0b7c1fd87aeb"
 dependencies = [
- "hashbrown",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.5",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "libm",
  "ryu",
@@ -1265,9 +1279,9 @@ checksum = "78ca9ab1a0babb1e7d5695e3530886289c18cf2f87ec19a575a0abdce112e3a3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "memmap2"
-version = "0.9.5"
+version = "0.5.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fd3f7eed9d3848f8b98834af67102b720745c4ec028fcd0aa0239277e7de374f"
+checksum = "83faa42c0a078c393f6b29d5db232d8be22776a891f8f56e5284faee4a20b327"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -1283,9 +1297,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
-version = "0.8.0"
+version = "0.8.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e2d80299ef12ff69b16a84bb182e3b9df68b5a91574d3d4fa6e41b65deec4df1"
+checksum = "b3b1c9bd4fe1f0f8b387f6eb9eb3b4a1aa26185e5750efb9140301703f62cd1b"
 dependencies = [
  "adler2",
 ]
@@ -1296,7 +1310,7 @@ version = "2.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "12ca7f22ed370d5991a9caec16a83187e865bc8a532f889670337d5a5689e3a1"
 dependencies = [
- "rand_core",
+ "rand_core 0.6.4",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1308,28 +1322,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "nix"
-version = "0.28.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ab2156c4fce2f8df6c499cc1c763e4394b7482525bf2a9701c9d79d215f519e4"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
- "cfg-if",
- "cfg_aliases 0.1.1",
- "libc",
- "memoffset",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "nix"
 version = "0.29.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "71e2746dc3a24dd78b3cfcb7be93368c6de9963d30f43a6a73998a9cf4b17b46"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "cfg-if",
- "cfg_aliases 0.2.1",
+ "cfg_aliases",
  "libc",
  "memoffset",
 ]
@@ -1409,7 +1410,7 @@ version = "0.10.70"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "61cfb4e166a8bb8c9b55c500bc2308550148ece889be90f609377e58140f42c6"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "foreign-types",
  "libc",
@@ -1431,15 +1432,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-probe"
-version = "0.1.5"
+version = "0.1.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ff011a302c396a5197692431fc1948019154afc178baf7d8e37367442a4601cf"
+checksum = "d05e27ee213611ffe7d6348b942e8f942b37114c00cc03cec254295a4a17852e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-src"
-version = "300.3.2+3.3.2"
+version = "300.4.2+3.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a211a18d945ef7e648cc6e0058f4c548ee46aab922ea203e0d30e966ea23647b"
+checksum = "168ce4e058f975fe43e89d9ccf78ca668601887ae736090aacc23ae353c298e2"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
@@ -1491,7 +1492,7 @@ checksum = "1e401f977ab385c9e4e3ab30627d6f26d00e2c73eef317493c4ec6d468726cf8"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
- "redox_syscall 0.5.5",
+ "redox_syscall 0.5.8",
  "smallvec",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
@@ -1504,18 +1505,18 @@ checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ade2d8b8f33c7333b51bcf0428d37e217e9f32192ae4772156f65063b8ce03dc"
+checksum = "1fd6780a80ae0c52cc120a26a1a42c1ae51b247a253e4e06113d23d2c2edd078"
 dependencies = [
  "phf_shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf_codegen"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e8d39688d359e6b34654d328e262234662d16cc0f60ec8dcbe5e718709342a5a"
+checksum = "aef8048c789fa5e851558d709946d6d79a8ff88c0440c587967f8e94bfb1216a"
 dependencies = [
  "phf_generator",
  "phf_shared",
@@ -1523,21 +1524,41 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf_generator"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "48e4cc64c2ad9ebe670cb8fd69dd50ae301650392e81c05f9bfcb2d5bdbc24b0"
+checksum = "3c80231409c20246a13fddb31776fb942c38553c51e871f8cbd687a4cfb5843d"
 dependencies = [
  "phf_shared",
- "rand",
+ "rand 0.8.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "phf_shared"
-version = "0.11.2"
+version = "0.11.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "67eabc2ef2a60eb7faa00097bd1ffdb5bd28e62bf39990626a582201b7a754e5"
+dependencies = [
+ "siphasher 1.0.1",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-project"
+version = "1.1.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "90fcb95eef784c2ac79119d1dd819e162b5da872ce6f3c3abe1e8ca1c082f72b"
+checksum = "dfe2e71e1471fe07709406bf725f710b02927c9c54b2b5b2ec0e8087d97c327d"
 dependencies = [
- "siphasher",
+ "pin-project-internal",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "pin-project-internal"
+version = "1.1.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f6e859e6e5bd50440ab63c47e3ebabc90f26251f7c73c3d3e837b74a1cc3fa67"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1587,9 +1608,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "portable-atomic"
-version = "1.8.0"
+version = "1.10.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d30538d42559de6b034bc76fd6dd4c38961b1ee5c6c56e3808c50128fdbc22ce"
+checksum = "280dc24453071f1b63954171985a0b0d30058d287960968b9b2aca264c8d4ee6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ppv-lite86"
@@ -1597,7 +1618,7 @@ version = "0.2.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "77957b295656769bb8ad2b6a6b09d897d94f05c41b069aede1fcdaa675eaea04"
 dependencies = [
- "zerocopy",
+ "zerocopy 0.7.35",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1620,9 +1641,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
-version = "0.22.4"
+version = "0.22.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "00e89ce2565d6044ca31a3eb79a334c3a79a841120a98f64eea9f579564cb691"
+checksum = "f402062616ab18202ae8319da13fa4279883a2b8a9d9f83f20dbade813ce1884"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "indoc",
@@ -1638,9 +1659,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-build-config"
-version = "0.22.4"
+version = "0.22.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d8afbaf3abd7325e08f35ffb8deb5892046fcb2608b703db6a583a5ba4cea01e"
+checksum = "b14b5775b5ff446dd1056212d778012cbe8a0fbffd368029fd9e25b514479c38"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -1648,9 +1669,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-ffi"
-version = "0.22.4"
+version = "0.22.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ec15a5ba277339d04763f4c23d85987a5b08cbb494860be141e6a10a8eb88022"
+checksum = "9ab5bcf04a2cdcbb50c7d6105de943f543f9ed92af55818fd17b660390fc8636"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "pyo3-build-config",
@@ -1658,9 +1679,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros"
-version = "0.22.4"
+version = "0.22.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "15e0f01b5364bcfbb686a52fc4181d412b708a68ed20c330db9fc8d2c2bf5a43"
+checksum = "0fd24d897903a9e6d80b968368a34e1525aeb719d568dba8b3d4bfa5dc67d453"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
@@ -1670,9 +1691,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros-backend"
-version = "0.22.4"
+version = "0.22.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a09b550200e1e5ed9176976d0060cbc2ea82dc8515da07885e7b8153a85caacb"
+checksum = "36c011a03ba1e50152b4b394b479826cad97e7a21eb52df179cd91ac411cbfbe"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -1713,8 +1734,19 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "34af8d1a0e25924bc5b7c43c079c942339d8f0a8b57c39049bef581b46327404"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
- "rand_chacha",
- "rand_core",
+ "rand_chacha 0.3.1",
+ "rand_core 0.6.4",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3779b94aeb87e8bd4e834cee3650289ee9e0d5677f976ecdb6d219e5f4f6cd94"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
+ "rand_core 0.9.0",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1724,7 +1756,17 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e6c10a63a0fa32252be49d21e7709d4d4baf8d231c2dbce1eaa8141b9b127d88"
 dependencies = [
  "ppv-lite86",
- "rand_core",
+ "rand_core 0.6.4",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_chacha"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
+dependencies = [
+ "ppv-lite86",
+ "rand_core 0.9.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1733,7 +1775,17 @@ version = "0.6.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ec0be4795e2f6a28069bec0b5ff3e2ac9bafc99e6a9a7dc3547996c5c816922c"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom",
+ "getrandom 0.2.15",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_core"
+version = "0.9.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b08f3c9802962f7e1b25113931d94f43ed9725bebc59db9d0c3e9a23b67e15ff"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom 0.3.1",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1764,11 +1816,11 @@ checksum = "41cc0f7e4d5d4544e8861606a285bb08d3e70712ccc7d2b84d7c0ccfaf4b05ce"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.5.5"
+version = "0.5.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62871f2d65009c0256aed1b9cfeeb8ac272833c404e13d53d400cd0dad7a2ac0"
+checksum = "03a862b389f93e68874fbf580b9de08dd02facb9a788ebadaf4a3fd33cf58834"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1777,9 +1829,9 @@ version = "0.4.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ba009ff324d1fc1b900bd1fdb31564febe58a8ccc8a6fdbb93b543d33b13ca43"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom",
+ "getrandom 0.2.15",
  "libredox",
- "thiserror 1.0.64",
+ "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1796,9 +1848,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex"
-version = "1.10.6"
+version = "1.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4219d74c6b67a3654a9fbebc4b419e22126d13d2f3c4a07ee0cb61ff79a79619"
+checksum = "b544ef1b4eac5dc2db33ea63606ae9ffcfac26c1416a2806ae0bf5f56b201191"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -1808,9 +1860,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-automata"
-version = "0.4.7"
+version = "0.4.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38caf58cc5ef2fed281f89292ef23f6365465ed9a41b7a7754eb4e26496c92df"
+checksum = "809e8dc61f6de73b46c85f4c96486310fe304c434cfa43669d7b40f711150908"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "memchr",
@@ -1819,9 +1871,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regex-syntax"
-version = "0.8.4"
+version = "0.8.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7a66a03ae7c801facd77a29370b4faec201768915ac14a721ba36f20bc9c209b"
+checksum = "2b15c43186be67a4fd63bee50d0303afffcef381492ebe2c5d87f324e1b8815c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "region"
@@ -1873,15 +1925,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.37"
+version = "0.38.44"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8acb788b847c24f28525660c4d7758620a7210875711f79e7f663cc152726811"
+checksum = "fdb5bc1ae2baa591800df16c9ca78619bf65c0488b41b96ccec5d11220d8c154"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "errno",
  "libc",
  "linux-raw-sys",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1923,7 +1975,7 @@ name = "rustpython-codegen"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "indexmap",
  "insta",
  "itertools 0.12.1",
@@ -1931,6 +1983,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-complex",
  "num-traits",
  "rustpython-ast",
+ "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-parser",
  "rustpython-parser-core",
@@ -1941,7 +1994,7 @@ name = "rustpython-common"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ascii",
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.12.1",
  "libc",
@@ -1954,9 +2007,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "parking_lot",
  "radium",
- "rand",
+ "rand 0.8.5",
  "rustpython-format",
- "siphasher",
+ "siphasher 0.3.11",
  "volatile",
  "widestring",
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
@@ -1975,7 +2028,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "itertools 0.12.1",
  "lz4_flex",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2023,7 +2076,7 @@ name = "rustpython-format"
 version = "0.4.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "num-traits",
@@ -2112,7 +2165,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "num_enum",
  "optional",
 ]
@@ -2150,7 +2203,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "memmap2",
  "mt19937",
- "nix 0.29.0",
+ "nix",
  "num-complex",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
@@ -2163,8 +2216,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "parking_lot",
  "paste",
  "puruspe",
- "rand",
- "rand_core",
+ "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand_core 0.6.4",
  "rustix",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-derive",
@@ -2199,7 +2252,7 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "ascii",
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "bstr",
  "caseless",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -2208,7 +2261,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "exitcode",
  "flame",
  "flamer",
- "getrandom",
+ "getrandom 0.2.15",
  "glob",
  "half 2.4.1",
  "hex",
@@ -2221,7 +2274,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "malachite-bigint",
  "memchr",
  "memoffset",
- "nix 0.29.0",
+ "nix",
  "num-complex",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
@@ -2231,7 +2284,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "optional",
  "parking_lot",
  "paste",
- "rand",
+ "rand 0.8.5",
  "result-like",
  "rustc_version",
  "rustix",
@@ -2290,9 +2343,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
-version = "1.0.17"
+version = "1.0.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "955d28af4278de8121b7ebeb796b6a45735dc01436d898801014aced2773a3d6"
+checksum = "f7c45b9784283f1b2e7fb61b42047c2fd678ef0960d4f6f1eba131594cc369d4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustyline"
@@ -2300,7 +2353,7 @@ version = "15.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2ee1e066dc922e513bda599c6ccb5f3bb2b0ea5870a579448f2622993f0a9a2f"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.6.0",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "clipboard-win",
  "fd-lock",
@@ -2308,7 +2361,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "log",
  "memchr",
- "nix 0.29.0",
+ "nix",
  "radix_trie",
  "unicode-segmentation",
  "unicode-width 0.2.0",
@@ -2318,9 +2371,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
-version = "1.0.18"
+version = "1.0.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f3cb5ba0dc43242ce17de99c180e96db90b235b8a9fdc9543c96d2209116bd9f"
+checksum = "6ea1a2d0a644769cc99faa24c3ad26b379b786fe7c36fd3c546254801650e6dd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "same-file"
@@ -2348,9 +2401,9 @@ checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "semver"
-version = "1.0.23"
+version = "1.0.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "61697e0a1c7e512e84a621326239844a24d8207b4669b41bc18b32ea5cbf988b"
+checksum = "f79dfe2d285b0488816f30e700a7438c5a73d816b5b7d3ac72fbc48b0d185e03"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
@@ -2396,9 +2449,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.128"
+version = "1.0.138"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ff5456707a1de34e7e37f2a6fd3d3f808c318259cbd01ab6377795054b483d8"
+checksum = "d434192e7da787e94a6ea7e9670b26a036d0ca41e0b7efb2676dd32bae872949"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
@@ -2446,9 +2499,9 @@ checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "similar"
-version = "2.6.0"
+version = "2.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1de1d4f81173b03af4c0cbed3c898f6bff5b870e4a7f5d6f4057d62a7a4b686e"
+checksum = "bbbb5d9659141646ae647b42fe094daf6c6192d1620870b449d9557f748b2daa"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "siphasher"
@@ -2456,6 +2509,12 @@ version = "0.3.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "38b58827f4464d87d377d175e90bf58eb00fd8716ff0a62f80356b5e61555d0d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "siphasher"
+version = "1.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "56199f7ddabf13fe5074ce809e7d3f42b42ae711800501b5b16ea82ad029c39d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "slice-group-by"
 version = "0.3.1"
@@ -2608,11 +2667,11 @@ checksum = "23d434d3f8967a09480fb04132ebe0a3e088c173e6d0ee7897abbdf4eab0f8b9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "1.0.64"
+version = "1.0.69"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d50af8abc119fb8bb6dbabcfa89656f46f84aa0ac7688088608076ad2b459a84"
+checksum = "b6aaf5339b578ea85b50e080feb250a3e8ae8cfcdff9a461c9ec2904bc923f52"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl 1.0.64",
+ "thiserror-impl 1.0.69",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2626,9 +2685,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "1.0.64"
+version = "1.0.69"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08904e7672f5eb876eaaf87e0ce17857500934f4981c4a0ab2b4aa98baac7fc3"
+checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2694,9 +2753,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tinyvec"
-version = "1.8.0"
+version = "1.8.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "445e881f4f6d382d5f27c034e25eb92edd7c784ceab92a0937db7f2e9471b938"
+checksum = "022db8904dfa342efe721985167e9fcd16c29b226db4397ed752a761cfce81e8"
 dependencies = [
  "tinyvec_macros",
 ]
@@ -2862,9 +2921,9 @@ checksum = "623f59e6af2a98bdafeb93fa277ac8e1e40440973001ca15cf4ae1541cd16d56"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.13"
+version = "1.0.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e91b56cd4cadaeb79bbf1a5645f6b4f8dc5bde8834ad5894a8db35fda9efa1fe"
+checksum = "a210d160f08b701c8721ba1c726c11662f877ea6b7094007e1ca9a1041945034"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-normalization"
@@ -2918,7 +2977,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "getopts",
  "log",
  "phf_codegen",
- "rand",
+ "rand 0.8.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2935,13 +2994,13 @@ checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.10.0"
+version = "1.13.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "81dfa00651efa65069b0b6b651f4aaa31ba9e3c3ce0137aaad053604ee7e0314"
+checksum = "ced87ca4be083373936a67f8de945faa23b6b42384bd5b64434850802c6dccd0"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic",
- "getrandom",
- "rand",
+ "getrandom 0.3.1",
+ "rand 0.9.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2984,6 +3043,15 @@ version = "0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wasi"
+version = "0.13.3+wasi-0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "26816d2e1a4a36a2940b96c5296ce403917633dff8f3440e9b236ed6f6bacad2"
+dependencies = [
+ "wit-bindgen-rt",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen"
 version = "0.2.100"
@@ -3012,12 +3080,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasm-bindgen-futures"
-version = "0.4.43"
+version = "0.4.50"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "61e9300f63a621e96ed275155c108eb6f843b6a26d053f122ab69724559dc8ed"
+checksum = "555d470ec0bc3bb57890405e5d4322cc9ea83cebb085523ced7be4144dac1e61"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
+ "once_cell",
  "wasm-bindgen",
  "web-sys",
 ]
@@ -3056,9 +3125,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
-version = "0.3.70"
+version = "0.3.77"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26fdeaafd9bd129f65e7c031593c24d62186301e0c72c8978fa1678be7d532c0"
+checksum = "33b6dd2ef9186f1f2072e409e99cd22a975331a6b3591b12c764e0e55c60d5d2"
 dependencies = [
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
@@ -3339,11 +3408,20 @@ version = "0.0.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d135d17ab770252ad95e9a872d365cf3090e3be864a34ab46f48555993efc904"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wit-bindgen-rt"
+version = "0.33.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3268f3d866458b787f390cf61f4bbb563b922d091359f9608842999eaee3943c"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "xml-rs"
-version = "0.8.22"
+version = "0.8.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "af4e2e2f7cba5a093896c1e150fbfe177d1883e7448200efb81d40b9d339ef26"
+checksum = "c5b940ebc25896e71dd073bad2dbaa2abfe97b0a391415e22ad1326d9c54e3c4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
@@ -3352,7 +3430,16 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1b9b4fd18abc82b8136838da5d50bae7bdea537c574d8dc1a34ed098d6c166f0"
 dependencies = [
  "byteorder",
- "zerocopy-derive",
+ "zerocopy-derive 0.7.35",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy"
+version = "0.8.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "aa91407dacce3a68c56de03abe2760159582b846c6a4acd2f456618087f12713"
+dependencies = [
+ "zerocopy-derive 0.8.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3365,3 +3452,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zerocopy-derive"
+version = "0.8.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "06718a168365cad3d5ff0bb133aad346959a2074bd4a85c121255a11304a8626"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
+]
diff --git a/DEVELOPMENT.md b/DEVELOPMENT.md
index 7c79a011ba..aa7d99eef3 100644
--- a/DEVELOPMENT.md
+++ b/DEVELOPMENT.md
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ RustPython requires the following:
       stable version: `rustup update stable`
     - If you do not have Rust installed, use [rustup](https://rustup.rs/) to
       do so.
-- CPython version 3.12 or higher
+- CPython version 3.13 or higher
     - CPython can be installed by your operating system's package manager,
       from the [Python website](https://www.python.org/downloads/), or
       using a third-party distribution, such as 
diff --git a/Lib/difflib.py b/Lib/difflib.py
index ba0b256969..3425e438c9 100644
--- a/Lib/difflib.py
+++ b/Lib/difflib.py
@@ -1200,25 +1200,6 @@ def context_diff(a, b, fromfile='', tofile='',
     strings for 'fromfile', 'tofile', 'fromfiledate', and 'tofiledate'.
     The modification times are normally expressed in the ISO 8601 format.
     If not specified, the strings default to blanks.
-
-    Example:
-
-    >>> print(''.join(context_diff('one\ntwo\nthree\nfour\n'.splitlines(True),
-    ...       'zero\none\ntree\nfour\n'.splitlines(True), 'Original', 'Current')),
-    ...       end="")
-    *** Original
-    --- Current
-    ***************
-    *** 1,4 ****
-      one
-    ! two
-    ! three
-      four
-    --- 1,4 ----
-    + zero
-      one
-    ! tree
-      four
     """
 
     _check_types(a, b, fromfile, tofile, fromfiledate, tofiledate, lineterm)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_enum.py b/Lib/test/test_enum.py
index 3989b7d674..bff85a7ec2 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_enum.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_enum.py
@@ -1369,10 +1369,12 @@ class Inner(Enum):
             [Outer.a, Outer.b, Outer.Inner],
             )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(
-            python_version < (3, 13),
-            'inner classes are still members',
-            )
+        python_version < (3, 13),
+        'inner classes are still members',
+    )
     def test_nested_classes_in_enum_are_not_members(self):
         """Support locally-defined nested classes."""
         class Outer(Enum):
@@ -4555,20 +4557,24 @@ class Color(Enum):
         self.assertEqual(Color.green.value, 3)
         self.assertEqual(Color.yellow.value, 4)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(
-            python_version < (3, 13),
-            'mixed types with auto() will raise in 3.13',
-            )
+        python_version < (3, 13),
+        'inner classes are still members',
+    )
     def test_auto_garbage_fail(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'will require all values to be sortable'):
             class Color(Enum):
                 red = 'red'
                 blue = auto()
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(
-            python_version < (3, 13),
-            'mixed types with auto() will raise in 3.13',
-            )
+        python_version < (3, 13),
+        'inner classes are still members',
+    )
     def test_auto_garbage_corrected_fail(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'will require all values to be sortable'):
             class Color(Enum):
@@ -4598,9 +4604,9 @@ def _generate_next_value_(name, start, count, last):
         self.assertEqual(Color.blue.value, 'blue')
 
     @unittest.skipIf(
-            python_version < (3, 13),
-            'auto() will return highest value + 1 in 3.13',
-            )
+        python_version < (3, 13),
+        'inner classes are still members',
+    )
     def test_auto_with_aliases(self):
         class Color(Enum):
             red = auto()
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5b5b16d566..38e4d8fa8c 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 # [RustPython](https://rustpython.github.io/)
 
-A Python-3 (CPython >= 3.12.0) Interpreter written in Rust :snake: :scream:
+A Python-3 (CPython >= 3.13.0) Interpreter written in Rust :snake: :scream:
 :metal:.
 
 [![Build Status](https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/actions?query=workflow%3ACI)
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index 3f9bf583b8..65b1e376cb 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -322,6 +322,37 @@ pub mod levenshtein {
     }
 }
 
+/// Replace all tabs in a string with spaces, using the given tab size.
+pub fn expandtabs(input: &str, tab_size: usize) -> String {
+    let tab_stop = tab_size;
+    let mut expanded_str = String::with_capacity(input.len());
+    let mut tab_size = tab_stop;
+    let mut col_count = 0usize;
+    for ch in input.chars() {
+        match ch {
+            '\t' => {
+                let num_spaces = tab_size - col_count;
+                col_count += num_spaces;
+                let expand = " ".repeat(num_spaces);
+                expanded_str.push_str(&expand);
+            }
+            '\r' | '\n' => {
+                expanded_str.push(ch);
+                col_count = 0;
+                tab_size = 0;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                expanded_str.push(ch);
+                col_count += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if col_count >= tab_size {
+            tab_size += tab_stop;
+        }
+    }
+    expanded_str
+}
+
 /// Creates an [`AsciiStr`][ascii::AsciiStr] from a string literal, throwing a compile error if the
 /// literal isn't actually ascii.
 ///
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index 0fe950be71..0817a95894 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-ast = { workspace = true, features=["unparse", "constant-optimization"] }
+rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
 
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index bcb67ca0f5..bd58a31be3 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -3368,17 +3368,51 @@ impl EmitArg<bytecode::Label> for ir::BlockIdx {
     }
 }
 
+/// Strips leading whitespace from a docstring.
+///
+/// The code has been ported from `_PyCompile_CleanDoc` in cpython.
+/// `inspect.cleandoc` is also a good reference, but has a few incompatibilities.
+fn clean_doc(doc: &str) -> String {
+    let doc = rustpython_common::str::expandtabs(doc, 8);
+    // First pass: find minimum indentation of any non-blank lines
+    // after first line.
+    let margin = doc
+        .lines()
+        // Find the non-blank lines
+        .filter(|line| !line.trim().is_empty())
+        // get the one with the least indentation
+        .map(|line| line.chars().take_while(|c| c == &' ').count())
+        .min();
+    if let Some(margin) = margin {
+        let mut cleaned = String::with_capacity(doc.len());
+        // copy first line without leading whitespace
+        if let Some(first_line) = doc.lines().next() {
+            cleaned.push_str(first_line.trim_start());
+        }
+        // copy subsequent lines without margin.
+        for line in doc.split('\n').skip(1) {
+            cleaned.push('\n');
+            let cleaned_line = line.chars().skip(margin).collect::<String>();
+            cleaned.push_str(&cleaned_line);
+        }
+
+        cleaned
+    } else {
+        doc.to_owned()
+    }
+}
+
 fn split_doc<'a>(
     body: &'a [located_ast::Stmt],
     opts: &CompileOpts,
 ) -> (Option<String>, &'a [located_ast::Stmt]) {
     if let Some((located_ast::Stmt::Expr(expr), body_rest)) = body.split_first() {
         if let Some(doc) = try_get_constant_string(std::slice::from_ref(&expr.value)) {
-            if opts.optimize < 2 {
-                return (Some(doc), body_rest);
+            return if opts.optimize < 2 {
+                (Some(clean_doc(&doc)), body_rest)
             } else {
-                return (None, body_rest);
-            }
+                (None, body_rest)
+            };
         }
     }
     (None, body)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py
index ef83da83e2..5a12afbf45 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ class MyObject:
 assert myobj == myobj
 assert not myobj != myobj
 
-object.__subclasshook__() == NotImplemented
 object.__subclasshook__(1) == NotImplemented
-object.__subclasshook__(1, 2) == NotImplemented
 
 assert MyObject().__eq__(MyObject()) == NotImplemented
 assert MyObject().__ne__(MyObject()) == NotImplemented
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_imghdr.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_imghdr.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ca524e269..0000000000
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_imghdr.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
-# unittest for modified imghdr.py
-# Should be replace it into https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Lib/test/test_imghdr.py
-import os
-import imghdr
-
-
-TEST_FILES = (
-    #('python.png', 'png'),
-    ('python.gif', 'gif'),
-    ('python.bmp', 'bmp'),
-    ('python.ppm', 'ppm'),
-    ('python.pgm', 'pgm'),
-    ('python.pbm', 'pbm'),
-    ('python.jpg', 'jpeg'),
-    ('python.ras', 'rast'),
-    #('python.sgi', 'rgb'),
-    ('python.tiff', 'tiff'),
-    ('python.xbm', 'xbm'),
-    ('python.webp', 'webp'),
-    ('python.exr', 'exr'),
-)
-
-resource_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'imghdrdata')
-
-for fname, expected in TEST_FILES:
-    res = imghdr.what(os.path.join(resource_dir, fname))
-    assert res == expected
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py
index b0323c8840..2e3aa7b2c1 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def sleep(secs):
 assert p.poll() is None
 
 with assert_raises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
-	assert p.wait(1)
+    assert p.wait(1)
 
 p.wait()
 
@@ -48,17 +48,17 @@ def sleep(secs):
 p.terminate()
 p.wait()
 if is_unix:
-	assert p.returncode == -signal.SIGTERM
+    assert p.returncode == -signal.SIGTERM
 else:
-	assert p.returncode == 1
+    assert p.returncode == 1
 
 p = subprocess.Popen(sleep(2))
 p.kill()
 p.wait()
 if is_unix:
-	assert p.returncode == -signal.SIGKILL
+    assert p.returncode == -signal.SIGKILL
 else:
-	assert p.returncode == 1
+    assert p.returncode == 1
 
 p = subprocess.Popen(echo("test"), stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
 (stdout, stderr) = p.communicate()
@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ def sleep(secs):
 
 p = subprocess.Popen(sleep(5), stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
 with assert_raises(subprocess.TimeoutExpired):
-	p.communicate(timeout=1)
+    p.communicate(timeout=1)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_xdrlib.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_xdrlib.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 681cd77467..0000000000
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_xdrlib.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# This probably will be superceeded by the python unittests when that works.
-
-import xdrlib
-
-p = xdrlib.Packer()
-p.pack_int(1337)
-
-d = p.get_buffer()
-
-print(d)
-
-# assert d == b'\x00\x00\x059'
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_class.py b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_class.py
index 28d066a9e9..fb702f3304 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_class.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_class.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ def kungfu(x):
         assert x == 3
 
 
-assert Bar.__doc__ == " W00t "
+assert Bar.__doc__ == "W00t "
 
 bar = Bar(42)
 assert bar.get_x.__doc__ == None
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ class T3:
     test3
     """
 
-assert T3.__doc__ == "\n    test3\n    "
+assert T3.__doc__ == "\ntest3\n"
 
 class T4:
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_doc.py b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_doc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdfc1fe778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_doc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+
+def f1():
+    """
+        x
+    \ty
+    """
+assert f1.__doc__ == '\nx\ny\n'
+
+def f2():
+    """
+\t    x
+\t\ty
+    """
+
+assert f2.__doc__ == '\nx\n    y\n'
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_function2.py b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_function2.py
index ebea34fe58..dce4cb54eb 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_function2.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_function2.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ def f3():
     """
     pass
 
-assert f3.__doc__ == "\n    test3\n    "
+assert f3.__doc__ == "\ntest3\n"
 
 def f4():
     "test4"
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index c0a096b211..52112f371d 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -1125,33 +1125,7 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn expandtabs(&self, args: anystr::ExpandTabsArgs) -> String {
-        let tab_stop = args.tabsize();
-        let mut expanded_str = String::with_capacity(self.byte_len());
-        let mut tab_size = tab_stop;
-        let mut col_count = 0usize;
-        for ch in self.as_str().chars() {
-            match ch {
-                '\t' => {
-                    let num_spaces = tab_size - col_count;
-                    col_count += num_spaces;
-                    let expand = " ".repeat(num_spaces);
-                    expanded_str.push_str(&expand);
-                }
-                '\r' | '\n' => {
-                    expanded_str.push(ch);
-                    col_count = 0;
-                    tab_size = 0;
-                }
-                _ => {
-                    expanded_str.push(ch);
-                    col_count += 1;
-                }
-            }
-            if col_count >= tab_size {
-                tab_size += tab_stop;
-            }
-        }
-        expanded_str
+        rustpython_common::str::expandtabs(self.as_str(), args.tabsize())
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
diff --git a/vm/src/version.rs b/vm/src/version.rs
index 9a75f71142..3b6d9aa0ea 100644
--- a/vm/src/version.rs
+++ b/vm/src/version.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 use chrono::{prelude::DateTime, Local};
 use std::time::{Duration, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
-// = 3.12.0alpha
+// = 3.13.0alpha
 pub const MAJOR: usize = 3;
-pub const MINOR: usize = 12;
+pub const MINOR: usize = 13;
 pub const MICRO: usize = 0;
 pub const RELEASELEVEL: &str = "alpha";
 pub const RELEASELEVEL_N: usize = 0xA;
diff --git a/whats_left.py b/whats_left.py
index 4f087f89af..30b1de088e 100755
--- a/whats_left.py
+++ b/whats_left.py
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@
 implementation = platform.python_implementation()
 if implementation != "CPython":
     sys.exit(f"whats_left.py must be run under CPython, got {implementation} instead")
-if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 12):
-    sys.exit(f"whats_left.py must be run under CPython 3.12 or newer, got {implementation} {sys.version} instead")
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 13):
+    sys.exit(f"whats_left.py must be run under CPython 3.13 or newer, got {implementation} {sys.version} instead")
 
 def parse_args():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Process some integers.")

From a5364973d9e2a1ab3f5bd1882b5f506a7c80c2e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Feb 2025 20:11:05 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 416/705] implement nt._supports_virtual_terminal

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs | 6 ++++++
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 803cade630..d2785f42dd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,12 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
                 || attr & FileSystem::FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY != 0))
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    pub(super) fn _supports_virtual_terminal() -> PyResult<bool> {
+        // TODO: implement this
+        Ok(true)
+    }
+
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     pub(super) struct SymlinkArgs {
         src: OsPath,

From e96557b3e12e878fa31b2ad1a098ba757b13fb28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Feb 2025 20:11:36 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 417/705] add _colorize.py at 3.13.2

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Lib/_colorize.py           |  67 ++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/test/test__colorize.py | 135 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 202 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/_colorize.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test__colorize.py

diff --git a/Lib/_colorize.py b/Lib/_colorize.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70acfd4ad0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_colorize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import io
+import os
+import sys
+
+COLORIZE = True
+
+
+class ANSIColors:
+    BOLD_GREEN = "\x1b[1;32m"
+    BOLD_MAGENTA = "\x1b[1;35m"
+    BOLD_RED = "\x1b[1;31m"
+    GREEN = "\x1b[32m"
+    GREY = "\x1b[90m"
+    MAGENTA = "\x1b[35m"
+    RED = "\x1b[31m"
+    RESET = "\x1b[0m"
+    YELLOW = "\x1b[33m"
+
+
+NoColors = ANSIColors()
+
+for attr in dir(NoColors):
+    if not attr.startswith("__"):
+        setattr(NoColors, attr, "")
+
+
+def get_colors(colorize: bool = False, *, file=None) -> ANSIColors:
+    if colorize or can_colorize(file=file):
+        return ANSIColors()
+    else:
+        return NoColors
+
+
+def can_colorize(*, file=None) -> bool:
+    if file is None:
+        file = sys.stdout
+
+    if not sys.flags.ignore_environment:
+        if os.environ.get("PYTHON_COLORS") == "0":
+            return False
+        if os.environ.get("PYTHON_COLORS") == "1":
+            return True
+    if os.environ.get("NO_COLOR"):
+        return False
+    if not COLORIZE:
+        return False
+    if os.environ.get("FORCE_COLOR"):
+        return True
+    if os.environ.get("TERM") == "dumb":
+        return False
+
+    if not hasattr(file, "fileno"):
+        return False
+
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        try:
+            import nt
+
+            if not nt._supports_virtual_terminal():
+                return False
+        except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+            return False
+
+    try:
+        return os.isatty(file.fileno())
+    except io.UnsupportedOperation:
+        return file.isatty()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test__colorize.py b/Lib/test/test__colorize.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..056a5306ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test__colorize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+import contextlib
+import io
+import sys
+import unittest
+import unittest.mock
+import _colorize
+from test.support.os_helper import EnvironmentVarGuard
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def clear_env():
+    with EnvironmentVarGuard() as mock_env:
+        for var in "FORCE_COLOR", "NO_COLOR", "PYTHON_COLORS":
+            mock_env.unset(var)
+        yield mock_env
+
+
+def supports_virtual_terminal():
+    if sys.platform == "win32":
+        return unittest.mock.patch("nt._supports_virtual_terminal", return_value=True)
+    else:
+        return contextlib.nullcontext()
+
+
+class TestColorizeFunction(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_colorized_detection_checks_for_environment_variables(self):
+        def check(env, fallback, expected):
+            with (self.subTest(env=env, fallback=fallback),
+                  clear_env() as mock_env):
+                mock_env.update(env)
+                isatty_mock.return_value = fallback
+                stdout_mock.isatty.return_value = fallback
+                self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(), expected)
+
+        with (unittest.mock.patch("os.isatty") as isatty_mock,
+              unittest.mock.patch("sys.stdout") as stdout_mock,
+              supports_virtual_terminal()):
+            stdout_mock.fileno.return_value = 1
+
+            for fallback in False, True:
+                check({}, fallback, fallback)
+                check({'TERM': 'dumb'}, fallback, False)
+                check({'TERM': 'xterm'}, fallback, fallback)
+                check({'TERM': ''}, fallback, fallback)
+                check({'FORCE_COLOR': '1'}, fallback, True)
+                check({'FORCE_COLOR': '0'}, fallback, True)
+                check({'FORCE_COLOR': ''}, fallback, fallback)
+                check({'NO_COLOR': '1'}, fallback, False)
+                check({'NO_COLOR': '0'}, fallback, False)
+                check({'NO_COLOR': ''}, fallback, fallback)
+
+            check({'TERM': 'dumb', 'FORCE_COLOR': '1'}, False, True)
+            check({'FORCE_COLOR': '1', 'NO_COLOR': '1'}, True, False)
+
+            for ignore_environment in False, True:
+                # Simulate running with or without `-E`.
+                flags = unittest.mock.MagicMock(ignore_environment=ignore_environment)
+                with unittest.mock.patch("sys.flags", flags):
+                    check({'PYTHON_COLORS': '1'}, True, True)
+                    check({'PYTHON_COLORS': '1'}, False, not ignore_environment)
+                    check({'PYTHON_COLORS': '0'}, True, ignore_environment)
+                    check({'PYTHON_COLORS': '0'}, False, False)
+                    for fallback in False, True:
+                        check({'PYTHON_COLORS': 'x'}, fallback, fallback)
+                        check({'PYTHON_COLORS': ''}, fallback, fallback)
+
+                    check({'TERM': 'dumb', 'PYTHON_COLORS': '1'}, False, not ignore_environment)
+                    check({'NO_COLOR': '1', 'PYTHON_COLORS': '1'}, False, not ignore_environment)
+                    check({'FORCE_COLOR': '1', 'PYTHON_COLORS': '0'}, True, ignore_environment)
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "win32", "requires Windows")
+    def test_colorized_detection_checks_on_windows(self):
+        with (clear_env(),
+              unittest.mock.patch("os.isatty") as isatty_mock,
+              unittest.mock.patch("sys.stdout") as stdout_mock,
+              supports_virtual_terminal() as vt_mock):
+            stdout_mock.fileno.return_value = 1
+            isatty_mock.return_value = True
+            stdout_mock.isatty.return_value = True
+
+            vt_mock.return_value = True
+            self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(), True)
+            vt_mock.return_value = False
+            self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(), False)
+            import nt
+            del nt._supports_virtual_terminal
+            self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(), False)
+
+    def test_colorized_detection_checks_for_std_streams(self):
+        with (clear_env(),
+              unittest.mock.patch("os.isatty") as isatty_mock,
+              unittest.mock.patch("sys.stdout") as stdout_mock,
+              unittest.mock.patch("sys.stderr") as stderr_mock,
+              supports_virtual_terminal()):
+            stdout_mock.fileno.return_value = 1
+            stderr_mock.fileno.side_effect = ZeroDivisionError
+            stderr_mock.isatty.side_effect = ZeroDivisionError
+
+            isatty_mock.return_value = True
+            stdout_mock.isatty.return_value = True
+            self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(), True)
+
+            isatty_mock.return_value = False
+            stdout_mock.isatty.return_value = False
+            self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(), False)
+
+    def test_colorized_detection_checks_for_file(self):
+        with clear_env(), supports_virtual_terminal():
+
+            with unittest.mock.patch("os.isatty") as isatty_mock:
+                file = unittest.mock.MagicMock()
+                file.fileno.return_value = 1
+                isatty_mock.return_value = True
+                self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(file=file), True)
+                isatty_mock.return_value = False
+                self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(file=file), False)
+
+            # No file.fileno.
+            with unittest.mock.patch("os.isatty", side_effect=ZeroDivisionError):
+                file = unittest.mock.MagicMock(spec=['isatty'])
+                file.isatty.return_value = True
+                self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(file=file), False)
+
+            # file.fileno() raises io.UnsupportedOperation.
+            with unittest.mock.patch("os.isatty", side_effect=ZeroDivisionError):
+                file = unittest.mock.MagicMock()
+                file.fileno.side_effect = io.UnsupportedOperation
+                file.isatty.return_value = True
+                self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(file=file), True)
+                file.isatty.return_value = False
+                self.assertEqual(_colorize.can_colorize(file=file), False)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

From fde87a340caff2a7cea3d6805ec38cc0f0a49495 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Feb 2025 23:03:58 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 418/705] Initial _ctypes implementation (#5519)

* initial _ctypes implementation with _CData, get_errno, and set_errno

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock                              |   1 +
 extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py | 105 ++++++++++++++++
 vm/Cargo.toml                           |   3 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs                 | 107 ++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs            | 161 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs                    |   6 +
 6 files changed, 382 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index c238cf994f..2e3b216e73 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2258,6 +2258,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "chrono",
  "crossbeam-utils",
+ "errno",
  "exitcode",
  "flame",
  "flamer",
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5df259cf82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+from _ctypes import sizeof
+from _ctypes import _SimpleCData
+from struct import calcsize as _calcsize
+
+def _check_size(typ, typecode=None):
+    # Check if sizeof(ctypes_type) against struct.calcsize.  This
+    # should protect somewhat against a misconfigured libffi.
+    from struct import calcsize
+    if typecode is None:
+        # Most _type_ codes are the same as used in struct
+        typecode = typ._type_
+    actual, required = sizeof(typ), calcsize(typecode)
+    if actual != required:
+        raise SystemError("sizeof(%s) wrong: %d instead of %d" % \
+                          (typ, actual, required))
+
+class c_short(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "h"
+_check_size(c_short)
+
+class c_ushort(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "H"
+_check_size(c_ushort)
+
+class c_long(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "l"
+_check_size(c_long)
+
+class c_ulong(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "L"
+_check_size(c_ulong)
+
+if _calcsize("i") == _calcsize("l"):
+    # if int and long have the same size, make c_int an alias for c_long
+    c_int = c_long
+    c_uint = c_ulong
+else:
+    class c_int(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "i"
+    _check_size(c_int)
+
+    class c_uint(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "I"
+    _check_size(c_uint)
+
+class c_float(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "f"
+_check_size(c_float)
+
+class c_double(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "d"
+_check_size(c_double)
+
+class c_longdouble(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "g"
+if sizeof(c_longdouble) == sizeof(c_double):
+    c_longdouble = c_double
+
+if _calcsize("l") == _calcsize("q"):
+    # if long and long long have the same size, make c_longlong an alias for c_long
+    c_longlong = c_long
+    c_ulonglong = c_ulong
+else:
+    class c_longlong(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "q"
+    _check_size(c_longlong)
+
+    class c_ulonglong(_SimpleCData):
+        _type_ = "Q"
+    ##    def from_param(cls, val):
+    ##        return ('d', float(val), val)
+    ##    from_param = classmethod(from_param)
+    _check_size(c_ulonglong)
+
+class c_ubyte(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "B"
+c_ubyte.__ctype_le__ = c_ubyte.__ctype_be__ = c_ubyte
+# backward compatibility:
+##c_uchar = c_ubyte
+_check_size(c_ubyte)
+
+class c_byte(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "b"
+c_byte.__ctype_le__ = c_byte.__ctype_be__ = c_byte
+_check_size(c_byte)
+
+class c_char(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "c"
+c_char.__ctype_le__ = c_char.__ctype_be__ = c_char
+_check_size(c_char)
+
+class c_char_p(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "z"
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, c_void_p.from_buffer(self).value)
+_check_size(c_char_p, "P")
+
+class c_void_p(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "P"
+c_voidp = c_void_p # backwards compatibility (to a bug)
+_check_size(c_void_p)
+
+class c_bool(_SimpleCData):
+    _type_ = "?"
+_check_size(c_bool)
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 6eaca281f8..1468651aeb 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -99,6 +99,8 @@ uname = "0.1.1"
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 rustyline = { workspace = true }
 which = "6"
+errno = "0.3"
+widestring = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))'.dependencies]
 num_cpus = "1.13.1"
@@ -106,7 +108,6 @@ num_cpus = "1.13.1"
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 junction = { workspace = true }
 schannel = { workspace = true }
-widestring = { workspace = true }
 winreg = "0.52"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1fc26869f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+pub(crate) mod base;
+
+use crate::builtins::PyModule;
+use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+
+pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
+    let module = _ctypes::make_module(vm);
+    base::extend_module_nodes(vm, &module);
+    module
+}
+
+#[pymodule]
+pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
+    use super::base::PyCSimple;
+    use crate::builtins::PyTypeRef;
+    use crate::class::StaticType;
+    use crate::function::Either;
+    use crate::{AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine};
+    use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
+    use std::ffi::{
+        c_double, c_float, c_int, c_long, c_longlong, c_schar, c_short, c_uchar, c_uint, c_ulong,
+        c_ulonglong,
+    };
+    use std::mem;
+    use widestring::WideChar;
+
+    pub fn get_size(ty: &str) -> usize {
+        match ty {
+            "u" => mem::size_of::<WideChar>(),
+            "c" | "b" => mem::size_of::<c_schar>(),
+            "h" => mem::size_of::<c_short>(),
+            "H" => mem::size_of::<c_short>(),
+            "i" => mem::size_of::<c_int>(),
+            "I" => mem::size_of::<c_uint>(),
+            "l" => mem::size_of::<c_long>(),
+            "q" => mem::size_of::<c_longlong>(),
+            "L" => mem::size_of::<c_ulong>(),
+            "Q" => mem::size_of::<c_ulonglong>(),
+            "f" => mem::size_of::<c_float>(),
+            "d" | "g" => mem::size_of::<c_double>(),
+            "?" | "B" => mem::size_of::<c_uchar>(),
+            "P" | "z" | "Z" => mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    const SIMPLE_TYPE_CHARS: &str = "cbBhHiIlLdfguzZPqQ?";
+
+    pub fn new_simple_type(
+        cls: Either<&PyObjectRef, &PyTypeRef>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<PyCSimple> {
+        let cls = match cls {
+            Either::A(obj) => obj,
+            Either::B(typ) => typ.as_object(),
+        };
+
+        if let Ok(_type_) = cls.get_attr("_type_", vm) {
+            if _type_.is_instance((&vm.ctx.types.str_type).as_ref(), vm)? {
+                let tp_str = _type_.str(vm)?.to_string();
+
+                if tp_str.len() != 1 {
+                    Err(vm.new_value_error(
+                        format!("class must define a '_type_' attribute which must be a string of length 1, str: {tp_str}"),
+                    ))
+                } else if !SIMPLE_TYPE_CHARS.contains(tp_str.as_str()) {
+                    Err(vm.new_attribute_error(format!("class must define a '_type_' attribute which must be\n a single character string containing one of {SIMPLE_TYPE_CHARS}, currently it is {tp_str}.")))
+                } else {
+                    Ok(PyCSimple {
+                        _type_: tp_str,
+                        _value: AtomicCell::new(vm.ctx.none()),
+                    })
+                }
+            } else {
+                Err(vm.new_type_error("class must define a '_type_' string attribute".to_string()))
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err(vm.new_attribute_error("class must define a '_type_' attribute".to_string()))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction(name = "sizeof")]
+    pub fn size_of(tp: Either<PyTypeRef, PyObjectRef>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
+        match tp {
+            Either::A(type_) if type_.fast_issubclass(PyCSimple::static_type()) => {
+                let zelf = new_simple_type(Either::B(&type_), vm)?;
+                Ok(get_size(zelf._type_.as_str()))
+            }
+            Either::B(obj) if obj.has_attr("size_of_instances", vm)? => {
+                let size_of_method = obj.get_attr("size_of_instances", vm)?;
+                let size_of_return = size_of_method.call(vec![], vm)?;
+                Ok(usize::try_from_object(vm, size_of_return)?)
+            }
+            _ => Err(vm.new_type_error("this type has no size".to_string())),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn get_errno() -> i32 {
+        errno::errno().0
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn set_errno(value: i32) {
+        errno::set_errno(errno::Errno(value));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0142c45345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+use crate::builtins::{PyBytes, PyFloat, PyInt, PyModule, PyNone, PyStr};
+use crate::class::PyClassImpl;
+use crate::{Py, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine};
+use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
+use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
+use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+fn set_primitive(_type_: &str, value: &PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+    match _type_ {
+        "c" => {
+            if value
+                .clone()
+                .downcast_exact::<PyBytes>(vm)
+                .is_ok_and(|v| v.len() == 1)
+                || value
+                    .clone()
+                    .downcast_exact::<PyBytes>(vm)
+                    .is_ok_and(|v| v.len() == 1)
+                || value
+                    .clone()
+                    .downcast_exact::<PyInt>(vm)
+                    .map_or(Ok(false), |v| {
+                        let n = v.as_bigint().to_i64();
+                        if let Some(n) = n {
+                            Ok((0..=255).contains(&n))
+                        } else {
+                            Ok(false)
+                        }
+                    })?
+            {
+                Ok(value.clone())
+            } else {
+                Err(vm.new_type_error(
+                    "one character bytes, bytearray or integer expected".to_string(),
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+        "u" => {
+            if let Ok(b) = value.str(vm).map(|v| v.to_string().chars().count() == 1) {
+                if b {
+                    Ok(value.clone())
+                } else {
+                    Err(vm.new_type_error("one character unicode string expected".to_string()))
+                }
+            } else {
+                Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                    "unicode string expected instead of {} instance",
+                    value.class().name()
+                )))
+            }
+        }
+        "b" | "h" | "H" | "i" | "I" | "l" | "q" | "L" | "Q" => {
+            if value.clone().downcast_exact::<PyInt>(vm).is_ok() {
+                Ok(value.clone())
+            } else {
+                Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                    "an integer is required (got type {})",
+                    value.class().name()
+                )))
+            }
+        }
+        "f" | "d" | "g" => {
+            if value.clone().downcast_exact::<PyFloat>(vm).is_ok() {
+                Ok(value.clone())
+            } else {
+                Err(vm.new_type_error(format!("must be real number, not {}", value.class().name())))
+            }
+        }
+        "?" => Ok(PyObjectRef::from(
+            vm.ctx.new_bool(value.clone().try_to_bool(vm)?),
+        )),
+        "B" => {
+            if value.clone().downcast_exact::<PyInt>(vm).is_ok() {
+                Ok(vm.new_pyobj(u8::try_from_object(vm, value.clone())?))
+            } else {
+                Err(vm.new_type_error(format!("int expected instead of {}", value.class().name())))
+            }
+        }
+        "z" => {
+            if value.clone().downcast_exact::<PyInt>(vm).is_ok()
+                || value.clone().downcast_exact::<PyBytes>(vm).is_ok()
+            {
+                Ok(value.clone())
+            } else {
+                Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                    "bytes or integer address expected instead of {} instance",
+                    value.class().name()
+                )))
+            }
+        }
+        "Z" => {
+            if value.clone().downcast_exact::<PyStr>(vm).is_ok() {
+                Ok(value.clone())
+            } else {
+                Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                    "unicode string or integer address expected instead of {} instance",
+                    value.class().name()
+                )))
+            }
+        }
+        _ => {
+            // "P"
+            if value.clone().downcast_exact::<PyInt>(vm).is_ok()
+                || value.clone().downcast_exact::<PyNone>(vm).is_ok()
+            {
+                Ok(value.clone())
+            } else {
+                Err(vm.new_type_error("cannot be converted to pointer".to_string()))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct RawBuffer {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub inner: Box<[u8]>,
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub size: usize,
+}
+
+#[pyclass(name = "_CData", module = "_ctypes")]
+pub struct PyCData {
+    _objects: AtomicCell<Vec<PyObjectRef>>,
+    _buffer: PyRwLock<RawBuffer>,
+}
+
+#[pyclass]
+impl PyCData {}
+
+#[pyclass(
+    name = "_SimpleCData",
+    base = "PyCData",
+    module = "_ctypes"
+    // TODO: metaclass
+)]
+#[derive(PyPayload)]
+pub struct PyCSimple {
+    pub _type_: String,
+    pub _value: AtomicCell<PyObjectRef>,
+}
+
+impl Debug for PyCSimple {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("PyCSimple")
+            .field("_type_", &self._type_)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
+impl PyCSimple {}
+
+pub fn extend_module_nodes(vm: &VirtualMachine, module: &Py<PyModule>) {
+    let ctx = &vm.ctx;
+    extend_module!(vm, module, {
+        "_CData" => PyCData::make_class(ctx),
+        "_SimpleCData" => PyCSimple::make_class(ctx),
+    })
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
index 12baee11f7..ca8f8f0bfd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ pub mod posix;
 #[path = "posix_compat.rs"]
 pub mod posix;
 
+#[cfg(any(target_family = "unix", target_family = "windows"))]
+mod ctypes;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 pub(crate) mod msvcrt;
 #[cfg(all(unix, not(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "redox"))))]
@@ -124,5 +126,9 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> StdlibMap {
             "_winapi" => winapi::make_module,
             "winreg" => winreg::make_module,
         }
+        #[cfg(any(target_family = "unix", target_family = "windows"))]
+        {
+            "_ctypes" => ctypes::make_module,
+        }
     }
 }

From e8a3406624460abc25f4cc5ab6e80d52a822d04a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Feb 2025 15:01:49 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 419/705] itertools upgrade

---
 Cargo.lock                      | 16 ++++++++--------
 Cargo.toml                      |  2 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs |  4 ++--
 stdlib/src/math.rs              |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2e3b216e73..a62a5dfced 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -976,9 +976,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
-version = "0.12.1"
+version = "0.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ba291022dbbd398a455acf126c1e341954079855bc60dfdda641363bd6922569"
+checksum = "2b192c782037fadd9cfa75548310488aabdbf3d2da73885b31bd0abd03351285"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
@@ -1978,7 +1978,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "indexmap",
  "insta",
- "itertools 0.12.1",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
  "num-complex",
  "num-traits",
@@ -1996,7 +1996,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ascii",
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "cfg-if",
- "itertools 0.12.1",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "libc",
  "lock_api",
  "malachite-base",
@@ -2029,7 +2029,7 @@ name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
- "itertools 0.12.1",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "lz4_flex",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "num-complex",
@@ -2050,7 +2050,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-derive-impl"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.12.1",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "maplit",
  "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -2192,7 +2192,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "gethostname",
  "hex",
  "indexmap",
- "itertools 0.12.1",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "junction",
  "libc",
  "libsqlite3-sys",
@@ -2268,7 +2268,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hex",
  "indexmap",
  "is-macro",
- "itertools 0.12.1",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "junction",
  "libc",
  "log",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e838110e89..958bc5eeff 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ glob = "0.3"
 hex = "0.4.3"
 indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
 insta = "1.38.0"
-itertools = "0.12.1"
+itertools = "0.14.0"
 is-macro = "0.3.7"
 junction = "1.2.0"
 libc = "0.2.169"
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index bd58a31be3..d650e998ea 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2723,7 +2723,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_keywords(&mut self, keywords: &[located_ast::Keyword]) -> CompileResult<()> {
         let mut size = 0;
-        let groupby = keywords.iter().group_by(|e| e.arg.is_none());
+        let groupby = keywords.iter().chunk_by(|e| e.arg.is_none());
         for (is_unpacking, sub_keywords) in &groupby {
             if is_unpacking {
                 for keyword in sub_keywords {
@@ -2886,7 +2886,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                         (false, element)
                     }
                 })
-                .group_by(|(starred, _)| *starred);
+                .chunk_by(|(starred, _)| *starred);
 
             for (starred, run) in &groups {
                 let mut run_size = 0;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index 30b088f714..21451203b5 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ mod math {
                 .map(|x| (x / scale).powi(2))
                 .chain(std::iter::once(-norm * norm))
                 // Pairwise summation of floats gives less rounding error than a naive sum.
-                .tree_fold1(std::ops::Add::add)
+                .tree_reduce(std::ops::Add::add)
                 .expect("expected at least 1 element");
             norm = norm + correction / (2.0 * norm);
         }

From 9e310934d3f1ad197d41815dc7f859bfb728b7d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Feb 2025 16:20:47 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 420/705] fix panic

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/codecs.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/codecs.rs b/vm/src/codecs.rs
index ff7bc48915..61be9f9176 100644
--- a/vm/src/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/codecs.rs
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ fn surrogatepass_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyOb
         // Try decoding a single surrogate character. If there are more,
         // let the codec call us again.
         let p = &s.as_bytes()[range.start..];
-        if p.len() - range.start >= byte_length {
+        if p.len().saturating_sub(range.start) >= byte_length {
             match standard_encoding {
                 StandardEncoding::Utf8 => {
                     if (p[0] as u32 & 0xf0) == 0xe0

From 6788010f7d4c8897fa9b818f5ee118cd5c37627c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Feb 2025 14:29:52 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 421/705] windows-rs upgrade to 0.59

---
 Cargo.lock              | 191 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 Cargo.toml              |   2 +-
 common/src/fileutils.rs |  14 +--
 vm/Cargo.toml           |   4 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs     |   5 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs |   4 +
 vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs |   3 +-
 7 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a62a5dfced..115451adfa 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.13"
+version = "1.2.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7777341816418c02e033934a09f20dc0ccaf65a5201ef8a450ae0105a573fda"
+checksum = "0c3d1b2e905a3a7b00a6141adb0e4c0bb941d11caf55349d863942a1cc44e3c9"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
@@ -645,9 +645,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "equivalent"
-version = "1.0.1"
+version = "1.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
+checksum = "877a4ace8713b0bcf2a4e7eec82529c029f1d0619886d18145fea96c3ffe5c0f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "iana-time-zone-haiku",
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-core",
+ "windows-core 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1406,9 +1406,9 @@ checksum = "b410bbe7e14ab526a0e86877eb47c6996a2bd7746f027ba551028c925390e4e9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl"
-version = "0.10.70"
+version = "0.10.71"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "61cfb4e166a8bb8c9b55c500bc2308550148ece889be90f609377e58140f42c6"
+checksum = "5e14130c6a98cd258fdcb0fb6d744152343ff729cbfcb28c656a9d12b999fbcd"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -1447,9 +1447,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-sys"
-version = "0.9.105"
+version = "0.9.106"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b22d5b84be05a8d6947c7cb71f7c849aa0f112acd4bf51c2a7c1c988ac0a9dc"
+checksum = "8bb61ea9811cc39e3c2069f40b8b8e2e70d8569b361f879786cc7ed48b777cdd"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
@@ -1745,8 +1745,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3779b94aeb87e8bd4e834cee3650289ee9e0d5677f976ecdb6d219e5f4f6cd94"
 dependencies = [
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
- "rand_core 0.9.0",
- "zerocopy 0.8.17",
+ "rand_core 0.9.1",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1766,7 +1766,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
 dependencies = [
  "ppv-lite86",
- "rand_core 0.9.0",
+ "rand_core 0.9.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1780,12 +1780,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_core"
-version = "0.9.0"
+version = "0.9.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b08f3c9802962f7e1b25113931d94f43ed9725bebc59db9d0c3e9a23b67e15ff"
+checksum = "a88e0da7a2c97baa202165137c158d0a2e824ac465d13d81046727b34cb247d3"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.3.1",
- "zerocopy 0.8.17",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2012,7 +2012,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "siphasher 0.3.11",
  "volatile",
  "widestring",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2242,7 +2242,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "uuid",
  "widestring",
  "winapi",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
  "xml-rs",
 ]
 
@@ -2320,7 +2320,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "which",
  "widestring",
  "windows",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
  "winreg",
 ]
 
@@ -2524,9 +2524,9 @@ checksum = "826167069c09b99d56f31e9ae5c99049e932a98c9dc2dac47645b08dbbf76ba7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.13.2"
+version = "1.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"
+checksum = "7fcf8323ef1faaee30a44a340193b1ac6814fd9b7b4e88e9d4519a3e4abe1cfd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
@@ -2552,15 +2552,15 @@ checksum = "8ea5119cdb4c55b55d432abb513a0429384878c15dde60cc77b1c99de1a95a6a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
-version = "0.27.0"
+version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ce1475c515a4f03a8a7129bb5228b81a781a86cb0b3fbbc19e1c556d491a401f"
+checksum = "f64def088c51c9510a8579e3c5d67c65349dcf755e5479ad3d010aa6454e2c32"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum_macros"
-version = "0.27.0"
+version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9688894b43459159c82bfa5a5fa0435c19cbe3c9b427fa1dd7b1ce0c279b18a7"
+checksum = "c77a8c5abcaf0f9ce05d62342b7d298c346515365c36b673df4ebe3ced01fde8"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3185,12 +3185,12 @@ checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.59.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e48a53791691ab099e5e2ad123536d0fff50652600abaf43bbf952894110d0be"
+checksum = "7f919aee0a93304be7f62e8e5027811bbba96bcb1de84d6618be56e43f8a32a1"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-core",
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+ "windows-core 0.59.0",
+ "windows-targets 0.53.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3202,6 +3202,59 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-core"
+version = "0.59.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "810ce18ed2112484b0d4e15d022e5f598113e220c53e373fb31e67e21670c1ce"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-implement",
+ "windows-interface",
+ "windows-result",
+ "windows-strings",
+ "windows-targets 0.53.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-implement"
+version = "0.59.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "83577b051e2f49a058c308f17f273b570a6a758386fc291b5f6a934dd84e48c1"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-interface"
+version = "0.59.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cb26fd936d991781ea39e87c3a27285081e3c0da5ca0fcbc02d368cc6f52ff01"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-result"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d08106ce80268c4067c0571ca55a9b4e9516518eaa1a1fe9b37ca403ae1d1a34"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets 0.53.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-strings"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b888f919960b42ea4e11c2f408fadb55f78a9f236d5eef084103c8ce52893491"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets 0.53.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3266,13 +3319,29 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.6",
  "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.6",
  "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.6",
- "windows_i686_gnullvm",
+ "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.52.6",
  "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.6",
  "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.6",
  "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.6",
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.6",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-targets"
+version = "0.53.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b1e4c7e8ceaaf9cb7d7507c974735728ab453b67ef8f18febdd7c11fe59dca8b"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.53.0",
+ "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.53.0",
+ "windows_i686_gnu 0.53.0",
+ "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.53.0",
+ "windows_i686_msvc 0.53.0",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.53.0",
+ "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.53.0",
+ "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.53.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3285,6 +3354,12 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
+version = "0.53.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "86b8d5f90ddd19cb4a147a5fa63ca848db3df085e25fee3cc10b39b6eebae764"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3303,6 +3378,12 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
+version = "0.53.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c7651a1f62a11b8cbd5e0d42526e55f2c99886c77e007179efff86c2b137e66c"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3321,12 +3402,24 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8e9b5ad5ab802e97eb8e295ac6720e509ee4c243f69d781394014ebfe8bbfa0b"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_gnu"
+version = "0.53.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c1dc67659d35f387f5f6c479dc4e28f1d4bb90ddd1a5d3da2e5d97b42d6272c3"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
 version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
+version = "0.53.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9ce6ccbdedbf6d6354471319e781c0dfef054c81fbc7cf83f338a4296c0cae11"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3345,6 +3438,12 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_i686_msvc"
+version = "0.53.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "581fee95406bb13382d2f65cd4a908ca7b1e4c2f1917f143ba16efe98a589b5d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3363,6 +3462,12 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
+version = "0.53.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2e55b5ac9ea33f2fc1716d1742db15574fd6fc8dadc51caab1c16a3d3b4190ba"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3375,6 +3480,12 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
+version = "0.53.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0a6e035dd0599267ce1ee132e51c27dd29437f63325753051e71dd9e42406c57"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3393,14 +3504,20 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
+version = "0.53.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "271414315aff87387382ec3d271b52d7ae78726f5d44ac98b4f4030c91880486"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winreg"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.55.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a277a57398d4bfa075df44f501a17cfdf8542d224f0d36095a2adc7aee4ef0a5"
+checksum = "cb5a765337c50e9ec252c2069be9bf91c7df47afb103b642ba3a53bf8101be97"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3436,11 +3553,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.17"
+version = "0.8.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "aa91407dacce3a68c56de03abe2760159582b846c6a4acd2f456618087f12713"
+checksum = "79386d31a42a4996e3336b0919ddb90f81112af416270cff95b5f5af22b839c2"
 dependencies = [
- "zerocopy-derive 0.8.17",
+ "zerocopy-derive 0.8.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3456,9 +3573,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.17"
+version = "0.8.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06718a168365cad3d5ff0bb133aad346959a2074bd4a85c121255a11304a8626"
+checksum = "76331675d372f91bf8d17e13afbd5fe639200b73d01f0fc748bb059f9cca2db7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 958bc5eeff..f7d7d896c5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ thiserror = "2.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.8"
 unicode_names2 = "1.3.0"
 widestring = "1.1.0"
-windows-sys = "0.52.0"
+windows-sys = "0.59.0"
 wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100"
 
 # Lints
diff --git a/common/src/fileutils.rs b/common/src/fileutils.rs
index dcb78675d8..296bb6be7c 100644
--- a/common/src/fileutils.rs
+++ b/common/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub mod windows {
     use crate::suppress_iph;
     use crate::windows::ToWideString;
     use libc::{S_IFCHR, S_IFDIR, S_IFMT};
-    use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr, OsString};
+    use std::ffi::{c_int, c_void, CString, OsStr, OsString};
     use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
     use std::sync::OnceLock;
     use windows_sys::core::PCWSTR;
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ pub mod windows {
         if h.is_err() {
             unsafe { SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE) };
         }
-        let h = h?;
+        let mut h = c_int::from(h? as i32);
         // reset stat?
 
-        let file_type = unsafe { GetFileType(h) };
+        let file_type = unsafe { GetFileType(&mut h as *mut c_int as *mut c_void) };
         if file_type == FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN {
             return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
         }
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@ pub mod windows {
         let mut basic_info: FILE_BASIC_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
         let mut id_info: FILE_ID_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
 
-        if unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(h, &mut info) } == 0
+        if unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(&mut h as *mut c_int as *mut c_void, &mut info) } == 0
             || unsafe {
                 GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
-                    h,
+                    &mut h as *mut c_int as *mut c_void,
                     FileBasicInfo,
                     &mut basic_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
                     std::mem::size_of_val(&basic_info) as u32,
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ pub mod windows {
 
         let p_id_info = if unsafe {
             GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
-                h,
+                &mut h as *mut c_int as *mut c_void,
                 FileIdInfo,
                 &mut id_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
                 std::mem::size_of_val(&id_info) as u32,
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ pub mod windows {
             .get_or_init(|| {
                 let library_name = OsString::from("api-ms-win-core-file-l2-1-4").to_wide_with_nul();
                 let module = unsafe { LoadLibraryW(library_name.as_ptr()) };
-                if module == 0 {
+                if module == c_int::from(0) as *mut c_int as *mut c_void {
                     return None;
                 }
                 let name = CString::new("GetFileInformationByName").unwrap();
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 1468651aeb..49eaabf96a 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ num_cpus = "1.13.1"
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 junction = { workspace = true }
 schannel = { workspace = true }
-winreg = "0.52"
+winreg = "0.55"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows]
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.59.0"
 features = [
   "Win32_Foundation",
   "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index d2785f42dd..64c04adbd6 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         mem::MaybeUninit,
         os::windows::ffi::{OsStrExt, OsStringExt},
     };
+    use std::ffi::{c_int, c_void};
     use windows_sys::Win32::{
         Foundation::{self, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE},
         Storage::FileSystem,
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         }
 
         let h = unsafe { Threading::OpenProcess(Threading::PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, 0, pid) };
-        if h == 0 {
+        if h == c_int::from(0) as *mut c_int as *mut c_void {
             return Err(errno_err(vm));
         }
         let ret = unsafe { Threading::TerminateProcess(h, sig) };
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
                 _ => return Err(vm.new_value_error("bad file descriptor".to_owned())),
             };
             let h = unsafe { Console::GetStdHandle(stdhandle) };
-            if h == 0 {
+            if h == c_int::from(0) as *mut c_int as *mut c_void {
                 return Err(vm.new_os_error("handle cannot be retrieved".to_owned()));
             }
             if h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index ad6db12474..45ad6d12a7 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ pub(crate) use _winapi::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _winapi {
+    use std::ffi::{c_int, c_void};
     use crate::{
         builtins::PyStrRef,
         common::windows::ToWideString,
@@ -116,6 +117,8 @@ mod _winapi {
             .to_pyresult(vm)?;
             target.assume_init()
         };
+        let target = c_int::from(target as i32);
+
         Ok(HANDLE(target))
     }
 
@@ -436,6 +439,7 @@ mod _winapi {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn GetModuleFileName(handle: isize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
         let mut path: Vec<u16> = vec![0; MAX_PATH as usize];
+        let handle = c_int::from(handle as i32) as *mut c_int as *mut c_void;
         let handle = HINSTANCE(handle);
 
         let length =
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
index b368c43a3e..10a1ebc49e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ mod winreg {
     use ::winreg::{enums::RegType, RegKey, RegValue};
     use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
     use std::{ffi::OsStr, io};
+    use std::ffi::{c_int, c_void};
     use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation;
 
     // access rights
@@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ mod winreg {
 
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn bool(&self) -> bool {
-            self.key().raw_handle() != 0
+            self.key().raw_handle() != c_int::from(0) as *mut c_int as *mut c_void
         }
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn enter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {

From 7e1568a1ffef0b44c47e98e465269e00693c207b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 16 Feb 2025 21:30:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 422/705] Revert "windows-rs upgrade to 0.59"

This reverts commit 547530724e77a592734d8cd396115c4124d7a9f9.
---
 Cargo.lock              | 191 ++++++++--------------------------------
 Cargo.toml              |   2 +-
 common/src/fileutils.rs |  14 +--
 vm/Cargo.toml           |   4 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs     |   5 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs |   4 -
 vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs |   3 +-
 7 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 173 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 115451adfa..a62a5dfced 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.14"
+version = "1.2.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c3d1b2e905a3a7b00a6141adb0e4c0bb941d11caf55349d863942a1cc44e3c9"
+checksum = "c7777341816418c02e033934a09f20dc0ccaf65a5201ef8a450ae0105a573fda"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
@@ -645,9 +645,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "equivalent"
-version = "1.0.2"
+version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "877a4ace8713b0bcf2a4e7eec82529c029f1d0619886d18145fea96c3ffe5c0f"
+checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "iana-time-zone-haiku",
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-core 0.52.0",
+ "windows-core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1406,9 +1406,9 @@ checksum = "b410bbe7e14ab526a0e86877eb47c6996a2bd7746f027ba551028c925390e4e9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl"
-version = "0.10.71"
+version = "0.10.70"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e14130c6a98cd258fdcb0fb6d744152343ff729cbfcb28c656a9d12b999fbcd"
+checksum = "61cfb4e166a8bb8c9b55c500bc2308550148ece889be90f609377e58140f42c6"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -1447,9 +1447,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-sys"
-version = "0.9.106"
+version = "0.9.105"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8bb61ea9811cc39e3c2069f40b8b8e2e70d8569b361f879786cc7ed48b777cdd"
+checksum = "8b22d5b84be05a8d6947c7cb71f7c849aa0f112acd4bf51c2a7c1c988ac0a9dc"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
@@ -1745,8 +1745,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3779b94aeb87e8bd4e834cee3650289ee9e0d5677f976ecdb6d219e5f4f6cd94"
 dependencies = [
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
- "rand_core 0.9.1",
- "zerocopy 0.8.18",
+ "rand_core 0.9.0",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1766,7 +1766,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
 dependencies = [
  "ppv-lite86",
- "rand_core 0.9.1",
+ "rand_core 0.9.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1780,12 +1780,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_core"
-version = "0.9.1"
+version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a88e0da7a2c97baa202165137c158d0a2e824ac465d13d81046727b34cb247d3"
+checksum = "b08f3c9802962f7e1b25113931d94f43ed9725bebc59db9d0c3e9a23b67e15ff"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.3.1",
- "zerocopy 0.8.18",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2012,7 +2012,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "siphasher 0.3.11",
  "volatile",
  "widestring",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2242,7 +2242,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "uuid",
  "widestring",
  "winapi",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
  "xml-rs",
 ]
 
@@ -2320,7 +2320,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "which",
  "widestring",
  "windows",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
  "winreg",
 ]
 
@@ -2524,9 +2524,9 @@ checksum = "826167069c09b99d56f31e9ae5c99049e932a98c9dc2dac47645b08dbbf76ba7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.14.0"
+version = "1.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7fcf8323ef1faaee30a44a340193b1ac6814fd9b7b4e88e9d4519a3e4abe1cfd"
+checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
@@ -2552,15 +2552,15 @@ checksum = "8ea5119cdb4c55b55d432abb513a0429384878c15dde60cc77b1c99de1a95a6a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
-version = "0.27.1"
+version = "0.27.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f64def088c51c9510a8579e3c5d67c65349dcf755e5479ad3d010aa6454e2c32"
+checksum = "ce1475c515a4f03a8a7129bb5228b81a781a86cb0b3fbbc19e1c556d491a401f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum_macros"
-version = "0.27.1"
+version = "0.27.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c77a8c5abcaf0f9ce05d62342b7d298c346515365c36b673df4ebe3ced01fde8"
+checksum = "9688894b43459159c82bfa5a5fa0435c19cbe3c9b427fa1dd7b1ce0c279b18a7"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -3185,12 +3185,12 @@ checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows"
-version = "0.59.0"
+version = "0.52.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7f919aee0a93304be7f62e8e5027811bbba96bcb1de84d6618be56e43f8a32a1"
+checksum = "e48a53791691ab099e5e2ad123536d0fff50652600abaf43bbf952894110d0be"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-core 0.59.0",
- "windows-targets 0.53.0",
+ "windows-core",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3202,59 +3202,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-core"
-version = "0.59.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "810ce18ed2112484b0d4e15d022e5f598113e220c53e373fb31e67e21670c1ce"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-implement",
- "windows-interface",
- "windows-result",
- "windows-strings",
- "windows-targets 0.53.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-implement"
-version = "0.59.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "83577b051e2f49a058c308f17f273b570a6a758386fc291b5f6a934dd84e48c1"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-interface"
-version = "0.59.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb26fd936d991781ea39e87c3a27285081e3c0da5ca0fcbc02d368cc6f52ff01"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-result"
-version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d08106ce80268c4067c0571ca55a9b4e9516518eaa1a1fe9b37ca403ae1d1a34"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.53.0",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-strings"
-version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b888f919960b42ea4e11c2f408fadb55f78a9f236d5eef084103c8ce52893491"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.53.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3319,29 +3266,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.52.6",
  "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.52.6",
  "windows_i686_gnu 0.52.6",
- "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.52.6",
+ "windows_i686_gnullvm",
  "windows_i686_msvc 0.52.6",
  "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.52.6",
  "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.52.6",
  "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.52.6",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-targets"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b1e4c7e8ceaaf9cb7d7507c974735728ab453b67ef8f18febdd7c11fe59dca8b"
-dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_gnullvm 0.53.0",
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.53.0",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.53.0",
- "windows_i686_gnullvm 0.53.0",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.53.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.53.0",
- "windows_x86_64_gnullvm 0.53.0",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.53.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3354,12 +3285,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "86b8d5f90ddd19cb4a147a5fa63ca848db3df085e25fee3cc10b39b6eebae764"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3378,12 +3303,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7651a1f62a11b8cbd5e0d42526e55f2c99886c77e007179efff86c2b137e66c"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3402,24 +3321,12 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8e9b5ad5ab802e97eb8e295ac6720e509ee4c243f69d781394014ebfe8bbfa0b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c1dc67659d35f387f5f6c479dc4e28f1d4bb90ddd1a5d3da2e5d97b42d6272c3"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
 version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ce6ccbdedbf6d6354471319e781c0dfef054c81fbc7cf83f338a4296c0cae11"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3438,12 +3345,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "581fee95406bb13382d2f65cd4a908ca7b1e4c2f1917f143ba16efe98a589b5d"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3462,12 +3363,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "147a5c80aabfbf0c7d901cb5895d1de30ef2907eb21fbbab29ca94c5b08b1a78"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2e55b5ac9ea33f2fc1716d1742db15574fd6fc8dadc51caab1c16a3d3b4190ba"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3480,12 +3375,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnullvm"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0a6e035dd0599267ce1ee132e51c27dd29437f63325753051e71dd9e42406c57"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3504,20 +3393,14 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.53.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "271414315aff87387382ec3d271b52d7ae78726f5d44ac98b4f4030c91880486"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winreg"
-version = "0.55.0"
+version = "0.52.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb5a765337c50e9ec252c2069be9bf91c7df47afb103b642ba3a53bf8101be97"
+checksum = "a277a57398d4bfa075df44f501a17cfdf8542d224f0d36095a2adc7aee4ef0a5"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.48.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3553,11 +3436,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.18"
+version = "0.8.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "79386d31a42a4996e3336b0919ddb90f81112af416270cff95b5f5af22b839c2"
+checksum = "aa91407dacce3a68c56de03abe2760159582b846c6a4acd2f456618087f12713"
 dependencies = [
- "zerocopy-derive 0.8.18",
+ "zerocopy-derive 0.8.17",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3573,9 +3456,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.18"
+version = "0.8.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "76331675d372f91bf8d17e13afbd5fe639200b73d01f0fc748bb059f9cca2db7"
+checksum = "06718a168365cad3d5ff0bb133aad346959a2074bd4a85c121255a11304a8626"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index f7d7d896c5..958bc5eeff 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ thiserror = "2.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.8"
 unicode_names2 = "1.3.0"
 widestring = "1.1.0"
-windows-sys = "0.59.0"
+windows-sys = "0.52.0"
 wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100"
 
 # Lints
diff --git a/common/src/fileutils.rs b/common/src/fileutils.rs
index 296bb6be7c..dcb78675d8 100644
--- a/common/src/fileutils.rs
+++ b/common/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ pub mod windows {
     use crate::suppress_iph;
     use crate::windows::ToWideString;
     use libc::{S_IFCHR, S_IFDIR, S_IFMT};
-    use std::ffi::{c_int, c_void, CString, OsStr, OsString};
+    use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr, OsString};
     use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
     use std::sync::OnceLock;
     use windows_sys::core::PCWSTR;
@@ -113,10 +113,10 @@ pub mod windows {
         if h.is_err() {
             unsafe { SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE) };
         }
-        let mut h = c_int::from(h? as i32);
+        let h = h?;
         // reset stat?
 
-        let file_type = unsafe { GetFileType(&mut h as *mut c_int as *mut c_void) };
+        let file_type = unsafe { GetFileType(h) };
         if file_type == FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN {
             return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
         }
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@ pub mod windows {
         let mut basic_info: FILE_BASIC_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
         let mut id_info: FILE_ID_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
 
-        if unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(&mut h as *mut c_int as *mut c_void, &mut info) } == 0
+        if unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(h, &mut info) } == 0
             || unsafe {
                 GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
-                    &mut h as *mut c_int as *mut c_void,
+                    h,
                     FileBasicInfo,
                     &mut basic_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
                     std::mem::size_of_val(&basic_info) as u32,
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ pub mod windows {
 
         let p_id_info = if unsafe {
             GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
-                &mut h as *mut c_int as *mut c_void,
+                h,
                 FileIdInfo,
                 &mut id_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
                 std::mem::size_of_val(&id_info) as u32,
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ pub mod windows {
             .get_or_init(|| {
                 let library_name = OsString::from("api-ms-win-core-file-l2-1-4").to_wide_with_nul();
                 let module = unsafe { LoadLibraryW(library_name.as_ptr()) };
-                if module == c_int::from(0) as *mut c_int as *mut c_void {
+                if module == 0 {
                     return None;
                 }
                 let name = CString::new("GetFileInformationByName").unwrap();
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 49eaabf96a..1468651aeb 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ num_cpus = "1.13.1"
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 junction = { workspace = true }
 schannel = { workspace = true }
-winreg = "0.55"
+winreg = "0.52"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows]
-version = "0.59.0"
+version = "0.52.0"
 features = [
   "Win32_Foundation",
   "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 64c04adbd6..d2785f42dd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         mem::MaybeUninit,
         os::windows::ffi::{OsStrExt, OsStringExt},
     };
-    use std::ffi::{c_int, c_void};
     use windows_sys::Win32::{
         Foundation::{self, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE},
         Storage::FileSystem,
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         }
 
         let h = unsafe { Threading::OpenProcess(Threading::PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, 0, pid) };
-        if h == c_int::from(0) as *mut c_int as *mut c_void {
+        if h == 0 {
             return Err(errno_err(vm));
         }
         let ret = unsafe { Threading::TerminateProcess(h, sig) };
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
                 _ => return Err(vm.new_value_error("bad file descriptor".to_owned())),
             };
             let h = unsafe { Console::GetStdHandle(stdhandle) };
-            if h == c_int::from(0) as *mut c_int as *mut c_void {
+            if h == 0 {
                 return Err(vm.new_os_error("handle cannot be retrieved".to_owned()));
             }
             if h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index 45ad6d12a7..ad6db12474 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ pub(crate) use _winapi::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _winapi {
-    use std::ffi::{c_int, c_void};
     use crate::{
         builtins::PyStrRef,
         common::windows::ToWideString,
@@ -117,8 +116,6 @@ mod _winapi {
             .to_pyresult(vm)?;
             target.assume_init()
         };
-        let target = c_int::from(target as i32);
-
         Ok(HANDLE(target))
     }
 
@@ -439,7 +436,6 @@ mod _winapi {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn GetModuleFileName(handle: isize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
         let mut path: Vec<u16> = vec![0; MAX_PATH as usize];
-        let handle = c_int::from(handle as i32) as *mut c_int as *mut c_void;
         let handle = HINSTANCE(handle);
 
         let length =
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
index 10a1ebc49e..b368c43a3e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,6 @@ mod winreg {
     use ::winreg::{enums::RegType, RegKey, RegValue};
     use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
     use std::{ffi::OsStr, io};
-    use std::ffi::{c_int, c_void};
     use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation;
 
     // access rights
@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ mod winreg {
 
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn bool(&self) -> bool {
-            self.key().raw_handle() != c_int::from(0) as *mut c_int as *mut c_void
+            self.key().raw_handle() != 0
         }
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn enter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {

From 630c1ff8d18fee8fe4e8ca1cbf4d25e0f30d2889 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 16 Feb 2025 22:36:05 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 423/705] simple part of the bump

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock              | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----
 vm/Cargo.toml           |  4 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a62a5dfced..0d9f468106 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -903,7 +903,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "iana-time-zone-haiku",
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-core",
+ "windows-core 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3185,11 +3185,11 @@ checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.57.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e48a53791691ab099e5e2ad123536d0fff50652600abaf43bbf952894110d0be"
+checksum = "12342cb4d8e3b046f3d80effd474a7a02447231330ef77d71daa6fbc40681143"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-core",
+ "windows-core 0.57.0",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
@@ -3202,6 +3202,49 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-core"
+version = "0.57.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d2ed2439a290666cd67ecce2b0ffaad89c2a56b976b736e6ece670297897832d"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-implement",
+ "windows-interface",
+ "windows-result",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-implement"
+version = "0.57.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9107ddc059d5b6fbfbffdfa7a7fe3e22a226def0b2608f72e9d552763d3e1ad7"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-interface"
+version = "0.57.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "29bee4b38ea3cde66011baa44dba677c432a78593e202392d1e9070cf2a7fca7"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-result"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5e383302e8ec8515204254685643de10811af0ed97ea37210dc26fb0032647f8"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3395,12 +3438,12 @@ checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winreg"
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.55.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a277a57398d4bfa075df44f501a17cfdf8542d224f0d36095a2adc7aee4ef0a5"
+checksum = "cb5a765337c50e9ec252c2069be9bf91c7df47afb103b642ba3a53bf8101be97"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "windows-sys 0.48.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 1468651aeb..72a874a821 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ num_cpus = "1.13.1"
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 junction = { workspace = true }
 schannel = { workspace = true }
-winreg = "0.52"
+winreg = "0.55"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows]
-version = "0.52.0"
+version = "0.57.0"
 features = [
   "Win32_Foundation",
   "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
index b368c43a3e..a67fd02b38 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ mod winreg {
 
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn bool(&self) -> bool {
-            self.key().raw_handle() != 0
+            self.key().raw_handle() != core::ptr::null_mut()
         }
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn enter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {

From 38a6a8d98480e00c7182f9f2d0b4b3fcf6c26f95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 16 Feb 2025 22:49:25 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 424/705] duplicate windows-sys

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 72a874a821..f092e153a0 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ schannel = { workspace = true }
 winreg = "0.55"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows]
-version = "0.57.0"
+version = "0.52.0"
 features = [
   "Win32_Foundation",
   "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",

From 517ffed40167f02d1fffd2b49f02f2ce2191e8ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2025 11:44:25 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 425/705] fix clippy lint

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
index a67fd02b38..747c58cfd8 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ mod winreg {
 
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn bool(&self) -> bool {
-            self.key().raw_handle() != core::ptr::null_mut()
+            !self.key().raw_handle().is_null()
         }
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn enter(zelf: PyRef<Self>) -> PyRef<Self> {

From 9856d94f2d560f0d684d44a3e3357d70852bfc5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2025 21:15:58 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 426/705] function to retrieve tz info on windows

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/Cargo.toml         |  1 +
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 11 +++++++++++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index f092e153a0..853338c372 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ features = [
   "Win32_Foundation",
   "Win32_System_LibraryLoader",
   "Win32_System_Threading",
+  "Win32_System_Time",
   "Win32_UI_Shell",
 ]
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 566650d0f2..e6581ce847 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -152,6 +152,17 @@ mod decl {
         Ok(get_perf_time(vm)?.as_nanos())
     }
 
+    #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    fn get_tz_info() -> Time::TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION {
+        let mut info = Time::TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION::default();
+        let info_ptr = &mut info as *mut Time::TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION;
+        let _ = unsafe {
+            Time::GetTimeZoneInformation(info_ptr)
+        };
+        info
+    }
+
     // #[pyfunction]
     // fn tzset() {
     //     unsafe { super::_tzset() };

From 72338d578b4e604530a8dbff240208b0ad1de972 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2025 21:16:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 427/705] tzname on windows

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index e6581ce847..d087cd3b1c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -43,6 +43,9 @@ mod decl {
         DateTime, Datelike, Timelike,
     };
     use std::time::Duration;
+    #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    use windows::Win32::System::Time;
 
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(super) const SEC_TO_MS: i64 = 1000;
@@ -195,6 +198,18 @@ mod decl {
         unsafe { (to_str(super::c_tzname[0]), to_str(super::c_tzname[1])) }.into_pytuple(vm)
     }
 
+    #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn tzname(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> crate::builtins::PyTupleRef {
+        use crate::builtins::tuple::IntoPyTuple;
+        let info = get_tz_info();
+        let standard = widestring::decode_utf16_lossy(info.StandardName).filter(|&c| c != '\0').collect::<String>();
+        let daylight = widestring::decode_utf16_lossy(info.DaylightName).filter(|&c| c != '\0').collect::<String>();
+        let tz_name = (&*standard, &*daylight);
+        tz_name.into_pytuple(vm)
+    }
+
     fn pyobj_to_date_time(
         value: Either<f64, i64>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,

From 175afd97d8a5589d71bc7b7c0a8f683271425bc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2025 21:19:36 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 428/705] time.timezone for windows

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 10 ++++++++++
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index d087cd3b1c..e5398d498a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -178,6 +178,16 @@ mod decl {
         unsafe { super::c_timezone }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn timezone() -> i32 {
+        let info = get_tz_info();
+        // https://users.rust-lang.org/t/accessing-tzname-and-similar-constants-in-windows/125771/3
+        (info.Bias + info.StandardBias) * 60
+    }
+
+
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "freebsd"))]
     #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]

From 4ed735b424d5d502472f5dad32fd4f1ee9bd60ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2025 21:19:55 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 429/705] time.daylight for windows

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 9 +++++++++
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index e5398d498a..1277b6a7e1 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -196,6 +196,15 @@ mod decl {
         unsafe { super::c_daylight }
     }
 
+    #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
+    #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn daylight() -> i32 {
+        let info = get_tz_info();
+        // https://users.rust-lang.org/t/accessing-tzname-and-similar-constants-in-windows/125771/3
+        (info.StandardBias != info.DaylightBias) as i32
+    }
+
     #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     #[pyattr]

From 69b1a9910f0d3adc56537ad67795d6a92ed81a95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2025 21:20:15 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 430/705] formatting

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 13 +++++++------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 1277b6a7e1..51411889a1 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -160,9 +160,7 @@ mod decl {
     fn get_tz_info() -> Time::TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION {
         let mut info = Time::TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION::default();
         let info_ptr = &mut info as *mut Time::TIME_ZONE_INFORMATION;
-        let _ = unsafe {
-            Time::GetTimeZoneInformation(info_ptr)
-        };
+        let _ = unsafe { Time::GetTimeZoneInformation(info_ptr) };
         info
     }
 
@@ -187,7 +185,6 @@ mod decl {
         (info.Bias + info.StandardBias) * 60
     }
 
-
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "freebsd"))]
     #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
@@ -223,8 +220,12 @@ mod decl {
     fn tzname(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> crate::builtins::PyTupleRef {
         use crate::builtins::tuple::IntoPyTuple;
         let info = get_tz_info();
-        let standard = widestring::decode_utf16_lossy(info.StandardName).filter(|&c| c != '\0').collect::<String>();
-        let daylight = widestring::decode_utf16_lossy(info.DaylightName).filter(|&c| c != '\0').collect::<String>();
+        let standard = widestring::decode_utf16_lossy(info.StandardName)
+            .filter(|&c| c != '\0')
+            .collect::<String>();
+        let daylight = widestring::decode_utf16_lossy(info.DaylightName)
+            .filter(|&c| c != '\0')
+            .collect::<String>();
         let tz_name = (&*standard, &*daylight);
         tz_name.into_pytuple(vm)
     }

From f46697131258fcf3dd77a8a64e97e3e9f5ceb244 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2025 21:22:10 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 431/705] clippy

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 51411889a1..5a493c3472 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ mod decl {
     #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     #[pyattr]
-    fn timezone() -> i32 {
+    fn timezone(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> i32 {
         let info = get_tz_info();
         // https://users.rust-lang.org/t/accessing-tzname-and-similar-constants-in-windows/125771/3
         (info.Bias + info.StandardBias) * 60
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ mod decl {
     #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
     #[pyattr]
-    fn daylight() -> i32 {
+    fn daylight(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> i32 {
         let info = get_tz_info();
         // https://users.rust-lang.org/t/accessing-tzname-and-similar-constants-in-windows/125771/3
         (info.StandardBias != info.DaylightBias) as i32

From a71c16f8cb36c086bdc822955c50294945a17e39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2025 22:25:40 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 432/705] test colorize on ci

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 7bbed2c3c2..ed91125a0f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ env:
   # PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS are tests that do not depend on the underlying OS. They are currently
   # only run on Linux to speed up the CI.
   PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS: >-
+    test__colorize
     test_argparse
     test_array
     test_asyncgen

From fa2acd7cde461b7c8aff0fe93365e4e4c809fc8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Feb 2025 11:48:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 433/705] Update rand to 0.9

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml                 |  3 ++-
 Cargo.lock                                | 20 ++++++++++----------
 Cargo.toml                                |  4 ++--
 common/src/hash.rs                        |  6 +++---
 stdlib/Cargo.toml                         |  5 ++---
 stdlib/src/random.rs                      |  8 +-------
 stdlib/src/uuid.rs                        | 20 +++-----------------
 vm/Cargo.toml                             |  4 ++--
 vm/src/import.rs                          |  3 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs                       |  2 +-
 wasm/lib/.cargo/config.toml               |  5 +++++
 wasm/lib/Cargo.toml                       |  5 ++++-
 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/.cargo/config.toml |  5 +++++
 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml         |  1 +
 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs         |  8 ++++++++
 15 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 49 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 wasm/lib/.cargo/config.toml
 create mode 100644 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/.cargo/config.toml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index ed91125a0f..dc2dcc6c7e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -379,7 +379,8 @@ jobs:
         with: { wabt-version: "1.0.30" }
       - name: check wasm32-unknown without js
         run: |
-          cargo build --release --manifest-path wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml --target wasm32-unknown-unknown --verbose
+          cd wasm/wasm-unknown-test
+          cargo build --release --verbose
           if wasm-objdump -xj Import target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/wasm_unknown_test.wasm; then
             echo "ERROR: wasm32-unknown module expects imports from the host environment" >2
           fi
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 0d9f468106..87174aeac6 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -808,8 +808,10 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "43a49c392881ce6d5c3b8cb70f98717b7c07aabbdff06687b9030dbfbe2725f8"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
+ "js-sys",
  "libc",
  "wasi 0.13.3+wasi-0.2.2",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
@@ -1306,11 +1308,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "mt19937"
-version = "2.0.1"
+version = "3.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "12ca7f22ed370d5991a9caec16a83187e865bc8a532f889670337d5a5689e3a1"
+checksum = "df7151a832e54d2d6b2c827a20e5bcdd80359281cd2c354e725d4b82e7c471de"
 dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand_core 0.9.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2007,7 +2009,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "parking_lot",
  "radium",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand 0.9.0",
  "rustpython-format",
  "siphasher 0.3.11",
  "volatile",
@@ -2216,8 +2218,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "parking_lot",
  "paste",
  "puruspe",
- "rand 0.8.5",
- "rand_core 0.6.4",
+ "rand 0.9.0",
  "rustix",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-derive",
@@ -2262,7 +2263,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "exitcode",
  "flame",
  "flamer",
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
+ "getrandom 0.3.1",
  "glob",
  "half 2.4.1",
  "hex",
@@ -2285,7 +2286,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "optional",
  "parking_lot",
  "paste",
- "rand 0.8.5",
+ "rand 0.9.0",
  "result-like",
  "rustc_version",
  "rustix",
@@ -2329,6 +2330,7 @@ name = "rustpython_wasm"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "console_error_panic_hook",
+ "getrandom 0.2.15",
  "js-sys",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-parser",
@@ -3000,8 +3002,6 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ced87ca4be083373936a67f8de945faa23b6b42384bd5b64434850802c6dccd0"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic",
- "getrandom 0.3.1",
- "rand 0.9.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 958bc5eeff..bda7286afd 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ cfg-if = "1.0"
 chrono = "0.4.39"
 crossbeam-utils = "0.8.21"
 flame = "0.2.2"
-getrandom = "0.2.15"
+getrandom = "0.3"
 glob = "0.3"
 hex = "0.4.3"
 indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ num_enum = { version = "0.7", default-features = false }
 once_cell = "1.20.3"
 parking_lot = "0.12.3"
 paste = "1.0.15"
-rand = "0.8.5"
+rand = "0.9"
 rustix = { version = "0.38", features = ["event"] }
 rustyline = "15.0.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0.133", default-features = false }
diff --git a/common/src/hash.rs b/common/src/hash.rs
index 4e87eff799..700d2ceef5 100644
--- a/common/src/hash.rs
+++ b/common/src/hash.rs
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@ impl BuildHasher for HashSecret {
     }
 }
 
-impl rand::distributions::Distribution<HashSecret> for rand::distributions::Standard {
+impl rand::distr::Distribution<HashSecret> for rand::distr::StandardUniform {
     fn sample<R: rand::Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> HashSecret {
         HashSecret {
-            k0: rng.gen(),
-            k1: rng.gen(),
+            k0: rng.random(),
+            k1: rng.random(),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 3d91b6fab9..31f5bd18d4 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -54,8 +54,7 @@ xml-rs = "0.8.14"
 
 # random
 rand = { workspace = true }
-rand_core = "0.6.4"
-mt19937 = "2.0.1"
+mt19937 = "3.1"
 
 # Crypto:
 digest = "0.10.3"
@@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ bzip2 = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 # uuid
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "android", target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "redox")))'.dependencies]
 mac_address = "1.1.3"
-uuid = { version = "1.1.2", features = ["v1", "fast-rng"] }
+uuid = { version = "1.1.2", features = ["v1"] }
 
 # mmap
 [target.'cfg(all(unix, not(target_arch = "wasm32")))'.dependencies]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/random.rs b/stdlib/src/random.rs
index 1dfc4fcc30..35cbd94457 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/random.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/random.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ mod _random {
 
     impl Default for PyRng {
         fn default() -> Self {
-            PyRng::Std(Box::new(StdRng::from_entropy()))
+            PyRng::Std(Box::new(StdRng::from_os_rng()))
         }
     }
 
@@ -46,12 +46,6 @@ mod _random {
                 Self::MT(m) => m.fill_bytes(dest),
             }
         }
-        fn try_fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), rand::Error> {
-            match self {
-                Self::Std(s) => s.try_fill_bytes(dest),
-                Self::MT(m) => m.try_fill_bytes(dest),
-            }
-        }
     }
 
     #[pyattr]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/uuid.rs b/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
index e5434da0e1..4cadbb787b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
@@ -5,33 +5,19 @@ mod _uuid {
     use crate::{builtins::PyNone, vm::VirtualMachine};
     use mac_address::get_mac_address;
     use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
-    use rand::Rng;
-    use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime};
-    use uuid::{
-        v1::{Context, Timestamp},
-        Uuid,
-    };
+    use uuid::{timestamp::Timestamp, Context, Uuid};
 
     fn get_node_id() -> [u8; 6] {
         match get_mac_address() {
             Ok(Some(_ma)) => get_mac_address().unwrap().unwrap().bytes(),
-            _ => rand::thread_rng().gen::<[u8; 6]>(),
+            _ => rand::random::<[u8; 6]>(),
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn now_unix_duration() -> Duration {
-        use std::time::UNIX_EPOCH;
-
-        let now = SystemTime::now();
-        now.duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
-            .expect("SystemTime before UNIX EPOCH!")
-    }
-
     #[pyfunction]
     fn generate_time_safe() -> (Vec<u8>, PyNone) {
         static CONTEXT: Context = Context::new(0);
-        let now = now_unix_duration();
-        let ts = Timestamp::from_unix(&CONTEXT, now.as_secs(), now.subsec_nanos());
+        let ts = Timestamp::now(&CONTEXT);
 
         static NODE_ID: OnceCell<[u8; 6]> = OnceCell::new();
         let unique_node_id = NODE_ID.get_or_init(get_node_id);
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 853338c372..5c10223bfc 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ ast = ["rustpython-ast"]
 codegen = ["rustpython-codegen", "ast"]
 parser = ["rustpython-parser", "ast"]
 serde = ["dep:serde"]
-wasmbind = ["chrono/wasmbind", "getrandom/js", "wasm-bindgen"]
+wasmbind = ["chrono/wasmbind", "getrandom/wasm_js", "wasm-bindgen"]
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler = { workspace = true, optional = true }
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ features = [
 
 [target.'cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "unknown"))'.dependencies]
 wasm-bindgen = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-getrandom = { workspace = true, features = ["custom"] }
+getrandom = { workspace = true }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 glob = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/src/import.rs b/vm/src/import.rs
index f14ae31ef4..fbd563dabb 100644
--- a/vm/src/import.rs
+++ b/vm/src/import.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ use crate::{
     vm::{thread, VirtualMachine},
     AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
 };
-use rand::Rng;
 
 pub(crate) fn init_importlib_base(vm: &mut VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
     flame_guard!("init importlib");
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ pub(crate) fn init_importlib_package(vm: &VirtualMachine, importlib: PyObjectRef
         let mut magic = get_git_revision().into_bytes();
         magic.truncate(4);
         if magic.len() != 4 {
-            magic = rand::thread_rng().gen::<[u8; 4]>().to_vec();
+            magic = rand::random::<[u8; 4]>().to_vec();
         }
         let magic: PyObjectRef = vm.ctx.new_bytes(magic).into();
         importlib_external.set_attr("MAGIC_NUMBER", magic, vm)?;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 0b3f617552..6519af094d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("negative argument not allowed".to_owned()));
         }
         let mut buf = vec![0u8; size as usize];
-        getrandom::getrandom(&mut buf).map_err(|e| match e.raw_os_error() {
+        getrandom::fill(&mut buf).map_err(|e| match e.raw_os_error() {
             Some(errno) => io::Error::from_raw_os_error(errno).into_pyexception(vm),
             None => vm.new_os_error("Getting random failed".to_owned()),
         })?;
diff --git a/wasm/lib/.cargo/config.toml b/wasm/lib/.cargo/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ce1e7c694a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wasm/lib/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[build]
+target = "wasm32-unknown-unknown"
+
+[target.wasm32-unknown-unknown]
+rustflags = ["--cfg=getrandom_backend=\"wasm_js\""]
diff --git a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
index 1e5c37f4ef..4703cb9f4a 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
 wasm-bindgen = { workspace = true }
 
+# remove once getrandom 0.2 is no longer otherwise in the dependency tree
+getrandom = { version = "0.2", features = ["js"] }
+
 console_error_panic_hook = "0.1"
 js-sys = "0.3"
 serde-wasm-bindgen = "0.3.1"
@@ -47,4 +50,4 @@ web-sys = { version = "0.3", features = [
 wasm-opt = false#["-O1"]
 
 [lints]
-workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
+workspace = true
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/.cargo/config.toml b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/.cargo/config.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f86ad96761
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[build]
+target = "wasm32-unknown-unknown"
+
+[target.wasm32-unknown-unknown]
+rustflags = ["--cfg=getrandom_backend=\"custom\""]
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
index f5e0b55786..ca8b15cfc5 100644
--- a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
 getrandom = { version = "0.2.12", features = ["custom"] }
+getrandom_03 = { package = "getrandom", version = "0.3" }
 rustpython-vm = { path = "../../vm", default-features = false, features = ["compiler"] }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs
index fd043aea3a..cfdc445574 100644
--- a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs
+++ b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,3 +14,11 @@ fn getrandom_always_fail(_buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), getrandom::Error> {
 }
 
 getrandom::register_custom_getrandom!(getrandom_always_fail);
+
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+unsafe extern "Rust" fn __getrandom_v03_custom(
+    _dest: *mut u8,
+    _len: usize,
+) -> Result<(), getrandom_03::Error> {
+    Err(getrandom_03::Error::UNSUPPORTED)
+}

From e2b0fe4266febafdc9ab34d558bfa8aef91b59cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Feb 2025 17:50:10 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 434/705] _ctypes pt. 2 (#5524)

* add __version__

* add more types/constants

* shared library and ExternalLibs implementation

* FreeLibrary for windows

* fixed PyCSimple

* LoadLibrary and FreeLibrary for non-windows

* fault-tolerant float equality

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock                              | 124 +++++++++---------------
 extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py |  28 ++++++
 vm/Cargo.toml                           |   1 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs                 | 116 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs           |   5 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs            |  91 ++++++++++++++---
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs        |  24 +++++
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs         | 115 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/pointer.rs         |   5 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs       |   5 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/union.rs           |   5 +
 11 files changed, 424 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/pointer.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/union.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 87174aeac6..11992d8d8c 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -216,9 +216,9 @@ checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.13"
+version = "1.2.14"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7777341816418c02e033934a09f20dc0ccaf65a5201ef8a450ae0105a573fda"
+checksum = "0c3d1b2e905a3a7b00a6141adb0e4c0bb941d11caf55349d863942a1cc44e3c9"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
@@ -645,9 +645,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "equivalent"
-version = "1.0.1"
+version = "1.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5443807d6dff69373d433ab9ef5378ad8df50ca6298caf15de6e52e24aaf54d5"
+checksum = "877a4ace8713b0bcf2a4e7eec82529c029f1d0619886d18145fea96c3ffe5c0f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
@@ -905,7 +905,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "iana-time-zone-haiku",
  "js-sys",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-core 0.52.0",
+ "windows-core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1028,9 +1028,9 @@ checksum = "507460a910eb7b32ee961886ff48539633b788a36b65692b95f225b844c82553"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lambert_w"
-version = "1.0.14"
+version = "1.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b0c98033daa8d13aa2171722fd201bae337924189091f7988bdaff5301fa8c9"
+checksum = "45bf98425154bfe790a47b72ac452914f6df9ebfb202bc59e089e29db00258cf"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
@@ -1099,6 +1099,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libloading"
+version = "0.8.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fc2f4eb4bc735547cfed7c0a4922cbd04a4655978c09b54f1f7b228750664c34"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "libm"
 version = "0.2.11"
@@ -1408,9 +1418,9 @@ checksum = "b410bbe7e14ab526a0e86877eb47c6996a2bd7746f027ba551028c925390e4e9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl"
-version = "0.10.70"
+version = "0.10.71"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "61cfb4e166a8bb8c9b55c500bc2308550148ece889be90f609377e58140f42c6"
+checksum = "5e14130c6a98cd258fdcb0fb6d744152343ff729cbfcb28c656a9d12b999fbcd"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -1449,9 +1459,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-sys"
-version = "0.9.105"
+version = "0.9.106"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b22d5b84be05a8d6947c7cb71f7c849aa0f112acd4bf51c2a7c1c988ac0a9dc"
+checksum = "8bb61ea9811cc39e3c2069f40b8b8e2e70d8569b361f879786cc7ed48b777cdd"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
@@ -1747,8 +1757,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3779b94aeb87e8bd4e834cee3650289ee9e0d5677f976ecdb6d219e5f4f6cd94"
 dependencies = [
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
- "rand_core 0.9.0",
- "zerocopy 0.8.17",
+ "rand_core 0.9.1",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1768,7 +1778,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
 dependencies = [
  "ppv-lite86",
- "rand_core 0.9.0",
+ "rand_core 0.9.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1782,12 +1792,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_core"
-version = "0.9.0"
+version = "0.9.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b08f3c9802962f7e1b25113931d94f43ed9725bebc59db9d0c3e9a23b67e15ff"
+checksum = "a88e0da7a2c97baa202165137c158d0a2e824ac465d13d81046727b34cb247d3"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.3.1",
- "zerocopy 0.8.17",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2272,6 +2282,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "junction",
  "libc",
+ "libloading",
  "log",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "memchr",
@@ -2526,9 +2537,9 @@ checksum = "826167069c09b99d56f31e9ae5c99049e932a98c9dc2dac47645b08dbbf76ba7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.13.2"
+version = "1.14.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3c5e1a9a646d36c3599cd173a41282daf47c44583ad367b8e6837255952e5c67"
+checksum = "7fcf8323ef1faaee30a44a340193b1ac6814fd9b7b4e88e9d4519a3e4abe1cfd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
@@ -2554,15 +2565,15 @@ checksum = "8ea5119cdb4c55b55d432abb513a0429384878c15dde60cc77b1c99de1a95a6a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
-version = "0.27.0"
+version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ce1475c515a4f03a8a7129bb5228b81a781a86cb0b3fbbc19e1c556d491a401f"
+checksum = "f64def088c51c9510a8579e3c5d67c65349dcf755e5479ad3d010aa6454e2c32"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "strum_macros"
-version = "0.27.0"
+version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9688894b43459159c82bfa5a5fa0435c19cbe3c9b427fa1dd7b1ce0c279b18a7"
+checksum = "c77a8c5abcaf0f9ce05d62342b7d298c346515365c36b673df4ebe3ced01fde8"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -2781,9 +2792,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "typenum"
-version = "1.17.0"
+version = "1.18.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "42ff0bf0c66b8238c6f3b578df37d0b7848e55df8577b3f74f92a69acceeb825"
+checksum = "1dccffe3ce07af9386bfd29e80c0ab1a8205a2fc34e4bcd40364df902cfa8f3f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ucd"
@@ -2997,9 +3008,9 @@ checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.13.1"
+version = "1.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ced87ca4be083373936a67f8de945faa23b6b42384bd5b64434850802c6dccd0"
+checksum = "8c1f41ffb7cf259f1ecc2876861a17e7142e63ead296f671f81f6ae85903e0d6"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic",
 ]
@@ -3185,11 +3196,11 @@ checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "windows"
-version = "0.57.0"
+version = "0.52.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "12342cb4d8e3b046f3d80effd474a7a02447231330ef77d71daa6fbc40681143"
+checksum = "e48a53791691ab099e5e2ad123536d0fff50652600abaf43bbf952894110d0be"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-core 0.57.0",
+ "windows-core",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
@@ -3202,49 +3213,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-core"
-version = "0.57.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d2ed2439a290666cd67ecce2b0ffaad89c2a56b976b736e6ece670297897832d"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-implement",
- "windows-interface",
- "windows-result",
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-implement"
-version = "0.57.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9107ddc059d5b6fbfbffdfa7a7fe3e22a226def0b2608f72e9d552763d3e1ad7"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-interface"
-version = "0.57.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "29bee4b38ea3cde66011baa44dba677c432a78593e202392d1e9070cf2a7fca7"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-result"
-version = "0.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e383302e8ec8515204254685643de10811af0ed97ea37210dc26fb0032647f8"
-dependencies = [
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.36.1"
@@ -3479,11 +3447,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.17"
+version = "0.8.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "aa91407dacce3a68c56de03abe2760159582b846c6a4acd2f456618087f12713"
+checksum = "79386d31a42a4996e3336b0919ddb90f81112af416270cff95b5f5af22b839c2"
 dependencies = [
- "zerocopy-derive 0.8.17",
+ "zerocopy-derive 0.8.18",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3499,9 +3467,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.17"
+version = "0.8.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06718a168365cad3d5ff0bb133aad346959a2074bd4a85c121255a11304a8626"
+checksum = "76331675d372f91bf8d17e13afbd5fe639200b73d01f0fc748bb059f9cca2db7"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
index 5df259cf82..5bd6e5ef25 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
@@ -1,7 +1,29 @@
+import os as _os, sys as _sys
+
 from _ctypes import sizeof
 from _ctypes import _SimpleCData
 from struct import calcsize as _calcsize
 
+def create_string_buffer(init, size=None):
+    """create_string_buffer(aBytes) -> character array
+    create_string_buffer(anInteger) -> character array
+    create_string_buffer(aBytes, anInteger) -> character array
+    """
+    if isinstance(init, bytes):
+        if size is None:
+            size = len(init)+1
+        _sys.audit("ctypes.create_string_buffer", init, size)
+        buftype = c_char * size
+        buf = buftype()
+        buf.value = init
+        return buf
+    elif isinstance(init, int):
+        _sys.audit("ctypes.create_string_buffer", None, init)
+        buftype = c_char * init
+        buf = buftype()
+        return buf
+    raise TypeError(init)
+
 def _check_size(typ, typecode=None):
     # Check if sizeof(ctypes_type) against struct.calcsize.  This
     # should protect somewhat against a misconfigured libffi.
@@ -103,3 +125,9 @@ class c_void_p(_SimpleCData):
 class c_bool(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "?"
 _check_size(c_bool)
+
+i = c_int(42)
+f = c_float(3.14)
+# s = create_string_buffer(b'\000' * 32)
+assert i.value == 42
+assert abs(f.value -  3.14) < 1e-06
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 5c10223bfc..895b29aa50 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -100,6 +100,7 @@ uname = "0.1.1"
 rustyline = { workspace = true }
 which = "6"
 errno = "0.3"
+libloading = "0.8"
 widestring = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))'.dependencies]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
index d1fc26869f..027a680951 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,34 @@
+pub(crate) mod array;
 pub(crate) mod base;
+pub(crate) mod function;
+pub(crate) mod library;
+pub(crate) mod pointer;
+pub(crate) mod structure;
+pub(crate) mod union;
 
 use crate::builtins::PyModule;
-use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::class::PyClassImpl;
+use crate::stdlib::ctypes::base::{PyCData, PyCSimple, PySimpleMeta};
+use crate::{Py, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+
+pub fn extend_module_nodes(vm: &VirtualMachine, module: &Py<PyModule>) {
+    let ctx = &vm.ctx;
+    PySimpleMeta::make_class(ctx);
+    extend_module!(vm, module, {
+        "_CData" => PyCData::make_class(ctx),
+        "_SimpleCData" => PyCSimple::make_class(ctx),
+        "Array" => array::PyCArray::make_class(ctx),
+        "CFuncPtr" => function::PyCFuncPtr::make_class(ctx),
+        "_Pointer" => pointer::PyCPointer::make_class(ctx),
+        "_pointer_type_cache" => ctx.new_dict(),
+        "Structure" => structure::PyCStructure::make_class(ctx),
+        "Union" => union::PyCUnion::make_class(ctx),
+    })
+}
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let module = _ctypes::make_module(vm);
-    base::extend_module_nodes(vm, &module);
+    extend_module_nodes(vm, &module);
     module
 }
 
@@ -15,6 +38,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
     use crate::builtins::PyTypeRef;
     use crate::class::StaticType;
     use crate::function::Either;
+    use crate::stdlib::ctypes::library;
     use crate::{AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine};
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use std::ffi::{
@@ -24,6 +48,57 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
     use std::mem;
     use widestring::WideChar;
 
+    #[pyattr(name = "__version__")]
+    const __VERSION__: &str = "1.1.0";
+
+    // TODO: get properly
+    #[pyattr(name = "RTLD_LOCAL")]
+    const RTLD_LOCAL: i32 = 0;
+
+    // TODO: get properly
+    #[pyattr(name = "RTLD_GLOBAL")]
+    const RTLD_GLOBAL: i32 = 0;
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    #[pyattr(name = "SIZEOF_TIME_T")]
+    pub const SIZEOF_TIME_T: usize = 8;
+    #[cfg(not(target_os = "windows"))]
+    #[pyattr(name = "SIZEOF_TIME_T")]
+    pub const SIZEOF_TIME_T: usize = 4;
+
+    #[pyattr(name = "CTYPES_MAX_ARGCOUNT")]
+    pub const CTYPES_MAX_ARGCOUNT: usize = 1024;
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub const FUNCFLAG_STDCALL: u32 = 0x0;
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub const FUNCFLAG_CDECL: u32 = 0x1;
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub const FUNCFLAG_HRESULT: u32 = 0x2;
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub const FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI: u32 = 0x4;
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub const FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO: u32 = 0x8;
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub const FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR: u32 = 0x10;
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub const TYPEFLAG_ISPOINTER: u32 = 0x100;
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub const TYPEFLAG_HASPOINTER: u32 = 0x200;
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub const DICTFLAG_FINAL: u32 = 0x1000;
+
+    #[pyattr(once)]
+    fn error(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_exception_type(
+            "_ctypes",
+            "ArgumentError",
+            Some(vec![vm.ctx.exceptions.exception_type.to_owned()]),
+        )
+    }
+
     pub fn get_size(ty: &str) -> usize {
         match ty {
             "u" => mem::size_of::<WideChar>(),
@@ -68,7 +143,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
                 } else {
                     Ok(PyCSimple {
                         _type_: tp_str,
-                        _value: AtomicCell::new(vm.ctx.none()),
+                        value: AtomicCell::new(vm.ctx.none()),
                     })
                 }
             } else {
@@ -95,6 +170,41 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
         }
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction(name = "LoadLibrary")]
+    fn load_library(name: String, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
+        // TODO: audit functions first
+        let cache = library::libcache();
+        let mut cache_write = cache.write();
+        let lib_ref = cache_write.get_or_insert_lib(&name, vm).unwrap();
+        Ok(lib_ref.get_pointer())
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction(name = "FreeLibrary")]
+    fn free_library(handle: usize) -> PyResult<()> {
+        let cache = library::libcache();
+        let mut cache_write = cache.write();
+        cache_write.drop_lib(handle);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction(name = "POINTER")]
+    pub fn pointer(_cls: PyTypeRef) {}
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    pub fn pointer_fn(_inst: PyObjectRef) {}
+
+    #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
+    #[pyfunction(name = "_check_HRESULT")]
+    pub fn check_hresult(_self: PyObjectRef, hr: i32, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<i32> {
+        // TODO: fixme
+        if hr < 0 {
+            // vm.ctx.new_windows_error(hr)
+            todo!();
+        } else {
+            Ok(hr)
+        }
+    }
+
     #[pyfunction]
     fn get_errno() -> i32 {
         errno::errno().0
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b023582c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#[pyclass(name = "Array", module = "_ctypes")]
+pub struct PyCArray {}
+
+#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE, IMMUTABLETYPE))]
+impl PyCArray {}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
index 0142c45345..5d0316352c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
-use crate::builtins::{PyBytes, PyFloat, PyInt, PyModule, PyNone, PyStr};
-use crate::class::PyClassImpl;
-use crate::{Py, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::builtins::PyType;
+use crate::builtins::{PyBytes, PyFloat, PyInt, PyNone, PyStr, PyTypeRef};
+use crate::convert::ToPyObject;
+use crate::function::{Either, OptionalArg};
+use crate::stdlib::ctypes::_ctypes::new_simple_type;
+use crate::types::Constructor;
+use crate::{AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine};
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
 use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
@@ -129,16 +133,32 @@ pub struct PyCData {
 #[pyclass]
 impl PyCData {}
 
+#[pyclass(module = "_ctypes", name = "PyCSimpleType", base = "PyType")]
+pub struct PySimpleMeta {}
+
+#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
+impl PySimpleMeta {
+    #[allow(clippy::new_ret_no_self)]
+    #[pymethod]
+    fn new(cls: PyTypeRef, _: OptionalArg, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        Ok(PyObjectRef::from(
+            new_simple_type(Either::B(&cls), vm)?
+                .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)?
+                .clone(),
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
 #[pyclass(
     name = "_SimpleCData",
     base = "PyCData",
-    module = "_ctypes"
-    // TODO: metaclass
+    module = "_ctypes",
+    metaclass = "PySimpleMeta"
 )]
 #[derive(PyPayload)]
 pub struct PyCSimple {
     pub _type_: String,
-    pub _value: AtomicCell<PyObjectRef>,
+    pub value: AtomicCell<PyObjectRef>,
 }
 
 impl Debug for PyCSimple {
@@ -149,13 +169,56 @@ impl Debug for PyCSimple {
     }
 }
 
-#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
-impl PyCSimple {}
+impl Constructor for PyCSimple {
+    type Args = (OptionalArg,);
 
-pub fn extend_module_nodes(vm: &VirtualMachine, module: &Py<PyModule>) {
-    let ctx = &vm.ctx;
-    extend_module!(vm, module, {
-        "_CData" => PyCData::make_class(ctx),
-        "_SimpleCData" => PyCSimple::make_class(ctx),
-    })
+    fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        let attributes = cls.get_attributes();
+        let _type_ = attributes
+            .iter()
+            .find(|(&k, _)| k.to_object().str(vm).unwrap().to_string() == *"_type_")
+            .unwrap()
+            .1
+            .str(vm)?
+            .to_string();
+        let value = if let Some(ref v) = args.0.into_option() {
+            set_primitive(_type_.as_str(), v, vm)?
+        } else {
+            match _type_.as_str() {
+                "c" | "u" => PyObjectRef::from(vm.ctx.new_bytes(vec![0])),
+                "b" | "B" | "h" | "H" | "i" | "I" | "l" | "q" | "L" | "Q" => {
+                    PyObjectRef::from(vm.ctx.new_int(0))
+                }
+                "f" | "d" | "g" => PyObjectRef::from(vm.ctx.new_float(0.0)),
+                "?" => PyObjectRef::from(vm.ctx.new_bool(false)),
+                _ => vm.ctx.none(), // "z" | "Z" | "P"
+            }
+        };
+        Ok(PyCSimple {
+            _type_,
+            value: AtomicCell::new(value),
+        }
+        .to_pyobject(vm))
+    }
+}
+
+#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE), with(Constructor))]
+impl PyCSimple {
+    #[pygetset(name = "value")]
+    pub fn value(instance: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+        let zelf: &Py<Self> = instance
+            .downcast_ref()
+            .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_type_error("cannot get value of instance".to_string()))?;
+        Ok(unsafe { (*zelf.value.as_ptr()).clone() })
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(name = "value", setter)]
+    fn set_value(instance: PyObjectRef, value: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        let zelf: PyRef<Self> = instance
+            .downcast()
+            .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("cannot set value of instance".to_string()))?;
+        let content = set_primitive(zelf._type_.as_str(), &value, vm)?;
+        zelf.value.store(content);
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf7f0b9adf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+use crate::stdlib::ctypes::PyCData;
+use crate::PyObjectRef;
+use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
+use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Function {
+    _pointer: *mut c_void,
+    _arguments: Vec<()>,
+    _return_type: Box<()>,
+}
+
+#[pyclass(module = "_ctypes", name = "CFuncPtr", base = "PyCData")]
+pub struct PyCFuncPtr {
+    pub _name_: String,
+    pub _argtypes_: AtomicCell<Vec<PyObjectRef>>,
+    pub _restype_: AtomicCell<PyObjectRef>,
+    _handle: PyObjectRef,
+    _f: PyRwLock<Function>,
+}
+
+#[pyclass]
+impl PyCFuncPtr {}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..94b6327440
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use crate::VirtualMachine;
+use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
+use libloading::Library;
+use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::ptr::null;
+
+pub struct SharedLibrary {
+    lib: AtomicCell<Option<Library>>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for SharedLibrary {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "SharedLibrary")
+    }
+}
+
+impl SharedLibrary {
+    pub fn new(name: &str) -> Result<SharedLibrary, libloading::Error> {
+        Ok(SharedLibrary {
+            lib: AtomicCell::new(Some(unsafe { Library::new(name)? })),
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn get_sym(&self, name: &str) -> Result<*mut c_void, String> {
+        if let Some(inner) = unsafe { &*self.lib.as_ptr() } {
+            unsafe {
+                inner
+                    .get(name.as_bytes())
+                    .map(|f: libloading::Symbol<*mut c_void>| *f)
+                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err("The library has been closed".to_string())
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_pointer(&self) -> usize {
+        if let Some(l) = unsafe { &*self.lib.as_ptr() } {
+            l as *const Library as usize
+        } else {
+            null::<c_void>() as usize
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_closed(&self) -> bool {
+        unsafe { &*self.lib.as_ptr() }.is_none()
+    }
+
+    pub fn close(&self) {
+        let old = self.lib.take();
+        self.lib.store(None);
+        drop(old);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for SharedLibrary {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.close();
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ExternalLibs {
+    libraries: HashMap<usize, SharedLibrary>,
+}
+
+impl ExternalLibs {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            libraries: HashMap::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub fn get_lib(&self, key: usize) -> Option<&SharedLibrary> {
+        self.libraries.get(&key)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_or_insert_lib(
+        &mut self,
+        library_path: &str,
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> Result<&SharedLibrary, libloading::Error> {
+        let nlib = SharedLibrary::new(library_path)?;
+        let key = nlib.get_pointer();
+
+        match self.libraries.get(&key) {
+            Some(l) => {
+                if l.is_closed() {
+                    self.libraries.insert(key, nlib);
+                }
+            }
+            _ => {
+                self.libraries.insert(key, nlib);
+            }
+        };
+
+        Ok(self.libraries.get(&key).unwrap())
+    }
+
+    pub fn drop_lib(&mut self, key: usize) {
+        self.libraries.remove(&key);
+    }
+}
+
+rustpython_common::static_cell! {
+    static LIBCACHE: PyRwLock<ExternalLibs>;
+}
+
+pub fn libcache() -> &'static PyRwLock<ExternalLibs> {
+    LIBCACHE.get_or_init(|| PyRwLock::new(ExternalLibs::new()))
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/pointer.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/pointer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1360f9862
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/pointer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#[pyclass(name = "Pointer", module = "_ctypes")]
+pub struct PyCPointer {}
+
+#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE, IMMUTABLETYPE))]
+impl PyCPointer {}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13cca6c260
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#[pyclass(name = "Structure", module = "_ctypes")]
+pub struct PyCStructure {}
+
+#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE, IMMUTABLETYPE))]
+impl PyCStructure {}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/union.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/union.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a39d9062e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/union.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#[pyclass(name = "Union", module = "_ctypes")]
+pub struct PyCUnion {}
+
+#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE, IMMUTABLETYPE))]
+impl PyCUnion {}

From 65dcf1ce1c0999a5db9c1bc322ee3bf69b3d509f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2025 10:21:12 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 435/705] Updating test_math.py to CPython 3.12.9 (#5507)

* Fixed implementation against CPython 3.12.9 Lib/test/test_math.py tests
---------

Signed-off-by: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
---
 Lib/test/ieee754.txt     | 183 ++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/test/test_math.py    | 402 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 common/src/float_ops.rs  |  63 ++++++
 stdlib/src/math.rs       | 121 ++++++++----
 vm/src/builtins/float.rs |   4 +-
 5 files changed, 727 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/ieee754.txt

diff --git a/Lib/test/ieee754.txt b/Lib/test/ieee754.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e986cdb10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/ieee754.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+======================================
+Python IEEE 754 floating point support
+======================================
+
+>>> from sys import float_info as FI
+>>> from math import *
+>>> PI = pi
+>>> E = e
+
+You must never compare two floats with == because you are not going to get
+what you expect. We treat two floats as equal if the difference between them
+is small than epsilon.
+>>> EPS = 1E-15
+>>> def equal(x, y):
+...     """Almost equal helper for floats"""
+...     return abs(x - y) < EPS
+
+
+NaNs and INFs
+=============
+
+In Python 2.6 and newer NaNs (not a number) and infinity can be constructed
+from the strings 'inf' and 'nan'.
+
+>>> INF = float('inf')
+>>> NINF = float('-inf')
+>>> NAN = float('nan')
+
+>>> INF
+inf
+>>> NINF
+-inf
+>>> NAN
+nan
+
+The math module's ``isnan`` and ``isinf`` functions can be used to detect INF
+and NAN:
+>>> isinf(INF), isinf(NINF), isnan(NAN)
+(True, True, True)
+>>> INF == -NINF
+True
+
+Infinity
+--------
+
+Ambiguous operations like ``0 * inf`` or ``inf - inf`` result in NaN.
+>>> INF * 0
+nan
+>>> INF - INF
+nan
+>>> INF / INF
+nan
+
+However unambiguous operations with inf return inf:
+>>> INF * INF
+inf
+>>> 1.5 * INF
+inf
+>>> 0.5 * INF
+inf
+>>> INF / 1000
+inf
+
+Not a Number
+------------
+
+NaNs are never equal to another number, even itself
+>>> NAN == NAN
+False
+>>> NAN < 0
+False
+>>> NAN >= 0
+False
+
+All operations involving a NaN return a NaN except for nan**0 and 1**nan.
+>>> 1 + NAN
+nan
+>>> 1 * NAN
+nan
+>>> 0 * NAN
+nan
+>>> 1 ** NAN
+1.0
+>>> NAN ** 0
+1.0
+>>> 0 ** NAN
+nan
+>>> (1.0 + FI.epsilon) * NAN
+nan
+
+Misc Functions
+==============
+
+The power of 1 raised to x is always 1.0, even for special values like 0,
+infinity and NaN.
+
+>>> pow(1, 0)
+1.0
+>>> pow(1, INF)
+1.0
+>>> pow(1, -INF)
+1.0
+>>> pow(1, NAN)
+1.0
+
+The power of 0 raised to x is defined as 0, if x is positive. Negative
+finite values are a domain error or zero division error and NaN result in a
+silent NaN.
+
+>>> pow(0, 0)
+1.0
+>>> pow(0, INF)
+0.0
+>>> pow(0, -INF)
+inf
+>>> 0 ** -1
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+ZeroDivisionError: 0.0 cannot be raised to a negative power
+>>> pow(0, NAN)
+nan
+
+
+Trigonometric Functions
+=======================
+
+>>> sin(INF)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+ValueError: math domain error
+>>> sin(NINF)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+ValueError: math domain error
+>>> sin(NAN)
+nan
+>>> cos(INF)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+ValueError: math domain error
+>>> cos(NINF)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+ValueError: math domain error
+>>> cos(NAN)
+nan
+>>> tan(INF)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+ValueError: math domain error
+>>> tan(NINF)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+ValueError: math domain error
+>>> tan(NAN)
+nan
+
+Neither pi nor tan are exact, but you can assume that tan(pi/2) is a large value
+and tan(pi) is a very small value:
+>>> tan(PI/2) > 1E10
+True
+>>> -tan(-PI/2) > 1E10
+True
+>>> tan(PI) < 1E-15
+True
+
+>>> asin(NAN), acos(NAN), atan(NAN)
+(nan, nan, nan)
+>>> asin(INF), asin(NINF)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+ValueError: math domain error
+>>> acos(INF), acos(NINF)
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+...
+ValueError: math domain error
+>>> equal(atan(INF), PI/2), equal(atan(NINF), -PI/2)
+(True, True)
+
+
+Hyberbolic Functions
+====================
+
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_math.py b/Lib/test/test_math.py
index 2f64180652..fa79456ed4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_math.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_math.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 from test.support import verbose, requires_IEEE_754
 from test import support
 import unittest
+import fractions
 import itertools
 import decimal
 import math
@@ -186,6 +187,9 @@ def result_check(expected, got, ulp_tol=5, abs_tol=0.0):
 
     # Check exactly equal (applies also to strings representing exceptions)
     if got == expected:
+        if not got and not expected:
+            if math.copysign(1, got) != math.copysign(1, expected):
+                return f"expected {expected}, got {got} (zero has wrong sign)"
         return None
 
     failure = "not equal"
@@ -234,6 +238,10 @@ def __init__(self, value):
     def __index__(self):
         return self.value
 
+class BadDescr:
+    def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
+        raise ValueError
+
 class MathTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def ftest(self, name, got, expected, ulp_tol=5, abs_tol=0.0):
@@ -323,6 +331,7 @@ def testAtan2(self):
         self.ftest('atan2(0, 1)', math.atan2(0, 1), 0)
         self.ftest('atan2(1, 1)', math.atan2(1, 1), math.pi/4)
         self.ftest('atan2(1, 0)', math.atan2(1, 0), math.pi/2)
+        self.ftest('atan2(1, -1)', math.atan2(1, -1), 3*math.pi/4)
 
         # math.atan2(0, x)
         self.ftest('atan2(0., -inf)', math.atan2(0., NINF), math.pi)
@@ -416,16 +425,22 @@ def __ceil__(self):
                 return 42
         class TestNoCeil:
             pass
+        class TestBadCeil:
+            __ceil__ = BadDescr()
         self.assertEqual(math.ceil(TestCeil()), 42)
         self.assertEqual(math.ceil(FloatCeil()), 42)
         self.assertEqual(math.ceil(FloatLike(42.5)), 43)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.ceil, TestNoCeil())
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.ceil, TestBadCeil())
 
         t = TestNoCeil()
         t.__ceil__ = lambda *args: args
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.ceil, t)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.ceil, t, 0)
 
+        self.assertEqual(math.ceil(FloatLike(+1.0)), +1.0)
+        self.assertEqual(math.ceil(FloatLike(-1.0)), -1.0)
+
     @requires_IEEE_754
     def testCopysign(self):
         self.assertEqual(math.copysign(1, 42), 1.0)
@@ -566,16 +581,22 @@ def __floor__(self):
                 return 42
         class TestNoFloor:
             pass
+        class TestBadFloor:
+            __floor__ = BadDescr()
         self.assertEqual(math.floor(TestFloor()), 42)
         self.assertEqual(math.floor(FloatFloor()), 42)
         self.assertEqual(math.floor(FloatLike(41.9)), 41)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.floor, TestNoFloor())
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.floor, TestBadFloor())
 
         t = TestNoFloor()
         t.__floor__ = lambda *args: args
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.floor, t)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.floor, t, 0)
 
+        self.assertEqual(math.floor(FloatLike(+1.0)), +1.0)
+        self.assertEqual(math.floor(FloatLike(-1.0)), -1.0)
+
     def testFmod(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.fmod)
         self.ftest('fmod(10, 1)', math.fmod(10, 1), 0.0)
@@ -597,6 +618,7 @@ def testFmod(self):
         self.assertEqual(math.fmod(-3.0, NINF), -3.0)
         self.assertEqual(math.fmod(0.0, 3.0), 0.0)
         self.assertEqual(math.fmod(0.0, NINF), 0.0)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.fmod, INF, INF)
 
     def testFrexp(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.frexp)
@@ -638,7 +660,7 @@ def testFsum(self):
         def msum(iterable):
             """Full precision summation.  Compute sum(iterable) without any
             intermediate accumulation of error.  Based on the 'lsum' function
-            at http://code.activestate.com/recipes/393090/
+            at https://code.activestate.com/recipes/393090-binary-floating-point-summation-accurate-to-full-p/
 
             """
             tmant, texp = 0, 0
@@ -666,6 +688,7 @@ def msum(iterable):
             ([], 0.0),
             ([0.0], 0.0),
             ([1e100, 1.0, -1e100, 1e-100, 1e50, -1.0, -1e50], 1e-100),
+            ([1e100, 1.0, -1e100, 1e-100, 1e50, -1, -1e50], 1e-100),
             ([2.0**53, -0.5, -2.0**-54], 2.0**53-1.0),
             ([2.0**53, 1.0, 2.0**-100], 2.0**53+2.0),
             ([2.0**53+10.0, 1.0, 2.0**-100], 2.0**53+12.0),
@@ -713,6 +736,22 @@ def msum(iterable):
             s = msum(vals)
             self.assertEqual(msum(vals), math.fsum(vals))
 
+        self.assertEqual(math.fsum([1.0, math.inf]), math.inf)
+        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.fsum([math.nan, 1.0])))
+        self.assertEqual(math.fsum([1e100, FloatLike(1.0), -1e100, 1e-100,
+                                    1e50, FloatLike(-1.0), -1e50]), 1e-100)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, math.fsum, [1e+308, 1e+308])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.fsum, [math.inf, -math.inf])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.fsum, ['spam'])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.fsum, 1)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, math.fsum, [10**1000])
+
+        def bad_iter():
+            yield 1.0
+            raise ZeroDivisionError
+
+        self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, math.fsum, bad_iter())
+
     def testGcd(self):
         gcd = math.gcd
         self.assertEqual(gcd(0, 0), 0)
@@ -773,9 +812,13 @@ def testHypot(self):
         # Test allowable types (those with __float__)
         self.assertEqual(hypot(12.0, 5.0), 13.0)
         self.assertEqual(hypot(12, 5), 13)
+        self.assertEqual(hypot(0.75, -1), 1.25)
+        self.assertEqual(hypot(-1, 0.75), 1.25)
+        self.assertEqual(hypot(0.75, FloatLike(-1.)), 1.25)
+        self.assertEqual(hypot(FloatLike(-1.), 0.75), 1.25)
         self.assertEqual(hypot(Decimal(12), Decimal(5)), 13)
         self.assertEqual(hypot(Fraction(12, 32), Fraction(5, 32)), Fraction(13, 32))
-        self.assertEqual(hypot(bool(1), bool(0), bool(1), bool(1)), math.sqrt(3))
+        self.assertEqual(hypot(True, False, True, True, True), 2.0)
 
         # Test corner cases
         self.assertEqual(hypot(0.0, 0.0), 0.0)     # Max input is zero
@@ -830,6 +873,8 @@ def testHypot(self):
             scale = FLOAT_MIN / 2.0 ** exp
             self.assertEqual(math.hypot(4*scale, 3*scale), 5*scale)
 
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.hypot, *([1.0]*18), 'spam')
+
     @requires_IEEE_754
     @unittest.skipIf(HAVE_DOUBLE_ROUNDING,
                      "hypot() loses accuracy on machines with double rounding")
@@ -922,12 +967,16 @@ def testDist(self):
         # Test allowable types (those with __float__)
         self.assertEqual(dist((14.0, 1.0), (2.0, -4.0)), 13.0)
         self.assertEqual(dist((14, 1), (2, -4)), 13)
+        self.assertEqual(dist((FloatLike(14.), 1), (2, -4)), 13)
+        self.assertEqual(dist((11, 1), (FloatLike(-1.), -4)), 13)
+        self.assertEqual(dist((14, FloatLike(-1.)), (2, -6)), 13)
+        self.assertEqual(dist((14, -1), (2, -6)), 13)
         self.assertEqual(dist((D(14), D(1)), (D(2), D(-4))), D(13))
         self.assertEqual(dist((F(14, 32), F(1, 32)), (F(2, 32), F(-4, 32))),
                          F(13, 32))
-        self.assertEqual(dist((True, True, False, True, False),
-                              (True, False, True, True, False)),
-                         sqrt(2.0))
+        self.assertEqual(dist((True, True, False, False, True, True),
+                              (True, False, True, False, False, False)),
+                         2.0)
 
         # Test corner cases
         self.assertEqual(dist((13.25, 12.5, -3.25),
@@ -965,6 +1014,8 @@ class T(tuple):
             dist((1, 2, 3, 4), (5, 6, 7))
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):        # Check dimension agree
             dist((1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6, 7))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            dist((1,)*17 + ("spam",), (1,)*18)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):         # Rejects invalid types
             dist("abc", "xyz")
         int_too_big_for_float = 10 ** (sys.float_info.max_10_exp + 5)
@@ -972,6 +1023,16 @@ class T(tuple):
             dist((1, int_too_big_for_float), (2, 3))
         with self.assertRaises((ValueError, OverflowError)):
             dist((2, 3), (1, int_too_big_for_float))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            dist((1,), 2)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            dist([1], 2)
+
+        class BadFloat:
+            __float__ = BadDescr()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            dist([1], [BadFloat()])
 
         # Verify that the one dimensional case is equivalent to abs()
         for i in range(20):
@@ -1110,6 +1171,7 @@ def test_lcm(self):
 
     def testLdexp(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.ldexp)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.ldexp, 2.0, 1.1)
         self.ftest('ldexp(0,1)', math.ldexp(0,1), 0)
         self.ftest('ldexp(1,1)', math.ldexp(1,1), 2)
         self.ftest('ldexp(1,-1)', math.ldexp(1,-1), 0.5)
@@ -1142,6 +1204,7 @@ def testLdexp(self):
 
     def testLog(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.log)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.log, 1, 2, 3)
         self.ftest('log(1/e)', math.log(1/math.e), -1)
         self.ftest('log(1)', math.log(1), 0)
         self.ftest('log(e)', math.log(math.e), 1)
@@ -1152,6 +1215,7 @@ def testLog(self):
                    2302.5850929940457)
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.log, -1.5)
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.log, -10**1000)
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.log, 10, -10)
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.log, NINF)
         self.assertEqual(math.log(INF), INF)
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.log(NAN)))
@@ -1202,6 +1266,277 @@ def testLog10(self):
         self.assertEqual(math.log(INF), INF)
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.log10(NAN)))
 
+    def testSumProd(self):
+        sumprod = math.sumprod
+        Decimal = decimal.Decimal
+        Fraction = fractions.Fraction
+
+        # Core functionality
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod(iter([10, 20, 30]), (1, 2, 3)), 140)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([1.5, 2.5], [3.5, 4.5]), 16.5)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([], []), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([-1], [1.]), -1)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([1.], [-1]), -1)
+
+        # Type preservation and coercion
+        for v in [
+            (10, 20, 30),
+            (1.5, -2.5),
+            (Fraction(3, 5), Fraction(4, 5)),
+            (Decimal(3.5), Decimal(4.5)),
+            (2.5, 10),             # float/int
+            (2.5, Fraction(3, 5)), # float/fraction
+            (25, Fraction(3, 5)),  # int/fraction
+            (25, Decimal(4.5)),    # int/decimal
+        ]:
+            for p, q in [(v, v), (v, v[::-1])]:
+                with self.subTest(p=p, q=q):
+                    expected = sum(p_i * q_i for p_i, q_i in zip(p, q, strict=True))
+                    actual = sumprod(p, q)
+                    self.assertEqual(expected, actual)
+                    self.assertEqual(type(expected), type(actual))
+
+        # Bad arguments
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sumprod)               # No args
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sumprod, [])           # One arg
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sumprod, [], [], [])   # Three args
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sumprod, None, [10])   # Non-iterable
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sumprod, [10], None)   # Non-iterable
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, sumprod, ['x'], [1.0])
+
+        # Uneven lengths
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, sumprod, [10, 20], [30])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, sumprod, [10], [20, 30])
+
+        # Overflows
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([10**20], [1]), 10**20)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([1], [10**20]), 10**20)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([10**10], [10**10]), 10**20)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([10**7]*10**5, [10**7]*10**5), 10**19)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, sumprod, [10**1000], [1.0])
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, sumprod, [1.0], [10**1000])
+
+        # Error in iterator
+        def raise_after(n):
+            for i in range(n):
+                yield i
+            raise RuntimeError
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            sumprod(range(10), raise_after(5))
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            sumprod(raise_after(5), range(10))
+
+        from test.test_iter import BasicIterClass
+
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod(BasicIterClass(1), [1]), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([1], BasicIterClass(1)), 0)
+
+        # Error in multiplication
+        class BadMultiply:
+            def __mul__(self, other):
+                raise RuntimeError
+            def __rmul__(self, other):
+                raise RuntimeError
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            sumprod([10, BadMultiply(), 30], [1, 2, 3])
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            sumprod([1, 2, 3], [10, BadMultiply(), 30])
+
+        # Error in addition
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            sumprod(['abc', 3], [5, 10])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            sumprod([5, 10], ['abc', 3])
+
+        # Special values should give the same as the pure python recipe
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([10.1, math.inf], [20.2, 30.3]), math.inf)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([10.1, math.inf], [math.inf, 30.3]), math.inf)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([10.1, math.inf], [math.inf, math.inf]), math.inf)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([10.1, -math.inf], [20.2, 30.3]), -math.inf)
+        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(sumprod([10.1, math.inf], [-math.inf, math.inf])))
+        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(sumprod([10.1, math.nan], [20.2, 30.3])))
+        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(sumprod([10.1, math.inf], [math.nan, 30.3])))
+        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(sumprod([10.1, math.inf], [20.3, math.nan])))
+
+        # Error cases that arose during development
+        args = ((-5, -5, 10), (1.5, 4611686018427387904, 2305843009213693952))
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod(*args), 0.0)
+
+
+    @requires_IEEE_754
+    @unittest.skipIf(HAVE_DOUBLE_ROUNDING,
+                         "sumprod() accuracy not guaranteed on machines with double rounding")
+    @support.cpython_only    # Other implementations may choose a different algorithm
+    def test_sumprod_accuracy(self):
+        sumprod = math.sumprod
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([0.1] * 10, [1]*10), 1.0)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([0.1] * 20, [True, False] * 10), 1.0)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([True, False] * 10, [0.1] * 20), 1.0)
+        self.assertEqual(sumprod([1.0, 10E100, 1.0, -10E100], [1.0]*4), 2.0)
+
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
+    def test_sumprod_stress(self):
+        sumprod = math.sumprod
+        product = itertools.product
+        Decimal = decimal.Decimal
+        Fraction = fractions.Fraction
+
+        class Int(int):
+            def __add__(self, other):
+                return Int(int(self) + int(other))
+            def __mul__(self, other):
+                return Int(int(self) * int(other))
+            __radd__ = __add__
+            __rmul__ = __mul__
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return f'Int({int(self)})'
+
+        class Flt(float):
+            def __add__(self, other):
+                return Int(int(self) + int(other))
+            def __mul__(self, other):
+                return Int(int(self) * int(other))
+            __radd__ = __add__
+            __rmul__ = __mul__
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return f'Flt({int(self)})'
+
+        def baseline_sumprod(p, q):
+            """This defines the target behavior including exceptions and special values.
+            However, it is subject to rounding errors, so float inputs should be exactly
+            representable with only a few bits.
+            """
+            total = 0
+            for p_i, q_i in zip(p, q, strict=True):
+                total += p_i * q_i
+            return total
+
+        def run(func, *args):
+            "Make comparing functions easier. Returns error status, type, and result."
+            try:
+                result = func(*args)
+            except (AssertionError, NameError):
+                raise
+            except Exception as e:
+                return type(e), None, 'None'
+            return None, type(result), repr(result)
+
+        pools = [
+            (-5, 10, -2**20, 2**31, 2**40, 2**61, 2**62, 2**80, 1.5, Int(7)),
+            (5.25, -3.5, 4.75, 11.25, 400.5, 0.046875, 0.25, -1.0, -0.078125),
+            (-19.0*2**500, 11*2**1000, -3*2**1500, 17*2*333,
+               5.25, -3.25, -3.0*2**(-333),  3, 2**513),
+            (3.75, 2.5, -1.5, float('inf'), -float('inf'), float('NaN'), 14,
+                9, 3+4j, Flt(13), 0.0),
+            (13.25, -4.25, Decimal('10.5'), Decimal('-2.25'), Fraction(13, 8),
+                 Fraction(-11, 16), 4.75 + 0.125j, 97, -41, Int(3)),
+            (Decimal('6.125'), Decimal('12.375'), Decimal('-2.75'), Decimal(0),
+                 Decimal('Inf'), -Decimal('Inf'), Decimal('NaN'), 12, 13.5),
+            (-2.0 ** -1000, 11*2**1000, 3, 7, -37*2**32, -2*2**-537, -2*2**-538,
+                 2*2**-513),
+            (-7 * 2.0 ** -510, 5 * 2.0 ** -520, 17, -19.0, -6.25),
+            (11.25, -3.75, -0.625, 23.375, True, False, 7, Int(5)),
+        ]
+
+        for pool in pools:
+            for size in range(4):
+                for args1 in product(pool, repeat=size):
+                    for args2 in product(pool, repeat=size):
+                        args = (args1, args2)
+                        self.assertEqual(
+                            run(baseline_sumprod, *args),
+                            run(sumprod, *args),
+                            args,
+                        )
+
+    @requires_IEEE_754
+    @unittest.skipIf(HAVE_DOUBLE_ROUNDING,
+                         "sumprod() accuracy not guaranteed on machines with double rounding")
+    @support.cpython_only    # Other implementations may choose a different algorithm
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
+    def test_sumprod_extended_precision_accuracy(self):
+        import operator
+        from fractions import Fraction
+        from itertools import starmap
+        from collections import namedtuple
+        from math import log2, exp2, fabs
+        from random import choices, uniform, shuffle
+        from statistics import median
+
+        DotExample = namedtuple('DotExample', ('x', 'y', 'target_sumprod', 'condition'))
+
+        def DotExact(x, y):
+            vec1 = map(Fraction, x)
+            vec2 = map(Fraction, y)
+            return sum(starmap(operator.mul, zip(vec1, vec2, strict=True)))
+
+        def Condition(x, y):
+            return 2.0 * DotExact(map(abs, x), map(abs, y)) / abs(DotExact(x, y))
+
+        def linspace(lo, hi, n):
+            width = (hi - lo) / (n - 1)
+            return [lo + width * i for i in range(n)]
+
+        def GenDot(n, c):
+            """ Algorithm 6.1 (GenDot) works as follows. The condition number (5.7) of
+            the dot product xT y is proportional to the degree of cancellation. In
+            order to achieve a prescribed cancellation, we generate the first half of
+            the vectors x and y randomly within a large exponent range. This range is
+            chosen according to the anticipated condition number. The second half of x
+            and y is then constructed choosing xi randomly with decreasing exponent,
+            and calculating yi such that some cancellation occurs. Finally, we permute
+            the vectors x, y randomly and calculate the achieved condition number.
+            """
+
+            assert n >= 6
+            n2 = n // 2
+            x = [0.0] * n
+            y = [0.0] * n
+            b = log2(c)
+
+            # First half with exponents from 0 to |_b/2_| and random ints in between
+            e = choices(range(int(b/2)), k=n2)
+            e[0] = int(b / 2) + 1
+            e[-1] = 0.0
+
+            x[:n2] = [uniform(-1.0, 1.0) * exp2(p) for p in e]
+            y[:n2] = [uniform(-1.0, 1.0) * exp2(p) for p in e]
+
+            # Second half
+            e = list(map(round, linspace(b/2, 0.0 , n-n2)))
+            for i in range(n2, n):
+                x[i] = uniform(-1.0, 1.0) * exp2(e[i - n2])
+                y[i] = (uniform(-1.0, 1.0) * exp2(e[i - n2]) - DotExact(x, y)) / x[i]
+
+            # Shuffle
+            pairs = list(zip(x, y))
+            shuffle(pairs)
+            x, y = zip(*pairs)
+
+            return DotExample(x, y, DotExact(x, y), Condition(x, y))
+
+        def RelativeError(res, ex):
+            x, y, target_sumprod, condition = ex
+            n = DotExact(list(x) + [-res], list(y) + [1])
+            return fabs(n / target_sumprod)
+
+        def Trial(dotfunc, c, n):
+            ex = GenDot(10, c)
+            res = dotfunc(ex.x, ex.y)
+            return RelativeError(res, ex)
+
+        times = 1000          # Number of trials
+        n = 20                # Length of vectors
+        c = 1e30              # Target condition number
+
+        # If the following test fails, it means that the C math library
+        # implementation of fma() is not compliant with the C99 standard
+        # and is inaccurate.  To solve this problem, make a new build
+        # with the symbol UNRELIABLE_FMA defined.  That will enable a
+        # slower but accurate code path that avoids the fma() call.
+        relative_err = median(Trial(math.sumprod, c, n) for i in range(times))
+        self.assertLess(relative_err, 1e-16)
+
     def testModf(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.modf)
 
@@ -1235,6 +1570,7 @@ def testPow(self):
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.pow(2, NAN)))
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.pow(0, NAN)))
         self.assertEqual(math.pow(1, NAN), 1)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, math.pow, 1e+100, 1e+100)
 
         # pow(0., x)
         self.assertEqual(math.pow(0., INF), 0.)
@@ -1550,7 +1886,7 @@ def testTan(self):
         try:
             self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.tan(INF)))
             self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.tan(NINF)))
-        except:
+        except ValueError:
             self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.tan, INF)
             self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.tan, NINF)
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.tan(NAN)))
@@ -1591,6 +1927,8 @@ def __trunc__(self):
                 return 23
         class TestNoTrunc:
             pass
+        class TestBadTrunc:
+            __trunc__ = BadDescr()
 
         self.assertEqual(math.trunc(TestTrunc()), 23)
         self.assertEqual(math.trunc(FloatTrunc()), 23)
@@ -1599,6 +1937,7 @@ class TestNoTrunc:
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.trunc, 1, 2)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.trunc, FloatLike(23.5))
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.trunc, TestNoTrunc())
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.trunc, TestBadTrunc())
 
     def testIsfinite(self):
         self.assertTrue(math.isfinite(0.0))
@@ -1626,11 +1965,11 @@ def testIsinf(self):
         self.assertFalse(math.isinf(0.))
         self.assertFalse(math.isinf(1.))
 
-    @requires_IEEE_754
     def test_nan_constant(self):
+        # `math.nan` must be a quiet NaN with positive sign bit
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.nan))
+        self.assertEqual(math.copysign(1., math.nan), 1.)
 
-    @requires_IEEE_754
     def test_inf_constant(self):
         self.assertTrue(math.isinf(math.inf))
         self.assertGreater(math.inf, 0.0)
@@ -1719,6 +2058,13 @@ def test_testfile(self):
             except OverflowError:
                 result = 'OverflowError'
 
+            # C99+ says for math.h's sqrt: If the argument is +∞ or ±0, it is
+            # returned, unmodified.  On another hand, for csqrt: If z is ±0+0i,
+            # the result is +0+0i.  Lets correct zero sign of er to follow
+            # first convention.
+            if id in ['sqrt0002', 'sqrt0003', 'sqrt1001', 'sqrt1023']:
+                er = math.copysign(er, ar)
+
             # Default tolerances
             ulp_tol, abs_tol = 5, 0.0
 
@@ -1802,6 +2148,8 @@ def test_mtestfile(self):
                       '\n  '.join(failures))
 
     def test_prod(self):
+        from fractions import Fraction as F
+
         prod = math.prod
         self.assertEqual(prod([]), 1)
         self.assertEqual(prod([], start=5), 5)
@@ -1813,6 +2161,14 @@ def test_prod(self):
         self.assertEqual(prod([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0]), 120.0)
         self.assertEqual(prod([1, 2, 3, 4.0, 5.0]), 120.0)
         self.assertEqual(prod([1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4, 5]), 120.0)
+        self.assertEqual(prod([1., F(3, 2)]), 1.5)
+
+        # Error in multiplication
+        class BadMultiply:
+            def __rmul__(self, other):
+                raise RuntimeError
+        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+            prod([10., BadMultiply()])
 
         # Test overflow in fast-path for integers
         self.assertEqual(prod([1, 1, 2**32, 1, 1]), 2**32)
@@ -2044,11 +2400,20 @@ def test_nextafter(self):
                          float.fromhex('0x1.fffffffffffffp-1'))
         self.assertEqual(math.nextafter(1.0, INF),
                          float.fromhex('0x1.0000000000001p+0'))
+        self.assertEqual(math.nextafter(1.0, -INF, steps=1),
+                         float.fromhex('0x1.fffffffffffffp-1'))
+        self.assertEqual(math.nextafter(1.0, INF, steps=1),
+                         float.fromhex('0x1.0000000000001p+0'))
+        self.assertEqual(math.nextafter(1.0, -INF, steps=3),
+                         float.fromhex('0x1.ffffffffffffdp-1'))
+        self.assertEqual(math.nextafter(1.0, INF, steps=3),
+                         float.fromhex('0x1.0000000000003p+0'))
 
         # x == y: y is returned
-        self.assertEqual(math.nextafter(2.0, 2.0), 2.0)
-        self.assertEqualSign(math.nextafter(-0.0, +0.0), +0.0)
-        self.assertEqualSign(math.nextafter(+0.0, -0.0), -0.0)
+        for steps in range(1, 5):
+            self.assertEqual(math.nextafter(2.0, 2.0, steps=steps), 2.0)
+            self.assertEqualSign(math.nextafter(-0.0, +0.0, steps=steps), +0.0)
+            self.assertEqualSign(math.nextafter(+0.0, -0.0, steps=steps), -0.0)
 
         # around 0.0
         smallest_subnormal = sys.float_info.min * sys.float_info.epsilon
@@ -2073,6 +2438,11 @@ def test_nextafter(self):
         self.assertIsNaN(math.nextafter(1.0, NAN))
         self.assertIsNaN(math.nextafter(NAN, NAN))
 
+        self.assertEqual(1.0, math.nextafter(1.0, INF, steps=0))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            math.nextafter(1.0, INF, steps=-1)
+
+
     @requires_IEEE_754
     def test_ulp(self):
         self.assertEqual(math.ulp(1.0), sys.float_info.epsilon)
@@ -2112,6 +2482,14 @@ def __float__(self):
             # argument to a float.
             self.assertFalse(getattr(y, "converted", False))
 
+    def test_input_exceptions(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.exp, "spam")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.erf, "spam")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.atan2, "spam", 1.0)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.atan2, 1.0, "spam")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.atan2, 1.0)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.atan2, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
+
     # Custom assertions.
 
     def assertIsNaN(self, value):
@@ -2252,7 +2630,7 @@ def test_fractions(self):
 
 def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
     from doctest import DocFileSuite
-    # tests.addTest(DocFileSuite("ieee754.txt"))
+    tests.addTest(DocFileSuite("ieee754.txt"))
     return tests
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/common/src/float_ops.rs b/common/src/float_ops.rs
index 69ae8833a2..8e16e71c14 100644
--- a/common/src/float_ops.rs
+++ b/common/src/float_ops.rs
@@ -133,6 +133,69 @@ pub fn nextafter(x: f64, y: f64) -> f64 {
     }
 }
 
+#[allow(clippy::float_cmp)]
+pub fn nextafter_with_steps(x: f64, y: f64, steps: u64) -> f64 {
+    if x == y {
+        y
+    } else if x.is_nan() || y.is_nan() {
+        f64::NAN
+    } else if x >= f64::INFINITY {
+        f64::MAX
+    } else if x <= f64::NEG_INFINITY {
+        f64::MIN
+    } else if x == 0.0 {
+        f64::from_bits(1).copysign(y)
+    } else {
+        if steps == 0 {
+            return x;
+        }
+
+        if x.is_nan() {
+            return x;
+        }
+
+        if y.is_nan() {
+            return y;
+        }
+
+        let sign_bit: u64 = 1 << 63;
+
+        let mut ux = x.to_bits();
+        let uy = y.to_bits();
+
+        let ax = ux & !sign_bit;
+        let ay = uy & !sign_bit;
+
+        // If signs are different
+        if ((ux ^ uy) & sign_bit) != 0 {
+            return if ax + ay <= steps {
+                f64::from_bits(uy)
+            } else if ax < steps {
+                let result = (uy & sign_bit) | (steps - ax);
+                f64::from_bits(result)
+            } else {
+                ux -= steps;
+                f64::from_bits(ux)
+            };
+        }
+
+        // If signs are the same
+        if ax > ay {
+            if ax - ay >= steps {
+                ux -= steps;
+                f64::from_bits(ux)
+            } else {
+                f64::from_bits(uy)
+            }
+        } else if ay - ax >= steps {
+            ux += steps;
+            f64::from_bits(ux)
+        } else {
+            f64::from_bits(uy)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub fn ulp(x: f64) -> f64 {
     if x.is_nan() {
         return x;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index 21451203b5..68930cfd0f 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ mod math {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn fsum(seq: ArgIterable<ArgIntoFloat>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
-        let mut partials = vec![];
+        let mut partials = Vec::with_capacity(32);
         let mut special_sum = 0.0;
         let mut inf_sum = 0.0;
 
@@ -637,11 +637,11 @@ mod math {
             let mut x = *obj?;
 
             let xsave = x;
-            let mut j = 0;
+            let mut i = 0;
             // This inner loop applies `hi`/`lo` summation to each
             // partial so that the list of partial sums remains exact.
-            for i in 0..partials.len() {
-                let mut y: f64 = partials[i];
+            for j in 0..partials.len() {
+                let mut y: f64 = partials[j];
                 if x.abs() < y.abs() {
                     std::mem::swap(&mut x, &mut y);
                 }
@@ -650,33 +650,33 @@ mod math {
                 let hi = x + y;
                 let lo = y - (hi - x);
                 if lo != 0.0 {
-                    partials[j] = lo;
-                    j += 1;
+                    partials[i] = lo;
+                    i += 1;
                 }
                 x = hi;
             }
 
-            if !x.is_finite() {
-                // a nonfinite x could arise either as
-                // a result of intermediate overflow, or
-                // as a result of a nan or inf in the
-                // summands
-                if xsave.is_finite() {
-                    return Err(vm.new_overflow_error("intermediate overflow in fsum".to_owned()));
-                }
-                if xsave.is_infinite() {
-                    inf_sum += xsave;
+            partials.truncate(i);
+            if x != 0.0 {
+                if !x.is_finite() {
+                    // a nonfinite x could arise either as
+                    // a result of intermediate overflow, or
+                    // as a result of a nan or inf in the
+                    // summands
+                    if xsave.is_finite() {
+                        return Err(
+                            vm.new_overflow_error("intermediate overflow in fsum".to_owned())
+                        );
+                    }
+                    if xsave.is_infinite() {
+                        inf_sum += xsave;
+                    }
+                    special_sum += xsave;
+                    // reset partials
+                    partials.clear();
+                } else {
+                    partials.push(x);
                 }
-                special_sum += xsave;
-                // reset partials
-                partials.clear();
-            }
-
-            if j >= partials.len() {
-                partials.push(x);
-            } else {
-                partials[j] = x;
-                partials.truncate(j + 1);
             }
         }
         if special_sum != 0.0 {
@@ -831,9 +831,38 @@ mod math {
         (x.fract(), x.trunc())
     }
 
-    #[pyfunction]
-    fn nextafter(x: ArgIntoFloat, y: ArgIntoFloat) -> f64 {
-        float_ops::nextafter(*x, *y)
+    #[derive(FromArgs)]
+    struct NextAfterArgs {
+        #[pyarg(positional)]
+        x: ArgIntoFloat,
+        #[pyarg(positional)]
+        y: ArgIntoFloat,
+        #[pyarg(named, optional)]
+        steps: OptionalArg<ArgIndex>,
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn nextafter(arg: NextAfterArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
+        let steps: Option<i64> = arg
+            .steps
+            .map(|v| v.try_to_primitive(vm))
+            .transpose()?
+            .into_option();
+        match steps {
+            Some(steps) => {
+                if steps < 0 {
+                    return Err(
+                        vm.new_value_error("steps must be a non-negative integer".to_string())
+                    );
+                }
+                Ok(float_ops::nextafter_with_steps(
+                    *arg.x,
+                    *arg.y,
+                    steps as u64,
+                ))
+            }
+            None => Ok(float_ops::nextafter(*arg.x, *arg.y)),
+        }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -917,10 +946,38 @@ mod math {
         // refer: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Modules/mathmodule.c#L3093-L3193
         for obj in iter.iter(vm)? {
             let obj = obj?;
+            result = vm._mul(&result, &obj)?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(result)
+    }
 
-            result = vm
-                ._mul(&result, &obj)
-                .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("math type error".to_owned()))?;
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn sumprod(
+        p: ArgIterable<PyObjectRef>,
+        q: ArgIterable<PyObjectRef>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+        let mut p_iter = p.iter(vm)?;
+        let mut q_iter = q.iter(vm)?;
+        // We cannot just create a float because the iterator may contain
+        // anything as long as it supports __add__ and __mul__.
+        let mut result = vm.new_pyobj(0);
+        loop {
+            let m_p = p_iter.next();
+            let m_q = q_iter.next();
+            match (m_p, m_q) {
+                (Some(r_p), Some(r_q)) => {
+                    let p = r_p?;
+                    let q = r_q?;
+                    let tmp = vm._mul(&p, &q)?;
+                    result = vm._add(&result, &tmp)?;
+                }
+                (None, None) => break,
+                _ => {
+                    return Err(vm.new_value_error("Inputs are not the same length".to_string()));
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         Ok(result)
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
index 1cd041b7b9..27fdff12ee 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ fn inner_divmod(v1: f64, v2: f64, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(f64, f64)> {
 
 pub fn float_pow(v1: f64, v2: f64, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
     if v1.is_zero() && v2.is_sign_negative() {
-        let msg = format!("{v1} cannot be raised to a negative power");
-        Err(vm.new_zero_division_error(msg))
+        let msg = "0.0 cannot be raised to a negative power";
+        Err(vm.new_zero_division_error(msg.to_owned()))
     } else if v1.is_sign_negative() && (v2.floor() - v2).abs() > f64::EPSILON {
         let v1 = Complex64::new(v1, 0.);
         let v2 = Complex64::new(v2, 0.);

From a9331bb34df1ce1b61b156044087886e2a182bf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Feb 2025 23:47:27 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 436/705] Fix warnings for rust 1.85

---
 Cargo.lock                    |   2 +-
 Cargo.toml                    |   2 +-
 common/src/hash.rs            |   4 +-
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs |   2 +-
 src/shell/helper.rs           |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/binascii.rs        |  14 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/object.rs     |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs        | 148 +++++++++++++++++-----------------
 vm/src/codecs.rs              |   4 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs           |   2 +-
 vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs           |   4 +-
 vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs   |   4 +-
 12 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 95 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 11992d8d8c..edf28dc7f4 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ version = "3.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "df7151a832e54d2d6b2c827a20e5bcdd80359281cd2c354e725d4b82e7c471de"
 dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.9.0",
+ "rand_core 0.9.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index bda7286afd..83007606c6 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ members = [
 version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
 edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.83.0"
+rust-version = "1.85.0"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
 license = "MIT"
 
diff --git a/common/src/hash.rs b/common/src/hash.rs
index 700d2ceef5..5b5ac003cb 100644
--- a/common/src/hash.rs
+++ b/common/src/hash.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ pub fn hash_float(value: f64) -> Option<PyHash> {
     let mut e = frexp.1;
     let mut x: PyUHash = 0;
     while m != 0.0 {
-        x = ((x << 28) & MODULUS) | x >> (BITS - 28);
+        x = ((x << 28) & MODULUS) | (x >> (BITS - 28));
         m *= 268_435_456.0; // 2**28
         e -= 28;
         let y = m as PyUHash; // pull out integer part
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ pub fn hash_float(value: f64) -> Option<PyHash> {
     } else {
         BITS32 - 1 - ((-1 - e) % BITS32)
     };
-    x = ((x << e) & MODULUS) | x >> (BITS32 - e);
+    x = ((x << e) & MODULUS) | (x >> (BITS32 - e));
 
     Some(fix_sentinel(x as PyHash * value.signum() as PyHash))
 }
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 46839c2695..21d342b541 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ impl OpArgState {
     }
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn extend(&mut self, arg: OpArgByte) -> OpArg {
-        self.state = self.state << 8 | u32::from(arg.0);
+        self.state = (self.state << 8) | u32::from(arg.0);
         OpArg(self.state)
     }
     #[inline(always)]
diff --git a/src/shell/helper.rs b/src/shell/helper.rs
index c228dbdf65..4d663b9424 100644
--- a/src/shell/helper.rs
+++ b/src/shell/helper.rs
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl<'vm> ShellHelper<'vm> {
             .filter(|res| {
                 res.as_ref()
                     .ok()
-                    .map_or(true, |s| s.as_str().starts_with(word_start))
+                    .is_none_or(|s| s.as_str().starts_with(word_start))
             })
             .collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>()
             .ok()?;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
index d348049f4c..eb11645879 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ mod decl {
             let mut unhex = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(hex_bytes.len() / 2);
             for (n1, n2) in hex_bytes.iter().tuples() {
                 if let (Some(n1), Some(n2)) = (unhex_nibble(*n1), unhex_nibble(*n2)) {
-                    unhex.push(n1 << 4 | n2);
+                    unhex.push((n1 << 4) | n2);
                 } else {
                     return Err(super::new_binascii_error(
                         "Non-hexadecimal digit found".to_owned(),
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ mod decl {
                         if let (Some(ch1), Some(ch2)) =
                             (unhex_nibble(buffer[idx]), unhex_nibble(buffer[idx + 1]))
                         {
-                            out_data.push(ch1 << 4 | ch2);
+                            out_data.push((ch1 << 4) | ch2);
                         }
                         idx += 2;
                     } else {
@@ -661,19 +661,19 @@ mod decl {
                 };
 
                 if res.len() < length {
-                    res.push(char_a << 2 | char_b >> 4);
+                    res.push((char_a << 2) | (char_b >> 4));
                 } else if char_a != 0 || char_b != 0 {
                     return trailing_garbage_error();
                 }
 
                 if res.len() < length {
-                    res.push((char_b & 0xf) << 4 | char_c >> 2);
+                    res.push(((char_b & 0xf) << 4) | (char_c >> 2));
                 } else if char_c != 0 {
                     return trailing_garbage_error();
                 }
 
                 if res.len() < length {
-                    res.push((char_c & 0x3) << 6 | char_d);
+                    res.push(((char_c & 0x3) << 6) | char_d);
                 } else if char_d != 0 {
                     return trailing_garbage_error();
                 }
@@ -725,8 +725,8 @@ mod decl {
                 let char_c = *chunk.get(2).unwrap_or(&0);
 
                 res.push(uu_b2a(char_a >> 2, backtick));
-                res.push(uu_b2a((char_a & 0x3) << 4 | char_b >> 4, backtick));
-                res.push(uu_b2a((char_b & 0xf) << 2 | char_c >> 6, backtick));
+                res.push(uu_b2a(((char_a & 0x3) << 4) | (char_b >> 4), backtick));
+                res.push(uu_b2a(((char_b & 0xf) << 2) | (char_c >> 6), backtick));
                 res.push(uu_b2a(char_c & 0x3f, backtick));
             }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
index f783ee017c..aeb9e93cc6 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ fn object_getstate_default(obj: &PyObject, required: bool, vm: &VirtualMachine)
     //     ));
     // }
 
-    let state = if obj.dict().map_or(true, |d| d.is_empty()) {
+    let state = if obj.dict().is_none_or(|d| d.is_empty()) {
         vm.ctx.none()
     } else {
         // let state = object_get_dict(obj.clone(), obj.ctx()).unwrap();
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 52112f371d..f5a340836c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -1565,80 +1565,6 @@ impl AsRef<str> for PyExact<PyStr> {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-    use crate::Interpreter;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn str_title() {
-        let tests = vec![
-            (" Hello ", " hello "),
-            ("Hello ", "hello "),
-            ("Hello ", "Hello "),
-            ("Format This As Title String", "fOrMaT thIs aS titLe String"),
-            ("Format,This-As*Title;String", "fOrMaT,thIs-aS*titLe;String"),
-            ("Getint", "getInt"),
-            ("Greek Ωppercases ...", "greek ωppercases ..."),
-            ("Greek ῼitlecases ...", "greek ῳitlecases ..."),
-        ];
-        for (title, input) in tests {
-            assert_eq!(PyStr::from(input).title().as_str(), title);
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn str_istitle() {
-        let pos = vec![
-            "A",
-            "A Titlecased Line",
-            "A\nTitlecased Line",
-            "A Titlecased, Line",
-            "Greek Ωppercases ...",
-            "Greek ῼitlecases ...",
-        ];
-
-        for s in pos {
-            assert!(PyStr::from(s).istitle());
-        }
-
-        let neg = vec![
-            "",
-            "a",
-            "\n",
-            "Not a capitalized String",
-            "Not\ta Titlecase String",
-            "Not--a Titlecase String",
-            "NOT",
-        ];
-        for s in neg {
-            assert!(!PyStr::from(s).istitle());
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn str_maketrans_and_translate() {
-        Interpreter::without_stdlib(Default::default()).enter(|vm| {
-            let table = vm.ctx.new_dict();
-            table
-                .set_item("a", vm.ctx.new_str("🎅").into(), vm)
-                .unwrap();
-            table.set_item("b", vm.ctx.none(), vm).unwrap();
-            table
-                .set_item("c", vm.ctx.new_str(ascii!("xda")).into(), vm)
-                .unwrap();
-            let translated =
-                PyStr::maketrans(table.into(), OptionalArg::Missing, OptionalArg::Missing, vm)
-                    .unwrap();
-            let text = PyStr::from("abc");
-            let translated = text.translate(translated, vm).unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(translated, "🎅xda".to_owned());
-            let translated = text.translate(vm.ctx.new_int(3).into(), vm);
-            assert_eq!("TypeError", &*translated.unwrap_err().class().name(),);
-        })
-    }
-}
-
 impl AnyStrWrapper for PyStrRef {
     type Str = str;
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
@@ -1780,3 +1706,77 @@ impl AsRef<str> for PyStrInterned {
         self.as_str()
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::Interpreter;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn str_title() {
+        let tests = vec![
+            (" Hello ", " hello "),
+            ("Hello ", "hello "),
+            ("Hello ", "Hello "),
+            ("Format This As Title String", "fOrMaT thIs aS titLe String"),
+            ("Format,This-As*Title;String", "fOrMaT,thIs-aS*titLe;String"),
+            ("Getint", "getInt"),
+            ("Greek Ωppercases ...", "greek ωppercases ..."),
+            ("Greek ῼitlecases ...", "greek ῳitlecases ..."),
+        ];
+        for (title, input) in tests {
+            assert_eq!(PyStr::from(input).title().as_str(), title);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn str_istitle() {
+        let pos = vec![
+            "A",
+            "A Titlecased Line",
+            "A\nTitlecased Line",
+            "A Titlecased, Line",
+            "Greek Ωppercases ...",
+            "Greek ῼitlecases ...",
+        ];
+
+        for s in pos {
+            assert!(PyStr::from(s).istitle());
+        }
+
+        let neg = vec![
+            "",
+            "a",
+            "\n",
+            "Not a capitalized String",
+            "Not\ta Titlecase String",
+            "Not--a Titlecase String",
+            "NOT",
+        ];
+        for s in neg {
+            assert!(!PyStr::from(s).istitle());
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn str_maketrans_and_translate() {
+        Interpreter::without_stdlib(Default::default()).enter(|vm| {
+            let table = vm.ctx.new_dict();
+            table
+                .set_item("a", vm.ctx.new_str("🎅").into(), vm)
+                .unwrap();
+            table.set_item("b", vm.ctx.none(), vm).unwrap();
+            table
+                .set_item("c", vm.ctx.new_str(ascii!("xda")).into(), vm)
+                .unwrap();
+            let translated =
+                PyStr::maketrans(table.into(), OptionalArg::Missing, OptionalArg::Missing, vm)
+                    .unwrap();
+            let text = PyStr::from("abc");
+            let translated = text.translate(translated, vm).unwrap();
+            assert_eq!(translated, "🎅xda".to_owned());
+            let translated = text.translate(vm.ctx.new_int(3).into(), vm);
+            assert_eq!("TypeError", &*translated.unwrap_err().class().name(),);
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/codecs.rs b/vm/src/codecs.rs
index 61be9f9176..898198f3d3 100644
--- a/vm/src/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/codecs.rs
@@ -637,10 +637,10 @@ fn surrogatepass_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyOb
                     }
                 }
                 StandardEncoding::Utf16Le => {
-                    c = (p[1] as u32) << 8 | p[0] as u32;
+                    c = ((p[1] as u32) << 8) | p[0] as u32;
                 }
                 StandardEncoding::Utf16Be => {
-                    c = (p[0] as u32) << 8 | p[1] as u32;
+                    c = ((p[0] as u32) << 8) | p[1] as u32;
                 }
                 StandardEncoding::Utf32Le => {
                     c = ((p[3] as u32) << 24)
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 3c35b05e1a..c4f67cd6a6 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -482,7 +482,7 @@ mod _io {
             let size = size.to_usize();
             let read = instance.get_attr("read", vm)?;
             let mut res = Vec::new();
-            while size.map_or(true, |s| res.len() < s) {
+            while size.is_none_or(|s| res.len() < s) {
                 let read_res = ArgBytesLike::try_from_object(vm, read.call((1,), vm)?)?;
                 if read_res.with_ref(|b| b.is_empty()) {
                     break;
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
index 56c32d2927..3aa4144190 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
@@ -298,8 +298,8 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         }
 
         if let Some(slot_c) = class_c.slots.as_number.left_ternary_op(op_slot) {
-            if slot_a.is_some_and(|slot_a| slot_a != slot_c)
-                && slot_b.is_some_and(|slot_b| slot_b != slot_c)
+            if slot_a.is_some_and(|slot_a| !std::ptr::fn_addr_eq(slot_a, slot_c))
+                && slot_b.is_some_and(|slot_b| !std::ptr::fn_addr_eq(slot_b, slot_c))
             {
                 let ret = slot_c(a, b, c, self)?;
                 if !ret.is(&self.ctx.not_implemented) {
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
index ca8b3179dc..b5a2470f52 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ unsafe fn next_code_point(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
         let z = **ptr;
         *ptr = ptr.offset(1);
         let y_z = utf8_acc_cont_byte((y & CONT_MASK) as u32, z);
-        ch = init << 12 | y_z;
+        ch = (init << 12) | y_z;
         if x >= 0xF0 {
             // [x y z w] case
             // use only the lower 3 bits of `init`
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ unsafe fn next_code_point(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
             // so the iterator must produce a value here.
             let w = **ptr;
             *ptr = ptr.offset(1);
-            ch = (init & 7) << 18 | utf8_acc_cont_byte(y_z, w);
+            ch = ((init & 7) << 18) | utf8_acc_cont_byte(y_z, w);
         }
     }
 

From 23236aa8c7b0b0227919581cc86d0c9d02798246 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2025 10:50:50 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 437/705] test_datetime now works on windows

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index dc2dcc6c7e..9c0f736928 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ env:
   CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,sqlite,ssl
   # Skip additional tests on Windows. They are checked on Linux and MacOS.
   WINDOWS_SKIPS: >-
-    test_datetime
     test_glob
     test_importlib
     test_io

From d698b28ce5af90b7c033e07f5c8b5130dad2799b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2025 00:22:31 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 438/705] Ensure pymethod cannot be both magic and named
 simultaneously + macro documentation (#5538)

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs |   7 ++
 derive/src/lib.rs          | 183 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 190 insertions(+)

diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
index dedb3eb77a..c42069c31c 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
@@ -1229,6 +1229,13 @@ impl MethodItemMeta {
         let inner = self.inner();
         let name = inner._optional_str("name")?;
         let magic = inner._bool("magic")?;
+        if magic && name.is_some() {
+            bail_span!(
+                &inner.meta_ident,
+                "A #[{}] method cannot be magic and have a specified name, choose one.",
+                inner.meta_name()
+            );
+        }
         Ok(if let Some(name) = name {
             name
         } else {
diff --git a/derive/src/lib.rs b/derive/src/lib.rs
index 76b7e23488..e59db12f90 100644
--- a/derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,124 @@ pub fn derive_from_args(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     derive_impl::derive_from_args(input).into()
 }
 
+/// The attribute can be applied either to a struct, trait, or impl.
+/// # Struct
+/// This implements `MaybeTraverse`, `PyClassDef`, and `StaticType` for the struct.
+/// Consider deriving `Traverse` to implement it.
+/// ## Arguments
+/// - `module`: the module which contains the class --  can be omitted if in a `#[pymodule]`.
+/// - `name`: the name of the Python class, by default it is the name of the struct.
+/// - `base`: the base class of the Python class.
+///   This does not cause inheritance of functions or attributes that must be done by a separate trait.
+/// # Impl
+/// This part implements `PyClassImpl` for the struct.
+/// This includes methods, getters/setters, etc.; only annotated methods will be included.
+/// Common functions and abilities like instantiation and `__call__` are often implemented by
+/// traits rather than in the `impl` itself; see `Constructor` and `Callable` respectively for those.
+/// ## Arguments
+/// - `name`: the name of the Python class, when no name is provided the struct name is used.
+/// - `flags`: the flags of the class, see `PyTypeFlags`.
+///     - `BASETYPE`: allows the class to be inheritable.
+///     - `IMMUTABLETYPE`: class attributes are immutable.
+/// - `with`: which trait implementations are to be included in the python class.
+/// ```rust, ignore
+/// #[pyclass(module = "mymodule", name = "MyClass", base = "BaseClass")]
+/// struct MyStruct {
+///    x: i32,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl Constructor for MyStruct {
+///     ...
+/// }
+///
+/// #[pyclass(with(Constructor))]
+/// impl MyStruct {
+///    ...
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// ## Inner markers
+/// ### pymethod/pyclassmethod/pystaticmethod
+/// `pymethod` is used to mark a method of the Python class.
+/// `pyclassmethod` is used to mark a class method.
+/// `pystaticmethod` is used to mark a static method.
+/// #### Method signature
+/// The first parameter can be either `&self` or `<var>: PyRef<Self>` for `pymethod`.
+/// The first parameter can be `cls: PyTypeRef` for `pyclassmethod`.
+/// There is no mandatory parameter for `pystaticmethod`.
+/// Both are valid and essentially the same, but the latter can yield more control.
+/// The last parameter can optionally be of the type `&VirtualMachine` to access the VM.
+/// All other values must implement `IntoPyResult`.
+/// Numeric types, `String`, `bool`, and `PyObjectRef` implement this trait,
+/// but so does any object that implements `PyValue`.
+/// Consider using `OptionalArg` for optional arguments.
+/// #### Arguments
+/// - `magic`: marks the method as a magic method: the method name is surrounded with double underscores.
+/// ```rust, ignore
+/// #[pyclass]
+/// impl MyStruct {
+///     // This will be called as the `__add__` method in Python.
+///     #[pymethod(magic)]
+///     fn add(&self, other: &Self) -> PyResult<i32> {
+///        ...
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// - `name`: the name of the method in Python,
+///   by default it is the same as the Rust method, or surrounded by double underscores if magic is present.
+///   This overrides `magic` and the default name and cannot be used with `magic` to prevent ambiguity.
+/// ### pygetset
+/// This is used to mark a getter/setter pair.
+/// #### Arguments
+/// - `setter`: marks the method as a setter, it acts as a getter by default.
+///   Setter method names should be prefixed with `set_`.
+/// - `name`: the name of the attribute in Python, by default it is the same as the Rust method.
+/// - `magic`: marks the method as a magic method: the method name is surrounded with double underscores.
+///   This cannot be used with `name` to prevent ambiguity.
+///
+/// Ensure both the getter and setter are marked with `name` and `magic` in the same manner.
+/// #### Examples
+/// ```rust, ignore
+/// #[pyclass]
+/// impl MyStruct {
+///    #[pygetset]
+///    fn x(&self) -> PyResult<i32> {
+///       Ok(self.x.lock())
+///     }
+///    #[pygetset(setter)]
+///   fn set_x(&mut self, value: i32) -> PyResult<()> {
+///      self.x.set(value);
+///     Ok(())
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// ### pyslot
+/// This is used to mark a slot method it should be marked by prefixing the method in rust with `slot_`.
+/// #### Arguments
+/// - name: the name of the slot method.
+/// ### pyattr
+/// ### extend_class
+/// This helps inherit attributes from a parent class.
+/// The method this is applied on should be called `extend_class_with_fields`.
+/// #### Examples
+/// ```rust, ignore
+/// #[extend_class]
+/// fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+///     class.set_attr(
+///         identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+///         ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+///             ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+///             ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_ignores")).into(),
+///         ])
+///         .into(),
+///     );
+///     class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// ### pymember
+/// # Trait
+/// `#[pyclass]` on traits functions a lot like `#[pyclass]` on `impl` blocks.
+/// Note that associated functions that are annotated with `#[pymethod]` or similar **must**
+/// have a body, abstract functions should be wrapped before applying an annotation.
 #[proc_macro_attribute]
 pub fn pyclass(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let attr = parse_macro_input!(attr);
@@ -34,6 +152,71 @@ pub fn pyexception(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     derive_impl::pyexception(attr, item).into()
 }
 
+/// This attribute must be applied to an inline module.
+/// It defines a Python module in the form a `make_module` function in the module;
+/// this has to be used in a `get_module_inits` to properly register the module.
+/// Additionally, this macro defines 'MODULE_NAME' and 'DOC' in the module.
+/// # Arguments
+/// - `name`: the name of the python module,
+///   by default, it is the name of the module, but this can be configured.
+/// ```rust, ignore
+/// // This will create a module named `mymodule`
+/// #[pymodule(name = "mymodule")]
+/// mod module {
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// - `sub`: declare the module as a submodule of another module.
+/// ```rust, ignore
+/// #[pymodule(sub)]
+/// mod submodule {
+/// }
+///
+/// #[pymodule(with(submodule))]
+/// mod mymodule {
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// - `with`: declare the list of submodules that this module contains (see `sub` for example).
+/// ## Inner markers
+/// ### pyattr
+/// `pyattr` is a multipurpose marker that can be used in a pymodule.
+/// The most common use is to mark a function or class as a part of the module.
+/// This can be done by applying it to a function or struct prior to the `#[pyfunction]` or `#[pyclass]` macro.
+/// If applied to a constant, it will be added to the module as an attribute.
+/// If applied to a function not marked with `pyfunction`,
+/// it will also be added to the module as an attribute but the value is the result of the function.
+/// If `#[pyattr(once)]` is used in this case, the function will be called once
+/// and the result will be stored using a `static_cell`.
+/// #### Examples
+/// ```rust, ignore
+/// #[pymodule]
+/// mod mymodule {
+///     #[pyattr]
+///     const MY_CONSTANT: i32 = 42;
+///     #[pyattr]
+///    fn another_constant() -> PyResult<i32> {
+///       Ok(42)
+///    }
+///   #[pyattr(once)]
+///   fn once() -> PyResult<i32> {
+///     // This will only be called once and the result will be stored.
+///     Ok(2 ** 24)
+///  }
+///
+///     #[pyattr]
+///     #[pyfunction]
+///     fn my_function(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+///         ...
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// ### pyfunction
+/// This is used to create a python function.
+/// #### Function signature
+/// The last argument can optionally be of the type `&VirtualMachine` to access the VM.
+/// Refer to the `pymethod` documentation (located in the `pyclass` macro documentation)
+/// for more information on what regular argument types are permitted.
+/// #### Arguments
+/// - `name`: the name of the function in Python, by default it is the same as the associated Rust function.
 #[proc_macro_attribute]
 pub fn pymodule(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let attr = parse_macro_input!(attr);

From 331a3c108f1fe44806961607ae96c6798677f44b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2025 14:57:40 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 439/705] Switch to criterion in sre_engine benchmarks

---
 Cargo.lock                       |  1 +
 Cargo.toml                       |  3 +-
 vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml         |  7 +++
 vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs | 83 +++++++++++++++++---------------
 vm/sre_engine/generate_tests.py  | 31 +++++++++---
 vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs     | 34 +++++++------
 6 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index edf28dc7f4..3711b6f16c 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2178,6 +2178,7 @@ name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "criterion",
  "num_enum",
  "optional",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 83007606c6..446733d515 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ libc = { workspace = true }
 rustyline = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-criterion = { version = "0.3.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
+criterion = { workspace = true }
 pyo3 = { version = "0.22", features = ["auto-initialize"] }
 
 [[bench]]
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ bitflags = "2.4.2"
 bstr = "1"
 cfg-if = "1.0"
 chrono = "0.4.39"
+criterion = { version = "0.3.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
 crossbeam-utils = "0.8.21"
 flame = "0.2.2"
 getrandom = "0.3"
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
index 28f98a3212..ac0e7b5f16 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,14 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 repository.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
 
+[[bench]]
+name = "benches"
+harness = false
+
 [dependencies]
 num_enum = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
 optional = "0.5"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+criterion = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs b/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
index e31c73b0d0..915d568333 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
-#![feature(test)]
-
-extern crate test;
-use test::Bencher;
-
 use rustpython_sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
 
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+
 struct Pattern {
+    pattern: &'static str,
     code: &'static [u32],
 }
 
@@ -25,52 +23,51 @@ impl Pattern {
     }
 }
 
-#[bench]
-fn benchmarks(b: &mut Bencher) {
+fn basic(c: &mut Criterion) {
     // # test common prefix
     // pattern p1 = re.compile('Python|Perl') # , 'Perl'),    # Alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p1 = Pattern { code: &[14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 16, 80, 7, 13, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 11, 9, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p1 = Pattern { pattern: "Python|Perl", code: &[14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 16, 80, 7, 13, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 11, 9, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p2 = re.compile('(Python|Perl)') #, 'Perl'),  # Grouped alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p2 = Pattern { code: &[14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 0, 80, 0, 17, 0, 16, 80, 7, 13, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 11, 9, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 17, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p2 = Pattern { pattern: "(Python|Perl)", code: &[14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 0, 80, 0, 17, 0, 16, 80, 7, 13, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 11, 9, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 17, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p3 = re.compile('Python|Perl|Tcl') #, 'Perl'),        # Alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p3 = Pattern { code: &[14, 9, 4, 3, 6, 16, 80, 16, 84, 0, 7, 15, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 22, 11, 16, 80, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 11, 9, 16, 84, 16, 99, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p3 = Pattern { pattern: "Python|Perl|Tcl", code: &[14, 9, 4, 3, 6, 16, 80, 16, 84, 0, 7, 15, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 22, 11, 16, 80, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 11, 9, 16, 84, 16, 99, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p4 = re.compile('(Python|Perl|Tcl)') #, 'Perl'),      # Grouped alternation
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p4 = Pattern { code: &[14, 9, 4, 3, 6, 16, 80, 16, 84, 0, 17, 0, 7, 15, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 22, 11, 16, 80, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 11, 9, 16, 84, 16, 99, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 17, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p4 = Pattern { pattern: "(Python|Perl|Tcl)", code: &[14, 9, 4, 3, 6, 16, 80, 16, 84, 0, 17, 0, 7, 15, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 22, 11, 16, 80, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 11, 9, 16, 84, 16, 99, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 17, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p5 = re.compile('(Python)\\1') #, 'PythonPython'),    # Backreference
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p5 = Pattern { code: &[14, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 0, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 17, 1, 11, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p5 = Pattern { pattern: "(Python)\\1", code: &[14, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 0, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 17, 1, 11, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p6 = re.compile('([0a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+') #, 'a5,b7,c9,'), # Disable the fastmap optimization
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p6 = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 23, 31, 1, 4294967295, 17, 0, 13, 7, 16, 48, 22, 97, 122, 0, 24, 13, 0, 4294967295, 13, 8, 22, 97, 122, 22, 48, 57, 0, 1, 16, 44, 17, 1, 18, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p6 = Pattern { pattern: "([0a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+", code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 23, 31, 1, 4294967295, 17, 0, 13, 7, 16, 48, 22, 97, 122, 0, 24, 13, 0, 4294967295, 13, 8, 22, 97, 122, 22, 48, 57, 0, 1, 16, 44, 17, 1, 18, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p7 = re.compile('([a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+') #, 'a5,b7,c9,'), # A few sets
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p7 = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 23, 29, 1, 4294967295, 17, 0, 13, 5, 22, 97, 122, 0, 24, 13, 0, 4294967295, 13, 8, 22, 97, 122, 22, 48, 57, 0, 1, 16, 44, 17, 1, 18, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p7 = Pattern { pattern: "([a-z][a-z0-9]*,)+", code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 23, 29, 1, 4294967295, 17, 0, 13, 5, 22, 97, 122, 0, 24, 13, 0, 4294967295, 13, 8, 22, 97, 122, 22, 48, 57, 0, 1, 16, 44, 17, 1, 18, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p8 = re.compile('Python') #, 'Python'),               # Simple text literal
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p8 = Pattern { code: &[14, 18, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p8 = Pattern { pattern: "Python", code: &[14, 18, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 80, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p9 = re.compile('.*Python') #, 'Python'),             # Bad text literal
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p9 = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p9 = Pattern { pattern: ".*Python", code: &[14, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p10 = re.compile('.*Python.*') #, 'Python'),           # Worse text literal
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p10 = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p10 = Pattern { pattern: ".*Python.*", code: &[14, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     // pattern p11 = re.compile('.*(Python)') #, 'Python'),           # Bad text literal with grouping
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p11 = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 0, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 17, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p11 = Pattern { pattern: ".*(Python)", code: &[14, 4, 0, 6, 4294967295, 24, 5, 0, 4294967295, 2, 1, 17, 0, 16, 80, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 17, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
 
     let tests = [
@@ -87,25 +84,33 @@ fn benchmarks(b: &mut Bencher) {
         (p11, "Python"),
     ];
 
-    b.iter(move || {
-        for (p, s) in &tests {
-            let (req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
-            assert!(state.search(req));
-            let (req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
-            assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
-            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state(s.clone());
-            req.match_all = true;
-            assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
-            let s2 = format!("{}{}{}", " ".repeat(10000), s, " ".repeat(10000));
-            let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 0..usize::MAX);
-            assert!(state.search(req));
-            let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..usize::MAX);
-            assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
-            let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
-            assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
-            let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
-            req.match_all = true;
-            assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
-        }
-    })
+    let mut group = c.benchmark_group("basic");
+
+    for (p, s) in tests {
+        group.bench_with_input(BenchmarkId::new(p.pattern, s), s, |b, s| {
+            b.iter(|| {
+                let (req, mut state) = p.state(s);
+                assert!(state.search(req));
+                let (req, mut state) = p.state(s);
+                assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+                let (mut req, mut state) = p.state(s);
+                req.match_all = true;
+                assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+                let s2 = format!("{}{}{}", " ".repeat(10000), s, " ".repeat(10000));
+                let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 0..usize::MAX);
+                assert!(state.search(req));
+                let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..usize::MAX);
+                assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+                let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
+                assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+                let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
+                req.match_all = true;
+                assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+            });
+        });
+    }
 }
+
+criterion_group!(benches, basic);
+
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/generate_tests.py b/vm/sre_engine/generate_tests.py
index 8adf043f29..6621c56813 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/generate_tests.py
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/generate_tests.py
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
 import re
-import sre_constants
-import sre_compile
-import sre_parse
 import json
 from itertools import chain
 
@@ -11,13 +8,13 @@
 sre_engine_magic = int(m.group(1))
 del m
 
-assert sre_constants.MAGIC == sre_engine_magic
+assert re._constants.MAGIC == sre_engine_magic
 
 class CompiledPattern:
     @classmethod
     def compile(cls, pattern, flags=0):
-        p = sre_parse.parse(pattern)
-        code = sre_compile._code(p, flags)
+        p = re._parser.parse(pattern)
+        code = re._compiler._code(p, flags)
         self = cls()
         self.pattern = pattern
         self.code = code
@@ -28,12 +25,32 @@ def compile(cls, pattern, flags=0):
     setattr(CompiledPattern, k, v)
 
 
+class EscapeRustStr:
+    hardcoded = {
+        ord('\r'): '\\r',
+        ord('\t'): '\\t',
+        ord('\r'): '\\r',
+        ord('\n'): '\\n',
+        ord('\\'): '\\\\',
+        ord('\''): '\\\'',
+        ord('\"'): '\\\"',
+    }
+    @classmethod
+    def __class_getitem__(cls, ch):
+        if (rpl := cls.hardcoded.get(ch)) is not None:
+            return rpl
+        if ch in range(0x20, 0x7f):
+            return ch
+        return f"\\u{{{ch:x}}}"
+def rust_str(s):
+    return '"' + s.translate(EscapeRustStr) + '"'
+
 # matches `// pattern {varname} = re.compile(...)`
 pattern_pattern = re.compile(r"^((\s*)\/\/\s*pattern\s+(\w+)\s+=\s+(.+?))$(?:.+?END GENERATED)?", re.M | re.S)
 def replace_compiled(m):
     line, indent, varname, pattern = m.groups()
     pattern = eval(pattern, {"re": CompiledPattern})
-    pattern = f"Pattern {{ code: &{json.dumps(pattern.code)} }}"
+    pattern = f"Pattern {{ pattern: {rust_str(pattern.pattern)}, code: &{json.dumps(pattern.code)} }}"
     return f'''{line}
 {indent}// START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
 {indent}#[rustfmt::skip] let {varname} = {pattern};
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs b/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
index 53494c5e3d..0946fd64ca 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use rustpython_sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
 
 struct Pattern {
+    pattern: &'static str,
     code: &'static [u32],
 }
 
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ impl Pattern {
 fn test_2427() {
     // pattern lookbehind = re.compile(r'(?<!\.)x\b')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 16, 46, 1, 16, 120, 6, 10, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { pattern: "(?<!\\.)x\\b", code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 16, 46, 1, 16, 120, 6, 10, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = lookbehind.state("x");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ fn test_2427() {
 fn test_assert() {
     // pattern positive_lookbehind = re.compile(r'(?<=abc)def')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let positive_lookbehind = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 16, 97, 16, 98, 16, 99, 1, 16, 100, 16, 101, 16, 102, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let positive_lookbehind = Pattern { pattern: "(?<=abc)def", code: &[14, 4, 0, 3, 3, 4, 9, 3, 16, 97, 16, 98, 16, 99, 1, 16, 100, 16, 101, 16, 102, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = positive_lookbehind.state("abcdef");
     assert!(state.search(req));
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ fn test_assert() {
 fn test_string_boundaries() {
     // pattern big_b = re.compile(r'\B')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let big_b = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 11, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let big_b = Pattern { pattern: "\\B", code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 0, 6, 11, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = big_b.state("");
     assert!(!state.search(req));
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ fn test_string_boundaries() {
 fn test_zerowidth() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'\b|:+')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 7, 5, 6, 10, 15, 12, 10, 24, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 58, 1, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "\\b|:+", code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 7, 5, 6, 10, 15, 12, 10, 24, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 58, 1, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("a:");
     req.must_advance = true;
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
     use optional::Optioned;
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'(?:a*?(xx)??z)*')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 23, 25, 0, 4294967295, 26, 6, 0, 4294967295, 16, 97, 1, 23, 11, 0, 1, 17, 0, 16, 120, 16, 120, 17, 1, 19, 16, 122, 18, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "(?:a*?(xx)??z)*", code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 23, 25, 0, 4294967295, 26, 6, 0, 4294967295, 16, 97, 1, 23, 11, 0, 1, 17, 0, 16, 120, 16, 120, 17, 1, 19, 16, 122, 18, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("axxzaz");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
 fn test_double_max_until() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'((1)?)*')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 23, 18, 0, 4294967295, 17, 0, 23, 9, 0, 1, 17, 2, 16, 49, 17, 3, 18, 17, 1, 18, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "((1)?)*", code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 23, 18, 0, 4294967295, 17, 0, 23, 9, 0, 1, 17, 2, 16, 49, 17, 3, 18, 17, 1, 18, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("1111");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ fn test_double_max_until() {
 fn test_info_single() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'aa*')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 8, 1, 1, 4294967295, 1, 1, 97, 0, 16, 97, 24, 6, 0, 4294967295, 16, 97, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "aa*", code: &[14, 8, 1, 1, 4294967295, 1, 1, 97, 0, 16, 97, 24, 6, 0, 4294967295, 16, 97, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("baaaa");
     assert!(state.search(req));
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ fn test_info_single() {
 fn test_info_single2() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'Python|Perl')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 16, 80, 7, 13, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 11, 9, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "Python|Perl", code: &[14, 8, 1, 4, 6, 1, 1, 80, 0, 16, 80, 7, 13, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 15, 11, 9, 16, 101, 16, 114, 16, 108, 15, 2, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("Perl");
     assert!(state.search(req));
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ fn test_info_single2() {
 fn test_info_literal() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'ababc+')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 14, 1, 5, 4294967295, 4, 4, 97, 98, 97, 98, 0, 0, 1, 2, 16, 97, 16, 98, 16, 97, 16, 98, 24, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 99, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "ababc+", code: &[14, 14, 1, 5, 4294967295, 4, 4, 97, 98, 97, 98, 0, 0, 1, 2, 16, 97, 16, 98, 16, 97, 16, 98, 24, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 99, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("!ababc");
     assert!(state.search(req));
@@ -116,7 +117,7 @@ fn test_info_literal() {
 fn test_info_literal2() {
     // pattern p = re.compile(r'(python)\1')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 112, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 0, 16, 112, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 17, 1, 11, 0, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "(python)\\1", code: &[14, 18, 1, 12, 12, 6, 0, 112, 121, 116, 104, 111, 110, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 17, 0, 16, 112, 16, 121, 16, 116, 16, 104, 16, 111, 16, 110, 17, 1, 11, 0, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("pythonpython");
     assert!(state.search(req));
@@ -126,7 +127,7 @@ fn test_info_literal2() {
 fn test_repeat_in_assertions() {
     // pattern p = re.compile('^([ab]*?)(?=(b)?)c', re.IGNORECASE)
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 4294967295, 6, 0, 17, 0, 26, 10, 0, 4294967295, 39, 5, 22, 97, 98, 0, 1, 17, 1, 4, 14, 0, 23, 9, 0, 1, 17, 2, 40, 98, 17, 3, 18, 1, 40, 99, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "^([ab]*?)(?=(b)?)c", code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 4294967295, 6, 0, 17, 0, 26, 10, 0, 4294967295, 39, 5, 22, 97, 98, 0, 1, 17, 1, 4, 14, 0, 23, 9, 0, 1, 17, 2, 40, 98, 17, 3, 18, 1, 40, 99, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("abc");
     assert!(state.search(req));
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ fn test_repeat_in_assertions() {
 fn test_possessive_quantifier() {
     // pattern p = re.compile('e++a')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 29, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 101, 1, 16, 97, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "e++a", code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 29, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 101, 1, 16, 97, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("eeea");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
@@ -146,7 +147,7 @@ fn test_possessive_quantifier() {
 fn test_possessive_atomic_group() {
     // pattern p = re.compile('(?>x)++x')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 28, 8, 1, 4294967295, 27, 4, 16, 120, 1, 1, 16, 120, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "(?>x)++x", code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 28, 8, 1, 4294967295, 27, 4, 16, 120, 1, 1, 16, 120, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("xxx");
     assert!(!state.pymatch(&req));
@@ -156,7 +157,7 @@ fn test_possessive_atomic_group() {
 fn test_bug_20998() {
     // pattern p = re.compile('[a-c]+', re.I)
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 4294967295, 24, 10, 1, 4294967295, 39, 5, 22, 97, 99, 0, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "[a-c]+", code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 4294967295, 24, 10, 1, 4294967295, 39, 5, 22, 97, 99, 0, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("ABC");
     req.match_all = true;
@@ -168,7 +169,7 @@ fn test_bug_20998() {
 fn test_bigcharset() {
     // pattern p = re.compile('[a-z]*', re.I)
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
-    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 97, 0, 4294967295, 39, 92, 10, 3, 33685760, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 0, 0, 0, 134217726, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 131072, 0, 2147483648, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1] };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "[a-z]*", code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 97, 0, 4294967295, 39, 92, 10, 3, 33685760, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 0, 0, 0, 134217726, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 131072, 0, 2147483648, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("x ");
     assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
@@ -178,4 +179,7 @@ fn test_bigcharset() {
 #[test]
 fn test_search_nonascii() {
     // pattern p = re.compile('\xe0+')
+    // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
+    #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "\u{e0}+", code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 4294967295, 24, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 224, 1, 1] };
+    // END GENERATED
 }

From b4f0a589ed16db087ca3e5a7cde2159b2a554de9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2025 16:48:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 440/705] platform-dependent Windows testing (#5536)

* disable test_argparse on windows

* fix test_exceptions and mark it as platform dependent

* test importlib on windows

* explain why windows tests fail

* mark test_argparse as non platform-independent

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml                       | 15 +++++++++++----
 Lib/test/test_importlib/frozen/test_loader.py   |  4 ++++
 Lib/test/test_importlib/resources/test_files.py |  7 +++++++
 Lib/test/test_importlib/source/test_finder.py   |  1 -
 vm/src/exceptions.rs                            |  4 +++-
 5 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 9c0f736928..3d1d32d12d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -17,13 +17,23 @@ concurrency:
 env:
   CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,sqlite,ssl
   # Skip additional tests on Windows. They are checked on Linux and MacOS.
+  # test_argparse: UnicodeDecodeError
+  # test_glob: many failing tests
+  # test_io: many failing tests
+  # test_os: many failing tests
+  # test_pathlib: support.rmtree() failing
+  # test_posixpath: OSError: (22, 'The filename, directory name, or volume label syntax is incorrect. (os error 123)')
+  # test_unicode: AttributeError: module '_winapi' has no attribute 'GetACP'
+  # test_venv: couple of failing tests
   WINDOWS_SKIPS: >-
+    test_argparse
     test_glob
-    test_importlib
     test_io
     test_os
+    test_rlcompleter
     test_pathlib
     test_posixpath
+    test_unicode
     test_venv
   # configparser: https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/4995#issuecomment-1582397417
   # socketserver: seems related to configparser crash.
@@ -34,7 +44,6 @@ env:
   # only run on Linux to speed up the CI.
   PLATFORM_INDEPENDENT_TESTS: >-
     test__colorize
-    test_argparse
     test_array
     test_asyncgen
     test_binop
@@ -59,7 +68,6 @@ env:
     test_dis
     test_enumerate
     test_exception_variations
-    test_exceptions
     test_float
     test_format
     test_fractions
@@ -100,7 +108,6 @@ env:
     test_tuple
     test_types
     test_unary
-    test_unicode
     test_unpack
     test_weakref
     test_yield_from
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_importlib/frozen/test_loader.py b/Lib/test/test_importlib/frozen/test_loader.py
index 4f1af454b5..b1eb399d93 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_importlib/frozen/test_loader.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_importlib/frozen/test_loader.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 import contextlib
 import marshal
 import os.path
+import sys
 import types
 import unittest
 import warnings
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ def test_module(self):
         self.assertTrue(hasattr(module, '__spec__'))
         self.assertEqual(module.__spec__.loader_state.origname, name)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_package(self):
         name = '__phello__'
         module, output = self.exec_module(name)
@@ -90,6 +92,7 @@ def test_package(self):
         self.assertEqual(output, 'Hello world!\n')
         self.assertEqual(module.__spec__.loader_state.origname, name)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "TODO:RUSTPYTHON Flaky on Windows")
     def test_lacking_parent(self):
         name = '__phello__.spam'
         with util.uncache('__phello__'):
@@ -147,6 +150,7 @@ def test_get_source(self):
             result = self.machinery.FrozenImporter.get_source('__hello__')
         self.assertIsNone(result)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32", "TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_is_package(self):
         # Should be able to tell what is a package.
         test_for = (('__hello__', False), ('__phello__', True),
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_importlib/resources/test_files.py b/Lib/test/test_importlib/resources/test_files.py
index 1450cfb310..1d04cda1a8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_importlib/resources/test_files.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_importlib/resources/test_files.py
@@ -52,6 +52,10 @@ class OpenDiskTests(FilesTests, unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.data = data01
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+    def test_read_bytes(self):
+        super().test_read_bytes()
+
 
 class OpenZipTests(FilesTests, util.ZipSetup, unittest.TestCase):
     pass
@@ -63,6 +67,9 @@ def setUp(self):
 
         self.data = namespacedata01
 
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+    def test_read_bytes(self):
+        super().test_read_bytes()
 
 class SiteDir:
     def setUp(self):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_importlib/source/test_finder.py b/Lib/test/test_importlib/source/test_finder.py
index 17d09d4cee..12db7c7d35 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_importlib/source/test_finder.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_importlib/source/test_finder.py
@@ -168,7 +168,6 @@ def test_no_read_directory(self):
         found = self._find(finder, 'doesnotexist')
         self.assertEqual(found, self.NOT_FOUND)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_ignore_file(self):
         # If a directory got changed to a file from underneath us, then don't
         # worry about looking for submodules.
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 0b61c90174..94a16f912e 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -374,7 +374,9 @@ fn write_traceback_entry<W: Write>(
     writeln!(
         output,
         r##"  File "{}", line {}, in {}"##,
-        filename, tb_entry.lineno, tb_entry.frame.code.obj_name
+        filename.trim_start_matches(r"\\?\"),
+        tb_entry.lineno,
+        tb_entry.frame.code.obj_name
     )?;
     print_source_line(output, filename, tb_entry.lineno.to_usize())?;
 

From 429754fd3364492f87b0924b73736c5adc20148c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2025 23:07:22 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 441/705] Fix unicode decode bug on surrogate error mode
 (#5546)

* subtract with overflow to check for whether to use surrogate

* enable test_argparse for windows on ci

------

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 2 --
 vm/src/codecs.rs          | 7 ++++++-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 3d1d32d12d..1eeecbd2a7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ concurrency:
 env:
   CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,sqlite,ssl
   # Skip additional tests on Windows. They are checked on Linux and MacOS.
-  # test_argparse: UnicodeDecodeError
   # test_glob: many failing tests
   # test_io: many failing tests
   # test_os: many failing tests
@@ -26,7 +25,6 @@ env:
   # test_unicode: AttributeError: module '_winapi' has no attribute 'GetACP'
   # test_venv: couple of failing tests
   WINDOWS_SKIPS: >-
-    test_argparse
     test_glob
     test_io
     test_os
diff --git a/vm/src/codecs.rs b/vm/src/codecs.rs
index 898198f3d3..767bd873b6 100644
--- a/vm/src/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/codecs.rs
@@ -619,11 +619,16 @@ fn surrogatepass_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyOb
             // Not supported, fail with original exception
             return Err(err.downcast().unwrap());
         }
+
+        debug_assert!(range.start <= 0.max(s.len() - 1));
+        debug_assert!(range.end >= 1.min(s.len()));
+        debug_assert!(range.end <= s.len());
+
         let mut c: u32 = 0;
         // Try decoding a single surrogate character. If there are more,
         // let the codec call us again.
         let p = &s.as_bytes()[range.start..];
-        if p.len().saturating_sub(range.start) >= byte_length {
+        if p.len().overflowing_sub(range.start).0 >= byte_length {
             match standard_encoding {
                 StandardEncoding::Utf8 => {
                     if (p[0] as u32 & 0xf0) == 0xe0

From 7fada8b97ea1fc015e98d5d6e51ca64c9777ef74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2025 20:41:13 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 442/705] fix _ctypes error names

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
index 027a680951..2580939b62 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
@@ -90,8 +90,8 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
     #[pyattr]
     pub const DICTFLAG_FINAL: u32 = 0x1000;
 
-    #[pyattr(once)]
-    fn error(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
+    #[pyattr(name = "ArgumentError", once)]
+    fn argument_error(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
         vm.ctx.new_exception_type(
             "_ctypes",
             "ArgumentError",
@@ -99,6 +99,15 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
         )
     }
 
+    #[pyattr(name = "FormatError", once)]
+    fn format_error(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_exception_type(
+            "_ctypes",
+            "FormatError",
+            Some(vec![vm.ctx.exceptions.exception_type.to_owned()]),
+        )
+    }
+
     pub fn get_size(ty: &str) -> usize {
         match ty {
             "u" => mem::size_of::<WideChar>(),

From 31c5c3eb9d62f1895a66245f2ea8c06ecadb48e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Axect <axect.tg@proton.me>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 10:44:57 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 443/705] Update `puruspe` version to `0.4.0`

To resolve the issue (#5496)
---
 stdlib/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 31f5bd18d4..b5cfab98b4 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ base64 = "0.13.0"
 csv-core = "0.1.11"
 dyn-clone = "1.0.10"
 libz-sys = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
-puruspe = "0.3.0"
+puruspe = "0.4.0"
 xml-rs = "0.8.14"
 
 # random

From 1f3a9672c3599e0f3985aa0d04153a0ae2a96dc0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 20:21:02 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 444/705] Add _winapi.GetACP and enable test_unicode on windows
 (#5547)

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml     |  2 --
 Lib/test/test_charmapcodec.py |  3 ---
 Lib/test/test_codecs.py       | 11 -----------
 Lib/test/test_tokenize.py     |  2 --
 vm/Cargo.toml                 |  1 +
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs       |  5 +++++
 6 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 1eeecbd2a7..e96c2f26a6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ env:
   # test_os: many failing tests
   # test_pathlib: support.rmtree() failing
   # test_posixpath: OSError: (22, 'The filename, directory name, or volume label syntax is incorrect. (os error 123)')
-  # test_unicode: AttributeError: module '_winapi' has no attribute 'GetACP'
   # test_venv: couple of failing tests
   WINDOWS_SKIPS: >-
     test_glob
@@ -31,7 +30,6 @@ env:
     test_rlcompleter
     test_pathlib
     test_posixpath
-    test_unicode
     test_venv
   # configparser: https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/4995#issuecomment-1582397417
   # socketserver: seems related to configparser crash.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_charmapcodec.py b/Lib/test/test_charmapcodec.py
index e69f1c6e4b..8ea75d9129 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_charmapcodec.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_charmapcodec.py
@@ -26,7 +26,6 @@ def codec_search_function(encoding):
 codecname = 'testcodec'
 
 class CharmapCodecTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_constructorx(self):
         self.assertEqual(str(b'abc', codecname), 'abc')
         self.assertEqual(str(b'xdef', codecname), 'abcdef')
@@ -43,14 +42,12 @@ def test_encodex(self):
         self.assertEqual('dxf'.encode(codecname), b'dabcf')
         self.assertEqual('dxfx'.encode(codecname), b'dabcfabc')
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_constructory(self):
         self.assertEqual(str(b'ydef', codecname), 'def')
         self.assertEqual(str(b'defy', codecname), 'def')
         self.assertEqual(str(b'dyf', codecname), 'df')
         self.assertEqual(str(b'dyfy', codecname), 'df')
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_maptoundefined(self):
         self.assertRaises(UnicodeError, str, b'abc\001', codecname)
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_codecs.py b/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
index 085b800b6d..f29e91e088 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
@@ -1827,7 +1827,6 @@ def test_decode(self):
         self.assertEqual(codecs.decode(b'[\xff]', 'ascii', errors='ignore'),
                          '[]')
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_encode(self):
         self.assertEqual(codecs.encode('\xe4\xf6\xfc', 'latin-1'),
                          b'\xe4\xf6\xfc')
@@ -1846,7 +1845,6 @@ def test_register(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, codecs.register)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, codecs.register, 42)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; AttributeError: module '_winapi' has no attribute 'GetACP'")
     def test_unregister(self):
         name = "nonexistent_codec_name"
         search_function = mock.Mock()
@@ -1859,28 +1857,23 @@ def test_unregister(self):
         self.assertRaises(LookupError, codecs.lookup, name)
         search_function.assert_not_called()
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_lookup(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, codecs.lookup)
         self.assertRaises(LookupError, codecs.lookup, "__spam__")
         self.assertRaises(LookupError, codecs.lookup, " ")
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_getencoder(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, codecs.getencoder)
         self.assertRaises(LookupError, codecs.getencoder, "__spam__")
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_getdecoder(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, codecs.getdecoder)
         self.assertRaises(LookupError, codecs.getdecoder, "__spam__")
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_getreader(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, codecs.getreader)
         self.assertRaises(LookupError, codecs.getreader, "__spam__")
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_getwriter(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, codecs.getwriter)
         self.assertRaises(LookupError, codecs.getwriter, "__spam__")
@@ -1939,7 +1932,6 @@ def test_undefined(self):
             self.assertRaises(UnicodeError,
                 codecs.decode, b'abc', 'undefined', errors)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_file_closes_if_lookup_error_raised(self):
         mock_open = mock.mock_open()
         with mock.patch('builtins.open', mock_open) as file:
@@ -3287,7 +3279,6 @@ def test_multiple_args(self):
         self.check_note(RuntimeError('a', 'b', 'c'), msg_re)
 
     # http://bugs.python.org/issue19609
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_codec_lookup_failure(self):
         msg = "^unknown encoding: {}$".format(self.codec_name)
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(LookupError, msg):
@@ -3523,8 +3514,6 @@ def test_incremental(self):
                                           False)
         self.assertEqual(decoded, ('abc', 3))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_mbcs_alias(self):
         # Check that looking up our 'default' codepage will return
         # mbcs when we don't have a more specific one available
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tokenize.py b/Lib/test/test_tokenize.py
index e2d2f89454..44ef4e2416 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_tokenize.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tokenize.py
@@ -1237,7 +1237,6 @@ def test_utf8_normalization(self):
                 found, consumed_lines = detect_encoding(rl)
                 self.assertEqual(found, "utf-8")
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_short_files(self):
         readline = self.get_readline((b'print(something)\n',))
         encoding, consumed_lines = detect_encoding(readline)
@@ -1316,7 +1315,6 @@ def readline(self):
             ins = Bunk(lines, path)
             detect_encoding(ins.readline)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_open_error(self):
         # Issue #23840: open() must close the binary file on error
         m = BytesIO(b'#coding:xxx')
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 895b29aa50..acc645bb74 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -125,6 +125,7 @@ features = [
 workspace = true
 features = [
   "Win32_Foundation",
+  "Win32_Globalization",
   "Win32_Networking_WinSock",
   "Win32_Security",
   "Win32_Storage_FileSystem",
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index ad6db12474..8feef61b14 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -119,6 +119,11 @@ mod _winapi {
         Ok(HANDLE(target))
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn GetACP() -> u32 {
+        unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Globalization::GetACP() }
+    }
+
     #[pyfunction]
     fn GetCurrentProcess() -> HANDLE {
         unsafe { windows::Win32::System::Threading::GetCurrentProcess() }

From d7a72b57553473a46fe2bfcf12a6a585f75838d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 20:02:26 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 445/705] add constants and implement functions

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock              |  5 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs | 68 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs | 10 ++++--
 3 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 3711b6f16c..2075ea3cbd 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1644,11 +1644,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "puruspe"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.4.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5666f1226a41ebb7191b702947674f4814c9919da58a9f91a60090412664bbce"
+checksum = "d76c522e44709f541a403db419a7e34d6fbbc8e6b208589ae29a030cddeefd96"
 dependencies = [
  "lambert_w",
+ "num-complex",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index 8feef61b14..6cf8c45bfe 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -28,10 +28,20 @@ mod _winapi {
             ERROR_PIPE_CONNECTED, ERROR_SEM_TIMEOUT, GENERIC_READ, GENERIC_WRITE, STILL_ACTIVE,
             WAIT_ABANDONED, WAIT_ABANDONED_0, WAIT_OBJECT_0, WAIT_TIMEOUT,
         },
+        Globalization::{
+            LCMAP_FULLWIDTH, LCMAP_HALFWIDTH, LCMAP_HIRAGANA, LCMAP_KATAKANA,
+            LCMAP_LINGUISTIC_CASING, LCMAP_LOWERCASE, LCMAP_SIMPLIFIED_CHINESE, LCMAP_TITLECASE,
+            LCMAP_TRADITIONAL_CHINESE, LCMAP_UPPERCASE,
+        },
         Storage::FileSystem::{
-            FILE_FLAG_FIRST_PIPE_INSTANCE, FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, FILE_GENERIC_READ,
-            FILE_GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_TYPE_CHAR, FILE_TYPE_DISK, FILE_TYPE_PIPE, FILE_TYPE_REMOTE,
-            FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN, OPEN_EXISTING, PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX, PIPE_ACCESS_INBOUND, SYNCHRONIZE,
+            COPYFILE2_CALLBACK_CHUNK_FINISHED, COPYFILE2_CALLBACK_CHUNK_STARTED,
+            COPYFILE2_CALLBACK_ERROR, COPYFILE2_CALLBACK_POLL_CONTINUE,
+            COPYFILE2_CALLBACK_STREAM_FINISHED, COPYFILE2_CALLBACK_STREAM_STARTED,
+            COPYFILE2_PROGRESS_CANCEL, COPYFILE2_PROGRESS_CONTINUE, COPYFILE2_PROGRESS_PAUSE,
+            COPYFILE2_PROGRESS_QUIET, COPYFILE2_PROGRESS_STOP, FILE_FLAG_FIRST_PIPE_INSTANCE,
+            FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, FILE_GENERIC_READ, FILE_GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_TYPE_CHAR,
+            FILE_TYPE_DISK, FILE_TYPE_PIPE, FILE_TYPE_REMOTE, FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN, OPEN_EXISTING,
+            PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX, PIPE_ACCESS_INBOUND, SYNCHRONIZE,
         },
         System::{
             Console::{STD_ERROR_HANDLE, STD_INPUT_HANDLE, STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE},
@@ -53,6 +63,13 @@ mod _winapi {
                 IDLE_PRIORITY_CLASS, INFINITE, NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS, PROCESS_DUP_HANDLE,
                 REALTIME_PRIORITY_CLASS, STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW, STARTF_USESTDHANDLES,
             },
+            WindowsProgramming::{
+                COPY_FILE_ALLOW_DECRYPTED_DESTINATION, COPY_FILE_COPY_SYMLINK,
+                COPY_FILE_FAIL_IF_EXISTS, COPY_FILE_NO_BUFFERING, COPY_FILE_NO_OFFLOAD,
+                COPY_FILE_OPEN_SOURCE_FOR_WRITE, COPY_FILE_REQUEST_COMPRESSED_TRAFFIC,
+                COPY_FILE_REQUEST_SECURITY_PRIVILEGES, COPY_FILE_RESTARTABLE,
+                COPY_FILE_RESUME_FROM_PAUSE,
+            },
         },
         UI::WindowsAndMessaging::SW_HIDE,
     };
@@ -142,6 +159,16 @@ mod _winapi {
         }
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn GetLastError() -> u32 {
+        unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::GetLastError() }
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn GetVersion() -> u32 {
+        unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::SystemInformation::GetVersion() }
+    }
+
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct CreateProcessArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional)]
@@ -254,6 +281,21 @@ mod _winapi {
         ))
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn OpenProcess(
+        desired_access: u32,
+        inherit_handle: bool,
+        process_id: u32,
+    ) -> windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE {
+        unsafe {
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::OpenProcess(
+                desired_access,
+                BOOL::from(inherit_handle),
+                process_id,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     #[pyfunction]
     fn NeedCurrentDirectoryForExePath(exe_name: PyStrRef) -> bool {
         let exe_name = exe_name.as_str().to_wide_with_nul();
@@ -452,4 +494,24 @@ mod _winapi {
         let (path, _) = path.split_at(length as usize);
         Ok(String::from_utf16(path).unwrap())
     }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn OpenMutexW(desired_access: u32, inherit_handle: bool, name: u16) -> PyResult<isize> {
+        let handle = unsafe {
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::OpenMutexW(
+                desired_access,
+                BOOL::from(inherit_handle),
+                windows_sys::core::PCWSTR::from(name as _),
+            )
+        };
+        // if handle.is_invalid() {
+        //     return Err(errno_err(vm));
+        // }
+        Ok(handle)
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn ReleaseMutex(handle: isize) -> WindowsSysResult<BOOL> {
+        WindowsSysResult(unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::ReleaseMutex(handle) })
+    }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
index 747c58cfd8..f25ca0b960 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
@@ -47,9 +47,13 @@ mod winreg {
     // value types
     #[pyattr]
     pub use windows_sys::Win32::System::Registry::{
-        REG_BINARY, REG_DWORD, REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN, REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN, REG_EXPAND_SZ,
-        REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR, REG_LINK, REG_MULTI_SZ, REG_NONE, REG_QWORD,
-        REG_QWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN, REG_RESOURCE_LIST, REG_RESOURCE_REQUIREMENTS_LIST, REG_SZ,
+        REG_BINARY, REG_CREATED_NEW_KEY, REG_DWORD, REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN, REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
+        REG_EXPAND_SZ, REG_FULL_RESOURCE_DESCRIPTOR, REG_LINK, REG_MULTI_SZ, REG_NONE,
+        REG_NOTIFY_CHANGE_ATTRIBUTES, REG_NOTIFY_CHANGE_LAST_SET, REG_NOTIFY_CHANGE_NAME,
+        REG_NOTIFY_CHANGE_SECURITY, REG_OPENED_EXISTING_KEY, REG_OPTION_BACKUP_RESTORE,
+        REG_OPTION_CREATE_LINK, REG_OPTION_NON_VOLATILE, REG_OPTION_OPEN_LINK, REG_OPTION_RESERVED,
+        REG_OPTION_VOLATILE, REG_QWORD, REG_QWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN, REG_RESOURCE_LIST,
+        REG_RESOURCE_REQUIREMENTS_LIST, REG_SZ, REG_WHOLE_HIVE_VOLATILE,
     };
 
     #[pyattr]

From b55a55afc77865e48dad7b7c5dd7805585c02536 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2025 11:59:44 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 446/705] update the csv with the temp data for website what's
 left

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
index 60a06d80c7..bfc758310e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
@@ -97,6 +97,9 @@ jobs:
           cd website
           [ -f ./_data/whats_left.temp ] && cp ./_data/whats_left.temp ./_data/whats_left_lastrun.temp
           cp ../whats_left.temp ./_data/whats_left.temp
+          rm _data/whats_left/modules.csv
+          cat _data/whats_left.temp | grep "(entire module)" | cut -d ' ' -f 1 | sort >> ../_data/whats_left/modules.csv
+
           git add -A
           if git -c user.name="Github Actions" -c user.email="actions@github.com" commit -m "Update what is left results" --author="$GITHUB_ACTOR"; then
             git push

From 2721f2de3f0d2599ad2f4302dc0d1878bb2152be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 17:41:54 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 447/705] Fix a bunch of `random` tests (#5533)

---
 .gitattributes          |   1 +
 Lib/test/test_random.py |  25 --------
 stdlib/src/random.rs    | 130 +++++++++++++++++++---------------------
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs     |   5 +-
 4 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index aa993ad110..0c4ae3d850 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ Cargo.lock  linguist-generated -merge
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/gen.rs    linguist-generated -merge
 Lib/*.py    text working-tree-encoding=UTF-8 eol=LF
 **/*.rs     text working-tree-encoding=UTF-8 eol=LF
+*.pck       binary
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_random.py b/Lib/test/test_random.py
index 5bd92f32c2..2cceaea244 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_random.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_random.py
@@ -22,8 +22,6 @@ def randomlist(self, n):
         """Helper function to make a list of random numbers"""
         return [self.gen.random() for i in range(n)]
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON AttributeError: 'super' object has no attribute 'getstate'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_autoseed(self):
         self.gen.seed()
         state1 = self.gen.getstate()
@@ -32,8 +30,6 @@ def test_autoseed(self):
         state2 = self.gen.getstate()
         self.assertNotEqual(state1, state2)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON AttributeError: 'super' object has no attribute 'getstate'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_saverestore(self):
         N = 1000
         self.gen.seed()
@@ -60,7 +56,6 @@ def __hash__(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.gen.seed, 1, 2, 3, 4)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, type(self.gen), [])
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, TypeError: Expected type 'bytes', not 'bytearray'")
     def test_seed_no_mutate_bug_44018(self):
         a = bytearray(b'1234')
         self.gen.seed(a)
@@ -386,8 +381,6 @@ def test_getrandbits(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.gen.getrandbits, -1)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.gen.getrandbits, 10.1)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON AttributeError: 'super' object has no attribute 'getstate'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_pickling(self):
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             state = pickle.dumps(self.gen, proto)
@@ -396,8 +389,6 @@ def test_pickling(self):
             restoredseq = [newgen.random() for i in range(10)]
             self.assertEqual(origseq, restoredseq)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON AttributeError: 'super' object has no attribute 'getstate'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_1727780(self):
         # verify that version-2-pickles can be loaded
         # fine, whether they are created on 32-bit or 64-bit
@@ -600,11 +591,6 @@ def test_bug_42008(self):
 class MersenneTwister_TestBasicOps(TestBasicOps, unittest.TestCase):
     gen = random.Random()
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, TypeError: Expected type 'bytes', not 'bytearray'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_seed_no_mutate_bug_44018(self):  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
-        super().test_seed_no_mutate_bug_44018()  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
-
     def test_guaranteed_stable(self):
         # These sequences are guaranteed to stay the same across versions of python
         self.gen.seed(3456147, version=1)
@@ -675,8 +661,6 @@ def test_bug_31482(self):
     def test_setstate_first_arg(self):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, self.gen.setstate, (1, None, None))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON AttributeError: 'super' object has no attribute 'getstate'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_setstate_middle_arg(self):
         start_state = self.gen.getstate()
         # Wrong type, s/b tuple
@@ -1282,15 +1266,6 @@ def test_betavariate_return_zero(self, gammavariate_mock):
 
 
 class TestRandomSubclassing(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON Unexpected keyword argument newarg
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_random_subclass_with_kwargs(self):
-        # SF bug #1486663 -- this used to erroneously raise a TypeError
-        class Subclass(random.Random):
-            def __init__(self, newarg=None):
-                random.Random.__init__(self)
-        Subclass(newarg=1)
-
     def test_subclasses_overriding_methods(self):
         # Subclasses with an overridden random, but only the original
         # getrandbits method should not rely on getrandbits in for randrange,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/random.rs b/stdlib/src/random.rs
index 35cbd94457..0692e3ef9b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/random.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/random.rs
@@ -6,73 +6,37 @@ pub(crate) use _random::make_module;
 mod _random {
     use crate::common::lock::PyMutex;
     use crate::vm::{
-        builtins::{PyInt, PyTypeRef},
+        builtins::{PyInt, PyTupleRef},
+        convert::ToPyException,
         function::OptionalOption,
-        types::Constructor,
-        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        types::{Constructor, Initializer},
+        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
+    use itertools::Itertools;
     use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, BigUint, Sign};
+    use mt19937::MT19937;
     use num_traits::{Signed, Zero};
-    use rand::{rngs::StdRng, RngCore, SeedableRng};
-
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    enum PyRng {
-        Std(Box<StdRng>),
-        MT(Box<mt19937::MT19937>),
-    }
-
-    impl Default for PyRng {
-        fn default() -> Self {
-            PyRng::Std(Box::new(StdRng::from_os_rng()))
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl RngCore for PyRng {
-        fn next_u32(&mut self) -> u32 {
-            match self {
-                Self::Std(s) => s.next_u32(),
-                Self::MT(m) => m.next_u32(),
-            }
-        }
-        fn next_u64(&mut self) -> u64 {
-            match self {
-                Self::Std(s) => s.next_u64(),
-                Self::MT(m) => m.next_u64(),
-            }
-        }
-        fn fill_bytes(&mut self, dest: &mut [u8]) {
-            match self {
-                Self::Std(s) => s.fill_bytes(dest),
-                Self::MT(m) => m.fill_bytes(dest),
-            }
-        }
-    }
+    use rand::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
+    use rustpython_vm::types::DefaultConstructor;
 
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "Random")]
-    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload, Default)]
     struct PyRandom {
-        rng: PyMutex<PyRng>,
+        rng: PyMutex<MT19937>,
     }
 
-    impl Constructor for PyRandom {
-        type Args = OptionalOption<PyObjectRef>;
+    impl DefaultConstructor for PyRandom {}
 
-        fn py_new(
-            cls: PyTypeRef,
-            // TODO: use x as the seed.
-            _x: Self::Args,
-            vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> PyResult {
-            PyRandom {
-                rng: PyMutex::default(),
-            }
-            .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
-            .map(Into::into)
+    impl Initializer for PyRandom {
+        type Args = OptionalOption;
+
+        fn init(zelf: PyRef<Self>, x: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            zelf.seed(x, vm)
         }
     }
 
-    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE), with(Constructor))]
+    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE), with(Constructor, Initializer))]
     impl PyRandom {
         #[pymethod]
         fn random(&self) -> f64 {
@@ -82,9 +46,8 @@ mod _random {
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn seed(&self, n: OptionalOption<PyObjectRef>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-            let new_rng = n
-                .flatten()
-                .map(|n| {
+            *self.rng.lock() = match n.flatten() {
+                Some(n) => {
                     // Fallback to using hash if object isn't Int-like.
                     let (_, mut key) = match n.downcast::<PyInt>() {
                         Ok(n) => n.as_bigint().abs(),
@@ -95,27 +58,21 @@ mod _random {
                         key.reverse();
                     }
                     let key = if key.is_empty() { &[0] } else { key.as_slice() };
-                    Ok(PyRng::MT(Box::new(mt19937::MT19937::new_with_slice_seed(
-                        key,
-                    ))))
-                })
-                .transpose()?
-                .unwrap_or_default();
-
-            *self.rng.lock() = new_rng;
+                    MT19937::new_with_slice_seed(key)
+                }
+                None => MT19937::try_from_os_rng()
+                    .map_err(|e| std::io::Error::from(e).to_pyexception(vm))?,
+            };
             Ok(())
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn getrandbits(&self, k: isize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<BigInt> {
             match k {
-                k if k < 0 => {
-                    Err(vm.new_value_error("number of bits must be non-negative".to_owned()))
-                }
+                ..0 => Err(vm.new_value_error("number of bits must be non-negative".to_owned())),
                 0 => Ok(BigInt::zero()),
-                _ => {
+                mut k => {
                     let mut rng = self.rng.lock();
-                    let mut k = k;
                     let mut gen_u32 = |k| {
                         let r = rng.next_u32();
                         if k < 32 {
@@ -145,5 +102,40 @@ mod _random {
                 }
             }
         }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn getstate(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTupleRef {
+            let rng = self.rng.lock();
+            vm.new_tuple(
+                rng.get_state()
+                    .iter()
+                    .copied()
+                    .chain([rng.get_index() as u32])
+                    .map(|i| vm.ctx.new_int(i).into())
+                    .collect::<Vec<PyObjectRef>>(),
+            )
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn setstate(&self, state: PyTupleRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            let state: &[_; mt19937::N + 1] = state
+                .as_slice()
+                .try_into()
+                .map_err(|_| vm.new_value_error("state vector is the wrong size".to_owned()))?;
+            let (index, state) = state.split_last().unwrap();
+            let index: usize = index.try_to_value(vm)?;
+            if index > mt19937::N {
+                return Err(vm.new_value_error("invalid state".to_owned()));
+            }
+            let state: [u32; mt19937::N] = state
+                .iter()
+                .map(|i| i.try_to_value(vm))
+                .process_results(|it| it.collect_array())?
+                .unwrap();
+            let mut rng = self.rng.lock();
+            rng.set_state(&state);
+            rng.set_index(index);
+            Ok(())
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 6519af094d..e07dca82ef 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -978,10 +978,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("negative argument not allowed".to_owned()));
         }
         let mut buf = vec![0u8; size as usize];
-        getrandom::fill(&mut buf).map_err(|e| match e.raw_os_error() {
-            Some(errno) => io::Error::from_raw_os_error(errno).into_pyexception(vm),
-            None => vm.new_os_error("Getting random failed".to_owned()),
-        })?;
+        getrandom::fill(&mut buf).map_err(|e| io::Error::from(e).into_pyexception(vm))?;
         Ok(buf)
     }
 

From 52208b3c900edfe14663a163c7a16cc83c44a9ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 20:54:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 448/705] Update to syn2 (#5556)

---
 Cargo.lock                          |  12 ++-
 Cargo.toml                          |   2 +-
 derive-impl/Cargo.toml              |   2 +-
 derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs | 151 +++++++++++-----------------
 derive-impl/src/from_args.rs        | 114 +++++++++------------
 derive-impl/src/lib.rs              |  11 +-
 derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs          |  33 +++---
 derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs         |   5 +-
 derive-impl/src/pytraverse.rs       |  52 +++-------
 derive-impl/src/util.rs             |  40 +++++---
 derive/src/lib.rs                   |   7 +-
 11 files changed, 186 insertions(+), 243 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2075ea3cbd..9d486786ba 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2056,7 +2056,7 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "rustpython-compiler",
  "rustpython-derive-impl",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2071,7 +2071,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-doc",
  "rustpython-parser-core",
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
  "syn-ext",
  "textwrap 0.16.1",
 ]
@@ -2614,11 +2614,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn-ext"
-version = "0.4.0"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9b86cb2b68c5b3c078cac02588bc23f3c04bb828c5d3aedd17980876ec6a7be6"
+checksum = "b126de4ef6c2a628a68609dd00733766c3b015894698a438ebdf374933fc31d1"
 dependencies = [
- "syn 1.0.109",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 446733d515..e352032de5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ schannel = "0.1.27"
 static_assertions = "1.1"
 strum = "0.27"
 strum_macros = "0.27"
-syn = "1.0.109"
+syn = "2"
 thiserror = "2.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.8"
 unicode_names2 = "1.3.0"
diff --git a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
index 83a4bc4214..debe58106b 100644
--- a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ syn = { workspace = true, features = ["full", "extra-traits"] }
 maplit = "1.0.2"
 proc-macro2 = "1.0.93"
 quote = "1.0.38"
-syn-ext = { version = "0.4.0", features = ["full"] }
+syn-ext = { version = "0.5.0", features = ["full"] }
 textwrap = { version = "0.16.1", default-features = false }
 
 [lints]
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs b/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
index 6b5baef98c..34d5cb8d9d 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 //! )
 //! ```
 
-use crate::{extract_spans, Diagnostic};
+use crate::Diagnostic;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::quote;
@@ -25,10 +25,9 @@ use std::{
 };
 use syn::{
     self,
-    parse::{Parse, ParseStream, Result as ParseResult},
-    parse2,
+    parse::{ParseStream, Parser, Result as ParseResult},
     spanned::Spanned,
-    Lit, LitByteStr, LitStr, Macro, Meta, MetaNameValue, Token,
+    LitByteStr, LitStr, Macro,
 };
 
 static CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR: Lazy<PathBuf> = Lazy::new(|| {
@@ -233,23 +232,17 @@ impl CompilationSource {
     }
 }
 
-/// This is essentially just a comma-separated list of Meta nodes, aka the inside of a MetaList.
-struct PyCompileInput {
-    span: Span,
-    metas: Vec<Meta>,
-}
-
-impl PyCompileInput {
-    fn parse(&self, allow_dir: bool) -> Result<PyCompileArgs, Diagnostic> {
+impl PyCompileArgs {
+    fn parse(input: TokenStream, allow_dir: bool) -> Result<PyCompileArgs, Diagnostic> {
         let mut module_name = None;
         let mut mode = None;
         let mut source: Option<CompilationSource> = None;
         let mut crate_name = None;
 
-        fn assert_source_empty(source: &Option<CompilationSource>) -> Result<(), Diagnostic> {
+        fn assert_source_empty(source: &Option<CompilationSource>) -> Result<(), syn::Error> {
             if let Some(source) = source {
-                Err(Diagnostic::spans_error(
-                    source.span,
+                Err(syn::Error::new(
+                    source.span.0,
                     "Cannot have more than one source",
                 ))
             } else {
@@ -257,59 +250,58 @@ impl PyCompileInput {
             }
         }
 
-        for meta in &self.metas {
-            if let Meta::NameValue(name_value) = meta {
-                let ident = match name_value.path.get_ident() {
-                    Some(ident) => ident,
-                    None => continue,
-                };
-                let check_str = || match &name_value.lit {
-                    Lit::Str(s) => Ok(s),
-                    _ => Err(err_span!(name_value.lit, "{ident} must be a string")),
-                };
-                if ident == "mode" {
-                    let s = check_str()?;
-                    match s.value().parse() {
-                        Ok(mode_val) => mode = Some(mode_val),
-                        Err(e) => bail_span!(s, "{}", e),
-                    }
-                } else if ident == "module_name" {
-                    module_name = Some(check_str()?.value())
-                } else if ident == "source" {
-                    assert_source_empty(&source)?;
-                    let code = check_str()?.value();
-                    source = Some(CompilationSource {
-                        kind: CompilationSourceKind::SourceCode(code),
-                        span: extract_spans(&name_value).unwrap(),
-                    });
-                } else if ident == "file" {
-                    assert_source_empty(&source)?;
-                    let path = check_str()?.value().into();
-                    source = Some(CompilationSource {
-                        kind: CompilationSourceKind::File(path),
-                        span: extract_spans(&name_value).unwrap(),
-                    });
-                } else if ident == "dir" {
-                    if !allow_dir {
-                        bail_span!(ident, "py_compile doesn't accept dir")
-                    }
-
-                    assert_source_empty(&source)?;
-                    let path = check_str()?.value().into();
-                    source = Some(CompilationSource {
-                        kind: CompilationSourceKind::Dir(path),
-                        span: extract_spans(&name_value).unwrap(),
-                    });
-                } else if ident == "crate_name" {
-                    let name = check_str()?.parse()?;
-                    crate_name = Some(name);
+        syn::meta::parser(|meta| {
+            let ident = meta
+                .path
+                .get_ident()
+                .ok_or_else(|| meta.error("unknown arg"))?;
+            let check_str = || meta.value()?.call(parse_str);
+            if ident == "mode" {
+                let s = check_str()?;
+                match s.value().parse() {
+                    Ok(mode_val) => mode = Some(mode_val),
+                    Err(e) => bail_span!(s, "{}", e),
+                }
+            } else if ident == "module_name" {
+                module_name = Some(check_str()?.value())
+            } else if ident == "source" {
+                assert_source_empty(&source)?;
+                let code = check_str()?.value();
+                source = Some(CompilationSource {
+                    kind: CompilationSourceKind::SourceCode(code),
+                    span: (ident.span(), meta.input.cursor().span()),
+                });
+            } else if ident == "file" {
+                assert_source_empty(&source)?;
+                let path = check_str()?.value().into();
+                source = Some(CompilationSource {
+                    kind: CompilationSourceKind::File(path),
+                    span: (ident.span(), meta.input.cursor().span()),
+                });
+            } else if ident == "dir" {
+                if !allow_dir {
+                    bail_span!(ident, "py_compile doesn't accept dir")
                 }
+
+                assert_source_empty(&source)?;
+                let path = check_str()?.value().into();
+                source = Some(CompilationSource {
+                    kind: CompilationSourceKind::Dir(path),
+                    span: (ident.span(), meta.input.cursor().span()),
+                });
+            } else if ident == "crate_name" {
+                let name = check_str()?.parse()?;
+                crate_name = Some(name);
+            } else {
+                return Err(meta.error("unknown attr"));
             }
-        }
+            Ok(())
+        })
+        .parse2(input)?;
 
         let source = source.ok_or_else(|| {
             syn::Error::new(
-                self.span,
+                Span::call_site(),
                 "Must have either file or source in py_compile!()/py_freeze!()",
             )
         })?;
@@ -323,38 +315,17 @@ impl PyCompileInput {
     }
 }
 
-fn parse_meta(input: ParseStream) -> ParseResult<Meta> {
-    let path = input.call(syn::Path::parse_mod_style)?;
-    let eq_token: Token![=] = input.parse()?;
+fn parse_str(input: ParseStream) -> ParseResult<LitStr> {
     let span = input.span();
     if input.peek(LitStr) {
-        Ok(Meta::NameValue(MetaNameValue {
-            path,
-            eq_token,
-            lit: Lit::Str(input.parse()?),
-        }))
+        input.parse()
     } else if let Ok(mac) = input.parse::<Macro>() {
-        Ok(Meta::NameValue(MetaNameValue {
-            path,
-            eq_token,
-            lit: Lit::Str(LitStr::new(&mac.tokens.to_string(), mac.span())),
-        }))
+        Ok(LitStr::new(&mac.tokens.to_string(), mac.span()))
     } else {
         Err(syn::Error::new(span, "Expected string or stringify macro"))
     }
 }
 
-impl Parse for PyCompileInput {
-    fn parse(input: ParseStream) -> ParseResult<Self> {
-        let span = input.cursor().span();
-        let metas = input
-            .parse_terminated::<Meta, Token![,]>(parse_meta)?
-            .into_iter()
-            .collect();
-        Ok(PyCompileInput { span, metas })
-    }
-}
-
 struct PyCompileArgs {
     source: CompilationSource,
     mode: Mode,
@@ -366,8 +337,7 @@ pub fn impl_py_compile(
     input: TokenStream,
     compiler: &dyn Compiler,
 ) -> Result<TokenStream, Diagnostic> {
-    let input: PyCompileInput = parse2(input)?;
-    let args = input.parse(false)?;
+    let args = PyCompileArgs::parse(input, false)?;
 
     let crate_name = args.crate_name;
     let code = args
@@ -388,8 +358,7 @@ pub fn impl_py_freeze(
     input: TokenStream,
     compiler: &dyn Compiler,
 ) -> Result<TokenStream, Diagnostic> {
-    let input: PyCompileInput = parse2(input)?;
-    let args = input.parse(true)?;
+    let args = PyCompileArgs::parse(input, true)?;
 
     let crate_name = args.crate_name;
     let code_map = args.source.compile(args.mode, args.module_name, compiler)?;
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs b/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
index 7b5b684213..47b0530d88 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
 use syn::ext::IdentExt;
-use syn::{
-    parse_quote, Attribute, Data, DeriveInput, Expr, Field, Ident, Lit, Meta, NestedMeta, Result,
-};
+use syn::meta::ParseNestedMeta;
+use syn::{parse_quote, Attribute, Data, DeriveInput, Expr, Field, Ident, Result, Token};
 
 /// The kind of the python parameter, this corresponds to the value of Parameter.kind
 /// (https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html#inspect.Parameter.kind)
@@ -36,84 +35,61 @@ type DefaultValue = Option<Expr>;
 
 impl ArgAttribute {
     fn from_attribute(attr: &Attribute) -> Option<Result<ArgAttribute>> {
-        if !attr.path.is_ident("pyarg") {
+        if !attr.path().is_ident("pyarg") {
             return None;
         }
         let inner = move || {
-            let Meta::List(list) = attr.parse_meta()? else {
-                bail_span!(attr, "pyarg must be a list, like #[pyarg(...)]")
-            };
-            let mut iter = list.nested.iter();
-            let first_arg = iter.next().ok_or_else(|| {
-                err_span!(list, "There must be at least one argument to #[pyarg()]")
+            let mut arg_attr = None;
+            attr.parse_nested_meta(|meta| {
+                let Some(arg_attr) = &mut arg_attr else {
+                    let kind = meta
+                        .path
+                        .get_ident()
+                        .and_then(ParameterKind::from_ident)
+                        .ok_or_else(|| {
+                            meta.error(
+                                "The first argument to #[pyarg()] must be the parameter type, \
+                                 either 'positional', 'any', 'named', or 'flatten'.",
+                            )
+                        })?;
+                    arg_attr = Some(ArgAttribute {
+                        name: None,
+                        kind,
+                        default: None,
+                    });
+                    return Ok(());
+                };
+                arg_attr.parse_argument(meta)
             })?;
-            let kind = match first_arg {
-                NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::Path(path)) => {
-                    path.get_ident().and_then(ParameterKind::from_ident)
-                }
-                _ => None,
-            };
-            let kind = kind.ok_or_else(|| {
-                err_span!(
-                    first_arg,
-                    "The first argument to #[pyarg()] must be the parameter type, either \
-                         'positional', 'any', 'named', or 'flatten'."
-                )
-            })?;
-
-            let mut attribute = ArgAttribute {
-                name: None,
-                kind,
-                default: None,
-            };
-
-            for arg in iter {
-                attribute.parse_argument(arg)?;
-            }
-
-            Ok(attribute)
+            arg_attr
+                .ok_or_else(|| err_span!(attr, "There must be at least one argument to #[pyarg()]"))
         };
         Some(inner())
     }
 
-    fn parse_argument(&mut self, arg: &NestedMeta) -> Result<()> {
+    fn parse_argument(&mut self, meta: ParseNestedMeta<'_>) -> Result<()> {
         if let ParameterKind::Flatten = self.kind {
-            bail_span!(arg, "can't put additional arguments on a flatten arg")
+            return Err(meta.error("can't put additional arguments on a flatten arg"));
         }
-        match arg {
-            NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::Path(path)) => {
-                if path.is_ident("default") || path.is_ident("optional") {
-                    if self.default.is_none() {
-                        self.default = Some(None);
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    bail_span!(path, "Unrecognized pyarg attribute");
-                }
+        if meta.path.is_ident("default") && meta.input.peek(Token![=]) {
+            if matches!(self.default, Some(Some(_))) {
+                return Err(meta.error("Default already set"));
             }
-            NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::NameValue(name_value)) => {
-                if name_value.path.is_ident("default") {
-                    if matches!(self.default, Some(Some(_))) {
-                        bail_span!(name_value, "Default already set");
-                    }
-
-                    match name_value.lit {
-                        Lit::Str(ref val) => self.default = Some(Some(val.parse()?)),
-                        _ => bail_span!(name_value, "Expected string value for default argument"),
-                    }
-                } else if name_value.path.is_ident("name") {
-                    if self.name.is_some() {
-                        bail_span!(name_value, "already have a name")
-                    }
-
-                    match &name_value.lit {
-                        Lit::Str(val) => self.name = Some(val.value()),
-                        _ => bail_span!(name_value, "Expected string value for name argument"),
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    bail_span!(name_value, "Unrecognized pyarg attribute");
-                }
+            let val = meta.value()?;
+            let val = val.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+            self.default = Some(Some(val.parse()?))
+        } else if meta.path.is_ident("default") || meta.path.is_ident("optional") {
+            if self.default.is_none() {
+                self.default = Some(None);
+            }
+        } else if meta.path.is_ident("name") {
+            if self.name.is_some() {
+                return Err(meta.error("already have a name"));
             }
-            _ => bail_span!(arg, "Unrecognized pyarg attribute"),
+            let val = meta.value()?.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
+            self.name = Some(val.value())
+        } else {
+            return Err(meta.error("Unrecognized pyarg attribute"));
         }
 
         Ok(())
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/lib.rs b/derive-impl/src/lib.rs
index 35292e7de0..a1f97c96b0 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/lib.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/lib.rs
@@ -20,11 +20,12 @@ mod pypayload;
 mod pystructseq;
 mod pytraverse;
 
-use error::{extract_spans, Diagnostic};
+use error::Diagnostic;
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::ToTokens;
 use rustpython_doc as doc;
-use syn::{AttributeArgs, DeriveInput, Item};
+use syn::{DeriveInput, Item};
+use syn_ext::types::PunctuatedNestedMeta;
 
 pub use compile_bytecode::Compiler;
 
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ pub fn derive_from_args(input: DeriveInput) -> TokenStream {
     result_to_tokens(from_args::impl_from_args(input))
 }
 
-pub fn pyclass(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn pyclass(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: Item) -> TokenStream {
     if matches!(item, syn::Item::Impl(_) | syn::Item::Trait(_)) {
         result_to_tokens(pyclass::impl_pyclass_impl(attr, item))
     } else {
@@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ pub fn pyclass(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn pyexception(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn pyexception(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: Item) -> TokenStream {
     if matches!(item, syn::Item::Impl(_)) {
         result_to_tokens(pyclass::impl_pyexception_impl(attr, item))
     } else {
@@ -54,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn pyexception(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> TokenStream {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn pymodule(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> TokenStream {
+pub fn pymodule(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: Item) -> TokenStream {
     result_to_tokens(pymodule::impl_pymodule(attr, item))
 }
 
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
index c42069c31c..c3f148e2eb 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
@@ -8,10 +8,9 @@ use proc_macro2::{Delimiter, Group, Span, TokenStream, TokenTree};
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::str::FromStr;
-use syn::{
-    parse_quote, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, AttributeArgs, Ident, Item, Meta, NestedMeta, Result,
-};
+use syn::{parse_quote, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Ident, Item, Result};
 use syn_ext::ext::*;
+use syn_ext::types::*;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
 enum AttrName {
@@ -98,7 +97,7 @@ fn extract_items_into_context<'a, Item>(
     context.errors.ok_or_push(context.member_items.validate());
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn impl_pyclass_impl(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> Result<TokenStream> {
+pub(crate) fn impl_pyclass_impl(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: Item) -> Result<TokenStream> {
     let mut context = ImplContext::default();
     let mut tokens = match item {
         Item::Impl(mut imp) => {
@@ -235,9 +234,7 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_pyclass_impl(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> Result<Token
             let mut has_extend_slots = false;
             for item in &trai.items {
                 let has = match item {
-                    syn::TraitItem::Method(method) => {
-                        &method.sig.ident.to_string() == "extend_slots"
-                    }
+                    syn::TraitItem::Fn(item) => item.sig.ident == "extend_slots",
                     _ => false,
                 };
                 if has {
@@ -344,7 +341,7 @@ fn generate_class_def(
     };
     let basicsize = quote!(std::mem::size_of::<#ident>());
     let is_pystruct = attrs.iter().any(|attr| {
-        attr.path.is_ident("derive")
+        attr.path().is_ident("derive")
             && if let Ok(Meta::List(l)) = attr.parse_meta() {
                 l.nested
                     .into_iter()
@@ -418,7 +415,7 @@ fn generate_class_def(
     Ok(tokens)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn impl_pyclass(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> Result<TokenStream> {
+pub(crate) fn impl_pyclass(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: Item) -> Result<TokenStream> {
     if matches!(item, syn::Item::Use(_)) {
         return Ok(quote!(#item));
     }
@@ -534,7 +531,7 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_pyclass(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> Result<TokenStrea
 /// But, inside `macro_rules` we don't have an opportunity
 /// to add non-literal attributes to `pyclass`.
 /// That's why we have to use this proxy.
-pub(crate) fn impl_pyexception(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> Result<TokenStream> {
+pub(crate) fn impl_pyexception(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: Item) -> Result<TokenStream> {
     let (ident, _attrs) = pyexception_ident_and_attrs(&item)?;
     let fake_ident = Ident::new("pyclass", item.span());
     let class_meta = ExceptionItemMeta::from_nested(ident.clone(), fake_ident, attr.into_iter())?;
@@ -573,7 +570,7 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_pyexception(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> Result<TokenS
     Ok(ret)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn impl_pyexception_impl(attr: AttributeArgs, item: Item) -> Result<TokenStream> {
+pub(crate) fn impl_pyexception_impl(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: Item) -> Result<TokenStream> {
     let Item::Impl(imp) = item else {
         return Ok(item.into_token_stream());
     };
@@ -1454,7 +1451,7 @@ struct ExtractedImplAttrs {
     with_slots: TokenStream,
 }
 
-fn extract_impl_attrs(attr: AttributeArgs, item: &Ident) -> Result<ExtractedImplAttrs> {
+fn extract_impl_attrs(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: &Ident) -> Result<ExtractedImplAttrs> {
     let mut withs = Vec::new();
     let mut with_method_defs = Vec::new();
     let mut with_slots = Vec::new();
@@ -1474,7 +1471,7 @@ fn extract_impl_attrs(attr: AttributeArgs, item: &Ident) -> Result<ExtractedImpl
     let mut has_constructor = false;
     for attr in attr {
         match attr {
-            NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::List(syn::MetaList { path, nested, .. })) => {
+            NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::List(MetaList { path, nested, .. })) => {
                 if path.is_ident("with") {
                     for meta in nested {
                         let NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::Path(path)) = &meta else {
@@ -1530,12 +1527,16 @@ fn extract_impl_attrs(attr: AttributeArgs, item: &Ident) -> Result<ExtractedImpl
                     bail_span!(path, "Unknown pyimpl attribute")
                 }
             }
-            NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue { path, lit, .. })) => {
+            NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue { path, value, .. })) => {
                 if path.is_ident("payload") {
-                    if let syn::Lit::Str(lit) = lit {
+                    if let syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit {
+                        lit: syn::Lit::Str(lit),
+                        ..
+                    }) = value
+                    {
                         payload = Some(Ident::new(&lit.value(), lit.span()));
                     } else {
-                        bail_span!(lit, "payload must be a string literal")
+                        bail_span!(value, "payload must be a string literal")
                     }
                 } else {
                     bail_span!(path, "Unknown pyimpl attribute")
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs b/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
index b9a59c8280..db65e24e21 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,9 @@ use crate::util::{
 use proc_macro2::{Delimiter, Group, TokenStream, TokenTree};
 use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
 use std::{collections::HashSet, str::FromStr};
-use syn::{parse_quote, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, AttributeArgs, Ident, Item, Result};
+use syn::{parse_quote, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Ident, Item, Result};
 use syn_ext::ext::*;
+use syn_ext::types::PunctuatedNestedMeta;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Eq, PartialEq)]
 enum AttrName {
@@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ struct ModuleContext {
     errors: Vec<syn::Error>,
 }
 
-pub fn impl_pymodule(attr: AttributeArgs, module_item: Item) -> Result<TokenStream> {
+pub fn impl_pymodule(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, module_item: Item) -> Result<TokenStream> {
     let (doc, mut module_item) = match module_item {
         Item::Mod(m) => (m.attrs.doc(), m),
         other => bail_span!(other, "#[pymodule] can only be on a full module"),
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pytraverse.rs b/derive-impl/src/pytraverse.rs
index 93aa233a18..d2fe2dac81 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pytraverse.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pytraverse.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::quote;
-use syn::{Attribute, DeriveInput, Field, Meta, MetaList, NestedMeta, Result};
+use syn::{Attribute, DeriveInput, Field, Result};
 
 struct TraverseAttr {
     /// set to `true` if the attribute is `#[pytraverse(skip)]`
@@ -9,47 +9,25 @@ struct TraverseAttr {
 
 const ATTR_TRAVERSE: &str = "pytraverse";
 
-/// get the `#[pytraverse(..)]` attribute from the struct
-fn valid_get_traverse_attr_from_meta_list(list: &MetaList) -> Result<TraverseAttr> {
-    let find_skip_and_only_skip = || {
-        let len = list.nested.len();
-        if len != 1 {
-            return None;
-        }
-        let mut iter = list.nested.iter();
-        // we have checked the length, so unwrap is safe
-        let first_arg = iter.next().unwrap();
-        let skip = match first_arg {
-            NestedMeta::Meta(Meta::Path(path)) => match path.is_ident("skip") {
-                true => true,
-                false => return None,
-            },
-            _ => return None,
-        };
-        Some(skip)
-    };
-    let skip = find_skip_and_only_skip().ok_or_else(|| {
-        err_span!(
-            list,
-            "only support attr is #[pytraverse(skip)], got arguments: {:?}",
-            list.nested
-        )
-    })?;
-    Ok(TraverseAttr { skip })
-}
-
 /// only accept `#[pytraverse(skip)]` for now
 fn pytraverse_arg(attr: &Attribute) -> Option<Result<TraverseAttr>> {
-    if !attr.path.is_ident(ATTR_TRAVERSE) {
+    if !attr.path().is_ident(ATTR_TRAVERSE) {
         return None;
     }
     let ret = || {
-        let parsed = attr.parse_meta()?;
-        if let Meta::List(list) = parsed {
-            valid_get_traverse_attr_from_meta_list(&list)
-        } else {
-            bail_span!(attr, "pytraverse must be a list, like #[pytraverse(skip)]")
-        }
+        let mut skip = false;
+        attr.parse_nested_meta(|meta| {
+            if meta.path.is_ident("skip") {
+                if skip {
+                    return Err(meta.error("already specified skip"));
+                }
+                skip = true;
+            } else {
+                return Err(meta.error("unknown attr"));
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        })?;
+        Ok(TraverseAttr { skip })
     };
     Some(ret())
 }
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/util.rs b/derive-impl/src/util.rs
index f016b0d1e9..bd568032c3 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/util.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/util.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,10 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use syn::{
-    spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Ident, Meta, MetaList, NestedMeta, Result, Signature, UseTree,
-};
+use syn::{spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Ident, Result, Signature, UseTree};
 use syn_ext::{
     ext::{AttributeExt as SynAttributeExt, *},
-    types::PunctuatedNestedMeta,
+    types::*,
 };
 
 pub(crate) const ALL_ALLOWED_NAMES: &[&str] = &[
@@ -167,7 +165,11 @@ impl ItemMetaInner {
     pub fn _optional_str(&self, key: &str) -> Result<Option<String>> {
         let value = if let Some((_, meta)) = self.meta_map.get(key) {
             let Meta::NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                lit: syn::Lit::Str(lit),
+                value:
+                    syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit {
+                        lit: syn::Lit::Str(lit),
+                        ..
+                    }),
                 ..
             }) = meta
             else {
@@ -193,7 +195,11 @@ impl ItemMetaInner {
         let value = if let Some((_, meta)) = self.meta_map.get(key) {
             match meta {
                 Meta::NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                    lit: syn::Lit::Bool(lit),
+                    value:
+                        syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit {
+                            lit: syn::Lit::Bool(lit),
+                            ..
+                        }),
                     ..
                 }) => lit.value,
                 Meta::Path(_) => true,
@@ -210,7 +216,7 @@ impl ItemMetaInner {
         key: &str,
     ) -> Result<Option<impl std::iter::Iterator<Item = &'_ NestedMeta>>> {
         let value = if let Some((_, meta)) = self.meta_map.get(key) {
-            let Meta::List(syn::MetaList {
+            let Meta::List(MetaList {
                 path: _, nested, ..
             }) = meta
             else {
@@ -350,7 +356,11 @@ impl ClassItemMeta {
         if let Some((_, meta)) = inner.meta_map.get(KEY) {
             match meta {
                 Meta::NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                    lit: syn::Lit::Str(lit),
+                    value:
+                        syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit {
+                            lit: syn::Lit::Str(lit),
+                            ..
+                        }),
                     ..
                 }) => return Ok(lit.value()),
                 Meta::Path(_) => return Ok(inner.item_name()),
@@ -387,11 +397,11 @@ impl ClassItemMeta {
         let value = if let Some((_, meta)) = inner.meta_map.get(KEY) {
             match meta {
                 Meta::NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                    lit: syn::Lit::Str(lit),
+                    value: syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit{lit:syn::Lit::Str(lit),..}),
                     ..
                 }) => Ok(Some(lit.value())),
                 Meta::NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                    lit: syn::Lit::Bool(lit),
+                    value: syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit{lit:syn::Lit::Bool(lit),..}),
                     ..
                 }) => if lit.value {
                     Err(lit.span())
@@ -448,7 +458,11 @@ impl ExceptionItemMeta {
         if let Some((_, meta)) = inner.meta_map.get(KEY) {
             match meta {
                 Meta::NameValue(syn::MetaNameValue {
-                    lit: syn::Lit::Str(lit),
+                    value:
+                        syn::Expr::Lit(syn::ExprLit {
+                            lit: syn::Lit::Str(lit),
+                            ..
+                        }),
                     ..
                 }) => return Ok(lit.value()),
                 Meta::Path(_) => {
@@ -489,7 +503,7 @@ impl std::ops::Deref for ExceptionItemMeta {
 pub(crate) trait AttributeExt: SynAttributeExt {
     fn promoted_nested(&self) -> Result<PunctuatedNestedMeta>;
     fn ident_and_promoted_nested(&self) -> Result<(&Ident, PunctuatedNestedMeta)>;
-    fn try_remove_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<syn::NestedMeta>>;
+    fn try_remove_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> Result<Option<NestedMeta>>;
     fn fill_nested_meta<F>(&mut self, name: &str, new_item: F) -> Result<()>
     where
         F: Fn() -> NestedMeta;
@@ -512,7 +526,7 @@ impl AttributeExt for Attribute {
         Ok((self.get_ident().unwrap(), self.promoted_nested()?))
     }
 
-    fn try_remove_name(&mut self, item_name: &str) -> Result<Option<syn::NestedMeta>> {
+    fn try_remove_name(&mut self, item_name: &str) -> Result<Option<NestedMeta>> {
         self.try_meta_mut(|meta| {
             let nested = match meta {
                 Meta::List(MetaList { ref mut nested, .. }) => Ok(nested),
diff --git a/derive/src/lib.rs b/derive/src/lib.rs
index e59db12f90..9e94bf43cb 100644
--- a/derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 use proc_macro::TokenStream;
 use rustpython_derive_impl as derive_impl;
 use syn::parse_macro_input;
+use syn::punctuated::Punctuated;
 
 #[proc_macro_derive(FromArgs, attributes(pyarg))]
 pub fn derive_from_args(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ pub fn derive_from_args(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// have a body, abstract functions should be wrapped before applying an annotation.
 #[proc_macro_attribute]
 pub fn pyclass(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    let attr = parse_macro_input!(attr);
+    let attr = parse_macro_input!(attr with Punctuated::parse_terminated);
     let item = parse_macro_input!(item);
     derive_impl::pyclass(attr, item).into()
 }
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ pub fn pyclass(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// <https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Objects/exceptions.c>
 #[proc_macro_attribute]
 pub fn pyexception(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    let attr = parse_macro_input!(attr);
+    let attr = parse_macro_input!(attr with Punctuated::parse_terminated);
     let item = parse_macro_input!(item);
     derive_impl::pyexception(attr, item).into()
 }
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ pub fn pyexception(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// - `name`: the name of the function in Python, by default it is the same as the associated Rust function.
 #[proc_macro_attribute]
 pub fn pymodule(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
-    let attr = parse_macro_input!(attr);
+    let attr = parse_macro_input!(attr with Punctuated::parse_terminated);
     let item = parse_macro_input!(item);
     derive_impl::pymodule(attr, item).into()
 }

From 1c3b198a170b057d190f546a93a9212f8c980218 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2025 18:14:47 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 449/705] Enable unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn lint

---
 Cargo.toml                      |  1 +
 common/src/boxvec.rs            | 13 +++++---
 common/src/encodings.rs         |  4 +--
 common/src/linked_list.rs       | 54 +++++++++++++++++----------------
 common/src/lock/cell_lock.rs    |  4 +--
 common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs |  2 +-
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs   |  6 ++--
 jit/src/lib.rs                  | 24 +++++++++------
 stdlib/src/locale.rs            | 12 +++++---
 stdlib/src/select.rs            | 34 +++++++++++----------
 stdlib/src/socket.rs            |  6 ++--
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs            | 40 ++++++++++++------------
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs               |  5 +--
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs          |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs         |  2 +-
 vm/src/function/method.rs       |  2 +-
 vm/src/intern.rs                |  2 +-
 vm/src/object/core.rs           | 30 ++++++++++--------
 vm/src/object/ext.rs            | 14 +++++----
 vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs       |  7 +++--
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs          |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs           |  4 ++-
 vm/src/vm/context.rs            |  2 +-
 23 files changed, 148 insertions(+), 124 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index e352032de5..7ae2ea202e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100"
 
 [workspace.lints.rust]
 unsafe_code = "allow"
+unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn = "deny"
 
 [workspace.lints.clippy]
 perf = "warn"
diff --git a/common/src/boxvec.rs b/common/src/boxvec.rs
index 9b73fa0103..3b1f7e90a0 100644
--- a/common/src/boxvec.rs
+++ b/common/src/boxvec.rs
@@ -87,13 +87,16 @@ impl<T> BoxVec<T> {
     pub unsafe fn push_unchecked(&mut self, element: T) {
         let len = self.len();
         debug_assert!(len < self.capacity());
-        ptr::write(self.get_unchecked_ptr(len), element);
-        self.set_len(len + 1);
+        // SAFETY: len < capacity
+        unsafe {
+            ptr::write(self.get_unchecked_ptr(len), element);
+            self.set_len(len + 1);
+        }
     }
 
     /// Get pointer to where element at `index` would be
     unsafe fn get_unchecked_ptr(&mut self, index: usize) -> *mut T {
-        self.xs.as_mut_ptr().add(index).cast()
+        unsafe { self.xs.as_mut_ptr().add(index).cast() }
     }
 
     pub fn insert(&mut self, index: usize, element: T) {
@@ -568,7 +571,7 @@ unsafe fn raw_ptr_add<T>(ptr: *mut T, offset: usize) -> *mut T {
         // Special case for ZST
         (ptr as usize).wrapping_add(offset) as _
     } else {
-        ptr.add(offset)
+        unsafe { ptr.add(offset) }
     }
 }
 
@@ -576,7 +579,7 @@ unsafe fn raw_ptr_write<T>(ptr: *mut T, value: T) {
     if mem::size_of::<T>() == 0 {
         /* nothing */
     } else {
-        ptr::write(ptr, value)
+        unsafe { ptr::write(ptr, value) }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/common/src/encodings.rs b/common/src/encodings.rs
index 4e0c1de56a..858d3b8c6b 100644
--- a/common/src/encodings.rs
+++ b/common/src/encodings.rs
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ struct DecodeError<'a> {
 /// # Safety
 /// `v[..valid_up_to]` must be valid utf8
 unsafe fn make_decode_err(v: &[u8], valid_up_to: usize, err_len: Option<usize>) -> DecodeError<'_> {
-    let valid_prefix = core::str::from_utf8_unchecked(v.get_unchecked(..valid_up_to));
-    let rest = v.get_unchecked(valid_up_to..);
+    let (valid_prefix, rest) = unsafe { v.split_at_unchecked(valid_up_to) };
+    let valid_prefix = unsafe { core::str::from_utf8_unchecked(valid_prefix) };
     DecodeError {
         valid_prefix,
         rest,
diff --git a/common/src/linked_list.rs b/common/src/linked_list.rs
index 3040bab0b9..7f55d727fb 100644
--- a/common/src/linked_list.rs
+++ b/common/src/linked_list.rs
@@ -208,37 +208,39 @@ impl<L: Link> LinkedList<L, L::Target> {
     /// The caller **must** ensure that `node` is currently contained by
     /// `self` or not contained by any other list.
     pub unsafe fn remove(&mut self, node: NonNull<L::Target>) -> Option<L::Handle> {
-        if let Some(prev) = L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_prev() {
-            debug_assert_eq!(L::pointers(prev).as_ref().get_next(), Some(node));
-            L::pointers(prev)
-                .as_mut()
-                .set_next(L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_next());
-        } else {
-            if self.head != Some(node) {
-                return None;
+        unsafe {
+            if let Some(prev) = L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_prev() {
+                debug_assert_eq!(L::pointers(prev).as_ref().get_next(), Some(node));
+                L::pointers(prev)
+                    .as_mut()
+                    .set_next(L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_next());
+            } else {
+                if self.head != Some(node) {
+                    return None;
+                }
+
+                self.head = L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_next();
             }
 
-            self.head = L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_next();
-        }
+            if let Some(next) = L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_next() {
+                debug_assert_eq!(L::pointers(next).as_ref().get_prev(), Some(node));
+                L::pointers(next)
+                    .as_mut()
+                    .set_prev(L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_prev());
+            } else {
+                // // This might be the last item in the list
+                // if self.tail != Some(node) {
+                //     return None;
+                // }
+
+                // self.tail = L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_prev();
+            }
 
-        if let Some(next) = L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_next() {
-            debug_assert_eq!(L::pointers(next).as_ref().get_prev(), Some(node));
-            L::pointers(next)
-                .as_mut()
-                .set_prev(L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_prev());
-        } else {
-            // // This might be the last item in the list
-            // if self.tail != Some(node) {
-            //     return None;
-            // }
+            L::pointers(node).as_mut().set_next(None);
+            L::pointers(node).as_mut().set_prev(None);
 
-            // self.tail = L::pointers(node).as_ref().get_prev();
+            Some(L::from_raw(node))
         }
-
-        L::pointers(node).as_mut().set_next(None);
-        L::pointers(node).as_mut().set_prev(None);
-
-        Some(L::from_raw(node))
     }
 
     // pub fn last(&self) -> Option<&L::Target> {
diff --git a/common/src/lock/cell_lock.rs b/common/src/lock/cell_lock.rs
index b10101f269..1edd622a20 100644
--- a/common/src/lock/cell_lock.rs
+++ b/common/src/lock/cell_lock.rs
@@ -140,12 +140,12 @@ unsafe impl RawRwLockUpgrade for RawCellRwLock {
 
     #[inline]
     unsafe fn unlock_upgradable(&self) {
-        self.unlock_shared()
+        unsafe { self.unlock_shared() }
     }
 
     #[inline]
     unsafe fn upgrade(&self) {
-        if !self.try_upgrade() {
+        if !unsafe { self.try_upgrade() } {
             deadlock("upgrade ", "RwLock")
         }
     }
diff --git a/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs b/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
index ba36898780..35b0b9ac6d 100644
--- a/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
+++ b/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId> RawThreadMutex<R, G> {
     /// This method may only be called if the mutex is held by the current thread.
     pub unsafe fn unlock(&self) {
         self.owner.store(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
-        self.mutex.unlock();
+        unsafe { self.mutex.unlock() };
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 21d342b541..11e49a47db 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -293,10 +293,8 @@ impl<T: OpArgType> Arg<T> {
     /// # Safety
     /// T::from_op_arg(self) must succeed
     pub unsafe fn get_unchecked(self, arg: OpArg) -> T {
-        match T::from_op_arg(arg.0) {
-            Some(t) => t,
-            None => std::hint::unreachable_unchecked(),
-        }
+        // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from caller
+        unsafe { T::from_op_arg(arg.0).unwrap_unchecked() }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/jit/src/lib.rs b/jit/src/lib.rs
index 99bfb45c78..78619eaf62 100644
--- a/jit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/jit/src/lib.rs
@@ -152,12 +152,14 @@ impl CompiledCode {
     }
 
     unsafe fn invoke_raw(&self, cif_args: &[libffi::middle::Arg]) -> Option<AbiValue> {
-        let cif = self.sig.to_cif();
-        let value = cif.call::<UnTypedAbiValue>(
-            libffi::middle::CodePtr::from_ptr(self.code as *const _),
-            cif_args,
-        );
-        self.sig.ret.as_ref().map(|ty| value.to_typed(ty))
+        unsafe {
+            let cif = self.sig.to_cif();
+            let value = cif.call::<UnTypedAbiValue>(
+                libffi::middle::CodePtr::from_ptr(self.code as *const _),
+                cif_args,
+            );
+            self.sig.ret.as_ref().map(|ty| value.to_typed(ty))
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -290,10 +292,12 @@ union UnTypedAbiValue {
 
 impl UnTypedAbiValue {
     unsafe fn to_typed(self, ty: &JitType) -> AbiValue {
-        match ty {
-            JitType::Int => AbiValue::Int(self.int),
-            JitType::Float => AbiValue::Float(self.float),
-            JitType::Bool => AbiValue::Bool(self.boolean != 0),
+        unsafe {
+            match ty {
+                JitType::Int => AbiValue::Int(self.int),
+                JitType::Float => AbiValue::Float(self.float),
+                JitType::Bool => AbiValue::Bool(self.boolean != 0),
+            }
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/locale.rs b/stdlib/src/locale.rs
index bbe1008e53..7390561af7 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/locale.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/locale.rs
@@ -78,11 +78,13 @@ mod _locale {
             return vm.ctx.new_list(group_vec);
         }
 
-        let mut ptr = group;
-        while ![0, libc::c_char::MAX].contains(&*ptr) {
-            let val = vm.ctx.new_int(*ptr);
-            group_vec.push(val.into());
-            ptr = ptr.add(1);
+        unsafe {
+            let mut ptr = group;
+            while ![0, libc::c_char::MAX].contains(&*ptr) {
+                let val = vm.ctx.new_int(*ptr);
+                group_vec.push(val.into());
+                ptr = ptr.add(1);
+            }
         }
         // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/677320348728ce058fa3579017e985af74a236d4/Modules/_localemodule.c#L80
         if !group_vec.is_empty() {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index af76d86c8a..dfc974943a 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -36,28 +36,30 @@ mod platform {
     // based off winsock2.h: https://gist.github.com/piscisaureus/906386#file-winsock2-h-L128-L141
 
     pub unsafe fn FD_SET(fd: RawFd, set: *mut fd_set) {
-        let mut slot = (&raw mut (*set).fd_array).cast::<RawFd>();
-        let fd_count = (*set).fd_count;
-        for _ in 0..fd_count {
-            if *slot == fd {
-                return;
+        unsafe {
+            let mut slot = (&raw mut (*set).fd_array).cast::<RawFd>();
+            let fd_count = (*set).fd_count;
+            for _ in 0..fd_count {
+                if *slot == fd {
+                    return;
+                }
+                slot = slot.add(1);
+            }
+            // slot == &fd_array[fd_count] at this point
+            if fd_count < FD_SETSIZE {
+                *slot = fd as RawFd;
+                (*set).fd_count += 1;
             }
-            slot = slot.add(1);
-        }
-        // slot == &fd_array[fd_count] at this point
-        if fd_count < FD_SETSIZE {
-            *slot = fd as RawFd;
-            (*set).fd_count += 1;
         }
     }
 
     pub unsafe fn FD_ZERO(set: *mut fd_set) {
-        (*set).fd_count = 0;
+        unsafe { (*set).fd_count = 0 };
     }
 
     pub unsafe fn FD_ISSET(fd: RawFd, set: *mut fd_set) -> bool {
         use WinSock::__WSAFDIsSet;
-        __WSAFDIsSet(fd as _, set) != 0
+        unsafe { __WSAFDIsSet(fd as _, set) != 0 }
     }
 
     pub fn check_err(x: i32) -> bool {
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ mod platform {
 
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     pub unsafe fn FD_ISSET(fd: RawFd, set: *const fd_set) -> bool {
-        let set = &*set;
+        let set = unsafe { &*set };
         let n = set.__nfds;
         for p in &set.__fds[..n] {
             if *p == fd {
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ mod platform {
 
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     pub unsafe fn FD_SET(fd: RawFd, set: *mut fd_set) {
-        let set = &mut *set;
+        let set = unsafe { &mut *set };
         let n = set.__nfds;
         for p in &set.__fds[..n] {
             if *p == fd {
@@ -107,7 +109,7 @@ mod platform {
 
     #[allow(non_snake_case)]
     pub unsafe fn FD_ZERO(set: *mut fd_set) {
-        let set = &mut *set;
+        let set = unsafe { &mut *set };
         set.__nfds = 0;
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index bf2f5ecd30..4172c5bb35 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -1788,7 +1788,7 @@ mod _socket {
     }
 
     unsafe fn slice_as_uninit<T>(v: &mut [T]) -> &mut [MaybeUninit<T>] {
-        &mut *(v as *mut [T] as *mut [MaybeUninit<T>])
+        unsafe { &mut *(v as *mut [T] as *mut [MaybeUninit<T>]) }
     }
 
     enum IoOrPyException {
@@ -2312,12 +2312,12 @@ mod _socket {
         #[cfg(unix)]
         {
             use std::os::unix::io::FromRawFd;
-            Socket::from_raw_fd(fileno)
+            unsafe { Socket::from_raw_fd(fileno) }
         }
         #[cfg(windows)]
         {
             use std::os::windows::io::FromRawSocket;
-            Socket::from_raw_socket(fileno)
+            unsafe { Socket::from_raw_socket(fileno) }
         }
     }
     pub(super) fn sock_fileno(sock: &Socket) -> RawSocket {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index 6cb3deae7d..1d2c6928e7 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
         }
 
         unsafe extern "C" fn destructor(data: *mut c_void) {
-            drop(Box::from_raw(data.cast::<Self>()));
+            drop(unsafe { Box::from_raw(data.cast::<Self>()) });
         }
 
         unsafe extern "C" fn func_callback(
@@ -407,8 +407,8 @@ mod _sqlite {
             argv: *mut *mut sqlite3_value,
         ) {
             let context = SqliteContext::from(context);
-            let (func, vm) = (*context.user_data::<Self>()).retrieve();
-            let args = std::slice::from_raw_parts(argv, argc as usize);
+            let (func, vm) = unsafe { (*context.user_data::<Self>()).retrieve() };
+            let args = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(argv, argc as usize) };
 
             let f = || -> PyResult<()> {
                 let db = context.db_handle();
@@ -434,12 +434,12 @@ mod _sqlite {
             argv: *mut *mut sqlite3_value,
         ) {
             let context = SqliteContext::from(context);
-            let (cls, vm) = (*context.user_data::<Self>()).retrieve();
-            let args = std::slice::from_raw_parts(argv, argc as usize);
+            let (cls, vm) = unsafe { (*context.user_data::<Self>()).retrieve() };
+            let args = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(argv, argc as usize) };
             let instance = context.aggregate_context::<*const PyObject>();
-            if (*instance).is_null() {
+            if unsafe { (*instance).is_null() } {
                 match cls.call((), vm) {
-                    Ok(obj) => *instance = obj.into_raw(),
+                    Ok(obj) => unsafe { *instance = obj.into_raw() },
                     Err(exc) => {
                         return context.result_exception(
                             vm,
@@ -449,16 +449,16 @@ mod _sqlite {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            let instance = &**instance;
+            let instance = unsafe { &**instance };
 
             Self::call_method_with_args(context, instance, "step", args, vm);
         }
 
         unsafe extern "C" fn finalize_callback(context: *mut sqlite3_context) {
             let context = SqliteContext::from(context);
-            let (_, vm) = (*context.user_data::<Self>()).retrieve();
+            let (_, vm) = unsafe { (*context.user_data::<Self>()).retrieve() };
             let instance = context.aggregate_context::<*const PyObject>();
-            let Some(instance) = (*instance).as_ref() else {
+            let Some(instance) = (unsafe { (*instance).as_ref() }) else {
                 return;
             };
 
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
             b_len: c_int,
             b_ptr: *const c_void,
         ) -> c_int {
-            let (callable, vm) = (*data.cast::<Self>()).retrieve();
+            let (callable, vm) = unsafe { (*data.cast::<Self>()).retrieve() };
 
             let f = || -> PyResult<c_int> {
                 let text1 = ptr_to_string(a_ptr.cast(), a_len, null_mut(), vm)?;
@@ -499,9 +499,9 @@ mod _sqlite {
 
         unsafe extern "C" fn value_callback(context: *mut sqlite3_context) {
             let context = SqliteContext::from(context);
-            let (_, vm) = (*context.user_data::<Self>()).retrieve();
+            let (_, vm) = unsafe { (*context.user_data::<Self>()).retrieve() };
             let instance = context.aggregate_context::<*const PyObject>();
-            let instance = &**instance;
+            let instance = unsafe { &**instance };
 
             Self::callback_result_from_method(context, instance, "value", vm);
         }
@@ -512,10 +512,10 @@ mod _sqlite {
             argv: *mut *mut sqlite3_value,
         ) {
             let context = SqliteContext::from(context);
-            let (_, vm) = (*context.user_data::<Self>()).retrieve();
-            let args = std::slice::from_raw_parts(argv, argc as usize);
+            let (_, vm) = unsafe { (*context.user_data::<Self>()).retrieve() };
+            let args = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(argv, argc as usize) };
             let instance = context.aggregate_context::<*const PyObject>();
-            let instance = &**instance;
+            let instance = unsafe { &**instance };
 
             Self::call_method_with_args(context, instance, "inverse", args, vm);
         }
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
             db_name: *const libc::c_char,
             access: *const libc::c_char,
         ) -> c_int {
-            let (callable, vm) = (*data.cast::<Self>()).retrieve();
+            let (callable, vm) = unsafe { (*data.cast::<Self>()).retrieve() };
             let f = || -> PyResult<c_int> {
                 let arg1 = ptr_to_str(arg1, vm)?;
                 let arg2 = ptr_to_str(arg2, vm)?;
@@ -551,8 +551,8 @@ mod _sqlite {
             stmt: *mut c_void,
             sql: *mut c_void,
         ) -> c_int {
-            let (callable, vm) = (*data.cast::<Self>()).retrieve();
-            let expanded = sqlite3_expanded_sql(stmt.cast());
+            let (callable, vm) = unsafe { (*data.cast::<Self>()).retrieve() };
+            let expanded = unsafe { sqlite3_expanded_sql(stmt.cast()) };
             let f = || -> PyResult<()> {
                 let stmt = ptr_to_str(expanded, vm).or_else(|_| ptr_to_str(sql.cast(), vm))?;
                 callable.call((stmt,), vm)?;
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
         }
 
         unsafe extern "C" fn progress_callback(data: *mut c_void) -> c_int {
-            let (callable, vm) = (*data.cast::<Self>()).retrieve();
+            let (callable, vm) = unsafe { (*data.cast::<Self>()).retrieve() };
             if let Ok(val) = callable.call((), vm) {
                 if let Ok(val) = val.is_true(vm) {
                     return val as c_int;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index 3622b74d1a..eb757f9a71 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     // if openssl is vendored, it doesn't know the locations of system certificates
     #[cfg(feature = "ssl-vendor")]
     if let None | Some("0") = option_env!("OPENSSL_NO_VENDOR") {
-        openssl_probe::init_ssl_cert_env_vars();
+        // TODO: use openssl_probe::probe() instead
+        unsafe { openssl_probe::init_openssl_env_vars() };
     }
     openssl::init();
     _ssl::make_module(vm)
@@ -283,7 +284,7 @@ mod _ssl {
         if ptr.is_null() {
             None
         } else {
-            Some(Asn1Object::from_ptr(ptr))
+            Some(unsafe { Asn1Object::from_ptr(ptr) })
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index f5a340836c..f37a004297 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ impl PyStr {
     /// # Safety
     /// Given `bytes` must be ascii
     pub unsafe fn new_ascii_unchecked(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
-        Self::new_str_unchecked(bytes, PyStrKind::Ascii)
+        unsafe { Self::new_str_unchecked(bytes, PyStrKind::Ascii) }
     }
 
     pub fn new_ref(zelf: impl Into<Self>, ctx: &Context) -> PyRef<Self> {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index 15df5ff3c5..c3fc28cd60 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub struct PointerSlot<T>(NonNull<T>);
 
 impl<T> PointerSlot<T> {
     pub unsafe fn borrow_static(&self) -> &'static T {
-        self.0.as_ref()
+        unsafe { self.0.as_ref() }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/function/method.rs b/vm/src/function/method.rs
index c8652ffb50..adf53d7d93 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/method.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/method.rs
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ impl HeapMethodDef {
 
 impl Py<HeapMethodDef> {
     pub(crate) unsafe fn method(&self) -> &'static PyMethodDef {
-        &*(&self.method as *const _)
+        unsafe { &*(&self.method as *const _) }
     }
 
     pub fn build_function(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyNativeFunction> {
diff --git a/vm/src/intern.rs b/vm/src/intern.rs
index 45bd45d965..5bb657f222 100644
--- a/vm/src/intern.rs
+++ b/vm/src/intern.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl CachedPyStrRef {
     /// the given cache must be alive while returned reference is alive
     #[inline]
     unsafe fn as_interned_str(&self) -> &'static PyStrInterned {
-        std::mem::transmute_copy(self)
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute_copy(self) }
     }
 
     #[inline]
diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index b326935464..f8a5ceef93 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -77,19 +77,19 @@ use std::{
 pub(super) struct Erased;
 
 pub(super) unsafe fn drop_dealloc_obj<T: PyObjectPayload>(x: *mut PyObject) {
-    drop(Box::from_raw(x as *mut PyInner<T>));
+    drop(unsafe { Box::from_raw(x as *mut PyInner<T>) });
 }
 pub(super) unsafe fn debug_obj<T: PyObjectPayload>(
     x: &PyObject,
     f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
 ) -> fmt::Result {
-    let x = &*(x as *const PyObject as *const PyInner<T>);
+    let x = unsafe { &*(x as *const PyObject as *const PyInner<T>) };
     fmt::Debug::fmt(x, f)
 }
 
 /// Call `try_trace` on payload
 pub(super) unsafe fn try_trace_obj<T: PyObjectPayload>(x: &PyObject, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
-    let x = &*(x as *const PyObject as *const PyInner<T>);
+    let x = unsafe { &*(x as *const PyObject as *const PyInner<T>) };
     let payload = &x.payload;
     payload.try_traverse(tracer_fn)
 }
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ impl WeakRefList {
     }
 
     unsafe fn dealloc(ptr: NonNull<PyMutex<WeakListInner>>) {
-        drop(Box::from_raw(ptr.as_ptr()));
+        drop(unsafe { Box::from_raw(ptr.as_ptr()) });
     }
 
     fn get_weak_references(&self) -> Vec<PyRef<PyWeak>> {
@@ -317,12 +317,14 @@ unsafe impl Link for WeakLink {
 
     #[inline(always)]
     unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: NonNull<Self::Target>) -> Self::Handle {
-        PyRef::from_raw(ptr.as_ptr())
+        // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from caller
+        unsafe { PyRef::from_raw(ptr.as_ptr()) }
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
     unsafe fn pointers(target: NonNull<Self::Target>) -> NonNull<Pointers<Self::Target>> {
-        NonNull::new_unchecked(&raw mut (*target.as_ptr()).0.payload.pointers)
+        // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from caller
+        unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(&raw mut (*target.as_ptr()).0.payload.pointers) }
     }
 }
 
@@ -520,7 +522,7 @@ impl PyObjectRef {
     #[inline(always)]
     pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *const PyObject) -> Self {
         Self {
-            ptr: NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr as *mut PyObject),
+            ptr: unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr as *mut PyObject) },
         }
     }
 
@@ -567,7 +569,8 @@ impl PyObjectRef {
     #[inline(always)]
     pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked_ref<T: PyObjectPayload>(&self) -> &Py<T> {
         debug_assert!(self.payload_is::<T>());
-        &*(self as *const PyObjectRef as *const PyRef<T>)
+        // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from caller
+        unsafe { &*(self as *const PyObjectRef as *const PyRef<T>) }
     }
 
     // ideally we'd be able to define these in pyobject.rs, but method visibility rules are weird
@@ -752,7 +755,8 @@ impl PyObject {
     #[inline(always)]
     pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked_ref<T: PyObjectPayload>(&self) -> &Py<T> {
         debug_assert!(self.payload_is::<T>());
-        &*(self as *const PyObject as *const Py<T>)
+        // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from caller
+        unsafe { &*(self as *const PyObject as *const Py<T>) }
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
@@ -814,13 +818,13 @@ impl PyObject {
     /// Can only be called when ref_count has dropped to zero. `ptr` must be valid
     #[inline(never)]
     unsafe fn drop_slow(ptr: NonNull<PyObject>) {
-        if let Err(()) = ptr.as_ref().drop_slow_inner() {
+        if let Err(()) = unsafe { ptr.as_ref().drop_slow_inner() } {
             // abort drop for whatever reason
             return;
         }
-        let drop_dealloc = ptr.as_ref().0.vtable.drop_dealloc;
+        let drop_dealloc = unsafe { ptr.as_ref().0.vtable.drop_dealloc };
         // call drop only when there are no references in scope - stacked borrows stuff
-        drop_dealloc(ptr.as_ptr())
+        unsafe { drop_dealloc(ptr.as_ptr()) }
     }
 
     /// # Safety
@@ -1022,7 +1026,7 @@ impl<T: PyObjectPayload> PyRef<T> {
     #[inline(always)]
     pub(crate) unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *const Py<T>) -> Self {
         Self {
-            ptr: NonNull::new_unchecked(raw as *mut _),
+            ptr: unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(raw as *mut _) },
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/object/ext.rs b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
index f7247bc5e0..59650443b0 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/ext.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl<T: PyPayload> PyExact<T> {
     /// Given reference must be exact type of payload T
     #[inline(always)]
     pub unsafe fn ref_unchecked(r: &Py<T>) -> &Self {
-        &*(r as *const _ as *const Self)
+        unsafe { &*(r as *const _ as *const Self) }
     }
 }
 
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ impl<T: PyObjectPayload> PyAtomicRef<T> {
     pub unsafe fn swap(&self, pyref: PyRef<T>) -> PyRef<T> {
         let py = PyRef::leak(pyref) as *const Py<T> as *mut _;
         let old = Radium::swap(&self.inner, py, Ordering::AcqRel);
-        PyRef::from_raw(old.cast())
+        unsafe { PyRef::from_raw(old.cast()) }
     }
 
     pub fn swap_to_temporary_refs(&self, pyref: PyRef<T>, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ impl PyAtomicRef<PyObject> {
     pub unsafe fn swap(&self, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyObjectRef {
         let obj = obj.into_raw();
         let old = Radium::swap(&self.inner, obj as *mut _, Ordering::AcqRel);
-        PyObjectRef::from_raw(old as _)
+        unsafe { PyObjectRef::from_raw(old as _) }
     }
 
     pub fn swap_to_temporary_refs(&self, obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
@@ -422,9 +422,11 @@ impl PyAtomicRef<Option<PyObject>> {
     pub unsafe fn swap(&self, obj: Option<PyObjectRef>) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
         let val = obj.map(|x| x.into_raw() as *mut _).unwrap_or(null_mut());
         let old = Radium::swap(&self.inner, val, Ordering::AcqRel);
-        old.cast::<PyObject>()
-            .as_ref()
-            .map(|x| PyObjectRef::from_raw(x))
+        unsafe {
+            old.cast::<PyObject>()
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|x| PyObjectRef::from_raw(x))
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn swap_to_temporary_refs(&self, obj: Option<PyObjectRef>, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
index 3783ccf4b6..0dfe3f0027 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
@@ -133,8 +133,11 @@ impl PyBuffer {
     // after this function, the owner should use forget()
     // or wrap PyBuffer in the ManaullyDrop to prevent drop()
     pub(crate) unsafe fn drop_without_release(&mut self) {
-        std::ptr::drop_in_place(&mut self.obj);
-        std::ptr::drop_in_place(&mut self.desc);
+        // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from caller
+        unsafe {
+            std::ptr::drop_in_place(&mut self.obj);
+            std::ptr::drop_in_place(&mut self.desc);
+        }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 1b843bab60..c913ca0e5c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -2299,7 +2299,7 @@ pub mod module {
 
     #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
     unsafe fn sys_getrandom(buf: *mut libc::c_void, buflen: usize, flags: u32) -> isize {
-        libc::syscall(libc::SYS_getrandom, buf, buflen, flags as usize) as _
+        unsafe { libc::syscall(libc::SYS_getrandom, buf, buflen, flags as usize) as _ }
     }
 
     #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 5a493c3472..73915ab7dc 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -209,7 +209,9 @@ mod decl {
         use crate::builtins::tuple::IntoPyTuple;
 
         unsafe fn to_str(s: *const std::ffi::c_char) -> String {
-            std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr(s).to_string_lossy().into_owned()
+            unsafe { std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr(s) }
+                .to_string_lossy()
+                .into_owned()
         }
         unsafe { (to_str(super::c_tzname[0]), to_str(super::c_tzname[1])) }.into_pytuple(vm)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/context.rs b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
index f67035d0f3..9f031f01ce 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/context.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ macro_rules! declare_const_name {
         impl ConstName {
             unsafe fn new(pool: &StringPool, typ: &PyTypeRef) -> Self {
                 Self {
-                    $($name: pool.intern(stringify!($name), typ.clone()),)*
+                    $($name: unsafe { pool.intern(stringify!($name), typ.clone()) },)*
                 }
             }
         }

From 0a8b0406f57542e0afb31096ddb0301e8ac9131e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 21:11:25 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 450/705] Enable missing_unsafe_on_extern lint

---
 Cargo.toml              | 2 ++
 common/src/crt_fd.rs    | 4 ++--
 common/src/fileutils.rs | 2 +-
 common/src/macros.rs    | 2 +-
 common/src/os.rs        | 4 ++--
 src/lib.rs              | 2 +-
 stdlib/src/locale.rs    | 2 +-
 stdlib/src/select.rs    | 2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs | 6 +++---
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs     | 4 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs     | 2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs  | 4 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs | 2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs   | 2 +-
 14 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 7ae2ea202e..a667b737f8 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -190,6 +190,8 @@ wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100"
 [workspace.lints.rust]
 unsafe_code = "allow"
 unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn = "deny"
+missing_unsafe_on_extern = "deny"
+unsafe_attr_outside_unsafe = "deny"
 
 [workspace.lints.clippy]
 perf = "warn"
diff --git a/common/src/crt_fd.rs b/common/src/crt_fd.rs
index 14f61b8059..64d4df98a5 100644
--- a/common/src/crt_fd.rs
+++ b/common/src/crt_fd.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{cmp, ffi, io};
 #[cfg(windows)]
 use libc::commit as fsync;
 #[cfg(windows)]
-extern "C" {
+unsafe extern "C" {
     #[link_name = "_chsize_s"]
     fn ftruncate(fd: i32, len: i64) -> i32;
 }
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ impl Fd {
 
     #[cfg(windows)]
     pub fn to_raw_handle(&self) -> io::Result<std::os::windows::io::RawHandle> {
-        extern "C" {
+        unsafe extern "C" {
             fn _get_osfhandle(fd: i32) -> libc::intptr_t;
         }
         let handle = unsafe { suppress_iph!(_get_osfhandle(self.0)) };
diff --git a/common/src/fileutils.rs b/common/src/fileutils.rs
index dcb78675d8..8713e11229 100644
--- a/common/src/fileutils.rs
+++ b/common/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub mod windows {
         }
     }
 
-    extern "C" {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         fn _get_osfhandle(fd: i32) -> libc::intptr_t;
     }
 
diff --git a/common/src/macros.rs b/common/src/macros.rs
index 318ab06986..08d00e592d 100644
--- a/common/src/macros.rs
+++ b/common/src/macros.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub mod __macro_private {
         libc::uintptr_t,
     );
     #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
-    extern "C" {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         pub fn _set_thread_local_invalid_parameter_handler(
             pNew: InvalidParamHandler,
         ) -> InvalidParamHandler;
diff --git a/common/src/os.rs b/common/src/os.rs
index c16ec014c5..8a832270bc 100644
--- a/common/src/os.rs
+++ b/common/src/os.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ pub fn last_os_error() -> io::Error {
     let err = io::Error::last_os_error();
     // FIXME: probably not ideal, we need a bigger dichotomy between GetLastError and errno
     if err.raw_os_error() == Some(0) {
-        extern "C" {
+        unsafe extern "C" {
             fn _get_errno(pValue: *mut i32) -> i32;
         }
         let mut errno = 0;
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub fn last_os_error() -> io::Error {
 pub fn last_posix_errno() -> i32 {
     let err = io::Error::last_os_error();
     if err.raw_os_error() == Some(0) {
-        extern "C" {
+        unsafe extern "C" {
             fn _get_errno(pValue: *mut i32) -> i32;
         }
         let mut errno = 0;
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 0e35a6ad83..9fa38b968c 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub fn run(init: impl FnOnce(&mut VirtualMachine) + 'static) -> ExitCode {
     // don't translate newlines (\r\n <=> \n)
     #[cfg(windows)]
     {
-        extern "C" {
+        unsafe extern "C" {
             fn _setmode(fd: i32, flags: i32) -> i32;
         }
         unsafe {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/locale.rs b/stdlib/src/locale.rs
index 7390561af7..8e44508fb6 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/locale.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/locale.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ struct lconv {
 }
 
 #[cfg(windows)]
-extern "C" {
+unsafe extern "C" {
     fn localeconv() -> *mut lconv;
 }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index dfc974943a..6554064d53 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ mod platform {
         set.__nfds = 0;
     }
 
-    extern "C" {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         pub fn select(
             nfds: libc::c_int,
             readfds: *mut fd_set,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs
index 03ddb44f22..2572494671 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ mod msvcrt {
         unsafe { suppress_iph!(_setmode(fd, libc::O_BINARY)) };
     }
 
-    extern "C" {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         fn _getch() -> i32;
         fn _getwch() -> u32;
         fn _getche() -> i32;
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ mod msvcrt {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    extern "C" {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         fn _setmode(fd: i32, flags: i32) -> i32;
     }
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ mod msvcrt {
         }
     }
 
-    extern "C" {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         fn _open_osfhandle(osfhandle: isize, flags: i32) -> i32;
         fn _get_osfhandle(fd: i32) -> libc::intptr_t;
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index d2785f42dd..09d26ba279 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
 
     // cwait is available on MSVC only (according to CPython)
     #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
-    extern "C" {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         fn _cwait(termstat: *mut i32, procHandle: intptr_t, action: i32) -> intptr_t;
     }
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
     }
 
     #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
-    extern "C" {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         fn _wexecv(cmdname: *const u16, argv: *const *const u16) -> intptr_t;
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index e07dca82ef..61b54f18fd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -966,7 +966,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn abort() {
-        extern "C" {
+        unsafe extern "C" {
             fn abort();
         }
         unsafe { abort() }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index c913ca0e5c..77ebf9e620 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -971,7 +971,7 @@ pub mod module {
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "macos", target_os = "freebsd", target_os = "netbsd",))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn lchmod(path: OsPath, mode: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        extern "C" {
+        unsafe extern "C" {
             fn lchmod(path: *const libc::c_char, mode: libc::mode_t) -> libc::c_int;
         }
         let c_path = path.clone().into_cstring(vm)?;
@@ -1605,7 +1605,7 @@ pub mod module {
     // from libstd:
     // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/blob/daecab3a784f28082df90cebb204998051f3557d/src/libstd/sys/unix/fs.rs#L1251
     #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
-    extern "C" {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         fn fcopyfile(
             in_fd: libc::c_int,
             out_fd: libc::c_int,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index 8c5db53d17..da7c934552 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
     pub const SIG_ERR: sighandler_t = -1 as _;
 
     #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
-    extern "C" {
+    unsafe extern "C" {
         fn siginterrupt(sig: i32, flag: i32) -> i32;
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 73915ab7dc..3c87550f93 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 
 #[cfg(not(target_env = "msvc"))]
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
-extern "C" {
+unsafe extern "C" {
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "freebsd"))]
     #[link_name = "daylight"]
     static c_daylight: std::ffi::c_int;

From 92e02a7f798a62200766701ba7b3d76b072b7525 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2025 18:22:13 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 451/705] Make PyObjectRef::{from,into}_raw() use NonNull

---
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs  |  8 ++++----
 vm/src/object/core.rs | 12 +++++-------
 vm/src/object/ext.rs  | 28 +++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index 1d2c6928e7..9225ccbc50 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
         ffi::{c_int, c_longlong, c_uint, c_void, CStr},
         fmt::Debug,
         ops::Deref,
-        ptr::{null, null_mut},
+        ptr::{null, null_mut, NonNull},
         thread::ThreadId,
     };
 
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
     }
 
     struct CallbackData {
-        obj: *const PyObject,
+        obj: NonNull<PyObject>,
         vm: *const VirtualMachine,
     }
 
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
         }
 
         fn retrieve(&self) -> (&PyObject, &VirtualMachine) {
-            unsafe { (&*self.obj, &*self.vm) }
+            unsafe { (self.obj.as_ref(), &*self.vm) }
         }
 
         unsafe extern "C" fn destructor(data: *mut c_void) {
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
             let instance = context.aggregate_context::<*const PyObject>();
             if unsafe { (*instance).is_null() } {
                 match cls.call((), vm) {
-                    Ok(obj) => unsafe { *instance = obj.into_raw() },
+                    Ok(obj) => unsafe { *instance = obj.into_raw().as_ptr() },
                     Err(exc) => {
                         return context.result_exception(
                             vm,
diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index f8a5ceef93..61c31a02e3 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ impl PyWeak {
             if !obj_ptr.as_ref().0.ref_count.safe_inc() {
                 return None;
             }
-            Some(PyObjectRef::from_raw(obj_ptr.as_ptr()))
+            Some(PyObjectRef::from_raw(obj_ptr))
         }
     }
 
@@ -508,8 +508,8 @@ impl ToOwned for PyObject {
 
 impl PyObjectRef {
     #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn into_raw(self) -> *const PyObject {
-        let ptr = self.as_raw();
+    pub fn into_raw(self) -> NonNull<PyObject> {
+        let ptr = self.ptr;
         std::mem::forget(self);
         ptr
     }
@@ -520,10 +520,8 @@ impl PyObjectRef {
     /// dropped more than once due to mishandling the reference count by calling this function
     /// too many times.
     #[inline(always)]
-    pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: *const PyObject) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            ptr: unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr as *mut PyObject) },
-        }
+    pub unsafe fn from_raw(ptr: NonNull<PyObject>) -> Self {
+        Self { ptr }
     }
 
     /// Attempt to downcast this reference to a subclass.
diff --git a/vm/src/object/ext.rs b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
index 59650443b0..129a6a79bb 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/ext.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,13 @@ use crate::{
     vm::Context,
     VirtualMachine,
 };
-use std::{borrow::Borrow, fmt, marker::PhantomData, ops::Deref, ptr::null_mut};
+use std::{
+    borrow::Borrow,
+    fmt,
+    marker::PhantomData,
+    ops::Deref,
+    ptr::{null_mut, NonNull},
+};
 
 /* Python objects and references.
 
@@ -352,7 +358,7 @@ impl From<PyObjectRef> for PyAtomicRef<PyObject> {
     fn from(obj: PyObjectRef) -> Self {
         let obj = obj.into_raw();
         Self {
-            inner: Radium::new(obj as *mut _),
+            inner: Radium::new(obj.cast().as_ptr()),
             _phantom: Default::default(),
         }
     }
@@ -379,8 +385,8 @@ impl PyAtomicRef<PyObject> {
     #[must_use]
     pub unsafe fn swap(&self, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyObjectRef {
         let obj = obj.into_raw();
-        let old = Radium::swap(&self.inner, obj as *mut _, Ordering::AcqRel);
-        unsafe { PyObjectRef::from_raw(old as _) }
+        let old = Radium::swap(&self.inner, obj.cast().as_ptr(), Ordering::AcqRel);
+        unsafe { PyObjectRef::from_raw(NonNull::new_unchecked(old.cast())) }
     }
 
     pub fn swap_to_temporary_refs(&self, obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
@@ -393,7 +399,9 @@ impl PyAtomicRef<PyObject> {
 
 impl From<Option<PyObjectRef>> for PyAtomicRef<Option<PyObject>> {
     fn from(obj: Option<PyObjectRef>) -> Self {
-        let val = obj.map(|x| x.into_raw() as *mut _).unwrap_or(null_mut());
+        let val = obj
+            .map(|x| x.into_raw().as_ptr().cast())
+            .unwrap_or(null_mut());
         Self {
             inner: Radium::new(val),
             _phantom: Default::default(),
@@ -420,13 +428,11 @@ impl PyAtomicRef<Option<PyObject>> {
     /// until no more reference can be used via PyAtomicRef::deref()
     #[must_use]
     pub unsafe fn swap(&self, obj: Option<PyObjectRef>) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
-        let val = obj.map(|x| x.into_raw() as *mut _).unwrap_or(null_mut());
+        let val = obj
+            .map(|x| x.into_raw().as_ptr().cast())
+            .unwrap_or(null_mut());
         let old = Radium::swap(&self.inner, val, Ordering::AcqRel);
-        unsafe {
-            old.cast::<PyObject>()
-                .as_ref()
-                .map(|x| PyObjectRef::from_raw(x))
-        }
+        unsafe { NonNull::new(old.cast::<PyObject>()).map(|x| PyObjectRef::from_raw(x)) }
     }
 
     pub fn swap_to_temporary_refs(&self, obj: Option<PyObjectRef>, vm: &VirtualMachine) {

From 4881f61be647f0b30e207bca9225f4d537d79dc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 23:02:50 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 452/705] Mark env::{set,remove}_var() unsafe

---
 Cargo.toml          | 1 +
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs | 6 ++++--
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a667b737f8..19de548286 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ unsafe_code = "allow"
 unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn = "deny"
 missing_unsafe_on_extern = "deny"
 unsafe_attr_outside_unsafe = "deny"
+deprecated_safe_2024 = "deny"
 
 [workspace.lints.clippy]
 perf = "warn"
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 61b54f18fd..380887656b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -401,7 +401,8 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         }
         let key = super::bytes_as_osstr(key, vm)?;
         let value = super::bytes_as_osstr(value, vm)?;
-        env::set_var(key, value);
+        // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from the caller
+        unsafe { env::set_var(key, value) };
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -421,7 +422,8 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
             ));
         }
         let key = super::bytes_as_osstr(key, vm)?;
-        env::remove_var(key);
+        // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from the caller
+        unsafe { env::remove_var(key) };
         Ok(())
     }
 

From 085ac8843892da5e66c4f7e467e58c717422d6cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Feb 2025 22:47:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 453/705] Use non-env-var methods from openssl_probe

---
 stdlib/Cargo.toml |   4 +-
 stdlib/build.rs   |   6 +++
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs | 132 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 vm/src/utils.rs   |  23 ++++----
 4 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index b5cfab98b4..37e17e2fc8 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ threading = ["rustpython-common/threading", "rustpython-vm/threading"]
 zlib = ["libz-sys", "flate2/zlib"]
 bz2 = ["bzip2"]
 sqlite = ["dep:libsqlite3-sys"]
-ssl = ["openssl", "openssl-sys", "foreign-types-shared"]
-ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "openssl/vendored", "openssl-probe"]
+ssl = ["openssl", "openssl-sys", "foreign-types-shared", "openssl-probe"]
+ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "openssl/vendored"]
 
 [dependencies]
 # rustpython crates
diff --git a/stdlib/build.rs b/stdlib/build.rs
index 0109c633d7..3eb8a2d6b6 100644
--- a/stdlib/build.rs
+++ b/stdlib/build.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 fn main() {
     println!(r#"cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(osslconf, values("OPENSSL_NO_COMP"))"#);
+    println!(r#"cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(openssl_vendored)"#);
 
     #[allow(clippy::unusual_byte_groupings)]
     let ossl_vers = [
@@ -36,4 +37,9 @@ fn main() {
             println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=osslconf=\"{conf}\"");
         }
     }
+    // it's possible for openssl-sys to link against the system openssl under certain conditions,
+    // so let the ssl module know to only perform a probe if we're actually vendored
+    if std::env::var("DEP_OPENSSL_VENDORED").is_ok_and(|s| s == "1") {
+        println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=openssl_vendored")
+    }
 }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index eb757f9a71..e90f08f2ef 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,32 @@
 use crate::vm::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use openssl_probe::ProbeResult;
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
-    // if openssl is vendored, it doesn't know the locations of system certificates
-    #[cfg(feature = "ssl-vendor")]
-    if let None | Some("0") = option_env!("OPENSSL_NO_VENDOR") {
-        // TODO: use openssl_probe::probe() instead
-        unsafe { openssl_probe::init_openssl_env_vars() };
-    }
-    openssl::init();
+    // if openssl is vendored, it doesn't know the locations
+    // of system certificates - cache the probe result now.
+    #[cfg(openssl_vendored)]
+    LazyLock::force(&PROBE);
     _ssl::make_module(vm)
 }
 
+// define our own copy of ProbeResult so we can handle the vendor case
+// easily, without having to have a bunch of cfgs
+cfg_if::cfg_if! {
+    if #[cfg(openssl_vendored)] {
+        use std::sync::LazyLock;
+        static PROBE: LazyLock<ProbeResult> = LazyLock::new(openssl_probe::probe);
+        fn probe() -> &'static ProbeResult { &PROBE }
+    } else {
+        fn probe() -> &'static ProbeResult {
+            &ProbeResult { cert_file: None, cert_dir: None }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
 #[pymodule(with(ossl101, windows))]
 mod _ssl {
-    use super::bio;
+    use super::{bio, probe};
     use crate::{
         common::{
             ascii,
@@ -46,10 +58,12 @@ mod _ssl {
         x509::{self, X509Ref, X509},
     };
     use openssl_sys as sys;
+    use rustpython_vm::ospath::OsPath;
     use std::{
         ffi::CStr,
         fmt,
         io::{Read, Write},
+        path::Path,
         time::Instant,
     };
 
@@ -355,21 +369,43 @@ mod _ssl {
             .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_value_error(format!("unknown NID {nid}")))
     }
 
-    #[pyfunction]
-    fn get_default_verify_paths() -> (String, String, String, String) {
-        macro_rules! convert {
-            ($f:ident) => {
-                CStr::from_ptr(sys::$f()).to_string_lossy().into_owned()
-            };
-        }
-        unsafe {
-            (
-                convert!(X509_get_default_cert_file_env),
-                convert!(X509_get_default_cert_file),
-                convert!(X509_get_default_cert_dir_env),
-                convert!(X509_get_default_cert_dir),
-            )
+    fn get_cert_file_dir() -> (&'static Path, &'static Path) {
+        let probe = probe();
+        // on windows, these should be utf8 strings
+        fn path_from_bytes(c: &CStr) -> &Path {
+            #[cfg(unix)]
+            {
+                use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
+                std::ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(c.to_bytes()).as_ref()
+            }
+            #[cfg(windows)]
+            {
+                c.to_str().unwrap().as_ref()
+            }
         }
+        let cert_file = probe.cert_file.as_deref().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            path_from_bytes(unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(sys::X509_get_default_cert_file()) })
+        });
+        let cert_dir = probe.cert_dir.as_deref().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+            path_from_bytes(unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(sys::X509_get_default_cert_dir()) })
+        });
+        (cert_file, cert_dir)
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn get_default_verify_paths(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<(&'static str, PyObjectRef, &'static str, PyObjectRef)> {
+        let cert_file_env = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(sys::X509_get_default_cert_file_env()) }
+            .to_str()
+            .unwrap();
+        let cert_dir_env = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr(sys::X509_get_default_cert_dir_env()) }
+            .to_str()
+            .unwrap();
+        let (cert_file, cert_dir) = get_cert_file_dir();
+        let cert_file = OsPath::new_str(cert_file).filename(vm)?;
+        let cert_dir = OsPath::new_str(cert_dir).filename(vm)?;
+        Ok((cert_file_env, cert_file, cert_dir_env, cert_dir))
     }
 
     #[pyfunction(name = "RAND_status")]
@@ -591,9 +627,18 @@ mod _ssl {
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn set_default_verify_paths(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-            self.builder()
-                .set_default_verify_paths()
-                .map_err(|e| convert_openssl_error(vm, e))
+            cfg_if::cfg_if! {
+                if #[cfg(openssl_vendored)] {
+                    let (cert_file, cert_dir) = get_cert_file_dir();
+                    self.builder()
+                        .load_verify_locations(Some(cert_file), Some(cert_dir))
+                        .map_err(|e| convert_openssl_error(vm, e))
+                } else {
+                    self.builder()
+                        .set_default_verify_paths()
+                        .map_err(|e| convert_openssl_error(vm, e))
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
@@ -640,6 +685,12 @@ mod _ssl {
                     vm.new_type_error("cafile, capath and cadata cannot be all omitted".to_owned())
                 );
             }
+            if let Some(cafile) = &args.cafile {
+                cafile.ensure_no_nul(vm)?
+            }
+            if let Some(capath) = &args.capath {
+                capath.ensure_no_nul(vm)?
+            }
 
             #[cold]
             fn invalid_cadata(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
@@ -648,6 +699,8 @@ mod _ssl {
                 )
             }
 
+            let mut ctx = self.builder();
+
             // validate cadata type and load cadata
             if let Some(cadata) = args.cadata {
                 let certs = match cadata {
@@ -660,7 +713,6 @@ mod _ssl {
                     Either::B(b) => b.with_ref(x509_stack_from_der),
                 };
                 let certs = certs.map_err(|e| convert_openssl_error(vm, e))?;
-                let mut ctx = self.builder();
                 let store = ctx.cert_store_mut();
                 for cert in certs {
                     store
@@ -670,29 +722,11 @@ mod _ssl {
             }
 
             if args.cafile.is_some() || args.capath.is_some() {
-                let cafile = args.cafile.map(|s| s.to_cstring(vm)).transpose()?;
-                let capath = args.capath.map(|s| s.to_cstring(vm)).transpose()?;
-                let ret = unsafe {
-                    let ctx = self.ctx.write();
-                    sys::SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations(
-                        ctx.as_ptr(),
-                        cafile
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .map_or_else(std::ptr::null, |cs| cs.as_ptr()),
-                        capath
-                            .as_ref()
-                            .map_or_else(std::ptr::null, |cs| cs.as_ptr()),
-                    )
-                };
-                if ret != 1 {
-                    let errno = crate::common::os::last_posix_errno();
-                    let err = if errno != 0 {
-                        crate::vm::stdlib::os::errno_err(vm)
-                    } else {
-                        convert_openssl_error(vm, ErrorStack::get())
-                    };
-                    return Err(err);
-                }
+                ctx.load_verify_locations(
+                    args.cafile.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str().as_ref()),
+                    args.capath.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str().as_ref()),
+                )
+                .map_err(|e| convert_openssl_error(vm, e))?;
             }
 
             Ok(())
diff --git a/vm/src/utils.rs b/vm/src/utils.rs
index 2c5ff79d3f..c7ab7148d1 100644
--- a/vm/src/utils.rs
+++ b/vm/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
     builtins::PyStr,
     convert::{ToPyException, ToPyObject},
+    exceptions::cstring_error,
     PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
@@ -17,22 +18,22 @@ impl ToPyObject for std::convert::Infallible {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait ToCString {
-    fn to_cstring(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<std::ffi::CString>;
-}
-
-impl ToCString for &str {
-    fn to_cstring(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<std::ffi::CString> {
-        std::ffi::CString::new(*self).map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))
-    }
-}
-
-impl ToCString for PyStr {
+pub trait ToCString: AsRef<str> {
     fn to_cstring(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<std::ffi::CString> {
         std::ffi::CString::new(self.as_ref()).map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))
     }
+    fn ensure_no_nul(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        if self.as_ref().as_bytes().contains(&b'\0') {
+            Err(cstring_error(vm))
+        } else {
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
 }
 
+impl ToCString for &str {}
+impl ToCString for PyStr {}
+
 pub(crate) fn collection_repr<'a, I>(
     class_name: Option<&str>,
     prefix: &str,

From 864e8598f82ceca9915bd55fa05d273f11d2d6b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Feb 2025 23:12:30 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 454/705] Enable rust2024-incompatible pat and keyword-ident
 lints

---
 Cargo.toml                      |  4 ++++
 common/src/int.rs               |  2 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs |  8 ++++----
 derive-impl/src/pytraverse.rs   |  2 +-
 derive-impl/src/util.rs         |  2 +-
 jit/src/lib.rs                  |  6 +++---
 stdlib/src/csv.rs               | 20 +++++++-------------
 stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs    |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/mmap.rs              |  4 ++--
 stdlib/src/socket.rs            |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/syslog.rs            |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/iter.rs         |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs |  4 ++--
 vm/src/coroutine.rs             | 32 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 vm/src/frame.rs                 | 18 +++++++++---------
 vm/src/function/argument.rs     |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs            |  4 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs    |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs             |  4 ++--
 wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs        |  4 ++--
 20 files changed, 62 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 19de548286..a649a7ed0f 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -190,9 +190,13 @@ wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100"
 [workspace.lints.rust]
 unsafe_code = "allow"
 unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn = "deny"
+
+# rust_2024_compatibility
 missing_unsafe_on_extern = "deny"
 unsafe_attr_outside_unsafe = "deny"
 deprecated_safe_2024 = "deny"
+rust_2024_incompatible_pat = "deny"
+keyword_idents_2024 = "deny"
 
 [workspace.lints.clippy]
 perf = "warn"
diff --git a/common/src/int.rs b/common/src/int.rs
index ca449ac708..00b5231dff 100644
--- a/common/src/int.rs
+++ b/common/src/int.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ pub fn bytes_to_int(lit: &[u8], mut base: u32) -> Option<BigInt> {
                     base = parsed;
                     true
                 } else {
-                    if let [_first, ref others @ .., last] = lit {
+                    if let [_first, others @ .., last] = lit {
                         let is_zero =
                             others.iter().all(|&c| c == b'0' || c == b'_') && *last == b'0';
                         if !is_zero {
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index d650e998ea..7f8696baf2 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -3302,13 +3302,13 @@ impl Compiler {
                 elt, generators, ..
             }) => {
                 Self::contains_await(elt)
-                    || generators.iter().any(|gen| Self::contains_await(&gen.iter))
+                    || generators.iter().any(|jen| Self::contains_await(&jen.iter))
             }
             Expr::SetComp(located_ast::ExprSetComp {
                 elt, generators, ..
             }) => {
                 Self::contains_await(elt)
-                    || generators.iter().any(|gen| Self::contains_await(&gen.iter))
+                    || generators.iter().any(|jen| Self::contains_await(&jen.iter))
             }
             Expr::DictComp(located_ast::ExprDictComp {
                 key,
@@ -3318,13 +3318,13 @@ impl Compiler {
             }) => {
                 Self::contains_await(key)
                     || Self::contains_await(value)
-                    || generators.iter().any(|gen| Self::contains_await(&gen.iter))
+                    || generators.iter().any(|jen| Self::contains_await(&jen.iter))
             }
             Expr::GeneratorExp(located_ast::ExprGeneratorExp {
                 elt, generators, ..
             }) => {
                 Self::contains_await(elt)
-                    || generators.iter().any(|gen| Self::contains_await(&gen.iter))
+                    || generators.iter().any(|jen| Self::contains_await(&jen.iter))
             }
             Expr::Starred(expr) => Self::contains_await(&expr.value),
             Expr::IfExp(located_ast::ExprIfExp {
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pytraverse.rs b/derive-impl/src/pytraverse.rs
index d2fe2dac81..728722b83a 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pytraverse.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pytraverse.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ fn gen_trace_code(item: &mut DeriveInput) -> Result<TokenStream> {
         syn::Data::Struct(s) => {
             let fields = &mut s.fields;
             match fields {
-                syn::Fields::Named(ref mut fields) => {
+                syn::Fields::Named(fields) => {
                     let res: Vec<TokenStream> = fields
                         .named
                         .iter_mut()
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/util.rs b/derive-impl/src/util.rs
index bd568032c3..cfe54a5c72 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/util.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/util.rs
@@ -529,7 +529,7 @@ impl AttributeExt for Attribute {
     fn try_remove_name(&mut self, item_name: &str) -> Result<Option<NestedMeta>> {
         self.try_meta_mut(|meta| {
             let nested = match meta {
-                Meta::List(MetaList { ref mut nested, .. }) => Ok(nested),
+                Meta::List(MetaList { nested, .. }) => Ok(nested),
                 other => Err(syn::Error::new(
                     other.span(),
                     format!(
diff --git a/jit/src/lib.rs b/jit/src/lib.rs
index 78619eaf62..37f1f2a3dd 100644
--- a/jit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/jit/src/lib.rs
@@ -215,9 +215,9 @@ pub enum AbiValue {
 impl AbiValue {
     fn to_libffi_arg(&self) -> libffi::middle::Arg {
         match self {
-            AbiValue::Int(ref i) => libffi::middle::Arg::new(i),
-            AbiValue::Float(ref f) => libffi::middle::Arg::new(f),
-            AbiValue::Bool(ref b) => libffi::middle::Arg::new(b),
+            AbiValue::Int(i) => libffi::middle::Arg::new(i),
+            AbiValue::Float(f) => libffi::middle::Arg::new(f),
+            AbiValue::Bool(b) => libffi::middle::Arg::new(b),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/csv.rs b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
index 2dd7f2ae12..7b3448e6b5 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/csv.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
@@ -272,12 +272,12 @@ mod _csv {
         let Some(name) = name.payload_if_subclass::<PyStr>(vm) else {
             return Err(vm.new_type_error("argument 0 must be a string".to_string()));
         };
-        let mut dialect = match dialect {
+        let dialect = match dialect {
             OptionalArg::Present(d) => PyDialect::try_from_object(vm, d)
                 .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("argument 1 must be a dialect object".to_owned()))?,
             OptionalArg::Missing => opts.result(vm)?,
         };
-        opts.update_pydialect(&mut dialect);
+        let dialect = opts.update_pydialect(dialect);
         GLOBAL_HASHMAP
             .lock()
             .insert(name.as_str().to_owned(), dialect);
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ mod _csv {
     }
 
     impl FormatOptions {
-        fn update_pydialect<'b>(&self, res: &'b mut PyDialect) -> &'b mut PyDialect {
+        fn update_pydialect(&self, mut res: PyDialect) -> PyDialect {
             macro_rules! check_and_fill {
                 ($res:ident, $e:ident) => {{
                     if let Some(t) = self.$e {
@@ -699,24 +699,18 @@ mod _csv {
                 DialectItem::Str(name) => {
                     let g = GLOBAL_HASHMAP.lock();
                     if let Some(dialect) = g.get(name) {
-                        let mut dialect = *dialect;
-                        self.update_pydialect(&mut dialect);
-                        Ok(dialect)
+                        Ok(self.update_pydialect(*dialect))
                     } else {
                         Err(new_csv_error(vm, format!("{} is not registed.", name)))
                     }
                     // TODO
                     // Maybe need to update the obj from HashMap
                 }
-                DialectItem::Obj(mut o) => {
-                    self.update_pydialect(&mut o);
-                    Ok(o)
-                }
+                DialectItem::Obj(o) => Ok(self.update_pydialect(*o)),
                 DialectItem::None => {
                     let g = GLOBAL_HASHMAP.lock();
-                    let mut res = *g.get("excel").unwrap();
-                    self.update_pydialect(&mut res);
-                    Ok(res)
+                    let res = *g.get("excel").unwrap();
+                    Ok(self.update_pydialect(res))
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs b/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs
index fc6b530866..0614314f4f 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ pub fn scanstring<'a>(
     };
     let unterminated_err = || DecodeError::new("Unterminated string starting at", end - 1);
     let mut chars = s.char_indices().enumerate().skip(end).peekable();
-    let (_, (mut chunk_start, _)) = chars.peek().ok_or_else(unterminated_err)?;
+    let &(_, (mut chunk_start, _)) = chars.peek().ok_or_else(unterminated_err)?;
     while let Some((char_i, (byte_i, c))) = chars.next() {
         match c {
             '"' => {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
index 8b657532c4..aed665222e 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
@@ -497,8 +497,8 @@ mod mmap {
         fn as_bytes(&self) -> BorrowedValue<[u8]> {
             PyMutexGuard::map_immutable(self.mmap.lock(), |m| {
                 match m.as_ref().expect("mmap closed or invalid") {
-                    MmapObj::Read(ref mmap) => &mmap[..],
-                    MmapObj::Write(ref mmap) => &mmap[..],
+                    MmapObj::Read(mmap) => &mmap[..],
+                    MmapObj::Write(mmap) => &mmap[..],
                 }
             })
             .into()
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 4172c5bb35..95f03ee4f8 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -1924,7 +1924,7 @@ mod _socket {
         let host = opts.host.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str());
         let port = opts.port.as_ref().map(|p| -> std::borrow::Cow<str> {
             match p {
-                Either::A(ref s) => s.as_str().into(),
+                Either::A(s) => s.as_str().into(),
                 Either::B(i) => i.to_string().into(),
             }
         });
diff --git a/stdlib/src/syslog.rs b/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
index 9879f3ffaf..5fc6e30a56 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ mod syslog {
     impl GlobalIdent {
         fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const c_char {
             match self {
-                GlobalIdent::Explicit(ref cstr) => cstr.as_ptr(),
+                GlobalIdent::Explicit(cstr) => cstr.as_ptr(),
                 GlobalIdent::Implicit => std::ptr::null(),
             }
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs b/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs
index 2fed23a5c4..dbe4fc6597 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub enum IterStatus<T> {
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for IterStatus<T> {
     fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
         match self {
-            IterStatus::Active(ref r) => r.traverse(tracer_fn),
+            IterStatus::Active(r) => r.traverse(tracer_fn),
             IterStatus::Exhausted => (),
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
index 7b2386a39b..297ddd0a77 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ enum MappingProxyInner {
 unsafe impl Traverse for MappingProxyInner {
     fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
         match self {
-            MappingProxyInner::Class(ref r) => r.traverse(tracer_fn),
-            MappingProxyInner::Mapping(ref arg) => arg.traverse(tracer_fn),
+            MappingProxyInner::Class(r) => r.traverse(tracer_fn),
+            MappingProxyInner::Mapping(arg) => arg.traverse(tracer_fn),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/coroutine.rs b/vm/src/coroutine.rs
index 6d6b743310..5dd34a799d 100644
--- a/vm/src/coroutine.rs
+++ b/vm/src/coroutine.rs
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ pub struct Coro {
     exception: PyMutex<Option<PyBaseExceptionRef>>, // exc_state
 }
 
-fn gen_name(gen: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> &'static str {
-    let typ = gen.class();
+fn gen_name(jen: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> &'static str {
+    let typ = jen.class();
     if typ.is(vm.ctx.types.coroutine_type) {
         "coroutine"
     } else if typ.is(vm.ctx.types.async_generator) {
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ impl Coro {
 
     fn run_with_context<F>(
         &self,
-        gen: &PyObject,
+        jen: &PyObject,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
         func: F,
     ) -> PyResult<ExecutionResult>
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl Coro {
         F: FnOnce(FrameRef) -> PyResult<ExecutionResult>,
     {
         if self.running.compare_exchange(false, true).is_err() {
-            return Err(vm.new_value_error(format!("{} already executing", gen_name(gen, vm))));
+            return Err(vm.new_value_error(format!("{} already executing", gen_name(jen, vm))));
         }
 
         vm.push_exception(self.exception.lock().take());
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl Coro {
 
     pub fn send(
         &self,
-        gen: &PyObject,
+        jen: &PyObject,
         value: PyObjectRef,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<PyIterReturn> {
@@ -102,22 +102,22 @@ impl Coro {
         } else if !vm.is_none(&value) {
             return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                 "can't send non-None value to a just-started {}",
-                gen_name(gen, vm),
+                gen_name(jen, vm),
             )));
         } else {
             None
         };
-        let result = self.run_with_context(gen, vm, |f| f.resume(value, vm));
+        let result = self.run_with_context(jen, vm, |f| f.resume(value, vm));
         self.maybe_close(&result);
         match result {
             Ok(exec_res) => Ok(exec_res.into_iter_return(vm)),
             Err(e) => {
                 if e.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.stop_iteration) {
                     let err =
-                        vm.new_runtime_error(format!("{} raised StopIteration", gen_name(gen, vm)));
+                        vm.new_runtime_error(format!("{} raised StopIteration", gen_name(jen, vm)));
                     err.set_cause(Some(e));
                     Err(err)
-                } else if gen.class().is(vm.ctx.types.async_generator)
+                } else if jen.class().is(vm.ctx.types.async_generator)
                     && e.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.stop_async_iteration)
                 {
                     let err = vm
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl Coro {
     }
     pub fn throw(
         &self,
-        gen: &PyObject,
+        jen: &PyObject,
         exc_type: PyObjectRef,
         exc_val: PyObjectRef,
         exc_tb: PyObjectRef,
@@ -141,16 +141,16 @@ impl Coro {
         if self.closed.load() {
             return Err(vm.normalize_exception(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)?);
         }
-        let result = self.run_with_context(gen, vm, |f| f.gen_throw(vm, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb));
+        let result = self.run_with_context(jen, vm, |f| f.gen_throw(vm, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb));
         self.maybe_close(&result);
         Ok(result?.into_iter_return(vm))
     }
 
-    pub fn close(&self, gen: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+    pub fn close(&self, jen: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         if self.closed.load() {
             return Ok(());
         }
-        let result = self.run_with_context(gen, vm, |f| {
+        let result = self.run_with_context(jen, vm, |f| {
             f.gen_throw(
                 vm,
                 vm.ctx.exceptions.generator_exit.to_owned().into(),
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl Coro {
         self.closed.store(true);
         match result {
             Ok(ExecutionResult::Yield(_)) => {
-                Err(vm.new_runtime_error(format!("{} ignored GeneratorExit", gen_name(gen, vm))))
+                Err(vm.new_runtime_error(format!("{} ignored GeneratorExit", gen_name(jen, vm))))
             }
             Err(e) if !is_gen_exit(&e, vm) => Err(e),
             _ => Ok(()),
@@ -183,10 +183,10 @@ impl Coro {
     pub fn set_name(&self, name: PyStrRef) {
         *self.name.lock() = name;
     }
-    pub fn repr(&self, gen: &PyObject, id: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+    pub fn repr(&self, jen: &PyObject, id: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
         format!(
             "<{} object {} at {:#x}>",
-            gen_name(gen, vm),
+            gen_name(jen, vm),
             self.name.lock(),
             id
         )
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index fac6da8df5..afa5c708e7 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -426,19 +426,19 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         exc_val: PyObjectRef,
         exc_tb: PyObjectRef,
     ) -> PyResult<ExecutionResult> {
-        if let Some(gen) = self.yield_from_target() {
+        if let Some(jen) = self.yield_from_target() {
             // borrow checker shenanigans - we only need to use exc_type/val/tb if the following
             // variable is Some
-            let thrower = if let Some(coro) = self.builtin_coro(gen) {
+            let thrower = if let Some(coro) = self.builtin_coro(jen) {
                 Some(Either::A(coro))
             } else {
-                vm.get_attribute_opt(gen.to_owned(), "throw")?
+                vm.get_attribute_opt(jen.to_owned(), "throw")?
                     .map(Either::B)
             };
             if let Some(thrower) = thrower {
                 let ret = match thrower {
                     Either::A(coro) => coro
-                        .throw(gen, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb, vm)
+                        .throw(jen, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb, vm)
                         .to_pyresult(vm), // FIXME:
                     Either::B(meth) => meth.call((exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb), vm),
                 };
@@ -1568,16 +1568,16 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
 
     fn _send(
         &self,
-        gen: &PyObject,
+        jen: &PyObject,
         val: PyObjectRef,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<PyIterReturn> {
-        match self.builtin_coro(gen) {
-            Some(coro) => coro.send(gen, val, vm),
+        match self.builtin_coro(jen) {
+            Some(coro) => coro.send(jen, val, vm),
             // FIXME: turn return type to PyResult<PyIterReturn> then ExecutionResult will be simplified
-            None if vm.is_none(&val) => PyIter::new(gen).next(vm),
+            None if vm.is_none(&val) => PyIter::new(jen).next(vm),
             None => {
-                let meth = gen.get_attr("send", vm)?;
+                let meth = jen.get_attr("send", vm)?;
                 PyIterReturn::from_pyresult(meth.call((val,), vm), vm)
             }
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/function/argument.rs b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
index bc60cfa253..b0e731ff57 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/argument.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ where
 {
     fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
         match self {
-            OptionalArg::Present(ref o) => o.traverse(tracer_fn),
+            OptionalArg::Present(o) => o.traverse(tracer_fn),
             OptionalArg::Missing => (),
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
index 8b081294b9..616d84368c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! This module makes use of the parser logic, and translates all ast nodes
 //! into python ast.AST objects.
 
-mod gen;
+mod r#gen;
 
 use crate::{
     builtins::{self, PyDict, PyModule, PyStrRef, PyType},
@@ -398,6 +398,6 @@ pub const PY_COMPILE_FLAGS_MASK: i32 = PY_COMPILE_FLAG_AST_ONLY
 
 pub fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let module = _ast::make_module(vm);
-    gen::extend_module_nodes(vm, &module);
+    r#gen::extend_module_nodes(vm, &module);
     module
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
index 5d0316352c..a4147c62b2 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ impl Constructor for PyCSimple {
         let attributes = cls.get_attributes();
         let _type_ = attributes
             .iter()
-            .find(|(&k, _)| k.to_object().str(vm).unwrap().to_string() == *"_type_")
+            .find(|(k, _)| k.to_object().str(vm).unwrap().to_string() == *"_type_")
             .unwrap()
             .1
             .str(vm)?
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 380887656b..6a4233f3be 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -380,8 +380,8 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
 
     fn env_bytes_as_bytes(obj: &Either<PyStrRef, PyBytesRef>) -> &[u8] {
         match obj {
-            Either::A(ref s) => s.as_str().as_bytes(),
-            Either::B(ref b) => b.as_bytes(),
+            Either::A(s) => s.as_str().as_bytes(),
+            Either::B(b) => b.as_bytes(),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs b/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
index 0c62bb32e7..4ba5760511 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ impl WASMVirtualMachine {
 
     #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = addToScope)]
     pub fn add_to_scope(&self, name: String, value: JsValue) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
-        self.with_vm(move |vm, StoredVirtualMachine { ref scope, .. }| {
+        self.with_vm(move |vm, StoredVirtualMachine { scope, .. }| {
             let value = convert::js_to_py(vm, value);
             scope.globals.set_item(&name, value, vm).into_js(vm)
         })?
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ impl WASMVirtualMachine {
         mode: Mode,
         source_path: Option<String>,
     ) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
-        self.with_vm(|vm, StoredVirtualMachine { ref scope, .. }| {
+        self.with_vm(|vm, StoredVirtualMachine { scope, .. }| {
             let source_path = source_path.unwrap_or_else(|| "<wasm>".to_owned());
             let code = vm.compile(source, mode, source_path);
             let code = code.map_err(convert::syntax_err)?;

From 235adafa0b6e50473e1a90f684e311903a72089b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 23 Feb 2025 19:20:51 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 455/705] tests

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_math.py | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_math.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_math.py
index 442bbc97a5..94d8c7347c 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_math.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_math.py
@@ -291,3 +291,5 @@ def assertAllNotClose(examples, *args, **kwargs):
 assert math.fmod(-3.0, NINF) == -3.0
 assert math.fmod(0.0, 3.0) == 0.0
 assert math.fmod(0.0, NINF) == 0.0
+
+assert math.gamma(1) == 1.0

From 4468dcbe341fe24e3ad3b35bdf222fc1864eee23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 20:36:26 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 456/705] Switch to libz-rs-sys for zlib implementation

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml      |  2 +-
 .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml |  4 +--
 .github/workflows/release.yml  |  2 +-
 Cargo.lock                     | 24 ++++++++------
 Cargo.toml                     |  3 +-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml              |  5 ++-
 stdlib/src/zlib.rs             | 57 +++++-----------------------------
 7 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index e96c2f26a6..23f47b574c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 env:
-  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,sqlite,ssl
+  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,importlib,encodings,sqlite,ssl
   # Skip additional tests on Windows. They are checked on Linux and MacOS.
   # test_glob: many failing tests
   # test_io: many failing tests
diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
index bfc758310e..4b8e701ced 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ on:
 name: Periodic checks/tasks
 
 env:
-  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,ssl,jit
+  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,importlib,encodings,ssl,jit
   PYTHON_VERSION: "3.13.1"
 
 jobs:
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
       - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get -y install lcov
       - name: Run cargo-llvm-cov with Rust tests.
-        run: cargo llvm-cov --no-report --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm --verbose --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,ssl,jit
+        run: cargo llvm-cov --no-report --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm --verbose --no-default-features --features stdlib,importlib,encodings,ssl,jit
       - name: Run cargo-llvm-cov with Python snippets.
         run: python scripts/cargo-llvm-cov.py
         continue-on-error: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 5554ed0a8b..99035d04fc 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ permissions:
   contents: write
 
 env:
-  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,zlib,importlib,encodings,sqlite,ssl
+  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,importlib,encodings,sqlite,ssl
 
 jobs:
   build:
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9d486786ba..67e0813b7b 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -720,12 +720,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.0.35"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c936bfdafb507ebbf50b8074c54fa31c5be9a1e7e5f467dd659697041407d07c"
+checksum = "11faaf5a5236997af9848be0bef4db95824b1d534ebc64d0f0c6cf3e67bd38dc"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
- "libz-sys",
+ "libz-rs-sys",
  "miniz_oxide",
 ]
 
@@ -1137,14 +1137,12 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "libz-sys"
-version = "1.1.21"
+name = "libz-rs-sys"
+version = "0.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "df9b68e50e6e0b26f672573834882eb57759f6db9b3be2ea3c35c91188bb4eaa"
+checksum = "902bc563b5d65ad9bba616b490842ef0651066a1a1dc3ce1087113ffcb873c8d"
 dependencies = [
- "cc",
- "pkg-config",
- "vcpkg",
+ "zlib-rs",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2210,7 +2208,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "junction",
  "libc",
  "libsqlite3-sys",
- "libz-sys",
+ "libz-rs-sys",
  "mac_address",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "md-5",
@@ -3479,3 +3477,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zlib-rs"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b20717f0917c908dc63de2e44e97f1e6b126ca58d0e391cee86d504eb8fbd05"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index a649a7ed0f..6c48714929 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ repository.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
 
 [features]
-default = ["threading", "stdlib", "zlib", "importlib"]
+default = ["threading", "stdlib", "importlib"]
 importlib = ["rustpython-vm/importlib"]
 encodings = ["rustpython-vm/encodings"]
 stdlib = ["rustpython-stdlib", "rustpython-pylib", "encodings"]
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ flame-it = ["rustpython-vm/flame-it", "flame", "flamescope"]
 freeze-stdlib = ["stdlib", "rustpython-vm/freeze-stdlib", "rustpython-pylib?/freeze-stdlib"]
 jit = ["rustpython-vm/jit"]
 threading = ["rustpython-vm/threading", "rustpython-stdlib/threading"]
-zlib = ["stdlib", "rustpython-stdlib/zlib"]
 bz2 = ["stdlib", "rustpython-stdlib/bz2"]
 sqlite = ["rustpython-stdlib/sqlite"]
 ssl = ["rustpython-stdlib/ssl"]
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 37e17e2fc8..1086dea090 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ license.workspace = true
 default = ["compiler"]
 compiler = ["rustpython-vm/compiler"]
 threading = ["rustpython-common/threading", "rustpython-vm/threading"]
-zlib = ["libz-sys", "flate2/zlib"]
 bz2 = ["bzip2"]
 sqlite = ["dep:libsqlite3-sys"]
 ssl = ["openssl", "openssl-sys", "foreign-types-shared", "openssl-probe"]
@@ -48,7 +47,6 @@ memchr = { workspace = true }
 base64 = "0.13.0"
 csv-core = "0.1.11"
 dyn-clone = "1.0.10"
-libz-sys = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, optional = true }
 puruspe = "0.4.0"
 xml-rs = "0.8.14"
 
@@ -81,7 +79,8 @@ ucd = "0.1.1"
 # compression
 adler32 = "1.2.0"
 crc32fast = "1.3.2"
-flate2 = "1.0.28"
+flate2 = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, features = ["zlib-rs"] }
+libz-sys = { package = "libz-rs-sys", version = "0.4" }
 bzip2 = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 
 # uuid
diff --git a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
index 83a7535c33..a4828552a7 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ mod zlib {
         common::lock::PyMutex,
         convert::TryFromBorrowedObject,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgPrimitiveIndex, ArgSize, OptionalArg},
+        types::Constructor,
         PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use adler32::RollingAdler32 as Adler32;
@@ -19,35 +20,12 @@ mod zlib {
     };
     use std::io::Write;
 
-    #[cfg(not(feature = "zlib"))]
-    mod constants {
-        pub const Z_NO_COMPRESSION: i32 = 0;
-        pub const Z_BEST_COMPRESSION: i32 = 9;
-        pub const Z_BEST_SPEED: i32 = 1;
-        pub const Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION: i32 = -1;
-        pub const Z_NO_FLUSH: i32 = 0;
-        pub const Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH: i32 = 1;
-        pub const Z_SYNC_FLUSH: i32 = 2;
-        pub const Z_FULL_FLUSH: i32 = 3;
-        // not sure what the value here means, but it's the only compression method zlibmodule
-        // supports, so it doesn't really matter
-        pub const Z_DEFLATED: i32 = 8;
-    }
-    #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
-    use libz_sys as constants;
-
-    #[pyattr]
-    use constants::{
-        Z_BEST_COMPRESSION, Z_BEST_SPEED, Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, Z_DEFLATED as DEFLATED,
-        Z_FULL_FLUSH, Z_NO_COMPRESSION, Z_NO_FLUSH, Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH, Z_SYNC_FLUSH,
-    };
-
-    #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
     #[pyattr]
     use libz_sys::{
-        Z_BLOCK, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY, Z_FILTERED, Z_FINISH, Z_FIXED, Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY, Z_RLE, Z_TREES,
+        Z_BEST_COMPRESSION, Z_BEST_SPEED, Z_BLOCK, Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION, Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY,
+        Z_DEFLATED as DEFLATED, Z_FILTERED, Z_FINISH, Z_FIXED, Z_FULL_FLUSH, Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY,
+        Z_NO_COMPRESSION, Z_NO_FLUSH, Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH, Z_RLE, Z_SYNC_FLUSH, Z_TREES,
     };
-    use rustpython_vm::types::Constructor;
 
     // copied from zlibmodule.c (commit 530f506ac91338)
     #[pyattr]
@@ -119,11 +97,11 @@ mod zlib {
             header: bool,
             // [De]Compress::new_with_window_bits is only enabled for zlib; miniz_oxide doesn't
             // support wbits (yet?)
-            #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
             wbits: u8,
         },
-        #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
-        Gzip { wbits: u8 },
+        Gzip {
+            wbits: u8,
+        },
     }
 
     impl InitOptions {
@@ -131,12 +109,7 @@ mod zlib {
             let header = wbits > 0;
             let wbits = wbits.unsigned_abs();
             match wbits {
-                9..=15 => Ok(InitOptions::Standard {
-                    header,
-                    #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
-                    wbits,
-                }),
-                #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
+                9..=15 => Ok(InitOptions::Standard { header, wbits }),
                 25..=31 => Ok(InitOptions::Gzip { wbits: wbits - 16 }),
                 _ => Err(vm.new_value_error("Invalid initialization option".to_owned())),
             }
@@ -144,23 +117,15 @@ mod zlib {
 
         fn decompress(self) -> Decompress {
             match self {
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "zlib"))]
-                Self::Standard { header } => Decompress::new(header),
-                #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
                 Self::Standard { header, wbits } => Decompress::new_with_window_bits(header, wbits),
-                #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
                 Self::Gzip { wbits } => Decompress::new_gzip(wbits),
             }
         }
         fn compress(self, level: Compression) -> Compress {
             match self {
-                #[cfg(not(feature = "zlib"))]
-                Self::Standard { header } => Compress::new(level, header),
-                #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
                 Self::Standard { header, wbits } => {
                     Compress::new_with_window_bits(level, header, wbits)
                 }
-                #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
                 Self::Gzip { wbits } => Compress::new_gzip(level, wbits),
             }
         }
@@ -264,7 +229,6 @@ mod zlib {
     struct DecompressobjArgs {
         #[pyarg(any, default = "ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS }")]
         wbits: ArgPrimitiveIndex<i8>,
-        #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
         #[pyarg(any, optional)]
         _zdict: OptionalArg<ArgBytesLike>,
     }
@@ -273,7 +237,6 @@ mod zlib {
     fn decompressobj(args: DecompressobjArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyDecompress> {
         #[allow(unused_mut)]
         let mut decompress = InitOptions::new(args.wbits.value, vm)?.decompress();
-        #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
         if let OptionalArg::Present(_dict) = args._zdict {
             // FIXME: always fails
             // dict.with_ref(|d| decompress.set_dictionary(d));
@@ -426,10 +389,8 @@ mod zlib {
         wbits: ArgPrimitiveIndex<i8>,
         #[pyarg(any, name = "_memLevel", default = "DEF_MEM_LEVEL")]
         _mem_level: u8,
-        #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
         #[pyarg(any, default = "Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY")]
         _strategy: i32,
-        #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
         #[pyarg(any, optional)]
         zdict: Option<ArgBytesLike>,
     }
@@ -439,7 +400,6 @@ mod zlib {
         let CompressobjArgs {
             level,
             wbits,
-            #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
             zdict,
             ..
         } = args;
@@ -447,7 +407,6 @@ mod zlib {
             level.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_value_error("invalid initialization option".to_owned()))?;
         #[allow(unused_mut)]
         let mut compress = InitOptions::new(wbits.value, vm)?.compress(level);
-        #[cfg(feature = "zlib")]
         if let Some(zdict) = zdict {
             zdict.with_ref(|zdict| compress.set_dictionary(zdict).unwrap());
         }

From 8c5602f2fb84aacad2495f6b296ef74ef9e164ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 20:40:23 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 457/705] Fix a bunch of zlib tests

---
 Lib/test/test_zlib.py       |  52 +---
 derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/zlib.rs          | 594 ++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 3 files changed, 342 insertions(+), 306 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zlib.py b/Lib/test/test_zlib.py
index 686131be74..0a75457ad8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_zlib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zlib.py
@@ -20,18 +20,18 @@
     'requires Decompress.copy()')
 
 
-# def _zlib_runtime_version_tuple(zlib_version=zlib.ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION):
-#     # Register "1.2.3" as "1.2.3.0"
-#     # or "1.2.0-linux","1.2.0.f","1.2.0.f-linux"
-#     v = zlib_version.split('-', 1)[0].split('.')
-#     if len(v) < 4:
-#         v.append('0')
-#     elif not v[-1].isnumeric():
-#         v[-1] = '0'
-#     return tuple(map(int, v))
-#
-#
-# ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION_TUPLE = _zlib_runtime_version_tuple()
+def _zlib_runtime_version_tuple(zlib_version=zlib.ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION):
+    # Register "1.2.3" as "1.2.3.0"
+    # or "1.2.0-linux","1.2.0.f","1.2.0.f-linux"
+    v = zlib_version.split('-', 1)[0].split('.')
+    if len(v) < 4:
+        v.append('0')
+    elif not v[-1].isnumeric():
+        v[-1] = '0'
+    return tuple(map(int, v))
+
+
+ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION_TUPLE = _zlib_runtime_version_tuple()
 
 
 # bpo-46623: When a hardware accelerator is used (currently only on s390x),
@@ -66,8 +66,6 @@
 
 class VersionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_library_version(self):
         # Test that the major version of the actual library in use matches the
         # major version that we were compiled against. We can't guarantee that
@@ -282,8 +280,6 @@ def test_64bit_compress(self, size):
 
 
 class CompressObjectTestCase(BaseCompressTestCase, unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     # Test compression object
     def test_pair(self):
         # straightforward compress/decompress objects
@@ -307,8 +303,6 @@ def test_pair(self):
             self.assertIsInstance(dco.unconsumed_tail, bytes)
             self.assertIsInstance(dco.unused_data, bytes)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_keywords(self):
         level = 2
         method = zlib.DEFLATED
@@ -466,8 +460,6 @@ def test_decompressmaxlen(self, flush=False):
     def test_decompressmaxlenflush(self):
         self.test_decompressmaxlen(flush=True)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_maxlenmisc(self):
         # Misc tests of max_length
         dco = zlib.decompressobj()
@@ -498,7 +490,7 @@ def test_clear_unconsumed_tail(self):
         ddata += dco.decompress(dco.unconsumed_tail)
         self.assertEqual(dco.unconsumed_tail, b"")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: Z_BLOCK support in flate2
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_flushes(self):
         # Test flush() with the various options, using all the
@@ -560,8 +552,6 @@ def test_empty_flush(self):
         dco = zlib.decompressobj()
         self.assertEqual(dco.flush(), b"") # Returns nothing
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_dictionary(self):
         h = HAMLET_SCENE
         # Build a simulated dictionary out of the words in HAMLET.
@@ -578,8 +568,6 @@ def test_dictionary(self):
         dco = zlib.decompressobj()
         self.assertRaises(zlib.error, dco.decompress, cd)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_dictionary_streaming(self):
         # This simulates the reuse of a compressor object for compressing
         # several separate data streams.
@@ -652,8 +640,6 @@ def test_decompress_unused_data(self):
                 self.assertEqual(dco.unconsumed_tail, b'')
                 self.assertEqual(dco.unused_data, remainder)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     # issue27164
     def test_decompress_raw_with_dictionary(self):
         zdict = b'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
@@ -829,7 +815,7 @@ def test_large_unconsumed_tail(self, size):
         finally:
             comp = uncomp = data = None
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wbits=0 support in flate2
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_wbits(self):
         # wbits=0 only supported since zlib v1.2.3.5
@@ -997,8 +983,6 @@ def testDecompressUnusedData(self):
         self.assertEqual(text, self.TEXT)
         self.assertEqual(zlibd.unused_data, unused_data)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testEOFError(self):
         zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
         text = zlibd.decompress(self.DATA)
@@ -1029,8 +1013,6 @@ def testPickle(self):
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                 pickle.dumps(zlib._ZlibDecompressor(), proto)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testDecompressorChunksMaxsize(self):
         zlibd = zlib._ZlibDecompressor()
         max_length = 100
@@ -1062,8 +1044,6 @@ def testDecompressorChunksMaxsize(self):
         self.assertEqual(out, self.BIG_TEXT)
         self.assertEqual(zlibd.unused_data, b"")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_inputbuf_1(self):
         # Test reusing input buffer after moving existing
         # contents to beginning
@@ -1086,8 +1066,6 @@ def test_decompressor_inputbuf_1(self):
         out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[105:]))
         self.assertEqual(b''.join(out), self.TEXT)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_inputbuf_2(self):
         # Test reusing input buffer by appending data at the
         # end right away
@@ -1109,8 +1087,6 @@ def test_decompressor_inputbuf_2(self):
         out.append(zlibd.decompress(self.DATA[300:]))
         self.assertEqual(b''.join(out), self.TEXT)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_inputbuf_3(self):
         # Test reusing input buffer after extending it
 
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs b/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
index db65e24e21..188231a71f 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
@@ -728,7 +728,7 @@ impl ModuleItem for AttributeItem {
             (
                 quote_spanned! { ident.span() => {
                     #let_obj
-                    for name in [(#(#names,)*)] {
+                    for name in [#(#names),*] {
                         vm.__module_set_attr(module, vm.ctx.intern_str(name), obj.clone()).unwrap();
                     }
                 }},
diff --git a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
index a4828552a7..bcfe93aff5 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ pub(crate) use zlib::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod zlib {
     use crate::vm::{
-        builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyIntRef, PyTypeRef},
+        builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyIntRef, PyTypeRef},
         common::lock::PyMutex,
         convert::TryFromBorrowedObject,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgPrimitiveIndex, ArgSize, OptionalArg},
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ mod zlib {
         PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use adler32::RollingAdler32 as Adler32;
-    use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use flate2::{
         write::ZlibEncoder, Compress, Compression, Decompress, FlushCompress, FlushDecompress,
         Status,
@@ -27,6 +26,17 @@ mod zlib {
         Z_NO_COMPRESSION, Z_NO_FLUSH, Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH, Z_RLE, Z_SYNC_FLUSH, Z_TREES,
     };
 
+    // we're statically linking libz-rs, so the compile-time and runtime
+    // versions will always be the same
+    #[pyattr(name = "ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION")]
+    #[pyattr]
+    const ZLIB_VERSION: &str = unsafe {
+        match std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr(libz_sys::zlibVersion()).to_str() {
+            Ok(s) => s,
+            Err(_) => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    };
+
     // copied from zlibmodule.c (commit 530f506ac91338)
     #[pyattr]
     const MAX_WBITS: i8 = 15;
@@ -80,15 +90,10 @@ mod zlib {
         } = args;
         let level = level.ok_or_else(|| new_zlib_error("Bad compression level", vm))?;
 
-        let encoded_bytes = if args.wbits.value == MAX_WBITS {
-            let mut encoder = ZlibEncoder::new(Vec::new(), level);
-            data.with_ref(|input_bytes| encoder.write_all(input_bytes).unwrap());
-            encoder.finish().unwrap()
-        } else {
-            let mut inner = CompressInner::new(InitOptions::new(wbits.value, vm)?.compress(level));
-            data.with_ref(|input_bytes| inner.compress(input_bytes, vm))?;
-            inner.flush(vm)?
-        };
+        let compress = InitOptions::new(wbits.value, vm)?.compress(level);
+        let mut encoder = ZlibEncoder::new_with_compress(Vec::new(), compress);
+        data.with_ref(|input_bytes| encoder.write_all(input_bytes).unwrap());
+        let encoded_bytes = encoder.finish().unwrap();
         Ok(vm.ctx.new_bytes(encoded_bytes))
     }
 
@@ -109,6 +114,11 @@ mod zlib {
             let header = wbits > 0;
             let wbits = wbits.unsigned_abs();
             match wbits {
+                // TODO: wbits = 0 should be a valid option:
+                // > windowBits can also be zero to request that inflate use the window size in
+                // > the zlib header of the compressed stream.
+                // but flate2 doesn't expose it
+                // 0 => ...
                 9..=15 => Ok(InitOptions::Standard { header, wbits }),
                 25..=31 => Ok(InitOptions::Gzip { wbits: wbits - 16 }),
                 _ => Err(vm.new_value_error("Invalid initialization option".to_owned())),
@@ -131,29 +141,81 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    struct Chunker<'a> {
+        data1: &'a [u8],
+        data2: &'a [u8],
+    }
+    impl<'a> Chunker<'a> {
+        fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                data1: data,
+                data2: &[],
+            }
+        }
+        fn chain(data1: &'a [u8], data2: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+            if data1.is_empty() {
+                Self {
+                    data1: data2,
+                    data2: &[],
+                }
+            } else {
+                Self { data1, data2 }
+            }
+        }
+        fn len(&self) -> usize {
+            self.data1.len() + self.data2.len()
+        }
+        fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+            self.data1.is_empty()
+        }
+        fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+            [self.data1, self.data2].concat()
+        }
+        fn chunk(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
+            self.data1.get(..CHUNKSIZE).unwrap_or(self.data1)
+        }
+        fn advance(&mut self, consumed: usize) {
+            self.data1 = &self.data1[consumed..];
+            if self.data1.is_empty() {
+                self.data1 = std::mem::take(&mut self.data2);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     fn _decompress(
-        mut data: &[u8],
+        data: &[u8],
         d: &mut Decompress,
         bufsize: usize,
         max_length: Option<usize>,
         is_flush: bool,
+        zdict: Option<&ArgBytesLike>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<(Vec<u8>, bool)> {
+        let mut data = Chunker::new(data);
+        _decompress_chunks(&mut data, d, bufsize, max_length, is_flush, zdict, vm)
+    }
+
+    fn _decompress_chunks(
+        data: &mut Chunker<'_>,
+        d: &mut Decompress,
+        bufsize: usize,
+        max_length: Option<usize>,
+        is_flush: bool,
+        zdict: Option<&ArgBytesLike>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<(Vec<u8>, bool)> {
         if data.is_empty() {
             return Ok((Vec::new(), true));
         }
+        let max_length = max_length.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
         let mut buf = Vec::new();
 
-        loop {
-            let final_chunk = data.len() <= CHUNKSIZE;
-            let chunk = if final_chunk {
-                data
-            } else {
-                &data[..CHUNKSIZE]
-            };
-            // if this is the final chunk, finish it
+        'outer: loop {
+            let chunk = data.chunk();
             let flush = if is_flush {
-                if final_chunk {
+                // if this is the final chunk, finish it
+                if chunk.len() == data.len() {
                     FlushDecompress::Finish
                 } else {
                     FlushDecompress::None
@@ -162,34 +224,43 @@ mod zlib {
                 FlushDecompress::Sync
             };
             loop {
-                let additional = if let Some(max_length) = max_length {
-                    std::cmp::min(bufsize, max_length - buf.capacity())
-                } else {
-                    bufsize
-                };
+                let additional = std::cmp::min(bufsize, max_length - buf.capacity());
                 if additional == 0 {
                     return Ok((buf, false));
                 }
-
                 buf.reserve_exact(additional);
+
                 let prev_in = d.total_in();
-                let status = d
-                    .decompress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, flush)
-                    .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("invalid input data", vm))?;
+                let res = d.decompress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, flush);
                 let consumed = d.total_in() - prev_in;
-                data = &data[consumed as usize..];
-                let stream_end = status == Status::StreamEnd;
-                if stream_end || data.is_empty() {
-                    // we've reached the end of the stream, we're done
-                    buf.shrink_to_fit();
-                    return Ok((buf, stream_end));
-                } else if !chunk.is_empty() && consumed == 0 {
-                    // we're gonna need a bigger buffer
-                    continue;
-                } else {
-                    // next chunk
-                    break;
-                }
+
+                data.advance(consumed as usize);
+
+                match res {
+                    Ok(status) => {
+                        let stream_end = status == Status::StreamEnd;
+                        if stream_end || data.is_empty() {
+                            // we've reached the end of the stream, we're done
+                            buf.shrink_to_fit();
+                            return Ok((buf, stream_end));
+                        } else if !chunk.is_empty() && consumed == 0 {
+                            // we're gonna need a bigger buffer
+                            continue;
+                        } else {
+                            // next chunk
+                            continue 'outer;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        let Some(zdict) = e.needs_dictionary().and(zdict) else {
+                            return Err(new_zlib_error(&e.to_string(), vm));
+                        };
+                        d.set_dictionary(&zdict.borrow_buf())
+                            .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("failed to set dictionary", vm))?;
+                        // now try the next chunk
+                        continue 'outer;
+                    }
+                };
             }
         }
     }
@@ -214,7 +285,8 @@ mod zlib {
         } = args;
         data.with_ref(|data| {
             let mut d = InitOptions::new(wbits.value, vm)?.decompress();
-            let (buf, stream_end) = _decompress(data, &mut d, bufsize.value, None, false, vm)?;
+            let (buf, stream_end) =
+                _decompress(data, &mut d, bufsize.value, None, false, None, vm)?;
             if !stream_end {
                 return Err(new_zlib_error(
                     "Error -5 while decompressing data: incomplete or truncated stream",
@@ -230,101 +302,116 @@ mod zlib {
         #[pyarg(any, default = "ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS }")]
         wbits: ArgPrimitiveIndex<i8>,
         #[pyarg(any, optional)]
-        _zdict: OptionalArg<ArgBytesLike>,
+        zdict: OptionalArg<ArgBytesLike>,
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn decompressobj(args: DecompressobjArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyDecompress> {
-        #[allow(unused_mut)]
         let mut decompress = InitOptions::new(args.wbits.value, vm)?.decompress();
-        if let OptionalArg::Present(_dict) = args._zdict {
-            // FIXME: always fails
-            // dict.with_ref(|d| decompress.set_dictionary(d));
+        let zdict = args.zdict.into_option();
+        if let Some(dict) = &zdict {
+            if args.wbits.value < 0 {
+                dict.with_ref(|d| decompress.set_dictionary(d))
+                    .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("failed to set dictionary", vm))?;
+            }
         }
+        let inner = PyDecompressInner {
+            decompress: Some(decompress),
+            eof: false,
+            zdict,
+            unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
+            unconsumed_tail: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
+        };
         Ok(PyDecompress {
-            decompress: PyMutex::new(decompress),
-            eof: AtomicCell::new(false),
-            unused_data: PyMutex::new(PyBytes::from(vec![]).into_ref(&vm.ctx)),
-            unconsumed_tail: PyMutex::new(PyBytes::from(vec![]).into_ref(&vm.ctx)),
+            inner: PyMutex::new(inner),
         })
     }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    struct PyDecompressInner {
+        decompress: Option<Decompress>,
+        zdict: Option<ArgBytesLike>,
+        eof: bool,
+        unused_data: PyBytesRef,
+        unconsumed_tail: PyBytesRef,
+    }
+
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "Decompress")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
     struct PyDecompress {
-        decompress: PyMutex<Decompress>,
-        eof: AtomicCell<bool>,
-        unused_data: PyMutex<PyBytesRef>,
-        unconsumed_tail: PyMutex<PyBytesRef>,
+        inner: PyMutex<PyDecompressInner>,
     }
+
     #[pyclass]
     impl PyDecompress {
         #[pygetset]
         fn eof(&self) -> bool {
-            self.eof.load()
+            self.inner.lock().eof
         }
         #[pygetset]
         fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
-            self.unused_data.lock().clone()
+            self.inner.lock().unused_data.clone()
         }
         #[pygetset]
         fn unconsumed_tail(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
-            self.unconsumed_tail.lock().clone()
+            self.inner.lock().unconsumed_tail.clone()
         }
 
-        fn save_unused_input(
-            &self,
-            d: &Decompress,
+        fn decompress_inner(
+            inner: &mut PyDecompressInner,
             data: &[u8],
-            stream_end: bool,
-            orig_in: u64,
+            bufsize: usize,
+            max_length: Option<usize>,
+            is_flush: bool,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) {
-            let leftover = &data[(d.total_in() - orig_in) as usize..];
-
-            if stream_end && !leftover.is_empty() {
-                let mut unused_data = self.unused_data.lock();
-                let unused: Vec<_> = unused_data
-                    .as_bytes()
-                    .iter()
-                    .chain(leftover)
-                    .copied()
-                    .collect();
-                *unused_data = vm.ctx.new_pyref(unused);
+        ) -> PyResult<(PyResult<Vec<u8>>, bool)> {
+            let Some(d) = &mut inner.decompress else {
+                return Err(new_zlib_error(USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR, vm));
+            };
+
+            let zdict = if is_flush { None } else { inner.zdict.as_ref() };
+
+            let prev_in = d.total_in();
+            let (ret, stream_end) =
+                match _decompress(data, d, bufsize, max_length, is_flush, zdict, vm) {
+                    Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
+                    Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
+                };
+            let consumed = (d.total_in() - prev_in) as usize;
+
+            // save unused input
+            let unconsumed = &data[consumed..];
+            if !unconsumed.is_empty() {
+                if stream_end {
+                    let unused = [inner.unused_data.as_bytes(), unconsumed].concat();
+                    inner.unused_data = vm.ctx.new_pyref(unused);
+                } else {
+                    inner.unconsumed_tail = vm.ctx.new_bytes(unconsumed.to_vec());
+                }
+            } else if !inner.unconsumed_tail.is_empty() {
+                inner.unconsumed_tail = vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone();
             }
+
+            Ok((ret, stream_end))
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn decompress(&self, args: DecompressArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let max_length = args.max_length.value;
+            let max_length: usize = args
+                .max_length
+                .map_or(0, |x| x.value)
+                .try_into()
+                .map_err(|_| vm.new_value_error("must be non-negative".to_owned()))?;
             let max_length = (max_length != 0).then_some(max_length);
-            let data = args.data.borrow_buf();
-            let data = &*data;
+            let data = &*args.data.borrow_buf();
 
-            let mut d = self.decompress.lock();
-            let orig_in = d.total_in();
+            let inner = &mut *self.inner.lock();
 
             let (ret, stream_end) =
-                match _decompress(data, &mut d, DEF_BUF_SIZE, max_length, false, vm) {
-                    Ok((buf, true)) => {
-                        self.eof.store(true);
-                        (Ok(buf), true)
-                    }
-                    Ok((buf, false)) => (Ok(buf), false),
-                    Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
-                };
-            self.save_unused_input(&d, data, stream_end, orig_in, vm);
-
-            let leftover = if stream_end {
-                b""
-            } else {
-                &data[(d.total_in() - orig_in) as usize..]
-            };
+                Self::decompress_inner(inner, data, DEF_BUF_SIZE, max_length, false, vm)?;
 
-            let mut unconsumed_tail = self.unconsumed_tail.lock();
-            if !leftover.is_empty() || !unconsumed_tail.is_empty() {
-                *unconsumed_tail = PyBytes::from(leftover.to_owned()).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
-            }
+            inner.eof |= stream_end;
 
             ret
         }
@@ -332,36 +419,22 @@ mod zlib {
         #[pymethod]
         fn flush(&self, length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
             let length = match length {
-                OptionalArg::Present(l) => {
-                    let l: isize = l.into();
-                    if l <= 0 {
-                        return Err(
-                            vm.new_value_error("length must be greater than zero".to_owned())
-                        );
-                    } else {
-                        l as usize
-                    }
+                OptionalArg::Present(ArgSize { value }) if value <= 0 => {
+                    return Err(vm.new_value_error("length must be greater than zero".to_owned()))
                 }
+                OptionalArg::Present(ArgSize { value }) => value as usize,
                 OptionalArg::Missing => DEF_BUF_SIZE,
             };
 
-            let mut data = self.unconsumed_tail.lock();
-            let mut d = self.decompress.lock();
+            let inner = &mut *self.inner.lock();
+            let data = std::mem::replace(&mut inner.unconsumed_tail, vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone());
 
-            let orig_in = d.total_in();
-
-            let (ret, stream_end) = match _decompress(&data, &mut d, length, None, true, vm) {
-                Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
-                Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
-            };
-            self.save_unused_input(&d, &data, stream_end, orig_in, vm);
+            let (ret, _) = Self::decompress_inner(inner, &data, length, None, true, vm)?;
 
-            *data = PyBytes::from(Vec::new()).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
+            if inner.eof {
+                inner.decompress = None;
+            }
 
-            // TODO: drop the inner decompressor, somehow
-            // if stream_end {
-            //
-            // }
             ret
         }
     }
@@ -370,11 +443,8 @@ mod zlib {
     struct DecompressArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional)]
         data: ArgBytesLike,
-        #[pyarg(
-            any,
-            default = "rustpython_vm::function::ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: 0 }"
-        )]
-        max_length: ArgPrimitiveIndex<usize>,
+        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+        max_length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>,
     }
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
@@ -384,13 +454,13 @@ mod zlib {
         level: Level,
         // only DEFLATED is valid right now, it's w/e
         #[pyarg(any, default = "DEFLATED")]
-        _method: i32,
+        method: i32,
         #[pyarg(any, default = "ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS }")]
         wbits: ArgPrimitiveIndex<i8>,
-        #[pyarg(any, name = "_memLevel", default = "DEF_MEM_LEVEL")]
-        _mem_level: u8,
+        #[pyarg(any, name = "memLevel", default = "DEF_MEM_LEVEL")]
+        mem_level: u8,
         #[pyarg(any, default = "Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY")]
-        _strategy: i32,
+        strategy: i32,
         #[pyarg(any, optional)]
         zdict: Option<ArgBytesLike>,
     }
@@ -417,8 +487,7 @@ mod zlib {
 
     #[derive(Debug)]
     struct CompressInner {
-        compress: Compress,
-        unconsumed: Vec<u8>,
+        compress: Option<Compress>,
     }
 
     #[pyattr]
@@ -436,10 +505,17 @@ mod zlib {
             data.with_ref(|b| inner.compress(b, vm))
         }
 
-        // TODO: mode argument isn't used
         #[pymethod]
-        fn flush(&self, _mode: OptionalArg<i32>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            self.inner.lock().flush(vm)
+        fn flush(&self, mode: OptionalArg<i32>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            let mode = match mode.unwrap_or(Z_FINISH) {
+                Z_NO_FLUSH => return Ok(vec![]),
+                Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH => FlushCompress::Partial,
+                Z_SYNC_FLUSH => FlushCompress::Sync,
+                Z_FULL_FLUSH => FlushCompress::Full,
+                Z_FINISH => FlushCompress::Finish,
+                _ => return Err(new_zlib_error("invalid mode", vm)),
+            };
+            self.inner.lock().flush(mode, vm)
         }
 
         // TODO: This is an optional feature of Compress
@@ -456,59 +532,55 @@ mod zlib {
     impl CompressInner {
         fn new(compress: Compress) -> Self {
             Self {
-                compress,
-                unconsumed: Vec::new(),
+                compress: Some(compress),
             }
         }
+
+        fn get_compress(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&mut Compress> {
+            self.compress
+                .as_mut()
+                .ok_or_else(|| new_zlib_error(USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR, vm))
+        }
+
         fn compress(&mut self, data: &[u8], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let orig_in = self.compress.total_in() as usize;
-            let mut cur_in = 0;
-            let unconsumed = std::mem::take(&mut self.unconsumed);
+            let c = self.get_compress(vm)?;
             let mut buf = Vec::new();
 
-            'outer: for chunk in unconsumed.chunks(CHUNKSIZE).chain(data.chunks(CHUNKSIZE)) {
-                while cur_in < chunk.len() {
+            for mut chunk in data.chunks(CHUNKSIZE) {
+                while !chunk.is_empty() {
                     buf.reserve(DEF_BUF_SIZE);
-                    let status = self
-                        .compress
-                        .compress_vec(&chunk[cur_in..], &mut buf, FlushCompress::None)
-                        .map_err(|_| {
-                            self.unconsumed.extend_from_slice(&data[cur_in..]);
-                            new_zlib_error("error while compressing", vm)
-                        })?;
-                    cur_in = (self.compress.total_in() as usize) - orig_in;
-                    match status {
-                        Status::Ok => continue,
-                        Status::StreamEnd => break 'outer,
-                        _ => break,
-                    }
+                    let prev_in = c.total_in();
+                    c.compress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, FlushCompress::None)
+                        .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("error while compressing", vm))?;
+                    let consumed = c.total_in() - prev_in;
+                    chunk = &chunk[consumed as usize..];
                 }
             }
-            self.unconsumed.extend_from_slice(&data[cur_in..]);
 
             buf.shrink_to_fit();
             Ok(buf)
         }
 
-        // TODO: flush mode (FlushDecompress) parameter
-        fn flush(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let data = std::mem::take(&mut self.unconsumed);
-            let mut data_it = data.chunks(CHUNKSIZE);
+        fn flush(&mut self, mode: FlushCompress, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            let c = self.get_compress(vm)?;
             let mut buf = Vec::new();
 
-            loop {
-                let chunk = data_it.next().unwrap_or(&[]);
+            let status = loop {
                 if buf.len() == buf.capacity() {
                     buf.reserve(DEF_BUF_SIZE);
                 }
-                let status = self
-                    .compress
-                    .compress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, FlushCompress::Finish)
+                let status = c
+                    .compress_vec(&[], &mut buf, mode)
                     .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("error while compressing", vm))?;
-                match status {
-                    Status::StreamEnd => break,
-                    _ => continue,
+                if buf.len() != buf.capacity() {
+                    break status;
                 }
+            };
+
+            match status {
+                Status::Ok | Status::BufError => {}
+                Status::StreamEnd if mode == FlushCompress::Finish => self.compress = None,
+                Status::StreamEnd => return Err(new_zlib_error("unexpected eof", vm)),
             }
 
             buf.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -520,6 +592,8 @@ mod zlib {
         vm.new_exception_msg(vm.class("zlib", "error"), message.to_owned())
     }
 
+    const USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR: &str = "Error -2: inconsistent stream state";
+
     struct Level(Option<flate2::Compression>);
 
     impl Level {
@@ -551,130 +625,116 @@ mod zlib {
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "_ZlibDecompressor")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
-    pub struct ZlibDecompressor {
-        decompress: PyMutex<Decompress>,
-        unused_data: PyMutex<PyBytesRef>,
-        unconsumed_tail: PyMutex<PyBytesRef>,
+    struct ZlibDecompressor {
+        inner: PyMutex<ZlibDecompressorInner>,
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    struct ZlibDecompressorInner {
+        decompress: Decompress,
+        unused_data: PyBytesRef,
+        input_buffer: Vec<u8>,
+        zdict: Option<ArgBytesLike>,
+        eof: bool,
+        needs_input: bool,
     }
 
     impl Constructor for ZlibDecompressor {
-        type Args = ();
-
-        fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            let decompress = Decompress::new(true);
-            let zlib_decompressor = Self {
-                decompress: PyMutex::new(decompress),
-                unused_data: PyMutex::new(PyBytes::from(vec![]).into_ref(&vm.ctx)),
-                unconsumed_tail: PyMutex::new(PyBytes::from(vec![]).into_ref(&vm.ctx)),
+        type Args = DecompressobjArgs;
+
+        fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            let mut decompress = InitOptions::new(args.wbits.value, vm)?.decompress();
+            let zdict = args.zdict.into_option();
+            if let Some(dict) = &zdict {
+                if args.wbits.value < 0 {
+                    dict.with_ref(|d| decompress.set_dictionary(d))
+                        .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("failed to set dictionary", vm))?;
+                }
+            }
+            let inner = ZlibDecompressorInner {
+                decompress,
+                unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
+                input_buffer: Vec::new(),
+                zdict,
+                eof: false,
+                needs_input: true,
             };
-            zlib_decompressor
-                .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
-                .map(Into::into)
+            Self {
+                inner: PyMutex::new(inner),
+            }
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
+            .map(Into::into)
         }
     }
 
     #[pyclass(with(Constructor))]
     impl ZlibDecompressor {
         #[pygetset]
-        fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
-            self.unused_data.lock().clone()
+        fn eof(&self) -> bool {
+            self.inner.lock().eof
         }
 
         #[pygetset]
-        fn unconsumed_tail(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
-            self.unconsumed_tail.lock().clone()
+        fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
+            self.inner.lock().unused_data.clone()
         }
 
-        fn save_unused_input(
-            &self,
-            d: &Decompress,
-            data: &[u8],
-            stream_end: bool,
-            orig_in: u64,
-            vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) {
-            let leftover = &data[(d.total_in() - orig_in) as usize..];
-
-            if stream_end && !leftover.is_empty() {
-                let mut unused_data = self.unused_data.lock();
-                let unused: Vec<_> = unused_data
-                    .as_bytes()
-                    .iter()
-                    .chain(leftover)
-                    .copied()
-                    .collect();
-                *unused_data = vm.ctx.new_pyref(unused);
-            }
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
+            self.inner.lock().needs_input
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn decompress(&self, args: PyBytesRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            // let max_length = args.max_length.value;
-            // let max_length = (max_length != 0).then_some(max_length);
-            let max_length = None;
-            let data = args.as_bytes();
-
-            let mut d = self.decompress.lock();
-            let orig_in = d.total_in();
-
-            let (ret, stream_end) =
-                match _decompress(data, &mut d, DEF_BUF_SIZE, max_length, false, vm) {
-                    Ok((buf, true)) => {
-                        // Eof is true
-                        (Ok(buf), true)
-                    }
-                    Ok((buf, false)) => (Ok(buf), false),
-                    Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
-                };
-            self.save_unused_input(&d, data, stream_end, orig_in, vm);
+        fn decompress(&self, args: DecompressArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            let max_length = args
+                .max_length
+                .into_option()
+                .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok());
+            let data = &*args.data.borrow_buf();
 
-            let leftover = if stream_end {
-                b""
-            } else {
-                &data[(d.total_in() - orig_in) as usize..]
-            };
+            let inner = &mut *self.inner.lock();
 
-            let mut unconsumed_tail = self.unconsumed_tail.lock();
-            if !leftover.is_empty() || !unconsumed_tail.is_empty() {
-                *unconsumed_tail = PyBytes::from(leftover.to_owned()).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
+            if inner.eof {
+                return Err(vm.new_eof_error("End of stream already reached".to_owned()));
             }
 
-            ret
-        }
+            let input_buffer = &mut inner.input_buffer;
+            let d = &mut inner.decompress;
 
-        #[pymethod]
-        fn flush(&self, length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let length = match length {
-                OptionalArg::Present(l) => {
-                    let l: isize = l.into();
-                    if l <= 0 {
-                        return Err(
-                            vm.new_value_error("length must be greater than zero".to_owned())
-                        );
-                    } else {
-                        l as usize
-                    }
-                }
-                OptionalArg::Missing => DEF_BUF_SIZE,
-            };
+            let mut chunks = Chunker::chain(input_buffer, data);
 
-            let mut data = self.unconsumed_tail.lock();
-            let mut d = self.decompress.lock();
+            let zdict = inner.zdict.as_ref();
+            let bufsize = DEF_BUF_SIZE;
 
-            let orig_in = d.total_in();
+            let prev_len = chunks.len();
+            let (ret, stream_end) =
+                match _decompress_chunks(&mut chunks, d, bufsize, max_length, false, zdict, vm) {
+                    Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
+                    Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
+                };
+            let consumed = prev_len - chunks.len();
 
-            let (ret, stream_end) = match _decompress(&data, &mut d, length, None, true, vm) {
-                Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
-                Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
-            };
-            self.save_unused_input(&d, &data, stream_end, orig_in, vm);
+            inner.eof |= stream_end;
 
-            *data = PyBytes::from(Vec::new()).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
+            if inner.eof {
+                inner.needs_input = false;
+                if !chunks.is_empty() {
+                    inner.unused_data = vm.ctx.new_bytes(chunks.to_vec());
+                }
+            } else if chunks.is_empty() {
+                input_buffer.clear();
+                inner.needs_input = true;
+            } else {
+                inner.needs_input = false;
+                if let Some(n_consumed_from_data) = consumed.checked_sub(input_buffer.len()) {
+                    input_buffer.clear();
+                    input_buffer.extend_from_slice(&data[n_consumed_from_data..]);
+                } else {
+                    input_buffer.drain(..consumed);
+                    input_buffer.extend_from_slice(data);
+                }
+            }
 
-            // TODO: drop the inner decompressor, somehow
-            // if stream_end {
-            //
-            // }
             ret
         }
 

From aba3d5c0823b7fc7de1828c9e4ebcd1f87fe320a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: CPython Developers <>
Date: Wed, 26 Feb 2025 00:09:49 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 458/705] Update gzip,test_gzip from CPython 3.13

---
 Lib/gzip.py           | 130 ++++++++++----------
 Lib/test/test_gzip.py | 270 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 325 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/gzip.py b/Lib/gzip.py
index 5b20e5ba69..1a3c82ce7e 100644
--- a/Lib/gzip.py
+++ b/Lib/gzip.py
@@ -15,12 +15,16 @@
 
 FTEXT, FHCRC, FEXTRA, FNAME, FCOMMENT = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
 
-READ, WRITE = 1, 2
+READ = 'rb'
+WRITE = 'wb'
 
 _COMPRESS_LEVEL_FAST = 1
 _COMPRESS_LEVEL_TRADEOFF = 6
 _COMPRESS_LEVEL_BEST = 9
 
+READ_BUFFER_SIZE = 128 * 1024
+_WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE = 4 * io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
+
 
 def open(filename, mode="rb", compresslevel=_COMPRESS_LEVEL_BEST,
          encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None):
@@ -118,6 +122,21 @@ class BadGzipFile(OSError):
     """Exception raised in some cases for invalid gzip files."""
 
 
+class _WriteBufferStream(io.RawIOBase):
+    """Minimal object to pass WriteBuffer flushes into GzipFile"""
+    def __init__(self, gzip_file):
+        self.gzip_file = gzip_file
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        return self.gzip_file._write_raw(data)
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        return False
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return True
+
+
 class GzipFile(_compression.BaseStream):
     """The GzipFile class simulates most of the methods of a file object with
     the exception of the truncate() method.
@@ -160,9 +179,10 @@ def __init__(self, filename=None, mode=None,
         and 9 is slowest and produces the most compression. 0 is no compression
         at all. The default is 9.
 
-        The mtime argument is an optional numeric timestamp to be written
-        to the last modification time field in the stream when compressing.
-        If omitted or None, the current time is used.
+        The optional mtime argument is the timestamp requested by gzip. The time
+        is in Unix format, i.e., seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.
+        If mtime is omitted or None, the current time is used. Use mtime = 0
+        to generate a compressed stream that does not depend on creation time.
 
         """
 
@@ -182,6 +202,7 @@ def __init__(self, filename=None, mode=None,
         if mode is None:
             mode = getattr(fileobj, 'mode', 'rb')
 
+
         if mode.startswith('r'):
             self.mode = READ
             raw = _GzipReader(fileobj)
@@ -204,6 +225,9 @@ def __init__(self, filename=None, mode=None,
                                              zlib.DEF_MEM_LEVEL,
                                              0)
             self._write_mtime = mtime
+            self._buffer_size = _WRITE_BUFFER_SIZE
+            self._buffer = io.BufferedWriter(_WriteBufferStream(self),
+                                             buffer_size=self._buffer_size)
         else:
             raise ValueError("Invalid mode: {!r}".format(mode))
 
@@ -212,14 +236,6 @@ def __init__(self, filename=None, mode=None,
         if self.mode == WRITE:
             self._write_gzip_header(compresslevel)
 
-    @property
-    def filename(self):
-        import warnings
-        warnings.warn("use the name attribute", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        if self.mode == WRITE and self.name[-3:] != ".gz":
-            return self.name + ".gz"
-        return self.name
-
     @property
     def mtime(self):
         """Last modification time read from stream, or None"""
@@ -237,6 +253,11 @@ def _init_write(self, filename):
         self.bufsize = 0
         self.offset = 0  # Current file offset for seek(), tell(), etc
 
+    def tell(self):
+        self._check_not_closed()
+        self._buffer.flush()
+        return super().tell()
+
     def _write_gzip_header(self, compresslevel):
         self.fileobj.write(b'\037\213')             # magic header
         self.fileobj.write(b'\010')                 # compression method
@@ -278,6 +299,10 @@ def write(self,data):
         if self.fileobj is None:
             raise ValueError("write() on closed GzipFile object")
 
+        return self._buffer.write(data)
+
+    def _write_raw(self, data):
+        # Called by our self._buffer underlying WriteBufferStream.
         if isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
             length = len(data)
         else:
@@ -326,11 +351,11 @@ def closed(self):
 
     def close(self):
         fileobj = self.fileobj
-        if fileobj is None:
+        if fileobj is None or self._buffer.closed:
             return
-        self.fileobj = None
         try:
             if self.mode == WRITE:
+                self._buffer.flush()
                 fileobj.write(self.compress.flush())
                 write32u(fileobj, self.crc)
                 # self.size may exceed 2 GiB, or even 4 GiB
@@ -338,6 +363,7 @@ def close(self):
             elif self.mode == READ:
                 self._buffer.close()
         finally:
+            self.fileobj = None
             myfileobj = self.myfileobj
             if myfileobj:
                 self.myfileobj = None
@@ -346,6 +372,7 @@ def close(self):
     def flush(self,zlib_mode=zlib.Z_SYNC_FLUSH):
         self._check_not_closed()
         if self.mode == WRITE:
+            self._buffer.flush()
             # Ensure the compressor's buffer is flushed
             self.fileobj.write(self.compress.flush(zlib_mode))
             self.fileobj.flush()
@@ -376,6 +403,9 @@ def seekable(self):
 
     def seek(self, offset, whence=io.SEEK_SET):
         if self.mode == WRITE:
+            self._check_not_closed()
+            # Flush buffer to ensure validity of self.offset
+            self._buffer.flush()
             if whence != io.SEEK_SET:
                 if whence == io.SEEK_CUR:
                     offset = self.offset + offset
@@ -384,10 +414,10 @@ def seek(self, offset, whence=io.SEEK_SET):
             if offset < self.offset:
                 raise OSError('Negative seek in write mode')
             count = offset - self.offset
-            chunk = b'\0' * 1024
-            for i in range(count // 1024):
+            chunk = b'\0' * self._buffer_size
+            for i in range(count // self._buffer_size):
                 self.write(chunk)
-            self.write(b'\0' * (count % 1024))
+            self.write(b'\0' * (count % self._buffer_size))
         elif self.mode == READ:
             self._check_not_closed()
             return self._buffer.seek(offset, whence)
@@ -454,7 +484,7 @@ def _read_gzip_header(fp):
 
 class _GzipReader(_compression.DecompressReader):
     def __init__(self, fp):
-        super().__init__(_PaddedFile(fp), zlib.decompressobj,
+        super().__init__(_PaddedFile(fp), zlib._ZlibDecompressor,
                          wbits=-zlib.MAX_WBITS)
         # Set flag indicating start of a new member
         self._new_member = True
@@ -502,12 +532,13 @@ def read(self, size=-1):
                 self._new_member = False
 
             # Read a chunk of data from the file
-            buf = self._fp.read(io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE)
+            if self._decompressor.needs_input:
+                buf = self._fp.read(READ_BUFFER_SIZE)
+                uncompress = self._decompressor.decompress(buf, size)
+            else:
+                uncompress = self._decompressor.decompress(b"", size)
 
-            uncompress = self._decompressor.decompress(buf, size)
-            if self._decompressor.unconsumed_tail != b"":
-                self._fp.prepend(self._decompressor.unconsumed_tail)
-            elif self._decompressor.unused_data != b"":
+            if self._decompressor.unused_data != b"":
                 # Prepend the already read bytes to the fileobj so they can
                 # be seen by _read_eof() and _read_gzip_header()
                 self._fp.prepend(self._decompressor.unused_data)
@@ -518,14 +549,11 @@ def read(self, size=-1):
                 raise EOFError("Compressed file ended before the "
                                "end-of-stream marker was reached")
 
-        self._add_read_data( uncompress )
+        self._crc = zlib.crc32(uncompress, self._crc)
+        self._stream_size += len(uncompress)
         self._pos += len(uncompress)
         return uncompress
 
-    def _add_read_data(self, data):
-        self._crc = zlib.crc32(data, self._crc)
-        self._stream_size = self._stream_size + len(data)
-
     def _read_eof(self):
         # We've read to the end of the file
         # We check that the computed CRC and size of the
@@ -552,43 +580,21 @@ def _rewind(self):
         self._new_member = True
 
 
-def _create_simple_gzip_header(compresslevel: int,
-                               mtime = None) -> bytes:
-    """
-    Write a simple gzip header with no extra fields.
-    :param compresslevel: Compresslevel used to determine the xfl bytes.
-    :param mtime: The mtime (must support conversion to a 32-bit integer).
-    :return: A bytes object representing the gzip header.
-    """
-    if mtime is None:
-        mtime = time.time()
-    if compresslevel == _COMPRESS_LEVEL_BEST:
-        xfl = 2
-    elif compresslevel == _COMPRESS_LEVEL_FAST:
-        xfl = 4
-    else:
-        xfl = 0
-    # Pack ID1 and ID2 magic bytes, method (8=deflate), header flags (no extra
-    # fields added to header), mtime, xfl and os (255 for unknown OS).
-    return struct.pack("<BBBBLBB", 0x1f, 0x8b, 8, 0, int(mtime), xfl, 255)
-
-
-def compress(data, compresslevel=_COMPRESS_LEVEL_BEST, *, mtime=None):
+def compress(data, compresslevel=_COMPRESS_LEVEL_BEST, *, mtime=0):
     """Compress data in one shot and return the compressed string.
 
     compresslevel sets the compression level in range of 0-9.
-    mtime can be used to set the modification time. The modification time is
-    set to the current time by default.
+    mtime can be used to set the modification time.
+    The modification time is set to 0 by default, for reproducibility.
     """
-    if mtime == 0:
-        # Use zlib as it creates the header with 0 mtime by default.
-        # This is faster and with less overhead.
-        return zlib.compress(data, level=compresslevel, wbits=31)
-    header = _create_simple_gzip_header(compresslevel, mtime)
-    trailer = struct.pack("<LL", zlib.crc32(data), (len(data) & 0xffffffff))
-    # Wbits=-15 creates a raw deflate block.
-    return (header + zlib.compress(data, level=compresslevel, wbits=-15) +
-            trailer)
+    # Wbits=31 automatically includes a gzip header and trailer.
+    gzip_data = zlib.compress(data, level=compresslevel, wbits=31)
+    if mtime is None:
+        mtime = time.time()
+    # Reuse gzip header created by zlib, replace mtime and OS byte for
+    # consistency.
+    header = struct.pack("<4sLBB", gzip_data, int(mtime), gzip_data[8], 255)
+    return header + gzip_data[10:]
 
 
 def decompress(data):
@@ -655,7 +661,7 @@ def main():
                 f = builtins.open(arg, "rb")
                 g = open(arg + ".gz", "wb")
         while True:
-            chunk = f.read(io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE)
+            chunk = f.read(READ_BUFFER_SIZE)
             if not chunk:
                 break
             g.write(chunk)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_gzip.py b/Lib/test/test_gzip.py
index 6a709d3f66..42bb7d6984 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_gzip.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_gzip.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 import functools
 import io
 import os
-import pathlib
 import struct
 import sys
 import unittest
@@ -16,6 +15,7 @@
 from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok, assert_python_failure
 
 gzip = import_helper.import_module('gzip')
+zlib = import_helper.import_module('zlib')
 
 data1 = b"""  int length=DEFAULTALLOC, err = Z_OK;
   PyObject *RetVal;
@@ -78,16 +78,18 @@ def test_write(self):
         f.close()
 
     def test_write_read_with_pathlike_file(self):
-        filename = pathlib.Path(self.filename)
+        filename = os_helper.FakePath(self.filename)
         with gzip.GzipFile(filename, 'w') as f:
             f.write(data1 * 50)
         self.assertIsInstance(f.name, str)
+        self.assertEqual(f.name, self.filename)
         with gzip.GzipFile(filename, 'a') as f:
             f.write(data1)
         with gzip.GzipFile(filename) as f:
             d = f.read()
         self.assertEqual(d, data1 * 51)
         self.assertIsInstance(f.name, str)
+        self.assertEqual(f.name, self.filename)
 
     # The following test_write_xy methods test that write accepts
     # the corresponding bytes-like object type as input
@@ -471,15 +473,122 @@ def test_textio_readlines(self):
             with io.TextIOWrapper(f, encoding="ascii") as t:
                 self.assertEqual(t.readlines(), lines)
 
+    def test_fileobj_with_name(self):
+        with open(self.filename, "xb") as raw:
+            with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=raw, mode="x") as f:
+                f.write(b'one')
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+                self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.WRITE)
+                self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+                self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+            self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, f.fileno)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.WRITE)
+            self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+            self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+            self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+
+        with open(self.filename, "wb") as raw:
+            with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=raw, mode="w") as f:
+                f.write(b'two')
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+                self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.WRITE)
+                self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+                self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+            self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, f.fileno)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.WRITE)
+            self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+            self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+            self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+
+        with open(self.filename, "ab") as raw:
+            with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=raw, mode="a") as f:
+                f.write(b'three')
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+                self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.WRITE)
+                self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+                self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+            self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, f.fileno)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.WRITE)
+            self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+            self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+            self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+
+        with open(self.filename, "rb") as raw:
+            with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=raw, mode="r") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'twothree')
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+                self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.READ)
+                self.assertIs(f.readable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.writable(), False)
+                self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+            self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, f.fileno)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.READ)
+            self.assertIs(f.readable(), True)
+            self.assertIs(f.writable(), False)
+            self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+
     def test_fileobj_from_fdopen(self):
         # Issue #13781: Opening a GzipFile for writing fails when using a
         # fileobj created with os.fdopen().
-        fd = os.open(self.filename, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT)
-        with os.fdopen(fd, "wb") as f:
-            with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=f, mode="w") as g:
-                pass
+        fd = os.open(self.filename, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL)
+        with os.fdopen(fd, "xb") as raw:
+            with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=raw, mode="x") as f:
+                f.write(b'one')
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+                self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+            self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, f.fileno)
+
+        fd = os.open(self.filename, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC)
+        with os.fdopen(fd, "wb") as raw:
+            with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=raw, mode="w") as f:
+                f.write(b'two')
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+                self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, f.fileno)
+
+        fd = os.open(self.filename, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_APPEND)
+        with os.fdopen(fd, "ab") as raw:
+            with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=raw, mode="a") as f:
+                f.write(b'three')
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+                self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, f.fileno)
+
+        fd = os.open(self.filename, os.O_RDONLY)
+        with os.fdopen(fd, "rb") as raw:
+            with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=raw, mode="r") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), b'twothree')
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+                self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, f.fileno)
 
     def test_fileobj_mode(self):
+        self.assertEqual(gzip.READ, 'rb')
+        self.assertEqual(gzip.WRITE, 'wb')
         gzip.GzipFile(self.filename, "wb").close()
         with open(self.filename, "r+b") as f:
             with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=f, mode='r') as g:
@@ -507,17 +616,69 @@ def test_fileobj_mode(self):
 
     def test_bytes_filename(self):
         str_filename = self.filename
-        try:
-            bytes_filename = str_filename.encode("ascii")
-        except UnicodeEncodeError:
-            self.skipTest("Temporary file name needs to be ASCII")
+        bytes_filename = os.fsencode(str_filename)
         with gzip.GzipFile(bytes_filename, "wb") as f:
             f.write(data1 * 50)
+        self.assertEqual(f.name, bytes_filename)
         with gzip.GzipFile(bytes_filename, "rb") as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), data1 * 50)
+        self.assertEqual(f.name, bytes_filename)
         # Sanity check that we are actually operating on the right file.
         with gzip.GzipFile(str_filename, "rb") as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), data1 * 50)
+        self.assertEqual(f.name, str_filename)
+
+    def test_fileobj_without_name(self):
+        bio = io.BytesIO()
+        with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=bio, mode='wb') as f:
+            f.write(data1 * 50)
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+            self.assertRaises(io.UnsupportedOperation, f.fileno)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.WRITE)
+            self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+            self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+            self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+            self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+        self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+        self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, f.fileno)
+        self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.WRITE)
+        self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+        self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+
+        bio.seek(0)
+        with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=bio, mode='rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), data1 * 50)
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+            self.assertRaises(io.UnsupportedOperation, f.fileno)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.READ)
+            self.assertIs(f.readable(), True)
+            self.assertIs(f.writable(), False)
+            self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+            self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+        self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+        self.assertEqual(f.name, '')
+        self.assertRaises(AttributeError, f.fileno)
+        self.assertEqual(f.mode, gzip.READ)
+        self.assertIs(f.readable(), True)
+        self.assertIs(f.writable(), False)
+        self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+
+    def test_fileobj_and_filename(self):
+        filename2 = self.filename + 'new'
+        with (open(self.filename, 'wb') as fileobj,
+              gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=fileobj, filename=filename2, mode='wb') as f):
+            f.write(data1 * 50)
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, filename2)
+        with (open(self.filename, 'rb') as fileobj,
+              gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=fileobj, filename=filename2, mode='rb') as f):
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), data1 * 50)
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, filename2)
+        # Sanity check that we are actually operating on the right file.
+        with gzip.GzipFile(self.filename, 'rb') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), data1 * 50)
+            self.assertEqual(f.name, self.filename)
 
     def test_decompress_limited(self):
         """Decompressed data buffering should be limited"""
@@ -552,8 +713,18 @@ def test_compress_mtime(self):
                         f.read(1) # to set mtime attribute
                         self.assertEqual(f.mtime, mtime)
 
+    def test_compress_mtime_default(self):
+        # test for gh-125260
+        datac = gzip.compress(data1, mtime=0)
+        datac2 = gzip.compress(data1)
+        self.assertEqual(datac, datac2)
+        datac3 = gzip.compress(data1, mtime=None)
+        self.assertNotEqual(datac, datac3)
+        with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=io.BytesIO(datac3), mode="rb") as f:
+            f.read(1) # to set mtime attribute
+            self.assertGreater(f.mtime, 1)
+
     def test_compress_correct_level(self):
-        # gzip.compress calls with mtime == 0 take a different code path.
         for mtime in (0, 42):
             with self.subTest(mtime=mtime):
                 nocompress = gzip.compress(data1, compresslevel=0, mtime=mtime)
@@ -561,6 +732,17 @@ def test_compress_correct_level(self):
                 self.assertIn(data1, nocompress)
                 self.assertNotIn(data1, yescompress)
 
+    def test_issue112346(self):
+        # The OS byte should be 255, this should not change between Python versions.
+        for mtime in (0, 42):
+            with self.subTest(mtime=mtime):
+                compress = gzip.compress(data1, compresslevel=1, mtime=mtime)
+                self.assertEqual(
+                    struct.unpack("<IxB", compress[4:10]),
+                    (mtime, 255),
+                    "Gzip header does not properly set either mtime or OS byte."
+                )
+
     def test_decompress(self):
         for data in (data1, data2):
             buf = io.BytesIO()
@@ -616,6 +798,66 @@ def test_issue44439(self):
             self.assertEqual(f.write(q), LENGTH)
             self.assertEqual(f.tell(), LENGTH)
 
+    def test_flush_flushes_compressor(self):
+        # See issue GH-105808.
+        b = io.BytesIO()
+        message = b"important message here."
+        with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=b, mode='w') as f:
+            f.write(message)
+            f.flush()
+            partial_data = b.getvalue()
+        full_data = b.getvalue()
+        self.assertEqual(gzip.decompress(full_data), message)
+        # The partial data should contain the gzip header and the complete
+        # message, but not the end-of-stream markers (so we can't just
+        # decompress it directly).
+        with self.assertRaises(EOFError):
+            gzip.decompress(partial_data)
+        d = zlib.decompressobj(wbits=-zlib.MAX_WBITS)
+        f = io.BytesIO(partial_data)
+        gzip._read_gzip_header(f)
+        read_message = d.decompress(f.read())
+        self.assertEqual(read_message, message)
+
+    def test_flush_modes(self):
+        # Make sure the argument to flush is properly passed to the
+        # zlib.compressobj; see issue GH-105808.
+        class FakeCompressor:
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.modes = []
+            def compress(self, data):
+                return b''
+            def flush(self, mode=-1):
+                self.modes.append(mode)
+                return b''
+        b = io.BytesIO()
+        fc = FakeCompressor()
+        with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=b, mode='w') as f:
+            f.compress = fc
+            f.flush()
+            f.flush(50)
+            f.flush(zlib_mode=100)
+        # The implicit close will also flush the compressor.
+        expected_modes = [
+            zlib.Z_SYNC_FLUSH,
+            50,
+            100,
+            -1,
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(fc.modes, expected_modes)
+
+    def test_write_seek_write(self):
+        # Make sure that offset is up-to-date before seeking
+        # See issue GH-108111
+        b = io.BytesIO()
+        message = b"important message here."
+        with gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=b, mode='w') as f:
+            f.write(message)
+            f.seek(len(message))
+            f.write(message)
+        data = b.getvalue()
+        self.assertEqual(gzip.decompress(data), message * 2)
+
 
 class TestOpen(BaseTest):
     def test_binary_modes(self):
@@ -646,13 +888,16 @@ def test_binary_modes(self):
             self.assertEqual(file_data, uncompressed)
 
     def test_pathlike_file(self):
-        filename = pathlib.Path(self.filename)
+        filename = os_helper.FakePath(self.filename)
         with gzip.open(filename, "wb") as f:
             f.write(data1 * 50)
+        self.assertEqual(f.name, self.filename)
         with gzip.open(filename, "ab") as f:
             f.write(data1)
+        self.assertEqual(f.name, self.filename)
         with gzip.open(filename) as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), data1 * 51)
+        self.assertEqual(f.name, self.filename)
 
     def test_implicit_binary_modes(self):
         # Test implicit binary modes (no "b" or "t" in mode string).
@@ -682,7 +927,6 @@ def test_implicit_binary_modes(self):
             file_data = gzip.decompress(f.read())
             self.assertEqual(file_data, uncompressed)
 
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', "TODO: RUSTPYTHON, windows text mode")
     def test_text_modes(self):
         uncompressed = data1.decode("ascii") * 50
         uncompressed_raw = uncompressed.replace("\n", os.linesep)

From df2354fdb7518f4a40784d02bf6dc9add5715ec1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Feb 2025 15:16:04 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 459/705] migrate to the 2024 edition

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.toml                  |  2 +-
 vm/src/suggestion.rs        |  6 ++----
 vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs | 32 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 3 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 6c48714929..55cc120335 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ members = [
 [workspace.package]
 version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["RustPython Team"]
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2024"
 rust-version = "1.85.0"
 repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
 license = "MIT"
diff --git a/vm/src/suggestion.rs b/vm/src/suggestion.rs
index d46630a651..bc0556ef8b 100644
--- a/vm/src/suggestion.rs
+++ b/vm/src/suggestion.rs
@@ -52,10 +52,8 @@ pub fn offer_suggestions(exc: &PyBaseExceptionRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Optio
         calculate_suggestions(vm.dir(Some(obj)).ok()?.borrow_vec().iter(), &name)
     } else if exc.class().is(vm.ctx.exceptions.name_error) {
         let name = exc.as_object().get_attr("name", vm).unwrap();
-        let mut tb = exc.traceback()?;
-        for traceback in tb.iter() {
-            tb = traceback;
-        }
+        let tb = exc.traceback()?;
+        let tb = tb.iter().last().unwrap_or(tb);
 
         let varnames = tb.frame.code.clone().co_varnames(vm);
         if let Some(suggestions) = calculate_suggestions(varnames.iter(), &name) {
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
index b5a2470f52..a32d74603a 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
@@ -157,8 +157,8 @@ impl StrDrive for &str {
 #[inline]
 unsafe fn next_code_point(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
     // Decode UTF-8
-    let x = **ptr;
-    *ptr = ptr.offset(1);
+    let x = unsafe { **ptr};
+    *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(1) };
 
     if x < 128 {
         return x as u32;
@@ -170,16 +170,16 @@ unsafe fn next_code_point(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
     let init = utf8_first_byte(x, 2);
     // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
     // so the iterator must produce a value here.
-    let y = **ptr;
-    *ptr = ptr.offset(1);
+    let y = unsafe { **ptr };
+    *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(1) };
     let mut ch = utf8_acc_cont_byte(init, y);
     if x >= 0xE0 {
         // [[x y z] w] case
         // 5th bit in 0xE0 .. 0xEF is always clear, so `init` is still valid
         // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
         // so the iterator must produce a value here.
-        let z = **ptr;
-        *ptr = ptr.offset(1);
+        let z = unsafe { **ptr };
+        *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(1) };
         let y_z = utf8_acc_cont_byte((y & CONT_MASK) as u32, z);
         ch = (init << 12) | y_z;
         if x >= 0xF0 {
@@ -187,8 +187,8 @@ unsafe fn next_code_point(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
             // use only the lower 3 bits of `init`
             // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
             // so the iterator must produce a value here.
-            let w = **ptr;
-            *ptr = ptr.offset(1);
+            let w = unsafe { **ptr};
+            *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(1) };
             ch = ((init & 7) << 18) | utf8_acc_cont_byte(y_z, w);
         }
     }
@@ -205,8 +205,8 @@ unsafe fn next_code_point(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
 #[inline]
 unsafe fn next_code_point_reverse(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
     // Decode UTF-8
-    *ptr = ptr.offset(-1);
-    let w = match **ptr {
+    *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(-1) };
+    let w = match unsafe { **ptr } {
         next_byte if next_byte < 128 => return next_byte as u32,
         back_byte => back_byte,
     };
@@ -216,20 +216,20 @@ unsafe fn next_code_point_reverse(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
     let mut ch;
     // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
     // so the iterator must produce a value here.
-    *ptr = ptr.offset(-1);
-    let z = **ptr;
+    *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(-1) };
+    let z = unsafe { **ptr };
     ch = utf8_first_byte(z, 2);
     if utf8_is_cont_byte(z) {
         // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
         // so the iterator must produce a value here.
-        *ptr = ptr.offset(-1);
-        let y = **ptr;
+        *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(-1) };
+        let y = unsafe { **ptr };
         ch = utf8_first_byte(y, 3);
         if utf8_is_cont_byte(y) {
             // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
             // so the iterator must produce a value here.
-            *ptr = ptr.offset(-1);
-            let x = **ptr;
+            *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(-1) };
+            let x = unsafe { **ptr };
             ch = utf8_first_byte(x, 4);
             ch = utf8_acc_cont_byte(ch, y);
         }

From b870b0e1b510a5e3910f2585ef4f20eeb03c092b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Feb 2025 04:42:38 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 460/705] 2024 edition formatting

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 benches/execution.rs                     |   6 +-
 benches/microbenchmarks.rs               |   4 +-
 common/src/fileutils.rs                  |  14 ++--
 common/src/float_ops.rs                  |  12 +--
 common/src/hash.rs                       |   6 +-
 common/src/str.rs                        |   6 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs          |  14 ++--
 compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs               |   6 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs      |   9 +-
 compiler/src/lib.rs                      |   6 +-
 derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs      |  17 ++--
 derive-impl/src/from_args.rs             |   4 +-
 derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs               |  33 ++++----
 derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs              |  12 +--
 derive-impl/src/util.rs                  |  16 ++--
 derive/src/lib.rs                        |   2 +-
 examples/call_between_rust_and_python.rs |   4 +-
 examples/generator.rs                    |   2 +-
 examples/package_embed.rs                |   2 +-
 examples/parse_folder.rs                 |   2 +-
 rustfmt.toml                             |   2 +-
 src/interpreter.rs                       |   2 +-
 src/lib.rs                               |   4 +-
 src/settings.rs                          |   4 +-
 src/shell.rs                             |   4 +-
 src/shell/helper.rs                      |   3 +-
 stdlib/src/array.rs                      |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/binascii.rs                   |   9 +-
 stdlib/src/bisect.rs                     |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/blake2.rs                     |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/bz2.rs                        |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/cmath.rs                      |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/contextvars.rs                |   5 +-
 stdlib/src/csv.rs                        |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/dis.rs                        |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs               |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/fcntl.rs                      |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/gc.rs                         |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/grp.rs                        |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/hashlib.rs                    |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/json.rs                       |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/locale.rs                     |  18 ++--
 stdlib/src/math.rs                       |  17 ++--
 stdlib/src/md5.rs                        |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/mmap.rs                       |   5 +-
 stdlib/src/multiprocessing.rs            |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs                 |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs            |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/pyexpat.rs                    |   4 +-
 stdlib/src/pystruct.rs                   |   4 +-
 stdlib/src/random.rs                     |   8 +-
 stdlib/src/resource.rs                   |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/scproxy.rs                    |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/select.rs                     |  25 +++---
 stdlib/src/sha1.rs                       |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/sha256.rs                     |   4 +-
 stdlib/src/sha3.rs                       |   4 +-
 stdlib/src/sha512.rs                     |   4 +-
 stdlib/src/socket.rs                     | 100 +++++++++++------------
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs                     |  65 ++++++++-------
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs                        |  42 +++++-----
 stdlib/src/statistics.rs                 |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/syslog.rs                     |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/termios.rs                    |  35 ++++----
 stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs                |  10 +--
 stdlib/src/uuid.rs                       |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/zlib.rs                       |   8 +-
 vm/src/anystr.rs                         |   8 +-
 vm/src/buffer.rs                         |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs        |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/bool.rs                  |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs          |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs             |   8 +-
 vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs                 |   8 +-
 vm/src/builtins/classmethod.rs           |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/code.rs                  |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/complex.rs               |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs             |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs            |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/dict.rs                  |  11 ++-
 vm/src/builtins/enumerate.rs             |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/filter.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/float.rs                 |   6 +-
 vm/src/builtins/frame.rs                 |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/function.rs              |   6 +-
 vm/src/builtins/function/jitfunc.rs      |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/generator.rs             |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs          |   5 +-
 vm/src/builtins/getset.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/int.rs                   |  20 ++---
 vm/src/builtins/iter.rs                  |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/list.rs                  |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/map.rs                   |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs          |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/memory.rs                |  17 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/module.rs                |  15 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/namespace.rs             |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/object.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/property.rs              |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/range.rs                 |   7 +-
 vm/src/builtins/set.rs                   |   6 +-
 vm/src/builtins/singletons.rs            |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/slice.rs                 |   8 +-
 vm/src/builtins/staticmethod.rs          |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs                   |  14 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/super.rs                 |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/traceback.rs             |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs                 |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs                  |  12 +--
 vm/src/builtins/union.rs                 |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs             |   3 +-
 vm/src/builtins/weakref.rs               |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/zip.rs                   |   2 +-
 vm/src/bytesinner.rs                     |   6 +-
 vm/src/cformat.rs                        |   4 +-
 vm/src/class.rs                          |   2 +-
 vm/src/codecs.rs                         |   2 +-
 vm/src/convert/to_pyobject.rs            |   2 +-
 vm/src/convert/try_from.rs               |   2 +-
 vm/src/coroutine.rs                      |   2 +-
 vm/src/dictdatatype.rs                   |   4 +-
 vm/src/eval.rs                           |   2 +-
 vm/src/exceptions.rs                     |   8 +-
 vm/src/format.rs                         |   2 +-
 vm/src/frame.rs                          |  28 ++++---
 vm/src/function/argument.rs              |   2 +-
 vm/src/function/arithmetic.rs            |   2 +-
 vm/src/function/buffer.rs                |   4 +-
 vm/src/function/builtin.rs               |   4 +-
 vm/src/function/either.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/function/fspath.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/function/getset.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/function/method.rs                |   4 +-
 vm/src/function/mod.rs                   |   4 +-
 vm/src/function/number.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/function/protocol.rs              |   4 +-
 vm/src/import.rs                         |   6 +-
 vm/src/intern.rs                         |   2 +-
 vm/src/iter.rs                           |   2 +-
 vm/src/object/core.rs                    |   2 +-
 vm/src/object/ext.rs                     |   4 +-
 vm/src/object/payload.rs                 |   2 +-
 vm/src/object/traverse.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs         |   4 +-
 vm/src/ospath.rs                         |   2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/iter.rs                  |   2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs               |   4 +-
 vm/src/protocol/number.rs                |   6 +-
 vm/src/protocol/object.rs                |   6 +-
 vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs              |   4 +-
 vm/src/py_io.rs                          |   2 +-
 vm/src/py_serde.rs                       |   2 +-
 vm/src/scope.rs                          |   2 +-
 vm/src/sequence.rs                       |   4 +-
 vm/src/signal.rs                         |   2 +-
 vm/src/sliceable.rs                      |  11 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs                     |   8 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/atexit.rs                  |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs                |  11 ++-
 vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs                  |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs             |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs         |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/errno.rs                   |   8 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/functools.rs               |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs                     |  11 ++-
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs                      |  24 +++---
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs               |   8 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs                 |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs                     |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs                  |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs                      |   6 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs                |   4 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs                      |  26 ++----
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs                   |  32 ++------
 vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs            |   6 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs                     |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs                  |   6 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs                     |   7 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/string.rs                  |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs                     |  20 ++---
 vm/src/stdlib/sysconfigdata.rs           |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs                  |   6 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs                    |  14 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs                  |   4 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs                |   4 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/weakref.rs                 |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs                  |   4 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs                  |   8 +-
 vm/src/suggestion.rs                     |   4 +-
 vm/src/types/slot.rs                     |   4 +-
 vm/src/types/structseq.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/types/zoo.rs                      |   2 +-
 vm/src/utils.rs                          |   2 +-
 vm/src/version.rs                        |   2 +-
 vm/src/vm/compile.rs                     |   2 +-
 vm/src/vm/context.rs                     |   9 +-
 vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs                 |   6 +-
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs                         |  12 +--
 vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs                      |   4 +-
 vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs                   |   8 +-
 vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs                      |   2 +-
 vm/src/warn.rs                           |   9 +-
 vm/src/windows.rs                        |   6 +-
 vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs         |   2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs              |   2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/src/lib.rs                 |   2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs              |   4 +-
 wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs           |   4 +-
 wasm/lib/src/convert.rs                  |   9 +-
 wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs                |   8 +-
 wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs                 |   2 +-
 wasm/lib/src/wasm_builtins.rs            |   2 +-
 214 files changed, 644 insertions(+), 744 deletions(-)

diff --git a/benches/execution.rs b/benches/execution.rs
index 6ec9b89f2a..57529bbb3a 100644
--- a/benches/execution.rs
+++ b/benches/execution.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use criterion::measurement::WallTime;
 use criterion::{
-    black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Bencher, BenchmarkGroup, BenchmarkId, Criterion,
-    Throughput,
+    Bencher, BenchmarkGroup, BenchmarkId, Criterion, Throughput, black_box, criterion_group,
+    criterion_main,
 };
 use rustpython_compiler::Mode;
-use rustpython_parser::ast;
 use rustpython_parser::Parse;
+use rustpython_parser::ast;
 use rustpython_vm::{Interpreter, PyResult, Settings};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::Path;
diff --git a/benches/microbenchmarks.rs b/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
index b742b959b7..6f41f00d6c 100644
--- a/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
+++ b/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use criterion::{
-    criterion_group, criterion_main, measurement::WallTime, BatchSize, BenchmarkGroup, BenchmarkId,
-    Criterion, Throughput,
+    BatchSize, BenchmarkGroup, BenchmarkId, Criterion, Throughput, criterion_group, criterion_main,
+    measurement::WallTime,
 };
 use pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods;
 use rustpython_compiler::Mode;
diff --git a/common/src/fileutils.rs b/common/src/fileutils.rs
index 8713e11229..7d5ff01942 100644
--- a/common/src/fileutils.rs
+++ b/common/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 pub use libc::stat as StatStruct;
 
 #[cfg(windows)]
-pub use windows::{fstat, StatStruct};
+pub use windows::{StatStruct, fstat};
 
 #[cfg(not(windows))]
 pub fn fstat(fd: libc::c_int) -> std::io::Result<StatStruct> {
@@ -28,19 +28,19 @@ pub mod windows {
     use std::ffi::{CString, OsStr, OsString};
     use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
     use std::sync::OnceLock;
-    use windows_sys::core::PCWSTR;
     use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::{
-        FreeLibrary, SetLastError, BOOL, ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE, ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, FILETIME,
-        HANDLE, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
+        BOOL, ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE, ERROR_NOT_SUPPORTED, FILETIME, FreeLibrary, HANDLE,
+        INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE, SetLastError,
     };
     use windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::{
-        FileBasicInfo, FileIdInfo, GetFileInformationByHandle, GetFileInformationByHandleEx,
-        GetFileType, BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY,
+        BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY,
         FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT, FILE_BASIC_INFO, FILE_ID_INFO, FILE_TYPE_CHAR,
-        FILE_TYPE_DISK, FILE_TYPE_PIPE, FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN,
+        FILE_TYPE_DISK, FILE_TYPE_PIPE, FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN, FileBasicInfo, FileIdInfo,
+        GetFileInformationByHandle, GetFileInformationByHandleEx, GetFileType,
     };
     use windows_sys::Win32::System::LibraryLoader::{GetProcAddress, LoadLibraryW};
     use windows_sys::Win32::System::SystemServices::IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK;
+    use windows_sys::core::PCWSTR;
 
     pub const S_IFIFO: libc::c_int = 0o010000;
     pub const S_IFLNK: libc::c_int = 0o120000;
diff --git a/common/src/float_ops.rs b/common/src/float_ops.rs
index 8e16e71c14..46e2d57067 100644
--- a/common/src/float_ops.rs
+++ b/common/src/float_ops.rs
@@ -64,11 +64,7 @@ pub fn gt_int(value: f64, other_int: &BigInt) -> bool {
 }
 
 pub fn div(v1: f64, v2: f64) -> Option<f64> {
-    if v2 != 0.0 {
-        Some(v1 / v2)
-    } else {
-        None
-    }
+    if v2 != 0.0 { Some(v1 / v2) } else { None }
 }
 
 pub fn mod_(v1: f64, v2: f64) -> Option<f64> {
@@ -125,11 +121,7 @@ pub fn nextafter(x: f64, y: f64) -> f64 {
         let b = x.to_bits();
         let bits = if (y > x) == (x > 0.0) { b + 1 } else { b - 1 };
         let ret = f64::from_bits(bits);
-        if ret == 0.0 {
-            ret.copysign(x)
-        } else {
-            ret
-        }
+        if ret == 0.0 { ret.copysign(x) } else { ret }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/common/src/hash.rs b/common/src/hash.rs
index 5b5ac003cb..bbc30b1fe1 100644
--- a/common/src/hash.rs
+++ b/common/src/hash.rs
@@ -150,11 +150,7 @@ pub fn hash_bigint(value: &BigInt) -> PyHash {
 
 #[inline(always)]
 pub fn fix_sentinel(x: PyHash) -> PyHash {
-    if x == SENTINEL {
-        -2
-    } else {
-        x
-    }
+    if x == SENTINEL { -2 } else { x }
 }
 
 #[inline]
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index 65b1e376cb..b4f7a1a636 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -241,11 +241,7 @@ pub mod levenshtein {
         if b.is_ascii_uppercase() {
             b += b'a' - b'A';
         }
-        if a == b {
-            CASE_COST
-        } else {
-            MOVE_COST
-        }
+        if a == b { CASE_COST } else { MOVE_COST }
     }
 
     pub fn levenshtein_distance(a: &str, b: &str, max_cost: usize) -> usize {
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 7f8696baf2..6b1d15c720 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -8,21 +8,21 @@
 #![deny(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 
 use crate::{
+    IndexSet,
     error::{CodegenError, CodegenErrorType},
     ir,
     symboltable::{self, SymbolFlags, SymbolScope, SymbolTable},
-    IndexSet,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use num_complex::Complex64;
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
 use rustpython_ast::located::{self as located_ast, Located};
 use rustpython_compiler_core::{
+    Mode,
     bytecode::{
         self, Arg as OpArgMarker, CodeObject, ComparisonOperator, ConstantData, Instruction, OpArg,
         OpArgType,
     },
-    Mode,
 };
 use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 }
             }
             located_ast::Expr::BinOp(_) | located_ast::Expr::UnaryOp(_) => {
-                return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::Delete("expression")))
+                return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::Delete("expression")));
             }
             _ => return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::Delete(expression.python_name()))),
         }
@@ -1213,7 +1213,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
             if !finalbody.is_empty() {
                 emit!(self, Instruction::PopBlock); // pop excepthandler block
-                                                    // We enter the finally block, without exception.
+                // We enter the finally block, without exception.
                 emit!(self, Instruction::EnterFinally);
             }
 
@@ -3124,7 +3124,9 @@ impl Compiler {
                 | "with_statement" | "print_function" | "unicode_literals" | "generator_stop" => {}
                 "annotations" => self.future_annotations = true,
                 other => {
-                    return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::InvalidFutureFeature(other.to_owned())))
+                    return Err(
+                        self.error(CodegenErrorType::InvalidFutureFeature(other.to_owned()))
+                    );
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -3477,8 +3479,8 @@ impl ToU32 for usize {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use rustpython_parser::ast::Suite;
     use rustpython_parser::Parse;
+    use rustpython_parser::ast::Suite;
     use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::LinearLocator;
 
     fn compile_exec(source: &str) -> CodeObject {
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
index 9f1a86e51d..08e68d283a 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
@@ -199,11 +199,7 @@ impl CodeInfo {
             })
             .collect::<Box<[_]>>();
 
-        if found_cellarg {
-            Some(cell2arg)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
+        if found_cellarg { Some(cell2arg) } else { None }
     }
 
     fn dce(&mut self) {
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
index 80c6e389fc..7db5c4edbe 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ Inspirational file: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Python/symtable.
 */
 
 use crate::{
-    error::{CodegenError, CodegenErrorType},
     IndexMap,
+    error::{CodegenError, CodegenErrorType},
 };
 use bitflags::bitflags;
 use rustpython_ast::{self as ast, located::Located};
@@ -505,7 +505,10 @@ impl SymbolTableAnalyzer {
                         // check if assignee is an iterator in top scope
                         if parent_symbol.flags.contains(SymbolFlags::ITER) {
                             return Err(SymbolTableError {
-                                error: format!("assignment expression cannot rebind comprehension iteration variable {}", symbol.name),
+                                error: format!(
+                                    "assignment expression cannot rebind comprehension iteration variable {}",
+                                    symbol.name
+                                ),
                                 location: None,
                             });
                         }
@@ -1408,7 +1411,7 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                     return Err(SymbolTableError {
                         error: format!("cannot define nonlocal '{name}' at top level."),
                         location,
-                    })
+                    });
                 }
                 _ => {
                     // Ok!
diff --git a/compiler/src/lib.rs b/compiler/src/lib.rs
index c281058555..7d226cd1ce 100644
--- a/compiler/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use rustpython_codegen::{compile, symboltable};
-use rustpython_parser::ast::{self as ast, fold::Fold, ConstantOptimizer};
+use rustpython_parser::ast::{self as ast, ConstantOptimizer, fold::Fold};
 
 pub use rustpython_codegen::compile::CompileOpts;
-pub use rustpython_compiler_core::{bytecode::CodeObject, Mode};
-pub use rustpython_parser::{source_code::LinearLocator, Parse};
+pub use rustpython_compiler_core::{Mode, bytecode::CodeObject};
+pub use rustpython_parser::{Parse, source_code::LinearLocator};
 
 // these modules are out of repository. re-exporting them here for convenience.
 pub use rustpython_codegen as codegen;
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs b/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
index 34d5cb8d9d..2a57134197 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
@@ -17,17 +17,16 @@ use crate::Diagnostic;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::quote;
-use rustpython_compiler_core::{bytecode::CodeObject, frozen, Mode};
+use rustpython_compiler_core::{Mode, bytecode::CodeObject, frozen};
 use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
     env, fs,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
 };
 use syn::{
-    self,
+    self, LitByteStr, LitStr, Macro,
     parse::{ParseStream, Parser, Result as ParseResult},
     spanned::Spanned,
-    LitByteStr, LitStr, Macro,
 };
 
 static CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR: Lazy<PathBuf> = Lazy::new(|| {
@@ -118,11 +117,13 @@ impl CompilationSource {
                 })?;
                 self.compile_string(&source, mode, module_name, compiler, || rel_path.display())
             }
-            CompilationSourceKind::SourceCode(code) => {
-                self.compile_string(&textwrap::dedent(code), mode, module_name, compiler, || {
-                    "string literal"
-                })
-            }
+            CompilationSourceKind::SourceCode(code) => self.compile_string(
+                &textwrap::dedent(code),
+                mode,
+                module_name,
+                compiler,
+                || "string literal",
+            ),
             CompilationSourceKind::Dir(_) => {
                 unreachable!("Can't use compile_single with directory source")
             }
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs b/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
index 47b0530d88..2273046ed4 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
-use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
+use quote::{ToTokens, quote};
 use syn::ext::IdentExt;
 use syn::meta::ParseNestedMeta;
-use syn::{parse_quote, Attribute, Data, DeriveInput, Expr, Field, Ident, Result, Token};
+use syn::{Attribute, Data, DeriveInput, Expr, Field, Ident, Result, Token, parse_quote};
 
 /// The kind of the python parameter, this corresponds to the value of Parameter.kind
 /// (https://docs.python.org/3/library/inspect.html#inspect.Parameter.kind)
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
index c3f148e2eb..077bd36bb8 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 use super::Diagnostic;
 use crate::util::{
-    format_doc, pyclass_ident_and_attrs, pyexception_ident_and_attrs, text_signature,
-    ClassItemMeta, ContentItem, ContentItemInner, ErrorVec, ExceptionItemMeta, ItemMeta,
-    ItemMetaInner, ItemNursery, SimpleItemMeta, ALL_ALLOWED_NAMES,
+    ALL_ALLOWED_NAMES, ClassItemMeta, ContentItem, ContentItemInner, ErrorVec, ExceptionItemMeta,
+    ItemMeta, ItemMetaInner, ItemNursery, SimpleItemMeta, format_doc, pyclass_ident_and_attrs,
+    pyexception_ident_and_attrs, text_signature,
 };
 use proc_macro2::{Delimiter, Group, Span, TokenStream, TokenTree};
-use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
+use quote::{ToTokens, quote, quote_spanned};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
 use std::str::FromStr;
-use syn::{parse_quote, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Ident, Item, Result};
+use syn::{Attribute, Ident, Item, Result, parse_quote, spanned::Spanned};
 use syn_ext::ext::*;
 use syn_ext::types::*;
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_pyclass_impl(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: Item) -> Resul
                                         return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
                                             segment,
                                             "Py{Ref}<T> is expected but Py{Ref}<?> is found",
-                                        ))
+                                        ));
                                     }
                                 }
                             }
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_pyclass_impl(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: Item) -> Resul
                                 return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
                                     segment,
                                     "Py{Ref}<T> is expected but Py{Ref}? is found",
-                                ))
+                                ));
                             }
                         }
                     } else {
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_pyclass_impl(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: Item) -> Resul
                     return Err(syn::Error::new_spanned(
                         imp.self_ty,
                         "PyImpl can only be implemented for Py{Ref}<T> or T",
-                    ))
+                    ));
                 }
             };
 
@@ -1237,11 +1237,7 @@ impl MethodItemMeta {
             name
         } else {
             let name = inner.item_name();
-            if magic {
-                format!("__{name}__")
-            } else {
-                name
-            }
+            if magic { format!("__{name}__") } else { name }
         })
     }
 }
@@ -1308,11 +1304,7 @@ impl GetSetItemMeta {
                 GetSetItemKind::Set => extract_prefix_name("set_", "setter")?,
                 GetSetItemKind::Delete => extract_prefix_name("del_", "deleter")?,
             };
-            if magic {
-                format!("__{name}__")
-            } else {
-                name
-            }
+            if magic { format!("__{name}__") } else { name }
         };
         Ok((py_name, kind))
     }
@@ -1488,7 +1480,10 @@ fn extract_impl_attrs(attr: PunctuatedNestedMeta, item: &Ident) -> Result<Extrac
                             )
                         } else {
                             if path.is_ident("DefaultConstructor") {
-                                bail_span!(meta, "Try `#[pyclass(with(Constructor, ...))]` instead of `#[pyclass(with(DefaultConstructor, ...))]`. DefaultConstructor implicitly implements Constructor.")
+                                bail_span!(
+                                    meta,
+                                    "Try `#[pyclass(with(Constructor, ...))]` instead of `#[pyclass(with(DefaultConstructor, ...))]`. DefaultConstructor implicitly implements Constructor."
+                                )
                             }
                             if path.is_ident("Constructor") || path.is_ident("Unconstructible") {
                                 has_constructor = true;
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs b/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
index 188231a71f..c59e40678e 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use crate::error::Diagnostic;
 use crate::util::{
-    format_doc, iter_use_idents, pyclass_ident_and_attrs, text_signature, AttrItemMeta,
-    AttributeExt, ClassItemMeta, ContentItem, ContentItemInner, ErrorVec, ItemMeta, ItemNursery,
-    ModuleItemMeta, SimpleItemMeta, ALL_ALLOWED_NAMES,
+    ALL_ALLOWED_NAMES, AttrItemMeta, AttributeExt, ClassItemMeta, ContentItem, ContentItemInner,
+    ErrorVec, ItemMeta, ItemNursery, ModuleItemMeta, SimpleItemMeta, format_doc, iter_use_idents,
+    pyclass_ident_and_attrs, text_signature,
 };
 use proc_macro2::{Delimiter, Group, TokenStream, TokenTree};
-use quote::{quote, quote_spanned, ToTokens};
+use quote::{ToTokens, quote, quote_spanned};
 use std::{collections::HashSet, str::FromStr};
-use syn::{parse_quote, spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Ident, Item, Result};
+use syn::{Attribute, Ident, Item, Result, parse_quote, spanned::Spanned};
 use syn_ext::ext::*;
 use syn_ext::types::PunctuatedNestedMeta;
 
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ impl ModuleItem for AttributeItem {
             other => {
                 return Err(
                     self.new_syn_error(other.span(), "can only be on a function, const and use")
-                )
+                );
             }
         };
 
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/util.rs b/derive-impl/src/util.rs
index cfe54a5c72..7e0eb96fb0 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/util.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/util.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
-use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
+use quote::{ToTokens, quote};
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
-use syn::{spanned::Spanned, Attribute, Ident, Result, Signature, UseTree};
+use syn::{Attribute, Ident, Result, Signature, UseTree, spanned::Spanned};
 use syn_ext::{
     ext::{AttributeExt as SynAttributeExt, *},
     types::*,
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ impl ItemNursery {
 
 impl ToTokens for ValidatedItemNursery {
     fn to_tokens(&self, tokens: &mut TokenStream) {
-        let mut sorted = self.0 .0.clone();
+        let mut sorted = self.0.0.clone();
         sorted.sort_by(|a, b| a.sort_order.cmp(&b.sort_order));
         tokens.extend(sorted.iter().map(|item| {
             let cfgs = &item.cfgs;
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ impl ItemMeta for ExceptionItemMeta {
         Self(ClassItemMeta(inner))
     }
     fn inner(&self) -> &ItemMetaInner {
-        &self.0 .0
+        &self.0.0
     }
 }
 
@@ -470,12 +470,12 @@ impl ExceptionItemMeta {
                         let type_name = inner.item_name();
                         let Some(py_name) = type_name.as_str().strip_prefix("Py") else {
                             bail_span!(
-                            inner.item_ident,
-                            "#[pyexception] expects its underlying type to be named `Py` prefixed"
-                        )
+                                inner.item_ident,
+                                "#[pyexception] expects its underlying type to be named `Py` prefixed"
+                            )
                         };
                         py_name.to_string()
-                    })
+                    });
                 }
                 _ => {}
             }
diff --git a/derive/src/lib.rs b/derive/src/lib.rs
index 9e94bf43cb..97ca026e76 100644
--- a/derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ impl derive_impl::Compiler for Compiler {
         mode: rustpython_compiler::Mode,
         module_name: String,
     ) -> Result<rustpython_compiler::CodeObject, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
-        use rustpython_compiler::{compile, CompileOpts};
+        use rustpython_compiler::{CompileOpts, compile};
         Ok(compile(source, mode, module_name, CompileOpts::default())?)
     }
 }
diff --git a/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.rs b/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.rs
index 78eef62200..576390d059 100644
--- a/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.rs
+++ b/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use rustpython::vm::{
-    pyclass, pymodule, PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
+    PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine, pyclass, pymodule,
 };
 
 pub fn main() {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub fn main() {
 #[pymodule]
 mod rust_py_module {
     use super::*;
-    use rustpython::vm::{builtins::PyList, convert::ToPyObject, PyObjectRef};
+    use rustpython::vm::{PyObjectRef, builtins::PyList, convert::ToPyObject};
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn rust_function(
diff --git a/examples/generator.rs b/examples/generator.rs
index 010ccd3797..937687ab8f 100644
--- a/examples/generator.rs
+++ b/examples/generator.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use rustpython_vm as vm;
 use std::process::ExitCode;
 use vm::{
+    Interpreter, PyResult,
     builtins::PyIntRef,
     protocol::{PyIter, PyIterReturn},
-    Interpreter, PyResult,
 };
 
 fn py_main(interp: &Interpreter) -> vm::PyResult<()> {
diff --git a/examples/package_embed.rs b/examples/package_embed.rs
index fffa98623a..975e734593 100644
--- a/examples/package_embed.rs
+++ b/examples/package_embed.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use rustpython_vm as vm;
 use std::process::ExitCode;
-use vm::{builtins::PyStrRef, Interpreter};
+use vm::{Interpreter, builtins::PyStrRef};
 
 fn py_main(interp: &Interpreter) -> vm::PyResult<PyStrRef> {
     interp.enter(|vm| {
diff --git a/examples/parse_folder.rs b/examples/parse_folder.rs
index c10450e018..f54be635c8 100644
--- a/examples/parse_folder.rs
+++ b/examples/parse_folder.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ extern crate env_logger;
 extern crate log;
 
 use clap::{App, Arg};
-use rustpython_parser::{ast, Parse};
+use rustpython_parser::{Parse, ast};
 use std::{
     path::Path,
     time::{Duration, Instant},
diff --git a/rustfmt.toml b/rustfmt.toml
index 3a26366d4d..f216078d96 100644
--- a/rustfmt.toml
+++ b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -1 +1 @@
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2024"
diff --git a/src/interpreter.rs b/src/interpreter.rs
index 9d4dc4ee98..35710ae829 100644
--- a/src/interpreter.rs
+++ b/src/interpreter.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use rustpython_vm::{builtins::PyModule, Interpreter, PyRef, Settings, VirtualMachine};
+use rustpython_vm::{Interpreter, PyRef, Settings, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub type InitHook = Box<dyn FnOnce(&mut VirtualMachine)>;
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 9fa38b968c..b0a176acf2 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -50,14 +50,14 @@ mod interpreter;
 mod settings;
 mod shell;
 
-use rustpython_vm::{scope::Scope, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+use rustpython_vm::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, scope::Scope};
 use std::env;
 use std::io::IsTerminal;
 use std::process::ExitCode;
 
 pub use interpreter::InterpreterConfig;
 pub use rustpython_vm as vm;
-pub use settings::{opts_with_clap, InstallPipMode, RunMode};
+pub use settings::{InstallPipMode, RunMode, opts_with_clap};
 pub use shell::run_shell;
 
 /// The main cli of the `rustpython` interpreter. This function will return `std::process::ExitCode`
diff --git a/src/settings.rs b/src/settings.rs
index f6b7f21f25..35114374c8 100644
--- a/src/settings.rs
+++ b/src/settings.rs
@@ -238,7 +238,9 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
         settings.int_max_str_digits = match env::var("PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS").unwrap().parse() {
             Ok(digits @ (0 | 640..)) => digits,
             _ => {
-                error!("Fatal Python error: config_init_int_max_str_digits: PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS: invalid limit; must be >= 640 or 0 for unlimited.\nPython runtime state: preinitialized");
+                error!(
+                    "Fatal Python error: config_init_int_max_str_digits: PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS: invalid limit; must be >= 640 or 0 for unlimited.\nPython runtime state: preinitialized"
+                );
                 std::process::exit(1);
             }
         };
diff --git a/src/shell.rs b/src/shell.rs
index 91becb0bbf..00b6710061 100644
--- a/src/shell.rs
+++ b/src/shell.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 mod helper;
 
-use rustpython_parser::{lexer::LexicalErrorType, ParseErrorType, Tok};
+use rustpython_parser::{ParseErrorType, Tok, lexer::LexicalErrorType};
 use rustpython_vm::{
+    AsObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
     compiler::{self, CompileError, CompileErrorType},
     readline::{Readline, ReadlineResult},
     scope::Scope,
-    AsObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 enum ShellExecResult {
diff --git a/src/shell/helper.rs b/src/shell/helper.rs
index 4d663b9424..0fe2f5ca93 100644
--- a/src/shell/helper.rs
+++ b/src/shell/helper.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 #![cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(dead_code))]
 use rustpython_vm::{
+    AsObject, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyDictRef, PyStrRef},
     function::ArgIterable,
-    identifier, AsObject, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+    identifier,
 };
 
 pub struct ShellHelper<'vm> {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/array.rs b/stdlib/src/array.rs
index 9bd58f8043..494e98dc1b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/array.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/array.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // spell-checker:ignore typecode tofile tolist fromfile
 
-use rustpython_vm::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use rustpython_vm::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let module = array::make_module(vm);
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ mod array {
             str::wchar_t,
         },
         vm::{
+            AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
             atomic_func,
             builtins::{
                 PositionIterInternal, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyDictRef, PyFloat, PyInt,
@@ -64,7 +65,6 @@ mod array {
                 AsBuffer, AsMapping, AsSequence, Comparable, Constructor, IterNext, Iterable,
                 PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter,
             },
-            AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         },
     };
     use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ mod array {
                         2 => Some(Self::Utf16 { big_endian }),
                         4 => Some(Self::Utf32 { big_endian }),
                         _ => None,
-                    }
+                    };
                 }
                 'f' => {
                     // Copied from CPython
diff --git a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
index eb11645879..ce3f9febd5 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 pub(super) use decl::crc32;
 pub(crate) use decl::make_module;
-use rustpython_vm::{builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef, convert::ToPyException, VirtualMachine};
+use rustpython_vm::{VirtualMachine, builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef, convert::ToPyException};
 
 const PAD: u8 = 61u8;
 const MAXLINESIZE: usize = 76; // Excluding the CRLF
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ const MAXLINESIZE: usize = 76; // Excluding the CRLF
 mod decl {
     use super::{MAXLINESIZE, PAD};
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyIntRef, PyTypeRef},
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::{ArgAsciiBuffer, ArgBytesLike, OptionalArg},
-        PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use itertools::Itertools;
 
@@ -751,7 +751,10 @@ impl ToPyException for Base64DecodeError {
             InvalidByte(_, _) => "Only base64 data is allowed".to_owned(),
             InvalidLastSymbol(_, PAD) => "Excess data after padding".to_owned(),
             InvalidLastSymbol(length, _) => {
-                format!("Invalid base64-encoded string: number of data characters {} cannot be 1 more than a multiple of 4", length)
+                format!(
+                    "Invalid base64-encoded string: number of data characters {} cannot be 1 more than a multiple of 4",
+                    length
+                )
             }
             InvalidLength => "Incorrect padding".to_owned(),
         };
diff --git a/stdlib/src/bisect.rs b/stdlib/src/bisect.rs
index aaab65d788..4d67ee50b9 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/bisect.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/bisect.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ pub(crate) use _bisect::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod _bisect {
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         function::{ArgIndex, OptionalArg},
         types::PyComparisonOp,
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/blake2.rs b/stdlib/src/blake2.rs
index 9b7da3327c..4209c966e8 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/blake2.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/blake2.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ pub(crate) use _blake2::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _blake2 {
-    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{local_blake2b, local_blake2s, BlakeHashArgs};
+    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{BlakeHashArgs, local_blake2b, local_blake2s};
     use crate::vm::{PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/bz2.rs b/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
index f150b06eb8..ba74a38db1 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ pub(crate) use _bz2::make_module;
 mod _bz2 {
     use crate::common::lock::PyMutex;
     use crate::vm::{
+        VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBytesRef, PyTypeRef},
         function::{ArgBytesLike, OptionalArg},
         object::{PyPayload, PyResult},
         types::Constructor,
-        VirtualMachine,
     };
-    use bzip2::{write::BzEncoder, Decompress, Status};
+    use bzip2::{Decompress, Status, write::BzEncoder};
     use std::{fmt, io::Write};
 
     // const BUFSIZ: i32 = 8192;
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ mod _bz2 {
                 _ => {
                     return Err(
                         vm.new_value_error("compresslevel must be between 1 and 9".to_owned())
-                    )
+                    );
                 }
             };
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/cmath.rs b/stdlib/src/cmath.rs
index c5badcf72a..4611ea344e 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/cmath.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/cmath.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ pub(crate) use cmath::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod cmath {
     use crate::vm::{
-        function::{ArgIntoComplex, ArgIntoFloat, OptionalArg},
         PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        function::{ArgIntoComplex, ArgIntoFloat, OptionalArg},
     };
     use num_complex::Complex64;
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs b/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
index 40a59050b3..1e27b8b9e5 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::vm::{builtins::PyModule, class::StaticType, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::vm::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule, class::StaticType};
 use _contextvars::PyContext;
 use std::cell::RefCell;
 
@@ -23,14 +23,13 @@ thread_local! {
 #[pymodule]
 mod _contextvars {
     use crate::vm::{
-        atomic_func,
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, atomic_func,
         builtins::{PyStrRef, PyTypeRef},
         class::StaticType,
         common::hash::PyHash,
         function::{ArgCallable, FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
         protocol::{PyMappingMethods, PySequenceMethods},
         types::{AsMapping, AsSequence, Constructor, Hashable, Representable},
-        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use indexmap::IndexMap;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/csv.rs b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
index 7b3448e6b5..03a5429ba4 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/csv.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@ pub(crate) use _csv::make_module;
 mod _csv {
     use crate::common::lock::PyMutex;
     use crate::vm::{
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyInt, PyNone, PyStr, PyType, PyTypeError, PyTypeRef},
         function::{ArgIterable, ArgumentError, FromArgs, FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
         protocol::{PyIter, PyIterReturn},
         types::{Constructor, IterNext, Iterable, SelfIter},
-        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use csv_core::Terminator;
     use itertools::{self, Itertools};
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ mod _csv {
             Some(write_meth) => write_meth,
             None if file.is_callable() => file,
             None => {
-                return Err(vm.new_type_error("argument 1 must have a \"write\" method".to_owned()))
+                return Err(vm.new_type_error("argument 1 must have a \"write\" method".to_owned()));
             }
         };
 
@@ -995,7 +995,7 @@ mod _csv {
                     csv_core::ReadRecordResult::OutputEndsFull => resize_buf(output_ends),
                     csv_core::ReadRecordResult::Record => break,
                     csv_core::ReadRecordResult::End => {
-                        return Ok(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(None))
+                        return Ok(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(None));
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/dis.rs b/stdlib/src/dis.rs
index 12c2ea75df..69767ffbba 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/dis.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/dis.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ pub(crate) use decl::make_module;
 #[pymodule(name = "dis")]
 mod decl {
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyCode, PyDictRef, PyStrRef},
         bytecode::CodeFlags,
-        PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs b/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs
index 2fb93ecc88..9ffd931291 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ pub(crate) use decl::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule(name = "faulthandler")]
 mod decl {
-    use crate::vm::{frame::Frame, function::OptionalArg, stdlib::sys::PyStderr, VirtualMachine};
+    use crate::vm::{VirtualMachine, frame::Frame, function::OptionalArg, stdlib::sys::PyStderr};
 
     fn dump_frame(frame: &Frame, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
         let stderr = PyStderr(vm);
diff --git a/stdlib/src/fcntl.rs b/stdlib/src/fcntl.rs
index ee73e50397..307d6e4351 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/fcntl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/fcntl.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ pub(crate) use fcntl::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod fcntl {
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::PyIntRef,
         function::{ArgMemoryBuffer, ArgStrOrBytesLike, Either, OptionalArg},
         stdlib::{io, os},
-        PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
 
     // TODO: supply these from <asm-generic/fnctl.h> (please file an issue/PR upstream):
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ mod fcntl {
     //       I_LINK, I_UNLINK, I_PLINK, I_PUNLINK
 
     #[pyattr]
-    use libc::{FD_CLOEXEC, F_GETFD, F_GETFL, F_SETFD, F_SETFL};
+    use libc::{F_GETFD, F_GETFL, F_SETFD, F_SETFL, FD_CLOEXEC};
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "wasi"))]
     #[pyattr]
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ mod fcntl {
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "fuchsia", target_os = "linux"))]
     #[pyattr]
     use libc::{
-        F_ADD_SEALS, F_GETLEASE, F_GETPIPE_SZ, F_GET_SEALS, F_NOTIFY, F_SEAL_GROW, F_SEAL_SEAL,
+        F_ADD_SEALS, F_GET_SEALS, F_GETLEASE, F_GETPIPE_SZ, F_NOTIFY, F_SEAL_GROW, F_SEAL_SEAL,
         F_SEAL_SHRINK, F_SEAL_WRITE, F_SETLEASE, F_SETPIPE_SZ,
     };
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/gc.rs b/stdlib/src/gc.rs
index c78eea9c29..6e906ebab2 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/gc.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/gc.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ pub(crate) use gc::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod gc {
-    use crate::vm::{function::FuncArgs, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+    use crate::vm::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, function::FuncArgs};
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn collect(_args: FuncArgs, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> i32 {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/grp.rs b/stdlib/src/grp.rs
index d3eb0848bb..2cdad56588 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/grp.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/grp.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ pub(crate) use grp::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod grp {
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyIntRef, PyListRef, PyStrRef},
         convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject},
         exceptions,
         types::PyStructSequence,
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use nix::unistd;
     use std::ptr::NonNull;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs b/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs
index 6944c37f9d..6124b6d242 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs
@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ pub(crate) use _hashlib::make_module;
 pub mod _hashlib {
     use crate::common::lock::PyRwLock;
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBytes, PyStrRef, PyTypeRef},
         convert::ToPyObject,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgStrOrBytesLike, FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
         protocol::PyBuffer,
-        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use blake2::{Blake2b512, Blake2s256};
-    use digest::{core_api::BlockSizeUser, DynDigest};
+    use digest::{DynDigest, core_api::BlockSizeUser};
     use digest::{ExtendableOutput, Update};
-    use dyn_clone::{clone_trait_object, DynClone};
+    use dyn_clone::{DynClone, clone_trait_object};
     use md5::Md5;
     use sha1::Sha1;
     use sha2::{Sha224, Sha256, Sha384, Sha512};
diff --git a/stdlib/src/json.rs b/stdlib/src/json.rs
index 921e545e5d..aaac0b8bef 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/json.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/json.rs
@@ -5,12 +5,12 @@ mod machinery;
 mod _json {
     use super::machinery;
     use crate::vm::{
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef},
         convert::{ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
         function::{IntoFuncArgs, OptionalArg},
         protocol::PyIterReturn,
         types::{Callable, Constructor},
-        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
     use std::str::FromStr;
@@ -80,14 +80,14 @@ mod _json {
                 None => {
                     return Ok(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(Some(
                         vm.ctx.new_int(idx).into(),
-                    )))
+                    )));
                 }
             };
             let next_idx = idx + c.len_utf8();
             match c {
                 '"' => {
                     return scanstring(pystr, next_idx, OptionalArg::Present(self.strict), vm)
-                        .map(|x| PyIterReturn::Return(x.to_pyobject(vm)))
+                        .map(|x| PyIterReturn::Return(x.to_pyobject(vm)));
                 }
                 '{' => {
                     // TODO: parse the object in rust
diff --git a/stdlib/src/locale.rs b/stdlib/src/locale.rs
index 8e44508fb6..9ca71a0957 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/locale.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/locale.rs
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ use libc::localeconv;
 #[pymodule]
 mod _locale {
     use rustpython_vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyDictRef, PyIntRef, PyListRef, PyStrRef, PyTypeRef},
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::OptionalArg,
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use std::{
         ffi::{CStr, CString},
@@ -56,12 +56,12 @@ mod _locale {
     ))]
     #[pyattr]
     use libc::{
-        ABDAY_1, ABDAY_2, ABDAY_3, ABDAY_4, ABDAY_5, ABDAY_6, ABDAY_7, ABMON_1, ABMON_10, ABMON_11,
-        ABMON_12, ABMON_2, ABMON_3, ABMON_4, ABMON_5, ABMON_6, ABMON_7, ABMON_8, ABMON_9,
-        ALT_DIGITS, AM_STR, CODESET, CRNCYSTR, DAY_1, DAY_2, DAY_3, DAY_4, DAY_5, DAY_6, DAY_7,
-        D_FMT, D_T_FMT, ERA, ERA_D_FMT, ERA_D_T_FMT, ERA_T_FMT, LC_MESSAGES, MON_1, MON_10, MON_11,
-        MON_12, MON_2, MON_3, MON_4, MON_5, MON_6, MON_7, MON_8, MON_9, NOEXPR, PM_STR, RADIXCHAR,
-        THOUSEP, T_FMT, T_FMT_AMPM, YESEXPR,
+        ABDAY_1, ABDAY_2, ABDAY_3, ABDAY_4, ABDAY_5, ABDAY_6, ABDAY_7, ABMON_1, ABMON_2, ABMON_3,
+        ABMON_4, ABMON_5, ABMON_6, ABMON_7, ABMON_8, ABMON_9, ABMON_10, ABMON_11, ABMON_12,
+        ALT_DIGITS, AM_STR, CODESET, CRNCYSTR, D_FMT, D_T_FMT, DAY_1, DAY_2, DAY_3, DAY_4, DAY_5,
+        DAY_6, DAY_7, ERA, ERA_D_FMT, ERA_D_T_FMT, ERA_T_FMT, LC_MESSAGES, MON_1, MON_2, MON_3,
+        MON_4, MON_5, MON_6, MON_7, MON_8, MON_9, MON_10, MON_11, MON_12, NOEXPR, PM_STR,
+        RADIXCHAR, T_FMT, T_FMT_AMPM, THOUSEP, YESEXPR,
     };
 
     #[pyattr]
@@ -148,9 +148,7 @@ mod _locale {
             }
 
             macro_rules! set_int_field {
-                ($lc:expr, $field:ident) => {{
-                    result.set_item(stringify!($field), vm.new_pyobj((*$lc).$field), vm)?
-                }};
+                ($lc:expr, $field:ident) => {{ result.set_item(stringify!($field), vm.new_pyobj((*$lc).$field), vm)? }};
             }
 
             macro_rules! set_group_field {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index 68930cfd0f..f86ebb591e 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,10 @@ pub(crate) use math::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod math {
     use crate::vm::{
-        builtins::{try_bigint_to_f64, try_f64_to_bigint, PyFloat, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStrInterned},
+        PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        builtins::{PyFloat, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStrInterned, try_bigint_to_f64, try_f64_to_bigint},
         function::{ArgIndex, ArgIntoFloat, ArgIterable, Either, OptionalArg, PosArgs},
-        identifier, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        identifier,
     };
     use itertools::Itertools;
     use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
@@ -475,21 +476,13 @@ mod math {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn erf(x: ArgIntoFloat) -> f64 {
         let x = *x;
-        if x.is_nan() {
-            x
-        } else {
-            puruspe::erf(x)
-        }
+        if x.is_nan() { x } else { puruspe::erf(x) }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn erfc(x: ArgIntoFloat) -> f64 {
         let x = *x;
-        if x.is_nan() {
-            x
-        } else {
-            puruspe::erfc(x)
-        }
+        if x.is_nan() { x } else { puruspe::erfc(x) }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/md5.rs b/stdlib/src/md5.rs
index 833d217f5b..dca48242bb 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/md5.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/md5.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ pub(crate) use _md5::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _md5 {
-    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{local_md5, HashArgs};
+    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{HashArgs, local_md5};
     use crate::vm::{PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
index aed665222e..e96339c370 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ mod mmap {
         lock::{MapImmutable, PyMutex, PyMutexGuard},
     };
     use crate::vm::{
-        atomic_func,
+        AsObject, FromArgs, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
+        TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine, atomic_func,
         builtins::{PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyTypeRef},
         byte::{bytes_from_object, value_from_object},
         convert::ToPyException,
@@ -18,8 +19,6 @@ mod mmap {
         },
         sliceable::{SaturatedSlice, SequenceIndex, SequenceIndexOp},
         types::{AsBuffer, AsMapping, AsSequence, Constructor, Representable},
-        AsObject, FromArgs, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
-        TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use memmap2::{Advice, Mmap, MmapMut, MmapOptions};
diff --git a/stdlib/src/multiprocessing.rs b/stdlib/src/multiprocessing.rs
index a6d902eb63..2db922e16b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/multiprocessing.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/multiprocessing.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ pub(crate) use _multiprocessing::make_module;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 #[pymodule]
 mod _multiprocessing {
-    use crate::vm::{function::ArgBytesLike, stdlib::os, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+    use crate::vm::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, function::ArgBytesLike, stdlib::os};
     use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{self, SOCKET};
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
index 9d08d88bcd..45eac5f51b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@ mod _overlapped {
     // straight-forward port of Modules/overlapped.c
 
     use crate::vm::{
+        Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyTypeRef},
         common::lock::PyMutex,
         convert::{ToPyException, ToPyObject},
         protocol::PyBuffer,
         stdlib::os::errno_err,
         types::Constructor,
-        Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use windows_sys::Win32::{
         Foundation::{self, GetLastError, HANDLE},
diff --git a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
index 64e897b607..cff00a70aa 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ mod _posixsubprocess {
     use rustpython_vm::{AsObject, TryFromBorrowedObject};
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::vm::{convert::IntoPyException, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+    use crate::vm::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, convert::IntoPyException};
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn fork_exec(args: ForkExecArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<libc::pid_t> {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/pyexpat.rs b/stdlib/src/pyexpat.rs
index 89267d3f7e..3cfe048f17 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/pyexpat.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/pyexpat.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 *
 */
 
-use crate::vm::{builtins::PyModule, extend_module, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::vm::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule, extend_module};
 
 pub fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let module = _pyexpat::make_module(vm);
@@ -32,10 +32,10 @@ macro_rules! create_property {
 #[pymodule(name = "pyexpat")]
 mod _pyexpat {
     use crate::vm::{
+        Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyStr, PyStrRef, PyType},
         function::ArgBytesLike,
         function::{IntoFuncArgs, OptionalArg},
-        Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
     use std::io::Cursor;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs b/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
index 2d83e9570d..f8d41414f7 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ pub(crate) use _struct::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 pub(crate) mod _struct {
     use crate::vm::{
-        buffer::{new_struct_error, struct_error_type, FormatSpec},
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+        buffer::{FormatSpec, new_struct_error, struct_error_type},
         builtins::{PyBytes, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgMemoryBuffer, PosArgs},
         match_class,
         protocol::PyIterReturn,
         types::{Constructor, IterNext, Iterable, SelfIter},
-        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/random.rs b/stdlib/src/random.rs
index 0692e3ef9b..685c0ae8b9 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/random.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/random.rs
@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ pub(crate) use _random::make_module;
 mod _random {
     use crate::common::lock::PyMutex;
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyInt, PyTupleRef},
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::OptionalOption,
         types::{Constructor, Initializer},
-        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use itertools::Itertools;
     use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, BigUint, Sign};
@@ -75,11 +75,7 @@ mod _random {
                     let mut rng = self.rng.lock();
                     let mut gen_u32 = |k| {
                         let r = rng.next_u32();
-                        if k < 32 {
-                            r >> (32 - k)
-                        } else {
-                            r
-                        }
+                        if k < 32 { r >> (32 - k) } else { r }
                     };
 
                     let words = (k - 1) / 32 + 1;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/resource.rs b/stdlib/src/resource.rs
index c1b74f2b67..e103cce779 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/resource.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/resource.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ pub(crate) use resource::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod resource {
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
         convert::{ToPyException, ToPyObject},
         stdlib::os,
         types::PyStructSequence,
-        PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use std::{io, mem};
 
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ mod resource {
     // TODO: RLIMIT_OFILE,
     #[pyattr]
     use libc::{
-        RLIMIT_AS, RLIMIT_CORE, RLIMIT_CPU, RLIMIT_DATA, RLIMIT_FSIZE, RLIMIT_MEMLOCK,
-        RLIMIT_NOFILE, RLIMIT_NPROC, RLIMIT_RSS, RLIMIT_STACK, RLIM_INFINITY,
+        RLIM_INFINITY, RLIMIT_AS, RLIMIT_CORE, RLIMIT_CPU, RLIMIT_DATA, RLIMIT_FSIZE,
+        RLIMIT_MEMLOCK, RLIMIT_NOFILE, RLIMIT_NPROC, RLIMIT_RSS, RLIMIT_STACK,
     };
 
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android", target_os = "emscripten"))]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/scproxy.rs b/stdlib/src/scproxy.rs
index 7108f50d8f..9bf29626ab 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/scproxy.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/scproxy.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ mod _scproxy {
     // straight-forward port of Modules/_scproxy.c
 
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyDictRef, PyStr},
         convert::ToPyObject,
-        PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use system_configuration::core_foundation::{
         array::CFArray,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index 6554064d53..4003856bb9 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::vm::{
-    builtins::PyListRef, builtins::PyModule, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
-    VirtualMachine,
+    PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyListRef,
+    builtins::PyModule,
 };
 use std::{io, mem};
 
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 
 #[cfg(unix)]
 mod platform {
-    pub use libc::{fd_set, select, timeval, FD_ISSET, FD_SET, FD_SETSIZE, FD_ZERO};
+    pub use libc::{FD_ISSET, FD_SET, FD_SETSIZE, FD_ZERO, fd_set, select, timeval};
     pub use std::os::unix::io::RawFd;
 
     pub fn check_err(x: i32) -> bool {
@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ mod platform {
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
 #[cfg(windows)]
 mod platform {
+    pub use WinSock::{FD_SET as fd_set, FD_SETSIZE, SOCKET as RawFd, TIMEVAL as timeval, select};
     use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock;
-    pub use WinSock::{select, FD_SET as fd_set, FD_SETSIZE, SOCKET as RawFd, TIMEVAL as timeval};
 
     // based off winsock2.h: https://gist.github.com/piscisaureus/906386#file-winsock2-h-L128-L141
 
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ mod platform {
 
 #[cfg(target_os = "wasi")]
 mod platform {
-    pub use libc::{timeval, FD_SETSIZE};
+    pub use libc::{FD_SETSIZE, timeval};
     pub use std::os::wasi::io::RawFd;
 
     pub fn check_err(x: i32) -> bool {
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ mod platform {
     }
 }
 
-pub use platform::timeval;
 use platform::RawFd;
+pub use platform::timeval;
 
 #[derive(Traverse)]
 struct Selectable {
@@ -218,11 +218,11 @@ fn sec_to_timeval(sec: f64) -> timeval {
 mod decl {
     use super::*;
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::PyTypeRef,
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::{Either, OptionalOption},
         stdlib::time,
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
 
     #[pyattr]
@@ -327,12 +327,12 @@ mod decl {
     pub(super) mod poll {
         use super::*;
         use crate::vm::{
+            AsObject, PyPayload,
             builtins::PyFloat,
             common::lock::PyMutex,
             convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject},
             function::OptionalArg,
             stdlib::io::Fildes,
-            AsObject, PyPayload,
         };
         use libc::pollfd;
         use num_traits::{Signed, ToPrimitive};
@@ -494,8 +494,9 @@ mod decl {
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android", target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyattr]
     use libc::{
-        EPOLLERR, EPOLLEXCLUSIVE, EPOLLHUP, EPOLLIN, EPOLLMSG, EPOLLONESHOT, EPOLLOUT, EPOLLPRI,
-        EPOLLRDBAND, EPOLLRDHUP, EPOLLRDNORM, EPOLLWAKEUP, EPOLLWRBAND, EPOLLWRNORM, EPOLL_CLOEXEC,
+        EPOLL_CLOEXEC, EPOLLERR, EPOLLEXCLUSIVE, EPOLLHUP, EPOLLIN, EPOLLMSG, EPOLLONESHOT,
+        EPOLLOUT, EPOLLPRI, EPOLLRDBAND, EPOLLRDHUP, EPOLLRDNORM, EPOLLWAKEUP, EPOLLWRBAND,
+        EPOLLWRNORM,
     };
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "android", target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyattr]
@@ -505,13 +506,13 @@ mod decl {
     pub(super) mod epoll {
         use super::*;
         use crate::vm::{
+            PyPayload,
             builtins::PyTypeRef,
             common::lock::{PyRwLock, PyRwLockReadGuard},
             convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject},
             function::OptionalArg,
             stdlib::io::Fildes,
             types::Constructor,
-            PyPayload,
         };
         use rustix::event::epoll::{self, EventData, EventFlags};
         use std::ops::Deref;
@@ -645,7 +646,7 @@ mod decl {
                     ..-1 => {
                         return Err(vm.new_value_error(format!(
                             "maxevents must be greater than 0, got {maxevents}"
-                        )))
+                        )));
                     }
                     -1 => libc::FD_SETSIZE - 1,
                     _ => maxevents as usize,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sha1.rs b/stdlib/src/sha1.rs
index 3820e7d96a..04845bb76b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sha1.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sha1.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ pub(crate) use _sha1::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _sha1 {
-    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{local_sha1, HashArgs};
+    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{HashArgs, local_sha1};
     use crate::vm::{PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sha256.rs b/stdlib/src/sha256.rs
index cae0172666..5d031968ae 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sha256.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sha256.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::vm::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::vm::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let _ = vm.import("_hashlib", 0);
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _sha256 {
-    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{local_sha224, local_sha256, HashArgs};
+    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{HashArgs, local_sha224, local_sha256};
     use crate::vm::{PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sha3.rs b/stdlib/src/sha3.rs
index f0c1c5ef69..07b61d9aed 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sha3.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sha3.rs
@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ pub(crate) use _sha3::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod _sha3 {
     use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{
-        local_sha3_224, local_sha3_256, local_sha3_384, local_sha3_512, local_shake_128,
-        local_shake_256, HashArgs,
+        HashArgs, local_sha3_224, local_sha3_256, local_sha3_384, local_sha3_512, local_shake_128,
+        local_shake_256,
     };
     use crate::vm::{PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sha512.rs b/stdlib/src/sha512.rs
index 8c510fb730..baf63fdacf 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sha512.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sha512.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::vm::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::vm::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let _ = vm.import("_hashlib", 0);
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _sha512 {
-    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{local_sha384, local_sha512, HashArgs};
+    use crate::hashlib::_hashlib::{HashArgs, local_sha384, local_sha512};
     use crate::vm::{PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 95f03ee4f8..a38b4f123c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use crate::vm::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::vm::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 #[cfg(feature = "ssl")]
-pub(super) use _socket::{sock_select, timeout_error_msg, PySocket, SelectKind};
+pub(super) use _socket::{PySocket, SelectKind, sock_select, timeout_error_msg};
 
 pub fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     #[cfg(windows)]
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ pub fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 mod _socket {
     use crate::common::lock::{PyMappedRwLockReadGuard, PyRwLock, PyRwLockReadGuard};
     use crate::vm::{
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyListRef, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
         common::os::ErrorExt,
         convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject, TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject},
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgMemoryBuffer, Either, FsPath, OptionalArg, OptionalOption},
         types::{Constructor, DefaultConstructor, Initializer, Representable},
         utils::ToCString,
-        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
@@ -40,32 +40,33 @@ mod _socket {
             INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST, INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE,
         };
         pub use winapi::um::winsock2::{
-            getprotobyname, getservbyname, getservbyport, getsockopt, setsockopt,
-            SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE,
+            SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE, getprotobyname, getservbyname, getservbyport, getsockopt,
+            setsockopt,
         };
         pub use winapi::um::ws2tcpip::{
             EAI_AGAIN, EAI_BADFLAGS, EAI_FAIL, EAI_FAMILY, EAI_MEMORY, EAI_NODATA, EAI_NONAME,
             EAI_SERVICE, EAI_SOCKTYPE,
         };
         pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
-            AF_DECnet, AF_APPLETALK, AF_IPX, AF_LINK, AI_ADDRCONFIG, AI_ALL, AI_CANONNAME,
-            AI_NUMERICSERV, AI_V4MAPPED, IPPORT_RESERVED, IPPROTO_AH, IPPROTO_DSTOPTS, IPPROTO_EGP,
-            IPPROTO_ESP, IPPROTO_FRAGMENT, IPPROTO_GGP, IPPROTO_HOPOPTS, IPPROTO_ICMP,
-            IPPROTO_ICMPV6, IPPROTO_IDP, IPPROTO_IGMP, IPPROTO_IP, IPPROTO_IP as IPPROTO_IPIP,
-            IPPROTO_IPV4, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPPROTO_ND, IPPROTO_NONE, IPPROTO_PIM, IPPROTO_PUP,
-            IPPROTO_RAW, IPPROTO_ROUTING, IPPROTO_TCP, IPPROTO_UDP, IPV6_CHECKSUM, IPV6_DONTFRAG,
-            IPV6_HOPLIMIT, IPV6_HOPOPTS, IPV6_JOIN_GROUP, IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP, IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS,
+            AF_APPLETALK, AF_DECnet, AF_IPX, AF_LINK, AI_ADDRCONFIG, AI_ALL, AI_CANONNAME,
+            AI_NUMERICSERV, AI_V4MAPPED, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, IP_HDRINCL,
+            IP_MULTICAST_IF, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, IP_OPTIONS, IP_RECVDSTADDR,
+            IP_TOS, IP_TTL, IPPORT_RESERVED, IPPROTO_AH, IPPROTO_DSTOPTS, IPPROTO_EGP, IPPROTO_ESP,
+            IPPROTO_FRAGMENT, IPPROTO_GGP, IPPROTO_HOPOPTS, IPPROTO_ICMP, IPPROTO_ICMPV6,
+            IPPROTO_IDP, IPPROTO_IGMP, IPPROTO_IP, IPPROTO_IP as IPPROTO_IPIP, IPPROTO_IPV4,
+            IPPROTO_IPV6, IPPROTO_ND, IPPROTO_NONE, IPPROTO_PIM, IPPROTO_PUP, IPPROTO_RAW,
+            IPPROTO_ROUTING, IPPROTO_TCP, IPPROTO_UDP, IPV6_CHECKSUM, IPV6_DONTFRAG, IPV6_HOPLIMIT,
+            IPV6_HOPOPTS, IPV6_JOIN_GROUP, IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP, IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS,
             IPV6_MULTICAST_IF, IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP, IPV6_PKTINFO, IPV6_RECVRTHDR, IPV6_RECVTCLASS,
-            IPV6_RTHDR, IPV6_TCLASS, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, IPV6_V6ONLY, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP,
-            IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, IP_HDRINCL, IP_MULTICAST_IF, IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL,
-            IP_OPTIONS, IP_RECVDSTADDR, IP_TOS, IP_TTL, MSG_BCAST, MSG_CTRUNC, MSG_DONTROUTE,
-            MSG_MCAST, MSG_OOB, MSG_PEEK, MSG_TRUNC, MSG_WAITALL, NI_DGRAM, NI_MAXHOST, NI_MAXSERV,
-            NI_NAMEREQD, NI_NOFQDN, NI_NUMERICHOST, NI_NUMERICSERV, RCVALL_IPLEVEL, RCVALL_OFF,
-            RCVALL_ON, RCVALL_SOCKETLEVELONLY, SD_BOTH as SHUT_RDWR, SD_RECEIVE as SHUT_RD,
-            SD_SEND as SHUT_WR, SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS, SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH, SIO_RCVALL, SOCK_DGRAM,
-            SOCK_RAW, SOCK_RDM, SOCK_SEQPACKET, SOCK_STREAM, SOL_SOCKET, SOMAXCONN, SO_BROADCAST,
-            SO_ERROR, SO_LINGER, SO_OOBINLINE, SO_REUSEADDR, SO_TYPE, SO_USELOOPBACK, TCP_NODELAY,
-            WSAEBADF, WSAECONNRESET, WSAENOTSOCK, WSAEWOULDBLOCK,
+            IPV6_RTHDR, IPV6_TCLASS, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, IPV6_V6ONLY, MSG_BCAST, MSG_CTRUNC,
+            MSG_DONTROUTE, MSG_MCAST, MSG_OOB, MSG_PEEK, MSG_TRUNC, MSG_WAITALL, NI_DGRAM,
+            NI_MAXHOST, NI_MAXSERV, NI_NAMEREQD, NI_NOFQDN, NI_NUMERICHOST, NI_NUMERICSERV,
+            RCVALL_IPLEVEL, RCVALL_OFF, RCVALL_ON, RCVALL_SOCKETLEVELONLY, SD_BOTH as SHUT_RDWR,
+            SD_RECEIVE as SHUT_RD, SD_SEND as SHUT_WR, SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS, SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH,
+            SIO_RCVALL, SO_BROADCAST, SO_ERROR, SO_LINGER, SO_OOBINLINE, SO_REUSEADDR, SO_TYPE,
+            SO_USELOOPBACK, SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_RAW, SOCK_RDM, SOCK_SEQPACKET, SOCK_STREAM,
+            SOL_SOCKET, SOMAXCONN, TCP_NODELAY, WSAEBADF, WSAECONNRESET, WSAENOTSOCK,
+            WSAEWOULDBLOCK,
         };
         pub const IF_NAMESIZE: usize =
             windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::Ndis::IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE as _;
@@ -86,14 +87,14 @@ mod _socket {
         IPPROTO_ICMPV6, IPPROTO_IP, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPPROTO_TCP, IPPROTO_TCP as SOL_TCP, IPPROTO_UDP,
         MSG_CTRUNC, MSG_DONTROUTE, MSG_OOB, MSG_PEEK, MSG_TRUNC, MSG_WAITALL, NI_DGRAM, NI_MAXHOST,
         NI_NAMEREQD, NI_NOFQDN, NI_NUMERICHOST, NI_NUMERICSERV, SHUT_RD, SHUT_RDWR, SHUT_WR,
-        SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_STREAM, SOL_SOCKET, SO_BROADCAST, SO_ERROR, SO_LINGER, SO_OOBINLINE,
-        SO_REUSEADDR, SO_TYPE, TCP_NODELAY,
+        SO_BROADCAST, SO_ERROR, SO_LINGER, SO_OOBINLINE, SO_REUSEADDR, SO_TYPE, SOCK_DGRAM,
+        SOCK_STREAM, SOL_SOCKET, TCP_NODELAY,
     };
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyattr]
     use c::{
-        AF_DECnet, AF_APPLETALK, AF_IPX, IPPROTO_AH, IPPROTO_DSTOPTS, IPPROTO_EGP, IPPROTO_ESP,
+        AF_APPLETALK, AF_DECnet, AF_IPX, IPPROTO_AH, IPPROTO_DSTOPTS, IPPROTO_EGP, IPPROTO_ESP,
         IPPROTO_FRAGMENT, IPPROTO_HOPOPTS, IPPROTO_IDP, IPPROTO_IGMP, IPPROTO_IPIP, IPPROTO_NONE,
         IPPROTO_PIM, IPPROTO_PUP, IPPROTO_RAW, IPPROTO_ROUTING,
     };
@@ -126,8 +127,9 @@ mod _socket {
         J1939_IDLE_ADDR, J1939_MAX_UNICAST_ADDR, J1939_NLA_BYTES_ACKED, J1939_NLA_PAD,
         J1939_NO_ADDR, J1939_NO_NAME, J1939_NO_PGN, J1939_PGN_ADDRESS_CLAIMED,
         J1939_PGN_ADDRESS_COMMANDED, J1939_PGN_MAX, J1939_PGN_PDU1_MAX, J1939_PGN_REQUEST,
-        SCM_J1939_DEST_ADDR, SCM_J1939_DEST_NAME, SCM_J1939_ERRQUEUE, SCM_J1939_PRIO, SOL_CAN_BASE,
-        SOL_CAN_RAW, SO_J1939_ERRQUEUE, SO_J1939_FILTER, SO_J1939_PROMISC, SO_J1939_SEND_PRIO,
+        SCM_J1939_DEST_ADDR, SCM_J1939_DEST_NAME, SCM_J1939_ERRQUEUE, SCM_J1939_PRIO,
+        SO_J1939_ERRQUEUE, SO_J1939_FILTER, SO_J1939_PROMISC, SO_J1939_SEND_PRIO, SOL_CAN_BASE,
+        SOL_CAN_RAW,
     };
 
     #[cfg(all(target_os = "linux", target_env = "gnu"))]
@@ -168,11 +170,11 @@ mod _socket {
     #[pyattr]
     use c::{
         ALG_OP_DECRYPT, ALG_OP_ENCRYPT, ALG_SET_AEAD_ASSOCLEN, ALG_SET_AEAD_AUTHSIZE, ALG_SET_IV,
-        ALG_SET_KEY, ALG_SET_OP, IPV6_DSTOPTS, IPV6_NEXTHOP, IPV6_PATHMTU, IPV6_RECVDSTOPTS,
-        IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT, IPV6_RECVHOPOPTS, IPV6_RECVPATHMTU, IPV6_RTHDRDSTOPTS,
-        IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP, IP_RECVOPTS, IP_RETOPTS, NETLINK_CRYPTO, NETLINK_DNRTMSG,
-        NETLINK_FIREWALL, NETLINK_IP6_FW, NETLINK_NFLOG, NETLINK_ROUTE, NETLINK_USERSOCK,
-        NETLINK_XFRM, SOL_ALG, SO_PASSSEC, SO_PEERSEC,
+        ALG_SET_KEY, ALG_SET_OP, IP_DEFAULT_MULTICAST_LOOP, IP_RECVOPTS, IP_RETOPTS, IPV6_DSTOPTS,
+        IPV6_NEXTHOP, IPV6_PATHMTU, IPV6_RECVDSTOPTS, IPV6_RECVHOPLIMIT, IPV6_RECVHOPOPTS,
+        IPV6_RECVPATHMTU, IPV6_RTHDRDSTOPTS, NETLINK_CRYPTO, NETLINK_DNRTMSG, NETLINK_FIREWALL,
+        NETLINK_IP6_FW, NETLINK_NFLOG, NETLINK_ROUTE, NETLINK_USERSOCK, NETLINK_XFRM, SO_PASSSEC,
+        SO_PEERSEC, SOL_ALG,
     };
 
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_vendor = "apple"))]
@@ -190,9 +192,9 @@ mod _socket {
     #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "android", windows))]
     #[pyattr]
     use c::{
-        INADDR_BROADCAST, IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS, IPV6_MULTICAST_IF, IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP,
-        IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, IPV6_V6ONLY, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, IP_MULTICAST_IF,
-        IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, IP_TTL,
+        INADDR_BROADCAST, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, IP_MULTICAST_IF,
+        IP_MULTICAST_LOOP, IP_MULTICAST_TTL, IP_TTL, IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS, IPV6_MULTICAST_IF,
+        IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP, IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS, IPV6_V6ONLY,
     };
 
     #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "android", windows))]
@@ -213,8 +215,8 @@ mod _socket {
         AF_ALG, AF_ASH, AF_ATMPVC, AF_ATMSVC, AF_AX25, AF_BRIDGE, AF_CAN, AF_ECONET, AF_IRDA,
         AF_LLC, AF_NETBEUI, AF_NETLINK, AF_NETROM, AF_PACKET, AF_PPPOX, AF_RDS, AF_SECURITY,
         AF_TIPC, AF_VSOCK, AF_WANPIPE, AF_X25, IP_TRANSPARENT, MSG_CONFIRM, MSG_ERRQUEUE,
-        MSG_FASTOPEN, MSG_MORE, PF_CAN, PF_PACKET, PF_RDS, SCM_CREDENTIALS, SOL_IP, SOL_TIPC,
-        SOL_UDP, SO_BINDTODEVICE, SO_MARK, TCP_CORK, TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT, TCP_LINGER2, TCP_QUICKACK,
+        MSG_FASTOPEN, MSG_MORE, PF_CAN, PF_PACKET, PF_RDS, SCM_CREDENTIALS, SO_BINDTODEVICE,
+        SO_MARK, SOL_IP, SOL_TIPC, SOL_UDP, TCP_CORK, TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT, TCP_LINGER2, TCP_QUICKACK,
         TCP_SYNCNT, TCP_WINDOW_CLAMP,
     };
 
@@ -271,7 +273,7 @@ mod _socket {
 
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "linux", windows))]
     #[pyattr]
-    use c::{IPV6_HOPOPTS, IPV6_RECVRTHDR, IPV6_RTHDR, IP_OPTIONS};
+    use c::{IP_OPTIONS, IPV6_HOPOPTS, IPV6_RECVRTHDR, IPV6_RTHDR};
 
     #[cfg(any(
         target_os = "dragonfly",
@@ -525,7 +527,7 @@ mod _socket {
     ))]
     #[pyattr]
     use c::{
-        AF_LINK, IPPROTO_GGP, IPV6_JOIN_GROUP, IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP, IP_RECVDSTADDR, SO_USELOOPBACK,
+        AF_LINK, IP_RECVDSTADDR, IPPROTO_GGP, IPV6_JOIN_GROUP, IPV6_LEAVE_GROUP, SO_USELOOPBACK,
     };
 
     #[cfg(any(
@@ -633,7 +635,7 @@ mod _socket {
     #[pyattr]
     use c::{
         EAI_AGAIN, EAI_BADFLAGS, EAI_FAIL, EAI_FAMILY, EAI_MEMORY, EAI_NONAME, EAI_SERVICE,
-        EAI_SOCKTYPE, IPV6_RECVTCLASS, IPV6_TCLASS, IP_HDRINCL, IP_TOS, SOMAXCONN,
+        EAI_SOCKTYPE, IP_HDRINCL, IP_TOS, IPV6_RECVTCLASS, IPV6_TCLASS, SOMAXCONN,
     };
 
     #[cfg(not(any(
@@ -1473,11 +1475,7 @@ mod _socket {
         #[pymethod]
         fn gettimeout(&self) -> Option<f64> {
             let timeout = self.timeout.load();
-            if timeout >= 0.0 {
-                Some(timeout)
-            } else {
-                None
-            }
+            if timeout >= 0.0 { Some(timeout) } else { None }
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
@@ -1601,7 +1599,7 @@ mod _socket {
                 _ => {
                     return Err(vm
                         .new_value_error("`how` must be SHUT_RD, SHUT_WR, or SHUT_RDWR".to_owned())
-                        .into())
+                        .into());
                 }
             };
             Ok(self.sock()?.shutdown(how)?)
@@ -2054,7 +2052,7 @@ mod _socket {
             _ => {
                 return Err(vm
                     .new_type_error("illegal sockaddr argument".to_owned())
-                    .into())
+                    .into());
             }
         }
         let (addr, flowinfo, scopeid) = Address::from_tuple_ipv6(&address, vm)?;
@@ -2259,7 +2257,7 @@ mod _socket {
                 _ => {
                     return Err(vm
                         .new_os_error("address family mismatched".to_owned())
-                        .into())
+                        .into());
                 }
             }
             return Ok(SocketAddr::V4(net::SocketAddrV4::new(
@@ -2433,11 +2431,7 @@ mod _socket {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getdefaulttimeout() -> Option<f64> {
         let timeout = DEFAULT_TIMEOUT.load();
-        if timeout >= 0.0 {
-            Some(timeout)
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
+        if timeout >= 0.0 { Some(timeout) } else { None }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index 9225ccbc50..5487511e20 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 // spell-checker:ignore cantlock commithook foreignkey notnull primarykey gettemppath autoindex convpath
 // spell-checker:ignore dbmoved vnode nbytes
 
-use rustpython_vm::{builtins::PyModule, AsObject, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use rustpython_vm::{AsObject, PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 // pub(crate) use _sqlite::make_module;
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
@@ -21,29 +21,29 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 #[pymodule]
 mod _sqlite {
     use libsqlite3_sys::{
-        sqlite3, sqlite3_aggregate_context, sqlite3_backup_finish, sqlite3_backup_init,
-        sqlite3_backup_pagecount, sqlite3_backup_remaining, sqlite3_backup_step, sqlite3_bind_blob,
-        sqlite3_bind_double, sqlite3_bind_int64, sqlite3_bind_null, sqlite3_bind_parameter_count,
-        sqlite3_bind_parameter_name, sqlite3_bind_text, sqlite3_blob, sqlite3_blob_bytes,
-        sqlite3_blob_close, sqlite3_blob_open, sqlite3_blob_read, sqlite3_blob_write,
-        sqlite3_busy_timeout, sqlite3_changes, sqlite3_close_v2, sqlite3_column_blob,
-        sqlite3_column_bytes, sqlite3_column_count, sqlite3_column_decltype, sqlite3_column_double,
-        sqlite3_column_int64, sqlite3_column_name, sqlite3_column_text, sqlite3_column_type,
-        sqlite3_complete, sqlite3_context, sqlite3_context_db_handle, sqlite3_create_collation_v2,
-        sqlite3_create_function_v2, sqlite3_create_window_function, sqlite3_data_count,
-        sqlite3_db_handle, sqlite3_errcode, sqlite3_errmsg, sqlite3_exec, sqlite3_expanded_sql,
-        sqlite3_extended_errcode, sqlite3_finalize, sqlite3_get_autocommit, sqlite3_interrupt,
-        sqlite3_last_insert_rowid, sqlite3_libversion, sqlite3_limit, sqlite3_open_v2,
-        sqlite3_prepare_v2, sqlite3_progress_handler, sqlite3_reset, sqlite3_result_blob,
-        sqlite3_result_double, sqlite3_result_error, sqlite3_result_error_nomem,
-        sqlite3_result_error_toobig, sqlite3_result_int64, sqlite3_result_null,
-        sqlite3_result_text, sqlite3_set_authorizer, sqlite3_sleep, sqlite3_step, sqlite3_stmt,
-        sqlite3_stmt_busy, sqlite3_stmt_readonly, sqlite3_threadsafe, sqlite3_total_changes,
-        sqlite3_trace_v2, sqlite3_user_data, sqlite3_value, sqlite3_value_blob,
-        sqlite3_value_bytes, sqlite3_value_double, sqlite3_value_int64, sqlite3_value_text,
-        sqlite3_value_type, SQLITE_BLOB, SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC, SQLITE_FLOAT, SQLITE_INTEGER,
-        SQLITE_NULL, SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE, SQLITE_OPEN_URI, SQLITE_TEXT,
-        SQLITE_TRACE_STMT, SQLITE_TRANSIENT, SQLITE_UTF8,
+        SQLITE_BLOB, SQLITE_DETERMINISTIC, SQLITE_FLOAT, SQLITE_INTEGER, SQLITE_NULL,
+        SQLITE_OPEN_CREATE, SQLITE_OPEN_READWRITE, SQLITE_OPEN_URI, SQLITE_TEXT, SQLITE_TRACE_STMT,
+        SQLITE_TRANSIENT, SQLITE_UTF8, sqlite3, sqlite3_aggregate_context, sqlite3_backup_finish,
+        sqlite3_backup_init, sqlite3_backup_pagecount, sqlite3_backup_remaining,
+        sqlite3_backup_step, sqlite3_bind_blob, sqlite3_bind_double, sqlite3_bind_int64,
+        sqlite3_bind_null, sqlite3_bind_parameter_count, sqlite3_bind_parameter_name,
+        sqlite3_bind_text, sqlite3_blob, sqlite3_blob_bytes, sqlite3_blob_close, sqlite3_blob_open,
+        sqlite3_blob_read, sqlite3_blob_write, sqlite3_busy_timeout, sqlite3_changes,
+        sqlite3_close_v2, sqlite3_column_blob, sqlite3_column_bytes, sqlite3_column_count,
+        sqlite3_column_decltype, sqlite3_column_double, sqlite3_column_int64, sqlite3_column_name,
+        sqlite3_column_text, sqlite3_column_type, sqlite3_complete, sqlite3_context,
+        sqlite3_context_db_handle, sqlite3_create_collation_v2, sqlite3_create_function_v2,
+        sqlite3_create_window_function, sqlite3_data_count, sqlite3_db_handle, sqlite3_errcode,
+        sqlite3_errmsg, sqlite3_exec, sqlite3_expanded_sql, sqlite3_extended_errcode,
+        sqlite3_finalize, sqlite3_get_autocommit, sqlite3_interrupt, sqlite3_last_insert_rowid,
+        sqlite3_libversion, sqlite3_limit, sqlite3_open_v2, sqlite3_prepare_v2,
+        sqlite3_progress_handler, sqlite3_reset, sqlite3_result_blob, sqlite3_result_double,
+        sqlite3_result_error, sqlite3_result_error_nomem, sqlite3_result_error_toobig,
+        sqlite3_result_int64, sqlite3_result_null, sqlite3_result_text, sqlite3_set_authorizer,
+        sqlite3_sleep, sqlite3_step, sqlite3_stmt, sqlite3_stmt_busy, sqlite3_stmt_readonly,
+        sqlite3_threadsafe, sqlite3_total_changes, sqlite3_trace_v2, sqlite3_user_data,
+        sqlite3_value, sqlite3_value_blob, sqlite3_value_bytes, sqlite3_value_double,
+        sqlite3_value_int64, sqlite3_value_text, sqlite3_value_type,
     };
     use malachite_bigint::Sign;
     use rustpython_common::{
@@ -53,13 +53,16 @@ mod _sqlite {
         static_cell,
     };
     use rustpython_vm::{
-        atomic_func,
+        __exports::paste,
+        AsObject, Py, PyAtomicRef, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
+        TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine, atomic_func,
         builtins::{
             PyBaseException, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyFloat,
             PyInt, PyIntRef, PySlice, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
         },
         convert::IntoObject,
         function::{ArgCallable, ArgIterable, FsPath, FuncArgs, OptionalArg, PyComparisonValue},
+        object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
         protocol::{PyBuffer, PyIterReturn, PyMappingMethods, PySequence, PySequenceMethods},
         sliceable::{SaturatedSliceIter, SliceableSequenceOp},
         types::{
@@ -67,16 +70,12 @@ mod _sqlite {
             PyComparisonOp, SelfIter,
         },
         utils::ToCString,
-        AsObject, Py, PyAtomicRef, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
-        TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
-        __exports::paste,
-        object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
     };
     use std::{
-        ffi::{c_int, c_longlong, c_uint, c_void, CStr},
+        ffi::{CStr, c_int, c_longlong, c_uint, c_void},
         fmt::Debug,
         ops::Deref,
-        ptr::{null, null_mut, NonNull},
+        ptr::{NonNull, null, null_mut},
         thread::ThreadId,
     };
 
@@ -445,7 +444,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
                             vm,
                             exc,
                             "user-defined aggregate's '__init__' method raised error\0",
-                        )
+                        );
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -2082,7 +2081,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
                 _ => {
                     return Err(vm.new_value_error(
                         "'origin' should be os.SEEK_SET, os.SEEK_CUR, or os.SEEK_END".to_owned(),
-                    ))
+                    ));
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index e90f08f2ef..2b8ffc7d8c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::vm::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::vm::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 use openssl_probe::ProbeResult;
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ mod _ssl {
         },
         socket::{self, PySocket},
         vm::{
+            PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
             builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, PyWeak},
             convert::{ToPyException, ToPyObject},
             exceptions,
@@ -45,7 +46,6 @@ mod _ssl {
             },
             types::Constructor,
             utils::ToCString,
-            PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         },
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ mod _ssl {
         error::ErrorStack,
         nid::Nid,
         ssl::{self, SslContextBuilder, SslOptions, SslVerifyMode},
-        x509::{self, X509Ref, X509},
+        x509::{self, X509, X509Ref},
     };
     use openssl_sys as sys;
     use rustpython_vm::ospath::OsPath;
@@ -70,9 +70,6 @@ mod _ssl {
     // Constants
     #[pyattr]
     use sys::{
-        SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2 as OP_NO_SSLv2,
-        SSL_OP_NO_SSLv3 as OP_NO_SSLv3,
-        SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1 as OP_NO_TLSv1,
         // TODO: so many more of these
         SSL_AD_DECODE_ERROR as ALERT_DESCRIPTION_DECODE_ERROR,
         SSL_AD_ILLEGAL_PARAMETER as ALERT_DESCRIPTION_ILLEGAL_PARAMETER,
@@ -92,7 +89,10 @@ mod _ssl {
         // X509_V_FLAG_X509_STRICT as VERIFY_X509_STRICT,
         SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN,
         SSL_OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE as OP_CIPHER_SERVER_PREFERENCE,
+        SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2 as OP_NO_SSLv2,
+        SSL_OP_NO_SSLv3 as OP_NO_SSLv3,
         SSL_OP_NO_TICKET as OP_NO_TICKET,
+        SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1 as OP_NO_TLSv1,
         SSL_OP_SINGLE_DH_USE as OP_SINGLE_DH_USE,
     };
 
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ mod _ssl {
                     return Err(vm.new_value_error(
                         "Cannot set verify_mode to CERT_NONE when check_hostname is enabled."
                             .to_owned(),
-                    ))
+                    ));
                 }
                 CertRequirements::None => SslVerifyMode::NONE,
                 CertRequirements::Optional => SslVerifyMode::PEER,
@@ -1006,11 +1006,7 @@ mod _ssl {
         #[pymethod]
         fn version(&self) -> Option<&'static str> {
             let v = self.stream.read().ssl().version_str();
-            if v == "unknown" {
-                None
-            } else {
-                Some(v)
-            }
+            if v == "unknown" { None } else { Some(v) }
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
@@ -1058,7 +1054,7 @@ mod _ssl {
                         return Err(socket::timeout_error_msg(
                             vm,
                             "The handshake operation timed out".to_owned(),
-                        ))
+                        ));
                     }
                     SelectRet::Closed => return Err(socket_closed_error(vm)),
                     SelectRet::Nonblocking => {}
@@ -1084,7 +1080,7 @@ mod _ssl {
                     return Err(socket::timeout_error_msg(
                         vm,
                         "The write operation timed out".to_owned(),
-                    ))
+                    ));
                 }
                 SelectRet::Closed => return Err(socket_closed_error(vm)),
                 _ => {}
@@ -1100,7 +1096,7 @@ mod _ssl {
                         return Err(socket::timeout_error_msg(
                             vm,
                             "The write operation timed out".to_owned(),
-                        ))
+                        ));
                     }
                     SelectRet::Closed => return Err(socket_closed_error(vm)),
                     SelectRet::Nonblocking => {}
@@ -1152,7 +1148,7 @@ mod _ssl {
                         return Err(socket::timeout_error_msg(
                             vm,
                             "The read operation timed out".to_owned(),
-                        ))
+                        ));
                     }
                     SelectRet::Nonblocking => {}
                     _ => {
@@ -1385,13 +1381,13 @@ mod _ssl {
     #[cfg(target_os = "android")]
     mod android {
         use super::convert_openssl_error;
-        use crate::vm::{builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef, VirtualMachine};
+        use crate::vm::{VirtualMachine, builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef};
         use openssl::{
             ssl::SslContextBuilder,
-            x509::{store::X509StoreBuilder, X509},
+            x509::{X509, store::X509StoreBuilder},
         };
         use std::{
-            fs::{read_dir, File},
+            fs::{File, read_dir},
             io::Read,
             path::Path,
         };
@@ -1465,8 +1461,8 @@ mod windows {}
 mod ossl101 {
     #[pyattr]
     use openssl_sys::{
-        SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_1 as OP_NO_TLSv1_1, SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_2 as OP_NO_TLSv1_2,
-        SSL_OP_NO_COMPRESSION as OP_NO_COMPRESSION,
+        SSL_OP_NO_COMPRESSION as OP_NO_COMPRESSION, SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_1 as OP_NO_TLSv1_1,
+        SSL_OP_NO_TLSv1_2 as OP_NO_TLSv1_2,
     };
 }
 
@@ -1484,15 +1480,15 @@ mod windows {
     use crate::{
         common::ascii,
         vm::{
+            PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
             builtins::{PyFrozenSet, PyStrRef},
             convert::ToPyException,
-            PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         },
     };
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn enum_certificates(store_name: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
-        use schannel::{cert_context::ValidUses, cert_store::CertStore, RawPointer};
+        use schannel::{RawPointer, cert_context::ValidUses, cert_store::CertStore};
         use windows_sys::Win32::Security::Cryptography;
 
         // TODO: check every store for it, not just 2 of them:
diff --git a/stdlib/src/statistics.rs b/stdlib/src/statistics.rs
index 356bfd66f9..72e5d129a0 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/statistics.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/statistics.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ pub(crate) use _statistics::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _statistics {
-    use crate::vm::{function::ArgIntoFloat, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+    use crate::vm::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, function::ArgIntoFloat};
 
     // See https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/6846d6712a0894f8e1a91716c11dd79f42864216/Modules/_statisticsmodule.c#L28-L120
     #[allow(clippy::excessive_precision)]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/syslog.rs b/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
index 5fc6e30a56..3b36f9ea74 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
@@ -6,10 +6,10 @@ pub(crate) use syslog::make_module;
 mod syslog {
     use crate::common::lock::PyRwLock;
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyStr, PyStrRef},
         function::{OptionalArg, OptionalOption},
         utils::ToCString,
-        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use std::{ffi::CStr, os::raw::c_char};
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/termios.rs b/stdlib/src/termios.rs
index 84c12b2b68..5c49d62a3c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/termios.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/termios.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ pub(crate) use self::termios::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod termios {
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytes, PyInt, PyListRef, PyTypeRef},
         common::os::ErrorExt,
         convert::ToPyObject,
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use termios::Termios;
 
@@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ mod termios {
     ))]
     #[pyattr]
     use libc::{
-        FIONCLEX, FIONREAD, TIOCEXCL, TIOCMBIC, TIOCMBIS, TIOCMGET, TIOCMSET, TIOCM_CAR, TIOCM_CD,
-        TIOCM_CTS, TIOCM_DSR, TIOCM_DTR, TIOCM_LE, TIOCM_RI, TIOCM_RNG, TIOCM_RTS, TIOCM_SR,
-        TIOCM_ST, TIOCNXCL, TIOCSCTTY,
+        FIONCLEX, FIONREAD, TIOCEXCL, TIOCM_CAR, TIOCM_CD, TIOCM_CTS, TIOCM_DSR, TIOCM_DTR,
+        TIOCM_LE, TIOCM_RI, TIOCM_RNG, TIOCM_RTS, TIOCM_SR, TIOCM_ST, TIOCMBIC, TIOCMBIS, TIOCMGET,
+        TIOCMSET, TIOCNXCL, TIOCSCTTY,
     };
     #[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "linux"))]
     #[pyattr]
@@ -100,12 +100,6 @@ mod termios {
     ))]
     #[pyattr]
     use termios::os::target::TCSASOFT;
-    #[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "linux"))]
-    #[pyattr]
-    use termios::os::target::{
-        B1000000, B1152000, B1500000, B2000000, B2500000, B3000000, B3500000, B4000000, B500000,
-        B576000, CBAUDEX,
-    };
     #[cfg(any(
         target_os = "android",
         target_os = "freebsd",
@@ -116,6 +110,12 @@ mod termios {
     ))]
     #[pyattr]
     use termios::os::target::{B460800, B921600};
+    #[cfg(any(target_os = "android", target_os = "linux"))]
+    #[pyattr]
+    use termios::os::target::{
+        B500000, B576000, B1000000, B1152000, B1500000, B2000000, B2500000, B3000000, B3500000,
+        B4000000, CBAUDEX,
+    };
     #[cfg(any(
         target_os = "android",
         target_os = "illumos",
@@ -154,16 +154,17 @@ mod termios {
     use termios::os::target::{VSWTCH, VSWTCH as VSWTC};
     #[pyattr]
     use termios::{
+        B0, B50, B75, B110, B134, B150, B200, B300, B600, B1200, B1800, B2400, B4800, B9600,
+        B19200, B38400, BRKINT, CLOCAL, CREAD, CS5, CS6, CS7, CS8, CSIZE, CSTOPB, ECHO, ECHOE,
+        ECHOK, ECHONL, HUPCL, ICANON, ICRNL, IEXTEN, IGNBRK, IGNCR, IGNPAR, INLCR, INPCK, ISIG,
+        ISTRIP, IXANY, IXOFF, IXON, NOFLSH, OCRNL, ONLCR, ONLRET, ONOCR, OPOST, PARENB, PARMRK,
+        PARODD, TCIFLUSH, TCIOFF, TCIOFLUSH, TCION, TCOFLUSH, TCOOFF, TCOON, TCSADRAIN, TCSAFLUSH,
+        TCSANOW, TOSTOP, VEOF, VEOL, VERASE, VINTR, VKILL, VMIN, VQUIT, VSTART, VSTOP, VSUSP,
+        VTIME,
         os::target::{
-            B115200, B230400, B57600, CRTSCTS, ECHOCTL, ECHOKE, ECHOPRT, EXTA, EXTB, FLUSHO,
+            B57600, B115200, B230400, CRTSCTS, ECHOCTL, ECHOKE, ECHOPRT, EXTA, EXTB, FLUSHO,
             IMAXBEL, NCCS, PENDIN, VDISCARD, VEOL2, VLNEXT, VREPRINT, VWERASE,
         },
-        B0, B110, B1200, B134, B150, B1800, B19200, B200, B2400, B300, B38400, B4800, B50, B600,
-        B75, B9600, BRKINT, CLOCAL, CREAD, CS5, CS6, CS7, CS8, CSIZE, CSTOPB, ECHO, ECHOE, ECHOK,
-        ECHONL, HUPCL, ICANON, ICRNL, IEXTEN, IGNBRK, IGNCR, IGNPAR, INLCR, INPCK, ISIG, ISTRIP,
-        IXANY, IXOFF, IXON, NOFLSH, OCRNL, ONLCR, ONLRET, ONOCR, OPOST, PARENB, PARMRK, PARODD,
-        TCIFLUSH, TCIOFF, TCIOFLUSH, TCION, TCOFLUSH, TCOOFF, TCOON, TCSADRAIN, TCSAFLUSH, TCSANOW,
-        TOSTOP, VEOF, VEOL, VERASE, VINTR, VKILL, VMIN, VQUIT, VSTART, VSTOP, VSUSP, VTIME,
     };
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs b/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs
index 70483073a7..49f3ef6250 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 // spell-checker:ignore nfkc unistr unidata
 
 use crate::vm::{
-    builtins::PyModule, builtins::PyStr, convert::TryFromBorrowedObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef,
-    PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule,
+    builtins::PyStr, convert::TryFromBorrowedObject,
 };
 
 pub fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
@@ -61,14 +61,14 @@ impl<'a> TryFromBorrowedObject<'a> for NormalizeForm {
 #[pymodule]
 mod unicodedata {
     use crate::vm::{
-        builtins::PyStrRef, function::OptionalArg, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
-        VirtualMachine,
+        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyStrRef,
+        function::OptionalArg,
     };
     use itertools::Itertools;
     use ucd::{Codepoint, EastAsianWidth};
     use unic_char_property::EnumeratedCharProperty;
     use unic_normal::StrNormalForm;
-    use unic_ucd_age::{Age, UnicodeVersion, UNICODE_VERSION};
+    use unic_ucd_age::{Age, UNICODE_VERSION, UnicodeVersion};
     use unic_ucd_bidi::BidiClass;
     use unic_ucd_category::GeneralCategory;
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/uuid.rs b/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
index 4cadbb787b..0bd7d0db8a 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ mod _uuid {
     use crate::{builtins::PyNone, vm::VirtualMachine};
     use mac_address::get_mac_address;
     use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
-    use uuid::{timestamp::Timestamp, Context, Uuid};
+    use uuid::{Context, Uuid, timestamp::Timestamp};
 
     fn get_node_id() -> [u8; 6] {
         match get_mac_address() {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
index bcfe93aff5..19ed659bbb 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
@@ -5,17 +5,17 @@ pub(crate) use zlib::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod zlib {
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyIntRef, PyTypeRef},
         common::lock::PyMutex,
         convert::TryFromBorrowedObject,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgPrimitiveIndex, ArgSize, OptionalArg},
         types::Constructor,
-        PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use adler32::RollingAdler32 as Adler32;
     use flate2::{
-        write::ZlibEncoder, Compress, Compression, Decompress, FlushCompress, FlushDecompress,
-        Status,
+        Compress, Compression, Decompress, FlushCompress, FlushDecompress, Status,
+        write::ZlibEncoder,
     };
     use std::io::Write;
 
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ mod zlib {
         fn flush(&self, length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
             let length = match length {
                 OptionalArg::Present(ArgSize { value }) if value <= 0 => {
-                    return Err(vm.new_value_error("length must be greater than zero".to_owned()))
+                    return Err(vm.new_value_error("length must be greater than zero".to_owned()));
                 }
                 OptionalArg::Present(ArgSize { value }) => value as usize,
                 OptionalArg::Missing => DEF_BUF_SIZE,
diff --git a/vm/src/anystr.rs b/vm/src/anystr.rs
index f5bfab1c57..0fd1d8f2f6 100644
--- a/vm/src/anystr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/anystr.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyIntRef, PyTuple},
     cformat::cformat_string,
     convert::TryFromBorrowedObject,
     function::OptionalOption,
-    Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use num_traits::{cast::ToPrimitive, sign::Signed};
 
@@ -386,11 +386,7 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
                 b'\n' => (keep, 1),
                 b'\r' => {
                     let is_rn = enumerated.next_if(|(_, ch)| **ch == b'\n').is_some();
-                    if is_rn {
-                        (keep + keep, 2)
-                    } else {
-                        (keep, 1)
-                    }
+                    if is_rn { (keep + keep, 2) } else { (keep, 1) }
                 }
                 _ => continue,
             };
diff --git a/vm/src/buffer.rs b/vm/src/buffer.rs
index bebc7b13a9..3b76002d04 100644
--- a/vm/src/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/buffer.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
     common::{static_cell, str::wchar_t},
     convert::ToPyObject,
     function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgIntoBool, ArgIntoFloat},
-    PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use half::f16;
 use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ impl fmt::Debug for FormatType {
 
 impl FormatType {
     fn info(self, e: Endianness) -> &'static FormatInfo {
-        use mem::{align_of, size_of};
         use FormatType::*;
+        use mem::{align_of, size_of};
         macro_rules! native_info {
             ($t:ty) => {{
                 &FormatInfo {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs b/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs
index f9ed4719d8..3aee327e5b 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/asyncgenerator.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::{PyCode, PyGenericAlias, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     coroutine::Coro,
@@ -7,7 +8,6 @@ use crate::{
     function::OptionalArg,
     protocol::PyIterReturn,
     types::{IterNext, Iterable, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ impl PyAsyncGenASend {
             AwaitableState::Closed => {
                 return Err(vm.new_runtime_error(
                     "cannot reuse already awaited __anext__()/asend()".to_owned(),
-                ))
+                ));
             }
             AwaitableState::Iter => val, // already running, all good
             AwaitableState::Init => {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs
index 63bf6cff2d..93f5f4f1de 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 use super::{PyInt, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject,
+    VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
     function::OptionalArg,
     identifier,
     protocol::PyNumberMethods,
     types::{AsNumber, Constructor, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject,
-    VirtualMachine,
 };
 use malachite_bigint::Sign;
 use num_traits::Zero;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs b/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
index bc1b082bc9..ff3ef38d3a 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/builtin_func.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-use super::{type_, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyType};
+use super::{PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyType, type_};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::TryFromObject,
     function::{FuncArgs, PyComparisonValue, PyMethodDef, PyMethodFlags, PyNativeFn},
     types::{Callable, Comparable, PyComparisonOp, Representable, Unconstructible},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::fmt;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
index 40e6cf7b5c..36cf8cadcd 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,14 @@ use super::{
     PyType, PyTypeRef,
 };
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
+    VirtualMachine,
     anystr::{self, AnyStr},
     atomic_func,
     byte::{bytes_from_object, value_from_object},
     bytesinner::{
-        bytes_decode, ByteInnerFindOptions, ByteInnerNewOptions, ByteInnerPaddingOptions,
-        ByteInnerSplitOptions, ByteInnerTranslateOptions, DecodeArgs, PyBytesInner,
+        ByteInnerFindOptions, ByteInnerNewOptions, ByteInnerPaddingOptions, ByteInnerSplitOptions,
+        ByteInnerTranslateOptions, DecodeArgs, PyBytesInner, bytes_decode,
     },
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::{
@@ -33,8 +35,6 @@ use crate::{
         DefaultConstructor, Initializer, IterNext, Iterable, PyComparisonOp, Representable,
         SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
-    VirtualMachine,
 };
 use bstr::ByteSlice;
 use std::mem::size_of;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
index 1db6417836..e9f5adc8bb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@ use super::{
     PositionIterInternal, PyDictRef, PyIntRef, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
 };
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
+    TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     anystr::{self, AnyStr},
     atomic_func,
     bytesinner::{
-        bytes_decode, ByteInnerFindOptions, ByteInnerNewOptions, ByteInnerPaddingOptions,
-        ByteInnerSplitOptions, ByteInnerTranslateOptions, DecodeArgs, PyBytesInner,
+        ByteInnerFindOptions, ByteInnerNewOptions, ByteInnerPaddingOptions, ByteInnerSplitOptions,
+        ByteInnerTranslateOptions, DecodeArgs, PyBytesInner, bytes_decode,
     },
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::{hash::PyHash, lock::PyMutex},
@@ -23,8 +25,6 @@ use crate::{
         AsBuffer, AsMapping, AsNumber, AsSequence, Callable, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable,
         IterNext, Iterable, PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
-    TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use bstr::ByteSlice;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/classmethod.rs b/vm/src/builtins/classmethod.rs
index 02f836199e..94b6e0ca9f 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/classmethod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/classmethod.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use super::{PyBoundMethod, PyStr, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::lock::PyMutex,
     types::{Constructor, GetDescriptor, Initializer, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 /// classmethod(function) -> method
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/code.rs b/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
index bedd71f241..d9d8895b19 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 use super::{PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyStrInterned,
     bytecode::{self, AsBag, BorrowedConstant, CodeFlags, Constant, ConstantBag},
     class::{PyClassImpl, StaticType},
@@ -12,7 +13,6 @@ use crate::{
     function::{FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
     source_code::OneIndexed,
     types::Representable,
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_traits::Zero;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
index fb5bc5066c..e665d1e27a 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-use super::{float, PyStr, PyType, PyTypeRef};
+use super::{PyStr, PyType, PyTypeRef, float};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::{ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
     function::{
@@ -11,7 +12,6 @@ use crate::{
     protocol::PyNumberMethods,
     stdlib::warnings,
     types::{AsNumber, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use num_complex::Complex64;
 use num_traits::Zero;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs b/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs
index db9592bd47..cca2db3293 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/coroutine.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use super::{PyCode, PyStrRef, PyType};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     coroutine::Coro,
     frame::FrameRef,
     function::OptionalArg,
     protocol::PyIterReturn,
     types::{IterNext, Iterable, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "coroutine")]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
index 4b10f63f21..9da4e1d87a 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/descriptor.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use super::{PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyType};
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{builtin_func::PyNativeMethod, type_, PyTypeRef},
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyTypeRef, builtin_func::PyNativeMethod, type_},
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{FuncArgs, PyMethodDef, PyMethodFlags, PySetterValue},
     types::{Callable, GetDescriptor, Representable, Unconstructible},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
index 68567e493f..e54d2a1931 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 use super::{
-    set::PySetInner, IterStatus, PositionIterInternal, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyGenericAlias,
-    PyMappingProxy, PySet, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
+    IterStatus, PositionIterInternal, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyGenericAlias, PyMappingProxy, PySet,
+    PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, set::PySetInner,
 };
 use crate::{
-    atomic_func,
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
+    TryFromObject, atomic_func,
     builtins::{
+        PyTuple,
         iter::{builtins_iter, builtins_reversed},
         type_::PyAttributes,
-        PyTuple,
     },
     class::{PyClassDef, PyClassImpl},
     common::ascii,
@@ -21,8 +22,6 @@ use crate::{
         Initializer, IterNext, Iterable, PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
     vm::VirtualMachine,
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
-    TryFromObject,
 };
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use rustpython_common::lock::PyMutex;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/enumerate.rs b/vm/src/builtins/enumerate.rs
index 64d7c1ed36..aa84115074 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/enumerate.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/enumerate.rs
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ use super::{
 };
 use crate::common::lock::{PyMutex, PyRwLock};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::ToPyObject,
     function::OptionalArg,
     protocol::{PyIter, PyIterReturn},
     types::{Constructor, IterNext, Iterable, SelfIter},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_traits::Zero;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/filter.rs b/vm/src/builtins/filter.rs
index 3b33ff766f..009a1b3eab 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/filter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/filter.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use super::{PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     protocol::{PyIter, PyIterReturn},
     types::{Constructor, IterNext, Iterable, SelfIter},
-    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "filter", traverse)]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
index 27fdff12ee..e33c25cb56 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 // spell-checker:ignore numer denom
 
 use super::{
-    try_bigint_to_f64, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
+    PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, try_bigint_to_f64,
 };
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
+    TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::{float_ops, hash},
     convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
@@ -14,8 +16,6 @@ use crate::{
     },
     protocol::PyNumberMethods,
     types::{AsNumber, Callable, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
-    TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, ToBigInt};
 use num_complex::Complex64;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs b/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs
index 3cc7d788fb..1fd031984a 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 
 use super::{PyCode, PyDictRef, PyIntRef, PyStrRef};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     frame::{Frame, FrameRef},
     function::PySetterValue,
     types::{Representable, Unconstructible},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use num_traits::Zero;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
index eb5a142f0c..63cf8ac5c3 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@
 mod jitfunc;
 
 use super::{
-    tuple::PyTupleTyped, PyAsyncGen, PyCode, PyCoroutine, PyDictRef, PyGenerator, PyStr, PyStrRef,
-    PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
+    PyAsyncGen, PyCode, PyCoroutine, PyDictRef, PyGenerator, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyType,
+    PyTypeRef, tuple::PyTupleTyped,
 };
 #[cfg(feature = "jit")]
 use crate::common::lock::OnceCell;
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::convert::ToPyObject;
 use crate::function::ArgMapping;
 use crate::object::{Traverse, TraverseFn};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     bytecode,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     frame::Frame,
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@ use crate::{
     types::{
         Callable, Comparable, Constructor, GetAttr, GetDescriptor, PyComparisonOp, Representable,
     },
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 #[cfg(feature = "jit")]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/function/jitfunc.rs b/vm/src/builtins/function/jitfunc.rs
index d46458fc65..a46d9aa0f3 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/function/jitfunc.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/function/jitfunc.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{bool_, float, int, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyDictRef, PyFunction, PyStrInterned},
+    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyDictRef, PyFunction, PyStrInterned, bool_, float, int},
     bytecode::CodeFlags,
     convert::ToPyObject,
     function::FuncArgs,
-    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
 use rustpython_jit::{AbiValue, Args, CompiledCode, JitArgumentError, JitType};
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/generator.rs b/vm/src/builtins/generator.rs
index e0ec77006d..db9c263cb2 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/generator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/generator.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@
 
 use super::{PyCode, PyStrRef, PyType};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     coroutine::Coro,
     frame::FrameRef,
     function::OptionalArg,
     protocol::PyIterReturn,
     types::{IterNext, Iterable, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "generator")]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs b/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
index 2746b03128..57c97ba62b 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
 use super::type_;
 use crate::{
-    atomic_func,
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
+    VirtualMachine, atomic_func,
     builtins::{PyList, PyStr, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef},
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::hash,
@@ -13,8 +14,6 @@ use crate::{
         AsMapping, AsNumber, Callable, Comparable, Constructor, GetAttr, Hashable, PyComparisonOp,
         Representable,
     },
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
-    VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::fmt;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs b/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs
index 603ec021e2..c2e11b770a 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/getset.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 */
 use super::{PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{IntoPyGetterFunc, IntoPySetterFunc, PyGetterFunc, PySetterFunc, PySetterValue},
     types::{GetDescriptor, Unconstructible},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "getset_descriptor")]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
index eb05b4394a..db9c5ea4ed 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-use super::{float, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyStr, PyType, PyTypeRef};
+use super::{PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyStr, PyType, PyTypeRef, float};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
+    TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyStrRef,
     bytesinner::PyBytesInner,
     class::PyClassImpl,
@@ -14,8 +16,6 @@ use crate::{
     },
     protocol::PyNumberMethods,
     types::{AsNumber, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
-    TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
 use num_integer::Integer;
@@ -109,11 +109,7 @@ fn inner_pow(int1: &BigInt, int2: &BigInt, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         } else if int1.is_zero() {
             0
         } else if int1 == &BigInt::from(-1) {
-            if int2.is_odd() {
-                -1
-            } else {
-                1
-            }
+            if int2.is_odd() { -1 } else { 1 }
         } else {
             // missing feature: BigInt exp
             // practically, exp over u64 is not possible to calculate anyway
@@ -426,11 +422,7 @@ impl PyInt {
                     // based on rust-num/num-integer#10, should hopefully be published soon
                     fn normalize(a: BigInt, n: &BigInt) -> BigInt {
                         let a = a % n;
-                        if a.is_negative() {
-                            a + n
-                        } else {
-                            a
-                        }
+                        if a.is_negative() { a + n } else { a }
                     }
                     fn inverse(a: BigInt, n: &BigInt) -> Option<BigInt> {
                         use num_integer::*;
@@ -642,7 +634,7 @@ impl PyInt {
             Sign::Minus if !signed => {
                 return Err(
                     vm.new_overflow_error("can't convert negative int to unsigned".to_owned())
-                )
+                );
             }
             Sign::NoSign => return Ok(vec![0u8; byte_len].into()),
             _ => {}
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs b/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs
index dbe4fc6597..5a47abfac7 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 
 use super::{PyInt, PyTupleRef, PyType};
 use crate::{
+    Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::ArgCallable,
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
     protocol::{PyIterReturn, PySequence, PySequenceMethods},
     types::{IterNext, Iterable, SelfIter},
-    Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use rustpython_common::{
     lock::{PyMutex, PyRwLock, PyRwLockUpgradableReadGuard},
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
index 33d6072cd5..3b9624694e 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ use crate::common::lock::{
     PyMappedRwLockReadGuard, PyMutex, PyRwLock, PyRwLockReadGuard, PyRwLockWriteGuard,
 };
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::ToPyObject,
     function::{ArgSize, FuncArgs, OptionalArg, PyComparisonValue},
@@ -18,7 +19,6 @@ use crate::{
     },
     utils::collection_repr,
     vm::VirtualMachine,
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
 };
 use std::{fmt, ops::DerefMut};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/map.rs b/vm/src/builtins/map.rs
index 44bacf587e..555e38c8b9 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/map.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/map.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use super::{PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyTupleRef,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::PosArgs,
     protocol::{PyIter, PyIterReturn},
     types::{Constructor, IterNext, Iterable, SelfIter},
-    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "map", traverse)]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
index 297ddd0a77..659562cec1 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::{PyDict, PyDictRef, PyGenericAlias, PyList, PyTuple, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     atomic_func,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::ToPyObject,
@@ -10,7 +11,6 @@ use crate::{
         AsMapping, AsNumber, AsSequence, Comparable, Constructor, Iterable, PyComparisonOp,
         Representable,
     },
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
index dfbbdc5aaf..9426730f40 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ use super::{
     PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
 };
 use crate::{
-    atomic_func,
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
+    TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine, atomic_func,
     buffer::FormatSpec,
     bytesinner::bytes_to_hex,
     class::PyClassImpl,
@@ -24,8 +25,6 @@ use crate::{
         AsBuffer, AsMapping, AsSequence, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, IterNext, Iterable,
         PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
-    TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -223,14 +222,16 @@ impl PyMemoryView {
     fn pos_from_multi_index(&self, indexes: &[isize], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
         match indexes.len().cmp(&self.desc.ndim()) {
             Ordering::Less => {
-                return Err(vm.new_not_implemented_error("sub-views are not implemented".to_owned()))
+                return Err(
+                    vm.new_not_implemented_error("sub-views are not implemented".to_owned())
+                );
             }
             Ordering::Greater => {
                 return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                     "cannot index {}-dimension view with {}-element tuple",
                     self.desc.ndim(),
                     indexes.len()
-                )))
+                )));
             }
             Ordering::Equal => (),
         }
@@ -380,11 +381,7 @@ impl PyMemoryView {
                 }
             };
             ret = vm.bool_eq(&a_val, &b_val);
-            if let Ok(b) = ret {
-                !b
-            } else {
-                true
-            }
+            if let Ok(b) = ret { !b } else { true }
         });
         ret
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/module.rs b/vm/src/builtins/module.rs
index de55b9deae..8c8f22cf58 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/module.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/module.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use super::{PyDictRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{pystr::AsPyStr, PyStrInterned},
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyStrInterned, pystr::AsPyStr},
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::ToPyObject,
     function::{FuncArgs, PyMethodDef},
     types::{GetAttr, Initializer, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "module")]
@@ -183,11 +183,12 @@ impl Initializer for PyModule {
     type Args = ModuleInitArgs;
 
     fn init(zelf: PyRef<Self>, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        debug_assert!(zelf
-            .class()
-            .slots
-            .flags
-            .has_feature(crate::types::PyTypeFlags::HAS_DICT));
+        debug_assert!(
+            zelf.class()
+                .slots
+                .flags
+                .has_feature(crate::types::PyTypeFlags::HAS_DICT)
+        );
         zelf.init_dict(vm.ctx.intern_str(args.name.as_str()), args.doc, vm);
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/namespace.rs b/vm/src/builtins/namespace.rs
index 441fd014f0..38146baa72 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/namespace.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/namespace.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-use super::{tuple::IntoPyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType};
+use super::{PyTupleRef, PyType, tuple::IntoPyTuple};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyDict,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{FuncArgs, PyComparisonValue},
@@ -7,7 +8,6 @@ use crate::{
     types::{
         Comparable, Constructor, DefaultConstructor, Initializer, PyComparisonOp, Representable,
     },
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 /// A simple attribute-based namespace.
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
index aeb9e93cc6..cce1422d56 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@ use super::{PyDictRef, PyList, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::common::hash::PyHash;
 use crate::types::PyTypeFlags;
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::ToPyResult,
     function::{Either, FuncArgs, PyArithmeticValue, PyComparisonValue, PySetterValue},
     types::{Constructor, PyComparisonOp},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/property.rs b/vm/src/builtins/property.rs
index 61e1ff1692..5bfae5a081 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/property.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/property.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ use super::{PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::common::lock::PyRwLock;
 use crate::function::{IntoFuncArgs, PosArgs};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{FuncArgs, PySetterValue},
     types::{Constructor, GetDescriptor, Initializer},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "property", traverse)]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/range.rs b/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
index 602ea2d37f..b542a5f191 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use super::{
-    builtins_iter, tuple::tuple_hash, PyInt, PyIntRef, PySlice, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
+    PyInt, PyIntRef, PySlice, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, builtins_iter, tuple::tuple_hash,
 };
 use crate::{
-    atomic_func,
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
+    VirtualMachine, atomic_func,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::hash::PyHash,
     function::{ArgIndex, FuncArgs, OptionalArg, PyComparisonValue},
@@ -11,8 +12,6 @@ use crate::{
         AsMapping, AsSequence, Comparable, Hashable, IterNext, Iterable, PyComparisonOp,
         Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
-    VirtualMachine,
 };
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
index 1ab1fe21cf..62a66c89b4 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
  * Builtin set type with a sequence of unique items.
  */
 use super::{
-    builtins_iter, IterStatus, PositionIterInternal, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyGenericAlias, PyTupleRef,
-    PyType, PyTypeRef,
+    IterStatus, PositionIterInternal, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyGenericAlias, PyTupleRef, PyType,
+    PyTypeRef, builtins_iter,
 };
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
     atomic_func,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::{ascii, hash::PyHash, lock::PyMutex, rc::PyRc},
@@ -21,7 +22,6 @@ use crate::{
     },
     utils::collection_repr,
     vm::VirtualMachine,
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
 };
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use rustpython_common::{
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/singletons.rs b/vm/src/builtins/singletons.rs
index 65b171a262..da0c718c46 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/singletons.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/singletons.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use super::{PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::ToPyObject,
     protocol::PyNumberMethods,
     types::{AsNumber, Constructor, Representable},
-    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "NoneType")]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/slice.rs b/vm/src/builtins/slice.rs
index 5da3649115..4194360f4a 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/slice.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/slice.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 // spell-checker:ignore sliceobject
 use super::{PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::hash::{PyHash, PyUHash},
     convert::ToPyObject,
     function::{ArgIndex, FuncArgs, OptionalArg, PyComparisonValue},
     sliceable::SaturatedSlice,
     types::{Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, ToBigInt};
 use num_traits::{One, Signed, Zero};
@@ -264,11 +264,7 @@ impl Comparable for PySlice {
                 let eq = vm.identical_or_equal(zelf.start_ref(vm), other.start_ref(vm))?
                     && vm.identical_or_equal(&zelf.stop, &other.stop)?
                     && vm.identical_or_equal(zelf.step_ref(vm), other.step_ref(vm))?;
-                if op == PyComparisonOp::Ne {
-                    !eq
-                } else {
-                    eq
-                }
+                if op == PyComparisonOp::Ne { !eq } else { eq }
             }
             PyComparisonOp::Gt | PyComparisonOp::Ge => None
                 .or_else(|| {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/staticmethod.rs b/vm/src/builtins/staticmethod.rs
index 59a5b18b5d..8e2333da7f 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/staticmethod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/staticmethod.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use super::{PyStr, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::lock::PyMutex,
     function::FuncArgs,
     types::{Callable, Constructor, GetDescriptor, Initializer, Representable},
-    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "staticmethod", traverse)]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index f37a004297..bf9a9f679c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 use super::{
+    PositionIterInternal, PyBytesRef, PyDict, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
     int::{PyInt, PyIntRef},
     iter::IterStatus::{self, Exhausted},
-    PositionIterInternal, PyBytesRef, PyDict, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
 };
 use crate::{
-    anystr::{self, adjust_indices, AnyStr, AnyStrContainer, AnyStrWrapper},
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
+    TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
+    anystr::{self, AnyStr, AnyStrContainer, AnyStrWrapper, adjust_indices},
     atomic_func,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::str::{BorrowedStr, PyStrKind, PyStrKindData},
@@ -20,8 +22,6 @@ use crate::{
         AsMapping, AsNumber, AsSequence, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, IterNext, Iterable,
         PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
-    TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use ascii::{AsciiStr, AsciiString};
 use bstr::ByteSlice;
@@ -904,11 +904,7 @@ impl PyStr {
                 '\n' => 1,
                 '\r' => {
                     let is_rn = enumerated.next_if(|(_, ch)| *ch == '\n').is_some();
-                    if is_rn {
-                        2
-                    } else {
-                        1
-                    }
+                    if is_rn { 2 } else { 1 }
                 }
                 '\x0b' | '\x0c' | '\x1c' | '\x1d' | '\x1e' | '\u{0085}' | '\u{2028}'
                 | '\u{2029}' => ch.len_utf8(),
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/super.rs b/vm/src/builtins/super.rs
index a0192cea5c..5f363ebea5 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/super.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/super.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,11 @@ See also [CPython source code.](https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/50b48572d
 
 use super::{PyStr, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::lock::PyRwLock,
     function::{FuncArgs, IntoFuncArgs, OptionalArg},
     types::{Callable, Constructor, GetAttr, GetDescriptor, Initializer, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "super", traverse)]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/traceback.rs b/vm/src/builtins/traceback.rs
index 6506e95363..b0abbd006a 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/traceback.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/traceback.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use rustpython_common::lock::PyMutex;
 
 use super::PyType;
 use crate::{
-    class::PyClassImpl, frame::FrameRef, source_code::LineNumber, Context, Py, PyPayload, PyRef,
+    Context, Py, PyPayload, PyRef, class::PyClassImpl, frame::FrameRef, source_code::LineNumber,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "traceback", traverse)]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
index 9d1cc2f5ce..66cb2799a7 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use super::{PositionIterInternal, PyGenericAlias, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::common::{hash::PyHash, lock::PyMutex};
 use crate::object::{Traverse, TraverseFn};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
     atomic_func,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     convert::{ToPyObject, TransmuteFromObject},
@@ -17,7 +18,6 @@ use crate::{
     },
     utils::collection_repr,
     vm::VirtualMachine,
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
 };
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData};
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index c3fc28cd60..08a15575ed 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 use super::{
-    mappingproxy::PyMappingProxy, object, union_, PyClassMethod, PyDictRef, PyList, PyStr,
-    PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyWeak,
+    PyClassMethod, PyDictRef, PyList, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyWeak,
+    mappingproxy::PyMappingProxy, object, union_,
 };
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
+    VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
+        PyBaseExceptionRef,
         descriptor::{
             MemberGetter, MemberKind, MemberSetter, PyDescriptorOwned, PyMemberDef,
             PyMemberDescriptor,
         },
         function::PyCellRef,
         tuple::{IntoPyTuple, PyTupleTyped},
-        PyBaseExceptionRef,
     },
     class::{PyClassImpl, StaticType},
     common::{
@@ -26,10 +28,8 @@ use crate::{
     types::{
         AsNumber, Callable, Constructor, GetAttr, PyTypeFlags, PyTypeSlots, Representable, SetAttr,
     },
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
-    VirtualMachine,
 };
-use indexmap::{map::Entry, IndexMap};
+use indexmap::{IndexMap, map::Entry};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use std::{borrow::Borrow, collections::HashSet, fmt, ops::Deref, pin::Pin, ptr::NonNull};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/union.rs b/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
index 668d87bdce..f9dc8f3131 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::{genericalias, type_};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     atomic_func,
     builtins::{PyFrozenSet, PyStr, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType},
     class::PyClassImpl,
@@ -8,7 +9,6 @@ use crate::{
     function::PyComparisonValue,
     protocol::{PyMappingMethods, PyNumberMethods},
     types::{AsMapping, AsNumber, Comparable, GetAttr, Hashable, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use std::fmt;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs b/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs
index f271e4cddb..d17bc75118 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::{PyStr, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, PyWeak};
 use crate::{
-    atomic_func,
+    Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, atomic_func,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::hash::PyHash,
     function::{OptionalArg, PyComparisonValue, PySetterValue},
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ use crate::{
         AsMapping, AsSequence, Comparable, Constructor, GetAttr, Hashable, IterNext, Iterable,
         PyComparisonOp, Representable, SetAttr,
     },
-    Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/weakref.rs b/vm/src/builtins/weakref.rs
index 1d52225a26..9b2f248aa9 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/weakref.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/weakref.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ use crate::common::{
     hash::{self, PyHash},
 };
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::OptionalArg,
     types::{Callable, Comparable, Constructor, Hashable, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 pub use crate::object::PyWeak;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/zip.rs b/vm/src/builtins/zip.rs
index 56c88f14c6..abd82b3ccb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/zip.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/zip.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use super::{PyType, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyTupleRef,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     function::{ArgIntoBool, OptionalArg, PosArgs},
     protocol::{PyIter, PyIterReturn},
     types::{Constructor, IterNext, Iterable, SelfIter},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use rustpython_common::atomic::{self, PyAtomic, Radium};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs b/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
index 79d4d96262..3754b75ee1 100644
--- a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
+++ b/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     anystr::{self, AnyStr, AnyStrContainer, AnyStrWrapper},
     builtins::{
-        pystr, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr,
-        PyStrRef, PyTypeRef,
+        PyBaseExceptionRef, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, PyStrRef,
+        PyTypeRef, pystr,
     },
     byte::bytes_from_object,
     cformat::cformat_bytes,
@@ -13,7 +14,6 @@ use crate::{
     protocol::PyBuffer,
     sequence::{SequenceExt, SequenceMutExt},
     types::PyComparisonOp,
-    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use bstr::ByteSlice;
 use itertools::Itertools;
diff --git a/vm/src/cformat.rs b/vm/src/cformat.rs
index 79f4d68833..6e14034d0b 100644
--- a/vm/src/cformat.rs
+++ b/vm/src/cformat.rs
@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 //! as per the [Python Docs](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting).
 
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
-        try_f64_to_bigint, tuple, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyFloat, PyInt, PyStr,
+        PyBaseExceptionRef, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyFloat, PyInt, PyStr, try_f64_to_bigint, tuple,
     },
     function::ArgIntoFloat,
     protocol::PyBuffer,
     stdlib::builtins,
-    AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use num_traits::cast::ToPrimitive;
diff --git a/vm/src/class.rs b/vm/src/class.rs
index 3b7f1bffcb..bc38d6bd61 100644
--- a/vm/src/class.rs
+++ b/vm/src/class.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
     function::PyMethodDef,
     identifier,
     object::Py,
-    types::{hash_not_implemented, PyTypeFlags, PyTypeSlots},
+    types::{PyTypeFlags, PyTypeSlots, hash_not_implemented},
     vm::Context,
 };
 use rustpython_common::static_cell;
diff --git a/vm/src/codecs.rs b/vm/src/codecs.rs
index 767bd873b6..e104097413 100644
--- a/vm/src/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/codecs.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef},
     common::{ascii, lock::PyRwLock},
     convert::ToPyObject,
     function::PyMethodDef,
-    AsObject, Context, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::{borrow::Cow, collections::HashMap, fmt::Write, ops::Range};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/convert/to_pyobject.rs b/vm/src/convert/to_pyobject.rs
index c61296fe69..840c0c65fb 100644
--- a/vm/src/convert/to_pyobject.rs
+++ b/vm/src/convert/to_pyobject.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef};
 
 /// Implemented by any type that can be returned from a built-in Python function.
 ///
diff --git a/vm/src/convert/try_from.rs b/vm/src/convert/try_from.rs
index 8abe829803..941e1fef2a 100644
--- a/vm/src/convert/try_from.rs
+++ b/vm/src/convert/try_from.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
+    Py, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyFloat,
     object::{AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult},
-    Py, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/coroutine.rs b/vm/src/coroutine.rs
index 5dd34a799d..56eb520b2c 100644
--- a/vm/src/coroutine.rs
+++ b/vm/src/coroutine.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyStrRef},
     common::lock::PyMutex,
     frame::{ExecutionResult, FrameRef},
     protocol::PyIterReturn,
-    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
index 4baeef0bfc..7c8fd23834 100644
--- a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 //! And: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/578375/
 
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Py, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRefExact, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyInt, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef},
     convert::ToPyObject,
-    AsObject, Py, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRefExact, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use crate::{
     common::{
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ fn str_exact<'a>(obj: &'a PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<&'a PyStr> {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use crate::{common::ascii, Interpreter};
+    use crate::{Interpreter, common::ascii};
 
     #[test]
     fn test_insert() {
diff --git a/vm/src/eval.rs b/vm/src/eval.rs
index 35f27dc9d6..4c48efc700 100644
--- a/vm/src/eval.rs
+++ b/vm/src/eval.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{compiler, scope::Scope, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, compiler, scope::Scope};
 
 pub fn eval(vm: &VirtualMachine, source: &str, scope: Scope, source_path: &str) -> PyResult {
     match vm.compile(source, compiler::Mode::Eval, source_path.to_owned()) {
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 94a16f912e..5882fbe2bc 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@ use self::types::{PyBaseException, PyBaseExceptionRef};
 use crate::common::lock::PyRwLock;
 use crate::object::{Traverse, TraverseFn};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
-        traceback::PyTracebackRef, PyNone, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
+        PyNone, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, traceback::PyTracebackRef,
     },
     class::{PyClassImpl, StaticType},
     convert::{ToPyException, ToPyObject},
@@ -12,7 +13,6 @@ use crate::{
     stdlib::sys,
     suggestion::offer_suggestions,
     types::{Callable, Constructor, Initializer, Representable},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -1177,13 +1177,13 @@ pub(super) mod types {
     use crate::common::lock::PyRwLock;
     #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(unused_imports))]
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{
-            traceback::PyTracebackRef, tuple::IntoPyTuple, PyInt, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef,
+            PyInt, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef, traceback::PyTracebackRef, tuple::IntoPyTuple,
         },
         convert::ToPyResult,
         function::FuncArgs,
         types::{Constructor, Initializer},
-        AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use itertools::Itertools;
diff --git a/vm/src/format.rs b/vm/src/format.rs
index 8109ea00f4..7e9bb54265 100644
--- a/vm/src/format.rs
+++ b/vm/src/format.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    PyObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
     convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyException},
     function::FuncArgs,
     stdlib::builtins,
-    PyObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 use rustpython_format::*;
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index afa5c708e7..7cbe25909b 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 use crate::common::{boxvec::BoxVec, lock::PyMutex};
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
+        PyBaseExceptionRef, PyCode, PyCoroutine, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyGenerator, PyList, PySet,
+        PySlice, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyTraceback, PyType,
         asyncgenerator::PyAsyncGenWrappedValue,
         function::{PyCell, PyCellRef, PyFunction},
         tuple::{PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTupleTyped},
-        PyBaseExceptionRef, PyCode, PyCoroutine, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyGenerator, PyList, PySet,
-        PySlice, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyTraceback, PyType,
     },
     bytecode,
     convert::{IntoObject, ToPyResult},
@@ -17,7 +18,6 @@ use crate::{
     source_code::SourceLocation,
     stdlib::{builtins, typing::_typing},
     vm::{Context, PyMethod},
-    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -277,15 +277,17 @@ impl Py<Frame> {
     }
 
     pub fn next_external_frame(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<FrameRef> {
-        self.f_back(vm).map(|mut back| loop {
-            back = if let Some(back) = back.to_owned().f_back(vm) {
-                back
-            } else {
-                break back;
-            };
+        self.f_back(vm).map(|mut back| {
+            loop {
+                back = if let Some(back) = back.to_owned().f_back(vm) {
+                    back
+                } else {
+                    break back;
+                };
 
-            if !back.is_internal_frame() {
-                break back;
+                if !back.is_internal_frame() {
+                    break back;
+                }
             }
         })
     }
@@ -638,7 +640,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 match res {
                     Ok(()) => {}
                     Err(e) if e.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.key_error) => {
-                        return Err(name_error(name, vm))
+                        return Err(name_error(name, vm));
                     }
                     Err(e) => return Err(e),
                 }
@@ -649,7 +651,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 match self.globals.del_item(name, vm) {
                     Ok(()) => {}
                     Err(e) if e.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.key_error) => {
-                        return Err(name_error(name, vm))
+                        return Err(name_error(name, vm));
                     }
                     Err(e) => return Err(e),
                 }
diff --git a/vm/src/function/argument.rs b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
index b0e731ff57..b7fd509ef1 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/argument.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
     convert::ToPyObject,
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
-    AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use itertools::Itertools;
diff --git a/vm/src/function/arithmetic.rs b/vm/src/function/arithmetic.rs
index b40e31e1b6..9f40ca7fec 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/arithmetic.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/arithmetic.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
+    VirtualMachine,
     convert::{ToPyObject, TryFromObject},
     object::{AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult},
-    VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[derive(result_like::OptionLike)]
diff --git a/vm/src/function/buffer.rs b/vm/src/function/buffer.rs
index f5d0dd03d6..91379e7a7f 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/buffer.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject,
+    VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyStr, PyStrRef},
     common::borrow::{BorrowedValue, BorrowedValueMut},
     protocol::PyBuffer,
-    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject,
-    VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 // Python/getargs.c
diff --git a/vm/src/function/builtin.rs b/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
index bf9a5ed345..b8a408453d 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use super::{FromArgs, FuncArgs};
 use crate::{
-    convert::ToPyResult, object::PyThreadingConstraint, Py, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
-    VirtualMachine,
+    Py, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, convert::ToPyResult,
+    object::PyThreadingConstraint,
 };
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/function/either.rs b/vm/src/function/either.rs
index ceb79d55c9..08b96c7fe3 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/either.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/either.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use crate::{
-    convert::ToPyObject, AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine, convert::ToPyObject,
 };
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
index 41e99b0542..69f11eb65d 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyStrRef},
     convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject},
     function::PyStr,
     protocol::PyBuffer,
-    PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::{ffi::OsStr, path::PathBuf};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/function/getset.rs b/vm/src/function/getset.rs
index 827158e834..66e668ace6 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/getset.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/getset.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 
 */
 use crate::{
+    Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     convert::ToPyResult,
     function::{BorrowedParam, OwnedParam, RefParam},
     object::PyThreadingConstraint,
-    Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[derive(result_like::OptionLike, is_macro::Is, Debug)]
diff --git a/vm/src/function/method.rs b/vm/src/function/method.rs
index adf53d7d93..d3d0b85fae 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/method.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/method.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use crate::{
+    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
+        PyType,
         builtin_func::{PyNativeFunction, PyNativeMethod},
         descriptor::PyMethodDescriptor,
-        PyType,
     },
     function::{IntoPyNativeFn, PyNativeFn},
-    Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 bitflags::bitflags! {
diff --git a/vm/src/function/mod.rs b/vm/src/function/mod.rs
index 3bd6d0f74c..8e517f6ed5 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/mod.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ pub use argument::{
 };
 pub use arithmetic::{PyArithmeticValue, PyComparisonValue};
 pub use buffer::{ArgAsciiBuffer, ArgBytesLike, ArgMemoryBuffer, ArgStrOrBytesLike};
-pub use builtin::{static_func, static_raw_func, IntoPyNativeFn, PyNativeFn};
+pub use builtin::{IntoPyNativeFn, PyNativeFn, static_func, static_raw_func};
 pub use either::Either;
 pub use fspath::FsPath;
 pub use getset::PySetterValue;
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub use method::{HeapMethodDef, PyMethodDef, PyMethodFlags};
 pub use number::{ArgIndex, ArgIntoBool, ArgIntoComplex, ArgIntoFloat, ArgPrimitiveIndex, ArgSize};
 pub use protocol::{ArgCallable, ArgIterable, ArgMapping, ArgSequence};
 
-use crate::{builtins::PyStr, convert::TryFromBorrowedObject, PyObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyStr, convert::TryFromBorrowedObject};
 use builtin::{BorrowedParam, OwnedParam, RefParam};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
diff --git a/vm/src/function/number.rs b/vm/src/function/number.rs
index 5f23543395..0e36f57ad1 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/number.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 use super::argument::OptionalArg;
-use crate::{builtins::PyIntRef, AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyIntRef};
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_complex::Complex64;
 use num_traits::PrimInt;
diff --git a/vm/src/function/protocol.rs b/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
index 295332e480..4b7e4c4cef 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use super::IntoFuncArgs;
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{iter::PySequenceIterator, PyDict, PyDictRef},
+    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyDict, PyDictRef, iter::PySequenceIterator},
     convert::ToPyObject,
     identifier,
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
     protocol::{PyIter, PyIterIter, PyMapping, PyMappingMethods},
     types::{AsMapping, GenericMethod},
-    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::{borrow::Borrow, marker::PhantomData, ops::Deref};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/import.rs b/vm/src/import.rs
index fbd563dabb..860f0b8a16 100644
--- a/vm/src/import.rs
+++ b/vm/src/import.rs
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
  * Import mechanics
  */
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{list, traceback::PyTraceback, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyCode},
+    AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
+    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyCode, list, traceback::PyTraceback},
     scope::Scope,
     version::get_git_revision,
-    vm::{thread, VirtualMachine},
-    AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
+    vm::{VirtualMachine, thread},
 };
 
 pub(crate) fn init_importlib_base(vm: &mut VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
diff --git a/vm/src/intern.rs b/vm/src/intern.rs
index 5bb657f222..10aaa53454 100644
--- a/vm/src/intern.rs
+++ b/vm/src/intern.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Py, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyTypeRef},
     common::lock::PyRwLock,
     convert::ToPyObject,
-    AsObject, Py, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::{
     borrow::{Borrow, ToOwned},
diff --git a/vm/src/iter.rs b/vm/src/iter.rs
index 497dc20adc..1e13243792 100644
--- a/vm/src/iter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/iter.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{types::PyComparisonOp, vm::VirtualMachine, PyObjectRef, PyResult};
+use crate::{PyObjectRef, PyResult, types::PyComparisonOp, vm::VirtualMachine};
 use itertools::Itertools;
 
 pub trait PyExactSizeIterator<'a>: ExactSizeIterator<Item = &'a PyObjectRef> + Sized {
diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index 61c31a02e3..481111532a 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@
 //! PyRef<PyWeak> may looking like to be called as PyObjectWeak by the rule,
 //! but not to do to remember it is a PyRef object.
 use super::{
+    PyAtomicRef,
     ext::{AsObject, PyRefExact, PyResult},
     payload::PyObjectPayload,
-    PyAtomicRef,
 };
 use crate::object::traverse::{Traverse, TraverseFn};
 use crate::object::traverse_object::PyObjVTable;
diff --git a/vm/src/object/ext.rs b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
index 129a6a79bb..8c6d367583 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/ext.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
@@ -7,17 +7,17 @@ use crate::common::{
     lock::PyRwLockReadGuard,
 };
 use crate::{
+    VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyStrInterned, PyType},
     convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject, ToPyResult, TryFromObject},
     vm::Context,
-    VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::{
     borrow::Borrow,
     fmt,
     marker::PhantomData,
     ops::Deref,
-    ptr::{null_mut, NonNull},
+    ptr::{NonNull, null_mut},
 };
 
 /* Python objects and references.
diff --git a/vm/src/object/payload.rs b/vm/src/object/payload.rs
index d5f3d6330b..6413d6ae06 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/payload.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/payload.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::object::{MaybeTraverse, Py, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult};
 use crate::{
+    PyRefExact,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyType, PyTypeRef},
     types::PyTypeFlags,
     vm::{Context, VirtualMachine},
-    PyRefExact,
 };
 
 cfg_if::cfg_if! {
diff --git a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
index 43a039d331..5f93dc5c8b 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::ptr::NonNull;
 
 use rustpython_common::lock::{PyMutex, PyRwLock};
 
-use crate::{function::Either, object::PyObjectPayload, AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef};
+use crate::{AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, function::Either, object::PyObjectPayload};
 
 pub type TraverseFn<'a> = dyn FnMut(&PyObject) + 'a;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs b/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
index b690b80f75..682ddf4876 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use std::fmt;
 
 use crate::{
+    PyObject,
     object::{
-        debug_obj, drop_dealloc_obj, try_trace_obj, Erased, InstanceDict, PyInner, PyObjectPayload,
+        Erased, InstanceDict, PyInner, PyObjectPayload, debug_obj, drop_dealloc_obj, try_trace_obj,
     },
-    PyObject,
 };
 
 use super::{Traverse, TraverseFn};
diff --git a/vm/src/ospath.rs b/vm/src/ospath.rs
index fe26f227d1..9dda60d621 100644
--- a/vm/src/ospath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/ospath.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
     convert::{ToPyException, TryFromObject},
     function::FsPath,
     object::AsObject,
-    PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
index 0dfe3f0027..8692e4f78e 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 //! https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/buffer.html
 
 use crate::{
+    Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     common::{
         borrow::{BorrowedValue, BorrowedValueMut},
         lock::{MapImmutable, PyMutex, PyMutexGuard},
@@ -9,7 +10,6 @@ use crate::{
     object::PyObjectPayload,
     sliceable::SequenceIndexOp,
     types::Unconstructible,
-    Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt::Debug, ops::Range};
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs b/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
index d9c49ed15f..345914e411 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::iter::PySequenceIterator,
     convert::{ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
-    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::borrow::Borrow;
 use std::ops::Deref;
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs b/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs
index 986b806f6c..cbecc8762e 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
+        PyDict, PyStrInterned,
         dict::{PyDictItems, PyDictKeys, PyDictValues},
         type_::PointerSlot,
-        PyDict, PyStrInterned,
     },
     convert::ToPyResult,
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
-    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
index 01829bb553..65c4eaad79 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ use std::ops::Deref;
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{int, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyComplex, PyFloat, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr},
+    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject,
+    VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyComplex, PyFloat, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, int},
     common::int::bytes_to_int,
     function::ArgBytesLike,
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
     stdlib::warnings,
-    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject,
-    VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 pub type PyNumberUnaryFunc<R = PyObjectRef> = fn(PyNumber, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<R>;
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
index 8b9c0e446c..4e69cf38a2 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
 //! https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/object.html
 
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
-        pystr::AsPyStr, PyAsyncGen, PyBytes, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyGenericAlias, PyInt, PyList,
-        PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
+        PyAsyncGen, PyBytes, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyGenericAlias, PyInt, PyList, PyStr, PyStrRef,
+        PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, pystr::AsPyStr,
     },
     bytesinner::ByteInnerNewOptions,
     common::{hash::PyHash, str::to_ascii},
@@ -14,7 +15,6 @@ use crate::{
     object::PyPayload,
     protocol::{PyIter, PyMapping, PySequence},
     types::{Constructor, PyComparisonOp},
-    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 // RustPython doesn't need these items
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs b/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
index 62cf828e40..46ac0c8be7 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{type_::PointerSlot, PyList, PyListRef, PySlice, PyTuple, PyTupleRef},
+    PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyList, PyListRef, PySlice, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, type_::PointerSlot},
     convert::ToPyObject,
     function::PyArithmeticValue,
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
     protocol::{PyMapping, PyNumberBinaryOp},
-    PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use itertools::Itertools;
diff --git a/vm/src/py_io.rs b/vm/src/py_io.rs
index 8091b75afc..0d7c319bc0 100644
--- a/vm/src/py_io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/py_io.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::{
+    PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytes, PyStr},
     common::ascii,
-    PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::{fmt, io, ops};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/py_serde.rs b/vm/src/py_serde.rs
index b4b12e430d..ea72879e42 100644
--- a/vm/src/py_serde.rs
+++ b/vm/src/py_serde.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use num_traits::sign::Signed;
 use serde::de::{DeserializeSeed, Visitor};
 use serde::ser::{Serialize, SerializeMap, SerializeSeq};
 
-use crate::builtins::{bool_, dict::PyDictRef, float, int, list::PyList, tuple::PyTuple, PyStr};
+use crate::builtins::{PyStr, bool_, dict::PyDictRef, float, int, list::PyList, tuple::PyTuple};
 use crate::{AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, VirtualMachine};
 
 #[inline]
diff --git a/vm/src/scope.rs b/vm/src/scope.rs
index 47a1e5e3ff..12b878f847 100644
--- a/vm/src/scope.rs
+++ b/vm/src/scope.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{builtins::PyDictRef, function::ArgMapping, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{VirtualMachine, builtins::PyDictRef, function::ArgMapping};
 use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
diff --git a/vm/src/sequence.rs b/vm/src/sequence.rs
index 3f2d1e94d2..fc6e216809 100644
--- a/vm/src/sequence.rs
+++ b/vm/src/sequence.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult,
     builtins::PyIntRef,
     function::OptionalArg,
     sliceable::SequenceIndexOp,
     types::PyComparisonOp,
-    vm::{VirtualMachine, MAX_MEMORY_SIZE},
-    AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult,
+    vm::{MAX_MEMORY_SIZE, VirtualMachine},
 };
 use optional::Optioned;
 use std::ops::{Deref, Range};
diff --git a/vm/src/signal.rs b/vm/src/signal.rs
index 7489282de2..346664fa24 100644
--- a/vm/src/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/signal.rs
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ pub fn assert_in_range(signum: i32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub fn set_interrupt_ex(signum: i32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-    use crate::stdlib::signal::_signal::{run_signal, SIG_DFL, SIG_IGN};
+    use crate::stdlib::signal::_signal::{SIG_DFL, SIG_IGN, run_signal};
     assert_in_range(signum, vm)?;
 
     match signum as usize {
diff --git a/vm/src/sliceable.rs b/vm/src/sliceable.rs
index 257d325651..cbc25e4e18 100644
--- a/vm/src/sliceable.rs
+++ b/vm/src/sliceable.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 // export through sliceable module, not slice.
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{int::PyInt, slice::PySlice},
     PyObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{int::PyInt, slice::PySlice},
 };
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_traits::{Signed, ToPrimitive};
@@ -357,13 +357,8 @@ impl SaturatedSlice {
         if step == 0 {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("slice step cannot be zero".to_owned()));
         }
-        let start = to_isize_index(vm, slice.start_ref(vm))?.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            if step.is_negative() {
-                isize::MAX
-            } else {
-                0
-            }
-        });
+        let start = to_isize_index(vm, slice.start_ref(vm))?
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| if step.is_negative() { isize::MAX } else { 0 });
 
         let stop = to_isize_index(vm, &slice.stop(vm))?.unwrap_or_else(|| {
             if step.is_negative() {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
index 616d84368c..7dd893646e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 mod r#gen;
 
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
+    VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{self, PyDict, PyModule, PyStrRef, PyType},
     class::{PyClassImpl, StaticType},
-    compiler::core::bytecode::OpArgType,
     compiler::CompileError,
+    compiler::core::bytecode::OpArgType,
     convert::ToPyException,
     source_code::{LinearLocator, OneIndexed, SourceLocation, SourceRange},
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
-    VirtualMachine,
 };
 use num_complex::Complex64;
 use num_traits::{ToPrimitive, Zero};
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ use rustpython_parser as parser;
 #[pymodule]
 mod _ast {
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, Context, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyStrRef, PyTupleRef},
         function::FuncArgs,
-        AsObject, Context, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AST")]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/atexit.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/atexit.rs
index dbeda76741..b1832b5481 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/atexit.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/atexit.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ pub(crate) use atexit::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod atexit {
-    use crate::{function::FuncArgs, AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+    use crate::{AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, function::FuncArgs};
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn register(func: PyObjectRef, args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index cc9b0a8be7..22aa11dc43 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Builtin function definitions.
 //!
 //! Implements the list of [builtin Python functions](https://docs.python.org/3/library/builtins.html).
-use crate::{builtins::PyModule, class::PyClassImpl, Py, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{Py, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule, class::PyClassImpl};
 pub(crate) use builtins::{__module_def, DOC};
 pub use builtins::{ascii, print, reversed};
 
@@ -10,13 +10,14 @@ mod builtins {
     use std::io::IsTerminal;
 
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{
+            PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyDictRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType,
             enumerate::PyReverseSequenceIterator,
             function::{PyCellRef, PyFunction},
             int::PyIntRef,
             iter::PyCallableIterator,
             list::{PyList, SortOptions},
-            PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyDictRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType,
         },
         common::{hash::PyHash, str::to_ascii},
         function::{
@@ -29,7 +30,6 @@ mod builtins {
         readline::{Readline, ReadlineResult},
         stdlib::sys,
         types::PyComparisonOp,
-        AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use num_traits::{Signed, ToPrimitive};
 
@@ -157,8 +157,7 @@ mod builtins {
 
             #[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-parser"))]
             {
-                const PARSER_NOT_SUPPORTED: &str =
-        "can't compile() source code when the `parser` feature of rustpython is disabled";
+                const PARSER_NOT_SUPPORTED: &str = "can't compile() source code when the `parser` feature of rustpython is disabled";
                 Err(vm.new_type_error(PARSER_NOT_SUPPORTED.to_owned()))
             }
             #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-parser")]
@@ -535,7 +534,7 @@ mod builtins {
             None => {
                 return default.ok_or_else(|| {
                     vm.new_value_error(format!("{func_name}() arg is an empty sequence"))
-                })
+                });
             }
         };
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
index 71317bf484..976545f64b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ pub(crate) use _codecs::make_module;
 mod _codecs {
     use crate::common::encodings;
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple},
         codecs,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, FuncArgs},
-        AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use std::ops::Range;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
index 5a9a172d53..fc867db2b1 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/collections.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ pub(crate) use _collections::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod _collections {
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         atomic_func,
         builtins::{
             IterStatus::{Active, Exhausted},
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@ mod _collections {
             Iterable, PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter,
         },
         utils::collection_repr,
-        AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use std::cmp::max;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
index bf7f0b9adf..a7ee07744b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::stdlib::ctypes::PyCData;
 use crate::PyObjectRef;
+use crate::stdlib::ctypes::PyCData;
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/errno.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/errno.rs
index a142d68a34..247e2a2340 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/errno.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/errno.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod errno {}
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ pub mod errors {
             WSAEPROVIDERFAILEDINIT, WSAEREFUSED, WSAEREMOTE, WSAESHUTDOWN, WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT,
             WSAESTALE, WSAETIMEDOUT, WSAETOOMANYREFS, WSAEUSERS, WSAEWOULDBLOCK, WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND,
             WSAID_ACCEPTEX, WSAID_CONNECTEX, WSAID_DISCONNECTEX, WSAID_GETACCEPTEXSOCKADDRS,
-            WSAID_TRANSMITFILE, WSAID_TRANSMITPACKETS, WSAID_WSAPOLL, WSAID_WSARECVMSG,
-            WSANOTINITIALISED, WSANO_DATA, WSANO_RECOVERY, WSAPROTOCOL_LEN, WSASERVICE_NOT_FOUND,
-            WSASYSCALLFAILURE, WSASYSNOTREADY, WSASYS_STATUS_LEN, WSATRY_AGAIN, WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND,
+            WSAID_TRANSMITFILE, WSAID_TRANSMITPACKETS, WSAID_WSAPOLL, WSAID_WSARECVMSG, WSANO_DATA,
+            WSANO_RECOVERY, WSANOTINITIALISED, WSAPROTOCOL_LEN, WSASERVICE_NOT_FOUND,
+            WSASYS_STATUS_LEN, WSASYSCALLFAILURE, WSASYSNOTREADY, WSATRY_AGAIN, WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND,
             WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED,
         },
     };
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/functools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/functools.rs
index d13b9b84f6..145d95d6ff 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/functools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/functools.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ pub(crate) use _functools::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _functools {
-    use crate::{function::OptionalArg, protocol::PyIter, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+    use crate::{PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, function::OptionalArg, protocol::PyIter};
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn reduce(
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
index d8727e74ff..5c3f4bf61d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/imp.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use crate::frozen::FrozenModule;
-use crate::{builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{VirtualMachine, builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef};
 pub(crate) use _imp::make_module;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "threading")]
 #[pymodule(sub)]
 mod lock {
-    use crate::{stdlib::thread::RawRMutex, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+    use crate::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, stdlib::thread::RawRMutex};
 
     static IMP_LOCK: RawRMutex = RawRMutex::INIT;
 
@@ -60,7 +60,9 @@ impl FrozenError {
         use FrozenError::*;
         let msg = match self {
             BadName | NotFound => format!("No such frozen object named {mod_name}"),
-            Disabled => format!("Frozen modules are disabled and the frozen object named {mod_name} is not essential"),
+            Disabled => format!(
+                "Frozen modules are disabled and the frozen object named {mod_name} is not essential"
+            ),
             Excluded => format!("Excluded frozen object named {mod_name}"),
             Invalid => format!("Frozen object named {mod_name} is invalid"),
         };
@@ -80,9 +82,10 @@ fn find_frozen(name: &str, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Result<FrozenModule, FrozenEr
 #[pymodule(with(lock))]
 mod _imp {
     use crate::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBytesRef, PyCode, PyMemoryView, PyModule, PyStrRef},
         function::OptionalArg,
-        import, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        import,
     };
 
     #[pyattr]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index c4f67cd6a6..1b5eb6d60c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@ cfg_if::cfg_if! {
 }
 
 use crate::{
+    PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyModule},
     common::os::ErrorExt,
     convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyException},
-    PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
-pub use _io::{io_open as open, OpenArgs};
+pub use _io::{OpenArgs, io_open as open};
 
 impl ToPyException for std::io::Error {
     fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
@@ -118,6 +118,8 @@ impl std::os::fd::AsRawFd for Fildes {
 mod _io {
     use super::*;
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
+        TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject,
         builtins::{
             PyBaseExceptionRef, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyIntRef, PyMemoryView, PyStr,
             PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
@@ -140,8 +142,6 @@ mod _io {
             Callable, Constructor, DefaultConstructor, Destructor, Initializer, IterNext, Iterable,
         },
         vm::VirtualMachine,
-        AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
-        TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject,
     };
     use bstr::ByteSlice;
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ mod _io {
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
     use std::{
         borrow::Cow,
-        io::{self, prelude::*, Cursor, SeekFrom},
+        io::{self, Cursor, SeekFrom, prelude::*},
         ops::Range,
     };
 
@@ -319,11 +319,7 @@ mod _io {
                 // For Cursor, fill_buf returns all of the remaining data unlike other BufReads which have outer reading source.
                 // Unless we add other data by write, there will be no more data.
                 let buf = self.cursor.fill_buf().map_err(|err| os_err(vm, err))?;
-                if size < buf.len() {
-                    &buf[..size]
-                } else {
-                    buf
-                }
+                if size < buf.len() { &buf[..size] } else { buf }
             };
             let buf = match available.find_byte(byte) {
                 Some(i) => available[..=i].to_vec(),
@@ -2496,7 +2492,7 @@ mod _io {
                 _ => {
                     return Err(
                         vm.new_value_error(format!("invalid whence ({how}, should be 0, 1 or 2)"))
-                    )
+                    );
                 }
             };
             use crate::types::PyComparisonOp;
@@ -3006,7 +3002,7 @@ mod _io {
     }
 
     fn parse_decoder_state(state: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyBytesRef, i32)> {
-        use crate::builtins::{int, PyTuple};
+        use crate::builtins::{PyTuple, int};
         let state_err = || vm.new_type_error("illegal decoder state".to_owned());
         let state = state.downcast::<PyTuple>().map_err(|_| state_err())?;
         match state.as_slice() {
@@ -4032,8 +4028,9 @@ mod _io {
 #[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))]
 #[pymodule]
 mod fileio {
-    use super::{Offset, _io::*};
+    use super::{_io::*, Offset};
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyStr, PyStrRef},
         common::crt_fd::Fd,
         convert::ToPyException,
@@ -4041,7 +4038,6 @@ mod fileio {
         ospath::{IOErrorBuilder, OsPath, OsPathOrFd},
         stdlib::os,
         types::{Constructor, DefaultConstructor, Initializer, Representable},
-        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use std::io::{Read, Write};
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index eb800a0b1f..65c1482057 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@ pub(crate) use decl::make_module;
 mod decl {
     use crate::stdlib::itertools::decl::int::get_value;
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, PyWeakRef, TryFromObject,
+        VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{
-            int, tuple::IntoPyTuple, PyGenericAlias, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyList, PyTuple, PyTupleRef,
-            PyTypeRef,
+            PyGenericAlias, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyList, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef, int,
+            tuple::IntoPyTuple,
         },
         common::{
             lock::{PyMutex, PyRwLock, PyRwLockWriteGuard},
@@ -18,8 +20,6 @@ mod decl {
         protocol::{PyIter, PyIterReturn, PyNumber},
         stdlib::sys,
         types::{Constructor, IterNext, Iterable, Representable, SelfIter},
-        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, PyWeakRef, TryFromObject,
-        VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
index 35f9b93d5f..fd7332e7c2 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ mod decl {
     use crate::builtins::code::{CodeObject, Literal, PyObjBag};
     use crate::class::StaticType;
     use crate::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{
             PyBool, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyCode, PyComplex, PyDict, PyEllipsis, PyFloat,
             PyFrozenSet, PyInt, PyList, PyNone, PySet, PyStopIteration, PyStr, PyTuple,
@@ -13,7 +14,6 @@ mod decl {
         function::{ArgBytesLike, OptionalArg},
         object::AsObject,
         protocol::PyBuffer,
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
     use num_complex::Complex64;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
index ca8f8f0bfd..529a40e861 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ mod winapi;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 mod winreg;
 
-use crate::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 use std::{borrow::Cow, collections::HashMap};
 
 pub type StdlibInitFunc = Box<py_dyn_fn!(dyn Fn(&VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule>)>;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs
index 2572494671..7b3620ad51 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@ pub use msvcrt::*;
 #[pymodule]
 mod msvcrt {
     use crate::{
+        PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBytes, PyStrRef},
         common::suppress_iph,
         stdlib::os::errno_err,
-        PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use itertools::Itertools;
     use windows_sys::Win32::{
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 09d26ba279..34fa8792d5 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub use module::raw_set_handle_inheritable;
 
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 #[pymodule(name = "nt", with(super::os::_os))]
 pub(crate) mod module {
     use crate::{
+        PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyDictRef, PyListRef, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef},
         common::{crt_fd::Fd, os::last_os_error, suppress_iph},
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::{Either, OptionalArg},
         ospath::OsPath,
-        stdlib::os::{errno_err, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, _os},
-        PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+        stdlib::os::{_os, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, errno_err},
     };
     use libc::intptr_t;
     use std::{
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
index 19c1f4b61b..d1a4b376e8 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ pub(crate) use _operator::make_module;
 mod _operator {
     use crate::common::cmp;
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
         function::Either,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, FuncArgs, KwArgs, OptionalArg},
@@ -11,7 +12,6 @@ mod _operator {
         protocol::PyIter,
         recursion::ReprGuard,
         types::{Callable, Constructor, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
-        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ mod _operator {
             _ => {
                 return Err(vm.new_type_error(
                     "unsupported operand types(s) or combination of types".to_owned(),
-                ))
+                ));
             }
         };
         Ok(res)
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 6a4233f3be..39701cb3a3 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Py, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyModule, PySet},
     common::crt_fd::Fd,
     convert::ToPyException,
     function::{ArgumentError, FromArgs, FuncArgs},
-    AsObject, Py, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::{ffi, fs, io, path::Path};
 
@@ -125,8 +125,9 @@ fn bytes_as_osstr<'a>(b: &'a [u8], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&'a ffi::OsS
 
 #[pymodule(sub)]
 pub(super) mod _os {
-    use super::{errno_err, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, SupportFunc};
+    use super::{DirFd, FollowSymlinks, SupportFunc, errno_err};
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
         builtins::{
             PyBytesRef, PyGenericAlias, PyIntRef, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef,
         },
@@ -144,7 +145,6 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         types::{IterNext, Iterable, PyStructSequence, Representable, SelfIter},
         utils::ToCString,
         vm::VirtualMachine,
-        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use itertools::Itertools;
@@ -303,11 +303,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         #[cfg(target_os = "redox")]
         let [] = dir_fd.0;
         let res = unsafe { libc::mkdir(path.as_ptr(), mode as _) };
-        if res < 0 {
-            Err(errno_err(vm))
-        } else {
-            Ok(())
-        }
+        if res < 0 { Err(errno_err(vm)) } else { Ok(()) }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -1011,11 +1007,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
                 std::mem::transmute::<[i32; 2], i64>(distance_to_move)
             }
         };
-        if res < 0 {
-            Err(errno_err(vm))
-        } else {
-            Ok(res)
-        }
+        if res < 0 { Err(errno_err(vm)) } else { Ok(res) }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -1100,7 +1092,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
             (Some(_), Some(_)) => {
                 return Err(vm.new_value_error(
                     "utime: you may specify either 'times' or 'ns' but not both".to_owned(),
-                ))
+                ));
             }
         };
         utime_impl(args.path, acc, modif, args.dir_fd, args.follow_symlinks, vm)
@@ -1138,11 +1130,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
                         },
                     )
                 };
-                if ret < 0 {
-                    Err(errno_err(vm))
-                } else {
-                    Ok(())
-                }
+                if ret < 0 { Err(errno_err(vm)) } else { Ok(()) }
             }
             #[cfg(target_os = "redox")]
             {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 77ebf9e620..05b1d8addd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 use std::os::unix::io::RawFd;
 
 pub fn raw_set_inheritable(fd: RawFd, inheritable: bool) -> nix::Result<()> {
@@ -21,16 +21,16 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 #[pymodule(name = "posix", with(super::os::_os))]
 pub mod module {
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyDictRef, PyInt, PyListRef, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
         convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject, TryFromObject},
         function::{Either, KwArgs, OptionalArg},
         ospath::{IOErrorBuilder, OsPath, OsPathOrFd},
         stdlib::os::{
-            errno_err, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, _os, fs_metadata,
+            _os, DirFd, FollowSymlinks, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, errno_err, fs_metadata,
         },
         types::{Constructor, Representable},
         utils::ToCString,
-        AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use bitflags::bitflags;
     use nix::{
@@ -352,11 +352,7 @@ pub mod module {
         {
             let [] = args.dir_fd.0;
             let res = unsafe { libc::symlink(src.as_ptr(), dst.as_ptr()) };
-            if res < 0 {
-                Err(errno_err(vm))
-            } else {
-                Ok(())
-            }
+            if res < 0 { Err(errno_err(vm)) } else { Ok(()) }
         }
     }
 
@@ -604,21 +600,13 @@ pub mod module {
                     )
                 },
             };
-            if ret != 0 {
-                Err(errno_err(vm))
-            } else {
-                Ok(())
-            }
+            if ret != 0 { Err(errno_err(vm)) } else { Ok(()) }
         }
         #[cfg(target_vendor = "apple")]
         fn mknod(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
             let [] = self.dir_fd.0;
             let ret = self._mknod(vm)?;
-            if ret != 0 {
-                Err(errno_err(vm))
-            } else {
-                Ok(())
-            }
+            if ret != 0 { Err(errno_err(vm)) } else { Ok(()) }
         }
     }
 
@@ -863,7 +851,7 @@ pub mod module {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn set_blocking(fd: RawFd, blocking: bool, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         let _set_flag = || {
-            use nix::fcntl::{fcntl, FcntlArg, OFlag};
+            use nix::fcntl::{FcntlArg, OFlag, fcntl};
 
             let flags = OFlag::from_bits_truncate(fcntl(fd, FcntlArg::F_GETFL)?);
             let mut new_flags = flags;
@@ -1618,11 +1606,7 @@ pub mod module {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn _fcopyfile(in_fd: i32, out_fd: i32, flags: i32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         let ret = unsafe { fcopyfile(in_fd, out_fd, std::ptr::null_mut(), flags as u32) };
-        if ret < 0 {
-            Err(errno_err(vm))
-        } else {
-            Ok(())
-        }
+        if ret < 0 { Err(errno_err(vm)) } else { Ok(()) }
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs
index 95ed932fe5..334aa597ce 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! `posix` compatible module for `not(any(unix, windows))`
-use crate::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let module = module::make_module(vm);
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 #[pymodule(name = "posix", with(super::os::_os))]
 pub(crate) mod module {
     use crate::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::PyStrRef,
         ospath::OsPath,
-        stdlib::os::{DirFd, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory, _os},
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        stdlib::os::{_os, DirFd, SupportFunc, TargetIsDirectory},
     };
     use std::env;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
index 0edca9c0a6..f6c277242c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@ pub(crate) use pwd::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod pwd {
     use crate::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyIntRef, PyStrRef},
         convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject},
         exceptions,
         types::PyStructSequence,
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use nix::unistd::{self, User};
     use std::ptr::NonNull;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index da7c934552..0c47ca082e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use crate::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let module = _signal::make_module(vm);
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 pub(crate) mod _signal {
     #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
     use crate::{
-        convert::{IntoPyException, TryFromBorrowedObject},
         Py,
+        convert::{IntoPyException, TryFromBorrowedObject},
     };
-    use crate::{signal, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+    use crate::{PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, signal};
     use std::sync::atomic::{self, Ordering};
 
     #[cfg(any(unix, windows))]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index 8442002fa5..7d620c13d9 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ pub(crate) use _sre::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod _sre {
     use crate::{
-        atomic_func,
+        Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject,
+        TryFromObject, VirtualMachine, atomic_func,
         builtins::{
             PyCallableIterator, PyDictRef, PyGenericAlias, PyInt, PyList, PyListRef, PyStr,
             PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef,
@@ -14,16 +15,14 @@ mod _sre {
         protocol::{PyBuffer, PyCallable, PyMappingMethods},
         stdlib::sys,
         types::{AsMapping, Comparable, Hashable, Representable},
-        Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject,
-        TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use core::str;
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use itertools::Itertools;
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
     use rustpython_sre_engine::{
-        string::{lower_ascii, lower_unicode, upper_unicode},
         Request, SearchIter, SreFlag, State, StrDrive,
+        string::{lower_ascii, lower_unicode, upper_unicode},
     };
 
     #[pyattr]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs
index cedff92d96..8a8a182732 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ pub(crate) use _string::make_module;
 mod _string {
     use crate::common::ascii;
     use crate::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyList, PyStrRef},
         convert::ToPyException,
         convert::ToPyObject,
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use rustpython_format::{
         FieldName, FieldNamePart, FieldType, FormatPart, FormatString, FromTemplate,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs
index 10d79e9a8b..13a4105111 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ pub(crate) use symtable::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod symtable {
     use crate::{
-        builtins::PyStrRef, compiler, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyStrRef, compiler,
     };
     use rustpython_codegen::symboltable::{
         Symbol, SymbolFlags, SymbolScope, SymbolTable, SymbolTableType,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index 59414b5fdd..dfaab20f2a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-use crate::{builtins::PyModule, convert::ToPyObject, Py, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{Py, PyResult, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule, convert::ToPyObject};
 
-pub(crate) use sys::{UnraisableHookArgs, __module_def, DOC, MAXSIZE, MULTIARCH};
+pub(crate) use sys::{__module_def, DOC, MAXSIZE, MULTIARCH, UnraisableHookArgs};
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod sys {
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
         builtins::{
             PyBaseExceptionRef, PyDictRef, PyNamespace, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef,
         },
@@ -19,7 +20,6 @@ mod sys {
         types::PyStructSequence,
         version,
         vm::{Settings, VirtualMachine},
-        AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
     };
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
     use std::{
@@ -85,11 +85,7 @@ mod sys {
     #[pyattr]
     fn default_prefix(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> &'static str {
         // TODO: the windows one doesn't really make sense
-        if cfg!(windows) {
-            "C:"
-        } else {
-            "/usr/local"
-        }
+        if cfg!(windows) { "C:" } else { "/usr/local" }
     }
     #[pyattr]
     fn prefix(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> &'static str {
@@ -574,9 +570,11 @@ mod sys {
         if vm.is_none(unraisable.exc_type.as_object()) {
             // TODO: early return, but with what error?
         }
-        assert!(unraisable
-            .exc_type
-            .fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.exceptions.base_exception_type));
+        assert!(
+            unraisable
+                .exc_type
+                .fast_issubclass(vm.ctx.exceptions.base_exception_type)
+        );
 
         // TODO: print module name and qualname
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sysconfigdata.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sysconfigdata.rs
index 929227ac11..90e46b83b9 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sysconfigdata.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sysconfigdata.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ pub(crate) use _sysconfigdata::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 pub(crate) mod _sysconfigdata {
-    use crate::{builtins::PyDictRef, convert::ToPyObject, stdlib::sys::MULTIARCH, VirtualMachine};
+    use crate::{VirtualMachine, builtins::PyDictRef, convert::ToPyObject, stdlib::sys::MULTIARCH};
 
     #[pyattr]
     fn build_time_vars(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictRef {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
index 63e66474d1..bca7930437 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
@@ -1,20 +1,20 @@
 //! Implementation of the _thread module
 #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", allow(unused_imports))]
-pub(crate) use _thread::{make_module, RawRMutex};
+pub(crate) use _thread::{RawRMutex, make_module};
 
 #[pymodule]
 pub(crate) mod _thread {
     use crate::{
+        AsObject, Py, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyDictRef, PyStr, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::{ArgCallable, Either, FuncArgs, KwArgs, OptionalArg, PySetterValue},
         types::{Constructor, GetAttr, Representable, SetAttr},
-        AsObject, Py, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use parking_lot::{
-        lock_api::{RawMutex as RawMutexT, RawMutexTimed, RawReentrantMutex},
         RawMutex, RawThreadId,
+        lock_api::{RawMutex as RawMutexT, RawMutexTimed, RawReentrantMutex},
     };
     use std::{cell::RefCell, fmt, thread, time::Duration};
     use thread_local::ThreadLocal;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 3c87550f93..37a518e504 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 // See also:
 // https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html
-use crate::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub use decl::time;
 
@@ -33,14 +33,14 @@ unsafe extern "C" {
 #[pymodule(name = "time", with(platform))]
 mod decl {
     use crate::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyStrRef, PyTypeRef},
         function::{Either, FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
         types::PyStructSequence,
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use chrono::{
-        naive::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime},
         DateTime, Datelike, Timelike,
+        naive::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime},
     };
     use std::time::Duration;
     #[cfg(target_env = "msvc")]
@@ -509,9 +509,9 @@ mod platform {
     use super::decl::{SEC_TO_NS, US_TO_NS};
     #[cfg_attr(target_os = "macos", allow(unused_imports))]
     use crate::{
+        PyObject, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyNamespace, PyStrRef},
         convert::IntoPyException,
-        PyObject, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use nix::{sys::time::TimeSpec, time::ClockId};
     use std::time::Duration;
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@ mod platform {
         target_os = "openbsd",
     ))]
     pub(super) fn get_process_time(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Duration> {
-        use nix::sys::resource::{getrusage, UsageWho};
+        use nix::sys::resource::{UsageWho, getrusage};
         fn from_timeval(tv: libc::timeval, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<i64> {
             (|tv: libc::timeval| {
                 let t = tv.tv_sec.checked_mul(SEC_TO_NS)?;
@@ -743,11 +743,11 @@ mod platform {
 #[cfg(windows)]
 #[pymodule]
 mod platform {
-    use super::decl::{time_muldiv, MS_TO_NS, SEC_TO_NS};
+    use super::decl::{MS_TO_NS, SEC_TO_NS, time_muldiv};
     use crate::{
+        PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyNamespace, PyStrRef},
         stdlib::os::errno_err,
-        PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use std::time::Duration;
     use windows_sys::Win32::{
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
index 29ce516b14..c266e811ca 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ pub(crate) use _typing::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 pub(crate) mod _typing {
     use crate::{
-        builtins::{pystr::AsPyStr, PyGenericAlias, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
-        function::IntoFuncArgs,
         PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        builtins::{PyGenericAlias, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef, pystr::AsPyStr},
+        function::IntoFuncArgs,
     };
 
     pub(crate) fn _call_typing_func_object<'a>(
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs
index be5ad8131e..a8ffee4579 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/warnings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 pub(crate) use _warnings::make_module;
 
-use crate::{builtins::PyType, Py, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{Py, PyResult, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyType};
 
 pub fn warn(
     category: &Py<PyType>,
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ pub fn warn(
 #[pymodule]
 mod _warnings {
     use crate::{
+        PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyStrRef, PyTypeRef},
         function::OptionalArg,
-        PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/weakref.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/weakref.rs
index 3ef0de6155..7d8924ff52 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/weakref.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/weakref.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@ pub(crate) use _weakref::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod _weakref {
     use crate::{
-        builtins::{PyDictRef, PyTypeRef, PyWeak},
         PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        builtins::{PyDictRef, PyTypeRef, PyWeak},
     };
 
     #[pyattr(name = "ref")]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index 6cf8c45bfe..c1edb2739e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -4,18 +4,18 @@ pub(crate) use _winapi::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod _winapi {
     use crate::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::PyStrRef,
         common::windows::ToWideString,
         convert::{ToPyException, ToPyResult},
         function::{ArgMapping, ArgSequence, OptionalArg},
         stdlib::os::errno_err,
         windows::WindowsSysResult,
-        PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use std::ptr::{null, null_mut};
     use windows::{
-        core::PCWSTR,
         Win32::Foundation::{HANDLE, HINSTANCE, MAX_PATH},
+        core::PCWSTR,
     };
     use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::{BOOL, HANDLE as RAW_HANDLE};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
index f25ca0b960..b0dbbfceec 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(non_snake_case)]
 
-use crate::{builtins::PyModule, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
+use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let module = winreg::make_module(vm);
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
 mod winreg {
     use crate::common::lock::{PyRwLock, PyRwLockReadGuard, PyRwLockWriteGuard};
     use crate::{
-        builtins::PyStrRef, convert::ToPyException, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
-        TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyStrRef,
+        convert::ToPyException,
     };
-    use ::winreg::{enums::RegType, RegKey, RegValue};
+    use ::winreg::{RegKey, RegValue, enums::RegType};
     use std::mem::ManuallyDrop;
     use std::{ffi::OsStr, io};
     use windows_sys::Win32::Foundation;
diff --git a/vm/src/suggestion.rs b/vm/src/suggestion.rs
index bc0556ef8b..2bc9992d43 100644
--- a/vm/src/suggestion.rs
+++ b/vm/src/suggestion.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyStr, PyStrRef},
     exceptions::types::PyBaseExceptionRef,
     sliceable::SliceableSequenceOp,
-    AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, VirtualMachine,
 };
-use rustpython_common::str::levenshtein::{levenshtein_distance, MOVE_COST};
+use rustpython_common::str::levenshtein::{MOVE_COST, levenshtein_distance};
 use std::iter::ExactSizeIterator;
 
 const MAX_CANDIDATE_ITEMS: usize = 750;
diff --git a/vm/src/types/slot.rs b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
index 75f113977d..de651580d9 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/slot.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{type_::PointerSlot, PyInt, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef},
+    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyInt, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, type_::PointerSlot},
     bytecode::ComparisonOperator,
     common::hash::PyHash,
     convert::{ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
@@ -12,7 +13,6 @@ use crate::{
         PyNumberSlots, PySequence, PySequenceMethods,
     },
     vm::Context,
-    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
diff --git a/vm/src/types/structseq.rs b/vm/src/types/structseq.rs
index 516e2085af..a0b445ce7d 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/structseq.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/structseq.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType},
     class::{PyClassImpl, StaticType},
     vm::Context,
-    AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 #[pyclass]
diff --git a/vm/src/types/zoo.rs b/vm/src/types/zoo.rs
index 492b584e29..0d39648514 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/zoo.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/zoo.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::{
+    Py,
     builtins::{
         asyncgenerator, bool_, builtin_func, bytearray, bytes, classmethod, code, complex,
         coroutine, descriptor, dict, enumerate, filter, float, frame, function, generator,
@@ -10,7 +11,6 @@ use crate::{
     },
     class::StaticType,
     vm::Context,
-    Py,
 };
 
 /// Holder of references to builtin types.
diff --git a/vm/src/utils.rs b/vm/src/utils.rs
index c7ab7148d1..e2bc993686 100644
--- a/vm/src/utils.rs
+++ b/vm/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
+    PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyStr,
     convert::{ToPyException, ToPyObject},
     exceptions::cstring_error,
-    PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 pub fn hash_iter<'a, I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a PyObjectRef>>(
diff --git a/vm/src/version.rs b/vm/src/version.rs
index 3b6d9aa0ea..8c42866a64 100644
--- a/vm/src/version.rs
+++ b/vm/src/version.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 /* Several function to retrieve version information.
  */
 
-use chrono::{prelude::DateTime, Local};
+use chrono::{Local, prelude::DateTime};
 use std::time::{Duration, UNIX_EPOCH};
 
 // = 3.13.0alpha
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/compile.rs b/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
index b7c888ab10..a14e986dac 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyCode, PyDictRef},
     compiler::{self, CompileError, CompileOpts},
     convert::TryFromObject,
     scope::Scope,
-    AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 impl VirtualMachine {
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/context.rs b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
index 9f031f01ce..54605704a5 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/context.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
+    PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
-        bytes,
+        PyBaseException, PyBytes, PyComplex, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyEllipsis, PyFloat, PyFrozenSet,
+        PyInt, PyIntRef, PyList, PyListRef, PyNone, PyNotImplemented, PyStr, PyStrInterned,
+        PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, bytes,
         code::{self, PyCode},
         descriptor::{
             MemberGetter, MemberKind, MemberSetter, MemberSetterFunc, PyDescriptorOwned,
@@ -9,9 +12,6 @@ use crate::{
         getset::PyGetSet,
         object, pystr,
         type_::PyAttributes,
-        PyBaseException, PyBytes, PyComplex, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyEllipsis, PyFloat, PyFrozenSet,
-        PyInt, PyIntRef, PyList, PyListRef, PyNone, PyNotImplemented, PyStr, PyStrInterned,
-        PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
     },
     class::{PyClassImpl, StaticType},
     common::rc::PyRc,
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ use crate::{
     intern::{InternableString, MaybeInternedString, StringPool},
     object::{Py, PyObjectPayload, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef},
     types::{PyTypeFlags, PyTypeSlots, TypeZoo},
-    PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_complex::Complex64;
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
index af28ad87ab..a375dbedc1 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use super::{setting::Settings, thread, Context, VirtualMachine};
-use crate::{stdlib::atexit, vm::PyBaseExceptionRef, PyResult};
+use super::{Context, VirtualMachine, setting::Settings, thread};
+use crate::{PyResult, stdlib::atexit, vm::PyBaseExceptionRef};
 use std::sync::atomic::Ordering;
 
 /// The general interface for the VM
@@ -140,8 +140,8 @@ impl Interpreter {
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::{
-        builtins::{int, PyStr},
         PyObjectRef,
+        builtins::{PyStr, int},
     };
     use malachite_bigint::ToBigInt;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 3d3351055f..05ac245a0a 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -15,12 +15,13 @@ mod vm_object;
 mod vm_ops;
 
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
     builtins::{
+        PyBaseExceptionRef, PyDictRef, PyInt, PyList, PyModule, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef,
+        PyTypeRef,
         code::PyCode,
         pystr::AsPyStr,
         tuple::{PyTuple, PyTupleTyped},
-        PyBaseExceptionRef, PyDictRef, PyInt, PyList, PyModule, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef,
-        PyTypeRef,
     },
     codecs::CodecsRegistry,
     common::{hash::HashSecret, lock::PyMutex, rc::PyRc},
@@ -33,12 +34,11 @@ use crate::{
     scope::Scope,
     signal, stdlib,
     warn::WarningsState,
-    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
 };
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 #[cfg(unix)]
 use nix::{
-    sys::signal::{kill, sigaction, SaFlags, SigAction, SigSet, Signal::SIGINT},
+    sys::signal::{SaFlags, SigAction, SigSet, Signal::SIGINT, kill, sigaction},
     unistd::getpid,
 };
 use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
@@ -356,7 +356,9 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
 
         if self.state.settings.allow_external_library && cfg!(feature = "rustpython-compiler") {
             if let Err(e) = import::init_importlib_package(self, importlib) {
-                eprintln!("importlib initialization failed. This is critical for many complicated packages.");
+                eprintln!(
+                    "importlib initialization failed. This is critical for many complicated packages."
+                );
                 self.print_exception(e);
             }
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
index ed0cd5be3f..bd42396299 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef,
     builtins::{
+        PyBaseException, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyDictRef, PyModule, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
         builtin_func::PyNativeFunction,
         descriptor::PyMethodDescriptor,
         tuple::{IntoPyTuple, PyTupleRef},
-        PyBaseException, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyDictRef, PyModule, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
     },
     convert::ToPyObject,
     function::{IntoPyNativeFn, PyMethodFlags},
     scope::Scope,
     vm::VirtualMachine,
-    AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef,
 };
 
 /// Collection of object creation helpers
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
index b687eea34c..103078272d 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_object.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::PyMethod;
 use crate::{
-    builtins::{pystr::AsPyStr, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyList, PyStrInterned},
+    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyList, PyStrInterned, pystr::AsPyStr},
     function::IntoFuncArgs,
     identifier,
     object::{AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult},
@@ -85,11 +85,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         obj.is(&self.ctx.none)
     }
     pub fn option_if_none(&self, obj: PyObjectRef) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
-        if self.is_none(&obj) {
-            None
-        } else {
-            Some(obj)
-        }
+        if self.is_none(&obj) { None } else { Some(obj) }
     }
     pub fn unwrap_or_none(&self, obj: Option<PyObjectRef>) -> PyObjectRef {
         obj.unwrap_or_else(|| self.ctx.none())
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
index 3aa4144190..09f849a1a1 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                     Ok(None)
                 } else {
                     Err(e)
-                }
+                };
             }
         };
         let hint = result
diff --git a/vm/src/warn.rs b/vm/src/warn.rs
index ab316c8559..b2055225a0 100644
--- a/vm/src/warn.rs
+++ b/vm/src/warn.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use crate::{
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
         PyDict, PyDictRef, PyListRef, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef,
         PyTypeRef,
     },
     convert::{IntoObject, TryFromObject},
     types::PyComparisonOp,
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
 };
 
 pub struct WarningsState {
@@ -17,15 +17,16 @@ pub struct WarningsState {
 
 impl WarningsState {
     fn create_filter(ctx: &Context) -> PyListRef {
-        ctx.new_list(vec![ctx
-            .new_tuple(vec![
+        ctx.new_list(vec![
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
                 ctx.new_str("__main__").into(),
                 ctx.types.none_type.as_object().to_owned(),
                 ctx.exceptions.warning.as_object().to_owned(),
                 ctx.new_str("ACTION").into(),
                 ctx.new_int(0).into(),
             ])
-            .into()])
+            .into(),
+        ])
     }
 
     pub fn init_state(ctx: &Context) -> WarningsState {
diff --git a/vm/src/windows.rs b/vm/src/windows.rs
index f98bb1de63..f4f4dad0b3 100644
--- a/vm/src/windows.rs
+++ b/vm/src/windows.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use crate::common::fileutils::{
-    windows::{get_file_information_by_name, FILE_INFO_BY_NAME_CLASS},
     StatStruct,
+    windows::{FILE_INFO_BY_NAME_CLASS, get_file_information_by_name},
 };
 use crate::{
+    PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     convert::{ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
     stdlib::os::errno_err,
-    PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::{ffi::OsStr, time::SystemTime};
 use windows::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE;
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ fn file_id(path: &OsStr) -> std::io::Result<u64> {
     use windows_sys::Win32::{
         Foundation::HANDLE,
         Storage::FileSystem::{
-            GetFileInformationByHandle, BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION, FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,
+            BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION, FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, GetFileInformationByHandle,
         },
     };
 
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs b/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
index 915d568333..ee49b036de 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use rustpython_sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
 
-use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, BenchmarkId, Criterion};
+use criterion::{BenchmarkId, Criterion, criterion_group, criterion_main};
 
 struct Pattern {
     pattern: &'static str,
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
index 77f4ccdf36..3425da3371 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::string::{
     is_uni_word, is_word, lower_ascii, lower_locate, lower_unicode, upper_locate, upper_unicode,
 };
 
-use super::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreInfo, SreOpcode, StrDrive, StringCursor, MAXREPEAT};
+use super::{MAXREPEAT, SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreInfo, SreOpcode, StrDrive, StringCursor};
 use optional::Optioned;
 use std::{convert::TryFrom, ptr::null};
 
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/lib.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/lib.rs
index fd9f367dc6..08c21de9df 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/lib.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ pub mod constants;
 pub mod engine;
 pub mod string;
 
-pub use constants::{SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreInfo, SreOpcode, SRE_MAGIC};
+pub use constants::{SRE_MAGIC, SreAtCode, SreCatCode, SreFlag, SreInfo, SreOpcode};
 pub use engine::{Request, SearchIter, State};
 pub use string::{StrDrive, StringCursor};
 
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
index a32d74603a..77e0f3e772 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ impl StrDrive for &str {
 #[inline]
 unsafe fn next_code_point(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
     // Decode UTF-8
-    let x = unsafe { **ptr};
+    let x = unsafe { **ptr };
     *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(1) };
 
     if x < 128 {
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ unsafe fn next_code_point(ptr: &mut *const u8) -> u32 {
             // use only the lower 3 bits of `init`
             // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
             // so the iterator must produce a value here.
-            let w = unsafe { **ptr};
+            let w = unsafe { **ptr };
             *ptr = unsafe { ptr.offset(1) };
             ch = ((init & 7) << 18) | utf8_acc_cont_byte(y_z, w);
         }
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs b/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs
index 86a3ea3ab3..f8d1b2ebc3 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/browser_module.rs
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ mod _browser {
     use crate::{convert, js_module::PyPromise, vm_class::weak_vm, wasm_builtins::window};
     use js_sys::Promise;
     use rustpython_vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyDictRef, PyStrRef},
         class::PyClassImpl,
         convert::ToPyObject,
         function::{ArgCallable, OptionalArg},
         import::import_source,
-        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     };
-    use wasm_bindgen::{prelude::*, JsCast};
+    use wasm_bindgen::{JsCast, prelude::*};
     use wasm_bindgen_futures::JsFuture;
 
     enum FetchResponseFormat {
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
index 0bf1d21c95..d4fb068e6c 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 #![allow(clippy::empty_docs)] // TODO: remove it later. false positive by wasm-bindgen generated code
 
 use crate::js_module;
-use crate::vm_class::{stored_vm_from_wasm, WASMVirtualMachine};
+use crate::vm_class::{WASMVirtualMachine, stored_vm_from_wasm};
 use js_sys::{Array, ArrayBuffer, Object, Promise, Reflect, SyntaxError, Uint8Array};
-use rustpython_parser::{lexer::LexicalErrorType, ParseErrorType};
+use rustpython_parser::{ParseErrorType, lexer::LexicalErrorType};
 use rustpython_vm::{
+    AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
     compiler::{CompileError, CompileErrorType},
     exceptions,
     function::{ArgBytesLike, FuncArgs},
-    py_serde, AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
+    py_serde,
 };
-use wasm_bindgen::{closure::Closure, prelude::*, JsCast};
+use wasm_bindgen::{JsCast, closure::Closure, prelude::*};
 
 #[wasm_bindgen(inline_js = r"
 export class PyError extends Error {
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs b/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
index f0c5378c35..e25499df4d 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
@@ -5,21 +5,21 @@ use rustpython_vm::VirtualMachine;
 mod _js {
     use crate::{
         convert,
-        vm_class::{stored_vm_from_wasm, WASMVirtualMachine},
+        vm_class::{WASMVirtualMachine, stored_vm_from_wasm},
         weak_vm,
     };
     use js_sys::{Array, Object, Promise, Reflect};
     use rustpython_vm::{
+        Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyFloat, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef},
         convert::{IntoObject, ToPyObject},
         function::{ArgCallable, OptionalArg, OptionalOption, PosArgs},
         protocol::PyIterReturn,
         types::{IterNext, Representable, SelfIter},
-        Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     };
     use std::{cell, fmt, future};
-    use wasm_bindgen::{closure::Closure, prelude::*, JsCast};
-    use wasm_bindgen_futures::{future_to_promise, JsFuture};
+    use wasm_bindgen::{JsCast, closure::Closure, prelude::*};
+    use wasm_bindgen_futures::{JsFuture, future_to_promise};
 
     #[wasm_bindgen(inline_js = "
     export function has_prop(target, prop) { return prop in Object(target); }
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs b/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
index 4ba5760511..c04877f7e3 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use js_sys::{Object, TypeError};
 use rustpython_vm::{
+    Interpreter, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, Settings, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyModule, PyWeak},
     compiler::Mode,
     scope::Scope,
-    Interpreter, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, Settings, VirtualMachine,
 };
 use std::{
     cell::RefCell,
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/wasm_builtins.rs b/wasm/lib/src/wasm_builtins.rs
index 59d7880af4..79423fc250 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/wasm_builtins.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/wasm_builtins.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 //! desktop.
 //! Implements functions listed here: https://docs.python.org/3/library/builtins.html.
 
-use rustpython_vm::{builtins::PyStrRef, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+use rustpython_vm::{PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyStrRef};
 use web_sys::{self, console};
 
 pub(crate) fn window() -> web_sys::Window {

From cebbca9e63f226aa4ed65d95f9228633310e997d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2025 20:13:04 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 461/705] cargo-packager config

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.toml | 15 +++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 55cc120335..b27e3157d3 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -91,6 +91,21 @@ rev = "2024.02.14"
 [package.metadata.vcpkg.target]
 x86_64-pc-windows-msvc = { triplet = "x64-windows-static-md", dev-dependencies = ["openssl" ] }
 
+[package.metadata.packager]
+before-packaging-command = "cargo build --release --features ssl,sqlite,jit"
+product-name = "RustPython"
+identifier = "com.rustpython.rustpython"
+description = "An open source Python 3 interpreter written in Rust"
+homepage = "https://rustpython.github.io/"
+license_file = "LICENSE"
+authors = ["RustPython Team"]
+publisher = "RustPython Team"
+resources = ["LICENSE", "README.md", "Lib"]
+icons = ["32x32.png"]
+
+[package.metadata.packager.nsis]
+installer_mode = "both"
+
 [workspace]
 resolver = "2"
 members = [

From b2abb1af8499b86d67961b24cf01f5d50a3f9bb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Feb 2025 23:19:46 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 462/705] Remove redundant lints now that we're on edition2024

---
 Cargo.toml               | 7 -------
 vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 55cc120335..33fb96e84c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -190,13 +190,6 @@ wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100"
 unsafe_code = "allow"
 unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn = "deny"
 
-# rust_2024_compatibility
-missing_unsafe_on_extern = "deny"
-unsafe_attr_outside_unsafe = "deny"
-deprecated_safe_2024 = "deny"
-rust_2024_incompatible_pat = "deny"
-keyword_idents_2024 = "deny"
-
 [workspace.lints.clippy]
 perf = "warn"
 style = "warn"
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
index ac0e7b5f16..504652f3a7 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -21,3 +21,6 @@ optional = "0.5"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 criterion = { workspace = true }
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true

From 26bc4ba3dd08d8c18d8bdebef12a941391f5dfba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Feb 2025 22:39:00 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 463/705] add templates

---
 Cargo.toml                     |   6 +-
 installer-config/installer.nsi | 671 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 installer-config/installer.wxs | 297 +++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 973 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 installer-config/installer.nsi
 create mode 100644 installer-config/installer.wxs

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b27e3157d3..b5a8440903 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -92,7 +92,6 @@ rev = "2024.02.14"
 x86_64-pc-windows-msvc = { triplet = "x64-windows-static-md", dev-dependencies = ["openssl" ] }
 
 [package.metadata.packager]
-before-packaging-command = "cargo build --release --features ssl,sqlite,jit"
 product-name = "RustPython"
 identifier = "com.rustpython.rustpython"
 description = "An open source Python 3 interpreter written in Rust"
@@ -105,6 +104,11 @@ icons = ["32x32.png"]
 
 [package.metadata.packager.nsis]
 installer_mode = "both"
+template = "installer-config/installer.nsi"
+
+[package.metadata.packager.wix]
+template = "installer-config/installer.wxs"
+
 
 [workspace]
 resolver = "2"
diff --git a/installer-config/installer.nsi b/installer-config/installer.nsi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b68a9fbb59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/installer-config/installer.nsi
@@ -0,0 +1,671 @@
+; Set the compression algorithm.
+!if "{{compression}}" == ""
+  SetCompressor /SOLID lzma
+!else
+  SetCompressor /SOLID "{{compression}}"
+!endif
+
+Unicode true
+
+!include MUI2.nsh
+!include FileFunc.nsh
+!include x64.nsh
+!include WordFunc.nsh
+!include "FileAssociation.nsh"
+!include "StrFunc.nsh"
+!include "StrFunc.nsh"
+${StrCase}
+${StrLoc}
+
+!define MANUFACTURER "{{manufacturer}}"
+!define PRODUCTNAME "{{product_name}}"
+!define VERSION "{{version}}"
+!define VERSIONWITHBUILD "{{version_with_build}}"
+!define SHORTDESCRIPTION "{{short_description}}"
+!define INSTALLMODE "{{install_mode}}"
+!define LICENSE "{{license}}"
+!define INSTALLERICON "{{installer_icon}}"
+!define SIDEBARIMAGE "{{sidebar_image}}"
+!define HEADERIMAGE "{{header_image}}"
+!define MAINBINARYNAME "{{main_binary_name}}"
+!define MAINBINARYSRCPATH "{{main_binary_path}}"
+!define IDENTIFIER "{{identifier}}"
+!define COPYRIGHT "{{copyright}}"
+!define OUTFILE "{{out_file}}"
+!define ARCH "{{arch}}"
+!define PLUGINSPATH "{{additional_plugins_path}}"
+!define ALLOWDOWNGRADES "{{allow_downgrades}}"
+!define DISPLAYLANGUAGESELECTOR "{{display_language_selector}}"
+!define UNINSTKEY "Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\${PRODUCTNAME}"
+!define MANUPRODUCTKEY "Software\${MANUFACTURER}\${PRODUCTNAME}"
+!define UNINSTALLERSIGNCOMMAND "{{uninstaller_sign_cmd}}"
+!define ESTIMATEDSIZE "{{estimated_size}}"
+
+Name "${PRODUCTNAME}"
+BrandingText "${COPYRIGHT}"
+OutFile "${OUTFILE}"
+
+VIProductVersion "${VERSIONWITHBUILD}"
+VIAddVersionKey "ProductName" "${PRODUCTNAME}"
+VIAddVersionKey "FileDescription" "${SHORTDESCRIPTION}"
+VIAddVersionKey "LegalCopyright" "${COPYRIGHT}"
+VIAddVersionKey "FileVersion" "${VERSION}"
+VIAddVersionKey "ProductVersion" "${VERSION}"
+
+; Plugins path, currently exists for linux only
+!if "${PLUGINSPATH}" != ""
+    !addplugindir "${PLUGINSPATH}"
+!endif
+
+!if "${UNINSTALLERSIGNCOMMAND}" != ""
+  !uninstfinalize '${UNINSTALLERSIGNCOMMAND}'
+!endif
+
+; Handle install mode, `perUser`, `perMachine` or `both`
+!if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "perMachine"
+  RequestExecutionLevel highest
+!endif
+
+!if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "currentUser"
+  RequestExecutionLevel user
+!endif
+
+!if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "both"
+  !define MULTIUSER_MUI
+  !define MULTIUSER_INSTALLMODE_INSTDIR "${PRODUCTNAME}"
+  !define MULTIUSER_INSTALLMODE_COMMANDLINE
+  !if "${ARCH}" == "x64"
+    !define MULTIUSER_USE_PROGRAMFILES64
+  !else if "${ARCH}" == "arm64"
+    !define MULTIUSER_USE_PROGRAMFILES64
+  !endif
+  !define MULTIUSER_INSTALLMODE_DEFAULT_REGISTRY_KEY "${UNINSTKEY}"
+  !define MULTIUSER_INSTALLMODE_DEFAULT_REGISTRY_VALUENAME "CurrentUser"
+  !define MULTIUSER_INSTALLMODEPAGE_SHOWUSERNAME
+  !define MULTIUSER_INSTALLMODE_FUNCTION RestorePreviousInstallLocation
+  !define MULTIUSER_EXECUTIONLEVEL Highest
+  !include MultiUser.nsh
+!endif
+
+; installer icon
+!if "${INSTALLERICON}" != ""
+  !define MUI_ICON "${INSTALLERICON}"
+!endif
+
+; installer sidebar image
+!if "${SIDEBARIMAGE}" != ""
+  !define MUI_WELCOMEFINISHPAGE_BITMAP "${SIDEBARIMAGE}"
+!endif
+
+; installer header image
+!if "${HEADERIMAGE}" != ""
+  !define MUI_HEADERIMAGE
+  !define MUI_HEADERIMAGE_BITMAP  "${HEADERIMAGE}"
+!endif
+
+; Define registry key to store installer language
+!define MUI_LANGDLL_REGISTRY_ROOT "HKCU"
+!define MUI_LANGDLL_REGISTRY_KEY "${MANUPRODUCTKEY}"
+!define MUI_LANGDLL_REGISTRY_VALUENAME "Installer Language"
+
+; Installer pages, must be ordered as they appear
+; 1. Welcome Page
+!define MUI_PAGE_CUSTOMFUNCTION_PRE SkipIfPassive
+!insertmacro MUI_PAGE_WELCOME
+
+; 2. License Page (if defined)
+!if "${LICENSE}" != ""
+  !define MUI_PAGE_CUSTOMFUNCTION_PRE SkipIfPassive
+  !insertmacro MUI_PAGE_LICENSE "${LICENSE}"
+!endif
+
+; 3. Install mode (if it is set to `both`)
+!if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "both"
+  !define MUI_PAGE_CUSTOMFUNCTION_PRE SkipIfPassive
+  !insertmacro MULTIUSER_PAGE_INSTALLMODE
+!endif
+
+
+; 4. Custom page to ask user if he wants to reinstall/uninstall
+;    only if a previous installtion was detected
+Var ReinstallPageCheck
+Page custom PageReinstall PageLeaveReinstall
+Function PageReinstall
+  ; Uninstall previous WiX installation if exists.
+  ;
+  ; A WiX installer stores the isntallation info in registry
+  ; using a UUID and so we have to loop through all keys under
+  ; `HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall`
+  ; and check if `DisplayName` and `Publisher` keys match ${PRODUCTNAME} and ${MANUFACTURER}
+  ;
+  ; This has a potentional issue that there maybe another installation that matches
+  ; our ${PRODUCTNAME} and ${MANUFACTURER} but wasn't installed by our WiX installer,
+  ; however, this should be fine since the user will have to confirm the uninstallation
+  ; and they can chose to abort it if doesn't make sense.
+  StrCpy $0 0
+  wix_loop:
+    EnumRegKey $1 HKLM "SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall" $0
+    StrCmp $1 "" wix_done ; Exit loop if there is no more keys to loop on
+    IntOp $0 $0 + 1
+    ReadRegStr $R0 HKLM "SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\$1" "DisplayName"
+    ReadRegStr $R1 HKLM "SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\$1" "Publisher"
+    StrCmp "$R0$R1" "${PRODUCTNAME}${MANUFACTURER}" 0 wix_loop
+    ReadRegStr $R0 HKLM "SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\$1" "UninstallString"
+    ${StrCase} $R1 $R0 "L"
+    ${StrLoc} $R0 $R1 "msiexec" ">"
+    StrCmp $R0 0 0 wix_done
+    StrCpy $R7 "wix"
+    StrCpy $R6 "SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Uninstall\$1"
+    Goto compare_version
+  wix_done:
+
+  ; Check if there is an existing installation, if not, abort the reinstall page
+  ReadRegStr $R0 SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" ""
+  ReadRegStr $R1 SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "UninstallString"
+  ${IfThen} "$R0$R1" == "" ${|} Abort ${|}
+
+  ; Compare this installar version with the existing installation
+  ; and modify the messages presented to the user accordingly
+  compare_version:
+  StrCpy $R4 "$(older)"
+  ${If} $R7 == "wix"
+    ReadRegStr $R0 HKLM "$R6" "DisplayVersion"
+  ${Else}
+    ReadRegStr $R0 SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "DisplayVersion"
+  ${EndIf}
+  ${IfThen} $R0 == "" ${|} StrCpy $R4 "$(unknown)" ${|}
+
+  nsis_tauri_utils::SemverCompare "${VERSION}" $R0
+  Pop $R0
+  ; Reinstalling the same version
+  ${If} $R0 == 0
+    StrCpy $R1 "$(alreadyInstalledLong)"
+    StrCpy $R2 "$(addOrReinstall)"
+    StrCpy $R3 "$(uninstallApp)"
+    !insertmacro MUI_HEADER_TEXT "$(alreadyInstalled)" "$(chooseMaintenanceOption)"
+    StrCpy $R5 "2"
+  ; Upgrading
+  ${ElseIf} $R0 == 1
+    StrCpy $R1 "$(olderOrUnknownVersionInstalled)"
+    StrCpy $R2 "$(uninstallBeforeInstalling)"
+    StrCpy $R3 "$(dontUninstall)"
+    !insertmacro MUI_HEADER_TEXT "$(alreadyInstalled)" "$(choowHowToInstall)"
+    StrCpy $R5 "1"
+  ; Downgrading
+  ${ElseIf} $R0 == -1
+    StrCpy $R1 "$(newerVersionInstalled)"
+    StrCpy $R2 "$(uninstallBeforeInstalling)"
+    !if "${ALLOWDOWNGRADES}" == "true"
+      StrCpy $R3 "$(dontUninstall)"
+    !else
+      StrCpy $R3 "$(dontUninstallDowngrade)"
+    !endif
+    !insertmacro MUI_HEADER_TEXT "$(alreadyInstalled)" "$(choowHowToInstall)"
+    StrCpy $R5 "1"
+  ${Else}
+    Abort
+  ${EndIf}
+
+  Call SkipIfPassive
+
+  nsDialogs::Create 1018
+  Pop $R4
+  ${IfThen} $(^RTL) == 1 ${|} nsDialogs::SetRTL $(^RTL) ${|}
+
+  ${NSD_CreateLabel} 0 0 100% 24u $R1
+  Pop $R1
+
+  ${NSD_CreateRadioButton} 30u 50u -30u 8u $R2
+  Pop $R2
+  ${NSD_OnClick} $R2 PageReinstallUpdateSelection
+
+  ${NSD_CreateRadioButton} 30u 70u -30u 8u $R3
+  Pop $R3
+  ; disable this radio button if downgrading and downgrades are disabled
+  !if "${ALLOWDOWNGRADES}" == "false"
+    ${IfThen} $R0 == -1 ${|} EnableWindow $R3 0 ${|}
+  !endif
+  ${NSD_OnClick} $R3 PageReinstallUpdateSelection
+
+  ; Check the first radio button if this the first time
+  ; we enter this page or if the second button wasn't
+  ; selected the last time we were on this page
+  ${If} $ReinstallPageCheck != 2
+    SendMessage $R2 ${BM_SETCHECK} ${BST_CHECKED} 0
+  ${Else}
+    SendMessage $R3 ${BM_SETCHECK} ${BST_CHECKED} 0
+  ${EndIf}
+
+  ${NSD_SetFocus} $R2
+  nsDialogs::Show
+FunctionEnd
+Function PageReinstallUpdateSelection
+  ${NSD_GetState} $R2 $R1
+  ${If} $R1 == ${BST_CHECKED}
+    StrCpy $ReinstallPageCheck 1
+  ${Else}
+    StrCpy $ReinstallPageCheck 2
+  ${EndIf}
+FunctionEnd
+Function PageLeaveReinstall
+  ${NSD_GetState} $R2 $R1
+
+  ; $R5 holds whether we are reinstalling the same version or not
+  ; $R5 == "1" -> different versions
+  ; $R5 == "2" -> same version
+  ;
+  ; $R1 holds the radio buttons state. its meaning is dependant on the context
+  StrCmp $R5 "1" 0 +2 ; Existing install is not the same version?
+    StrCmp $R1 "1" reinst_uninstall reinst_done ; $R1 == "1", then user chose to uninstall existing version, otherwise skip uninstalling
+  StrCmp $R1 "1" reinst_done ; Same version? skip uninstalling
+
+  reinst_uninstall:
+    HideWindow
+    ClearErrors
+
+    ${If} $R7 == "wix"
+      ReadRegStr $R1 HKLM "$R6" "UninstallString"
+      ExecWait '$R1' $0
+    ${Else}
+      ReadRegStr $4 SHCTX "${MANUPRODUCTKEY}" ""
+      ReadRegStr $R1 SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "UninstallString"
+      ExecWait '$R1 /P _?=$4' $0
+    ${EndIf}
+
+    BringToFront
+
+    ${IfThen} ${Errors} ${|} StrCpy $0 2 ${|} ; ExecWait failed, set fake exit code
+
+    ${If} $0 <> 0
+    ${OrIf} ${FileExists} "$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe"
+      ${If} $0 = 1 ; User aborted uninstaller?
+        StrCmp $R5 "2" 0 +2 ; Is the existing install the same version?
+          Quit ; ...yes, already installed, we are done
+        Abort
+      ${EndIf}
+      MessageBox MB_ICONEXCLAMATION "$(unableToUninstall)"
+      Abort
+    ${Else}
+      StrCpy $0 $R1 1
+      ${IfThen} $0 == '"' ${|} StrCpy $R1 $R1 -1 1 ${|} ; Strip quotes from UninstallString
+      Delete $R1
+      RMDir $INSTDIR
+    ${EndIf}
+  reinst_done:
+FunctionEnd
+
+; 5. Choose install directoy page
+!define MUI_PAGE_CUSTOMFUNCTION_PRE SkipIfPassive
+!insertmacro MUI_PAGE_DIRECTORY
+
+; 6. Start menu shortcut page
+!define MUI_PAGE_CUSTOMFUNCTION_PRE SkipIfPassive
+Var AppStartMenuFolder
+!insertmacro MUI_PAGE_STARTMENU Application $AppStartMenuFolder
+
+; 7. Installation page
+!insertmacro MUI_PAGE_INSTFILES
+
+; 8. Finish page
+;
+; Don't auto jump to finish page after installation page,
+; because the installation page has useful info that can be used debug any issues with the installer.
+!define MUI_FINISHPAGE_NOAUTOCLOSE
+; Use show readme button in the finish page as a button create a desktop shortcut
+!define MUI_FINISHPAGE_SHOWREADME
+!define MUI_FINISHPAGE_SHOWREADME_TEXT "$(createDesktop)"
+!define MUI_FINISHPAGE_SHOWREADME_FUNCTION CreateDesktopShortcut
+; Show run app after installation.
+!define MUI_FINISHPAGE_RUN "$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe"
+!define MUI_PAGE_CUSTOMFUNCTION_PRE SkipIfPassive
+!insertmacro MUI_PAGE_FINISH
+
+; Uninstaller Pages
+; 1. Confirm uninstall page
+{{#if appdata_paths}}
+Var DeleteAppDataCheckbox
+Var DeleteAppDataCheckboxState
+!define /ifndef WS_EX_LAYOUTRTL         0x00400000
+!define MUI_PAGE_CUSTOMFUNCTION_SHOW un.ConfirmShow
+Function un.ConfirmShow
+    FindWindow $1 "#32770" "" $HWNDPARENT ; Find inner dialog
+    ${If} $(^RTL) == 1
+      System::Call 'USER32::CreateWindowEx(i${__NSD_CheckBox_EXSTYLE}|${WS_EX_LAYOUTRTL},t"${__NSD_CheckBox_CLASS}",t "$(deleteAppData)",i${__NSD_CheckBox_STYLE},i 50,i 100,i 400, i 25,i$1,i0,i0,i0)i.s'
+    ${Else}
+      System::Call 'USER32::CreateWindowEx(i${__NSD_CheckBox_EXSTYLE},t"${__NSD_CheckBox_CLASS}",t "$(deleteAppData)",i${__NSD_CheckBox_STYLE},i 0,i 100,i 400, i 25,i$1,i0,i0,i0)i.s'
+    ${EndIf}
+    Pop $DeleteAppDataCheckbox
+    SendMessage $HWNDPARENT ${WM_GETFONT} 0 0 $1
+    SendMessage $DeleteAppDataCheckbox ${WM_SETFONT} $1 1
+FunctionEnd
+!define MUI_PAGE_CUSTOMFUNCTION_LEAVE un.ConfirmLeave
+Function un.ConfirmLeave
+    SendMessage $DeleteAppDataCheckbox ${BM_GETCHECK} 0 0 $DeleteAppDataCheckboxState
+FunctionEnd
+{{/if}}
+!insertmacro MUI_UNPAGE_CONFIRM
+
+; 2. Uninstalling Page
+!insertmacro MUI_UNPAGE_INSTFILES
+
+;Languages
+{{#each languages}}
+!insertmacro MUI_LANGUAGE "{{this}}"
+{{/each}}
+!insertmacro MUI_RESERVEFILE_LANGDLL
+{{#each language_files}}
+  !include "{{this}}"
+{{/each}}
+
+!macro SetContext
+  !if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "currentUser"
+    SetShellVarContext current
+  !else if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "perMachine"
+    SetShellVarContext all
+  !endif
+
+  ${If} ${RunningX64}
+    !if "${ARCH}" == "x64"
+      SetRegView 64
+    !else if "${ARCH}" == "arm64"
+      SetRegView 64
+    !else
+      SetRegView 32
+    !endif
+  ${EndIf}
+!macroend
+
+Var PassiveMode
+Function .onInit
+  ${GetOptions} $CMDLINE "/P" $PassiveMode
+  IfErrors +2 0
+    StrCpy $PassiveMode 1
+
+  !if "${DISPLAYLANGUAGESELECTOR}" == "true"
+    !insertmacro MUI_LANGDLL_DISPLAY
+  !endif
+
+  !insertmacro SetContext
+
+  ${If} $INSTDIR == ""
+    ; Set default install location
+    !if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "perMachine"
+      ${If} ${RunningX64}
+        !if "${ARCH}" == "x64"
+          StrCpy $INSTDIR "$PROGRAMFILES64\${PRODUCTNAME}"
+        !else if "${ARCH}" == "arm64"
+          StrCpy $INSTDIR "$PROGRAMFILES64\${PRODUCTNAME}"
+        !else
+          StrCpy $INSTDIR "$PROGRAMFILES\${PRODUCTNAME}"
+        !endif
+      ${Else}
+        StrCpy $INSTDIR "$PROGRAMFILES\${PRODUCTNAME}"
+      ${EndIf}
+    !else if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "currentUser"
+      StrCpy $INSTDIR "$LOCALAPPDATA\${PRODUCTNAME}"
+    !endif
+
+    Call RestorePreviousInstallLocation
+  ${EndIf}
+
+
+  !if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "both"
+    !insertmacro MULTIUSER_INIT
+  !endif
+FunctionEnd
+
+
+Section EarlyChecks
+  ; Abort silent installer if downgrades is disabled
+  !if "${ALLOWDOWNGRADES}" == "false"
+  IfSilent 0 silent_downgrades_done
+    ; If downgrading
+    ${If} $R0 == -1
+      System::Call 'kernel32::AttachConsole(i -1)i.r0'
+      ${If} $0 != 0
+        System::Call 'kernel32::GetStdHandle(i -11)i.r0'
+        System::call 'kernel32::SetConsoleTextAttribute(i r0, i 0x0004)' ; set red color
+        FileWrite $0 "$(silentDowngrades)"
+      ${EndIf}
+      Abort
+    ${EndIf}
+  silent_downgrades_done:
+  !endif
+
+SectionEnd
+
+{{#if preinstall_section}}
+{{unescape_newlines preinstall_section}}
+{{/if}}
+
+!macro CheckIfAppIsRunning
+  nsis_tauri_utils::FindProcess "${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe"
+  Pop $R0
+  ${If} $R0 = 0
+      IfSilent kill 0
+      ${IfThen} $PassiveMode != 1 ${|} MessageBox MB_OKCANCEL "$(appRunningOkKill)" IDOK kill IDCANCEL cancel ${|}
+      kill:
+        nsis_tauri_utils::KillProcess "${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe"
+        Pop $R0
+        Sleep 500
+        ${If} $R0 = 0
+          Goto app_check_done
+        ${Else}
+          IfSilent silent ui
+          silent:
+            System::Call 'kernel32::AttachConsole(i -1)i.r0'
+            ${If} $0 != 0
+              System::Call 'kernel32::GetStdHandle(i -11)i.r0'
+              System::call 'kernel32::SetConsoleTextAttribute(i r0, i 0x0004)' ; set red color
+              FileWrite $0 "$(appRunning)$\n"
+            ${EndIf}
+            Abort
+          ui:
+            Abort "$(failedToKillApp)"
+        ${EndIf}
+      cancel:
+        Abort "$(appRunning)"
+  ${EndIf}
+  app_check_done:
+!macroend
+
+Section Install
+  SetOutPath $INSTDIR
+
+  !insertmacro CheckIfAppIsRunning
+
+  ; Copy main executable
+  File "${MAINBINARYSRCPATH}"
+
+  ; Create resources directory structure
+  {{#each resources_dirs}}
+    CreateDirectory "$INSTDIR\\{{this}}"
+  {{/each}}
+
+  ; Copy resources
+  {{#each resources}}
+    File /a "/oname={{this}}" "{{@key}}"
+  {{/each}}
+
+  ; Copy external binaries
+  {{#each binaries}}
+    File /a "/oname={{this}}" "{{@key}}"
+  {{/each}}
+
+   ; Create file associations
+  {{#each file_associations as |association| ~}}
+    {{#each association.ext as |ext| ~}}
+       !insertmacro APP_ASSOCIATE "{{ext}}" "{{or association.name ext}}" "{{association-description association.description ext}}" "$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe,0" "Open with ${PRODUCTNAME}" "$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe $\"%1$\""
+    {{/each}}
+  {{/each}}
+
+  ; Register deep links
+  {{#each deep_link_protocols as |protocol| ~}}
+    WriteRegStr SHCTX "Software\Classes\\{{protocol}}" "URL Protocol" ""
+    WriteRegStr SHCTX "Software\Classes\\{{protocol}}" "" "URL:${BUNDLEID} protocol"
+    WriteRegStr SHCTX "Software\Classes\\{{protocol}}\DefaultIcon" "" "$\"$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe$\",0"
+    WriteRegStr SHCTX "Software\Classes\\{{protocol}}\shell\open\command" "" "$\"$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe$\" $\"%1$\""
+  {{/each}}
+
+  ; Create uninstaller
+  WriteUninstaller "$INSTDIR\uninstall.exe"
+
+  ; Save $INSTDIR in registry for future installations
+  WriteRegStr SHCTX "${MANUPRODUCTKEY}" "" $INSTDIR
+
+  !if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "both"
+    ; Save install mode to be selected by default for the next installation such as updating
+    ; or when uninstalling
+    WriteRegStr SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" $MultiUser.InstallMode 1
+  !endif
+
+  ; Registry information for add/remove programs
+  WriteRegStr SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "DisplayName" "${PRODUCTNAME}"
+  WriteRegStr SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "DisplayIcon" "$\"$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe$\""
+  WriteRegStr SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "DisplayVersion" "${VERSION}"
+  WriteRegStr SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "Publisher" "${MANUFACTURER}"
+  WriteRegStr SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "InstallLocation" "$\"$INSTDIR$\""
+  WriteRegStr SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "UninstallString" "$\"$INSTDIR\uninstall.exe$\""
+  WriteRegDWORD SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "NoModify" "1"
+  WriteRegDWORD SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "NoRepair" "1"
+  WriteRegDWORD SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}" "EstimatedSize" "${ESTIMATEDSIZE}"
+
+  ; Create start menu shortcut (GUI)
+  !insertmacro MUI_STARTMENU_WRITE_BEGIN Application
+    Call CreateStartMenuShortcut
+  !insertmacro MUI_STARTMENU_WRITE_END
+
+  ; Create shortcuts for silent and passive installers, which
+  ; can be disabled by passing `/NS` flag
+  ; GUI installer has buttons for users to control creating them
+  IfSilent check_ns_flag 0
+  ${IfThen} $PassiveMode == 1 ${|} Goto check_ns_flag ${|}
+  Goto shortcuts_done
+  check_ns_flag:
+    ${GetOptions} $CMDLINE "/NS" $R0
+    IfErrors 0 shortcuts_done
+      Call CreateDesktopShortcut
+      Call CreateStartMenuShortcut
+  shortcuts_done:
+
+  ; Auto close this page for passive mode
+  ${IfThen} $PassiveMode == 1 ${|} SetAutoClose true ${|}
+SectionEnd
+
+Function .onInstSuccess
+  ; Check for `/R` flag only in silent and passive installers because
+  ; GUI installer has a toggle for the user to (re)start the app
+  IfSilent check_r_flag 0
+  ${IfThen} $PassiveMode == 1 ${|} Goto check_r_flag ${|}
+  Goto run_done
+  check_r_flag:
+    ${GetOptions} $CMDLINE "/R" $R0
+    IfErrors run_done 0
+      Exec '"$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe"'
+  run_done:
+FunctionEnd
+
+Function un.onInit
+  !insertmacro SetContext
+
+  !if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "both"
+    !insertmacro MULTIUSER_UNINIT
+  !endif
+
+  !insertmacro MUI_UNGETLANGUAGE
+FunctionEnd
+
+Section Uninstall
+  !insertmacro CheckIfAppIsRunning
+
+  ; Delete the app directory and its content from disk
+  ; Copy main executable
+  Delete "$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe"
+
+  ; Delete resources
+  {{#each resources}}
+    Delete "$INSTDIR\\{{this}}"
+  {{/each}}
+
+  ; Delete external binaries
+  {{#each binaries}}
+    Delete "$INSTDIR\\{{this}}"
+  {{/each}}
+
+  ; Delete app associations
+  {{#each file_associations as |association| ~}}
+    {{#each association.ext as |ext| ~}}
+      !insertmacro APP_UNASSOCIATE "{{ext}}" "{{or association.name ext}}"
+    {{/each}}
+  {{/each}}
+
+  ; Delete deep links
+  {{#each deep_link_protocols as |protocol| ~}}
+    ReadRegStr $R7 SHCTX "Software\Classes\\{{protocol}}\shell\open\command" ""
+    !if $R7 == "$\"$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe$\" $\"%1$\""
+      DeleteRegKey SHCTX "Software\Classes\\{{protocol}}"
+    !endif
+  {{/each}}
+
+  ; Delete uninstaller
+  Delete "$INSTDIR\uninstall.exe"
+
+  {{#each resources_dirs}}
+  RMDir /REBOOTOK "$INSTDIR\\{{this}}"
+  {{/each}}
+  RMDir "$INSTDIR"
+
+  ; Remove start menu shortcut
+  !insertmacro MUI_STARTMENU_GETFOLDER Application $AppStartMenuFolder
+  Delete "$SMPROGRAMS\$AppStartMenuFolder\${PRODUCTNAME}.lnk"
+  RMDir "$SMPROGRAMS\$AppStartMenuFolder"
+
+  ; Remove desktop shortcuts
+  Delete "$DESKTOP\${PRODUCTNAME}.lnk"
+
+  ; Remove registry information for add/remove programs
+  !if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "both"
+    DeleteRegKey SHCTX "${UNINSTKEY}"
+  !else if "${INSTALLMODE}" == "perMachine"
+    DeleteRegKey HKLM "${UNINSTKEY}"
+  !else
+    DeleteRegKey HKCU "${UNINSTKEY}"
+  !endif
+
+  DeleteRegValue HKCU "${MANUPRODUCTKEY}" "Installer Language"
+
+  ; Delete app data
+  {{#if appdata_paths}}
+  ${If} $DeleteAppDataCheckboxState == 1
+      SetShellVarContext current
+      {{#each appdata_paths}}
+      RmDir /r "{{unescape_dollar_sign this}}"
+      {{/each}}
+  ${EndIf}
+  {{/if}}
+
+  ${GetOptions} $CMDLINE "/P" $R0
+  IfErrors +2 0
+    SetAutoClose true
+SectionEnd
+
+Function RestorePreviousInstallLocation
+  ReadRegStr $4 SHCTX "${MANUPRODUCTKEY}" ""
+  StrCmp $4 "" +2 0
+    StrCpy $INSTDIR $4
+FunctionEnd
+
+Function SkipIfPassive
+  ${IfThen} $PassiveMode == 1  ${|} Abort ${|}
+FunctionEnd
+
+Function CreateDesktopShortcut
+  CreateShortcut "$DESKTOP\${PRODUCTNAME}.lnk" "$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe"
+  ApplicationID::Set "$DESKTOP\${PRODUCTNAME}.lnk" "${IDENTIFIER}"
+FunctionEnd
+
+Function CreateStartMenuShortcut
+  CreateDirectory "$SMPROGRAMS\$AppStartMenuFolder"
+  CreateShortcut "$SMPROGRAMS\$AppStartMenuFolder\${PRODUCTNAME}.lnk" "$INSTDIR\${MAINBINARYNAME}.exe"
+  ApplicationID::Set "$SMPROGRAMS\$AppStartMenuFolder\${PRODUCTNAME}.lnk" "${IDENTIFIER}"
+FunctionEnd
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/installer-config/installer.wxs b/installer-config/installer.wxs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46b23e5fc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/installer-config/installer.wxs
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+<?if $(sys.BUILDARCH)="x86"?>
+    <?define Win64 = "no" ?>
+    <?define PlatformProgramFilesFolder = "ProgramFilesFolder" ?>
+<?elseif $(sys.BUILDARCH)="x64"?>
+    <?define Win64 = "yes" ?>
+    <?define PlatformProgramFilesFolder = "ProgramFiles64Folder" ?>
+<?else?>
+    <?error Unsupported value of sys.BUILDARCH=$(sys.BUILDARCH)?>
+<?endif?>
+
+<Wix xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/wix/2006/wi">
+    <Product
+            Id="*"
+            Name="{{product_name}}"
+            UpgradeCode="{{upgrade_code}}"
+            Language="!(loc.CargoPackagerLanguage)"
+            Manufacturer="{{manufacturer}}"
+            Version="{{version}}">
+
+        <Package Id="*"
+                 Keywords="Installer"
+                 InstallerVersion="450"
+                 Languages="0"
+                 Compressed="yes"
+                 InstallScope="perMachine"
+                 SummaryCodepage="!(loc.CargoPackagerCodepage)"/>
+
+        <!-- https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/msi/reinstallmode -->
+        <!-- reinstall all files; rewrite all registry entries; reinstall all shortcuts -->
+        <Property Id="REINSTALLMODE" Value="amus" />
+
+        {{#if allow_downgrades}}
+            <MajorUpgrade Schedule="afterInstallInitialize" AllowDowngrades="yes" />
+        {{else}}
+            <MajorUpgrade Schedule="afterInstallInitialize" DowngradeErrorMessage="!(loc.DowngradeErrorMessage)" AllowSameVersionUpgrades="yes" />
+        {{/if}}
+
+        <InstallExecuteSequence>
+            <RemoveShortcuts>Installed AND NOT UPGRADINGPRODUCTCODE</RemoveShortcuts>
+        </InstallExecuteSequence>
+
+        <Media Id="1" Cabinet="app.cab" EmbedCab="yes" />
+
+        {{#if banner_path}}
+        <WixVariable Id="WixUIBannerBmp" Value="{{banner_path}}" />
+        {{/if}}
+        {{#if dialog_image_path}}
+        <WixVariable Id="WixUIDialogBmp" Value="{{dialog_image_path}}" />
+        {{/if}}
+        {{#if license}}
+        <WixVariable Id="WixUILicenseRtf" Value="{{license}}" />
+        {{/if}}
+
+        {{#if icon_path}}
+        <Icon Id="ProductIcon" SourceFile="{{icon_path}}"/>
+        <Property Id="ARPPRODUCTICON" Value="ProductIcon" />
+        {{/if}}
+        <Property Id="ARPNOREPAIR" Value="yes" Secure="yes" />      <!-- Remove repair -->
+        <SetProperty Id="ARPNOMODIFY" Value="1" After="InstallValidate" Sequence="execute"/>
+
+        <!-- initialize with previous InstallDir -->
+        <Property Id="INSTALLDIR">
+            <RegistrySearch Id="PrevInstallDirReg" Root="HKCU" Key="Software\\{{manufacturer}}\\{{product_name}}" Name="InstallDir" Type="raw"/>
+        </Property>
+
+        <!-- launch app checkbox -->
+        <Property Id="WIXUI_EXITDIALOGOPTIONALCHECKBOXTEXT" Value="!(loc.LaunchApp)" />
+        <Property Id="WIXUI_EXITDIALOGOPTIONALCHECKBOX" Value="1"/>
+        <Property Id="WixShellExecTarget" Value="[!Path]" />
+        <CustomAction Id="LaunchApplication" BinaryKey="WixCA" DllEntry="WixShellExec" Impersonate="yes" />
+
+        <UI>
+            <!-- launch app checkbox -->
+            <Publish Dialog="ExitDialog" Control="Finish" Event="DoAction" Value="LaunchApplication">WIXUI_EXITDIALOGOPTIONALCHECKBOX = 1 and NOT Installed</Publish>
+
+            <Property Id="WIXUI_INSTALLDIR" Value="INSTALLDIR" />
+
+            {{#unless license}}
+            <!-- Skip license dialog -->
+            <Publish Dialog="WelcomeDlg"
+                     Control="Next"
+                     Event="NewDialog"
+                     Value="InstallDirDlg"
+                     Order="2">1</Publish>
+            <Publish Dialog="InstallDirDlg"
+                     Control="Back"
+                     Event="NewDialog"
+                     Value="WelcomeDlg"
+                     Order="2">1</Publish>
+            {{/unless}}
+        </UI>
+
+        <UIRef Id="WixUI_InstallDir" />
+
+        <Directory Id="TARGETDIR" Name="SourceDir">
+            <Directory Id="DesktopFolder" Name="Desktop">
+                <Component Id="ApplicationShortcutDesktop" Guid="*">
+                    <Shortcut Id="ApplicationDesktopShortcut" Name="{{product_name}}" Description="Runs {{product_name}}" Target="[!Path]" WorkingDirectory="INSTALLDIR" />
+                    <RemoveFolder Id="DesktopFolder" On="uninstall" />
+                    <RegistryValue Root="HKCU" Key="Software\\{{manufacturer}}\\{{product_name}}" Name="Desktop Shortcut" Type="integer" Value="1" KeyPath="yes" />
+                </Component>
+            </Directory>
+            <Directory Id="$(var.PlatformProgramFilesFolder)" Name="PFiles">
+                <Directory Id="INSTALLDIR" Name="{{product_name}}"/>
+            </Directory>
+            <Directory Id="ProgramMenuFolder">
+                <Directory Id="ApplicationProgramsFolder" Name="{{product_name}}"/>
+            </Directory>
+        </Directory>
+
+        <DirectoryRef Id="INSTALLDIR">
+            <Component Id="RegistryEntries" Guid="*">
+                <RegistryKey Root="HKCU" Key="Software\\{{manufacturer}}\\{{product_name}}">
+                    <RegistryValue Name="InstallDir" Type="string" Value="[INSTALLDIR]" KeyPath="yes" />
+                </RegistryKey>
+                <!-- Change the Root to HKCU for perUser installations -->
+                {{#each deep_link_protocols as |protocol| ~}}
+                <RegistryKey Root="HKLM" Key="Software\Classes\\{{protocol}}">
+                    <RegistryValue Type="string" Name="URL Protocol" Value=""/>
+                    <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="URL:{{bundle_id}} protocol"/>
+                    <RegistryKey Key="DefaultIcon">
+                        <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="&quot;[!Path]&quot;,0" />
+                    </RegistryKey>
+                    <RegistryKey Key="shell\open\command">
+                        <RegistryValue Type="string" Value="&quot;[!Path]&quot; &quot;%1&quot;" />
+                    </RegistryKey>
+                </RegistryKey>
+                {{/each~}}
+            </Component>
+            <Component Id="Path" Guid="{{path_component_guid}}" Win64="$(var.Win64)">
+                <File Id="Path" Source="{{app_exe_source}}" KeyPath="yes" Checksum="yes"/>
+                {{#each file_associations as |association| ~}}
+                {{#each association.ext as |ext| ~}}
+                <ProgId Id="{{../../product_name}}.{{ext}}" Advertise="yes" Description="{{association.description}}">
+                    <Extension Id="{{ext}}" Advertise="yes">
+                        <Verb Id="open" Command="Open with {{../../product_name}}" Argument="&quot;%1&quot;" />
+                    </Extension>
+                </ProgId>
+                {{/each~}}
+                {{/each~}}
+            </Component>
+            {{#each binaries as |bin| ~}}
+            <Component Id="{{ bin.id }}" Guid="{{bin.guid}}" Win64="$(var.Win64)">
+                <File Id="Bin_{{ bin.id }}" Source="{{bin.path}}" KeyPath="yes"/>
+            </Component>
+            {{/each~}}
+            {{resources}}
+            <Component Id="CMP_UninstallShortcut" Guid="*">
+
+                <Shortcut Id="UninstallShortcut"
+						  Name="Uninstall {{product_name}}"
+						  Description="Uninstalls {{product_name}}"
+						  Target="[System64Folder]msiexec.exe"
+						  Arguments="/x [ProductCode]" />
+
+				<RemoveFolder Id="INSTALLDIR"
+							  On="uninstall" />
+
+				<RegistryValue Root="HKCU"
+							   Key="Software\\{{manufacturer}}\\{{product_name}}"
+							   Name="Uninstaller Shortcut"
+							   Type="integer"
+							   Value="1"
+							   KeyPath="yes" />
+            </Component>
+        </DirectoryRef>
+
+        <DirectoryRef Id="ApplicationProgramsFolder">
+            <Component Id="ApplicationShortcut" Guid="*">
+                <Shortcut Id="ApplicationStartMenuShortcut"
+                    Name="{{product_name}}"
+                    Description="Runs {{product_name}}"
+                    Target="[!Path]"
+                    {{#if icon_path}}
+                    Icon="ProductIcon"
+                    {{/if}}
+                    WorkingDirectory="INSTALLDIR">
+                    <ShortcutProperty Key="System.AppUserModel.ID" Value="{{identifier}}"/>
+                </Shortcut>
+                <RemoveFolder Id="ApplicationProgramsFolder" On="uninstall"/>
+                <RegistryValue Root="HKCU" Key="Software\\{{manufacturer}}\\{{product_name}}" Name="Start Menu Shortcut" Type="integer" Value="1" KeyPath="yes"/>
+           </Component>
+        </DirectoryRef>
+
+        {{#each merge_modules as |msm| ~}}
+        <DirectoryRef Id="TARGETDIR">
+            <Merge Id="{{ msm.name }}" SourceFile="{{ msm.path }}" DiskId="1" Language="!(loc.CargoPackagerLanguage)" />
+        </DirectoryRef>
+
+        <Feature Id="{{ msm.name }}" Title="{{ msm.name }}" AllowAdvertise="no" Display="hidden" Level="1">
+            <MergeRef Id="{{ msm.name }}"/>
+        </Feature>
+        {{/each~}}
+
+        <Feature
+                Id="MainProgram"
+                Title="Application"
+                Description="!(loc.InstallAppFeature)"
+                Level="1"
+                ConfigurableDirectory="INSTALLDIR"
+                AllowAdvertise="no"
+                Display="expand"
+                Absent="disallow">
+
+            <ComponentRef Id="RegistryEntries"/>
+
+            {{#each resource_file_ids as |resource_file_id| ~}}
+                <ComponentRef Id="{{ resource_file_id }}"/>
+            {{/each~}}
+
+            <Feature Id="ShortcutsFeature"
+                Title="Shortcuts"
+                Level="1">
+                <ComponentRef Id="Path"/>
+                <ComponentRef Id="CMP_UninstallShortcut" />
+                <ComponentRef Id="ApplicationShortcut" />
+                <ComponentRef Id="ApplicationShortcutDesktop" />
+            </Feature>
+
+            <Feature
+                Id="Environment"
+                Title="PATH Environment Variable"
+                Description="!(loc.PathEnvVarFeature)"
+                Level="1"
+                Absent="allow">
+            <ComponentRef Id="Path"/>
+            {{#each binaries as |bin| ~}}
+            <ComponentRef Id="{{ bin.id }}"/>
+            {{/each~}}
+            </Feature>
+        </Feature>
+
+        <Feature Id="External" AllowAdvertise="no" Absent="disallow">
+            {{#each component_group_refs as |id| ~}}
+            <ComponentGroupRef Id="{{ id }}"/>
+            {{/each~}}
+            {{#each component_refs as |id| ~}}
+            <ComponentRef Id="{{ id }}"/>
+            {{/each~}}
+            {{#each feature_group_refs as |id| ~}}
+            <FeatureGroupRef Id="{{ id }}"/>
+            {{/each~}}
+            {{#each feature_refs as |id| ~}}
+            <FeatureRef Id="{{ id }}"/>
+            {{/each~}}
+            {{#each merge_refs as |id| ~}}
+            <MergeRef Id="{{ id }}"/>
+            {{/each~}}
+        </Feature>
+
+        {{#each custom_action_refs as |id| ~}}
+            <CustomActionRef Id="{{ id }}"/>
+        {{/each~}}
+
+        {{#if install_webview}}
+        <!-- WebView2 -->
+        <Property Id="WVRTINSTALLED">
+            <RegistrySearch Id="WVRTInstalledSystem" Root="HKLM" Key="SOFTWARE\Microsoft\EdgeUpdate\Clients\{F3017226-FE2A-4295-8BDF-00C3A9A7E4C5}" Name="pv" Type="raw" Win64="no" />
+            <RegistrySearch Id="WVRTInstalledUser" Root="HKCU" Key="SOFTWARE\Microsoft\EdgeUpdate\Clients\{F3017226-FE2A-4295-8BDF-00C3A9A7E4C5}" Name="pv" Type="raw"/>
+        </Property>
+
+        {{#if download_bootstrapper}}
+        <CustomAction Id='DownloadAndInvokeBootstrapper' Directory="INSTALLDIR" Execute="deferred" ExeCommand='powershell.exe -NoProfile -windowstyle hidden try [\{] [\[]Net.ServicePointManager[\]]::SecurityProtocol = [\[]Net.SecurityProtocolType[\]]::Tls12 [\}] catch [\{][\}]; Invoke-WebRequest -Uri "https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/p/?LinkId=2124703" -OutFile "$env:TEMP\MicrosoftEdgeWebview2Setup.exe" ; Start-Process -FilePath "$env:TEMP\MicrosoftEdgeWebview2Setup.exe" -ArgumentList ({{webview_installer_args}} &apos;/install&apos;) -Wait' Return='check'/>
+        <InstallExecuteSequence>
+            <Custom Action='DownloadAndInvokeBootstrapper' Before='InstallFinalize'>
+                <![CDATA[NOT(REMOVE OR WVRTINSTALLED)]]>
+            </Custom>
+        </InstallExecuteSequence>
+        {{/if}}
+
+        <!-- Embedded webview bootstrapper mode -->
+        {{#if webview2_bootstrapper_path}}
+        <Binary Id="MicrosoftEdgeWebview2Setup.exe" SourceFile="{{webview2_bootstrapper_path}}"/>
+        <CustomAction Id='InvokeBootstrapper' BinaryKey='MicrosoftEdgeWebview2Setup.exe' Execute="deferred" ExeCommand='{{webview_installer_args}} /install' Return='check' />
+        <InstallExecuteSequence>
+            <Custom Action='InvokeBootstrapper' Before='InstallFinalize'>
+                <![CDATA[NOT(REMOVE OR WVRTINSTALLED)]]>
+            </Custom>
+        </InstallExecuteSequence>
+        {{/if}}
+
+        <!-- Embedded offline installer -->
+        {{#if webview2_installer_path}}
+        <Binary Id="MicrosoftEdgeWebView2RuntimeInstaller.exe" SourceFile="{{webview2_installer_path}}"/>
+        <CustomAction Id='InvokeStandalone' BinaryKey='MicrosoftEdgeWebView2RuntimeInstaller.exe' Execute="deferred" ExeCommand='{{webview_installer_args}} /install' Return='check' />
+        <InstallExecuteSequence>
+            <Custom Action='InvokeStandalone' Before='InstallFinalize'>
+                <![CDATA[NOT(REMOVE OR WVRTINSTALLED)]]>
+            </Custom>
+        </InstallExecuteSequence>
+        {{/if}}
+
+        {{/if}}
+
+        <SetProperty Id="ARPINSTALLLOCATION" Value="[INSTALLDIR]" After="CostFinalize"/>
+    </Product>
+</Wix>
\ No newline at end of file

From aa4774fe3235ac75277885e0c407929f09622452 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Feb 2025 08:44:42 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 464/705] update release.yml

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 99035d04fc..de0cb25973 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
+      - uses: cargo-bins/cargo-binstall@main
 
       - name: Set up Environment
         shell: bash
@@ -78,6 +79,31 @@ jobs:
         run: cp target/${{ matrix.platform.target }}/release/rustpython.exe target/rustpython-release-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}.exe
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
 
+      - name: Install cargo-packager
+        run: cargo binstall cargo-packager
+
+      - name: Generate MSI
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        run: cargo packager -f wix --release -o installer
+
+      - name: Upload MSI
+        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: rustpython-installer-msi-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}
+          path: installer/*.msi
+
+      - name: Generate DMG
+        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+        run: cargo packager -f dmg --release -o installer
+
+      - name: Upload DMG
+        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: rustpython-installer-dmg-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}
+          path: installer/*.dmg
+
       - name: Upload Binary Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
@@ -114,7 +140,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
           path: bin
-          pattern: rustpython-release-*
+          pattern: rustpython-*
           merge-multiple: true
 
       - name: List Binaries
@@ -142,4 +168,4 @@ jobs:
               --target="$tag" \
               --generate-notes \
               $PRERELEASE_ARG \
-              bin/rustpython-release-*
\ No newline at end of file
+              bin/rustpython-release-*

From 12c3fa0b8778b5fd27f854f58a49d66aadcfc24a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Feb 2025 08:48:22 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 465/705] update wix installer config

---
 installer-config/installer.wxs | 22 +++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/installer-config/installer.wxs b/installer-config/installer.wxs
index 46b23e5fc6..1fdc77e01a 100644
--- a/installer-config/installer.wxs
+++ b/installer-config/installer.wxs
@@ -106,6 +106,18 @@
             <Directory Id="ProgramMenuFolder">
                 <Directory Id="ApplicationProgramsFolder" Name="{{product_name}}"/>
             </Directory>
+
+            <Component Id="PathEnvPerMachine" Guid="*">
+                <Condition>ALLUSERS=1 OR (ALLUSERS=2 AND Privileged)</Condition>
+                <RegistryValue Root="HKLM" Key="Software\[Manufacturer]\[ProductName]" Name="InstallDir" Type="string" Value="[APPLICATIONFOLDER]" KeyPath="yes" />
+                <!-- [APPLICATIONFOLDER] contains trailing backslash -->
+                <Environment Id="PathPerMachine" Name="PATH" Value="[APPLICATIONFOLDER]bin" Permanent="no" Part="last" Action="set" System="yes" />
+            </Component>
+            <Component Id="PathEnvPerUser" Guid="*">
+                <Condition>ALLUSERS="" OR (ALLUSERS=2 AND (NOT Privileged))</Condition>
+                <RegistryValue Root="HKCU" Key="Software\[Manufacturer]\[ProductName]" Name="InstallDir" Type="string" Value="[APPLICATIONFOLDER]" KeyPath="yes" />
+                <Environment Id="PathPerUser" Name="PATH" Value="[APPLICATIONFOLDER]bin" Permanent="no" Part="last" Action="set" System="no" />
+            </Component>
         </Directory>
 
         <DirectoryRef Id="INSTALLDIR">
@@ -207,7 +219,6 @@
             {{#each resource_file_ids as |resource_file_id| ~}}
                 <ComponentRef Id="{{ resource_file_id }}"/>
             {{/each~}}
-
             <Feature Id="ShortcutsFeature"
                 Title="Shortcuts"
                 Level="1">
@@ -230,6 +241,15 @@
             </Feature>
         </Feature>
 
+        <Feature Id="Path"
+            Title="Add to PATH"
+            Description="Add to PATH environment variable"
+            Level="1"
+            AllowAdvertise="no">
+            <ComponentRef Id="PathEnvPerMachine" />
+            <ComponentRef Id="PathEnvPerUser" />
+        </Feature>
+
         <Feature Id="External" AllowAdvertise="no" Absent="disallow">
             {{#each component_group_refs as |id| ~}}
             <ComponentGroupRef Id="{{ id }}"/>

From 544182ebfcaed73e265f3cc33759f68bdca4e587 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Feb 2025 08:56:13 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 466/705] update license dates

---
 LICENSE               | 2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/LICENSE | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/LICENSE b/LICENSE
index 7213274e0f..e2aa2ed952 100644
--- a/LICENSE
+++ b/LICENSE
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 MIT License
 
-Copyright (c) 2020 RustPython Team
+Copyright (c) 2025 RustPython Team
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/LICENSE b/vm/sre_engine/LICENSE
index 7213274e0f..e2aa2ed952 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/LICENSE
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/LICENSE
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 MIT License
 
-Copyright (c) 2020 RustPython Team
+Copyright (c) 2025 RustPython Team
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

From 6731c4b1ab112da6d5051aaf80ca80cc94f9b399 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Feb 2025 08:53:41 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 467/705] fix devcontainer.json

---
 .devcontainer/devcontainer.json | 8 +++-----
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
index d8641749b5..d60eee2130 100644
--- a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
+++ b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
 {
-  "image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/universal:2",
-  "features": {
-    "ghcr.io/devcontainers/features/rust:1": {}
-  }
-}
+  "image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/base:jammy",
+  "onCreateCommand": "curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh -s -- -y"
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 8ff856d7ce310356f6fb95f222cbd86b83470737 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2025 20:48:28 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 468/705] _ctypes addressof and Structure (#5573)

* _ctypes.addressof

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>

* ctypes.Structure implementation

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>

* clippy fix

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>

* formatting

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>

---------

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs           | 10 ++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs | 58 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 67 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
index 2580939b62..701094a375 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
@@ -214,6 +214,16 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
         }
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn addressof(obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
+        if obj.is_instance(PyCSimple::static_type().as_ref(), vm)? {
+            let simple = obj.downcast_ref::<PyCSimple>().unwrap();
+            Ok(simple.value.as_ptr() as usize)
+        } else {
+            Err(vm.new_type_error("expected a ctypes instance".to_string()))
+        }
+    }
+
     #[pyfunction]
     fn get_errno() -> i32 {
         errno::errno().0
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs
index 13cca6c260..c6cf158953 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,61 @@
+use crate::builtins::{PyList, PyStr, PyTuple, PyTypeRef};
+use crate::function::FuncArgs;
+use crate::types::GetAttr;
+use crate::{AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
+use rustpython_vm::types::Constructor;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
 #[pyclass(name = "Structure", module = "_ctypes")]
-pub struct PyCStructure {}
+#[derive(PyPayload, Debug)]
+pub struct PyCStructure {
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    field_data: PyRwLock<HashMap<String, PyObjectRef>>,
+    data: PyRwLock<HashMap<String, PyObjectRef>>,
+}
+
+impl Constructor for PyCStructure {
+    type Args = FuncArgs;
+
+    fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        let fields_attr = cls
+            .get_class_attr(vm.ctx.interned_str("_fields_").unwrap())
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                vm.new_attribute_error("Structure must have a _fields_ attribute".to_string())
+            })?;
+        // downcast into list
+        let fields = fields_attr.downcast_ref::<PyList>().ok_or_else(|| {
+            vm.new_type_error("Structure _fields_ attribute must be a list".to_string())
+        })?;
+        let fields = fields.borrow_vec();
+        let mut field_data = HashMap::new();
+        for field in fields.iter() {
+            let field = field
+                .downcast_ref::<PyTuple>()
+                .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_type_error("Field must be a tuple".to_string()))?;
+            let name = field
+                .first()
+                .unwrap()
+                .downcast_ref::<PyStr>()
+                .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_type_error("Field name must be a string".to_string()))?;
+            let typ = field.get(1).unwrap().clone();
+            field_data.insert(name.as_str().to_string(), typ);
+        }
+        todo!("Implement PyCStructure::py_new")
+    }
+}
+
+impl GetAttr for PyCStructure {
+    fn getattro(zelf: &Py<Self>, name: &Py<PyStr>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        let name = name.to_string();
+        let data = zelf.data.read();
+        match data.get(&name) {
+            Some(value) => Ok(value.clone()),
+            None => Err(vm.new_attribute_error(format!("No attribute named {}", name))),
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE, IMMUTABLETYPE))]
 impl PyCStructure {}

From 6daee1b00e11f4ed0568189528a2d1618e9b8298 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Feb 2025 18:55:42 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 469/705] Warn on elided_lifetimes_in_paths

---
 Cargo.toml                          |  1 +
 common/src/borrow.rs                |  2 +-
 common/src/boxvec.rs                | 12 ++++-----
 common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs     | 12 ++++-----
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs     |  2 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/error.rs       |  2 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs |  4 +--
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs       | 36 +++++++++++++-------------
 compiler/core/src/marshal.rs        |  2 +-
 compiler/src/lib.rs                 |  2 +-
 derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs |  2 +-
 derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs          |  2 +-
 derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs         |  2 +-
 jit/src/instructions.rs             |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/contextvars.rs           |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/csv.rs                   |  4 +--
 stdlib/src/hashlib.rs               |  4 +--
 stdlib/src/mmap.rs                  |  6 ++---
 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs            |  6 ++---
 stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs       |  4 +--
 stdlib/src/scproxy.rs               |  5 +---
 stdlib/src/socket.rs                |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs                | 20 +++++++++------
 vm/src/builtins/code.rs             |  8 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/dict.rs             |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/function.rs         |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs     |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/iter.rs             |  4 +--
 vm/src/builtins/list.rs             |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs     |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/memory.rs           |  8 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/set.rs              |  8 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs              |  6 ++---
 vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs            |  4 +--
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs             | 10 ++++----
 vm/src/builtins/union.rs            |  2 +-
 vm/src/dictdatatype.rs              |  6 ++---
 vm/src/exceptions.rs                |  4 +--
 vm/src/frame.rs                     | 10 ++++----
 vm/src/function/argument.rs         | 10 ++++----
 vm/src/function/protocol.rs         |  6 ++---
 vm/src/object/core.rs               | 19 ++++++++------
 vm/src/object/ext.rs                |  6 ++---
 vm/src/object/traverse.rs           | 28 ++++++++++----------
 vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs    | 10 ++++----
 vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs           | 16 ++++++------
 vm/src/protocol/callable.rs         |  2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/iter.rs             |  8 +++---
 vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs          | 10 ++++----
 vm/src/protocol/number.rs           |  6 ++---
 vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs         | 20 ++++++++-------
 vm/src/py_io.rs                     |  8 +++---
 vm/src/py_serde.rs                  |  4 +--
 vm/src/scope.rs                     |  2 +-
 vm/src/signal.rs                    |  4 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs     |  4 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs                 | 10 ++++----
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs                |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs           |  4 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs             |  4 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs               |  2 +-
 vm/src/types/slot.rs                |  8 +++---
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs                    |  4 +--
 vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs         | 40 ++++++++++++++---------------
 wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs           |  2 +-
 wasm/lib/src/lib.rs                 |  2 +-
 66 files changed, 232 insertions(+), 225 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 33fb96e84c..807e821ca7 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100"
 [workspace.lints.rust]
 unsafe_code = "allow"
 unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn = "deny"
+elided_lifetimes_in_paths = "warn"
 
 [workspace.lints.clippy]
 perf = "warn"
diff --git a/common/src/borrow.rs b/common/src/borrow.rs
index 0e4b9d6be3..ce86d71e27 100644
--- a/common/src/borrow.rs
+++ b/common/src/borrow.rs
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ impl<T: ?Sized> Deref for BorrowedValue<'_, T> {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for BorrowedValue<'_, str> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(self.deref(), f)
     }
 }
diff --git a/common/src/boxvec.rs b/common/src/boxvec.rs
index 3b1f7e90a0..25afbcebb3 100644
--- a/common/src/boxvec.rs
+++ b/common/src/boxvec.rs
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ impl<T> BoxVec<T> {
     ///
     /// **Panics** if the starting point is greater than the end point or if
     /// the end point is greater than the length of the vector.
-    pub fn drain<R>(&mut self, range: R) -> Drain<T>
+    pub fn drain<R>(&mut self, range: R) -> Drain<'_, T>
     where
         R: RangeBounds<usize>,
     {
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ impl<T> BoxVec<T> {
         self.drain_range(start, end)
     }
 
-    fn drain_range(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Drain<T> {
+    fn drain_range(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize) -> Drain<'_, T> {
         let len = self.len();
 
         // bounds check happens here (before length is changed!)
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ impl<T> fmt::Debug for IntoIter<T>
 where
     T: fmt::Debug,
 {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_list().entries(&self.v[self.index..]).finish()
     }
 }
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@ impl<T> fmt::Debug for BoxVec<T>
 where
     T: fmt::Debug,
 {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         (**self).fmt(f)
     }
 }
@@ -691,13 +691,13 @@ const CAPERROR: &str = "insufficient capacity";
 impl<T> std::error::Error for CapacityError<T> {}
 
 impl<T> fmt::Display for CapacityError<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{CAPERROR}")
     }
 }
 
 impl<T> fmt::Debug for CapacityError<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "capacity error: {CAPERROR}")
     }
 }
diff --git a/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs b/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
index 35b0b9ac6d..d730818d8f 100644
--- a/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
+++ b/common/src/lock/thread_mutex.rs
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T> From<T> for ThreadMutex<R, G, T> {
     }
 }
 impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> ThreadMutex<R, G, T> {
-    pub fn lock(&self) -> Option<ThreadMutexGuard<R, G, T>> {
+    pub fn lock(&self) -> Option<ThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T>> {
         if self.raw.lock() {
             Some(ThreadMutexGuard {
                 mu: self,
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> ThreadMutex<R, G, T> {
             None
         }
     }
-    pub fn try_lock(&self) -> Result<ThreadMutexGuard<R, G, T>, TryLockThreadError> {
+    pub fn try_lock(&self) -> Result<ThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T>, TryLockThreadError> {
         match self.raw.try_lock() {
             Some(true) => Ok(ThreadMutexGuard {
                 mu: self,
@@ -218,14 +218,14 @@ impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> Drop for ThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G,
 impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Display> fmt::Display
     for ThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T>
 {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
 }
 impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug
     for ThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T>
 {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
 }
@@ -285,14 +285,14 @@ impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized> Drop for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'_,
 impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Display> fmt::Display
     for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T>
 {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
 }
 impl<R: RawMutex, G: GetThreadId, T: ?Sized + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug
     for MappedThreadMutexGuard<'_, R, G, T>
 {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 6b1d15c720..ce2e5627f0 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -3484,7 +3484,7 @@ mod tests {
     use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::LinearLocator;
 
     fn compile_exec(source: &str) -> CodeObject {
-        let mut locator: LinearLocator = LinearLocator::new(source);
+        let mut locator: LinearLocator<'_> = LinearLocator::new(source);
         use rustpython_parser::ast::fold::Fold;
         let mut compiler: Compiler = Compiler::new(
             CompileOpts::default(),
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
index 27333992df..581f229712 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ pub enum CodegenErrorType {
 impl std::error::Error for CodegenErrorType {}
 
 impl fmt::Display for CodegenErrorType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         use CodegenErrorType::*;
         match self {
             Assign(target) => write!(f, "cannot assign to {target}"),
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
index 7db5c4edbe..53d4ff8eb4 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ pub enum SymbolTableType {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for SymbolTableType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             SymbolTableType::Module => write!(f, "module"),
             SymbolTableType::Class => write!(f, "class"),
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ impl SymbolTable {
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Debug for SymbolTable {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         write!(
             f,
             "SymbolTable({:?} symbols, {:?} sub scopes)",
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 11e49a47db..66284efdc9 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -15,12 +15,12 @@ pub trait Constant: Sized {
     type Name: AsRef<str>;
 
     /// Transforms the given Constant to a BorrowedConstant
-    fn borrow_constant(&self) -> BorrowedConstant<Self>;
+    fn borrow_constant(&self) -> BorrowedConstant<'_, Self>;
 }
 
 impl Constant for ConstantData {
     type Name = String;
-    fn borrow_constant(&self) -> BorrowedConstant<Self> {
+    fn borrow_constant(&self) -> BorrowedConstant<'_, Self> {
         use BorrowedConstant::*;
         match self {
             ConstantData::Integer { value } => Integer { value },
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ impl Constant for ConstantData {
 /// A Constant Bag
 pub trait ConstantBag: Sized + Copy {
     type Constant: Constant;
-    fn make_constant<C: Constant>(&self, constant: BorrowedConstant<C>) -> Self::Constant;
+    fn make_constant<C: Constant>(&self, constant: BorrowedConstant<'_, C>) -> Self::Constant;
     fn make_int(&self, value: BigInt) -> Self::Constant;
     fn make_tuple(&self, elements: impl Iterator<Item = Self::Constant>) -> Self::Constant;
     fn make_code(&self, code: CodeObject<Self::Constant>) -> Self::Constant;
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ pub struct BasicBag;
 
 impl ConstantBag for BasicBag {
     type Constant = ConstantData;
-    fn make_constant<C: Constant>(&self, constant: BorrowedConstant<C>) -> Self::Constant {
+    fn make_constant<C: Constant>(&self, constant: BorrowedConstant<'_, C>) -> Self::Constant {
         constant.to_owned()
     }
     fn make_int(&self, value: BigInt) -> Self::Constant {
@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ impl<T: OpArgType> PartialEq for Arg<T> {
 impl<T: OpArgType> Eq for Arg<T> {}
 
 impl<T: OpArgType> fmt::Debug for Arg<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "Arg<{}>", std::any::type_name::<T>())
     }
 }
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ impl OpArgType for Label {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for Label {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         self.0.fmt(f)
     }
 }
@@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ impl<C: Constant> Clone for BorrowedConstant<'_, C> {
 }
 
 impl<C: Constant> BorrowedConstant<'_, C> {
-    pub fn fmt_display(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    pub fn fmt_display(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             BorrowedConstant::Integer { value } => write!(f, "{value}"),
             BorrowedConstant::Float { value } => write!(f, "{value}"),
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ impl<N: AsRef<str>> fmt::Debug for Arguments<'_, N> {
 impl<C: Constant> CodeObject<C> {
     /// Get all arguments of the code object
     /// like inspect.getargs
-    pub fn arg_names(&self) -> Arguments<C::Name> {
+    pub fn arg_names(&self) -> Arguments<'_, C::Name> {
         let nargs = self.arg_count as usize;
         let nkwargs = self.kwonlyarg_count as usize;
         let mut varargs_pos = nargs + nkwargs;
@@ -984,7 +984,7 @@ impl<C: Constant> CodeObject<C> {
 
     fn display_inner(
         &self,
-        f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
         expand_code_objects: bool,
         level: usize,
     ) -> fmt::Result {
@@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@ impl<C: Constant> CodeObject<C> {
     pub fn display_expand_code_objects(&self) -> impl fmt::Display + '_ {
         struct Display<'a, C: Constant>(&'a CodeObject<C>);
         impl<C: Constant> fmt::Display for Display<'_, C> {
-            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
                 self.0.display_inner(f, true, 1)
             }
         }
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ impl<C: Constant> CodeObject<C> {
 }
 
 impl<C: Constant> fmt::Display for CodeObject<C> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         self.display_inner(f, false, 1)?;
         for constant in &*self.constants {
             if let BorrowedConstant::Code { code } = constant.borrow_constant() {
@@ -1302,19 +1302,19 @@ impl Instruction {
         ctx: &'a impl InstrDisplayContext,
     ) -> impl fmt::Display + 'a {
         struct FmtFn<F>(F);
-        impl<F: Fn(&mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result> fmt::Display for FmtFn<F> {
-            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        impl<F: Fn(&mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result> fmt::Display for FmtFn<F> {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
                 (self.0)(f)
             }
         }
-        FmtFn(move |f: &mut fmt::Formatter| self.fmt_dis(arg, f, ctx, false, 0, 0))
+        FmtFn(move |f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>| self.fmt_dis(arg, f, ctx, false, 0, 0))
     }
 
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     fn fmt_dis(
         &self,
         arg: OpArg,
-        f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
         ctx: &impl InstrDisplayContext,
         expand_code_objects: bool,
         pad: usize,
@@ -1346,7 +1346,7 @@ impl Instruction {
         let cell_name = |i: u32| ctx.get_cell_name(i as usize);
 
         let fmt_const =
-            |op: &str, arg: OpArg, f: &mut fmt::Formatter, idx: &Arg<u32>| -> fmt::Result {
+            |op: &str, arg: OpArg, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, idx: &Arg<u32>| -> fmt::Result {
                 let value = ctx.get_constant(idx.get(arg) as usize);
                 match value.borrow_constant() {
                     BorrowedConstant::Code { code } if expand_code_objects => {
@@ -1496,13 +1496,13 @@ impl<C: Constant> InstrDisplayContext for CodeObject<C> {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for ConstantData {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         self.borrow_constant().fmt_display(f)
     }
 }
 
 impl<C: Constant> fmt::Debug for CodeObject<C> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(
             f,
             "<code object {} at ??? file {:?}, line {}>",
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs b/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
index 9f3bb8e22e..cdc8b8e4ef 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub enum MarshalError {
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Display for MarshalError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
             Self::Eof => f.write_str("unexpected end of data"),
             Self::InvalidBytecode => f.write_str("invalid bytecode"),
diff --git a/compiler/src/lib.rs b/compiler/src/lib.rs
index 7d226cd1ce..659dc9974d 100644
--- a/compiler/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/src/lib.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ impl std::error::Error for CompileErrorType {
     }
 }
 impl std::fmt::Display for CompileErrorType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         match self {
             CompileErrorType::Codegen(e) => e.fmt(f),
             CompileErrorType::Parse(e) => e.fmt(f),
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs b/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
index 2a57134197..2c702b35fe 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ impl PyCompileArgs {
     }
 }
 
-fn parse_str(input: ParseStream) -> ParseResult<LitStr> {
+fn parse_str(input: ParseStream<'_>) -> ParseResult<LitStr> {
     let span = input.span();
     if input.peek(LitStr) {
         input.parse()
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
index 077bd36bb8..b704e083c6 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pyclass.rs
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ enum AttrName {
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Display for AttrName {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let s = match self {
             Self::Method => "pymethod",
             Self::ClassMethod => "pyclassmethod",
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs b/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
index c59e40678e..eb1e4bba9e 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pymodule.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ enum AttrName {
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Display for AttrName {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         let s = match self {
             Self::Function => "pyfunction",
             Self::Attr => "pyattr",
diff --git a/jit/src/instructions.rs b/jit/src/instructions.rs
index 2d5e990dd0..b495c6e1f6 100644
--- a/jit/src/instructions.rs
+++ b/jit/src/instructions.rs
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
 
     fn prepare_const<C: bytecode::Constant>(
         &mut self,
-        constant: BorrowedConstant<C>,
+        constant: BorrowedConstant<'_, C>,
     ) -> Result<JitValue, JitCompileError> {
         let value = match constant {
             BorrowedConstant::Integer { value } => {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs b/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
index 1e27b8b9e5..bcc372ed55 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ mod _contextvars {
     }
 
     impl std::fmt::Debug for ContextVar {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
             f.debug_struct("ContextVar").finish()
         }
     }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/csv.rs b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
index 03a5429ba4..f07b40b3a2 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/csv.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ mod _csv {
     }
 
     impl fmt::Debug for Reader {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
             write!(f, "_csv.reader")
         }
     }
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ mod _csv {
     }
 
     impl fmt::Debug for Writer {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
             write!(f, "_csv.writer")
         }
     }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs b/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs
index 6124b6d242..f140515c13 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub mod _hashlib {
     }
 
     impl std::fmt::Debug for PyHasher {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
             write!(f, "HASH {}", self.name)
         }
     }
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ pub mod _hashlib {
     }
 
     impl std::fmt::Debug for PyHasherXof {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
             write!(f, "HASHXOF {}", self.name)
         }
     }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
index e96339c370..cbc86bb2c9 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ mod mmap {
         flags(BASETYPE)
     )]
     impl PyMmap {
-        fn as_bytes_mut(&self) -> BorrowedValueMut<[u8]> {
+        fn as_bytes_mut(&self) -> BorrowedValueMut<'_, [u8]> {
             PyMutexGuard::map(self.mmap.lock(), |m| {
                 match m.as_mut().expect("mmap closed or invalid") {
                     MmapObj::Read(_) => panic!("mmap can't modify a readonly memory map."),
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@ mod mmap {
             .into()
         }
 
-        fn as_bytes(&self) -> BorrowedValue<[u8]> {
+        fn as_bytes(&self) -> BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
             PyMutexGuard::map_immutable(self.mmap.lock(), |m| {
                 match m.as_ref().expect("mmap closed or invalid") {
                     MmapObj::Read(mmap) => &mmap[..],
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ mod mmap {
             }
         }
 
-        fn check_valid(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMutexGuard<Option<MmapObj>>> {
+        fn check_valid(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMutexGuard<'_, Option<MmapObj>>> {
             let m = self.mmap.lock();
 
             if m.is_none() {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
index 45eac5f51b..f40494a432 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ mod _overlapped {
     unsafe impl Send for OverlappedInner {}
 
     impl std::fmt::Debug for Overlapped {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
             let zelf = self.inner.lock();
             f.debug_struct("Overlapped")
                 // .field("overlapped", &(self.overlapped as *const _ as usize))
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ mod _overlapped {
     }
 
     impl std::fmt::Debug for OverlappedReadFrom {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
             f.debug_struct("OverlappedReadFrom")
                 .field("result", &self.result)
                 .field("allocated_buffer", &self.allocated_buffer)
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ mod _overlapped {
     }
 
     impl std::fmt::Debug for OverlappedReadFromInto {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
             f.debug_struct("OverlappedReadFromInto")
                 .field("result", &self.result)
                 .field("user_buffer", &self.user_buffer)
diff --git a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
index cff00a70aa..595caf524b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ struct ProcArgs<'a> {
     extra_groups: Option<&'a [Gid]>,
 }
 
-fn exec(args: &ForkExecArgs, procargs: ProcArgs) -> ! {
+fn exec(args: &ForkExecArgs, procargs: ProcArgs<'_>) -> ! {
     let mut ctx = ExecErrorContext::NoExec;
     match exec_inner(args, procargs, &mut ctx) {
         Ok(x) => match x {},
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ impl ExecErrorContext {
 
 fn exec_inner(
     args: &ForkExecArgs,
-    procargs: ProcArgs,
+    procargs: ProcArgs<'_>,
     ctx: &mut ExecErrorContext,
 ) -> nix::Result<Never> {
     for &fd in args.fds_to_keep.as_slice() {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/scproxy.rs b/stdlib/src/scproxy.rs
index 9bf29626ab..c63acf5343 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/scproxy.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/scproxy.rs
@@ -56,10 +56,7 @@ mod _scproxy {
                 .map(|s| {
                     unsafe { CFType::from_void(*s) }
                         .downcast::<CFString>()
-                        .map(|s| {
-                            let a_string: std::borrow::Cow<str> = (&s).into();
-                            PyStr::from(a_string.into_owned())
-                        })
+                        .map(|s| PyStr::from(s.to_string()))
                         .to_pyobject(vm)
                 })
                 .collect();
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index a38b4f123c..533a0a0b24 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -1920,7 +1920,7 @@ mod _socket {
         };
 
         let host = opts.host.as_ref().map(|s| s.as_str());
-        let port = opts.port.as_ref().map(|p| -> std::borrow::Cow<str> {
+        let port = opts.port.as_ref().map(|p| -> std::borrow::Cow<'_, str> {
             match p {
                 Either::A(s) => s.as_str().into(),
                 Either::B(i) => i.to_string().into(),
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index 5487511e20..85ce8d80fd 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
     }
 
     unsafe impl Traverse for ConnectArgs {
-        fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+        fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
             self.isolation_level.traverse(tracer_fn);
             self.factory.traverse(tracer_fn);
         }
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
     }
 
     unsafe impl Traverse for BackupArgs {
-        fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+        fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
             self.progress.traverse(tracer_fn);
             self.name.traverse(tracer_fn);
         }
@@ -867,12 +867,12 @@ mod _sqlite {
             })
         }
 
-        fn db_lock(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMappedMutexGuard<Sqlite>> {
+        fn db_lock(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMappedMutexGuard<'_, Sqlite>> {
             self.check_thread(vm)?;
             self._db_lock(vm)
         }
 
-        fn _db_lock(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMappedMutexGuard<Sqlite>> {
+        fn _db_lock(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMappedMutexGuard<'_, Sqlite>> {
             let guard = self.db.lock();
             if guard.is_some() {
                 Ok(PyMutexGuard::map(guard, |x| unsafe {
@@ -1437,7 +1437,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
             }
         }
 
-        fn inner(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMappedMutexGuard<CursorInner>> {
+        fn inner(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMappedMutexGuard<'_, CursorInner>> {
             let guard = self.inner.lock();
             if guard.is_some() {
                 Ok(PyMutexGuard::map(guard, |x| unsafe {
@@ -2103,7 +2103,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
             self.close()
         }
 
-        fn inner(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMappedMutexGuard<BlobInner>> {
+        fn inner(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMappedMutexGuard<'_, BlobInner>> {
             let guard = self.inner.lock();
             if guard.is_some() {
                 Ok(PyMutexGuard::map(guard, |x| unsafe {
@@ -2314,7 +2314,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
             }))
         }
 
-        fn lock(&self) -> PyMutexGuard<SqliteStatement> {
+        fn lock(&self) -> PyMutexGuard<'_, SqliteStatement> {
             self.st.lock()
         }
     }
@@ -2675,7 +2675,11 @@ mod _sqlite {
             Ok(())
         }
 
-        fn bind_parameters_sequence(self, seq: PySequence, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        fn bind_parameters_sequence(
+            self,
+            seq: PySequence<'_>,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<()> {
             let num_needed = unsafe { sqlite3_bind_parameter_count(self.st) };
             if seq.length(vm)? != num_needed as usize {
                 return Err(new_programming_error(
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/code.rs b/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
index d9d8895b19..3fa332b2f3 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ impl From<Literal> for PyObjectRef {
     }
 }
 
-fn borrow_obj_constant(obj: &PyObject) -> BorrowedConstant<Literal> {
+fn borrow_obj_constant(obj: &PyObject) -> BorrowedConstant<'_, Literal> {
     match_class!(match obj {
         ref i @ super::int::PyInt => {
             let value = i.as_bigint();
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ fn borrow_obj_constant(obj: &PyObject) -> BorrowedConstant<Literal> {
 
 impl Constant for Literal {
     type Name = &'static PyStrInterned;
-    fn borrow_constant(&self) -> BorrowedConstant<Self> {
+    fn borrow_constant(&self) -> BorrowedConstant<'_, Self> {
         borrow_obj_constant(&self.0)
     }
 }
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ pub struct PyObjBag<'a>(pub &'a Context);
 impl ConstantBag for PyObjBag<'_> {
     type Constant = Literal;
 
-    fn make_constant<C: Constant>(&self, constant: BorrowedConstant<C>) -> Self::Constant {
+    fn make_constant<C: Constant>(&self, constant: BorrowedConstant<'_, C>) -> Self::Constant {
         let ctx = self.0;
         let obj = match constant {
             bytecode::BorrowedConstant::Integer { value } => ctx.new_bigint(value).into(),
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ impl PyCode {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PyCode {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "code: {:?}", self.code)
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
index e54d2a1931..c8da40dc01 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub struct PyDict {
 pub type PyDictRef = PyRef<PyDict>;
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PyDict {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         // TODO: implement more detailed, non-recursive Debug formatter
         f.write_str("dict")
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
index 63cf8ac5c3..f7b5d39993 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub struct PyFunction {
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for PyFunction {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.globals.traverse(tracer_fn);
         self.closure.traverse(tracer_fn);
         self.defaults_and_kwdefaults.traverse(tracer_fn);
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs b/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
index 57c97ba62b..c03e3145b2 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ pub struct PyGenericAlias {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PyGenericAlias {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.write_str("GenericAlias")
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs b/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs
index 5a47abfac7..0bd1994801 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/iter.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub enum IterStatus<T> {
 }
 
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for IterStatus<T> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         match self {
             IterStatus::Active(r) => r.traverse(tracer_fn),
             IterStatus::Exhausted => (),
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub struct PositionIterInternal<T> {
 }
 
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for PositionIterInternal<T> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.status.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
index 3b9624694e..1d8b4a30e0 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub struct PyList {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PyList {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         // TODO: implement more detailed, non-recursive Debug formatter
         f.write_str("list")
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
index 659562cec1..385d18df0b 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ enum MappingProxyInner {
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for MappingProxyInner {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         match self {
             MappingProxyInner::Class(r) => r.traverse(tracer_fn),
             MappingProxyInner::Mapping(arg) => arg.traverse(tracer_fn),
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
index 9426730f40..e411d312db 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ impl PyMemoryView {
         ret
     }
 
-    fn obj_bytes(&self) -> BorrowedValue<[u8]> {
+    fn obj_bytes(&self) -> BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
         if self.desc.is_contiguous() {
             BorrowedValue::map(self.buffer.obj_bytes(), |x| {
                 &x[self.start..self.start + self.desc.len]
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ impl PyMemoryView {
         }
     }
 
-    fn obj_bytes_mut(&self) -> BorrowedValueMut<[u8]> {
+    fn obj_bytes_mut(&self) -> BorrowedValueMut<'_, [u8]> {
         if self.desc.is_contiguous() {
             BorrowedValueMut::map(self.buffer.obj_bytes_mut(), |x| {
                 &mut x[self.start..self.start + self.desc.len]
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ impl PyMemoryView {
         }
     }
 
-    fn as_contiguous(&self) -> Option<BorrowedValue<[u8]>> {
+    fn as_contiguous(&self) -> Option<BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]>> {
         self.desc.is_contiguous().then(|| {
             BorrowedValue::map(self.buffer.obj_bytes(), |x| {
                 &x[self.start..self.start + self.desc.len]
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ impl PyMemoryView {
         })
     }
 
-    fn _as_contiguous_mut(&self) -> Option<BorrowedValueMut<[u8]>> {
+    fn _as_contiguous_mut(&self) -> Option<BorrowedValueMut<'_, [u8]>> {
         self.desc.is_contiguous().then(|| {
             BorrowedValueMut::map(self.buffer.obj_bytes_mut(), |x| {
                 &mut x[self.start..self.start + self.desc.len]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
index 62a66c89b4..a135af1bde 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
@@ -138,14 +138,14 @@ impl PyFrozenSet {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PySet {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         // TODO: implement more detailed, non-recursive Debug formatter
         f.write_str("set")
     }
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PyFrozenSet {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         // TODO: implement more detailed, non-recursive Debug formatter
         f.write_str("PyFrozenSet ")?;
         f.debug_set().entries(self.elements().iter()).finish()
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ pub(super) struct PySetInner {
 }
 
 unsafe impl crate::object::Traverse for PySetInner {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut crate::object::TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut crate::object::TraverseFn<'_>) {
         // FIXME(discord9): Rc means shared ref, so should it be traced?
         self.content.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
@@ -1266,7 +1266,7 @@ pub(crate) struct PySetIterator {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PySetIterator {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         // TODO: implement more detailed, non-recursive Debug formatter
         f.write_str("set_iterator")
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index bf9a9f679c..3446a3d54c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ pub struct PyStr {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PyStr {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("PyStr")
             .field("value", &self.as_str())
             .field("kind", &self.kind)
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ pub struct PyStrIterator {
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for PyStrIterator {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         // No need to worry about deadlock, for inner is a PyStr and can't make ref cycle
         self.internal.lock().0.traverse(tracer);
     }
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ impl PyStr {
         }
     }
 
-    fn borrow(&self) -> &BorrowedStr {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &BorrowedStr<'_> {
         unsafe { std::mem::transmute(self) }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
index 66cb2799a7..c9af04d300 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub struct PyTuple {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PyTuple {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         // TODO: implement more informational, non-recursive Debug formatter
         f.write_str("tuple")
     }
@@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ unsafe impl<T> Traverse for PyTupleTyped<T>
 where
     T: TransmuteFromObject + Traverse,
 {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.tuple.traverse(tracer_fn);
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index 08a15575ed..e8ad67a666 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ pub struct PyType {
 }
 
 unsafe impl crate::object::Traverse for PyType {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut crate::object::TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut crate::object::TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.base.traverse(tracer_fn);
         self.bases.traverse(tracer_fn);
         self.mro.traverse(tracer_fn);
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ cfg_if::cfg_if! {
 pub type PyAttributes = IndexMap<&'static PyStrInterned, PyObjectRef, ahash::RandomState>;
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for PyAttributes {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.values().for_each(|v| v.traverse(tracer_fn));
     }
 }
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for PyType {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PyType {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "[PyType {}]", &self.name())
     }
 }
@@ -406,14 +406,14 @@ impl PyType {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn slot_name(&self) -> BorrowedValue<str> {
+    pub fn slot_name(&self) -> BorrowedValue<'_, str> {
         self.name_inner(
             |name| name.into(),
             |ext| PyRwLockReadGuard::map(ext.name.read(), |name| name.as_str()).into(),
         )
     }
 
-    pub fn name(&self) -> BorrowedValue<str> {
+    pub fn name(&self) -> BorrowedValue<'_, str> {
         self.name_inner(
             |name| name.rsplit_once('.').map_or(name, |(_, name)| name).into(),
             |ext| PyRwLockReadGuard::map(ext.name.read(), |name| name.as_str()).into(),
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/union.rs b/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
index f9dc8f3131..2798724ae5 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ pub struct PyUnion {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PyUnion {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.write_str("UnionObject")
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
index 7c8fd23834..912aa8e776 100644
--- a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ pub struct Dict<T = PyObjectRef> {
 }
 
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for Dict<T> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.inner.traverse(tracer_fn);
     }
 }
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ struct DictInner<T> {
 }
 
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for DictInner<T> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.entries
             .iter()
             .map(|v| {
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ impl<T: Clone> Dict<T> {
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
         key: &K,
         hash_value: HashValue,
-        mut lock: Option<PyRwLockReadGuard<DictInner<T>>>,
+        mut lock: Option<PyRwLockReadGuard<'_, DictInner<T>>>,
     ) -> PyResult<LookupResult> {
         let mut idxs = None;
         let mut free_slot = None;
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 5882fbe2bc..d2f410b307 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ use std::{
 };
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for PyBaseException {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.traceback.traverse(tracer_fn);
         self.cause.traverse(tracer_fn);
         self.context.traverse(tracer_fn);
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ unsafe impl Traverse for PyBaseException {
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Debug for PyBaseException {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         // TODO: implement more detailed, non-recursive Debug formatter
         f.write_str("PyBaseException")
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 7cbe25909b..ec5dad10a2 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ impl Frame {
 
 impl Py<Frame> {
     #[inline(always)]
-    fn with_exec<R>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(ExecutingFrame) -> R) -> R {
+    fn with_exec<R>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(ExecutingFrame<'_>) -> R) -> R {
         let mut state = self.state.lock();
         let exec = ExecutingFrame {
             code: &self.code,
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ struct ExecutingFrame<'a> {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for ExecutingFrame<'_> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("ExecutingFrame")
             .field("code", self.code)
             // .field("scope", self.scope)
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 Err(exception) => {
                     #[cold]
                     fn handle_exception(
-                        frame: &mut ExecutingFrame,
+                        frame: &mut ExecutingFrame<'_>,
                         exception: PyBaseExceptionRef,
                         idx: usize,
                         vm: &VirtualMachine,
@@ -2081,7 +2081,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn pop_multiple(&mut self, count: usize) -> crate::common::boxvec::Drain<PyObjectRef> {
+    fn pop_multiple(&mut self, count: usize) -> crate::common::boxvec::Drain<'_, PyObjectRef> {
         let stack_len = self.state.stack.len();
         self.state.stack.drain(stack_len - count..)
     }
@@ -2119,7 +2119,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for Frame {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         let state = self.state.lock();
         let stack_str = state.stack.iter().fold(String::new(), |mut s, elem| {
             if elem.payload_is::<Frame>() {
diff --git a/vm/src/function/argument.rs b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
index b7fd509ef1..197cfe7b96 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/argument.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ pub struct FuncArgs {
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for IndexMap<String, PyObjectRef> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.values().for_each(|v| v.traverse(tracer_fn));
     }
 }
@@ -336,7 +336,7 @@ unsafe impl<T> Traverse for KwArgs<T>
 where
     T: Traverse,
 {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.0.iter().map(|(_, v)| v.traverse(tracer_fn)).count();
     }
 }
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ unsafe impl<T> Traverse for PosArgs<T>
 where
     T: Traverse,
 {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.0.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
 }
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ impl<T> PosArgs<T> {
         self.0
     }
 
-    pub fn iter(&self) -> std::slice::Iter<T> {
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> std::slice::Iter<'_, T> {
         self.0.iter()
     }
 }
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ unsafe impl<T> Traverse for OptionalArg<T>
 where
     T: Traverse,
 {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         match self {
             OptionalArg::Present(o) => o.traverse(tracer_fn),
             OptionalArg::Missing => (),
diff --git a/vm/src/function/protocol.rs b/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
index 4b7e4c4cef..2f4b4d160a 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pub struct ArgIterable<T = PyObjectRef> {
 }
 
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for ArgIterable<T> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.iterable.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
 }
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ impl ArgMapping {
     }
 
     #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn mapping(&self) -> PyMapping {
+    pub fn mapping(&self) -> PyMapping<'_> {
         PyMapping {
             obj: &self.obj,
             methods: self.methods,
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ impl TryFromObject for ArgMapping {
 pub struct ArgSequence<T = PyObjectRef>(Vec<T>);
 
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for ArgSequence<T> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.0.traverse(tracer_fn);
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index 481111532a..56ab419c01 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -81,14 +81,17 @@ pub(super) unsafe fn drop_dealloc_obj<T: PyObjectPayload>(x: *mut PyObject) {
 }
 pub(super) unsafe fn debug_obj<T: PyObjectPayload>(
     x: &PyObject,
-    f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
+    f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
 ) -> fmt::Result {
     let x = unsafe { &*(x as *const PyObject as *const PyInner<T>) };
     fmt::Debug::fmt(x, f)
 }
 
 /// Call `try_trace` on payload
-pub(super) unsafe fn try_trace_obj<T: PyObjectPayload>(x: &PyObject, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+pub(super) unsafe fn try_trace_obj<T: PyObjectPayload>(
+    x: &PyObject,
+    tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>,
+) {
     let x = unsafe { &*(x as *const PyObject as *const PyInner<T>) };
     let payload = &x.payload;
     payload.try_traverse(tracer_fn)
@@ -113,7 +116,7 @@ pub(super) struct PyInner<T> {
 }
 
 impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for PyInner<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "[PyObject {:?}]", &self.payload)
     }
 }
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ impl<T: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for PyInner<T> {
 unsafe impl<T: PyObjectPayload> Traverse for Py<T> {
     /// DO notice that call `trace` on `Py<T>` means apply `tracer_fn` on `Py<T>`'s children,
     /// not like call `trace` on `PyRef<T>` which apply `tracer_fn` on `PyRef<T>` itself
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.0.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
 }
@@ -129,7 +132,7 @@ unsafe impl<T: PyObjectPayload> Traverse for Py<T> {
 unsafe impl Traverse for PyObject {
     /// DO notice that call `trace` on `PyObject` means apply `tracer_fn` on `PyObject`'s children,
     /// not like call `trace` on `PyObjectRef` which apply `tracer_fn` on `PyObjectRef` itself
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.0.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
 }
@@ -139,7 +142,7 @@ pub(super) struct WeakRefList {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for WeakRefList {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("WeakRefList").finish_non_exhaustive()
     }
 }
@@ -972,7 +975,7 @@ where
 }
 
 impl<T: PyObjectPayload> fmt::Debug for Py<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         (**self).fmt(f)
     }
 }
@@ -999,7 +1002,7 @@ cfg_if::cfg_if! {
 }
 
 impl<T: PyObjectPayload> fmt::Debug for PyRef<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         (**self).fmt(f)
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/object/ext.rs b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
index 8c6d367583..b2bc6eec46 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/ext.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/ext.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for PyRef<T>
 where
     T: PyObjectPayload + fmt::Display,
 {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
 }
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Py<T>
 where
     T: PyObjectPayload + fmt::Display,
 {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
 }
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ impl<T> fmt::Display for PyLease<'_, T>
 where
     T: PyPayload + fmt::Display,
 {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, f)
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
index 5f93dc5c8b..9ff0f88343 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub trait MaybeTraverse {
     /// if is traceable, will be used by vtable to determine
     const IS_TRACE: bool = false;
     // if this type is traceable, then call with tracer_fn, default to do nothing
-    fn try_traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn);
+    fn try_traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>);
 }
 
 /// Type that need traverse it's children should impl `Traverse`(Not `MaybeTraverse`)
@@ -27,28 +27,28 @@ pub unsafe trait Traverse {
     ///   but if some field is called repeatedly, panic and deadlock can happen.
     ///
     /// - _**DO NOT**_ clone a `PyObjectRef` or `Pyef<T>` in `traverse()`
-    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn);
+    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>);
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for PyObjectRef {
-    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         traverse_fn(self)
     }
 }
 
 unsafe impl<T: PyObjectPayload> Traverse for PyRef<T> {
-    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         traverse_fn(self.as_object())
     }
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for () {
-    fn traverse(&self, _traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {}
+    fn traverse(&self, _traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {}
 }
 
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for Option<T> {
     #[inline]
-    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         if let Some(v) = self {
             v.traverse(traverse_fn);
         }
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ where
     T: Traverse,
 {
     #[inline]
-    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         for elem in self {
             elem.traverse(traverse_fn);
         }
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ where
     T: Traverse,
 {
     #[inline]
-    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         for elem in &**self {
             elem.traverse(traverse_fn);
         }
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ where
     T: Traverse,
 {
     #[inline]
-    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         for elem in self {
             elem.traverse(traverse_fn);
         }
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ where
 
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for PyRwLock<T> {
     #[inline]
-    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         // if can't get a lock, this means something else is holding the lock,
         // but since gc stopped the world, during gc the lock is always held
         // so it is safe to ignore those in gc
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for PyRwLock<T> {
 /// and refcnt is atomic, so it should be fine?)
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for PyMutex<T> {
     #[inline]
-    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         let mut chs: Vec<NonNull<PyObject>> = Vec::new();
         if let Some(obj) = self.try_lock() {
             obj.traverse(&mut |ch| {
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ macro_rules! trace_tuple {
     ($(($NAME: ident, $NUM: tt)),*) => {
         unsafe impl<$($NAME: Traverse),*> Traverse for ($($NAME),*) {
             #[inline]
-            fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+            fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
                 $(
                     self.$NUM.traverse(traverse_fn);
                 )*
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ macro_rules! trace_tuple {
 
 unsafe impl<A: Traverse, B: Traverse> Traverse for Either<A, B> {
     #[inline]
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         match self {
             Either::A(a) => a.traverse(tracer_fn),
             Either::B(b) => b.traverse(tracer_fn),
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ unsafe impl<A: Traverse, B: Traverse> Traverse for Either<A, B> {
 // because long tuple is extremely rare in almost every case
 unsafe impl<A: Traverse> Traverse for (A,) {
     #[inline]
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.0.traverse(tracer_fn);
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs b/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
index 682ddf4876..2cf4fba2d3 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/traverse_object.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ use super::{Traverse, TraverseFn};
 
 pub(in crate::object) struct PyObjVTable {
     pub(in crate::object) drop_dealloc: unsafe fn(*mut PyObject),
-    pub(in crate::object) debug: unsafe fn(&PyObject, &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result,
-    pub(in crate::object) trace: Option<unsafe fn(&PyObject, &mut TraverseFn)>,
+    pub(in crate::object) debug: unsafe fn(&PyObject, &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result,
+    pub(in crate::object) trace: Option<unsafe fn(&PyObject, &mut TraverseFn<'_>)>,
 }
 
 impl PyObjVTable {
@@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ impl PyObjVTable {
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for InstanceDict {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.d.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for PyInner<Erased> {
     /// Because PyObject hold a `PyInner<Erased>`, so we need to trace it
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         // 1. trace `dict` and `slots` field(`typ` can't trace for it's a AtomicRef while is leaked by design)
         // 2. call vtable's trace function to trace payload
         // self.typ.trace(tracer_fn);
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ unsafe impl Traverse for PyInner<Erased> {
 
 unsafe impl<T: PyObjectPayload> Traverse for PyInner<T> {
     /// Type is known, so we can call `try_trace` directly instead of using erased type vtable
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         // 1. trace `dict` and `slots` field(`typ` can't trace for it's a AtomicRef while is leaked by design)
         // 2. call corresponding `try_trace` function to trace payload
         // (No need to call vtable's trace function because we already know the type)
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
index 8692e4f78e..e3b03b4f80 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ use itertools::Itertools;
 use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt::Debug, ops::Range};
 
 pub struct BufferMethods {
-    pub obj_bytes: fn(&PyBuffer) -> BorrowedValue<[u8]>,
-    pub obj_bytes_mut: fn(&PyBuffer) -> BorrowedValueMut<[u8]>,
+    pub obj_bytes: fn(&PyBuffer) -> BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]>,
+    pub obj_bytes_mut: fn(&PyBuffer) -> BorrowedValueMut<'_, [u8]>,
     pub release: fn(&PyBuffer),
     pub retain: fn(&PyBuffer),
 }
@@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ impl PyBuffer {
         zelf
     }
 
-    pub fn as_contiguous(&self) -> Option<BorrowedValue<[u8]>> {
+    pub fn as_contiguous(&self) -> Option<BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]>> {
         self.desc
             .is_contiguous()
             .then(|| unsafe { self.contiguous_unchecked() })
     }
 
-    pub fn as_contiguous_mut(&self) -> Option<BorrowedValueMut<[u8]>> {
+    pub fn as_contiguous_mut(&self) -> Option<BorrowedValueMut<'_, [u8]>> {
         (!self.desc.readonly && self.desc.is_contiguous())
             .then(|| unsafe { self.contiguous_mut_unchecked() })
     }
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ impl PyBuffer {
 
     /// # Safety
     /// assume the buffer is contiguous
-    pub unsafe fn contiguous_unchecked(&self) -> BorrowedValue<[u8]> {
+    pub unsafe fn contiguous_unchecked(&self) -> BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
         self.obj_bytes()
     }
 
     /// # Safety
     /// assume the buffer is contiguous and writable
-    pub unsafe fn contiguous_mut_unchecked(&self) -> BorrowedValueMut<[u8]> {
+    pub unsafe fn contiguous_mut_unchecked(&self) -> BorrowedValueMut<'_, [u8]> {
         self.obj_bytes_mut()
     }
 
@@ -113,11 +113,11 @@ impl PyBuffer {
         unsafe { self.obj.downcast_unchecked_ref() }
     }
 
-    pub fn obj_bytes(&self) -> BorrowedValue<[u8]> {
+    pub fn obj_bytes(&self) -> BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
         (self.methods.obj_bytes)(self)
     }
 
-    pub fn obj_bytes_mut(&self) -> BorrowedValueMut<[u8]> {
+    pub fn obj_bytes_mut(&self) -> BorrowedValueMut<'_, [u8]> {
         (self.methods.obj_bytes_mut)(self)
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/callable.rs b/vm/src/protocol/callable.rs
index ca10555720..1444b6bf73 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/callable.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/callable.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ enum TraceEvent {
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Display for TraceEvent {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         use TraceEvent::*;
         match self {
             Call => write!(f, "call"),
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs b/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
index 345914e411..a7491a3897 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ where
     O: Borrow<PyObject>;
 
 unsafe impl<O: Borrow<PyObject>> Traverse for PyIter<O> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.0.borrow().traverse(tracer_fn);
     }
 }
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ where
 
 impl PyIter<PyObjectRef> {
     /// Returns an iterator over this sequence of objects.
-    pub fn into_iter<U>(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyIterIter<U, PyObjectRef>> {
+    pub fn into_iter<U>(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyIterIter<'_, U, PyObjectRef>> {
         let length_hint = vm.length_hint_opt(self.as_object().to_owned())?;
         Ok(PyIterIter::new(vm, self.0, length_hint))
     }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ pub enum PyIterReturn<T = PyObjectRef> {
 }
 
 unsafe impl<T: Traverse> Traverse for PyIterReturn<T> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         match self {
             PyIterReturn::Return(r) => r.traverse(tracer_fn),
             PyIterReturn::StopIteration(Some(obj)) => obj.traverse(tracer_fn),
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ unsafe impl<T, O> Traverse for PyIterIter<'_, T, O>
 where
     O: Traverse + Borrow<PyObject>,
 {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.obj.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs b/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs
index cbecc8762e..6b60ae6e05 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/mapping.rs
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ impl PyObject {
 #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct PyMappingMethods {
-    pub length: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PyMapping, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize>>>,
-    pub subscript: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PyMapping, &PyObject, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
+    pub length: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PyMapping<'_>, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize>>>,
+    pub subscript: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PyMapping<'_>, &PyObject, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
     pub ass_subscript: AtomicCell<
-        Option<fn(PyMapping, &PyObject, Option<PyObjectRef>, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()>>,
+        Option<fn(PyMapping<'_>, &PyObject, Option<PyObjectRef>, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()>>,
     >,
 }
 
 impl std::fmt::Debug for PyMappingMethods {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "mapping methods")
     }
 }
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ pub struct PyMapping<'a> {
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for PyMapping<'_> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.obj.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
index 65c4eaad79..2b6720e843 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ use crate::{
     stdlib::warnings,
 };
 
-pub type PyNumberUnaryFunc<R = PyObjectRef> = fn(PyNumber, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<R>;
+pub type PyNumberUnaryFunc<R = PyObjectRef> = fn(PyNumber<'_>, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<R>;
 pub type PyNumberBinaryFunc = fn(&PyObject, &PyObject, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult;
 pub type PyNumberTernaryFunc = fn(&PyObject, &PyObject, &PyObject, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult;
 
 impl PyObject {
     #[inline]
-    pub fn to_number(&self) -> PyNumber {
+    pub fn to_number(&self) -> PyNumber<'_> {
         PyNumber(self)
     }
 
@@ -427,7 +427,7 @@ impl PyNumberSlots {
 pub struct PyNumber<'a>(&'a PyObject);
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for PyNumber<'_> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.0.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs b/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
index 46ac0c8be7..5d5622c156 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
@@ -28,16 +28,18 @@ impl PyObject {
 #[allow(clippy::type_complexity)]
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct PySequenceMethods {
-    pub length: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize>>>,
-    pub concat: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence, &PyObject, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
-    pub repeat: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence, isize, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
-    pub item: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence, isize, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
+    pub length: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence<'_>, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize>>>,
+    pub concat: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence<'_>, &PyObject, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
+    pub repeat: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence<'_>, isize, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
+    pub item: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence<'_>, isize, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
     pub ass_item: AtomicCell<
-        Option<fn(PySequence, isize, Option<PyObjectRef>, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()>>,
+        Option<fn(PySequence<'_>, isize, Option<PyObjectRef>, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()>>,
     >,
-    pub contains: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence, &PyObject, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool>>>,
-    pub inplace_concat: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence, &PyObject, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
-    pub inplace_repeat: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence, isize, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
+    pub contains:
+        AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence<'_>, &PyObject, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool>>>,
+    pub inplace_concat:
+        AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence<'_>, &PyObject, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
+    pub inplace_repeat: AtomicCell<Option<fn(PySequence<'_>, isize, &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult>>,
 }
 
 impl Debug for PySequenceMethods {
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ pub struct PySequence<'a> {
 }
 
 unsafe impl Traverse for PySequence<'_> {
-    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn) {
+    fn traverse(&self, tracer_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>) {
         self.obj.traverse(tracer_fn)
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/py_io.rs b/vm/src/py_io.rs
index 0d7c319bc0..c50f09e2bf 100644
--- a/vm/src/py_io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/py_io.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use std::{fmt, io, ops};
 
 pub trait Write {
     type Error;
-    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: fmt::Arguments) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
 }
 
 #[repr(transparent)]
@@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ where
     W: io::Write,
 {
     type Error = io::Error;
-    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: fmt::Arguments) -> io::Result<()> {
+    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> io::Result<()> {
         <W as io::Write>::write_fmt(&mut self.0, args)
     }
 }
 
 impl Write for String {
     type Error = fmt::Error;
-    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: fmt::Arguments) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         <String as fmt::Write>::write_fmt(self, args)
     }
 }
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ pub struct PyWriter<'vm>(pub PyObjectRef, pub &'vm VirtualMachine);
 
 impl Write for PyWriter<'_> {
     type Error = PyBaseExceptionRef;
-    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: fmt::Arguments) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+    fn write_fmt(&mut self, args: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
         let PyWriter(obj, vm) = self;
         vm.call_method(obj, "write", (args.to_string(),)).map(drop)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/py_serde.rs b/vm/src/py_serde.rs
index ea72879e42..6c23f924e1 100644
--- a/vm/src/py_serde.rs
+++ b/vm/src/py_serde.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl<'s> PyObjectSerializer<'s> {
         PyObjectSerializer { pyobject, vm }
     }
 
-    fn clone_with_object(&self, pyobject: &'s PyObjectRef) -> PyObjectSerializer {
+    fn clone_with_object(&self, pyobject: &'s PyObjectRef) -> PyObjectSerializer<'_> {
         PyObjectSerializer {
             pyobject,
             vm: self.vm,
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ impl<'de> DeserializeSeed<'de> for PyObjectDeserializer<'de> {
 impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for PyObjectDeserializer<'de> {
     type Value = PyObjectRef;
 
-    fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn expecting(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
         formatter.write_str("a type that can deserialize in Python")
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/scope.rs b/vm/src/scope.rs
index 12b878f847..e01209857c 100644
--- a/vm/src/scope.rs
+++ b/vm/src/scope.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ pub struct Scope {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for Scope {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         // TODO: have a more informative Debug impl that DOESN'T recurse and cause a stack overflow
         f.write_str("Scope")
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/signal.rs b/vm/src/signal.rs
index 346664fa24..846114794b 100644
--- a/vm/src/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/signal.rs
@@ -107,14 +107,14 @@ impl UserSignalSender {
 pub struct UserSignalSendError(pub UserSignal);
 
 impl fmt::Debug for UserSignalSendError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("UserSignalSendError")
             .finish_non_exhaustive()
     }
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for UserSignalSendError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.write_str("sending a signal to a exited vm")
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs
index 94b6327440..f777d26bc0 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub struct SharedLibrary {
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for SharedLibrary {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "SharedLibrary")
     }
 }
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ impl SharedLibrary {
             unsafe {
                 inner
                     .get(name.as_bytes())
-                    .map(|f: libloading::Symbol<*mut c_void>| *f)
+                    .map(|f: libloading::Symbol<'_, *mut c_void>| *f)
                     .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
             }
         } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 1b5eb6d60c..0f472fd940 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -1392,7 +1392,7 @@ mod _io {
         const WRITABLE: bool;
         const SEEKABLE: bool = false;
         fn data(&self) -> &PyThreadMutex<BufferedData>;
-        fn lock(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyThreadMutexGuard<BufferedData>> {
+        fn lock(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyThreadMutexGuard<'_, BufferedData>> {
             self.data()
                 .lock()
                 .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_runtime_error("reentrant call inside buffered io".to_owned()))
@@ -2273,13 +2273,13 @@ mod _io {
         fn lock_opt(
             &self,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> PyResult<PyThreadMutexGuard<Option<TextIOData>>> {
+        ) -> PyResult<PyThreadMutexGuard<'_, Option<TextIOData>>> {
             self.data
                 .lock()
                 .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_runtime_error("reentrant call inside textio".to_owned()))
         }
 
-        fn lock(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMappedThreadMutexGuard<TextIOData>> {
+        fn lock(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyMappedThreadMutexGuard<'_, TextIOData>> {
             let lock = self.lock_opt(vm)?;
             PyThreadMutexGuard::try_map(lock, |x| x.as_mut())
                 .map_err(|_| vm.new_value_error("I/O operation on uninitialized object".to_owned()))
@@ -3210,7 +3210,7 @@ mod _io {
         fn lock_opt(
             &self,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> PyResult<PyThreadMutexGuard<Option<IncrementalNewlineDecoderData>>> {
+        ) -> PyResult<PyThreadMutexGuard<'_, Option<IncrementalNewlineDecoderData>>> {
             self.data
                 .lock()
                 .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_runtime_error("reentrant call inside nldecoder".to_owned()))
@@ -3219,7 +3219,7 @@ mod _io {
         fn lock(
             &self,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> PyResult<PyMappedThreadMutexGuard<IncrementalNewlineDecoderData>> {
+        ) -> PyResult<PyMappedThreadMutexGuard<'_, IncrementalNewlineDecoderData>> {
             let lock = self.lock_opt(vm)?;
             PyThreadMutexGuard::try_map(lock, |x| x.as_mut()).map_err(|_| {
                 vm.new_value_error("I/O operation on uninitialized nldecoder".to_owned())
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index 7d620c13d9..193976a62d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ mod _sre {
     trait SreStr: StrDrive {
         fn slice(&self, start: usize, end: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef;
 
-        fn create_request(self, pattern: &Pattern, start: usize, end: usize) -> Request<Self> {
+        fn create_request(self, pattern: &Pattern, start: usize, end: usize) -> Request<'_, Self> {
             Request::new(self, start, end, &pattern.code, false)
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs
index 13a4105111..7a575cb089 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/symtable.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ mod symtable {
     }
 
     impl fmt::Debug for PySymbolTable {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
             write!(f, "SymbolTable()")
         }
     }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ mod symtable {
     }
 
     impl fmt::Debug for PySymbol {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
             write!(f, "Symbol()")
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
index bca7930437..a664d6cdc5 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _thread {
     }
 
     impl fmt::Debug for Lock {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
             f.pad("Lock")
         }
     }
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _thread {
     }
 
     impl fmt::Debug for RLock {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
             f.pad("RLock")
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 37a518e504..c464dc3abf 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ mod decl {
     }
 
     impl std::fmt::Debug for PyStructTime {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
             write!(f, "struct_time()")
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/types/slot.rs b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
index de651580d9..2d8c825817 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/slot.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
@@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@ pub trait AsMapping: PyPayload {
     fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn mapping_downcast(mapping: PyMapping) -> &Py<Self> {
+    fn mapping_downcast(mapping: PyMapping<'_>) -> &Py<Self> {
         unsafe { mapping.obj.downcast_unchecked_ref() }
     }
 }
@@ -1243,7 +1243,7 @@ pub trait AsSequence: PyPayload {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn sequence_downcast(seq: PySequence) -> &Py<Self> {
+    fn sequence_downcast(seq: PySequence<'_>) -> &Py<Self> {
         unsafe { seq.obj.downcast_unchecked_ref() }
     }
 }
@@ -1259,12 +1259,12 @@ pub trait AsNumber: PyPayload {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn number_downcast(num: PyNumber) -> &Py<Self> {
+    fn number_downcast(num: PyNumber<'_>) -> &Py<Self> {
         unsafe { num.obj().downcast_unchecked_ref() }
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn number_downcast_exact(num: PyNumber, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
+    fn number_downcast_exact(num: PyNumber<'_>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Self> {
         if let Some(zelf) = num.downcast_ref_if_exact::<Self>(vm) {
             zelf.to_owned()
         } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 05ac245a0a..dd647e36f8 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -497,7 +497,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn current_frame(&self) -> Option<Ref<FrameRef>> {
+    pub fn current_frame(&self) -> Option<Ref<'_, FrameRef>> {
         let frames = self.frames.borrow();
         if frames.is_empty() {
             None
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             .locals(self)
     }
 
-    pub fn current_globals(&self) -> Ref<PyDictRef> {
+    pub fn current_globals(&self) -> Ref<'_, PyDictRef> {
         let frame = self
             .current_frame()
             .expect("called current_globals but no frames on the stack");
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
index 3425da3371..bf0a6046fa 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
@@ -122,14 +122,14 @@ pub struct State {
 }
 
 impl State {
-    pub fn reset<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, start: usize) {
+    pub fn reset<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<'_, S>, start: usize) {
         self.marks.clear();
         self.repeat_stack.clear();
         self.start = start;
         req.string.adjust_cursor(&mut self.cursor, start);
     }
 
-    pub fn pymatch<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
+    pub fn pymatch<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<'_, S>) -> bool {
         self.start = req.start;
         req.string.adjust_cursor(&mut self.cursor, self.start);
 
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ impl State {
         _match(req, self, ctx)
     }
 
-    pub fn search<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, mut req: Request<S>) -> bool {
+    pub fn search<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, mut req: Request<'_, S>) -> bool {
         self.start = req.start;
         req.string.adjust_cursor(&mut self.cursor, self.start);
 
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ enum Jump {
     PossessiveRepeat4,
 }
 
-fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContext) -> bool {
+fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'_, S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContext) -> bool {
     let mut context_stack = vec![];
     let mut popped_result = false;
 
@@ -882,7 +882,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchContex
 }
 
 fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &mut Request<S>,
+    req: &mut Request<'_, S>,
     state: &mut State,
     mut ctx: MatchContext,
 ) -> bool {
@@ -998,7 +998,7 @@ fn search_info_literal<const LITERAL: bool, S: StrDrive>(
 }
 
 fn search_info_charset<S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &mut Request<S>,
+    req: &mut Request<'_, S>,
     state: &mut State,
     mut ctx: MatchContext,
 ) -> bool {
@@ -1054,11 +1054,11 @@ impl MatchContext {
         &req.pattern_codes[self.code_position..]
     }
 
-    fn remaining_codes<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> usize {
+    fn remaining_codes<S>(&self, req: &Request<'_, S>) -> usize {
         req.pattern_codes.len() - self.code_position
     }
 
-    fn remaining_chars<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> usize {
+    fn remaining_chars<S>(&self, req: &Request<'_, S>) -> usize {
         req.end - self.cursor.position
     }
 
@@ -1086,11 +1086,11 @@ impl MatchContext {
         S::back_advance(&mut self.cursor)
     }
 
-    fn peek_code<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
+    fn peek_code<S>(&self, req: &Request<'_, S>, peek: usize) -> u32 {
         req.pattern_codes[self.code_position + peek]
     }
 
-    fn try_peek_code_as<T, S>(&self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) -> Result<T, T::Error>
+    fn try_peek_code_as<T, S>(&self, req: &Request<'_, S>, peek: usize) -> Result<T, T::Error>
     where
         T: TryFrom<u32>,
     {
@@ -1101,7 +1101,7 @@ impl MatchContext {
         self.code_position += skip;
     }
 
-    fn skip_code_from<S>(&mut self, req: &Request<S>, peek: usize) {
+    fn skip_code_from<S>(&mut self, req: &Request<'_, S>, peek: usize) {
         self.skip_code(self.peek_code(req, peek) as usize + 1);
     }
 
@@ -1110,17 +1110,17 @@ impl MatchContext {
         self.cursor.position == 0
     }
 
-    fn at_end<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
+    fn at_end<S>(&self, req: &Request<'_, S>) -> bool {
         self.cursor.position == req.end
     }
 
-    fn at_linebreak<S: StrDrive>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
+    fn at_linebreak<S: StrDrive>(&self, req: &Request<'_, S>) -> bool {
         !self.at_end(req) && is_linebreak(self.peek_char::<S>())
     }
 
     fn at_boundary<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
         &self,
-        req: &Request<S>,
+        req: &Request<'_, S>,
         mut word_checker: F,
     ) -> bool {
         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(req) {
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ impl MatchContext {
 
     fn at_non_boundary<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32) -> bool>(
         &self,
-        req: &Request<S>,
+        req: &Request<'_, S>,
         mut word_checker: F,
     ) -> bool {
         if self.at_beginning() && self.at_end(req) {
@@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@ impl MatchContext {
         this == that
     }
 
-    fn can_success<S>(&self, req: &Request<S>) -> bool {
+    fn can_success<S>(&self, req: &Request<'_, S>) -> bool {
         if !self.toplevel {
             return true;
         }
@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ impl MatchContext {
     }
 
     #[must_use]
-    fn next_peek_from<S>(&mut self, peek: usize, req: &Request<S>, jump: Jump) -> Self {
+    fn next_peek_from<S>(&mut self, peek: usize, req: &Request<'_, S>, jump: Jump) -> Self {
         self.next_offset(self.peek_code(req, peek) as usize + 1, jump)
     }
 
@@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ impl MatchContext {
     }
 }
 
-fn at<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<S>, ctx: &MatchContext, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
+fn at<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'_, S>, ctx: &MatchContext, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
     match atcode {
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => ctx.at_beginning(),
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => ctx.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(ctx.back_peek_char::<S>()),
@@ -1327,7 +1327,7 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
 }
 
 fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
-    req: &Request<S>,
+    req: &Request<'_, S>,
     state: &mut State,
     ctx: &mut MatchContext,
     max_count: usize,
@@ -1399,7 +1399,7 @@ fn _count<S: StrDrive>(
 }
 
 fn general_count_literal<S: StrDrive, F: FnMut(u32, u32) -> bool>(
-    req: &Request<S>,
+    req: &Request<'_, S>,
     ctx: &mut MatchContext,
     end: usize,
     mut f: F,
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs b/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
index e25499df4d..a5b7281481 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ mod _js {
     }
 
     impl fmt::Debug for JsClosure {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
             f.pad("JsClosure")
         }
     }
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/lib.rs b/wasm/lib/src/lib.rs
index a5f1a5895a..8d1d19ddae 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub(crate) use vm_class::weak_vm;
 use wasm_bindgen::prelude::*;
 
 /// Sets error info on the window object, and prints the backtrace to console
-pub fn panic_hook(info: &panic::PanicHookInfo) {
+pub fn panic_hook(info: &panic::PanicHookInfo<'_>) {
     // If something errors, just ignore it; we don't want to panic in the panic hook
     let try_set_info = || {
         let msg = &info.to_string();

From 56196890f56cf3341e10c4a0ae21e9e8c88ffde9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Mar 2025 01:18:17 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 470/705] Actions caching for nodejs (#5575)

* caching for nodejs and various CI dependency updates

* commit the package-lock.json
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml   |   10 +-
 wasm/demo/package-lock.json | 5623 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 5630 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 wasm/demo/package-lock.json

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 23f47b574c..73b5cc1cd6 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ on:
   pull_request:
     types: [unlabeled, opened, synchronize, reopened]
   merge_group:
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 name: CI
 
@@ -360,15 +361,18 @@ jobs:
         run: curl https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-pack/installer/init.sh -sSf | sh
       - name: install geckodriver
         run: |
-          wget https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases/download/v0.34.0/geckodriver-v0.34.0-linux64.tar.gz
+          wget https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases/download/v0.36.0/geckodriver-v0.36.0-linux64.tar.gz
           mkdir geckodriver
-          tar -xzf geckodriver-v0.34.0-linux64.tar.gz -C geckodriver
+          tar -xzf geckodriver-v0.36.0-linux64.tar.gz -C geckodriver
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
       - run: python -m pip install -r requirements.txt
         working-directory: ./wasm/tests
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          cache: "npm"
+          cache-dependency-path: "wasm/demo/package-lock.json"
       - name: run test
         run: |
           export PATH=$PATH:`pwd`/../../geckodriver
@@ -378,7 +382,7 @@ jobs:
           NODE_OPTIONS: "--openssl-legacy-provider"
         working-directory: ./wasm/demo
       - uses: mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action@v3
-        with: { wabt-version: "1.0.30" }
+        with: { wabt-version: "1.0.36" }
       - name: check wasm32-unknown without js
         run: |
           cd wasm/wasm-unknown-test
diff --git a/wasm/demo/package-lock.json b/wasm/demo/package-lock.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..01753cf48f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wasm/demo/package-lock.json
@@ -0,0 +1,5623 @@
+{
+    "name": "app",
+    "version": "1.0.0",
+    "lockfileVersion": 3,
+    "requires": true,
+    "packages": {
+        "": {
+            "name": "app",
+            "version": "1.0.0",
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@codemirror/lang-python": "^6.1.6",
+                "@xterm/addon-fit": "^0.10.0",
+                "@xterm/xterm": "^5.3.0",
+                "codemirror": "^6.0.1",
+                "upgrade": "^1.1.0",
+                "xterm-readline": "^1.1.2"
+            },
+            "devDependencies": {
+                "@wasm-tool/wasm-pack-plugin": "^1.7.0",
+                "css-loader": "^7.1.2",
+                "html-webpack-plugin": "^5.6.3",
+                "mini-css-extract-plugin": "^2.9.2",
+                "serve": "^14.2.4",
+                "webpack": "^5.97.1",
+                "webpack-cli": "^6.0.1",
+                "webpack-dev-server": "^5.2.0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@codemirror/autocomplete": {
+            "version": "6.18.6",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@codemirror/autocomplete/-/autocomplete-6.18.6.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-PHHBXFomUs5DF+9tCOM/UoW6XQ4R44lLNNhRaW9PKPTU0D7lIjRg3ElxaJnTwsl/oHiR93WSXDBrekhoUGCPtg==",
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@codemirror/language": "^6.0.0",
+                "@codemirror/state": "^6.0.0",
+                "@codemirror/view": "^6.17.0",
+                "@lezer/common": "^1.0.0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@codemirror/commands": {
+            "version": "6.8.0",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@codemirror/commands/-/commands-6.8.0.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-q8VPEFaEP4ikSlt6ZxjB3zW72+7osfAYW9i8Zu943uqbKuz6utc1+F170hyLUCUltXORjQXRyYQNfkckzA/bPQ==",
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@codemirror/language": "^6.0.0",
+                "@codemirror/state": "^6.4.0",
+                "@codemirror/view": "^6.27.0",
+                "@lezer/common": "^1.1.0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@codemirror/lang-python": {
+            "version": "6.1.7",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@codemirror/lang-python/-/lang-python-6.1.7.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-mZnFTsL4lW5p9ch8uKNKeRU3xGGxr1QpESLilfON2E3fQzOa/OygEMkaDvERvXDJWJA9U9oN/D4w0ZuUzNO4+g==",
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@codemirror/autocomplete": "^6.3.2",
+                "@codemirror/language": "^6.8.0",
+                "@codemirror/state": "^6.0.0",
+                "@lezer/common": "^1.2.1",
+                "@lezer/python": "^1.1.4"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@codemirror/language": {
+            "version": "6.10.8",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@codemirror/language/-/language-6.10.8.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-wcP8XPPhDH2vTqf181U8MbZnW+tDyPYy0UzVOa+oHORjyT+mhhom9vBd7dApJwoDz9Nb/a8kHjJIsuA/t8vNFw==",
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@codemirror/state": "^6.0.0",
+                "@codemirror/view": "^6.23.0",
+                "@lezer/common": "^1.1.0",
+                "@lezer/highlight": "^1.0.0",
+                "@lezer/lr": "^1.0.0",
+                "style-mod": "^4.0.0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@codemirror/lint": {
+            "version": "6.8.4",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@codemirror/lint/-/lint-6.8.4.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-u4q7PnZlJUojeRe8FJa/njJcMctISGgPQ4PnWsd9268R4ZTtU+tfFYmwkBvgcrK2+QQ8tYFVALVb5fVJykKc5A==",
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@codemirror/state": "^6.0.0",
+                "@codemirror/view": "^6.35.0",
+                "crelt": "^1.0.5"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@codemirror/search": {
+            "version": "6.5.10",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@codemirror/search/-/search-6.5.10.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-RMdPdmsrUf53pb2VwflKGHEe1XVM07hI7vV2ntgw1dmqhimpatSJKva4VA9h4TLUDOD4EIF02201oZurpnEFsg==",
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@codemirror/state": "^6.0.0",
+                "@codemirror/view": "^6.0.0",
+                "crelt": "^1.0.5"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@codemirror/state": {
+            "version": "6.5.2",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@codemirror/state/-/state-6.5.2.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-FVqsPqtPWKVVL3dPSxy8wEF/ymIEuVzF1PK3VbUgrxXpJUSHQWWZz4JMToquRxnkw+36LTamCZG2iua2Ptq0fA==",
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@marijn/find-cluster-break": "^1.0.0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@codemirror/view": {
+            "version": "6.36.3",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@codemirror/view/-/view-6.36.3.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-N2bilM47QWC8Hnx0rMdDxO2x2ImJ1FvZWXubwKgjeoOrWwEiFrtpA7SFHcuZ+o2Ze2VzbkgbzWVj4+V18LVkeg==",
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@codemirror/state": "^6.5.0",
+                "style-mod": "^4.1.0",
+                "w3c-keyname": "^2.2.4"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@discoveryjs/json-ext": {
+            "version": "0.6.3",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@discoveryjs/json-ext/-/json-ext-0.6.3.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-4B4OijXeVNOPZlYA2oEwWOTkzyltLao+xbotHQeqN++Rv27Y6s818+n2Qkp8q+Fxhn0t/5lA5X1Mxktud8eayQ==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "engines": {
+                "node": ">=14.17.0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@jridgewell/gen-mapping": {
+            "version": "0.3.8",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@jridgewell/gen-mapping/-/gen-mapping-0.3.8.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-imAbBGkb+ebQyxKgzv5Hu2nmROxoDOXHh80evxdoXNOrvAnVx7zimzc1Oo5h9RlfV4vPXaE2iM5pOFbvOCClWA==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@jridgewell/set-array": "^1.2.1",
+                "@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": "^1.4.10",
+                "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.24"
+            },
+            "engines": {
+                "node": ">=6.0.0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@jridgewell/resolve-uri": {
+            "version": "3.1.2",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@jridgewell/resolve-uri/-/resolve-uri-3.1.2.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-bRISgCIjP20/tbWSPWMEi54QVPRZExkuD9lJL+UIxUKtwVJA8wW1Trb1jMs1RFXo1CBTNZ/5hpC9QvmKWdopKw==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "engines": {
+                "node": ">=6.0.0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@jridgewell/set-array": {
+            "version": "1.2.1",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@jridgewell/set-array/-/set-array-1.2.1.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-R8gLRTZeyp03ymzP/6Lil/28tGeGEzhx1q2k703KGWRAI1VdvPIXdG70VJc2pAMw3NA6JKL5hhFu1sJX0Mnn/A==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "engines": {
+                "node": ">=6.0.0"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@jridgewell/source-map": {
+            "version": "0.3.6",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@jridgewell/source-map/-/source-map-0.3.6.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-1ZJTZebgqllO79ue2bm3rIGud/bOe0pP5BjSRCRxxYkEZS8STV7zN84UBbiYu7jy+eCKSnVIUgoWWE/tt+shMQ==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "dependencies": {
+                "@jridgewell/gen-mapping": "^0.3.5",
+                "@jridgewell/trace-mapping": "^0.3.25"
+            }
+        },
+        "node_modules/@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec": {
+            "version": "1.5.0",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@jridgewell/sourcemap-codec/-/sourcemap-codec-1.5.0.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-gv3ZRaISU3fjPAgNsriBRqGWQL6quFx04YMPW/zD8XMLsU32mhCCbfbO6KZFLjvYpCZ8zyDEgqsgf+PwPaM7GQ==",
+            "dev": true,
+            "license": "MIT"
+        },
+        "node_modules/@jridgewell/trace-mapping": {
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+    }
+}

From 40e3f49ab71d40e172f6dc94c78bca857da7bf4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Mar 2025 22:53:04 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 471/705] _ctypes pt. 3 (#5530)

* Initial CFuncPtr implementation

* function calling via libffi

* working no-arg function call

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock                              |  35 ++---
 extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py | 134 ++++++++++++++++++
 vm/Cargo.toml                           |   5 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs                 |  27 +++-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs            |  25 ++++
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs        | 176 ++++++++++++++++++++++--
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs         |  35 ++---
 vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs                    |  10 +-
 8 files changed, 386 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 67e0813b7b..ec6e5f0295 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
-version = "1.0.95"
+version = "1.0.96"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34ac096ce696dc2fcabef30516bb13c0a68a11d30131d3df6f04711467681b04"
+checksum = "6b964d184e89d9b6b67dd2715bc8e74cf3107fb2b529990c90cf517326150bf4"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "approx"
@@ -1757,7 +1757,7 @@ checksum = "3779b94aeb87e8bd4e834cee3650289ee9e0d5677f976ecdb6d219e5f4f6cd94"
 dependencies = [
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
  "rand_core 0.9.1",
- "zerocopy 0.8.18",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.20",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1796,7 +1796,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a88e0da7a2c97baa202165137c158d0a2e824ac465d13d81046727b34cb247d3"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.3.1",
- "zerocopy 0.8.18",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.20",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2282,6 +2282,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "junction",
  "libc",
+ "libffi",
  "libloading",
  "log",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2421,9 +2422,9 @@ checksum = "f79dfe2d285b0488816f30e700a7438c5a73d816b5b7d3ac72fbc48b0d185e03"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.217"
+version = "1.0.218"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "02fc4265df13d6fa1d00ecff087228cc0a2b5f3c0e87e258d8b94a156e984c70"
+checksum = "e8dfc9d19bdbf6d17e22319da49161d5d0108e4188e8b680aef6299eed22df60"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
@@ -2452,9 +2453,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.217"
+version = "1.0.218"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5a9bf7cf98d04a2b28aead066b7496853d4779c9cc183c440dbac457641e19a0"
+checksum = "f09503e191f4e797cb8aac08e9a4a4695c5edf6a2e70e376d961ddd5c969f82b"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2463,9 +2464,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.138"
+version = "1.0.139"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d434192e7da787e94a6ea7e9670b26a036d0ca41e0b7efb2676dd32bae872949"
+checksum = "44f86c3acccc9c65b153fe1b85a3be07fe5515274ec9f0653b4a0875731c72a6"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
@@ -2937,9 +2938,9 @@ checksum = "623f59e6af2a98bdafeb93fa277ac8e1e40440973001ca15cf4ae1541cd16d56"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.16"
+version = "1.0.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a210d160f08b701c8721ba1c726c11662f877ea6b7094007e1ca9a1041945034"
+checksum = "00e2473a93778eb0bad35909dff6a10d28e63f792f16ed15e404fca9d5eeedbe"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-normalization"
@@ -3449,11 +3450,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.18"
+version = "0.8.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "79386d31a42a4996e3336b0919ddb90f81112af416270cff95b5f5af22b839c2"
+checksum = "dde3bb8c68a8f3f1ed4ac9221aad6b10cece3e60a8e2ea54a6a2dec806d0084c"
 dependencies = [
- "zerocopy-derive 0.8.18",
+ "zerocopy-derive 0.8.20",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3469,9 +3470,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.18"
+version = "0.8.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "76331675d372f91bf8d17e13afbd5fe639200b73d01f0fc748bb059f9cca2db7"
+checksum = "eea57037071898bf96a6da35fd626f4f27e9cee3ead2a6c703cf09d472b2e700"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
index 5bd6e5ef25..c5c563a48e 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
@@ -1,9 +1,29 @@
 import os as _os, sys as _sys
+import types as _types
 
+from _ctypes import RTLD_LOCAL, RTLD_GLOBAL
 from _ctypes import sizeof
 from _ctypes import _SimpleCData
+from _ctypes import CFuncPtr as _CFuncPtr
+
 from struct import calcsize as _calcsize
 
+
+DEFAULT_MODE = RTLD_LOCAL
+if _os.name == "posix" and _sys.platform == "darwin":
+    # On OS X 10.3, we use RTLD_GLOBAL as default mode
+    # because RTLD_LOCAL does not work at least on some
+    # libraries.  OS X 10.3 is Darwin 7, so we check for
+    # that.
+
+    if int(_os.uname().release.split('.')[0]) < 8:
+        DEFAULT_MODE = RTLD_GLOBAL
+
+from _ctypes import FUNCFLAG_CDECL as _FUNCFLAG_CDECL, \
+    FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI as _FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI, \
+    FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO as _FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO, \
+    FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR as _FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR
+
 def create_string_buffer(init, size=None):
     """create_string_buffer(aBytes) -> character array
     create_string_buffer(anInteger) -> character array
@@ -131,3 +151,117 @@ class c_bool(_SimpleCData):
 # s = create_string_buffer(b'\000' * 32)
 assert i.value == 42
 assert abs(f.value -  3.14) < 1e-06
+
+if _os.name == "nt":
+    from _ctypes import LoadLibrary as _dlopen
+    from _ctypes import FUNCFLAG_STDCALL as _FUNCFLAG_STDCALL
+elif _os.name == "posix":
+    from _ctypes import dlopen as _dlopen
+
+class CDLL(object):
+    """An instance of this class represents a loaded dll/shared
+    library, exporting functions using the standard C calling
+    convention (named 'cdecl' on Windows).
+
+    The exported functions can be accessed as attributes, or by
+    indexing with the function name.  Examples:
+
+    <obj>.qsort -> callable object
+    <obj>['qsort'] -> callable object
+
+    Calling the functions releases the Python GIL during the call and
+    reacquires it afterwards.
+    """
+    _func_flags_ = _FUNCFLAG_CDECL
+    _func_restype_ = c_int
+    # default values for repr
+    _name = '<uninitialized>'
+    _handle = 0
+    _FuncPtr = None
+
+    def __init__(self, name, mode=DEFAULT_MODE, handle=None,
+                 use_errno=False,
+                 use_last_error=False,
+                 winmode=None):
+        self._name = name
+        flags = self._func_flags_
+        if use_errno:
+            flags |= _FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO
+        if use_last_error:
+            flags |= _FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR
+        if _sys.platform.startswith("aix"):
+            """When the name contains ".a(" and ends with ")",
+               e.g., "libFOO.a(libFOO.so)" - this is taken to be an
+               archive(member) syntax for dlopen(), and the mode is adjusted.
+               Otherwise, name is presented to dlopen() as a file argument.
+            """
+            if name and name.endswith(")") and ".a(" in name:
+                mode |= ( _os.RTLD_MEMBER | _os.RTLD_NOW )
+        if _os.name == "nt":
+            if winmode is not None:
+                mode = winmode
+            else:
+                import nt
+                mode = 4096
+                if '/' in name or '\\' in name:
+                    self._name = nt._getfullpathname(self._name)
+                    mode |= nt._LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DLL_LOAD_DIR
+
+        class _FuncPtr(_CFuncPtr):
+            _flags_ = flags
+            _restype_ = self._func_restype_
+        self._FuncPtr = _FuncPtr
+
+        if handle is None:
+            self._handle = _dlopen(self._name, mode)
+        else:
+            self._handle = handle
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return "<%s '%s', handle %x at %#x>" % \
+            (self.__class__.__name__, self._name,
+             (self._handle & (_sys.maxsize*2 + 1)),
+             id(self) & (_sys.maxsize*2 + 1))
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'):
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        func = self.__getitem__(name)
+        setattr(self, name, func)
+        return func
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name_or_ordinal):
+        func = self._FuncPtr((name_or_ordinal, self))
+        if not isinstance(name_or_ordinal, int):
+            func.__name__ = name_or_ordinal
+        return func
+
+class LibraryLoader(object):
+    def __init__(self, dlltype):
+        self._dlltype = dlltype
+
+    def __getattr__(self, name):
+        if name[0] == '_':
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        try:
+            dll = self._dlltype(name)
+        except OSError:
+            raise AttributeError(name)
+        setattr(self, name, dll)
+        return dll
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        return getattr(self, name)
+
+    def LoadLibrary(self, name):
+        return self._dlltype(name)
+
+    __class_getitem__ = classmethod(_types.GenericAlias)
+
+cdll = LibraryLoader(CDLL)
+
+if _os.name == "posix" or _sys.platform == "darwin":
+    pass
+else:
+    libc = cdll.msvcrt
+    print("rand", libc.rand())
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index acc645bb74..330a2beab5 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -100,9 +100,12 @@ uname = "0.1.1"
 rustyline = { workspace = true }
 which = "6"
 errno = "0.3"
-libloading = "0.8"
 widestring = { workspace = true }
 
+[target.'cfg(all(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows"), not(any(target_env = "musl", target_env = "sgx"))))'.dependencies]
+libffi = "3.2"
+libloading = "0.8"
+
 [target.'cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))'.dependencies]
 num_cpus = "1.13.1"
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
index 701094a375..99866bae70 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
     use super::base::PyCSimple;
     use crate::builtins::PyTypeRef;
     use crate::class::StaticType;
-    use crate::function::Either;
+    use crate::function::{Either, OptionalArg};
     use crate::stdlib::ctypes::library;
     use crate::{AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine};
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
@@ -180,12 +180,31 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
     }
 
     #[pyfunction(name = "LoadLibrary")]
-    fn load_library(name: String, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<usize> {
+    fn load_library_windows(
+        name: String,
+        _load_flags: OptionalArg<i32>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<usize> {
+        // TODO: audit functions first
+        // TODO: load_flags
+        let cache = library::libcache();
+        let mut cache_write = cache.write();
+        let (id, _) = cache_write.get_or_insert_lib(&name, vm).unwrap();
+        Ok(id)
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction(name = "dlopen")]
+    fn load_library_unix(
+        name: String,
+        _load_flags: OptionalArg<i32>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<usize> {
         // TODO: audit functions first
+        // TODO: load_flags
         let cache = library::libcache();
         let mut cache_write = cache.write();
-        let lib_ref = cache_write.get_or_insert_lib(&name, vm).unwrap();
-        Ok(lib_ref.get_pointer())
+        let (id, _) = cache_write.get_or_insert_lib(&name, vm).unwrap();
+        Ok(id)
     }
 
     #[pyfunction(name = "FreeLibrary")]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
index a4147c62b2..5c5396be29 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,31 @@ use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
 use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 
+pub fn ffi_type_from_str(_type_: &str) -> Option<libffi::middle::Type> {
+    match _type_ {
+        "c" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u8()),
+        "u" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u32()),
+        "b" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::i8()),
+        "B" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u8()),
+        "h" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::i16()),
+        "H" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u16()),
+        "i" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::i32()),
+        "I" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u32()),
+        "l" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::i32()),
+        "L" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u32()),
+        "q" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::i64()),
+        "Q" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u64()),
+        "f" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::f32()),
+        "d" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::f64()),
+        "g" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::f64()),
+        "?" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u8()),
+        "z" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u64()),
+        "Z" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u64()),
+        "P" => Some(libffi::middle::Type::u64()),
+        _ => None,
+    }
+}
+
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 fn set_primitive(_type_: &str, value: &PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
     match _type_ {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
index a7ee07744b..7d8dc0386a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
@@ -1,24 +1,176 @@
-use crate::PyObjectRef;
+use crate::builtins::{PyStr, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef};
+use crate::convert::ToPyObject;
+use crate::function::FuncArgs;
 use crate::stdlib::ctypes::PyCData;
+use crate::stdlib::ctypes::base::{PyCSimple, ffi_type_from_str};
+use crate::types::{Callable, Constructor};
+use crate::{Py, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
+use libffi::middle::{Arg, Cif, CodePtr, Type};
+use libloading::Symbol;
+use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
 use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
-use std::ffi::c_void;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+
+// https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/4f8bb3947cfbc20f970ff9d9531e1132a9e95396/Modules/_ctypes/callproc.c#L15
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Function {
-    _pointer: *mut c_void,
-    _arguments: Vec<()>,
-    _return_type: Box<()>,
+    // TODO: no protection from use-after-free
+    pointer: CodePtr,
+    cif: Cif,
+}
+
+unsafe impl Send for Function {}
+unsafe impl Sync for Function {}
+
+type FP = unsafe extern "C" fn();
+
+impl Function {
+    pub unsafe fn load(
+        library: &libloading::Library,
+        function: &str,
+        args: &[PyObjectRef],
+        ret_type: &Option<PyTypeRef>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        // map each arg to a PyCSimple
+        let args = args
+            .iter()
+            .map(|arg| {
+                if let Some(data) = arg.downcast_ref::<PyCSimple>() {
+                    Ok(ffi_type_from_str(&data._type_).unwrap())
+                } else {
+                    Err(vm.new_type_error("Expected a ctypes simple type".to_string()))
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<PyResult<Vec<Type>>>()?;
+        let terminated = format!("{}\0", function);
+        let pointer: Symbol<'_, FP> = unsafe {
+            library
+                .get(terminated.as_bytes())
+                .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
+                .map_err(|err| vm.new_value_error(err))?
+        };
+        let code_ptr = CodePtr(*pointer as *mut _);
+        let return_type = match ret_type {
+            // TODO: Fix this
+            Some(_t) => {
+                return Err(vm.new_not_implemented_error("Return type not implemented".to_string()));
+            }
+            None => Type::c_int(),
+        };
+        let cif = Cif::new(args, return_type);
+        Ok(Function {
+            cif,
+            pointer: code_ptr,
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub unsafe fn call(
+        &self,
+        args: Vec<PyObjectRef>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+        let args = args
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|arg| {
+                if let Some(data) = arg.downcast_ref::<PyCSimple>() {
+                    dbg!(&data);
+                    todo!("HANDLE ARGUMENTS")
+                } else {
+                    Err(vm.new_type_error("Expected a ctypes simple type".to_string()))
+                }
+            })
+            .collect::<PyResult<Vec<Arg>>>()?;
+        // TODO: FIX return type
+        let result: i32 = unsafe { self.cif.call(self.pointer, &args) };
+        Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(result).into())
+    }
 }
 
 #[pyclass(module = "_ctypes", name = "CFuncPtr", base = "PyCData")]
+#[derive(PyPayload)]
 pub struct PyCFuncPtr {
-    pub _name_: String,
-    pub _argtypes_: AtomicCell<Vec<PyObjectRef>>,
-    pub _restype_: AtomicCell<PyObjectRef>,
-    _handle: PyObjectRef,
-    _f: PyRwLock<Function>,
+    pub name: PyRwLock<String>,
+    pub _flags_: AtomicCell<u32>,
+    // FIXME(arihant2math): This shouldn't be an option, setting the default as the none type should work
+    //  This is a workaround for now and I'll fix it later
+    pub _restype_: PyRwLock<Option<PyTypeRef>>,
+    pub handler: PyObjectRef,
+}
+
+impl Debug for PyCFuncPtr {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("PyCFuncPtr")
+            .field("name", &self.name)
+            .finish()
+    }
 }
 
-#[pyclass]
-impl PyCFuncPtr {}
+impl Constructor for PyCFuncPtr {
+    type Args = (PyTupleRef, FuncArgs);
+
+    fn py_new(_cls: PyTypeRef, (tuple, _args): Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        let name = tuple
+            .first()
+            .ok_or(vm.new_type_error("Expected a tuple with at least 2 elements".to_string()))?
+            .downcast_ref::<PyStr>()
+            .ok_or(vm.new_type_error("Expected a string".to_string()))?
+            .to_string();
+        let handler = tuple
+            .into_iter()
+            .nth(1)
+            .ok_or(vm.new_type_error("Expected a tuple with at least 2 elements".to_string()))?
+            .clone();
+        Ok(Self {
+            _flags_: AtomicCell::new(0),
+            name: PyRwLock::new(name),
+            _restype_: PyRwLock::new(None),
+            handler,
+        }
+        .to_pyobject(vm))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Callable for PyCFuncPtr {
+    type Args = FuncArgs;
+    fn call(zelf: &Py<Self>, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        unsafe {
+            let handle = zelf.handler.get_attr("_handle", vm)?;
+            let handle = handle.try_int(vm)?.as_bigint().clone();
+            let library_cache = crate::stdlib::ctypes::library::libcache().read();
+            let library = library_cache
+                .get_lib(
+                    handle
+                        .to_usize()
+                        .ok_or(vm.new_value_error("Invalid handle".to_string()))?,
+                )
+                .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_value_error("Library not found".to_string()))?;
+            let inner_lib = library.lib.lock();
+            let name = zelf.name.read();
+            let res_type = zelf._restype_.read();
+            let func = Function::load(
+                inner_lib.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                &name,
+                &args.args,
+                &res_type,
+                vm,
+            )?;
+            func.call(args.args, vm)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE), with(Callable, Constructor))]
+impl PyCFuncPtr {
+    #[pygetset(magic)]
+    fn name(&self) -> String {
+        self.name.read().clone()
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(setter, magic)]
+    fn set_name(&self, name: String) {
+        *self.name.write() = name;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs
index f777d26bc0..74a601a488 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/library.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 use crate::VirtualMachine;
-use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use libloading::Library;
-use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
+use rustpython_common::lock::{PyMutex, PyRwLock};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::ffi::c_void;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::ptr::null;
 
 pub struct SharedLibrary {
-    lib: AtomicCell<Option<Library>>,
+    pub(crate) lib: PyMutex<Option<Library>>,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for SharedLibrary {
@@ -20,26 +19,13 @@ impl fmt::Debug for SharedLibrary {
 impl SharedLibrary {
     pub fn new(name: &str) -> Result<SharedLibrary, libloading::Error> {
         Ok(SharedLibrary {
-            lib: AtomicCell::new(Some(unsafe { Library::new(name)? })),
+            lib: PyMutex::new(unsafe { Some(Library::new(name)?) }),
         })
     }
 
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    pub fn get_sym(&self, name: &str) -> Result<*mut c_void, String> {
-        if let Some(inner) = unsafe { &*self.lib.as_ptr() } {
-            unsafe {
-                inner
-                    .get(name.as_bytes())
-                    .map(|f: libloading::Symbol<'_, *mut c_void>| *f)
-                    .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-            }
-        } else {
-            Err("The library has been closed".to_string())
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn get_pointer(&self) -> usize {
-        if let Some(l) = unsafe { &*self.lib.as_ptr() } {
+        let lib_lock = self.lib.lock();
+        if let Some(l) = &*lib_lock {
             l as *const Library as usize
         } else {
             null::<c_void>() as usize
@@ -47,13 +33,12 @@ impl SharedLibrary {
     }
 
     pub fn is_closed(&self) -> bool {
-        unsafe { &*self.lib.as_ptr() }.is_none()
+        let lib_lock = self.lib.lock();
+        lib_lock.is_none()
     }
 
     pub fn close(&self) {
-        let old = self.lib.take();
-        self.lib.store(None);
-        drop(old);
+        *self.lib.lock() = None;
     }
 }
 
@@ -83,7 +68,7 @@ impl ExternalLibs {
         &mut self,
         library_path: &str,
         _vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> Result<&SharedLibrary, libloading::Error> {
+    ) -> Result<(usize, &SharedLibrary), libloading::Error> {
         let nlib = SharedLibrary::new(library_path)?;
         let key = nlib.get_pointer();
 
@@ -98,7 +83,7 @@ impl ExternalLibs {
             }
         };
 
-        Ok(self.libraries.get(&key).unwrap())
+        Ok((key, self.libraries.get(&key).unwrap()))
     }
 
     pub fn drop_lib(&mut self, key: usize) {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
index 529a40e861..a3180c1c0f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,10 @@ pub mod posix;
 #[path = "posix_compat.rs"]
 pub mod posix;
 
-#[cfg(any(target_family = "unix", target_family = "windows"))]
+#[cfg(all(
+    any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows"),
+    not(any(target_env = "musl", target_env = "sgx"))
+))]
 mod ctypes;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 pub(crate) mod msvcrt;
@@ -126,7 +129,10 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> StdlibMap {
             "_winapi" => winapi::make_module,
             "winreg" => winreg::make_module,
         }
-        #[cfg(any(target_family = "unix", target_family = "windows"))]
+        #[cfg(all(
+            any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows"),
+            not(any(target_env = "musl", target_env = "sgx"))
+        ))]
         {
             "_ctypes" => ctypes::make_module,
         }

From defcadafbb1c627384936ba193ff995628dae6bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Mar 2025 19:21:01 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 472/705] publish demo on weekly release

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 22 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 99035d04fc..0d4b3a270c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -106,6 +106,28 @@ jobs:
           name: rustpython-release-wasm32-wasip1
           path: target/rustpython-release-wasm32-wasip1.wasm
 
+      - name: install wasm-pack
+        run: curl https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-pack/installer/init.sh -sSf | sh
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+      - uses: mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action@v3
+        with: { wabt-version: "1.0.30" }
+      - name: build notebook demo
+        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/release'
+        run: |
+          npm install
+          npm run dist
+          mv dist ../demo/dist/notebook
+        env:
+          NODE_OPTIONS: "--openssl-legacy-provider"
+        working-directory: ./wasm/notebook
+      - name: Deploy demo to Github Pages
+        uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@v4
+        env:
+          ACTIONS_DEPLOY_KEY: ${{ secrets.ACTIONS_DEMO_DEPLOY_KEY }}
+          PUBLISH_DIR: ./wasm/demo/dist
+          EXTERNAL_REPOSITORY: RustPython/demo
+          PUBLISH_BRANCH: master
+
   release:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     needs: [build, build-wasm]

From 6804dd4363b4368113750b2f29814f231ec24375 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Mar 2025 19:26:29 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 473/705] use rust-toolchain targets options instead of using
 rustup

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 7 ++-----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 0d4b3a270c..98b7de4823 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -89,10 +89,8 @@ jobs:
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
-
-      - name: Set up Environment
-        shell: bash
-        run: rustup target add wasm32-wasip1
+        with:
+          targets: wasm32-wasip1
 
       - name: Build RustPython
         run: cargo build --target wasm32-wasip1 --no-default-features --features freeze-stdlib,stdlib --release
@@ -112,7 +110,6 @@ jobs:
       - uses: mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action@v3
         with: { wabt-version: "1.0.30" }
       - name: build notebook demo
-        if: github.ref == 'refs/heads/release'
         run: |
           npm install
           npm run dist

From 3ae1160868a5aa4b341eb5956935f0e03b4169e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Mar 2025 01:09:07 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 474/705] Remove winapi dependency

---
 Cargo.lock           |  1 -
 stdlib/Cargo.toml    |  6 ----
 stdlib/src/socket.rs | 66 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 3 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ec6e5f0295..7ff4313548 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2252,7 +2252,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode_names2",
  "uuid",
  "widestring",
- "winapi",
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
  "xml-rs",
 ]
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 1086dea090..f2ace7b26a 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -117,12 +117,6 @@ paste = { workspace = true }
 schannel = { workspace = true }
 widestring = { workspace = true }
 
-[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.winapi]
-version = "0.3.9"
-features = [
-  "winsock2", "ifdef", "netioapi", "ws2tcpip",
-]
-
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies.windows-sys]
 workspace = true
 features = [
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 533a0a0b24..940fa3299e 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -35,17 +35,27 @@ mod _socket {
     use libc as c;
     #[cfg(windows)]
     mod c {
-        pub use winapi::shared::netioapi::{if_indextoname, if_nametoindex};
-        pub use winapi::shared::ws2def::{
-            INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST, INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE,
-        };
-        pub use winapi::um::winsock2::{
-            SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE, getprotobyname, getservbyname, getservbyport, getsockopt,
+        pub use windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::IpHelper::{if_indextoname, if_nametoindex};
+    
+        pub const INADDR_ANY: u32 = 0x00000000;
+        pub const INADDR_LOOPBACK: u32 = 0x7f000001;
+        pub const INADDR_BROADCAST: u32 = 0xffffffff;
+        pub const INADDR_NONE: u32 = 0xffffffff;
+    
+        pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
+            SO_REUSEADDR as SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE, getprotobyname, getservbyname, getservbyport, getsockopt,
             setsockopt,
         };
-        pub use winapi::um::ws2tcpip::{
-            EAI_AGAIN, EAI_BADFLAGS, EAI_FAIL, EAI_FAMILY, EAI_MEMORY, EAI_NODATA, EAI_NONAME,
-            EAI_SERVICE, EAI_SOCKTYPE,
+        pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
+            WSATRY_AGAIN as EAI_AGAIN,
+            WSAEINVAL as EAI_BADFLAGS,
+            WSANO_RECOVERY as EAI_FAIL,
+            WSAEAFNOSUPPORT as EAI_FAMILY,
+            WSA_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY as EAI_MEMORY,
+            WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND as EAI_NODATA,
+            WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND as EAI_NONAME,
+            WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND as EAI_SERVICE,
+            WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT as EAI_SOCKTYPE,
         };
         pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
             AF_APPLETALK, AF_DECnet, AF_IPX, AF_LINK, AI_ADDRCONFIG, AI_ALL, AI_CANONNAME,
@@ -755,7 +765,7 @@ mod _socket {
 }
 
     #[cfg(windows)]
-    use winapi::shared::netioapi;
+    use windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::IpHelper;
 
     fn get_raw_sock(obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<RawSocket> {
         #[cfg(unix)]
@@ -1755,6 +1765,9 @@ mod _socket {
             .map(|s| s.to_cstring(vm))
             .transpose()?;
         let cstr_proto = cstr_opt_as_ptr(&cstr_proto);
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyname(cstr_name.as_ptr() as windows_sys::core::PCSTR, cstr_proto as windows_sys::core::PCSTR) };
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
         let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyname(cstr_name.as_ptr(), cstr_proto) };
         if serv.is_null() {
             return Err(vm.new_os_error("service/proto not found".to_owned()));
@@ -1777,10 +1790,16 @@ mod _socket {
             .map(|s| s.to_cstring(vm))
             .transpose()?;
         let cstr_proto = cstr_opt_as_ptr(&cstr_proto);
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyport(port.to_be() as _, cstr_proto as windows_sys::core::PCSTR) };
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
         let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyport(port.to_be() as _, cstr_proto) };
         if serv.is_null() {
             return Err(vm.new_os_error("port/proto not found".to_owned()));
         }
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let s = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr((*serv).s_name as *const i8) };
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
         let s = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr((*serv).s_name) };
         Ok(s.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
     }
@@ -2033,6 +2052,9 @@ mod _socket {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getprotobyname(name: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         let cstr = name.to_cstring(vm)?;
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let proto = unsafe { c::getprotobyname(cstr.as_ptr() as *const u8) };
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
         let proto = unsafe { c::getprotobyname(cstr.as_ptr()) };
         if proto.is_null() {
             return Err(vm.new_os_error("protocol not found".to_owned()));
@@ -2111,13 +2133,16 @@ mod _socket {
     #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
     type IfIndex = c::c_uint;
     #[cfg(windows)]
-    type IfIndex = winapi::shared::ifdef::NET_IFINDEX;
+    type IfIndex = u32;
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn if_nametoindex(name: FsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<IfIndex> {
         let name = name.to_cstring(vm)?;
 
+        #[cfg(windows)]
+        let ret = unsafe { c::if_nametoindex(name.as_ptr() as *const u8) };
+        #[cfg(not(windows))]
         let ret = unsafe { c::if_nametoindex(name.as_ptr()) };
         if ret == 0 {
             Err(vm.new_os_error("no interface with this name".to_owned()))
@@ -2134,6 +2159,9 @@ mod _socket {
         if ret.is_null() {
             Err(crate::vm::stdlib::os::errno_err(vm))
         } else {
+            #[cfg(windows)]
+            let buf = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr(buf.as_ptr() as *const i8) };
+            #[cfg(not(windows))]
             let buf = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr(buf.as_ptr()) };
             Ok(buf.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
         }
@@ -2152,6 +2180,8 @@ mod _socket {
     ))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn if_nameindex(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
+        use windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::Ndis::NET_LUID_LH;
+
         #[cfg(not(windows))]
         {
             let list = nix::net::if_::if_nameindex()
@@ -2182,11 +2212,11 @@ mod _socket {
             return Ok(list);
 
             fn get_name(
-                luid: &winapi::shared::ifdef::NET_LUID,
+                luid: &NET_LUID_LH,
             ) -> io::Result<widestring::WideCString> {
                 let mut buf = [0; c::IF_NAMESIZE + 1];
                 let ret = unsafe {
-                    netioapi::ConvertInterfaceLuidToNameW(luid, buf.as_mut_ptr(), buf.len())
+                    IpHelper::ConvertInterfaceLuidToNameW(luid, buf.as_mut_ptr(), buf.len())
                 };
                 if ret == 0 {
                     Ok(widestring::WideCString::from_ustr_truncate(
@@ -2197,12 +2227,12 @@ mod _socket {
                 }
             }
             struct MibTable {
-                ptr: ptr::NonNull<netioapi::MIB_IF_TABLE2>,
+                ptr: ptr::NonNull<IpHelper::MIB_IF_TABLE2>,
             }
             impl MibTable {
                 fn get_raw() -> io::Result<Self> {
                     let mut ptr = ptr::null_mut();
-                    let ret = unsafe { netioapi::GetIfTable2Ex(netioapi::MibIfTableRaw, &mut ptr) };
+                    let ret = unsafe { IpHelper::GetIfTable2Ex(IpHelper::MibIfTableRaw, &mut ptr) };
                     if ret == 0 {
                         let ptr = unsafe { ptr::NonNull::new_unchecked(ptr) };
                         Ok(Self { ptr })
@@ -2212,17 +2242,17 @@ mod _socket {
                 }
             }
             impl MibTable {
-                fn as_slice(&self) -> &[netioapi::MIB_IF_ROW2] {
+                fn as_slice(&self) -> &[IpHelper::MIB_IF_ROW2] {
                     unsafe {
                         let p = self.ptr.as_ptr();
-                        let ptr = &raw const (*p).Table as *const netioapi::MIB_IF_ROW2;
+                        let ptr = &raw const (*p).Table as *const IpHelper::MIB_IF_ROW2;
                         std::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, (*p).NumEntries as usize)
                     }
                 }
             }
             impl Drop for MibTable {
                 fn drop(&mut self) {
-                    unsafe { netioapi::FreeMibTable(self.ptr.as_ptr() as *mut _) }
+                    unsafe { IpHelper::FreeMibTable(self.ptr.as_ptr() as *mut _) };
                 }
             }
         }

From 4d9804f188c9604ac4ce63f89a1f7befd7453562 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Mar 2025 01:37:27 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 475/705] formatting

---
 stdlib/src/socket.rs | 44 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 940fa3299e..cfdf4c8a4e 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -36,27 +36,12 @@ mod _socket {
     #[cfg(windows)]
     mod c {
         pub use windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::IpHelper::{if_indextoname, if_nametoindex};
-    
+
         pub const INADDR_ANY: u32 = 0x00000000;
         pub const INADDR_LOOPBACK: u32 = 0x7f000001;
         pub const INADDR_BROADCAST: u32 = 0xffffffff;
         pub const INADDR_NONE: u32 = 0xffffffff;
-    
-        pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
-            SO_REUSEADDR as SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE, getprotobyname, getservbyname, getservbyport, getsockopt,
-            setsockopt,
-        };
-        pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
-            WSATRY_AGAIN as EAI_AGAIN,
-            WSAEINVAL as EAI_BADFLAGS,
-            WSANO_RECOVERY as EAI_FAIL,
-            WSAEAFNOSUPPORT as EAI_FAMILY,
-            WSA_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY as EAI_MEMORY,
-            WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND as EAI_NODATA,
-            WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND as EAI_NONAME,
-            WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND as EAI_SERVICE,
-            WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT as EAI_SOCKTYPE,
-        };
+
         pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
             AF_APPLETALK, AF_DECnet, AF_IPX, AF_LINK, AI_ADDRCONFIG, AI_ALL, AI_CANONNAME,
             AI_NUMERICSERV, AI_V4MAPPED, IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP, IP_HDRINCL,
@@ -78,6 +63,17 @@ mod _socket {
             SOL_SOCKET, SOMAXCONN, TCP_NODELAY, WSAEBADF, WSAECONNRESET, WSAENOTSOCK,
             WSAEWOULDBLOCK,
         };
+        pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
+            SO_REUSEADDR as SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE, getprotobyname, getservbyname, getservbyport,
+            getsockopt, setsockopt,
+        };
+        pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
+            WSA_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY as EAI_MEMORY, WSAEAFNOSUPPORT as EAI_FAMILY,
+            WSAEINVAL as EAI_BADFLAGS, WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT as EAI_SOCKTYPE,
+            WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND as EAI_NODATA, WSAHOST_NOT_FOUND as EAI_NONAME,
+            WSANO_RECOVERY as EAI_FAIL, WSATRY_AGAIN as EAI_AGAIN,
+            WSATYPE_NOT_FOUND as EAI_SERVICE,
+        };
         pub const IF_NAMESIZE: usize =
             windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::Ndis::IF_MAX_STRING_SIZE as _;
         pub const AF_UNSPEC: i32 = windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::AF_UNSPEC as _;
@@ -1766,7 +1762,12 @@ mod _socket {
             .transpose()?;
         let cstr_proto = cstr_opt_as_ptr(&cstr_proto);
         #[cfg(windows)]
-        let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyname(cstr_name.as_ptr() as windows_sys::core::PCSTR, cstr_proto as windows_sys::core::PCSTR) };
+        let serv = unsafe {
+            c::getservbyname(
+                cstr_name.as_ptr() as windows_sys::core::PCSTR,
+                cstr_proto as windows_sys::core::PCSTR,
+            )
+        };
         #[cfg(not(windows))]
         let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyname(cstr_name.as_ptr(), cstr_proto) };
         if serv.is_null() {
@@ -1791,7 +1792,8 @@ mod _socket {
             .transpose()?;
         let cstr_proto = cstr_opt_as_ptr(&cstr_proto);
         #[cfg(windows)]
-        let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyport(port.to_be() as _, cstr_proto as windows_sys::core::PCSTR) };
+        let serv =
+            unsafe { c::getservbyport(port.to_be() as _, cstr_proto as windows_sys::core::PCSTR) };
         #[cfg(not(windows))]
         let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyport(port.to_be() as _, cstr_proto) };
         if serv.is_null() {
@@ -2211,9 +2213,7 @@ mod _socket {
             let list = list.collect::<PyResult<_>>()?;
             return Ok(list);
 
-            fn get_name(
-                luid: &NET_LUID_LH,
-            ) -> io::Result<widestring::WideCString> {
+            fn get_name(luid: &NET_LUID_LH) -> io::Result<widestring::WideCString> {
                 let mut buf = [0; c::IF_NAMESIZE + 1];
                 let ret = unsafe {
                     IpHelper::ConvertInterfaceLuidToNameW(luid, buf.as_mut_ptr(), buf.len())

From 8d2c6807d28000c8ee3dc4b7d65d86c8f63bcb52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 3 Mar 2025 10:50:19 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 476/705] fix non-windows build

---
 stdlib/src/socket.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index cfdf4c8a4e..b46514eb70 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -2182,8 +2182,6 @@ mod _socket {
     ))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn if_nameindex(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
-        use windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::Ndis::NET_LUID_LH;
-
         #[cfg(not(windows))]
         {
             let list = nix::net::if_::if_nameindex()
@@ -2202,6 +2200,7 @@ mod _socket {
         #[cfg(windows)]
         {
             use std::ptr;
+            use windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::Ndis::NET_LUID_LH;
 
             let table = MibTable::get_raw().map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
             let list = table.as_slice().iter().map(|entry| {

From 05cb8c0b73918f12ca6e86f432f5b4b11dc523b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 4 Mar 2025 01:28:53 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 477/705] Update socket.rs

Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 stdlib/src/socket.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index b46514eb70..149408a6f3 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -2135,7 +2135,7 @@ mod _socket {
     #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
     type IfIndex = c::c_uint;
     #[cfg(windows)]
-    type IfIndex = u32;
+    type IfIndex = u32;  // NET_IFINDEX but windows-sys 0.59 doesn't have it
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]

From 33940726a8ad2f91cf7b19c8d24989f74298091b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Mar 2025 10:36:04 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 478/705] upgrade to windows-sys 0.59.0

---
 Cargo.lock               |  6 +++---
 Cargo.toml               |  2 +-
 common/src/fileutils.rs  | 10 +++++-----
 stdlib/Cargo.toml        |  1 +
 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 stdlib/src/socket.rs     |  8 ++------
 vm/Cargo.toml            |  1 +
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs      |  4 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs  | 34 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 vm/src/windows.rs        |  2 +-
 10 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 7ff4313548..1c428c2d73 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2023,7 +2023,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "siphasher 0.3.11",
  "volatile",
  "widestring",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2252,7 +2252,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode_names2",
  "uuid",
  "widestring",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
  "xml-rs",
 ]
 
@@ -2332,7 +2332,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "which",
  "widestring",
  "windows",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
  "winreg",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 807e821ca7..14e66b39eb 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ thiserror = "2.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.8"
 unicode_names2 = "1.3.0"
 widestring = "1.1.0"
-windows-sys = "0.52.0"
+windows-sys = "0.59.0"
 wasm-bindgen = "0.2.100"
 
 # Lints
diff --git a/common/src/fileutils.rs b/common/src/fileutils.rs
index 7d5ff01942..ce4aa8250a 100644
--- a/common/src/fileutils.rs
+++ b/common/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub mod windows {
         let h = h?;
         // reset stat?
 
-        let file_type = unsafe { GetFileType(h) };
+        let file_type = unsafe { GetFileType(h as _) };
         if file_type == FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN {
             return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
         }
@@ -138,10 +138,10 @@ pub mod windows {
         let mut basic_info: FILE_BASIC_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
         let mut id_info: FILE_ID_INFO = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
 
-        if unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(h, &mut info) } == 0
+        if unsafe { GetFileInformationByHandle(h as _, &mut info) } == 0
             || unsafe {
                 GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
-                    h,
+                    h as _,
                     FileBasicInfo,
                     &mut basic_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
                     std::mem::size_of_val(&basic_info) as u32,
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ pub mod windows {
 
         let p_id_info = if unsafe {
             GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
-                h,
+                h  as _,
                 FileIdInfo,
                 &mut id_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
                 std::mem::size_of_val(&id_info) as u32,
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ pub mod windows {
             .get_or_init(|| {
                 let library_name = OsString::from("api-ms-win-core-file-l2-1-4").to_wide_with_nul();
                 let module = unsafe { LoadLibraryW(library_name.as_ptr()) };
-                if module == 0 {
+                if module == std::ptr::null_mut() {
                     return None;
                 }
                 let name = CString::new("GetFileInformationByName").unwrap();
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index f2ace7b26a..d7552844be 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -125,6 +125,7 @@ features = [
   "Win32_NetworkManagement_Ndis",
   "Win32_Security_Cryptography",
   "Win32_System_Environment",
+  "Win32_System_IO"
 ]
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
index f40494a432..d3c46cad0a 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
@@ -24,13 +24,17 @@ mod _overlapped {
     use windows_sys::Win32::{
         Foundation::{
             ERROR_IO_PENDING, ERROR_NETNAME_DELETED, ERROR_OPERATION_ABORTED, ERROR_PIPE_BUSY,
-            ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE, ERROR_SEM_TIMEOUT, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
+            ERROR_PORT_UNREACHABLE, ERROR_SEM_TIMEOUT,
         },
         Networking::WinSock::{
             SO_UPDATE_ACCEPT_CONTEXT, SO_UPDATE_CONNECT_CONTEXT, TF_REUSE_SOCKET,
         },
         System::Threading::INFINITE,
     };
+    #[pyattr(once)]
+    fn INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> isize {
+        windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE as isize
+    }
     #[pyattr]
     const NULL: isize = 0;
 
@@ -126,7 +130,7 @@ mod _overlapped {
 
     fn mark_as_completed(ov: &mut OVERLAPPED) {
         ov.Internal = 0;
-        if ov.hEvent != 0 {
+        if ov.hEvent != std::ptr::null_mut() {
             unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::SetEvent(ov.hEvent) };
         }
     }
@@ -164,7 +168,7 @@ mod _overlapped {
 
         fn WSARecv_inner(
             inner: &mut OverlappedInner,
-            handle: HANDLE,
+            handle: isize,
             buf: &[u8],
             mut flags: u32,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
@@ -209,7 +213,7 @@ mod _overlapped {
         #[pymethod]
         fn WSARecv(
             zelf: &Py<Self>,
-            handle: HANDLE,
+            handle: isize,
             size: u32,
             flags: u32,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
@@ -224,9 +228,9 @@ mod _overlapped {
 
             let buf = vec![0u8; std::cmp::max(size, 1) as usize];
             let buf = vm.ctx.new_bytes(buf);
-            inner.handle = handle;
+            inner.handle = handle as _;
 
-            let r = Self::WSARecv_inner(&mut inner, handle, buf.as_bytes(), flags, vm);
+            let r = Self::WSARecv_inner(&mut inner, handle as _, buf.as_bytes(), flags, vm);
             inner.data = OverlappedData::Read(buf);
             r
         }
@@ -256,30 +260,30 @@ mod _overlapped {
     }
 
     impl Constructor for Overlapped {
-        type Args = (HANDLE,);
+        type Args = (isize,);
 
         fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, (mut event,): Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            if event == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
+            if event as isize == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE as isize {
                 event = unsafe {
                     windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::CreateEventA(
                         std::ptr::null(),
                         Foundation::TRUE,
                         Foundation::FALSE,
                         std::ptr::null(),
-                    )
+                    ) as isize
                 };
-                if event == NULL {
+                if event as isize == NULL {
                     return Err(errno_err(vm));
                 }
             }
 
             let mut overlapped: OVERLAPPED = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
             if event != NULL {
-                overlapped.hEvent = event;
+                overlapped.hEvent = event as _;
             }
             let inner = OverlappedInner {
                 overlapped,
-                handle: NULL,
+                handle: NULL as _,
                 error: 0,
                 data: OverlappedData::None,
             };
@@ -292,29 +296,29 @@ mod _overlapped {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn CreateIoCompletionPort(
-        handle: HANDLE,
-        port: HANDLE,
+        handle: isize,
+        port: isize,
         key: usize,
         concurrency: u32,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<HANDLE> {
+    ) -> PyResult<isize> {
         let r = unsafe {
-            windows_sys::Win32::System::IO::CreateIoCompletionPort(handle, port, key, concurrency)
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::IO::CreateIoCompletionPort(handle as _, port as _, key, concurrency) as isize
         };
-        if r == 0 {
+        if r as usize == 0 {
             return Err(errno_err(vm));
         }
         Ok(r)
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn GetQueuedCompletionStatus(port: HANDLE, msecs: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+    fn GetQueuedCompletionStatus(port: isize, msecs: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         let mut bytes_transferred = 0;
         let mut completion_key = 0;
         let mut overlapped: *mut OVERLAPPED = std::ptr::null_mut();
         let ret = unsafe {
             windows_sys::Win32::System::IO::GetQueuedCompletionStatus(
-                port,
+                port as _,
                 &mut bytes_transferred,
                 &mut completion_key,
                 &mut overlapped,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 149408a6f3..25d8dcf5aa 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -36,11 +36,7 @@ mod _socket {
     #[cfg(windows)]
     mod c {
         pub use windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::IpHelper::{if_indextoname, if_nametoindex};
-
-        pub const INADDR_ANY: u32 = 0x00000000;
-        pub const INADDR_LOOPBACK: u32 = 0x7f000001;
-        pub const INADDR_BROADCAST: u32 = 0xffffffff;
-        pub const INADDR_NONE: u32 = 0xffffffff;
+        pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{INADDR_ANY, INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_BROADCAST, INADDR_NONE};
 
         pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
             AF_APPLETALK, AF_DECnet, AF_IPX, AF_LINK, AI_ADDRCONFIG, AI_ALL, AI_CANONNAME,
@@ -2135,7 +2131,7 @@ mod _socket {
     #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
     type IfIndex = c::c_uint;
     #[cfg(windows)]
-    type IfIndex = u32;  // NET_IFINDEX but windows-sys 0.59 doesn't have it
+    type IfIndex = u32; // NET_IFINDEX but windows-sys 0.59 doesn't have it
 
     #[cfg(not(target_os = "redox"))]
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 330a2beab5..a0e357baa9 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ features = [
   "Win32_System_SystemInformation",
   "Win32_System_SystemServices",
   "Win32_System_Threading",
+  "Win32_System_WindowsProgramming",
   "Win32_UI_Shell",
   "Win32_UI_WindowsAndMessaging",
 ]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 34fa8792d5..bf7dca8b05 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         }
 
         let h = unsafe { Threading::OpenProcess(Threading::PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, 0, pid) };
-        if h == 0 {
+        if h == std::ptr::null_mut() {
             return Err(errno_err(vm));
         }
         let ret = unsafe { Threading::TerminateProcess(h, sig) };
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
                 _ => return Err(vm.new_value_error("bad file descriptor".to_owned())),
             };
             let h = unsafe { Console::GetStdHandle(stdhandle) };
-            if h == 0 {
+            if h == std::ptr::null_mut() {
                 return Err(vm.new_os_error("handle cannot be retrieved".to_owned()));
             }
             if h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index c1edb2739e..4a87a0f70f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ mod _winapi {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn CloseHandle(handle: HANDLE) -> WindowsSysResult<BOOL> {
-        WindowsSysResult(unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::CloseHandle(handle.0) })
+        WindowsSysResult(unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::CloseHandle(handle.0 as _) })
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ mod _winapi {
             let mut read = std::mem::MaybeUninit::<isize>::uninit();
             let mut write = std::mem::MaybeUninit::<isize>::uninit();
             WindowsSysResult(windows_sys::Win32::System::Pipes::CreatePipe(
-                read.as_mut_ptr(),
-                write.as_mut_ptr(),
+                read.as_mut_ptr() as _,
+                write.as_mut_ptr() as _,
                 std::ptr::null(),
                 size,
             ))
@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@ mod _winapi {
         let target = unsafe {
             let mut target = std::mem::MaybeUninit::<isize>::uninit();
             WindowsSysResult(windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::DuplicateHandle(
-                src_process.0,
-                src.0,
-                target_process.0,
-                target.as_mut_ptr(),
+                src_process.0 as _,
+                src.0 as _,
+                target_process.0 as _,
+                target.as_mut_ptr() as _,
                 access,
                 inherit,
                 options.unwrap_or(0),
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ mod _winapi {
         h: HANDLE,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::FILE_TYPE> {
-        let file_type = unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::GetFileType(h.0) };
+        let file_type = unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Storage::FileSystem::GetFileType(h.0 as _) };
         if file_type == 0 && unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::GetLastError() } != 0 {
             Err(errno_err(vm))
         } else {
@@ -274,8 +274,8 @@ mod _winapi {
         };
 
         Ok((
-            HANDLE(procinfo.hProcess),
-            HANDLE(procinfo.hThread),
+            HANDLE(procinfo.hProcess as _),
+            HANDLE(procinfo.hThread  as _),
             procinfo.dwProcessId,
             procinfo.dwThreadId,
         ))
@@ -286,13 +286,13 @@ mod _winapi {
         desired_access: u32,
         inherit_handle: bool,
         process_id: u32,
-    ) -> windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::HANDLE {
+    ) -> isize {
         unsafe {
             windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::OpenProcess(
                 desired_access,
                 BOOL::from(inherit_handle),
                 process_id,
-            )
+            ) as _
         }
     }
 
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@ mod _winapi {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn WaitForSingleObject(h: HANDLE, ms: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<u32> {
-        let ret = unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::WaitForSingleObject(h.0, ms) };
+        let ret = unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::WaitForSingleObject(h.0 as _, ms) };
         if ret == windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::WAIT_FAILED {
             Err(errno_err(vm))
         } else {
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ mod _winapi {
         unsafe {
             let mut ec = std::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit();
             WindowsSysResult(windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::GetExitCodeProcess(
-                h.0,
+                h.0 as _,
                 ec.as_mut_ptr(),
             ))
             .to_pyresult(vm)?;
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ mod _winapi {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn TerminateProcess(h: HANDLE, exit_code: u32) -> WindowsSysResult<BOOL> {
         WindowsSysResult(unsafe {
-            windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::TerminateProcess(h.0, exit_code)
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::TerminateProcess(h.0 as _, exit_code)
         })
     }
 
@@ -507,11 +507,11 @@ mod _winapi {
         // if handle.is_invalid() {
         //     return Err(errno_err(vm));
         // }
-        Ok(handle)
+        Ok(handle as _)
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn ReleaseMutex(handle: isize) -> WindowsSysResult<BOOL> {
-        WindowsSysResult(unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::ReleaseMutex(handle) })
+        WindowsSysResult(unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::ReleaseMutex(handle as _) })
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/windows.rs b/vm/src/windows.rs
index f4f4dad0b3..a14216768e 100644
--- a/vm/src/windows.rs
+++ b/vm/src/windows.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl WindowsSysResultValue for RAW_HANDLE {
         *self == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE
     }
     fn into_ok(self) -> Self::Ok {
-        HANDLE(self)
+        HANDLE(self as _)
     }
 }
 

From ddf2e591c6f2933db520f265ec727c87769f76ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Mar 2025 10:52:31 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 479/705] resolve comments

---
 stdlib/src/socket.rs | 33 +++++++--------------------------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 25d8dcf5aa..39c21da544 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -1757,15 +1757,12 @@ mod _socket {
             .map(|s| s.to_cstring(vm))
             .transpose()?;
         let cstr_proto = cstr_opt_as_ptr(&cstr_proto);
-        #[cfg(windows)]
         let serv = unsafe {
             c::getservbyname(
-                cstr_name.as_ptr() as windows_sys::core::PCSTR,
-                cstr_proto as windows_sys::core::PCSTR,
+                cstr_name.as_ptr() as _,
+                cstr_proto as _,
             )
         };
-        #[cfg(not(windows))]
-        let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyname(cstr_name.as_ptr(), cstr_proto) };
         if serv.is_null() {
             return Err(vm.new_os_error("service/proto not found".to_owned()));
         }
@@ -1787,18 +1784,11 @@ mod _socket {
             .map(|s| s.to_cstring(vm))
             .transpose()?;
         let cstr_proto = cstr_opt_as_ptr(&cstr_proto);
-        #[cfg(windows)]
-        let serv =
-            unsafe { c::getservbyport(port.to_be() as _, cstr_proto as windows_sys::core::PCSTR) };
-        #[cfg(not(windows))]
-        let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyport(port.to_be() as _, cstr_proto) };
+        let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyport(port.to_be() as _, cstr_proto as _) };
         if serv.is_null() {
             return Err(vm.new_os_error("port/proto not found".to_owned()));
         }
-        #[cfg(windows)]
-        let s = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr((*serv).s_name as *const i8) };
-        #[cfg(not(windows))]
-        let s = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr((*serv).s_name) };
+        let s = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr((*serv).s_name as _) };
         Ok(s.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
     }
 
@@ -2050,10 +2040,7 @@ mod _socket {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getprotobyname(name: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         let cstr = name.to_cstring(vm)?;
-        #[cfg(windows)]
-        let proto = unsafe { c::getprotobyname(cstr.as_ptr() as *const u8) };
-        #[cfg(not(windows))]
-        let proto = unsafe { c::getprotobyname(cstr.as_ptr()) };
+        let proto = unsafe { c::getprotobyname(cstr.as_ptr() as _) };
         if proto.is_null() {
             return Err(vm.new_os_error("protocol not found".to_owned()));
         }
@@ -2138,10 +2125,7 @@ mod _socket {
     fn if_nametoindex(name: FsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<IfIndex> {
         let name = name.to_cstring(vm)?;
 
-        #[cfg(windows)]
-        let ret = unsafe { c::if_nametoindex(name.as_ptr() as *const u8) };
-        #[cfg(not(windows))]
-        let ret = unsafe { c::if_nametoindex(name.as_ptr()) };
+        let ret = unsafe { c::if_nametoindex(name.as_ptr() as _) };
         if ret == 0 {
             Err(vm.new_os_error("no interface with this name".to_owned()))
         } else {
@@ -2157,10 +2141,7 @@ mod _socket {
         if ret.is_null() {
             Err(crate::vm::stdlib::os::errno_err(vm))
         } else {
-            #[cfg(windows)]
-            let buf = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr(buf.as_ptr() as *const i8) };
-            #[cfg(not(windows))]
-            let buf = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr(buf.as_ptr()) };
+            let buf = unsafe { ffi::CStr::from_ptr(buf.as_ptr() as _) };
             Ok(buf.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
         }
     }

From b4929d258da5bbe8d74873b978c552b39702851d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Mar 2025 11:07:20 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 480/705] formatting

---
 common/src/fileutils.rs  |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs |  7 ++++++-
 stdlib/src/socket.rs     | 11 ++++-------
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs  | 15 +++++++--------
 4 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/fileutils.rs b/common/src/fileutils.rs
index ce4aa8250a..cabeb833c1 100644
--- a/common/src/fileutils.rs
+++ b/common/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ pub mod windows {
 
         let p_id_info = if unsafe {
             GetFileInformationByHandleEx(
-                h  as _,
+                h as _,
                 FileIdInfo,
                 &mut id_info as *mut _ as *mut _,
                 std::mem::size_of_val(&id_info) as u32,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
index d3c46cad0a..8877e5befb 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
@@ -303,7 +303,12 @@ mod _overlapped {
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<isize> {
         let r = unsafe {
-            windows_sys::Win32::System::IO::CreateIoCompletionPort(handle as _, port as _, key, concurrency) as isize
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::IO::CreateIoCompletionPort(
+                handle as _,
+                port as _,
+                key,
+                concurrency,
+            ) as isize
         };
         if r as usize == 0 {
             return Err(errno_err(vm));
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 39c21da544..39bfde4bee 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,9 @@ mod _socket {
     #[cfg(windows)]
     mod c {
         pub use windows_sys::Win32::NetworkManagement::IpHelper::{if_indextoname, if_nametoindex};
-        pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{INADDR_ANY, INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_BROADCAST, INADDR_NONE};
+        pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
+            INADDR_ANY, INADDR_BROADCAST, INADDR_LOOPBACK, INADDR_NONE,
+        };
 
         pub use windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::{
             AF_APPLETALK, AF_DECnet, AF_IPX, AF_LINK, AI_ADDRCONFIG, AI_ALL, AI_CANONNAME,
@@ -1757,12 +1759,7 @@ mod _socket {
             .map(|s| s.to_cstring(vm))
             .transpose()?;
         let cstr_proto = cstr_opt_as_ptr(&cstr_proto);
-        let serv = unsafe {
-            c::getservbyname(
-                cstr_name.as_ptr() as _,
-                cstr_proto as _,
-            )
-        };
+        let serv = unsafe { c::getservbyname(cstr_name.as_ptr() as _, cstr_proto as _) };
         if serv.is_null() {
             return Err(vm.new_os_error("service/proto not found".to_owned()));
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index 4a87a0f70f..7ffc4227e6 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -275,18 +275,14 @@ mod _winapi {
 
         Ok((
             HANDLE(procinfo.hProcess as _),
-            HANDLE(procinfo.hThread  as _),
+            HANDLE(procinfo.hThread as _),
             procinfo.dwProcessId,
             procinfo.dwThreadId,
         ))
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn OpenProcess(
-        desired_access: u32,
-        inherit_handle: bool,
-        process_id: u32,
-    ) -> isize {
+    fn OpenProcess(desired_access: u32, inherit_handle: bool, process_id: u32) -> isize {
         unsafe {
             windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::OpenProcess(
                 desired_access,
@@ -438,7 +434,8 @@ mod _winapi {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn WaitForSingleObject(h: HANDLE, ms: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<u32> {
-        let ret = unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::WaitForSingleObject(h.0 as _, ms) };
+        let ret =
+            unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::WaitForSingleObject(h.0 as _, ms) };
         if ret == windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::WAIT_FAILED {
             Err(errno_err(vm))
         } else {
@@ -512,6 +509,8 @@ mod _winapi {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn ReleaseMutex(handle: isize) -> WindowsSysResult<BOOL> {
-        WindowsSysResult(unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::ReleaseMutex(handle as _) })
+        WindowsSysResult(unsafe {
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::ReleaseMutex(handle as _)
+        })
     }
 }

From d2bf31724f05ad1f6b32c2fa623ab2e111cc89ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Mar 2025 11:15:42 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 481/705] fix clippy

---
 common/src/fileutils.rs  | 2 +-
 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs | 6 +++---
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs      | 4 ++--
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/fileutils.rs b/common/src/fileutils.rs
index cabeb833c1..67713c0148 100644
--- a/common/src/fileutils.rs
+++ b/common/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ pub mod windows {
             .get_or_init(|| {
                 let library_name = OsString::from("api-ms-win-core-file-l2-1-4").to_wide_with_nul();
                 let module = unsafe { LoadLibraryW(library_name.as_ptr()) };
-                if module == std::ptr::null_mut() {
+                if module.is_null() {
                     return None;
                 }
                 let name = CString::new("GetFileInformationByName").unwrap();
diff --git a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
index 8877e5befb..234e3be53a 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ mod _overlapped {
 
     fn mark_as_completed(ov: &mut OVERLAPPED) {
         ov.Internal = 0;
-        if ov.hEvent != std::ptr::null_mut() {
+        if !ov.hEvent.is_null() {
             unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::SetEvent(ov.hEvent) };
         }
     }
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ mod _overlapped {
         type Args = (isize,);
 
         fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, (mut event,): Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            if event as isize == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE as isize {
+            if event == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE(vm) {
                 event = unsafe {
                     windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::CreateEventA(
                         std::ptr::null(),
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ mod _overlapped {
                         std::ptr::null(),
                     ) as isize
                 };
-                if event as isize == NULL {
+                if event == NULL {
                     return Err(errno_err(vm));
                 }
             }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index bf7dca8b05..ecc63e0aa6 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         }
 
         let h = unsafe { Threading::OpenProcess(Threading::PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, 0, pid) };
-        if h == std::ptr::null_mut() {
+        if h.is_null() {
             return Err(errno_err(vm));
         }
         let ret = unsafe { Threading::TerminateProcess(h, sig) };
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
                 _ => return Err(vm.new_value_error("bad file descriptor".to_owned())),
             };
             let h = unsafe { Console::GetStdHandle(stdhandle) };
-            if h == std::ptr::null_mut() {
+            if h.is_null() {
                 return Err(vm.new_os_error("handle cannot be retrieved".to_owned()));
             }
             if h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {

From 7fea1e1b4a92bec3a9addc4e2e64e161a8b6a0c7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Feb 2025 21:46:28 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 482/705] fix what is left data upload to website and trigger
 cron-ci on workflow update

---
 .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml | 7 +++++--
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
index 4b8e701ced..b5590f145f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ on:
   schedule:
     - cron: '0 0 * * 6'
   workflow_dispatch:
+  push:
+    paths:
+      - .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
 
 name: Periodic checks/tasks
 
@@ -97,8 +100,8 @@ jobs:
           cd website
           [ -f ./_data/whats_left.temp ] && cp ./_data/whats_left.temp ./_data/whats_left_lastrun.temp
           cp ../whats_left.temp ./_data/whats_left.temp
-          rm _data/whats_left/modules.csv
-          cat _data/whats_left.temp | grep "(entire module)" | cut -d ' ' -f 1 | sort >> ../_data/whats_left/modules.csv
+          rm ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
+          cat ./_data/whats_left.temp | grep "(entire module)" | cut -d ' ' -f 1 | sort >> ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
 
           git add -A
           if git -c user.name="Github Actions" -c user.email="actions@github.com" commit -m "Update what is left results" --author="$GITHUB_ACTOR"; then

From 58ebf04bac4a29359ecccbec930072e4146bd4d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel O'Hear <149127239+dohear@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Mar 2025 20:41:45 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 483/705] Add JIT compilation support for integer
 multiplication, division, and exponents (#5561)

* Initial commit for power function

* Float power jit developed

* Addded support for Floats and Ints

* Integration Testing for JITPower implementation.

* Update instructions.rs

cranelift more like painlift

* Update instructions.rs

* Update instructions.rs

* initial commit for making stable PR ready features

* fixed final edge case for compile_ipow

* fixed final edge case for compile_ipow

* commenting out compile_ipow

* fixed spelling errors

* removed unused tests

* forgot to run clippy

---------

Co-authored-by: Nicholas Paulick <paulicknicholas@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Nick <nick@Samanthas-MBP.wi.rr.com>
Co-authored-by: JoeLoparco <loparcojoseph@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Nathan Rusch <nathan.rusch@icloud.com>
Co-authored-by: dohear <daniel.ohear@marquette.edu>
---
 jit/src/instructions.rs | 163 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 jit/tests/int_tests.rs  |  70 ++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 232 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/jit/src/instructions.rs b/jit/src/instructions.rs
index b495c6e1f6..1b74760dc0 100644
--- a/jit/src/instructions.rs
+++ b/jit/src/instructions.rs
@@ -425,12 +425,25 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                     (BinaryOperator::Subtract, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
                         JitValue::Int(self.compile_sub(a, b))
                     }
+                    (BinaryOperator::Multiply, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
+                        JitValue::Int(self.builder.ins().imul(a, b))
+                    }
                     (BinaryOperator::FloorDivide, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
                         JitValue::Int(self.builder.ins().sdiv(a, b))
                     }
+                    (BinaryOperator::Divide, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
+                        // Convert to float for regular division
+                        let a_float = self.builder.ins().fcvt_from_sint(types::F64, a);
+                        let b_float = self.builder.ins().fcvt_from_sint(types::F64, b);
+                        JitValue::Float(self.builder.ins().fdiv(a_float, b_float))
+                    }
                     (BinaryOperator::Modulo, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
                         JitValue::Int(self.builder.ins().srem(a, b))
                     }
+                    // Todo: This should return int when possible
+                    (BinaryOperator::Power, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
+                        JitValue::Float(self.compile_ipow(a, b))
+                    }
                     (
                         BinaryOperator::Lshift | BinaryOperator::Rshift,
                         JitValue::Int(a),
@@ -562,4 +575,154 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
             .trapif(IntCC::Overflow, carry, TrapCode::IntegerOverflow);
         out
     }
+    fn compile_ipow(&mut self, a: Value, b: Value) -> Value {
+        // Convert base to float since result might not always be a Int
+        let float_base = self.builder.ins().fcvt_from_sint(types::F64, a);
+
+        // Create code blocks
+        let check_block1 = self.builder.create_block();
+        let check_block2 = self.builder.create_block();
+        let check_block3 = self.builder.create_block();
+        let handle_neg_exp = self.builder.create_block();
+        let loop_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let exit_block = self.builder.create_block();
+
+        // Set code block params
+        // Set code block params
+        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block1, types::F64);
+        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block1, types::I64);
+
+        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block2, types::F64);
+        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block2, types::I64);
+
+        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block3, types::F64);
+        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block3, types::I64);
+
+        self.builder.append_block_param(handle_neg_exp, types::F64);
+        self.builder.append_block_param(handle_neg_exp, types::I64);
+
+        self.builder.append_block_param(loop_block, types::F64); //base
+        self.builder.append_block_param(loop_block, types::F64); //result
+        self.builder.append_block_param(loop_block, types::I64); //exponent
+
+        self.builder.append_block_param(continue_block, types::F64); //base
+        self.builder.append_block_param(continue_block, types::F64); //result
+        self.builder.append_block_param(continue_block, types::I64); //exponent
+
+        self.builder.append_block_param(exit_block, types::F64);
+
+        // Begin evaluating by jumping to first check block
+        self.builder.ins().jump(check_block1, &[float_base, b]);
+
+        // Check block one:
+        // Checks if input is O ** n where n > 0
+        // Jumps to exit_block as 0 if true
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(check_block1);
+        let paramsc1 = self.builder.block_params(check_block1);
+        let basec1 = paramsc1[0];
+        let expc1 = paramsc1[1];
+        let zero_f64 = self.builder.ins().f64const(0.0);
+        let zero_i64 = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0);
+        let is_base_zero = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Equal, zero_f64, basec1);
+        let is_exp_positive = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .icmp(IntCC::SignedGreaterThan, expc1, zero_i64);
+        let is_zero_to_positive = self.builder.ins().band(is_base_zero, is_exp_positive);
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brnz(is_zero_to_positive, exit_block, &[zero_f64]);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(check_block2, &[basec1, expc1]);
+
+        // Check block two:
+        // Checks if exponent is negative
+        // Jumps to a special handle_neg_exponent block if true
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(check_block2);
+        let paramsc2 = self.builder.block_params(check_block2);
+        let basec2 = paramsc2[0];
+        let expc2 = paramsc2[1];
+        let zero_i64 = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0);
+        let is_neg = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .icmp(IntCC::SignedLessThan, expc2, zero_i64);
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brnz(is_neg, handle_neg_exp, &[basec2, expc2]);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(check_block3, &[basec2, expc2]);
+
+        // Check block three:
+        // Checks if exponent is one
+        // jumps to exit block with the base of the exponents value
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(check_block3);
+        let paramsc3 = self.builder.block_params(check_block3);
+        let basec3 = paramsc3[0];
+        let expc3 = paramsc3[1];
+        let resc3 = self.builder.ins().f64const(1.0);
+        let one_i64 = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 1);
+        let is_one = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, expc3, one_i64);
+        self.builder.ins().brnz(is_one, exit_block, &[basec3]);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(loop_block, &[basec3, resc3, expc3]);
+
+        // Handles negative Exponents
+        // calculates x^(-n) = (1/x)^n
+        // then proceeds to the loop to evaluate
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(handle_neg_exp);
+        let paramshn = self.builder.block_params(handle_neg_exp);
+        let basehn = paramshn[0];
+        let exphn = paramshn[1];
+        let one_f64 = self.builder.ins().f64const(1.0);
+        let base_inverse = self.builder.ins().fdiv(one_f64, basehn);
+        let pos_exp = self.builder.ins().ineg(exphn);
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .jump(loop_block, &[base_inverse, one_f64, pos_exp]);
+
+        // Main loop block
+        // checks loop condition (exp > 0)
+        // Jumps to continue block if true, exit block if false
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(loop_block);
+        let paramslb = self.builder.block_params(loop_block);
+        let baselb = paramslb[0];
+        let reslb = paramslb[1];
+        let explb = paramslb[2];
+        let zero = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0);
+        let is_zero = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, explb, zero);
+        self.builder.ins().brnz(is_zero, exit_block, &[reslb]);
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .jump(continue_block, &[baselb, reslb, explb]);
+
+        // Continue block
+        // Main math logic
+        // Always jumps back to loob_block
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_block);
+        let paramscb = self.builder.block_params(continue_block);
+        let basecb = paramscb[0];
+        let rescb = paramscb[1];
+        let expcb = paramscb[2];
+        let is_odd = self.builder.ins().band_imm(expcb, 1);
+        let is_odd = self.builder.ins().icmp_imm(IntCC::Equal, is_odd, 1);
+        let mul_result = self.builder.ins().fmul(rescb, basecb);
+        let new_result = self.builder.ins().select(is_odd, mul_result, rescb);
+        let squared_base = self.builder.ins().fmul(basecb, basecb);
+        let new_exp = self.builder.ins().sshr_imm(expcb, 1);
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .jump(loop_block, &[squared_base, new_result, new_exp]);
+
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(exit_block);
+        let result = self.builder.block_params(exit_block)[0];
+
+        self.builder.seal_block(check_block1);
+        self.builder.seal_block(check_block2);
+        self.builder.seal_block(check_block3);
+        self.builder.seal_block(handle_neg_exp);
+        self.builder.seal_block(loop_block);
+        self.builder.seal_block(continue_block);
+        self.builder.seal_block(exit_block);
+
+        result
+    }
 }
diff --git a/jit/tests/int_tests.rs b/jit/tests/int_tests.rs
index 9ce3f3b4a6..353052df00 100644
--- a/jit/tests/int_tests.rs
+++ b/jit/tests/int_tests.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use core::f64;
+
 #[test]
 fn test_add() {
     let add = jit_function! { add(a:i64, b:i64) -> i64 => r##"
@@ -23,6 +25,51 @@ fn test_sub() {
     assert_eq!(sub(-3, -10), Ok(7));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_mul() {
+    let mul = jit_function! { mul(a:i64, b:i64) -> i64 => r##"
+        def mul(a: int, b: int):
+            return a * b
+    "## };
+
+    assert_eq!(mul(5, 10), Ok(50));
+    assert_eq!(mul(0, 5), Ok(0));
+    assert_eq!(mul(5, 0), Ok(0));
+    assert_eq!(mul(0, 0), Ok(0));
+    assert_eq!(mul(-5, 10), Ok(-50));
+    assert_eq!(mul(5, -10), Ok(-50));
+    assert_eq!(mul(-5, -10), Ok(50));
+    assert_eq!(mul(999999, 999999), Ok(999998000001));
+    assert_eq!(mul(i64::MAX, 1), Ok(i64::MAX));
+    assert_eq!(mul(1, i64::MAX), Ok(i64::MAX));
+}
+
+#[test]
+
+fn test_div() {
+    let div = jit_function! { div(a:i64, b:i64) -> f64 => r##"
+        def div(a: int, b: int):
+            return a / b
+    "## };
+
+    assert_eq!(div(0, 1), Ok(0.0));
+    assert_eq!(div(5, 1), Ok(5.0));
+    assert_eq!(div(5, 10), Ok(0.5));
+    assert_eq!(div(5, 2), Ok(2.5));
+    assert_eq!(div(12, 10), Ok(1.2));
+    assert_eq!(div(7, 10), Ok(0.7));
+    assert_eq!(div(-3, -1), Ok(3.0));
+    assert_eq!(div(-3, 1), Ok(-3.0));
+    assert_eq!(div(1, 1000), Ok(0.001));
+    assert_eq!(div(1, 100000), Ok(0.00001));
+    assert_eq!(div(2, 3), Ok(0.6666666666666666));
+    assert_eq!(div(1, 3), Ok(0.3333333333333333));
+    assert_eq!(div(i64::MAX, 2), Ok(4611686018427387904.0));
+    assert_eq!(div(i64::MIN, 2), Ok(-4611686018427387904.0));
+    assert_eq!(div(i64::MIN, -1), Ok(9223372036854775808.0)); // Overflow case
+    assert_eq!(div(i64::MIN, i64::MAX), Ok(-1.0));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_floor_div() {
     let floor_div = jit_function! { floor_div(a:i64, b:i64) -> i64 => r##"
@@ -35,7 +82,28 @@ fn test_floor_div() {
     assert_eq!(floor_div(12, 10), Ok(1));
     assert_eq!(floor_div(7, 10), Ok(0));
     assert_eq!(floor_div(-3, -1), Ok(3));
-    assert_eq!(floor_div(-3, 1), Ok(-3));
+}
+
+#[test]
+
+fn test_exp() {
+    let exp = jit_function! { exp(a: i64, b: i64) -> f64 => r##"
+    def exp(a: int, b: int):
+        return a ** b
+    "## };
+
+    assert_eq!(exp(2, 3), Ok(8.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(3, 2), Ok(9.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(5, 0), Ok(1.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(0, 0), Ok(1.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(-5, 0), Ok(1.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(0, 1), Ok(0.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(0, 5), Ok(0.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(-2, 2), Ok(4.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(-3, 4), Ok(81.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(-2, 3), Ok(-8.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(-3, 3), Ok(-27.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(1000, 2), Ok(1000000.0));
 }
 
 #[test]

From cc0a1ce9e269062da91086e15089cff53d422ecf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Mar 2025 16:15:14 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 484/705] Update webpack (#5585)

* Update webpack

* Build demo before notebook

* Use with instead of env for actions-gh-pages
---
 .github/workflows/release.yml   | 19 +++++++++++++------
 wasm/notebook/package.json      | 20 +++++++++-----------
 wasm/notebook/webpack.config.js | 12 +++++++-----
 3 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 98b7de4823..4be6b4eaf0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -109,6 +109,13 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
       - uses: mwilliamson/setup-wabt-action@v3
         with: { wabt-version: "1.0.30" }
+      - name: build demo
+        run: |
+          npm install
+          npm run dist
+        env:
+          NODE_OPTIONS: "--openssl-legacy-provider"
+        working-directory: ./wasm/demo
       - name: build notebook demo
         run: |
           npm install
@@ -119,11 +126,11 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: ./wasm/notebook
       - name: Deploy demo to Github Pages
         uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@v4
-        env:
-          ACTIONS_DEPLOY_KEY: ${{ secrets.ACTIONS_DEMO_DEPLOY_KEY }}
-          PUBLISH_DIR: ./wasm/demo/dist
-          EXTERNAL_REPOSITORY: RustPython/demo
-          PUBLISH_BRANCH: master
+        with:
+          deploy_key: ${{ secrets.ACTIONS_DEMO_DEPLOY_KEY }}
+          publish_dir: ./wasm/demo/dist
+          external_repository: RustPython/demo
+          publish_branch: master
 
   release:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -161,4 +168,4 @@ jobs:
               --target="$tag" \
               --generate-notes \
               $PRERELEASE_ARG \
-              bin/rustpython-release-*
\ No newline at end of file
+              bin/rustpython-release-*
diff --git a/wasm/notebook/package.json b/wasm/notebook/package.json
index 2a730258cd..64517331c4 100644
--- a/wasm/notebook/package.json
+++ b/wasm/notebook/package.json
@@ -12,19 +12,17 @@
         "xterm": "^3.8.0"
     },
     "devDependencies": {
-        "@wasm-tool/wasm-pack-plugin": "^1.1.0",
-        "clean-webpack-plugin": "^3.0.0",
-        "css-loader": "^3.4.1",
-        "html-webpack-plugin": "^3.2.0",
-        "mini-css-extract-plugin": "^0.9.0",
-        "raw-loader": "^4.0.0",
-        "serve": "^11.0.2",
-        "webpack": "^4.16.3",
-        "webpack-cli": "^3.1.0",
-        "webpack-dev-server": "^3.1.5"
+        "@wasm-tool/wasm-pack-plugin": "^1.7.0",
+        "css-loader": "^7.1.2",
+        "html-webpack-plugin": "^5.6.3",
+        "lezer-loader": "^0.3.0",
+        "mini-css-extract-plugin": "^2.9.2",
+        "webpack": "^5.97.1",
+        "webpack-cli": "^6.0.1",
+        "webpack-dev-server": "^5.2.0"
     },
     "scripts": {
-        "dev": "webpack-dev-server -d",
+        "dev": "webpack serve",
         "build": "webpack",
         "dist": "webpack --mode production",
         "test": "webpack --mode production && cd ../tests && pytest"
diff --git a/wasm/notebook/webpack.config.js b/wasm/notebook/webpack.config.js
index 9fda3cf4aa..ca19f3384a 100644
--- a/wasm/notebook/webpack.config.js
+++ b/wasm/notebook/webpack.config.js
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
 const MiniCssExtractPlugin = require('mini-css-extract-plugin');
 const WasmPackPlugin = require('@wasm-tool/wasm-pack-plugin');
-const { CleanWebpackPlugin } = require('clean-webpack-plugin');
 
 const path = require('path');
 const fs = require('fs');
@@ -12,6 +11,7 @@ module.exports = (env = {}) => {
         output: {
             path: path.join(__dirname, 'dist'),
             filename: 'index.js',
+            clean: true,
         },
         mode: 'development',
         resolve: {
@@ -30,15 +30,14 @@ module.exports = (env = {}) => {
                 },
                 {
                     test: /\.(woff(2)?|ttf)$/,
-                    use: {
-                        loader: 'file-loader',
-                        options: { name: 'fonts/[name].[ext]' },
+                    type: 'asset/resource',
+                    generator: {
+                        filename: 'fonts/[name].[ext]',
                     },
                 },
             ],
         },
         plugins: [
-            new CleanWebpackPlugin(),
             new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
                 filename: 'index.html',
                 template: 'src/index.ejs',
@@ -58,6 +57,9 @@ module.exports = (env = {}) => {
                 filename: 'styles.css',
             }),
         ],
+        experiments: {
+            asyncWebAssembly: true,
+        },
     };
     if (!env.noWasmPack) {
         config.plugins.push(

From 97853bf0f1edbef92fc758badf102564653ed73a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 5 Mar 2025 20:20:04 -0800
Subject: [PATCH 485/705] Fix module.csv generation in cron ci (#5586)

---
 .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
index b5590f145f..5c14502643 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ jobs:
           [ -f ./_data/whats_left.temp ] && cp ./_data/whats_left.temp ./_data/whats_left_lastrun.temp
           cp ../whats_left.temp ./_data/whats_left.temp
           rm ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
+          echo -e "modules\n" > ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
           cat ./_data/whats_left.temp | grep "(entire module)" | cut -d ' ' -f 1 | sort >> ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
-
           git add -A
           if git -c user.name="Github Actions" -c user.email="actions@github.com" commit -m "Update what is left results" --author="$GITHUB_ACTOR"; then
             git push

From 87fae150daafd8ab02bd7223f21d076d70ceaaae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 9 Mar 2025 11:03:22 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 486/705] Replace pyattr(once) to constant

---
 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs | 11 ++++++-----
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
index 234e3be53a..629461abe9 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
@@ -31,10 +31,11 @@ mod _overlapped {
         },
         System::Threading::INFINITE,
     };
-    #[pyattr(once)]
-    fn INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> isize {
-        windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE as isize
-    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    const INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE: isize =
+        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) };
+
     #[pyattr]
     const NULL: isize = 0;
 
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ mod _overlapped {
         type Args = (isize,);
 
         fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, (mut event,): Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            if event == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE(vm) {
+            if event == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE {
                 event = unsafe {
                     windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::CreateEventA(
                         std::ptr::null(),

From bae0ad3aeb2cccb86132ddf34436e346bd6ba53d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 9 Mar 2025 19:43:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 487/705] Fix extra newline in module.csv generation in cron ci
  (#5591)

---
 .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
index 5c14502643..6ae118cb56 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ jobs:
           [ -f ./_data/whats_left.temp ] && cp ./_data/whats_left.temp ./_data/whats_left_lastrun.temp
           cp ../whats_left.temp ./_data/whats_left.temp
           rm ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
-          echo -e "modules\n" > ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
+          echo -e "modules" > ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
           cat ./_data/whats_left.temp | grep "(entire module)" | cut -d ' ' -f 1 | sort >> ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
           git add -A
           if git -c user.name="Github Actions" -c user.email="actions@github.com" commit -m "Update what is left results" --author="$GITHUB_ACTOR"; then

From bf28152a3251e6ebe9ccbbe8a4858c51c3c97e27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 9 Mar 2025 16:55:03 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 488/705] add os support modules

---
 Lib/_android_support.py | 181 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/_apple_support.py   |  66 +++++++++++++++
 Lib/_ios_support.py     |  71 ++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 318 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/_android_support.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_apple_support.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_ios_support.py

diff --git a/Lib/_android_support.py b/Lib/_android_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae506f6a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_android_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+import io
+import sys
+from threading import RLock
+from time import sleep, time
+
+# The maximum length of a log message in bytes, including the level marker and
+# tag, is defined as LOGGER_ENTRY_MAX_PAYLOAD at
+# https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/android-14.0.0_r1:system/logging/liblog/include/log/log.h;l=71.
+# Messages longer than this will be truncated by logcat. This limit has already
+# been reduced at least once in the history of Android (from 4076 to 4068 between
+# API level 23 and 26), so leave some headroom.
+MAX_BYTES_PER_WRITE = 4000
+
+# UTF-8 uses a maximum of 4 bytes per character, so limiting text writes to this
+# size ensures that we can always avoid exceeding MAX_BYTES_PER_WRITE.
+# However, if the actual number of bytes per character is smaller than that,
+# then we may still join multiple consecutive text writes into binary
+# writes containing a larger number of characters.
+MAX_CHARS_PER_WRITE = MAX_BYTES_PER_WRITE // 4
+
+
+# When embedded in an app on current versions of Android, there's no easy way to
+# monitor the C-level stdout and stderr. The testbed comes with a .c file to
+# redirect them to the system log using a pipe, but that wouldn't be convenient
+# or appropriate for all apps. So we redirect at the Python level instead.
+def init_streams(android_log_write, stdout_prio, stderr_prio):
+    if sys.executable:
+        return  # Not embedded in an app.
+
+    global logcat
+    logcat = Logcat(android_log_write)
+
+    sys.stdout = TextLogStream(
+        stdout_prio, "python.stdout", sys.stdout.fileno())
+    sys.stderr = TextLogStream(
+        stderr_prio, "python.stderr", sys.stderr.fileno())
+
+
+class TextLogStream(io.TextIOWrapper):
+    def __init__(self, prio, tag, fileno=None, **kwargs):
+        # The default is surrogateescape for stdout and backslashreplace for
+        # stderr, but in the context of an Android log, readability is more
+        # important than reversibility.
+        kwargs.setdefault("encoding", "UTF-8")
+        kwargs.setdefault("errors", "backslashreplace")
+
+        super().__init__(BinaryLogStream(prio, tag, fileno), **kwargs)
+        self._lock = RLock()
+        self._pending_bytes = []
+        self._pending_bytes_count = 0
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<TextLogStream {self.buffer.tag!r}>"
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        if not isinstance(s, str):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"write() argument must be str, not {type(s).__name__}")
+
+        # In case `s` is a str subclass that writes itself to stdout or stderr
+        # when we call its methods, convert it to an actual str.
+        s = str.__str__(s)
+
+        # We want to emit one log message per line wherever possible, so split
+        # the string into lines first. Note that "".splitlines() == [], so
+        # nothing will be logged for an empty string.
+        with self._lock:
+            for line in s.splitlines(keepends=True):
+                while line:
+                    chunk = line[:MAX_CHARS_PER_WRITE]
+                    line = line[MAX_CHARS_PER_WRITE:]
+                    self._write_chunk(chunk)
+
+        return len(s)
+
+    # The size and behavior of TextIOWrapper's buffer is not part of its public
+    # API, so we handle buffering ourselves to avoid truncation.
+    def _write_chunk(self, s):
+        b = s.encode(self.encoding, self.errors)
+        if self._pending_bytes_count + len(b) > MAX_BYTES_PER_WRITE:
+            self.flush()
+
+        self._pending_bytes.append(b)
+        self._pending_bytes_count += len(b)
+        if (
+            self.write_through
+            or b.endswith(b"\n")
+            or self._pending_bytes_count > MAX_BYTES_PER_WRITE
+        ):
+            self.flush()
+
+    def flush(self):
+        with self._lock:
+            self.buffer.write(b"".join(self._pending_bytes))
+            self._pending_bytes.clear()
+            self._pending_bytes_count = 0
+
+    # Since this is a line-based logging system, line buffering cannot be turned
+    # off, i.e. a newline always causes a flush.
+    @property
+    def line_buffering(self):
+        return True
+
+
+class BinaryLogStream(io.RawIOBase):
+    def __init__(self, prio, tag, fileno=None):
+        self.prio = prio
+        self.tag = tag
+        self._fileno = fileno
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<BinaryLogStream {self.tag!r}>"
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def write(self, b):
+        if type(b) is not bytes:
+            try:
+                b = bytes(memoryview(b))
+            except TypeError:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"write() argument must be bytes-like, not {type(b).__name__}"
+                ) from None
+
+        # Writing an empty string to the stream should have no effect.
+        if b:
+            logcat.write(self.prio, self.tag, b)
+        return len(b)
+
+    # This is needed by the test suite --timeout option, which uses faulthandler.
+    def fileno(self):
+        if self._fileno is None:
+            raise io.UnsupportedOperation("fileno")
+        return self._fileno
+
+
+# When a large volume of data is written to logcat at once, e.g. when a test
+# module fails in --verbose3 mode, there's a risk of overflowing logcat's own
+# buffer and losing messages. We avoid this by imposing a rate limit using the
+# token bucket algorithm, based on a conservative estimate of how fast `adb
+# logcat` can consume data.
+MAX_BYTES_PER_SECOND = 1024 * 1024
+
+# The logcat buffer size of a device can be determined by running `logcat -g`.
+# We set the token bucket size to half of the buffer size of our current minimum
+# API level, because other things on the system will be producing messages as
+# well.
+BUCKET_SIZE = 128 * 1024
+
+# https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/android-14.0.0_r1:system/logging/liblog/include/log/log_read.h;l=39
+PER_MESSAGE_OVERHEAD = 28
+
+
+class Logcat:
+    def __init__(self, android_log_write):
+        self.android_log_write = android_log_write
+        self._lock = RLock()
+        self._bucket_level = 0
+        self._prev_write_time = time()
+
+    def write(self, prio, tag, message):
+        # Encode null bytes using "modified UTF-8" to avoid them truncating the
+        # message.
+        message = message.replace(b"\x00", b"\xc0\x80")
+
+        with self._lock:
+            now = time()
+            self._bucket_level += (
+                (now - self._prev_write_time) * MAX_BYTES_PER_SECOND)
+
+            # If the bucket level is still below zero, the clock must have gone
+            # backwards, so reset it to zero and continue.
+            self._bucket_level = max(0, min(self._bucket_level, BUCKET_SIZE))
+            self._prev_write_time = now
+
+            self._bucket_level -= PER_MESSAGE_OVERHEAD + len(tag) + len(message)
+            if self._bucket_level < 0:
+                sleep(-self._bucket_level / MAX_BYTES_PER_SECOND)
+
+            self.android_log_write(prio, tag, message)
diff --git a/Lib/_apple_support.py b/Lib/_apple_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..92febdcf58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_apple_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+import io
+import sys
+
+
+def init_streams(log_write, stdout_level, stderr_level):
+    # Redirect stdout and stderr to the Apple system log. This method is
+    # invoked by init_apple_streams() (initconfig.c) if config->use_system_logger
+    # is enabled.
+    sys.stdout = SystemLog(log_write, stdout_level, errors=sys.stderr.errors)
+    sys.stderr = SystemLog(log_write, stderr_level, errors=sys.stderr.errors)
+
+
+class SystemLog(io.TextIOWrapper):
+    def __init__(self, log_write, level, **kwargs):
+        kwargs.setdefault("encoding", "UTF-8")
+        kwargs.setdefault("line_buffering", True)
+        super().__init__(LogStream(log_write, level), **kwargs)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<SystemLog (level {self.buffer.level})>"
+
+    def write(self, s):
+        if not isinstance(s, str):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"write() argument must be str, not {type(s).__name__}")
+
+        # In case `s` is a str subclass that writes itself to stdout or stderr
+        # when we call its methods, convert it to an actual str.
+        s = str.__str__(s)
+
+        # We want to emit one log message per line, so split
+        # the string before sending it to the superclass.
+        for line in s.splitlines(keepends=True):
+            super().write(line)
+
+        return len(s)
+
+
+class LogStream(io.RawIOBase):
+    def __init__(self, log_write, level):
+        self.log_write = log_write
+        self.level = level
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<LogStream (level {self.level!r})>"
+
+    def writable(self):
+        return True
+
+    def write(self, b):
+        if type(b) is not bytes:
+            try:
+                b = bytes(memoryview(b))
+            except TypeError:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"write() argument must be bytes-like, not {type(b).__name__}"
+                ) from None
+
+        # Writing an empty string to the stream should have no effect.
+        if b:
+            # Encode null bytes using "modified UTF-8" to avoid truncating the
+            # message. This should not affect the return value, as the caller
+            # may be expecting it to match the length of the input.
+            self.log_write(self.level, b.replace(b"\x00", b"\xc0\x80"))
+
+        return len(b)
diff --git a/Lib/_ios_support.py b/Lib/_ios_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20467a7c2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_ios_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+import sys
+try:
+    from ctypes import cdll, c_void_p, c_char_p, util
+except ImportError:
+    # ctypes is an optional module. If it's not present, we're limited in what
+    # we can tell about the system, but we don't want to prevent the module
+    # from working.
+    print("ctypes isn't available; iOS system calls will not be available", file=sys.stderr)
+    objc = None
+else:
+    # ctypes is available. Load the ObjC library, and wrap the objc_getClass,
+    # sel_registerName methods
+    lib = util.find_library("objc")
+    if lib is None:
+        # Failed to load the objc library
+        raise ImportError("ObjC runtime library couldn't be loaded")
+
+    objc = cdll.LoadLibrary(lib)
+    objc.objc_getClass.restype = c_void_p
+    objc.objc_getClass.argtypes = [c_char_p]
+    objc.sel_registerName.restype = c_void_p
+    objc.sel_registerName.argtypes = [c_char_p]
+
+
+def get_platform_ios():
+    # Determine if this is a simulator using the multiarch value
+    is_simulator = sys.implementation._multiarch.endswith("simulator")
+
+    # We can't use ctypes; abort
+    if not objc:
+        return None
+
+    # Most of the methods return ObjC objects
+    objc.objc_msgSend.restype = c_void_p
+    # All the methods used have no arguments.
+    objc.objc_msgSend.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p]
+
+    # Equivalent of:
+    #   device = [UIDevice currentDevice]
+    UIDevice = objc.objc_getClass(b"UIDevice")
+    SEL_currentDevice = objc.sel_registerName(b"currentDevice")
+    device = objc.objc_msgSend(UIDevice, SEL_currentDevice)
+
+    # Equivalent of:
+    #   device_systemVersion = [device systemVersion]
+    SEL_systemVersion = objc.sel_registerName(b"systemVersion")
+    device_systemVersion = objc.objc_msgSend(device, SEL_systemVersion)
+
+    # Equivalent of:
+    #   device_systemName = [device systemName]
+    SEL_systemName = objc.sel_registerName(b"systemName")
+    device_systemName = objc.objc_msgSend(device, SEL_systemName)
+
+    # Equivalent of:
+    #   device_model = [device model]
+    SEL_model = objc.sel_registerName(b"model")
+    device_model = objc.objc_msgSend(device, SEL_model)
+
+    # UTF8String returns a const char*;
+    SEL_UTF8String = objc.sel_registerName(b"UTF8String")
+    objc.objc_msgSend.restype = c_char_p
+
+    # Equivalent of:
+    #   system = [device_systemName UTF8String]
+    #   release = [device_systemVersion UTF8String]
+    #   model = [device_model UTF8String]
+    system = objc.objc_msgSend(device_systemName, SEL_UTF8String).decode()
+    release = objc.objc_msgSend(device_systemVersion, SEL_UTF8String).decode()
+    model = objc.objc_msgSend(device_model, SEL_UTF8String).decode()
+
+    return system, release, model, is_simulator

From 4308321f395dd6ecce228007332d0979e030733f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Mar 2025 23:13:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 489/705] _osx_support update to 3.13

---
 Lib/_osx_support.py | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/_osx_support.py b/Lib/_osx_support.py
index aa66c8b9f4..0cb064fcd7 100644
--- a/Lib/_osx_support.py
+++ b/Lib/_osx_support.py
@@ -507,6 +507,11 @@ def get_platform_osx(_config_vars, osname, release, machine):
     # MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET.
 
     macver = _config_vars.get('MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET', '')
+    if macver and '.' not in macver:
+        # Ensure that the version includes at least a major
+        # and minor version, even if MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET
+        # is set to a single-label version like "14".
+        macver += '.0'
     macrelease = _get_system_version() or macver
     macver = macver or macrelease
 

From cbbadf562fe8af01111f23cbbcf9001791c2fd5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 10 Mar 2025 23:27:05 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 490/705] Fixed whats left

---
 .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
index 6ae118cb56..4e88d749fb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ jobs:
           [ -f ./_data/whats_left.temp ] && cp ./_data/whats_left.temp ./_data/whats_left_lastrun.temp
           cp ../whats_left.temp ./_data/whats_left.temp
           rm ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
-          echo -e "modules" > ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
+          echo -e "module" > ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
           cat ./_data/whats_left.temp | grep "(entire module)" | cut -d ' ' -f 1 | sort >> ./_data/whats_left/modules.csv
           git add -A
           if git -c user.name="Github Actions" -c user.email="actions@github.com" commit -m "Update what is left results" --author="$GITHUB_ACTOR"; then

From ff970b0e1c8f51d2ccc292e4c405511c0ea3eb69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Mar 2025 06:37:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 491/705] Update statistics to 3.13.2 (#5592)

* statistics to 3.13.2

* set flaky test
---
 Lib/statistics.py           | 899 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 Lib/test/test_statistics.py | 530 ++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 1178 insertions(+), 251 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/statistics.py b/Lib/statistics.py
index f66245380a..5f0a6e67d4 100644
--- a/Lib/statistics.py
+++ b/Lib/statistics.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 Function            Description
 ==================  ==================================================
 mean                Arithmetic mean (average) of data.
-fmean               Fast, floating point arithmetic mean.
+fmean               Fast, floating-point arithmetic mean.
 geometric_mean      Geometric mean of data.
 harmonic_mean       Harmonic mean of data.
 median              Median (middle value) of data.
@@ -112,6 +112,8 @@
     'fmean',
     'geometric_mean',
     'harmonic_mean',
+    'kde',
+    'kde_random',
     'linear_regression',
     'mean',
     'median',
@@ -130,14 +132,20 @@
 import math
 import numbers
 import random
+import sys
 
 from fractions import Fraction
 from decimal import Decimal
-from itertools import groupby, repeat
+from itertools import count, groupby, repeat
 from bisect import bisect_left, bisect_right
-from math import hypot, sqrt, fabs, exp, erf, tau, log, fsum
+from math import hypot, sqrt, fabs, exp, erf, tau, log, fsum, sumprod
+from math import isfinite, isinf, pi, cos, sin, tan, cosh, asin, atan, acos
+from functools import reduce
 from operator import itemgetter
-from collections import Counter, namedtuple
+from collections import Counter, namedtuple, defaultdict
+
+_SQRT2 = sqrt(2.0)
+_random = random
 
 # === Exceptions ===
 
@@ -180,11 +188,12 @@ def _sum(data):
     allowed.
     """
     count = 0
+    types = set()
+    types_add = types.add
     partials = {}
     partials_get = partials.get
-    T = int
     for typ, values in groupby(data, type):
-        T = _coerce(T, typ)  # or raise TypeError
+        types_add(typ)
         for n, d in map(_exact_ratio, values):
             count += 1
             partials[d] = partials_get(d, 0) + n
@@ -196,9 +205,51 @@ def _sum(data):
     else:
         # Sum all the partial sums using builtin sum.
         total = sum(Fraction(n, d) for d, n in partials.items())
+    T = reduce(_coerce, types, int)  # or raise TypeError
     return (T, total, count)
 
 
+def _ss(data, c=None):
+    """Return the exact mean and sum of square deviations of sequence data.
+
+    Calculations are done in a single pass, allowing the input to be an iterator.
+
+    If given *c* is used the mean; otherwise, it is calculated from the data.
+    Use the *c* argument with care, as it can lead to garbage results.
+
+    """
+    if c is not None:
+        T, ssd, count = _sum((d := x - c) * d for x in data)
+        return (T, ssd, c, count)
+    count = 0
+    types = set()
+    types_add = types.add
+    sx_partials = defaultdict(int)
+    sxx_partials = defaultdict(int)
+    for typ, values in groupby(data, type):
+        types_add(typ)
+        for n, d in map(_exact_ratio, values):
+            count += 1
+            sx_partials[d] += n
+            sxx_partials[d] += n * n
+    if not count:
+        ssd = c = Fraction(0)
+    elif None in sx_partials:
+        # The sum will be a NAN or INF. We can ignore all the finite
+        # partials, and just look at this special one.
+        ssd = c = sx_partials[None]
+        assert not _isfinite(ssd)
+    else:
+        sx = sum(Fraction(n, d) for d, n in sx_partials.items())
+        sxx = sum(Fraction(n, d*d) for d, n in sxx_partials.items())
+        # This formula has poor numeric properties for floats,
+        # but with fractions it is exact.
+        ssd = (count * sxx - sx * sx) / count
+        c = sx / count
+    T = reduce(_coerce, types, int)  # or raise TypeError
+    return (T, ssd, c, count)
+
+
 def _isfinite(x):
     try:
         return x.is_finite()  # Likely a Decimal.
@@ -245,6 +296,28 @@ def _exact_ratio(x):
 
     x is expected to be an int, Fraction, Decimal or float.
     """
+
+    # XXX We should revisit whether using fractions to accumulate exact
+    # ratios is the right way to go.
+
+    # The integer ratios for binary floats can have numerators or
+    # denominators with over 300 decimal digits.  The problem is more
+    # acute with decimal floats where the default decimal context
+    # supports a huge range of exponents from Emin=-999999 to
+    # Emax=999999.  When expanded with as_integer_ratio(), numbers like
+    # Decimal('3.14E+5000') and Decimal('3.14E-5000') have large
+    # numerators or denominators that will slow computation.
+
+    # When the integer ratios are accumulated as fractions, the size
+    # grows to cover the full range from the smallest magnitude to the
+    # largest.  For example, Fraction(3.14E+300) + Fraction(3.14E-300),
+    # has a 616 digit numerator.  Likewise,
+    # Fraction(Decimal('3.14E+5000')) + Fraction(Decimal('3.14E-5000'))
+    # has 10,003 digit numerator.
+
+    # This doesn't seem to have been problem in practice, but it is a
+    # potential pitfall.
+
     try:
         return x.as_integer_ratio()
     except AttributeError:
@@ -279,22 +352,6 @@ def _convert(value, T):
             raise
 
 
-def _find_lteq(a, x):
-    'Locate the leftmost value exactly equal to x'
-    i = bisect_left(a, x)
-    if i != len(a) and a[i] == x:
-        return i
-    raise ValueError
-
-
-def _find_rteq(a, l, x):
-    'Locate the rightmost value exactly equal to x'
-    i = bisect_right(a, x, lo=l)
-    if i != (len(a) + 1) and a[i - 1] == x:
-        return i - 1
-    raise ValueError
-
-
 def _fail_neg(values, errmsg='negative value'):
     """Iterate over values, failing if any are less than zero."""
     for x in values:
@@ -303,6 +360,113 @@ def _fail_neg(values, errmsg='negative value'):
         yield x
 
 
+def _rank(data, /, *, key=None, reverse=False, ties='average', start=1) -> list[float]:
+    """Rank order a dataset. The lowest value has rank 1.
+
+    Ties are averaged so that equal values receive the same rank:
+
+        >>> data = [31, 56, 31, 25, 75, 18]
+        >>> _rank(data)
+        [3.5, 5.0, 3.5, 2.0, 6.0, 1.0]
+
+    The operation is idempotent:
+
+        >>> _rank([3.5, 5.0, 3.5, 2.0, 6.0, 1.0])
+        [3.5, 5.0, 3.5, 2.0, 6.0, 1.0]
+
+    It is possible to rank the data in reverse order so that the
+    highest value has rank 1.  Also, a key-function can extract
+    the field to be ranked:
+
+        >>> goals = [('eagles', 45), ('bears', 48), ('lions', 44)]
+        >>> _rank(goals, key=itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
+        [2.0, 1.0, 3.0]
+
+    Ranks are conventionally numbered starting from one; however,
+    setting *start* to zero allows the ranks to be used as array indices:
+
+        >>> prize = ['Gold', 'Silver', 'Bronze', 'Certificate']
+        >>> scores = [8.1, 7.3, 9.4, 8.3]
+        >>> [prize[int(i)] for i in _rank(scores, start=0, reverse=True)]
+        ['Bronze', 'Certificate', 'Gold', 'Silver']
+
+    """
+    # If this function becomes public at some point, more thought
+    # needs to be given to the signature.  A list of ints is
+    # plausible when ties is "min" or "max".  When ties is "average",
+    # either list[float] or list[Fraction] is plausible.
+
+    # Default handling of ties matches scipy.stats.mstats.spearmanr.
+    if ties != 'average':
+        raise ValueError(f'Unknown tie resolution method: {ties!r}')
+    if key is not None:
+        data = map(key, data)
+    val_pos = sorted(zip(data, count()), reverse=reverse)
+    i = start - 1
+    result = [0] * len(val_pos)
+    for _, g in groupby(val_pos, key=itemgetter(0)):
+        group = list(g)
+        size = len(group)
+        rank = i + (size + 1) / 2
+        for value, orig_pos in group:
+            result[orig_pos] = rank
+        i += size
+    return result
+
+
+def _integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto(n: int, m: int) -> int:
+    """Square root of n/m, rounded to the nearest integer using round-to-odd."""
+    # Reference: https://www.lri.fr/~melquion/doc/05-imacs17_1-expose.pdf
+    a = math.isqrt(n // m)
+    return a | (a*a*m != n)
+
+
+# For 53 bit precision floats, the bit width used in
+# _float_sqrt_of_frac() is 109.
+_sqrt_bit_width: int = 2 * sys.float_info.mant_dig + 3
+
+
+def _float_sqrt_of_frac(n: int, m: int) -> float:
+    """Square root of n/m as a float, correctly rounded."""
+    # See principle and proof sketch at: https://bugs.python.org/msg407078
+    q = (n.bit_length() - m.bit_length() - _sqrt_bit_width) // 2
+    if q >= 0:
+        numerator = _integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto(n, m << 2 * q) << q
+        denominator = 1
+    else:
+        numerator = _integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto(n << -2 * q, m)
+        denominator = 1 << -q
+    return numerator / denominator   # Convert to float
+
+
+def _decimal_sqrt_of_frac(n: int, m: int) -> Decimal:
+    """Square root of n/m as a Decimal, correctly rounded."""
+    # Premise:  For decimal, computing (n/m).sqrt() can be off
+    #           by 1 ulp from the correctly rounded result.
+    # Method:   Check the result, moving up or down a step if needed.
+    if n <= 0:
+        if not n:
+            return Decimal('0.0')
+        n, m = -n, -m
+
+    root = (Decimal(n) / Decimal(m)).sqrt()
+    nr, dr = root.as_integer_ratio()
+
+    plus = root.next_plus()
+    np, dp = plus.as_integer_ratio()
+    # test: n / m > ((root + plus) / 2) ** 2
+    if 4 * n * (dr*dp)**2 > m * (dr*np + dp*nr)**2:
+        return plus
+
+    minus = root.next_minus()
+    nm, dm = minus.as_integer_ratio()
+    # test: n / m < ((root + minus) / 2) ** 2
+    if 4 * n * (dr*dm)**2 < m * (dr*nm + dm*nr)**2:
+        return minus
+
+    return root
+
+
 # === Measures of central tendency (averages) ===
 
 def mean(data):
@@ -321,17 +485,13 @@ def mean(data):
 
     If ``data`` is empty, StatisticsError will be raised.
     """
-    if iter(data) is data:
-        data = list(data)
-    n = len(data)
+    T, total, n = _sum(data)
     if n < 1:
         raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point')
-    T, total, count = _sum(data)
-    assert count == n
     return _convert(total / n, T)
 
 
-def fmean(data):
+def fmean(data, weights=None):
     """Convert data to floats and compute the arithmetic mean.
 
     This runs faster than the mean() function and it always returns a float.
@@ -340,29 +500,40 @@ def fmean(data):
     >>> fmean([3.5, 4.0, 5.25])
     4.25
     """
-    try:
-        n = len(data)
-    except TypeError:
-        # Handle iterators that do not define __len__().
-        n = 0
-        def count(iterable):
-            nonlocal n
-            for n, x in enumerate(iterable, start=1):
-                yield x
-        total = fsum(count(data))
-    else:
+    if weights is None:
+        try:
+            n = len(data)
+        except TypeError:
+            # Handle iterators that do not define __len__().
+            n = 0
+            def count(iterable):
+                nonlocal n
+                for n, x in enumerate(iterable, start=1):
+                    yield x
+            data = count(data)
         total = fsum(data)
-    try:
+        if not n:
+            raise StatisticsError('fmean requires at least one data point')
         return total / n
-    except ZeroDivisionError:
-        raise StatisticsError('fmean requires at least one data point') from None
+    if not isinstance(weights, (list, tuple)):
+        weights = list(weights)
+    try:
+        num = sumprod(data, weights)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise StatisticsError('data and weights must be the same length')
+    den = fsum(weights)
+    if not den:
+        raise StatisticsError('sum of weights must be non-zero')
+    return num / den
 
 
 def geometric_mean(data):
     """Convert data to floats and compute the geometric mean.
 
-    Raises a StatisticsError if the input dataset is empty,
-    if it contains a zero, or if it contains a negative value.
+    Raises a StatisticsError if the input dataset is empty
+    or if it contains a negative value.
+
+    Returns zero if the product of inputs is zero.
 
     No special efforts are made to achieve exact results.
     (However, this may change in the future.)
@@ -370,11 +541,25 @@ def geometric_mean(data):
     >>> round(geometric_mean([54, 24, 36]), 9)
     36.0
     """
-    try:
-        return exp(fmean(map(log, data)))
-    except ValueError:
-        raise StatisticsError('geometric mean requires a non-empty dataset '
-                              'containing positive numbers') from None
+    n = 0
+    found_zero = False
+    def count_positive(iterable):
+        nonlocal n, found_zero
+        for n, x in enumerate(iterable, start=1):
+            if x > 0.0 or math.isnan(x):
+                yield x
+            elif x == 0.0:
+                found_zero = True
+            else:
+                raise StatisticsError('No negative inputs allowed', x)
+    total = fsum(map(log, count_positive(data)))
+    if not n:
+        raise StatisticsError('Must have a non-empty dataset')
+    if math.isnan(total):
+        return math.nan
+    if found_zero:
+        return math.nan if total == math.inf else 0.0
+    return exp(total / n)
 
 
 def harmonic_mean(data, weights=None):
@@ -498,58 +683,75 @@ def median_high(data):
     return data[n // 2]
 
 
-def median_grouped(data, interval=1):
-    """Return the 50th percentile (median) of grouped continuous data.
+def median_grouped(data, interval=1.0):
+    """Estimates the median for numeric data binned around the midpoints
+    of consecutive, fixed-width intervals.
+
+    The *data* can be any iterable of numeric data with each value being
+    exactly the midpoint of a bin.  At least one value must be present.
 
-    >>> median_grouped([1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5])
-    3.7
-    >>> median_grouped([52, 52, 53, 54])
-    52.5
+    The *interval* is width of each bin.
 
-    This calculates the median as the 50th percentile, and should be
-    used when your data is continuous and grouped. In the above example,
-    the values 1, 2, 3, etc. actually represent the midpoint of classes
-    0.5-1.5, 1.5-2.5, 2.5-3.5, etc. The middle value falls somewhere in
-    class 3.5-4.5, and interpolation is used to estimate it.
+    For example, demographic information may have been summarized into
+    consecutive ten-year age groups with each group being represented
+    by the 5-year midpoints of the intervals:
 
-    Optional argument ``interval`` represents the class interval, and
-    defaults to 1. Changing the class interval naturally will change the
-    interpolated 50th percentile value:
+        >>> demographics = Counter({
+        ...    25: 172,   # 20 to 30 years old
+        ...    35: 484,   # 30 to 40 years old
+        ...    45: 387,   # 40 to 50 years old
+        ...    55:  22,   # 50 to 60 years old
+        ...    65:   6,   # 60 to 70 years old
+        ... })
 
-    >>> median_grouped([1, 3, 3, 5, 7], interval=1)
-    3.25
-    >>> median_grouped([1, 3, 3, 5, 7], interval=2)
-    3.5
+    The 50th percentile (median) is the 536th person out of the 1071
+    member cohort.  That person is in the 30 to 40 year old age group.
+
+    The regular median() function would assume that everyone in the
+    tricenarian age group was exactly 35 years old.  A more tenable
+    assumption is that the 484 members of that age group are evenly
+    distributed between 30 and 40.  For that, we use median_grouped().
+
+        >>> data = list(demographics.elements())
+        >>> median(data)
+        35
+        >>> round(median_grouped(data, interval=10), 1)
+        37.5
+
+    The caller is responsible for making sure the data points are separated
+    by exact multiples of *interval*.  This is essential for getting a
+    correct result.  The function does not check this precondition.
+
+    Inputs may be any numeric type that can be coerced to a float during
+    the interpolation step.
 
-    This function does not check whether the data points are at least
-    ``interval`` apart.
     """
     data = sorted(data)
     n = len(data)
-    if n == 0:
+    if not n:
         raise StatisticsError("no median for empty data")
-    elif n == 1:
-        return data[0]
+
     # Find the value at the midpoint. Remember this corresponds to the
-    # centre of the class interval.
+    # midpoint of the class interval.
     x = data[n // 2]
-    for obj in (x, interval):
-        if isinstance(obj, (str, bytes)):
-            raise TypeError('expected number but got %r' % obj)
+
+    # Using O(log n) bisection, find where all the x values occur in the data.
+    # All x will lie within data[i:j].
+    i = bisect_left(data, x)
+    j = bisect_right(data, x, lo=i)
+
+    # Coerce to floats, raising a TypeError if not possible
     try:
-        L = x - interval / 2  # The lower limit of the median interval.
-    except TypeError:
-        # Mixed type. For now we just coerce to float.
-        L = float(x) - float(interval) / 2
-
-    # Uses bisection search to search for x in data with log(n) time complexity
-    # Find the position of leftmost occurrence of x in data
-    l1 = _find_lteq(data, x)
-    # Find the position of rightmost occurrence of x in data[l1...len(data)]
-    # Assuming always l1 <= l2
-    l2 = _find_rteq(data, l1, x)
-    cf = l1
-    f = l2 - l1 + 1
+        interval = float(interval)
+        x = float(x)
+    except ValueError:
+        raise TypeError(f'Value cannot be converted to a float')
+
+    # Interpolate the median using the formula found at:
+    # https://www.cuemath.com/data/median-of-grouped-data/
+    L = x - interval / 2.0    # Lower limit of the median interval
+    cf = i                    # Cumulative frequency of the preceding interval
+    f = j - i                 # Number of elements in the median internal
     return L + interval * (n / 2 - cf) / f
 
 
@@ -596,9 +798,212 @@ def multimode(data):
     >>> multimode('')
     []
     """
-    counts = Counter(iter(data)).most_common()
-    maxcount, mode_items = next(groupby(counts, key=itemgetter(1)), (0, []))
-    return list(map(itemgetter(0), mode_items))
+    counts = Counter(iter(data))
+    if not counts:
+        return []
+    maxcount = max(counts.values())
+    return [value for value, count in counts.items() if count == maxcount]
+
+
+def kde(data, h, kernel='normal', *, cumulative=False):
+    """Kernel Density Estimation:  Create a continuous probability density
+    function or cumulative distribution function from discrete samples.
+
+    The basic idea is to smooth the data using a kernel function
+    to help draw inferences about a population from a sample.
+
+    The degree of smoothing is controlled by the scaling parameter h
+    which is called the bandwidth.  Smaller values emphasize local
+    features while larger values give smoother results.
+
+    The kernel determines the relative weights of the sample data
+    points.  Generally, the choice of kernel shape does not matter
+    as much as the more influential bandwidth smoothing parameter.
+
+    Kernels that give some weight to every sample point:
+
+       normal (gauss)
+       logistic
+       sigmoid
+
+    Kernels that only give weight to sample points within
+    the bandwidth:
+
+       rectangular (uniform)
+       triangular
+       parabolic (epanechnikov)
+       quartic (biweight)
+       triweight
+       cosine
+
+    If *cumulative* is true, will return a cumulative distribution function.
+
+    A StatisticsError will be raised if the data sequence is empty.
+
+    Example
+    -------
+
+    Given a sample of six data points, construct a continuous
+    function that estimates the underlying probability density:
+
+        >>> sample = [-2.1, -1.3, -0.4, 1.9, 5.1, 6.2]
+        >>> f_hat = kde(sample, h=1.5)
+
+    Compute the area under the curve:
+
+        >>> area = sum(f_hat(x) for x in range(-20, 20))
+        >>> round(area, 4)
+        1.0
+
+    Plot the estimated probability density function at
+    evenly spaced points from -6 to 10:
+
+        >>> for x in range(-6, 11):
+        ...     density = f_hat(x)
+        ...     plot = ' ' * int(density * 400) + 'x'
+        ...     print(f'{x:2}: {density:.3f} {plot}')
+        ...
+        -6: 0.002 x
+        -5: 0.009    x
+        -4: 0.031             x
+        -3: 0.070                             x
+        -2: 0.111                                             x
+        -1: 0.125                                                   x
+         0: 0.110                                            x
+         1: 0.086                                   x
+         2: 0.068                            x
+         3: 0.059                        x
+         4: 0.066                           x
+         5: 0.082                                 x
+         6: 0.082                                 x
+         7: 0.058                        x
+         8: 0.028            x
+         9: 0.009    x
+        10: 0.002 x
+
+    Estimate P(4.5 < X <= 7.5), the probability that a new sample value
+    will be between 4.5 and 7.5:
+
+        >>> cdf = kde(sample, h=1.5, cumulative=True)
+        >>> round(cdf(7.5) - cdf(4.5), 2)
+        0.22
+
+    References
+    ----------
+
+    Kernel density estimation and its application:
+    https://www.itm-conferences.org/articles/itmconf/pdf/2018/08/itmconf_sam2018_00037.pdf
+
+    Kernel functions in common use:
+    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(statistics)#kernel_functions_in_common_use
+
+    Interactive graphical demonstration and exploration:
+    https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/KernelDensityEstimation/
+
+    Kernel estimation of cumulative distribution function of a random variable with bounded support
+    https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/207829/1/10.21307_stattrans-2016-037.pdf
+
+    """
+
+    n = len(data)
+    if not n:
+        raise StatisticsError('Empty data sequence')
+
+    if not isinstance(data[0], (int, float)):
+        raise TypeError('Data sequence must contain ints or floats')
+
+    if h <= 0.0:
+        raise StatisticsError(f'Bandwidth h must be positive, not {h=!r}')
+
+    if kernel == "normal" or kernel == "gauss":
+        sqrt2pi = sqrt(2 * pi)
+        sqrt2 = sqrt(2)
+        K = lambda t: exp(-1/2 * t * t) / sqrt2pi
+        W = lambda t: 1/2 * (1.0 + erf(t / sqrt2))
+        support = None
+    elif kernel == "logistic":
+        # 1.0 / (exp(t) + 2.0 + exp(-t))
+        K = lambda t: 1/2 / (1.0 + cosh(t))
+        W = lambda t: 1.0 - 1.0 / (exp(t) + 1.0)
+        support = None
+    elif kernel == "sigmoid":
+        # (2/pi) / (exp(t) + exp(-t))
+        c1 = 1 / pi
+        c2 = 2 / pi
+        K = lambda t: c1 / cosh(t)
+        W = lambda t: c2 * atan(exp(t))
+        support = None
+    elif kernel == "rectangular" or kernel == "uniform":
+        K = lambda t: 1/2
+        W = lambda t: 1/2 * t + 1/2
+        support = 1.0
+    elif kernel == "triangular":
+        K = lambda t: 1.0 - abs(t)
+        W = lambda t: t*t * (1/2 if t < 0.0 else -1/2) + t + 1/2
+        support = 1.0
+    elif kernel == "parabolic" or kernel == "epanechnikov":
+        K = lambda t: 3/4 * (1.0 - t * t)
+        W = lambda t: -1/4 * t**3 + 3/4 * t + 1/2
+        support = 1.
+    elif kernel == "quartic" or kernel == "biweight":
+        K = lambda t: 15/16 * (1.0 - t * t) ** 2
+        W = lambda t: 3/16 * t**5 - 5/8 * t**3 + 15/16 * t + 1/2
+        support = 1.0
+    elif kernel == "triweight":
+        K = lambda t: 35/32 * (1.0 - t * t) ** 3
+        W = lambda t: 35/32 * (-1/7*t**7 + 3/5*t**5 - t**3 + t) + 1/2
+        support = 1.0
+    elif kernel == "cosine":
+        c1 = pi / 4
+        c2 = pi / 2
+        K = lambda t: c1 * cos(c2 * t)
+        W = lambda t: 1/2 * sin(c2 * t) + 1/2
+        support = 1.0
+    else:
+        raise StatisticsError(f'Unknown kernel name: {kernel!r}')
+
+    if support is None:
+
+        def pdf(x):
+            n = len(data)
+            return sum(K((x - x_i) / h) for x_i in data) / (n * h)
+
+        def cdf(x):
+            n = len(data)
+            return sum(W((x - x_i) / h) for x_i in data) / n
+
+    else:
+
+        sample = sorted(data)
+        bandwidth = h * support
+
+        def pdf(x):
+            nonlocal n, sample
+            if len(data) != n:
+                sample = sorted(data)
+                n = len(data)
+            i = bisect_left(sample, x - bandwidth)
+            j = bisect_right(sample, x + bandwidth)
+            supported = sample[i : j]
+            return sum(K((x - x_i) / h) for x_i in supported) / (n * h)
+
+        def cdf(x):
+            nonlocal n, sample
+            if len(data) != n:
+                sample = sorted(data)
+                n = len(data)
+            i = bisect_left(sample, x - bandwidth)
+            j = bisect_right(sample, x + bandwidth)
+            supported = sample[i : j]
+            return sum((W((x - x_i) / h) for x_i in supported), i) / n
+
+    if cumulative:
+        cdf.__doc__ = f'CDF estimate with {h=!r} and {kernel=!r}'
+        return cdf
+
+    else:
+        pdf.__doc__ = f'PDF estimate with {h=!r} and {kernel=!r}'
+        return pdf
 
 
 # Notes on methods for computing quantiles
@@ -659,7 +1064,10 @@ def quantiles(data, *, n=4, method='exclusive'):
     data = sorted(data)
     ld = len(data)
     if ld < 2:
-        raise StatisticsError('must have at least two data points')
+        if ld == 1:
+            return data * (n - 1)
+        raise StatisticsError('must have at least one data point')
+
     if method == 'inclusive':
         m = ld - 1
         result = []
@@ -668,6 +1076,7 @@ def quantiles(data, *, n=4, method='exclusive'):
             interpolated = (data[j] * (n - delta) + data[j + 1] * delta) / n
             result.append(interpolated)
         return result
+
     if method == 'exclusive':
         m = ld + 1
         result = []
@@ -678,6 +1087,7 @@ def quantiles(data, *, n=4, method='exclusive'):
             interpolated = (data[j - 1] * (n - delta) + data[j] * delta) / n
             result.append(interpolated)
         return result
+
     raise ValueError(f'Unknown method: {method!r}')
 
 
@@ -685,41 +1095,6 @@ def quantiles(data, *, n=4, method='exclusive'):
 
 # See http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Variance.html
 #     http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SampleVariance.html
-#     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms_for_calculating_variance
-#
-# Under no circumstances use the so-called "computational formula for
-# variance", as that is only suitable for hand calculations with a small
-# amount of low-precision data. It has terrible numeric properties.
-#
-# See a comparison of three computational methods here:
-# http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/09/26/comparing-three-methods-of-computing-standard-deviation/
-
-def _ss(data, c=None):
-    """Return sum of square deviations of sequence data.
-
-    If ``c`` is None, the mean is calculated in one pass, and the deviations
-    from the mean are calculated in a second pass. Otherwise, deviations are
-    calculated from ``c`` as given. Use the second case with care, as it can
-    lead to garbage results.
-    """
-    if c is not None:
-        T, total, count = _sum((x-c)**2 for x in data)
-        return (T, total)
-    T, total, count = _sum(data)
-    mean_n, mean_d = (total / count).as_integer_ratio()
-    partials = Counter()
-    for n, d in map(_exact_ratio, data):
-        diff_n = n * mean_d - d * mean_n
-        diff_d = d * mean_d
-        partials[diff_d * diff_d] += diff_n * diff_n
-    if None in partials:
-        # The sum will be a NAN or INF. We can ignore all the finite
-        # partials, and just look at this special one.
-        total = partials[None]
-        assert not _isfinite(total)
-    else:
-        total = sum(Fraction(n, d) for d, n in partials.items())
-    return (T, total)
 
 
 def variance(data, xbar=None):
@@ -760,12 +1135,9 @@ def variance(data, xbar=None):
     Fraction(67, 108)
 
     """
-    if iter(data) is data:
-        data = list(data)
-    n = len(data)
+    T, ss, c, n = _ss(data, xbar)
     if n < 2:
         raise StatisticsError('variance requires at least two data points')
-    T, ss = _ss(data, xbar)
     return _convert(ss / (n - 1), T)
 
 
@@ -804,12 +1176,9 @@ def pvariance(data, mu=None):
     Fraction(13, 72)
 
     """
-    if iter(data) is data:
-        data = list(data)
-    n = len(data)
+    T, ss, c, n = _ss(data, mu)
     if n < 1:
         raise StatisticsError('pvariance requires at least one data point')
-    T, ss = _ss(data, mu)
     return _convert(ss / n, T)
 
 
@@ -822,14 +1191,13 @@ def stdev(data, xbar=None):
     1.0810874155219827
 
     """
-    # Fixme: Despite the exact sum of squared deviations, some inaccuracy
-    # remain because there are two rounding steps.  The first occurs in
-    # the _convert() step for variance(), the second occurs in math.sqrt().
-    var = variance(data, xbar)
-    try:
-        return var.sqrt()
-    except AttributeError:
-        return math.sqrt(var)
+    T, ss, c, n = _ss(data, xbar)
+    if n < 2:
+        raise StatisticsError('stdev requires at least two data points')
+    mss = ss / (n - 1)
+    if issubclass(T, Decimal):
+        return _decimal_sqrt_of_frac(mss.numerator, mss.denominator)
+    return _float_sqrt_of_frac(mss.numerator, mss.denominator)
 
 
 def pstdev(data, mu=None):
@@ -841,14 +1209,47 @@ def pstdev(data, mu=None):
     0.986893273527251
 
     """
-    # Fixme: Despite the exact sum of squared deviations, some inaccuracy
-    # remain because there are two rounding steps.  The first occurs in
-    # the _convert() step for pvariance(), the second occurs in math.sqrt().
-    var = pvariance(data, mu)
+    T, ss, c, n = _ss(data, mu)
+    if n < 1:
+        raise StatisticsError('pstdev requires at least one data point')
+    mss = ss / n
+    if issubclass(T, Decimal):
+        return _decimal_sqrt_of_frac(mss.numerator, mss.denominator)
+    return _float_sqrt_of_frac(mss.numerator, mss.denominator)
+
+
+def _mean_stdev(data):
+    """In one pass, compute the mean and sample standard deviation as floats."""
+    T, ss, xbar, n = _ss(data)
+    if n < 2:
+        raise StatisticsError('stdev requires at least two data points')
+    mss = ss / (n - 1)
     try:
-        return var.sqrt()
+        return float(xbar), _float_sqrt_of_frac(mss.numerator, mss.denominator)
     except AttributeError:
-        return math.sqrt(var)
+        # Handle Nans and Infs gracefully
+        return float(xbar), float(xbar) / float(ss)
+
+def _sqrtprod(x: float, y: float) -> float:
+    "Return sqrt(x * y) computed with improved accuracy and without overflow/underflow."
+    h = sqrt(x * y)
+    if not isfinite(h):
+        if isinf(h) and not isinf(x) and not isinf(y):
+            # Finite inputs overflowed, so scale down, and recompute.
+            scale = 2.0 ** -512  # sqrt(1 / sys.float_info.max)
+            return _sqrtprod(scale * x, scale * y) / scale
+        return h
+    if not h:
+        if x and y:
+            # Non-zero inputs underflowed, so scale up, and recompute.
+            # Scale:  1 / sqrt(sys.float_info.min * sys.float_info.epsilon)
+            scale = 2.0 ** 537
+            return _sqrtprod(scale * x, scale * y) / scale
+        return h
+    # Improve accuracy with a differential correction.
+    # https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Maclaurin+series+sqrt%28h**2+%2B+x%29+at+x%3D0
+    d = sumprod((x, h), (y, -h))
+    return h + d / (2.0 * h)
 
 
 # === Statistics for relations between two inputs ===
@@ -882,18 +1283,16 @@ def covariance(x, y, /):
         raise StatisticsError('covariance requires at least two data points')
     xbar = fsum(x) / n
     ybar = fsum(y) / n
-    sxy = fsum((xi - xbar) * (yi - ybar) for xi, yi in zip(x, y))
+    sxy = sumprod((xi - xbar for xi in x), (yi - ybar for yi in y))
     return sxy / (n - 1)
 
 
-def correlation(x, y, /):
+def correlation(x, y, /, *, method='linear'):
     """Pearson's correlation coefficient
 
     Return the Pearson's correlation coefficient for two inputs. Pearson's
-    correlation coefficient *r* takes values between -1 and +1. It measures the
-    strength and direction of the linear relationship, where +1 means very
-    strong, positive linear relationship, -1 very strong, negative linear
-    relationship, and 0 no linear relationship.
+    correlation coefficient *r* takes values between -1 and +1. It measures
+    the strength and direction of a linear relationship.
 
     >>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
     >>> y = [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
@@ -902,19 +1301,36 @@ def correlation(x, y, /):
     >>> correlation(x, y)
     -1.0
 
+    If *method* is "ranked", computes Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
+    for two inputs.  The data is replaced by ranks.  Ties are averaged
+    so that equal values receive the same rank.  The resulting coefficient
+    measures the strength of a monotonic relationship.
+
+    Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is appropriate for ordinal
+    data or for continuous data that doesn't meet the linear proportion
+    requirement for Pearson's correlation coefficient.
     """
     n = len(x)
     if len(y) != n:
         raise StatisticsError('correlation requires that both inputs have same number of data points')
     if n < 2:
         raise StatisticsError('correlation requires at least two data points')
-    xbar = fsum(x) / n
-    ybar = fsum(y) / n
-    sxy = fsum((xi - xbar) * (yi - ybar) for xi, yi in zip(x, y))
-    sxx = fsum((xi - xbar) ** 2.0 for xi in x)
-    syy = fsum((yi - ybar) ** 2.0 for yi in y)
+    if method not in {'linear', 'ranked'}:
+        raise ValueError(f'Unknown method: {method!r}')
+    if method == 'ranked':
+        start = (n - 1) / -2            # Center rankings around zero
+        x = _rank(x, start=start)
+        y = _rank(y, start=start)
+    else:
+        xbar = fsum(x) / n
+        ybar = fsum(y) / n
+        x = [xi - xbar for xi in x]
+        y = [yi - ybar for yi in y]
+    sxy = sumprod(x, y)
+    sxx = sumprod(x, x)
+    syy = sumprod(y, y)
     try:
-        return sxy / sqrt(sxx * syy)
+        return sxy / _sqrtprod(sxx, syy)
     except ZeroDivisionError:
         raise StatisticsError('at least one of the inputs is constant')
 
@@ -922,13 +1338,13 @@ def correlation(x, y, /):
 LinearRegression = namedtuple('LinearRegression', ('slope', 'intercept'))
 
 
-def linear_regression(x, y, /):
+def linear_regression(x, y, /, *, proportional=False):
     """Slope and intercept for simple linear regression.
 
     Return the slope and intercept of simple linear regression
     parameters estimated using ordinary least squares. Simple linear
     regression describes relationship between an independent variable
-    *x* and a dependent variable *y* in terms of linear function:
+    *x* and a dependent variable *y* in terms of a linear function:
 
         y = slope * x + intercept + noise
 
@@ -944,7 +1360,20 @@ def linear_regression(x, y, /):
     >>> noise = NormalDist().samples(5, seed=42)
     >>> y = [3 * x[i] + 2 + noise[i] for i in range(5)]
     >>> linear_regression(x, y)  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    LinearRegression(slope=3.09078914170..., intercept=1.75684970486...)
+    LinearRegression(slope=3.17495..., intercept=1.00925...)
+
+    If *proportional* is true, the independent variable *x* and the
+    dependent variable *y* are assumed to be directly proportional.
+    The data is fit to a line passing through the origin.
+
+    Since the *intercept* will always be 0.0, the underlying linear
+    function simplifies to:
+
+        y = slope * x + noise
+
+    >>> y = [3 * x[i] + noise[i] for i in range(5)]
+    >>> linear_regression(x, y, proportional=True)  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
+    LinearRegression(slope=2.90475..., intercept=0.0)
 
     """
     n = len(x)
@@ -952,15 +1381,18 @@ def linear_regression(x, y, /):
         raise StatisticsError('linear regression requires that both inputs have same number of data points')
     if n < 2:
         raise StatisticsError('linear regression requires at least two data points')
-    xbar = fsum(x) / n
-    ybar = fsum(y) / n
-    sxy = fsum((xi - xbar) * (yi - ybar) for xi, yi in zip(x, y))
-    sxx = fsum((xi - xbar) ** 2.0 for xi in x)
+    if not proportional:
+        xbar = fsum(x) / n
+        ybar = fsum(y) / n
+        x = [xi - xbar for xi in x]  # List because used three times below
+        y = (yi - ybar for yi in y)  # Generator because only used once below
+    sxy = sumprod(x, y) + 0.0        # Add zero to coerce result to a float
+    sxx = sumprod(x, x)
     try:
         slope = sxy / sxx   # equivalent to:  covariance(x, y) / variance(x)
     except ZeroDivisionError:
         raise StatisticsError('x is constant')
-    intercept = ybar - slope * xbar
+    intercept = 0.0 if proportional else ybar - slope * xbar
     return LinearRegression(slope=slope, intercept=intercept)
 
 
@@ -1068,29 +1500,29 @@ def __init__(self, mu=0.0, sigma=1.0):
     @classmethod
     def from_samples(cls, data):
         "Make a normal distribution instance from sample data."
-        if not isinstance(data, (list, tuple)):
-            data = list(data)
-        xbar = fmean(data)
-        return cls(xbar, stdev(data, xbar))
+        return cls(*_mean_stdev(data))
 
     def samples(self, n, *, seed=None):
         "Generate *n* samples for a given mean and standard deviation."
-        gauss = random.gauss if seed is None else random.Random(seed).gauss
-        mu, sigma = self._mu, self._sigma
-        return [gauss(mu, sigma) for i in range(n)]
+        rnd = random.random if seed is None else random.Random(seed).random
+        inv_cdf = _normal_dist_inv_cdf
+        mu = self._mu
+        sigma = self._sigma
+        return [inv_cdf(rnd(), mu, sigma) for _ in repeat(None, n)]
 
     def pdf(self, x):
         "Probability density function.  P(x <= X < x+dx) / dx"
-        variance = self._sigma ** 2.0
+        variance = self._sigma * self._sigma
         if not variance:
             raise StatisticsError('pdf() not defined when sigma is zero')
-        return exp((x - self._mu)**2.0 / (-2.0*variance)) / sqrt(tau*variance)
+        diff = x - self._mu
+        return exp(diff * diff / (-2.0 * variance)) / sqrt(tau * variance)
 
     def cdf(self, x):
         "Cumulative distribution function.  P(X <= x)"
         if not self._sigma:
             raise StatisticsError('cdf() not defined when sigma is zero')
-        return 0.5 * (1.0 + erf((x - self._mu) / (self._sigma * sqrt(2.0))))
+        return 0.5 * (1.0 + erf((x - self._mu) / (self._sigma * _SQRT2)))
 
     def inv_cdf(self, p):
         """Inverse cumulative distribution function.  x : P(X <= x) = p
@@ -1104,8 +1536,6 @@ def inv_cdf(self, p):
         """
         if p <= 0.0 or p >= 1.0:
             raise StatisticsError('p must be in the range 0.0 < p < 1.0')
-        if self._sigma <= 0.0:
-            raise StatisticsError('cdf() not defined when sigma at or below zero')
         return _normal_dist_inv_cdf(p, self._mu, self._sigma)
 
     def quantiles(self, n=4):
@@ -1146,9 +1576,9 @@ def overlap(self, other):
         dv = Y_var - X_var
         dm = fabs(Y._mu - X._mu)
         if not dv:
-            return 1.0 - erf(dm / (2.0 * X._sigma * sqrt(2.0)))
+            return 1.0 - erf(dm / (2.0 * X._sigma * _SQRT2))
         a = X._mu * Y_var - Y._mu * X_var
-        b = X._sigma * Y._sigma * sqrt(dm**2.0 + dv * log(Y_var / X_var))
+        b = X._sigma * Y._sigma * sqrt(dm * dm + dv * log(Y_var / X_var))
         x1 = (a + b) / dv
         x2 = (a - b) / dv
         return 1.0 - (fabs(Y.cdf(x1) - X.cdf(x1)) + fabs(Y.cdf(x2) - X.cdf(x2)))
@@ -1191,7 +1621,7 @@ def stdev(self):
     @property
     def variance(self):
         "Square of the standard deviation."
-        return self._sigma ** 2.0
+        return self._sigma * self._sigma
 
     def __add__(x1, x2):
         """Add a constant or another NormalDist instance.
@@ -1265,3 +1695,102 @@ def __hash__(self):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return f'{type(self).__name__}(mu={self._mu!r}, sigma={self._sigma!r})'
+
+    def __getstate__(self):
+        return self._mu, self._sigma
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        self._mu, self._sigma = state
+
+
+## kde_random() ##############################################################
+
+def _newton_raphson(f_inv_estimate, f, f_prime, tolerance=1e-12):
+    def f_inv(y):
+        "Return x such that f(x) ≈ y within the specified tolerance."
+        x = f_inv_estimate(y)
+        while abs(diff := f(x) - y) > tolerance:
+            x -= diff / f_prime(x)
+        return x
+    return f_inv
+
+def _quartic_invcdf_estimate(p):
+    sign, p = (1.0, p) if p <= 1/2 else (-1.0, 1.0 - p)
+    x = (2.0 * p) ** 0.4258865685331 - 1.0
+    if p >= 0.004 < 0.499:
+        x += 0.026818732 * sin(7.101753784 * p + 2.73230839482953)
+    return x * sign
+
+_quartic_invcdf = _newton_raphson(
+    f_inv_estimate = _quartic_invcdf_estimate,
+    f = lambda t: 3/16 * t**5 - 5/8 * t**3 + 15/16 * t + 1/2,
+    f_prime = lambda t: 15/16 * (1.0 - t * t) ** 2)
+
+def _triweight_invcdf_estimate(p):
+    sign, p = (1.0, p) if p <= 1/2 else (-1.0, 1.0 - p)
+    x = (2.0 * p) ** 0.3400218741872791 - 1.0
+    return x * sign
+
+_triweight_invcdf = _newton_raphson(
+    f_inv_estimate = _triweight_invcdf_estimate,
+    f = lambda t: 35/32 * (-1/7*t**7 + 3/5*t**5 - t**3 + t) + 1/2,
+    f_prime = lambda t: 35/32 * (1.0 - t * t) ** 3)
+
+_kernel_invcdfs = {
+    'normal': NormalDist().inv_cdf,
+    'logistic': lambda p: log(p / (1 - p)),
+    'sigmoid': lambda p: log(tan(p * pi/2)),
+    'rectangular': lambda p: 2*p - 1,
+    'parabolic': lambda p: 2 * cos((acos(2*p-1) + pi) / 3),
+    'quartic': _quartic_invcdf,
+    'triweight': _triweight_invcdf,
+    'triangular': lambda p: sqrt(2*p) - 1 if p < 1/2 else 1 - sqrt(2 - 2*p),
+    'cosine': lambda p: 2 * asin(2*p - 1) / pi,
+}
+_kernel_invcdfs['gauss'] = _kernel_invcdfs['normal']
+_kernel_invcdfs['uniform'] = _kernel_invcdfs['rectangular']
+_kernel_invcdfs['epanechnikov'] = _kernel_invcdfs['parabolic']
+_kernel_invcdfs['biweight'] = _kernel_invcdfs['quartic']
+
+def kde_random(data, h, kernel='normal', *, seed=None):
+    """Return a function that makes a random selection from the estimated
+    probability density function created by kde(data, h, kernel).
+
+    Providing a *seed* allows reproducible selections within a single
+    thread.  The seed may be an integer, float, str, or bytes.
+
+    A StatisticsError will be raised if the *data* sequence is empty.
+
+    Example:
+
+    >>> data = [-2.1, -1.3, -0.4, 1.9, 5.1, 6.2]
+    >>> rand = kde_random(data, h=1.5, seed=8675309)
+    >>> new_selections = [rand() for i in range(10)]
+    >>> [round(x, 1) for x in new_selections]
+    [0.7, 6.2, 1.2, 6.9, 7.0, 1.8, 2.5, -0.5, -1.8, 5.6]
+
+    """
+    n = len(data)
+    if not n:
+        raise StatisticsError('Empty data sequence')
+
+    if not isinstance(data[0], (int, float)):
+        raise TypeError('Data sequence must contain ints or floats')
+
+    if h <= 0.0:
+        raise StatisticsError(f'Bandwidth h must be positive, not {h=!r}')
+
+    kernel_invcdf = _kernel_invcdfs.get(kernel)
+    if kernel_invcdf is None:
+        raise StatisticsError(f'Unknown kernel name: {kernel!r}')
+
+    prng = _random.Random(seed)
+    random = prng.random
+    choice = prng.choice
+
+    def rand():
+        return choice(data) + h * kernel_invcdf(random())
+
+    rand.__doc__ = f'Random KDE selection with {h=!r} and {kernel=!r}'
+
+    return rand
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_statistics.py b/Lib/test/test_statistics.py
index 8fcbcf3540..7b0dfd05e0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_statistics.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_statistics.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-"""Test suite for statistics module, including helper NumericTestCase and
+x = """Test suite for statistics module, including helper NumericTestCase and
 approx_equal function.
 
 """
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@
 import copy
 import decimal
 import doctest
+import itertools
 import math
 import pickle
 import random
 import sys
 import unittest
 from test import support
-from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support import import_helper, requires_IEEE_754
 
 from decimal import Decimal
 from fractions import Fraction
@@ -27,6 +28,12 @@
 
 # === Helper functions and class ===
 
+# Test copied from Lib/test/test_math.py
+# detect evidence of double-rounding: fsum is not always correctly
+# rounded on machines that suffer from double rounding.
+x, y = 1e16, 2.9999 # use temporary values to defeat peephole optimizer
+HAVE_DOUBLE_ROUNDING = (x + y == 1e16 + 4)
+
 def sign(x):
     """Return -1.0 for negatives, including -0.0, otherwise +1.0."""
     return math.copysign(1, x)
@@ -691,14 +698,6 @@ def test_check_all(self):
                             'missing name "%s" in __all__' % name)
 
 
-class DocTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.optimize >= 2,
-                     "Docstrings are omitted with -OO and above")
-    def test_doc_tests(self):
-        failed, tried = doctest.testmod(statistics, optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS)
-        self.assertGreater(tried, 0)
-        self.assertEqual(failed, 0)
-
 class StatisticsErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_has_exception(self):
         errmsg = (
@@ -1039,50 +1038,6 @@ def test_error_msg(self):
         self.assertEqual(errmsg, msg)
 
 
-class FindLteqTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    # Test _find_lteq private function.
-
-    def test_invalid_input_values(self):
-        for a, x in [
-            ([], 1),
-            ([1, 2], 3),
-            ([1, 3], 2)
-        ]:
-            with self.subTest(a=a, x=x):
-                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                    statistics._find_lteq(a, x)
-
-    def test_locate_successfully(self):
-        for a, x, expected_i in [
-            ([1, 1, 1, 2, 3], 1, 0),
-            ([0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3], 1, 1),
-            ([1, 2, 3, 3, 3], 3, 2)
-        ]:
-            with self.subTest(a=a, x=x):
-                self.assertEqual(expected_i, statistics._find_lteq(a, x))
-
-
-class FindRteqTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    # Test _find_rteq private function.
-
-    def test_invalid_input_values(self):
-        for a, l, x in [
-            ([1], 2, 1),
-            ([1, 3], 0, 2)
-        ]:
-            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-                statistics._find_rteq(a, l, x)
-
-    def test_locate_successfully(self):
-        for a, l, x, expected_i in [
-            ([1, 1, 1, 2, 3], 0, 1, 2),
-            ([0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3], 0, 1, 3),
-            ([1, 2, 3, 3, 3], 0, 3, 4)
-        ]:
-            with self.subTest(a=a, l=l, x=x):
-                self.assertEqual(expected_i, statistics._find_rteq(a, l, x))
-
-
 # === Tests for public functions ===
 
 class UnivariateCommonMixin:
@@ -1117,7 +1072,7 @@ def test_no_inplace_modifications(self):
     def test_order_doesnt_matter(self):
         # Test that the order of data points doesn't change the result.
 
-        # CAUTION: due to floating point rounding errors, the result actually
+        # CAUTION: due to floating-point rounding errors, the result actually
         # may depend on the order. Consider this test representing an ideal.
         # To avoid this test failing, only test with exact values such as ints
         # or Fractions.
@@ -1210,6 +1165,9 @@ def __pow__(self, other):
             def __add__(self, other):
                 return type(self)(super().__add__(other))
             __radd__ = __add__
+            def __mul__(self, other):
+                return type(self)(super().__mul__(other))
+            __rmul__ = __mul__
         return (float, Decimal, Fraction, MyFloat)
 
     def test_types_conserved(self):
@@ -1782,6 +1740,12 @@ def test_repeated_single_value(self):
                 data = [x]*count
                 self.assertEqual(self.func(data), float(x))
 
+    def test_single_value(self):
+        # Override method from AverageMixin.
+        # Average of a single value is the value as a float.
+        for x in (23, 42.5, 1.3e15, Fraction(15, 19), Decimal('0.28')):
+            self.assertEqual(self.func([x]), float(x))
+
     def test_odd_fractions(self):
         # Test median_grouped works with an odd number of Fractions.
         F = Fraction
@@ -1961,6 +1925,27 @@ def test_special_values(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             fmean([Inf, -Inf])
 
+    def test_weights(self):
+        fmean = statistics.fmean
+        StatisticsError = statistics.StatisticsError
+        self.assertEqual(
+            fmean([10, 10, 10, 50], [0.25] * 4),
+            fmean([10, 10, 10, 50]))
+        self.assertEqual(
+            fmean([10, 10, 20], [0.25, 0.25, 0.50]),
+            fmean([10, 10, 20, 20]))
+        self.assertEqual(                           # inputs are iterators
+            fmean(iter([10, 10, 20]), iter([0.25, 0.25, 0.50])),
+            fmean([10, 10, 20, 20]))
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            fmean([10, 20, 30], [1, 2])             # unequal lengths
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            fmean(iter([10, 20, 30]), iter([1, 2])) # unequal lengths
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            fmean([10, 20], [-1, 1])                # sum of weights is zero
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            fmean(iter([10, 20]), iter([-1, 1]))    # sum of weights is zero
+
 
 # === Tests for variances and standard deviations ===
 
@@ -2137,6 +2122,104 @@ def test_center_not_at_mean(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.func(data), 2.5)
         self.assertEqual(self.func(data, mu=0.5), 6.5)
 
+class TestSqrtHelpers(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto(self):
+        for n, m in itertools.product(range(100), range(1, 1000)):
+            r = statistics._integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto(n, m)
+            self.assertIsInstance(r, int)
+            if r*r*m == n:
+                # Root is exact
+                continue
+            # Inexact, so the root should be odd
+            self.assertEqual(r&1, 1)
+            # Verify correct rounding
+            self.assertTrue(m * (r - 1)**2 < n < m * (r + 1)**2)
+
+    @requires_IEEE_754
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
+    def test_float_sqrt_of_frac(self):
+
+        def is_root_correctly_rounded(x: Fraction, root: float) -> bool:
+            if not x:
+                return root == 0.0
+
+            # Extract adjacent representable floats
+            r_up: float = math.nextafter(root, math.inf)
+            r_down: float = math.nextafter(root, -math.inf)
+            assert r_down < root < r_up
+
+            # Convert to fractions for exact arithmetic
+            frac_root: Fraction = Fraction(root)
+            half_way_up: Fraction = (frac_root + Fraction(r_up)) / 2
+            half_way_down: Fraction = (frac_root + Fraction(r_down)) / 2
+
+            # Check a closed interval.
+            # Does not test for a midpoint rounding rule.
+            return half_way_down ** 2 <= x <= half_way_up ** 2
+
+        randrange = random.randrange
+
+        for i in range(60_000):
+            numerator: int = randrange(10 ** randrange(50))
+            denonimator: int = randrange(10 ** randrange(50)) + 1
+            with self.subTest(numerator=numerator, denonimator=denonimator):
+                x: Fraction = Fraction(numerator, denonimator)
+                root: float = statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(numerator, denonimator)
+                self.assertTrue(is_root_correctly_rounded(x, root))
+
+        # Verify that corner cases and error handling match math.sqrt()
+        self.assertEqual(statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(0, 1), 0.0)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(-1, 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(1, -1)
+
+        # Error handling for zero denominator matches that for Fraction(1, 0)
+        with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
+            statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(1, 0)
+
+        # The result is well defined if both inputs are negative
+        self.assertEqual(statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(-2, -1), statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(2, 1))
+
+    def test_decimal_sqrt_of_frac(self):
+        root: Decimal
+        numerator: int
+        denominator: int
+
+        for root, numerator, denominator in [
+            (Decimal('0.4481904599041192673635338663'), 200874688349065940678243576378, 1000000000000000000000000000000),  # No adj
+            (Decimal('0.7924949131383786609961759598'), 628048187350206338833590574929, 1000000000000000000000000000000),  # Adj up
+            (Decimal('0.8500554152289934068192208727'), 722594208960136395984391238251, 1000000000000000000000000000000),  # Adj down
+        ]:
+            with decimal.localcontext(decimal.DefaultContext):
+                self.assertEqual(statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(numerator, denominator), root)
+
+            # Confirm expected root with a quad precision decimal computation
+            with decimal.localcontext(decimal.DefaultContext) as ctx:
+                ctx.prec *= 4
+                high_prec_ratio = Decimal(numerator) / Decimal(denominator)
+                ctx.rounding = decimal.ROUND_05UP
+                high_prec_root = high_prec_ratio.sqrt()
+            with decimal.localcontext(decimal.DefaultContext):
+                target_root = +high_prec_root
+            self.assertEqual(root, target_root)
+
+        # Verify that corner cases and error handling match Decimal.sqrt()
+        self.assertEqual(statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(0, 1), 0.0)
+        with self.assertRaises(decimal.InvalidOperation):
+            statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(-1, 1)
+        with self.assertRaises(decimal.InvalidOperation):
+            statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(1, -1)
+
+        # Error handling for zero denominator matches that for Fraction(1, 0)
+        with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
+            statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(1, 0)
+
+        # The result is well defined if both inputs are negative
+        self.assertEqual(statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(-2, -1), statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(2, 1))
+
+
 class TestStdev(VarianceStdevMixin, NumericTestCase):
     # Tests for sample standard deviation.
     def setUp(self):
@@ -2151,7 +2234,7 @@ def test_compare_to_variance(self):
         # Test that stdev is, in fact, the square root of variance.
         data = [random.uniform(-2, 9) for _ in range(1000)]
         expected = math.sqrt(statistics.variance(data))
-        self.assertEqual(self.func(data), expected)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.func(data), expected)
 
     def test_center_not_at_mean(self):
         data = (1.0, 2.0)
@@ -2219,10 +2302,12 @@ def test_error_cases(self):
         StatisticsError = statistics.StatisticsError
         with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
             geometric_mean([])                      # empty input
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            geometric_mean([3.5, 0.0, 5.25])        # zero input
         with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
             geometric_mean([3.5, -4.0, 5.25])       # negative input
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            geometric_mean([0.0, -4.0, 5.25])       # negative input with zero
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            geometric_mean([3.5, -math.inf, 5.25])  # negative infinity
         with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
             geometric_mean(iter([]))                # empty iterator
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -2245,6 +2330,200 @@ def test_special_values(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             geometric_mean([Inf, -Inf])
 
+        # Cases with zero
+        self.assertEqual(geometric_mean([3, 0.0, 5]), 0.0)         # Any zero gives a zero
+        self.assertEqual(geometric_mean([3, -0.0, 5]), 0.0)        # Negative zero allowed
+        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(geometric_mean([0, NaN])))      # NaN beats zero
+        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(geometric_mean([0, Inf])))      # Because 0.0 * Inf -> NaN
+
+    def test_mixed_int_and_float(self):
+        # Regression test for b.p.o. issue #28327
+        geometric_mean = statistics.geometric_mean
+        expected_mean = 3.80675409583932
+        values = [
+            [2, 3, 5, 7],
+            [2, 3, 5, 7.0],
+            [2, 3, 5.0, 7.0],
+            [2, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0],
+            [2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0],
+        ]
+        for v in values:
+            with self.subTest(v=v):
+                actual_mean = geometric_mean(v)
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(actual_mean, expected_mean, places=5)
+
+
+class TestKDE(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_kde(self):
+        kde = statistics.kde
+        StatisticsError = statistics.StatisticsError
+
+        kernels = ['normal', 'gauss', 'logistic', 'sigmoid', 'rectangular',
+                   'uniform', 'triangular', 'parabolic', 'epanechnikov',
+                   'quartic', 'biweight', 'triweight', 'cosine']
+
+        sample = [-2.1, -1.3, -0.4, 1.9, 5.1, 6.2]
+
+        # The approximate integral of a PDF should be close to 1.0
+
+        def integrate(func, low, high, steps=10_000):
+            "Numeric approximation of a definite function integral."
+            dx = (high - low) / steps
+            midpoints = (low + (i + 1/2) * dx for i in range(steps))
+            return sum(map(func, midpoints)) * dx
+
+        for kernel in kernels:
+            with self.subTest(kernel=kernel):
+                f_hat = kde(sample, h=1.5, kernel=kernel)
+                area = integrate(f_hat, -20, 20)
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(area, 1.0, places=4)
+
+        # Check CDF against an integral of the PDF
+
+        data = [3, 5, 10, 12]
+        h = 2.3
+        x = 10.5
+        for kernel in kernels:
+            with self.subTest(kernel=kernel):
+                cdf = kde(data, h, kernel, cumulative=True)
+                f_hat = kde(data, h, kernel)
+                area = integrate(f_hat, -20, x, 100_000)
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(cdf(x), area, places=4)
+
+        # Check error cases
+
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            kde([], h=1.0)                              # Empty dataset
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            kde(['abc', 'def'], 1.5)                    # Non-numeric data
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            kde(iter(sample), 1.5)                      # Data is not a sequence
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            kde(sample, h=0.0)                          # Zero bandwidth
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            kde(sample, h=-1.0)                         # Negative bandwidth
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            kde(sample, h='str')                        # Wrong bandwidth type
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            kde(sample, h=1.0, kernel='bogus')          # Invalid kernel
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            kde(sample, 1.0, 'gauss', True)             # Positional cumulative argument
+
+        # Test name and docstring of the generated function
+
+        h = 1.5
+        kernel = 'cosine'
+        f_hat = kde(sample, h, kernel)
+        self.assertEqual(f_hat.__name__, 'pdf')
+        self.assertIn(kernel, f_hat.__doc__)
+        self.assertIn(repr(h), f_hat.__doc__)
+
+        # Test closed interval for the support boundaries.
+        # In particular, 'uniform' should non-zero at the boundaries.
+
+        f_hat = kde([0], 1.0, 'uniform')
+        self.assertEqual(f_hat(-1.0), 1/2)
+        self.assertEqual(f_hat(1.0), 1/2)
+
+        # Test online updates to data
+
+        data = [1, 2]
+        f_hat = kde(data, 5.0, 'triangular')
+        self.assertEqual(f_hat(100), 0.0)
+        data.append(100)
+        self.assertGreater(f_hat(100), 0.0)
+
+    def test_kde_kernel_invcdfs(self):
+        kernel_invcdfs = statistics._kernel_invcdfs
+        kde = statistics.kde
+
+        # Verify that cdf / invcdf will round trip
+        xarr = [i/100 for i in range(-100, 101)]
+        for kernel, invcdf in kernel_invcdfs.items():
+            with self.subTest(kernel=kernel):
+                cdf = kde([0.0], h=1.0, kernel=kernel, cumulative=True)
+                for x in xarr:
+                    self.assertAlmostEqual(invcdf(cdf(x)), x, places=5)
+
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
+    def test_kde_random(self):
+        kde_random = statistics.kde_random
+        StatisticsError = statistics.StatisticsError
+        kernels = ['normal', 'gauss', 'logistic', 'sigmoid', 'rectangular',
+                   'uniform', 'triangular', 'parabolic', 'epanechnikov',
+                   'quartic', 'biweight', 'triweight', 'cosine']
+        sample = [-2.1, -1.3, -0.4, 1.9, 5.1, 6.2]
+
+        # Smoke test
+
+        for kernel in kernels:
+            with self.subTest(kernel=kernel):
+                rand = kde_random(sample, h=1.5, kernel=kernel)
+                selections = [rand() for i in range(10)]
+
+        # Check error cases
+
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            kde_random([], h=1.0)                       # Empty dataset
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            kde_random(['abc', 'def'], 1.5)             # Non-numeric data
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            kde_random(iter(sample), 1.5)               # Data is not a sequence
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            kde_random(sample, h=-1.0)                  # Zero bandwidth
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            kde_random(sample, h=0.0)                   # Negative bandwidth
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            kde_random(sample, h='str')                 # Wrong bandwidth type
+        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
+            kde_random(sample, h=1.0, kernel='bogus')   # Invalid kernel
+
+        # Test name and docstring of the generated function
+
+        h = 1.5
+        kernel = 'cosine'
+        rand = kde_random(sample, h, kernel)
+        self.assertEqual(rand.__name__, 'rand')
+        self.assertIn(kernel, rand.__doc__)
+        self.assertIn(repr(h), rand.__doc__)
+
+        # Approximate distribution test: Compare a random sample to the expected distribution
+
+        data = [-2.1, -1.3, -0.4, 1.9, 5.1, 6.2, 7.8, 14.3, 15.1, 15.3, 15.8, 17.0]
+        xarr = [x / 10 for x in range(-100, 250)]
+        n = 1_000_000
+        h = 1.75
+        dx = 0.1
+
+        def p_observed(x):
+            # P(x <= X < x+dx)
+            i = bisect.bisect_left(big_sample, x)
+            j = bisect.bisect_left(big_sample, x + dx)
+            return (j - i) / len(big_sample)
+
+        def p_expected(x):
+            # P(x <= X < x+dx)
+            return F_hat(x + dx) - F_hat(x)
+
+        for kernel in kernels:
+            with self.subTest(kernel=kernel):
+
+                rand = kde_random(data, h, kernel, seed=8675309**2)
+                big_sample = sorted([rand() for i in range(n)])
+                F_hat = statistics.kde(data, h, kernel, cumulative=True)
+
+                for x in xarr:
+                    self.assertTrue(math.isclose(p_observed(x), p_expected(x), abs_tol=0.0005))
+
+        # Test online updates to data
+
+        data = [1, 2]
+        rand = kde_random(data, 5, 'triangular')
+        self.assertLess(max([rand() for i in range(5000)]), 10)
+        data.append(100)
+        self.assertGreater(max(rand() for i in range(5000)), 10)
+
 
 class TestQuantiles(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -2355,6 +2634,11 @@ def f(x):
             data = random.choices(range(100), k=k)
             q1, q2, q3 = quantiles(data, method='inclusive')
             self.assertEqual(q2, statistics.median(data))
+        # Base case with a single data point:  When estimating quantiles from
+        # a sample, we want to be able to add one sample point at a time,
+        # getting increasingly better estimates.
+        self.assertEqual(quantiles([10], n=4), [10.0, 10.0, 10.0])
+        self.assertEqual(quantiles([10], n=4, method='exclusive'), [10.0, 10.0, 10.0])
 
     def test_equal_inputs(self):
         quantiles = statistics.quantiles
@@ -2405,7 +2689,7 @@ def test_error_cases(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             quantiles([10, 20, 30], method='X') # method is unknown
         with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            quantiles([10], n=4)                # not enough data points
+            quantiles([], n=4)                  # not enough data points
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             quantiles([10, None, 30], n=4)      # data is non-numeric
 
@@ -2464,6 +2748,95 @@ def test_different_scales(self):
         self.assertAlmostEqual(statistics.correlation(x, y), 1)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(statistics.covariance(x, y), 0.1)
 
+    def test_sqrtprod_helper_function_fundamentals(self):
+        # Verify that results are close to sqrt(x * y)
+        for i in range(100):
+            x = random.expovariate()
+            y = random.expovariate()
+            expected = math.sqrt(x * y)
+            actual = statistics._sqrtprod(x, y)
+            with self.subTest(x=x, y=y, expected=expected, actual=actual):
+                self.assertAlmostEqual(expected, actual)
+
+        x, y, target = 0.8035720646477457, 0.7957468097636939, 0.7996498651651661
+        self.assertEqual(statistics._sqrtprod(x, y), target)
+        self.assertNotEqual(math.sqrt(x * y), target)
+
+        # Test that range extremes avoid underflow and overflow
+        smallest = sys.float_info.min * sys.float_info.epsilon
+        self.assertEqual(statistics._sqrtprod(smallest, smallest), smallest)
+        biggest = sys.float_info.max
+        self.assertEqual(statistics._sqrtprod(biggest, biggest), biggest)
+
+        # Check special values and the sign of the result
+        special_values = [0.0, -0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 4.0, -4.0,
+                          math.nan, -math.nan, math.inf, -math.inf]
+        for x, y in itertools.product(special_values, repeat=2):
+            try:
+                expected = math.sqrt(x * y)
+            except ValueError:
+                expected = 'ValueError'
+            try:
+                actual = statistics._sqrtprod(x, y)
+            except ValueError:
+                actual = 'ValueError'
+            with self.subTest(x=x, y=y, expected=expected, actual=actual):
+                if isinstance(expected, str) and expected == 'ValueError':
+                    self.assertEqual(actual, 'ValueError')
+                    continue
+                self.assertIsInstance(actual, float)
+                if math.isnan(expected):
+                    self.assertTrue(math.isnan(actual))
+                    continue
+                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+                self.assertEqual(sign(actual), sign(expected))
+
+    @requires_IEEE_754
+    @unittest.skipIf(HAVE_DOUBLE_ROUNDING,
+                     "accuracy not guaranteed on machines with double rounding")
+    @support.cpython_only    # Allow for a weaker sumprod() implmentation
+    def test_sqrtprod_helper_function_improved_accuracy(self):
+        # Test a known example where accuracy is improved
+        x, y, target = 0.8035720646477457, 0.7957468097636939, 0.7996498651651661
+        self.assertEqual(statistics._sqrtprod(x, y), target)
+        self.assertNotEqual(math.sqrt(x * y), target)
+
+        def reference_value(x: float, y: float) -> float:
+            x = decimal.Decimal(x)
+            y = decimal.Decimal(y)
+            with decimal.localcontext() as ctx:
+                ctx.prec = 200
+                return float((x * y).sqrt())
+
+        # Verify that the new function with improved accuracy
+        # agrees with a reference value more often than old version.
+        new_agreements = 0
+        old_agreements = 0
+        for i in range(10_000):
+            x = random.expovariate()
+            y = random.expovariate()
+            new = statistics._sqrtprod(x, y)
+            old = math.sqrt(x * y)
+            ref = reference_value(x, y)
+            new_agreements += (new == ref)
+            old_agreements += (old == ref)
+        self.assertGreater(new_agreements, old_agreements)
+
+    def test_correlation_spearman(self):
+        # https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/spearmans-rank-order-correlation-statistical-guide-2.php
+        # Compare with:
+        #     >>> import scipy.stats.mstats
+        #     >>> scipy.stats.mstats.spearmanr(reading, mathematics)
+        #     SpearmanrResult(correlation=0.6686960980480712, pvalue=0.03450954165178532)
+        # And Wolfram Alpha gives: 0.668696
+        #     https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=SpearmanRho%5B%7B56%2C+75%2C+45%2C+71%2C+61%2C+64%2C+58%2C+80%2C+76%2C+61%7D%2C+%7B66%2C+70%2C+40%2C+60%2C+65%2C+56%2C+59%2C+77%2C+67%2C+63%7D%5D
+        reading = [56, 75, 45, 71, 61, 64, 58, 80, 76, 61]
+        mathematics = [66, 70, 40, 60, 65, 56, 59, 77, 67, 63]
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(statistics.correlation(reading, mathematics, method='ranked'),
+                               0.6686960980480712)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            statistics.correlation(reading, mathematics, method='bad_method')
 
 class TestLinearRegression(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -2487,6 +2860,22 @@ def test_results(self):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(intercept, true_intercept)
             self.assertAlmostEqual(slope, true_slope)
 
+    def test_proportional(self):
+        x = [10, 20, 30, 40]
+        y = [180, 398, 610, 799]
+        slope, intercept = statistics.linear_regression(x, y, proportional=True)
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(slope, 20 + 1/150)
+        self.assertEqual(intercept, 0.0)
+
+    def test_float_output(self):
+        x = [Fraction(2, 3), Fraction(3, 4)]
+        y = [Fraction(4, 5), Fraction(5, 6)]
+        slope, intercept = statistics.linear_regression(x, y)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(slope, float))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(intercept, float))
+        slope, intercept = statistics.linear_regression(x, y, proportional=True)
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(slope, float))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(intercept, float))
 
 class TestNormalDist:
 
@@ -2640,6 +3029,8 @@ def test_cdf(self):
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(X.cdf(float('NaN'))))
 
     @support.skip_if_pgo_task
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON Flaky")
     def test_inv_cdf(self):
         NormalDist = self.module.NormalDist
 
@@ -2697,9 +3088,10 @@ def test_inv_cdf(self):
             iq.inv_cdf(1.0)                         # p is one
         with self.assertRaises(self.module.StatisticsError):
             iq.inv_cdf(1.1)                         # p over one
-        with self.assertRaises(self.module.StatisticsError):
-            iq = NormalDist(100, 0)                 # sigma is zero
-            iq.inv_cdf(0.5)
+
+        # Supported case:
+        iq = NormalDist(100, 0)                     # sigma is zero
+        self.assertEqual(iq.inv_cdf(0.5), 100)
 
         # Special values
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(Z.inv_cdf(float('NaN'))))
@@ -2882,14 +3274,19 @@ def __init__(self, mu, sigma):
         nd = NormalDist(100, 15)
         self.assertNotEqual(nd, lnd)
 
-    def test_pickle_and_copy(self):
+    def test_copy(self):
         nd = self.module.NormalDist(37.5, 5.625)
         nd1 = copy.copy(nd)
         self.assertEqual(nd, nd1)
         nd2 = copy.deepcopy(nd)
         self.assertEqual(nd, nd2)
-        nd3 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(nd))
-        self.assertEqual(nd, nd3)
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        nd = self.module.NormalDist(37.5, 5.625)
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
+                pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(nd, protocol=proto))
+                self.assertEqual(nd, pickled)
 
     def test_hashability(self):
         ND = self.module.NormalDist
@@ -2911,7 +3308,7 @@ def setUp(self):
 
     def tearDown(self):
         sys.modules['statistics'] = statistics
- 
+
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(c_statistics, 'requires _statistics')
 class TestNormalDistC(unittest.TestCase, TestNormalDist):
@@ -2928,6 +3325,7 @@ def tearDown(self):
 def load_tests(loader, tests, ignore):
     """Used for doctest/unittest integration."""
     tests.addTests(doctest.DocTestSuite())
+    tests.addTests(doctest.DocTestSuite(statistics))
     return tests
 
 

From 8484bfa2e0da627d2ce0c2652a52bef431c662be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 11 Mar 2025 17:47:34 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 492/705] Remove cgi module (#5597)

* no cgi

* mark failing test
---
 Lib/cgi.py                   | 1012 ----------------------------------
 Lib/test/test_cgi.py         |  645 ----------------------
 Lib/test/test_httpservers.py |    1 +
 3 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 1657 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100755 Lib/cgi.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/test/test_cgi.py

diff --git a/Lib/cgi.py b/Lib/cgi.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 8787567be7..0000000000
--- a/Lib/cgi.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1012 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/local/bin/python
-
-# NOTE: the above "/usr/local/bin/python" is NOT a mistake.  It is
-# intentionally NOT "/usr/bin/env python".  On many systems
-# (e.g. Solaris), /usr/local/bin is not in $PATH as passed to CGI
-# scripts, and /usr/local/bin is the default directory where Python is
-# installed, so /usr/bin/env would be unable to find python.  Granted,
-# binary installations by Linux vendors often install Python in
-# /usr/bin.  So let those vendors patch cgi.py to match their choice
-# of installation.
-
-"""Support module for CGI (Common Gateway Interface) scripts.
-
-This module defines a number of utilities for use by CGI scripts
-written in Python.
-
-The global variable maxlen can be set to an integer indicating the maximum size
-of a POST request. POST requests larger than this size will result in a
-ValueError being raised during parsing. The default value of this variable is 0,
-meaning the request size is unlimited.
-"""
-
-# History
-# -------
-#
-# Michael McLay started this module.  Steve Majewski changed the
-# interface to SvFormContentDict and FormContentDict.  The multipart
-# parsing was inspired by code submitted by Andreas Paepcke.  Guido van
-# Rossum rewrote, reformatted and documented the module and is currently
-# responsible for its maintenance.
-#
-
-__version__ = "2.6"
-
-
-# Imports
-# =======
-
-from io import StringIO, BytesIO, TextIOWrapper
-from collections.abc import Mapping
-import sys
-import os
-import urllib.parse
-from email.parser import FeedParser
-from email.message import Message
-import html
-import locale
-import tempfile
-import warnings
-
-__all__ = ["MiniFieldStorage", "FieldStorage", "parse", "parse_multipart",
-           "parse_header", "test", "print_exception", "print_environ",
-           "print_form", "print_directory", "print_arguments",
-           "print_environ_usage"]
-
-
-warnings._deprecated(__name__, remove=(3,13))
-
-# Logging support
-# ===============
-
-logfile = ""            # Filename to log to, if not empty
-logfp = None            # File object to log to, if not None
-
-def initlog(*allargs):
-    """Write a log message, if there is a log file.
-
-    Even though this function is called initlog(), you should always
-    use log(); log is a variable that is set either to initlog
-    (initially), to dolog (once the log file has been opened), or to
-    nolog (when logging is disabled).
-
-    The first argument is a format string; the remaining arguments (if
-    any) are arguments to the % operator, so e.g.
-        log("%s: %s", "a", "b")
-    will write "a: b" to the log file, followed by a newline.
-
-    If the global logfp is not None, it should be a file object to
-    which log data is written.
-
-    If the global logfp is None, the global logfile may be a string
-    giving a filename to open, in append mode.  This file should be
-    world writable!!!  If the file can't be opened, logging is
-    silently disabled (since there is no safe place where we could
-    send an error message).
-
-    """
-    global log, logfile, logfp
-    warnings.warn("cgi.log() is deprecated as of 3.10. Use logging instead",
-                  DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
-    if logfile and not logfp:
-        try:
-            logfp = open(logfile, "a", encoding="locale")
-        except OSError:
-            pass
-    if not logfp:
-        log = nolog
-    else:
-        log = dolog
-    log(*allargs)
-
-def dolog(fmt, *args):
-    """Write a log message to the log file.  See initlog() for docs."""
-    logfp.write(fmt%args + "\n")
-
-def nolog(*allargs):
-    """Dummy function, assigned to log when logging is disabled."""
-    pass
-
-def closelog():
-    """Close the log file."""
-    global log, logfile, logfp
-    logfile = ''
-    if logfp:
-        logfp.close()
-        logfp = None
-    log = initlog
-
-log = initlog           # The current logging function
-
-
-# Parsing functions
-# =================
-
-# Maximum input we will accept when REQUEST_METHOD is POST
-# 0 ==> unlimited input
-maxlen = 0
-
-def parse(fp=None, environ=os.environ, keep_blank_values=0,
-          strict_parsing=0, separator='&'):
-    """Parse a query in the environment or from a file (default stdin)
-
-        Arguments, all optional:
-
-        fp              : file pointer; default: sys.stdin.buffer
-
-        environ         : environment dictionary; default: os.environ
-
-        keep_blank_values: flag indicating whether blank values in
-            percent-encoded forms should be treated as blank strings.
-            A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as
-            blank strings.  The default false value indicates that
-            blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
-            not included.
-
-        strict_parsing: flag indicating what to do with parsing errors.
-            If false (the default), errors are silently ignored.
-            If true, errors raise a ValueError exception.
-
-        separator: str. The symbol to use for separating the query arguments.
-            Defaults to &.
-    """
-    if fp is None:
-        fp = sys.stdin
-
-    # field keys and values (except for files) are returned as strings
-    # an encoding is required to decode the bytes read from self.fp
-    if hasattr(fp,'encoding'):
-        encoding = fp.encoding
-    else:
-        encoding = 'latin-1'
-
-    # fp.read() must return bytes
-    if isinstance(fp, TextIOWrapper):
-        fp = fp.buffer
-
-    if not 'REQUEST_METHOD' in environ:
-        environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET'       # For testing stand-alone
-    if environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST':
-        ctype, pdict = parse_header(environ['CONTENT_TYPE'])
-        if ctype == 'multipart/form-data':
-            return parse_multipart(fp, pdict, separator=separator)
-        elif ctype == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded':
-            clength = int(environ['CONTENT_LENGTH'])
-            if maxlen and clength > maxlen:
-                raise ValueError('Maximum content length exceeded')
-            qs = fp.read(clength).decode(encoding)
-        else:
-            qs = ''                     # Unknown content-type
-        if 'QUERY_STRING' in environ:
-            if qs: qs = qs + '&'
-            qs = qs + environ['QUERY_STRING']
-        elif sys.argv[1:]:
-            if qs: qs = qs + '&'
-            qs = qs + sys.argv[1]
-        environ['QUERY_STRING'] = qs    # XXX Shouldn't, really
-    elif 'QUERY_STRING' in environ:
-        qs = environ['QUERY_STRING']
-    else:
-        if sys.argv[1:]:
-            qs = sys.argv[1]
-        else:
-            qs = ""
-        environ['QUERY_STRING'] = qs    # XXX Shouldn't, really
-    return urllib.parse.parse_qs(qs, keep_blank_values, strict_parsing,
-                                 encoding=encoding, separator=separator)
-
-
-def parse_multipart(fp, pdict, encoding="utf-8", errors="replace", separator='&'):
-    """Parse multipart input.
-
-    Arguments:
-    fp   : input file
-    pdict: dictionary containing other parameters of content-type header
-    encoding, errors: request encoding and error handler, passed to
-        FieldStorage
-
-    Returns a dictionary just like parse_qs(): keys are the field names, each
-    value is a list of values for that field. For non-file fields, the value
-    is a list of strings.
-    """
-    # RFC 2046, Section 5.1 : The "multipart" boundary delimiters are always
-    # represented as 7bit US-ASCII.
-    boundary = pdict['boundary'].decode('ascii')
-    ctype = "multipart/form-data; boundary={}".format(boundary)
-    headers = Message()
-    headers.set_type(ctype)
-    try:
-        headers['Content-Length'] = pdict['CONTENT-LENGTH']
-    except KeyError:
-        pass
-    fs = FieldStorage(fp, headers=headers, encoding=encoding, errors=errors,
-        environ={'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST'}, separator=separator)
-    return {k: fs.getlist(k) for k in fs}
-
-def _parseparam(s):
-    while s[:1] == ';':
-        s = s[1:]
-        end = s.find(';')
-        while end > 0 and (s.count('"', 0, end) - s.count('\\"', 0, end)) % 2:
-            end = s.find(';', end + 1)
-        if end < 0:
-            end = len(s)
-        f = s[:end]
-        yield f.strip()
-        s = s[end:]
-
-def parse_header(line):
-    """Parse a Content-type like header.
-
-    Return the main content-type and a dictionary of options.
-
-    """
-    parts = _parseparam(';' + line)
-    key = parts.__next__()
-    pdict = {}
-    for p in parts:
-        i = p.find('=')
-        if i >= 0:
-            name = p[:i].strip().lower()
-            value = p[i+1:].strip()
-            if len(value) >= 2 and value[0] == value[-1] == '"':
-                value = value[1:-1]
-                value = value.replace('\\\\', '\\').replace('\\"', '"')
-            pdict[name] = value
-    return key, pdict
-
-
-# Classes for field storage
-# =========================
-
-class MiniFieldStorage:
-
-    """Like FieldStorage, for use when no file uploads are possible."""
-
-    # Dummy attributes
-    filename = None
-    list = None
-    type = None
-    file = None
-    type_options = {}
-    disposition = None
-    disposition_options = {}
-    headers = {}
-
-    def __init__(self, name, value):
-        """Constructor from field name and value."""
-        self.name = name
-        self.value = value
-        # self.file = StringIO(value)
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        """Return printable representation."""
-        return "MiniFieldStorage(%r, %r)" % (self.name, self.value)
-
-
-class FieldStorage:
-
-    """Store a sequence of fields, reading multipart/form-data.
-
-    This class provides naming, typing, files stored on disk, and
-    more.  At the top level, it is accessible like a dictionary, whose
-    keys are the field names.  (Note: None can occur as a field name.)
-    The items are either a Python list (if there's multiple values) or
-    another FieldStorage or MiniFieldStorage object.  If it's a single
-    object, it has the following attributes:
-
-    name: the field name, if specified; otherwise None
-
-    filename: the filename, if specified; otherwise None; this is the
-        client side filename, *not* the file name on which it is
-        stored (that's a temporary file you don't deal with)
-
-    value: the value as a *string*; for file uploads, this
-        transparently reads the file every time you request the value
-        and returns *bytes*
-
-    file: the file(-like) object from which you can read the data *as
-        bytes* ; None if the data is stored a simple string
-
-    type: the content-type, or None if not specified
-
-    type_options: dictionary of options specified on the content-type
-        line
-
-    disposition: content-disposition, or None if not specified
-
-    disposition_options: dictionary of corresponding options
-
-    headers: a dictionary(-like) object (sometimes email.message.Message or a
-        subclass thereof) containing *all* headers
-
-    The class is subclassable, mostly for the purpose of overriding
-    the make_file() method, which is called internally to come up with
-    a file open for reading and writing.  This makes it possible to
-    override the default choice of storing all files in a temporary
-    directory and unlinking them as soon as they have been opened.
-
-    """
-    def __init__(self, fp=None, headers=None, outerboundary=b'',
-                 environ=os.environ, keep_blank_values=0, strict_parsing=0,
-                 limit=None, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace',
-                 max_num_fields=None, separator='&'):
-        """Constructor.  Read multipart/* until last part.
-
-        Arguments, all optional:
-
-        fp              : file pointer; default: sys.stdin.buffer
-            (not used when the request method is GET)
-            Can be :
-            1. a TextIOWrapper object
-            2. an object whose read() and readline() methods return bytes
-
-        headers         : header dictionary-like object; default:
-            taken from environ as per CGI spec
-
-        outerboundary   : terminating multipart boundary
-            (for internal use only)
-
-        environ         : environment dictionary; default: os.environ
-
-        keep_blank_values: flag indicating whether blank values in
-            percent-encoded forms should be treated as blank strings.
-            A true value indicates that blanks should be retained as
-            blank strings.  The default false value indicates that
-            blank values are to be ignored and treated as if they were
-            not included.
-
-        strict_parsing: flag indicating what to do with parsing errors.
-            If false (the default), errors are silently ignored.
-            If true, errors raise a ValueError exception.
-
-        limit : used internally to read parts of multipart/form-data forms,
-            to exit from the reading loop when reached. It is the difference
-            between the form content-length and the number of bytes already
-            read
-
-        encoding, errors : the encoding and error handler used to decode the
-            binary stream to strings. Must be the same as the charset defined
-            for the page sending the form (content-type : meta http-equiv or
-            header)
-
-        max_num_fields: int. If set, then __init__ throws a ValueError
-            if there are more than n fields read by parse_qsl().
-
-        """
-        method = 'GET'
-        self.keep_blank_values = keep_blank_values
-        self.strict_parsing = strict_parsing
-        self.max_num_fields = max_num_fields
-        self.separator = separator
-        if 'REQUEST_METHOD' in environ:
-            method = environ['REQUEST_METHOD'].upper()
-        self.qs_on_post = None
-        if method == 'GET' or method == 'HEAD':
-            if 'QUERY_STRING' in environ:
-                qs = environ['QUERY_STRING']
-            elif sys.argv[1:]:
-                qs = sys.argv[1]
-            else:
-                qs = ""
-            qs = qs.encode(locale.getpreferredencoding(), 'surrogateescape')
-            fp = BytesIO(qs)
-            if headers is None:
-                headers = {'content-type':
-                           "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"}
-        if headers is None:
-            headers = {}
-            if method == 'POST':
-                # Set default content-type for POST to what's traditional
-                headers['content-type'] = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"
-            if 'CONTENT_TYPE' in environ:
-                headers['content-type'] = environ['CONTENT_TYPE']
-            if 'QUERY_STRING' in environ:
-                self.qs_on_post = environ['QUERY_STRING']
-            if 'CONTENT_LENGTH' in environ:
-                headers['content-length'] = environ['CONTENT_LENGTH']
-        else:
-            if not (isinstance(headers, (Mapping, Message))):
-                raise TypeError("headers must be mapping or an instance of "
-                                "email.message.Message")
-        self.headers = headers
-        if fp is None:
-            self.fp = sys.stdin.buffer
-        # self.fp.read() must return bytes
-        elif isinstance(fp, TextIOWrapper):
-            self.fp = fp.buffer
-        else:
-            if not (hasattr(fp, 'read') and hasattr(fp, 'readline')):
-                raise TypeError("fp must be file pointer")
-            self.fp = fp
-
-        self.encoding = encoding
-        self.errors = errors
-
-        if not isinstance(outerboundary, bytes):
-            raise TypeError('outerboundary must be bytes, not %s'
-                            % type(outerboundary).__name__)
-        self.outerboundary = outerboundary
-
-        self.bytes_read = 0
-        self.limit = limit
-
-        # Process content-disposition header
-        cdisp, pdict = "", {}
-        if 'content-disposition' in self.headers:
-            cdisp, pdict = parse_header(self.headers['content-disposition'])
-        self.disposition = cdisp
-        self.disposition_options = pdict
-        self.name = None
-        if 'name' in pdict:
-            self.name = pdict['name']
-        self.filename = None
-        if 'filename' in pdict:
-            self.filename = pdict['filename']
-        self._binary_file = self.filename is not None
-
-        # Process content-type header
-        #
-        # Honor any existing content-type header.  But if there is no
-        # content-type header, use some sensible defaults.  Assume
-        # outerboundary is "" at the outer level, but something non-false
-        # inside a multi-part.  The default for an inner part is text/plain,
-        # but for an outer part it should be urlencoded.  This should catch
-        # bogus clients which erroneously forget to include a content-type
-        # header.
-        #
-        # See below for what we do if there does exist a content-type header,
-        # but it happens to be something we don't understand.
-        if 'content-type' in self.headers:
-            ctype, pdict = parse_header(self.headers['content-type'])
-        elif self.outerboundary or method != 'POST':
-            ctype, pdict = "text/plain", {}
-        else:
-            ctype, pdict = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded', {}
-        self.type = ctype
-        self.type_options = pdict
-        if 'boundary' in pdict:
-            self.innerboundary = pdict['boundary'].encode(self.encoding,
-                                                          self.errors)
-        else:
-            self.innerboundary = b""
-
-        clen = -1
-        if 'content-length' in self.headers:
-            try:
-                clen = int(self.headers['content-length'])
-            except ValueError:
-                pass
-            if maxlen and clen > maxlen:
-                raise ValueError('Maximum content length exceeded')
-        self.length = clen
-        if self.limit is None and clen >= 0:
-            self.limit = clen
-
-        self.list = self.file = None
-        self.done = 0
-        if ctype == 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded':
-            self.read_urlencoded()
-        elif ctype[:10] == 'multipart/':
-            self.read_multi(environ, keep_blank_values, strict_parsing)
-        else:
-            self.read_single()
-
-    def __del__(self):
-        try:
-            self.file.close()
-        except AttributeError:
-            pass
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, *args):
-        self.file.close()
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        """Return a printable representation."""
-        return "FieldStorage(%r, %r, %r)" % (
-                self.name, self.filename, self.value)
-
-    def __iter__(self):
-        return iter(self.keys())
-
-    def __getattr__(self, name):
-        if name != 'value':
-            raise AttributeError(name)
-        if self.file:
-            self.file.seek(0)
-            value = self.file.read()
-            self.file.seek(0)
-        elif self.list is not None:
-            value = self.list
-        else:
-            value = None
-        return value
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        """Dictionary style indexing."""
-        if self.list is None:
-            raise TypeError("not indexable")
-        found = []
-        for item in self.list:
-            if item.name == key: found.append(item)
-        if not found:
-            raise KeyError(key)
-        if len(found) == 1:
-            return found[0]
-        else:
-            return found
-
-    def getvalue(self, key, default=None):
-        """Dictionary style get() method, including 'value' lookup."""
-        if key in self:
-            value = self[key]
-            if isinstance(value, list):
-                return [x.value for x in value]
-            else:
-                return value.value
-        else:
-            return default
-
-    def getfirst(self, key, default=None):
-        """ Return the first value received."""
-        if key in self:
-            value = self[key]
-            if isinstance(value, list):
-                return value[0].value
-            else:
-                return value.value
-        else:
-            return default
-
-    def getlist(self, key):
-        """ Return list of received values."""
-        if key in self:
-            value = self[key]
-            if isinstance(value, list):
-                return [x.value for x in value]
-            else:
-                return [value.value]
-        else:
-            return []
-
-    def keys(self):
-        """Dictionary style keys() method."""
-        if self.list is None:
-            raise TypeError("not indexable")
-        return list(set(item.name for item in self.list))
-
-    def __contains__(self, key):
-        """Dictionary style __contains__ method."""
-        if self.list is None:
-            raise TypeError("not indexable")
-        return any(item.name == key for item in self.list)
-
-    def __len__(self):
-        """Dictionary style len(x) support."""
-        return len(self.keys())
-
-    def __bool__(self):
-        if self.list is None:
-            raise TypeError("Cannot be converted to bool.")
-        return bool(self.list)
-
-    def read_urlencoded(self):
-        """Internal: read data in query string format."""
-        qs = self.fp.read(self.length)
-        if not isinstance(qs, bytes):
-            raise ValueError("%s should return bytes, got %s" \
-                             % (self.fp, type(qs).__name__))
-        qs = qs.decode(self.encoding, self.errors)
-        if self.qs_on_post:
-            qs += '&' + self.qs_on_post
-        query = urllib.parse.parse_qsl(
-            qs, self.keep_blank_values, self.strict_parsing,
-            encoding=self.encoding, errors=self.errors,
-            max_num_fields=self.max_num_fields, separator=self.separator)
-        self.list = [MiniFieldStorage(key, value) for key, value in query]
-        self.skip_lines()
-
-    FieldStorageClass = None
-
-    def read_multi(self, environ, keep_blank_values, strict_parsing):
-        """Internal: read a part that is itself multipart."""
-        ib = self.innerboundary
-        if not valid_boundary(ib):
-            raise ValueError('Invalid boundary in multipart form: %r' % (ib,))
-        self.list = []
-        if self.qs_on_post:
-            query = urllib.parse.parse_qsl(
-                self.qs_on_post, self.keep_blank_values, self.strict_parsing,
-                encoding=self.encoding, errors=self.errors,
-                max_num_fields=self.max_num_fields, separator=self.separator)
-            self.list.extend(MiniFieldStorage(key, value) for key, value in query)
-
-        klass = self.FieldStorageClass or self.__class__
-        first_line = self.fp.readline() # bytes
-        if not isinstance(first_line, bytes):
-            raise ValueError("%s should return bytes, got %s" \
-                             % (self.fp, type(first_line).__name__))
-        self.bytes_read += len(first_line)
-
-        # Ensure that we consume the file until we've hit our inner boundary
-        while (first_line.strip() != (b"--" + self.innerboundary) and
-                first_line):
-            first_line = self.fp.readline()
-            self.bytes_read += len(first_line)
-
-        # Propagate max_num_fields into the sub class appropriately
-        max_num_fields = self.max_num_fields
-        if max_num_fields is not None:
-            max_num_fields -= len(self.list)
-
-        while True:
-            parser = FeedParser()
-            hdr_text = b""
-            while True:
-                data = self.fp.readline()
-                hdr_text += data
-                if not data.strip():
-                    break
-            if not hdr_text:
-                break
-            # parser takes strings, not bytes
-            self.bytes_read += len(hdr_text)
-            parser.feed(hdr_text.decode(self.encoding, self.errors))
-            headers = parser.close()
-
-            # Some clients add Content-Length for part headers, ignore them
-            if 'content-length' in headers:
-                del headers['content-length']
-
-            limit = None if self.limit is None \
-                else self.limit - self.bytes_read
-            part = klass(self.fp, headers, ib, environ, keep_blank_values,
-                         strict_parsing, limit,
-                         self.encoding, self.errors, max_num_fields, self.separator)
-
-            if max_num_fields is not None:
-                max_num_fields -= 1
-                if part.list:
-                    max_num_fields -= len(part.list)
-                if max_num_fields < 0:
-                    raise ValueError('Max number of fields exceeded')
-
-            self.bytes_read += part.bytes_read
-            self.list.append(part)
-            if part.done or self.bytes_read >= self.length > 0:
-                break
-        self.skip_lines()
-
-    def read_single(self):
-        """Internal: read an atomic part."""
-        if self.length >= 0:
-            self.read_binary()
-            self.skip_lines()
-        else:
-            self.read_lines()
-        self.file.seek(0)
-
-    bufsize = 8*1024            # I/O buffering size for copy to file
-
-    def read_binary(self):
-        """Internal: read binary data."""
-        self.file = self.make_file()
-        todo = self.length
-        if todo >= 0:
-            while todo > 0:
-                data = self.fp.read(min(todo, self.bufsize)) # bytes
-                if not isinstance(data, bytes):
-                    raise ValueError("%s should return bytes, got %s"
-                                     % (self.fp, type(data).__name__))
-                self.bytes_read += len(data)
-                if not data:
-                    self.done = -1
-                    break
-                self.file.write(data)
-                todo = todo - len(data)
-
-    def read_lines(self):
-        """Internal: read lines until EOF or outerboundary."""
-        if self._binary_file:
-            self.file = self.__file = BytesIO() # store data as bytes for files
-        else:
-            self.file = self.__file = StringIO() # as strings for other fields
-        if self.outerboundary:
-            self.read_lines_to_outerboundary()
-        else:
-            self.read_lines_to_eof()
-
-    def __write(self, line):
-        """line is always bytes, not string"""
-        if self.__file is not None:
-            if self.__file.tell() + len(line) > 1000:
-                self.file = self.make_file()
-                data = self.__file.getvalue()
-                self.file.write(data)
-                self.__file = None
-        if self._binary_file:
-            # keep bytes
-            self.file.write(line)
-        else:
-            # decode to string
-            self.file.write(line.decode(self.encoding, self.errors))
-
-    def read_lines_to_eof(self):
-        """Internal: read lines until EOF."""
-        while 1:
-            line = self.fp.readline(1<<16) # bytes
-            self.bytes_read += len(line)
-            if not line:
-                self.done = -1
-                break
-            self.__write(line)
-
-    def read_lines_to_outerboundary(self):
-        """Internal: read lines until outerboundary.
-        Data is read as bytes: boundaries and line ends must be converted
-        to bytes for comparisons.
-        """
-        next_boundary = b"--" + self.outerboundary
-        last_boundary = next_boundary + b"--"
-        delim = b""
-        last_line_lfend = True
-        _read = 0
-        while 1:
-
-            if self.limit is not None and 0 <= self.limit <= _read:
-                break
-            line = self.fp.readline(1<<16) # bytes
-            self.bytes_read += len(line)
-            _read += len(line)
-            if not line:
-                self.done = -1
-                break
-            if delim == b"\r":
-                line = delim + line
-                delim = b""
-            if line.startswith(b"--") and last_line_lfend:
-                strippedline = line.rstrip()
-                if strippedline == next_boundary:
-                    break
-                if strippedline == last_boundary:
-                    self.done = 1
-                    break
-            odelim = delim
-            if line.endswith(b"\r\n"):
-                delim = b"\r\n"
-                line = line[:-2]
-                last_line_lfend = True
-            elif line.endswith(b"\n"):
-                delim = b"\n"
-                line = line[:-1]
-                last_line_lfend = True
-            elif line.endswith(b"\r"):
-                # We may interrupt \r\n sequences if they span the 2**16
-                # byte boundary
-                delim = b"\r"
-                line = line[:-1]
-                last_line_lfend = False
-            else:
-                delim = b""
-                last_line_lfend = False
-            self.__write(odelim + line)
-
-    def skip_lines(self):
-        """Internal: skip lines until outer boundary if defined."""
-        if not self.outerboundary or self.done:
-            return
-        next_boundary = b"--" + self.outerboundary
-        last_boundary = next_boundary + b"--"
-        last_line_lfend = True
-        while True:
-            line = self.fp.readline(1<<16)
-            self.bytes_read += len(line)
-            if not line:
-                self.done = -1
-                break
-            if line.endswith(b"--") and last_line_lfend:
-                strippedline = line.strip()
-                if strippedline == next_boundary:
-                    break
-                if strippedline == last_boundary:
-                    self.done = 1
-                    break
-            last_line_lfend = line.endswith(b'\n')
-
-    def make_file(self):
-        """Overridable: return a readable & writable file.
-
-        The file will be used as follows:
-        - data is written to it
-        - seek(0)
-        - data is read from it
-
-        The file is opened in binary mode for files, in text mode
-        for other fields
-
-        This version opens a temporary file for reading and writing,
-        and immediately deletes (unlinks) it.  The trick (on Unix!) is
-        that the file can still be used, but it can't be opened by
-        another process, and it will automatically be deleted when it
-        is closed or when the current process terminates.
-
-        If you want a more permanent file, you derive a class which
-        overrides this method.  If you want a visible temporary file
-        that is nevertheless automatically deleted when the script
-        terminates, try defining a __del__ method in a derived class
-        which unlinks the temporary files you have created.
-
-        """
-        if self._binary_file:
-            return tempfile.TemporaryFile("wb+")
-        else:
-            return tempfile.TemporaryFile("w+",
-                encoding=self.encoding, newline = '\n')
-
-
-# Test/debug code
-# ===============
-
-def test(environ=os.environ):
-    """Robust test CGI script, usable as main program.
-
-    Write minimal HTTP headers and dump all information provided to
-    the script in HTML form.
-
-    """
-    print("Content-type: text/html")
-    print()
-    sys.stderr = sys.stdout
-    try:
-        form = FieldStorage()   # Replace with other classes to test those
-        print_directory()
-        print_arguments()
-        print_form(form)
-        print_environ(environ)
-        print_environ_usage()
-        def f():
-            exec("testing print_exception() -- <I>italics?</I>")
-        def g(f=f):
-            f()
-        print("<H3>What follows is a test, not an actual exception:</H3>")
-        g()
-    except:
-        print_exception()
-
-    print("<H1>Second try with a small maxlen...</H1>")
-
-    global maxlen
-    maxlen = 50
-    try:
-        form = FieldStorage()   # Replace with other classes to test those
-        print_directory()
-        print_arguments()
-        print_form(form)
-        print_environ(environ)
-    except:
-        print_exception()
-
-def print_exception(type=None, value=None, tb=None, limit=None):
-    if type is None:
-        type, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
-    import traceback
-    print()
-    print("<H3>Traceback (most recent call last):</H3>")
-    list = traceback.format_tb(tb, limit) + \
-           traceback.format_exception_only(type, value)
-    print("<PRE>%s<B>%s</B></PRE>" % (
-        html.escape("".join(list[:-1])),
-        html.escape(list[-1]),
-        ))
-    del tb
-
-def print_environ(environ=os.environ):
-    """Dump the shell environment as HTML."""
-    keys = sorted(environ.keys())
-    print()
-    print("<H3>Shell Environment:</H3>")
-    print("<DL>")
-    for key in keys:
-        print("<DT>", html.escape(key), "<DD>", html.escape(environ[key]))
-    print("</DL>")
-    print()
-
-def print_form(form):
-    """Dump the contents of a form as HTML."""
-    keys = sorted(form.keys())
-    print()
-    print("<H3>Form Contents:</H3>")
-    if not keys:
-        print("<P>No form fields.")
-    print("<DL>")
-    for key in keys:
-        print("<DT>" + html.escape(key) + ":", end=' ')
-        value = form[key]
-        print("<i>" + html.escape(repr(type(value))) + "</i>")
-        print("<DD>" + html.escape(repr(value)))
-    print("</DL>")
-    print()
-
-def print_directory():
-    """Dump the current directory as HTML."""
-    print()
-    print("<H3>Current Working Directory:</H3>")
-    try:
-        pwd = os.getcwd()
-    except OSError as msg:
-        print("OSError:", html.escape(str(msg)))
-    else:
-        print(html.escape(pwd))
-    print()
-
-def print_arguments():
-    print()
-    print("<H3>Command Line Arguments:</H3>")
-    print()
-    print(sys.argv)
-    print()
-
-def print_environ_usage():
-    """Dump a list of environment variables used by CGI as HTML."""
-    print("""
-<H3>These environment variables could have been set:</H3>
-<UL>
-<LI>AUTH_TYPE
-<LI>CONTENT_LENGTH
-<LI>CONTENT_TYPE
-<LI>DATE_GMT
-<LI>DATE_LOCAL
-<LI>DOCUMENT_NAME
-<LI>DOCUMENT_ROOT
-<LI>DOCUMENT_URI
-<LI>GATEWAY_INTERFACE
-<LI>LAST_MODIFIED
-<LI>PATH
-<LI>PATH_INFO
-<LI>PATH_TRANSLATED
-<LI>QUERY_STRING
-<LI>REMOTE_ADDR
-<LI>REMOTE_HOST
-<LI>REMOTE_IDENT
-<LI>REMOTE_USER
-<LI>REQUEST_METHOD
-<LI>SCRIPT_NAME
-<LI>SERVER_NAME
-<LI>SERVER_PORT
-<LI>SERVER_PROTOCOL
-<LI>SERVER_ROOT
-<LI>SERVER_SOFTWARE
-</UL>
-In addition, HTTP headers sent by the server may be passed in the
-environment as well.  Here are some common variable names:
-<UL>
-<LI>HTTP_ACCEPT
-<LI>HTTP_CONNECTION
-<LI>HTTP_HOST
-<LI>HTTP_PRAGMA
-<LI>HTTP_REFERER
-<LI>HTTP_USER_AGENT
-</UL>
-""")
-
-
-# Utilities
-# =========
-
-def valid_boundary(s):
-    import re
-    if isinstance(s, bytes):
-        _vb_pattern = b"^[ -~]{0,200}[!-~]$"
-    else:
-        _vb_pattern = "^[ -~]{0,200}[!-~]$"
-    return re.match(_vb_pattern, s)
-
-# Invoke mainline
-# ===============
-
-# Call test() when this file is run as a script (not imported as a module)
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    test()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cgi.py b/Lib/test/test_cgi.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 43164cff31..0000000000
--- a/Lib/test/test_cgi.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,645 +0,0 @@
-import os
-import sys
-import tempfile
-import unittest
-from collections import namedtuple
-from io import StringIO, BytesIO
-from test import support
-from test.support import warnings_helper
-
-cgi = warnings_helper.import_deprecated("cgi")
-
-
-class HackedSysModule:
-    # The regression test will have real values in sys.argv, which
-    # will completely confuse the test of the cgi module
-    argv = []
-    stdin = sys.stdin
-
-cgi.sys = HackedSysModule()
-
-class ComparableException:
-    def __init__(self, err):
-        self.err = err
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return str(self.err)
-
-    def __eq__(self, anExc):
-        if not isinstance(anExc, Exception):
-            return NotImplemented
-        return (self.err.__class__ == anExc.__class__ and
-                self.err.args == anExc.args)
-
-    def __getattr__(self, attr):
-        return getattr(self.err, attr)
-
-def do_test(buf, method):
-    env = {}
-    if method == "GET":
-        fp = None
-        env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'GET'
-        env['QUERY_STRING'] = buf
-    elif method == "POST":
-        fp = BytesIO(buf.encode('latin-1')) # FieldStorage expects bytes
-        env['REQUEST_METHOD'] = 'POST'
-        env['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'
-        env['CONTENT_LENGTH'] = str(len(buf))
-    else:
-        raise ValueError("unknown method: %s" % method)
-    try:
-        return cgi.parse(fp, env, strict_parsing=1)
-    except Exception as err:
-        return ComparableException(err)
-
-parse_strict_test_cases = [
-    ("", {}),
-    ("&", ValueError("bad query field: ''")),
-    ("&&", ValueError("bad query field: ''")),
-    # Should the next few really be valid?
-    ("=", {}),
-    ("=&=", {}),
-    # This rest seem to make sense
-    ("=a", {'': ['a']}),
-    ("&=a", ValueError("bad query field: ''")),
-    ("=a&", ValueError("bad query field: ''")),
-    ("=&a", ValueError("bad query field: 'a'")),
-    ("b=a", {'b': ['a']}),
-    ("b+=a", {'b ': ['a']}),
-    ("a=b=a", {'a': ['b=a']}),
-    ("a=+b=a", {'a': [' b=a']}),
-    ("&b=a", ValueError("bad query field: ''")),
-    ("b&=a", ValueError("bad query field: 'b'")),
-    ("a=a+b&b=b+c", {'a': ['a b'], 'b': ['b c']}),
-    ("a=a+b&a=b+a", {'a': ['a b', 'b a']}),
-    ("x=1&y=2.0&z=2-3.%2b0", {'x': ['1'], 'y': ['2.0'], 'z': ['2-3.+0']}),
-    ("Hbc5161168c542333633315dee1182227:key_store_seqid=400006&cuyer=r&view=bustomer&order_id=0bb2e248638833d48cb7fed300000f1b&expire=964546263&lobale=en-US&kid=130003.300038&ss=env",
-     {'Hbc5161168c542333633315dee1182227:key_store_seqid': ['400006'],
-      'cuyer': ['r'],
-      'expire': ['964546263'],
-      'kid': ['130003.300038'],
-      'lobale': ['en-US'],
-      'order_id': ['0bb2e248638833d48cb7fed300000f1b'],
-      'ss': ['env'],
-      'view': ['bustomer'],
-      }),
-
-    ("group_id=5470&set=custom&_assigned_to=31392&_status=1&_category=100&SUBMIT=Browse",
-     {'SUBMIT': ['Browse'],
-      '_assigned_to': ['31392'],
-      '_category': ['100'],
-      '_status': ['1'],
-      'group_id': ['5470'],
-      'set': ['custom'],
-      })
-    ]
-
-def norm(seq):
-    return sorted(seq, key=repr)
-
-def first_elts(list):
-    return [p[0] for p in list]
-
-def first_second_elts(list):
-    return [(p[0], p[1][0]) for p in list]
-
-def gen_result(data, environ):
-    encoding = 'latin-1'
-    fake_stdin = BytesIO(data.encode(encoding))
-    fake_stdin.seek(0)
-    form = cgi.FieldStorage(fp=fake_stdin, environ=environ, encoding=encoding)
-
-    result = {}
-    for k, v in dict(form).items():
-        result[k] = isinstance(v, list) and form.getlist(k) or v.value
-
-    return result
-
-class CgiTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_parse_multipart(self):
-        fp = BytesIO(POSTDATA.encode('latin1'))
-        env = {'boundary': BOUNDARY.encode('latin1'),
-               'CONTENT-LENGTH': '558'}
-        result = cgi.parse_multipart(fp, env)
-        expected = {'submit': [' Add '], 'id': ['1234'],
-                    'file': [b'Testing 123.\n'], 'title': ['']}
-        self.assertEqual(result, expected)
-
-    def test_parse_multipart_without_content_length(self):
-        POSTDATA = '''--JfISa01
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="submit-name"
-
-just a string
-
---JfISa01--
-'''
-        fp = BytesIO(POSTDATA.encode('latin1'))
-        env = {'boundary': 'JfISa01'.encode('latin1')}
-        result = cgi.parse_multipart(fp, env)
-        expected = {'submit-name': ['just a string\n']}
-        self.assertEqual(result, expected)
-
-    # TODO RUSTPYTHON - see https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/935
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_parse_multipart_invalid_encoding(self):
-        BOUNDARY = "JfISa01"
-        POSTDATA = """--JfISa01
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="submit-name"
-Content-Length: 3
-
-\u2603
---JfISa01"""
-        fp = BytesIO(POSTDATA.encode('utf8'))
-        env = {'boundary': BOUNDARY.encode('latin1'),
-               'CONTENT-LENGTH': str(len(POSTDATA.encode('utf8')))}
-        result = cgi.parse_multipart(fp, env, encoding="ascii",
-                                     errors="surrogateescape")
-        expected = {'submit-name': ["\udce2\udc98\udc83"]}
-        self.assertEqual(result, expected)
-        self.assertEqual("\u2603".encode('utf8'),
-                         result["submit-name"][0].encode('utf8', 'surrogateescape'))
-
-    def test_fieldstorage_properties(self):
-        fs = cgi.FieldStorage()
-        self.assertFalse(fs)
-        self.assertIn("FieldStorage", repr(fs))
-        self.assertEqual(list(fs), list(fs.keys()))
-        fs.list.append(namedtuple('MockFieldStorage', 'name')('fieldvalue'))
-        self.assertTrue(fs)
-
-    def test_fieldstorage_invalid(self):
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cgi.FieldStorage, "not-a-file-obj",
-                                                            environ={"REQUEST_METHOD":"PUT"})
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, cgi.FieldStorage, "foo", "bar")
-        fs = cgi.FieldStorage(headers={'content-type':'text/plain'})
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, bool, fs)
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_strict(self):
-        for orig, expect in parse_strict_test_cases:
-            # Test basic parsing
-            d = do_test(orig, "GET")
-            self.assertEqual(d, expect, "Error parsing %s method GET" % repr(orig))
-            d = do_test(orig, "POST")
-            self.assertEqual(d, expect, "Error parsing %s method POST" % repr(orig))
-
-            env = {'QUERY_STRING': orig}
-            fs = cgi.FieldStorage(environ=env)
-            if isinstance(expect, dict):
-                # test dict interface
-                self.assertEqual(len(expect), len(fs))
-                self.assertCountEqual(expect.keys(), fs.keys())
-                ##self.assertEqual(norm(expect.values()), norm(fs.values()))
-                ##self.assertEqual(norm(expect.items()), norm(fs.items()))
-                self.assertEqual(fs.getvalue("nonexistent field", "default"), "default")
-                # test individual fields
-                for key in expect.keys():
-                    expect_val = expect[key]
-                    self.assertIn(key, fs)
-                    if len(expect_val) > 1:
-                        self.assertEqual(fs.getvalue(key), expect_val)
-                    else:
-                        self.assertEqual(fs.getvalue(key), expect_val[0])
-
-    def test_separator(self):
-        parse_semicolon = [
-            ("x=1;y=2.0", {'x': ['1'], 'y': ['2.0']}),
-            ("x=1;y=2.0;z=2-3.%2b0", {'x': ['1'], 'y': ['2.0'], 'z': ['2-3.+0']}),
-            (";", ValueError("bad query field: ''")),
-            (";;", ValueError("bad query field: ''")),
-            ("=;a", ValueError("bad query field: 'a'")),
-            (";b=a", ValueError("bad query field: ''")),
-            ("b;=a", ValueError("bad query field: 'b'")),
-            ("a=a+b;b=b+c", {'a': ['a b'], 'b': ['b c']}),
-            ("a=a+b;a=b+a", {'a': ['a b', 'b a']}),
-        ]
-        for orig, expect in parse_semicolon:
-            env = {'QUERY_STRING': orig}
-            fs = cgi.FieldStorage(separator=';', environ=env)
-            if isinstance(expect, dict):
-                for key in expect.keys():
-                    expect_val = expect[key]
-                    self.assertIn(key, fs)
-                    if len(expect_val) > 1:
-                        self.assertEqual(fs.getvalue(key), expect_val)
-                    else:
-                        self.assertEqual(fs.getvalue(key), expect_val[0])
-
-    @warnings_helper.ignore_warnings(category=DeprecationWarning)
-    def test_log(self):
-        cgi.log("Testing")
-
-        cgi.logfp = StringIO()
-        cgi.initlog("%s", "Testing initlog 1")
-        cgi.log("%s", "Testing log 2")
-        self.assertEqual(cgi.logfp.getvalue(), "Testing initlog 1\nTesting log 2\n")
-        if os.path.exists(os.devnull):
-            cgi.logfp = None
-            cgi.logfile = os.devnull
-            cgi.initlog("%s", "Testing log 3")
-            self.addCleanup(cgi.closelog)
-            cgi.log("Testing log 4")
-
-    def test_fieldstorage_readline(self):
-        # FieldStorage uses readline, which has the capacity to read all
-        # contents of the input file into memory; we use readline's size argument
-        # to prevent that for files that do not contain any newlines in
-        # non-GET/HEAD requests
-        class TestReadlineFile:
-            def __init__(self, file):
-                self.file = file
-                self.numcalls = 0
-
-            def readline(self, size=None):
-                self.numcalls += 1
-                if size:
-                    return self.file.readline(size)
-                else:
-                    return self.file.readline()
-
-            def __getattr__(self, name):
-                file = self.__dict__['file']
-                a = getattr(file, name)
-                if not isinstance(a, int):
-                    setattr(self, name, a)
-                return a
-
-        f = TestReadlineFile(tempfile.TemporaryFile("wb+"))
-        self.addCleanup(f.close)
-        f.write(b'x' * 256 * 1024)
-        f.seek(0)
-        env = {'REQUEST_METHOD':'PUT'}
-        fs = cgi.FieldStorage(fp=f, environ=env)
-        self.addCleanup(fs.file.close)
-        # if we're not chunking properly, readline is only called twice
-        # (by read_binary); if we are chunking properly, it will be called 5 times
-        # as long as the chunksize is 1 << 16.
-        self.assertGreater(f.numcalls, 2)
-        f.close()
-
-    def test_fieldstorage_multipart(self):
-        #Test basic FieldStorage multipart parsing
-        env = {
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary={}'.format(BOUNDARY),
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': '558'}
-        fp = BytesIO(POSTDATA.encode('latin-1'))
-        fs = cgi.FieldStorage(fp, environ=env, encoding="latin-1")
-        self.assertEqual(len(fs.list), 4)
-        expect = [{'name':'id', 'filename':None, 'value':'1234'},
-                  {'name':'title', 'filename':None, 'value':''},
-                  {'name':'file', 'filename':'test.txt', 'value':b'Testing 123.\n'},
-                  {'name':'submit', 'filename':None, 'value':' Add '}]
-        for x in range(len(fs.list)):
-            for k, exp in expect[x].items():
-                got = getattr(fs.list[x], k)
-                self.assertEqual(got, exp)
-
-    def test_fieldstorage_multipart_leading_whitespace(self):
-        env = {
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary={}'.format(BOUNDARY),
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': '560'}
-        # Add some leading whitespace to our post data that will cause the
-        # first line to not be the innerboundary.
-        fp = BytesIO(b"\r\n" + POSTDATA.encode('latin-1'))
-        fs = cgi.FieldStorage(fp, environ=env, encoding="latin-1")
-        self.assertEqual(len(fs.list), 4)
-        expect = [{'name':'id', 'filename':None, 'value':'1234'},
-                  {'name':'title', 'filename':None, 'value':''},
-                  {'name':'file', 'filename':'test.txt', 'value':b'Testing 123.\n'},
-                  {'name':'submit', 'filename':None, 'value':' Add '}]
-        for x in range(len(fs.list)):
-            for k, exp in expect[x].items():
-                got = getattr(fs.list[x], k)
-                self.assertEqual(got, exp)
-
-    def test_fieldstorage_multipart_non_ascii(self):
-        #Test basic FieldStorage multipart parsing
-        env = {'REQUEST_METHOD':'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary={}'.format(BOUNDARY),
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH':'558'}
-        for encoding in ['iso-8859-1','utf-8']:
-            fp = BytesIO(POSTDATA_NON_ASCII.encode(encoding))
-            fs = cgi.FieldStorage(fp, environ=env,encoding=encoding)
-            self.assertEqual(len(fs.list), 1)
-            expect = [{'name':'id', 'filename':None, 'value':'\xe7\xf1\x80'}]
-            for x in range(len(fs.list)):
-                for k, exp in expect[x].items():
-                    got = getattr(fs.list[x], k)
-                    self.assertEqual(got, exp)
-
-    def test_fieldstorage_multipart_maxline(self):
-        # Issue #18167
-        maxline = 1 << 16
-        self.maxDiff = None
-        def check(content):
-            data = """---123
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="upload"; filename="fake.txt"
-Content-Type: text/plain
-
-%s
----123--
-""".replace('\n', '\r\n') % content
-            environ = {
-                'CONTENT_LENGTH':   str(len(data)),
-                'CONTENT_TYPE':     'multipart/form-data; boundary=-123',
-                'REQUEST_METHOD':   'POST',
-            }
-            self.assertEqual(gen_result(data, environ),
-                             {'upload': content.encode('latin1')})
-        check('x' * (maxline - 1))
-        check('x' * (maxline - 1) + '\r')
-        check('x' * (maxline - 1) + '\r' + 'y' * (maxline - 1))
-
-    def test_fieldstorage_multipart_w3c(self):
-        # Test basic FieldStorage multipart parsing (W3C sample)
-        env = {
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary={}'.format(BOUNDARY_W3),
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(len(POSTDATA_W3))}
-        fp = BytesIO(POSTDATA_W3.encode('latin-1'))
-        fs = cgi.FieldStorage(fp, environ=env, encoding="latin-1")
-        self.assertEqual(len(fs.list), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(fs.list[0].name, 'submit-name')
-        self.assertEqual(fs.list[0].value, 'Larry')
-        self.assertEqual(fs.list[1].name, 'files')
-        files = fs.list[1].value
-        self.assertEqual(len(files), 2)
-        expect = [{'name': None, 'filename': 'file1.txt', 'value': b'... contents of file1.txt ...'},
-                  {'name': None, 'filename': 'file2.gif', 'value': b'...contents of file2.gif...'}]
-        for x in range(len(files)):
-            for k, exp in expect[x].items():
-                got = getattr(files[x], k)
-                self.assertEqual(got, exp)
-
-    def test_fieldstorage_part_content_length(self):
-        BOUNDARY = "JfISa01"
-        POSTDATA = """--JfISa01
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="submit-name"
-Content-Length: 5
-
-Larry
---JfISa01"""
-        env = {
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'multipart/form-data; boundary={}'.format(BOUNDARY),
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(len(POSTDATA))}
-        fp = BytesIO(POSTDATA.encode('latin-1'))
-        fs = cgi.FieldStorage(fp, environ=env, encoding="latin-1")
-        self.assertEqual(len(fs.list), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(fs.list[0].name, 'submit-name')
-        self.assertEqual(fs.list[0].value, 'Larry')
-
-    def test_field_storage_multipart_no_content_length(self):
-        fp = BytesIO(b"""--MyBoundary
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="my-arg"; filename="foo"
-
-Test
-
---MyBoundary--
-""")
-        env = {
-            "REQUEST_METHOD": "POST",
-            "CONTENT_TYPE": "multipart/form-data; boundary=MyBoundary",
-            "wsgi.input": fp,
-        }
-        fields = cgi.FieldStorage(fp, environ=env)
-
-        self.assertEqual(len(fields["my-arg"].file.read()), 5)
-
-    def test_fieldstorage_as_context_manager(self):
-        fp = BytesIO(b'x' * 10)
-        env = {'REQUEST_METHOD': 'PUT'}
-        with cgi.FieldStorage(fp=fp, environ=env) as fs:
-            content = fs.file.read()
-            self.assertFalse(fs.file.closed)
-        self.assertTrue(fs.file.closed)
-        self.assertEqual(content, 'x' * 10)
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'I/O operation on closed file'):
-            fs.file.read()
-
-    _qs_result = {
-        'key1': 'value1',
-        'key2': ['value2x', 'value2y'],
-        'key3': 'value3',
-        'key4': 'value4'
-    }
-    def testQSAndUrlEncode(self):
-        data = "key2=value2x&key3=value3&key4=value4"
-        environ = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH':   str(len(data)),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE':     'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'QUERY_STRING':     'key1=value1&key2=value2y',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD':   'POST',
-        }
-        v = gen_result(data, environ)
-        self.assertEqual(self._qs_result, v)
-
-    def test_max_num_fields(self):
-        # For application/x-www-form-urlencoded
-        data = '&'.join(['a=a']*11)
-        environ = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH': str(len(data)),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD': 'POST',
-        }
-
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cgi.FieldStorage(
-                fp=BytesIO(data.encode()),
-                environ=environ,
-                max_num_fields=10,
-            )
-
-        # For multipart/form-data
-        data = """---123
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="a"
-
-3
----123
-Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
-
-a=4
----123
-Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
-
-a=5
----123--
-"""
-        environ = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH':   str(len(data)),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE':     'multipart/form-data; boundary=-123',
-            'QUERY_STRING':     'a=1&a=2',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD':   'POST',
-        }
-
-        # 2 GET entities
-        # 1 top level POST entities
-        # 1 entity within the second POST entity
-        # 1 entity within the third POST entity
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            cgi.FieldStorage(
-                fp=BytesIO(data.encode()),
-                environ=environ,
-                max_num_fields=4,
-            )
-        cgi.FieldStorage(
-            fp=BytesIO(data.encode()),
-            environ=environ,
-            max_num_fields=5,
-        )
-
-    def testQSAndFormData(self):
-        data = """---123
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="key2"
-
-value2y
----123
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="key3"
-
-value3
----123
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="key4"
-
-value4
----123--
-"""
-        environ = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH':   str(len(data)),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE':     'multipart/form-data; boundary=-123',
-            'QUERY_STRING':     'key1=value1&key2=value2x',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD':   'POST',
-        }
-        v = gen_result(data, environ)
-        self.assertEqual(self._qs_result, v)
-
-    def testQSAndFormDataFile(self):
-        data = """---123
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="key2"
-
-value2y
----123
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="key3"
-
-value3
----123
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="key4"
-
-value4
----123
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="upload"; filename="fake.txt"
-Content-Type: text/plain
-
-this is the content of the fake file
-
----123--
-"""
-        environ = {
-            'CONTENT_LENGTH':   str(len(data)),
-            'CONTENT_TYPE':     'multipart/form-data; boundary=-123',
-            'QUERY_STRING':     'key1=value1&key2=value2x',
-            'REQUEST_METHOD':   'POST',
-        }
-        result = self._qs_result.copy()
-        result.update({
-            'upload': b'this is the content of the fake file\n'
-        })
-        v = gen_result(data, environ)
-        self.assertEqual(result, v)
-
-    def test_parse_header(self):
-        self.assertEqual(
-            cgi.parse_header("text/plain"),
-            ("text/plain", {}))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            cgi.parse_header("text/vnd.just.made.this.up ; "),
-            ("text/vnd.just.made.this.up", {}))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            cgi.parse_header("text/plain;charset=us-ascii"),
-            ("text/plain", {"charset": "us-ascii"}))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            cgi.parse_header('text/plain ; charset="us-ascii"'),
-            ("text/plain", {"charset": "us-ascii"}))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            cgi.parse_header('text/plain ; charset="us-ascii"; another=opt'),
-            ("text/plain", {"charset": "us-ascii", "another": "opt"}))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            cgi.parse_header('attachment; filename="silly.txt"'),
-            ("attachment", {"filename": "silly.txt"}))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            cgi.parse_header('attachment; filename="strange;name"'),
-            ("attachment", {"filename": "strange;name"}))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            cgi.parse_header('attachment; filename="strange;name";size=123;'),
-            ("attachment", {"filename": "strange;name", "size": "123"}))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            cgi.parse_header('form-data; name="files"; filename="fo\\"o;bar"'),
-            ("form-data", {"name": "files", "filename": 'fo"o;bar'}))
-
-    def test_all(self):
-        not_exported = {
-            "logfile", "logfp", "initlog", "dolog", "nolog", "closelog", "log",
-            "maxlen", "valid_boundary"}
-        support.check__all__(self, cgi, not_exported=not_exported)
-
-
-BOUNDARY = "---------------------------721837373350705526688164684"
-
-POSTDATA = """-----------------------------721837373350705526688164684
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="id"
-
-1234
------------------------------721837373350705526688164684
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="title"
-
-
------------------------------721837373350705526688164684
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file"; filename="test.txt"
-Content-Type: text/plain
-
-Testing 123.
-
------------------------------721837373350705526688164684
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="submit"
-
- Add\x20
------------------------------721837373350705526688164684--
-"""
-
-POSTDATA_NON_ASCII = """-----------------------------721837373350705526688164684
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="id"
-
-\xe7\xf1\x80
------------------------------721837373350705526688164684
-"""
-
-# http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/interact/forms.html#h-17.13.4
-BOUNDARY_W3 = "AaB03x"
-POSTDATA_W3 = """--AaB03x
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="submit-name"
-
-Larry
---AaB03x
-Content-Disposition: form-data; name="files"
-Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=BbC04y
-
---BbC04y
-Content-Disposition: file; filename="file1.txt"
-Content-Type: text/plain
-
-... contents of file1.txt ...
---BbC04y
-Content-Disposition: file; filename="file2.gif"
-Content-Type: image/gif
-Content-Transfer-Encoding: binary
-
-...contents of file2.gif...
---BbC04y--
---AaB03x--
-"""
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_httpservers.py b/Lib/test/test_httpservers.py
index 59700ac791..cd689492ca 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_httpservers.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_httpservers.py
@@ -778,6 +778,7 @@ def test_issue19435(self):
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform != 'win32', "TODO: RUSTPYTHON; works only on windows")
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_post(self):
         params = urllib.parse.urlencode(
             {'spam' : 1, 'eggs' : 'python', 'bacon' : 123456})

From 8da66978bf8adf6e088854b82dd236ace36a2ce0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2025 09:49:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 493/705] Remove uu.py and test_uu.py

---
 Lib/test/test_uu.py | 258 --------------------------------------------
 Lib/uu.py           | 199 ----------------------------------
 2 files changed, 457 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/test/test_uu.py
 delete mode 100755 Lib/uu.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_uu.py b/Lib/test/test_uu.py
deleted file mode 100644
index f71d877365..0000000000
--- a/Lib/test/test_uu.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,258 +0,0 @@
-"""
-Tests for uu module.
-Nick Mathewson
-"""
-
-import unittest
-from test.support import os_helper
-
-import os
-import stat
-import sys
-import uu
-import io
-
-plaintext = b"The symbols on top of your keyboard are !@#$%^&*()_+|~\n"
-
-encodedtext = b"""\
-M5&AE('-Y;6)O;',@;VX@=&]P(&]F('EO=7(@:V5Y8F]A<F0@87)E("% (R0E
-*7B8J*"E?*WQ^"@  """
-
-# Stolen from io.py
-class FakeIO(io.TextIOWrapper):
-    """Text I/O implementation using an in-memory buffer.
-
-    Can be a used as a drop-in replacement for sys.stdin and sys.stdout.
-    """
-
-    # XXX This is really slow, but fully functional
-
-    def __init__(self, initial_value="", encoding="utf-8",
-                 errors="strict", newline="\n"):
-        super(FakeIO, self).__init__(io.BytesIO(),
-                                     encoding=encoding,
-                                     errors=errors,
-                                     newline=newline)
-        self._encoding = encoding
-        self._errors = errors
-        if initial_value:
-            if not isinstance(initial_value, str):
-                initial_value = str(initial_value)
-            self.write(initial_value)
-            self.seek(0)
-
-    def getvalue(self):
-        self.flush()
-        return self.buffer.getvalue().decode(self._encoding, self._errors)
-
-
-def encodedtextwrapped(mode, filename, backtick=False):
-    if backtick:
-        res = (bytes("begin %03o %s\n" % (mode, filename), "ascii") +
-               encodedtext.replace(b' ', b'`') + b"\n`\nend\n")
-    else:
-        res = (bytes("begin %03o %s\n" % (mode, filename), "ascii") +
-               encodedtext + b"\n \nend\n")
-    return res
-
-class UUTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_encode(self):
-        inp = io.BytesIO(plaintext)
-        out = io.BytesIO()
-        uu.encode(inp, out, "t1")
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), encodedtextwrapped(0o666, "t1"))
-        inp = io.BytesIO(plaintext)
-        out = io.BytesIO()
-        uu.encode(inp, out, "t1", 0o644)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), encodedtextwrapped(0o644, "t1"))
-        inp = io.BytesIO(plaintext)
-        out = io.BytesIO()
-        uu.encode(inp, out, "t1", backtick=True)
-        self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), encodedtextwrapped(0o666, "t1", True))
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            uu.encode(inp, out, "t1", 0o644, True)
-
-    def test_decode(self):
-        for backtick in True, False:
-            inp = io.BytesIO(encodedtextwrapped(0o666, "t1", backtick=backtick))
-            out = io.BytesIO()
-            uu.decode(inp, out)
-            self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), plaintext)
-            inp = io.BytesIO(
-                b"UUencoded files may contain many lines,\n" +
-                b"even some that have 'begin' in them.\n" +
-                encodedtextwrapped(0o666, "t1", backtick=backtick)
-            )
-            out = io.BytesIO()
-            uu.decode(inp, out)
-            self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), plaintext)
-
-    def test_truncatedinput(self):
-        inp = io.BytesIO(b"begin 644 t1\n" + encodedtext)
-        out = io.BytesIO()
-        try:
-            uu.decode(inp, out)
-            self.fail("No exception raised")
-        except uu.Error as e:
-            self.assertEqual(str(e), "Truncated input file")
-
-    def test_missingbegin(self):
-        inp = io.BytesIO(b"")
-        out = io.BytesIO()
-        try:
-            uu.decode(inp, out)
-            self.fail("No exception raised")
-        except uu.Error as e:
-            self.assertEqual(str(e), "No valid begin line found in input file")
-
-    def test_garbage_padding(self):
-        # Issue #22406
-        encodedtext1 = (
-            b"begin 644 file\n"
-            # length 1; bits 001100 111111 111111 111111
-            b"\x21\x2C\x5F\x5F\x5F\n"
-            b"\x20\n"
-            b"end\n"
-        )
-        encodedtext2 = (
-            b"begin 644 file\n"
-            # length 1; bits 001100 111111 111111 111111
-            b"\x21\x2C\x5F\x5F\x5F\n"
-            b"\x60\n"
-            b"end\n"
-        )
-        plaintext = b"\x33"  # 00110011
-
-        for encodedtext in encodedtext1, encodedtext2:
-            with self.subTest("uu.decode()"):
-                inp = io.BytesIO(encodedtext)
-                out = io.BytesIO()
-                uu.decode(inp, out, quiet=True)
-                self.assertEqual(out.getvalue(), plaintext)
-
-            with self.subTest("uu_codec"):
-                import codecs
-                decoded = codecs.decode(encodedtext, "uu_codec")
-                self.assertEqual(decoded, plaintext)
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_newlines_escaped(self):
-        # Test newlines are escaped with uu.encode
-        inp = io.BytesIO(plaintext)
-        out = io.BytesIO()
-        filename = "test.txt\n\roverflow.txt"
-        safefilename = b"test.txt\\n\\roverflow.txt"
-        uu.encode(inp, out, filename)
-        self.assertIn(safefilename, out.getvalue())
-
-class UUStdIOTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.stdin = sys.stdin
-        self.stdout = sys.stdout
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        sys.stdin = self.stdin
-        sys.stdout = self.stdout
-
-    def test_encode(self):
-        sys.stdin = FakeIO(plaintext.decode("ascii"))
-        sys.stdout = FakeIO()
-        uu.encode("-", "-", "t1", 0o666)
-        self.assertEqual(sys.stdout.getvalue(),
-                         encodedtextwrapped(0o666, "t1").decode("ascii"))
-
-    def test_decode(self):
-        sys.stdin = FakeIO(encodedtextwrapped(0o666, "t1").decode("ascii"))
-        sys.stdout = FakeIO()
-        uu.decode("-", "-")
-        stdout = sys.stdout
-        sys.stdout = self.stdout
-        sys.stdin = self.stdin
-        self.assertEqual(stdout.getvalue(), plaintext.decode("ascii"))
-
-class UUFileTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        # uu.encode() supports only ASCII file names
-        self.tmpin  = os_helper.TESTFN_ASCII + "i"
-        self.tmpout = os_helper.TESTFN_ASCII + "o"
-        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, self.tmpin)
-        self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, self.tmpout)
-
-    def test_encode(self):
-        with open(self.tmpin, 'wb') as fin:
-            fin.write(plaintext)
-
-        with open(self.tmpin, 'rb') as fin:
-            with open(self.tmpout, 'wb') as fout:
-                uu.encode(fin, fout, self.tmpin, mode=0o644)
-
-        with open(self.tmpout, 'rb') as fout:
-            s = fout.read()
-        self.assertEqual(s, encodedtextwrapped(0o644, self.tmpin))
-
-        # in_file and out_file as filenames
-        uu.encode(self.tmpin, self.tmpout, self.tmpin, mode=0o644)
-        with open(self.tmpout, 'rb') as fout:
-            s = fout.read()
-        self.assertEqual(s, encodedtextwrapped(0o644, self.tmpin))
-
-    def test_decode(self):
-        with open(self.tmpin, 'wb') as f:
-            f.write(encodedtextwrapped(0o644, self.tmpout))
-
-        with open(self.tmpin, 'rb') as f:
-            uu.decode(f)
-
-        with open(self.tmpout, 'rb') as f:
-            s = f.read()
-        self.assertEqual(s, plaintext)
-        # XXX is there an xp way to verify the mode?
-
-    def test_decode_filename(self):
-        with open(self.tmpin, 'wb') as f:
-            f.write(encodedtextwrapped(0o644, self.tmpout))
-
-        uu.decode(self.tmpin)
-
-        with open(self.tmpout, 'rb') as f:
-            s = f.read()
-        self.assertEqual(s, plaintext)
-
-    def test_decodetwice(self):
-        # Verify that decode() will refuse to overwrite an existing file
-        with open(self.tmpin, 'wb') as f:
-            f.write(encodedtextwrapped(0o644, self.tmpout))
-        with open(self.tmpin, 'rb') as f:
-            uu.decode(f)
-
-        with open(self.tmpin, 'rb') as f:
-            self.assertRaises(uu.Error, uu.decode, f)
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_decode_mode(self):
-        # Verify that decode() will set the given mode for the out_file
-        expected_mode = 0o444
-        with open(self.tmpin, 'wb') as f:
-            f.write(encodedtextwrapped(expected_mode, self.tmpout))
-
-        # make file writable again, so it can be removed (Windows only)
-        self.addCleanup(os.chmod, self.tmpout, expected_mode | stat.S_IWRITE)
-
-        with open(self.tmpin, 'rb') as f:
-            uu.decode(f)
-
-        self.assertEqual(
-            stat.S_IMODE(os.stat(self.tmpout).st_mode),
-            expected_mode
-        )
-
-
-if __name__=="__main__":
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/uu.py b/Lib/uu.py
deleted file mode 100755
index d68d29374a..0000000000
--- a/Lib/uu.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,199 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env python3
-
-# Copyright 1994 by Lance Ellinghouse
-# Cathedral City, California Republic, United States of America.
-#                        All Rights Reserved
-# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
-# documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
-# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
-# both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
-# supporting documentation, and that the name of Lance Ellinghouse
-# not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution
-# of the software without specific, written prior permission.
-# LANCE ELLINGHOUSE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
-# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
-# FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL LANCE ELLINGHOUSE CENTRUM BE LIABLE
-# FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
-# WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
-# ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT
-# OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-#
-# Modified by Jack Jansen, CWI, July 1995:
-# - Use binascii module to do the actual line-by-line conversion
-#   between ascii and binary. This results in a 1000-fold speedup. The C
-#   version is still 5 times faster, though.
-# - Arguments more compliant with python standard
-
-"""Implementation of the UUencode and UUdecode functions.
-
-encode(in_file, out_file [,name, mode])
-decode(in_file [, out_file, mode])
-"""
-
-import binascii
-import os
-import sys
-
-__all__ = ["Error", "encode", "decode"]
-
-class Error(Exception):
-    pass
-
-def encode(in_file, out_file, name=None, mode=None):
-    """Uuencode file"""
-    #
-    # If in_file is a pathname open it and change defaults
-    #
-    opened_files = []
-    try:
-        if in_file == '-':
-            in_file = sys.stdin.buffer
-        elif isinstance(in_file, str):
-            if name is None:
-                name = os.path.basename(in_file)
-            if mode is None:
-                try:
-                    mode = os.stat(in_file).st_mode
-                except AttributeError:
-                    pass
-            in_file = open(in_file, 'rb')
-            opened_files.append(in_file)
-        #
-        # Open out_file if it is a pathname
-        #
-        if out_file == '-':
-            out_file = sys.stdout.buffer
-        elif isinstance(out_file, str):
-            out_file = open(out_file, 'wb')
-            opened_files.append(out_file)
-        #
-        # Set defaults for name and mode
-        #
-        if name is None:
-            name = '-'
-        if mode is None:
-            mode = 0o666
-        #
-        # Write the data
-        #
-        out_file.write(('begin %o %s\n' % ((mode & 0o777), name)).encode("ascii"))
-        data = in_file.read(45)
-        while len(data) > 0:
-            out_file.write(binascii.b2a_uu(data))
-            data = in_file.read(45)
-        out_file.write(b' \nend\n')
-    finally:
-        for f in opened_files:
-            f.close()
-
-
-def decode(in_file, out_file=None, mode=None, quiet=False):
-    """Decode uuencoded file"""
-    #
-    # Open the input file, if needed.
-    #
-    opened_files = []
-    if in_file == '-':
-        in_file = sys.stdin.buffer
-    elif isinstance(in_file, str):
-        in_file = open(in_file, 'rb')
-        opened_files.append(in_file)
-
-    try:
-        #
-        # Read until a begin is encountered or we've exhausted the file
-        #
-        while True:
-            hdr = in_file.readline()
-            if not hdr:
-                raise Error('No valid begin line found in input file')
-            if not hdr.startswith(b'begin'):
-                continue
-            hdrfields = hdr.split(b' ', 2)
-            if len(hdrfields) == 3 and hdrfields[0] == b'begin':
-                try:
-                    int(hdrfields[1], 8)
-                    break
-                except ValueError:
-                    pass
-        if out_file is None:
-            # If the filename isn't ASCII, what's up with that?!?
-            out_file = hdrfields[2].rstrip(b' \t\r\n\f').decode("ascii")
-            if os.path.exists(out_file):
-                raise Error('Cannot overwrite existing file: %s' % out_file)
-        if mode is None:
-            mode = int(hdrfields[1], 8)
-        #
-        # Open the output file
-        #
-        if out_file == '-':
-            out_file = sys.stdout.buffer
-        elif isinstance(out_file, str):
-            fp = open(out_file, 'wb')
-            try:
-                os.path.chmod(out_file, mode)
-            except AttributeError:
-                pass
-            out_file = fp
-            opened_files.append(out_file)
-        #
-        # Main decoding loop
-        #
-        s = in_file.readline()
-        while s and s.strip(b' \t\r\n\f') != b'end':
-            try:
-                data = binascii.a2b_uu(s)
-            except binascii.Error as v:
-                # Workaround for broken uuencoders by /Fredrik Lundh
-                nbytes = (((s[0]-32) & 63) * 4 + 5) // 3
-                data = binascii.a2b_uu(s[:nbytes])
-                if not quiet:
-                    sys.stderr.write("Warning: %s\n" % v)
-            out_file.write(data)
-            s = in_file.readline()
-        if not s:
-            raise Error('Truncated input file')
-    finally:
-        for f in opened_files:
-            f.close()
-
-def test():
-    """uuencode/uudecode main program"""
-
-    import optparse
-    parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage='usage: %prog [-d] [-t] [input [output]]')
-    parser.add_option('-d', '--decode', dest='decode', help='Decode (instead of encode)?', default=False, action='store_true')
-    parser.add_option('-t', '--text', dest='text', help='data is text, encoded format unix-compatible text?', default=False, action='store_true')
-
-    (options, args) = parser.parse_args()
-    if len(args) > 2:
-        parser.error('incorrect number of arguments')
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    # Use the binary streams underlying stdin/stdout
-    input = sys.stdin.buffer
-    output = sys.stdout.buffer
-    if len(args) > 0:
-        input = args[0]
-    if len(args) > 1:
-        output = args[1]
-
-    if options.decode:
-        if options.text:
-            if isinstance(output, str):
-                output = open(output, 'wb')
-            else:
-                print(sys.argv[0], ': cannot do -t to stdout')
-                sys.exit(1)
-        decode(input, output)
-    else:
-        if options.text:
-            if isinstance(input, str):
-                input = open(input, 'rb')
-            else:
-                print(sys.argv[0], ': cannot do -t from stdin')
-                sys.exit(1)
-        encode(input, output)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    test()

From 7546ea91a98475a9d0efd081abc469a3c0c22775 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2025 10:16:51 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 494/705] patch email.message

---
 Lib/email/message.py | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/email/message.py b/Lib/email/message.py
index b6512f2198..f932186875 100644
--- a/Lib/email/message.py
+++ b/Lib/email/message.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 __all__ = ['Message', 'EmailMessage']
 
 import re
-import uu
 import quopri
 from io import BytesIO, StringIO
 
@@ -101,6 +100,35 @@ def _unquotevalue(value):
         return utils.unquote(value)
 
 
+def _decode_uu(encoded):
+    """Decode uuencoded data."""
+    decoded_lines = []
+    encoded_lines_iter = iter(encoded.splitlines())
+    for line in encoded_lines_iter:
+        if line.startswith(b"begin "):
+            mode, _, path = line.removeprefix(b"begin ").partition(b" ")
+            try:
+                int(mode, base=8)
+            except ValueError:
+                continue
+            else:
+                break
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("`begin` line not found")
+    for line in encoded_lines_iter:
+        if not line:
+            raise ValueError("Truncated input")
+        elif line.strip(b' \t\r\n\f') == b'end':
+            break
+        try:
+            decoded_line = binascii.a2b_uu(line)
+        except binascii.Error:
+            # Workaround for broken uuencoders by /Fredrik Lundh
+            nbytes = (((line[0]-32) & 63) * 4 + 5) // 3
+            decoded_line = binascii.a2b_uu(line[:nbytes])
+        decoded_lines.append(decoded_line)
+
+    return b''.join(decoded_lines)
 
 class Message:
     """Basic message object.
@@ -288,13 +316,10 @@ def get_payload(self, i=None, decode=False):
                 self.policy.handle_defect(self, defect)
             return value
         elif cte in ('x-uuencode', 'uuencode', 'uue', 'x-uue'):
-            in_file = BytesIO(bpayload)
-            out_file = BytesIO()
             try:
-                uu.decode(in_file, out_file, quiet=True)
-                return out_file.getvalue()
-            except uu.Error:
-                # Some decoding problem
+                return _decode_uu(bpayload)
+            except ValueError:
+                # Some decoding problem.
                 return bpayload
         if isinstance(payload, str):
             return bpayload

From 8e22c399df2948b0a736572b2eb5db1b5e701864 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2025 19:38:35 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 495/705] partially fix sys.getwindowsversion() (#5595)

---
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys.py |  6 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs               | 96 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 91 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys.py
index 5d8859ac8e..d4a2d2cdca 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ def recursive_call(n):
         0x00000100 | 0x00000001 | 0x00000020 | 0x00002000 | 0x00000010 | 0x00008000 | 0x00020000
 
     # We really can't test if the results are correct, so it just checks for meaningful value
-    assert winver.major > 0
+    assert winver.major > 6
     assert winver.minor >= 0
     assert winver.build > 0
     assert winver.platform == 2
@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ def recursive_call(n):
 
     # XXX if platform_version is implemented correctly, this'll break on compatiblity mode or a build without manifest
     # these fields can mismatch in CPython
-    # assert winver.major == winver.platform_version[0]
-    # assert winver.minor == winver.platform_version[1]
+    assert winver.major == winver.platform_version[0]
+    assert winver.minor == winver.platform_version[1]
     # assert winver.build == winver.platform_version[2]
 
 # test int_max_str_digits getter and setter
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index dfaab20f2a..39c803a01b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -22,12 +22,23 @@ mod sys {
         vm::{Settings, VirtualMachine},
     };
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
     use std::{
         env::{self, VarError},
         path,
         sync::atomic::Ordering,
     };
 
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    use windows_sys::Win32::{
+        Foundation::MAX_PATH,
+        Storage::FileSystem::{
+            GetFileVersionInfoSizeW, GetFileVersionInfoW, VS_FIXEDFILEINFO, VerQueryValueW,
+        },
+        System::LibraryLoader::{GetModuleFileNameW, GetModuleHandleW},
+    };
+
     // not the same as CPython (e.g. rust's x86_x64-unknown-linux-gnu is just x86_64-linux-gnu)
     // but hopefully that's just an implementation detail? TODO: copy CPython's multiarch exactly,
     // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/3.8/configure.ac#L725
@@ -485,6 +496,78 @@ mod sys {
         vm.trace_func.borrow().clone()
     }
 
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    fn get_kernel32_version() -> std::io::Result<(u32, u32, u32)> {
+        unsafe {
+            // Create a wide string for "kernel32.dll"
+            let module_name: Vec<u16> = std::ffi::OsStr::new("kernel32.dll")
+                .encode_wide()
+                .chain(Some(0))
+                .collect();
+            let h_kernel32 = GetModuleHandleW(module_name.as_ptr());
+            if h_kernel32.is_null() {
+                return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+            }
+
+            // Prepare a buffer for the module file path
+            let mut kernel32_path = [0u16; MAX_PATH as usize];
+            let len = GetModuleFileNameW(
+                h_kernel32,
+                kernel32_path.as_mut_ptr(),
+                kernel32_path.len() as u32,
+            );
+            if len == 0 {
+                return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+            }
+
+            // Get the size of the version information block
+            let verblock_size =
+                GetFileVersionInfoSizeW(kernel32_path.as_ptr(), std::ptr::null_mut());
+            if verblock_size == 0 {
+                return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+            }
+
+            // Allocate a buffer to hold the version information
+            let mut verblock = vec![0u8; verblock_size as usize];
+            if GetFileVersionInfoW(
+                kernel32_path.as_ptr(),
+                0,
+                verblock_size,
+                verblock.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _,
+            ) == 0
+            {
+                return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+            }
+
+            // Prepare an empty sub-block string (L"") as required by VerQueryValueW
+            let sub_block: Vec<u16> = std::ffi::OsStr::new("")
+                .encode_wide()
+                .chain(Some(0))
+                .collect();
+
+            let mut ffi_ptr: *mut VS_FIXEDFILEINFO = std::ptr::null_mut();
+            let mut ffi_len: u32 = 0;
+            if VerQueryValueW(
+                verblock.as_ptr() as *const _,
+                sub_block.as_ptr(),
+                &mut ffi_ptr as *mut *mut VS_FIXEDFILEINFO as *mut *mut _,
+                &mut ffi_len as *mut u32,
+            ) == 0
+                || ffi_ptr.is_null()
+            {
+                return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
+            }
+
+            // Extract the version numbers from the VS_FIXEDFILEINFO structure.
+            let ffi = *ffi_ptr;
+            let real_major = (ffi.dwProductVersionMS >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
+            let real_minor = ffi.dwProductVersionMS & 0xFFFF;
+            let real_build = (ffi.dwProductVersionLS >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
+
+            Ok((real_major, real_minor, real_build))
+        }
+    }
+
     #[cfg(windows)]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getwindowsversion(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<crate::builtins::tuple::PyTupleRef> {
@@ -519,21 +602,18 @@ mod sys {
             sp.into_string()
                 .map_err(|_| vm.new_os_error("service pack is not ASCII".to_owned()))?
         };
+        let real_version = get_kernel32_version().map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(e.to_string()))?;
         Ok(WindowsVersion {
-            major: version.dwMajorVersion,
-            minor: version.dwMinorVersion,
-            build: version.dwBuildNumber,
+            major: real_version.0,
+            minor: real_version.1,
+            build: real_version.2,
             platform: version.dwPlatformId,
             service_pack,
             service_pack_major: version.wServicePackMajor,
             service_pack_minor: version.wServicePackMinor,
             suite_mask: version.wSuiteMask,
             product_type: version.wProductType,
-            platform_version: (
-                version.dwMajorVersion,
-                version.dwMinorVersion,
-                version.dwBuildNumber,
-            ), // TODO Provide accurate version, like CPython impl
+            platform_version: (real_version.0, real_version.1, real_version.2), // TODO Provide accurate version, like CPython impl
         }
         .into_struct_sequence(vm))
     }

From 7fab64ed9c534ded298e4c41239b5286cf42efcf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2025 19:41:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 496/705] Revert "Update statistics to 3.13.2 (#5592)" (#5606)

This reverts commit ff970b0e1c8f51d2ccc292e4c405511c0ea3eb69.
---
 Lib/statistics.py           | 899 ++++++++----------------------------
 Lib/test/test_statistics.py | 530 +++------------------
 2 files changed, 251 insertions(+), 1178 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/statistics.py b/Lib/statistics.py
index 5f0a6e67d4..f66245380a 100644
--- a/Lib/statistics.py
+++ b/Lib/statistics.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 Function            Description
 ==================  ==================================================
 mean                Arithmetic mean (average) of data.
-fmean               Fast, floating-point arithmetic mean.
+fmean               Fast, floating point arithmetic mean.
 geometric_mean      Geometric mean of data.
 harmonic_mean       Harmonic mean of data.
 median              Median (middle value) of data.
@@ -112,8 +112,6 @@
     'fmean',
     'geometric_mean',
     'harmonic_mean',
-    'kde',
-    'kde_random',
     'linear_regression',
     'mean',
     'median',
@@ -132,20 +130,14 @@
 import math
 import numbers
 import random
-import sys
 
 from fractions import Fraction
 from decimal import Decimal
-from itertools import count, groupby, repeat
+from itertools import groupby, repeat
 from bisect import bisect_left, bisect_right
-from math import hypot, sqrt, fabs, exp, erf, tau, log, fsum, sumprod
-from math import isfinite, isinf, pi, cos, sin, tan, cosh, asin, atan, acos
-from functools import reduce
+from math import hypot, sqrt, fabs, exp, erf, tau, log, fsum
 from operator import itemgetter
-from collections import Counter, namedtuple, defaultdict
-
-_SQRT2 = sqrt(2.0)
-_random = random
+from collections import Counter, namedtuple
 
 # === Exceptions ===
 
@@ -188,12 +180,11 @@ def _sum(data):
     allowed.
     """
     count = 0
-    types = set()
-    types_add = types.add
     partials = {}
     partials_get = partials.get
+    T = int
     for typ, values in groupby(data, type):
-        types_add(typ)
+        T = _coerce(T, typ)  # or raise TypeError
         for n, d in map(_exact_ratio, values):
             count += 1
             partials[d] = partials_get(d, 0) + n
@@ -205,51 +196,9 @@ def _sum(data):
     else:
         # Sum all the partial sums using builtin sum.
         total = sum(Fraction(n, d) for d, n in partials.items())
-    T = reduce(_coerce, types, int)  # or raise TypeError
     return (T, total, count)
 
 
-def _ss(data, c=None):
-    """Return the exact mean and sum of square deviations of sequence data.
-
-    Calculations are done in a single pass, allowing the input to be an iterator.
-
-    If given *c* is used the mean; otherwise, it is calculated from the data.
-    Use the *c* argument with care, as it can lead to garbage results.
-
-    """
-    if c is not None:
-        T, ssd, count = _sum((d := x - c) * d for x in data)
-        return (T, ssd, c, count)
-    count = 0
-    types = set()
-    types_add = types.add
-    sx_partials = defaultdict(int)
-    sxx_partials = defaultdict(int)
-    for typ, values in groupby(data, type):
-        types_add(typ)
-        for n, d in map(_exact_ratio, values):
-            count += 1
-            sx_partials[d] += n
-            sxx_partials[d] += n * n
-    if not count:
-        ssd = c = Fraction(0)
-    elif None in sx_partials:
-        # The sum will be a NAN or INF. We can ignore all the finite
-        # partials, and just look at this special one.
-        ssd = c = sx_partials[None]
-        assert not _isfinite(ssd)
-    else:
-        sx = sum(Fraction(n, d) for d, n in sx_partials.items())
-        sxx = sum(Fraction(n, d*d) for d, n in sxx_partials.items())
-        # This formula has poor numeric properties for floats,
-        # but with fractions it is exact.
-        ssd = (count * sxx - sx * sx) / count
-        c = sx / count
-    T = reduce(_coerce, types, int)  # or raise TypeError
-    return (T, ssd, c, count)
-
-
 def _isfinite(x):
     try:
         return x.is_finite()  # Likely a Decimal.
@@ -296,28 +245,6 @@ def _exact_ratio(x):
 
     x is expected to be an int, Fraction, Decimal or float.
     """
-
-    # XXX We should revisit whether using fractions to accumulate exact
-    # ratios is the right way to go.
-
-    # The integer ratios for binary floats can have numerators or
-    # denominators with over 300 decimal digits.  The problem is more
-    # acute with decimal floats where the default decimal context
-    # supports a huge range of exponents from Emin=-999999 to
-    # Emax=999999.  When expanded with as_integer_ratio(), numbers like
-    # Decimal('3.14E+5000') and Decimal('3.14E-5000') have large
-    # numerators or denominators that will slow computation.
-
-    # When the integer ratios are accumulated as fractions, the size
-    # grows to cover the full range from the smallest magnitude to the
-    # largest.  For example, Fraction(3.14E+300) + Fraction(3.14E-300),
-    # has a 616 digit numerator.  Likewise,
-    # Fraction(Decimal('3.14E+5000')) + Fraction(Decimal('3.14E-5000'))
-    # has 10,003 digit numerator.
-
-    # This doesn't seem to have been problem in practice, but it is a
-    # potential pitfall.
-
     try:
         return x.as_integer_ratio()
     except AttributeError:
@@ -352,6 +279,22 @@ def _convert(value, T):
             raise
 
 
+def _find_lteq(a, x):
+    'Locate the leftmost value exactly equal to x'
+    i = bisect_left(a, x)
+    if i != len(a) and a[i] == x:
+        return i
+    raise ValueError
+
+
+def _find_rteq(a, l, x):
+    'Locate the rightmost value exactly equal to x'
+    i = bisect_right(a, x, lo=l)
+    if i != (len(a) + 1) and a[i - 1] == x:
+        return i - 1
+    raise ValueError
+
+
 def _fail_neg(values, errmsg='negative value'):
     """Iterate over values, failing if any are less than zero."""
     for x in values:
@@ -360,113 +303,6 @@ def _fail_neg(values, errmsg='negative value'):
         yield x
 
 
-def _rank(data, /, *, key=None, reverse=False, ties='average', start=1) -> list[float]:
-    """Rank order a dataset. The lowest value has rank 1.
-
-    Ties are averaged so that equal values receive the same rank:
-
-        >>> data = [31, 56, 31, 25, 75, 18]
-        >>> _rank(data)
-        [3.5, 5.0, 3.5, 2.0, 6.0, 1.0]
-
-    The operation is idempotent:
-
-        >>> _rank([3.5, 5.0, 3.5, 2.0, 6.0, 1.0])
-        [3.5, 5.0, 3.5, 2.0, 6.0, 1.0]
-
-    It is possible to rank the data in reverse order so that the
-    highest value has rank 1.  Also, a key-function can extract
-    the field to be ranked:
-
-        >>> goals = [('eagles', 45), ('bears', 48), ('lions', 44)]
-        >>> _rank(goals, key=itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
-        [2.0, 1.0, 3.0]
-
-    Ranks are conventionally numbered starting from one; however,
-    setting *start* to zero allows the ranks to be used as array indices:
-
-        >>> prize = ['Gold', 'Silver', 'Bronze', 'Certificate']
-        >>> scores = [8.1, 7.3, 9.4, 8.3]
-        >>> [prize[int(i)] for i in _rank(scores, start=0, reverse=True)]
-        ['Bronze', 'Certificate', 'Gold', 'Silver']
-
-    """
-    # If this function becomes public at some point, more thought
-    # needs to be given to the signature.  A list of ints is
-    # plausible when ties is "min" or "max".  When ties is "average",
-    # either list[float] or list[Fraction] is plausible.
-
-    # Default handling of ties matches scipy.stats.mstats.spearmanr.
-    if ties != 'average':
-        raise ValueError(f'Unknown tie resolution method: {ties!r}')
-    if key is not None:
-        data = map(key, data)
-    val_pos = sorted(zip(data, count()), reverse=reverse)
-    i = start - 1
-    result = [0] * len(val_pos)
-    for _, g in groupby(val_pos, key=itemgetter(0)):
-        group = list(g)
-        size = len(group)
-        rank = i + (size + 1) / 2
-        for value, orig_pos in group:
-            result[orig_pos] = rank
-        i += size
-    return result
-
-
-def _integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto(n: int, m: int) -> int:
-    """Square root of n/m, rounded to the nearest integer using round-to-odd."""
-    # Reference: https://www.lri.fr/~melquion/doc/05-imacs17_1-expose.pdf
-    a = math.isqrt(n // m)
-    return a | (a*a*m != n)
-
-
-# For 53 bit precision floats, the bit width used in
-# _float_sqrt_of_frac() is 109.
-_sqrt_bit_width: int = 2 * sys.float_info.mant_dig + 3
-
-
-def _float_sqrt_of_frac(n: int, m: int) -> float:
-    """Square root of n/m as a float, correctly rounded."""
-    # See principle and proof sketch at: https://bugs.python.org/msg407078
-    q = (n.bit_length() - m.bit_length() - _sqrt_bit_width) // 2
-    if q >= 0:
-        numerator = _integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto(n, m << 2 * q) << q
-        denominator = 1
-    else:
-        numerator = _integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto(n << -2 * q, m)
-        denominator = 1 << -q
-    return numerator / denominator   # Convert to float
-
-
-def _decimal_sqrt_of_frac(n: int, m: int) -> Decimal:
-    """Square root of n/m as a Decimal, correctly rounded."""
-    # Premise:  For decimal, computing (n/m).sqrt() can be off
-    #           by 1 ulp from the correctly rounded result.
-    # Method:   Check the result, moving up or down a step if needed.
-    if n <= 0:
-        if not n:
-            return Decimal('0.0')
-        n, m = -n, -m
-
-    root = (Decimal(n) / Decimal(m)).sqrt()
-    nr, dr = root.as_integer_ratio()
-
-    plus = root.next_plus()
-    np, dp = plus.as_integer_ratio()
-    # test: n / m > ((root + plus) / 2) ** 2
-    if 4 * n * (dr*dp)**2 > m * (dr*np + dp*nr)**2:
-        return plus
-
-    minus = root.next_minus()
-    nm, dm = minus.as_integer_ratio()
-    # test: n / m < ((root + minus) / 2) ** 2
-    if 4 * n * (dr*dm)**2 < m * (dr*nm + dm*nr)**2:
-        return minus
-
-    return root
-
-
 # === Measures of central tendency (averages) ===
 
 def mean(data):
@@ -485,13 +321,17 @@ def mean(data):
 
     If ``data`` is empty, StatisticsError will be raised.
     """
-    T, total, n = _sum(data)
+    if iter(data) is data:
+        data = list(data)
+    n = len(data)
     if n < 1:
         raise StatisticsError('mean requires at least one data point')
+    T, total, count = _sum(data)
+    assert count == n
     return _convert(total / n, T)
 
 
-def fmean(data, weights=None):
+def fmean(data):
     """Convert data to floats and compute the arithmetic mean.
 
     This runs faster than the mean() function and it always returns a float.
@@ -500,40 +340,29 @@ def fmean(data, weights=None):
     >>> fmean([3.5, 4.0, 5.25])
     4.25
     """
-    if weights is None:
-        try:
-            n = len(data)
-        except TypeError:
-            # Handle iterators that do not define __len__().
-            n = 0
-            def count(iterable):
-                nonlocal n
-                for n, x in enumerate(iterable, start=1):
-                    yield x
-            data = count(data)
+    try:
+        n = len(data)
+    except TypeError:
+        # Handle iterators that do not define __len__().
+        n = 0
+        def count(iterable):
+            nonlocal n
+            for n, x in enumerate(iterable, start=1):
+                yield x
+        total = fsum(count(data))
+    else:
         total = fsum(data)
-        if not n:
-            raise StatisticsError('fmean requires at least one data point')
-        return total / n
-    if not isinstance(weights, (list, tuple)):
-        weights = list(weights)
     try:
-        num = sumprod(data, weights)
-    except ValueError:
-        raise StatisticsError('data and weights must be the same length')
-    den = fsum(weights)
-    if not den:
-        raise StatisticsError('sum of weights must be non-zero')
-    return num / den
+        return total / n
+    except ZeroDivisionError:
+        raise StatisticsError('fmean requires at least one data point') from None
 
 
 def geometric_mean(data):
     """Convert data to floats and compute the geometric mean.
 
-    Raises a StatisticsError if the input dataset is empty
-    or if it contains a negative value.
-
-    Returns zero if the product of inputs is zero.
+    Raises a StatisticsError if the input dataset is empty,
+    if it contains a zero, or if it contains a negative value.
 
     No special efforts are made to achieve exact results.
     (However, this may change in the future.)
@@ -541,25 +370,11 @@ def geometric_mean(data):
     >>> round(geometric_mean([54, 24, 36]), 9)
     36.0
     """
-    n = 0
-    found_zero = False
-    def count_positive(iterable):
-        nonlocal n, found_zero
-        for n, x in enumerate(iterable, start=1):
-            if x > 0.0 or math.isnan(x):
-                yield x
-            elif x == 0.0:
-                found_zero = True
-            else:
-                raise StatisticsError('No negative inputs allowed', x)
-    total = fsum(map(log, count_positive(data)))
-    if not n:
-        raise StatisticsError('Must have a non-empty dataset')
-    if math.isnan(total):
-        return math.nan
-    if found_zero:
-        return math.nan if total == math.inf else 0.0
-    return exp(total / n)
+    try:
+        return exp(fmean(map(log, data)))
+    except ValueError:
+        raise StatisticsError('geometric mean requires a non-empty dataset '
+                              'containing positive numbers') from None
 
 
 def harmonic_mean(data, weights=None):
@@ -683,75 +498,58 @@ def median_high(data):
     return data[n // 2]
 
 
-def median_grouped(data, interval=1.0):
-    """Estimates the median for numeric data binned around the midpoints
-    of consecutive, fixed-width intervals.
-
-    The *data* can be any iterable of numeric data with each value being
-    exactly the midpoint of a bin.  At least one value must be present.
+def median_grouped(data, interval=1):
+    """Return the 50th percentile (median) of grouped continuous data.
 
-    The *interval* is width of each bin.
+    >>> median_grouped([1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5])
+    3.7
+    >>> median_grouped([52, 52, 53, 54])
+    52.5
 
-    For example, demographic information may have been summarized into
-    consecutive ten-year age groups with each group being represented
-    by the 5-year midpoints of the intervals:
+    This calculates the median as the 50th percentile, and should be
+    used when your data is continuous and grouped. In the above example,
+    the values 1, 2, 3, etc. actually represent the midpoint of classes
+    0.5-1.5, 1.5-2.5, 2.5-3.5, etc. The middle value falls somewhere in
+    class 3.5-4.5, and interpolation is used to estimate it.
 
-        >>> demographics = Counter({
-        ...    25: 172,   # 20 to 30 years old
-        ...    35: 484,   # 30 to 40 years old
-        ...    45: 387,   # 40 to 50 years old
-        ...    55:  22,   # 50 to 60 years old
-        ...    65:   6,   # 60 to 70 years old
-        ... })
+    Optional argument ``interval`` represents the class interval, and
+    defaults to 1. Changing the class interval naturally will change the
+    interpolated 50th percentile value:
 
-    The 50th percentile (median) is the 536th person out of the 1071
-    member cohort.  That person is in the 30 to 40 year old age group.
-
-    The regular median() function would assume that everyone in the
-    tricenarian age group was exactly 35 years old.  A more tenable
-    assumption is that the 484 members of that age group are evenly
-    distributed between 30 and 40.  For that, we use median_grouped().
-
-        >>> data = list(demographics.elements())
-        >>> median(data)
-        35
-        >>> round(median_grouped(data, interval=10), 1)
-        37.5
-
-    The caller is responsible for making sure the data points are separated
-    by exact multiples of *interval*.  This is essential for getting a
-    correct result.  The function does not check this precondition.
-
-    Inputs may be any numeric type that can be coerced to a float during
-    the interpolation step.
+    >>> median_grouped([1, 3, 3, 5, 7], interval=1)
+    3.25
+    >>> median_grouped([1, 3, 3, 5, 7], interval=2)
+    3.5
 
+    This function does not check whether the data points are at least
+    ``interval`` apart.
     """
     data = sorted(data)
     n = len(data)
-    if not n:
+    if n == 0:
         raise StatisticsError("no median for empty data")
-
+    elif n == 1:
+        return data[0]
     # Find the value at the midpoint. Remember this corresponds to the
-    # midpoint of the class interval.
+    # centre of the class interval.
     x = data[n // 2]
-
-    # Using O(log n) bisection, find where all the x values occur in the data.
-    # All x will lie within data[i:j].
-    i = bisect_left(data, x)
-    j = bisect_right(data, x, lo=i)
-
-    # Coerce to floats, raising a TypeError if not possible
+    for obj in (x, interval):
+        if isinstance(obj, (str, bytes)):
+            raise TypeError('expected number but got %r' % obj)
     try:
-        interval = float(interval)
-        x = float(x)
-    except ValueError:
-        raise TypeError(f'Value cannot be converted to a float')
-
-    # Interpolate the median using the formula found at:
-    # https://www.cuemath.com/data/median-of-grouped-data/
-    L = x - interval / 2.0    # Lower limit of the median interval
-    cf = i                    # Cumulative frequency of the preceding interval
-    f = j - i                 # Number of elements in the median internal
+        L = x - interval / 2  # The lower limit of the median interval.
+    except TypeError:
+        # Mixed type. For now we just coerce to float.
+        L = float(x) - float(interval) / 2
+
+    # Uses bisection search to search for x in data with log(n) time complexity
+    # Find the position of leftmost occurrence of x in data
+    l1 = _find_lteq(data, x)
+    # Find the position of rightmost occurrence of x in data[l1...len(data)]
+    # Assuming always l1 <= l2
+    l2 = _find_rteq(data, l1, x)
+    cf = l1
+    f = l2 - l1 + 1
     return L + interval * (n / 2 - cf) / f
 
 
@@ -798,212 +596,9 @@ def multimode(data):
     >>> multimode('')
     []
     """
-    counts = Counter(iter(data))
-    if not counts:
-        return []
-    maxcount = max(counts.values())
-    return [value for value, count in counts.items() if count == maxcount]
-
-
-def kde(data, h, kernel='normal', *, cumulative=False):
-    """Kernel Density Estimation:  Create a continuous probability density
-    function or cumulative distribution function from discrete samples.
-
-    The basic idea is to smooth the data using a kernel function
-    to help draw inferences about a population from a sample.
-
-    The degree of smoothing is controlled by the scaling parameter h
-    which is called the bandwidth.  Smaller values emphasize local
-    features while larger values give smoother results.
-
-    The kernel determines the relative weights of the sample data
-    points.  Generally, the choice of kernel shape does not matter
-    as much as the more influential bandwidth smoothing parameter.
-
-    Kernels that give some weight to every sample point:
-
-       normal (gauss)
-       logistic
-       sigmoid
-
-    Kernels that only give weight to sample points within
-    the bandwidth:
-
-       rectangular (uniform)
-       triangular
-       parabolic (epanechnikov)
-       quartic (biweight)
-       triweight
-       cosine
-
-    If *cumulative* is true, will return a cumulative distribution function.
-
-    A StatisticsError will be raised if the data sequence is empty.
-
-    Example
-    -------
-
-    Given a sample of six data points, construct a continuous
-    function that estimates the underlying probability density:
-
-        >>> sample = [-2.1, -1.3, -0.4, 1.9, 5.1, 6.2]
-        >>> f_hat = kde(sample, h=1.5)
-
-    Compute the area under the curve:
-
-        >>> area = sum(f_hat(x) for x in range(-20, 20))
-        >>> round(area, 4)
-        1.0
-
-    Plot the estimated probability density function at
-    evenly spaced points from -6 to 10:
-
-        >>> for x in range(-6, 11):
-        ...     density = f_hat(x)
-        ...     plot = ' ' * int(density * 400) + 'x'
-        ...     print(f'{x:2}: {density:.3f} {plot}')
-        ...
-        -6: 0.002 x
-        -5: 0.009    x
-        -4: 0.031             x
-        -3: 0.070                             x
-        -2: 0.111                                             x
-        -1: 0.125                                                   x
-         0: 0.110                                            x
-         1: 0.086                                   x
-         2: 0.068                            x
-         3: 0.059                        x
-         4: 0.066                           x
-         5: 0.082                                 x
-         6: 0.082                                 x
-         7: 0.058                        x
-         8: 0.028            x
-         9: 0.009    x
-        10: 0.002 x
-
-    Estimate P(4.5 < X <= 7.5), the probability that a new sample value
-    will be between 4.5 and 7.5:
-
-        >>> cdf = kde(sample, h=1.5, cumulative=True)
-        >>> round(cdf(7.5) - cdf(4.5), 2)
-        0.22
-
-    References
-    ----------
-
-    Kernel density estimation and its application:
-    https://www.itm-conferences.org/articles/itmconf/pdf/2018/08/itmconf_sam2018_00037.pdf
-
-    Kernel functions in common use:
-    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(statistics)#kernel_functions_in_common_use
-
-    Interactive graphical demonstration and exploration:
-    https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/KernelDensityEstimation/
-
-    Kernel estimation of cumulative distribution function of a random variable with bounded support
-    https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/207829/1/10.21307_stattrans-2016-037.pdf
-
-    """
-
-    n = len(data)
-    if not n:
-        raise StatisticsError('Empty data sequence')
-
-    if not isinstance(data[0], (int, float)):
-        raise TypeError('Data sequence must contain ints or floats')
-
-    if h <= 0.0:
-        raise StatisticsError(f'Bandwidth h must be positive, not {h=!r}')
-
-    if kernel == "normal" or kernel == "gauss":
-        sqrt2pi = sqrt(2 * pi)
-        sqrt2 = sqrt(2)
-        K = lambda t: exp(-1/2 * t * t) / sqrt2pi
-        W = lambda t: 1/2 * (1.0 + erf(t / sqrt2))
-        support = None
-    elif kernel == "logistic":
-        # 1.0 / (exp(t) + 2.0 + exp(-t))
-        K = lambda t: 1/2 / (1.0 + cosh(t))
-        W = lambda t: 1.0 - 1.0 / (exp(t) + 1.0)
-        support = None
-    elif kernel == "sigmoid":
-        # (2/pi) / (exp(t) + exp(-t))
-        c1 = 1 / pi
-        c2 = 2 / pi
-        K = lambda t: c1 / cosh(t)
-        W = lambda t: c2 * atan(exp(t))
-        support = None
-    elif kernel == "rectangular" or kernel == "uniform":
-        K = lambda t: 1/2
-        W = lambda t: 1/2 * t + 1/2
-        support = 1.0
-    elif kernel == "triangular":
-        K = lambda t: 1.0 - abs(t)
-        W = lambda t: t*t * (1/2 if t < 0.0 else -1/2) + t + 1/2
-        support = 1.0
-    elif kernel == "parabolic" or kernel == "epanechnikov":
-        K = lambda t: 3/4 * (1.0 - t * t)
-        W = lambda t: -1/4 * t**3 + 3/4 * t + 1/2
-        support = 1.
-    elif kernel == "quartic" or kernel == "biweight":
-        K = lambda t: 15/16 * (1.0 - t * t) ** 2
-        W = lambda t: 3/16 * t**5 - 5/8 * t**3 + 15/16 * t + 1/2
-        support = 1.0
-    elif kernel == "triweight":
-        K = lambda t: 35/32 * (1.0 - t * t) ** 3
-        W = lambda t: 35/32 * (-1/7*t**7 + 3/5*t**5 - t**3 + t) + 1/2
-        support = 1.0
-    elif kernel == "cosine":
-        c1 = pi / 4
-        c2 = pi / 2
-        K = lambda t: c1 * cos(c2 * t)
-        W = lambda t: 1/2 * sin(c2 * t) + 1/2
-        support = 1.0
-    else:
-        raise StatisticsError(f'Unknown kernel name: {kernel!r}')
-
-    if support is None:
-
-        def pdf(x):
-            n = len(data)
-            return sum(K((x - x_i) / h) for x_i in data) / (n * h)
-
-        def cdf(x):
-            n = len(data)
-            return sum(W((x - x_i) / h) for x_i in data) / n
-
-    else:
-
-        sample = sorted(data)
-        bandwidth = h * support
-
-        def pdf(x):
-            nonlocal n, sample
-            if len(data) != n:
-                sample = sorted(data)
-                n = len(data)
-            i = bisect_left(sample, x - bandwidth)
-            j = bisect_right(sample, x + bandwidth)
-            supported = sample[i : j]
-            return sum(K((x - x_i) / h) for x_i in supported) / (n * h)
-
-        def cdf(x):
-            nonlocal n, sample
-            if len(data) != n:
-                sample = sorted(data)
-                n = len(data)
-            i = bisect_left(sample, x - bandwidth)
-            j = bisect_right(sample, x + bandwidth)
-            supported = sample[i : j]
-            return sum((W((x - x_i) / h) for x_i in supported), i) / n
-
-    if cumulative:
-        cdf.__doc__ = f'CDF estimate with {h=!r} and {kernel=!r}'
-        return cdf
-
-    else:
-        pdf.__doc__ = f'PDF estimate with {h=!r} and {kernel=!r}'
-        return pdf
+    counts = Counter(iter(data)).most_common()
+    maxcount, mode_items = next(groupby(counts, key=itemgetter(1)), (0, []))
+    return list(map(itemgetter(0), mode_items))
 
 
 # Notes on methods for computing quantiles
@@ -1064,10 +659,7 @@ def quantiles(data, *, n=4, method='exclusive'):
     data = sorted(data)
     ld = len(data)
     if ld < 2:
-        if ld == 1:
-            return data * (n - 1)
-        raise StatisticsError('must have at least one data point')
-
+        raise StatisticsError('must have at least two data points')
     if method == 'inclusive':
         m = ld - 1
         result = []
@@ -1076,7 +668,6 @@ def quantiles(data, *, n=4, method='exclusive'):
             interpolated = (data[j] * (n - delta) + data[j + 1] * delta) / n
             result.append(interpolated)
         return result
-
     if method == 'exclusive':
         m = ld + 1
         result = []
@@ -1087,7 +678,6 @@ def quantiles(data, *, n=4, method='exclusive'):
             interpolated = (data[j - 1] * (n - delta) + data[j] * delta) / n
             result.append(interpolated)
         return result
-
     raise ValueError(f'Unknown method: {method!r}')
 
 
@@ -1095,6 +685,41 @@ def quantiles(data, *, n=4, method='exclusive'):
 
 # See http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Variance.html
 #     http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SampleVariance.html
+#     http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithms_for_calculating_variance
+#
+# Under no circumstances use the so-called "computational formula for
+# variance", as that is only suitable for hand calculations with a small
+# amount of low-precision data. It has terrible numeric properties.
+#
+# See a comparison of three computational methods here:
+# http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2008/09/26/comparing-three-methods-of-computing-standard-deviation/
+
+def _ss(data, c=None):
+    """Return sum of square deviations of sequence data.
+
+    If ``c`` is None, the mean is calculated in one pass, and the deviations
+    from the mean are calculated in a second pass. Otherwise, deviations are
+    calculated from ``c`` as given. Use the second case with care, as it can
+    lead to garbage results.
+    """
+    if c is not None:
+        T, total, count = _sum((x-c)**2 for x in data)
+        return (T, total)
+    T, total, count = _sum(data)
+    mean_n, mean_d = (total / count).as_integer_ratio()
+    partials = Counter()
+    for n, d in map(_exact_ratio, data):
+        diff_n = n * mean_d - d * mean_n
+        diff_d = d * mean_d
+        partials[diff_d * diff_d] += diff_n * diff_n
+    if None in partials:
+        # The sum will be a NAN or INF. We can ignore all the finite
+        # partials, and just look at this special one.
+        total = partials[None]
+        assert not _isfinite(total)
+    else:
+        total = sum(Fraction(n, d) for d, n in partials.items())
+    return (T, total)
 
 
 def variance(data, xbar=None):
@@ -1135,9 +760,12 @@ def variance(data, xbar=None):
     Fraction(67, 108)
 
     """
-    T, ss, c, n = _ss(data, xbar)
+    if iter(data) is data:
+        data = list(data)
+    n = len(data)
     if n < 2:
         raise StatisticsError('variance requires at least two data points')
+    T, ss = _ss(data, xbar)
     return _convert(ss / (n - 1), T)
 
 
@@ -1176,9 +804,12 @@ def pvariance(data, mu=None):
     Fraction(13, 72)
 
     """
-    T, ss, c, n = _ss(data, mu)
+    if iter(data) is data:
+        data = list(data)
+    n = len(data)
     if n < 1:
         raise StatisticsError('pvariance requires at least one data point')
+    T, ss = _ss(data, mu)
     return _convert(ss / n, T)
 
 
@@ -1191,13 +822,14 @@ def stdev(data, xbar=None):
     1.0810874155219827
 
     """
-    T, ss, c, n = _ss(data, xbar)
-    if n < 2:
-        raise StatisticsError('stdev requires at least two data points')
-    mss = ss / (n - 1)
-    if issubclass(T, Decimal):
-        return _decimal_sqrt_of_frac(mss.numerator, mss.denominator)
-    return _float_sqrt_of_frac(mss.numerator, mss.denominator)
+    # Fixme: Despite the exact sum of squared deviations, some inaccuracy
+    # remain because there are two rounding steps.  The first occurs in
+    # the _convert() step for variance(), the second occurs in math.sqrt().
+    var = variance(data, xbar)
+    try:
+        return var.sqrt()
+    except AttributeError:
+        return math.sqrt(var)
 
 
 def pstdev(data, mu=None):
@@ -1209,47 +841,14 @@ def pstdev(data, mu=None):
     0.986893273527251
 
     """
-    T, ss, c, n = _ss(data, mu)
-    if n < 1:
-        raise StatisticsError('pstdev requires at least one data point')
-    mss = ss / n
-    if issubclass(T, Decimal):
-        return _decimal_sqrt_of_frac(mss.numerator, mss.denominator)
-    return _float_sqrt_of_frac(mss.numerator, mss.denominator)
-
-
-def _mean_stdev(data):
-    """In one pass, compute the mean and sample standard deviation as floats."""
-    T, ss, xbar, n = _ss(data)
-    if n < 2:
-        raise StatisticsError('stdev requires at least two data points')
-    mss = ss / (n - 1)
+    # Fixme: Despite the exact sum of squared deviations, some inaccuracy
+    # remain because there are two rounding steps.  The first occurs in
+    # the _convert() step for pvariance(), the second occurs in math.sqrt().
+    var = pvariance(data, mu)
     try:
-        return float(xbar), _float_sqrt_of_frac(mss.numerator, mss.denominator)
+        return var.sqrt()
     except AttributeError:
-        # Handle Nans and Infs gracefully
-        return float(xbar), float(xbar) / float(ss)
-
-def _sqrtprod(x: float, y: float) -> float:
-    "Return sqrt(x * y) computed with improved accuracy and without overflow/underflow."
-    h = sqrt(x * y)
-    if not isfinite(h):
-        if isinf(h) and not isinf(x) and not isinf(y):
-            # Finite inputs overflowed, so scale down, and recompute.
-            scale = 2.0 ** -512  # sqrt(1 / sys.float_info.max)
-            return _sqrtprod(scale * x, scale * y) / scale
-        return h
-    if not h:
-        if x and y:
-            # Non-zero inputs underflowed, so scale up, and recompute.
-            # Scale:  1 / sqrt(sys.float_info.min * sys.float_info.epsilon)
-            scale = 2.0 ** 537
-            return _sqrtprod(scale * x, scale * y) / scale
-        return h
-    # Improve accuracy with a differential correction.
-    # https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Maclaurin+series+sqrt%28h**2+%2B+x%29+at+x%3D0
-    d = sumprod((x, h), (y, -h))
-    return h + d / (2.0 * h)
+        return math.sqrt(var)
 
 
 # === Statistics for relations between two inputs ===
@@ -1283,16 +882,18 @@ def covariance(x, y, /):
         raise StatisticsError('covariance requires at least two data points')
     xbar = fsum(x) / n
     ybar = fsum(y) / n
-    sxy = sumprod((xi - xbar for xi in x), (yi - ybar for yi in y))
+    sxy = fsum((xi - xbar) * (yi - ybar) for xi, yi in zip(x, y))
     return sxy / (n - 1)
 
 
-def correlation(x, y, /, *, method='linear'):
+def correlation(x, y, /):
     """Pearson's correlation coefficient
 
     Return the Pearson's correlation coefficient for two inputs. Pearson's
-    correlation coefficient *r* takes values between -1 and +1. It measures
-    the strength and direction of a linear relationship.
+    correlation coefficient *r* takes values between -1 and +1. It measures the
+    strength and direction of the linear relationship, where +1 means very
+    strong, positive linear relationship, -1 very strong, negative linear
+    relationship, and 0 no linear relationship.
 
     >>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
     >>> y = [9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
@@ -1301,36 +902,19 @@ def correlation(x, y, /, *, method='linear'):
     >>> correlation(x, y)
     -1.0
 
-    If *method* is "ranked", computes Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
-    for two inputs.  The data is replaced by ranks.  Ties are averaged
-    so that equal values receive the same rank.  The resulting coefficient
-    measures the strength of a monotonic relationship.
-
-    Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is appropriate for ordinal
-    data or for continuous data that doesn't meet the linear proportion
-    requirement for Pearson's correlation coefficient.
     """
     n = len(x)
     if len(y) != n:
         raise StatisticsError('correlation requires that both inputs have same number of data points')
     if n < 2:
         raise StatisticsError('correlation requires at least two data points')
-    if method not in {'linear', 'ranked'}:
-        raise ValueError(f'Unknown method: {method!r}')
-    if method == 'ranked':
-        start = (n - 1) / -2            # Center rankings around zero
-        x = _rank(x, start=start)
-        y = _rank(y, start=start)
-    else:
-        xbar = fsum(x) / n
-        ybar = fsum(y) / n
-        x = [xi - xbar for xi in x]
-        y = [yi - ybar for yi in y]
-    sxy = sumprod(x, y)
-    sxx = sumprod(x, x)
-    syy = sumprod(y, y)
+    xbar = fsum(x) / n
+    ybar = fsum(y) / n
+    sxy = fsum((xi - xbar) * (yi - ybar) for xi, yi in zip(x, y))
+    sxx = fsum((xi - xbar) ** 2.0 for xi in x)
+    syy = fsum((yi - ybar) ** 2.0 for yi in y)
     try:
-        return sxy / _sqrtprod(sxx, syy)
+        return sxy / sqrt(sxx * syy)
     except ZeroDivisionError:
         raise StatisticsError('at least one of the inputs is constant')
 
@@ -1338,13 +922,13 @@ def correlation(x, y, /, *, method='linear'):
 LinearRegression = namedtuple('LinearRegression', ('slope', 'intercept'))
 
 
-def linear_regression(x, y, /, *, proportional=False):
+def linear_regression(x, y, /):
     """Slope and intercept for simple linear regression.
 
     Return the slope and intercept of simple linear regression
     parameters estimated using ordinary least squares. Simple linear
     regression describes relationship between an independent variable
-    *x* and a dependent variable *y* in terms of a linear function:
+    *x* and a dependent variable *y* in terms of linear function:
 
         y = slope * x + intercept + noise
 
@@ -1360,20 +944,7 @@ def linear_regression(x, y, /, *, proportional=False):
     >>> noise = NormalDist().samples(5, seed=42)
     >>> y = [3 * x[i] + 2 + noise[i] for i in range(5)]
     >>> linear_regression(x, y)  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    LinearRegression(slope=3.17495..., intercept=1.00925...)
-
-    If *proportional* is true, the independent variable *x* and the
-    dependent variable *y* are assumed to be directly proportional.
-    The data is fit to a line passing through the origin.
-
-    Since the *intercept* will always be 0.0, the underlying linear
-    function simplifies to:
-
-        y = slope * x + noise
-
-    >>> y = [3 * x[i] + noise[i] for i in range(5)]
-    >>> linear_regression(x, y, proportional=True)  #doctest: +ELLIPSIS
-    LinearRegression(slope=2.90475..., intercept=0.0)
+    LinearRegression(slope=3.09078914170..., intercept=1.75684970486...)
 
     """
     n = len(x)
@@ -1381,18 +952,15 @@ def linear_regression(x, y, /, *, proportional=False):
         raise StatisticsError('linear regression requires that both inputs have same number of data points')
     if n < 2:
         raise StatisticsError('linear regression requires at least two data points')
-    if not proportional:
-        xbar = fsum(x) / n
-        ybar = fsum(y) / n
-        x = [xi - xbar for xi in x]  # List because used three times below
-        y = (yi - ybar for yi in y)  # Generator because only used once below
-    sxy = sumprod(x, y) + 0.0        # Add zero to coerce result to a float
-    sxx = sumprod(x, x)
+    xbar = fsum(x) / n
+    ybar = fsum(y) / n
+    sxy = fsum((xi - xbar) * (yi - ybar) for xi, yi in zip(x, y))
+    sxx = fsum((xi - xbar) ** 2.0 for xi in x)
     try:
         slope = sxy / sxx   # equivalent to:  covariance(x, y) / variance(x)
     except ZeroDivisionError:
         raise StatisticsError('x is constant')
-    intercept = 0.0 if proportional else ybar - slope * xbar
+    intercept = ybar - slope * xbar
     return LinearRegression(slope=slope, intercept=intercept)
 
 
@@ -1500,29 +1068,29 @@ def __init__(self, mu=0.0, sigma=1.0):
     @classmethod
     def from_samples(cls, data):
         "Make a normal distribution instance from sample data."
-        return cls(*_mean_stdev(data))
+        if not isinstance(data, (list, tuple)):
+            data = list(data)
+        xbar = fmean(data)
+        return cls(xbar, stdev(data, xbar))
 
     def samples(self, n, *, seed=None):
         "Generate *n* samples for a given mean and standard deviation."
-        rnd = random.random if seed is None else random.Random(seed).random
-        inv_cdf = _normal_dist_inv_cdf
-        mu = self._mu
-        sigma = self._sigma
-        return [inv_cdf(rnd(), mu, sigma) for _ in repeat(None, n)]
+        gauss = random.gauss if seed is None else random.Random(seed).gauss
+        mu, sigma = self._mu, self._sigma
+        return [gauss(mu, sigma) for i in range(n)]
 
     def pdf(self, x):
         "Probability density function.  P(x <= X < x+dx) / dx"
-        variance = self._sigma * self._sigma
+        variance = self._sigma ** 2.0
         if not variance:
             raise StatisticsError('pdf() not defined when sigma is zero')
-        diff = x - self._mu
-        return exp(diff * diff / (-2.0 * variance)) / sqrt(tau * variance)
+        return exp((x - self._mu)**2.0 / (-2.0*variance)) / sqrt(tau*variance)
 
     def cdf(self, x):
         "Cumulative distribution function.  P(X <= x)"
         if not self._sigma:
             raise StatisticsError('cdf() not defined when sigma is zero')
-        return 0.5 * (1.0 + erf((x - self._mu) / (self._sigma * _SQRT2)))
+        return 0.5 * (1.0 + erf((x - self._mu) / (self._sigma * sqrt(2.0))))
 
     def inv_cdf(self, p):
         """Inverse cumulative distribution function.  x : P(X <= x) = p
@@ -1536,6 +1104,8 @@ def inv_cdf(self, p):
         """
         if p <= 0.0 or p >= 1.0:
             raise StatisticsError('p must be in the range 0.0 < p < 1.0')
+        if self._sigma <= 0.0:
+            raise StatisticsError('cdf() not defined when sigma at or below zero')
         return _normal_dist_inv_cdf(p, self._mu, self._sigma)
 
     def quantiles(self, n=4):
@@ -1576,9 +1146,9 @@ def overlap(self, other):
         dv = Y_var - X_var
         dm = fabs(Y._mu - X._mu)
         if not dv:
-            return 1.0 - erf(dm / (2.0 * X._sigma * _SQRT2))
+            return 1.0 - erf(dm / (2.0 * X._sigma * sqrt(2.0)))
         a = X._mu * Y_var - Y._mu * X_var
-        b = X._sigma * Y._sigma * sqrt(dm * dm + dv * log(Y_var / X_var))
+        b = X._sigma * Y._sigma * sqrt(dm**2.0 + dv * log(Y_var / X_var))
         x1 = (a + b) / dv
         x2 = (a - b) / dv
         return 1.0 - (fabs(Y.cdf(x1) - X.cdf(x1)) + fabs(Y.cdf(x2) - X.cdf(x2)))
@@ -1621,7 +1191,7 @@ def stdev(self):
     @property
     def variance(self):
         "Square of the standard deviation."
-        return self._sigma * self._sigma
+        return self._sigma ** 2.0
 
     def __add__(x1, x2):
         """Add a constant or another NormalDist instance.
@@ -1695,102 +1265,3 @@ def __hash__(self):
 
     def __repr__(self):
         return f'{type(self).__name__}(mu={self._mu!r}, sigma={self._sigma!r})'
-
-    def __getstate__(self):
-        return self._mu, self._sigma
-
-    def __setstate__(self, state):
-        self._mu, self._sigma = state
-
-
-## kde_random() ##############################################################
-
-def _newton_raphson(f_inv_estimate, f, f_prime, tolerance=1e-12):
-    def f_inv(y):
-        "Return x such that f(x) ≈ y within the specified tolerance."
-        x = f_inv_estimate(y)
-        while abs(diff := f(x) - y) > tolerance:
-            x -= diff / f_prime(x)
-        return x
-    return f_inv
-
-def _quartic_invcdf_estimate(p):
-    sign, p = (1.0, p) if p <= 1/2 else (-1.0, 1.0 - p)
-    x = (2.0 * p) ** 0.4258865685331 - 1.0
-    if p >= 0.004 < 0.499:
-        x += 0.026818732 * sin(7.101753784 * p + 2.73230839482953)
-    return x * sign
-
-_quartic_invcdf = _newton_raphson(
-    f_inv_estimate = _quartic_invcdf_estimate,
-    f = lambda t: 3/16 * t**5 - 5/8 * t**3 + 15/16 * t + 1/2,
-    f_prime = lambda t: 15/16 * (1.0 - t * t) ** 2)
-
-def _triweight_invcdf_estimate(p):
-    sign, p = (1.0, p) if p <= 1/2 else (-1.0, 1.0 - p)
-    x = (2.0 * p) ** 0.3400218741872791 - 1.0
-    return x * sign
-
-_triweight_invcdf = _newton_raphson(
-    f_inv_estimate = _triweight_invcdf_estimate,
-    f = lambda t: 35/32 * (-1/7*t**7 + 3/5*t**5 - t**3 + t) + 1/2,
-    f_prime = lambda t: 35/32 * (1.0 - t * t) ** 3)
-
-_kernel_invcdfs = {
-    'normal': NormalDist().inv_cdf,
-    'logistic': lambda p: log(p / (1 - p)),
-    'sigmoid': lambda p: log(tan(p * pi/2)),
-    'rectangular': lambda p: 2*p - 1,
-    'parabolic': lambda p: 2 * cos((acos(2*p-1) + pi) / 3),
-    'quartic': _quartic_invcdf,
-    'triweight': _triweight_invcdf,
-    'triangular': lambda p: sqrt(2*p) - 1 if p < 1/2 else 1 - sqrt(2 - 2*p),
-    'cosine': lambda p: 2 * asin(2*p - 1) / pi,
-}
-_kernel_invcdfs['gauss'] = _kernel_invcdfs['normal']
-_kernel_invcdfs['uniform'] = _kernel_invcdfs['rectangular']
-_kernel_invcdfs['epanechnikov'] = _kernel_invcdfs['parabolic']
-_kernel_invcdfs['biweight'] = _kernel_invcdfs['quartic']
-
-def kde_random(data, h, kernel='normal', *, seed=None):
-    """Return a function that makes a random selection from the estimated
-    probability density function created by kde(data, h, kernel).
-
-    Providing a *seed* allows reproducible selections within a single
-    thread.  The seed may be an integer, float, str, or bytes.
-
-    A StatisticsError will be raised if the *data* sequence is empty.
-
-    Example:
-
-    >>> data = [-2.1, -1.3, -0.4, 1.9, 5.1, 6.2]
-    >>> rand = kde_random(data, h=1.5, seed=8675309)
-    >>> new_selections = [rand() for i in range(10)]
-    >>> [round(x, 1) for x in new_selections]
-    [0.7, 6.2, 1.2, 6.9, 7.0, 1.8, 2.5, -0.5, -1.8, 5.6]
-
-    """
-    n = len(data)
-    if not n:
-        raise StatisticsError('Empty data sequence')
-
-    if not isinstance(data[0], (int, float)):
-        raise TypeError('Data sequence must contain ints or floats')
-
-    if h <= 0.0:
-        raise StatisticsError(f'Bandwidth h must be positive, not {h=!r}')
-
-    kernel_invcdf = _kernel_invcdfs.get(kernel)
-    if kernel_invcdf is None:
-        raise StatisticsError(f'Unknown kernel name: {kernel!r}')
-
-    prng = _random.Random(seed)
-    random = prng.random
-    choice = prng.choice
-
-    def rand():
-        return choice(data) + h * kernel_invcdf(random())
-
-    rand.__doc__ = f'Random KDE selection with {h=!r} and {kernel=!r}'
-
-    return rand
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_statistics.py b/Lib/test/test_statistics.py
index 7b0dfd05e0..8fcbcf3540 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_statistics.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_statistics.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-x = """Test suite for statistics module, including helper NumericTestCase and
+"""Test suite for statistics module, including helper NumericTestCase and
 approx_equal function.
 
 """
@@ -9,14 +9,13 @@
 import copy
 import decimal
 import doctest
-import itertools
 import math
 import pickle
 import random
 import sys
 import unittest
 from test import support
-from test.support import import_helper, requires_IEEE_754
+from test.support import import_helper
 
 from decimal import Decimal
 from fractions import Fraction
@@ -28,12 +27,6 @@
 
 # === Helper functions and class ===
 
-# Test copied from Lib/test/test_math.py
-# detect evidence of double-rounding: fsum is not always correctly
-# rounded on machines that suffer from double rounding.
-x, y = 1e16, 2.9999 # use temporary values to defeat peephole optimizer
-HAVE_DOUBLE_ROUNDING = (x + y == 1e16 + 4)
-
 def sign(x):
     """Return -1.0 for negatives, including -0.0, otherwise +1.0."""
     return math.copysign(1, x)
@@ -698,6 +691,14 @@ def test_check_all(self):
                             'missing name "%s" in __all__' % name)
 
 
+class DocTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.flags.optimize >= 2,
+                     "Docstrings are omitted with -OO and above")
+    def test_doc_tests(self):
+        failed, tried = doctest.testmod(statistics, optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS)
+        self.assertGreater(tried, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(failed, 0)
+
 class StatisticsErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_has_exception(self):
         errmsg = (
@@ -1038,6 +1039,50 @@ def test_error_msg(self):
         self.assertEqual(errmsg, msg)
 
 
+class FindLteqTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Test _find_lteq private function.
+
+    def test_invalid_input_values(self):
+        for a, x in [
+            ([], 1),
+            ([1, 2], 3),
+            ([1, 3], 2)
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(a=a, x=x):
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    statistics._find_lteq(a, x)
+
+    def test_locate_successfully(self):
+        for a, x, expected_i in [
+            ([1, 1, 1, 2, 3], 1, 0),
+            ([0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3], 1, 1),
+            ([1, 2, 3, 3, 3], 3, 2)
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(a=a, x=x):
+                self.assertEqual(expected_i, statistics._find_lteq(a, x))
+
+
+class FindRteqTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Test _find_rteq private function.
+
+    def test_invalid_input_values(self):
+        for a, l, x in [
+            ([1], 2, 1),
+            ([1, 3], 0, 2)
+        ]:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                statistics._find_rteq(a, l, x)
+
+    def test_locate_successfully(self):
+        for a, l, x, expected_i in [
+            ([1, 1, 1, 2, 3], 0, 1, 2),
+            ([0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3], 0, 1, 3),
+            ([1, 2, 3, 3, 3], 0, 3, 4)
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(a=a, l=l, x=x):
+                self.assertEqual(expected_i, statistics._find_rteq(a, l, x))
+
+
 # === Tests for public functions ===
 
 class UnivariateCommonMixin:
@@ -1072,7 +1117,7 @@ def test_no_inplace_modifications(self):
     def test_order_doesnt_matter(self):
         # Test that the order of data points doesn't change the result.
 
-        # CAUTION: due to floating-point rounding errors, the result actually
+        # CAUTION: due to floating point rounding errors, the result actually
         # may depend on the order. Consider this test representing an ideal.
         # To avoid this test failing, only test with exact values such as ints
         # or Fractions.
@@ -1165,9 +1210,6 @@ def __pow__(self, other):
             def __add__(self, other):
                 return type(self)(super().__add__(other))
             __radd__ = __add__
-            def __mul__(self, other):
-                return type(self)(super().__mul__(other))
-            __rmul__ = __mul__
         return (float, Decimal, Fraction, MyFloat)
 
     def test_types_conserved(self):
@@ -1740,12 +1782,6 @@ def test_repeated_single_value(self):
                 data = [x]*count
                 self.assertEqual(self.func(data), float(x))
 
-    def test_single_value(self):
-        # Override method from AverageMixin.
-        # Average of a single value is the value as a float.
-        for x in (23, 42.5, 1.3e15, Fraction(15, 19), Decimal('0.28')):
-            self.assertEqual(self.func([x]), float(x))
-
     def test_odd_fractions(self):
         # Test median_grouped works with an odd number of Fractions.
         F = Fraction
@@ -1925,27 +1961,6 @@ def test_special_values(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             fmean([Inf, -Inf])
 
-    def test_weights(self):
-        fmean = statistics.fmean
-        StatisticsError = statistics.StatisticsError
-        self.assertEqual(
-            fmean([10, 10, 10, 50], [0.25] * 4),
-            fmean([10, 10, 10, 50]))
-        self.assertEqual(
-            fmean([10, 10, 20], [0.25, 0.25, 0.50]),
-            fmean([10, 10, 20, 20]))
-        self.assertEqual(                           # inputs are iterators
-            fmean(iter([10, 10, 20]), iter([0.25, 0.25, 0.50])),
-            fmean([10, 10, 20, 20]))
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            fmean([10, 20, 30], [1, 2])             # unequal lengths
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            fmean(iter([10, 20, 30]), iter([1, 2])) # unequal lengths
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            fmean([10, 20], [-1, 1])                # sum of weights is zero
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            fmean(iter([10, 20]), iter([-1, 1]))    # sum of weights is zero
-
 
 # === Tests for variances and standard deviations ===
 
@@ -2122,104 +2137,6 @@ def test_center_not_at_mean(self):
         self.assertEqual(self.func(data), 2.5)
         self.assertEqual(self.func(data, mu=0.5), 6.5)
 
-class TestSqrtHelpers(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto(self):
-        for n, m in itertools.product(range(100), range(1, 1000)):
-            r = statistics._integer_sqrt_of_frac_rto(n, m)
-            self.assertIsInstance(r, int)
-            if r*r*m == n:
-                # Root is exact
-                continue
-            # Inexact, so the root should be odd
-            self.assertEqual(r&1, 1)
-            # Verify correct rounding
-            self.assertTrue(m * (r - 1)**2 < n < m * (r + 1)**2)
-
-    @requires_IEEE_754
-    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
-    def test_float_sqrt_of_frac(self):
-
-        def is_root_correctly_rounded(x: Fraction, root: float) -> bool:
-            if not x:
-                return root == 0.0
-
-            # Extract adjacent representable floats
-            r_up: float = math.nextafter(root, math.inf)
-            r_down: float = math.nextafter(root, -math.inf)
-            assert r_down < root < r_up
-
-            # Convert to fractions for exact arithmetic
-            frac_root: Fraction = Fraction(root)
-            half_way_up: Fraction = (frac_root + Fraction(r_up)) / 2
-            half_way_down: Fraction = (frac_root + Fraction(r_down)) / 2
-
-            # Check a closed interval.
-            # Does not test for a midpoint rounding rule.
-            return half_way_down ** 2 <= x <= half_way_up ** 2
-
-        randrange = random.randrange
-
-        for i in range(60_000):
-            numerator: int = randrange(10 ** randrange(50))
-            denonimator: int = randrange(10 ** randrange(50)) + 1
-            with self.subTest(numerator=numerator, denonimator=denonimator):
-                x: Fraction = Fraction(numerator, denonimator)
-                root: float = statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(numerator, denonimator)
-                self.assertTrue(is_root_correctly_rounded(x, root))
-
-        # Verify that corner cases and error handling match math.sqrt()
-        self.assertEqual(statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(0, 1), 0.0)
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(-1, 1)
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(1, -1)
-
-        # Error handling for zero denominator matches that for Fraction(1, 0)
-        with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
-            statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(1, 0)
-
-        # The result is well defined if both inputs are negative
-        self.assertEqual(statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(-2, -1), statistics._float_sqrt_of_frac(2, 1))
-
-    def test_decimal_sqrt_of_frac(self):
-        root: Decimal
-        numerator: int
-        denominator: int
-
-        for root, numerator, denominator in [
-            (Decimal('0.4481904599041192673635338663'), 200874688349065940678243576378, 1000000000000000000000000000000),  # No adj
-            (Decimal('0.7924949131383786609961759598'), 628048187350206338833590574929, 1000000000000000000000000000000),  # Adj up
-            (Decimal('0.8500554152289934068192208727'), 722594208960136395984391238251, 1000000000000000000000000000000),  # Adj down
-        ]:
-            with decimal.localcontext(decimal.DefaultContext):
-                self.assertEqual(statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(numerator, denominator), root)
-
-            # Confirm expected root with a quad precision decimal computation
-            with decimal.localcontext(decimal.DefaultContext) as ctx:
-                ctx.prec *= 4
-                high_prec_ratio = Decimal(numerator) / Decimal(denominator)
-                ctx.rounding = decimal.ROUND_05UP
-                high_prec_root = high_prec_ratio.sqrt()
-            with decimal.localcontext(decimal.DefaultContext):
-                target_root = +high_prec_root
-            self.assertEqual(root, target_root)
-
-        # Verify that corner cases and error handling match Decimal.sqrt()
-        self.assertEqual(statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(0, 1), 0.0)
-        with self.assertRaises(decimal.InvalidOperation):
-            statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(-1, 1)
-        with self.assertRaises(decimal.InvalidOperation):
-            statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(1, -1)
-
-        # Error handling for zero denominator matches that for Fraction(1, 0)
-        with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
-            statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(1, 0)
-
-        # The result is well defined if both inputs are negative
-        self.assertEqual(statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(-2, -1), statistics._decimal_sqrt_of_frac(2, 1))
-
-
 class TestStdev(VarianceStdevMixin, NumericTestCase):
     # Tests for sample standard deviation.
     def setUp(self):
@@ -2234,7 +2151,7 @@ def test_compare_to_variance(self):
         # Test that stdev is, in fact, the square root of variance.
         data = [random.uniform(-2, 9) for _ in range(1000)]
         expected = math.sqrt(statistics.variance(data))
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(self.func(data), expected)
+        self.assertEqual(self.func(data), expected)
 
     def test_center_not_at_mean(self):
         data = (1.0, 2.0)
@@ -2303,11 +2220,9 @@ def test_error_cases(self):
         with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
             geometric_mean([])                      # empty input
         with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            geometric_mean([3.5, -4.0, 5.25])       # negative input
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            geometric_mean([0.0, -4.0, 5.25])       # negative input with zero
+            geometric_mean([3.5, 0.0, 5.25])        # zero input
         with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            geometric_mean([3.5, -math.inf, 5.25])  # negative infinity
+            geometric_mean([3.5, -4.0, 5.25])       # negative input
         with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
             geometric_mean(iter([]))                # empty iterator
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -2330,200 +2245,6 @@ def test_special_values(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             geometric_mean([Inf, -Inf])
 
-        # Cases with zero
-        self.assertEqual(geometric_mean([3, 0.0, 5]), 0.0)         # Any zero gives a zero
-        self.assertEqual(geometric_mean([3, -0.0, 5]), 0.0)        # Negative zero allowed
-        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(geometric_mean([0, NaN])))      # NaN beats zero
-        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(geometric_mean([0, Inf])))      # Because 0.0 * Inf -> NaN
-
-    def test_mixed_int_and_float(self):
-        # Regression test for b.p.o. issue #28327
-        geometric_mean = statistics.geometric_mean
-        expected_mean = 3.80675409583932
-        values = [
-            [2, 3, 5, 7],
-            [2, 3, 5, 7.0],
-            [2, 3, 5.0, 7.0],
-            [2, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0],
-            [2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 7.0],
-        ]
-        for v in values:
-            with self.subTest(v=v):
-                actual_mean = geometric_mean(v)
-                self.assertAlmostEqual(actual_mean, expected_mean, places=5)
-
-
-class TestKDE(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_kde(self):
-        kde = statistics.kde
-        StatisticsError = statistics.StatisticsError
-
-        kernels = ['normal', 'gauss', 'logistic', 'sigmoid', 'rectangular',
-                   'uniform', 'triangular', 'parabolic', 'epanechnikov',
-                   'quartic', 'biweight', 'triweight', 'cosine']
-
-        sample = [-2.1, -1.3, -0.4, 1.9, 5.1, 6.2]
-
-        # The approximate integral of a PDF should be close to 1.0
-
-        def integrate(func, low, high, steps=10_000):
-            "Numeric approximation of a definite function integral."
-            dx = (high - low) / steps
-            midpoints = (low + (i + 1/2) * dx for i in range(steps))
-            return sum(map(func, midpoints)) * dx
-
-        for kernel in kernels:
-            with self.subTest(kernel=kernel):
-                f_hat = kde(sample, h=1.5, kernel=kernel)
-                area = integrate(f_hat, -20, 20)
-                self.assertAlmostEqual(area, 1.0, places=4)
-
-        # Check CDF against an integral of the PDF
-
-        data = [3, 5, 10, 12]
-        h = 2.3
-        x = 10.5
-        for kernel in kernels:
-            with self.subTest(kernel=kernel):
-                cdf = kde(data, h, kernel, cumulative=True)
-                f_hat = kde(data, h, kernel)
-                area = integrate(f_hat, -20, x, 100_000)
-                self.assertAlmostEqual(cdf(x), area, places=4)
-
-        # Check error cases
-
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            kde([], h=1.0)                              # Empty dataset
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            kde(['abc', 'def'], 1.5)                    # Non-numeric data
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            kde(iter(sample), 1.5)                      # Data is not a sequence
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            kde(sample, h=0.0)                          # Zero bandwidth
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            kde(sample, h=-1.0)                         # Negative bandwidth
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            kde(sample, h='str')                        # Wrong bandwidth type
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            kde(sample, h=1.0, kernel='bogus')          # Invalid kernel
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            kde(sample, 1.0, 'gauss', True)             # Positional cumulative argument
-
-        # Test name and docstring of the generated function
-
-        h = 1.5
-        kernel = 'cosine'
-        f_hat = kde(sample, h, kernel)
-        self.assertEqual(f_hat.__name__, 'pdf')
-        self.assertIn(kernel, f_hat.__doc__)
-        self.assertIn(repr(h), f_hat.__doc__)
-
-        # Test closed interval for the support boundaries.
-        # In particular, 'uniform' should non-zero at the boundaries.
-
-        f_hat = kde([0], 1.0, 'uniform')
-        self.assertEqual(f_hat(-1.0), 1/2)
-        self.assertEqual(f_hat(1.0), 1/2)
-
-        # Test online updates to data
-
-        data = [1, 2]
-        f_hat = kde(data, 5.0, 'triangular')
-        self.assertEqual(f_hat(100), 0.0)
-        data.append(100)
-        self.assertGreater(f_hat(100), 0.0)
-
-    def test_kde_kernel_invcdfs(self):
-        kernel_invcdfs = statistics._kernel_invcdfs
-        kde = statistics.kde
-
-        # Verify that cdf / invcdf will round trip
-        xarr = [i/100 for i in range(-100, 101)]
-        for kernel, invcdf in kernel_invcdfs.items():
-            with self.subTest(kernel=kernel):
-                cdf = kde([0.0], h=1.0, kernel=kernel, cumulative=True)
-                for x in xarr:
-                    self.assertAlmostEqual(invcdf(cdf(x)), x, places=5)
-
-    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
-    def test_kde_random(self):
-        kde_random = statistics.kde_random
-        StatisticsError = statistics.StatisticsError
-        kernels = ['normal', 'gauss', 'logistic', 'sigmoid', 'rectangular',
-                   'uniform', 'triangular', 'parabolic', 'epanechnikov',
-                   'quartic', 'biweight', 'triweight', 'cosine']
-        sample = [-2.1, -1.3, -0.4, 1.9, 5.1, 6.2]
-
-        # Smoke test
-
-        for kernel in kernels:
-            with self.subTest(kernel=kernel):
-                rand = kde_random(sample, h=1.5, kernel=kernel)
-                selections = [rand() for i in range(10)]
-
-        # Check error cases
-
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            kde_random([], h=1.0)                       # Empty dataset
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            kde_random(['abc', 'def'], 1.5)             # Non-numeric data
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            kde_random(iter(sample), 1.5)               # Data is not a sequence
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            kde_random(sample, h=-1.0)                  # Zero bandwidth
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            kde_random(sample, h=0.0)                   # Negative bandwidth
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            kde_random(sample, h='str')                 # Wrong bandwidth type
-        with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            kde_random(sample, h=1.0, kernel='bogus')   # Invalid kernel
-
-        # Test name and docstring of the generated function
-
-        h = 1.5
-        kernel = 'cosine'
-        rand = kde_random(sample, h, kernel)
-        self.assertEqual(rand.__name__, 'rand')
-        self.assertIn(kernel, rand.__doc__)
-        self.assertIn(repr(h), rand.__doc__)
-
-        # Approximate distribution test: Compare a random sample to the expected distribution
-
-        data = [-2.1, -1.3, -0.4, 1.9, 5.1, 6.2, 7.8, 14.3, 15.1, 15.3, 15.8, 17.0]
-        xarr = [x / 10 for x in range(-100, 250)]
-        n = 1_000_000
-        h = 1.75
-        dx = 0.1
-
-        def p_observed(x):
-            # P(x <= X < x+dx)
-            i = bisect.bisect_left(big_sample, x)
-            j = bisect.bisect_left(big_sample, x + dx)
-            return (j - i) / len(big_sample)
-
-        def p_expected(x):
-            # P(x <= X < x+dx)
-            return F_hat(x + dx) - F_hat(x)
-
-        for kernel in kernels:
-            with self.subTest(kernel=kernel):
-
-                rand = kde_random(data, h, kernel, seed=8675309**2)
-                big_sample = sorted([rand() for i in range(n)])
-                F_hat = statistics.kde(data, h, kernel, cumulative=True)
-
-                for x in xarr:
-                    self.assertTrue(math.isclose(p_observed(x), p_expected(x), abs_tol=0.0005))
-
-        # Test online updates to data
-
-        data = [1, 2]
-        rand = kde_random(data, 5, 'triangular')
-        self.assertLess(max([rand() for i in range(5000)]), 10)
-        data.append(100)
-        self.assertGreater(max(rand() for i in range(5000)), 10)
-
 
 class TestQuantiles(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -2634,11 +2355,6 @@ def f(x):
             data = random.choices(range(100), k=k)
             q1, q2, q3 = quantiles(data, method='inclusive')
             self.assertEqual(q2, statistics.median(data))
-        # Base case with a single data point:  When estimating quantiles from
-        # a sample, we want to be able to add one sample point at a time,
-        # getting increasingly better estimates.
-        self.assertEqual(quantiles([10], n=4), [10.0, 10.0, 10.0])
-        self.assertEqual(quantiles([10], n=4, method='exclusive'), [10.0, 10.0, 10.0])
 
     def test_equal_inputs(self):
         quantiles = statistics.quantiles
@@ -2689,7 +2405,7 @@ def test_error_cases(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             quantiles([10, 20, 30], method='X') # method is unknown
         with self.assertRaises(StatisticsError):
-            quantiles([], n=4)                  # not enough data points
+            quantiles([10], n=4)                # not enough data points
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             quantiles([10, None, 30], n=4)      # data is non-numeric
 
@@ -2748,95 +2464,6 @@ def test_different_scales(self):
         self.assertAlmostEqual(statistics.correlation(x, y), 1)
         self.assertAlmostEqual(statistics.covariance(x, y), 0.1)
 
-    def test_sqrtprod_helper_function_fundamentals(self):
-        # Verify that results are close to sqrt(x * y)
-        for i in range(100):
-            x = random.expovariate()
-            y = random.expovariate()
-            expected = math.sqrt(x * y)
-            actual = statistics._sqrtprod(x, y)
-            with self.subTest(x=x, y=y, expected=expected, actual=actual):
-                self.assertAlmostEqual(expected, actual)
-
-        x, y, target = 0.8035720646477457, 0.7957468097636939, 0.7996498651651661
-        self.assertEqual(statistics._sqrtprod(x, y), target)
-        self.assertNotEqual(math.sqrt(x * y), target)
-
-        # Test that range extremes avoid underflow and overflow
-        smallest = sys.float_info.min * sys.float_info.epsilon
-        self.assertEqual(statistics._sqrtprod(smallest, smallest), smallest)
-        biggest = sys.float_info.max
-        self.assertEqual(statistics._sqrtprod(biggest, biggest), biggest)
-
-        # Check special values and the sign of the result
-        special_values = [0.0, -0.0, 1.0, -1.0, 4.0, -4.0,
-                          math.nan, -math.nan, math.inf, -math.inf]
-        for x, y in itertools.product(special_values, repeat=2):
-            try:
-                expected = math.sqrt(x * y)
-            except ValueError:
-                expected = 'ValueError'
-            try:
-                actual = statistics._sqrtprod(x, y)
-            except ValueError:
-                actual = 'ValueError'
-            with self.subTest(x=x, y=y, expected=expected, actual=actual):
-                if isinstance(expected, str) and expected == 'ValueError':
-                    self.assertEqual(actual, 'ValueError')
-                    continue
-                self.assertIsInstance(actual, float)
-                if math.isnan(expected):
-                    self.assertTrue(math.isnan(actual))
-                    continue
-                self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
-                self.assertEqual(sign(actual), sign(expected))
-
-    @requires_IEEE_754
-    @unittest.skipIf(HAVE_DOUBLE_ROUNDING,
-                     "accuracy not guaranteed on machines with double rounding")
-    @support.cpython_only    # Allow for a weaker sumprod() implmentation
-    def test_sqrtprod_helper_function_improved_accuracy(self):
-        # Test a known example where accuracy is improved
-        x, y, target = 0.8035720646477457, 0.7957468097636939, 0.7996498651651661
-        self.assertEqual(statistics._sqrtprod(x, y), target)
-        self.assertNotEqual(math.sqrt(x * y), target)
-
-        def reference_value(x: float, y: float) -> float:
-            x = decimal.Decimal(x)
-            y = decimal.Decimal(y)
-            with decimal.localcontext() as ctx:
-                ctx.prec = 200
-                return float((x * y).sqrt())
-
-        # Verify that the new function with improved accuracy
-        # agrees with a reference value more often than old version.
-        new_agreements = 0
-        old_agreements = 0
-        for i in range(10_000):
-            x = random.expovariate()
-            y = random.expovariate()
-            new = statistics._sqrtprod(x, y)
-            old = math.sqrt(x * y)
-            ref = reference_value(x, y)
-            new_agreements += (new == ref)
-            old_agreements += (old == ref)
-        self.assertGreater(new_agreements, old_agreements)
-
-    def test_correlation_spearman(self):
-        # https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/spearmans-rank-order-correlation-statistical-guide-2.php
-        # Compare with:
-        #     >>> import scipy.stats.mstats
-        #     >>> scipy.stats.mstats.spearmanr(reading, mathematics)
-        #     SpearmanrResult(correlation=0.6686960980480712, pvalue=0.03450954165178532)
-        # And Wolfram Alpha gives: 0.668696
-        #     https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=SpearmanRho%5B%7B56%2C+75%2C+45%2C+71%2C+61%2C+64%2C+58%2C+80%2C+76%2C+61%7D%2C+%7B66%2C+70%2C+40%2C+60%2C+65%2C+56%2C+59%2C+77%2C+67%2C+63%7D%5D
-        reading = [56, 75, 45, 71, 61, 64, 58, 80, 76, 61]
-        mathematics = [66, 70, 40, 60, 65, 56, 59, 77, 67, 63]
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(statistics.correlation(reading, mathematics, method='ranked'),
-                               0.6686960980480712)
-
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
-            statistics.correlation(reading, mathematics, method='bad_method')
 
 class TestLinearRegression(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -2860,22 +2487,6 @@ def test_results(self):
             self.assertAlmostEqual(intercept, true_intercept)
             self.assertAlmostEqual(slope, true_slope)
 
-    def test_proportional(self):
-        x = [10, 20, 30, 40]
-        y = [180, 398, 610, 799]
-        slope, intercept = statistics.linear_regression(x, y, proportional=True)
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(slope, 20 + 1/150)
-        self.assertEqual(intercept, 0.0)
-
-    def test_float_output(self):
-        x = [Fraction(2, 3), Fraction(3, 4)]
-        y = [Fraction(4, 5), Fraction(5, 6)]
-        slope, intercept = statistics.linear_regression(x, y)
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(slope, float))
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(intercept, float))
-        slope, intercept = statistics.linear_regression(x, y, proportional=True)
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(slope, float))
-        self.assertTrue(isinstance(intercept, float))
 
 class TestNormalDist:
 
@@ -3029,8 +2640,6 @@ def test_cdf(self):
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(X.cdf(float('NaN'))))
 
     @support.skip_if_pgo_task
-    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON Flaky")
     def test_inv_cdf(self):
         NormalDist = self.module.NormalDist
 
@@ -3088,10 +2697,9 @@ def test_inv_cdf(self):
             iq.inv_cdf(1.0)                         # p is one
         with self.assertRaises(self.module.StatisticsError):
             iq.inv_cdf(1.1)                         # p over one
-
-        # Supported case:
-        iq = NormalDist(100, 0)                     # sigma is zero
-        self.assertEqual(iq.inv_cdf(0.5), 100)
+        with self.assertRaises(self.module.StatisticsError):
+            iq = NormalDist(100, 0)                 # sigma is zero
+            iq.inv_cdf(0.5)
 
         # Special values
         self.assertTrue(math.isnan(Z.inv_cdf(float('NaN'))))
@@ -3274,19 +2882,14 @@ def __init__(self, mu, sigma):
         nd = NormalDist(100, 15)
         self.assertNotEqual(nd, lnd)
 
-    def test_copy(self):
+    def test_pickle_and_copy(self):
         nd = self.module.NormalDist(37.5, 5.625)
         nd1 = copy.copy(nd)
         self.assertEqual(nd, nd1)
         nd2 = copy.deepcopy(nd)
         self.assertEqual(nd, nd2)
-
-    def test_pickle(self):
-        nd = self.module.NormalDist(37.5, 5.625)
-        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
-            with self.subTest(proto=proto):
-                pickled = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(nd, protocol=proto))
-                self.assertEqual(nd, pickled)
+        nd3 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(nd))
+        self.assertEqual(nd, nd3)
 
     def test_hashability(self):
         ND = self.module.NormalDist
@@ -3308,7 +2911,7 @@ def setUp(self):
 
     def tearDown(self):
         sys.modules['statistics'] = statistics
-
+ 
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(c_statistics, 'requires _statistics')
 class TestNormalDistC(unittest.TestCase, TestNormalDist):
@@ -3325,7 +2928,6 @@ def tearDown(self):
 def load_tests(loader, tests, ignore):
     """Used for doctest/unittest integration."""
     tests.addTests(doctest.DocTestSuite())
-    tests.addTests(doctest.DocTestSuite(statistics))
     return tests
 
 

From a596568151a9a7dd4f9f7a5135b2516f9c336cd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Mar 2025 12:28:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 497/705] Use lexopt for argument parsing (#5602)

---
 Cargo.lock                |  33 +--
 Cargo.toml                |   2 +-
 Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py |   8 -
 examples/dis.rs           |  86 +++---
 examples/parse_folder.rs  |  24 +-
 src/lib.rs                |  13 +-
 src/settings.rs           | 553 ++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 vm/src/version.rs         |   3 +-
 8 files changed, 328 insertions(+), 394 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1c428c2d73..e1f720698e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -51,15 +51,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "ansi_term"
-version = "0.12.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d52a9bb7ec0cf484c551830a7ce27bd20d67eac647e1befb56b0be4ee39a55d2"
-dependencies = [
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
 version = "1.0.96"
@@ -255,13 +246,9 @@ version = "2.34.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a0610544180c38b88101fecf2dd634b174a62eef6946f84dfc6a7127512b381c"
 dependencies = [
- "ansi_term",
- "atty",
  "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "strsim",
  "textwrap 0.11.0",
  "unicode-width 0.1.14",
- "vec_map",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1074,6 +1061,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lexopt"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "baff4b617f7df3d896f97fe922b64817f6cd9a756bb81d40f8883f2f66dcb401"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
 version = "0.2.169"
@@ -1952,12 +1945,12 @@ name = "rustpython"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "clap",
  "criterion",
  "dirs-next",
  "env_logger",
  "flame",
  "flamescope",
+ "lexopt",
  "libc",
  "log",
  "pyo3",
@@ -2557,12 +2550,6 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a2eb9349b6444b326872e140eb1cf5e7c522154d69e7a0ffb0fb81c06b37543f"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "strsim"
-version = "0.8.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8ea5119cdb4c55b55d432abb513a0429384878c15dde60cc77b1c99de1a95a6a"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
 version = "0.27.1"
@@ -3023,12 +3010,6 @@ version = "0.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "accd4ea62f7bb7a82fe23066fb0957d48ef677f6eeb8215f372f52e48bb32426"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "vec_map"
-version = "0.8.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f1bddf1187be692e79c5ffeab891132dfb0f236ed36a43c7ed39f1165ee20191"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "version_check"
 version = "0.9.5"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 14e66b39eb..2d66f9775a 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ cfg-if = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
 flame = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
-clap = "2.34"
+lexopt = "0.3"
 dirs = { package = "dirs-next", version = "2.0.0" }
 env_logger = { version = "0.9.0", default-features = false, features = ["atty", "termcolor"] }
 flamescope = { version = "0.1.2", optional = true }
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
index f7247705d0..da53f085a5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line.py
@@ -38,8 +38,6 @@ def verify_valid_flag(self, cmd_line):
         self.assertNotIn(b'Traceback', err)
         return out
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_help(self):
         self.verify_valid_flag('-h')
         self.verify_valid_flag('-?')
@@ -82,8 +80,6 @@ def test_optimize(self):
     def test_site_flag(self):
         self.verify_valid_flag('-S')
 
-    # NOTE: RUSTPYTHON version never starts with Python
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_version(self):
         version = ('Python %d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]).encode("ascii")
         for switch in '-V', '--version', '-VV':
@@ -550,8 +546,6 @@ def test_no_stderr(self):
     def test_no_std_streams(self):
         self._test_no_stdio(['stdin', 'stdout', 'stderr'])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_hash_randomization(self):
         # Verify that -R enables hash randomization:
         self.verify_valid_flag('-R')
@@ -966,8 +960,6 @@ def test_ignore_PYTHONPATH(self):
         self.run_ignoring_vars("'{}' not in sys.path".format(path),
                                PYTHONPATH=path)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ignore_PYTHONHASHSEED(self):
         self.run_ignoring_vars("sys.flags.hash_randomization == 1",
                                PYTHONHASHSEED="0")
diff --git a/examples/dis.rs b/examples/dis.rs
index 0b1e7c0d3d..ee424f7b34 100644
--- a/examples/dis.rs
+++ b/examples/dis.rs
@@ -6,67 +6,59 @@
 /// example usage:
 /// $ cargo run --release --example dis demo*.py
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate env_logger;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
+use lexopt::ValueExt;
 use rustpython_compiler as compiler;
 use std::error::Error;
 use std::fs;
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 
-fn main() {
+fn main() -> Result<(), lexopt::Error> {
     env_logger::init();
-    let app = App::new("dis")
-        .version(crate_version!())
-        .author(crate_authors!())
-        .about("Compiles and disassembles python script files for viewing their bytecode.")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("scripts")
-                .help("Scripts to scan")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .required(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("mode")
-                .help("The mode to compile the scripts in")
-                .long("mode")
-                .short("m")
-                .default_value("exec")
-                .possible_values(&["exec", "single", "eval"])
-                .takes_value(true),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("no_expand")
-                .help(
-                    "Don't expand CodeObject LoadConst instructions to show \
-                     the instructions inside",
-                )
-                .long("no-expand")
-                .short("x"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("optimize")
-                .help("The amount of optimization to apply to the compiled bytecode")
-                .short("O")
-                .multiple(true),
-        );
-    let matches = app.get_matches();
 
-    let mode = matches.value_of_lossy("mode").unwrap().parse().unwrap();
-    let expand_code_objects = !matches.is_present("no_expand");
-    let optimize = matches.occurrences_of("optimize") as u8;
-    let scripts = matches.values_of_os("scripts").unwrap();
+    let mut scripts = vec![];
+    let mut mode = compiler::Mode::Exec;
+    let mut expand_code_objects = true;
+    let mut optimize = 0;
+
+    let mut parser = lexopt::Parser::from_env();
+    while let Some(arg) = parser.next()? {
+        use lexopt::Arg::*;
+        match arg {
+            Long("help") | Short('h') => {
+                let bin_name = parser.bin_name().unwrap_or("dis");
+                println!(
+                    "usage: {bin_name} <scripts...> [-m,--mode=exec|single|eval] [-x,--no-expand] [-O]"
+                );
+                println!(
+                    "Compiles and disassembles python script files for viewing their bytecode."
+                );
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            Value(x) => scripts.push(PathBuf::from(x)),
+            Long("mode") | Short('m') => {
+                mode = parser
+                    .value()?
+                    .parse_with(|s| s.parse::<compiler::Mode>().map_err(|e| e.to_string()))?
+            }
+            Long("no-expand") | Short('x') => expand_code_objects = false,
+            Short('O') => optimize += 1,
+            _ => return Err(arg.unexpected()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    if scripts.is_empty() {
+        return Err("expected at least one argument".into());
+    }
 
     let opts = compiler::CompileOpts {
         optimize,
         ..Default::default()
     };
 
-    for script in scripts.map(Path::new) {
+    for script in &scripts {
         if script.exists() && script.is_file() {
             let res = display_script(script, mode, opts.clone(), expand_code_objects);
             if let Err(e) = res {
@@ -76,6 +68,8 @@ fn main() {
             eprintln!("{script:?} is not a file.");
         }
     }
+
+    Ok(())
 }
 
 fn display_script(
diff --git a/examples/parse_folder.rs b/examples/parse_folder.rs
index f54be635c8..97a1eaf036 100644
--- a/examples/parse_folder.rs
+++ b/examples/parse_folder.rs
@@ -4,38 +4,28 @@
 ///
 /// example usage:
 /// $ RUST_LOG=info cargo run --release parse_folder /usr/lib/python3.7
-
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
 extern crate env_logger;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
 
-use clap::{App, Arg};
 use rustpython_parser::{Parse, ast};
 use std::{
-    path::Path,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
 fn main() {
     env_logger::init();
-    let app = App::new("parse_folders")
-        .version(crate_version!())
-        .author(crate_authors!())
-        .about("Walks over all .py files in a folder, and parses them.")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("folder")
-                .help("Folder to scan")
-                .required(true),
-        );
-    let matches = app.get_matches();
 
-    let folder = Path::new(matches.value_of("folder").unwrap());
+    let folder: PathBuf = std::env::args_os()
+        .nth(1)
+        .expect("please pass a path argument")
+        .into();
+
     if folder.exists() && folder.is_dir() {
         println!("Parsing folder of python code: {folder:?}");
         let t1 = Instant::now();
-        let parsed_files = parse_folder(folder).unwrap();
+        let parsed_files = parse_folder(&folder).unwrap();
         let t2 = Instant::now();
         let results = ScanResult {
             t1,
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index b0a176acf2..67a2a16eef 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -37,9 +37,6 @@
 //! it will have your modules loaded into the vm.
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
 
-#[macro_use]
-extern crate clap;
-extern crate env_logger;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
 
@@ -57,7 +54,7 @@ use std::process::ExitCode;
 
 pub use interpreter::InterpreterConfig;
 pub use rustpython_vm as vm;
-pub use settings::{InstallPipMode, RunMode, opts_with_clap};
+pub use settings::{InstallPipMode, RunMode, parse_opts};
 pub use shell::run_shell;
 
 /// The main cli of the `rustpython` interpreter. This function will return `std::process::ExitCode`
@@ -73,7 +70,13 @@ pub fn run(init: impl FnOnce(&mut VirtualMachine) + 'static) -> ExitCode {
         };
     }
 
-    let (settings, run_mode) = opts_with_clap();
+    let (settings, run_mode) = match parse_opts() {
+        Ok(x) => x,
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("{e}");
+            return ExitCode::FAILURE;
+        }
+    };
 
     // don't translate newlines (\r\n <=> \n)
     #[cfg(windows)]
diff --git a/src/settings.rs b/src/settings.rs
index 35114374c8..bc279ba287 100644
--- a/src/settings.rs
+++ b/src/settings.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-use clap::{App, AppSettings, Arg, ArgMatches};
-use rustpython_vm::Settings;
-use std::env;
+use lexopt::Arg::*;
+use lexopt::ValueExt;
+use rustpython_vm::{Settings, vm::CheckHashPycsMode};
+use std::str::FromStr;
+use std::{cmp, env};
 
 pub enum RunMode {
     Script(String),
@@ -15,192 +17,200 @@ pub enum InstallPipMode {
     GetPip,
 }
 
-pub fn opts_with_clap() -> (Settings, RunMode) {
-    let app = App::new("RustPython");
-    let matches = parse_arguments(app);
-    settings_from(&matches)
+impl FromStr for InstallPipMode {
+    type Err = &'static str;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        match s {
+            "ensurepip" => Ok(InstallPipMode::Ensurepip),
+            "get-pip" => Ok(InstallPipMode::GetPip),
+            _ => Err("--install-pip takes ensurepip or get-pip as first argument"),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
-fn parse_arguments<'a>(app: App<'a, '_>) -> ArgMatches<'a> {
-    let app = app
-        .setting(AppSettings::TrailingVarArg)
-        .version(crate_version!())
-        .author(crate_authors!())
-        .about("Rust implementation of the Python language")
-        .usage("rustpython [OPTIONS] [-c CMD | -m MODULE | FILE] [PYARGS]...")
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("script")
-                .required(false)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .value_name("script, args")
-                .min_values(1),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("c")
-                .short("c")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .value_name("cmd, args")
-                .min_values(1)
-                .help("run the given string as a program"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("m")
-                .short("m")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .value_name("module, args")
-                .min_values(1)
-                .help("run library module as script"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("install_pip")
-                .long("install-pip")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .allow_hyphen_values(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .value_name("get-pip args")
-                .min_values(0)
-                .help(
-                    "install the pip package manager for rustpython; \
-                     requires rustpython be build with the ssl feature enabled.",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("optimize")
-                .short("O")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("Optimize. Set __debug__ to false. Remove debug statements."),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("verbose")
-                .short("v")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("Give the verbosity (can be applied multiple times)"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("debug")
-                .short("d")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("Debug the parser."),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("quiet")
-                .short("q")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("Be quiet at startup."),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("inspect")
-                .short("i")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("Inspect interactively after running the script."),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("no-user-site")
-                .short("s")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("don't add user site directory to sys.path."),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("no-site")
-                .short("S")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("don't imply 'import site' on initialization"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("dont-write-bytecode")
-                .short("B")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("don't write .pyc files on import"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("safe-path")
-                .short("P")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("don’t prepend a potentially unsafe path to sys.path"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("ignore-environment")
-                .short("E")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("Ignore environment variables PYTHON* such as PYTHONPATH"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("isolate")
-                .short("I")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help("isolate Python from the user's environment (implies -E and -s)"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("implementation-option")
-                .short("X")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .help("set implementation-specific option"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("warning-control")
-                .short("W")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .multiple(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .help("warning control; arg is action:message:category:module:lineno"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("check-hash-based-pycs")
-                .long("check-hash-based-pycs")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .number_of_values(1)
-                .possible_values(&["always", "default", "never"])
-                .help("control how Python invalidates hash-based .pyc files"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("bytes-warning")
-                .short("b")
-                .multiple(true)
-                .help(
-                    "issue warnings about using bytes where strings \
-                     are usually expected (-bb: issue errors)",
-                ),
-        )
-        .arg(Arg::with_name("unbuffered").short("u").multiple(true).help(
-            "force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered; \
-             this option has no effect on stdin; also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x",
-        ));
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct CliArgs {
+    bytes_warning: u8,
+    dont_write_bytecode: bool,
+    debug: u8,
+    ignore_environment: bool,
+    inspect: bool,
+    isolate: bool,
+    optimize: u8,
+    safe_path: bool,
+    quiet: bool,
+    random_hash_seed: bool,
+    no_user_site: bool,
+    no_site: bool,
+    unbuffered: bool,
+    verbose: u8,
+    warning_control: Vec<String>,
+    implementation_option: Vec<String>,
+    check_hash_based_pycs: CheckHashPycsMode,
+
+    #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
+    profile_output: Option<std::ffi::OsString>,
     #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
-    let app = app
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("profile_output")
-                .long("profile-output")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("the file to output the profiling information to"),
-        )
-        .arg(
-            Arg::with_name("profile_format")
-                .long("profile-format")
-                .takes_value(true)
-                .help("the profile format to output the profiling information in"),
-        );
-    app.get_matches()
+    profile_format: Option<String>,
+}
+
+const USAGE_STRING: &str = "\
+usage: {PROG} [option] ... [-c cmd | -m mod | file | -] [arg] ...
+Options (and corresponding environment variables):
+-b     : issue warnings about converting bytes/bytearray to str and comparing
+         bytes/bytearray with str or bytes with int. (-bb: issue errors)
+-B     : don't write .pyc files on import; also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=x
+-c cmd : program passed in as string (terminates option list)
+-d     : turn on parser debugging output (for experts only, only works on
+         debug builds); also PYTHONDEBUG=x
+-E     : ignore PYTHON* environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH)
+-h     : print this help message and exit (also -? or --help)
+-i     : inspect interactively after running script; forces a prompt even
+         if stdin does not appear to be a terminal; also PYTHONINSPECT=x
+-I     : isolate Python from the user's environment (implies -E and -s)
+-m mod : run library module as a script (terminates option list)
+-O     : remove assert and __debug__-dependent statements; add .opt-1 before
+         .pyc extension; also PYTHONOPTIMIZE=x
+-OO    : do -O changes and also discard docstrings; add .opt-2 before
+         .pyc extension
+-P     : don't prepend a potentially unsafe path to sys.path; also
+         PYTHONSAFEPATH
+-q     : don't print version and copyright messages on interactive startup
+-s     : don't add user site directory to sys.path; also PYTHONNOUSERSITE=x
+-S     : don't imply 'import site' on initialization
+-u     : force the stdout and stderr streams to be unbuffered;
+         this option has no effect on stdin; also PYTHONUNBUFFERED=x
+-v     : verbose (trace import statements); also PYTHONVERBOSE=x
+         can be supplied multiple times to increase verbosity
+-V     : print the Python version number and exit (also --version)
+         when given twice, print more information about the build
+-W arg : warning control; arg is action:message:category:module:lineno
+         also PYTHONWARNINGS=arg
+-x     : skip first line of source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of #!cmd
+-X opt : set implementation-specific option
+--check-hash-based-pycs always|default|never:
+         control how Python invalidates hash-based .pyc files
+--help-env: print help about Python environment variables and exit
+--help-xoptions: print help about implementation-specific -X options and exit
+--help-all: print complete help information and exit
+
+RustPython extensions:
+
+
+Arguments:
+file   : program read from script file
+-      : program read from stdin (default; interactive mode if a tty)
+arg ...: arguments passed to program in sys.argv[1:]
+";
+
+fn parse_args() -> Result<(CliArgs, RunMode, Vec<String>), lexopt::Error> {
+    let mut args = CliArgs::default();
+    let mut parser = lexopt::Parser::from_env();
+    fn argv(argv0: String, mut parser: lexopt::Parser) -> Result<Vec<String>, lexopt::Error> {
+        std::iter::once(Ok(argv0))
+            .chain(parser.raw_args()?.map(|arg| arg.string()))
+            .collect()
+    }
+    while let Some(arg) = parser.next()? {
+        match arg {
+            Short('b') => args.bytes_warning += 1,
+            Short('B') => args.dont_write_bytecode = true,
+            Short('c') => {
+                let cmd = parser.value()?.string()?;
+                return Ok((args, RunMode::Command(cmd), argv("-c".to_owned(), parser)?));
+            }
+            Short('d') => args.debug += 1,
+            Short('E') => args.ignore_environment = true,
+            Short('h' | '?') | Long("help") => help(parser),
+            Short('i') => args.inspect = true,
+            Short('I') => args.isolate = true,
+            Short('m') => {
+                let module = parser.value()?.string()?;
+                let argv = argv("PLACEHOLDER".to_owned(), parser)?;
+                return Ok((args, RunMode::Module(module), argv));
+            }
+            Short('O') => args.optimize += 1,
+            Short('P') => args.safe_path = true,
+            Short('q') => args.quiet = true,
+            Short('R') => args.random_hash_seed = true,
+            Short('S') => args.no_site = true,
+            Short('s') => args.no_user_site = true,
+            Short('u') => args.unbuffered = true,
+            Short('v') => args.verbose += 1,
+            Short('V') | Long("version") => version(),
+            Short('W') => args.warning_control.push(parser.value()?.string()?),
+            // TODO: Short('x') =>
+            Short('X') => args.implementation_option.push(parser.value()?.string()?),
+
+            Long("check-hash-based-pycs") => {
+                args.check_hash_based_pycs = parser.value()?.parse()?
+            }
+
+            // TODO: make these more specific
+            Long("help-env") => help(parser),
+            Long("help-xoptions") => help(parser),
+            Long("help-all") => help(parser),
+
+            #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
+            Long("profile-output") => args.profile_output = Some(parser.value()?),
+            #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
+            Long("profile-format") => args.profile_format = Some(parser.value()?.string()?),
+
+            Long("install-pip") => {
+                let (mode, argv) = if let Some(val) = parser.optional_value() {
+                    (val.parse()?, vec![val.string()?])
+                } else if let Ok(argv0) = parser.value() {
+                    let mode = argv0.parse()?;
+                    (mode, argv(argv0.string()?, parser)?)
+                } else {
+                    (
+                        InstallPipMode::Ensurepip,
+                        ["ensurepip", "--upgrade", "--default-pip"]
+                            .map(str::to_owned)
+                            .into(),
+                    )
+                };
+                return Ok((args, RunMode::InstallPip(mode), argv));
+            }
+            Value(script_name) => {
+                let script_name = script_name.string()?;
+                let mode = if script_name == "-" {
+                    RunMode::Repl
+                } else {
+                    RunMode::Script(script_name.clone())
+                };
+                return Ok((args, mode, argv(script_name, parser)?));
+            }
+            _ => return Err(arg.unexpected()),
+        }
+    }
+    Ok((args, RunMode::Repl, vec![]))
+}
+
+fn help(parser: lexopt::Parser) -> ! {
+    let usage = USAGE_STRING.replace("{PROG}", parser.bin_name().unwrap_or("rustpython"));
+    print!("{usage}");
+    std::process::exit(0);
+}
+
+fn version() -> ! {
+    println!("Python {}", rustpython_vm::version::get_version());
+    std::process::exit(0);
 }
 
 /// Create settings by examining command line arguments and environment
 /// variables.
-fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
+pub fn parse_opts() -> Result<(Settings, RunMode), lexopt::Error> {
+    let (args, mode, argv) = parse_args()?;
+
     let mut settings = Settings::default();
-    settings.isolated = matches.is_present("isolate");
-    let ignore_environment = settings.isolated || matches.is_present("ignore-environment");
-    settings.ignore_environment = ignore_environment;
-    settings.interactive = !matches.is_present("c")
-        && !matches.is_present("m")
-        && (!matches.is_present("script") || matches.is_present("inspect"));
-    settings.bytes_warning = matches.occurrences_of("bytes-warning");
-    settings.import_site = !matches.is_present("no-site");
+    settings.isolated = args.isolate;
+    settings.ignore_environment = settings.isolated || args.ignore_environment;
+    settings.bytes_warning = args.bytes_warning.into();
+    settings.import_site = !args.no_site;
+
+    let ignore_environment = settings.ignore_environment;
 
     if !ignore_environment {
         settings.path_list.extend(get_paths("RUSTPYTHONPATH"));
@@ -209,34 +219,32 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
 
     // Now process command line flags:
 
-    let count_flag = |arg, env| {
-        let mut val = matches.occurrences_of(arg) as u8;
-        if !ignore_environment {
-            if let Some(value) = get_env_var_value(env) {
-                val = std::cmp::max(val, value);
-            }
-        }
-        val
+    let get_env = |env| (!ignore_environment).then(|| env::var_os(env)).flatten();
+
+    let env_count = |env| {
+        get_env(env).filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).map_or(0, |val| {
+            val.to_str().and_then(|v| v.parse::<u8>().ok()).unwrap_or(1)
+        })
     };
 
-    settings.optimize = count_flag("optimize", "PYTHONOPTIMIZE");
-    settings.verbose = count_flag("verbose", "PYTHONVERBOSE");
-    settings.debug = count_flag("debug", "PYTHONDEBUG");
+    settings.optimize = cmp::max(args.optimize, env_count("PYTHONOPTIMIZE"));
+    settings.verbose = cmp::max(args.verbose, env_count("PYTHONVERBOSE"));
+    settings.debug = cmp::max(args.debug, env_count("PYTHONDEBUG"));
 
-    let bool_env_var = |env| !ignore_environment && env::var_os(env).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_empty());
-    let bool_flag = |arg, env| matches.is_present(arg) || bool_env_var(env);
+    let env_bool = |env| get_env(env).is_some_and(|v| !v.is_empty());
 
     settings.user_site_directory =
-        !(settings.isolated || bool_flag("no-user-site", "PYTHONNOUSERSITE"));
-    settings.quiet = matches.is_present("quiet");
-    settings.write_bytecode = !bool_flag("dont-write-bytecode", "PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE");
-    settings.safe_path = settings.isolated || bool_flag("safe-path", "PYTHONSAFEPATH");
-    settings.inspect = bool_flag("inspect", "PYTHONINSPECT");
-    settings.buffered_stdio = !bool_flag("unbuffered", "PYTHONUNBUFFERED");
-
-    if !ignore_environment && env::var_os("PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS").is_some() {
-        settings.int_max_str_digits = match env::var("PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS").unwrap().parse() {
-            Ok(digits @ (0 | 640..)) => digits,
+        !(settings.isolated || args.no_user_site || env_bool("PYTHONNOUSERSITE"));
+    settings.quiet = args.quiet;
+    settings.write_bytecode = !(args.dont_write_bytecode || env_bool("PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE"));
+    settings.safe_path = settings.isolated || args.safe_path || env_bool("PYTHONSAFEPATH");
+    settings.inspect = args.inspect || env_bool("PYTHONINSPECT");
+    settings.interactive = args.inspect;
+    settings.buffered_stdio = !args.unbuffered;
+
+    if let Some(val) = get_env("PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS") {
+        settings.int_max_str_digits = match val.to_str().and_then(|s| s.parse().ok()) {
+            Some(digits @ (0 | 640..)) => digits,
             _ => {
                 error!(
                     "Fatal Python error: config_init_int_max_str_digits: PYTHONINTMAXSTRDIGITS: invalid limit; must be >= 640 or 0 for unlimited.\nPython runtime state: preinitialized"
@@ -246,42 +254,39 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
         };
     }
 
-    settings.check_hash_pycs_mode = matches
-        .value_of("check-hash-based-pycs")
-        .map(|val| val.parse().unwrap())
-        .unwrap_or_default();
-
-    let xopts = matches
-        .values_of("implementation-option")
-        .unwrap_or_default()
-        .map(|s| {
-            let (name, value) = s.split_once('=').unzip();
-            let name = name.unwrap_or(s);
-            match name {
-                "dev" => settings.dev_mode = true,
-                "warn_default_encoding" => settings.warn_default_encoding = true,
-                "no_sig_int" => settings.install_signal_handlers = false,
-                "int_max_str_digits" => {
-                    settings.int_max_str_digits = match value.unwrap().parse() {
-                        Ok(digits) if digits == 0 || digits >= 640 => digits,
-                        _ => {
-                            error!(
-                                "Fatal Python error: config_init_int_max_str_digits: \
-                                 -X int_max_str_digits: \
-                                 invalid limit; must be >= 640 or 0 for unlimited.\n\
-                                 Python runtime state: preinitialized"
-                            );
-                            std::process::exit(1);
-                        }
-                    };
-                }
-                _ => {}
+    settings.check_hash_pycs_mode = args.check_hash_based_pycs;
+
+    let xopts = args.implementation_option.into_iter().map(|s| {
+        let (name, value) = match s.split_once('=') {
+            Some((name, value)) => (name.to_owned(), Some(value)),
+            None => (s, None),
+        };
+        match &*name {
+            "dev" => settings.dev_mode = true,
+            "warn_default_encoding" => settings.warn_default_encoding = true,
+            "no_sig_int" => settings.install_signal_handlers = false,
+            "int_max_str_digits" => {
+                settings.int_max_str_digits = match value.unwrap().parse() {
+                    Ok(digits) if digits == 0 || digits >= 640 => digits,
+                    _ => {
+                        error!(
+                            "Fatal Python error: config_init_int_max_str_digits: \
+                             -X int_max_str_digits: \
+                             invalid limit; must be >= 640 or 0 for unlimited.\n\
+                             Python runtime state: preinitialized"
+                        );
+                        std::process::exit(1);
+                    }
+                };
             }
-            (name.to_owned(), value.map(str::to_owned))
-        });
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        (name, value.map(str::to_owned))
+    });
     settings.xoptions.extend(xopts);
 
-    settings.warn_default_encoding |= bool_env_var("PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING");
+    settings.warn_default_encoding =
+        settings.warn_default_encoding || env_bool("PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING");
 
     if settings.dev_mode {
         settings.warnoptions.push("default".to_owned())
@@ -294,66 +299,34 @@ fn settings_from(matches: &ArgMatches) -> (Settings, RunMode) {
         };
         settings.warnoptions.push(warn.to_owned());
     }
-    if let Some(warnings) = matches.values_of("warning-control") {
-        settings.warnoptions.extend(warnings.map(ToOwned::to_owned));
-    }
+    settings.warnoptions.extend(args.warning_control);
 
-    let (mode, argv) = if let Some(mut cmd) = matches.values_of("c") {
-        let command = cmd.next().expect("clap ensure this exists");
-        let argv = std::iter::once("-c".to_owned())
-            .chain(cmd.map(ToOwned::to_owned))
-            .collect();
-        (RunMode::Command(command.to_owned()), argv)
-    } else if let Some(mut cmd) = matches.values_of("m") {
-        let module = cmd.next().expect("clap ensure this exists");
-        let argv = std::iter::once("PLACEHOLDER".to_owned())
-            .chain(cmd.map(ToOwned::to_owned))
-            .collect();
-        (RunMode::Module(module.to_owned()), argv)
-    } else if let Some(get_pip_args) = matches.values_of("install_pip") {
-        settings.isolated = true;
-        let mut args: Vec<_> = get_pip_args.map(ToOwned::to_owned).collect();
-        if args.is_empty() {
-            args.extend(["ensurepip", "--upgrade", "--default-pip"].map(str::to_owned));
+    settings.hash_seed = match (!args.random_hash_seed)
+        .then(|| get_env("PYTHONHASHSEED"))
+        .flatten()
+    {
+        Some(s) if s == "random" || s == "" => None,
+        Some(s) => {
+            let seed = s.parse_with(|s| {
+                s.parse::<u32>().map_err(|_| {
+                    "Fatal Python init error: PYTHONHASHSEED must be \
+                    \"random\" or an integer in range [0; 4294967295]"
+                })
+            })?;
+            Some(seed)
         }
-        let mode = match &*args[0] {
-            "ensurepip" => InstallPipMode::Ensurepip,
-            "get-pip" => InstallPipMode::GetPip,
-            _ => panic!("--install-pip takes ensurepip or get-pip as first argument"),
-        };
-        (RunMode::InstallPip(mode), args)
-    } else if let Some(argv) = matches.values_of("script") {
-        let argv: Vec<_> = argv.map(ToOwned::to_owned).collect();
-        let script = argv[0].clone();
-        (RunMode::Script(script), argv)
-    } else {
-        (RunMode::Repl, vec!["".to_owned()])
+        None => None,
     };
 
-    let hash_seed = match env::var("PYTHONHASHSEED") {
-        Ok(s) if s == "random" => Some(None),
-        Ok(s) => s.parse::<u32>().ok().map(Some),
-        Err(_) => Some(None),
-    };
-    settings.hash_seed = hash_seed.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        error!("Fatal Python init error: PYTHONHASHSEED must be \"random\" or an integer in range [0; 4294967295]");
-        // TODO: Need to change to ExitCode or Termination
-        std::process::exit(1)
-    });
-
     settings.argv = argv;
 
-    (settings, mode)
-}
+    #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
+    {
+        settings.profile_output = args.profile_output;
+        settings.profile_format = args.profile_format;
+    }
 
-/// Get environment variable and turn it into integer.
-fn get_env_var_value(name: &str) -> Option<u8> {
-    env::var_os(name).filter(|v| !v.is_empty()).map(|value| {
-        value
-            .to_str()
-            .and_then(|v| v.parse::<u8>().ok())
-            .unwrap_or(1)
-    })
+    Ok((settings, mode))
 }
 
 /// Helper function to retrieve a sequence of paths from an environment variable.
diff --git a/vm/src/version.rs b/vm/src/version.rs
index 8c42866a64..f2ac2354f8 100644
--- a/vm/src/version.rs
+++ b/vm/src/version.rs
@@ -17,9 +17,10 @@ pub const VERSION_HEX: usize =
 
 pub fn get_version() -> String {
     format!(
-        "{:.80} ({:.80}) \n[{:.80}]", // \n is PyPy convention
+        "{:.80} ({:.80}) \n[RustPython {} with {:.80}]", // \n is PyPy convention
         get_version_number(),
         get_build_info(),
+        env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
         get_compiler()
     )
 }

From 45c0fa0e7790143d175c32aaa122cdbc09cb1a1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Nicholas Paulick <paulicknicholas@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Mar 2025 13:50:42 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 498/705] Floating Point Power and While Loop JIT (#5614)

* Initial commit for power function

* Float power jit developed

* Addded support for Floats and Ints

* Integration Testing for JITPower implementation.

* Update instructions.rs

* Update int_tests.rs

* Update float_tests.rs

* Updated cranelift and power function to use magic bs

* Updated the compile_fpow accuracy

* updating while loop test

* Update instructions.rs

cranelift more like painlift

* Update instructions.rs

* Update instructions.rs

* initial commit for making stable PR ready features

* fixed final edge case for compile_ipow

* fixed final edge case for compile_ipow

* commenting out compile_ipow

* fixed spelling errors

* removed unused tests

* forgot to run clippy

* Cleaned the branch

* While loop implementation for Cranelift 0.116.1

* Floating Point

* Removed testing print statement

* Resolved some formatting

* Fixed cargo fmt warning

* Fixed int div and int exp issues

* Fixed formatting

---------

Co-authored-by: Nick <nick@Samanthas-MBP.wi.rr.com>
Co-authored-by: JoeLoparco <loparcojoseph@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Daniel O'Hear <149127239+dohear@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Joseph Loparco <149088810+JoeLoparco@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Nick <nick@pcp090057pcs.mu.edu>
Co-authored-by: dohear <daniel.ohear@marquette.edu>
Co-authored-by: Nathan Rusch <nathan.rusch@icloud.com>
Co-authored-by: Nick <nick@pcp093574pcs.mu.edu>
Co-authored-by: Joseph Loparco <--global loparcoJoseph@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Nick <nick@Samanthas-MacBook-Pro.local>
---
 Cargo.lock               | 231 +++++-----
 jit/Cargo.toml           |   6 +-
 jit/src/instructions.rs  | 893 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 jit/src/lib.rs           |   2 +-
 jit/tests/float_tests.rs | 111 +++++
 jit/tests/int_tests.rs   |  39 +-
 jit/tests/misc_tests.rs  |   1 -
 7 files changed, 983 insertions(+), 300 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index e1f720698e..b3b8da765e 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -36,6 +36,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "allocator-api2"
+version = "0.2.21"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "683d7910e743518b0e34f1186f92494becacb047c7b6bf616c96772180fef923"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "android-tzdata"
 version = "0.1.1"
@@ -67,10 +73,10 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "arrayvec"
-version = "0.7.6"
+name = "arbitrary"
+version = "1.4.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7c02d123df017efcdfbd739ef81735b36c5ba83ec3c59c80a9d7ecc718f92e50"
+checksum = "dde20b3d026af13f561bdd0f15edf01fc734f0dafcedbaf42bba506a9517f223"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ascii"
@@ -156,6 +162,9 @@ name = "bumpalo"
 version = "3.17.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1628fb46dfa0b37568d12e5edd512553eccf6a22a78e8bde00bb4aed84d5bdbf"
+dependencies = [
+ "allocator-api2",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytemuck"
@@ -309,118 +318,145 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea1b0c164043c16a8ece6813eef609ac2262a32a0bb0f5ed6eecf5d7bfb79ba8"
+checksum = "a71de5e59f616d79d14d2c71aa2799ce898241d7f10f7e64a4997014b4000a28"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "cranelift-frontend",
+ "cranelift-module",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bforest"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "52056f6d0584484b57fa6c1a65c1fcb15f3780d8b6a758426d9e3084169b2ddd"
+checksum = "e15d04a0ce86cb36ead88ad68cf693ffd6cda47052b9e0ac114bc47fd9cd23c4"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-entity",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cranelift-bitset"
+version = "0.116.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7c6e3969a7ce267259ce244b7867c5d3bc9e65b0a87e81039588dfdeaede9f34"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "18fed94c8770dc25d01154c3ffa64ed0b3ba9d583736f305fed7beebe5d9cf74"
+checksum = "2c22032c4cb42558371cf516bb47f26cdad1819d3475c133e93c49f50ebf304e"
 dependencies = [
- "arrayvec",
  "bumpalo",
  "cranelift-bforest",
+ "cranelift-bitset",
  "cranelift-codegen-meta",
  "cranelift-codegen-shared",
+ "cranelift-control",
  "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
+ "gimli",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.5",
  "log",
  "regalloc2",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
+ "serde",
  "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
+ "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1c451b81faf237d11c7e4f3165eeb6bac61112762c5cfe7b4c0fb7241474358f"
+checksum = "c904bc71c61b27fc57827f4a1379f29de64fe95653b620a3db77d59655eee0b8"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "40180f5497572f644ce88c255480981ae2ec1d7bb4d8e0c0136a13b87a2f2ceb"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cranelift-control"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e7c940133198426d26128f08be2b40b0bd117b84771fd36798969c4d712d81fc"
+checksum = "26d132c6d0bd8a489563472afc171759da0707804a65ece7ceb15a8c6d7dd5ef"
+dependencies = [
+ "arbitrary",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-entity"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87a0f1b2fdc18776956370cf8d9b009ded3f855350c480c1c52142510961f352"
+checksum = "4b2d0d9618275474fbf679dd018ac6e009acbd6ae6850f6a67be33fb3b00b323"
+dependencies = [
+ "cranelift-bitset",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-frontend"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34897538b36b216cc8dd324e73263596d51b8cf610da6498322838b2546baf8a"
+checksum = "4fac41e16729107393174b0c9e3730fb072866100e1e64e80a1a963b2e484d57"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
  "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon",
+ "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-isle"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1b2629a569fae540f16a76b70afcc87ad7decb38dc28fa6c648ac73b51e78470"
+checksum = "1ca20d576e5070044d0a72a9effc2deacf4d6aa650403189d8ea50126483944d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-jit"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "625be33ce54cf906c408f5ad9d08caa6e2a09e52d05fd0bd1bd95b132bfbba73"
+checksum = "5e65c42755a719b09662b00c700daaf76cc35d5ace1f5c002ad404b591ff1978"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cranelift-codegen",
+ "cranelift-control",
  "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-module",
  "cranelift-native",
  "libc",
  "log",
  "region",
- "target-lexicon",
- "windows-sys 0.36.1",
+ "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
+ "wasmtime-jit-icache-coherence",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-module"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "883f8d42e07fd6b283941688f6c41a9e3b97fbf2b4ddcfb2756e675b86dc5edb"
+checksum = "4d55612bebcf16ff7306c8a6f5bdb6d45662b8aa1ee058ecce8807ad87db719b"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cranelift-codegen",
+ "cranelift-control",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-native"
-version = "0.88.2"
+version = "0.116.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "20937dab4e14d3e225c5adfc9c7106bafd4ac669bdb43027b911ff794c6fb318"
+checksum = "b8dee82f3f1f2c4cba9177f1cc5e350fe98764379bcd29340caa7b01f85076c7"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "libc",
- "target-lexicon",
+ "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -658,6 +694,12 @@ version = "1.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "de853764b47027c2e862a995c34978ffa63c1501f2e15f987ba11bd4f9bba193"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fallible-iterator"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2acce4a10f12dc2fb14a218589d4f1f62ef011b2d0cc4b3cb1bba8e94da14649"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "fd-lock"
 version = "4.0.2"
@@ -737,15 +779,6 @@ version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "00b0228411908ca8685dba7fc2cdd70ec9990a6e753e89b6ac91a84c40fbaf4b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "fxhash"
-version = "0.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c31b6d751ae2c7f11320402d34e41349dd1016f8d5d45e48c4312bc8625af50c"
-dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "generic-array"
 version = "0.14.7"
@@ -802,6 +835,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "gimli"
+version = "0.31.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "07e28edb80900c19c28f1072f2e8aeca7fa06b23cd4169cefe1af5aa3260783f"
+dependencies = [
+ "fallible-iterator",
+ "indexmap",
+ "stable_deref_trait",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "glob"
 version = "0.3.2"
@@ -1186,10 +1230,10 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "mach"
-version = "0.3.2"
+name = "mach2"
+version = "0.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b823e83b2affd8f40a9ee8c29dbc56404c1e34cd2710921f2801e2cf29527afa"
+checksum = "19b955cdeb2a02b9117f121ce63aa52d08ade45de53e48fe6a38b39c10f6f709"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
@@ -1668,7 +1712,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b14b5775b5ff446dd1056212d778012cbe8a0fbffd368029fd9e25b514479c38"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
- "target-lexicon",
+ "target-lexicon 0.12.16",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1840,13 +1884,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regalloc2"
-version = "0.3.2"
+version = "0.11.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d43a209257d978ef079f3d446331d0f1794f5e0fc19b306a199983857833a779"
+checksum = "145c1c267e14f20fb0f88aa76a1c5ffec42d592c1d28b3cd9148ae35916158d3"
 dependencies = [
- "fxhash",
+ "allocator-api2",
+ "bumpalo",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.2",
  "log",
- "slice-group-by",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
@@ -1881,14 +1927,14 @@ checksum = "2b15c43186be67a4fd63bee50d0303afffcef381492ebe2c5d87f324e1b8815c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "region"
-version = "2.2.0"
+version = "3.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "877e54ea2adcd70d80e9179344c97f93ef0dffd6b03e1f4529e6e83ab2fa9ae0"
+checksum = "e6b6ebd13bc009aef9cd476c1310d49ac354d36e240cf1bd753290f3dc7199a7"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 1.3.2",
  "libc",
- "mach",
- "winapi",
+ "mach2",
+ "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1918,6 +1964,12 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustc-hash"
+version = "2.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "357703d41365b4b27c590e3ed91eabb1b663f07c4c084095e60cbed4362dff0d"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc_version"
 version = "0.4.1"
@@ -2128,7 +2180,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
  "phf",
  "phf_codegen",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 1.1.0",
  "rustpython-ast",
  "rustpython-parser-core",
  "tiny-keccak",
@@ -2522,12 +2574,6 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "56199f7ddabf13fe5074ce809e7d3f42b42ae711800501b5b16ea82ad029c39d"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "slice-group-by"
-version = "0.3.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "826167069c09b99d56f31e9ae5c99049e932a98c9dc2dac47645b08dbbf76ba7"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
 version = "1.14.0"
@@ -2544,6 +2590,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "stable_deref_trait"
+version = "1.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a8f112729512f8e442d81f95a8a7ddf2b7c6b8a1a6f509a95864142b30cab2d3"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "static_assertions"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -2635,6 +2687,12 @@ version = "0.12.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "61c41af27dd6d1e27b1b16b489db798443478cef1f06a660c96db617ba5de3b1"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "target-lexicon"
+version = "0.13.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e502f78cdbb8ba4718f566c418c52bc729126ffd16baee5baa718cf25dd5a69a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "termcolor"
 version = "1.4.1"
@@ -3118,6 +3176,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "wasmtime-jit-icache-coherence"
+version = "29.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ec5e8552e01692e6c2e5293171704fed8abdec79d1a6995a0870ab190e5747d1"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "web-sys"
 version = "0.3.77"
@@ -3196,19 +3266,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows-sys"
-version = "0.36.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea04155a16a59f9eab786fe12a4a450e75cdb175f9e0d80da1e17db09f55b8d2"
-dependencies = [
- "windows_aarch64_msvc 0.36.1",
- "windows_i686_gnu 0.36.1",
- "windows_i686_msvc 0.36.1",
- "windows_x86_64_gnu 0.36.1",
- "windows_x86_64_msvc 0.36.1",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.48.0"
@@ -3279,12 +3336,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "32a4622180e7a0ec044bb555404c800bc9fd9ec262ec147edd5989ccd0c02cd3"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
-version = "0.36.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9bb8c3fd39ade2d67e9874ac4f3db21f0d710bee00fe7cab16949ec184eeaa47"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_aarch64_msvc"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3297,12 +3348,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "09ec2a7bb152e2252b53fa7803150007879548bc709c039df7627cabbd05d469"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_gnu"
-version = "0.36.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "180e6ccf01daf4c426b846dfc66db1fc518f074baa793aa7d9b9aaeffad6a3b6"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_gnu"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3321,12 +3366,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0eee52d38c090b3caa76c563b86c3a4bd71ef1a819287c19d586d7334ae8ed66"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_i686_msvc"
-version = "0.36.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e2e7917148b2812d1eeafaeb22a97e4813dfa60a3f8f78ebe204bcc88f12f024"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_i686_msvc"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3339,12 +3378,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "240948bc05c5e7c6dabba28bf89d89ffce3e303022809e73deaefe4f6ec56c66"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
-version = "0.36.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4dcd171b8776c41b97521e5da127a2d86ad280114807d0b2ab1e462bc764d9e1"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_gnu"
 version = "0.48.5"
@@ -3369,12 +3402,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "24d5b23dc417412679681396f2b49f3de8c1473deb516bd34410872eff51ed0d"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
-version = "0.36.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c811ca4a8c853ef420abd8592ba53ddbbac90410fab6903b3e79972a631f7680"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "windows_x86_64_msvc"
 version = "0.48.5"
diff --git a/jit/Cargo.toml b/jit/Cargo.toml
index cc26eb59a5..f59293a7ea 100644
--- a/jit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/jit/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
 
-cranelift = "0.88.0"
-cranelift-jit = "0.88.0"
-cranelift-module = "0.88.0"
+cranelift = "0.116.1"
+cranelift-jit = "0.116.1"
+cranelift-module = "0.116.1"
 
 [dependencies.libffi]
 version = "3.1.0"
diff --git a/jit/src/instructions.rs b/jit/src/instructions.rs
index 1b74760dc0..bf30e51d74 100644
--- a/jit/src/instructions.rs
+++ b/jit/src/instructions.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 #[repr(u16)]
 enum CustomTrapCode {
     /// Raised when shifting by a negative number
-    NegativeShiftCount = 0,
+    NegativeShiftCount = 1,
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -56,6 +56,12 @@ impl JitValue {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct DDValue {
+    hi: Value,
+    lo: Value,
+}
+
 pub struct FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
     builder: &'a mut FunctionBuilder<'b>,
     stack: Vec<JitValue>,
@@ -123,14 +129,14 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
     fn boolean_val(&mut self, val: JitValue) -> Result<Value, JitCompileError> {
         match val {
             JitValue::Float(val) => {
-                let zero = self.builder.ins().f64const(0);
+                let zero = self.builder.ins().f64const(0.0);
                 let val = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::NotEqual, val, zero);
-                Ok(self.builder.ins().bint(types::I8, val))
+                Ok(val)
             }
             JitValue::Int(val) => {
                 let zero = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0);
                 let val = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::NotEqual, val, zero);
-                Ok(self.builder.ins().bint(types::I8, val))
+                Ok(val)
             }
             JitValue::Bool(val) => Ok(val),
             JitValue::None => Ok(self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I8, 0)),
@@ -151,38 +157,60 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
         func_ref: FuncRef,
         bytecode: &CodeObject<C>,
     ) -> Result<(), JitCompileError> {
-        // TODO: figure out if this is sufficient -- previously individual labels were associated
-        // pretty much per-bytecode that uses them, or at least per "type" of block -- in theory an
-        // if block and a with block might jump to the same place. Now it's all "flattened", so
-        // there might be less distinction between different types of blocks going off
-        // label_targets alone
         let label_targets = bytecode.label_targets();
-
         let mut arg_state = OpArgState::default();
-        for (offset, instruction) in bytecode.instructions.iter().enumerate() {
-            let (instruction, arg) = arg_state.get(*instruction);
+
+        // Track whether we have "returned" in the current block
+        let mut in_unreachable_code = false;
+
+        for (offset, &raw_instr) in bytecode.instructions.iter().enumerate() {
             let label = Label(offset as u32);
+            let (instruction, arg) = arg_state.get(raw_instr);
+
+            // If this is a label that some earlier jump can target,
+            // treat it as the start of a new reachable block:
             if label_targets.contains(&label) {
-                let block = self.get_or_create_block(label);
+                // Create or get the block for this label:
+                let target_block = self.get_or_create_block(label);
 
-                // If the current block is not terminated/filled just jump
-                // into the new block.
-                if !self.builder.is_filled() {
-                    self.builder.ins().jump(block, &[]);
+                // If the current block isn't terminated, jump:
+                if let Some(cur) = self.builder.current_block() {
+                    if cur != target_block && self.builder.func.layout.last_inst(cur).is_none() {
+                        self.builder.ins().jump(target_block, &[]);
+                    }
+                }
+                // Switch to the target block
+                if self.builder.current_block() != Some(target_block) {
+                    self.builder.switch_to_block(target_block);
                 }
 
-                self.builder.switch_to_block(block);
+                // We are definitely reachable again at this label
+                in_unreachable_code = false;
             }
 
-            // Sometimes the bytecode contains instructions after a return
-            // just ignore those until we are at the next label
-            if self.builder.is_filled() {
+            // If we're in unreachable code, skip this instruction unless the label re-entered above.
+            if in_unreachable_code {
                 continue;
             }
 
+            // Actually compile this instruction:
             self.add_instruction(func_ref, bytecode, instruction, arg)?;
+
+            // If that was a return instruction, mark future instructions unreachable
+            match instruction {
+                Instruction::ReturnValue | Instruction::ReturnConst { .. } => {
+                    in_unreachable_code = true;
+                }
+                _ => {}
+            }
         }
 
+        // After processing, if the current block is unterminated, insert a trap or fallthrough
+        if let Some(cur) = self.builder.current_block() {
+            if self.builder.func.layout.last_inst(cur).is_none() {
+                self.builder.ins().trap(TrapCode::user(0).unwrap());
+            }
+        }
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -214,10 +242,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
 
     fn return_value(&mut self, val: JitValue) -> Result<(), JitCompileError> {
         if let Some(ref ty) = self.sig.ret {
+            // If the signature has a return type, enforce it
             if val.to_jit_type().as_ref() != Some(ty) {
                 return Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported);
             }
         } else {
+            // First time we see a return, define it in the signature
             let ty = val.to_jit_type().ok_or(JitCompileError::NotSupported)?;
             self.sig.ret = Some(ty.clone());
             self.builder
@@ -226,7 +256,12 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                 .returns
                 .push(AbiParam::new(ty.to_cranelift()));
         }
-        self.builder.ins().return_(&[val.into_value().unwrap()]);
+
+        // If this is e.g. an Int, Float, or Bool we have a Cranelift `Value`.
+        // If we have JitValue::None or .Tuple(...) but can't handle that, error out (or handle differently).
+        let cr_val = val.into_value().ok_or(JitCompileError::NotSupported)?;
+
+        self.builder.ins().return_(&[cr_val]);
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -241,34 +276,34 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
             Instruction::ExtendedArg => Ok(()),
             Instruction::JumpIfFalse { target } => {
                 let cond = self.stack.pop().ok_or(JitCompileError::BadBytecode)?;
-
                 let val = self.boolean_val(cond)?;
                 let then_block = self.get_or_create_block(target.get(arg));
-                self.builder.ins().brz(val, then_block, &[]);
+                let else_block = self.builder.create_block();
 
-                let block = self.builder.create_block();
-                self.builder.ins().jump(block, &[]);
-                self.builder.switch_to_block(block);
+                self.builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .brif(val, else_block, &[], then_block, &[]);
+                self.builder.switch_to_block(else_block);
 
                 Ok(())
             }
             Instruction::JumpIfTrue { target } => {
                 let cond = self.stack.pop().ok_or(JitCompileError::BadBytecode)?;
-
                 let val = self.boolean_val(cond)?;
                 let then_block = self.get_or_create_block(target.get(arg));
-                self.builder.ins().brnz(val, then_block, &[]);
+                let else_block = self.builder.create_block();
 
-                let block = self.builder.create_block();
-                self.builder.ins().jump(block, &[]);
-                self.builder.switch_to_block(block);
+                self.builder
+                    .ins()
+                    .brif(val, then_block, &[], else_block, &[]);
+                self.builder.switch_to_block(else_block);
 
                 Ok(())
             }
+
             Instruction::Jump { target } => {
                 let target_block = self.get_or_create_block(target.get(arg));
                 self.builder.ins().jump(target_block, &[]);
-
                 Ok(())
             }
             Instruction::LoadFast(idx) => {
@@ -354,9 +389,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                         };
 
                         let val = self.builder.ins().icmp(cond, operand_one, operand_two);
-                        // TODO: Remove this `bint` in cranelift 0.90 as icmp now returns i8
-                        self.stack
-                            .push(JitValue::Bool(self.builder.ins().bint(types::I8, val)));
+                        self.stack.push(JitValue::Bool(val));
                         Ok(())
                     }
                     (JitValue::Float(a), JitValue::Float(b)) => {
@@ -370,9 +403,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                         };
 
                         let val = self.builder.ins().fcmp(cond, a, b);
-                        // TODO: Remove this `bint` in cranelift 0.90 as fcmp now returns i8
-                        self.stack
-                            .push(JitValue::Bool(self.builder.ins().bint(types::I8, val)));
+                        self.stack.push(JitValue::Bool(val));
                         Ok(())
                     }
                     _ => Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported),
@@ -414,35 +445,34 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
 
                 let val = match (op, a, b) {
                     (BinaryOperator::Add, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
-                        let (out, carry) = self.builder.ins().iadd_ifcout(a, b);
-                        self.builder.ins().trapif(
-                            IntCC::Overflow,
-                            carry,
-                            TrapCode::IntegerOverflow,
-                        );
+                        let (out, carry) = self.builder.ins().sadd_overflow(a, b);
+                        self.builder.ins().trapnz(carry, TrapCode::INTEGER_OVERFLOW);
                         JitValue::Int(out)
                     }
                     (BinaryOperator::Subtract, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
                         JitValue::Int(self.compile_sub(a, b))
                     }
-                    (BinaryOperator::Multiply, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
-                        JitValue::Int(self.builder.ins().imul(a, b))
-                    }
                     (BinaryOperator::FloorDivide, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
                         JitValue::Int(self.builder.ins().sdiv(a, b))
                     }
                     (BinaryOperator::Divide, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
-                        // Convert to float for regular division
+                        // Check if b == 0, If so trap with a division by zero error
+                        self.builder
+                            .ins()
+                            .trapz(b, TrapCode::INTEGER_DIVISION_BY_ZERO);
+                        // Else convert to float and divide
                         let a_float = self.builder.ins().fcvt_from_sint(types::F64, a);
                         let b_float = self.builder.ins().fcvt_from_sint(types::F64, b);
                         JitValue::Float(self.builder.ins().fdiv(a_float, b_float))
                     }
+                    (BinaryOperator::Multiply, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
+                        JitValue::Int(self.builder.ins().imul(a, b))
+                    }
                     (BinaryOperator::Modulo, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
                         JitValue::Int(self.builder.ins().srem(a, b))
                     }
-                    // Todo: This should return int when possible
                     (BinaryOperator::Power, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Int(b)) => {
-                        JitValue::Float(self.compile_ipow(a, b))
+                        JitValue::Int(self.compile_ipow(a, b))
                     }
                     (
                         BinaryOperator::Lshift | BinaryOperator::Rshift,
@@ -454,7 +484,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                         let sign = self.builder.ins().ushr_imm(b, 63);
                         self.builder.ins().trapnz(
                             sign,
-                            TrapCode::User(CustomTrapCode::NegativeShiftCount as u16),
+                            TrapCode::user(CustomTrapCode::NegativeShiftCount as u8).unwrap(),
                         );
 
                         let out = if op == BinaryOperator::Lshift {
@@ -487,6 +517,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                     (BinaryOperator::Divide, JitValue::Float(a), JitValue::Float(b)) => {
                         JitValue::Float(self.builder.ins().fdiv(a, b))
                     }
+                    (BinaryOperator::Power, JitValue::Float(a), JitValue::Float(b)) => {
+                        JitValue::Float(self.compile_fpow(a, b))
+                    }
 
                     // Floats and Integers
                     (_, JitValue::Int(a), JitValue::Float(b))
@@ -514,6 +547,9 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                             BinaryOperator::Divide => {
                                 JitValue::Float(self.builder.ins().fdiv(operand_one, operand_two))
                             }
+                            BinaryOperator::Power => {
+                                JitValue::Float(self.compile_fpow(operand_one, operand_two))
+                            }
                             _ => return Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported),
                         }
                     }
@@ -523,7 +559,13 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
 
                 Ok(())
             }
-            Instruction::SetupLoop { .. } | Instruction::PopBlock => {
+            Instruction::SetupLoop { .. } => {
+                let loop_head = self.builder.create_block();
+                self.builder.ins().jump(loop_head, &[]);
+                self.builder.switch_to_block(loop_head);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Instruction::PopBlock => {
                 // TODO: block support
                 Ok(())
             }
@@ -562,167 +604,660 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
     }
 
     fn compile_sub(&mut self, a: Value, b: Value) -> Value {
-        // TODO: this should be fine, but cranelift doesn't special-case isub_ifbout
-        // let (out, carry) = self.builder.ins().isub_ifbout(a, b);
-        // self.builder
-        //     .ins()
-        //     .trapif(IntCC::Overflow, carry, TrapCode::IntegerOverflow);
-        // TODO: this shouldn't wrap
-        let neg_b = self.builder.ins().ineg(b);
-        let (out, carry) = self.builder.ins().iadd_ifcout(a, neg_b);
-        self.builder
-            .ins()
-            .trapif(IntCC::Overflow, carry, TrapCode::IntegerOverflow);
+        let (out, carry) = self.builder.ins().ssub_overflow(a, b);
+        self.builder.ins().trapnz(carry, TrapCode::INTEGER_OVERFLOW);
         out
     }
-    fn compile_ipow(&mut self, a: Value, b: Value) -> Value {
-        // Convert base to float since result might not always be a Int
-        let float_base = self.builder.ins().fcvt_from_sint(types::F64, a);
-
-        // Create code blocks
-        let check_block1 = self.builder.create_block();
-        let check_block2 = self.builder.create_block();
-        let check_block3 = self.builder.create_block();
-        let handle_neg_exp = self.builder.create_block();
-        let loop_block = self.builder.create_block();
-        let continue_block = self.builder.create_block();
-        let exit_block = self.builder.create_block();
 
-        // Set code block params
-        // Set code block params
-        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block1, types::F64);
-        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block1, types::I64);
+    /// Creates a double–double (DDValue) from a regular f64 constant.
+    /// The high part is set to x and the low part is set to 0.0.
+    fn dd_from_f64(&mut self, x: f64) -> DDValue {
+        DDValue {
+            hi: self.builder.ins().f64const(x),
+            lo: self.builder.ins().f64const(0.0),
+        }
+    }
 
-        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block2, types::F64);
-        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block2, types::I64);
+    /// Creates a DDValue from a Value (assumed to represent an f64).
+    /// This function initializes the high part with x and the low part to 0.0.
+    fn dd_from_value(&mut self, x: Value) -> DDValue {
+        DDValue {
+            hi: x,
+            lo: self.builder.ins().f64const(0.0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a DDValue from two f64 parts.
+    /// The 'hi' parameter sets the high part and 'lo' sets the low part.
+    fn dd_from_parts(&mut self, hi: f64, lo: f64) -> DDValue {
+        DDValue {
+            hi: self.builder.ins().f64const(hi),
+            lo: self.builder.ins().f64const(lo),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts a DDValue back to a single f64 value by adding the high and low parts.
+    fn dd_to_f64(&mut self, dd: DDValue) -> Value {
+        self.builder.ins().fadd(dd.hi, dd.lo)
+    }
+
+    /// Computes the negation of a DDValue.
+    /// It subtracts both the high and low parts from zero.
+    fn dd_neg(&mut self, dd: DDValue) -> DDValue {
+        let zero = self.builder.ins().f64const(0.0);
+        DDValue {
+            hi: self.builder.ins().fsub(zero, dd.hi),
+            lo: self.builder.ins().fsub(zero, dd.lo),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Adds two DDValue numbers using error-free transformations to maintain extra precision.
+    /// It carefully adds the high parts, computes the rounding error, adds the low parts along with the error,
+    /// and then normalizes the result.
+    fn dd_add(&mut self, a: DDValue, b: DDValue) -> DDValue {
+        // Compute the sum of the high parts.
+        let s = self.builder.ins().fadd(a.hi, b.hi);
+        // Compute t = s - a.hi to capture part of the rounding error.
+        let t = self.builder.ins().fsub(s, a.hi);
+        // Compute the error e from the high part additions.
+        let s_minus_t = self.builder.ins().fsub(s, t);
+        let part1 = self.builder.ins().fsub(a.hi, s_minus_t);
+        let part2 = self.builder.ins().fsub(b.hi, t);
+        let e = self.builder.ins().fadd(part1, part2);
+        // Sum the low parts along with the error.
+        let lo = self.builder.ins().fadd(a.lo, b.lo);
+        let lo_sum = self.builder.ins().fadd(lo, e);
+        // Renormalize: add the low sum to s and compute a new low component.
+        let hi_new = self.builder.ins().fadd(s, lo_sum);
+        let hi_new_minus_s = self.builder.ins().fsub(hi_new, s);
+        let lo_new = self.builder.ins().fsub(lo_sum, hi_new_minus_s);
+        DDValue {
+            hi: hi_new,
+            lo: lo_new,
+        }
+    }
 
-        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block3, types::F64);
-        self.builder.append_block_param(check_block3, types::I64);
+    /// Subtracts DDValue b from DDValue a by negating b and then using the addition function.
+    fn dd_sub(&mut self, a: DDValue, b: DDValue) -> DDValue {
+        let neg_b = self.dd_neg(b);
+        self.dd_add(a, neg_b)
+    }
 
-        self.builder.append_block_param(handle_neg_exp, types::F64);
-        self.builder.append_block_param(handle_neg_exp, types::I64);
+    /// Multiplies two DDValue numbers using double–double arithmetic.
+    /// It calculates the high product, uses a fused multiply–add (FMA) to capture rounding error,
+    /// computes the cross products, and then normalizes the result.
+    fn dd_mul(&mut self, a: DDValue, b: DDValue) -> DDValue {
+        // p = a.hi * b.hi (primary product)
+        let p = self.builder.ins().fmul(a.hi, b.hi);
+        // err = fma(a.hi, b.hi, -p) recovers the rounding error.
+        let zero = self.builder.ins().f64const(0.0);
+        let neg_p = self.builder.ins().fsub(zero, p);
+        let err = self.builder.ins().fma(a.hi, b.hi, neg_p);
+        // Compute cross terms: a.hi*b.lo + a.lo*b.hi.
+        let a_hi_b_lo = self.builder.ins().fmul(a.hi, b.lo);
+        let a_lo_b_hi = self.builder.ins().fmul(a.lo, b.hi);
+        let cross = self.builder.ins().fadd(a_hi_b_lo, a_lo_b_hi);
+        // Sum p and the cross terms.
+        let s = self.builder.ins().fadd(p, cross);
+        // Isolate rounding error from the addition.
+        let t = self.builder.ins().fsub(s, p);
+        let s_minus_t = self.builder.ins().fsub(s, t);
+        let part1 = self.builder.ins().fsub(p, s_minus_t);
+        let part2 = self.builder.ins().fsub(cross, t);
+        let e = self.builder.ins().fadd(part1, part2);
+        // Include the error from the low parts multiplication.
+        let a_lo_b_lo = self.builder.ins().fmul(a.lo, b.lo);
+        let err_plus_e = self.builder.ins().fadd(err, e);
+        let lo_sum = self.builder.ins().fadd(err_plus_e, a_lo_b_lo);
+        // Renormalize the sum.
+        let hi_new = self.builder.ins().fadd(s, lo_sum);
+        let hi_new_minus_s = self.builder.ins().fsub(hi_new, s);
+        let lo_new = self.builder.ins().fsub(lo_sum, hi_new_minus_s);
+        DDValue {
+            hi: hi_new,
+            lo: lo_new,
+        }
+    }
 
-        self.builder.append_block_param(loop_block, types::F64); //base
-        self.builder.append_block_param(loop_block, types::F64); //result
-        self.builder.append_block_param(loop_block, types::I64); //exponent
+    /// Multiplies a DDValue by a regular f64 (Value) using similar techniques as dd_mul.
+    /// It multiplies both the high and low parts by b, computes the rounding error,
+    /// and then renormalizes the result.
+    fn dd_mul_f64(&mut self, a: DDValue, b: Value) -> DDValue {
+        // p = a.hi * b (primary product)
+        let p = self.builder.ins().fmul(a.hi, b);
+        // Compute the rounding error using fma.
+        let zero = self.builder.ins().f64const(0.0);
+        let neg_p = self.builder.ins().fsub(zero, p);
+        let err = self.builder.ins().fma(a.hi, b, neg_p);
+        // Multiply the low part.
+        let cross = self.builder.ins().fmul(a.lo, b);
+        // Sum the primary product and the low multiplication.
+        let s = self.builder.ins().fadd(p, cross);
+        // Capture rounding error from addition.
+        let t = self.builder.ins().fsub(s, p);
+        let s_minus_t = self.builder.ins().fsub(s, t);
+        let part1 = self.builder.ins().fsub(p, s_minus_t);
+        let part2 = self.builder.ins().fsub(cross, t);
+        let e = self.builder.ins().fadd(part1, part2);
+        // Combine the error components.
+        let lo_sum = self.builder.ins().fadd(err, e);
+        // Renormalize to form the final double–double number.
+        let hi_new = self.builder.ins().fadd(s, lo_sum);
+        let hi_new_minus_s = self.builder.ins().fsub(hi_new, s);
+        let lo_new = self.builder.ins().fsub(lo_sum, hi_new_minus_s);
+        DDValue {
+            hi: hi_new,
+            lo: lo_new,
+        }
+    }
 
-        self.builder.append_block_param(continue_block, types::F64); //base
-        self.builder.append_block_param(continue_block, types::F64); //result
-        self.builder.append_block_param(continue_block, types::I64); //exponent
+    /// Scales a DDValue by multiplying both its high and low parts by the given factor.
+    fn dd_scale(&mut self, dd: DDValue, factor: Value) -> DDValue {
+        DDValue {
+            hi: self.builder.ins().fmul(dd.hi, factor),
+            lo: self.builder.ins().fmul(dd.lo, factor),
+        }
+    }
 
-        self.builder.append_block_param(exit_block, types::F64);
+    /// Approximates ln(1+f) using its Taylor series expansion in double–double arithmetic.
+    /// It computes the series ∑ (-1)^(i-1) * f^i / i from i = 1 to 1000 for high precision.
+    fn dd_ln_1p_series(&mut self, f: Value) -> DDValue {
+        // Convert f to a DDValue and initialize the sum and term.
+        let f_dd = self.dd_from_value(f);
+        let mut sum = f_dd.clone();
+        let mut term = f_dd;
+        // Alternating sign starts at -1 for the second term.
+        let mut sign = -1.0_f64;
+        let range = 1000;
+
+        // Loop over terms from i = 2 to 1000.
+        for i in 2..=range {
+            // Compute f^i by multiplying the previous term by f.
+            term = self.dd_mul_f64(term, f);
+            // Divide the term by i.
+            let inv_i = 1.0 / (i as f64);
+            let c_inv_i = self.builder.ins().f64const(inv_i);
+            let term_div = self.dd_mul_f64(term.clone(), c_inv_i);
+            // Multiply by the alternating sign.
+            let dd_sign = self.dd_from_f64(sign);
+            let to_add = self.dd_mul(dd_sign, term_div);
+            // Add the term to the cumulative sum.
+            sum = self.dd_add(sum, to_add);
+            // Flip the sign for the next term.
+            sign = -sign;
+        }
+        sum
+    }
 
-        // Begin evaluating by jumping to first check block
-        self.builder.ins().jump(check_block1, &[float_base, b]);
+    /// Computes the natural logarithm ln(x) in double–double arithmetic.
+    /// It first checks for domain errors (x ≤ 0 or NaN), then extracts the exponent
+    /// and mantissa from the bit-level representation of x. It computes ln(mantissa) using
+    /// the ln(1+f) series and adds k*ln2 to obtain ln(x).
+    fn dd_ln(&mut self, x: Value) -> DDValue {
+        // (A) Prepare a DDValue representing NaN.
+        let dd_nan = self.dd_from_f64(f64::NAN);
 
-        // Check block one:
-        // Checks if input is O ** n where n > 0
-        // Jumps to exit_block as 0 if true
-        self.builder.switch_to_block(check_block1);
-        let paramsc1 = self.builder.block_params(check_block1);
-        let basec1 = paramsc1[0];
-        let expc1 = paramsc1[1];
+        // Build a zero constant for comparisons.
         let zero_f64 = self.builder.ins().f64const(0.0);
-        let zero_i64 = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0);
-        let is_base_zero = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Equal, zero_f64, basec1);
-        let is_exp_positive = self
+
+        // Check if x is less than or equal to 0 or is NaN.
+        let cmp_le = self
             .builder
             .ins()
-            .icmp(IntCC::SignedGreaterThan, expc1, zero_i64);
-        let is_zero_to_positive = self.builder.ins().band(is_base_zero, is_exp_positive);
-        self.builder
+            .fcmp(FloatCC::LessThanOrEqual, x, zero_f64);
+        let cmp_nan = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Unordered, x, x);
+        let need_nan = self.builder.ins().bor(cmp_le, cmp_nan);
+
+        // (B) Reinterpret the bits of x as an integer.
+        let bits = self.builder.ins().bitcast(types::I64, MemFlags::new(), x);
+
+        // (C) Extract the exponent (top 11 bits) from the bit representation.
+        let shift_52 = self.builder.ins().ushr_imm(bits, 52);
+        let exponent_mask = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0x7FF);
+        let exponent = self.builder.ins().band(shift_52, exponent_mask);
+
+        // k = exponent - 1023 (unbias the exponent).
+        let bias = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 1023);
+        let k_i64 = self.builder.ins().isub(exponent, bias);
+
+        // (D) Extract the fraction (mantissa) from the lower 52 bits.
+        let fraction_mask = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0x000F_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF);
+        let fraction_part = self.builder.ins().band(bits, fraction_mask);
+
+        // (E) For normal numbers (exponent ≠ 0), add the implicit leading 1.
+        let implicit_one = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 1 << 52);
+        let zero_exp = self.builder.ins().icmp_imm(IntCC::Equal, exponent, 0);
+        let frac_one_bor = self.builder.ins().bor(fraction_part, implicit_one);
+        let fraction_with_leading_one = self.builder.ins().select(
+            zero_exp,
+            fraction_part, // For subnormals, do not add the implicit 1.
+            frac_one_bor,
+        );
+
+        // (F) Force the exponent bits to 1023, yielding a mantissa m in [1, 2).
+        let new_exp = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0x3FF0_0000_0000_0000);
+        let fraction_bits = self.builder.ins().bor(fraction_with_leading_one, new_exp);
+        let m = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .bitcast(types::F64, MemFlags::new(), fraction_bits);
+
+        // (G) Compute ln(m) using the series ln(1+f) with f = m - 1.
+        let one_f64 = self.builder.ins().f64const(1.0);
+        let f_val = self.builder.ins().fsub(m, one_f64);
+        let dd_ln_m = self.dd_ln_1p_series(f_val);
+
+        // (H) Compute k*ln2 in double–double arithmetic.
+        let ln2_dd = self.dd_from_parts(
+            f64::from_bits(0x3fe62e42fefa39ef),
+            f64::from_bits(0x3c7abc9e3b39803f),
+        );
+        let k_f64 = self.builder.ins().fcvt_from_sint(types::F64, k_i64);
+        let dd_ln2_k = self.dd_mul_f64(ln2_dd, k_f64);
+
+        // Add ln(m) and k*ln2 to get the final ln(x).
+        let normal_result = self.dd_add(dd_ln_m, dd_ln2_k);
+
+        // (I) If x was nonpositive or NaN, return NaN; otherwise, return the computed result.
+        let final_hi = self
+            .builder
             .ins()
-            .brnz(is_zero_to_positive, exit_block, &[zero_f64]);
-        self.builder.ins().jump(check_block2, &[basec1, expc1]);
-
-        // Check block two:
-        // Checks if exponent is negative
-        // Jumps to a special handle_neg_exponent block if true
-        self.builder.switch_to_block(check_block2);
-        let paramsc2 = self.builder.block_params(check_block2);
-        let basec2 = paramsc2[0];
-        let expc2 = paramsc2[1];
-        let zero_i64 = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0);
-        let is_neg = self
+            .select(need_nan, dd_nan.hi, normal_result.hi);
+        let final_lo = self
             .builder
             .ins()
-            .icmp(IntCC::SignedLessThan, expc2, zero_i64);
+            .select(need_nan, dd_nan.lo, normal_result.lo);
+
+        DDValue {
+            hi: final_hi,
+            lo: final_lo,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Computes the exponential function exp(x) in double–double arithmetic.
+    /// It uses range reduction to write x = k*ln2 + r, computes exp(r) via a Taylor series,
+    /// scales the result by 2^k, and handles overflow by checking if k exceeds the maximum.
+    fn dd_exp(&mut self, dd: DDValue) -> DDValue {
+        // (A) Range reduction: Convert dd to a single f64 value.
+        let x = self.dd_to_f64(dd.clone());
+        let ln2_f64 = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .f64const(f64::from_bits(0x3fe62e42fefa39ef));
+        let div = self.builder.ins().fdiv(x, ln2_f64);
+        let half = self.builder.ins().f64const(0.5);
+        let div_plus_half = self.builder.ins().fadd(div, half);
+        // Rounding: floor(div + 0.5) gives the nearest integer k.
+        let k = self.builder.ins().fcvt_to_sint(types::I64, div_plus_half);
+
+        // --- OVERFLOW CHECK ---
+        // Check if k is greater than the maximum exponent for finite doubles (1023).
+        let max_k = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 1023);
+        let is_overflow = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::SignedGreaterThan, k, max_k);
+
+        // Define infinity and zero for the overflow case.
+        let inf = self.builder.ins().f64const(f64::INFINITY);
+        let zero = self.builder.ins().f64const(0.0);
+
+        // (B) Compute exp(x) normally when not overflowing.
+        // Compute k*ln2 in double–double arithmetic and subtract it from x.
+        let ln2_dd = self.dd_from_parts(
+            f64::from_bits(0x3fe62e42fefa39ef),
+            f64::from_bits(0x3c7abc9e3b39803f),
+        );
+        let k_f64 = self.builder.ins().fcvt_from_sint(types::F64, k);
+        let k_ln2 = self.dd_mul_f64(ln2_dd, k_f64);
+        let r = self.dd_sub(dd, k_ln2);
+
+        // Compute exp(r) using a Taylor series.
+        let mut sum = self.dd_from_f64(1.0); // Initialize sum to 1.
+        let mut term = self.dd_from_f64(1.0); // Initialize the first term to 1.
+        let n_terms = 1000;
+        for i in 1..=n_terms {
+            term = self.dd_mul(term, r.clone());
+            let inv = 1.0 / (i as f64);
+            let inv_const = self.builder.ins().f64const(inv);
+            term = self.dd_mul_f64(term, inv_const);
+            sum = self.dd_add(sum, term.clone());
+        }
+
+        // Reconstruct the final result by scaling with 2^k.
+        let bias = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 1023);
+        let k_plus_bias = self.builder.ins().iadd(k, bias);
+        let shift_count = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 52);
+        let shifted = self.builder.ins().ishl(k_plus_bias, shift_count);
+        let two_to_k = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .bitcast(types::F64, MemFlags::new(), shifted);
+        let result = self.dd_scale(sum, two_to_k);
+
+        // (C) If overflow was detected, return infinity; otherwise, return the computed value.
+        let final_hi = self.builder.ins().select(is_overflow, inf, result.hi);
+        let final_lo = self.builder.ins().select(is_overflow, zero, result.lo);
+        DDValue {
+            hi: final_hi,
+            lo: final_lo,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Computes the power function a^b (f_pow) for f64 values using double–double arithmetic for high precision.
+    /// It handles different cases for the base 'a':
+    /// - For a > 0: Computes exp(b * ln(a)).
+    /// - For a == 0: Handles special cases for 0^b, including returning 0, 1, or a domain error.
+    /// - For a < 0: Allows only an integer exponent b and adjusts the sign if b is odd.
+    fn compile_fpow(&mut self, a: Value, b: Value) -> Value {
+        let f64_ty = types::F64;
+        let i64_ty = types::I64;
+        let zero_f = self.builder.ins().f64const(0.0);
+        let one_f = self.builder.ins().f64const(1.0);
+        let nan_f = self.builder.ins().f64const(f64::NAN);
+        let inf_f = self.builder.ins().f64const(f64::INFINITY);
+        let neg_inf_f = self.builder.ins().f64const(f64::NEG_INFINITY);
+
+        // Merge block for final result.
+        let merge_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder.append_block_param(merge_block, f64_ty);
+
+        // --- Edge Case 1: b == 0.0 → return 1.0
+        let cmp_b_zero = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Equal, b, zero_f);
+        let b_zero_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_block = self.builder.create_block();
         self.builder
             .ins()
-            .brnz(is_neg, handle_neg_exp, &[basec2, expc2]);
-        self.builder.ins().jump(check_block3, &[basec2, expc2]);
-
-        // Check block three:
-        // Checks if exponent is one
-        // jumps to exit block with the base of the exponents value
-        self.builder.switch_to_block(check_block3);
-        let paramsc3 = self.builder.block_params(check_block3);
-        let basec3 = paramsc3[0];
-        let expc3 = paramsc3[1];
-        let resc3 = self.builder.ins().f64const(1.0);
-        let one_i64 = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 1);
-        let is_one = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, expc3, one_i64);
-        self.builder.ins().brnz(is_one, exit_block, &[basec3]);
-        self.builder.ins().jump(loop_block, &[basec3, resc3, expc3]);
-
-        // Handles negative Exponents
-        // calculates x^(-n) = (1/x)^n
-        // then proceeds to the loop to evaluate
-        self.builder.switch_to_block(handle_neg_exp);
-        let paramshn = self.builder.block_params(handle_neg_exp);
-        let basehn = paramshn[0];
-        let exphn = paramshn[1];
-        let one_f64 = self.builder.ins().f64const(1.0);
-        let base_inverse = self.builder.ins().fdiv(one_f64, basehn);
-        let pos_exp = self.builder.ins().ineg(exphn);
+            .brif(cmp_b_zero, b_zero_block, &[], continue_block, &[]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(b_zero_block);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[one_f]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_block);
+
+        // --- Edge Case 2: b is NaN → return NaN
+        let cmp_b_nan = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Unordered, b, b);
+        let b_nan_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_block2 = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp_b_nan, b_nan_block, &[], continue_block2, &[]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(b_nan_block);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[nan_f]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_block2);
+
+        // --- Edge Case 3: a == 0.0 → return 0.0
+        let cmp_a_zero = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Equal, a, zero_f);
+        let a_zero_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_block3 = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp_a_zero, a_zero_block, &[], continue_block3, &[]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(a_zero_block);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[zero_f]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_block3);
+
+        // --- Edge Case 4: a is NaN → return NaN
+        let cmp_a_nan = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Unordered, a, a);
+        let a_nan_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_block4 = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp_a_nan, a_nan_block, &[], continue_block4, &[]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(a_nan_block);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[nan_f]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_block4);
+
+        // --- Edge Case 5: b == +infinity → return +infinity
+        let cmp_b_inf = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Equal, b, inf_f);
+        let b_inf_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_block5 = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp_b_inf, b_inf_block, &[], continue_block5, &[]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(b_inf_block);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[inf_f]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_block5);
+
+        // --- Edge Case 6: b == -infinity → return 0.0
+        let cmp_b_neg_inf = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Equal, b, neg_inf_f);
+        let b_neg_inf_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_block6 = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp_b_neg_inf, b_neg_inf_block, &[], continue_block6, &[]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(b_neg_inf_block);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[zero_f]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_block6);
+
+        // --- Edge Case 7: a == +infinity → return +infinity
+        let cmp_a_inf = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Equal, a, inf_f);
+        let a_inf_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_block7 = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp_a_inf, a_inf_block, &[], continue_block7, &[]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(a_inf_block);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[inf_f]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_block7);
+
+        // --- Edge Case 8: a == -infinity → check exponent parity
+        let cmp_a_neg_inf = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Equal, a, neg_inf_f);
+        let a_neg_inf_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_block8 = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp_a_neg_inf, a_neg_inf_block, &[], continue_block8, &[]);
+
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(a_neg_inf_block);
+        // a is -infinity here. First, ensure that b is an integer.
+        let b_floor = self.builder.ins().floor(b);
+        let cmp_int = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Equal, b_floor, b);
+        let domain_error_blk = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_neg_inf = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp_int, continue_neg_inf, &[], domain_error_blk, &[]);
+
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(domain_error_blk);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[nan_f]);
+
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_neg_inf);
+        // b is an integer here; convert b_floor to an i64.
+        let b_i64 = self.builder.ins().fcvt_to_sint(i64_ty, b_floor);
+        let one_i = self.builder.ins().iconst(i64_ty, 1);
+        let remainder = self.builder.ins().band(b_i64, one_i);
+        let zero_i = self.builder.ins().iconst(i64_ty, 0);
+        let is_odd = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::NotEqual, remainder, zero_i);
+
+        // Create separate blocks for odd and even cases.
+        let odd_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let even_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder.append_block_param(odd_block, f64_ty);
+        self.builder.append_block_param(even_block, f64_ty);
         self.builder
             .ins()
-            .jump(loop_block, &[base_inverse, one_f64, pos_exp]);
+            .brif(is_odd, odd_block, &[neg_inf_f], even_block, &[inf_f]);
 
-        // Main loop block
-        // checks loop condition (exp > 0)
-        // Jumps to continue block if true, exit block if false
-        self.builder.switch_to_block(loop_block);
-        let paramslb = self.builder.block_params(loop_block);
-        let baselb = paramslb[0];
-        let reslb = paramslb[1];
-        let explb = paramslb[2];
-        let zero = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0);
-        let is_zero = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, explb, zero);
-        self.builder.ins().brnz(is_zero, exit_block, &[reslb]);
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(odd_block);
+        let phi_neg_inf = self.builder.block_params(odd_block)[0];
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[phi_neg_inf]);
+
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(even_block);
+        let phi_inf = self.builder.block_params(even_block)[0];
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[phi_inf]);
+
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_block8);
+
+        // --- Normal branch: neither a nor b hit the special cases.
+        // Here we branch based on the sign of a.
+        let cmp_lt = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::LessThan, a, zero_f);
+        let a_neg_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let a_pos_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp_lt, a_neg_block, &[], a_pos_block, &[]);
+
+        // ----- Case: a > 0: Compute a^b = exp(b * ln(a)) using double–double arithmetic.
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(a_pos_block);
+        let ln_a_dd = self.dd_ln(a);
+        let b_dd = self.dd_from_value(b);
+        let product_dd = self.dd_mul(ln_a_dd, b_dd);
+        let exp_dd = self.dd_exp(product_dd);
+        let pos_res = self.dd_to_f64(exp_dd);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[pos_res]);
+
+        // ----- Case: a < 0: Only allow an integral exponent.
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(a_neg_block);
+        let b_floor = self.builder.ins().floor(b);
+        let cmp_int = self.builder.ins().fcmp(FloatCC::Equal, b_floor, b);
+        let neg_int_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let domain_error_blk = self.builder.create_block();
+        self.builder
+            .ins()
+            .brif(cmp_int, neg_int_block, &[], domain_error_blk, &[]);
+
+        // Domain error: non-integer exponent for negative base
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(domain_error_blk);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[nan_f]);
+
+        // For negative base with an integer exponent:
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(neg_int_block);
+        let abs_a = self.builder.ins().fabs(a);
+        let ln_abs_dd = self.dd_ln(abs_a);
+        let b_dd = self.dd_from_value(b);
+        let product_dd = self.dd_mul(ln_abs_dd, b_dd);
+        let exp_dd = self.dd_exp(product_dd);
+        let mag_val = self.dd_to_f64(exp_dd);
+
+        let b_i64 = self.builder.ins().fcvt_to_sint(i64_ty, b_floor);
+        let one_i = self.builder.ins().iconst(i64_ty, 1);
+        let remainder = self.builder.ins().band(b_i64, one_i);
+        let zero_i = self.builder.ins().iconst(i64_ty, 0);
+        let is_odd = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::NotEqual, remainder, zero_i);
+
+        let odd_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let even_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        // Append block parameters for both branches:
+        self.builder.append_block_param(odd_block, f64_ty);
+        self.builder.append_block_param(even_block, f64_ty);
+        // Pass mag_val to both branches:
         self.builder
             .ins()
-            .jump(continue_block, &[baselb, reslb, explb]);
+            .brif(is_odd, odd_block, &[mag_val], even_block, &[mag_val]);
+
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(odd_block);
+        let phi_mag_val = self.builder.block_params(odd_block)[0];
+        let neg_val = self.builder.ins().fneg(phi_mag_val);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[neg_val]);
+
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(even_block);
+        let phi_mag_val_even = self.builder.block_params(even_block)[0];
+        self.builder.ins().jump(merge_block, &[phi_mag_val_even]);
+
+        // ----- Merge: Return the final result.
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(merge_block);
+        let final_val = self.builder.block_params(merge_block)[0];
+        final_val
+    }
+
+    fn compile_ipow(&mut self, a: Value, b: Value) -> Value {
+        let zero = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 0);
+        let one_i64 = self.builder.ins().iconst(types::I64, 1);
 
-        // Continue block
-        // Main math logic
-        // Always jumps back to loob_block
+        // Create required blocks
+        let check_negative = self.builder.create_block();
+        let handle_negative = self.builder.create_block();
+        let loop_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let continue_block = self.builder.create_block();
+        let exit_block = self.builder.create_block();
+
+        // Set up block parameters
+        self.builder.append_block_param(check_negative, types::I64); // exponent
+        self.builder.append_block_param(check_negative, types::I64); // base
+
+        self.builder.append_block_param(handle_negative, types::I64); // abs(exponent)
+        self.builder.append_block_param(handle_negative, types::I64); // base
+
+        self.builder.append_block_param(loop_block, types::I64); // exponent
+        self.builder.append_block_param(loop_block, types::I64); // result
+        self.builder.append_block_param(loop_block, types::I64); // base
+
+        self.builder.append_block_param(exit_block, types::I64); // final result
+
+        // Set up parameters for continue_block
+        self.builder.append_block_param(continue_block, types::I64); // exponent
+        self.builder.append_block_param(continue_block, types::I64); // result
+        self.builder.append_block_param(continue_block, types::I64); // base
+
+        // Initial jump to check if exponent is negative
+        self.builder.ins().jump(check_negative, &[b, a]);
+
+        // Check if exponent is negative
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(check_negative);
+        let params = self.builder.block_params(check_negative);
+        let exp_check = params[0];
+        let base_check = params[1];
+
+        let is_negative = self
+            .builder
+            .ins()
+            .icmp(IntCC::SignedLessThan, exp_check, zero);
+        self.builder.ins().brif(
+            is_negative,
+            handle_negative,
+            &[exp_check, base_check],
+            loop_block,
+            &[exp_check, one_i64, base_check],
+        );
+
+        // Handle negative exponent (return 0 for integer exponentiation)
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(handle_negative);
+        self.builder.ins().jump(exit_block, &[zero]); // Return 0 for negative exponents
+
+        // Loop block logic (square-and-multiply algorithm)
+        self.builder.switch_to_block(loop_block);
+        let params = self.builder.block_params(loop_block);
+        let exp_phi = params[0];
+        let result_phi = params[1];
+        let base_phi = params[2];
+
+        // Check if exponent is zero
+        let is_zero = self.builder.ins().icmp(IntCC::Equal, exp_phi, zero);
+        self.builder.ins().brif(
+            is_zero,
+            exit_block,
+            &[result_phi],
+            continue_block,
+            &[exp_phi, result_phi, base_phi],
+        );
+
+        // Continue block for non-zero case
         self.builder.switch_to_block(continue_block);
-        let paramscb = self.builder.block_params(continue_block);
-        let basecb = paramscb[0];
-        let rescb = paramscb[1];
-        let expcb = paramscb[2];
-        let is_odd = self.builder.ins().band_imm(expcb, 1);
+        let params = self.builder.block_params(continue_block);
+        let exp_phi = params[0];
+        let result_phi = params[1];
+        let base_phi = params[2];
+
+        // If exponent is odd, multiply result by base
+        let is_odd = self.builder.ins().band_imm(exp_phi, 1);
         let is_odd = self.builder.ins().icmp_imm(IntCC::Equal, is_odd, 1);
-        let mul_result = self.builder.ins().fmul(rescb, basecb);
-        let new_result = self.builder.ins().select(is_odd, mul_result, rescb);
-        let squared_base = self.builder.ins().fmul(basecb, basecb);
-        let new_exp = self.builder.ins().sshr_imm(expcb, 1);
+        let mul_result = self.builder.ins().imul(result_phi, base_phi);
+        let new_result = self.builder.ins().select(is_odd, mul_result, result_phi);
+
+        // Square the base and divide exponent by 2
+        let squared_base = self.builder.ins().imul(base_phi, base_phi);
+        let new_exp = self.builder.ins().sshr_imm(exp_phi, 1);
         self.builder
             .ins()
-            .jump(loop_block, &[squared_base, new_result, new_exp]);
+            .jump(loop_block, &[new_exp, new_result, squared_base]);
 
+        // Exit block
         self.builder.switch_to_block(exit_block);
-        let result = self.builder.block_params(exit_block)[0];
+        let res = self.builder.block_params(exit_block)[0];
 
-        self.builder.seal_block(check_block1);
-        self.builder.seal_block(check_block2);
-        self.builder.seal_block(check_block3);
-        self.builder.seal_block(handle_neg_exp);
+        // Seal all blocks
+        self.builder.seal_block(check_negative);
+        self.builder.seal_block(handle_negative);
         self.builder.seal_block(loop_block);
         self.builder.seal_block(continue_block);
         self.builder.seal_block(exit_block);
 
-        result
+        res
     }
 }
diff --git a/jit/src/lib.rs b/jit/src/lib.rs
index 37f1f2a3dd..33054b1c95 100644
--- a/jit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/jit/src/lib.rs
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ pub fn compile<C: bytecode::Constant>(
 
     let (id, sig) = jit.build_function(bytecode, args, ret)?;
 
-    jit.module.finalize_definitions();
+    jit.module.finalize_definitions()?;
 
     let code = jit.module.get_finalized_function(id);
     Ok(CompiledCode {
diff --git a/jit/tests/float_tests.rs b/jit/tests/float_tests.rs
index 2ba7dec822..384d7b9468 100644
--- a/jit/tests/float_tests.rs
+++ b/jit/tests/float_tests.rs
@@ -110,6 +110,117 @@ fn test_mul_with_integer() {
     assert_bits_eq!(mul(-0.0, -1), Ok(0.0f64));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_power() {
+    let pow = jit_function! { pow(a:f64, b:f64) -> f64 => r##"
+        def pow(a:float, b: float):
+            return a**b
+    "##};
+    // Test base cases
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(0.0, 0.0), Ok(1.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(0.0, 1.0), Ok(0.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(1.0, 0.0), Ok(1.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(1.0, 1.0), Ok(1.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(1.0, -1.0), Ok(1.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-1.0, 0.0), Ok(1.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-1.0, 1.0), Ok(-1.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-1.0, -1.0), Ok(-1.0));
+
+    // NaN and Infinity cases
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(f64::NAN, 0.0), Ok(1.0));
+    //assert_approx_eq!(pow(f64::NAN, 1.0), Ok(f64::NAN)); // Return the correct answer but fails compare
+    //assert_approx_eq!(pow(0.0, f64::NAN), Ok(f64::NAN)); // Return the correct answer but fails compare
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(f64::INFINITY, 0.0), Ok(1.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(f64::INFINITY, 1.0), Ok(f64::INFINITY));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(f64::INFINITY, f64::INFINITY), Ok(f64::INFINITY));
+    // Negative infinity cases:
+    // For any exponent of 0.0, the result is 1.0.
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(f64::NEG_INFINITY, 0.0), Ok(1.0));
+    // For negative infinity base, when b is an odd integer, result is -infinity;
+    // when b is even, result is +infinity.
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(f64::NEG_INFINITY, 1.0), Ok(f64::NEG_INFINITY));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(f64::NEG_INFINITY, 2.0), Ok(f64::INFINITY));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(f64::NEG_INFINITY, 3.0), Ok(f64::NEG_INFINITY));
+    // Exponent -infinity gives 0.0.
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(f64::NEG_INFINITY, f64::NEG_INFINITY), Ok(0.0));
+
+    // Test positive float base, positive float exponent
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.0, 2.0), Ok(4.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(3.0, 3.0), Ok(27.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(4.0, 4.0), Ok(256.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.0, 3.0), Ok(8.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.0, 4.0), Ok(16.0));
+    // Test negative float base, positive float exponent (integral exponents only)
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.0, 2.0), Ok(4.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-3.0, 3.0), Ok(-27.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-4.0, 4.0), Ok(256.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.0, 3.0), Ok(-8.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.0, 4.0), Ok(16.0));
+    // Test positive float base, positive float exponent
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.5, 2.0), Ok(6.25));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(3.5, 3.0), Ok(42.875));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(4.5, 4.0), Ok(410.0625));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.5, 3.0), Ok(15.625));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.5, 4.0), Ok(39.0625));
+    // Test negative float base, positive float exponent (integral exponents only)
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.5, 2.0), Ok(6.25));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-3.5, 3.0), Ok(-42.875));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-4.5, 4.0), Ok(410.0625));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.5, 3.0), Ok(-15.625));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.5, 4.0), Ok(39.0625));
+    // Test positive float base, positive float exponent with nonintegral exponents
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.0, 2.5), Ok(5.656854249492381));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(3.0, 3.5), Ok(46.76537180435969));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(4.0, 4.5), Ok(512.0));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.0, 3.5), Ok(11.313708498984761));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.0, 4.5), Ok(22.627416997969522));
+    // Test positive float base, negative float exponent
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.0, -2.5), Ok(0.1767766952966369));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(3.0, -3.5), Ok(0.021383343303319473));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(4.0, -4.5), Ok(0.001953125));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.0, -3.5), Ok(0.08838834764831845));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(2.0, -4.5), Ok(0.04419417382415922));
+    // Test negative float base, negative float exponent (integral exponents only)
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.0, -2.0), Ok(0.25));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-3.0, -3.0), Ok(-0.037037037037037035));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-4.0, -4.0), Ok(0.00390625));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.0, -3.0), Ok(-0.125));
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.0, -4.0), Ok(0.0625));
+
+    // Currently negative float base with nonintegral exponent is not supported:
+    // assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.0, 2.5), Ok(5.656854249492381));
+    // assert_approx_eq!(pow(-3.0, 3.5), Ok(-46.76537180435969));
+    // assert_approx_eq!(pow(-4.0, 4.5), Ok(512.0));
+    // assert_approx_eq!(pow(-2.0, -2.5), Ok(0.1767766952966369));
+    // assert_approx_eq!(pow(-3.0, -3.5), Ok(0.021383343303319473));
+    // assert_approx_eq!(pow(-4.0, -4.5), Ok(0.001953125));
+
+    // Extra cases **NOTE** these are not all working:
+    //      * If they are commented in then they work
+    //      * If they are commented out with a number that is the current return value it throws vs the expected value
+    //      * If they are commented out with a "fail to run" that means I couldn't get them to work, could add a case for really big or small values
+    // 1e308^2.0
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(1e308, 2.0), Ok(f64::INFINITY));
+    // 1e308^(1e-2)
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(1e308, 1e-2), Ok(1202.2644346174131));
+    // 1e-308^2.0
+    //assert_approx_eq!(pow(1e-308, 2.0), Ok(0.0));  // --8.403311421507407
+    // 1e-308^-2.0
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(1e-308, -2.0), Ok(f64::INFINITY));
+    // 1e100^(1e50)
+    //assert_approx_eq!(pow(1e100, 1e50), Ok(1.0000000000000002e+150)); // fail to run (Crashes as "illegal hardware instruction")
+    // 1e50^(1e-100)
+    assert_approx_eq!(pow(1e50, 1e-100), Ok(1.0));
+    // 1e308^(-1e2)
+    //assert_approx_eq!(pow(1e308, -1e2), Ok(0.0)); // 2.961801792837933e25
+    // 1e-308^(1e2)
+    //assert_approx_eq!(pow(1e-308, 1e2), Ok(f64::INFINITY)); // 1.6692559244043896e46
+    // 1e308^(-1e308)
+    // assert_approx_eq!(pow(1e308, -1e308), Ok(0.0)); // fail to run (Crashes as "illegal hardware instruction")
+    // 1e-308^(1e308)
+    // assert_approx_eq!(pow(1e-308, 1e308), Ok(0.0)); // fail to run (Crashes as "illegal hardware instruction")
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_div() {
     let div = jit_function! { div(a:f64, b:f64) -> f64 => r##"
diff --git a/jit/tests/int_tests.rs b/jit/tests/int_tests.rs
index 353052df00..5ab2697e07 100644
--- a/jit/tests/int_tests.rs
+++ b/jit/tests/int_tests.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ fn test_mul() {
 }
 
 #[test]
-
 fn test_div() {
     let div = jit_function! { div(a:i64, b:i64) -> f64 => r##"
         def div(a: int, b: int):
@@ -87,23 +86,23 @@ fn test_floor_div() {
 #[test]
 
 fn test_exp() {
-    let exp = jit_function! { exp(a: i64, b: i64) -> f64 => r##"
+    let exp = jit_function! { exp(a: i64, b: i64) -> i64 => r##"
     def exp(a: int, b: int):
         return a ** b
     "## };
 
-    assert_eq!(exp(2, 3), Ok(8.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(3, 2), Ok(9.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(5, 0), Ok(1.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(0, 0), Ok(1.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(-5, 0), Ok(1.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(0, 1), Ok(0.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(0, 5), Ok(0.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(-2, 2), Ok(4.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(-3, 4), Ok(81.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(-2, 3), Ok(-8.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(-3, 3), Ok(-27.0));
-    assert_eq!(exp(1000, 2), Ok(1000000.0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(2, 3), Ok(8));
+    assert_eq!(exp(3, 2), Ok(9));
+    assert_eq!(exp(5, 0), Ok(1));
+    assert_eq!(exp(0, 0), Ok(1));
+    assert_eq!(exp(-5, 0), Ok(1));
+    assert_eq!(exp(0, 1), Ok(0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(0, 5), Ok(0));
+    assert_eq!(exp(-2, 2), Ok(4));
+    assert_eq!(exp(-3, 4), Ok(81));
+    assert_eq!(exp(-2, 3), Ok(-8));
+    assert_eq!(exp(-3, 3), Ok(-27));
+    assert_eq!(exp(1000, 2), Ok(1000000));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -121,6 +120,18 @@ fn test_mod() {
     assert_eq!(modulo(-5, 10), Ok(-5));
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn test_power() {
+    let power = jit_function! { power(a:i64, b:i64) -> i64 => r##"
+        def power(a: int, b: int):
+            return a ** b
+    "##
+    };
+    assert_eq!(power(10, 2), Ok(100));
+    assert_eq!(power(5, 1), Ok(5));
+    assert_eq!(power(1, 0), Ok(1));
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn test_lshift() {
     let lshift = jit_function! { lshift(a:i64, b:i64) -> i64 => r##"
diff --git a/jit/tests/misc_tests.rs b/jit/tests/misc_tests.rs
index 7e1174da4a..25d66c46c0 100644
--- a/jit/tests/misc_tests.rs
+++ b/jit/tests/misc_tests.rs
@@ -95,7 +95,6 @@ fn test_while_loop() {
                 a -= 1
             return b
     "## };
-
     assert_eq!(while_loop(0), Ok(0));
     assert_eq!(while_loop(-1), Ok(0));
     assert_eq!(while_loop(1), Ok(1));

From a6b4ef7f5dab1cced27699c55b75729146ce49f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stefan Lukas <etaloof@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 20 Mar 2025 03:06:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 499/705] Replace Python parser with ruff parser (#5494)

* stage1

* compiler pass build

* introduce rustpython-compiler-source

* stage2

* fixup

* pass compile

* Fix hello world compiler test

* Fix code generation for if-elif-else statement

* Fix code generation for lambda expression

* Fix code generation for integers

* Fix code generation for fstrings

* Fix code generation for if statement

* Fix code generation for if statement

* Fix code generation for if statement

* Fix code generation for fstring

* Fix code generation for class definition

* Replace feature flags

* Initialize frozen core modules

* Allow __future__ import after module doc comment

* Disable ast module

* Commit remaining fixes for compile errors in examples

* Fix some warnings

* Update ast stdlib module

* Update ast stdlib module

* Update ast stdlib module

* Update ast stdlib module

* Update ast stdlib module

* Split ast stdlib module into files

* Fix codegen for positional arguments with defaults

* Update ast stdlib module

* Update ast stdlib module

* Extract string and constant handling from expression.rs

* Always add required fields to AST nodes

* Compile doc strings correctly again

* Enable "ast" Cargo feature by default

* Refactor compilation of big integer literal

* Update ast stdlib module

* Update ast stdlib module

* Update ast stdlib module

* Reset barebones example

* Fix some left-over warnings

* Undo accidential change

* Adapt shell to ruff parser

* Pin parser to v0.4.10

* fix clippy

* Add TODO about interactive mode

* Fix compilation of complex number expression

* Remove moved code

* Update test case to ruff v0.4.10

* Apply suggestion

Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>

* Apply suggestion

Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>

* Fix compilation of fstring expression

* Fix compilation of fstring expression

* Fix wasm compile errors

* Attach correct source locations to ast objects

* Fix some more wasm compile errors

* Consider compile mode and enable AST stdlib module again

* Fix incorrect AST source location end column

* Fix compile error if "compiler" feature is not enabled

* Fix regrtests

* Fix some test_ast tests

* Add source range to type ignore

* Fix incompatibility with Rust 2024 edition

* Fix todos by implementing missing ast conversions and deleting unused code

* Appease clippy

* Fix remaining ast tests

* Fix remaining ast tests

* Mark/fix remaining tests

* Fix more

* Hacky windows fix

---------

Co-authored-by: Kangzhi Shi <shikangzhi@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock                               |  216 +-
 Cargo.toml                               |   16 +-
 Lib/test/test_ast.py                     |   14 +-
 Lib/test/test_codeop.py                  |    2 +
 Lib/test/test_eof.py                     |   12 +-
 Lib/test/test_exceptions.py              |    2 +
 Lib/test/test_fstring.py                 |   14 +-
 Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py |   10 +-
 Lib/test/test_global.py                  |    6 +
 Lib/test/test_grammar.py                 |    2 +
 Lib/test/test_keywordonlyarg.py          |    2 -
 Lib/test/test_named_expressions.py       |   34 +-
 Lib/test/test_positional_only_arg.py     |    6 +
 Lib/test/test_syntax.py                  |   22 +-
 Lib/test/test_timeit.py                  |    2 -
 Lib/test/test_unicode_identifiers.py     |    4 -
 compiler/Cargo.toml                      |    8 +-
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml              |   16 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs          | 1419 +++---
 compiler/codegen/src/error.rs            |   19 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs               |   11 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs              |   46 +
 compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs      |  463 +-
 compiler/core/Cargo.toml                 |    5 +-
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs            |    6 +-
 compiler/core/src/marshal.rs             |   14 +-
 compiler/core/src/mode.rs                |    8 +-
 compiler/source/Cargo.toml               |   16 +
 compiler/source/src/lib.rs               |   42 +
 compiler/src/lib.rs                      |  307 +-
 derive-impl/Cargo.toml                   |    2 +-
 derive/src/lib.rs                        |    2 +-
 examples/dis.rs                          |    2 +-
 examples/parse_folder.rs                 |   20 +-
 src/shell.rs                             |   26 +-
 stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs               |    2 +-
 vm/Cargo.toml                            |   21 +-
 vm/src/builtins/code.rs                  |    6 +-
 vm/src/builtins/frame.rs                 |    2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/traceback.rs             |    4 +-
 vm/src/compiler.rs                       |   42 +-
 vm/src/exceptions.rs                     |    2 +-
 vm/src/frame.rs                          |    6 +-
 vm/src/lib.rs                            |    2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs                     |  479 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/argument.rs            |  161 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/basic.rs               |   50 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/constant.rs            |  396 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/elif_else_clause.rs    |   88 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/exception.rs           |   75 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/expression.rs          | 1197 +++++
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/gen.rs                 | 5496 ----------------------
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/module.rs              |  221 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/node.rs                |   93 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/operator.rs            |  185 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs               |  131 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/parameter.rs           |  401 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/pattern.rs             |  515 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/pyast.rs               | 2448 ++++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/python.rs              |   57 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/statement.rs           | 1222 +++++
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/string.rs              |  354 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/type_ignore.rs         |   73 +
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/type_parameters.rs     |  197 +
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs                |   19 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs                     |    8 +-
 vm/src/vm/compile.rs                     |    2 +-
 vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs                      |   65 +-
 wasm/lib/Cargo.toml                      |    2 +-
 wasm/lib/src/convert.rs                  |   21 +-
 70 files changed, 9981 insertions(+), 6858 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 compiler/source/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 compiler/source/src/lib.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/argument.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/basic.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/constant.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/elif_else_clause.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/exception.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/expression.rs
 delete mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/gen.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/module.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/node.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/operator.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/parameter.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/pattern.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/pyast.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/python.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/statement.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/string.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/type_ignore.rs
 create mode 100644 vm/src/stdlib/ast/type_parameters.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b3b8da765e..acf545efa8 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1007,6 +1007,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.13.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "413ee7dfc52ee1a4949ceeb7dbc8a33f2d6c088194d9f922fb8318faf1f01186"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.14.0"
@@ -1051,12 +1060,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "cpufeatures",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lalrpop-util"
-version = "0.20.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "507460a910eb7b32ee961886ff48539633b788a36b65692b95f225b844c82553"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lambert_w"
 version = "1.0.17"
@@ -1958,6 +1961,90 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.98",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ruff_python_ast"
+version = "0.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+dependencies = [
+ "aho-corasick",
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "is-macro",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "once_cell",
+ "ruff_python_trivia",
+ "ruff_source_file",
+ "ruff_text_size",
+ "rustc-hash 1.1.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ruff_python_codegen"
+version = "0.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+dependencies = [
+ "once_cell",
+ "ruff_python_ast",
+ "ruff_python_literal",
+ "ruff_python_parser",
+ "ruff_source_file",
+ "ruff_text_size",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ruff_python_literal"
+version = "0.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "ruff_python_ast",
+ "unic-ucd-category",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ruff_python_parser"
+version = "0.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bstr",
+ "memchr",
+ "ruff_python_ast",
+ "ruff_python_trivia",
+ "ruff_text_size",
+ "rustc-hash 1.1.0",
+ "static_assertions",
+ "unicode-ident",
+ "unicode-normalization",
+ "unicode_names2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ruff_python_trivia"
+version = "0.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+dependencies = [
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "ruff_source_file",
+ "ruff_text_size",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ruff_source_file"
+version = "0.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+ "once_cell",
+ "ruff_text_size",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ruff_text_size"
+version = "0.0.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "1.1.0"
@@ -2006,26 +2093,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "log",
  "pyo3",
+ "ruff_python_parser",
  "rustpython-compiler",
- "rustpython-parser",
  "rustpython-pylib",
  "rustpython-stdlib",
  "rustpython-vm",
  "rustyline",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustpython-ast"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
-dependencies = [
- "is-macro",
- "malachite-bigint",
- "rustpython-literal",
- "rustpython-parser-core",
- "static_assertions",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-codegen"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -2036,13 +2111,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "insta",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
+ "malachite-bigint",
  "num-complex",
  "num-traits",
- "rustpython-ast",
+ "ruff_python_ast",
+ "ruff_python_codegen",
+ "ruff_python_parser",
+ "ruff_source_file",
+ "ruff_text_size",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
- "rustpython-parser",
- "rustpython-parser-core",
+ "rustpython-compiler-source",
+ "thiserror 2.0.11",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2075,9 +2155,14 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-compiler"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "ruff_python_ast",
+ "ruff_python_parser",
+ "ruff_source_file",
+ "ruff_text_size",
  "rustpython-codegen",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
- "rustpython-parser",
+ "rustpython-compiler-source",
+ "thiserror 2.0.11",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2089,10 +2174,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "lz4_flex",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "num-complex",
- "rustpython-parser-core",
+ "ruff_python_ast",
+ "ruff_python_parser",
+ "ruff_source_file",
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustpython-compiler-source"
+version = "0.4.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "ruff_source_file",
+ "ruff_text_size",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-derive"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -2113,7 +2208,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-doc",
- "rustpython-parser-core",
  "syn 2.0.98",
  "syn-ext",
  "textwrap 0.16.1",
@@ -2166,48 +2260,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unic-ucd-category",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustpython-parser"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "is-macro",
- "itertools 0.11.0",
- "lalrpop-util",
- "log",
- "malachite-bigint",
- "num-traits",
- "phf",
- "phf_codegen",
- "rustc-hash 1.1.0",
- "rustpython-ast",
- "rustpython-parser-core",
- "tiny-keccak",
- "unic-emoji-char",
- "unic-ucd-ident",
- "unicode_names2",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rustpython-parser-core"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
-dependencies = [
- "is-macro",
- "memchr",
- "rustpython-parser-vendored",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rustpython-parser-vendored"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
- "once_cell",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-pylib"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -2344,19 +2396,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "paste",
  "rand 0.9.0",
  "result-like",
+ "ruff_python_ast",
+ "ruff_python_parser",
+ "ruff_source_file",
+ "ruff_text_size",
  "rustc_version",
  "rustix",
- "rustpython-ast",
  "rustpython-codegen",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-compiler",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
+ "rustpython-compiler-source",
  "rustpython-derive",
  "rustpython-format",
  "rustpython-jit",
  "rustpython-literal",
- "rustpython-parser",
- "rustpython-parser-core",
  "rustpython-sre_engine",
  "rustyline",
  "schannel",
@@ -2388,8 +2442,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "console_error_panic_hook",
  "getrandom 0.2.15",
  "js-sys",
+ "ruff_python_parser",
  "rustpython-common",
- "rustpython-parser",
  "rustpython-pylib",
  "rustpython-stdlib",
  "rustpython-vm",
@@ -2793,15 +2847,6 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "639ce8ef6d2ba56be0383a94dd13b92138d58de44c62618303bb798fa92bdc00"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tiny-keccak"
-version = "2.0.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2c9d3793400a45f954c52e73d068316d76b6f4e36977e3fcebb13a2721e80237"
-dependencies = [
- "crunchy",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "tinytemplate"
 version = "1.2.1"
@@ -2879,17 +2924,6 @@ version = "0.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "80d7ff825a6a654ee85a63e80f92f054f904f21e7d12da4e22f9834a4aaa35bc"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "unic-emoji-char"
-version = "0.9.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0b07221e68897210270a38bde4babb655869637af0f69407f96053a34f76494d"
-dependencies = [
- "unic-char-property",
- "unic-char-range",
- "unic-ucd-version",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "unic-normal"
 version = "0.9.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2d66f9775a..ab5e56fa0c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ rustpython-compiler = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-pylib = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 rustpython-stdlib = { workspace = true, optional = true, features = ["compiler"] }
 rustpython-vm = { workspace = true, features = ["compiler"] }
-rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
+ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
 
 cfg-if = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ x86_64-pc-windows-msvc = { triplet = "x64-windows-static-md", dev-dependencies =
 [workspace]
 resolver = "2"
 members = [
-    "compiler", "compiler/core", "compiler/codegen",
+    "compiler", "compiler/core", "compiler/codegen", "compiler/source",
     ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "vm/sre_engine", "pylib", "stdlib", "derive-impl",
     "wasm/lib",
 ]
@@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython"
 license = "MIT"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
+rustpython-compiler-source = { path = "compiler/source" }
 rustpython-compiler-core = { path = "compiler/core", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-compiler = { path = "compiler", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-codegen = { path = "compiler/codegen", version = "0.4.0" }
@@ -121,15 +122,20 @@ rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.4.
 rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
 
+ruff_python_parser = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "v0.4.10" }
+ruff_python_ast = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "v0.4.10" }
+ruff_text_size = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "v0.4.10" }
+ruff_source_file = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "v0.4.10" }
+ruff_python_codegen = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "v0.4.10" }
 # rustpython-literal = { version = "0.4.0" }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { version = "0.4.0" }
 # rustpython-parser = { version = "0.4.0" }
 # rustpython-ast = { version = "0.4.0" }
 # rustpython-format= { version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
-rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
-rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
-rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
+# rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
+# rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
+# rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
 rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
 # rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ast.py b/Lib/test/test_ast.py
index af3e2bb5eb..8b28686fd6 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ast.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ast.py
@@ -388,6 +388,8 @@ def test_invalid_position_information(self):
                 with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                     compile(tree, '<string>', 'exec')
 
+    # XXX RUSTPYTHON: we always require that end ranges be present
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_compilation_of_ast_nodes_with_default_end_position_values(self):
         tree = ast.Module(body=[
             ast.Import(names=[ast.alias(name='builtins', lineno=1, col_offset=0)], lineno=1, col_offset=0),
@@ -1531,6 +1533,8 @@ def test_literal_eval_malformed_dict_nodes(self):
         malformed = ast.Dict(keys=[ast.Constant(1)], values=[ast.Constant(2), ast.Constant(3)])
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, malformed)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_literal_eval_trailing_ws(self):
         self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval("    -1"), -1)
         self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval("\t\t-1"), -1)
@@ -1549,6 +1553,8 @@ def test_literal_eval_malformed_lineno(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, msg):
             ast.literal_eval(node)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_literal_eval_syntax_errors(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "unexpected indent"):
             ast.literal_eval(r'''
@@ -1569,6 +1575,8 @@ def test_bad_integer(self):
             compile(mod, 'test', 'exec')
         self.assertIn("invalid integer value: None", str(cm.exception))
 
+    # XXX RUSTPYTHON: we always require that end ranges be present
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_level_as_none(self):
         body = [ast.ImportFrom(module='time',
                                names=[ast.alias(name='sleep',
@@ -2034,8 +2042,6 @@ def test_call(self):
         call = ast.Call(func, args, bad_keywords)
         self.expr(call, "must have Load context")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_num(self):
         with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as wlog:
             warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '', DeprecationWarning)
@@ -2733,8 +2739,6 @@ def test_source_segment_multi(self):
         binop = self._parse_value(s_orig)
         self.assertEqual(ast.get_source_segment(s_orig, binop.left), s_tuple)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_source_segment_padded(self):
         s_orig = dedent('''
             class C:
@@ -2756,8 +2760,6 @@ def test_source_segment_endings(self):
         self._check_content(s, y, 'y = 1')
         self._check_content(s, z, 'z = 1')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_source_segment_tabs(self):
         s = dedent('''
             class C:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_codeop.py b/Lib/test/test_codeop.py
index 19117fa409..1036b970cd 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_codeop.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_codeop.py
@@ -323,6 +323,8 @@ def assertSyntaxErrorMatches(self, code, message):
             with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, message):
                 compile_command(code, symbol='exec')
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_syntax_errors(self):
         self.assertSyntaxErrorMatches(
             dedent("""\
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_eof.py b/Lib/test/test_eof.py
index cf12dd3d5d..082103b338 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_eof.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_eof.py
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@
 from test.support import warnings_helper
 import unittest
 
-# TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-@unittest.expectedFailure
 class EOFTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_EOF_single_quote(self):
         expect = "unterminated string literal (detected at line 1) (<string>, line 1)"
         for quote in ("'", "\""):
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ def test_EOF_single_quote(self):
             else:
                 raise support.TestFailed
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_EOFS(self):
         expect = ("unterminated triple-quoted string literal (detected at line 1) (<string>, line 1)")
         try:
@@ -32,6 +34,8 @@ def test_EOFS(self):
         else:
             raise support.TestFailed
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_EOFS_with_file(self):
         expect = ("(<string>, line 1)")
         with os_helper.temp_dir() as temp_dir:
@@ -39,6 +43,8 @@ def test_EOFS_with_file(self):
             rc, out, err = script_helper.assert_python_failure(file_name)
         self.assertIn(b'unterminated triple-quoted string literal (detected at line 3)', err)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @warnings_helper.ignore_warnings(category=SyntaxWarning)
     def test_eof_with_line_continuation(self):
         expect = "unexpected EOF while parsing (<string>, line 1)"
@@ -49,6 +55,8 @@ def test_eof_with_line_continuation(self):
         else:
             raise support.TestFailed
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_line_continuation_EOF(self):
         """A continuation at the end of input must be an error; bpo2180."""
         expect = 'unexpected EOF while parsing (<string>, line 1)'
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py b/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py
index 47e7894960..8be8122507 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_exceptions.py
@@ -50,6 +50,8 @@ def raise_catch(self, exc, excname):
             self.assertEqual(buf1, buf2)
             self.assertEqual(exc.__name__, excname)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testRaising(self):
         self.raise_catch(AttributeError, "AttributeError")
         self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, sys, "undefined_attribute")
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_fstring.py b/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
index b3a38dd652..c0c987ca2f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
@@ -305,8 +305,6 @@ def test_ast_numbers_fstring_with_formatting(self):
         self.assertEqual(name.col_offset, 22)
         self.assertEqual(name.end_col_offset, 25)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ast_line_numbers_multiline_fstring(self):
         # See bpo-30465 for details.
         expr = """
@@ -509,8 +507,6 @@ def test_ast_fstring_empty_format_spec(self):
         self.assertEqual(type(format_spec), ast.JoinedStr)
         self.assertEqual(len(format_spec.values), 0)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_docstring(self):
         def f():
             f"""Not a docstring"""
@@ -535,6 +531,8 @@ def test_ast_compile_time_concat(self):
         exec(c)
         self.assertEqual(x[0], "foo3")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_compile_time_concat_errors(self):
         self.assertAllRaise(
             SyntaxError,
@@ -550,6 +548,8 @@ def test_literal(self):
         self.assertEqual(f"a", "a")
         self.assertEqual(f" ", " ")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_unterminated_string(self):
         self.assertAllRaise(
             SyntaxError,
@@ -562,6 +562,8 @@ def test_unterminated_string(self):
             ],
         )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "exhausts limited stack on WASI")
     def test_mismatched_parens(self):
         self.assertAllRaise(
@@ -666,6 +668,8 @@ def test_double_braces(self):
             ],
         )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_compile_time_concat(self):
         x = "def"
         self.assertEqual("abc" f"## {x}ghi", "abc## defghi")
@@ -1516,6 +1520,8 @@ def test_assignment(self):
             ],
         )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_del(self):
         self.assertAllRaise(
             SyntaxError,
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
index 4a978cef4a..ad9b5d5a87 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
@@ -67,6 +67,8 @@ def test_badfuture5(self):
             from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future5
         self.check_syntax_error(cm.exception, "badsyntax_future5", 4)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badfuture6(self):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as cm:
             from test.test_future_stmt import badsyntax_future6
@@ -132,8 +134,6 @@ def test_unicode_literals_exec(self):
         exec("from __future__ import unicode_literals; x = ''", {}, scope)
         self.assertIsInstance(scope["x"], str)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_syntactical_future_repl(self):
         p = spawn_python('-i')
         p.stdin.write(b"from __future__ import barry_as_FLUFL\n")
@@ -198,6 +198,8 @@ def _exec_future(self, code):
         )
         return scope
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_annotations(self):
         eq = self.assertAnnotationEqual
         eq('...')
@@ -362,6 +364,8 @@ def test_annotations(self):
         eq('(((a, b)))', '(a, b)')
         eq("1 + 2 + 3")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_fstring_debug_annotations(self):
         # f-strings with '=' don't round trip very well, so set the expected
         # result explicitly.
@@ -372,6 +376,8 @@ def test_fstring_debug_annotations(self):
         self.assertAnnotationEqual("f'{x=!a}'", expected="f'x={x!a}'")
         self.assertAnnotationEqual("f'{x=!s:*^20}'", expected="f'x={x!s:*^20}'")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_infinity_numbers(self):
         inf = "1e" + repr(sys.float_info.max_10_exp + 1)
         infj = f"{inf}j"
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_global.py b/Lib/test/test_global.py
index f5b38c25ea..4c1bb6c0cf 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_global.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_global.py
@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.enterContext(check_warnings())
         warnings.filterwarnings("error", module="<test string>")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test1(self):
         prog_text_1 = """\
 def wrong1():
@@ -22,6 +24,8 @@ def wrong1():
 """
         check_syntax_error(self, prog_text_1, lineno=4, offset=5)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test2(self):
         prog_text_2 = """\
 def wrong2():
@@ -30,6 +34,8 @@ def wrong2():
 """
         check_syntax_error(self, prog_text_2, lineno=3, offset=5)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test3(self):
         prog_text_3 = """\
 def wrong3():
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_grammar.py b/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
index a797fd2b22..f94d36fa0b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
@@ -1062,6 +1062,8 @@ def g2(x):
         self.assertEqual(g2(False), 0)
         self.assertEqual(g2(True), ('end', 1))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_yield(self):
         # Allowed as standalone statement
         def g(): yield 1
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_keywordonlyarg.py b/Lib/test/test_keywordonlyarg.py
index 46dce636df..9e9c6651dd 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_keywordonlyarg.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_keywordonlyarg.py
@@ -40,8 +40,6 @@ def shouldRaiseSyntaxError(s):
             compile(s, "<test>", "single")
         self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, shouldRaiseSyntaxError, codestr)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testSyntaxErrorForFunctionDefinition(self):
         self.assertRaisesSyntaxError("def f(p, *):\n  pass\n")
         self.assertRaisesSyntaxError("def f(p1, *, p1=100):\n  pass\n")
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_named_expressions.py b/Lib/test/test_named_expressions.py
index 797b0f512f..03f5384b63 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_named_expressions.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_named_expressions.py
@@ -4,62 +4,80 @@
 
 class NamedExpressionInvalidTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_01(self):
         code = """x := 0"""
 
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_02(self):
         code = """x = y := 0"""
 
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_03(self):
         code = """y := f(x)"""
 
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_04(self):
         code = """y0 = y1 := f(x)"""
 
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure # wrong error message
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_06(self):
         code = """((a, b) := (1, 2))"""
 
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "cannot use assignment expressions with tuple"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_07(self):
         code = """def spam(a = b := 42): pass"""
 
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_08(self):
         code = """def spam(a: b := 42 = 5): pass"""
 
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_09(self):
         code = """spam(a=b := 'c')"""
 
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_10(self):
         code = """spam(x = y := f(x))"""
 
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_11(self):
         code = """spam(a=1, b := 2)"""
 
@@ -67,6 +85,8 @@ def test_named_expression_invalid_11(self):
             "positional argument follows keyword argument"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_12(self):
         code = """spam(a=1, (b := 2))"""
 
@@ -74,6 +94,8 @@ def test_named_expression_invalid_12(self):
             "positional argument follows keyword argument"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_13(self):
         code = """spam(a=1, (b := 2))"""
 
@@ -81,14 +103,16 @@ def test_named_expression_invalid_13(self):
             "positional argument follows keyword argument"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_14(self):
         code = """(x := lambda: y := 1)"""
 
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure # wrong error message
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_15(self):
         code = """(lambda: x := 1)"""
 
@@ -96,6 +120,8 @@ def test_named_expression_invalid_15(self):
             "cannot use assignment expressions with lambda"):
             exec(code, {}, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_named_expression_invalid_16(self):
         code = "[i + 1 for i in i := [1,2]]"
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_positional_only_arg.py b/Lib/test/test_positional_only_arg.py
index d9d8b03069..e0d784325b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_positional_only_arg.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_positional_only_arg.py
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ def assertRaisesSyntaxError(self, codestr, regex="invalid syntax"):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, regex):
             compile(codestr + "\n", "<test>", "single")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_invalid_syntax_errors(self):
         check_syntax_error(self, "def f(a, b = 5, /, c): pass", "non-default argument follows default argument")
         check_syntax_error(self, "def f(a = 5, b, /, c): pass", "non-default argument follows default argument")
@@ -43,6 +45,8 @@ def test_invalid_syntax_errors(self):
         check_syntax_error(self, "def f(a, /, c, /, d, *, e): pass")
         check_syntax_error(self, "def f(a, *, c, /, d, e): pass")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_invalid_syntax_errors_async(self):
         check_syntax_error(self, "async def f(a, b = 5, /, c): pass", "non-default argument follows default argument")
         check_syntax_error(self, "async def f(a = 5, b, /, c): pass", "non-default argument follows default argument")
@@ -236,6 +240,8 @@ def test_lambdas(self):
         x = lambda a, b, /, : a + b
         self.assertEqual(x(1, 2), 3)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: wrong error message
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_invalid_syntax_lambda(self):
         check_syntax_error(self, "lambda a, b = 5, /, c: None", "non-default argument follows default argument")
         check_syntax_error(self, "lambda a = 5, b, /, c: None", "non-default argument follows default argument")
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_syntax.py b/Lib/test/test_syntax.py
index 9726d3cc1e..7e46773047 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_syntax.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_syntax.py
@@ -742,7 +742,8 @@
 >>> f(x.y=1)
 Traceback (most recent call last):
 SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="?
->>> f((x)=2)
+# TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+>>> f((x)=2)  # doctest: +SKIP
 Traceback (most recent call last):
 SyntaxError: expression cannot contain assignment, perhaps you meant "=="?
 >>> f(True=1)
@@ -1649,7 +1650,8 @@
 
   Invalid pattern matching constructs:
 
-    >>> match ...:
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON nothing raised.
+    >>> match ...:  # doctest: +SKIP
     ...   case 42 as _:
     ...     ...
     Traceback (most recent call last):
@@ -1876,12 +1878,16 @@ def test_expression_with_assignment(self):
             offset=7
         )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_curly_brace_after_primary_raises_immediately(self):
         self._check_error("f{}", "invalid syntax", mode="single")
 
     def test_assign_call(self):
         self._check_error("f() = 1", "assign")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_assign_del(self):
         self._check_error("del (,)", "invalid syntax")
         self._check_error("del 1", "cannot delete literal")
@@ -1994,6 +2000,8 @@ def test_bad_outdent(self):
                           "unindent does not match .* level",
                           subclass=IndentationError)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_kwargs_last(self):
         self._check_error("int(base=10, '2')",
                           "positional argument follows keyword argument")
@@ -2005,6 +2013,8 @@ def test_kwargs_last2(self):
                           "positional argument follows "
                           "keyword argument unpacking")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_kwargs_last3(self):
         self._check_error("int(**{'base': 10}, *['2'])",
                           "iterable argument unpacking follows "
@@ -2073,8 +2083,6 @@ def test_nested_named_except_blocks(self):
         code += f"{' '*4*12}pass"
         self._check_error(code, "too many statically nested blocks")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_barry_as_flufl_with_syntax_errors(self):
         # The "barry_as_flufl" rule can produce some "bugs-at-a-distance" if
         # is reading the wrong token in the presence of syntax errors later
@@ -2092,6 +2100,8 @@ def func2():
 """
         self._check_error(code, "expected ':'")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_invalid_line_continuation_error_position(self):
         self._check_error(r"a = 3 \ 4",
                           "unexpected character after line continuation character",
@@ -2103,6 +2113,8 @@ def test_invalid_line_continuation_error_position(self):
                           "unexpected character after line continuation character",
                           lineno=3, offset=4)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_invalid_line_continuation_left_recursive(self):
         # Check bpo-42218: SyntaxErrors following left-recursive rules
         # (t_primary_raw in this case) need to be tested explicitly
@@ -2146,6 +2158,8 @@ def case(x):
 """
         compile(code, "<string>", "exec")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_multiline_compiler_error_points_to_the_end(self):
         self._check_error(
             "call(\na=1,\na=1\n)",
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_timeit.py b/Lib/test/test_timeit.py
index 17e880cb58..72a104fc1a 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_timeit.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_timeit.py
@@ -91,8 +91,6 @@ def test_timer_invalid_setup(self):
         self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, timeit.Timer, setup='from timeit import *')
         self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, timeit.Timer, setup='  pass')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_timer_empty_stmt(self):
         timeit.Timer(stmt='')
         timeit.Timer(stmt=' \n\t\f')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unicode_identifiers.py b/Lib/test/test_unicode_identifiers.py
index 9e611caf61..d7a0ece253 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unicode_identifiers.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unicode_identifiers.py
@@ -2,8 +2,6 @@
 
 class PEP3131Test(unittest.TestCase):
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_valid(self):
         class T:
             ä = 1
@@ -15,8 +13,6 @@ class T:
         self.assertEqual(getattr(T, '\u87d2'), 3)
         self.assertEqual(getattr(T, 'x\U000E0100'), 4)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_non_bmp_normalized(self):
         𝔘𝔫𝔦𝔠𝔬𝔡𝔢 = 1
         self.assertIn("Unicode", dir())
diff --git a/compiler/Cargo.toml b/compiler/Cargo.toml
index cb98093c9e..19ece85a16 100644
--- a/compiler/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,7 +11,13 @@ license.workspace = true
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-codegen = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-compiler-source = { workspace = true }
+# rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
+ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
+ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true }
+ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
+ruff_text_size = { workspace = true }
+thiserror = { workspace = true }
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index 0817a95894..9cf93bc22b 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,10 +10,16 @@ license.workspace = true
 
 
 [dependencies]
-rustpython-ast = { workspace = true, features=["unparse", "constant-optimization"] }
+# rustpython-ast = { workspace = true, features=["unparse", "constant-optimization"] }
 rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
+# rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-compiler-source = {workspace = true }
+ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
+ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true }
+ruff_text_size = { workspace = true }
+ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
+ruff_python_codegen = { workspace = true }
 
 ahash = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
@@ -22,11 +28,13 @@ itertools = { workspace = true }
 log = { workspace = true }
 num-complex = { workspace = true }
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
+thiserror = { workspace = true }
+malachite-bigint = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
+# rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
 
 insta = { workspace = true }
 
 [lints]
-workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
+workspace = true
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index ce2e5627f0..21087fddd6 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -8,23 +8,33 @@
 #![deny(clippy::cast_possible_truncation)]
 
 use crate::{
-    IndexSet,
+    IndexSet, ToPythonName,
     error::{CodegenError, CodegenErrorType},
     ir,
     symboltable::{self, SymbolFlags, SymbolScope, SymbolTable},
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use num_complex::Complex64;
-use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
-use rustpython_ast::located::{self as located_ast, Located};
+use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
+use num_complex::Complex;
+use num_traits::{Num, ToPrimitive};
+use ruff_python_ast::{
+    Alias, Arguments, BoolOp, CmpOp, Comprehension, ConversionFlag, DebugText, Decorator, DictItem,
+    ExceptHandler, ExceptHandlerExceptHandler, Expr, ExprAttribute, ExprBoolOp, ExprFString,
+    ExprList, ExprName, ExprStarred, ExprSubscript, ExprTuple, ExprUnaryOp, FString,
+    FStringElement, FStringElements, FStringPart, Int, Keyword, MatchCase, ModExpression,
+    ModModule, Operator, Parameters, Pattern, PatternMatchAs, PatternMatchValue, Stmt, StmtExpr,
+    TypeParam, TypeParamParamSpec, TypeParamTypeVar, TypeParamTypeVarTuple, TypeParams, UnaryOp,
+    WithItem,
+};
+use ruff_source_file::OneIndexed;
+use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange};
+// use rustpython_ast::located::{self as located_ast, Located};
 use rustpython_compiler_core::{
     Mode,
-    bytecode::{
-        self, Arg as OpArgMarker, CodeObject, ComparisonOperator, ConstantData, Instruction, OpArg,
-        OpArgType,
-    },
+    bytecode::{self, Arg as OpArgMarker, CodeObject, ConstantData, Instruction, OpArg, OpArgType},
 };
-use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
+use rustpython_compiler_source::SourceCode;
+// use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
 
 type CompileResult<T> = Result<T, CodegenError>;
@@ -50,19 +60,26 @@ fn is_forbidden_name(name: &str) -> bool {
 }
 
 /// Main structure holding the state of compilation.
-struct Compiler {
+struct Compiler<'src> {
     code_stack: Vec<ir::CodeInfo>,
     symbol_table_stack: Vec<SymbolTable>,
-    source_path: String,
-    current_source_location: SourceLocation,
+    source_code: SourceCode<'src>,
+    // current_source_location: SourceLocation,
+    current_source_range: TextRange,
     qualified_path: Vec<String>,
-    done_with_future_stmts: bool,
+    done_with_future_stmts: DoneWithFuture,
     future_annotations: bool,
     ctx: CompileContext,
     class_name: Option<String>,
     opts: CompileOpts,
 }
 
+enum DoneWithFuture {
+    No,
+    DoneWithDoc,
+    Yes,
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Default)]
 pub struct CompileOpts {
     /// How optimized the bytecode output should be; any optimize > 0 does
@@ -98,105 +115,78 @@ enum ComprehensionType {
     Dict,
 }
 
-/// Compile an located_ast::Mod produced from rustpython_parser::parse()
+/// Compile an Mod produced from ruff parser
 pub fn compile_top(
-    ast: &located_ast::Mod,
-    source_path: String,
+    ast: ruff_python_ast::Mod,
+    source_code: SourceCode<'_>,
     mode: Mode,
     opts: CompileOpts,
 ) -> CompileResult<CodeObject> {
     match ast {
-        located_ast::Mod::Module(located_ast::ModModule { body, .. }) => {
-            compile_program(body, source_path, opts)
-        }
-        located_ast::Mod::Interactive(located_ast::ModInteractive { body, .. }) => match mode {
-            Mode::Single => compile_program_single(body, source_path, opts),
-            Mode::BlockExpr => compile_block_expression(body, source_path, opts),
-            _ => unreachable!("only Single and BlockExpr parsed to Interactive"),
+        ruff_python_ast::Mod::Module(module) => match mode {
+            Mode::Exec | Mode::Eval => compile_program(&module, source_code, opts),
+            Mode::Single => compile_program_single(&module, source_code, opts),
+            Mode::BlockExpr => compile_block_expression(&module, source_code, opts),
         },
-        located_ast::Mod::Expression(located_ast::ModExpression { body, .. }) => {
-            compile_expression(body, source_path, opts)
-        }
-        located_ast::Mod::FunctionType(_) => panic!("can't compile a FunctionType"),
+        ruff_python_ast::Mod::Expression(expr) => compile_expression(&expr, source_code, opts),
     }
 }
 
-/// A helper function for the shared code of the different compile functions
-fn compile_impl<Ast: ?Sized>(
-    ast: &Ast,
-    source_path: String,
+/// Compile a standard Python program to bytecode
+pub fn compile_program(
+    ast: &ModModule,
+    source_code: SourceCode<'_>,
     opts: CompileOpts,
-    make_symbol_table: impl FnOnce(&Ast) -> Result<SymbolTable, symboltable::SymbolTableError>,
-    compile: impl FnOnce(&mut Compiler, &Ast, SymbolTable) -> CompileResult<()>,
 ) -> CompileResult<CodeObject> {
-    let symbol_table = match make_symbol_table(ast) {
-        Ok(x) => x,
-        Err(e) => return Err(e.into_codegen_error(source_path)),
-    };
-
-    let mut compiler = Compiler::new(opts, source_path, "<module>".to_owned());
-    compile(&mut compiler, ast, symbol_table)?;
+    let symbol_table = SymbolTable::scan_program(ast, source_code.clone())
+        .map_err(|e| e.into_codegen_error(source_code.path.to_owned()))?;
+    let mut compiler = Compiler::new(opts, source_code, "<module>".to_owned());
+    compiler.compile_program(ast, symbol_table)?;
     let code = compiler.pop_code_object();
     trace!("Compilation completed: {:?}", code);
     Ok(code)
 }
 
-/// Compile a standard Python program to bytecode
-pub fn compile_program(
-    ast: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-    source_path: String,
-    opts: CompileOpts,
-) -> CompileResult<CodeObject> {
-    compile_impl(
-        ast,
-        source_path,
-        opts,
-        SymbolTable::scan_program,
-        Compiler::compile_program,
-    )
-}
-
 /// Compile a Python program to bytecode for the context of a REPL
 pub fn compile_program_single(
-    ast: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-    source_path: String,
+    ast: &ModModule,
+    source_code: SourceCode<'_>,
     opts: CompileOpts,
 ) -> CompileResult<CodeObject> {
-    compile_impl(
-        ast,
-        source_path,
-        opts,
-        SymbolTable::scan_program,
-        Compiler::compile_program_single,
-    )
+    let symbol_table = SymbolTable::scan_program(ast, source_code.clone())
+        .map_err(|e| e.into_codegen_error(source_code.path.to_owned()))?;
+    let mut compiler = Compiler::new(opts, source_code, "<module>".to_owned());
+    compiler.compile_program_single(&ast.body, symbol_table)?;
+    let code = compiler.pop_code_object();
+    trace!("Compilation completed: {:?}", code);
+    Ok(code)
 }
 
 pub fn compile_block_expression(
-    ast: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-    source_path: String,
+    ast: &ModModule,
+    source_code: SourceCode<'_>,
     opts: CompileOpts,
 ) -> CompileResult<CodeObject> {
-    compile_impl(
-        ast,
-        source_path,
-        opts,
-        SymbolTable::scan_program,
-        Compiler::compile_block_expr,
-    )
+    let symbol_table = SymbolTable::scan_program(ast, source_code.clone())
+        .map_err(|e| e.into_codegen_error(source_code.path.to_owned()))?;
+    let mut compiler = Compiler::new(opts, source_code, "<module>".to_owned());
+    compiler.compile_block_expr(&ast.body, symbol_table)?;
+    let code = compiler.pop_code_object();
+    trace!("Compilation completed: {:?}", code);
+    Ok(code)
 }
 
 pub fn compile_expression(
-    ast: &located_ast::Expr,
-    source_path: String,
+    ast: &ModExpression,
+    source_code: SourceCode<'_>,
     opts: CompileOpts,
 ) -> CompileResult<CodeObject> {
-    compile_impl(
-        ast,
-        source_path,
-        opts,
-        SymbolTable::scan_expr,
-        Compiler::compile_eval,
-    )
+    let symbol_table = SymbolTable::scan_expr(ast, source_code.clone())
+        .map_err(|e| e.into_codegen_error(source_code.path.to_owned()))?;
+    let mut compiler = Compiler::new(opts, source_code, "<module>".to_owned());
+    compiler.compile_eval(ast, symbol_table)?;
+    let code = compiler.pop_code_object();
+    Ok(code)
 }
 
 macro_rules! emit {
@@ -220,15 +210,15 @@ struct PatternContext {
     allow_irrefutable: bool,
 }
 
-impl Compiler {
-    fn new(opts: CompileOpts, source_path: String, code_name: String) -> Self {
+impl<'src> Compiler<'src> {
+    fn new(opts: CompileOpts, source_code: SourceCode<'src>, code_name: String) -> Self {
         let module_code = ir::CodeInfo {
             flags: bytecode::CodeFlags::NEW_LOCALS,
             posonlyarg_count: 0,
             arg_count: 0,
             kwonlyarg_count: 0,
-            source_path: source_path.clone(),
-            first_line_number: LineNumber::MIN,
+            source_path: source_code.path.to_owned(),
+            first_line_number: OneIndexed::MIN,
             obj_name: code_name,
 
             blocks: vec![ir::Block::default()],
@@ -242,10 +232,11 @@ impl Compiler {
         Compiler {
             code_stack: vec![module_code],
             symbol_table_stack: Vec::new(),
-            source_path,
-            current_source_location: SourceLocation::default(),
+            source_code,
+            // current_source_location: SourceLocation::default(),
+            current_source_range: TextRange::default(),
             qualified_path: Vec::new(),
-            done_with_future_stmts: false,
+            done_with_future_stmts: DoneWithFuture::No,
             future_annotations: false,
             ctx: CompileContext {
                 loop_data: None,
@@ -256,15 +247,18 @@ impl Compiler {
             opts,
         }
     }
+}
 
+impl Compiler<'_> {
     fn error(&mut self, error: CodegenErrorType) -> CodegenError {
-        self.error_loc(error, self.current_source_location)
+        self.error_ranged(error, self.current_source_range)
     }
-    fn error_loc(&mut self, error: CodegenErrorType, location: SourceLocation) -> CodegenError {
+    fn error_ranged(&mut self, error: CodegenErrorType, range: TextRange) -> CodegenError {
+        let location = self.source_code.source_location(range.start());
         CodegenError {
             error,
             location: Some(location),
-            source_path: self.source_path.clone(),
+            source_path: self.source_code.path.to_owned(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -296,7 +290,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         kwonlyarg_count: u32,
         obj_name: String,
     ) {
-        let source_path = self.source_path.clone();
+        let source_path = self.source_code.path.to_owned();
         let first_line_number = self.get_source_line_number();
 
         let table = self.push_symbol_table();
@@ -373,13 +367,13 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_program(
         &mut self,
-        body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
+        body: &ModModule,
         symbol_table: SymbolTable,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         let size_before = self.code_stack.len();
         self.symbol_table_stack.push(symbol_table);
 
-        let (doc, statements) = split_doc(body, &self.opts);
+        let (doc, statements) = split_doc(&body.body, &self.opts);
         if let Some(value) = doc {
             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value });
             let doc = self.name("__doc__");
@@ -401,14 +395,14 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_program_single(
         &mut self,
-        body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
+        body: &[Stmt],
         symbol_table: SymbolTable,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.symbol_table_stack.push(symbol_table);
 
         if let Some((last, body)) = body.split_last() {
             for statement in body {
-                if let located_ast::Stmt::Expr(located_ast::StmtExpr { value, .. }) = &statement {
+                if let Stmt::Expr(StmtExpr { value, .. }) = &statement {
                     self.compile_expression(value)?;
                     emit!(self, Instruction::PrintExpr);
                 } else {
@@ -416,7 +410,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 }
             }
 
-            if let located_ast::Stmt::Expr(located_ast::StmtExpr { value, .. }) = &last {
+            if let Stmt::Expr(StmtExpr { value, .. }) = &last {
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
                 emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::PrintExpr);
@@ -434,7 +428,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_block_expr(
         &mut self,
-        body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
+        body: &[Stmt],
         symbol_table: SymbolTable,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.symbol_table_stack.push(symbol_table);
@@ -443,12 +437,10 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         if let Some(last_statement) = body.last() {
             match last_statement {
-                located_ast::Stmt::Expr(_) => {
+                Stmt::Expr(_) => {
                     self.current_block().instructions.pop(); // pop Instruction::Pop
                 }
-                located_ast::Stmt::FunctionDef(_)
-                | located_ast::Stmt::AsyncFunctionDef(_)
-                | located_ast::Stmt::ClassDef(_) => {
+                Stmt::FunctionDef(_) | Stmt::ClassDef(_) => {
                     let store_inst = self.current_block().instructions.pop().unwrap(); // pop Instruction::Store
                     emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
                     self.current_block().instructions.push(store_inst);
@@ -464,16 +456,16 @@ impl Compiler {
     // Compile statement in eval mode:
     fn compile_eval(
         &mut self,
-        expression: &located_ast::Expr,
+        expression: &ModExpression,
         symbol_table: SymbolTable,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.symbol_table_stack.push(symbol_table);
-        self.compile_expression(expression)?;
+        self.compile_expression(&expression.body)?;
         self.emit_return_value();
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_statements(&mut self, statements: &[located_ast::Stmt]) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn compile_statements(&mut self, statements: &[Stmt]) -> CompileResult<()> {
         for statement in statements {
             self.compile_statement(statement)?
         }
@@ -508,7 +500,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         let symbol_table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
         let symbol = symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).unwrap_or_else(||
-            panic!("The symbol '{name}' must be present in the symbol table, even when it is undefined in python."),
+            unreachable!("the symbol '{name}' should be present in the symbol table, even when it is undefined in python."),
         );
         let info = self.code_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
         let mut cache = &mut info.name_cache;
@@ -583,22 +575,28 @@ impl Compiler {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_statement(&mut self, statement: &located_ast::Stmt) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        use located_ast::*;
-
+    fn compile_statement(&mut self, statement: &Stmt) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        use ruff_python_ast::*;
         trace!("Compiling {:?}", statement);
-        self.set_source_location(statement.location());
+        self.set_source_range(statement.range());
 
         match &statement {
             // we do this here because `from __future__` still executes that `from` statement at runtime,
             // we still need to compile the ImportFrom down below
-            Stmt::ImportFrom(located_ast::StmtImportFrom { module, names, .. })
+            Stmt::ImportFrom(StmtImportFrom { module, names, .. })
                 if module.as_ref().map(|id| id.as_str()) == Some("__future__") =>
             {
                 self.compile_future_features(names)?
             }
+            // ignore module-level doc comments
+            Stmt::Expr(StmtExpr { value, .. })
+                if matches!(&**value, Expr::StringLiteral(..))
+                    && matches!(self.done_with_future_stmts, DoneWithFuture::No) =>
+            {
+                self.done_with_future_stmts = DoneWithFuture::DoneWithDoc
+            }
             // if we find any other statement, stop accepting future statements
-            _ => self.done_with_future_stmts = true,
+            _ => self.done_with_future_stmts = DoneWithFuture::Yes,
         }
 
         match &statement {
@@ -633,9 +631,9 @@ impl Compiler {
 
                 let from_list = if import_star {
                     if self.ctx.in_func() {
-                        return Err(self.error_loc(
+                        return Err(self.error_ranged(
                             CodegenErrorType::FunctionImportStar,
-                            statement.location(),
+                            statement.range(),
                         ));
                     }
                     vec![ConstantData::Str {
@@ -654,7 +652,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
                 // from .... import (*fromlist)
                 self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Integer {
-                    value: level.as_ref().map_or(0, |level| level.to_u32()).into(),
+                    value: (*level).into(),
                 });
                 self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Tuple {
                     elements: from_list,
@@ -699,52 +697,76 @@ impl Compiler {
                 // Handled during symbol table construction.
             }
             Stmt::If(StmtIf {
-                test, body, orelse, ..
+                test,
+                body,
+                elif_else_clauses,
+                ..
             }) => {
-                let after_block = self.new_block();
-                if orelse.is_empty() {
-                    // Only if:
-                    self.compile_jump_if(test, false, after_block)?;
-                    self.compile_statements(body)?;
-                } else {
-                    // if - else:
-                    let else_block = self.new_block();
-                    self.compile_jump_if(test, false, else_block)?;
-                    self.compile_statements(body)?;
-                    emit!(
-                        self,
-                        Instruction::Jump {
-                            target: after_block,
+                match elif_else_clauses.as_slice() {
+                    // Only if
+                    [] => {
+                        let after_block = self.new_block();
+                        self.compile_jump_if(test, false, after_block)?;
+                        self.compile_statements(body)?;
+                        self.switch_to_block(after_block);
+                    }
+                    // If, elif*, elif/else
+                    [rest @ .., tail] => {
+                        let after_block = self.new_block();
+                        let mut next_block = self.new_block();
+
+                        self.compile_jump_if(test, false, next_block)?;
+                        self.compile_statements(body)?;
+                        emit!(
+                            self,
+                            Instruction::Jump {
+                                target: after_block
+                            }
+                        );
+
+                        for clause in rest {
+                            self.switch_to_block(next_block);
+                            next_block = self.new_block();
+                            if let Some(test) = &clause.test {
+                                self.compile_jump_if(test, false, next_block)?;
+                            } else {
+                                unreachable!() // must be elif
+                            }
+                            self.compile_statements(&clause.body)?;
+                            emit!(
+                                self,
+                                Instruction::Jump {
+                                    target: after_block
+                                }
+                            );
                         }
-                    );
 
-                    // else:
-                    self.switch_to_block(else_block);
-                    self.compile_statements(orelse)?;
+                        self.switch_to_block(next_block);
+                        if let Some(test) = &tail.test {
+                            self.compile_jump_if(test, false, after_block)?;
+                        }
+                        self.compile_statements(&tail.body)?;
+                        self.switch_to_block(after_block);
+                    }
                 }
-                self.switch_to_block(after_block);
             }
             Stmt::While(StmtWhile {
                 test, body, orelse, ..
             }) => self.compile_while(test, body, orelse)?,
-            Stmt::With(StmtWith { items, body, .. }) => self.compile_with(items, body, false)?,
-            Stmt::AsyncWith(StmtAsyncWith { items, body, .. }) => {
-                self.compile_with(items, body, true)?
-            }
-            Stmt::For(StmtFor {
-                target,
-                iter,
+            Stmt::With(StmtWith {
+                items,
                 body,
-                orelse,
+                is_async,
                 ..
-            }) => self.compile_for(target, iter, body, orelse, false)?,
-            Stmt::AsyncFor(StmtAsyncFor {
+            }) => self.compile_with(items, body, *is_async)?,
+            Stmt::For(StmtFor {
                 target,
                 iter,
                 body,
                 orelse,
+                is_async,
                 ..
-            }) => self.compile_for(target, iter, body, orelse, true)?,
+            }) => self.compile_for(target, iter, body, orelse, *is_async)?,
             Stmt::Match(StmtMatch { subject, cases, .. }) => self.compile_match(subject, cases)?,
             Stmt::Raise(StmtRaise { exc, cause, .. }) => {
                 let kind = match exc {
@@ -767,64 +789,46 @@ impl Compiler {
                 handlers,
                 orelse,
                 finalbody,
+                is_star,
                 ..
-            }) => self.compile_try_statement(body, handlers, orelse, finalbody)?,
-            Stmt::TryStar(StmtTryStar {
-                body,
-                handlers,
-                orelse,
-                finalbody,
-                ..
-            }) => self.compile_try_star_statement(body, handlers, orelse, finalbody)?,
+            }) => {
+                if *is_star {
+                    self.compile_try_star_statement(body, handlers, orelse, finalbody)?
+                } else {
+                    self.compile_try_statement(body, handlers, orelse, finalbody)?
+                }
+            }
             Stmt::FunctionDef(StmtFunctionDef {
                 name,
-                args,
+                parameters,
                 body,
                 decorator_list,
                 returns,
                 type_params,
+                is_async,
                 ..
             }) => self.compile_function_def(
                 name.as_str(),
-                args,
+                parameters,
                 body,
                 decorator_list,
                 returns.as_deref(),
-                false,
-                type_params,
-            )?,
-            Stmt::AsyncFunctionDef(StmtAsyncFunctionDef {
-                name,
-                args,
-                body,
-                decorator_list,
-                returns,
-                type_params,
-                ..
-            }) => self.compile_function_def(
-                name.as_str(),
-                args,
-                body,
-                decorator_list,
-                returns.as_deref(),
-                true,
-                type_params,
+                *is_async,
+                type_params.as_deref(),
             )?,
             Stmt::ClassDef(StmtClassDef {
                 name,
                 body,
-                bases,
-                keywords,
                 decorator_list,
                 type_params,
+                arguments,
                 ..
             }) => self.compile_class_def(
                 name.as_str(),
                 body,
-                bases,
-                keywords,
                 decorator_list,
-                type_params,
+                type_params.as_deref(),
+                arguments.as_deref(),
             )?,
             Stmt::Assert(StmtAssert { test, msg, .. }) => {
                 // if some flag, ignore all assert statements!
@@ -859,7 +863,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 }
                 None => {
                     return Err(
-                        self.error_loc(CodegenErrorType::InvalidBreak, statement.location())
+                        self.error_ranged(CodegenErrorType::InvalidBreak, statement.range())
                     );
                 }
             },
@@ -869,14 +873,14 @@ impl Compiler {
                 }
                 None => {
                     return Err(
-                        self.error_loc(CodegenErrorType::InvalidContinue, statement.location())
+                        self.error_ranged(CodegenErrorType::InvalidContinue, statement.range())
                     );
                 }
             },
             Stmt::Return(StmtReturn { value, .. }) => {
                 if !self.ctx.in_func() {
                     return Err(
-                        self.error_loc(CodegenErrorType::InvalidReturn, statement.location())
+                        self.error_ranged(CodegenErrorType::InvalidReturn, statement.range())
                     );
                 }
                 match value {
@@ -887,9 +891,9 @@ impl Compiler {
                                 .flags
                                 .contains(bytecode::CodeFlags::IS_GENERATOR)
                         {
-                            return Err(self.error_loc(
+                            return Err(self.error_ranged(
                                 CodegenErrorType::AsyncReturnValue,
-                                statement.location(),
+                                statement.range(),
                             ));
                         }
                         self.compile_expression(v)?;
@@ -933,13 +937,20 @@ impl Compiler {
                 value,
                 ..
             }) => {
-                let name_string = name.to_string();
-                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                // let name_string = name.to_string();
+                let Some(name) = name.as_name_expr() else {
+                    // FIXME: is error here?
+                    return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::SyntaxError(
+                        "type alias expect name".to_owned(),
+                    )));
+                };
+                let name_string = name.id.to_string();
+                if type_params.is_some() {
                     self.push_symbol_table();
                 }
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
-                self.compile_type_params(type_params)?;
-                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                if let Some(type_params) = type_params {
+                    self.compile_type_params(type_params)?;
                     self.pop_symbol_table();
                 }
                 self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
@@ -948,33 +959,32 @@ impl Compiler {
                 emit!(self, Instruction::TypeAlias);
                 self.store_name(&name_string)?;
             }
+            Stmt::IpyEscapeCommand(_) => todo!(),
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_delete(&mut self, expression: &located_ast::Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn compile_delete(&mut self, expression: &Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        use ruff_python_ast::*;
         match &expression {
-            located_ast::Expr::Name(located_ast::ExprName { id, .. }) => {
-                self.compile_name(id.as_str(), NameUsage::Delete)?
-            }
-            located_ast::Expr::Attribute(located_ast::ExprAttribute { value, attr, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Name(ExprName { id, .. }) => self.compile_name(id.as_str(), NameUsage::Delete)?,
+            Expr::Attribute(ExprAttribute { value, attr, .. }) => {
                 self.check_forbidden_name(attr.as_str(), NameUsage::Delete)?;
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
                 let idx = self.name(attr.as_str());
                 emit!(self, Instruction::DeleteAttr { idx });
             }
-            located_ast::Expr::Subscript(located_ast::ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Subscript(ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) => {
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
                 self.compile_expression(slice)?;
                 emit!(self, Instruction::DeleteSubscript);
             }
-            located_ast::Expr::Tuple(located_ast::ExprTuple { elts, .. })
-            | located_ast::Expr::List(located_ast::ExprList { elts, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Tuple(ExprTuple { elts, .. }) | Expr::List(ExprList { elts, .. }) => {
                 for element in elts {
                     self.compile_delete(element)?;
                 }
             }
-            located_ast::Expr::BinOp(_) | located_ast::Expr::UnaryOp(_) => {
+            Expr::BinOp(_) | Expr::UnaryOp(_) => {
                 return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::Delete("expression")));
             }
             _ => return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::Delete(expression.python_name()))),
@@ -985,9 +995,13 @@ impl Compiler {
     fn enter_function(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
-        args: &located_ast::Arguments,
+        parameters: &Parameters,
     ) -> CompileResult<bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags> {
-        let defaults: Vec<_> = args.defaults().collect();
+        let defaults: Vec<_> = std::iter::empty()
+            .chain(&parameters.posonlyargs)
+            .chain(&parameters.args)
+            .filter_map(|x| x.default.as_deref())
+            .collect();
         let have_defaults = !defaults.is_empty();
         if have_defaults {
             // Construct a tuple:
@@ -998,12 +1012,23 @@ impl Compiler {
             emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTuple { size });
         }
 
-        let (kw_without_defaults, kw_with_defaults) = args.split_kwonlyargs();
+        // TODO: partition_in_place
+        let mut kw_without_defaults = vec![];
+        let mut kw_with_defaults = vec![];
+        for kwonlyarg in &parameters.kwonlyargs {
+            if let Some(default) = &kwonlyarg.default {
+                kw_with_defaults.push((&kwonlyarg.parameter, default));
+            } else {
+                kw_without_defaults.push(&kwonlyarg.parameter);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // let (kw_without_defaults, kw_with_defaults) = args.split_kwonlyargs();
         if !kw_with_defaults.is_empty() {
             let default_kw_count = kw_with_defaults.len();
             for (arg, default) in kw_with_defaults.iter() {
                 self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                    value: arg.arg.to_string(),
+                    value: arg.name.to_string(),
                 });
                 self.compile_expression(default)?;
             }
@@ -1025,42 +1050,42 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         self.push_output(
             bytecode::CodeFlags::NEW_LOCALS | bytecode::CodeFlags::IS_OPTIMIZED,
-            args.posonlyargs.len().to_u32(),
-            (args.posonlyargs.len() + args.args.len()).to_u32(),
-            args.kwonlyargs.len().to_u32(),
+            parameters.posonlyargs.len().to_u32(),
+            (parameters.posonlyargs.len() + parameters.args.len()).to_u32(),
+            parameters.kwonlyargs.len().to_u32(),
             name.to_owned(),
         );
 
         let args_iter = std::iter::empty()
-            .chain(&args.posonlyargs)
-            .chain(&args.args)
-            .map(|arg| arg.as_arg())
+            .chain(&parameters.posonlyargs)
+            .chain(&parameters.args)
+            .map(|arg| &arg.parameter)
             .chain(kw_without_defaults)
             .chain(kw_with_defaults.into_iter().map(|(arg, _)| arg));
         for name in args_iter {
-            self.varname(name.arg.as_str())?;
+            self.varname(name.name.as_str())?;
         }
 
-        if let Some(name) = args.vararg.as_deref() {
+        if let Some(name) = parameters.vararg.as_deref() {
             self.current_code_info().flags |= bytecode::CodeFlags::HAS_VARARGS;
-            self.varname(name.arg.as_str())?;
+            self.varname(name.name.as_str())?;
         }
-        if let Some(name) = args.kwarg.as_deref() {
+        if let Some(name) = parameters.kwarg.as_deref() {
             self.current_code_info().flags |= bytecode::CodeFlags::HAS_VARKEYWORDS;
-            self.varname(name.arg.as_str())?;
+            self.varname(name.name.as_str())?;
         }
 
         Ok(func_flags)
     }
 
-    fn prepare_decorators(&mut self, decorator_list: &[located_ast::Expr]) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn prepare_decorators(&mut self, decorator_list: &[Decorator]) -> CompileResult<()> {
         for decorator in decorator_list {
-            self.compile_expression(decorator)?;
+            self.compile_expression(&decorator.expression)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn apply_decorators(&mut self, decorator_list: &[located_ast::Expr]) {
+    fn apply_decorators(&mut self, decorator_list: &[Decorator]) {
         // Apply decorators:
         for _ in decorator_list {
             emit!(self, Instruction::CallFunctionPositional { nargs: 1 });
@@ -1069,14 +1094,10 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     /// Store each type parameter so it is accessible to the current scope, and leave a tuple of
     /// all the type parameters on the stack.
-    fn compile_type_params(&mut self, type_params: &[located_ast::TypeParam]) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        for type_param in type_params {
+    fn compile_type_params(&mut self, type_params: &TypeParams) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        for type_param in &type_params.type_params {
             match type_param {
-                located_ast::TypeParam::TypeVar(located_ast::TypeParamTypeVar {
-                    name,
-                    bound,
-                    ..
-                }) => {
+                TypeParam::TypeVar(TypeParamTypeVar { name, bound, .. }) => {
                     if let Some(expr) = &bound {
                         self.compile_expression(expr)?;
                         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
@@ -1095,9 +1116,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                         self.store_name(name.as_ref())?;
                     }
                 }
-                located_ast::TypeParam::ParamSpec(located_ast::TypeParamParamSpec {
-                    name, ..
-                }) => {
+                TypeParam::ParamSpec(TypeParamParamSpec { name, .. }) => {
                     self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
                         value: name.to_string(),
                     });
@@ -1105,10 +1124,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                     emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
                     self.store_name(name.as_ref())?;
                 }
-                located_ast::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(located_ast::TypeParamTypeVarTuple {
-                    name,
-                    ..
-                }) => {
+                TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(TypeParamTypeVarTuple { name, .. }) => {
                     self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
                         value: name.to_string(),
                     });
@@ -1129,10 +1145,10 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_try_statement(
         &mut self,
-        body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-        handlers: &[located_ast::ExceptHandler],
-        orelse: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-        finalbody: &[located_ast::Stmt],
+        body: &[Stmt],
+        handlers: &[ExceptHandler],
+        orelse: &[Stmt],
+        finalbody: &[Stmt],
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         let handler_block = self.new_block();
         let finally_block = self.new_block();
@@ -1164,11 +1180,9 @@ impl Compiler {
         self.switch_to_block(handler_block);
         // Exception is on top of stack now
         for handler in handlers {
-            let located_ast::ExceptHandler::ExceptHandler(
-                located_ast::ExceptHandlerExceptHandler {
-                    type_, name, body, ..
-                },
-            ) = &handler;
+            let ExceptHandler::ExceptHandler(ExceptHandlerExceptHandler {
+                type_, name, body, ..
+            }) = &handler;
             let next_handler = self.new_block();
 
             // If we gave a typ,
@@ -1261,10 +1275,10 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_try_star_statement(
         &mut self,
-        _body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-        _handlers: &[located_ast::ExceptHandler],
-        _orelse: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-        _finalbody: &[located_ast::Stmt],
+        _body: &[Stmt],
+        _handlers: &[ExceptHandler],
+        _orelse: &[Stmt],
+        _finalbody: &[Stmt],
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::NotImplementedYet))
     }
@@ -1277,21 +1291,21 @@ impl Compiler {
     fn compile_function_def(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
-        args: &located_ast::Arguments,
-        body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-        decorator_list: &[located_ast::Expr],
-        returns: Option<&located_ast::Expr>, // TODO: use type hint somehow..
+        parameters: &Parameters,
+        body: &[Stmt],
+        decorator_list: &[Decorator],
+        returns: Option<&Expr>, // TODO: use type hint somehow..
         is_async: bool,
-        type_params: &[located_ast::TypeParam],
+        type_params: Option<&TypeParams>,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.prepare_decorators(decorator_list)?;
 
         // If there are type params, we need to push a special symbol table just for them
-        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+        if type_params.is_some() {
             self.push_symbol_table();
         }
 
-        let mut func_flags = self.enter_function(name, args)?;
+        let mut func_flags = self.enter_function(name, parameters)?;
         self.current_code_info()
             .flags
             .set(bytecode::CodeFlags::IS_COROUTINE, is_async);
@@ -1323,7 +1337,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         // Emit None at end:
         match body.last() {
-            Some(located_ast::Stmt::Return(_)) => {
+            Some(Stmt::Return(_)) => {
                 // the last instruction is a ReturnValue already, we don't need to emit it
             }
             _ => {
@@ -1337,7 +1351,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         self.ctx = prev_ctx;
 
         // Prepare generic type parameters:
-        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+        if let Some(type_params) = type_params {
             self.compile_type_params(type_params)?;
             func_flags |= bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::TYPE_PARAMS;
         }
@@ -1356,17 +1370,17 @@ impl Compiler {
             num_annotations += 1;
         }
 
-        let args_iter = std::iter::empty()
-            .chain(&args.posonlyargs)
-            .chain(&args.args)
-            .chain(&args.kwonlyargs)
-            .map(|arg| arg.as_arg())
-            .chain(args.vararg.as_deref())
-            .chain(args.kwarg.as_deref());
-        for arg in args_iter {
-            if let Some(annotation) = &arg.annotation {
+        let parameters_iter = std::iter::empty()
+            .chain(&parameters.posonlyargs)
+            .chain(&parameters.args)
+            .chain(&parameters.kwonlyargs)
+            .map(|x| &x.parameter)
+            .chain(parameters.vararg.as_deref())
+            .chain(parameters.kwarg.as_deref());
+        for param in parameters_iter {
+            if let Some(annotation) = &param.annotation {
                 self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                    value: self.mangle(arg.arg.as_str()).into_owned(),
+                    value: self.mangle(param.name.as_str()).into_owned(),
                 });
                 self.compile_annotation(annotation)?;
                 num_annotations += 1;
@@ -1388,7 +1402,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         }
 
         // Pop the special type params symbol table
-        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+        if type_params.is_some() {
             self.pop_symbol_table();
         }
 
@@ -1424,7 +1438,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             let symbol = table.lookup(var).unwrap_or_else(|| {
                 panic!(
                     "couldn't look up var {} in {} in {}",
-                    var, code.obj_name, self.source_path
+                    var, code.obj_name, self.source_code.path
                 )
             });
             let parent_code = self.code_stack.last().unwrap();
@@ -1453,17 +1467,21 @@ impl Compiler {
     }
 
     // Python/compile.c find_ann
-    fn find_ann(body: &[located_ast::Stmt]) -> bool {
-        use located_ast::*;
-
+    fn find_ann(body: &[Stmt]) -> bool {
+        use ruff_python_ast::*;
         for statement in body {
             let res = match &statement {
                 Stmt::AnnAssign(_) => true,
                 Stmt::For(StmtFor { body, orelse, .. }) => {
                     Self::find_ann(body) || Self::find_ann(orelse)
                 }
-                Stmt::If(StmtIf { body, orelse, .. }) => {
-                    Self::find_ann(body) || Self::find_ann(orelse)
+                Stmt::If(StmtIf {
+                    body,
+                    elif_else_clauses,
+                    ..
+                }) => {
+                    Self::find_ann(body)
+                        || elif_else_clauses.iter().any(|x| Self::find_ann(&x.body))
                 }
                 Stmt::While(StmtWhile { body, orelse, .. }) => {
                     Self::find_ann(body) || Self::find_ann(orelse)
@@ -1487,16 +1505,13 @@ impl Compiler {
     fn compile_class_def(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
-        body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-        bases: &[located_ast::Expr],
-        keywords: &[located_ast::Keyword],
-        decorator_list: &[located_ast::Expr],
-        type_params: &[located_ast::TypeParam],
+        body: &[Stmt],
+        decorator_list: &[Decorator],
+        type_params: Option<&TypeParams>,
+        arguments: Option<&Arguments>,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.prepare_decorators(decorator_list)?;
 
-        emit!(self, Instruction::LoadBuildClass);
-
         let prev_ctx = self.ctx;
         self.ctx = CompileContext {
             func: FunctionContext::NoFunction,
@@ -1519,7 +1534,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         let qualified_name = self.qualified_path.join(".");
 
         // If there are type params, we need to push a special symbol table just for them
-        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+        if type_params.is_some() {
             self.push_symbol_table();
         }
 
@@ -1571,10 +1586,12 @@ impl Compiler {
         self.qualified_path.append(global_path_prefix.as_mut());
         self.ctx = prev_ctx;
 
+        emit!(self, Instruction::LoadBuildClass);
+
         let mut func_flags = bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::empty();
 
         // Prepare generic type parameters:
-        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+        if let Some(type_params) = type_params {
             self.compile_type_params(type_params)?;
             func_flags |= bytecode::MakeFunctionFlags::TYPE_PARAMS;
         }
@@ -1584,7 +1601,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         }
 
         // Pop the special type params symbol table
-        if !type_params.is_empty() {
+        if type_params.is_some() {
             self.pop_symbol_table();
         }
 
@@ -1602,7 +1619,12 @@ impl Compiler {
             value: name.to_owned(),
         });
 
-        let call = self.compile_call_inner(2, bases, keywords)?;
+        // Call the __build_class__ builtin
+        let call = if let Some(arguments) = arguments {
+            self.compile_call_inner(2, arguments)?
+        } else {
+            CallType::Positional { nargs: 2 }
+        };
         self.compile_normal_call(call);
 
         self.apply_decorators(decorator_list);
@@ -1621,12 +1643,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         });
     }
 
-    fn compile_while(
-        &mut self,
-        test: &located_ast::Expr,
-        body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-        orelse: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn compile_while(&mut self, test: &Expr, body: &[Stmt], orelse: &[Stmt]) -> CompileResult<()> {
         let while_block = self.new_block();
         let else_block = self.new_block();
         let after_block = self.new_block();
@@ -1654,11 +1671,11 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_with(
         &mut self,
-        items: &[located_ast::WithItem],
-        body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
+        items: &[WithItem],
+        body: &[Stmt],
         is_async: bool,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        let with_location = self.current_source_location;
+        let with_range = self.current_source_range;
 
         let Some((item, items)) = items.split_first() else {
             return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::EmptyWithItems));
@@ -1668,7 +1685,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             let final_block = self.new_block();
             self.compile_expression(&item.context_expr)?;
 
-            self.set_source_location(with_location);
+            self.set_source_range(with_range);
             if is_async {
                 emit!(self, Instruction::BeforeAsyncWith);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::GetAwaitable);
@@ -1681,7 +1698,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
             match &item.optional_vars {
                 Some(var) => {
-                    self.set_source_location(var.location());
+                    self.set_source_range(var.range());
                     self.compile_store(var)?;
                 }
                 None => {
@@ -1697,13 +1714,13 @@ impl Compiler {
             }
             self.compile_statements(body)?;
         } else {
-            self.set_source_location(with_location);
+            self.set_source_range(with_range);
             self.compile_with(items, body, is_async)?;
         }
 
         // sort of "stack up" the layers of with blocks:
         // with a, b: body -> start_with(a) start_with(b) body() end_with(b) end_with(a)
-        self.set_source_location(with_location);
+        self.set_source_range(with_range);
         emit!(self, Instruction::PopBlock);
 
         emit!(self, Instruction::EnterFinally);
@@ -1724,10 +1741,10 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_for(
         &mut self,
-        target: &located_ast::Expr,
-        iter: &located_ast::Expr,
-        body: &[located_ast::Stmt],
-        orelse: &[located_ast::Stmt],
+        target: &Expr,
+        iter: &Expr,
+        body: &[Stmt],
+        orelse: &[Stmt],
         is_async: bool,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         // Start loop
@@ -1785,32 +1802,27 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_pattern_value(
         &mut self,
-        value: &located_ast::PatternMatchValue,
+        value: &PatternMatchValue,
         _pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        use crate::compile::bytecode::ComparisonOperator::*;
+
         self.compile_expression(&value.value)?;
-        emit!(
-            self,
-            Instruction::CompareOperation {
-                op: ComparisonOperator::Equal
-            }
-        );
+        emit!(self, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: Equal });
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn compile_pattern_as(
         &mut self,
-        as_pattern: &located_ast::PatternMatchAs,
+        as_pattern: &PatternMatchAs,
         pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         if as_pattern.pattern.is_none() && !pattern_context.allow_irrefutable {
             // TODO: better error message
             if let Some(_name) = as_pattern.name.as_ref() {
-                return Err(
-                    self.error_loc(CodegenErrorType::InvalidMatchCase, as_pattern.location())
-                );
+                return Err(self.error_ranged(CodegenErrorType::InvalidMatchCase, as_pattern.range));
             }
-            return Err(self.error_loc(CodegenErrorType::InvalidMatchCase, as_pattern.location()));
+            return Err(self.error_ranged(CodegenErrorType::InvalidMatchCase, as_pattern.range));
         }
         // Need to make a copy for (possibly) storing later:
         emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
@@ -1827,16 +1839,12 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_pattern_inner(
         &mut self,
-        pattern_type: &located_ast::Pattern,
+        pattern_type: &Pattern,
         pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         match &pattern_type {
-            located_ast::Pattern::MatchValue(value) => {
-                self.compile_pattern_value(value, pattern_context)
-            }
-            located_ast::Pattern::MatchAs(as_pattern) => {
-                self.compile_pattern_as(as_pattern, pattern_context)
-            }
+            Pattern::MatchValue(value) => self.compile_pattern_value(value, pattern_context),
+            Pattern::MatchAs(as_pattern) => self.compile_pattern_as(as_pattern, pattern_context),
             _ => {
                 eprintln!("not implemented pattern type: {pattern_type:?}");
                 Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::NotImplementedYet))
@@ -1846,7 +1854,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_pattern(
         &mut self,
-        pattern_type: &located_ast::Pattern,
+        pattern_type: &Pattern,
         pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.compile_pattern_inner(pattern_type, pattern_context)?;
@@ -1861,8 +1869,8 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_match_inner(
         &mut self,
-        subject: &located_ast::Expr,
-        cases: &[located_ast::MatchCase],
+        subject: &Expr,
+        cases: &[MatchCase],
         pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.compile_expression(subject)?;
@@ -1917,11 +1925,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_match(
-        &mut self,
-        subject: &located_ast::Expr,
-        cases: &[located_ast::MatchCase],
-    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn compile_match(&mut self, subject: &Expr, cases: &[MatchCase]) -> CompileResult<()> {
         let mut pattern_context = PatternContext {
             current_block: usize::MAX,
             blocks: Vec::new(),
@@ -1933,9 +1937,9 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_chained_comparison(
         &mut self,
-        left: &located_ast::Expr,
-        ops: &[located_ast::CmpOp],
-        exprs: &[located_ast::Expr],
+        left: &Expr,
+        ops: &[CmpOp],
+        exprs: &[Expr],
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         assert!(!ops.is_empty());
         assert_eq!(exprs.len(), ops.len());
@@ -1944,19 +1948,19 @@ impl Compiler {
 
         use bytecode::ComparisonOperator::*;
         use bytecode::TestOperator::*;
-        let compile_cmpop = |c: &mut Self, op: &located_ast::CmpOp| match op {
-            located_ast::CmpOp::Eq => emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: Equal }),
-            located_ast::CmpOp::NotEq => emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: NotEqual }),
-            located_ast::CmpOp::Lt => emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: Less }),
-            located_ast::CmpOp::LtE => emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: LessOrEqual }),
-            located_ast::CmpOp::Gt => emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: Greater }),
-            located_ast::CmpOp::GtE => {
+        let compile_cmpop = |c: &mut Self, op: &CmpOp| match op {
+            CmpOp::Eq => emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: Equal }),
+            CmpOp::NotEq => emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: NotEqual }),
+            CmpOp::Lt => emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: Less }),
+            CmpOp::LtE => emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: LessOrEqual }),
+            CmpOp::Gt => emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: Greater }),
+            CmpOp::GtE => {
                 emit!(c, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: GreaterOrEqual })
             }
-            located_ast::CmpOp::In => emit!(c, Instruction::TestOperation { op: In }),
-            located_ast::CmpOp::NotIn => emit!(c, Instruction::TestOperation { op: NotIn }),
-            located_ast::CmpOp::Is => emit!(c, Instruction::TestOperation { op: Is }),
-            located_ast::CmpOp::IsNot => emit!(c, Instruction::TestOperation { op: IsNot }),
+            CmpOp::In => emit!(c, Instruction::TestOperation { op: In }),
+            CmpOp::NotIn => emit!(c, Instruction::TestOperation { op: NotIn }),
+            CmpOp::Is => emit!(c, Instruction::TestOperation { op: Is }),
+            CmpOp::IsNot => emit!(c, Instruction::TestOperation { op: IsNot }),
         };
 
         // a == b == c == d
@@ -2021,10 +2025,14 @@ impl Compiler {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_annotation(&mut self, annotation: &located_ast::Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn compile_annotation(&mut self, annotation: &Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
         if self.future_annotations {
+            // FIXME: codegen?
+            let ident = Default::default();
+            let codegen =
+                ruff_python_codegen::Generator::new(&ident, Default::default(), Default::default());
             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                value: annotation.to_string(),
+                value: codegen.expr(annotation),
             });
         } else {
             self.compile_expression(annotation)?;
@@ -2034,9 +2042,9 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_annotated_assign(
         &mut self,
-        target: &located_ast::Expr,
-        annotation: &located_ast::Expr,
-        value: Option<&located_ast::Expr>,
+        target: &Expr,
+        annotation: &Expr,
+        value: Option<&Expr>,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         if let Some(value) = value {
             self.compile_expression(value)?;
@@ -2051,7 +2059,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         // Compile annotation:
         self.compile_annotation(annotation)?;
 
-        if let located_ast::Expr::Name(located_ast::ExprName { id, .. }) = &target {
+        if let Expr::Name(ExprName { id, .. }) = &target {
             // Store as dict entry in __annotations__ dict:
             let annotations = self.name("__annotations__");
             emit!(self, Instruction::LoadNameAny(annotations));
@@ -2067,29 +2075,26 @@ impl Compiler {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_store(&mut self, target: &located_ast::Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn compile_store(&mut self, target: &Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
         match &target {
-            located_ast::Expr::Name(located_ast::ExprName { id, .. }) => {
-                self.store_name(id.as_str())?
-            }
-            located_ast::Expr::Subscript(located_ast::ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Name(ExprName { id, .. }) => self.store_name(id.as_str())?,
+            Expr::Subscript(ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) => {
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
                 self.compile_expression(slice)?;
                 emit!(self, Instruction::StoreSubscript);
             }
-            located_ast::Expr::Attribute(located_ast::ExprAttribute { value, attr, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Attribute(ExprAttribute { value, attr, .. }) => {
                 self.check_forbidden_name(attr.as_str(), NameUsage::Store)?;
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
                 let idx = self.name(attr.as_str());
                 emit!(self, Instruction::StoreAttr { idx });
             }
-            located_ast::Expr::List(located_ast::ExprList { elts, .. })
-            | located_ast::Expr::Tuple(located_ast::ExprTuple { elts, .. }) => {
+            Expr::List(ExprList { elts, .. }) | Expr::Tuple(ExprTuple { elts, .. }) => {
                 let mut seen_star = false;
 
                 // Scan for star args:
                 for (i, element) in elts.iter().enumerate() {
-                    if let located_ast::Expr::Starred(_) = &element {
+                    if let Expr::Starred(_) = &element {
                         if seen_star {
                             return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::MultipleStarArgs));
                         } else {
@@ -2098,9 +2103,9 @@ impl Compiler {
                             let after = elts.len() - i - 1;
                             let (before, after) = (|| Some((before.to_u8()?, after.to_u8()?)))()
                                 .ok_or_else(|| {
-                                    self.error_loc(
+                                    self.error_ranged(
                                         CodegenErrorType::TooManyStarUnpack,
-                                        target.location(),
+                                        target.range(),
                                     )
                                 })?;
                             let args = bytecode::UnpackExArgs { before, after };
@@ -2119,9 +2124,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 }
 
                 for element in elts {
-                    if let located_ast::Expr::Starred(located_ast::ExprStarred { value, .. }) =
-                        &element
-                    {
+                    if let Expr::Starred(ExprStarred { value, .. }) = &element {
                         self.compile_store(value)?;
                     } else {
                         self.compile_store(element)?;
@@ -2130,7 +2133,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             }
             _ => {
                 return Err(self.error(match target {
-                    located_ast::Expr::Starred(_) => CodegenErrorType::SyntaxError(
+                    Expr::Starred(_) => CodegenErrorType::SyntaxError(
                         "starred assignment target must be in a list or tuple".to_owned(),
                     ),
                     _ => CodegenErrorType::Assign(target.python_name()),
@@ -2143,9 +2146,9 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     fn compile_augassign(
         &mut self,
-        target: &located_ast::Expr,
-        op: &located_ast::Operator,
-        value: &located_ast::Expr,
+        target: &Expr,
+        op: &Operator,
+        value: &Expr,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         enum AugAssignKind<'a> {
             Name { id: &'a str },
@@ -2154,19 +2157,19 @@ impl Compiler {
         }
 
         let kind = match &target {
-            located_ast::Expr::Name(located_ast::ExprName { id, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Name(ExprName { id, .. }) => {
                 let id = id.as_str();
                 self.compile_name(id, NameUsage::Load)?;
                 AugAssignKind::Name { id }
             }
-            located_ast::Expr::Subscript(located_ast::ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Subscript(ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) => {
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
                 self.compile_expression(slice)?;
                 emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate2);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::Subscript);
                 AugAssignKind::Subscript
             }
-            located_ast::Expr::Attribute(located_ast::ExprAttribute { value, attr, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Attribute(ExprAttribute { value, attr, .. }) => {
                 let attr = attr.as_str();
                 self.check_forbidden_name(attr, NameUsage::Store)?;
                 self.compile_expression(value)?;
@@ -2203,21 +2206,21 @@ impl Compiler {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_op(&mut self, op: &located_ast::Operator, inplace: bool) {
+    fn compile_op(&mut self, op: &Operator, inplace: bool) {
         let op = match op {
-            located_ast::Operator::Add => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Add,
-            located_ast::Operator::Sub => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Subtract,
-            located_ast::Operator::Mult => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Multiply,
-            located_ast::Operator::MatMult => bytecode::BinaryOperator::MatrixMultiply,
-            located_ast::Operator::Div => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Divide,
-            located_ast::Operator::FloorDiv => bytecode::BinaryOperator::FloorDivide,
-            located_ast::Operator::Mod => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Modulo,
-            located_ast::Operator::Pow => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Power,
-            located_ast::Operator::LShift => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Lshift,
-            located_ast::Operator::RShift => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Rshift,
-            located_ast::Operator::BitOr => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Or,
-            located_ast::Operator::BitXor => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Xor,
-            located_ast::Operator::BitAnd => bytecode::BinaryOperator::And,
+            Operator::Add => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Add,
+            Operator::Sub => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Subtract,
+            Operator::Mult => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Multiply,
+            Operator::MatMult => bytecode::BinaryOperator::MatrixMultiply,
+            Operator::Div => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Divide,
+            Operator::FloorDiv => bytecode::BinaryOperator::FloorDivide,
+            Operator::Mod => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Modulo,
+            Operator::Pow => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Power,
+            Operator::LShift => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Lshift,
+            Operator::RShift => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Rshift,
+            Operator::BitOr => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Or,
+            Operator::BitXor => bytecode::BinaryOperator::Xor,
+            Operator::BitAnd => bytecode::BinaryOperator::And,
         };
         if inplace {
             emit!(self, Instruction::BinaryOperationInplace { op })
@@ -2236,15 +2239,15 @@ impl Compiler {
     /// (indicated by the condition parameter).
     fn compile_jump_if(
         &mut self,
-        expression: &located_ast::Expr,
+        expression: &Expr,
         condition: bool,
         target_block: ir::BlockIdx,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         // Compile expression for test, and jump to label if false
         match &expression {
-            located_ast::Expr::BoolOp(located_ast::ExprBoolOp { op, values, .. }) => {
+            Expr::BoolOp(ExprBoolOp { op, values, .. }) => {
                 match op {
-                    located_ast::BoolOp::And => {
+                    BoolOp::And => {
                         if condition {
                             // If all values are true.
                             let end_block = self.new_block();
@@ -2265,7 +2268,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                             }
                         }
                     }
-                    located_ast::BoolOp::Or => {
+                    BoolOp::Or => {
                         if condition {
                             // If any of the values is true.
                             for value in values {
@@ -2288,8 +2291,8 @@ impl Compiler {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            located_ast::Expr::UnaryOp(located_ast::ExprUnaryOp {
-                op: located_ast::UnaryOp::Not,
+            Expr::UnaryOp(ExprUnaryOp {
+                op: UnaryOp::Not,
                 operand,
                 ..
             }) => {
@@ -2320,11 +2323,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     /// Compile a boolean operation as an expression.
     /// This means, that the last value remains on the stack.
-    fn compile_bool_op(
-        &mut self,
-        op: &located_ast::BoolOp,
-        values: &[located_ast::Expr],
-    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn compile_bool_op(&mut self, op: &BoolOp, values: &[Expr]) -> CompileResult<()> {
         let after_block = self.new_block();
 
         let (last_value, values) = values.split_last().unwrap();
@@ -2332,7 +2331,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             self.compile_expression(value)?;
 
             match op {
-                located_ast::BoolOp::And => {
+                BoolOp::And => {
                     emit!(
                         self,
                         Instruction::JumpIfFalseOrPop {
@@ -2340,7 +2339,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                         }
                     );
                 }
-                located_ast::BoolOp::Or => {
+                BoolOp::Or => {
                     emit!(
                         self,
                         Instruction::JumpIfTrueOrPop {
@@ -2357,44 +2356,36 @@ impl Compiler {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_dict(
-        &mut self,
-        keys: &[Option<located_ast::Expr>],
-        values: &[located_ast::Expr],
-    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn compile_dict(&mut self, items: &[DictItem]) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        // FIXME: correct order to build map, etc d = {**a, 'key': 2} should override
+        // 'key' in dict a
         let mut size = 0;
-        let (packed, unpacked): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = keys
-            .iter()
-            .zip(values.iter())
-            .partition(|(k, _)| k.is_some());
-        for (key, value) in packed {
-            self.compile_expression(key.as_ref().unwrap())?;
-            self.compile_expression(value)?;
+        let (packed, unpacked): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = items.iter().partition(|x| x.key.is_some());
+        for item in packed {
+            self.compile_expression(item.key.as_ref().unwrap())?;
+            self.compile_expression(&item.value)?;
             size += 1;
         }
         emit!(self, Instruction::BuildMap { size });
 
-        for (_, value) in unpacked {
-            self.compile_expression(value)?;
+        for item in unpacked {
+            self.compile_expression(&item.value)?;
             emit!(self, Instruction::DictUpdate);
         }
 
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_expression(&mut self, expression: &located_ast::Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        use located_ast::*;
+    fn compile_expression(&mut self, expression: &Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        use ruff_python_ast::*;
         trace!("Compiling {:?}", expression);
-        let location = expression.location();
-        self.set_source_location(location);
+        let range = expression.range();
+        self.set_source_range(range);
 
         match &expression {
             Expr::Call(ExprCall {
-                func,
-                args,
-                keywords,
-                ..
-            }) => self.compile_call(func, args, keywords)?,
+                func, arguments, ..
+            }) => self.compile_call(func, arguments)?,
             Expr::BoolOp(ExprBoolOp { op, values, .. }) => self.compile_bool_op(op, values)?,
             Expr::BinOp(ExprBinOp {
                 left, op, right, ..
@@ -2435,9 +2426,9 @@ impl Compiler {
             }) => {
                 self.compile_chained_comparison(left, ops, comparators)?;
             }
-            Expr::Constant(ExprConstant { value, .. }) => {
-                self.emit_load_const(compile_constant(value));
-            }
+            // Expr::Constant(ExprConstant { value, .. }) => {
+            //     self.emit_load_const(compile_constant(value));
+            // }
             Expr::List(ExprList { elts, .. }) => {
                 let (size, unpack) = self.gather_elements(0, elts)?;
                 if unpack {
@@ -2462,13 +2453,13 @@ impl Compiler {
                     emit!(self, Instruction::BuildSet { size });
                 }
             }
-            Expr::Dict(ExprDict { keys, values, .. }) => {
-                self.compile_dict(keys, values)?;
+            Expr::Dict(ExprDict { items, .. }) => {
+                self.compile_dict(items)?;
             }
             Expr::Slice(ExprSlice {
                 lower, upper, step, ..
             }) => {
-                let mut compile_bound = |bound: Option<&located_ast::Expr>| match bound {
+                let mut compile_bound = |bound: Option<&Expr>| match bound {
                     Some(exp) => self.compile_expression(exp),
                     None => {
                         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
@@ -2519,47 +2510,15 @@ impl Compiler {
                 self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
                 emit!(self, Instruction::YieldFrom);
             }
-            Expr::JoinedStr(ExprJoinedStr { values, .. }) => {
-                if let Some(value) = try_get_constant_string(values) {
-                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value })
-                } else {
-                    for value in values {
-                        self.compile_expression(value)?;
-                    }
-                    emit!(
-                        self,
-                        Instruction::BuildString {
-                            size: values.len().to_u32(),
-                        }
-                    )
-                }
-            }
-            Expr::FormattedValue(ExprFormattedValue {
-                value,
-                conversion,
-                format_spec,
-                ..
+            Expr::Name(ExprName { id, .. }) => self.load_name(id.as_str())?,
+            Expr::Lambda(ExprLambda {
+                parameters, body, ..
             }) => {
-                match format_spec {
-                    Some(spec) => self.compile_expression(spec)?,
-                    None => self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                        value: String::new(),
-                    }),
-                };
-                self.compile_expression(value)?;
-                emit!(
-                    self,
-                    Instruction::FormatValue {
-                        conversion: *conversion,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-            Expr::Name(located_ast::ExprName { id, .. }) => self.load_name(id.as_str())?,
-            Expr::Lambda(located_ast::ExprLambda { args, body, .. }) => {
                 let prev_ctx = self.ctx;
 
                 let name = "<lambda>".to_owned();
-                let mut func_flags = self.enter_function(&name, args)?;
+                let mut func_flags = self
+                    .enter_function(&name, parameters.as_deref().unwrap_or(&Default::default()))?;
 
                 self.ctx = CompileContext {
                     loop_data: Option::None,
@@ -2586,7 +2545,7 @@ impl Compiler {
 
                 self.ctx = prev_ctx;
             }
-            Expr::ListComp(located_ast::ExprListComp {
+            Expr::ListComp(ExprListComp {
                 elt, generators, ..
             }) => {
                 self.compile_comprehension(
@@ -2609,7 +2568,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                     Self::contains_await(elt),
                 )?;
             }
-            Expr::SetComp(located_ast::ExprSetComp {
+            Expr::SetComp(ExprSetComp {
                 elt, generators, ..
             }) => {
                 self.compile_comprehension(
@@ -2632,7 +2591,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                     Self::contains_await(elt),
                 )?;
             }
-            Expr::DictComp(located_ast::ExprDictComp {
+            Expr::DictComp(ExprDictComp {
                 key,
                 value,
                 generators,
@@ -2662,7 +2621,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                     Self::contains_await(key) || Self::contains_await(value),
                 )?;
             }
-            Expr::GeneratorExp(located_ast::ExprGeneratorExp {
+            Expr::Generator(ExprGenerator {
                 elt, generators, ..
             }) => {
                 self.compile_comprehension(
@@ -2684,7 +2643,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             Expr::Starred(_) => {
                 return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::InvalidStarExpr));
             }
-            Expr::IfExp(located_ast::ExprIfExp {
+            Expr::If(ExprIf {
                 test, body, orelse, ..
             }) => {
                 let else_block = self.new_block();
@@ -2708,7 +2667,7 @@ impl Compiler {
                 self.switch_to_block(after_block);
             }
 
-            Expr::NamedExpr(located_ast::ExprNamedExpr {
+            Expr::Named(ExprNamed {
                 target,
                 value,
                 range: _,
@@ -2717,11 +2676,50 @@ impl Compiler {
                 emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
                 self.compile_store(target)?;
             }
+            Expr::FString(fstring) => {
+                self.compile_expr_fstring(fstring)?;
+            }
+            Expr::StringLiteral(string) => {
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                    value: string.value.to_str().to_owned(),
+                });
+            }
+            Expr::BytesLiteral(bytes) => {
+                let iter = bytes.value.iter().flat_map(|x| x.iter().copied());
+                let v: Vec<u8> = iter.collect();
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Bytes { value: v });
+            }
+            Expr::NumberLiteral(number) => match &number.value {
+                Number::Int(int) => {
+                    let value = ruff_int_to_bigint(int).map_err(|e| self.error(e))?;
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Integer { value });
+                }
+                Number::Float(float) => {
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Float { value: *float });
+                }
+                Number::Complex { real, imag } => {
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Complex {
+                        value: Complex::new(*real, *imag),
+                    });
+                }
+            },
+            Expr::BooleanLiteral(b) => {
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Boolean { value: b.value });
+            }
+            Expr::NoneLiteral(_) => {
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
+            }
+            Expr::EllipsisLiteral(_) => {
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Ellipsis);
+            }
+            Expr::IpyEscapeCommand(_) => {
+                panic!("unexpected ipy escape command");
+            }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_keywords(&mut self, keywords: &[located_ast::Keyword]) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn compile_keywords(&mut self, keywords: &[Keyword]) -> CompileResult<()> {
         let mut size = 0;
         let groupby = keywords.iter().chunk_by(|e| e.arg.is_none());
         for (is_unpacking, sub_keywords) in &groupby {
@@ -2751,26 +2749,17 @@ impl Compiler {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_call(
-        &mut self,
-        func: &located_ast::Expr,
-        args: &[located_ast::Expr],
-        keywords: &[located_ast::Keyword],
-    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        let method =
-            if let located_ast::Expr::Attribute(located_ast::ExprAttribute {
-                value, attr, ..
-            }) = &func
-            {
-                self.compile_expression(value)?;
-                let idx = self.name(attr.as_str());
-                emit!(self, Instruction::LoadMethod { idx });
-                true
-            } else {
-                self.compile_expression(func)?;
-                false
-            };
-        let call = self.compile_call_inner(0, args, keywords)?;
+    fn compile_call(&mut self, func: &Expr, args: &Arguments) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        let method = if let Expr::Attribute(ExprAttribute { value, attr, .. }) = &func {
+            self.compile_expression(value)?;
+            let idx = self.name(attr.as_str());
+            emit!(self, Instruction::LoadMethod { idx });
+            true
+        } else {
+            self.compile_expression(func)?;
+            false
+        };
+        let call = self.compile_call_inner(0, args)?;
         if method {
             self.compile_method_call(call)
         } else {
@@ -2801,16 +2790,15 @@ impl Compiler {
     fn compile_call_inner(
         &mut self,
         additional_positional: u32,
-        args: &[located_ast::Expr],
-        keywords: &[located_ast::Keyword],
+        arguments: &Arguments,
     ) -> CompileResult<CallType> {
-        let count = (args.len() + keywords.len()).to_u32() + additional_positional;
+        let count = u32::try_from(arguments.len()).unwrap() + additional_positional;
 
         // Normal arguments:
-        let (size, unpack) = self.gather_elements(additional_positional, args)?;
-        let has_double_star = keywords.iter().any(|k| k.arg.is_none());
+        let (size, unpack) = self.gather_elements(additional_positional, &arguments.args)?;
+        let has_double_star = arguments.keywords.iter().any(|k| k.arg.is_none());
 
-        for keyword in keywords {
+        for keyword in &arguments.keywords {
             if let Some(name) = &keyword.arg {
                 self.check_forbidden_name(name.as_str(), NameUsage::Store)?;
             }
@@ -2825,14 +2813,14 @@ impl Compiler {
             }
 
             // Create an optional map with kw-args:
-            let has_kwargs = !keywords.is_empty();
+            let has_kwargs = !arguments.keywords.is_empty();
             if has_kwargs {
-                self.compile_keywords(keywords)?;
+                self.compile_keywords(&arguments.keywords)?;
             }
             CallType::Ex { has_kwargs }
-        } else if !keywords.is_empty() {
+        } else if !arguments.keywords.is_empty() {
             let mut kwarg_names = vec![];
-            for keyword in keywords {
+            for keyword in &arguments.keywords {
                 if let Some(name) = &keyword.arg {
                     kwarg_names.push(ConstantData::Str {
                         value: name.to_string(),
@@ -2857,15 +2845,9 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     // Given a vector of expr / star expr generate code which gives either
     // a list of expressions on the stack, or a list of tuples.
-    fn gather_elements(
-        &mut self,
-        before: u32,
-        elements: &[located_ast::Expr],
-    ) -> CompileResult<(u32, bool)> {
+    fn gather_elements(&mut self, before: u32, elements: &[Expr]) -> CompileResult<(u32, bool)> {
         // First determine if we have starred elements:
-        let has_stars = elements
-            .iter()
-            .any(|e| matches!(e, located_ast::Expr::Starred(_)));
+        let has_stars = elements.iter().any(|e| matches!(e, Expr::Starred(_)));
 
         let size = if has_stars {
             let mut size = 0;
@@ -2878,9 +2860,7 @@ impl Compiler {
             let groups = elements
                 .iter()
                 .map(|element| {
-                    if let located_ast::Expr::Starred(located_ast::ExprStarred { value, .. }) =
-                        &element
-                    {
+                    if let Expr::Starred(ExprStarred { value, .. }) = &element {
                         (true, value.as_ref())
                     } else {
                         (false, element)
@@ -2913,7 +2893,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         Ok((size, has_stars))
     }
 
-    fn compile_comprehension_element(&mut self, element: &located_ast::Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    fn compile_comprehension_element(&mut self, element: &Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.compile_expression(element).map_err(|e| {
             if let CodegenErrorType::InvalidStarExpr = e.error {
                 self.error(CodegenErrorType::SyntaxError(
@@ -2929,7 +2909,7 @@ impl Compiler {
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
         init_collection: Option<Instruction>,
-        generators: &[located_ast::Comprehension],
+        generators: &[Comprehension],
         compile_element: &dyn Fn(&mut Self) -> CompileResult<()>,
         comprehension_type: ComprehensionType,
         element_contains_await: bool,
@@ -3110,13 +3090,11 @@ impl Compiler {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_future_features(
-        &mut self,
-        features: &[located_ast::Alias],
-    ) -> Result<(), CodegenError> {
-        if self.done_with_future_stmts {
+    fn compile_future_features(&mut self, features: &[Alias]) -> Result<(), CodegenError> {
+        if let DoneWithFuture::Yes = self.done_with_future_stmts {
             return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::InvalidFuturePlacement));
         }
+        self.done_with_future_stmts = DoneWithFuture::DoneWithDoc;
         for feature in features {
             match feature.name.as_str() {
                 // Python 3 features; we've already implemented them by default
@@ -3135,13 +3113,15 @@ impl Compiler {
 
     // Low level helper functions:
     fn _emit(&mut self, instr: Instruction, arg: OpArg, target: ir::BlockIdx) {
-        let location = self.current_source_location;
+        let range = self.current_source_range;
+        let location = self.source_code.source_location(range.start());
         // TODO: insert source filename
         self.current_block().instructions.push(ir::InstructionInfo {
             instr,
             arg,
             target,
             location,
+            // range,
         });
     }
 
@@ -3220,13 +3200,13 @@ impl Compiler {
         code.current_block = block;
     }
 
-    fn set_source_location(&mut self, location: SourceLocation) {
-        self.current_source_location = location;
+    fn set_source_range(&mut self, range: TextRange) {
+        self.current_source_range = range;
     }
 
-    fn get_source_line_number(&mut self) -> LineNumber {
-        let location = self.current_source_location;
-        location.row
+    fn get_source_line_number(&mut self) -> OneIndexed {
+        self.source_code
+            .line_index(self.current_source_range.start())
     }
 
     fn push_qualified_path(&mut self, name: &str) {
@@ -3240,19 +3220,19 @@ impl Compiler {
     /// Whether the expression contains an await expression and
     /// thus requires the function to be async.
     /// Async with and async for are statements, so I won't check for them here
-    fn contains_await(expression: &located_ast::Expr) -> bool {
-        use located_ast::*;
+    fn contains_await(expression: &Expr) -> bool {
+        use ruff_python_ast::*;
 
         match &expression {
             Expr::Call(ExprCall {
-                func,
-                args,
-                keywords,
-                ..
+                func, arguments, ..
             }) => {
                 Self::contains_await(func)
-                    || args.iter().any(Self::contains_await)
-                    || keywords.iter().any(|kw| Self::contains_await(&kw.value))
+                    || arguments.args.iter().any(Self::contains_await)
+                    || arguments
+                        .keywords
+                        .iter()
+                        .any(|kw| Self::contains_await(&kw.value))
             }
             Expr::BoolOp(ExprBoolOp { values, .. }) => values.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
             Expr::BinOp(ExprBinOp { left, right, .. }) => {
@@ -3266,14 +3246,13 @@ impl Compiler {
             Expr::Compare(ExprCompare {
                 left, comparators, ..
             }) => Self::contains_await(left) || comparators.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
-            Expr::Constant(ExprConstant { .. }) => false,
             Expr::List(ExprList { elts, .. }) => elts.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
             Expr::Tuple(ExprTuple { elts, .. }) => elts.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
             Expr::Set(ExprSet { elts, .. }) => elts.iter().any(Self::contains_await),
-            Expr::Dict(ExprDict { keys, values, .. }) => {
-                keys.iter().flatten().any(Self::contains_await)
-                    || values.iter().any(Self::contains_await)
-            }
+            Expr::Dict(ExprDict { items, .. }) => items
+                .iter()
+                .flat_map(|item| &item.key)
+                .any(Self::contains_await),
             Expr::Slice(ExprSlice {
                 lower, upper, step, ..
             }) => {
@@ -3286,33 +3265,21 @@ impl Compiler {
             }
             Expr::Await(ExprAwait { .. }) => true,
             Expr::YieldFrom(ExprYieldFrom { value, .. }) => Self::contains_await(value),
-            Expr::JoinedStr(ExprJoinedStr { values, .. }) => {
-                values.iter().any(Self::contains_await)
-            }
-            Expr::FormattedValue(ExprFormattedValue {
-                value,
-                conversion: _,
-                format_spec,
-                ..
-            }) => {
-                Self::contains_await(value)
-                    || format_spec.as_deref().is_some_and(Self::contains_await)
-            }
-            Expr::Name(located_ast::ExprName { .. }) => false,
-            Expr::Lambda(located_ast::ExprLambda { body, .. }) => Self::contains_await(body),
-            Expr::ListComp(located_ast::ExprListComp {
+            Expr::Name(ExprName { .. }) => false,
+            Expr::Lambda(ExprLambda { body, .. }) => Self::contains_await(body),
+            Expr::ListComp(ExprListComp {
                 elt, generators, ..
             }) => {
                 Self::contains_await(elt)
                     || generators.iter().any(|jen| Self::contains_await(&jen.iter))
             }
-            Expr::SetComp(located_ast::ExprSetComp {
+            Expr::SetComp(ExprSetComp {
                 elt, generators, ..
             }) => {
                 Self::contains_await(elt)
                     || generators.iter().any(|jen| Self::contains_await(&jen.iter))
             }
-            Expr::DictComp(located_ast::ExprDictComp {
+            Expr::DictComp(ExprDictComp {
                 key,
                 value,
                 generators,
@@ -3322,14 +3289,14 @@ impl Compiler {
                     || Self::contains_await(value)
                     || generators.iter().any(|jen| Self::contains_await(&jen.iter))
             }
-            Expr::GeneratorExp(located_ast::ExprGeneratorExp {
+            Expr::Generator(ExprGenerator {
                 elt, generators, ..
             }) => {
                 Self::contains_await(elt)
                     || generators.iter().any(|jen| Self::contains_await(&jen.iter))
             }
             Expr::Starred(expr) => Self::contains_await(&expr.value),
-            Expr::IfExp(located_ast::ExprIfExp {
+            Expr::If(ExprIf {
                 test, body, orelse, ..
             }) => {
                 Self::contains_await(test)
@@ -3337,13 +3304,165 @@ impl Compiler {
                     || Self::contains_await(orelse)
             }
 
-            Expr::NamedExpr(located_ast::ExprNamedExpr {
+            Expr::Named(ExprNamed {
                 target,
                 value,
                 range: _,
             }) => Self::contains_await(target) || Self::contains_await(value),
+            Expr::FString(ExprFString { value, range: _ }) => {
+                fn expr_element_contains_await<F: Copy + Fn(&Expr) -> bool>(
+                    expr_element: &FStringExpressionElement,
+                    contains_await: F,
+                ) -> bool {
+                    contains_await(&expr_element.expression)
+                        || expr_element
+                            .format_spec
+                            .iter()
+                            .flat_map(|spec| spec.elements.expressions())
+                            .any(|element| expr_element_contains_await(element, contains_await))
+                }
+
+                value.elements().any(|element| match element {
+                    FStringElement::Expression(expr_element) => {
+                        expr_element_contains_await(expr_element, Self::contains_await)
+                    }
+                    FStringElement::Literal(_) => false,
+                })
+            }
+            Expr::StringLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::BytesLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::NumberLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::BooleanLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::NoneLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::EllipsisLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::IpyEscapeCommand(_) => false,
         }
     }
+
+    fn compile_expr_fstring(&mut self, fstring: &ExprFString) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        let fstring = &fstring.value;
+        for part in fstring {
+            self.compile_fstring_part(part)?;
+        }
+        let part_count: u32 = fstring
+            .iter()
+            .len()
+            .try_into()
+            .expect("BuildString size overflowed");
+        if part_count > 1 {
+            emit!(self, Instruction::BuildString { size: part_count });
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compile_fstring_part(&mut self, part: &FStringPart) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        match part {
+            FStringPart::Literal(string) => {
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                    value: string.value.to_string(),
+                });
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            FStringPart::FString(fstring) => self.compile_fstring(fstring),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn compile_fstring(&mut self, fstring: &FString) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        self.compile_fstring_elements(&fstring.elements)
+    }
+
+    fn compile_fstring_elements(
+        &mut self,
+        fstring_elements: &FStringElements,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        for element in fstring_elements {
+            match element {
+                FStringElement::Literal(string) => {
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                        value: string.value.to_string(),
+                    });
+                }
+                FStringElement::Expression(fstring_expr) => {
+                    let mut conversion = fstring_expr.conversion;
+
+                    let debug_text_count = match &fstring_expr.debug_text {
+                        None => 0,
+                        Some(DebugText { leading, trailing }) => {
+                            let range = fstring_expr.expression.range();
+                            let source = self.source_code.get_range(range);
+                            let source = source.to_string();
+
+                            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                                value: leading.to_string(),
+                            });
+                            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value: source });
+                            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                                value: trailing.to_string(),
+                            });
+
+                            3
+                        }
+                    };
+
+                    match &fstring_expr.format_spec {
+                        None => {
+                            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                                value: String::new(),
+                            });
+                            // Match CPython behavior: If debug text is present, apply repr conversion.
+                            // See: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/f61afca262d3a0aa6a8a501db0b1936c60858e35/Parser/action_helpers.c#L1456
+                            if conversion == ConversionFlag::None && debug_text_count > 0 {
+                                conversion = ConversionFlag::Repr;
+                            }
+                        }
+                        Some(format_spec) => {
+                            self.compile_fstring_elements(&format_spec.elements)?;
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    self.compile_expression(&fstring_expr.expression)?;
+
+                    emit!(
+                        self,
+                        Instruction::FormatValue {
+                            conversion: conversion
+                        }
+                    );
+
+                    // concatenate formatted string and debug text (if present)
+                    if debug_text_count > 0 {
+                        emit!(
+                            self,
+                            Instruction::BuildString {
+                                size: debug_text_count + 1
+                            }
+                        );
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let element_count: u32 = fstring_elements
+            .len()
+            .try_into()
+            .expect("BuildString size overflowed");
+        if element_count == 0 {
+            // ensure to put an empty string on the stack if there aren't any fstring elements
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                value: String::new(),
+            });
+        } else if element_count > 1 {
+            emit!(
+                self,
+                Instruction::BuildString {
+                    size: element_count
+                }
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 trait EmitArg<Arg: OpArgType> {
@@ -3404,14 +3523,17 @@ fn clean_doc(doc: &str) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-fn split_doc<'a>(
-    body: &'a [located_ast::Stmt],
-    opts: &CompileOpts,
-) -> (Option<String>, &'a [located_ast::Stmt]) {
-    if let Some((located_ast::Stmt::Expr(expr), body_rest)) = body.split_first() {
-        if let Some(doc) = try_get_constant_string(std::slice::from_ref(&expr.value)) {
+fn split_doc<'a>(body: &'a [Stmt], opts: &CompileOpts) -> (Option<String>, &'a [Stmt]) {
+    if let Some((Stmt::Expr(expr), body_rest)) = body.split_first() {
+        let doc_comment = match &*expr.value {
+            Expr::StringLiteral(value) => Some(&value.value),
+            // f-strings are not allowed in Python doc comments.
+            Expr::FString(_) => None,
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some(doc) = doc_comment {
             return if opts.optimize < 2 {
-                (Some(clean_doc(&doc)), body_rest)
+                (Some(clean_doc(doc.to_str())), body_rest)
             } else {
                 (None, body_rest)
             };
@@ -3420,49 +3542,43 @@ fn split_doc<'a>(
     (None, body)
 }
 
-fn try_get_constant_string(values: &[located_ast::Expr]) -> Option<String> {
-    fn get_constant_string_inner(out_string: &mut String, value: &located_ast::Expr) -> bool {
-        match value {
-            located_ast::Expr::Constant(located_ast::ExprConstant {
-                value: located_ast::Constant::Str(s),
-                ..
-            }) => {
-                out_string.push_str(s);
-                true
-            }
-            located_ast::Expr::JoinedStr(located_ast::ExprJoinedStr { values, .. }) => values
-                .iter()
-                .all(|value| get_constant_string_inner(out_string, value)),
-            _ => false,
-        }
-    }
-    let mut out_string = String::new();
-    if values
-        .iter()
-        .all(|v| get_constant_string_inner(&mut out_string, v))
-    {
-        Some(out_string)
+pub fn ruff_int_to_bigint(int: &Int) -> Result<BigInt, CodegenErrorType> {
+    if let Some(small) = int.as_u64() {
+        Ok(BigInt::from(small))
     } else {
-        None
+        parse_big_integer(int)
     }
 }
 
-fn compile_constant(value: &located_ast::Constant) -> ConstantData {
-    match value {
-        located_ast::Constant::None => ConstantData::None,
-        located_ast::Constant::Bool(b) => ConstantData::Boolean { value: *b },
-        located_ast::Constant::Str(s) => ConstantData::Str { value: s.clone() },
-        located_ast::Constant::Bytes(b) => ConstantData::Bytes { value: b.clone() },
-        located_ast::Constant::Int(i) => ConstantData::Integer { value: i.clone() },
-        located_ast::Constant::Tuple(t) => ConstantData::Tuple {
-            elements: t.iter().map(compile_constant).collect(),
-        },
-        located_ast::Constant::Float(f) => ConstantData::Float { value: *f },
-        located_ast::Constant::Complex { real, imag } => ConstantData::Complex {
-            value: Complex64::new(*real, *imag),
-        },
-        located_ast::Constant::Ellipsis => ConstantData::Ellipsis,
-    }
+/// Converts a `ruff` ast integer into a `BigInt`.
+/// Unlike small integers, big integers may be stored in one of four possible radix representations.
+fn parse_big_integer(int: &Int) -> Result<BigInt, CodegenErrorType> {
+    // TODO: Improve ruff API
+    // Can we avoid this copy?
+    let s = format!("{}", int);
+    let mut s = s.as_str();
+    // See: https://peps.python.org/pep-0515/#literal-grammar
+    let radix = match s.get(0..2) {
+        Some("0b" | "0B") => {
+            s = s.get(2..).unwrap_or(s);
+            2
+        }
+        Some("0o" | "0O") => {
+            s = s.get(2..).unwrap_or(s);
+            8
+        }
+        Some("0x" | "0X") => {
+            s = s.get(2..).unwrap_or(s);
+            16
+        }
+        _ => 10,
+    };
+
+    BigInt::from_str_radix(s, radix).map_err(|e| {
+        CodegenErrorType::SyntaxError(format!(
+            "unparsed integer literal (radix {radix}): {s} ({e})"
+        ))
+    })
 }
 
 // Note: Not a good practice in general. Keep this trait private only for compiler
@@ -3476,6 +3592,110 @@ impl ToU32 for usize {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use ruff_python_ast::*;
+
+    /// Test if the compiler can correctly identify fstrings containing an `await` expression.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fstring_contains_await() {
+        let range = TextRange::default();
+        let flags = FStringFlags::default();
+
+        // f'{x}'
+        let expr_x = Expr::Name(ExprName {
+            range,
+            id: "x".to_owned(),
+            ctx: ExprContext::Load,
+        });
+        let not_present = &Expr::FString(ExprFString {
+            range,
+            value: FStringValue::single(FString {
+                range,
+                elements: vec![FStringElement::Expression(FStringExpressionElement {
+                    range,
+                    expression: Box::new(expr_x),
+                    debug_text: None,
+                    conversion: ConversionFlag::None,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                })]
+                .into(),
+                flags,
+            }),
+        });
+        assert_eq!(Compiler::contains_await(not_present), false);
+
+        // f'{await x}'
+        let expr_await_x = Expr::Await(ExprAwait {
+            range,
+            value: Box::new(Expr::Name(ExprName {
+                range,
+                id: "x".to_owned(),
+                ctx: ExprContext::Load,
+            })),
+        });
+        let present = &Expr::FString(ExprFString {
+            range,
+            value: FStringValue::single(FString {
+                range,
+                elements: vec![FStringElement::Expression(FStringExpressionElement {
+                    range,
+                    expression: Box::new(expr_await_x),
+                    debug_text: None,
+                    conversion: ConversionFlag::None,
+                    format_spec: None,
+                })]
+                .into(),
+                flags,
+            }),
+        });
+        assert_eq!(Compiler::contains_await(present), true);
+
+        // f'{x:{await y}}'
+        let expr_x = Expr::Name(ExprName {
+            range,
+            id: "x".to_owned(),
+            ctx: ExprContext::Load,
+        });
+        let expr_await_y = Expr::Await(ExprAwait {
+            range,
+            value: Box::new(Expr::Name(ExprName {
+                range,
+                id: "y".to_owned(),
+                ctx: ExprContext::Load,
+            })),
+        });
+        let present = &Expr::FString(ExprFString {
+            range,
+            value: FStringValue::single(FString {
+                range,
+                elements: vec![FStringElement::Expression(FStringExpressionElement {
+                    range,
+                    expression: Box::new(expr_x),
+                    debug_text: None,
+                    conversion: ConversionFlag::None,
+                    format_spec: Some(Box::new(FStringFormatSpec {
+                        range,
+                        elements: vec![FStringElement::Expression(FStringExpressionElement {
+                            range,
+                            expression: Box::new(expr_await_y),
+                            debug_text: None,
+                            conversion: ConversionFlag::None,
+                            format_spec: None,
+                        })]
+                        .into(),
+                    })),
+                })]
+                .into(),
+                flags,
+            }),
+        });
+        assert_eq!(Compiler::contains_await(present), true);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -3555,3 +3775,4 @@ for stop_exc in (StopIteration('spam'), StopAsyncIteration('ham')):
         ));
     }
 }
+*/
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
index 581f229712..8f38680de0 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,23 @@
+use ruff_source_file::SourceLocation;
 use std::fmt;
+use thiserror::Error;
 
-pub type CodegenError = rustpython_parser_core::source_code::LocatedError<CodegenErrorType>;
+// pub type CodegenError = rustpython_parser_core::source_code::LocatedError<CodegenErrorType>;
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub struct CodegenError {
+    pub location: Option<SourceLocation>,
+    #[source]
+    pub error: CodegenErrorType,
+    pub source_path: String,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for CodegenError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // TODO:
+        self.error.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
index 08e68d283a..2b3e49d036 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 use std::ops;
 
 use crate::IndexSet;
+use ruff_source_file::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
 use rustpython_compiler_core::bytecode::{
     CodeFlags, CodeObject, CodeUnit, ConstantData, InstrDisplayContext, Instruction, Label, OpArg,
 };
-use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
+// use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 pub struct BlockIdx(pub u32);
@@ -37,11 +38,12 @@ impl ops::IndexMut<BlockIdx> for Vec<Block> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct InstructionInfo {
     pub instr: Instruction,
     pub arg: OpArg,
     pub target: BlockIdx,
+    // pub range: TextRange,
     pub location: SourceLocation,
 }
 
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ pub struct CodeInfo {
     pub arg_count: u32,
     pub kwonlyarg_count: u32,
     pub source_path: String,
-    pub first_line_number: LineNumber,
+    pub first_line_number: OneIndexed,
     pub obj_name: String, // Name of the object that created this code object
 
     pub blocks: Vec<Block>,
@@ -134,7 +136,8 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                         *arg = new_arg;
                     }
                     let (extras, lo_arg) = arg.split();
-                    locations.extend(std::iter::repeat(info.location).take(arg.instr_size()));
+                    locations
+                        .extend(std::iter::repeat(info.location.clone()).take(arg.instr_size()));
                     instructions.extend(
                         extras
                             .map(|byte| CodeUnit::new(Instruction::ExtendedArg, byte))
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
index 910d015a39..ceadb3c364 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,3 +14,49 @@ pub mod ir;
 pub mod symboltable;
 
 pub use compile::CompileOpts;
+use ruff_python_ast::Expr;
+
+pub trait ToPythonName {
+    /// Returns a short name for the node suitable for use in error messages.
+    fn python_name(&self) -> &'static str;
+}
+
+impl ToPythonName for Expr {
+    fn python_name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Expr::BoolOp { .. } | Expr::BinOp { .. } | Expr::UnaryOp { .. } => "operator",
+            Expr::Subscript { .. } => "subscript",
+            Expr::Await { .. } => "await expression",
+            Expr::Yield { .. } | Expr::YieldFrom { .. } => "yield expression",
+            Expr::Compare { .. } => "comparison",
+            Expr::Attribute { .. } => "attribute",
+            Expr::Call { .. } => "function call",
+            Expr::BooleanLiteral(b) => {
+                if b.value {
+                    "True"
+                } else {
+                    "False"
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::EllipsisLiteral(_) => "ellipsis",
+            Expr::NoneLiteral(_) => "None",
+            Expr::NumberLiteral(_) | Expr::BytesLiteral(_) | Expr::StringLiteral(_) => "literal",
+            Expr::Tuple(_) => "tuple",
+            Expr::List { .. } => "list",
+            Expr::Dict { .. } => "dict display",
+            Expr::Set { .. } => "set display",
+            Expr::ListComp { .. } => "list comprehension",
+            Expr::DictComp { .. } => "dict comprehension",
+            Expr::SetComp { .. } => "set comprehension",
+            Expr::Generator { .. } => "generator expression",
+            Expr::Starred { .. } => "starred",
+            Expr::Slice { .. } => "slice",
+            Expr::FString { .. } => "f-string expression",
+            Expr::Name { .. } => "name",
+            Expr::Lambda { .. } => "lambda",
+            Expr::If { .. } => "conditional expression",
+            Expr::Named { .. } => "named expression",
+            Expr::IpyEscapeCommand(_) => todo!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
index 53d4ff8eb4..4246700cec 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
@@ -12,8 +12,16 @@ use crate::{
     error::{CodegenError, CodegenErrorType},
 };
 use bitflags::bitflags;
-use rustpython_ast::{self as ast, located::Located};
-use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
+use ruff_python_ast::{
+    self as ast, Comprehension, Decorator, Expr, Identifier, ModExpression, ModModule, Parameter,
+    ParameterWithDefault, Parameters, Pattern, PatternMatchAs, PatternMatchClass,
+    PatternMatchMapping, PatternMatchOr, PatternMatchSequence, PatternMatchStar, PatternMatchValue,
+    Stmt, TypeParam, TypeParamParamSpec, TypeParamTypeVar, TypeParamTypeVarTuple, TypeParams,
+};
+use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange};
+use rustpython_compiler_source::{SourceCode, SourceLocation};
+// use rustpython_ast::{self as ast, located::Located};
+// use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
 use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt};
 
 /// Captures all symbols in the current scope, and has a list of sub-scopes in this scope.
@@ -51,15 +59,18 @@ impl SymbolTable {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn scan_program(program: &[ast::located::Stmt]) -> SymbolTableResult<Self> {
-        let mut builder = SymbolTableBuilder::new();
-        builder.scan_statements(program)?;
+    pub fn scan_program(
+        program: &ModModule,
+        source_code: SourceCode<'_>,
+    ) -> SymbolTableResult<Self> {
+        let mut builder = SymbolTableBuilder::new(source_code);
+        builder.scan_statements(program.body.as_ref())?;
         builder.finish()
     }
 
-    pub fn scan_expr(expr: &ast::located::Expr) -> SymbolTableResult<Self> {
-        let mut builder = SymbolTableBuilder::new();
-        builder.scan_expression(expr, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+    pub fn scan_expr(expr: &ModExpression, source_code: SourceCode<'_>) -> SymbolTableResult<Self> {
+        let mut builder = SymbolTableBuilder::new(source_code);
+        builder.scan_expression(expr.body.as_ref(), ExpressionContext::Load)?;
         builder.finish()
     }
 }
@@ -176,11 +187,8 @@ pub struct SymbolTableError {
 impl SymbolTableError {
     pub fn into_codegen_error(self, source_path: String) -> CodegenError {
         CodegenError {
+            location: self.location,
             error: CodegenErrorType::SyntaxError(self.error),
-            location: self.location.map(|l| SourceLocation {
-                row: l.row,
-                column: l.column,
-            }),
             source_path,
         }
     }
@@ -551,11 +559,12 @@ enum SymbolUsage {
     Iter,
 }
 
-struct SymbolTableBuilder {
+struct SymbolTableBuilder<'src> {
     class_name: Option<String>,
     // Scope stack.
     tables: Vec<SymbolTable>,
     future_annotations: bool,
+    source_code: SourceCode<'src>,
 }
 
 /// Enum to indicate in what mode an expression
@@ -571,19 +580,20 @@ enum ExpressionContext {
     IterDefinitionExp,
 }
 
-impl SymbolTableBuilder {
-    fn new() -> Self {
+impl<'src> SymbolTableBuilder<'src> {
+    fn new(source_code: SourceCode<'src>) -> Self {
         let mut this = Self {
             class_name: None,
             tables: vec![],
             future_annotations: false,
+            source_code,
         };
         this.enter_scope("top", SymbolTableType::Module, 0);
         this
     }
 }
 
-impl SymbolTableBuilder {
+impl SymbolTableBuilder<'_> {
     fn finish(mut self) -> Result<SymbolTable, SymbolTableError> {
         assert_eq!(self.tables.len(), 1);
         let mut symbol_table = self.tables.pop().unwrap();
@@ -607,38 +617,34 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
         self.tables.last_mut().unwrap().sub_tables.push(table);
     }
 
-    fn scan_statements(&mut self, statements: &[ast::located::Stmt]) -> SymbolTableResult {
+    fn line_index_start(&self, range: TextRange) -> u32 {
+        self.source_code.line_index(range.start()).get() as _
+    }
+
+    fn scan_statements(&mut self, statements: &[Stmt]) -> SymbolTableResult {
         for statement in statements {
             self.scan_statement(statement)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn scan_parameters(
-        &mut self,
-        parameters: &[ast::located::ArgWithDefault],
-    ) -> SymbolTableResult {
+    fn scan_parameters(&mut self, parameters: &[ParameterWithDefault]) -> SymbolTableResult {
         for parameter in parameters {
-            let usage = if parameter.def.annotation.is_some() {
-                SymbolUsage::AnnotationParameter
-            } else {
-                SymbolUsage::Parameter
-            };
-            self.register_name(parameter.def.arg.as_str(), usage, parameter.def.location())?;
+            self.scan_parameter(&parameter.parameter)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn scan_parameter(&mut self, parameter: &ast::located::Arg) -> SymbolTableResult {
+    fn scan_parameter(&mut self, parameter: &Parameter) -> SymbolTableResult {
         let usage = if parameter.annotation.is_some() {
             SymbolUsage::AnnotationParameter
         } else {
             SymbolUsage::Parameter
         };
-        self.register_name(parameter.arg.as_str(), usage, parameter.location())
+        self.register_ident(&parameter.name, usage)
     }
 
-    fn scan_annotation(&mut self, annotation: &ast::located::Expr) -> SymbolTableResult {
+    fn scan_annotation(&mut self, annotation: &Expr) -> SymbolTableResult {
         if self.future_annotations {
             Ok(())
         } else {
@@ -646,8 +652,8 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
         }
     }
 
-    fn scan_statement(&mut self, statement: &ast::located::Stmt) -> SymbolTableResult {
-        use ast::located::*;
+    fn scan_statement(&mut self, statement: &Stmt) -> SymbolTableResult {
+        use ruff_python_ast::*;
         if let Stmt::ImportFrom(StmtImportFrom { module, names, .. }) = &statement {
             if module.as_ref().map(|id| id.as_str()) == Some("__future__") {
                 for feature in names {
@@ -658,101 +664,109 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
             }
         }
         match &statement {
-            Stmt::Global(StmtGlobal { names, range }) => {
+            Stmt::Global(StmtGlobal { names, .. }) => {
                 for name in names {
-                    self.register_name(name.as_str(), SymbolUsage::Global, range.start)?;
+                    self.register_ident(name, SymbolUsage::Global)?;
                 }
             }
-            Stmt::Nonlocal(StmtNonlocal { names, range }) => {
+            Stmt::Nonlocal(StmtNonlocal { names, .. }) => {
                 for name in names {
-                    self.register_name(name.as_str(), SymbolUsage::Nonlocal, range.start)?;
+                    self.register_ident(name, SymbolUsage::Nonlocal)?;
                 }
             }
             Stmt::FunctionDef(StmtFunctionDef {
                 name,
                 body,
-                args,
-                decorator_list,
-                type_params,
-                returns,
-                range,
-                ..
-            })
-            | Stmt::AsyncFunctionDef(StmtAsyncFunctionDef {
-                name,
-                body,
-                args,
+                parameters,
                 decorator_list,
                 type_params,
                 returns,
                 range,
                 ..
             }) => {
-                self.scan_expressions(decorator_list, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
-                self.register_name(name.as_str(), SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
+                self.scan_decorators(decorator_list, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                self.register_ident(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned)?;
                 if let Some(expression) = returns {
                     self.scan_annotation(expression)?;
                 }
-                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                if let Some(type_params) = type_params {
                     self.enter_scope(
                         &format!("<generic parameters of {}>", name.as_str()),
                         SymbolTableType::TypeParams,
-                        range.start.row.get(),
+                        // FIXME: line no
+                        self.line_index_start(*range),
                     );
                     self.scan_type_params(type_params)?;
                 }
-                self.enter_function(name.as_str(), args, range.start.row)?;
+                self.enter_scope_with_parameters(
+                    name.as_str(),
+                    parameters,
+                    self.line_index_start(*range),
+                )?;
                 self.scan_statements(body)?;
                 self.leave_scope();
-                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                if type_params.is_some() {
                     self.leave_scope();
                 }
             }
             Stmt::ClassDef(StmtClassDef {
                 name,
                 body,
-                bases,
-                keywords,
+                arguments,
                 decorator_list,
                 type_params,
                 range,
             }) => {
-                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                if let Some(type_params) = type_params {
                     self.enter_scope(
                         &format!("<generic parameters of {}>", name.as_str()),
                         SymbolTableType::TypeParams,
-                        range.start.row.get(),
+                        self.line_index_start(type_params.range),
                     );
                     self.scan_type_params(type_params)?;
                 }
-                self.enter_scope(name.as_str(), SymbolTableType::Class, range.start.row.get());
+                self.enter_scope(
+                    name.as_str(),
+                    SymbolTableType::Class,
+                    self.line_index_start(*range),
+                );
                 let prev_class = std::mem::replace(&mut self.class_name, Some(name.to_string()));
-                self.register_name("__module__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
-                self.register_name("__qualname__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
-                self.register_name("__doc__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
-                self.register_name("__class__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
+                self.register_name("__module__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, *range)?;
+                self.register_name("__qualname__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, *range)?;
+                self.register_name("__doc__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, *range)?;
+                self.register_name("__class__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, *range)?;
                 self.scan_statements(body)?;
                 self.leave_scope();
                 self.class_name = prev_class;
-                self.scan_expressions(bases, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
-                for keyword in keywords {
-                    self.scan_expression(&keyword.value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                if let Some(arguments) = arguments {
+                    self.scan_expressions(&arguments.args, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                    for keyword in &arguments.keywords {
+                        self.scan_expression(&keyword.value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                    }
                 }
-                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                if type_params.is_some() {
                     self.leave_scope();
                 }
-                self.scan_expressions(decorator_list, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
-                self.register_name(name.as_str(), SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
+                self.scan_decorators(decorator_list, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                self.register_ident(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned)?;
             }
             Stmt::Expr(StmtExpr { value, .. }) => {
                 self.scan_expression(value, ExpressionContext::Load)?
             }
             Stmt::If(StmtIf {
-                test, body, orelse, ..
+                test,
+                body,
+                elif_else_clauses,
+                ..
             }) => {
                 self.scan_expression(test, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                 self.scan_statements(body)?;
-                self.scan_statements(orelse)?;
+                for elif in elif_else_clauses {
+                    if let Some(test) = &elif.test {
+                        self.scan_expression(test, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                    }
+                    self.scan_statements(&elif.body)?;
+                }
             }
             Stmt::For(StmtFor {
                 target,
@@ -760,13 +774,6 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 body,
                 orelse,
                 ..
-            })
-            | Stmt::AsyncFor(StmtAsyncFor {
-                target,
-                iter,
-                body,
-                orelse,
-                ..
             }) => {
                 self.scan_expression(target, ExpressionContext::Store)?;
                 self.scan_expression(iter, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
@@ -783,18 +790,18 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
             Stmt::Break(_) | Stmt::Continue(_) | Stmt::Pass(_) => {
                 // No symbols here.
             }
-            Stmt::Import(StmtImport { names, range })
-            | Stmt::ImportFrom(StmtImportFrom { names, range, .. }) => {
+            Stmt::Import(StmtImport { names, .. })
+            | Stmt::ImportFrom(StmtImportFrom { names, .. }) => {
                 for name in names {
                     if let Some(alias) = &name.asname {
                         // `import my_module as my_alias`
-                        self.register_name(alias.as_str(), SymbolUsage::Imported, range.start)?;
+                        self.register_ident(alias, SymbolUsage::Imported)?;
                     } else {
                         // `import module`
                         self.register_name(
                             name.name.split('.').next().unwrap(),
                             SymbolUsage::Imported,
-                            range.start,
+                            name.name.range,
                         )?;
                     }
                 }
@@ -831,11 +838,7 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Python/symtable.c#L1233
                 match &**target {
                     Expr::Name(ast::ExprName { id, .. }) if *simple => {
-                        self.register_name(
-                            id.as_str(),
-                            SymbolUsage::AnnotationAssigned,
-                            range.start,
-                        )?;
+                        self.register_name(id.as_str(), SymbolUsage::AnnotationAssigned, *range)?;
                     }
                     _ => {
                         self.scan_expression(target, ExpressionContext::Store)?;
@@ -846,8 +849,7 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                     self.scan_expression(value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                 }
             }
-            Stmt::With(StmtWith { items, body, .. })
-            | Stmt::AsyncWith(StmtAsyncWith { items, body, .. }) => {
+            Stmt::With(StmtWith { items, body, .. }) => {
                 for item in items {
                     self.scan_expression(&item.context_expr, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                     if let Some(expression) = &item.optional_vars {
@@ -861,14 +863,7 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 handlers,
                 orelse,
                 finalbody,
-                range,
-            })
-            | Stmt::TryStar(StmtTryStar {
-                body,
-                handlers,
-                orelse,
-                finalbody,
-                range,
+                ..
             }) => {
                 self.scan_statements(body)?;
                 for handler in handlers {
@@ -882,7 +877,7 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                         self.scan_expression(expression, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                     }
                     if let Some(name) = name {
-                        self.register_name(name.as_str(), SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
+                        self.register_ident(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned)?;
                     }
                     self.scan_statements(body)?;
                 }
@@ -892,8 +887,10 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
             Stmt::Match(StmtMatch { subject, cases, .. }) => {
                 self.scan_expression(subject, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                 for case in cases {
-                    // TODO: below
-                    // self.scan_pattern(&case.pattern, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                    self.scan_pattern(&case.pattern)?;
+                    if let Some(guard) = &case.guard {
+                        self.scan_expression(guard, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                    }
                     self.scan_statements(&case.body)?;
                 }
             }
@@ -909,13 +906,14 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 name,
                 value,
                 type_params,
-                range,
+                ..
             }) => {
-                if !type_params.is_empty() {
+                if let Some(type_params) = type_params {
                     self.enter_scope(
-                        &name.to_string(),
+                        // &name.to_string(),
+                        "TypeAlias",
                         SymbolTableType::TypeParams,
-                        range.start.row.get(),
+                        self.line_index_start(type_params.range),
                     );
                     self.scan_type_params(type_params)?;
                     self.scan_expression(value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
@@ -925,13 +923,25 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 }
                 self.scan_expression(name, ExpressionContext::Store)?;
             }
+            Stmt::IpyEscapeCommand(_) => todo!(),
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn scan_decorators(
+        &mut self,
+        decorators: &[Decorator],
+        context: ExpressionContext,
+    ) -> SymbolTableResult {
+        for decorator in decorators {
+            self.scan_expression(&decorator.expression, context)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn scan_expressions(
         &mut self,
-        expressions: &[ast::located::Expr],
+        expressions: &[Expr],
         context: ExpressionContext,
     ) -> SymbolTableResult {
         for expression in expressions {
@@ -942,10 +952,10 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
 
     fn scan_expression(
         &mut self,
-        expression: &ast::located::Expr,
+        expression: &Expr,
         context: ExpressionContext,
     ) -> SymbolTableResult {
-        use ast::located::*;
+        use ruff_python_ast::*;
         match expression {
             Expr::BinOp(ExprBinOp {
                 left,
@@ -984,16 +994,12 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
             }) => {
                 self.scan_expression(value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
             }
-            Expr::Dict(ExprDict {
-                keys,
-                values,
-                range: _,
-            }) => {
-                for (key, value) in keys.iter().zip(values.iter()) {
-                    if let Some(key) = key {
+            Expr::Dict(ExprDict { items, range: _ }) => {
+                for item in items {
+                    if let Some(key) = &item.key {
                         self.scan_expression(key, context)?;
                     }
-                    self.scan_expression(value, context)?;
+                    self.scan_expression(&item.value, context)?;
                 }
             }
             Expr::Await(ExprAwait { value, range: _ }) => {
@@ -1012,7 +1018,6 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
             }) => {
                 self.scan_expression(operand, context)?;
             }
-            Expr::Constant(ExprConstant { range: _, .. }) => {}
             Expr::Starred(ExprStarred {
                 value, range: _, ..
             }) => {
@@ -1039,26 +1044,27 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                     self.scan_expression(step, context)?;
                 }
             }
-            Expr::GeneratorExp(ExprGeneratorExp {
+            Expr::Generator(ExprGenerator {
                 elt,
                 generators,
                 range,
+                ..
             }) => {
-                self.scan_comprehension("genexpr", elt, None, generators, range.start)?;
+                self.scan_comprehension("genexpr", elt, None, generators, *range)?;
             }
             Expr::ListComp(ExprListComp {
                 elt,
                 generators,
                 range,
             }) => {
-                self.scan_comprehension("genexpr", elt, None, generators, range.start)?;
+                self.scan_comprehension("genexpr", elt, None, generators, *range)?;
             }
             Expr::SetComp(ExprSetComp {
                 elt,
                 generators,
                 range,
             }) => {
-                self.scan_comprehension("genexpr", elt, None, generators, range.start)?;
+                self.scan_comprehension("genexpr", elt, None, generators, *range)?;
             }
             Expr::DictComp(ExprDictComp {
                 key,
@@ -1066,12 +1072,11 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 generators,
                 range,
             }) => {
-                self.scan_comprehension("genexpr", key, Some(value), generators, range.start)?;
+                self.scan_comprehension("genexpr", key, Some(value), generators, *range)?;
             }
             Expr::Call(ExprCall {
                 func,
-                args,
-                keywords,
+                arguments,
                 range: _,
             }) => {
                 match context {
@@ -1083,43 +1088,27 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                     }
                 }
 
-                self.scan_expressions(args, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
-                for keyword in keywords {
+                self.scan_expressions(&arguments.args, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                for keyword in &arguments.keywords {
                     self.scan_expression(&keyword.value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                 }
             }
-            Expr::FormattedValue(ExprFormattedValue {
-                value,
-                format_spec,
-                range: _,
-                ..
-            }) => {
-                self.scan_expression(value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
-                if let Some(spec) = format_spec {
-                    self.scan_expression(spec, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
-                }
-            }
-            Expr::JoinedStr(ExprJoinedStr { values, range: _ }) => {
-                for value in values {
-                    self.scan_expression(value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
-                }
-            }
             Expr::Name(ExprName { id, range, .. }) => {
                 let id = id.as_str();
                 // Determine the contextual usage of this symbol:
                 match context {
                     ExpressionContext::Delete => {
-                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
-                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Used, range.start)?;
+                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Assigned, *range)?;
+                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Used, *range)?;
                     }
                     ExpressionContext::Load | ExpressionContext::IterDefinitionExp => {
-                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Used, range.start)?;
+                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Used, *range)?;
                     }
                     ExpressionContext::Store => {
-                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
+                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Assigned, *range)?;
                     }
                     ExpressionContext::Iter => {
-                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Iter, range.start)?;
+                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Iter, *range)?;
                     }
                 }
                 // Interesting stuff about the __class__ variable:
@@ -1128,15 +1117,27 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                     && self.tables.last().unwrap().typ == SymbolTableType::Function
                     && id == "super"
                 {
-                    self.register_name("__class__", SymbolUsage::Used, range.start)?;
+                    self.register_name("__class__", SymbolUsage::Used, *range)?;
                 }
             }
             Expr::Lambda(ExprLambda {
-                args,
                 body,
+                parameters,
                 range: _,
             }) => {
-                self.enter_function("lambda", args, expression.location().row)?;
+                if let Some(parameters) = parameters {
+                    self.enter_scope_with_parameters(
+                        "lambda",
+                        parameters,
+                        self.line_index_start(expression.range()),
+                    )?;
+                } else {
+                    self.enter_scope(
+                        "lambda",
+                        SymbolTableType::Function,
+                        self.line_index_start(expression.range()),
+                    );
+                }
                 match context {
                     ExpressionContext::IterDefinitionExp => {
                         self.scan_expression(body, ExpressionContext::IterDefinitionExp)?;
@@ -1147,7 +1148,25 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 }
                 self.leave_scope();
             }
-            Expr::IfExp(ExprIfExp {
+            Expr::FString(ExprFString { value, .. }) => {
+                for expr in value.elements().filter_map(|x| x.as_expression()) {
+                    self.scan_expression(&expr.expression, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                    if let Some(format_spec) = &expr.format_spec {
+                        for element in format_spec.elements.expressions() {
+                            self.scan_expression(&element.expression, ExpressionContext::Load)?
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Constants
+            Expr::StringLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::BytesLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::NumberLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::BooleanLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::NoneLiteral(_)
+            | Expr::EllipsisLiteral(_) => {}
+            Expr::IpyEscapeCommand(_) => todo!(),
+            Expr::If(ExprIf {
                 test,
                 body,
                 orelse,
@@ -1158,7 +1177,7 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 self.scan_expression(orelse, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
             }
 
-            Expr::NamedExpr(ExprNamedExpr {
+            Expr::Named(ExprNamed {
                 target,
                 value,
                 range,
@@ -1167,9 +1186,9 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                 // comprehension iterator definitions
                 if let ExpressionContext::IterDefinitionExp = context {
                     return Err(SymbolTableError {
-                        error: "assignment expression cannot be used in a comprehension iterable expression".to_string(),
-                        location: Some(target.location()),
-                    });
+                          error: "assignment expression cannot be used in a comprehension iterable expression".to_string(),
+                          location: Some(self.source_code.source_location(target.range().start())),
+                      });
                 }
 
                 self.scan_expression(value, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
@@ -1185,13 +1204,13 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
                         self.register_name(
                             id,
                             SymbolUsage::AssignedNamedExprInComprehension,
-                            range.start,
+                            *range,
                         )?;
                     } else {
                         // omit one recursion. When the handling of an store changes for
                         // Identifiers this needs adapted - more forward safe would be
                         // calling scan_expression directly.
-                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Assigned, range.start)?;
+                        self.register_name(id, SymbolUsage::Assigned, *range)?;
                     }
                 } else {
                     self.scan_expression(target, ExpressionContext::Store)?;
@@ -1204,20 +1223,20 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
     fn scan_comprehension(
         &mut self,
         scope_name: &str,
-        elt1: &ast::located::Expr,
-        elt2: Option<&ast::located::Expr>,
-        generators: &[ast::located::Comprehension],
-        location: SourceLocation,
+        elt1: &Expr,
+        elt2: Option<&Expr>,
+        generators: &[Comprehension],
+        range: TextRange,
     ) -> SymbolTableResult {
         // Comprehensions are compiled as functions, so create a scope for them:
         self.enter_scope(
             scope_name,
             SymbolTableType::Comprehension,
-            location.row.get(),
+            self.line_index_start(range),
         );
 
         // Register the passed argument to the generator function as the name ".0"
-        self.register_name(".0", SymbolUsage::Parameter, location)?;
+        self.register_name(".0", SymbolUsage::Parameter, range)?;
 
         self.scan_expression(elt1, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
         if let Some(elt2) = elt2 {
@@ -1247,91 +1266,159 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn scan_type_params(&mut self, type_params: &[ast::located::TypeParam]) -> SymbolTableResult {
-        for type_param in type_params {
+    fn scan_type_params(&mut self, type_params: &TypeParams) -> SymbolTableResult {
+        for type_param in &type_params.type_params {
             match type_param {
-                ast::located::TypeParam::TypeVar(ast::TypeParamTypeVar {
+                TypeParam::TypeVar(TypeParamTypeVar {
                     name,
                     bound,
                     range: type_var_range,
+                    ..
                 }) => {
-                    self.register_name(name.as_str(), SymbolUsage::Assigned, type_var_range.start)?;
+                    self.register_name(name.as_str(), SymbolUsage::Assigned, *type_var_range)?;
                     if let Some(binding) = bound {
                         self.scan_expression(binding, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
                     }
                 }
-                ast::located::TypeParam::ParamSpec(ast::TypeParamParamSpec {
+                TypeParam::ParamSpec(TypeParamParamSpec {
                     name,
                     range: param_spec_range,
+                    ..
                 }) => {
-                    self.register_name(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned, param_spec_range.start)?;
+                    self.register_name(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned, *param_spec_range)?;
                 }
-                ast::located::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(ast::TypeParamTypeVarTuple {
+                TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(TypeParamTypeVarTuple {
                     name,
                     range: type_var_tuple_range,
+                    ..
                 }) => {
-                    self.register_name(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned, type_var_tuple_range.start)?;
+                    self.register_name(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned, *type_var_tuple_range)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn scan_patterns(&mut self, patterns: &[Pattern]) -> SymbolTableResult {
+        for pattern in patterns {
+            self.scan_pattern(pattern)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn scan_pattern(&mut self, pattern: &Pattern) -> SymbolTableResult {
+        use Pattern::*;
+        match pattern {
+            MatchValue(PatternMatchValue { value, .. }) => {
+                self.scan_expression(value, ExpressionContext::Load)?
+            }
+            MatchSingleton(_) => {}
+            MatchSequence(PatternMatchSequence { patterns, .. }) => self.scan_patterns(patterns)?,
+            MatchMapping(PatternMatchMapping {
+                keys,
+                patterns,
+                rest,
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                self.scan_expressions(keys, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                self.scan_patterns(patterns)?;
+                if let Some(rest) = rest {
+                    self.register_ident(rest, SymbolUsage::Assigned)?;
+                }
+            }
+            MatchClass(PatternMatchClass { cls, arguments, .. }) => {
+                self.scan_expression(cls, ExpressionContext::Load)?;
+                self.scan_patterns(&arguments.patterns)?;
+                for kw in &arguments.keywords {
+                    self.scan_pattern(&kw.pattern)?;
+                }
+            }
+            MatchStar(PatternMatchStar { name, .. }) => {
+                if let Some(name) = name {
+                    self.register_ident(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned)?;
+                }
+            }
+            MatchAs(PatternMatchAs { pattern, name, .. }) => {
+                if let Some(pattern) = pattern {
+                    self.scan_pattern(pattern)?;
+                }
+                if let Some(name) = name {
+                    self.register_ident(name, SymbolUsage::Assigned)?;
                 }
             }
+            MatchOr(PatternMatchOr { patterns, .. }) => self.scan_patterns(patterns)?,
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn enter_function(
+    fn enter_scope_with_parameters(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
-        args: &ast::located::Arguments,
-        line_number: LineNumber,
+        parameters: &Parameters,
+        line_number: u32,
     ) -> SymbolTableResult {
         // Evaluate eventual default parameters:
-        for default in args
+        for default in parameters
             .posonlyargs
             .iter()
-            .chain(args.args.iter())
-            .chain(args.kwonlyargs.iter())
+            .chain(parameters.args.iter())
+            .chain(parameters.kwonlyargs.iter())
             .filter_map(|arg| arg.default.as_ref())
         {
             self.scan_expression(default, ExpressionContext::Load)?; // not ExprContext?
         }
 
         // Annotations are scanned in outer scope:
-        for annotation in args
+        for annotation in parameters
             .posonlyargs
             .iter()
-            .chain(args.args.iter())
-            .chain(args.kwonlyargs.iter())
-            .filter_map(|arg| arg.def.annotation.as_ref())
+            .chain(parameters.args.iter())
+            .chain(parameters.kwonlyargs.iter())
+            .filter_map(|arg| arg.parameter.annotation.as_ref())
         {
             self.scan_annotation(annotation)?;
         }
-        if let Some(annotation) = args.vararg.as_ref().and_then(|arg| arg.annotation.as_ref()) {
+        if let Some(annotation) = parameters
+            .vararg
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|arg| arg.annotation.as_ref())
+        {
             self.scan_annotation(annotation)?;
         }
-        if let Some(annotation) = args.kwarg.as_ref().and_then(|arg| arg.annotation.as_ref()) {
+        if let Some(annotation) = parameters
+            .kwarg
+            .as_ref()
+            .and_then(|arg| arg.annotation.as_ref())
+        {
             self.scan_annotation(annotation)?;
         }
 
-        self.enter_scope(name, SymbolTableType::Function, line_number.get());
+        self.enter_scope(name, SymbolTableType::Function, line_number);
 
         // Fill scope with parameter names:
-        self.scan_parameters(&args.posonlyargs)?;
-        self.scan_parameters(&args.args)?;
-        self.scan_parameters(&args.kwonlyargs)?;
-        if let Some(name) = &args.vararg {
+        self.scan_parameters(&parameters.posonlyargs)?;
+        self.scan_parameters(&parameters.args)?;
+        self.scan_parameters(&parameters.kwonlyargs)?;
+        if let Some(name) = &parameters.vararg {
             self.scan_parameter(name)?;
         }
-        if let Some(name) = &args.kwarg {
+        if let Some(name) = &parameters.kwarg {
             self.scan_parameter(name)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn register_ident(&mut self, ident: &Identifier, role: SymbolUsage) -> SymbolTableResult {
+        self.register_name(ident.as_str(), role, ident.range)
+    }
+
     fn register_name(
         &mut self,
         name: &str,
         role: SymbolUsage,
-        location: SourceLocation,
+        range: TextRange,
     ) -> SymbolTableResult {
+        let location = self.source_code.source_location(range.start());
         let location = Some(location);
         let scope_depth = self.tables.len();
         let table = self.tables.last_mut().unwrap();
diff --git a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
index 619ffcf61e..7621c643d5 100644
--- a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,7 +9,10 @@ repository.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
-rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true, features=["location"] }
+# rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true, features=["location"] }
+ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true }
+ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
+ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
 
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 66284efdc9..4cb80020e7 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -5,11 +5,13 @@ use bitflags::bitflags;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_complex::Complex64;
-use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
+pub use ruff_python_ast::ConversionFlag;
+// use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
+use ruff_source_file::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::{collections::BTreeSet, fmt, hash, mem};
 
-pub use rustpython_parser_core::ConversionFlag;
+// pub use rustpython_parser_core::ConversionFlag;
 
 pub trait Constant: Sized {
     type Name: AsRef<str>;
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs b/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
index cdc8b8e4ef..1e47a6cac5 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::bytecode::*;
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
 use num_complex::Complex64;
-use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
+use ruff_source_file::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 
 pub const FORMAT_VERSION: u32 = 4;
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ pub fn deserialize_code<R: Read, Bag: ConstantBag>(
     let locations = (0..len)
         .map(|_| {
             Ok(SourceLocation {
-                row: OneIndexed::new(rdr.read_u32()?).ok_or(MarshalError::InvalidLocation)?,
-                column: OneIndexed::from_zero_indexed(rdr.read_u32()?),
+                row: OneIndexed::new(rdr.read_u32()? as _).ok_or(MarshalError::InvalidLocation)?,
+                column: OneIndexed::from_zero_indexed(rdr.read_u32()? as _),
             })
         })
         .collect::<Result<Box<[SourceLocation]>>>()?;
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ pub fn deserialize_code<R: Read, Bag: ConstantBag>(
     let len = rdr.read_u32()?;
     let source_path = bag.make_name(rdr.read_str(len)?);
 
-    let first_line_number = OneIndexed::new(rdr.read_u32()?);
+    let first_line_number = OneIndexed::new(rdr.read_u32()? as _);
     let max_stackdepth = rdr.read_u32()?;
 
     let len = rdr.read_u32()?;
@@ -589,8 +589,8 @@ pub fn serialize_code<W: Write, C: Constant>(buf: &mut W, code: &CodeObject<C>)
 
     write_len(buf, code.locations.len());
     for loc in &*code.locations {
-        buf.write_u32(loc.row.get());
-        buf.write_u32(loc.column.to_zero_indexed());
+        buf.write_u32(loc.row.get() as _);
+        buf.write_u32(loc.column.to_zero_indexed() as _);
     }
 
     buf.write_u16(code.flags.bits());
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ pub fn serialize_code<W: Write, C: Constant>(buf: &mut W, code: &CodeObject<C>)
 
     write_vec(buf, code.source_path.as_ref().as_bytes());
 
-    buf.write_u32(code.first_line_number.map_or(0, |x| x.get()));
+    buf.write_u32(code.first_line_number.map_or(0, |x| x.get() as _));
     buf.write_u32(code.max_stackdepth);
 
     write_vec(buf, code.obj_name.as_ref().as_bytes());
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/mode.rs b/compiler/core/src/mode.rs
index 6682540c0d..13cea42b13 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/mode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/mode.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-pub use rustpython_parser_core::mode::ModeParseError;
+pub use ruff_python_parser::ModeParseError;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum Mode {
@@ -22,12 +22,14 @@ impl std::str::FromStr for Mode {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Mode> for rustpython_parser_core::Mode {
+impl From<Mode> for ruff_python_parser::Mode {
     fn from(mode: Mode) -> Self {
         match mode {
             Mode::Exec => Self::Module,
             Mode::Eval => Self::Expression,
-            Mode::Single | Mode::BlockExpr => Self::Interactive,
+            // TODO: Improve ruff API
+            // ruff does not have an interactive mode
+            Mode::Single | Mode::BlockExpr => Self::Ipython,
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/source/Cargo.toml b/compiler/source/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..373af47cf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/source/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+[package]
+name = "rustpython-compiler-source"
+description = "RustPython Source and Index"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
+ruff_text_size = { workspace = true }
+
+[lints]
+workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/compiler/source/src/lib.rs b/compiler/source/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d967e218d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/source/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+pub use ruff_source_file::{LineIndex, OneIndexed as LineNumber, SourceLocation};
+use ruff_text_size::TextRange;
+pub use ruff_text_size::TextSize;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SourceCode<'src> {
+    pub path: &'src str,
+    pub text: &'src str,
+    pub index: LineIndex,
+}
+
+impl<'src> SourceCode<'src> {
+    pub fn new(path: &'src str, text: &'src str) -> Self {
+        let index = LineIndex::from_source_text(text);
+        Self { path, text, index }
+    }
+
+    pub fn line_index(&self, offset: TextSize) -> LineNumber {
+        self.index.line_index(offset)
+    }
+
+    pub fn source_location(&self, offset: TextSize) -> SourceLocation {
+        self.index.source_location(offset, self.text)
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_range(&'src self, range: TextRange) -> &'src str {
+        &self.text[range.start().to_usize()..range.end().to_usize()]
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SourceCodeOwned {
+    pub path: String,
+    pub text: String,
+    pub index: LineIndex,
+}
+
+impl SourceCodeOwned {
+    pub fn new(path: String, text: String) -> Self {
+        let index = LineIndex::from_source_text(&text);
+        Self { path, text, index }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/src/lib.rs b/compiler/src/lib.rs
index 659dc9974d..9c64de2610 100644
--- a/compiler/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,69 +1,128 @@
+use ruff_source_file::SourceLocation;
 use rustpython_codegen::{compile, symboltable};
-use rustpython_parser::ast::{self as ast, ConstantOptimizer, fold::Fold};
 
 pub use rustpython_codegen::compile::CompileOpts;
 pub use rustpython_compiler_core::{Mode, bytecode::CodeObject};
-pub use rustpython_parser::{Parse, source_code::LinearLocator};
+use rustpython_compiler_source::SourceCode;
 
 // these modules are out of repository. re-exporting them here for convenience.
+pub use ruff_python_ast as ast;
+pub use ruff_python_parser as parser;
 pub use rustpython_codegen as codegen;
 pub use rustpython_compiler_core as core;
-pub use rustpython_parser as parser;
+pub use rustpython_compiler_source as source;
+use thiserror::Error;
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
 pub enum CompileErrorType {
-    Codegen(rustpython_codegen::error::CodegenErrorType),
-    Parse(parser::ParseErrorType),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Codegen(#[from] codegen::error::CodegenErrorType),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Parse(#[from] parser::ParseErrorType),
 }
 
-impl std::error::Error for CompileErrorType {
-    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
-        match self {
-            CompileErrorType::Codegen(e) => e.source(),
-            CompileErrorType::Parse(e) => e.source(),
-        }
-    }
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub struct ParseError {
+    #[source]
+    pub error: parser::ParseErrorType,
+    pub location: SourceLocation,
+    pub source_path: String,
 }
-impl std::fmt::Display for CompileErrorType {
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ParseError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.error.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Error, Debug)]
+pub enum CompileError {
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Codegen(#[from] codegen::error::CodegenError),
+    #[error(transparent)]
+    Parse(#[from] ParseError),
+}
+
+impl CompileError {
+    pub fn from_ruff_parse_error(error: parser::ParseError, source_code: &SourceCode<'_>) -> Self {
+        let location = source_code.source_location(error.location.start());
+        Self::Parse(ParseError {
+            error: error.error,
+            location,
+            source_path: source_code.path.to_owned(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn location(&self) -> Option<SourceLocation> {
         match self {
-            CompileErrorType::Codegen(e) => e.fmt(f),
-            CompileErrorType::Parse(e) => e.fmt(f),
+            CompileError::Codegen(codegen_error) => codegen_error.location.clone(),
+            CompileError::Parse(parse_error) => Some(parse_error.location.clone()),
         }
     }
-}
-impl From<rustpython_codegen::error::CodegenErrorType> for CompileErrorType {
-    fn from(source: rustpython_codegen::error::CodegenErrorType) -> Self {
-        CompileErrorType::Codegen(source)
+
+    pub fn python_location(&self) -> (usize, usize) {
+        match self {
+            CompileError::Codegen(codegen_error) => {
+                if let Some(location) = &codegen_error.location {
+                    (location.row.get(), location.column.get())
+                } else {
+                    (0, 0)
+                }
+            }
+            CompileError::Parse(parse_error) => (
+                parse_error.location.row.get(),
+                parse_error.location.column.get(),
+            ),
+        }
     }
-}
-impl From<parser::ParseErrorType> for CompileErrorType {
-    fn from(source: parser::ParseErrorType) -> Self {
-        CompileErrorType::Parse(source)
+
+    pub fn source_path(&self) -> &str {
+        match self {
+            CompileError::Codegen(codegen_error) => &codegen_error.source_path,
+            CompileError::Parse(parse_error) => &parse_error.source_path,
+        }
     }
 }
 
-pub type CompileError = rustpython_parser::source_code::LocatedError<CompileErrorType>;
-
 /// Compile a given source code into a bytecode object.
 pub fn compile(
     source: &str,
     mode: Mode,
-    source_path: String,
+    source_path: &str,
     opts: CompileOpts,
 ) -> Result<CodeObject, CompileError> {
-    let mut locator = LinearLocator::new(source);
-    let mut ast = match parser::parse(source, mode.into(), &source_path) {
-        Ok(x) => x,
-        Err(e) => return Err(locator.locate_error(e)),
-    };
-    if opts.optimize > 0 {
-        ast = ConstantOptimizer::new()
-            .fold_mod(ast)
-            .unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
-    }
-    let ast = locator.fold_mod(ast).unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
-    compile::compile_top(&ast, source_path, mode, opts).map_err(|e| e.into())
+    // TODO: do this less hackily; ruff's parser should translate a CRLF line
+    //       break in a multiline string into just an LF in the parsed value
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    let source = &source.replace("\r\n", "\n");
+    let source_code = SourceCode::new(source_path, source);
+    _compile(source_code, mode, opts)
+    // let index = LineIndex::from_source_text(source);
+    // let source_code = SourceCode::new(source, &index);
+    // let mut locator = LinearLocator::new(source);
+    // let mut ast = match parser::parse(source, mode.into(), &source_path) {
+    //     Ok(x) => x,
+    //     Err(e) => return Err(locator.locate_error(e)),
+    // };
+
+    // TODO:
+    // if opts.optimize > 0 {
+    //     ast = ConstantOptimizer::new()
+    //         .fold_mod(ast)
+    //         .unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
+    // }
+    // let ast = locator.fold_mod(ast).unwrap_or_else(|e| match e {});
+}
+
+fn _compile(
+    source_code: SourceCode<'_>,
+    mode: Mode,
+    opts: CompileOpts,
+) -> Result<CodeObject, CompileError> {
+    let parsed = parser::parse(source_code.text, mode.into())
+        .map_err(|err| CompileError::from_ruff_parse_error(err, &source_code))?;
+    let ast = parsed.into_syntax();
+    compile::compile_top(ast, source_code, mode, opts).map_err(|e| e.into())
 }
 
 pub fn compile_symtable(
@@ -71,20 +130,170 @@ pub fn compile_symtable(
     mode: Mode,
     source_path: &str,
 ) -> Result<symboltable::SymbolTable, CompileError> {
-    let mut locator = LinearLocator::new(source);
+    let source_code = SourceCode::new(source_path, source);
+    _compile_symtable(source_code, mode)
+}
+
+pub fn _compile_symtable(
+    source_code: SourceCode<'_>,
+    mode: Mode,
+) -> Result<symboltable::SymbolTable, CompileError> {
     let res = match mode {
         Mode::Exec | Mode::Single | Mode::BlockExpr => {
-            let ast =
-                ast::Suite::parse(source, source_path).map_err(|e| locator.locate_error(e))?;
-            let ast = locator.fold(ast).unwrap();
-            symboltable::SymbolTable::scan_program(&ast)
+            let ast = ruff_python_parser::parse_module(source_code.text)
+                .map_err(|e| CompileError::from_ruff_parse_error(e, &source_code))?;
+            symboltable::SymbolTable::scan_program(&ast.into_syntax(), source_code.clone())
         }
         Mode::Eval => {
-            let expr =
-                ast::Expr::parse(source, source_path).map_err(|e| locator.locate_error(e))?;
-            let expr = locator.fold(expr).unwrap();
-            symboltable::SymbolTable::scan_expr(&expr)
+            let ast =
+                ruff_python_parser::parse(source_code.text, ruff_python_parser::Mode::Expression)
+                    .map_err(|e| CompileError::from_ruff_parse_error(e, &source_code))?;
+            symboltable::SymbolTable::scan_expr(
+                &ast.into_syntax().expect_expression(),
+                source_code.clone(),
+            )
         }
     };
-    res.map_err(|e| e.into_codegen_error(source_path.to_owned()).into())
+    res.map_err(|e| e.into_codegen_error(source_code.path.to_owned()).into())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_compile() {
+    let code = "x = 'abc'";
+    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Single, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_compile_phello() {
+    let code = r#"
+initialized = True
+def main():
+    print("Hello world!")
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()
+"#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_compile_if_elif_else() {
+    let code = r#"
+if False:
+    pass
+elif False:
+    pass
+elif False:
+    pass
+else:
+    pass
+"#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_compile_lambda() {
+    let code = r#"
+lambda: 'a'
+"#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_compile_lambda2() {
+    let code = r#"
+(lambda x: f'hello, {x}')('world}')
+"#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_compile_lambda3() {
+    let code = r#"
+def g():
+    pass
+def f():
+    if False:
+        return lambda x: g(x)
+    elif False:
+        return g
+    else:
+        return g
+"#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_compile_int() {
+    let code = r#"
+a = 0xFF
+"#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_compile_bigint() {
+    let code = r#"
+a = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+"#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_compile_fstring() {
+    let code1 = r#"
+assert f"1" == '1'
+    "#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code1, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+
+    let code2 = r#"
+assert f"{1}" == '1'
+    "#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code2, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+    let code3 = r#"
+assert f"{1+1}" == '2'
+    "#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code3, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+
+    let code4 = r#"
+assert f"{{{(lambda: f'{1}')}" == '{1'
+    "#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code4, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+
+    let code5 = r#"
+assert f"a{1}" == 'a1'
+    "#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code5, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+
+    let code6 = r#"
+assert f"{{{(lambda x: f'hello, {x}')('world}')}" == '{hello, world}'
+    "#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code6, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_simple_enum() {
+    let code = r#"
+import enum
+@enum._simple_enum(enum.IntFlag, boundary=enum.KEEP)
+class RegexFlag:
+    NOFLAG = 0
+    DEBUG = 1
+print(RegexFlag.NOFLAG & RegexFlag.DEBUG)
+"#;
+    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<string>", CompileOpts::default());
+    dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
diff --git a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
index debe58106b..ca415dc543 100644
--- a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
+# rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-doc = { workspace = true }
 
 itertools = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/derive/src/lib.rs b/derive/src/lib.rs
index 97ca026e76..a9a3123a5a 100644
--- a/derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ impl derive_impl::Compiler for Compiler {
         module_name: String,
     ) -> Result<rustpython_compiler::CodeObject, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
         use rustpython_compiler::{CompileOpts, compile};
-        Ok(compile(source, mode, module_name, CompileOpts::default())?)
+        Ok(compile(source, mode, &module_name, CompileOpts::default())?)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/examples/dis.rs b/examples/dis.rs
index ee424f7b34..5b8826fdf1 100644
--- a/examples/dis.rs
+++ b/examples/dis.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ fn display_script(
     expand_code_objects: bool,
 ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {
     let source = fs::read_to_string(path)?;
-    let code = compiler::compile(&source, mode, path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(), opts)?;
+    let code = compiler::compile(&source, mode, &path.to_string_lossy(), opts)?;
     println!("{}:", path.display());
     if expand_code_objects {
         println!("{}", code.display_expand_code_objects());
diff --git a/examples/parse_folder.rs b/examples/parse_folder.rs
index 97a1eaf036..acad76ad76 100644
--- a/examples/parse_folder.rs
+++ b/examples/parse_folder.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ extern crate env_logger;
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
 
-use rustpython_parser::{Parse, ast};
+use ruff_python_parser::parse_module;
+use rustpython_compiler::ast;
 use std::{
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     time::{Duration, Instant},
@@ -68,18 +69,19 @@ fn parse_python_file(filename: &Path) -> ParsedFile {
     info!("Parsing file {:?}", filename);
     match std::fs::read_to_string(filename) {
         Err(e) => ParsedFile {
-            // filename: Box::new(filename.to_path_buf()),
-            // code: "".to_owned(),
+            filename: Box::new(filename.to_path_buf()),
+            code: "".to_owned(),
             num_lines: 0,
             result: Err(e.to_string()),
         },
         Ok(source) => {
             let num_lines = source.lines().count();
-            let result =
-                ast::Suite::parse(&source, &filename.to_string_lossy()).map_err(|e| e.to_string());
+            let result = parse_module(&source)
+                .map(|x| x.into_suite())
+                .map_err(|e| e.to_string());
             ParsedFile {
-                // filename: Box::new(filename.to_path_buf()),
-                // code: source.to_string(),
+                filename: Box::new(filename.to_path_buf()),
+                code: source.to_string(),
                 num_lines,
                 result,
             }
@@ -132,8 +134,8 @@ struct ScanResult {
 }
 
 struct ParsedFile {
-    // filename: Box<PathBuf>,
-    // code: String,
+    filename: Box<PathBuf>,
+    code: String,
     num_lines: usize,
     result: ParseResult,
 }
diff --git a/src/shell.rs b/src/shell.rs
index 00b6710061..f920b4d011 100644
--- a/src/shell.rs
+++ b/src/shell.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 mod helper;
 
-use rustpython_parser::{ParseErrorType, Tok, lexer::LexicalErrorType};
+use rustpython_compiler::{
+    CompileError, ParseError, parser::ParseErrorType, parser::lexer::LexicalErrorType,
+};
 use rustpython_vm::{
     AsObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
-    compiler::{self, CompileError, CompileErrorType},
+    compiler::{self},
     readline::{Readline, ReadlineResult},
     scope::Scope,
 };
@@ -35,29 +37,25 @@ fn shell_exec(
                 ShellExecResult::Ok
             }
         }
-        Err(CompileError {
-            error: CompileErrorType::Parse(ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::Eof)),
-            ..
-        })
-        | Err(CompileError {
-            error: CompileErrorType::Parse(ParseErrorType::Eof),
+        Err(CompileError::Parse(ParseError {
+            error: ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::Eof),
             ..
-        }) => ShellExecResult::Continue,
+        })) => ShellExecResult::Continue,
         Err(err) => {
             // bad_error == true if we are handling an error that should be thrown even if we are continuing
             // if its an indentation error, set to true if we are continuing and the error is on column 0,
             // since indentations errors on columns other than 0 should be ignored.
             // if its an unrecognized token for dedent, set to false
 
-            let bad_error = match err.error {
-                CompileErrorType::Parse(ref p) => {
+            let bad_error = match err {
+                CompileError::Parse(ref p) => {
                     if matches!(
-                        p,
+                        p.error,
                         ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::IndentationError)
                     ) {
-                        continuing && err.location.is_some()
+                        continuing // && p.location.is_some()
                     } else {
-                        !matches!(p, ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(Tok::Dedent, _))
+                        true // !matches!(p, ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(Tok::Dedent, _))
                     }
                 }
                 _ => true, // It is a bad error for everything else
diff --git a/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs b/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs
index 9ffd931291..e3cd434731 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ mod decl {
             stderr,
             "  File \"{}\", line {} in {}",
             frame.code.source_path,
-            frame.current_location().row.to_usize(),
+            frame.current_location().row,
             frame.code.obj_name
         )
     }
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index a0e357baa9..49b0883bbe 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ freeze-stdlib = ["encodings"]
 jit = ["rustpython-jit"]
 threading = ["rustpython-common/threading"]
 compiler = ["parser", "codegen", "rustpython-compiler"]
-ast = ["rustpython-ast"]
+ast = ["ruff_python_ast", "ruff_text_size", "ruff_source_file"]
 codegen = ["rustpython-codegen", "ast"]
-parser = ["rustpython-parser", "ast"]
+parser = ["ast"]
 serde = ["dep:serde"]
 wasmbind = ["chrono/wasmbind", "getrandom/wasm_js", "wasm-bindgen"]
 
@@ -32,10 +32,15 @@ rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-derive = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-jit = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
-rustpython-ast = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-rustpython-parser = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
+ruff_text_size = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+ruff_source_file = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+# rustpython-ast = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+# rustpython-parser = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-compiler-source = { workspace = true }
+# rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-literal = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-format = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-sre_engine = { workspace = true }
@@ -87,9 +92,9 @@ unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/pull/832#discussion_r275428939
 unicode-casing = "0.1.0"
 # update version all at the same time
-unic-ucd-bidi      = "0.9.0"
-unic-ucd-category  = "0.9.0"
-unic-ucd-ident     = "0.9.0"
+unic-ucd-bidi = "0.9.0"
+unic-ucd-category = "0.9.0"
+unic-ucd-ident = "0.9.0"
 
 [target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
 rustix = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/code.rs b/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
index 3fa332b2f3..ba2d2dd5c3 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
     convert::ToPyObject,
     frozen,
     function::{FuncArgs, OptionalArg},
-    source_code::OneIndexed,
+    source::LineNumber,
     types::Representable,
 };
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ impl PyCode {
 
     #[pygetset]
     fn co_firstlineno(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.code.first_line_number.map_or(0, |n| n.get())
+        self.code.first_line_number.map_or(0, |n| n.get() as _)
     }
 
     #[pygetset]
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ impl PyCode {
         };
 
         let first_line_number = match args.co_firstlineno {
-            OptionalArg::Present(first_line_number) => OneIndexed::new(first_line_number),
+            OptionalArg::Present(first_line_number) => LineNumber::new(first_line_number as _),
             OptionalArg::Missing => self.code.first_line_number,
         };
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs b/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs
index 1fd031984a..1b73850190 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/frame.rs
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl Frame {
 
     #[pygetset]
     pub fn f_lineno(&self) -> usize {
-        self.current_location().row.to_usize()
+        self.current_location().row.get()
     }
 
     #[pygetset]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/traceback.rs b/vm/src/builtins/traceback.rs
index b0abbd006a..6d88821ae7 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/traceback.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/traceback.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use rustpython_common::lock::PyMutex;
 
 use super::PyType;
 use crate::{
-    Context, Py, PyPayload, PyRef, class::PyClassImpl, frame::FrameRef, source_code::LineNumber,
+    Context, Py, PyPayload, PyRef, class::PyClassImpl, frame::FrameRef, source::LineNumber,
 };
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "traceback", traverse)]
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl PyTraceback {
 
     #[pygetset]
     fn tb_lineno(&self) -> usize {
-        self.lineno.to_usize()
+        self.lineno.get()
     }
 
     #[pygetset]
diff --git a/vm/src/compiler.rs b/vm/src/compiler.rs
index c81475b6d1..b819fd9a42 100644
--- a/vm/src/compiler.rs
+++ b/vm/src/compiler.rs
@@ -1,37 +1,49 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "rustpython-codegen")]
+#[cfg(feature = "codegen")]
 pub use rustpython_codegen::CompileOpts;
-#[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
+#[cfg(feature = "compiler")]
 pub use rustpython_compiler::*;
-#[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "compiler"))]
+pub use rustpython_compiler_source as source;
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "compiler"))]
 pub use rustpython_compiler_core::Mode;
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "compiler"))]
 pub use rustpython_compiler_core as core;
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
-pub use rustpython_parser_core as parser;
+#[cfg(not(feature = "compiler"))]
+pub use ruff_python_parser as parser;
 
-#[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "compiler"))]
 mod error {
-    #[cfg(all(feature = "rustpython-parser", feature = "rustpython-codegen"))]
+    #[cfg(all(feature = "parser", feature = "codegen"))]
     panic!("Use --features=compiler to enable both parser and codegen");
 
     #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
     pub enum CompileErrorType {
-        #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-codegen")]
+        #[cfg(feature = "codegen")]
         #[error(transparent)]
-        Codegen(#[from] rustpython_codegen::error::CodegenErrorType),
-        #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-parser")]
+        Codegen(#[from] super::codegen::error::CodegenErrorType),
+        #[cfg(feature = "parser")]
         #[error(transparent)]
-        Parse(#[from] rustpython_parser::error::ParseErrorType),
+        Parse(#[from] super::parser::ParseErrorType),
     }
 
-    pub type CompileError = rustpython_parser_core::source_code::LocatedError<CompileErrorType>;
+    #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error)]
+    pub enum CompileError {
+        #[cfg(feature = "codegen")]
+        #[error(transparent)]
+        Codegen(#[from] super::codegen::error::CodegenError),
+        #[cfg(feature = "parser")]
+        #[error(transparent)]
+        Parse(#[from] super::parser::ParseError),
+    }
 }
-#[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
+#[cfg(not(feature = "compiler"))]
 pub use error::{CompileError, CompileErrorType};
 
-#[cfg(any(feature = "rustpython-parser", feature = "rustpython-codegen"))]
+#[cfg(any(feature = "parser", feature = "codegen"))]
 impl crate::convert::ToPyException for (CompileError, Option<&str>) {
     fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &crate::VirtualMachine) -> crate::builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef {
         vm.new_syntax_error(&self.0, self.1)
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index d2f410b307..9bf7372794 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ fn write_traceback_entry<W: Write>(
         tb_entry.lineno,
         tb_entry.frame.code.obj_name
     )?;
-    print_source_line(output, filename, tb_entry.lineno.to_usize())?;
+    print_source_line(output, filename, tb_entry.lineno.get())?;
 
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index ec5dad10a2..cf695cd87b 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
     function::{ArgMapping, Either, FuncArgs},
     protocol::{PyIter, PyIterReturn},
     scope::Scope,
-    source_code::SourceLocation,
+    source::SourceLocation,
     stdlib::{builtins, typing::_typing},
     vm::{Context, PyMethod},
 };
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ impl Frame {
     }
 
     pub fn current_location(&self) -> SourceLocation {
-        self.code.locations[self.lasti() as usize - 1]
+        self.code.locations[self.lasti() as usize - 1].clone()
     }
 
     pub fn lasti(&self) -> u32 {
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                         // 2. Add new entry with current execution position (filename, lineno, code_object) to traceback.
                         // 3. Unwind block stack till appropriate handler is found.
 
-                        let loc = frame.code.locations[idx];
+                        let loc = frame.code.locations[idx].clone();
                         let next = exception.traceback();
                         let new_traceback =
                             PyTraceback::new(next, frame.object.to_owned(), frame.lasti(), loc.row);
diff --git a/vm/src/lib.rs b/vm/src/lib.rs
index 93adaa13f8..2e4afa3ea1 100644
--- a/vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ pub mod warn;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 pub mod windows;
 
-pub use self::compiler::parser::source_code;
+pub use self::compiler::source;
 pub use self::convert::{TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject};
 pub use self::object::{
     AsObject, Py, PyAtomicRef, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
index 7dd893646e..b5445c65f5 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
@@ -3,81 +3,55 @@
 //! This module makes use of the parser logic, and translates all ast nodes
 //! into python ast.AST objects.
 
-mod r#gen;
+mod pyast;
 
+use crate::builtins::{PyInt, PyStr};
+use crate::stdlib::ast::module::{Mod, ModInteractive};
+use crate::stdlib::ast::node::BoxedSlice;
+use crate::stdlib::ast::python::_ast;
 use crate::{
-    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
-    VirtualMachine,
-    builtins::{self, PyDict, PyModule, PyStrRef, PyType},
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
+    TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::PyIntRef,
+    builtins::{PyDict, PyModule, PyStrRef, PyType},
     class::{PyClassImpl, StaticType},
-    compiler::CompileError,
     compiler::core::bytecode::OpArgType,
-    convert::ToPyException,
-    source_code::{LinearLocator, OneIndexed, SourceLocation, SourceRange},
+    compiler::{CompileError, ParseError},
+    convert::ToPyObject,
+    source::SourceCode,
+    source::SourceLocation,
 };
-use num_complex::Complex64;
-use num_traits::{ToPrimitive, Zero};
-use rustpython_ast::{self as ast, fold::Fold};
-#[cfg(feature = "rustpython-codegen")]
+use node::Node;
+use ruff_python_ast as ruff;
+use ruff_source_file::OneIndexed;
+use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange, TextSize};
+use rustpython_compiler_source::SourceCodeOwned;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "parser")]
+use ruff_python_parser as parser;
+#[cfg(feature = "codegen")]
 use rustpython_codegen as codegen;
-#[cfg(feature = "rustpython-parser")]
-use rustpython_parser as parser;
-
-#[pymodule]
-mod _ast {
-    use crate::{
-        AsObject, Context, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
-        builtins::{PyStrRef, PyTupleRef},
-        function::FuncArgs,
-    };
-    #[pyattr]
-    #[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AST")]
-    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
-    pub(crate) struct NodeAst;
-
-    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE, HAS_DICT))]
-    impl NodeAst {
-        #[pyslot]
-        #[pymethod(magic)]
-        fn init(zelf: PyObjectRef, args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-            let fields = zelf.get_attr("_fields", vm)?;
-            let fields: Vec<PyStrRef> = fields.try_to_value(vm)?;
-            let numargs = args.args.len();
-            if numargs > fields.len() {
-                return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                    "{} constructor takes at most {} positional argument{}",
-                    zelf.class().name(),
-                    fields.len(),
-                    if fields.len() == 1 { "" } else { "s" },
-                )));
-            }
-            for (name, arg) in fields.iter().zip(args.args) {
-                zelf.set_attr(name, arg, vm)?;
-            }
-            for (key, value) in args.kwargs {
-                if let Some(pos) = fields.iter().position(|f| f.as_str() == key) {
-                    if pos < numargs {
-                        return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                            "{} got multiple values for argument '{}'",
-                            zelf.class().name(),
-                            key
-                        )));
-                    }
-                }
-                zelf.set_attr(vm.ctx.intern_str(key), value, vm)?;
-            }
-            Ok(())
-        }
 
-        #[pyattr(name = "_fields")]
-        fn fields(ctx: &Context) -> PyTupleRef {
-            ctx.empty_tuple.clone()
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[pyattr(name = "PyCF_ONLY_AST")]
-    use super::PY_COMPILE_FLAG_AST_ONLY;
-}
+pub(crate) use python::_ast::NodeAst;
+
+mod python;
+
+mod argument;
+mod basic;
+mod constant;
+mod elif_else_clause;
+mod exception;
+mod expression;
+mod module;
+mod node;
+mod operator;
+mod other;
+mod parameter;
+mod pattern;
+mod statement;
+mod string;
+mod type_ignore;
+mod type_parameters;
 
 fn get_node_field(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: &PyObject, field: &'static str, typ: &str) -> PyResult {
     vm.get_attribute_opt(obj.to_owned(), field)?
@@ -94,248 +68,197 @@ fn get_node_field_opt(
         .filter(|obj| !vm.is_none(obj)))
 }
 
-trait Node: Sized {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef;
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self>;
+fn get_int_field(
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    obj: &PyObject,
+    field: &'static str,
+    typ: &str,
+) -> PyResult<PyRefExact<PyInt>> {
+    get_node_field(vm, obj, field, typ)?
+        .downcast_exact(vm)
+        .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error(format!("field \"{field}\" must have integer type")))
 }
 
-impl<T: Node> Node for Vec<T> {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        vm.ctx
-            .new_list(
-                self.into_iter()
-                    .map(|node| node.ast_to_object(vm))
-                    .collect(),
-            )
-            .into()
-    }
-
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        vm.extract_elements_with(&object, |obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, obj))
-    }
+struct PySourceRange {
+    start: PySourceLocation,
+    end: PySourceLocation,
 }
 
-impl<T: Node> Node for Box<T> {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        (*self).ast_to_object(vm)
-    }
-
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        T::ast_from_object(vm, object).map(Box::new)
-    }
+pub struct PySourceLocation {
+    row: Row,
+    column: Column,
 }
 
-impl<T: Node> Node for Option<T> {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match self {
-            Some(node) => node.ast_to_object(vm),
-            None => vm.ctx.none(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        if vm.is_none(&object) {
-            Ok(None)
-        } else {
-            Ok(Some(T::ast_from_object(vm, object)?))
+impl PySourceLocation {
+    fn to_source_location(&self) -> SourceLocation {
+        SourceLocation {
+            row: self.row.get_one_indexed(),
+            column: self.column.get_one_indexed(),
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn range_from_object(
-    vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    object: PyObjectRef,
-    name: &str,
-) -> PyResult<SourceRange> {
-    fn make_location(row: u32, column: u32) -> Option<SourceLocation> {
-        Some(SourceLocation {
-            row: OneIndexed::new(row)?,
-            column: OneIndexed::from_zero_indexed(column),
-        })
-    }
-    let row = ast::Int::ast_from_object(vm, get_node_field(vm, &object, "lineno", name)?)?;
-    let column = ast::Int::ast_from_object(vm, get_node_field(vm, &object, "col_offset", name)?)?;
-    let location = make_location(row.to_u32(), column.to_u32());
-    let end_row = get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "end_lineno")?
-        .map(|obj| ast::Int::ast_from_object(vm, obj))
-        .transpose()?;
-    let end_column = get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "end_col_offset")?
-        .map(|obj| ast::Int::ast_from_object(vm, obj))
-        .transpose()?;
-    let end_location = if let (Some(row), Some(column)) = (end_row, end_column) {
-        make_location(row.to_u32(), column.to_u32())
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
-    let range = SourceRange {
-        start: location.unwrap_or_default(),
-        end: end_location,
-    };
-    Ok(range)
-}
-
-fn node_add_location(dict: &Py<PyDict>, range: SourceRange, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
-    dict.set_item("lineno", vm.ctx.new_int(range.start.row.get()).into(), vm)
-        .unwrap();
-    dict.set_item(
-        "col_offset",
-        vm.ctx.new_int(range.start.column.to_zero_indexed()).into(),
-        vm,
-    )
-    .unwrap();
-    if let Some(end_location) = range.end {
-        dict.set_item(
-            "end_lineno",
-            vm.ctx.new_int(end_location.row.get()).into(),
-            vm,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item(
-            "end_col_offset",
-            vm.ctx.new_int(end_location.column.to_zero_indexed()).into(),
-            vm,
-        )
-        .unwrap();
-    };
-}
+/// A one-based index into the lines.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Row(OneIndexed);
 
-impl Node for ast::String {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        vm.ctx.new_str(self).into()
+impl Row {
+    fn get(self) -> usize {
+        self.0.get()
     }
 
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let py_str = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, object)?;
-        Ok(py_str.as_str().to_owned())
+    fn get_one_indexed(self) -> OneIndexed {
+        self.0
     }
 }
 
-impl Node for ast::Identifier {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let id: String = self.into();
-        vm.ctx.new_str(id).into()
-    }
+/// An UTF-8 index into the line.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+struct Column(TextSize);
 
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let py_str = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, object)?;
-        Ok(ast::Identifier::new(py_str.as_str()))
+impl Column {
+    fn get(self) -> usize {
+        self.0.to_usize()
     }
-}
 
-impl Node for ast::Int {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        vm.ctx.new_int(self.to_u32()).into()
-    }
-
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let value = object.try_into_value(vm)?;
-        Ok(ast::Int::new(value))
+    fn get_one_indexed(self) -> OneIndexed {
+        OneIndexed::from_zero_indexed(self.get())
     }
 }
 
-impl Node for bool {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        vm.ctx.new_int(self as u8).into()
+fn text_range_to_source_range(
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+    text_range: TextRange,
+) -> PySourceRange {
+    let index = &source_code.index;
+    let source = &source_code.text;
+
+    if source.is_empty() {
+        return PySourceRange {
+            start: PySourceLocation {
+                row: Row(OneIndexed::from_zero_indexed(0)),
+                column: Column(TextSize::new(0)),
+            },
+            end: PySourceLocation {
+                row: Row(OneIndexed::from_zero_indexed(0)),
+                column: Column(TextSize::new(0)),
+            },
+        };
     }
 
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        i32::try_from_object(vm, object).map(|i| i != 0)
+    let start_row = index.line_index(text_range.start());
+    let end_row = index.line_index(text_range.end());
+    let start_col = text_range.start() - index.line_start(start_row, source);
+    let end_col = text_range.end() - index.line_start(end_row, source);
+
+    PySourceRange {
+        start: PySourceLocation {
+            row: Row(start_row),
+            column: Column(start_col),
+        },
+        end: PySourceLocation {
+            row: Row(end_row),
+            column: Column(end_col),
+        },
     }
 }
 
-impl Node for ast::Constant {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match self {
-            ast::Constant::None => vm.ctx.none(),
-            ast::Constant::Bool(b) => vm.ctx.new_bool(b).into(),
-            ast::Constant::Str(s) => vm.ctx.new_str(s).into(),
-            ast::Constant::Bytes(b) => vm.ctx.new_bytes(b).into(),
-            ast::Constant::Int(i) => vm.ctx.new_int(i).into(),
-            ast::Constant::Tuple(t) => vm
-                .ctx
-                .new_tuple(t.into_iter().map(|c| c.ast_to_object(vm)).collect())
-                .into(),
-            ast::Constant::Float(f) => vm.ctx.new_float(f).into(),
-            ast::Constant::Complex { real, imag } => vm.new_pyobj(Complex64::new(real, imag)),
-            ast::Constant::Ellipsis => vm.ctx.ellipsis(),
-        }
-    }
+fn range_from_object(
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+    object: PyObjectRef,
+    name: &str,
+) -> PyResult<TextRange> {
+    let start_row = get_int_field(vm, &object, "lineno", name)?;
+    let start_column = get_int_field(vm, &object, "col_offset", name)?;
+    let end_row = get_int_field(vm, &object, "end_lineno", name)?;
+    let end_column = get_int_field(vm, &object, "end_col_offset", name)?;
+
+    let location = PySourceRange {
+        start: PySourceLocation {
+            row: Row(OneIndexed::new(start_row.try_to_primitive(vm)?).unwrap()),
+            column: Column(TextSize::new(start_column.try_to_primitive(vm)?)),
+        },
+        end: PySourceLocation {
+            row: Row(OneIndexed::new(end_row.try_to_primitive(vm)?).unwrap()),
+            column: Column(TextSize::new(end_column.try_to_primitive(vm)?)),
+        },
+    };
 
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let constant = match_class!(match object {
-            ref i @ builtins::int::PyInt => {
-                let value = i.as_bigint();
-                if object.class().is(vm.ctx.types.bool_type) {
-                    ast::Constant::Bool(!value.is_zero())
-                } else {
-                    ast::Constant::Int(value.clone())
-                }
-            }
-            ref f @ builtins::float::PyFloat => ast::Constant::Float(f.to_f64()),
-            ref c @ builtins::complex::PyComplex => {
-                let c = c.to_complex();
-                ast::Constant::Complex {
-                    real: c.re,
-                    imag: c.im,
-                }
-            }
-            ref s @ builtins::pystr::PyStr => ast::Constant::Str(s.as_str().to_owned()),
-            ref b @ builtins::bytes::PyBytes => ast::Constant::Bytes(b.as_bytes().to_owned()),
-            ref t @ builtins::tuple::PyTuple => {
-                ast::Constant::Tuple(
-                    t.iter()
-                        .map(|elt| Self::ast_from_object(vm, elt.clone()))
-                        .collect::<Result<_, _>>()?,
-                )
-            }
-            builtins::singletons::PyNone => ast::Constant::None,
-            builtins::slice::PyEllipsis => ast::Constant::Ellipsis,
-            obj =>
-                return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                    "invalid type in Constant: type '{}'",
-                    obj.class().name()
-                ))),
-        });
-        Ok(constant)
-    }
+    Ok(source_range_to_text_range(source_code, location))
 }
 
-impl Node for ast::ConversionFlag {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        vm.ctx.new_int(self as u8).into()
-    }
+fn source_range_to_text_range(source_code: &SourceCodeOwned, location: PySourceRange) -> TextRange {
+    let source = &source_code.text;
+    let index = &source_code.index;
 
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        i32::try_from_object(vm, object)?
-            .to_u32()
-            .and_then(ast::ConversionFlag::from_op_arg)
-            .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_value_error("invalid conversion flag".to_owned()))
+    if source.is_empty() {
+        return TextRange::new(TextSize::new(0), TextSize::new(0));
     }
+
+    let start = index.offset(
+        location.start.row.get_one_indexed(),
+        location.start.column.get_one_indexed(),
+        source,
+    );
+    let end = index.offset(
+        location.end.row.get_one_indexed(),
+        location.end.column.get_one_indexed(),
+        source,
+    );
+
+    TextRange::new(start, end)
 }
 
-impl Node for ast::located::Arguments {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        self.into_python_arguments().ast_to_object(vm)
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        ast::located::PythonArguments::ast_from_object(vm, object)
-            .map(ast::located::PythonArguments::into_arguments)
-    }
+fn node_add_location(
+    dict: &Py<PyDict>,
+    range: TextRange,
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+) {
+    let range = text_range_to_source_range(source_code, range);
+    dict.set_item("lineno", vm.ctx.new_int(range.start.row.get()).into(), vm)
+        .unwrap();
+    dict.set_item(
+        "col_offset",
+        vm.ctx.new_int(range.start.column.get()).into(),
+        vm,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    dict.set_item("end_lineno", vm.ctx.new_int(range.end.row.get()).into(), vm)
+        .unwrap();
+    dict.set_item(
+        "end_col_offset",
+        vm.ctx.new_int(range.end.column.get()).into(),
+        vm,
+    )
+    .unwrap();
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "rustpython-parser")]
+#[cfg(feature = "parser")]
 pub(crate) fn parse(
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
     source: &str,
     mode: parser::Mode,
 ) -> Result<PyObjectRef, CompileError> {
-    let mut locator = LinearLocator::new(source);
-    let top = parser::parse(source, mode, "<unknown>").map_err(|e| locator.locate_error(e))?;
-    let top = locator.fold_mod(top).unwrap();
-    Ok(top.ast_to_object(vm))
+    let source_code = SourceCodeOwned::new("".to_owned(), source.to_owned());
+    let top = parser::parse(source, mode)
+        .map_err(|parse_error| ParseError {
+            error: parse_error.error,
+            location: text_range_to_source_range(&source_code, parse_error.location)
+                .start
+                .to_source_location(),
+            source_path: "<unknown>".to_string(),
+        })?
+        .into_syntax();
+    let top = match top {
+        ruff::Mod::Module(m) => Mod::Module(m),
+        ruff::Mod::Expression(e) => Mod::Expression(e),
+    };
+    Ok(top.ast_to_object(vm, &source_code))
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "rustpython-codegen")]
+#[cfg(feature = "codegen")]
 pub(crate) fn compile(
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
     object: PyObjectRef,
@@ -348,14 +271,24 @@ pub(crate) fn compile(
         opts.optimize = optimize;
     }
 
-    let ast = Node::ast_from_object(vm, object)?;
-    let code = codegen::compile::compile_top(&ast, filename.to_owned(), mode, opts)
-        .map_err(|err| (CompileError::from(err), None).to_pyexception(vm))?; // FIXME source
+    let source_code = SourceCodeOwned::new(filename.to_owned(), "".to_owned());
+    let ast: Mod = Node::ast_from_object(vm, &source_code, object)?;
+    let ast = match ast {
+        Mod::Module(m) => ruff::Mod::Module(m),
+        Mod::Interactive(ModInteractive { range, body }) => {
+            ruff::Mod::Module(ruff::ModModule { range, body })
+        }
+        Mod::Expression(e) => ruff::Mod::Expression(e),
+        Mod::FunctionType(_) => todo!(),
+    };
+    // TODO: create a textual representation of the ast
+    let text = "";
+    let source_code = SourceCode::new(filename, text);
+    let code = codegen::compile::compile_top(ast, source_code, mode, opts)
+        .map_err(|err| vm.new_syntax_error(&err.into(), None))?; // FIXME source
     Ok(vm.ctx.new_code(code).into())
 }
 
-// Required crate visibility for inclusion by gen.rs
-pub(crate) use _ast::NodeAst;
 // Used by builtins::compile()
 pub const PY_COMPILE_FLAG_AST_ONLY: i32 = 0x0400;
 
@@ -398,6 +331,6 @@ pub const PY_COMPILE_FLAGS_MASK: i32 = PY_COMPILE_FLAG_AST_ONLY
 
 pub fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
     let module = _ast::make_module(vm);
-    r#gen::extend_module_nodes(vm, &module);
+    pyast::extend_module_nodes(vm, &module);
     module
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/argument.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/argument.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dae2345f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/argument.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+use super::*;
+
+pub(super) struct PositionalArguments {
+    pub range: TextRange,
+    pub args: Box<[ruff::Expr]>,
+}
+
+impl Node for PositionalArguments {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { args, range: _ } = self;
+        BoxedSlice(args).ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let args: BoxedSlice<_> = Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            args: args.0,
+            range: TextRange::default(), // TODO
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) struct KeywordArguments {
+    pub range: TextRange,
+    pub keywords: Box<[ruff::Keyword]>,
+}
+
+impl Node for KeywordArguments {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { keywords, range: _ } = self;
+        // TODO: use range
+        BoxedSlice(keywords).ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let keywords: BoxedSlice<_> = Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            keywords: keywords.0,
+            range: TextRange::default(), // TODO
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn merge_function_call_arguments(
+    pos_args: PositionalArguments,
+    key_args: KeywordArguments,
+) -> ruff::Arguments {
+    let range = pos_args.range.cover(key_args.range);
+
+    ruff::Arguments {
+        range,
+        args: pos_args.args,
+        keywords: key_args.keywords,
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn split_function_call_arguments(
+    args: ruff::Arguments,
+) -> (PositionalArguments, KeywordArguments) {
+    let ruff::Arguments {
+        range: _,
+        args,
+        keywords,
+    } = args;
+
+    let positional_arguments_range = args
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| item.range())
+        .reduce(|acc, next| acc.cover(next))
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    // debug_assert!(range.contains_range(positional_arguments_range));
+    let positional_arguments = PositionalArguments {
+        range: positional_arguments_range,
+        args,
+    };
+
+    let keyword_arguments_range = keywords
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| item.range())
+        .reduce(|acc, next| acc.cover(next))
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    // debug_assert!(range.contains_range(keyword_arguments_range));
+    let keyword_arguments = KeywordArguments {
+        range: keyword_arguments_range,
+        keywords,
+    };
+
+    (positional_arguments, keyword_arguments)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn split_class_def_args(
+    args: Option<Box<ruff::Arguments>>,
+) -> (Option<PositionalArguments>, Option<KeywordArguments>) {
+    let args = match args {
+        None => return (None, None),
+        Some(args) => *args,
+    };
+    let ruff::Arguments {
+        range: _,
+        args,
+        keywords,
+    } = args;
+
+    let positional_arguments_range = args
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| item.range())
+        .reduce(|acc, next| acc.cover(next))
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    // debug_assert!(range.contains_range(positional_arguments_range));
+    let positional_arguments = PositionalArguments {
+        range: positional_arguments_range,
+        args,
+    };
+
+    let keyword_arguments_range = keywords
+        .iter()
+        .map(|item| item.range())
+        .reduce(|acc, next| acc.cover(next))
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    // debug_assert!(range.contains_range(keyword_arguments_range));
+    let keyword_arguments = KeywordArguments {
+        range: keyword_arguments_range,
+        keywords,
+    };
+
+    (Some(positional_arguments), Some(keyword_arguments))
+}
+
+pub(super) fn merge_class_def_args(
+    positional_arguments: Option<PositionalArguments>,
+    keyword_arguments: Option<KeywordArguments>,
+) -> Option<Box<ruff::Arguments>> {
+    if positional_arguments.is_none() && keyword_arguments.is_none() {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    let args = if let Some(positional_arguments) = positional_arguments {
+        positional_arguments.args
+    } else {
+        vec![].into_boxed_slice()
+    };
+    let keywords = if let Some(keyword_arguments) = keyword_arguments {
+        keyword_arguments.keywords
+    } else {
+        vec![].into_boxed_slice()
+    };
+
+    Some(Box::new(ruff::Arguments {
+        range: Default::default(), // TODO
+        args,
+        keywords,
+    }))
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/basic.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/basic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ed1e9e03d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/basic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use rustpython_codegen::compile::ruff_int_to_bigint;
+
+use super::*;
+
+impl Node for ruff::Identifier {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let id = self.as_str();
+        vm.ctx.new_str(id).into()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let py_str = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, object)?;
+        Ok(ruff::Identifier::new(py_str.as_str(), TextRange::default()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Node for ruff::Int {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_int(ruff_int_to_bigint(&self).unwrap()).into()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        // FIXME: performance
+        let value: PyIntRef = object.try_into_value(vm)?;
+        let value = value.as_bigint().to_string();
+        Ok(value.parse().unwrap())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Node for bool {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_int(self as u8).into()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        i32::try_from_object(vm, object).map(|i| i != 0)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/constant.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/constant.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..29c29b4660
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/constant.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::builtins::{PyComplex, PyFrozenSet, PyTuple};
+use ruff::str_prefix::StringLiteralPrefix;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) struct Constant {
+    pub(super) range: TextRange,
+    pub(super) value: ConstantLiteral,
+}
+
+impl Constant {
+    pub(super) fn new_str(
+        value: impl Into<Box<str>>,
+        prefix: StringLiteralPrefix,
+        range: TextRange,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let value = value.into();
+        Self {
+            range,
+            value: ConstantLiteral::Str { value, prefix },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn new_int(value: ruff::Int, range: TextRange) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            range,
+            value: ConstantLiteral::Int(value),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn new_float(value: f64, range: TextRange) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            range,
+            value: ConstantLiteral::Float(value),
+        }
+    }
+    pub(super) fn new_complex(real: f64, imag: f64, range: TextRange) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            range,
+            value: ConstantLiteral::Complex { real, imag },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn new_bytes(value: Box<[u8]>, range: TextRange) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            range,
+            value: ConstantLiteral::Bytes(value),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn new_bool(value: bool, range: TextRange) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            range,
+            value: ConstantLiteral::Bool(value),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn new_none(range: TextRange) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            range,
+            value: ConstantLiteral::None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn new_ellipsis(range: TextRange) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            range,
+            value: ConstantLiteral::Ellipsis,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn into_expr(self) -> ruff::Expr {
+        constant_to_ruff_expr(self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum ConstantLiteral {
+    None,
+    Bool(bool),
+    Str {
+        value: Box<str>,
+        prefix: StringLiteralPrefix,
+    },
+    Bytes(Box<[u8]>),
+    Int(ruff::Int),
+    Tuple(Vec<ConstantLiteral>),
+    FrozenSet(Vec<ConstantLiteral>),
+    Float(f64),
+    Complex {
+        real: f64,
+        imag: f64,
+    },
+    Ellipsis,
+}
+
+// constructor
+impl Node for Constant {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { range, value } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprConstant::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let kind = match &value {
+            ConstantLiteral::Str {
+                prefix: StringLiteralPrefix::Unicode,
+                ..
+            } => vm.ctx.new_str("u").into(),
+            _ => vm.ctx.none(),
+        };
+        let value = value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code);
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value, vm).unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("kind", kind, vm).unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let value_object = get_node_field(vm, &object, "value", "Constant")?;
+        let value = Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, value_object)?;
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            value,
+            // kind: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "kind")?
+            //     .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
+            //     .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Constant")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Node for ConstantLiteral {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            ConstantLiteral::None => vm.ctx.none(),
+            ConstantLiteral::Bool(value) => vm.ctx.new_bool(value).to_pyobject(vm),
+            ConstantLiteral::Str { value, .. } => vm.ctx.new_str(value).to_pyobject(vm),
+            ConstantLiteral::Bytes(value) => vm.ctx.new_bytes(value.into()).to_pyobject(vm),
+            ConstantLiteral::Int(value) => value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ConstantLiteral::Tuple(value) => {
+                let value = value
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|c| c.ast_to_object(vm, source_code))
+                    .collect();
+                vm.ctx.new_tuple(value).to_pyobject(vm)
+            }
+            ConstantLiteral::FrozenSet(value) => PyFrozenSet::from_iter(
+                vm,
+                value.into_iter().map(|c| c.ast_to_object(vm, source_code)),
+            )
+            .unwrap()
+            .into_pyobject(vm),
+            ConstantLiteral::Float(value) => vm.ctx.new_float(value).into_pyobject(vm),
+            ConstantLiteral::Complex { real, imag } => vm
+                .ctx
+                .new_complex(num_complex::Complex::new(real, imag))
+                .into_pyobject(vm),
+            ConstantLiteral::Ellipsis => vm.ctx.ellipsis(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        value_object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let cls = value_object.class();
+        let value = if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.none_type) {
+            ConstantLiteral::None
+        } else if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.bool_type) {
+            ConstantLiteral::Bool(if value_object.is(&vm.ctx.true_value) {
+                true
+            } else if value_object.is(&vm.ctx.false_value) {
+                false
+            } else {
+                value_object.try_to_value(vm)?
+            })
+        } else if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.str_type) {
+            ConstantLiteral::Str {
+                value: value_object.try_to_value::<String>(vm)?.into(),
+                prefix: StringLiteralPrefix::Empty,
+            }
+        } else if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.bytes_type) {
+            ConstantLiteral::Bytes(value_object.try_to_value::<Vec<u8>>(vm)?.into())
+        } else if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.int_type) {
+            ConstantLiteral::Int(Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, value_object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.tuple_type) {
+            let tuple = value_object.downcast::<PyTuple>().map_err(|obj| {
+                vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                    "Expected type {}, not {}",
+                    PyTuple::static_type().name(),
+                    obj.class().name()
+                ))
+            })?;
+            let tuple = tuple
+                .into_iter()
+                .cloned()
+                .map(|object| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object))
+                .collect::<PyResult<_>>()?;
+            ConstantLiteral::Tuple(tuple)
+        } else if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.frozenset_type) {
+            let set = value_object.downcast::<PyFrozenSet>().unwrap();
+            let elements = set
+                .elements()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|object| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object))
+                .collect::<PyResult<_>>()?;
+            ConstantLiteral::FrozenSet(elements)
+        } else if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.float_type) {
+            let float = value_object.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            ConstantLiteral::Float(float)
+        } else if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.complex_type) {
+            let complex = value_object.try_complex(vm)?;
+            let complex = match complex {
+                None => {
+                    return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                        "Expected type {}, not {}",
+                        PyComplex::static_type().name(),
+                        value_object.class().name()
+                    )));
+                }
+                Some((value, _was_coerced)) => value,
+            };
+            ConstantLiteral::Complex {
+                real: complex.re,
+                imag: complex.im,
+            }
+        } else if cls.is(vm.ctx.types.ellipsis_type) {
+            ConstantLiteral::Ellipsis
+        } else {
+            return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "invalid type in Constant: {}",
+                value_object.class().name()
+            )));
+        };
+        Ok(value)
+    }
+}
+
+fn constant_to_ruff_expr(value: Constant) -> ruff::Expr {
+    let Constant { value, range } = value;
+    match value {
+        ConstantLiteral::None => ruff::Expr::NoneLiteral(ruff::ExprNoneLiteral { range }),
+        ConstantLiteral::Bool(value) => {
+            ruff::Expr::BooleanLiteral(ruff::ExprBooleanLiteral { range, value })
+        }
+        ConstantLiteral::Str { value, prefix } => {
+            ruff::Expr::StringLiteral(ruff::ExprStringLiteral {
+                range,
+                value: ruff::StringLiteralValue::single(ruff::StringLiteral {
+                    range,
+                    value,
+                    flags: ruff::StringLiteralFlags::default().with_prefix(prefix),
+                }),
+            })
+        }
+        ConstantLiteral::Bytes(value) => {
+            ruff::Expr::BytesLiteral(ruff::ExprBytesLiteral {
+                range,
+                value: ruff::BytesLiteralValue::single(ruff::BytesLiteral {
+                    range,
+                    value,
+                    flags: Default::default(), // TODO
+                }),
+            })
+        }
+        ConstantLiteral::Int(value) => ruff::Expr::NumberLiteral(ruff::ExprNumberLiteral {
+            range,
+            value: ruff::Number::Int(value),
+        }),
+        ConstantLiteral::Tuple(value) => ruff::Expr::Tuple(ruff::ExprTuple {
+            range,
+            elts: value
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|value| {
+                    constant_to_ruff_expr(Constant {
+                        range: TextRange::default(),
+                        value,
+                    })
+                })
+                .collect(),
+            ctx: ruff::ExprContext::Load,
+            // TODO: Does this matter?
+            parenthesized: true,
+        }),
+        ConstantLiteral::FrozenSet(value) => ruff::Expr::Call(ruff::ExprCall {
+            range,
+            // idk lol
+            func: Box::new(ruff::Expr::Name(ruff::ExprName {
+                range: TextRange::default(),
+                id: "frozenset".to_owned(),
+                ctx: ruff::ExprContext::Load,
+            })),
+            arguments: ruff::Arguments {
+                range,
+                args: value
+                    .into_iter()
+                    .map(|value| {
+                        constant_to_ruff_expr(Constant {
+                            range: TextRange::default(),
+                            value,
+                        })
+                    })
+                    .collect(),
+                keywords: Box::default(),
+            },
+        }),
+        ConstantLiteral::Float(value) => ruff::Expr::NumberLiteral(ruff::ExprNumberLiteral {
+            range,
+            value: ruff::Number::Float(value),
+        }),
+        ConstantLiteral::Complex { real, imag } => {
+            ruff::Expr::NumberLiteral(ruff::ExprNumberLiteral {
+                range,
+                value: ruff::Number::Complex { real, imag },
+            })
+        }
+        ConstantLiteral::Ellipsis => {
+            ruff::Expr::EllipsisLiteral(ruff::ExprEllipsisLiteral { range })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn number_literal_to_object(
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+    constant: ruff::ExprNumberLiteral,
+) -> PyObjectRef {
+    let ruff::ExprNumberLiteral { range, value } = constant;
+    let c = match value {
+        ruff::Number::Int(n) => Constant::new_int(n, range),
+        ruff::Number::Float(n) => Constant::new_float(n, range),
+        ruff::Number::Complex { real, imag } => Constant::new_complex(real, imag, range),
+    };
+    c.ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn string_literal_to_object(
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+    constant: ruff::ExprStringLiteral,
+) -> PyObjectRef {
+    let ruff::ExprStringLiteral { range, value } = constant;
+    let prefix = value
+        .iter()
+        .next()
+        .map_or(StringLiteralPrefix::Empty, |part| part.flags.prefix());
+    let c = Constant::new_str(value.to_str(), prefix, range);
+    c.ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn bytes_literal_to_object(
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+    constant: ruff::ExprBytesLiteral,
+) -> PyObjectRef {
+    let ruff::ExprBytesLiteral { range, value } = constant;
+    let bytes = value.as_slice().iter().flat_map(|b| b.value.iter());
+    let c = Constant::new_bytes(bytes.copied().collect(), range);
+    c.ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn boolean_literal_to_object(
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+    constant: ruff::ExprBooleanLiteral,
+) -> PyObjectRef {
+    let ruff::ExprBooleanLiteral { range, value } = constant;
+    let c = Constant::new_bool(value, range);
+    c.ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn none_literal_to_object(
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+    constant: ruff::ExprNoneLiteral,
+) -> PyObjectRef {
+    let ruff::ExprNoneLiteral { range } = constant;
+    let c = Constant::new_none(range);
+    c.ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn ellipsis_literal_to_object(
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+    constant: ruff::ExprEllipsisLiteral,
+) -> PyObjectRef {
+    let ruff::ExprEllipsisLiteral { range } = constant;
+    let c = Constant::new_ellipsis(range);
+    c.ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/elif_else_clause.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/elif_else_clause.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13f6865eaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/elif_else_clause.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+use super::*;
+
+pub(super) fn ast_to_object(
+    clause: ruff::ElifElseClause,
+    mut rest: std::vec::IntoIter<ruff::ElifElseClause>,
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+) -> PyObjectRef {
+    let ruff::ElifElseClause { range, test, body } = clause;
+    let Some(test) = test else {
+        assert!(rest.len() == 0);
+        return body.ast_to_object(vm, source_code);
+    };
+    let node = NodeAst
+        .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeStmtIf::static_type().to_owned())
+        .unwrap();
+    let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+
+    dict.set_item("test", test.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+        .unwrap();
+    dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+        .unwrap();
+
+    let orelse = if let Some(next) = rest.next() {
+        if next.test.is_some() {
+            vm.ctx
+                .new_list(vec![ast_to_object(next, rest, vm, source_code)])
+                .into()
+        } else {
+            next.body.ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+        }
+    } else {
+        vm.ctx.new_list(vec![]).into()
+    };
+    dict.set_item("orelse", orelse, vm).unwrap();
+
+    node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+    node.into()
+}
+
+pub(super) fn ast_from_object(
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+    object: PyObjectRef,
+) -> PyResult<ruff::StmtIf> {
+    let test = Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, get_node_field(vm, &object, "test", "If")?)?;
+    let body = Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, get_node_field(vm, &object, "body", "If")?)?;
+    let orelse: Vec<ruff::Stmt> = Node::ast_from_object(
+        vm,
+        source_code,
+        get_node_field(vm, &object, "orelse", "If")?,
+    )?;
+    let range = range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "If")?;
+
+    let elif_else_clauses = if let [ruff::Stmt::If(_)] = &*orelse {
+        let Some(ruff::Stmt::If(ruff::StmtIf {
+            range,
+            test,
+            body,
+            mut elif_else_clauses,
+        })) = orelse.into_iter().next()
+        else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+        elif_else_clauses.insert(
+            0,
+            ruff::ElifElseClause {
+                range,
+                test: Some(*test),
+                body,
+            },
+        );
+        elif_else_clauses
+    } else {
+        vec![ruff::ElifElseClause {
+            range,
+            test: None,
+            body: orelse,
+        }]
+    };
+
+    Ok(ruff::StmtIf {
+        test,
+        body,
+        elif_else_clauses,
+        range,
+    })
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/exception.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/exception.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a76e7b569b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/exception.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// sum
+impl Node for ruff::ExceptHandler {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            ruff::ExceptHandler::ExceptHandler(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+        }
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        Ok(
+            if _cls.is(pyast::NodeExceptHandlerExceptHandler::static_type()) {
+                ruff::ExceptHandler::ExceptHandler(
+                    ruff::ExceptHandlerExceptHandler::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?,
+                )
+            } else {
+                return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                    "expected some sort of excepthandler, but got {}",
+                    _object.repr(_vm)?
+                )));
+            },
+        )
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExceptHandlerExceptHandler {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::ExceptHandlerExceptHandler {
+            type_,
+            name,
+            body,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(
+                _vm,
+                pyast::NodeExceptHandlerExceptHandler::static_type().to_owned(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("type", type_.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::ExceptHandlerExceptHandler {
+            type_: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            name: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "name")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "ExceptHandler")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "ExceptHandler")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/expression.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/expression.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b4c9124ad7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/expression.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1197 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::stdlib::ast::argument::{merge_function_call_arguments, split_function_call_arguments};
+use crate::stdlib::ast::constant::Constant;
+use crate::stdlib::ast::string::JoinedStr;
+
+// sum
+impl Node for ruff::Expr {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            ruff::Expr::BoolOp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Name(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::BinOp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::UnaryOp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Lambda(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::If(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Dict(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Set(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::ListComp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::SetComp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::DictComp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Generator(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Await(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Yield(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::YieldFrom(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Compare(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Call(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Attribute(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Subscript(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Starred(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::List(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Tuple(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::Slice(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::NumberLiteral(cons) => {
+                constant::number_literal_to_object(vm, source_code, cons)
+            }
+            ruff::Expr::StringLiteral(cons) => {
+                constant::string_literal_to_object(vm, source_code, cons)
+            }
+            ruff::Expr::FString(cons) => string::fstring_to_object(vm, source_code, cons),
+            ruff::Expr::BytesLiteral(cons) => {
+                constant::bytes_literal_to_object(vm, source_code, cons)
+            }
+            ruff::Expr::BooleanLiteral(cons) => {
+                constant::boolean_literal_to_object(vm, source_code, cons)
+            }
+            ruff::Expr::NoneLiteral(cons) => {
+                constant::none_literal_to_object(vm, source_code, cons)
+            }
+            ruff::Expr::EllipsisLiteral(cons) => {
+                constant::ellipsis_literal_to_object(vm, source_code, cons)
+            }
+            ruff::Expr::Named(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Expr::IpyEscapeCommand(_) => {
+                unimplemented!("IPython escape command is not allowed in Python AST")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let cls = object.class();
+        Ok(if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprBoolOp::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::BoolOp(ruff::ExprBoolOp::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprNamedExpr::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Named(ruff::ExprNamed::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprBinOp::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::BinOp(ruff::ExprBinOp::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprUnaryOp::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::UnaryOp(ruff::ExprUnaryOp::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprLambda::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Lambda(ruff::ExprLambda::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprIfExp::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::If(ruff::ExprIf::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprDict::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Dict(ruff::ExprDict::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprSet::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Set(ruff::ExprSet::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprListComp::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::ListComp(ruff::ExprListComp::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                object,
+            )?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprSetComp::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::SetComp(ruff::ExprSetComp::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprDictComp::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::DictComp(ruff::ExprDictComp::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                object,
+            )?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprGeneratorExp::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Generator(ruff::ExprGenerator::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                object,
+            )?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprAwait::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Await(ruff::ExprAwait::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprYield::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Yield(ruff::ExprYield::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprYieldFrom::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::YieldFrom(ruff::ExprYieldFrom::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                object,
+            )?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprCompare::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Compare(ruff::ExprCompare::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprCall::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Call(ruff::ExprCall::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprAttribute::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Attribute(ruff::ExprAttribute::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                object,
+            )?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprSubscript::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Subscript(ruff::ExprSubscript::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                object,
+            )?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprStarred::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Starred(ruff::ExprStarred::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprName::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Name(ruff::ExprName::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprList::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::List(ruff::ExprList::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprTuple::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Tuple(ruff::ExprTuple::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprSlice::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Expr::Slice(ruff::ExprSlice::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprConstant::static_type()) {
+            Constant::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?.into_expr()
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprJoinedStr::static_type()) {
+            JoinedStr::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?.into_expr()
+        } else {
+            return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of expr, but got {}",
+                object.repr(vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprBoolOp {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { op, values, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprBoolOp::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("op", op.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("values", values.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            op: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "op", "BoolOp")?,
+            )?,
+            values: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "values", "BoolOp")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "BoolOp")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprNamed {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            target,
+            value,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprNamedExpr::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            target: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "target", "NamedExpr")?,
+            )?,
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "value", "NamedExpr")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "NamedExpr")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprBinOp {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            left,
+            op,
+            right,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprBinOp::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("left", left.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("op", op.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("right", right.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            left: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "left", "BinOp")?,
+            )?,
+            op: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "op", "BinOp")?,
+            )?,
+            right: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "right", "BinOp")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "BinOp")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprUnaryOp {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { op, operand, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprUnaryOp::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("op", op.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("operand", operand.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            op: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "op", "UnaryOp")?,
+            )?,
+            operand: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "operand", "UnaryOp")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "UnaryOp")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprLambda {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            parameters,
+            body,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprLambda::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("args", parameters.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            parameters: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "args", "Lambda")?,
+            )?,
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "body", "Lambda")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Lambda")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprIf {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            test,
+            body,
+            orelse,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprIfExp::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("test", test.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            test: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "test", "IfExp")?,
+            )?,
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "body", "IfExp")?,
+            )?,
+            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "orelse", "IfExp")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "IfExp")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprDict {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { items, range } = self;
+        let (keys, values) =
+            items
+                .into_iter()
+                .fold((vec![], vec![]), |(mut keys, mut values), item| {
+                    keys.push(item.key);
+                    values.push(item.value);
+                    (keys, values)
+                });
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprDict::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("keys", keys.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("values", values.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let keys: Vec<Option<ruff::Expr>> = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "keys", "Dict")?,
+        )?;
+        let values: Vec<_> = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "values", "Dict")?,
+        )?;
+        let items = keys
+            .into_iter()
+            .zip(values)
+            .map(|(key, value)| ruff::DictItem { key, value })
+            .collect();
+        Ok(Self {
+            items,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Dict")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprSet {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { elts, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprSet::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("elts", elts.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            elts: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "elts", "Set")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Set")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprListComp {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            elt,
+            generators,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprListComp::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("elt", elt.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("generators", generators.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            elt: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "elt", "ListComp")?,
+            )?,
+            generators: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "generators", "ListComp")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "ListComp")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprSetComp {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            elt,
+            generators,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprSetComp::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("elt", elt.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("generators", generators.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            elt: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "elt", "SetComp")?,
+            )?,
+            generators: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "generators", "SetComp")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "SetComp")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprDictComp {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            key,
+            value,
+            generators,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprDictComp::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("key", key.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("generators", generators.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            key: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "key", "DictComp")?,
+            )?,
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "value", "DictComp")?,
+            )?,
+            generators: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "generators", "DictComp")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "DictComp")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprGenerator {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            elt,
+            generators,
+            range,
+            parenthesized: _,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprGeneratorExp::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("elt", elt.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("generators", generators.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            elt: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "elt", "GeneratorExp")?,
+            )?,
+            generators: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "generators", "GeneratorExp")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "GeneratorExp")?,
+            // TODO: Is this correct?
+            parenthesized: true,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprAwait {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { value, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprAwait::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "value", "Await")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Await")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprYield {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::ExprYield { value, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprYield::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::ExprYield {
+            value: get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "value")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Yield")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprYieldFrom {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { value, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprYieldFrom::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "value", "YieldFrom")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "YieldFrom")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprCompare {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            left,
+            ops,
+            comparators,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprCompare::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("left", left.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("ops", BoxedSlice(ops).ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "comparators",
+            BoxedSlice(comparators).ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            left: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "left", "Compare")?,
+            )?,
+            ops: {
+                let ops: BoxedSlice<_> = Node::ast_from_object(
+                    vm,
+                    source_code,
+                    get_node_field(vm, &object, "ops", "Compare")?,
+                )?;
+                ops.0
+            },
+            comparators: {
+                let comparators: BoxedSlice<_> = Node::ast_from_object(
+                    vm,
+                    source_code,
+                    get_node_field(vm, &object, "comparators", "Compare")?,
+                )?;
+                comparators.0
+            },
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Compare")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprCall {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            func,
+            arguments,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let (positional_arguments, keyword_arguments) = split_function_call_arguments(arguments);
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprCall::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("func", func.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "args",
+            positional_arguments.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "keywords",
+            keyword_arguments.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            func: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "func", "Call")?,
+            )?,
+            arguments: merge_function_call_arguments(
+                Node::ast_from_object(
+                    vm,
+                    source_code,
+                    get_node_field(vm, &object, "args", "Call")?,
+                )?,
+                Node::ast_from_object(
+                    vm,
+                    source_code,
+                    get_node_field(vm, &object, "keywords", "Call")?,
+                )?,
+            ),
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Call")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprAttribute {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            value,
+            attr,
+            ctx,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprAttribute::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("attr", attr.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "value", "Attribute")?,
+            )?,
+            attr: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "attr", "Attribute")?,
+            )?,
+            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "ctx", "Attribute")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Attribute")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprSubscript {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            value,
+            slice,
+            ctx,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprSubscript::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("slice", slice.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "value", "Subscript")?,
+            )?,
+            slice: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "slice", "Subscript")?,
+            )?,
+            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "ctx", "Subscript")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Subscript")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprStarred {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { value, ctx, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprStarred::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "value", "Starred")?,
+            )?,
+            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "ctx", "Starred")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Starred")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprName {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { id, ctx, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprName::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("id", id.to_pyobject(vm), vm).unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            id: get_node_field(vm, &object, "id", "Name")?.try_into_value(vm)?,
+            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "ctx", "Name")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Name")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprList {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::ExprList { elts, ctx, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprList::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("elts", elts.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::ExprList {
+            elts: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "elts", "List")?,
+            )?,
+            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "ctx", "List")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "List")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprTuple {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            elts,
+            ctx,
+            range: _range,
+            parenthesized: _,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprTuple::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("elts", elts.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            elts: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "elts", "Tuple")?,
+            )?,
+            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "ctx", "Tuple")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Tuple")?,
+            parenthesized: true, // TODO: is this correct?
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ExprSlice {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            lower,
+            upper,
+            step,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprSlice::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("lower", lower.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("upper", upper.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("step", step.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            lower: get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "lower")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            upper: get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "upper")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            step: get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "step")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Slice")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// sum
+impl Node for ruff::ExprContext {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let node_type = match self {
+            ruff::ExprContext::Load => pyast::NodeExprContextLoad::static_type(),
+            ruff::ExprContext::Store => pyast::NodeExprContextStore::static_type(),
+            ruff::ExprContext::Del => pyast::NodeExprContextDel::static_type(),
+            ruff::ExprContext::Invalid => {
+                unimplemented!("Invalid expression context is not allowed in Python AST")
+            }
+        };
+        NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, node_type.to_owned())
+            .unwrap()
+            .into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = object.class();
+        Ok(if _cls.is(pyast::NodeExprContextLoad::static_type()) {
+            ruff::ExprContext::Load
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeExprContextStore::static_type()) {
+            ruff::ExprContext::Store
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeExprContextDel::static_type()) {
+            ruff::ExprContext::Del
+        } else {
+            return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of expr_context, but got {}",
+                object.repr(vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+// product
+impl Node for ruff::Comprehension {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            target,
+            iter,
+            ifs,
+            is_async,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeComprehension::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("iter", iter.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("ifs", ifs.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("is_async", is_async.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            target: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "target", "comprehension")?,
+            )?,
+            iter: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "iter", "comprehension")?,
+            )?,
+            ifs: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "ifs", "comprehension")?,
+            )?,
+            is_async: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "is_async", "comprehension")?,
+            )?,
+            range: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/gen.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/gen.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d3969b9024..0000000000
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/gen.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5496 +0,0 @@
-// File automatically generated by ast/asdl_rs.py.
-
-#![allow(clippy::all)]
-
-use super::*;
-use crate::common::ascii;
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "mod", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeMod;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeMod {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Module", base = "NodeMod")]
-struct NodeModModule;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeModModule {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_ignores")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Interactive", base = "NodeMod")]
-struct NodeModInteractive;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeModInteractive {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Expression", base = "NodeMod")]
-struct NodeModExpression;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeModExpression {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "FunctionType", base = "NodeMod")]
-struct NodeModFunctionType;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeModFunctionType {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("argtypes")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("returns")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "stmt", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeStmt;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmt {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "FunctionDef", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtFunctionDef;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtFunctionDef {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("args")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("decorator_list")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("returns")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_params")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AsyncFunctionDef", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("args")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("decorator_list")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("returns")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_params")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "ClassDef", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtClassDef;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtClassDef {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("bases")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("keywords")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("decorator_list")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_params")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Return", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtReturn;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtReturn {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Delete", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtDelete;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtDelete {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("targets")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Assign", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtAssign;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtAssign {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("targets")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "TypeAlias", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtTypeAlias;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtTypeAlias {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_params")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AugAssign", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtAugAssign;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtAugAssign {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("op")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AnnAssign", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtAnnAssign;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtAnnAssign {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("annotation")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("simple")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "For", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtFor;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtFor {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("iter")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AsyncFor", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtAsyncFor;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtAsyncFor {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("iter")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "While", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtWhile;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtWhile {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("test")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "If", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtIf;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtIf {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("test")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "With", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtWith;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtWith {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("items")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AsyncWith", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtAsyncWith;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtAsyncWith {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("items")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Match", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtMatch;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtMatch {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("subject")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("cases")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Raise", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtRaise;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtRaise {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("exc")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("cause")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Try", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtTry;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtTry {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("handlers")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("finalbody")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "TryStar", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtTryStar;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtTryStar {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("handlers")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("finalbody")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Assert", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtAssert;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtAssert {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("test")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("msg")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Import", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtImport;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtImport {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("names")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "ImportFrom", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtImportFrom;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtImportFrom {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("module")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("names")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("level")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Global", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtGlobal;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtGlobal {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("names")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Nonlocal", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtNonlocal;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtNonlocal {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("names")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Expr", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtExpr;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtExpr {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Pass", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtPass;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtPass {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Break", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtBreak;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtBreak {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Continue", base = "NodeStmt")]
-struct NodeStmtContinue;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeStmtContinue {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "expr", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeExpr;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExpr {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "BoolOp", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprBoolOp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprBoolOp {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("op")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("values")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "NamedExpr", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprNamedExpr;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprNamedExpr {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "BinOp", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprBinOp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprBinOp {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("left")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("op")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("right")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "UnaryOp", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprUnaryOp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprUnaryOp {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("op")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("operand")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Lambda", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprLambda;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprLambda {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("args")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "IfExp", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprIfExp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprIfExp {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("test")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Dict", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprDict;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprDict {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("keys")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("values")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Set", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprSet;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprSet {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("elts")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "ListComp", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprListComp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprListComp {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("elt")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("generators")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "SetComp", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprSetComp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprSetComp {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("elt")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("generators")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "DictComp", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprDictComp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprDictComp {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("key")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("generators")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "GeneratorExp", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprGeneratorExp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprGeneratorExp {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("elt")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("generators")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Await", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprAwait;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprAwait {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Yield", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprYield;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprYield {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "YieldFrom", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprYieldFrom;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprYieldFrom {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Compare", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprCompare;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprCompare {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("left")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ops")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("comparators")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Call", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprCall;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprCall {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("func")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("args")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("keywords")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "FormattedValue", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprFormattedValue;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprFormattedValue {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("conversion")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("format_spec")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "JoinedStr", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprJoinedStr;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprJoinedStr {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("values")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Constant", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprConstant;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprConstant {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kind")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Attribute", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprAttribute;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprAttribute {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("attr")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Subscript", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprSubscript;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprSubscript {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("slice")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Starred", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprStarred;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprStarred {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Name", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprName;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprName {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("id")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "List", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprList;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprList {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("elts")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Tuple", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprTuple;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprTuple {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("elts")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Slice", base = "NodeExpr")]
-struct NodeExprSlice;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprSlice {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lower")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("upper")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("step")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "expr_context", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeExprContext;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprContext {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Load", base = "NodeExprContext")]
-struct NodeExprContextLoad;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprContextLoad {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Store", base = "NodeExprContext")]
-struct NodeExprContextStore;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprContextStore {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Del", base = "NodeExprContext")]
-struct NodeExprContextDel;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExprContextDel {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "boolop", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeBoolOp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeBoolOp {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "And", base = "NodeBoolOp")]
-struct NodeBoolOpAnd;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeBoolOpAnd {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Or", base = "NodeBoolOp")]
-struct NodeBoolOpOr;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeBoolOpOr {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "operator", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeOperator;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperator {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Add", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorAdd;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorAdd {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Sub", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorSub;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorSub {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Mult", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorMult;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorMult {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatMult", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorMatMult;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorMatMult {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Div", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorDiv;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorDiv {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Mod", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorMod;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorMod {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Pow", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorPow;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorPow {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "LShift", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorLShift;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorLShift {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "RShift", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorRShift;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorRShift {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "BitOr", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorBitOr;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorBitOr {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "BitXor", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorBitXor;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorBitXor {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "BitAnd", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorBitAnd;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorBitAnd {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "FloorDiv", base = "NodeOperator")]
-struct NodeOperatorFloorDiv;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeOperatorFloorDiv {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "unaryop", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeUnaryOp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeUnaryOp {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Invert", base = "NodeUnaryOp")]
-struct NodeUnaryOpInvert;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeUnaryOpInvert {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Not", base = "NodeUnaryOp")]
-struct NodeUnaryOpNot;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeUnaryOpNot {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "UAdd", base = "NodeUnaryOp")]
-struct NodeUnaryOpUAdd;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeUnaryOpUAdd {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "USub", base = "NodeUnaryOp")]
-struct NodeUnaryOpUSub;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeUnaryOpUSub {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "cmpop", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeCmpOp;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOp {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Eq", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
-struct NodeCmpOpEq;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOpEq {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "NotEq", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
-struct NodeCmpOpNotEq;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOpNotEq {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Lt", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
-struct NodeCmpOpLt;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOpLt {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "LtE", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
-struct NodeCmpOpLtE;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOpLtE {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Gt", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
-struct NodeCmpOpGt;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOpGt {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "GtE", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
-struct NodeCmpOpGtE;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOpGtE {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Is", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
-struct NodeCmpOpIs;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOpIs {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "IsNot", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
-struct NodeCmpOpIsNot;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOpIsNot {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "In", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
-struct NodeCmpOpIn;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOpIn {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "NotIn", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
-struct NodeCmpOpNotIn;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeCmpOpNotIn {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "comprehension", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeComprehension;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeComprehension {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("iter")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ifs")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("is_async")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "excepthandler", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeExceptHandler;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExceptHandler {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "ExceptHandler", base = "NodeExceptHandler")]
-struct NodeExceptHandlerExceptHandler;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeExceptHandlerExceptHandler {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "arguments", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeArguments;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeArguments {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("posonlyargs")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("args")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("vararg")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kwonlyargs")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kw_defaults")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kwarg")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("defaults")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "arg", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeArg;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeArg {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("arg")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("annotation")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "keyword", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeKeyword;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeKeyword {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("arg")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "alias", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeAlias;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeAlias {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("asname")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "withitem", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeWithItem;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeWithItem {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("context_expr")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("optional_vars")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "match_case", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeMatchCase;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeMatchCase {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("pattern")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("guard")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "pattern", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodePattern;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodePattern {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchValue", base = "NodePattern")]
-struct NodePatternMatchValue;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodePatternMatchValue {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchSingleton", base = "NodePattern")]
-struct NodePatternMatchSingleton;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodePatternMatchSingleton {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchSequence", base = "NodePattern")]
-struct NodePatternMatchSequence;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodePatternMatchSequence {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("patterns")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchMapping", base = "NodePattern")]
-struct NodePatternMatchMapping;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodePatternMatchMapping {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("keys")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("patterns")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("rest")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchClass", base = "NodePattern")]
-struct NodePatternMatchClass;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodePatternMatchClass {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("cls")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("patterns")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kwd_attrs")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kwd_patterns")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchStar", base = "NodePattern")]
-struct NodePatternMatchStar;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodePatternMatchStar {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchAs", base = "NodePattern")]
-struct NodePatternMatchAs;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodePatternMatchAs {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("pattern")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchOr", base = "NodePattern")]
-struct NodePatternMatchOr;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodePatternMatchOr {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("patterns")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "type_ignore", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeTypeIgnore;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeTypeIgnore {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "TypeIgnore", base = "NodeTypeIgnore")]
-struct NodeTypeIgnoreTypeIgnore;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeTypeIgnoreTypeIgnore {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("tag")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "type_param", base = "NodeAst")]
-struct NodeTypeParam;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeTypeParam {}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "TypeVar", base = "NodeTypeParam")]
-struct NodeTypeParamTypeVar;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeTypeParamTypeVar {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("bound")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "ParamSpec", base = "NodeTypeParam")]
-struct NodeTypeParamParamSpec;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeTypeParamParamSpec {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "TypeVarTuple", base = "NodeTypeParam")]
-struct NodeTypeParamTypeVarTuple;
-#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
-impl NodeTypeParamTypeVarTuple {
-    #[extend_class]
-    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
-            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into()])
-                .into(),
-        );
-        class.set_attr(
-            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
-            ctx.new_list(vec![
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
-                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
-            ])
-            .into(),
-        );
-    }
-}
-
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::Mod {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match self {
-            ast::located::Mod::Module(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Mod::Interactive(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Mod::Expression(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Mod::FunctionType(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-        }
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeModModule::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Mod::Module(ast::located::ModModule::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeModInteractive::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Mod::Interactive(ast::located::ModInteractive::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeModExpression::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Mod::Expression(ast::located::ModExpression::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeModFunctionType::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Mod::FunctionType(ast::located::ModFunctionType::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of mod, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ModModule {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ModModule {
-            body,
-            type_ignores,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeModModule::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_ignores", type_ignores.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ModModule {
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "Module")?)?,
-            type_ignores: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "type_ignores", "Module")?,
-            )?,
-            range: Default::default(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ModInteractive {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ModInteractive {
-            body,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeModInteractive::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ModInteractive {
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "Interactive")?,
-            )?,
-            range: Default::default(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ModExpression {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ModExpression {
-            body,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeModExpression::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ModExpression {
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "Expression")?)?,
-            range: Default::default(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ModFunctionType {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ModFunctionType {
-            argtypes,
-            returns,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeModFunctionType::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("argtypes", argtypes.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("returns", returns.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ModFunctionType {
-            argtypes: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "argtypes", "FunctionType")?,
-            )?,
-            returns: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "returns", "FunctionType")?,
-            )?,
-            range: Default::default(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::Stmt {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match self {
-            ast::located::Stmt::FunctionDef(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::AsyncFunctionDef(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::ClassDef(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Return(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Delete(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Assign(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::TypeAlias(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::AugAssign(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::AnnAssign(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::For(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::AsyncFor(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::While(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::If(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::With(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::AsyncWith(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Match(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Raise(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Try(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::TryStar(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Assert(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Import(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::ImportFrom(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Global(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Nonlocal(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Expr(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Pass(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Break(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Stmt::Continue(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-        }
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeStmtFunctionDef::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::FunctionDef(ast::located::StmtFunctionDef::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::AsyncFunctionDef(
-                ast::located::StmtAsyncFunctionDef::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?,
-            )
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtClassDef::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::ClassDef(ast::located::StmtClassDef::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtReturn::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Return(ast::located::StmtReturn::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtDelete::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Delete(ast::located::StmtDelete::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtAssign::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Assign(ast::located::StmtAssign::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtTypeAlias::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::TypeAlias(ast::located::StmtTypeAlias::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtAugAssign::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::AugAssign(ast::located::StmtAugAssign::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtAnnAssign::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::AnnAssign(ast::located::StmtAnnAssign::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtFor::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::For(ast::located::StmtFor::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtAsyncFor::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::AsyncFor(ast::located::StmtAsyncFor::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtWhile::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::While(ast::located::StmtWhile::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtIf::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::If(ast::located::StmtIf::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtWith::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::With(ast::located::StmtWith::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtAsyncWith::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::AsyncWith(ast::located::StmtAsyncWith::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtMatch::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Match(ast::located::StmtMatch::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtRaise::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Raise(ast::located::StmtRaise::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtTry::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Try(ast::located::StmtTry::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtTryStar::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::TryStar(ast::located::StmtTryStar::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtAssert::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Assert(ast::located::StmtAssert::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtImport::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Import(ast::located::StmtImport::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtImportFrom::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::ImportFrom(ast::located::StmtImportFrom::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtGlobal::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Global(ast::located::StmtGlobal::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtNonlocal::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Nonlocal(ast::located::StmtNonlocal::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtExpr::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Expr(ast::located::StmtExpr::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtPass::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Pass(ast::located::StmtPass::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtBreak::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Break(ast::located::StmtBreak::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeStmtContinue::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Stmt::Continue(ast::located::StmtContinue::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of stmt, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtFunctionDef {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtFunctionDef {
-            name,
-            args,
-            body,
-            decorator_list,
-            returns,
-            type_comment,
-            type_params,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtFunctionDef::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("args", args.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("decorator_list", decorator_list.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("returns", returns.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_params", type_params.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtFunctionDef {
-            name: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "FunctionDef")?,
-            )?,
-            args: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "args", "FunctionDef")?,
-            )?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "FunctionDef")?,
-            )?,
-            decorator_list: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "decorator_list", "FunctionDef")?,
-            )?,
-            returns: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "returns")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            type_params: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "type_params", "FunctionDef")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "FunctionDef")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtAsyncFunctionDef {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtAsyncFunctionDef {
-            name,
-            args,
-            body,
-            decorator_list,
-            returns,
-            type_comment,
-            type_params,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("args", args.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("decorator_list", decorator_list.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("returns", returns.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_params", type_params.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtAsyncFunctionDef {
-            name: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "AsyncFunctionDef")?,
-            )?,
-            args: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "args", "AsyncFunctionDef")?,
-            )?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "AsyncFunctionDef")?,
-            )?,
-            decorator_list: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "decorator_list", "AsyncFunctionDef")?,
-            )?,
-            returns: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "returns")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            type_params: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "type_params", "AsyncFunctionDef")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "AsyncFunctionDef")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtClassDef {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtClassDef {
-            name,
-            bases,
-            keywords,
-            body,
-            decorator_list,
-            type_params,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtClassDef::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("bases", bases.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("keywords", keywords.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("decorator_list", decorator_list.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_params", type_params.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtClassDef {
-            name: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "ClassDef")?)?,
-            bases: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "bases", "ClassDef")?)?,
-            keywords: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "keywords", "ClassDef")?,
-            )?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "ClassDef")?)?,
-            decorator_list: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "decorator_list", "ClassDef")?,
-            )?,
-            type_params: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "type_params", "ClassDef")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "ClassDef")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtReturn {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtReturn {
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtReturn::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtReturn {
-            value: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "value")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Return")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtDelete {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtDelete {
-            targets,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtDelete::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("targets", targets.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtDelete {
-            targets: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "targets", "Delete")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Delete")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtAssign {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtAssign {
-            targets,
-            value,
-            type_comment,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtAssign::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("targets", targets.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtAssign {
-            targets: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "targets", "Assign")?,
-            )?,
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "Assign")?)?,
-            type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Assign")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtTypeAlias {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtTypeAlias {
-            name,
-            type_params,
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtTypeAlias::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_params", type_params.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtTypeAlias {
-            name: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "TypeAlias")?)?,
-            type_params: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "type_params", "TypeAlias")?,
-            )?,
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "TypeAlias")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "TypeAlias")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtAugAssign {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtAugAssign {
-            target,
-            op,
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtAugAssign::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("op", op.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtAugAssign {
-            target: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "target", "AugAssign")?,
-            )?,
-            op: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "op", "AugAssign")?)?,
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "AugAssign")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "AugAssign")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtAnnAssign {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtAnnAssign {
-            target,
-            annotation,
-            value,
-            simple,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtAnnAssign::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("annotation", annotation.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("simple", simple.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtAnnAssign {
-            target: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "target", "AnnAssign")?,
-            )?,
-            annotation: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "annotation", "AnnAssign")?,
-            )?,
-            value: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "value")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            simple: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "simple", "AnnAssign")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "AnnAssign")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtFor {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtFor {
-            target,
-            iter,
-            body,
-            orelse,
-            type_comment,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtFor::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("iter", iter.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtFor {
-            target: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "target", "For")?)?,
-            iter: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "iter", "For")?)?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "For")?)?,
-            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "orelse", "For")?)?,
-            type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "For")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtAsyncFor {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtAsyncFor {
-            target,
-            iter,
-            body,
-            orelse,
-            type_comment,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtAsyncFor::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("iter", iter.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtAsyncFor {
-            target: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "target", "AsyncFor")?,
-            )?,
-            iter: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "iter", "AsyncFor")?)?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "AsyncFor")?)?,
-            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "orelse", "AsyncFor")?,
-            )?,
-            type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "AsyncFor")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtWhile {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtWhile {
-            test,
-            body,
-            orelse,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtWhile::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("test", test.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtWhile {
-            test: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "test", "While")?)?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "While")?)?,
-            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "orelse", "While")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "While")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtIf {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtIf {
-            test,
-            body,
-            orelse,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtIf::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("test", test.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtIf {
-            test: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "test", "If")?)?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "If")?)?,
-            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "orelse", "If")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "If")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtWith {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtWith {
-            items,
-            body,
-            type_comment,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtWith::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("items", items.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtWith {
-            items: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "items", "With")?)?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "With")?)?,
-            type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "With")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtAsyncWith {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtAsyncWith {
-            items,
-            body,
-            type_comment,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtAsyncWith::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("items", items.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtAsyncWith {
-            items: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "items", "AsyncWith")?,
-            )?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "AsyncWith")?)?,
-            type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "AsyncWith")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtMatch {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtMatch {
-            subject,
-            cases,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtMatch::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("subject", subject.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("cases", cases.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtMatch {
-            subject: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "subject", "Match")?,
-            )?,
-            cases: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "cases", "Match")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Match")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtRaise {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtRaise {
-            exc,
-            cause,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtRaise::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("exc", exc.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("cause", cause.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtRaise {
-            exc: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "exc")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            cause: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "cause")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Raise")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtTry {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtTry {
-            body,
-            handlers,
-            orelse,
-            finalbody,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtTry::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("handlers", handlers.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("finalbody", finalbody.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtTry {
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "Try")?)?,
-            handlers: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "handlers", "Try")?,
-            )?,
-            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "orelse", "Try")?)?,
-            finalbody: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "finalbody", "Try")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Try")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtTryStar {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtTryStar {
-            body,
-            handlers,
-            orelse,
-            finalbody,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtTryStar::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("handlers", handlers.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("finalbody", finalbody.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtTryStar {
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "TryStar")?)?,
-            handlers: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "handlers", "TryStar")?,
-            )?,
-            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "orelse", "TryStar")?,
-            )?,
-            finalbody: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "finalbody", "TryStar")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "TryStar")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtAssert {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtAssert {
-            test,
-            msg,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtAssert::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("test", test.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("msg", msg.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtAssert {
-            test: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "test", "Assert")?)?,
-            msg: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "msg")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Assert")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtImport {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtImport {
-            names,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtImport::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("names", names.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtImport {
-            names: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "names", "Import")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Import")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtImportFrom {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtImportFrom {
-            module,
-            names,
-            level,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtImportFrom::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("module", module.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("names", names.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("level", level.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtImportFrom {
-            module: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "module")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            names: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "names", "ImportFrom")?,
-            )?,
-            level: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "level")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "ImportFrom")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtGlobal {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtGlobal {
-            names,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtGlobal::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("names", names.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtGlobal {
-            names: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "names", "Global")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Global")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtNonlocal {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtNonlocal {
-            names,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtNonlocal::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("names", names.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtNonlocal {
-            names: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "names", "Nonlocal")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Nonlocal")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtExpr {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtExpr {
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtExpr::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtExpr {
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "Expr")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Expr")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtPass {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtPass { range: _range } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtPass::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtPass {
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Pass")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtBreak {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtBreak { range: _range } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtBreak::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtBreak {
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Break")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::StmtContinue {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::StmtContinue { range: _range } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeStmtContinue::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::StmtContinue {
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Continue")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::Expr {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match self {
-            ast::located::Expr::BoolOp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::NamedExpr(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::BinOp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::UnaryOp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Lambda(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::IfExp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Dict(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Set(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::ListComp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::SetComp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::DictComp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::GeneratorExp(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Await(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Yield(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::YieldFrom(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Compare(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Call(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::FormattedValue(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::JoinedStr(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Constant(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Attribute(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Subscript(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Starred(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Name(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::List(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Tuple(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Expr::Slice(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-        }
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeExprBoolOp::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::BoolOp(ast::located::ExprBoolOp::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprNamedExpr::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::NamedExpr(ast::located::ExprNamedExpr::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprBinOp::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::BinOp(ast::located::ExprBinOp::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprUnaryOp::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::UnaryOp(ast::located::ExprUnaryOp::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprLambda::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Lambda(ast::located::ExprLambda::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprIfExp::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::IfExp(ast::located::ExprIfExp::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprDict::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Dict(ast::located::ExprDict::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprSet::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Set(ast::located::ExprSet::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprListComp::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::ListComp(ast::located::ExprListComp::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprSetComp::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::SetComp(ast::located::ExprSetComp::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprDictComp::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::DictComp(ast::located::ExprDictComp::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprGeneratorExp::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::GeneratorExp(ast::located::ExprGeneratorExp::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprAwait::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Await(ast::located::ExprAwait::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprYield::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Yield(ast::located::ExprYield::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprYieldFrom::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::YieldFrom(ast::located::ExprYieldFrom::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprCompare::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Compare(ast::located::ExprCompare::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprCall::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Call(ast::located::ExprCall::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprFormattedValue::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::FormattedValue(ast::located::ExprFormattedValue::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprJoinedStr::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::JoinedStr(ast::located::ExprJoinedStr::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprConstant::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Constant(ast::located::ExprConstant::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprAttribute::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Attribute(ast::located::ExprAttribute::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprSubscript::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Subscript(ast::located::ExprSubscript::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprStarred::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Starred(ast::located::ExprStarred::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprName::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Name(ast::located::ExprName::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprList::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::List(ast::located::ExprList::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprTuple::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Tuple(ast::located::ExprTuple::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprSlice::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Expr::Slice(ast::located::ExprSlice::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?)
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of expr, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprBoolOp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprBoolOp {
-            op,
-            values,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprBoolOp::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("op", op.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("values", values.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprBoolOp {
-            op: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "op", "BoolOp")?)?,
-            values: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "values", "BoolOp")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "BoolOp")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprNamedExpr {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprNamedExpr {
-            target,
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprNamedExpr::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprNamedExpr {
-            target: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "target", "NamedExpr")?,
-            )?,
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "NamedExpr")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "NamedExpr")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprBinOp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprBinOp {
-            left,
-            op,
-            right,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprBinOp::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("left", left.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("op", op.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("right", right.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprBinOp {
-            left: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "left", "BinOp")?)?,
-            op: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "op", "BinOp")?)?,
-            right: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "right", "BinOp")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "BinOp")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprUnaryOp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprUnaryOp {
-            op,
-            operand,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprUnaryOp::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("op", op.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("operand", operand.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprUnaryOp {
-            op: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "op", "UnaryOp")?)?,
-            operand: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "operand", "UnaryOp")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "UnaryOp")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprLambda {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprLambda {
-            args,
-            body,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprLambda::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("args", args.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprLambda {
-            args: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "args", "Lambda")?)?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "Lambda")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Lambda")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprIfExp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprIfExp {
-            test,
-            body,
-            orelse,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprIfExp::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("test", test.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprIfExp {
-            test: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "test", "IfExp")?)?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "IfExp")?)?,
-            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "orelse", "IfExp")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "IfExp")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprDict {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprDict {
-            keys,
-            values,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprDict::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("keys", keys.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("values", values.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprDict {
-            keys: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "keys", "Dict")?)?,
-            values: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "values", "Dict")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Dict")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprSet {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprSet {
-            elts,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprSet::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("elts", elts.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprSet {
-            elts: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "elts", "Set")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Set")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprListComp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprListComp {
-            elt,
-            generators,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprListComp::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("elt", elt.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("generators", generators.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprListComp {
-            elt: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "elt", "ListComp")?)?,
-            generators: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "generators", "ListComp")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "ListComp")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprSetComp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprSetComp {
-            elt,
-            generators,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprSetComp::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("elt", elt.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("generators", generators.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprSetComp {
-            elt: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "elt", "SetComp")?)?,
-            generators: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "generators", "SetComp")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "SetComp")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprDictComp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprDictComp {
-            key,
-            value,
-            generators,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprDictComp::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("key", key.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("generators", generators.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprDictComp {
-            key: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "key", "DictComp")?)?,
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "DictComp")?)?,
-            generators: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "generators", "DictComp")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "DictComp")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprGeneratorExp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprGeneratorExp {
-            elt,
-            generators,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprGeneratorExp::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("elt", elt.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("generators", generators.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprGeneratorExp {
-            elt: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "elt", "GeneratorExp")?)?,
-            generators: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "generators", "GeneratorExp")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "GeneratorExp")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprAwait {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprAwait {
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprAwait::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprAwait {
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "Await")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Await")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprYield {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprYield {
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprYield::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprYield {
-            value: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "value")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Yield")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprYieldFrom {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprYieldFrom {
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprYieldFrom::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprYieldFrom {
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "YieldFrom")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "YieldFrom")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprCompare {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprCompare {
-            left,
-            ops,
-            comparators,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprCompare::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("left", left.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("ops", ops.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("comparators", comparators.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprCompare {
-            left: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "left", "Compare")?)?,
-            ops: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "ops", "Compare")?)?,
-            comparators: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "comparators", "Compare")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Compare")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprCall {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprCall {
-            func,
-            args,
-            keywords,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprCall::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("func", func.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("args", args.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("keywords", keywords.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprCall {
-            func: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "func", "Call")?)?,
-            args: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "args", "Call")?)?,
-            keywords: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "keywords", "Call")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Call")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprFormattedValue {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprFormattedValue {
-            value,
-            conversion,
-            format_spec,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprFormattedValue::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("conversion", conversion.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("format_spec", format_spec.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprFormattedValue {
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "FormattedValue")?,
-            )?,
-            conversion: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "conversion", "FormattedValue")?,
-            )?,
-            format_spec: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "format_spec")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "FormattedValue")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprJoinedStr {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprJoinedStr {
-            values,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprJoinedStr::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("values", values.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprJoinedStr {
-            values: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "values", "JoinedStr")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "JoinedStr")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprConstant {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprConstant {
-            value,
-            kind,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprConstant::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("kind", kind.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprConstant {
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "Constant")?)?,
-            kind: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "kind")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Constant")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprAttribute {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprAttribute {
-            value,
-            attr,
-            ctx,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprAttribute::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("attr", attr.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprAttribute {
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "Attribute")?,
-            )?,
-            attr: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "attr", "Attribute")?)?,
-            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "ctx", "Attribute")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Attribute")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprSubscript {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprSubscript {
-            value,
-            slice,
-            ctx,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprSubscript::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("slice", slice.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprSubscript {
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "Subscript")?,
-            )?,
-            slice: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "slice", "Subscript")?,
-            )?,
-            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "ctx", "Subscript")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Subscript")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprStarred {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprStarred {
-            value,
-            ctx,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprStarred::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprStarred {
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "Starred")?)?,
-            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "ctx", "Starred")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Starred")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprName {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprName {
-            id,
-            ctx,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprName::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("id", id.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprName {
-            id: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "id", "Name")?)?,
-            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "ctx", "Name")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Name")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprList {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprList {
-            elts,
-            ctx,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprList::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("elts", elts.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprList {
-            elts: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "elts", "List")?)?,
-            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "ctx", "List")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "List")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprTuple {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprTuple {
-            elts,
-            ctx,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprTuple::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("elts", elts.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("ctx", ctx.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprTuple {
-            elts: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "elts", "Tuple")?)?,
-            ctx: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "ctx", "Tuple")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Tuple")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprSlice {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExprSlice {
-            lower,
-            upper,
-            step,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeExprSlice::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("lower", lower.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("upper", upper.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("step", step.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExprSlice {
-            lower: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "lower")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            upper: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "upper")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            step: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "step")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "Slice")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::ExprContext {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let node_type = match self {
-            ast::located::ExprContext::Load => NodeExprContextLoad::static_type(),
-            ast::located::ExprContext::Store => NodeExprContextStore::static_type(),
-            ast::located::ExprContext::Del => NodeExprContextDel::static_type(),
-        };
-        NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(vm, node_type.to_owned())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeExprContextLoad::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::ExprContext::Load
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprContextStore::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::ExprContext::Store
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeExprContextDel::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::ExprContext::Del
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of expr_context, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::BoolOp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let node_type = match self {
-            ast::located::BoolOp::And => NodeBoolOpAnd::static_type(),
-            ast::located::BoolOp::Or => NodeBoolOpOr::static_type(),
-        };
-        NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(vm, node_type.to_owned())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeBoolOpAnd::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::BoolOp::And
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeBoolOpOr::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::BoolOp::Or
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of boolop, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::Operator {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let node_type = match self {
-            ast::located::Operator::Add => NodeOperatorAdd::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::Sub => NodeOperatorSub::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::Mult => NodeOperatorMult::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::MatMult => NodeOperatorMatMult::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::Div => NodeOperatorDiv::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::Mod => NodeOperatorMod::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::Pow => NodeOperatorPow::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::LShift => NodeOperatorLShift::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::RShift => NodeOperatorRShift::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::BitOr => NodeOperatorBitOr::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::BitXor => NodeOperatorBitXor::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::BitAnd => NodeOperatorBitAnd::static_type(),
-            ast::located::Operator::FloorDiv => NodeOperatorFloorDiv::static_type(),
-        };
-        NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(vm, node_type.to_owned())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeOperatorAdd::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::Add
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorSub::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::Sub
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorMult::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::Mult
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorMatMult::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::MatMult
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorDiv::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::Div
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorMod::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::Mod
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorPow::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::Pow
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorLShift::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::LShift
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorRShift::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::RShift
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorBitOr::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::BitOr
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorBitXor::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::BitXor
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorBitAnd::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::BitAnd
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeOperatorFloorDiv::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Operator::FloorDiv
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of operator, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::UnaryOp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let node_type = match self {
-            ast::located::UnaryOp::Invert => NodeUnaryOpInvert::static_type(),
-            ast::located::UnaryOp::Not => NodeUnaryOpNot::static_type(),
-            ast::located::UnaryOp::UAdd => NodeUnaryOpUAdd::static_type(),
-            ast::located::UnaryOp::USub => NodeUnaryOpUSub::static_type(),
-        };
-        NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(vm, node_type.to_owned())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeUnaryOpInvert::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::UnaryOp::Invert
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeUnaryOpNot::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::UnaryOp::Not
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeUnaryOpUAdd::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::UnaryOp::UAdd
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeUnaryOpUSub::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::UnaryOp::USub
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of unaryop, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::CmpOp {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let node_type = match self {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::Eq => NodeCmpOpEq::static_type(),
-            ast::located::CmpOp::NotEq => NodeCmpOpNotEq::static_type(),
-            ast::located::CmpOp::Lt => NodeCmpOpLt::static_type(),
-            ast::located::CmpOp::LtE => NodeCmpOpLtE::static_type(),
-            ast::located::CmpOp::Gt => NodeCmpOpGt::static_type(),
-            ast::located::CmpOp::GtE => NodeCmpOpGtE::static_type(),
-            ast::located::CmpOp::Is => NodeCmpOpIs::static_type(),
-            ast::located::CmpOp::IsNot => NodeCmpOpIsNot::static_type(),
-            ast::located::CmpOp::In => NodeCmpOpIn::static_type(),
-            ast::located::CmpOp::NotIn => NodeCmpOpNotIn::static_type(),
-        };
-        NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(vm, node_type.to_owned())
-            .unwrap()
-            .into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeCmpOpEq::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::Eq
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeCmpOpNotEq::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::NotEq
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeCmpOpLt::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::Lt
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeCmpOpLtE::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::LtE
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeCmpOpGt::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::Gt
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeCmpOpGtE::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::GtE
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeCmpOpIs::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::Is
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeCmpOpIsNot::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::IsNot
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeCmpOpIn::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::In
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeCmpOpNotIn::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::CmpOp::NotIn
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of cmpop, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// product
-impl Node for ast::located::Comprehension {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::Comprehension {
-            target,
-            iter,
-            ifs,
-            is_async,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeComprehension::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("iter", iter.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("ifs", ifs.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("is_async", is_async.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::Comprehension {
-            target: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "target", "comprehension")?,
-            )?,
-            iter: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "iter", "comprehension")?,
-            )?,
-            ifs: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "ifs", "comprehension")?,
-            )?,
-            is_async: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "is_async", "comprehension")?,
-            )?,
-            range: Default::default(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::ExceptHandler {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match self {
-            ast::located::ExceptHandler::ExceptHandler(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-        }
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeExceptHandlerExceptHandler::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::ExceptHandler::ExceptHandler(
-                ast::located::ExceptHandlerExceptHandler::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?,
-            )
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of excepthandler, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::ExceptHandlerExceptHandler {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::ExceptHandlerExceptHandler {
-            type_,
-            name,
-            body,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(
-                _vm,
-                NodeExceptHandlerExceptHandler::static_type().to_owned(),
-            )
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type", type_.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::ExceptHandlerExceptHandler {
-            type_: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            name: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "name")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "ExceptHandler")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "ExceptHandler")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// product
-impl Node for ast::located::PythonArguments {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::PythonArguments {
-            posonlyargs,
-            args,
-            vararg,
-            kwonlyargs,
-            kw_defaults,
-            kwarg,
-            defaults,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeArguments::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("posonlyargs", posonlyargs.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("args", args.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("vararg", vararg.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("kwonlyargs", kwonlyargs.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("kw_defaults", kw_defaults.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("kwarg", kwarg.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("defaults", defaults.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::PythonArguments {
-            posonlyargs: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "posonlyargs", "arguments")?,
-            )?,
-            args: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "args", "arguments")?)?,
-            vararg: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "vararg")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            kwonlyargs: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "kwonlyargs", "arguments")?,
-            )?,
-            kw_defaults: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "kw_defaults", "arguments")?,
-            )?,
-            kwarg: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "kwarg")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            defaults: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "defaults", "arguments")?,
-            )?,
-            range: Default::default(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-// product
-impl Node for ast::located::Arg {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::Arg {
-            arg,
-            annotation,
-            type_comment,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeArg::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("arg", arg.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("annotation", annotation.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::Arg {
-            arg: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "arg", "arg")?)?,
-            annotation: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "annotation")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "arg")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// product
-impl Node for ast::located::Keyword {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::Keyword {
-            arg,
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeKeyword::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("arg", arg.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::Keyword {
-            arg: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "arg")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "keyword")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "keyword")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// product
-impl Node for ast::located::Alias {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::Alias {
-            name,
-            asname,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeAlias::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("asname", asname.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::Alias {
-            name: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "alias")?)?,
-            asname: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "asname")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "alias")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// product
-impl Node for ast::located::WithItem {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::WithItem {
-            context_expr,
-            optional_vars,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeWithItem::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("context_expr", context_expr.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("optional_vars", optional_vars.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::WithItem {
-            context_expr: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "context_expr", "withitem")?,
-            )?,
-            optional_vars: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "optional_vars")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: Default::default(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-// product
-impl Node for ast::located::MatchCase {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::MatchCase {
-            pattern,
-            guard,
-            body,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeMatchCase::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("pattern", pattern.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("guard", guard.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::MatchCase {
-            pattern: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "pattern", "match_case")?,
-            )?,
-            guard: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "guard")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            body: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "match_case")?)?,
-            range: Default::default(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::Pattern {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match self {
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchValue(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchSingleton(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchSequence(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchMapping(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchClass(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchStar(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchAs(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchOr(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-        }
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodePatternMatchValue::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchValue(ast::located::PatternMatchValue::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodePatternMatchSingleton::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchSingleton(
-                ast::located::PatternMatchSingleton::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?,
-            )
-        } else if _cls.is(NodePatternMatchSequence::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchSequence(
-                ast::located::PatternMatchSequence::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?,
-            )
-        } else if _cls.is(NodePatternMatchMapping::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchMapping(ast::located::PatternMatchMapping::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodePatternMatchClass::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchClass(ast::located::PatternMatchClass::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodePatternMatchStar::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchStar(ast::located::PatternMatchStar::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodePatternMatchAs::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchAs(ast::located::PatternMatchAs::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodePatternMatchOr::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::Pattern::MatchOr(ast::located::PatternMatchOr::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of pattern, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::PatternMatchValue {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::PatternMatchValue {
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodePatternMatchValue::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::PatternMatchValue {
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "MatchValue")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "MatchValue")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::PatternMatchSingleton {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::PatternMatchSingleton {
-            value,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodePatternMatchSingleton::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::PatternMatchSingleton {
-            value: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "MatchSingleton")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "MatchSingleton")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::PatternMatchSequence {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::PatternMatchSequence {
-            patterns,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodePatternMatchSequence::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("patterns", patterns.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::PatternMatchSequence {
-            patterns: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "patterns", "MatchSequence")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "MatchSequence")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::PatternMatchMapping {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::PatternMatchMapping {
-            keys,
-            patterns,
-            rest,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodePatternMatchMapping::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("keys", keys.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("patterns", patterns.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("rest", rest.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::PatternMatchMapping {
-            keys: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "keys", "MatchMapping")?,
-            )?,
-            patterns: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "patterns", "MatchMapping")?,
-            )?,
-            rest: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "rest")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "MatchMapping")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::PatternMatchClass {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::PatternMatchClass {
-            cls,
-            patterns,
-            kwd_attrs,
-            kwd_patterns,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodePatternMatchClass::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("cls", cls.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("patterns", patterns.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("kwd_attrs", kwd_attrs.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("kwd_patterns", kwd_patterns.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::PatternMatchClass {
-            cls: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "cls", "MatchClass")?)?,
-            patterns: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "patterns", "MatchClass")?,
-            )?,
-            kwd_attrs: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "kwd_attrs", "MatchClass")?,
-            )?,
-            kwd_patterns: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "kwd_patterns", "MatchClass")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "MatchClass")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::PatternMatchStar {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::PatternMatchStar {
-            name,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodePatternMatchStar::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::PatternMatchStar {
-            name: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "name")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "MatchStar")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::PatternMatchAs {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::PatternMatchAs {
-            pattern,
-            name,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodePatternMatchAs::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("pattern", pattern.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::PatternMatchAs {
-            pattern: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "pattern")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            name: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "name")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "MatchAs")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::PatternMatchOr {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::PatternMatchOr {
-            patterns,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodePatternMatchOr::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("patterns", patterns.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::PatternMatchOr {
-            patterns: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "patterns", "MatchOr")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "MatchOr")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::TypeIgnore {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match self {
-            ast::located::TypeIgnore::TypeIgnore(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-        }
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeTypeIgnoreTypeIgnore::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::TypeIgnore::TypeIgnore(
-                ast::located::TypeIgnoreTypeIgnore::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?,
-            )
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of type_ignore, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::TypeIgnoreTypeIgnore {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::TypeIgnoreTypeIgnore {
-            lineno,
-            tag,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeTypeIgnoreTypeIgnore::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("lineno", lineno.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("tag", tag.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::TypeIgnoreTypeIgnore {
-            lineno: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "lineno", "TypeIgnore")?,
-            )?,
-            tag: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "tag", "TypeIgnore")?)?,
-            range: Default::default(),
-        })
-    }
-}
-// sum
-impl Node for ast::located::TypeParam {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        match self {
-            ast::located::TypeParam::TypeVar(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::TypeParam::ParamSpec(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-            ast::located::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm),
-        }
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let _cls = _object.class();
-        Ok(if _cls.is(NodeTypeParamTypeVar::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::TypeParam::TypeVar(ast::located::TypeParamTypeVar::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeTypeParamParamSpec::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::TypeParam::ParamSpec(ast::located::TypeParamParamSpec::ast_from_object(
-                _vm, _object,
-            )?)
-        } else if _cls.is(NodeTypeParamTypeVarTuple::static_type()) {
-            ast::located::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(
-                ast::located::TypeParamTypeVarTuple::ast_from_object(_vm, _object)?,
-            )
-        } else {
-            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "expected some sort of type_param, but got {}",
-                _object.repr(_vm)?
-            )));
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::TypeParamTypeVar {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::TypeParamTypeVar {
-            name,
-            bound,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeTypeParamTypeVar::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("bound", bound.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
-            .unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::TypeParamTypeVar {
-            name: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "TypeVar")?)?,
-            bound: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "bound")?
-                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
-                .transpose()?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "TypeVar")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::TypeParamParamSpec {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::TypeParamParamSpec {
-            name,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeTypeParamParamSpec::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::TypeParamParamSpec {
-            name: Node::ast_from_object(_vm, get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "ParamSpec")?)?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "ParamSpec")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-// constructor
-impl Node for ast::located::TypeParamTypeVarTuple {
-    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        let ast::located::TypeParamTypeVarTuple {
-            name,
-            range: _range,
-        } = self;
-        let node = NodeAst
-            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, NodeTypeParamTypeVarTuple::static_type().to_owned())
-            .unwrap();
-        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
-        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm).unwrap();
-        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm);
-        node.into()
-    }
-    fn ast_from_object(_vm: &VirtualMachine, _object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        Ok(ast::located::TypeParamTypeVarTuple {
-            name: Node::ast_from_object(
-                _vm,
-                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "TypeVarTuple")?,
-            )?,
-            range: range_from_object(_vm, _object, "TypeVarTuple")?,
-        })
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn extend_module_nodes(vm: &VirtualMachine, module: &Py<PyModule>) {
-    extend_module!(vm, module, {
-        "mod" => NodeMod::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Module" => NodeModModule::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Interactive" => NodeModInteractive::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Expression" => NodeModExpression::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "FunctionType" => NodeModFunctionType::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "stmt" => NodeStmt::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "FunctionDef" => NodeStmtFunctionDef::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "AsyncFunctionDef" => NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "ClassDef" => NodeStmtClassDef::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Return" => NodeStmtReturn::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Delete" => NodeStmtDelete::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Assign" => NodeStmtAssign::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "TypeAlias" => NodeStmtTypeAlias::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "AugAssign" => NodeStmtAugAssign::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "AnnAssign" => NodeStmtAnnAssign::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "For" => NodeStmtFor::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "AsyncFor" => NodeStmtAsyncFor::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "While" => NodeStmtWhile::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "If" => NodeStmtIf::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "With" => NodeStmtWith::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "AsyncWith" => NodeStmtAsyncWith::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Match" => NodeStmtMatch::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Raise" => NodeStmtRaise::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Try" => NodeStmtTry::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "TryStar" => NodeStmtTryStar::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Assert" => NodeStmtAssert::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Import" => NodeStmtImport::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "ImportFrom" => NodeStmtImportFrom::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Global" => NodeStmtGlobal::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Nonlocal" => NodeStmtNonlocal::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Expr" => NodeStmtExpr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Pass" => NodeStmtPass::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Break" => NodeStmtBreak::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Continue" => NodeStmtContinue::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "expr" => NodeExpr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "BoolOp" => NodeExprBoolOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "NamedExpr" => NodeExprNamedExpr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "BinOp" => NodeExprBinOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "UnaryOp" => NodeExprUnaryOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Lambda" => NodeExprLambda::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "IfExp" => NodeExprIfExp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Dict" => NodeExprDict::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Set" => NodeExprSet::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "ListComp" => NodeExprListComp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "SetComp" => NodeExprSetComp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "DictComp" => NodeExprDictComp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "GeneratorExp" => NodeExprGeneratorExp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Await" => NodeExprAwait::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Yield" => NodeExprYield::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "YieldFrom" => NodeExprYieldFrom::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Compare" => NodeExprCompare::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Call" => NodeExprCall::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "FormattedValue" => NodeExprFormattedValue::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "JoinedStr" => NodeExprJoinedStr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Constant" => NodeExprConstant::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Attribute" => NodeExprAttribute::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Subscript" => NodeExprSubscript::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Starred" => NodeExprStarred::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Name" => NodeExprName::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "List" => NodeExprList::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Tuple" => NodeExprTuple::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Slice" => NodeExprSlice::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "expr_context" => NodeExprContext::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Load" => NodeExprContextLoad::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Store" => NodeExprContextStore::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Del" => NodeExprContextDel::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "boolop" => NodeBoolOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "And" => NodeBoolOpAnd::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Or" => NodeBoolOpOr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "operator" => NodeOperator::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Add" => NodeOperatorAdd::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Sub" => NodeOperatorSub::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Mult" => NodeOperatorMult::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "MatMult" => NodeOperatorMatMult::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Div" => NodeOperatorDiv::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Mod" => NodeOperatorMod::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Pow" => NodeOperatorPow::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "LShift" => NodeOperatorLShift::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "RShift" => NodeOperatorRShift::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "BitOr" => NodeOperatorBitOr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "BitXor" => NodeOperatorBitXor::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "BitAnd" => NodeOperatorBitAnd::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "FloorDiv" => NodeOperatorFloorDiv::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "unaryop" => NodeUnaryOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Invert" => NodeUnaryOpInvert::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Not" => NodeUnaryOpNot::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "UAdd" => NodeUnaryOpUAdd::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "USub" => NodeUnaryOpUSub::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "cmpop" => NodeCmpOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Eq" => NodeCmpOpEq::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "NotEq" => NodeCmpOpNotEq::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Lt" => NodeCmpOpLt::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "LtE" => NodeCmpOpLtE::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Gt" => NodeCmpOpGt::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "GtE" => NodeCmpOpGtE::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "Is" => NodeCmpOpIs::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "IsNot" => NodeCmpOpIsNot::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "In" => NodeCmpOpIn::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "NotIn" => NodeCmpOpNotIn::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "comprehension" => NodeComprehension::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "excepthandler" => NodeExceptHandler::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "ExceptHandler" => NodeExceptHandlerExceptHandler::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "arguments" => NodeArguments::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "arg" => NodeArg::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "keyword" => NodeKeyword::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "alias" => NodeAlias::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "withitem" => NodeWithItem::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "match_case" => NodeMatchCase::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "pattern" => NodePattern::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "MatchValue" => NodePatternMatchValue::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "MatchSingleton" => NodePatternMatchSingleton::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "MatchSequence" => NodePatternMatchSequence::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "MatchMapping" => NodePatternMatchMapping::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "MatchClass" => NodePatternMatchClass::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "MatchStar" => NodePatternMatchStar::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "MatchAs" => NodePatternMatchAs::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "MatchOr" => NodePatternMatchOr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "type_ignore" => NodeTypeIgnore::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "TypeIgnore" => NodeTypeIgnoreTypeIgnore::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "type_param" => NodeTypeParam::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "TypeVar" => NodeTypeParamTypeVar::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "ParamSpec" => NodeTypeParamParamSpec::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-        "TypeVarTuple" => NodeTypeParamTypeVarTuple::make_class(&vm.ctx),
-    })
-}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/module.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/module.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..480ced0b6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/module.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::stdlib::ast::type_ignore::TypeIgnore;
+
+/// Represents the different types of Python module structures.
+///
+/// This enum is used to represent the various possible forms of a Python module
+/// in an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST). It can correspond to:
+///
+/// - `Module`: A standard Python script, containing a sequence of statements
+///   (e.g., assignments, function calls), possibly with type ignores.
+/// - `Interactive`: A representation of code executed in an interactive
+///   Python session (e.g., the REPL or Jupyter notebooks), where statements
+///   are evaluated one at a time.
+/// - `Expression`: A single expression without any surrounding statements.
+///   This is typically used in scenarios like `eval()` or in expression-only
+///   contexts.
+/// - `FunctionType`: A function signature with argument and return type
+///   annotations, representing the type hints of a function (e.g., `def add(x: int, y: int) -> int`).
+pub(super) enum Mod {
+    Module(ruff::ModModule),
+    Interactive(ModInteractive),
+    Expression(ruff::ModExpression),
+    FunctionType(ModFunctionType),
+}
+
+// sum
+impl Node for Mod {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            Self::Module(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            Self::Interactive(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            Self::Expression(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            Self::FunctionType(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+        }
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let cls = object.class();
+        Ok(if cls.is(pyast::NodeModModule::static_type()) {
+            Self::Module(ruff::ModModule::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeModInteractive::static_type()) {
+            Self::Interactive(ModInteractive::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeModExpression::static_type()) {
+            Self::Expression(ruff::ModExpression::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                object,
+            )?)
+        } else if cls.is(pyast::NodeModFunctionType::static_type()) {
+            Self::FunctionType(ModFunctionType::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?)
+        } else {
+            return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of mod, but got {}",
+                object.repr(vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ModModule {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::ModModule {
+            body,
+            // type_ignores,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeModModule::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        // TODO: Improve ruff API
+        // ruff ignores type_ignore comments currently.
+        let type_ignores: Vec<TypeIgnore> = vec![];
+        dict.set_item(
+            "type_ignores",
+            type_ignores.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::ModModule {
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "body", "Module")?,
+            )?,
+            // type_ignores: Node::ast_from_object(
+            //     _vm,
+            //     get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "type_ignores", "Module")?,
+            // )?,
+            range: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) struct ModInteractive {
+    pub(crate) range: TextRange,
+    pub(crate) body: Vec<ruff::Stmt>,
+}
+
+// constructor
+impl Node for ModInteractive {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { body, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeModInteractive::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "body", "Interactive")?,
+            )?,
+            range: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::ModExpression {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { body, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeModExpression::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "body", "Expression")?,
+            )?,
+            range: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) struct ModFunctionType {
+    pub(crate) argtypes: Box<[ruff::Expr]>,
+    pub(crate) returns: ruff::Expr,
+    pub(crate) range: TextRange,
+}
+
+// constructor
+impl Node for ModFunctionType {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ModFunctionType {
+            argtypes,
+            returns,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeModFunctionType::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "argtypes",
+            BoxedSlice(argtypes).ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("returns", returns.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ModFunctionType {
+            argtypes: {
+                let argtypes: BoxedSlice<_> = Node::ast_from_object(
+                    vm,
+                    source_code,
+                    get_node_field(vm, &object, "argtypes", "FunctionType")?,
+                )?;
+                argtypes.0
+            },
+            returns: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "returns", "FunctionType")?,
+            )?,
+            range: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/node.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/node.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..03c62d7eb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/node.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+use crate::{PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+use rustpython_compiler_source::SourceCodeOwned;
+
+pub(crate) trait Node: Sized {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef;
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self>;
+    /// Used in `Option::ast_from_object`; if `true`, that impl will return None.
+    fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Node> Node for Vec<T> {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx
+            .new_list(
+                self.into_iter()
+                    .map(|node| node.ast_to_object(vm, source_code))
+                    .collect(),
+            )
+            .into()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        vm.extract_elements_with(&object, |obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Node> Node for Box<T> {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        (*self).ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        T::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object).map(Box::new)
+    }
+
+    fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
+        (**self).is_none()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Node> Node for Option<T> {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            Some(node) => node.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            None => vm.ctx.none(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        if vm.is_none(&object) {
+            Ok(None)
+        } else {
+            let x = T::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?;
+            Ok((!x.is_none()).then_some(x))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) struct BoxedSlice<T>(pub(super) Box<[T]>);
+
+impl<T: Node> Node for BoxedSlice<T> {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        self.0.into_vec().ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self(
+            <Vec<T> as Node>::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?.into_boxed_slice(),
+        ))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/operator.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/operator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf11c5e1c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/operator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// sum
+impl Node for ruff::BoolOp {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let node_type = match self {
+            ruff::BoolOp::And => pyast::NodeBoolOpAnd::static_type(),
+            ruff::BoolOp::Or => pyast::NodeBoolOpOr::static_type(),
+        };
+        NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, node_type.to_owned())
+            .unwrap()
+            .into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        Ok(if _cls.is(pyast::NodeBoolOpAnd::static_type()) {
+            ruff::BoolOp::And
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeBoolOpOr::static_type()) {
+            ruff::BoolOp::Or
+        } else {
+            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of boolop, but got {}",
+                _object.repr(_vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
+// sum
+impl Node for ruff::Operator {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let node_type = match self {
+            ruff::Operator::Add => pyast::NodeOperatorAdd::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::Sub => pyast::NodeOperatorSub::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::Mult => pyast::NodeOperatorMult::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::MatMult => pyast::NodeOperatorMatMult::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::Div => pyast::NodeOperatorDiv::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::Mod => pyast::NodeOperatorMod::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::Pow => pyast::NodeOperatorPow::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::LShift => pyast::NodeOperatorLShift::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::RShift => pyast::NodeOperatorRShift::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::BitOr => pyast::NodeOperatorBitOr::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::BitXor => pyast::NodeOperatorBitXor::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::BitAnd => pyast::NodeOperatorBitAnd::static_type(),
+            ruff::Operator::FloorDiv => pyast::NodeOperatorFloorDiv::static_type(),
+        };
+        NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, node_type.to_owned())
+            .unwrap()
+            .into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        Ok(if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorAdd::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::Add
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorSub::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::Sub
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorMult::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::Mult
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorMatMult::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::MatMult
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorDiv::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::Div
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorMod::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::Mod
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorPow::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::Pow
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorLShift::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::LShift
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorRShift::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::RShift
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorBitOr::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::BitOr
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorBitXor::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::BitXor
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorBitAnd::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::BitAnd
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeOperatorFloorDiv::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Operator::FloorDiv
+        } else {
+            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of operator, but got {}",
+                _object.repr(_vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
+// sum
+impl Node for ruff::UnaryOp {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let node_type = match self {
+            ruff::UnaryOp::Invert => pyast::NodeUnaryOpInvert::static_type(),
+            ruff::UnaryOp::Not => pyast::NodeUnaryOpNot::static_type(),
+            ruff::UnaryOp::UAdd => pyast::NodeUnaryOpUAdd::static_type(),
+            ruff::UnaryOp::USub => pyast::NodeUnaryOpUSub::static_type(),
+        };
+        NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, node_type.to_owned())
+            .unwrap()
+            .into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        Ok(if _cls.is(pyast::NodeUnaryOpInvert::static_type()) {
+            ruff::UnaryOp::Invert
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeUnaryOpNot::static_type()) {
+            ruff::UnaryOp::Not
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeUnaryOpUAdd::static_type()) {
+            ruff::UnaryOp::UAdd
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeUnaryOpUSub::static_type()) {
+            ruff::UnaryOp::USub
+        } else {
+            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of unaryop, but got {}",
+                _object.repr(_vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
+// sum
+impl Node for ruff::CmpOp {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let node_type = match self {
+            ruff::CmpOp::Eq => pyast::NodeCmpOpEq::static_type(),
+            ruff::CmpOp::NotEq => pyast::NodeCmpOpNotEq::static_type(),
+            ruff::CmpOp::Lt => pyast::NodeCmpOpLt::static_type(),
+            ruff::CmpOp::LtE => pyast::NodeCmpOpLtE::static_type(),
+            ruff::CmpOp::Gt => pyast::NodeCmpOpGt::static_type(),
+            ruff::CmpOp::GtE => pyast::NodeCmpOpGtE::static_type(),
+            ruff::CmpOp::Is => pyast::NodeCmpOpIs::static_type(),
+            ruff::CmpOp::IsNot => pyast::NodeCmpOpIsNot::static_type(),
+            ruff::CmpOp::In => pyast::NodeCmpOpIn::static_type(),
+            ruff::CmpOp::NotIn => pyast::NodeCmpOpNotIn::static_type(),
+        };
+        NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, node_type.to_owned())
+            .unwrap()
+            .into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        Ok(if _cls.is(pyast::NodeCmpOpEq::static_type()) {
+            ruff::CmpOp::Eq
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeCmpOpNotEq::static_type()) {
+            ruff::CmpOp::NotEq
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeCmpOpLt::static_type()) {
+            ruff::CmpOp::Lt
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeCmpOpLtE::static_type()) {
+            ruff::CmpOp::LtE
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeCmpOpGt::static_type()) {
+            ruff::CmpOp::Gt
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeCmpOpGtE::static_type()) {
+            ruff::CmpOp::GtE
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeCmpOpIs::static_type()) {
+            ruff::CmpOp::Is
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeCmpOpIsNot::static_type()) {
+            ruff::CmpOp::IsNot
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeCmpOpIn::static_type()) {
+            ruff::CmpOp::In
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeCmpOpNotIn::static_type()) {
+            ruff::CmpOp::NotIn
+        } else {
+            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of cmpop, but got {}",
+                _object.repr(_vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..09ffbd4077
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+use super::*;
+use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
+
+impl Node for ruff::ConversionFlag {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_int(self as u8).into()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        i32::try_from_object(vm, object)?
+            .to_u32()
+            .and_then(ruff::ConversionFlag::from_op_arg)
+            .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_value_error("invalid conversion flag".to_owned()))
+    }
+}
+
+// /// This is just a string, not strictly an AST node. But it makes AST conversions easier.
+// impl Node for ruff::name::Name {
+//     fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+//         vm.ctx.new_str(self.as_str()).to_pyobject(vm)
+//     }
+
+//     fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
+//         match object.downcast::<PyStr>() {
+//             Ok(name) => Ok(Self::new(name)),
+//             Err(_) => Err(vm.new_value_error("expected str for name".to_owned())),
+//         }
+//     }
+// }
+
+impl Node for ruff::Decorator {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        ruff::Expr::ast_to_object(self.expression, vm, source_code)
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let expression = ruff::Expr::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?;
+        let range = expression.range();
+        Ok(ruff::Decorator { expression, range })
+    }
+}
+
+// product
+impl Node for ruff::Alias {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            name,
+            asname,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeAlias::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("asname", asname.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "name", "alias")?,
+            )?,
+            asname: get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "asname")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "alias")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// product
+impl Node for ruff::WithItem {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            context_expr,
+            optional_vars,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeWithItem::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "context_expr",
+            context_expr.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "optional_vars",
+            optional_vars.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            context_expr: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "context_expr", "withitem")?,
+            )?,
+            optional_vars: get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "optional_vars")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/parameter.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/parameter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82c22d020c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/parameter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,401 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// product
+impl Node for ruff::Parameters {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            posonlyargs,
+            args,
+            vararg,
+            kwonlyargs,
+            kwarg,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let (posonlyargs, args, defaults) =
+            extract_positional_parameter_defaults(posonlyargs, args);
+        let (kwonlyargs, kw_defaults) = extract_keyword_parameter_defaults(kwonlyargs);
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeArguments::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "posonlyargs",
+            posonlyargs.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("args", args.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("vararg", vararg.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("kwonlyargs", kwonlyargs.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "kw_defaults",
+            kw_defaults.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("kwarg", kwarg.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("defaults", defaults.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let kwonlyargs = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "kwonlyargs", "arguments")?,
+        )?;
+        let kw_defaults = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "kw_defaults", "arguments")?,
+        )?;
+        let kwonlyargs = merge_keyword_parameter_defaults(kwonlyargs, kw_defaults);
+
+        let posonlyargs = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "posonlyargs", "arguments")?,
+        )?;
+        let args = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "args", "arguments")?,
+        )?;
+        let defaults = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "defaults", "arguments")?,
+        )?;
+        let (posonlyargs, args) = merge_positional_parameter_defaults(posonlyargs, args, defaults);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            posonlyargs,
+            args,
+            vararg: get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "vararg")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            kwonlyargs,
+            kwarg: get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "kwarg")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+// product
+impl Node for ruff::Parameter {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            name,
+            annotation,
+            // type_comment,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+
+        // ruff covers the ** in range but python expects it to start at the ident
+        let range = TextRange::new(name.start(), range.end());
+
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeArg::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("arg", name.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "annotation",
+            annotation.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code),
+            _vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        // dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
+        //     .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "arg", "arg")?,
+            )?,
+            annotation: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "annotation")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            // type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
+            //     .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
+            //     .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "arg")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+// product
+impl Node for ruff::Keyword {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            arg,
+            value,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeKeyword::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("arg", arg.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            arg: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "arg")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "keyword")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "keyword")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+struct PositionalParameters {
+    pub _range: TextRange, // TODO: Use this
+    pub args: Box<[ruff::Parameter]>,
+}
+
+impl Node for PositionalParameters {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        BoxedSlice(self.args).ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let args: BoxedSlice<_> = Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            args: args.0,
+            _range: TextRange::default(), // TODO
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+struct KeywordParameters {
+    pub _range: TextRange, // TODO: Use this
+    pub keywords: Box<[ruff::Parameter]>,
+}
+
+impl Node for KeywordParameters {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        BoxedSlice(self.keywords).ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let keywords: BoxedSlice<_> = Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            keywords: keywords.0,
+            _range: TextRange::default(), // TODO
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+struct ParameterDefaults {
+    pub _range: TextRange, // TODO: Use this
+    defaults: Box<[Option<Box<ruff::Expr>>]>,
+}
+
+impl Node for ParameterDefaults {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        BoxedSlice(self.defaults).ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let defaults: BoxedSlice<_> = Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            defaults: defaults.0,
+            _range: TextRange::default(), // TODO
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn extract_positional_parameter_defaults(
+    pos_only_args: Vec<ruff::ParameterWithDefault>,
+    args: Vec<ruff::ParameterWithDefault>,
+) -> (
+    PositionalParameters,
+    PositionalParameters,
+    ParameterDefaults,
+) {
+    let mut defaults = vec![];
+    defaults.extend(pos_only_args.iter().map(|item| item.default.clone()));
+    defaults.extend(args.iter().map(|item| item.default.clone()));
+    // If some positional parameters have no default value,
+    // the "defaults" list contains only the defaults of the last "n" parameters.
+    // Remove all positional parameters without a default value.
+    defaults.retain(Option::is_some);
+    let defaults = ParameterDefaults {
+        _range: defaults
+            .iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .map(|item| item.range())
+            .reduce(|acc, next| acc.cover(next))
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        defaults: defaults.into_boxed_slice(),
+    };
+
+    let pos_only_args = PositionalParameters {
+        _range: pos_only_args
+            .iter()
+            .map(|item| item.range())
+            .reduce(|acc, next| acc.cover(next))
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        args: {
+            let pos_only_args: Vec<_> = pos_only_args
+                .iter()
+                .map(|item| item.parameter.clone())
+                .collect();
+            pos_only_args.into_boxed_slice()
+        },
+    };
+
+    let args = PositionalParameters {
+        _range: args
+            .iter()
+            .map(|item| item.range())
+            .reduce(|acc, next| acc.cover(next))
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        args: {
+            let args: Vec<_> = args.iter().map(|item| item.parameter.clone()).collect();
+            args.into_boxed_slice()
+        },
+    };
+
+    (pos_only_args, args, defaults)
+}
+
+/// Merges the keyword parameters with their default values, opposite of [`extract_positional_parameter_defaults`].
+fn merge_positional_parameter_defaults(
+    posonlyargs: PositionalParameters,
+    args: PositionalParameters,
+    defaults: ParameterDefaults,
+) -> (
+    Vec<ruff::ParameterWithDefault>,
+    Vec<ruff::ParameterWithDefault>,
+) {
+    let posonlyargs = posonlyargs.args;
+    let args = args.args;
+    let defaults = defaults.defaults;
+
+    let mut posonlyargs: Vec<_> = <Box<[_]> as IntoIterator>::into_iter(posonlyargs)
+        .map(|parameter| ruff::ParameterWithDefault {
+            range: Default::default(),
+            parameter,
+            default: None,
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let mut args: Vec<_> = <Box<[_]> as IntoIterator>::into_iter(args)
+        .map(|parameter| ruff::ParameterWithDefault {
+            range: Default::default(),
+            parameter,
+            default: None,
+        })
+        .collect();
+
+    // If an argument has a default value, insert it
+    // Note that "defaults" will only contain default values for the last "n" parameters
+    // so we need to skip the first "total_argument_count - n" arguments.
+    let default_argument_count = posonlyargs.len() + args.len() - defaults.len();
+    for (arg, default) in posonlyargs
+        .iter_mut()
+        .chain(args.iter_mut())
+        .skip(default_argument_count)
+        .zip(defaults)
+    {
+        arg.default = default;
+    }
+
+    (posonlyargs, args)
+}
+
+fn extract_keyword_parameter_defaults(
+    kw_only_args: Vec<ruff::ParameterWithDefault>,
+) -> (KeywordParameters, ParameterDefaults) {
+    let mut defaults = vec![];
+    defaults.extend(kw_only_args.iter().map(|item| item.default.clone()));
+    let defaults = ParameterDefaults {
+        _range: defaults
+            .iter()
+            .flatten()
+            .map(|item| item.range())
+            .reduce(|acc, next| acc.cover(next))
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        defaults: defaults.into_boxed_slice(),
+    };
+
+    let kw_only_args = KeywordParameters {
+        _range: kw_only_args
+            .iter()
+            .map(|item| item.range())
+            .reduce(|acc, next| acc.cover(next))
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        keywords: {
+            let kw_only_args: Vec<_> = kw_only_args
+                .iter()
+                .map(|item| item.parameter.clone())
+                .collect();
+            kw_only_args.into_boxed_slice()
+        },
+    };
+
+    (kw_only_args, defaults)
+}
+
+/// Merges the keyword parameters with their default values, opposite of [`extract_keyword_parameter_defaults`].
+fn merge_keyword_parameter_defaults(
+    kw_only_args: KeywordParameters,
+    defaults: ParameterDefaults,
+) -> Vec<ruff::ParameterWithDefault> {
+    std::iter::zip(kw_only_args.keywords, defaults.defaults)
+        .map(|(parameter, default)| ruff::ParameterWithDefault {
+            parameter,
+            default,
+            range: Default::default(),
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/pattern.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/pattern.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df5adefebf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/pattern.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+use super::*;
+
+// product
+impl Node for ruff::MatchCase {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            pattern,
+            guard,
+            body,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeMatchCase::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("pattern", pattern.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("guard", guard.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            pattern: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "pattern", "match_case")?,
+            )?,
+            guard: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "guard")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "match_case")?,
+            )?,
+            range: Default::default(),
+        })
+    }
+}
+// sum
+impl Node for ruff::Pattern {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchValue(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchSingleton(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchSequence(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchMapping(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchClass(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchStar(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchAs(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchOr(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+        }
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        Ok(if _cls.is(pyast::NodePatternMatchValue::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchValue(ruff::PatternMatchValue::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodePatternMatchSingleton::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchSingleton(ruff::PatternMatchSingleton::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodePatternMatchSequence::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchSequence(ruff::PatternMatchSequence::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodePatternMatchMapping::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchMapping(ruff::PatternMatchMapping::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodePatternMatchClass::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchClass(ruff::PatternMatchClass::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodePatternMatchStar::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchStar(ruff::PatternMatchStar::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodePatternMatchAs::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchAs(ruff::PatternMatchAs::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodePatternMatchOr::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Pattern::MatchOr(ruff::PatternMatchOr::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else {
+            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of pattern, but got {}",
+                _object.repr(_vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::PatternMatchValue {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            value,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodePatternMatchValue::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "MatchValue")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "MatchValue")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::PatternMatchSingleton {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            value,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(
+                _vm,
+                pyast::NodePatternMatchSingleton::static_type().to_owned(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "MatchSingleton")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "MatchSingleton")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+impl Node for ruff::Singleton {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::PatternMatchSequence {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            patterns,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(
+                _vm,
+                pyast::NodePatternMatchSequence::static_type().to_owned(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("patterns", patterns.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            patterns: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "patterns", "MatchSequence")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "MatchSequence")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::PatternMatchMapping {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            keys,
+            patterns,
+            rest,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(
+                _vm,
+                pyast::NodePatternMatchMapping::static_type().to_owned(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("keys", keys.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("patterns", patterns.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("rest", rest.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            keys: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "keys", "MatchMapping")?,
+            )?,
+            patterns: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "patterns", "MatchMapping")?,
+            )?,
+            rest: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "rest")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "MatchMapping")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::PatternMatchClass {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            cls,
+            arguments,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let (patterns, kwd_attrs, kwd_patterns) = split_pattern_match_class(arguments);
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodePatternMatchClass::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("cls", cls.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("patterns", patterns.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("kwd_attrs", kwd_attrs.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "kwd_patterns",
+            kwd_patterns.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let patterns = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "patterns", "MatchClass")?,
+        )?;
+        let kwd_attrs = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "kwd_attrs", "MatchClass")?,
+        )?;
+        let kwd_patterns = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "kwd_patterns", "MatchClass")?,
+        )?;
+        let (patterns, keywords) = merge_pattern_match_class(patterns, kwd_attrs, kwd_patterns);
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            cls: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "cls", "MatchClass")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "MatchClass")?,
+            arguments: ruff::PatternArguments {
+                range: Default::default(),
+                patterns,
+                keywords,
+            },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+struct PatternMatchClassPatterns {
+    pub _range: TextRange, // TODO: Use this
+}
+
+impl Node for PatternMatchClassPatterns {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+struct PatternMatchClassKeywordAttributes {
+    pub _range: TextRange, // TODO: Use this
+}
+
+impl Node for PatternMatchClassKeywordAttributes {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+struct PatternMatchClassKeywordPatterns {
+    pub _range: TextRange, // TODO: Use this
+}
+
+impl Node for PatternMatchClassKeywordPatterns {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::PatternMatchStar {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            name,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodePatternMatchStar::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "name")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "MatchStar")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::PatternMatchAs {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            pattern,
+            name,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodePatternMatchAs::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("pattern", pattern.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            pattern: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "pattern")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            name: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "name")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "MatchAs")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::PatternMatchOr {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            patterns,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodePatternMatchOr::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("patterns", patterns.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            patterns: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "patterns", "MatchOr")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "MatchOr")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn split_pattern_match_class(
+    _arguments: ruff::PatternArguments,
+) -> (
+    PatternMatchClassPatterns,
+    PatternMatchClassKeywordAttributes,
+    PatternMatchClassKeywordPatterns,
+) {
+    todo!()
+}
+
+/// Merges the pattern match class attributes and patterns, opposite of [`split_pattern_match_class`].
+fn merge_pattern_match_class(
+    _patterns: PatternMatchClassPatterns,
+    _kwd_attrs: PatternMatchClassKeywordAttributes,
+    _kwd_patterns: PatternMatchClassKeywordPatterns,
+) -> (Vec<ruff::Pattern>, Vec<ruff::PatternKeyword>) {
+    todo!()
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/pyast.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/pyast.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3692b0a2c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/pyast.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2448 @@
+#![allow(clippy::all)]
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::common::ascii;
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "mod", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeMod;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeMod {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Module", base = "NodeMod")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeModModule;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeModModule {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_ignores")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Interactive", base = "NodeMod")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeModInteractive;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeModInteractive {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Expression", base = "NodeMod")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeModExpression;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeModExpression {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "FunctionType", base = "NodeMod")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeModFunctionType;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeModFunctionType {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("argtypes")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("returns")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "stmt", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmt;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmt {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "FunctionDef", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtFunctionDef;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtFunctionDef {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("args")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("decorator_list")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("returns")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_params")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AsyncFunctionDef", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("args")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("decorator_list")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("returns")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_params")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "ClassDef", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtClassDef;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtClassDef {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("bases")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("keywords")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("decorator_list")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_params")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Return", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtReturn;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtReturn {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Delete", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtDelete;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtDelete {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("targets")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Assign", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtAssign;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtAssign {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("targets")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "TypeAlias", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtTypeAlias;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtTypeAlias {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_params")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AugAssign", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtAugAssign;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtAugAssign {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("op")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AnnAssign", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtAnnAssign;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtAnnAssign {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("annotation")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("simple")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "For", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtFor;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtFor {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("iter")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AsyncFor", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtAsyncFor;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtAsyncFor {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("iter")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "While", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtWhile;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtWhile {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("test")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "If", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtIf;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtIf {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("test")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "With", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtWith;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtWith {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("items")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AsyncWith", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtAsyncWith;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtAsyncWith {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("items")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Match", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtMatch;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtMatch {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("subject")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("cases")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Raise", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtRaise;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtRaise {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("exc")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("cause")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Try", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtTry;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtTry {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("handlers")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("finalbody")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "TryStar", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtTryStar;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtTryStar {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("handlers")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("finalbody")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Assert", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtAssert;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtAssert {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("test")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("msg")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Import", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtImport;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtImport {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("names")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "ImportFrom", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtImportFrom;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtImportFrom {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("module")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("names")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("level")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Global", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtGlobal;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtGlobal {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("names")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Nonlocal", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtNonlocal;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtNonlocal {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("names")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Expr", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtExpr;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtExpr {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Pass", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtPass;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtPass {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Break", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtBreak;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtBreak {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Continue", base = "NodeStmt")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeStmtContinue;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeStmtContinue {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "expr", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExpr;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExpr {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "BoolOp", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprBoolOp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprBoolOp {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("op")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("values")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "NamedExpr", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprNamedExpr;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprNamedExpr {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "BinOp", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprBinOp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprBinOp {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("left")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("op")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("right")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "UnaryOp", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprUnaryOp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprUnaryOp {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("op")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("operand")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Lambda", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprLambda;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprLambda {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("args")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "IfExp", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprIfExp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprIfExp {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("test")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("orelse")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Dict", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprDict;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprDict {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("keys")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("values")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Set", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprSet;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprSet {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("elts")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "ListComp", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprListComp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprListComp {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("elt")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("generators")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "SetComp", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprSetComp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprSetComp {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("elt")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("generators")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "DictComp", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprDictComp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprDictComp {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("key")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("generators")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "GeneratorExp", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprGeneratorExp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprGeneratorExp {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("elt")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("generators")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Await", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprAwait;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprAwait {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Yield", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprYield;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprYield {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "YieldFrom", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprYieldFrom;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprYieldFrom {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Compare", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprCompare;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprCompare {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("left")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ops")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("comparators")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Call", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprCall;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprCall {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("func")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("args")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("keywords")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "FormattedValue", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprFormattedValue;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprFormattedValue {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("conversion")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("format_spec")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "JoinedStr", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprJoinedStr;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprJoinedStr {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("values")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Constant", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprConstant;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprConstant {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kind")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Attribute", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprAttribute;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprAttribute {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("attr")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Subscript", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprSubscript;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprSubscript {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("slice")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Starred", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprStarred;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprStarred {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Name", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprName;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprName {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("id")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "List", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprList;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprList {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("elts")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Tuple", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprTuple;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprTuple {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("elts")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ctx")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Slice", base = "NodeExpr")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprSlice;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprSlice {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lower")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("upper")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("step")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "expr_context", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprContext;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprContext {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Load", base = "NodeExprContext")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprContextLoad;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprContextLoad {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Store", base = "NodeExprContext")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprContextStore;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprContextStore {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Del", base = "NodeExprContext")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExprContextDel;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExprContextDel {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "boolop", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeBoolOp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeBoolOp {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "And", base = "NodeBoolOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeBoolOpAnd;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeBoolOpAnd {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Or", base = "NodeBoolOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeBoolOpOr;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeBoolOpOr {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "operator", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperator;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperator {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Add", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorAdd;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorAdd {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Sub", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorSub;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorSub {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Mult", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorMult;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorMult {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatMult", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorMatMult;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorMatMult {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Div", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorDiv;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorDiv {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Mod", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorMod;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorMod {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Pow", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorPow;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorPow {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "LShift", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorLShift;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorLShift {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "RShift", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorRShift;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorRShift {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "BitOr", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorBitOr;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorBitOr {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "BitXor", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorBitXor;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorBitXor {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "BitAnd", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorBitAnd;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorBitAnd {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "FloorDiv", base = "NodeOperator")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeOperatorFloorDiv;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeOperatorFloorDiv {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "unaryop", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeUnaryOp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeUnaryOp {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Invert", base = "NodeUnaryOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeUnaryOpInvert;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeUnaryOpInvert {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Not", base = "NodeUnaryOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeUnaryOpNot;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeUnaryOpNot {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "UAdd", base = "NodeUnaryOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeUnaryOpUAdd;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeUnaryOpUAdd {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "USub", base = "NodeUnaryOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeUnaryOpUSub;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeUnaryOpUSub {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "cmpop", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOp;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOp {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Eq", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOpEq;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOpEq {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "NotEq", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOpNotEq;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOpNotEq {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Lt", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOpLt;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOpLt {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "LtE", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOpLtE;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOpLtE {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Gt", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOpGt;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOpGt {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "GtE", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOpGtE;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOpGtE {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "Is", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOpIs;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOpIs {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "IsNot", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOpIsNot;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOpIsNot {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "In", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOpIn;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOpIn {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "NotIn", base = "NodeCmpOp")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeCmpOpNotIn;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeCmpOpNotIn {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _fields), ctx.new_tuple(vec![]).into());
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "comprehension", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeComprehension;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeComprehension {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("target")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("iter")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("ifs")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("is_async")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "excepthandler", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExceptHandler;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExceptHandler {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "ExceptHandler", base = "NodeExceptHandler")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeExceptHandlerExceptHandler;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeExceptHandlerExceptHandler {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "arguments", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeArguments;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeArguments {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("posonlyargs")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("args")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("vararg")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kwonlyargs")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kw_defaults")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kwarg")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("defaults")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "arg", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeArg;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeArg {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("arg")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("annotation")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("type_comment")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "keyword", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeKeyword;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeKeyword {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("arg")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "alias", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeAlias;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeAlias {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("asname")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "withitem", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeWithItem;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeWithItem {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("context_expr")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("optional_vars")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "match_case", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeMatchCase;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeMatchCase {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("pattern")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("guard")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("body")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "pattern", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodePattern;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodePattern {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchValue", base = "NodePattern")]
+pub(crate) struct NodePatternMatchValue;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodePatternMatchValue {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchSingleton", base = "NodePattern")]
+pub(crate) struct NodePatternMatchSingleton;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodePatternMatchSingleton {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("value")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchSequence", base = "NodePattern")]
+pub(crate) struct NodePatternMatchSequence;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodePatternMatchSequence {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("patterns")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchMapping", base = "NodePattern")]
+pub(crate) struct NodePatternMatchMapping;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodePatternMatchMapping {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("keys")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("patterns")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("rest")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchClass", base = "NodePattern")]
+pub(crate) struct NodePatternMatchClass;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodePatternMatchClass {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("cls")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("patterns")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kwd_attrs")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("kwd_patterns")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchStar", base = "NodePattern")]
+pub(crate) struct NodePatternMatchStar;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodePatternMatchStar {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchAs", base = "NodePattern")]
+pub(crate) struct NodePatternMatchAs;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodePatternMatchAs {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("pattern")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "MatchOr", base = "NodePattern")]
+pub(crate) struct NodePatternMatchOr;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodePatternMatchOr {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("patterns")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "type_ignore", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeTypeIgnore;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeTypeIgnore {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "TypeIgnore", base = "NodeTypeIgnore")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeTypeIgnoreTypeIgnore;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeTypeIgnoreTypeIgnore {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("tag")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(identifier!(ctx, _attributes), ctx.new_list(vec![]).into());
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "type_param", base = "NodeAst")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeTypeParam;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeTypeParam {}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "TypeVar", base = "NodeTypeParam")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeTypeParamTypeVar;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeTypeParamTypeVar {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("bound")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "ParamSpec", base = "NodeTypeParam")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeTypeParamParamSpec;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeTypeParamParamSpec {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+#[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "TypeVarTuple", base = "NodeTypeParam")]
+pub(crate) struct NodeTypeParamTypeVarTuple;
+#[pyclass(flags(HAS_DICT, BASETYPE))]
+impl NodeTypeParamTypeVarTuple {
+    #[extend_class]
+    fn extend_class_with_fields(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _fields),
+            ctx.new_tuple(vec![ctx.new_str(ascii!("name")).into()])
+                .into(),
+        );
+        class.set_attr(
+            identifier!(ctx, _attributes),
+            ctx.new_list(vec![
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("col_offset")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_lineno")).into(),
+                ctx.new_str(ascii!("end_col_offset")).into(),
+            ])
+            .into(),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn extend_module_nodes(vm: &VirtualMachine, module: &Py<PyModule>) {
+    extend_module!(vm, module, {
+        "mod" => NodeMod::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Module" => NodeModModule::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Interactive" => NodeModInteractive::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Expression" => NodeModExpression::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "FunctionType" => NodeModFunctionType::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "stmt" => NodeStmt::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "FunctionDef" => NodeStmtFunctionDef::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "AsyncFunctionDef" => NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "ClassDef" => NodeStmtClassDef::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Return" => NodeStmtReturn::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Delete" => NodeStmtDelete::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Assign" => NodeStmtAssign::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "TypeAlias" => NodeStmtTypeAlias::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "AugAssign" => NodeStmtAugAssign::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "AnnAssign" => NodeStmtAnnAssign::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "For" => NodeStmtFor::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "AsyncFor" => NodeStmtAsyncFor::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "While" => NodeStmtWhile::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "If" => NodeStmtIf::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "With" => NodeStmtWith::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "AsyncWith" => NodeStmtAsyncWith::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Match" => NodeStmtMatch::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Raise" => NodeStmtRaise::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Try" => NodeStmtTry::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "TryStar" => NodeStmtTryStar::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Assert" => NodeStmtAssert::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Import" => NodeStmtImport::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "ImportFrom" => NodeStmtImportFrom::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Global" => NodeStmtGlobal::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Nonlocal" => NodeStmtNonlocal::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Expr" => NodeStmtExpr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Pass" => NodeStmtPass::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Break" => NodeStmtBreak::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Continue" => NodeStmtContinue::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "expr" => NodeExpr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "BoolOp" => NodeExprBoolOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "NamedExpr" => NodeExprNamedExpr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "BinOp" => NodeExprBinOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "UnaryOp" => NodeExprUnaryOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Lambda" => NodeExprLambda::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "IfExp" => NodeExprIfExp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Dict" => NodeExprDict::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Set" => NodeExprSet::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "ListComp" => NodeExprListComp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "SetComp" => NodeExprSetComp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "DictComp" => NodeExprDictComp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "GeneratorExp" => NodeExprGeneratorExp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Await" => NodeExprAwait::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Yield" => NodeExprYield::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "YieldFrom" => NodeExprYieldFrom::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Compare" => NodeExprCompare::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Call" => NodeExprCall::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "FormattedValue" => NodeExprFormattedValue::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "JoinedStr" => NodeExprJoinedStr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Constant" => NodeExprConstant::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Attribute" => NodeExprAttribute::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Subscript" => NodeExprSubscript::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Starred" => NodeExprStarred::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Name" => NodeExprName::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "List" => NodeExprList::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Tuple" => NodeExprTuple::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Slice" => NodeExprSlice::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "expr_context" => NodeExprContext::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Load" => NodeExprContextLoad::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Store" => NodeExprContextStore::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Del" => NodeExprContextDel::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "boolop" => NodeBoolOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "And" => NodeBoolOpAnd::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Or" => NodeBoolOpOr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "operator" => NodeOperator::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Add" => NodeOperatorAdd::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Sub" => NodeOperatorSub::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Mult" => NodeOperatorMult::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "MatMult" => NodeOperatorMatMult::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Div" => NodeOperatorDiv::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Mod" => NodeOperatorMod::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Pow" => NodeOperatorPow::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "LShift" => NodeOperatorLShift::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "RShift" => NodeOperatorRShift::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "BitOr" => NodeOperatorBitOr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "BitXor" => NodeOperatorBitXor::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "BitAnd" => NodeOperatorBitAnd::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "FloorDiv" => NodeOperatorFloorDiv::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "unaryop" => NodeUnaryOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Invert" => NodeUnaryOpInvert::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Not" => NodeUnaryOpNot::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "UAdd" => NodeUnaryOpUAdd::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "USub" => NodeUnaryOpUSub::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "cmpop" => NodeCmpOp::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Eq" => NodeCmpOpEq::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "NotEq" => NodeCmpOpNotEq::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Lt" => NodeCmpOpLt::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "LtE" => NodeCmpOpLtE::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Gt" => NodeCmpOpGt::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "GtE" => NodeCmpOpGtE::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "Is" => NodeCmpOpIs::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "IsNot" => NodeCmpOpIsNot::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "In" => NodeCmpOpIn::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "NotIn" => NodeCmpOpNotIn::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "comprehension" => NodeComprehension::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "excepthandler" => NodeExceptHandler::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "ExceptHandler" => NodeExceptHandlerExceptHandler::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "arguments" => NodeArguments::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "arg" => NodeArg::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "keyword" => NodeKeyword::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "alias" => NodeAlias::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "withitem" => NodeWithItem::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "match_case" => NodeMatchCase::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "pattern" => NodePattern::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "MatchValue" => NodePatternMatchValue::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "MatchSingleton" => NodePatternMatchSingleton::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "MatchSequence" => NodePatternMatchSequence::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "MatchMapping" => NodePatternMatchMapping::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "MatchClass" => NodePatternMatchClass::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "MatchStar" => NodePatternMatchStar::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "MatchAs" => NodePatternMatchAs::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "MatchOr" => NodePatternMatchOr::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "type_ignore" => NodeTypeIgnore::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "TypeIgnore" => NodeTypeIgnoreTypeIgnore::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "type_param" => NodeTypeParam::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "TypeVar" => NodeTypeParamTypeVar::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "ParamSpec" => NodeTypeParamParamSpec::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+        "TypeVarTuple" => NodeTypeParamTypeVarTuple::make_class(&vm.ctx),
+    })
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/python.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/python.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50f8294c76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/python.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+use super::PY_COMPILE_FLAG_AST_ONLY;
+
+#[pymodule]
+pub(crate) mod _ast {
+    use crate::{
+        AsObject, Context, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        builtins::{PyStrRef, PyTupleRef},
+        function::FuncArgs,
+    };
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(module = "_ast", name = "AST")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    pub(crate) struct NodeAst;
+
+    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE, HAS_DICT))]
+    impl NodeAst {
+        #[pyslot]
+        #[pymethod(magic)]
+        fn init(zelf: PyObjectRef, args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+            let fields = zelf.get_attr("_fields", vm)?;
+            let fields: Vec<PyStrRef> = fields.try_to_value(vm)?;
+            let numargs = args.args.len();
+            if numargs > fields.len() {
+                return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                    "{} constructor takes at most {} positional argument{}",
+                    zelf.class().name(),
+                    fields.len(),
+                    if fields.len() == 1 { "" } else { "s" },
+                )));
+            }
+            for (name, arg) in fields.iter().zip(args.args) {
+                zelf.set_attr(name, arg, vm)?;
+            }
+            for (key, value) in args.kwargs {
+                if let Some(pos) = fields.iter().position(|f| f.as_str() == key) {
+                    if pos < numargs {
+                        return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                            "{} got multiple values for argument '{}'",
+                            zelf.class().name(),
+                            key
+                        )));
+                    }
+                }
+                zelf.set_attr(vm.ctx.intern_str(key), value, vm)?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        #[pyattr(name = "_fields")]
+        fn fields(ctx: &Context) -> PyTupleRef {
+            ctx.empty_tuple.clone()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr(name = "PyCF_ONLY_AST")]
+    use super::PY_COMPILE_FLAG_AST_ONLY;
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/statement.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/statement.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61b6c0eaff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/statement.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1222 @@
+use super::*;
+use crate::stdlib::ast::argument::{merge_class_def_args, split_class_def_args};
+// sum
+impl Node for ruff::Stmt {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            ruff::Stmt::FunctionDef(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::ClassDef(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Return(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Delete(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Assign(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::TypeAlias(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::AugAssign(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::AnnAssign(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::For(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::While(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::If(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::With(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Match(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Raise(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Try(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Assert(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Import(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::ImportFrom(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Global(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Nonlocal(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Expr(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Pass(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Break(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::Continue(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            ruff::Stmt::IpyEscapeCommand(_) => {
+                unimplemented!("IPython escape command is not allowed in Python AST")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[allow(clippy::if_same_then_else)]
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        Ok(if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtFunctionDef::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::FunctionDef(ruff::StmtFunctionDef::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::FunctionDef(ruff::StmtFunctionDef::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtClassDef::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::ClassDef(ruff::StmtClassDef::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtReturn::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Return(ruff::StmtReturn::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtDelete::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Delete(ruff::StmtDelete::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAssign::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Assign(ruff::StmtAssign::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtTypeAlias::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::TypeAlias(ruff::StmtTypeAlias::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAugAssign::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::AugAssign(ruff::StmtAugAssign::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAnnAssign::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::AnnAssign(ruff::StmtAnnAssign::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtFor::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::For(ruff::StmtFor::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAsyncFor::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::For(ruff::StmtFor::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtWhile::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::While(ruff::StmtWhile::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtIf::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::If(ruff::StmtIf::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtWith::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::With(ruff::StmtWith::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAsyncWith::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::With(ruff::StmtWith::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtMatch::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Match(ruff::StmtMatch::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtRaise::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Raise(ruff::StmtRaise::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtTry::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Try(ruff::StmtTry::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtTryStar::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Try(ruff::StmtTry::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAssert::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Assert(ruff::StmtAssert::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtImport::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Import(ruff::StmtImport::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtImportFrom::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::ImportFrom(ruff::StmtImportFrom::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtGlobal::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Global(ruff::StmtGlobal::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtNonlocal::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Nonlocal(ruff::StmtNonlocal::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtExpr::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Expr(ruff::StmtExpr::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtPass::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Pass(ruff::StmtPass::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtBreak::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Break(ruff::StmtBreak::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object)?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtContinue::static_type()) {
+            ruff::Stmt::Continue(ruff::StmtContinue::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else {
+            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of stmt, but got {}",
+                _object.repr(_vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtFunctionDef {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            name,
+            parameters,
+            body,
+            decorator_list,
+            returns,
+            // type_comment,
+            type_params,
+            is_async,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+
+        let cls = if !is_async {
+            pyast::NodeStmtFunctionDef::static_type().to_owned()
+        } else {
+            pyast::NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef::static_type().to_owned()
+        };
+
+        let node = NodeAst.into_ref_with_type(vm, cls).unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("name", vm.ctx.new_str(name.as_str()).to_pyobject(vm), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("args", parameters.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "decorator_list",
+            decorator_list.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("returns", returns.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        // TODO: Ruff ignores type_comment during parsing
+        // dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
+        //     .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "type_params",
+            type_params.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        let is_async = _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAsyncFunctionDef::static_type());
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "FunctionDef")?,
+            )?,
+            parameters: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "args", "FunctionDef")?,
+            )?,
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "FunctionDef")?,
+            )?,
+            decorator_list: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "decorator_list", "FunctionDef")?,
+            )?,
+            returns: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "returns")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            // TODO: Ruff ignores type_comment during parsing
+            // type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
+            //     .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
+            //     .transpose()?,
+            type_params: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "type_params", "FunctionDef")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "FunctionDef")?,
+            is_async,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtClassDef {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            name,
+            arguments,
+            body,
+            decorator_list,
+            type_params,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let (bases, keywords) = split_class_def_args(arguments);
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtClassDef::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("bases", bases.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("keywords", keywords.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "decorator_list",
+            decorator_list.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code),
+            _vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "type_params",
+            type_params.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code),
+            _vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let bases = Node::ast_from_object(
+            _vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "bases", "ClassDef")?,
+        )?;
+        let keywords = Node::ast_from_object(
+            _vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "keywords", "ClassDef")?,
+        )?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "ClassDef")?,
+            )?,
+            arguments: merge_class_def_args(bases, keywords),
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "ClassDef")?,
+            )?,
+            decorator_list: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "decorator_list", "ClassDef")?,
+            )?,
+            type_params: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "type_params", "ClassDef")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "ClassDef")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtReturn {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtReturn {
+            value,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtReturn::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtReturn {
+            value: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "value")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Return")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtDelete {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtDelete {
+            targets,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtDelete::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("targets", targets.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtDelete {
+            targets: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "targets", "Delete")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Delete")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtAssign {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            targets,
+            value,
+            // type_comment,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeStmtAssign::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("targets", targets.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        // TODO
+        dict.set_item("type_comment", vm.ctx.none(), vm).unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            targets: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "targets", "Assign")?,
+            )?,
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "value", "Assign")?,
+            )?,
+            // type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
+            //     .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
+            //     .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "Assign")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtTypeAlias {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtTypeAlias {
+            name,
+            type_params,
+            value,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtTypeAlias::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "type_params",
+            type_params.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code),
+            _vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtTypeAlias {
+            name: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "TypeAlias")?,
+            )?,
+            type_params: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "type_params", "TypeAlias")?,
+            )?,
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "TypeAlias")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "TypeAlias")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtAugAssign {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            target,
+            op,
+            value,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtAugAssign::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("op", op.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            target: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "target", "AugAssign")?,
+            )?,
+            op: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "op", "AugAssign")?,
+            )?,
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "AugAssign")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "AugAssign")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtAnnAssign {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            target,
+            annotation,
+            value,
+            simple,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtAnnAssign::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "annotation",
+            annotation.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code),
+            _vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("simple", simple.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            target: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "target", "AnnAssign")?,
+            )?,
+            annotation: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "annotation", "AnnAssign")?,
+            )?,
+            value: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "value")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            simple: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "simple", "AnnAssign")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "AnnAssign")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtFor {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            is_async,
+            target,
+            iter,
+            body,
+            orelse,
+            // type_comment,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+
+        let cls = if !is_async {
+            pyast::NodeStmtFor::static_type().to_owned()
+        } else {
+            pyast::NodeStmtAsyncFor::static_type().to_owned()
+        };
+
+        let node = NodeAst.into_ref_with_type(_vm, cls).unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("target", target.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("iter", iter.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        // dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
+        //     .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        debug_assert!(
+            _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtFor::static_type())
+                || _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAsyncFor::static_type())
+        );
+        let is_async = _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAsyncFor::static_type());
+        Ok(Self {
+            target: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "target", "For")?,
+            )?,
+            iter: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "iter", "For")?,
+            )?,
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "For")?,
+            )?,
+            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "orelse", "For")?,
+            )?,
+            // type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
+            //     .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
+            //     .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "For")?,
+            is_async,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtWhile {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            test,
+            body,
+            orelse,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtWhile::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("test", test.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            test: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "test", "While")?,
+            )?,
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "While")?,
+            )?,
+            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "orelse", "While")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "While")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtIf {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            test,
+            body,
+            range,
+            elif_else_clauses,
+        } = self;
+        elif_else_clause::ast_to_object(
+            ruff::ElifElseClause {
+                range,
+                test: Some(*test),
+                body,
+            },
+            elif_else_clauses.into_iter(),
+            _vm,
+            source_code,
+        )
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        elif_else_clause::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, object)
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtWith {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            is_async,
+            items,
+            body,
+            // type_comment,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+
+        let cls = if !is_async {
+            pyast::NodeStmtWith::static_type().to_owned()
+        } else {
+            pyast::NodeStmtAsyncWith::static_type().to_owned()
+        };
+
+        let node = NodeAst.into_ref_with_type(_vm, cls).unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("items", items.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        // dict.set_item("type_comment", type_comment.ast_to_object(_vm), _vm)
+        //     .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        debug_assert!(
+            _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtWith::static_type())
+                || _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAsyncWith::static_type())
+        );
+        let is_async = _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtAsyncWith::static_type());
+        Ok(Self {
+            items: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "items", "With")?,
+            )?,
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "With")?,
+            )?,
+            // type_comment: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "type_comment")?
+            //     .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, obj))
+            //     .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "With")?,
+            is_async,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtMatch {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            subject,
+            cases,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtMatch::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("subject", subject.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("cases", cases.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            subject: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "subject", "Match")?,
+            )?,
+            cases: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "cases", "Match")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Match")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtRaise {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            exc,
+            cause,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtRaise::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("exc", exc.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("cause", cause.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            exc: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "exc")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            cause: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "cause")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Raise")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtTry {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            body,
+            handlers,
+            orelse,
+            finalbody,
+            range: _range,
+            is_star,
+        } = self;
+
+        // let cls = gen::NodeStmtTry::static_type().to_owned();
+        let cls = if is_star {
+            pyast::NodeStmtTryStar::static_type()
+        } else {
+            pyast::NodeStmtTry::static_type()
+        }
+        .to_owned();
+
+        let node = NodeAst.into_ref_with_type(_vm, cls).unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("body", body.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("handlers", handlers.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("orelse", orelse.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("finalbody", finalbody.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        let is_star = _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtTryStar::static_type());
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        debug_assert!(
+            _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtTry::static_type())
+                || _cls.is(pyast::NodeStmtTryStar::static_type())
+        );
+
+        Ok(Self {
+            body: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "body", "Try")?,
+            )?,
+            handlers: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "handlers", "Try")?,
+            )?,
+            orelse: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "orelse", "Try")?,
+            )?,
+            finalbody: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "finalbody", "Try")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Try")?,
+            is_star,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtAssert {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtAssert {
+            test,
+            msg,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtAssert::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("test", test.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("msg", msg.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtAssert {
+            test: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "test", "Assert")?,
+            )?,
+            msg: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "msg")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Assert")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtImport {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtImport {
+            names,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtImport::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("names", names.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtImport {
+            names: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "names", "Import")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Import")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtImportFrom {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            module,
+            names,
+            level,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeStmtImportFrom::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("module", module.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("names", names.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("level", vm.ctx.new_int(level).to_pyobject(vm), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            module: get_node_field_opt(vm, &_object, "module")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            names: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &_object, "names", "ImportFrom")?,
+            )?,
+            level: get_node_field(vm, &_object, "level", "ImportFrom")?
+                .downcast_exact::<PyInt>(vm)
+                .unwrap()
+                .try_to_primitive::<u32>(vm)?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, _object, "ImportFrom")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtGlobal {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtGlobal {
+            names,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtGlobal::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("names", names.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtGlobal {
+            names: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "names", "Global")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Global")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtNonlocal {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtNonlocal {
+            names,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtNonlocal::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("names", names.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtNonlocal {
+            names: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "names", "Nonlocal")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Nonlocal")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtExpr {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtExpr {
+            value,
+            range: _range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtExpr::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtExpr {
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "value", "Expr")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Expr")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtPass {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtPass { range: _range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtPass::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtPass {
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Pass")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtBreak {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtBreak { range: _range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtBreak::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtBreak {
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Break")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::StmtContinue {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let ruff::StmtContinue { range: _range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeStmtContinue::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(ruff::StmtContinue {
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "Continue")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/string.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/string.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5b78967976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/string.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,354 @@
+use super::constant::{Constant, ConstantLiteral};
+use super::*;
+
+fn ruff_fstring_value_into_iter(
+    mut fstring_value: ruff::FStringValue,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = ruff::FStringPart> + 'static {
+    let default = ruff::FStringPart::FString(ruff::FString {
+        range: Default::default(),
+        elements: Default::default(),
+        flags: Default::default(),
+    });
+    (0..fstring_value.as_slice().len()).map(move |i| {
+        let fstring_value = &mut fstring_value;
+        let tmp = fstring_value.into_iter().nth(i).unwrap();
+        std::mem::replace(tmp, default.clone())
+    })
+}
+
+fn ruff_fstring_element_into_iter(
+    mut fstring_element: ruff::FStringElements,
+) -> impl Iterator<Item = ruff::FStringElement> + 'static {
+    let default = ruff::FStringElement::Literal(ruff::FStringLiteralElement {
+        range: Default::default(),
+        value: Default::default(),
+    });
+    (0..fstring_element.into_iter().len()).map(move |i| {
+        let fstring_element = &mut fstring_element;
+        let tmp = fstring_element.into_iter().nth(i).unwrap();
+        std::mem::replace(tmp, default.clone())
+    })
+}
+
+fn fstring_part_to_joined_str_part(fstring_part: ruff::FStringPart) -> Vec<JoinedStrPart> {
+    match fstring_part {
+        ruff::FStringPart::Literal(ruff::StringLiteral {
+            range,
+            value,
+            flags,
+        }) => {
+            vec![JoinedStrPart::Constant(Constant::new_str(
+                value,
+                flags.prefix(),
+                range,
+            ))]
+        }
+        ruff::FStringPart::FString(ruff::FString {
+            range: _,
+            elements,
+            flags: _, // TODO
+        }) => ruff_fstring_element_into_iter(elements)
+            .map(ruff_fstring_element_to_joined_str_part)
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn ruff_fstring_element_to_joined_str_part(element: ruff::FStringElement) -> JoinedStrPart {
+    match element {
+        ruff::FStringElement::Literal(ruff::FStringLiteralElement { range, value }) => {
+            JoinedStrPart::Constant(Constant::new_str(
+                value,
+                ruff::str_prefix::StringLiteralPrefix::Empty,
+                range,
+            ))
+        }
+        ruff::FStringElement::Expression(ruff::FStringExpressionElement {
+            range,
+            expression,
+            debug_text: _, // TODO: What is this?
+            conversion,
+            format_spec,
+        }) => JoinedStrPart::FormattedValue(FormattedValue {
+            value: expression,
+            conversion,
+            format_spec: ruff_format_spec_to_joined_str(format_spec),
+            range,
+        }),
+    }
+}
+
+fn ruff_format_spec_to_joined_str(
+    format_spec: Option<Box<ruff::FStringFormatSpec>>,
+) -> Option<Box<JoinedStr>> {
+    match format_spec {
+        None => None,
+        Some(format_spec) => {
+            let ruff::FStringFormatSpec { range, elements } = *format_spec;
+            let values: Vec<_> = ruff_fstring_element_into_iter(elements)
+                .map(ruff_fstring_element_to_joined_str_part)
+                .collect();
+            let values = values.into_boxed_slice();
+            Some(Box::new(JoinedStr { values, range }))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn ruff_fstring_element_to_ruff_fstring_part(element: ruff::FStringElement) -> ruff::FStringPart {
+    match element {
+        ruff::FStringElement::Literal(value) => {
+            let ruff::FStringLiteralElement { range, value } = value;
+            ruff::FStringPart::Literal(ruff::StringLiteral {
+                range,
+                value,
+                flags: Default::default(),
+            })
+        }
+        ruff::FStringElement::Expression(value) => {
+            let ruff::FStringExpressionElement {
+                range,
+                expression,
+                debug_text,
+                conversion,
+                format_spec,
+            } = value;
+            ruff::FStringPart::FString(ruff::FString {
+                range,
+                elements: vec![ruff::FStringElement::Expression(
+                    ruff::FStringExpressionElement {
+                        range,
+                        expression,
+                        debug_text,
+                        conversion,
+                        format_spec,
+                    },
+                )]
+                .into(),
+                flags: Default::default(),
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn joined_str_to_ruff_format_spec(
+    joined_str: Option<Box<JoinedStr>>,
+) -> Option<Box<ruff::FStringFormatSpec>> {
+    match joined_str {
+        None => None,
+        Some(joined_str) => {
+            let JoinedStr { range, values } = *joined_str;
+            let elements: Vec<_> = Box::into_iter(values)
+                .map(joined_str_part_to_ruff_fstring_element)
+                .collect();
+            let format_spec = ruff::FStringFormatSpec {
+                range,
+                elements: elements.into(),
+            };
+            Some(Box::new(format_spec))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) struct JoinedStr {
+    pub(super) range: TextRange,
+    pub(super) values: Box<[JoinedStrPart]>,
+}
+
+impl JoinedStr {
+    pub(super) fn into_expr(self) -> ruff::Expr {
+        let Self { range, values } = self;
+        ruff::Expr::FString(ruff::ExprFString {
+            range: Default::default(),
+            value: match values.len() {
+                // ruff represents an empty fstring like this:
+                0 => ruff::FStringValue::single(ruff::FString {
+                    range,
+                    elements: vec![].into(),
+                    flags: Default::default(),
+                }),
+                1 => ruff::FStringValue::single(
+                    Box::<[_]>::into_iter(values)
+                        .map(joined_str_part_to_ruff_fstring_element)
+                        .map(|element| ruff::FString {
+                            range,
+                            elements: vec![element].into(),
+                            flags: Default::default(),
+                        })
+                        .next()
+                        .expect("FString has exactly one part"),
+                ),
+                _ => ruff::FStringValue::concatenated(
+                    Box::<[_]>::into_iter(values)
+                        .map(joined_str_part_to_ruff_fstring_element)
+                        .map(ruff_fstring_element_to_ruff_fstring_part)
+                        .collect(),
+                ),
+            },
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn joined_str_part_to_ruff_fstring_element(part: JoinedStrPart) -> ruff::FStringElement {
+    match part {
+        JoinedStrPart::FormattedValue(value) => {
+            ruff::FStringElement::Expression(ruff::FStringExpressionElement {
+                range: value.range,
+                expression: value.value.clone(),
+                debug_text: None, // TODO: What is this?
+                conversion: value.conversion,
+                format_spec: joined_str_to_ruff_format_spec(value.format_spec),
+            })
+        }
+        JoinedStrPart::Constant(value) => {
+            ruff::FStringElement::Literal(ruff::FStringLiteralElement {
+                range: value.range,
+                value: match value.value {
+                    ConstantLiteral::Str { value, .. } => value,
+                    _ => todo!(),
+                },
+            })
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// constructor
+impl Node for JoinedStr {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { values, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprJoinedStr::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "values",
+            BoxedSlice(values).ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let values: BoxedSlice<_> = Node::ast_from_object(
+            vm,
+            source_code,
+            get_node_field(vm, &object, "values", "JoinedStr")?,
+        )?;
+        Ok(Self {
+            values: values.0,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "JoinedStr")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) enum JoinedStrPart {
+    FormattedValue(FormattedValue),
+    Constant(Constant),
+}
+
+// constructor
+impl Node for JoinedStrPart {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            JoinedStrPart::FormattedValue(value) => value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            JoinedStrPart::Constant(value) => value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+        }
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let cls = object.class();
+        if cls.is(pyast::NodeExprFormattedValue::static_type()) {
+            Ok(Self::FormattedValue(Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                object,
+            )?))
+        } else {
+            Ok(Self::Constant(Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                object,
+            )?))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) struct FormattedValue {
+    value: Box<ruff::Expr>,
+    conversion: ruff::ConversionFlag,
+    format_spec: Option<Box<JoinedStr>>,
+    range: TextRange,
+}
+
+// constructor
+impl Node for FormattedValue {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            value,
+            conversion,
+            format_spec,
+            range,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, pyast::NodeExprFormattedValue::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("value", value.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("conversion", conversion.ast_to_object(vm, source_code), vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "format_spec",
+            format_spec.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            value: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "value", "FormattedValue")?,
+            )?,
+            conversion: Node::ast_from_object(
+                vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(vm, &object, "conversion", "FormattedValue")?,
+            )?,
+            format_spec: get_node_field_opt(vm, &object, "format_spec")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "FormattedValue")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn fstring_to_object(
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+    expression: ruff::ExprFString,
+) -> PyObjectRef {
+    let ruff::ExprFString { range, value } = expression;
+    let values: Vec<_> = ruff_fstring_value_into_iter(value)
+        .flat_map(fstring_part_to_joined_str_part)
+        .collect();
+    let values = values.into_boxed_slice();
+    let c = JoinedStr { range, values };
+    c.ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/type_ignore.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/type_ignore.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7e318f6949
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/type_ignore.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use super::*;
+
+pub(super) enum TypeIgnore {
+    TypeIgnore(TypeIgnoreTypeIgnore),
+}
+
+// sum
+impl Node for TypeIgnore {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            TypeIgnore::TypeIgnore(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+        }
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        Ok(if _cls.is(pyast::NodeTypeIgnoreTypeIgnore::static_type()) {
+            TypeIgnore::TypeIgnore(TypeIgnoreTypeIgnore::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else {
+            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of type_ignore, but got {}",
+                _object.repr(_vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) struct TypeIgnoreTypeIgnore {
+    range: TextRange,
+    lineno: PyRefExact<PyInt>,
+    tag: PyRefExact<PyStr>,
+}
+
+// constructor
+impl Node for TypeIgnoreTypeIgnore {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self { lineno, tag, range } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(
+                vm,
+                pyast::NodeTypeIgnoreTypeIgnore::static_type().to_owned(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("lineno", lineno.to_pyobject(vm), vm).unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("tag", tag.to_pyobject(vm), vm).unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, range, vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            lineno: get_node_field(vm, &object, "lineno", "TypeIgnore")?
+                .downcast_exact(vm)
+                .unwrap(),
+            tag: get_node_field(vm, &object, "tag", "TypeIgnore")?
+                .downcast_exact(vm)
+                .unwrap(),
+            range: range_from_object(vm, source_code, object, "TypeIgnore")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/type_parameters.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/type_parameters.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..686cee81f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/type_parameters.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+use super::*;
+
+impl Node for ruff::TypeParams {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        self.type_params.ast_to_object(vm, source_code)
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let type_params: Vec<ruff::TypeParam> = Node::ast_from_object(_vm, _source_code, _object)?;
+        let range = Option::zip(type_params.first(), type_params.last())
+            .map(|(first, last)| first.range().cover(last.range()))
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+        Ok(Self { type_params, range })
+    }
+
+    fn is_none(&self) -> bool {
+        self.type_params.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+// sum
+impl Node for ruff::TypeParam {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match self {
+            Self::TypeVar(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            Self::ParamSpec(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+            Self::TypeVarTuple(cons) => cons.ast_to_object(vm, source_code),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let _cls = _object.class();
+        Ok(if _cls.is(pyast::NodeTypeParamTypeVar::static_type()) {
+            ruff::TypeParam::TypeVar(ruff::TypeParamTypeVar::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeTypeParamParamSpec::static_type()) {
+            ruff::TypeParam::ParamSpec(ruff::TypeParamParamSpec::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else if _cls.is(pyast::NodeTypeParamTypeVarTuple::static_type()) {
+            ruff::TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(ruff::TypeParamTypeVarTuple::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                _object,
+            )?)
+        } else {
+            return Err(_vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                "expected some sort of type_param, but got {}",
+                _object.repr(_vm)?
+            )));
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::TypeParamTypeVar {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            name,
+            bound,
+            range: _range,
+            default: _,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeTypeParamTypeVar::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("bound", bound.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "TypeVar")?,
+            )?,
+            bound: get_node_field_opt(_vm, &_object, "bound")?
+                .map(|obj| Node::ast_from_object(_vm, source_code, obj))
+                .transpose()?,
+            default: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "default_value", "TypeVar")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "TypeVar")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::TypeParamParamSpec {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            name,
+            range: _range,
+            default,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(_vm, pyast::NodeTypeParamParamSpec::static_type().to_owned())
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "default_value",
+            default.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code),
+            _vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "ParamSpec")?,
+            )?,
+            default: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "default_value", "ParamSpec")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "ParamSpec")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
+// constructor
+impl Node for ruff::TypeParamTypeVarTuple {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, _vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        let Self {
+            name,
+            range: _range,
+            default,
+        } = self;
+        let node = NodeAst
+            .into_ref_with_type(
+                _vm,
+                pyast::NodeTypeParamTypeVarTuple::static_type().to_owned(),
+            )
+            .unwrap();
+        let dict = node.as_object().dict().unwrap();
+        dict.set_item("name", name.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code), _vm)
+            .unwrap();
+        dict.set_item(
+            "default_value",
+            default.ast_to_object(_vm, source_code),
+            _vm,
+        )
+        .unwrap();
+        node_add_location(&dict, _range, _vm, source_code);
+        node.into()
+    }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        _vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        _object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        Ok(Self {
+            name: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "name", "TypeVarTuple")?,
+            )?,
+            default: Node::ast_from_object(
+                _vm,
+                source_code,
+                get_node_field(_vm, &_object, "default_value", "TypeVarTuple")?,
+            )?,
+            range: range_from_object(_vm, source_code, _object, "TypeVarTuple")?,
+        })
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index 22aa11dc43..9c2826a1e9 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -110,10 +110,15 @@ mod builtins {
         _feature_version: OptionalArg<i32>,
     }
 
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "rustpython-parser", feature = "rustpython-codegen"))]
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "parser", feature = "compiler"))]
     #[pyfunction]
     fn compile(args: CompileArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-ast")]
+        #[cfg(not(feature = "ast"))]
+        {
+            _ = args; // to disable unused warning
+            return Err(vm.new_type_error("AST Not Supported".to_owned()));
+        }
+        #[cfg(feature = "ast")]
         {
             use crate::{class::PyClassImpl, stdlib::ast};
 
@@ -155,16 +160,16 @@ mod builtins {
                 }
             }
 
-            #[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-parser"))]
+            #[cfg(not(feature = "parser"))]
             {
                 const PARSER_NOT_SUPPORTED: &str = "can't compile() source code when the `parser` feature of rustpython is disabled";
                 Err(vm.new_type_error(PARSER_NOT_SUPPORTED.to_owned()))
             }
-            #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-parser")]
+            #[cfg(feature = "parser")]
             {
                 use crate::convert::ToPyException;
                 use num_traits::Zero;
-                use rustpython_parser as parser;
+                use ruff_python_parser as parser;
 
                 let source = ArgStrOrBytesLike::try_from_object(vm, args.source)?;
                 let source = source.borrow_bytes();
@@ -180,11 +185,11 @@ mod builtins {
                 }
 
                 if (flags & ast::PY_COMPILE_FLAG_AST_ONLY).is_zero() {
-                    #[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
+                    #[cfg(not(feature = "compiler"))]
                     {
                         Err(vm.new_value_error(CODEGEN_NOT_SUPPORTED.to_owned()))
                     }
-                    #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
+                    #[cfg(feature = "compiler")]
                     {
                         let mode = mode_str
                             .parse::<crate::compiler::Mode>()
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
index a3180c1c0f..382a8e0555 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/mod.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "rustpython-ast")]
+#[cfg(feature = "ast")]
 pub(crate) mod ast;
 pub mod atexit;
 pub mod builtins;
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ mod operator;
 // mod re;
 mod sre;
 mod string;
-#[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
+#[cfg(feature = "compiler")]
 mod symtable;
 mod sysconfigdata;
 #[cfg(feature = "threading")]
@@ -98,12 +98,12 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> StdlibMap {
             sys::sysconfigdata_name() => sysconfigdata::make_module,
         }
         // parser related modules:
-        #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-ast")]
+        #[cfg(feature = "ast")]
         {
             "_ast" => ast::make_module,
         }
         // compiler related modules:
-        #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
+        #[cfg(feature = "compiler")]
         {
             "symtable" => symtable::make_module,
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/compile.rs b/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
index a14e986dac..f5145e4739 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/compile.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         source_path: String,
         opts: CompileOpts,
     ) -> Result<PyRef<PyCode>, CompileError> {
-        compiler::compile(source, mode, source_path, opts).map(|code| self.ctx.new_code(code))
+        compiler::compile(source, mode, &source_path, opts).map(|code| self.ctx.new_code(code))
     }
 
     pub fn run_script(&self, scope: Scope, path: &str) -> PyResult<()> {
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
index bd42396299..01709b6873 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
@@ -256,22 +256,39 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         self.new_exception_msg(overflow_error, msg)
     }
 
-    #[cfg(any(feature = "rustpython-parser", feature = "rustpython-codegen"))]
+    #[cfg(any(feature = "parser", feature = "compiler"))]
     pub fn new_syntax_error(
         &self,
         error: &crate::compiler::CompileError,
         source: Option<&str>,
     ) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-        use crate::source_code::SourceLocation;
-
-        let syntax_error_type = match &error.error {
-            #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-parser")]
-            crate::compiler::CompileErrorType::Parse(p) if p.is_indentation_error() => {
-                self.ctx.exceptions.indentation_error
-            }
-            #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-parser")]
-            crate::compiler::CompileErrorType::Parse(p) if p.is_tab_error() => {
-                self.ctx.exceptions.tab_error
+        use crate::source::SourceLocation;
+
+        let syntax_error_type = match &error {
+            #[cfg(feature = "parser")]
+            // FIXME: this condition will cause TabError even when the matching actual error is IndentationError
+            crate::compiler::CompileError::Parse(rustpython_compiler::ParseError {
+                error:
+                    ruff_python_parser::ParseErrorType::Lexical(
+                        ruff_python_parser::lexer::LexicalErrorType::IndentationError,
+                    ),
+                ..
+            }) => self.ctx.exceptions.tab_error,
+            #[cfg(feature = "parser")]
+            crate::compiler::CompileError::Parse(rustpython_compiler::ParseError {
+                error: ruff_python_parser::ParseErrorType::UnexpectedIndentation,
+                ..
+            }) => self.ctx.exceptions.indentation_error,
+            #[cfg(feature = "parser")]
+            crate::compiler::CompileError::Parse(rustpython_compiler::ParseError {
+                error: ruff_python_parser::ParseErrorType::OtherError(s),
+                ..
+            }) => {
+                if s.starts_with("Expected an indented block after") {
+                    self.ctx.exceptions.indentation_error
+                } else {
+                    self.ctx.exceptions.syntax_error
+                }
             }
             _ => self.ctx.exceptions.syntax_error,
         }
@@ -281,18 +298,32 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         fn get_statement(source: &str, loc: Option<SourceLocation>) -> Option<String> {
             let line = source
                 .split('\n')
-                .nth(loc?.row.to_zero_indexed_usize())?
+                .nth(loc?.row.to_zero_indexed())?
                 .to_owned();
             Some(line + "\n")
         }
 
         let statement = if let Some(source) = source {
-            get_statement(source, error.location)
+            get_statement(source, error.location())
         } else {
             None
         };
 
-        let syntax_error = self.new_exception_msg(syntax_error_type, error.error.to_string());
+        let mut msg = error.to_string();
+        if let Some(msg) = msg.get_mut(..1) {
+            msg.make_ascii_lowercase();
+        }
+        match error {
+            #[cfg(feature = "parser")]
+            crate::compiler::CompileError::Parse(rustpython_compiler::ParseError {
+                error:
+                    ruff_python_parser::ParseErrorType::FStringError(_)
+                    | ruff_python_parser::ParseErrorType::UnexpectedExpressionToken,
+                ..
+            }) => msg.insert_str(0, "invalid syntax: "),
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        let syntax_error = self.new_exception_msg(syntax_error_type, msg);
         let (lineno, offset) = error.python_location();
         let lineno = self.ctx.new_int(lineno);
         let offset = self.ctx.new_int(offset);
@@ -311,11 +342,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             .unwrap();
         syntax_error
             .as_object()
-            .set_attr(
-                "filename",
-                self.ctx.new_str(error.source_path.clone()),
-                self,
-            )
+            .set_attr("filename", self.ctx.new_str(error.source_path()), self)
             .unwrap();
         syntax_error
     }
diff --git a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
index 4703cb9f4a..0e35292a2c 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ rustpython-stdlib = { workspace = true, default-features = false, optional = tru
 # make sure no threading! otherwise wasm build will fail
 rustpython-vm = { workspace = true, features = ["compiler", "encodings", "serde", "wasmbind"] }
 
-rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
+ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
 
 serde = { workspace = true }
 wasm-bindgen = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
index d4fb068e6c..2f80770319 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@
 use crate::js_module;
 use crate::vm_class::{WASMVirtualMachine, stored_vm_from_wasm};
 use js_sys::{Array, ArrayBuffer, Object, Promise, Reflect, SyntaxError, Uint8Array};
-use rustpython_parser::{ParseErrorType, lexer::LexicalErrorType};
 use rustpython_vm::{
     AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
-    compiler::{CompileError, CompileErrorType},
+    compiler::{CompileError, ParseError, parser::ParseErrorType, parser::lexer::LexicalErrorType},
     exceptions,
     function::{ArgBytesLike, FuncArgs},
     py_serde,
@@ -252,21 +251,21 @@ pub fn syntax_err(err: CompileError) -> SyntaxError {
     let _ = Reflect::set(
         &js_err,
         &"row".into(),
-        &(err.location.unwrap().row.get()).into(),
+        &(err.location().unwrap().row.get()).into(),
     );
     let _ = Reflect::set(
         &js_err,
         &"col".into(),
-        &(err.location.unwrap().column.get()).into(),
+        &(err.location().unwrap().column.get()).into(),
     );
+    // | ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(Token::Dedent, _)
     let can_continue = matches!(
-        &err.error,
-        CompileErrorType::Parse(
-            ParseErrorType::Eof
-                | ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::Eof)
-                | ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::IndentationError)
-                | ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(rustpython_parser::Tok::Dedent, _)
-        )
+        &err,
+        CompileError::Parse(ParseError {
+            error: ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::Eof)
+                | ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::IndentationError),
+            ..
+        })
     );
     let _ = Reflect::set(&js_err, &"canContinue".into(), &can_continue.into());
     js_err

From 950a8d5694b6450ce957b1b6f45fdcc1152e6ece Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Mar 2025 21:37:06 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 500/705] Update to ruff_python_parser 0.11

---
 Cargo.lock                      | 72 ++++++++++++++++++---------------
 Cargo.toml                      | 10 ++---
 Lib/test/test_grammar.py        |  2 -
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 14 +++----
 compiler/src/lib.rs             |  7 ++--
 src/shell.rs                    |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs            |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/constant.rs   |  6 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/expression.rs |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs      | 26 +++++++-----
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/string.rs     | 10 ++---
 vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs             |  2 +-
 wasm/lib/src/convert.rs         |  2 +-
 13 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index acf545efa8..c8106856e6 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -214,6 +214,15 @@ version = "0.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "castaway"
+version = "0.2.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0abae9be0aaf9ea96a3b1b8b1b55c602ca751eba1b1500220cea4ecbafe7c0d5"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustversion",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
 version = "1.2.14"
@@ -269,6 +278,20 @@ dependencies = [
  "error-code",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "compact_str"
+version = "0.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3b79c4069c6cad78e2e0cdfcbd26275770669fb39fd308a752dc110e83b9af32"
+dependencies = [
+ "castaway",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "itoa",
+ "rustversion",
+ "ryu",
+ "static_assertions",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "console"
 version = "0.15.10"
@@ -360,7 +383,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashbrown 0.14.5",
  "log",
  "regalloc2",
- "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
+ "rustc-hash",
  "serde",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
@@ -1007,15 +1030,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "itertools"
-version = "0.13.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "413ee7dfc52ee1a4949ceeb7dbc8a33f2d6c088194d9f922fb8318faf1f01186"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.14.0"
@@ -1895,7 +1909,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "hashbrown 0.15.2",
  "log",
- "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
+ "rustc-hash",
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
@@ -1964,25 +1978,25 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_python_ast"
 version = "0.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "compact_str",
  "is-macro",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
- "once_cell",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "memchr",
  "ruff_python_trivia",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
- "rustc-hash 1.1.0",
+ "rustc-hash",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_python_codegen"
 version = "0.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 dependencies = [
- "once_cell",
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_literal",
  "ruff_python_parser",
@@ -1993,10 +2007,10 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_python_literal"
 version = "0.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "unic-ucd-category",
 ]
@@ -2004,15 +2018,16 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_python_parser"
 version = "0.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "bstr",
+ "compact_str",
  "memchr",
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_trivia",
  "ruff_text_size",
- "rustc-hash 1.1.0",
+ "rustc-hash",
  "static_assertions",
  "unicode-ident",
  "unicode-normalization",
@@ -2022,9 +2037,9 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_python_trivia"
 version = "0.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.13.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
  "unicode-ident",
@@ -2033,23 +2048,16 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_source_file"
 version = "0.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
- "once_cell",
  "ruff_text_size",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_text_size"
 version = "0.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=v0.4.10#b54922fd7394c36cdc390fd21aaee99206ebc361"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rustc-hash"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
+source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ab5e56fa0c..469f895c7d 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.4.
 rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
 
-ruff_python_parser = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "v0.4.10" }
-ruff_python_ast = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "v0.4.10" }
-ruff_text_size = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "v0.4.10" }
-ruff_source_file = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "v0.4.10" }
-ruff_python_codegen = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "v0.4.10" }
+ruff_python_parser = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
+ruff_python_ast = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
+ruff_text_size = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
+ruff_source_file = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
+ruff_python_codegen = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
 # rustpython-literal = { version = "0.4.0" }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { version = "0.4.0" }
 # rustpython-parser = { version = "0.4.0" }
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_grammar.py b/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
index f94d36fa0b..d5c9250ab0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_grammar.py
@@ -1619,8 +1619,6 @@ def test_nested_front():
         self.assertEqual(x, [('Boeing', 'Airliner'), ('Boeing', 'Engine'), ('Ford', 'Engine'),
                              ('Macdonalds', 'Cheeseburger')])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_genexps(self):
         # generator expression tests
         g = ([x for x in range(10)] for x in range(1))
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 21087fddd6..a6eb216e2a 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2029,8 +2029,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         if self.future_annotations {
             // FIXME: codegen?
             let ident = Default::default();
-            let codegen =
-                ruff_python_codegen::Generator::new(&ident, Default::default(), Default::default());
+            let codegen = ruff_python_codegen::Generator::new(&ident, Default::default());
             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
                 value: codegen.expr(annotation),
             });
@@ -3595,18 +3594,19 @@ impl ToU32 for usize {
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
+    use ruff_python_ast::name::Name;
     use ruff_python_ast::*;
 
     /// Test if the compiler can correctly identify fstrings containing an `await` expression.
     #[test]
     fn test_fstring_contains_await() {
         let range = TextRange::default();
-        let flags = FStringFlags::default();
+        let flags = FStringFlags::empty();
 
         // f'{x}'
         let expr_x = Expr::Name(ExprName {
             range,
-            id: "x".to_owned(),
+            id: Name::new("x"),
             ctx: ExprContext::Load,
         });
         let not_present = &Expr::FString(ExprFString {
@@ -3631,7 +3631,7 @@ mod tests {
             range,
             value: Box::new(Expr::Name(ExprName {
                 range,
-                id: "x".to_owned(),
+                id: Name::new("x"),
                 ctx: ExprContext::Load,
             })),
         });
@@ -3655,14 +3655,14 @@ mod tests {
         // f'{x:{await y}}'
         let expr_x = Expr::Name(ExprName {
             range,
-            id: "x".to_owned(),
+            id: Name::new("x"),
             ctx: ExprContext::Load,
         });
         let expr_await_y = Expr::Await(ExprAwait {
             range,
             value: Box::new(Expr::Name(ExprName {
                 range,
-                id: "y".to_owned(),
+                id: Name::new("y"),
                 ctx: ExprContext::Load,
             })),
         });
diff --git a/compiler/src/lib.rs b/compiler/src/lib.rs
index 9c64de2610..9df7a2c5a1 100644
--- a/compiler/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/src/lib.rs
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ fn _compile(
     mode: Mode,
     opts: CompileOpts,
 ) -> Result<CodeObject, CompileError> {
-    let parsed = parser::parse(source_code.text, mode.into())
+    let parsed = parser::parse(source_code.text, parser::Mode::from(mode).into())
         .map_err(|err| CompileError::from_ruff_parse_error(err, &source_code))?;
     let ast = parsed.into_syntax();
     compile::compile_top(ast, source_code, mode, opts).map_err(|e| e.into())
@@ -145,9 +145,8 @@ pub fn _compile_symtable(
             symboltable::SymbolTable::scan_program(&ast.into_syntax(), source_code.clone())
         }
         Mode::Eval => {
-            let ast =
-                ruff_python_parser::parse(source_code.text, ruff_python_parser::Mode::Expression)
-                    .map_err(|e| CompileError::from_ruff_parse_error(e, &source_code))?;
+            let ast = ruff_python_parser::parse(source_code.text, parser::Mode::Expression.into())
+                .map_err(|e| CompileError::from_ruff_parse_error(e, &source_code))?;
             symboltable::SymbolTable::scan_expr(
                 &ast.into_syntax().expect_expression(),
                 source_code.clone(),
diff --git a/src/shell.rs b/src/shell.rs
index f920b4d011..98ee6eee21 100644
--- a/src/shell.rs
+++ b/src/shell.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 mod helper;
 
 use rustpython_compiler::{
-    CompileError, ParseError, parser::ParseErrorType, parser::lexer::LexicalErrorType,
+    CompileError, ParseError, parser::LexicalErrorType, parser::ParseErrorType,
 };
 use rustpython_vm::{
     AsObject, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
index b5445c65f5..13341c1b1e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast.rs
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ pub(crate) fn parse(
     mode: parser::Mode,
 ) -> Result<PyObjectRef, CompileError> {
     let source_code = SourceCodeOwned::new("".to_owned(), source.to_owned());
-    let top = parser::parse(source, mode)
+    let top = parser::parse(source, mode.into())
         .map_err(|parse_error| ParseError {
             error: parse_error.error,
             location: text_range_to_source_range(&source_code, parse_error.location)
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/constant.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/constant.rs
index 29c29b4660..857a5a7c91 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/constant.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/constant.rs
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ fn constant_to_ruff_expr(value: Constant) -> ruff::Expr {
                 value: ruff::StringLiteralValue::single(ruff::StringLiteral {
                     range,
                     value,
-                    flags: ruff::StringLiteralFlags::default().with_prefix(prefix),
+                    flags: ruff::StringLiteralFlags::empty().with_prefix(prefix),
                 }),
             })
         }
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ fn constant_to_ruff_expr(value: Constant) -> ruff::Expr {
                 value: ruff::BytesLiteralValue::single(ruff::BytesLiteral {
                     range,
                     value,
-                    flags: Default::default(), // TODO
+                    flags: ruff::BytesLiteralFlags::empty(), // TODO
                 }),
             })
         }
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ fn constant_to_ruff_expr(value: Constant) -> ruff::Expr {
             // idk lol
             func: Box::new(ruff::Expr::Name(ruff::ExprName {
                 range: TextRange::default(),
-                id: "frozenset".to_owned(),
+                id: ruff::name::Name::new_static("frozenset"),
                 ctx: ruff::ExprContext::Load,
             })),
             arguments: ruff::Arguments {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/expression.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/expression.rs
index b4c9124ad7..ed42dd5d0a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/expression.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/expression.rs
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ impl Node for ruff::ExprName {
         object: PyObjectRef,
     ) -> PyResult<Self> {
         Ok(Self {
-            id: get_node_field(vm, &object, "id", "Name")?.try_into_value(vm)?,
+            id: Node::ast_from_object(vm, source_code, get_node_field(vm, &object, "id", "Name")?)?,
             ctx: Node::ast_from_object(
                 vm,
                 source_code,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs
index 09ffbd4077..2b9d292c1c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs
@@ -19,18 +19,22 @@ impl Node for ruff::ConversionFlag {
 }
 
 // /// This is just a string, not strictly an AST node. But it makes AST conversions easier.
-// impl Node for ruff::name::Name {
-//     fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
-//         vm.ctx.new_str(self.as_str()).to_pyobject(vm)
-//     }
+impl Node for ruff::name::Name {
+    fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_str(self.as_str()).to_pyobject(vm)
+    }
 
-//     fn ast_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned, object: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-//         match object.downcast::<PyStr>() {
-//             Ok(name) => Ok(Self::new(name)),
-//             Err(_) => Err(vm.new_value_error("expected str for name".to_owned())),
-//         }
-//     }
-// }
+    fn ast_from_object(
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned,
+        object: PyObjectRef,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        match object.downcast::<PyStr>() {
+            Ok(name) => Ok(Self::new(name)),
+            Err(_) => Err(vm.new_value_error("expected str for name".to_owned())),
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 impl Node for ruff::Decorator {
     fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/string.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/string.rs
index 5b78967976..0d55d6f1e2 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/string.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/string.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ fn ruff_fstring_value_into_iter(
     let default = ruff::FStringPart::FString(ruff::FString {
         range: Default::default(),
         elements: Default::default(),
-        flags: Default::default(),
+        flags: ruff::FStringFlags::empty(),
     });
     (0..fstring_value.as_slice().len()).map(move |i| {
         let fstring_value = &mut fstring_value;
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ fn ruff_fstring_element_to_ruff_fstring_part(element: ruff::FStringElement) -> r
             ruff::FStringPart::Literal(ruff::StringLiteral {
                 range,
                 value,
-                flags: Default::default(),
+                flags: ruff::StringLiteralFlags::empty(),
             })
         }
         ruff::FStringElement::Expression(value) => {
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ fn ruff_fstring_element_to_ruff_fstring_part(element: ruff::FStringElement) -> r
                     },
                 )]
                 .into(),
-                flags: Default::default(),
+                flags: ruff::FStringFlags::empty(),
             })
         }
     }
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ impl JoinedStr {
                 0 => ruff::FStringValue::single(ruff::FString {
                     range,
                     elements: vec![].into(),
-                    flags: Default::default(),
+                    flags: ruff::FStringFlags::empty(),
                 }),
                 1 => ruff::FStringValue::single(
                     Box::<[_]>::into_iter(values)
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ impl JoinedStr {
                         .map(|element| ruff::FString {
                             range,
                             elements: vec![element].into(),
-                            flags: Default::default(),
+                            flags: ruff::FStringFlags::empty(),
                         })
                         .next()
                         .expect("FString has exactly one part"),
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
index 01709b6873..12241414a7 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             crate::compiler::CompileError::Parse(rustpython_compiler::ParseError {
                 error:
                     ruff_python_parser::ParseErrorType::Lexical(
-                        ruff_python_parser::lexer::LexicalErrorType::IndentationError,
+                        ruff_python_parser::LexicalErrorType::IndentationError,
                     ),
                 ..
             }) => self.ctx.exceptions.tab_error,
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
index 2f80770319..4f6e4db35c 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use js_sys::{Array, ArrayBuffer, Object, Promise, Reflect, SyntaxError, Uint8Arr
 use rustpython_vm::{
     AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef,
-    compiler::{CompileError, ParseError, parser::ParseErrorType, parser::lexer::LexicalErrorType},
+    compiler::{CompileError, ParseError, parser::LexicalErrorType, parser::ParseErrorType},
     exceptions,
     function::{ArgBytesLike, FuncArgs},
     py_serde,

From bfe72689fcdb06e16cd821307f7358261b417f7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Mar 2025 21:42:33 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 501/705] Remove -merge from Cargo.lock gitattributes

---
 .gitattributes | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
index 0c4ae3d850..f54bcd3b72 100644
--- a/.gitattributes
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Lib/**      linguist-vendored
-Cargo.lock  linguist-generated -merge
+Cargo.lock  linguist-generated
 *.snap      linguist-generated -merge
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/gen.rs    linguist-generated -merge
 Lib/*.py    text working-tree-encoding=UTF-8 eol=LF

From a4466adf8bf16941ea2045dd942d4da1800b4394 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Mar 2025 21:04:08 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 502/705] add _aix_support

---
 Lib/_aix_support.py | 108 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 108 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/_aix_support.py

diff --git a/Lib/_aix_support.py b/Lib/_aix_support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dadc75c2bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_aix_support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+"""Shared AIX support functions."""
+
+import sys
+import sysconfig
+
+
+# Taken from _osx_support _read_output function
+def _read_cmd_output(commandstring, capture_stderr=False):
+    """Output from successful command execution or None"""
+    # Similar to os.popen(commandstring, "r").read(),
+    # but without actually using os.popen because that
+    # function is not usable during python bootstrap.
+    import os
+    import contextlib
+    fp = open("/tmp/_aix_support.%s"%(
+        os.getpid(),), "w+b")
+
+    with contextlib.closing(fp) as fp:
+        if capture_stderr:
+            cmd = "%s >'%s' 2>&1" % (commandstring, fp.name)
+        else:
+            cmd = "%s 2>/dev/null >'%s'" % (commandstring, fp.name)
+        return fp.read() if not os.system(cmd) else None
+
+
+def _aix_tag(vrtl, bd):
+    # type: (List[int], int) -> str
+    # Infer the ABI bitwidth from maxsize (assuming 64 bit as the default)
+    _sz = 32 if sys.maxsize == (2**31-1) else 64
+    _bd = bd if bd != 0 else 9988
+    # vrtl[version, release, technology_level]
+    return "aix-{:1x}{:1d}{:02d}-{:04d}-{}".format(vrtl[0], vrtl[1], vrtl[2], _bd, _sz)
+
+
+# extract version, release and technology level from a VRMF string
+def _aix_vrtl(vrmf):
+    # type: (str) -> List[int]
+    v, r, tl = vrmf.split(".")[:3]
+    return [int(v[-1]), int(r), int(tl)]
+
+
+def _aix_bos_rte():
+    # type: () -> Tuple[str, int]
+    """
+    Return a Tuple[str, int] e.g., ['7.1.4.34', 1806]
+    The fileset bos.rte represents the current AIX run-time level. It's VRMF and
+    builddate reflect the current ABI levels of the runtime environment.
+    If no builddate is found give a value that will satisfy pep425 related queries
+    """
+    # All AIX systems to have lslpp installed in this location
+    # subprocess may not be available during python bootstrap
+    try:
+        import subprocess
+        out = subprocess.check_output(["/usr/bin/lslpp", "-Lqc", "bos.rte"])
+    except ImportError:
+        out = _read_cmd_output("/usr/bin/lslpp -Lqc bos.rte")
+    out = out.decode("utf-8")
+    out = out.strip().split(":")  # type: ignore
+    _bd = int(out[-1]) if out[-1] != '' else 9988
+    return (str(out[2]), _bd)
+
+
+def aix_platform():
+    # type: () -> str
+    """
+    AIX filesets are identified by four decimal values: V.R.M.F.
+    V (version) and R (release) can be retrieved using ``uname``
+    Since 2007, starting with AIX 5.3 TL7, the M value has been
+    included with the fileset bos.rte and represents the Technology
+    Level (TL) of AIX. The F (Fix) value also increases, but is not
+    relevant for comparing releases and binary compatibility.
+    For binary compatibility the so-called builddate is needed.
+    Again, the builddate of an AIX release is associated with bos.rte.
+    AIX ABI compatibility is described  as guaranteed at: https://www.ibm.com/\
+    support/knowledgecenter/en/ssw_aix_72/install/binary_compatability.html
+
+    For pep425 purposes the AIX platform tag becomes:
+    "aix-{:1x}{:1d}{:02d}-{:04d}-{}".format(v, r, tl, builddate, bitsize)
+    e.g., "aix-6107-1415-32" for AIX 6.1 TL7 bd 1415, 32-bit
+    and, "aix-6107-1415-64" for AIX 6.1 TL7 bd 1415, 64-bit
+    """
+    vrmf, bd = _aix_bos_rte()
+    return _aix_tag(_aix_vrtl(vrmf), bd)
+
+
+# extract vrtl from the BUILD_GNU_TYPE as an int
+def _aix_bgt():
+    # type: () -> List[int]
+    gnu_type = sysconfig.get_config_var("BUILD_GNU_TYPE")
+    if not gnu_type:
+        raise ValueError("BUILD_GNU_TYPE is not defined")
+    return _aix_vrtl(vrmf=gnu_type)
+
+
+def aix_buildtag():
+    # type: () -> str
+    """
+    Return the platform_tag of the system Python was built on.
+    """
+    # AIX_BUILDDATE is defined by configure with:
+    # lslpp -Lcq bos.rte | awk -F:  '{ print $NF }'
+    build_date = sysconfig.get_config_var("AIX_BUILDDATE")
+    try:
+        build_date = int(build_date)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        raise ValueError(f"AIX_BUILDDATE is not defined or invalid: "
+                         f"{build_date!r}")
+    return _aix_tag(_aix_bgt(), build_date)

From 081dc4e8ca21dbf3e38acd6c9f0f8390e4562eb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Mar 2025 22:28:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 503/705] removed cgib (#5609)

---
 Lib/cgitb.py           | 332 -----------------------------------------
 Lib/test/test_cgitb.py |  71 ---------
 2 files changed, 403 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/cgitb.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/test/test_cgitb.py

diff --git a/Lib/cgitb.py b/Lib/cgitb.py
deleted file mode 100644
index f6b97f25c5..0000000000
--- a/Lib/cgitb.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,332 +0,0 @@
-"""More comprehensive traceback formatting for Python scripts.
-
-To enable this module, do:
-
-    import cgitb; cgitb.enable()
-
-at the top of your script.  The optional arguments to enable() are:
-
-    display     - if true, tracebacks are displayed in the web browser
-    logdir      - if set, tracebacks are written to files in this directory
-    context     - number of lines of source code to show for each stack frame
-    format      - 'text' or 'html' controls the output format
-
-By default, tracebacks are displayed but not saved, the context is 5 lines
-and the output format is 'html' (for backwards compatibility with the
-original use of this module)
-
-Alternatively, if you have caught an exception and want cgitb to display it
-for you, call cgitb.handler().  The optional argument to handler() is a
-3-item tuple (etype, evalue, etb) just like the value of sys.exc_info().
-The default handler displays output as HTML.
-
-"""
-import inspect
-import keyword
-import linecache
-import os
-import pydoc
-import sys
-import tempfile
-import time
-import tokenize
-import traceback
-import warnings
-from html import escape as html_escape
-
-warnings._deprecated(__name__, remove=(3, 13))
-
-
-def reset():
-    """Return a string that resets the CGI and browser to a known state."""
-    return '''<!--: spam
-Content-Type: text/html
-
-<body bgcolor="#f0f0f8"><font color="#f0f0f8" size="-5"> -->
-<body bgcolor="#f0f0f8"><font color="#f0f0f8" size="-5"> --> -->
-</font> </font> </font> </script> </object> </blockquote> </pre>
-</table> </table> </table> </table> </table> </font> </font> </font>'''
-
-__UNDEF__ = []                          # a special sentinel object
-def small(text):
-    if text:
-        return '<small>' + text + '</small>'
-    else:
-        return ''
-
-def strong(text):
-    if text:
-        return '<strong>' + text + '</strong>'
-    else:
-        return ''
-
-def grey(text):
-    if text:
-        return '<font color="#909090">' + text + '</font>'
-    else:
-        return ''
-
-def lookup(name, frame, locals):
-    """Find the value for a given name in the given environment."""
-    if name in locals:
-        return 'local', locals[name]
-    if name in frame.f_globals:
-        return 'global', frame.f_globals[name]
-    if '__builtins__' in frame.f_globals:
-        builtins = frame.f_globals['__builtins__']
-        if isinstance(builtins, dict):
-            if name in builtins:
-                return 'builtin', builtins[name]
-        else:
-            if hasattr(builtins, name):
-                return 'builtin', getattr(builtins, name)
-    return None, __UNDEF__
-
-def scanvars(reader, frame, locals):
-    """Scan one logical line of Python and look up values of variables used."""
-    vars, lasttoken, parent, prefix, value = [], None, None, '', __UNDEF__
-    for ttype, token, start, end, line in tokenize.generate_tokens(reader):
-        if ttype == tokenize.NEWLINE: break
-        if ttype == tokenize.NAME and token not in keyword.kwlist:
-            if lasttoken == '.':
-                if parent is not __UNDEF__:
-                    value = getattr(parent, token, __UNDEF__)
-                    vars.append((prefix + token, prefix, value))
-            else:
-                where, value = lookup(token, frame, locals)
-                vars.append((token, where, value))
-        elif token == '.':
-            prefix += lasttoken + '.'
-            parent = value
-        else:
-            parent, prefix = None, ''
-        lasttoken = token
-    return vars
-
-def html(einfo, context=5):
-    """Return a nice HTML document describing a given traceback."""
-    etype, evalue, etb = einfo
-    if isinstance(etype, type):
-        etype = etype.__name__
-    pyver = 'Python ' + sys.version.split()[0] + ': ' + sys.executable
-    date = time.ctime(time.time())
-    head = f'''
-<body bgcolor="#f0f0f8">
-<table width="100%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="heading">
-<tr bgcolor="#6622aa">
-<td valign=bottom>&nbsp;<br>
-<font color="#ffffff" face="helvetica, arial">&nbsp;<br>
-<big><big><strong>{html_escape(str(etype))}</strong></big></big></font></td>
-<td align=right valign=bottom>
-<font color="#ffffff" face="helvetica, arial">{pyver}<br>{date}</font></td>
-</tr></table>
-<p>A problem occurred in a Python script.  Here is the sequence of
-function calls leading up to the error, in the order they occurred.</p>'''
-
-    indent = '<tt>' + small('&nbsp;' * 5) + '&nbsp;</tt>'
-    frames = []
-    records = inspect.getinnerframes(etb, context)
-    for frame, file, lnum, func, lines, index in records:
-        if file:
-            file = os.path.abspath(file)
-            link = '<a href="file://%s">%s</a>' % (file, pydoc.html.escape(file))
-        else:
-            file = link = '?'
-        args, varargs, varkw, locals = inspect.getargvalues(frame)
-        call = ''
-        if func != '?':
-            call = 'in ' + strong(pydoc.html.escape(func))
-            if func != "<module>":
-                call += inspect.formatargvalues(args, varargs, varkw, locals,
-                    formatvalue=lambda value: '=' + pydoc.html.repr(value))
-
-        highlight = {}
-        def reader(lnum=[lnum]):
-            highlight[lnum[0]] = 1
-            try: return linecache.getline(file, lnum[0])
-            finally: lnum[0] += 1
-        vars = scanvars(reader, frame, locals)
-
-        rows = ['<tr><td bgcolor="#d8bbff">%s%s %s</td></tr>' %
-                ('<big>&nbsp;</big>', link, call)]
-        if index is not None:
-            i = lnum - index
-            for line in lines:
-                num = small('&nbsp;' * (5-len(str(i))) + str(i)) + '&nbsp;'
-                if i in highlight:
-                    line = '<tt>=&gt;%s%s</tt>' % (num, pydoc.html.preformat(line))
-                    rows.append('<tr><td bgcolor="#ffccee">%s</td></tr>' % line)
-                else:
-                    line = '<tt>&nbsp;&nbsp;%s%s</tt>' % (num, pydoc.html.preformat(line))
-                    rows.append('<tr><td>%s</td></tr>' % grey(line))
-                i += 1
-
-        done, dump = {}, []
-        for name, where, value in vars:
-            if name in done: continue
-            done[name] = 1
-            if value is not __UNDEF__:
-                if where in ('global', 'builtin'):
-                    name = ('<em>%s</em> ' % where) + strong(name)
-                elif where == 'local':
-                    name = strong(name)
-                else:
-                    name = where + strong(name.split('.')[-1])
-                dump.append('%s&nbsp;= %s' % (name, pydoc.html.repr(value)))
-            else:
-                dump.append(name + ' <em>undefined</em>')
-
-        rows.append('<tr><td>%s</td></tr>' % small(grey(', '.join(dump))))
-        frames.append('''
-<table width="100%%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 border=0>
-%s</table>''' % '\n'.join(rows))
-
-    exception = ['<p>%s: %s' % (strong(pydoc.html.escape(str(etype))),
-                                pydoc.html.escape(str(evalue)))]
-    for name in dir(evalue):
-        if name[:1] == '_': continue
-        value = pydoc.html.repr(getattr(evalue, name))
-        exception.append('\n<br>%s%s&nbsp;=\n%s' % (indent, name, value))
-
-    return head + ''.join(frames) + ''.join(exception) + '''
-
-
-<!-- The above is a description of an error in a Python program, formatted
-     for a web browser because the 'cgitb' module was enabled.  In case you
-     are not reading this in a web browser, here is the original traceback:
-
-%s
--->
-''' % pydoc.html.escape(
-          ''.join(traceback.format_exception(etype, evalue, etb)))
-
-def text(einfo, context=5):
-    """Return a plain text document describing a given traceback."""
-    etype, evalue, etb = einfo
-    if isinstance(etype, type):
-        etype = etype.__name__
-    pyver = 'Python ' + sys.version.split()[0] + ': ' + sys.executable
-    date = time.ctime(time.time())
-    head = "%s\n%s\n%s\n" % (str(etype), pyver, date) + '''
-A problem occurred in a Python script.  Here is the sequence of
-function calls leading up to the error, in the order they occurred.
-'''
-
-    frames = []
-    records = inspect.getinnerframes(etb, context)
-    for frame, file, lnum, func, lines, index in records:
-        file = file and os.path.abspath(file) or '?'
-        args, varargs, varkw, locals = inspect.getargvalues(frame)
-        call = ''
-        if func != '?':
-            call = 'in ' + func
-            if func != "<module>":
-                call += inspect.formatargvalues(args, varargs, varkw, locals,
-                    formatvalue=lambda value: '=' + pydoc.text.repr(value))
-
-        highlight = {}
-        def reader(lnum=[lnum]):
-            highlight[lnum[0]] = 1
-            try: return linecache.getline(file, lnum[0])
-            finally: lnum[0] += 1
-        vars = scanvars(reader, frame, locals)
-
-        rows = [' %s %s' % (file, call)]
-        if index is not None:
-            i = lnum - index
-            for line in lines:
-                num = '%5d ' % i
-                rows.append(num+line.rstrip())
-                i += 1
-
-        done, dump = {}, []
-        for name, where, value in vars:
-            if name in done: continue
-            done[name] = 1
-            if value is not __UNDEF__:
-                if where == 'global': name = 'global ' + name
-                elif where != 'local': name = where + name.split('.')[-1]
-                dump.append('%s = %s' % (name, pydoc.text.repr(value)))
-            else:
-                dump.append(name + ' undefined')
-
-        rows.append('\n'.join(dump))
-        frames.append('\n%s\n' % '\n'.join(rows))
-
-    exception = ['%s: %s' % (str(etype), str(evalue))]
-    for name in dir(evalue):
-        value = pydoc.text.repr(getattr(evalue, name))
-        exception.append('\n%s%s = %s' % (" "*4, name, value))
-
-    return head + ''.join(frames) + ''.join(exception) + '''
-
-The above is a description of an error in a Python program.  Here is
-the original traceback:
-
-%s
-''' % ''.join(traceback.format_exception(etype, evalue, etb))
-
-class Hook:
-    """A hook to replace sys.excepthook that shows tracebacks in HTML."""
-
-    def __init__(self, display=1, logdir=None, context=5, file=None,
-                 format="html"):
-        self.display = display          # send tracebacks to browser if true
-        self.logdir = logdir            # log tracebacks to files if not None
-        self.context = context          # number of source code lines per frame
-        self.file = file or sys.stdout  # place to send the output
-        self.format = format
-
-    def __call__(self, etype, evalue, etb):
-        self.handle((etype, evalue, etb))
-
-    def handle(self, info=None):
-        info = info or sys.exc_info()
-        if self.format == "html":
-            self.file.write(reset())
-
-        formatter = (self.format=="html") and html or text
-        plain = False
-        try:
-            doc = formatter(info, self.context)
-        except:                         # just in case something goes wrong
-            doc = ''.join(traceback.format_exception(*info))
-            plain = True
-
-        if self.display:
-            if plain:
-                doc = pydoc.html.escape(doc)
-                self.file.write('<pre>' + doc + '</pre>\n')
-            else:
-                self.file.write(doc + '\n')
-        else:
-            self.file.write('<p>A problem occurred in a Python script.\n')
-
-        if self.logdir is not None:
-            suffix = ['.txt', '.html'][self.format=="html"]
-            (fd, path) = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=suffix, dir=self.logdir)
-
-            try:
-                with os.fdopen(fd, 'w') as file:
-                    file.write(doc)
-                msg = '%s contains the description of this error.' % path
-            except:
-                msg = 'Tried to save traceback to %s, but failed.' % path
-
-            if self.format == 'html':
-                self.file.write('<p>%s</p>\n' % msg)
-            else:
-                self.file.write(msg + '\n')
-        try:
-            self.file.flush()
-        except: pass
-
-handler = Hook().handle
-def enable(display=1, logdir=None, context=5, format="html"):
-    """Install an exception handler that formats tracebacks as HTML.
-
-    The optional argument 'display' can be set to 0 to suppress sending the
-    traceback to the browser, and 'logdir' can be set to a directory to cause
-    tracebacks to be written to files there."""
-    sys.excepthook = Hook(display=display, logdir=logdir,
-                          context=context, format=format)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cgitb.py b/Lib/test/test_cgitb.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 501c7fcce2..0000000000
--- a/Lib/test/test_cgitb.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-from test.support.os_helper import temp_dir
-from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_failure
-from test.support.warnings_helper import import_deprecated
-import unittest
-import sys
-cgitb = import_deprecated("cgitb")
-
-class TestCgitb(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_fonts(self):
-        text = "Hello Robbie!"
-        self.assertEqual(cgitb.small(text), "<small>{}</small>".format(text))
-        self.assertEqual(cgitb.strong(text), "<strong>{}</strong>".format(text))
-        self.assertEqual(cgitb.grey(text),
-                         '<font color="#909090">{}</font>'.format(text))
-
-    def test_blanks(self):
-        self.assertEqual(cgitb.small(""), "")
-        self.assertEqual(cgitb.strong(""), "")
-        self.assertEqual(cgitb.grey(""), "")
-
-    def test_html(self):
-        try:
-            raise ValueError("Hello World")
-        except ValueError as err:
-            # If the html was templated we could do a bit more here.
-            # At least check that we get details on what we just raised.
-            html = cgitb.html(sys.exc_info())
-            self.assertIn("ValueError", html)
-            self.assertIn(str(err), html)
-
-    def test_text(self):
-        try:
-            raise ValueError("Hello World")
-        except ValueError:
-            text = cgitb.text(sys.exc_info())
-            self.assertIn("ValueError", text)
-            self.assertIn("Hello World", text)
-
-    def test_syshook_no_logdir_default_format(self):
-        with temp_dir() as tracedir:
-            rc, out, err = assert_python_failure(
-                  '-c',
-                  ('import cgitb; cgitb.enable(logdir=%s); '
-                   'raise ValueError("Hello World")') % repr(tracedir),
-                  PYTHONIOENCODING='utf-8')
-        out = out.decode()
-        self.assertIn("ValueError", out)
-        self.assertIn("Hello World", out)
-        self.assertIn("<strong>&lt;module&gt;</strong>", out)
-        # By default we emit HTML markup.
-        self.assertIn('<p>', out)
-        self.assertIn('</p>', out)
-
-    def test_syshook_no_logdir_text_format(self):
-        # Issue 12890: we were emitting the <p> tag in text mode.
-        with temp_dir() as tracedir:
-            rc, out, err = assert_python_failure(
-                  '-c',
-                  ('import cgitb; cgitb.enable(format="text", logdir=%s); '
-                   'raise ValueError("Hello World")') % repr(tracedir),
-                  PYTHONIOENCODING='utf-8')
-        out = out.decode()
-        self.assertIn("ValueError", out)
-        self.assertIn("Hello World", out)
-        self.assertNotIn('<p>', out)
-        self.assertNotIn('</p>', out)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()

From 37bd49cf385212a66eaee0f85d7b54913c4ad60a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 14 Mar 2025 23:19:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 504/705] add _pylong.py at 3.13.2

---
 Lib/_pylong.py | 363 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 363 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pylong.py

diff --git a/Lib/_pylong.py b/Lib/_pylong.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4970eb3fa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pylong.py
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+"""Python implementations of some algorithms for use by longobject.c.
+The goal is to provide asymptotically faster algorithms that can be
+used for operations on integers with many digits.  In those cases, the
+performance overhead of the Python implementation is not significant
+since the asymptotic behavior is what dominates runtime. Functions
+provided by this module should be considered private and not part of any
+public API.
+
+Note: for ease of maintainability, please prefer clear code and avoid
+"micro-optimizations".  This module will only be imported and used for
+integers with a huge number of digits.  Saving a few microseconds with
+tricky or non-obvious code is not worth it.  For people looking for
+maximum performance, they should use something like gmpy2."""
+
+import re
+import decimal
+try:
+    import _decimal
+except ImportError:
+    _decimal = None
+
+# A number of functions have this form, where `w` is a desired number of
+# digits in base `base`:
+#
+#    def inner(...w...):
+#        if w <= LIMIT:
+#            return something
+#        lo = w >> 1
+#        hi = w - lo
+#        something involving base**lo, inner(...lo...), j, and inner(...hi...)
+#    figure out largest w needed
+#    result = inner(w)
+#
+# They all had some on-the-fly scheme to cache `base**lo` results for reuse.
+# Power is costly.
+#
+# This routine aims to compute all amd only the needed powers in advance, as
+# efficiently as reasonably possible. This isn't trivial, and all the
+# on-the-fly methods did needless work in many cases. The driving code above
+# changes to:
+#
+#    figure out largest w needed
+#    mycache = compute_powers(w, base, LIMIT)
+#    result = inner(w)
+#
+# and `mycache[lo]` replaces `base**lo` in the inner function.
+#
+# While this does give minor speedups (a few percent at best), the primary
+# intent is to simplify the functions using this, by eliminating the need for
+# them to craft their own ad-hoc caching schemes.
+def compute_powers(w, base, more_than, show=False):
+    seen = set()
+    need = set()
+    ws = {w}
+    while ws:
+        w = ws.pop() # any element is fine to use next
+        if w in seen or w <= more_than:
+            continue
+        seen.add(w)
+        lo = w >> 1
+        # only _need_ lo here; some other path may, or may not, need hi
+        need.add(lo)
+        ws.add(lo)
+        if w & 1:
+            ws.add(lo + 1)
+
+    d = {}
+    if not need:
+        return d
+    it = iter(sorted(need))
+    first = next(it)
+    if show:
+        print("pow at", first)
+    d[first] = base ** first
+    for this in it:
+        if this - 1 in d:
+            if show:
+                print("* base at", this)
+            d[this] = d[this - 1] * base # cheap
+        else:
+            lo = this >> 1
+            hi = this - lo
+            assert lo in d
+            if show:
+                print("square at", this)
+            # Multiplying a bigint by itself (same object!) is about twice
+            # as fast in CPython.
+            sq = d[lo] * d[lo]
+            if hi != lo:
+                assert hi == lo + 1
+                if show:
+                    print("    and * base")
+                sq *= base
+            d[this] = sq
+    return d
+
+_unbounded_dec_context = decimal.getcontext().copy()
+_unbounded_dec_context.prec = decimal.MAX_PREC
+_unbounded_dec_context.Emax = decimal.MAX_EMAX
+_unbounded_dec_context.Emin = decimal.MIN_EMIN
+_unbounded_dec_context.traps[decimal.Inexact] = 1 # sanity check
+
+def int_to_decimal(n):
+    """Asymptotically fast conversion of an 'int' to Decimal."""
+
+    # Function due to Tim Peters.  See GH issue #90716 for details.
+    # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/90716
+    #
+    # The implementation in longobject.c of base conversion algorithms
+    # between power-of-2 and non-power-of-2 bases are quadratic time.
+    # This function implements a divide-and-conquer algorithm that is
+    # faster for large numbers.  Builds an equal decimal.Decimal in a
+    # "clever" recursive way.  If we want a string representation, we
+    # apply str to _that_.
+
+    from decimal import Decimal as D
+    BITLIM = 200
+
+    # Don't bother caching the "lo" mask in this; the time to compute it is
+    # tiny compared to the multiply.
+    def inner(n, w):
+        if w <= BITLIM:
+            return D(n)
+        w2 = w >> 1
+        hi = n >> w2
+        lo = n & ((1 << w2) - 1)
+        return inner(lo, w2) + inner(hi, w - w2) * w2pow[w2]
+
+    with decimal.localcontext(_unbounded_dec_context):
+        nbits = n.bit_length()
+        w2pow = compute_powers(nbits, D(2), BITLIM)
+        if n < 0:
+            negate = True
+            n = -n
+        else:
+            negate = False
+        result = inner(n, nbits)
+        if negate:
+            result = -result
+    return result
+
+def int_to_decimal_string(n):
+    """Asymptotically fast conversion of an 'int' to a decimal string."""
+    w = n.bit_length()
+    if w > 450_000 and _decimal is not None:
+        # It is only usable with the C decimal implementation.
+        # _pydecimal.py calls str() on very large integers, which in its
+        # turn calls int_to_decimal_string(), causing very deep recursion.
+        return str(int_to_decimal(n))
+
+    # Fallback algorithm for the case when the C decimal module isn't
+    # available.  This algorithm is asymptotically worse than the algorithm
+    # using the decimal module, but better than the quadratic time
+    # implementation in longobject.c.
+
+    DIGLIM = 1000
+    def inner(n, w):
+        if w <= DIGLIM:
+            return str(n)
+        w2 = w >> 1
+        hi, lo = divmod(n, pow10[w2])
+        return inner(hi, w - w2) + inner(lo, w2).zfill(w2)
+
+    # The estimation of the number of decimal digits.
+    # There is no harm in small error.  If we guess too large, there may
+    # be leading 0's that need to be stripped.  If we guess too small, we
+    # may need to call str() recursively for the remaining highest digits,
+    # which can still potentially be a large integer. This is manifested
+    # only if the number has way more than 10**15 digits, that exceeds
+    # the 52-bit physical address limit in both Intel64 and AMD64.
+    w = int(w * 0.3010299956639812 + 1)  # log10(2)
+    pow10 = compute_powers(w, 5, DIGLIM)
+    for k, v in pow10.items():
+        pow10[k] = v << k # 5**k << k == 5**k * 2**k == 10**k
+    if n < 0:
+        n = -n
+        sign = '-'
+    else:
+        sign = ''
+    s = inner(n, w)
+    if s[0] == '0' and n:
+        # If our guess of w is too large, there may be leading 0's that
+        # need to be stripped.
+        s = s.lstrip('0')
+    return sign + s
+
+def _str_to_int_inner(s):
+    """Asymptotically fast conversion of a 'str' to an 'int'."""
+
+    # Function due to Bjorn Martinsson.  See GH issue #90716 for details.
+    # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/90716
+    #
+    # The implementation in longobject.c of base conversion algorithms
+    # between power-of-2 and non-power-of-2 bases are quadratic time.
+    # This function implements a divide-and-conquer algorithm making use
+    # of Python's built in big int multiplication. Since Python uses the
+    # Karatsuba algorithm for multiplication, the time complexity
+    # of this function is O(len(s)**1.58).
+
+    DIGLIM = 2048
+
+    def inner(a, b):
+        if b - a <= DIGLIM:
+            return int(s[a:b])
+        mid = (a + b + 1) >> 1
+        return (inner(mid, b)
+                + ((inner(a, mid) * w5pow[b - mid])
+                    << (b - mid)))
+
+    w5pow = compute_powers(len(s), 5, DIGLIM)
+    return inner(0, len(s))
+
+
+def int_from_string(s):
+    """Asymptotically fast version of PyLong_FromString(), conversion
+    of a string of decimal digits into an 'int'."""
+    # PyLong_FromString() has already removed leading +/-, checked for invalid
+    # use of underscore characters, checked that string consists of only digits
+    # and underscores, and stripped leading whitespace.  The input can still
+    # contain underscores and have trailing whitespace.
+    s = s.rstrip().replace('_', '')
+    return _str_to_int_inner(s)
+
+def str_to_int(s):
+    """Asymptotically fast version of decimal string to 'int' conversion."""
+    # FIXME: this doesn't support the full syntax that int() supports.
+    m = re.match(r'\s*([+-]?)([0-9_]+)\s*', s)
+    if not m:
+        raise ValueError('invalid literal for int() with base 10')
+    v = int_from_string(m.group(2))
+    if m.group(1) == '-':
+        v = -v
+    return v
+
+
+# Fast integer division, based on code from Mark Dickinson, fast_div.py
+# GH-47701. Additional refinements and optimizations by Bjorn Martinsson.  The
+# algorithm is due to Burnikel and Ziegler, in their paper "Fast Recursive
+# Division".
+
+_DIV_LIMIT = 4000
+
+
+def _div2n1n(a, b, n):
+    """Divide a 2n-bit nonnegative integer a by an n-bit positive integer
+    b, using a recursive divide-and-conquer algorithm.
+
+    Inputs:
+      n is a positive integer
+      b is a positive integer with exactly n bits
+      a is a nonnegative integer such that a < 2**n * b
+
+    Output:
+      (q, r) such that a = b*q+r and 0 <= r < b.
+
+    """
+    if a.bit_length() - n <= _DIV_LIMIT:
+        return divmod(a, b)
+    pad = n & 1
+    if pad:
+        a <<= 1
+        b <<= 1
+        n += 1
+    half_n = n >> 1
+    mask = (1 << half_n) - 1
+    b1, b2 = b >> half_n, b & mask
+    q1, r = _div3n2n(a >> n, (a >> half_n) & mask, b, b1, b2, half_n)
+    q2, r = _div3n2n(r, a & mask, b, b1, b2, half_n)
+    if pad:
+        r >>= 1
+    return q1 << half_n | q2, r
+
+
+def _div3n2n(a12, a3, b, b1, b2, n):
+    """Helper function for _div2n1n; not intended to be called directly."""
+    if a12 >> n == b1:
+        q, r = (1 << n) - 1, a12 - (b1 << n) + b1
+    else:
+        q, r = _div2n1n(a12, b1, n)
+    r = (r << n | a3) - q * b2
+    while r < 0:
+        q -= 1
+        r += b
+    return q, r
+
+
+def _int2digits(a, n):
+    """Decompose non-negative int a into base 2**n
+
+    Input:
+      a is a non-negative integer
+
+    Output:
+      List of the digits of a in base 2**n in little-endian order,
+      meaning the most significant digit is last. The most
+      significant digit is guaranteed to be non-zero.
+      If a is 0 then the output is an empty list.
+
+    """
+    a_digits = [0] * ((a.bit_length() + n - 1) // n)
+
+    def inner(x, L, R):
+        if L + 1 == R:
+            a_digits[L] = x
+            return
+        mid = (L + R) >> 1
+        shift = (mid - L) * n
+        upper = x >> shift
+        lower = x ^ (upper << shift)
+        inner(lower, L, mid)
+        inner(upper, mid, R)
+
+    if a:
+        inner(a, 0, len(a_digits))
+    return a_digits
+
+
+def _digits2int(digits, n):
+    """Combine base-2**n digits into an int. This function is the
+    inverse of `_int2digits`. For more details, see _int2digits.
+    """
+
+    def inner(L, R):
+        if L + 1 == R:
+            return digits[L]
+        mid = (L + R) >> 1
+        shift = (mid - L) * n
+        return (inner(mid, R) << shift) + inner(L, mid)
+
+    return inner(0, len(digits)) if digits else 0
+
+
+def _divmod_pos(a, b):
+    """Divide a non-negative integer a by a positive integer b, giving
+    quotient and remainder."""
+    # Use grade-school algorithm in base 2**n, n = nbits(b)
+    n = b.bit_length()
+    a_digits = _int2digits(a, n)
+
+    r = 0
+    q_digits = []
+    for a_digit in reversed(a_digits):
+        q_digit, r = _div2n1n((r << n) + a_digit, b, n)
+        q_digits.append(q_digit)
+    q_digits.reverse()
+    q = _digits2int(q_digits, n)
+    return q, r
+
+
+def int_divmod(a, b):
+    """Asymptotically fast replacement for divmod, for 'int'.
+    Its time complexity is O(n**1.58), where n = #bits(a) + #bits(b).
+    """
+    if b == 0:
+        raise ZeroDivisionError
+    elif b < 0:
+        q, r = int_divmod(-a, -b)
+        return q, -r
+    elif a < 0:
+        q, r = int_divmod(~a, b)
+        return ~q, b + ~r
+    else:
+        return _divmod_pos(a, b)

From 70c36a48a8930a26fe0ceee725d9c7432d81d676 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Mar 2025 18:43:35 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 505/705] Copy test_class.py from cpython v3.13.2

---
 Lib/test/test_class.py | 262 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 257 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_class.py b/Lib/test/test_class.py
index 1bb761238b..c48726d44b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_class.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_class.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 "Test the functionality of Python classes implementing operators."
 
 import unittest
-
+from test.support import cpython_only, import_helper, script_helper
 
 testmeths = [
 
@@ -448,15 +448,15 @@ def __delattr__(self, *args):
     def testHasAttrString(self):
         import sys
         from test.support import import_helper
-        _testcapi = import_helper.import_module('_testcapi')
+        _testlimitedcapi = import_helper.import_module('_testlimitedcapi')
 
         class A:
             def __init__(self):
                 self.attr = 1
 
         a = A()
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.object_hasattrstring(a, b"attr"), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(_testcapi.object_hasattrstring(a, b"noattr"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(_testlimitedcapi.object_hasattrstring(a, b"attr"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(_testlimitedcapi.object_hasattrstring(a, b"noattr"), 0)
         self.assertIsNone(sys.exception())
 
     def testDel(self):
@@ -503,6 +503,56 @@ def __eq__(self, other): return 1
 
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, hash, C2())
 
+    def testPredefinedAttrs(self):
+        o = object()
+
+        class Custom:
+            pass
+
+        c = Custom()
+
+        methods = (
+            '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__eq__', '__format__',
+            '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getstate__', '__gt__', '__hash__',
+            '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__ne__',
+            '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__',
+            '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__'
+        )
+        for name in methods:
+            with self.subTest(name):
+                self.assertTrue(callable(getattr(object, name, None)))
+                self.assertTrue(callable(getattr(o, name, None)))
+                self.assertTrue(callable(getattr(Custom, name, None)))
+                self.assertTrue(callable(getattr(c, name, None)))
+
+        not_defined = [
+            '__abs__', '__aenter__', '__aexit__', '__aiter__', '__anext__',
+            '__await__', '__bool__', '__bytes__', '__ceil__',
+            '__complex__', '__contains__', '__del__', '__delete__',
+            '__delitem__', '__divmod__', '__enter__', '__exit__',
+            '__float__', '__floor__', '__get__', '__getattr__', '__getitem__',
+            '__index__', '__int__', '__invert__', '__iter__', '__len__',
+            '__length_hint__', '__missing__', '__neg__', '__next__',
+            '__objclass__', '__pos__', '__rdivmod__', '__reversed__',
+            '__round__', '__set__', '__setitem__', '__trunc__'
+        ]
+        augment = (
+            'add', 'and', 'floordiv', 'lshift', 'matmul', 'mod', 'mul', 'pow',
+            'rshift', 'sub', 'truediv', 'xor'
+        )
+        not_defined.extend(map("__{}__".format, augment))
+        not_defined.extend(map("__r{}__".format, augment))
+        not_defined.extend(map("__i{}__".format, augment))
+        for name in not_defined:
+            with self.subTest(name):
+                self.assertFalse(hasattr(object, name))
+                self.assertFalse(hasattr(o, name))
+                self.assertFalse(hasattr(Custom, name))
+                self.assertFalse(hasattr(c, name))
+
+        # __call__() is defined on the metaclass but not the class
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(o, "__call__"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(c, "__call__"))
 
     @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, segmentation fault")
     def testSFBug532646(self):
@@ -647,6 +697,14 @@ class A:
         class B:
             y = 0
             __slots__ = ('z',)
+        class C:
+            __slots__ = ("y",)
+
+            def __setattr__(self, name, value) -> None:
+                if name == "z":
+                    super().__setattr__("y", 1)
+                else:
+                    super().__setattr__(name, value)
 
         error_msg = "'A' object has no attribute 'x'"
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(AttributeError, error_msg):
@@ -659,8 +717,16 @@ class B:
             B().x
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(AttributeError, error_msg):
             del B().x
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AttributeError, error_msg):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            AttributeError,
+            "'B' object has no attribute 'x' and no __dict__ for setting new attributes"
+        ):
             B().x = 0
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            AttributeError,
+            "'C' object has no attribute 'x'"
+        ):
+            C().x = 0
 
         error_msg = "'B' object attribute 'y' is read-only"
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(AttributeError, error_msg):
@@ -748,6 +814,192 @@ class A(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, **d): pass
         class A(0, *range(1, 8), **d, foo='bar'): pass
         self.assertEqual(A, (tuple(range(8)), {'foo': 'bar'}))
 
+    def testClassCallRecursionLimit(self):
+        class C:
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.c = C()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(RecursionError):
+            C()
+
+        def add_one_level():
+            #Each call to C() consumes 2 levels, so offset by 1.
+            C()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(RecursionError):
+            add_one_level()
+
+    def testMetaclassCallOptimization(self):
+        calls = 0
+
+        class TypeMetaclass(type):
+            def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+                nonlocal calls
+                calls += 1
+                return type.__call__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        class Type(metaclass=TypeMetaclass):
+            def __init__(self, obj):
+                self._obj = obj
+
+        for i in range(100):
+            Type(i)
+        self.assertEqual(calls, 100)
 
+
+from _testinternalcapi import has_inline_values
+
+Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT = (1 << 2)
+
+class Plain:
+    pass
+
+
+class WithAttrs:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.a = 1
+        self.b = 2
+        self.c = 3
+        self.d = 4
+
+
+class TestInlineValues(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_flags(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Plain.__flags__ & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT, Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT)
+        self.assertEqual(WithAttrs.__flags__ & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT, Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT)
+    def test_has_inline_values(self):
+        c = Plain()
+        self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
+        del c.__dict__
+        self.assertFalse(has_inline_values(c))
+
+    def test_instances(self):
+        self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(Plain()))
+        self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(WithAttrs()))
+    def test_inspect_dict(self):
+        for cls in (Plain, WithAttrs):
+            c = cls()
+            c.__dict__
+            self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
+    def test_update_dict(self):
+        d = { "e": 5, "f": 6 }
+        for cls in (Plain, WithAttrs):
+            c = cls()
+            c.__dict__.update(d)
+            self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def set_100(obj):
+        for i in range(100):
+            setattr(obj, f"a{i}", i)
+
+    def check_100(self, obj):
+        for i in range(100):
+            self.assertEqual(getattr(obj, f"a{i}"), i)
+    def test_many_attributes(self):
+        class C: pass
+        c = C()
+        self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
+        self.set_100(c)
+        self.assertFalse(has_inline_values(c))
+        self.check_100(c)
+        c = C()
+        self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
+    def test_many_attributes_with_dict(self):
+        class C: pass
+        c = C()
+        d = c.__dict__
+        self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
+        self.set_100(c)
+        self.assertFalse(has_inline_values(c))
+        self.check_100(c)
+
+    def test_bug_117750(self):
+        "Aborted on 3.13a6"
+        class C:
+            def __init__(self):
+                self.__dict__.clear()
+
+        obj = C()
+        self.assertEqual(obj.__dict__, {})
+        obj.foo = None # Aborted here
+        self.assertEqual(obj.__dict__, {"foo":None})
+
+    def test_store_attr_deleted_dict(self):
+        class Foo:
+            pass
+
+        f = Foo()
+        del f.__dict__
+        f.a = 3
+        self.assertEqual(f.a, 3)
+
+    def test_rematerialize_object_dict(self):
+        # gh-121860: rematerializing an object's managed dictionary after it
+        # had been deleted caused a crash.
+        class Foo: pass
+        f = Foo()
+        f.__dict__["attr"] = 1
+        del f.__dict__
+
+        # Using a str subclass is a way to trigger the re-materialization
+        class StrSubclass(str): pass
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(f, StrSubclass("attr")))
+
+        # Changing the __class__ also triggers the re-materialization
+        class Bar: pass
+        f.__class__ = Bar
+        self.assertIsInstance(f, Bar)
+        self.assertEqual(f.__dict__, {})
+
+    def test_store_attr_type_cache(self):
+        """Verifies that the type cache doesn't provide a value which  is
+        inconsistent from the dict."""
+        class X:
+            def __del__(inner_self):
+                v = C.a
+                self.assertEqual(v, C.__dict__['a'])
+
+        class C:
+            a = X()
+
+        # prime the cache
+        C.a
+        C.a
+
+        # destructor shouldn't be able to see inconsistent state
+        C.a = X()
+        C.a = X()
+    def test_detach_materialized_dict_no_memory(self):
+        # Skip test if _testcapi is not available:
+        import_helper.import_module('_testcapi')
+
+        code = """if 1:
+            import test.support
+            import _testcapi
+
+            class A:
+                def __init__(self):
+                    self.a = 1
+                    self.b = 2
+            a = A()
+            d = a.__dict__
+            with test.support.catch_unraisable_exception() as ex:
+                _testcapi.set_nomemory(0, 1)
+                del a
+                assert ex.unraisable.exc_type is MemoryError
+            try:
+                d["a"]
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                assert False, "KeyError not raised"
+        """
+        rc, out, err = script_helper.assert_python_ok("-c", code)
+        self.assertEqual(rc, 0)
+        self.assertFalse(out, msg=out.decode('utf-8'))
+        self.assertFalse(err, msg=err.decode('utf-8'))
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()

From 4081c08b5aaee7962299a7d3b89993bf5444733d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Mar 2025 18:44:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 506/705] add cpython_only tag for tests required
 `_testlimitedcapi`

---
 Lib/test/test_class.py | 21 +++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_class.py b/Lib/test/test_class.py
index c48726d44b..8cccb1c705 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_class.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_class.py
@@ -445,6 +445,7 @@ def __delattr__(self, *args):
         del testme.cardinal
         self.assertCallStack([('__delattr__', (testme, "cardinal"))])
 
+    @cpython_only
     def testHasAttrString(self):
         import sys
         from test.support import import_helper
@@ -846,8 +847,10 @@ def __init__(self, obj):
             Type(i)
         self.assertEqual(calls, 100)
 
-
-from _testinternalcapi import has_inline_values
+try:
+    from _testinternalcapi import has_inline_values
+except ImportError:
+    has_inline_values = None
 
 Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT = (1 << 2)
 
@@ -869,20 +872,27 @@ class TestInlineValues(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_flags(self):
         self.assertEqual(Plain.__flags__ & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT, Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT)
         self.assertEqual(WithAttrs.__flags__ & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT, Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT)
+
+    @cpython_only
     def test_has_inline_values(self):
         c = Plain()
         self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
         del c.__dict__
         self.assertFalse(has_inline_values(c))
 
+    @cpython_only
     def test_instances(self):
         self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(Plain()))
         self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(WithAttrs()))
+
+    @cpython_only
     def test_inspect_dict(self):
         for cls in (Plain, WithAttrs):
             c = cls()
             c.__dict__
             self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
+
+    @cpython_only
     def test_update_dict(self):
         d = { "e": 5, "f": 6 }
         for cls in (Plain, WithAttrs):
@@ -898,6 +908,8 @@ def set_100(obj):
     def check_100(self, obj):
         for i in range(100):
             self.assertEqual(getattr(obj, f"a{i}"), i)
+
+    @cpython_only
     def test_many_attributes(self):
         class C: pass
         c = C()
@@ -907,6 +919,8 @@ class C: pass
         self.check_100(c)
         c = C()
         self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
+
+    @cpython_only
     def test_many_attributes_with_dict(self):
         class C: pass
         c = C()
@@ -972,6 +986,8 @@ class C:
         # destructor shouldn't be able to see inconsistent state
         C.a = X()
         C.a = X()
+
+    @cpython_only
     def test_detach_materialized_dict_no_memory(self):
         # Skip test if _testcapi is not available:
         import_helper.import_module('_testcapi')
@@ -1001,5 +1017,6 @@ def __init__(self):
         self.assertEqual(rc, 0)
         self.assertFalse(out, msg=out.decode('utf-8'))
         self.assertFalse(err, msg=err.decode('utf-8'))
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()

From 2d3b125d511427dbdbe1d6706d71c566327c0692 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Mar 2025 18:53:24 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 507/705] Add expectedFailure and skip decorators for
 RUSTPYTHON tests in test_class.py

---
 Lib/test/test_class.py | 7 +++++++
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_class.py b/Lib/test/test_class.py
index 8cccb1c705..3288e011a3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_class.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_class.py
@@ -869,6 +869,8 @@ def __init__(self):
 
 class TestInlineValues(unittest.TestCase):
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_flags(self):
         self.assertEqual(Plain.__flags__ & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT, Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT)
         self.assertEqual(WithAttrs.__flags__ & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT, Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT)
@@ -941,6 +943,8 @@ def __init__(self):
         obj.foo = None # Aborted here
         self.assertEqual(obj.__dict__, {"foo":None})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_store_attr_deleted_dict(self):
         class Foo:
             pass
@@ -950,6 +954,8 @@ class Foo:
         f.a = 3
         self.assertEqual(f.a, 3)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_rematerialize_object_dict(self):
         # gh-121860: rematerializing an object's managed dictionary after it
         # had been deleted caused a crash.
@@ -968,6 +974,7 @@ class Bar: pass
         self.assertIsInstance(f, Bar)
         self.assertEqual(f.__dict__, {})
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, unexpectedly long runtime")
     def test_store_attr_type_cache(self):
         """Verifies that the type cache doesn't provide a value which  is
         inconsistent from the dict."""

From 70a5774737cdbd1144e7d853616168ad3cb21600 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 15 Mar 2025 22:43:12 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 508/705] Update CPYTHON_SPECIFIC_MODS to include
 '_testlimitedcapi'

---
 whats_left.py | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/whats_left.py b/whats_left.py
index 30b1de088e..7c1c30ba6c 100755
--- a/whats_left.py
+++ b/whats_left.py
@@ -97,8 +97,8 @@ def parse_args():
 
 # CPython specific modules (mostly consisting of templates/tests)
 CPYTHON_SPECIFIC_MODS = {
-    'xxmodule', 'xxsubtype', 'xxlimited', '_xxtestfuzz'
-    '_testbuffer', '_testcapi', '_testimportmultiple', '_testinternalcapi', '_testmultiphase',
+    'xxmodule', 'xxsubtype', 'xxlimited', '_xxtestfuzz',
+    '_testbuffer', '_testcapi', '_testimportmultiple', '_testinternalcapi', '_testmultiphase', '_testlimitedcapi'
 }
 
 IGNORED_MODULES = {"this", "antigravity"} | PEP_594_MODULES | CPYTHON_SPECIFIC_MODS

From a9bfaa96c5ed7a5cf050ebbc695399df2a6be015 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Mar 2025 00:33:30 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 509/705] remove unnecessary cpython_only

---
 Lib/test/test_class.py | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_class.py b/Lib/test/test_class.py
index 3288e011a3..662de752b7 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_class.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_class.py
@@ -445,7 +445,6 @@ def __delattr__(self, *args):
         del testme.cardinal
         self.assertCallStack([('__delattr__', (testme, "cardinal"))])
 
-    @cpython_only
     def testHasAttrString(self):
         import sys
         from test.support import import_helper

From 0717d5a33146136727ac315deea3f967fc2c00f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Myeongseon Choi <key262yek@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 17 Mar 2025 01:08:05 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 510/705] remove wrong cpython_only tag

---
 Lib/test/test_class.py | 18 ++++++++++++------
 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_class.py b/Lib/test/test_class.py
index 662de752b7..29215f0600 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_class.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_class.py
@@ -874,26 +874,30 @@ def test_flags(self):
         self.assertEqual(Plain.__flags__ & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT, Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT)
         self.assertEqual(WithAttrs.__flags__ & Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT, Py_TPFLAGS_MANAGED_DICT)
 
-    @cpython_only
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_has_inline_values(self):
         c = Plain()
         self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
         del c.__dict__
         self.assertFalse(has_inline_values(c))
 
-    @cpython_only
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_instances(self):
         self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(Plain()))
         self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(WithAttrs()))
 
-    @cpython_only
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_inspect_dict(self):
         for cls in (Plain, WithAttrs):
             c = cls()
             c.__dict__
             self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
 
-    @cpython_only
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_update_dict(self):
         d = { "e": 5, "f": 6 }
         for cls in (Plain, WithAttrs):
@@ -910,7 +914,8 @@ def check_100(self, obj):
         for i in range(100):
             self.assertEqual(getattr(obj, f"a{i}"), i)
 
-    @cpython_only
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_many_attributes(self):
         class C: pass
         c = C()
@@ -921,7 +926,8 @@ class C: pass
         c = C()
         self.assertTrue(has_inline_values(c))
 
-    @cpython_only
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_many_attributes_with_dict(self):
         class C: pass
         c = C()

From 948368fdb471eaec88498d9307e9f1e72c7f6e60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Mar 2025 22:54:27 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 511/705] Try fix windows long paths error

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 73b5cc1cd6..1dac8d47c7 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up the Windows environment
         shell: bash
         run: |
+          git config --system core.longpaths true
           cargo install --target-dir=target -v cargo-vcpkg
           cargo vcpkg -v build
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
@@ -255,6 +256,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up the Windows environment
         shell: bash
         run: |
+          git config --system core.longpaths true
           cargo install cargo-vcpkg
           cargo vcpkg build
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'

From c585678ec925f2da6fdf224eb8ced93d65c82a90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 19:27:13 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 512/705]  Merge format and literal back into this repo (and
 update malachite) (#5618)

* Merge format and literal back into this repo

* Update format and literal to work

* Update malachite

* Remove RustPython/Parser from Cargo.toml
---
 Cargo.lock                     |   61 +-
 Cargo.toml                     |   24 +-
 common/Cargo.toml              |    4 +-
 common/src/cformat.rs          | 1044 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 common/src/format.rs           | 1328 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 common/src/lib.rs              |    2 +
 common/src/str.rs              |    2 +-
 compiler/literal/Cargo.toml    |   19 +
 compiler/literal/src/char.rs   |   15 +
 compiler/literal/src/escape.rs |  441 +++++++++++
 compiler/literal/src/float.rs  |  342 ++++++++
 compiler/literal/src/format.rs |    5 +
 compiler/literal/src/lib.rs    |    4 +
 deny.toml                      |    2 +-
 vm/Cargo.toml                  |    1 -
 vm/src/builtins/bool.rs        |    2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/float.rs       |    3 +-
 vm/src/builtins/int.rs         |    2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs         |    2 +-
 vm/src/cformat.rs              |    2 +-
 vm/src/format.rs               |    2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/string.rs        |    6 +-
 22 files changed, 3240 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 common/src/cformat.rs
 create mode 100644 common/src/format.rs
 create mode 100644 compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
 create mode 100644 compiler/literal/src/char.rs
 create mode 100644 compiler/literal/src/escape.rs
 create mode 100644 compiler/literal/src/float.rs
 create mode 100644 compiler/literal/src/format.rs
 create mode 100644 compiler/literal/src/lib.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index c8106856e6..94ae260f94 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -787,6 +787,12 @@ version = "1.0.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3f9eec918d3f24069decb9af1554cad7c880e2da24a9afd88aca000531ab82c1"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "foldhash"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d9c4f5dac5e15c24eb999c26181a6ca40b39fe946cbe4c263c7209467bc83af2"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "foreign-types"
 version = "0.3.2"
@@ -896,15 +902,15 @@ name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.14.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e5274423e17b7c9fc20b6e7e208532f9b19825d82dfd615708b70edd83df41f1"
-dependencies = [
- "ahash",
-]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.15.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bf151400ff0baff5465007dd2f3e717f3fe502074ca563069ce3a6629d07b289"
+dependencies = [
+ "foldhash",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
@@ -1255,24 +1261,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "malachite"
-version = "0.4.22"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2fbdf9cb251732db30a7200ebb6ae5d22fe8e11397364416617d2c2cf0c51cb5"
-dependencies = [
- "malachite-base",
- "malachite-nz",
- "malachite-q",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-base"
-version = "0.4.22"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5ea0ed76adf7defc1a92240b5c36d5368cfe9251640dcce5bd2d0b7c1fd87aeb"
+checksum = "5063891d2cec8fd20cabccbd3fc277bf8d5666f481fb3f79d999559b39a62713"
 dependencies = [
- "hashbrown 0.14.5",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.2",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "libm",
  "ryu",
@@ -1280,12 +1275,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-bigint"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d149aaa2965d70381709d9df4c7ee1fc0de1c614a4efc2ee356f5e43d68749f8"
+checksum = "7b1b1fec8b370139968919a5b77071c94b282eaba3da1cf179ae5299060d4e75"
 dependencies = [
  "derive_more",
- "malachite",
+ "malachite-base",
+ "malachite-nz",
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
  "paste",
@@ -1293,9 +1289,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-nz"
-version = "0.4.22"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "34a79feebb2bc9aa7762047c8e5495269a367da6b5a90a99882a0aeeac1841f7"
+checksum = "175263cd5b846c552b9afb9d4b03ca465b4ad10717d789cad7dac24441c4fcbe"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "libm",
@@ -1304,9 +1300,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-q"
-version = "0.4.22"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "50f235d5747b1256b47620f5640c2a17a88c7569eebdf27cd9cb130e1a619191"
+checksum = "5261ba8feb1ad20cddab3d625af28206c663c08014b2e5c5f9bd54b0f230234f"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "malachite-base",
@@ -2152,7 +2148,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "parking_lot",
  "radium",
  "rand 0.9.0",
- "rustpython-format",
+ "rustpython-literal",
  "siphasher 0.3.11",
  "volatile",
  "widestring",
@@ -2229,18 +2225,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustpython-format"
-version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
- "itertools 0.11.0",
- "malachite-bigint",
- "num-traits",
- "rustpython-literal",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-jit"
 version = "0.4.0"
@@ -2259,12 +2243,12 @@ dependencies = [
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-literal"
 version = "0.4.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git?rev=d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23#d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23"
 dependencies = [
  "hexf-parse",
  "is-macro",
  "lexical-parse-float",
  "num-traits",
+ "rand 0.9.0",
  "unic-ucd-category",
 ]
 
@@ -2416,7 +2400,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-compiler-source",
  "rustpython-derive",
- "rustpython-format",
  "rustpython-jit",
  "rustpython-literal",
  "rustpython-sre_engine",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 469f895c7d..1da72c9dc5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ x86_64-pc-windows-msvc = { triplet = "x64-windows-static-md", dev-dependencies =
 [workspace]
 resolver = "2"
 members = [
-    "compiler", "compiler/core", "compiler/codegen", "compiler/source",
+    "compiler", "compiler/core", "compiler/codegen", "compiler/literal", "compiler/source",
     ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "vm/sre_engine", "pylib", "stdlib", "derive-impl",
     "wasm/lib",
 ]
@@ -116,6 +116,7 @@ rustpython-common = { path = "common", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-derive = { path = "derive", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-derive-impl = { path = "derive-impl", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-jit = { path = "jit", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-literal = { path = "compiler/literal", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-vm = { path = "vm", default-features = false, version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-pylib = { path = "pylib", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.4.0" }
@@ -127,21 +128,6 @@ ruff_python_ast = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0
 ruff_text_size = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
 ruff_source_file = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
 ruff_python_codegen = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
-# rustpython-literal = { version = "0.4.0" }
-# rustpython-parser-core = { version = "0.4.0" }
-# rustpython-parser = { version = "0.4.0" }
-# rustpython-ast = { version = "0.4.0" }
-# rustpython-format= { version = "0.4.0" }
-rustpython-literal = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
-# rustpython-parser-core = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
-# rustpython-parser = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
-# rustpython-ast = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
-rustpython-format = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", version = "0.4.0", rev = "d2f137b372ec08ce4a243564a80f8f9153c45a23" }
-# rustpython-literal = { path = "../RustPython-parser/literal" }
-# rustpython-parser-core = { path = "../RustPython-parser/core" }
-# rustpython-parser = { path = "../RustPython-parser/parser" }
-# rustpython-ast = { path = "../RustPython-parser/ast" }
-# rustpython-format = { path = "../RustPython-parser/format" }
 
 ahash = "0.8.11"
 ascii = "1.1"
@@ -163,9 +149,9 @@ junction = "1.2.0"
 libc = "0.2.169"
 log = "0.4.25"
 nix = { version = "0.29", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
-malachite-bigint = "0.2.3"
-malachite-q = "0.4.22"
-malachite-base = "0.4.22"
+malachite-bigint = "0.5"
+malachite-q = "0.5"
+malachite-base = "0.5"
 memchr = "2.7.4"
 num-complex = "0.4.6"
 num-integer = "0.1.46"
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 8ba07f4be8..589170064c 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 threading = ["parking_lot"]
 
 [dependencies]
-rustpython-format = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-literal = { workspace = true }
 
 ascii = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
@@ -45,4 +45,4 @@ windows-sys = { workspace = true, features = [
 ] }
 
 [lints]
-workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
+workspace = true
diff --git a/common/src/cformat.rs b/common/src/cformat.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd282eb4cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/cformat.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1044 @@
+//! Implementation of Printf-Style string formatting
+//! as per the [Python Docs](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting).
+use bitflags::bitflags;
+use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
+use num_traits::Signed;
+use rustpython_literal::{float, format::Case};
+use std::{
+    cmp, fmt,
+    iter::{Enumerate, Peekable},
+    str::FromStr,
+};
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum CFormatErrorType {
+    UnmatchedKeyParentheses,
+    MissingModuloSign,
+    UnsupportedFormatChar(char),
+    IncompleteFormat,
+    IntTooBig,
+    // Unimplemented,
+}
+
+// also contains how many chars the parsing function consumed
+pub type ParsingError = (CFormatErrorType, usize);
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CFormatError {
+    pub typ: CFormatErrorType, // FIXME
+    pub index: usize,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for CFormatError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        use CFormatErrorType::*;
+        match self.typ {
+            UnmatchedKeyParentheses => write!(f, "incomplete format key"),
+            IncompleteFormat => write!(f, "incomplete format"),
+            UnsupportedFormatChar(c) => write!(
+                f,
+                "unsupported format character '{}' ({:#x}) at index {}",
+                c, c as u32, self.index
+            ),
+            IntTooBig => write!(f, "width/precision too big"),
+            _ => write!(f, "unexpected error parsing format string"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub type CFormatConversion = super::format::FormatConversion;
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum CNumberType {
+    Decimal,
+    Octal,
+    Hex(Case),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum CFloatType {
+    Exponent(Case),
+    PointDecimal(Case),
+    General(Case),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum CFormatType {
+    Number(CNumberType),
+    Float(CFloatType),
+    Character,
+    String(CFormatConversion),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum CFormatPrecision {
+    Quantity(CFormatQuantity),
+    Dot,
+}
+
+impl From<CFormatQuantity> for CFormatPrecision {
+    fn from(quantity: CFormatQuantity) -> Self {
+        CFormatPrecision::Quantity(quantity)
+    }
+}
+
+bitflags! {
+    #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+    pub struct CConversionFlags: u32 {
+        const ALTERNATE_FORM = 0b0000_0001;
+        const ZERO_PAD = 0b0000_0010;
+        const LEFT_ADJUST = 0b0000_0100;
+        const BLANK_SIGN = 0b0000_1000;
+        const SIGN_CHAR = 0b0001_0000;
+    }
+}
+
+impl CConversionFlags {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn sign_string(&self) -> &'static str {
+        if self.contains(CConversionFlags::SIGN_CHAR) {
+            "+"
+        } else if self.contains(CConversionFlags::BLANK_SIGN) {
+            " "
+        } else {
+            ""
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum CFormatQuantity {
+    Amount(usize),
+    FromValuesTuple,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CFormatSpec {
+    pub mapping_key: Option<String>,
+    pub flags: CConversionFlags,
+    pub min_field_width: Option<CFormatQuantity>,
+    pub precision: Option<CFormatPrecision>,
+    pub format_type: CFormatType,
+    pub format_char: char,
+    // chars_consumed: usize,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for CFormatSpec {
+    type Err = ParsingError;
+
+    fn from_str(text: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let mut chars = text.chars().enumerate().peekable();
+        if chars.next().map(|x| x.1) != Some('%') {
+            return Err((CFormatErrorType::MissingModuloSign, 1));
+        }
+
+        CFormatSpec::parse(&mut chars)
+    }
+}
+
+pub type ParseIter<I> = Peekable<Enumerate<I>>;
+
+impl CFormatSpec {
+    pub fn parse<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Self, ParsingError>
+    where
+        T: Into<char> + Copy,
+        I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    {
+        let mapping_key = parse_spec_mapping_key(iter)?;
+        let flags = parse_flags(iter);
+        let min_field_width = parse_quantity(iter)?;
+        let precision = parse_precision(iter)?;
+        consume_length(iter);
+        let (format_type, format_char) = parse_format_type(iter)?;
+
+        Ok(CFormatSpec {
+            mapping_key,
+            flags,
+            min_field_width,
+            precision,
+            format_type,
+            format_char,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn compute_fill_string(fill_char: char, fill_chars_needed: usize) -> String {
+        (0..fill_chars_needed)
+            .map(|_| fill_char)
+            .collect::<String>()
+    }
+
+    fn fill_string(
+        &self,
+        string: String,
+        fill_char: char,
+        num_prefix_chars: Option<usize>,
+    ) -> String {
+        let mut num_chars = string.chars().count();
+        if let Some(num_prefix_chars) = num_prefix_chars {
+            num_chars += num_prefix_chars;
+        }
+        let num_chars = num_chars;
+
+        let width = match &self.min_field_width {
+            Some(CFormatQuantity::Amount(width)) => cmp::max(width, &num_chars),
+            _ => &num_chars,
+        };
+        let fill_chars_needed = width.saturating_sub(num_chars);
+        let fill_string = CFormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, fill_chars_needed);
+
+        if !fill_string.is_empty() {
+            if self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::LEFT_ADJUST) {
+                format!("{string}{fill_string}")
+            } else {
+                format!("{fill_string}{string}")
+            }
+        } else {
+            string
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn fill_string_with_precision(&self, string: String, fill_char: char) -> String {
+        let num_chars = string.chars().count();
+
+        let width = match &self.precision {
+            Some(CFormatPrecision::Quantity(CFormatQuantity::Amount(width))) => {
+                cmp::max(width, &num_chars)
+            }
+            _ => &num_chars,
+        };
+        let fill_chars_needed = width.saturating_sub(num_chars);
+        let fill_string = CFormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, fill_chars_needed);
+
+        if !fill_string.is_empty() {
+            // Don't left-adjust if precision-filling: that will always be prepending 0s to %d
+            // arguments, the LEFT_ADJUST flag will be used by a later call to fill_string with
+            // the 0-filled string as the string param.
+            format!("{fill_string}{string}")
+        } else {
+            string
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn format_string_with_precision(
+        &self,
+        string: String,
+        precision: Option<&CFormatPrecision>,
+    ) -> String {
+        // truncate if needed
+        let string = match precision {
+            Some(CFormatPrecision::Quantity(CFormatQuantity::Amount(precision)))
+                if string.chars().count() > *precision =>
+            {
+                string.chars().take(*precision).collect::<String>()
+            }
+            Some(CFormatPrecision::Dot) => {
+                // truncate to 0
+                String::new()
+            }
+            _ => string,
+        };
+        self.fill_string(string, ' ', None)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn format_string(&self, string: String) -> String {
+        self.format_string_with_precision(string, self.precision.as_ref())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn format_char(&self, ch: char) -> String {
+        self.format_string_with_precision(
+            ch.to_string(),
+            Some(&(CFormatQuantity::Amount(1).into())),
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn format_bytes(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let bytes = if let Some(CFormatPrecision::Quantity(CFormatQuantity::Amount(precision))) =
+            self.precision
+        {
+            &bytes[..cmp::min(bytes.len(), precision)]
+        } else {
+            bytes
+        };
+        if let Some(CFormatQuantity::Amount(width)) = self.min_field_width {
+            let fill = cmp::max(0, width - bytes.len());
+            let mut v = Vec::with_capacity(bytes.len() + fill);
+            if self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::LEFT_ADJUST) {
+                v.extend_from_slice(bytes);
+                v.append(&mut vec![b' '; fill]);
+            } else {
+                v.append(&mut vec![b' '; fill]);
+                v.extend_from_slice(bytes);
+            }
+            v
+        } else {
+            bytes.to_vec()
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn format_number(&self, num: &BigInt) -> String {
+        use CNumberType::*;
+        let magnitude = num.abs();
+        let prefix = if self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM) {
+            match self.format_type {
+                CFormatType::Number(Octal) => "0o",
+                CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Lower)) => "0x",
+                CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Upper)) => "0X",
+                _ => "",
+            }
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+
+        let magnitude_string: String = match self.format_type {
+            CFormatType::Number(Decimal) => magnitude.to_str_radix(10),
+            CFormatType::Number(Octal) => magnitude.to_str_radix(8),
+            CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Lower)) => magnitude.to_str_radix(16),
+            CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Upper)) => {
+                let mut result = magnitude.to_str_radix(16);
+                result.make_ascii_uppercase();
+                result
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(), // Should not happen because caller has to make sure that this is a number
+        };
+
+        let sign_string = match num.sign() {
+            Sign::Minus => "-",
+            _ => self.flags.sign_string(),
+        };
+
+        let padded_magnitude_string = self.fill_string_with_precision(magnitude_string, '0');
+
+        if self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ZERO_PAD) {
+            let fill_char = if !self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::LEFT_ADJUST) {
+                '0'
+            } else {
+                ' ' // '-' overrides the '0' conversion if both are given
+            };
+            let signed_prefix = format!("{sign_string}{prefix}");
+            format!(
+                "{}{}",
+                signed_prefix,
+                self.fill_string(
+                    padded_magnitude_string,
+                    fill_char,
+                    Some(signed_prefix.chars().count()),
+                ),
+            )
+        } else {
+            self.fill_string(
+                format!("{sign_string}{prefix}{padded_magnitude_string}"),
+                ' ',
+                None,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn format_float(&self, num: f64) -> String {
+        let sign_string = if num.is_sign_negative() && !num.is_nan() {
+            "-"
+        } else {
+            self.flags.sign_string()
+        };
+
+        let precision = match &self.precision {
+            Some(CFormatPrecision::Quantity(quantity)) => match quantity {
+                CFormatQuantity::Amount(amount) => *amount,
+                CFormatQuantity::FromValuesTuple => 6,
+            },
+            Some(CFormatPrecision::Dot) => 0,
+            None => 6,
+        };
+
+        let magnitude_string = match &self.format_type {
+            CFormatType::Float(CFloatType::PointDecimal(case)) => {
+                let magnitude = num.abs();
+                float::format_fixed(
+                    precision,
+                    magnitude,
+                    *case,
+                    self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM),
+                )
+            }
+            CFormatType::Float(CFloatType::Exponent(case)) => {
+                let magnitude = num.abs();
+                float::format_exponent(
+                    precision,
+                    magnitude,
+                    *case,
+                    self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM),
+                )
+            }
+            CFormatType::Float(CFloatType::General(case)) => {
+                let precision = if precision == 0 { 1 } else { precision };
+                let magnitude = num.abs();
+                float::format_general(
+                    precision,
+                    magnitude,
+                    *case,
+                    self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM),
+                    false,
+                )
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+
+        if self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ZERO_PAD) {
+            let fill_char = if !self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::LEFT_ADJUST) {
+                '0'
+            } else {
+                ' '
+            };
+            format!(
+                "{}{}",
+                sign_string,
+                self.fill_string(
+                    magnitude_string,
+                    fill_char,
+                    Some(sign_string.chars().count()),
+                )
+            )
+        } else {
+            self.fill_string(format!("{sign_string}{magnitude_string}"), ' ', None)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_spec_mapping_key<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Option<String>, ParsingError>
+where
+    T: Into<char> + Copy,
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+{
+    if let Some(&(index, c)) = iter.peek() {
+        if c.into() == '(' {
+            iter.next().unwrap();
+            return match parse_text_inside_parentheses(iter) {
+                Some(key) => Ok(Some(key)),
+                None => Err((CFormatErrorType::UnmatchedKeyParentheses, index)),
+            };
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+fn parse_flags<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> CConversionFlags
+where
+    T: Into<char> + Copy,
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+{
+    let mut flags = CConversionFlags::empty();
+    while let Some(&(_, c)) = iter.peek() {
+        let flag = match c.into() {
+            '#' => CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM,
+            '0' => CConversionFlags::ZERO_PAD,
+            '-' => CConversionFlags::LEFT_ADJUST,
+            ' ' => CConversionFlags::BLANK_SIGN,
+            '+' => CConversionFlags::SIGN_CHAR,
+            _ => break,
+        };
+        iter.next().unwrap();
+        flags |= flag;
+    }
+    flags
+}
+
+fn consume_length<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>)
+where
+    T: Into<char> + Copy,
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+{
+    if let Some(&(_, c)) = iter.peek() {
+        let c = c.into();
+        if c == 'h' || c == 'l' || c == 'L' {
+            iter.next().unwrap();
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_format_type<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<(CFormatType, char), ParsingError>
+where
+    T: Into<char>,
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+{
+    use CFloatType::*;
+    use CNumberType::*;
+    let (index, c) = match iter.next() {
+        Some((index, c)) => (index, c.into()),
+        None => {
+            return Err((
+                CFormatErrorType::IncompleteFormat,
+                iter.peek().map(|x| x.0).unwrap_or(0),
+            ));
+        }
+    };
+    let format_type = match c {
+        'd' | 'i' | 'u' => CFormatType::Number(Decimal),
+        'o' => CFormatType::Number(Octal),
+        'x' => CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Lower)),
+        'X' => CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Upper)),
+        'e' => CFormatType::Float(Exponent(Case::Lower)),
+        'E' => CFormatType::Float(Exponent(Case::Upper)),
+        'f' => CFormatType::Float(PointDecimal(Case::Lower)),
+        'F' => CFormatType::Float(PointDecimal(Case::Upper)),
+        'g' => CFormatType::Float(General(Case::Lower)),
+        'G' => CFormatType::Float(General(Case::Upper)),
+        'c' => CFormatType::Character,
+        'r' => CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Repr),
+        's' => CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Str),
+        'b' => CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Bytes),
+        'a' => CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Ascii),
+        _ => return Err((CFormatErrorType::UnsupportedFormatChar(c), index)),
+    };
+    Ok((format_type, c))
+}
+
+fn parse_quantity<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Option<CFormatQuantity>, ParsingError>
+where
+    T: Into<char> + Copy,
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+{
+    if let Some(&(_, c)) = iter.peek() {
+        let c: char = c.into();
+        if c == '*' {
+            iter.next().unwrap();
+            return Ok(Some(CFormatQuantity::FromValuesTuple));
+        }
+        if let Some(i) = c.to_digit(10) {
+            let mut num = i as i32;
+            iter.next().unwrap();
+            while let Some(&(index, c)) = iter.peek() {
+                if let Some(i) = c.into().to_digit(10) {
+                    num = num
+                        .checked_mul(10)
+                        .and_then(|num| num.checked_add(i as i32))
+                        .ok_or((CFormatErrorType::IntTooBig, index))?;
+                    iter.next().unwrap();
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            return Ok(Some(CFormatQuantity::Amount(num.unsigned_abs() as usize)));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+fn parse_precision<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Option<CFormatPrecision>, ParsingError>
+where
+    T: Into<char> + Copy,
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+{
+    if let Some(&(_, c)) = iter.peek() {
+        if c.into() == '.' {
+            iter.next().unwrap();
+            let quantity = parse_quantity(iter)?;
+            let precision = quantity.map_or(CFormatPrecision::Dot, CFormatPrecision::Quantity);
+            return Ok(Some(precision));
+        }
+    }
+    Ok(None)
+}
+
+fn parse_text_inside_parentheses<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Option<String>
+where
+    T: Into<char>,
+    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+{
+    let mut counter: i32 = 1;
+    let mut contained_text = String::new();
+    loop {
+        let (_, c) = iter.next()?;
+        let c = c.into();
+        match c {
+            _ if c == '(' => {
+                counter += 1;
+            }
+            _ if c == ')' => {
+                counter -= 1;
+            }
+            _ => (),
+        }
+
+        if counter > 0 {
+            contained_text.push(c);
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Some(contained_text)
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum CFormatPart<T> {
+    Literal(T),
+    Spec(CFormatSpec),
+}
+
+impl<T> CFormatPart<T> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_specifier(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, CFormatPart::Spec(_))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn has_key(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            CFormatPart::Spec(s) => s.mapping_key.is_some(),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CFormatStrOrBytes<S> {
+    parts: Vec<(usize, CFormatPart<S>)>,
+}
+
+impl<S> CFormatStrOrBytes<S> {
+    pub fn check_specifiers(&self) -> Option<(usize, bool)> {
+        let mut count = 0;
+        let mut mapping_required = false;
+        for (_, part) in &self.parts {
+            if part.is_specifier() {
+                let has_key = part.has_key();
+                if count == 0 {
+                    mapping_required = has_key;
+                } else if mapping_required != has_key {
+                    return None;
+                }
+                count += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        Some((count, mapping_required))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &(usize, CFormatPart<S>)> {
+        self.parts.iter()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut (usize, CFormatPart<S>)> {
+        self.parts.iter_mut()
+    }
+}
+
+pub type CFormatBytes = CFormatStrOrBytes<Vec<u8>>;
+
+impl CFormatBytes {
+    pub fn parse<I: Iterator<Item = u8>>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Self, CFormatError> {
+        let mut parts = vec![];
+        let mut literal = vec![];
+        let mut part_index = 0;
+        while let Some((index, c)) = iter.next() {
+            if c == b'%' {
+                if let Some(&(_, second)) = iter.peek() {
+                    if second == b'%' {
+                        iter.next().unwrap();
+                        literal.push(b'%');
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        if !literal.is_empty() {
+                            parts.push((
+                                part_index,
+                                CFormatPart::Literal(std::mem::take(&mut literal)),
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        let spec = CFormatSpec::parse(iter).map_err(|err| CFormatError {
+                            typ: err.0,
+                            index: err.1,
+                        })?;
+                        parts.push((index, CFormatPart::Spec(spec)));
+                        if let Some(&(index, _)) = iter.peek() {
+                            part_index = index;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    return Err(CFormatError {
+                        typ: CFormatErrorType::IncompleteFormat,
+                        index: index + 1,
+                    });
+                }
+            } else {
+                literal.push(c);
+            }
+        }
+        if !literal.is_empty() {
+            parts.push((part_index, CFormatPart::Literal(literal)));
+        }
+        Ok(Self { parts })
+    }
+
+    pub fn parse_from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, CFormatError> {
+        let mut iter = bytes.iter().cloned().enumerate().peekable();
+        Self::parse(&mut iter)
+    }
+}
+
+pub type CFormatString = CFormatStrOrBytes<String>;
+
+impl FromStr for CFormatString {
+    type Err = CFormatError;
+
+    fn from_str(text: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let mut iter = text.chars().enumerate().peekable();
+        Self::parse(&mut iter)
+    }
+}
+
+impl CFormatString {
+    pub(crate) fn parse<I: Iterator<Item = char>>(
+        iter: &mut ParseIter<I>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, CFormatError> {
+        let mut parts = vec![];
+        let mut literal = String::new();
+        let mut part_index = 0;
+        while let Some((index, c)) = iter.next() {
+            if c == '%' {
+                if let Some(&(_, second)) = iter.peek() {
+                    if second == '%' {
+                        iter.next().unwrap();
+                        literal.push('%');
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        if !literal.is_empty() {
+                            parts.push((
+                                part_index,
+                                CFormatPart::Literal(std::mem::take(&mut literal)),
+                            ));
+                        }
+                        let spec = CFormatSpec::parse(iter).map_err(|err| CFormatError {
+                            typ: err.0,
+                            index: err.1,
+                        })?;
+                        parts.push((index, CFormatPart::Spec(spec)));
+                        if let Some(&(index, _)) = iter.peek() {
+                            part_index = index;
+                        }
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    return Err(CFormatError {
+                        typ: CFormatErrorType::IncompleteFormat,
+                        index: index + 1,
+                    });
+                }
+            } else {
+                literal.push(c);
+            }
+        }
+        if !literal.is_empty() {
+            parts.push((part_index, CFormatPart::Literal(literal)));
+        }
+        Ok(Self { parts })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fill_and_align() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%10s"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_string("test".to_owned()),
+            "      test".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%-10s"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_string("test".to_owned()),
+            "test      ".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%#10x"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(0x1337)),
+            "    0x1337".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%-#10x"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(0x1337)),
+            "0x1337    ".to_owned()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_key() {
+        let expected = Ok(CFormatSpec {
+            mapping_key: Some("amount".to_owned()),
+            format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::Decimal),
+            format_char: 'd',
+            min_field_width: None,
+            precision: None,
+            flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+        });
+        assert_eq!("%(amount)d".parse::<CFormatSpec>(), expected);
+
+        let expected = Ok(CFormatSpec {
+            mapping_key: Some("m((u(((l((((ti))))p)))l))e".to_owned()),
+            format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::Decimal),
+            format_char: 'd',
+            min_field_width: None,
+            precision: None,
+            flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+        });
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%(m((u(((l((((ti))))p)))l))e)d".parse::<CFormatSpec>(),
+            expected
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_parse_key_fail() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%(aged".parse::<CFormatString>(),
+            Err(CFormatError {
+                typ: CFormatErrorType::UnmatchedKeyParentheses,
+                index: 1
+            })
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_parse_type_fail() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            "Hello %n".parse::<CFormatString>(),
+            Err(CFormatError {
+                typ: CFormatErrorType::UnsupportedFormatChar('n'),
+                index: 7
+            })
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_incomplete_format_fail() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            "Hello %".parse::<CFormatString>(),
+            Err(CFormatError {
+                typ: CFormatErrorType::IncompleteFormat,
+                index: 7
+            })
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_flags() {
+        let expected = Ok(CFormatSpec {
+            format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::Decimal),
+            format_char: 'd',
+            min_field_width: Some(CFormatQuantity::Amount(10)),
+            precision: None,
+            mapping_key: None,
+            flags: CConversionFlags::all(),
+        });
+        let parsed = "%  0   -+++###10d".parse::<CFormatSpec>();
+        assert_eq!(parsed, expected);
+        assert_eq!(
+            parsed.unwrap().format_number(&BigInt::from(12)),
+            "+12       ".to_owned()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_and_format_string() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%5.4s"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_string("Hello, World!".to_owned()),
+            " Hell".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%-5.4s"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_string("Hello, World!".to_owned()),
+            "Hell ".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%.s"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_string("Hello, World!".to_owned()),
+            "".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%5.s"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_string("Hello, World!".to_owned()),
+            "     ".to_owned()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_and_format_unicode_string() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%.2s"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_string("❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤".to_owned()),
+            "❤❤".to_owned()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_and_format_number() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%5d"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(27)),
+            "   27".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%05d"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(27)),
+            "00027".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%.5d"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(27)),
+            "00027".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%+05d"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(27)),
+            "+0027".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%-d"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(-27)),
+            "-27".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "% d"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(27)),
+            " 27".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "% d"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(-27)),
+            "-27".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%08x"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(0x1337)),
+            "00001337".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%#010x"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(0x1337)),
+            "0x00001337".to_owned()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%-#010x"
+                .parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_number(&BigInt::from(0x1337)),
+            "0x1337    ".to_owned()
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_and_format_float() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%f".parse::<CFormatSpec>().unwrap().format_float(1.2345),
+            "1.234500"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%.2f".parse::<CFormatSpec>().unwrap().format_float(1.2345),
+            "1.23"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%.f".parse::<CFormatSpec>().unwrap().format_float(1.2345),
+            "1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%+.f".parse::<CFormatSpec>().unwrap().format_float(1.2345),
+            "+1"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%+f".parse::<CFormatSpec>().unwrap().format_float(1.2345),
+            "+1.234500"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "% f".parse::<CFormatSpec>().unwrap().format_float(1.2345),
+            " 1.234500"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%f".parse::<CFormatSpec>().unwrap().format_float(-1.2345),
+            "-1.234500"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            "%f".parse::<CFormatSpec>()
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_float(1.2345678901),
+            "1.234568"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_parse() {
+        let fmt = "Hello, my name is %s and I'm %d years old";
+        let expected = Ok(CFormatString {
+            parts: vec![
+                (0, CFormatPart::Literal("Hello, my name is ".to_owned())),
+                (
+                    18,
+                    CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpec {
+                        format_type: CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Str),
+                        format_char: 's',
+                        mapping_key: None,
+                        min_field_width: None,
+                        precision: None,
+                        flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+                    }),
+                ),
+                (20, CFormatPart::Literal(" and I'm ".to_owned())),
+                (
+                    29,
+                    CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpec {
+                        format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::Decimal),
+                        format_char: 'd',
+                        mapping_key: None,
+                        min_field_width: None,
+                        precision: None,
+                        flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+                    }),
+                ),
+                (31, CFormatPart::Literal(" years old".to_owned())),
+            ],
+        });
+        let result = fmt.parse::<CFormatString>();
+        assert_eq!(
+            result, expected,
+            "left = {result:#?} \n\n\n right = {expected:#?}"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/common/src/format.rs b/common/src/format.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1c41df38c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/format.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1328 @@
+use itertools::{Itertools, PeekingNext};
+use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
+use num_traits::FromPrimitive;
+use num_traits::{Signed, cast::ToPrimitive};
+use rustpython_literal::float;
+use rustpython_literal::format::Case;
+use std::ops::Deref;
+use std::{cmp, str::FromStr};
+
+trait FormatParse {
+    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str)
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FormatConversion {
+    Str,
+    Repr,
+    Ascii,
+    Bytes,
+}
+
+impl FormatParse for FormatConversion {
+    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str) {
+        let Some(conversion) = Self::from_string(text) else {
+            return (None, text);
+        };
+        let mut chars = text.chars();
+        chars.next(); // Consume the bang
+        chars.next(); // Consume one r,s,a char
+        (Some(conversion), chars.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
+impl FormatConversion {
+    pub fn from_char(c: char) -> Option<FormatConversion> {
+        match c {
+            's' => Some(FormatConversion::Str),
+            'r' => Some(FormatConversion::Repr),
+            'a' => Some(FormatConversion::Ascii),
+            'b' => Some(FormatConversion::Bytes),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn from_string(text: &str) -> Option<FormatConversion> {
+        let mut chars = text.chars();
+        if chars.next() != Some('!') {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        FormatConversion::from_char(chars.next()?)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FormatAlign {
+    Left,
+    Right,
+    AfterSign,
+    Center,
+}
+
+impl FormatAlign {
+    fn from_char(c: char) -> Option<FormatAlign> {
+        match c {
+            '<' => Some(FormatAlign::Left),
+            '>' => Some(FormatAlign::Right),
+            '=' => Some(FormatAlign::AfterSign),
+            '^' => Some(FormatAlign::Center),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FormatParse for FormatAlign {
+    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str) {
+        let mut chars = text.chars();
+        if let Some(maybe_align) = chars.next().and_then(Self::from_char) {
+            (Some(maybe_align), chars.as_str())
+        } else {
+            (None, text)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FormatSign {
+    Plus,
+    Minus,
+    MinusOrSpace,
+}
+
+impl FormatParse for FormatSign {
+    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str) {
+        let mut chars = text.chars();
+        match chars.next() {
+            Some('-') => (Some(Self::Minus), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('+') => (Some(Self::Plus), chars.as_str()),
+            Some(' ') => (Some(Self::MinusOrSpace), chars.as_str()),
+            _ => (None, text),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FormatGrouping {
+    Comma,
+    Underscore,
+}
+
+impl FormatParse for FormatGrouping {
+    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str) {
+        let mut chars = text.chars();
+        match chars.next() {
+            Some('_') => (Some(Self::Underscore), chars.as_str()),
+            Some(',') => (Some(Self::Comma), chars.as_str()),
+            _ => (None, text),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FormatType {
+    String,
+    Binary,
+    Character,
+    Decimal,
+    Octal,
+    Number(Case),
+    Hex(Case),
+    Exponent(Case),
+    GeneralFormat(Case),
+    FixedPoint(Case),
+    Percentage,
+}
+
+impl From<&FormatType> for char {
+    fn from(from: &FormatType) -> char {
+        match from {
+            FormatType::String => 's',
+            FormatType::Binary => 'b',
+            FormatType::Character => 'c',
+            FormatType::Decimal => 'd',
+            FormatType::Octal => 'o',
+            FormatType::Number(Case::Lower) => 'n',
+            FormatType::Number(Case::Upper) => 'N',
+            FormatType::Hex(Case::Lower) => 'x',
+            FormatType::Hex(Case::Upper) => 'X',
+            FormatType::Exponent(Case::Lower) => 'e',
+            FormatType::Exponent(Case::Upper) => 'E',
+            FormatType::GeneralFormat(Case::Lower) => 'g',
+            FormatType::GeneralFormat(Case::Upper) => 'G',
+            FormatType::FixedPoint(Case::Lower) => 'f',
+            FormatType::FixedPoint(Case::Upper) => 'F',
+            FormatType::Percentage => '%',
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FormatParse for FormatType {
+    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str) {
+        let mut chars = text.chars();
+        match chars.next() {
+            Some('s') => (Some(Self::String), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('b') => (Some(Self::Binary), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('c') => (Some(Self::Character), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('d') => (Some(Self::Decimal), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('o') => (Some(Self::Octal), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('n') => (Some(Self::Number(Case::Lower)), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('N') => (Some(Self::Number(Case::Upper)), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('x') => (Some(Self::Hex(Case::Lower)), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('X') => (Some(Self::Hex(Case::Upper)), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('e') => (Some(Self::Exponent(Case::Lower)), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('E') => (Some(Self::Exponent(Case::Upper)), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('f') => (Some(Self::FixedPoint(Case::Lower)), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('F') => (Some(Self::FixedPoint(Case::Upper)), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('g') => (Some(Self::GeneralFormat(Case::Lower)), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('G') => (Some(Self::GeneralFormat(Case::Upper)), chars.as_str()),
+            Some('%') => (Some(Self::Percentage), chars.as_str()),
+            _ => (None, text),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct FormatSpec {
+    conversion: Option<FormatConversion>,
+    fill: Option<char>,
+    align: Option<FormatAlign>,
+    sign: Option<FormatSign>,
+    alternate_form: bool,
+    width: Option<usize>,
+    grouping_option: Option<FormatGrouping>,
+    precision: Option<usize>,
+    format_type: Option<FormatType>,
+}
+
+fn get_num_digits(text: &str) -> usize {
+    for (index, character) in text.char_indices() {
+        if !character.is_ascii_digit() {
+            return index;
+        }
+    }
+    text.len()
+}
+
+fn parse_fill_and_align(text: &str) -> (Option<char>, Option<FormatAlign>, &str) {
+    let char_indices: Vec<(usize, char)> = text.char_indices().take(3).collect();
+    if char_indices.is_empty() {
+        (None, None, text)
+    } else if char_indices.len() == 1 {
+        let (maybe_align, remaining) = FormatAlign::parse(text);
+        (None, maybe_align, remaining)
+    } else {
+        let (maybe_align, remaining) = FormatAlign::parse(&text[char_indices[1].0..]);
+        if maybe_align.is_some() {
+            (Some(char_indices[0].1), maybe_align, remaining)
+        } else {
+            let (only_align, only_align_remaining) = FormatAlign::parse(text);
+            (None, only_align, only_align_remaining)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_number(text: &str) -> Result<(Option<usize>, &str), FormatSpecError> {
+    let num_digits: usize = get_num_digits(text);
+    if num_digits == 0 {
+        return Ok((None, text));
+    }
+    if let Ok(num) = text[..num_digits].parse::<usize>() {
+        Ok((Some(num), &text[num_digits..]))
+    } else {
+        // NOTE: this condition is different from CPython
+        Err(FormatSpecError::DecimalDigitsTooMany)
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_alternate_form(text: &str) -> (bool, &str) {
+    let mut chars = text.chars();
+    match chars.next() {
+        Some('#') => (true, chars.as_str()),
+        _ => (false, text),
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_zero(text: &str) -> (bool, &str) {
+    let mut chars = text.chars();
+    match chars.next() {
+        Some('0') => (true, chars.as_str()),
+        _ => (false, text),
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_precision(text: &str) -> Result<(Option<usize>, &str), FormatSpecError> {
+    let mut chars = text.chars();
+    Ok(match chars.next() {
+        Some('.') => {
+            let (size, remaining) = parse_number(chars.as_str())?;
+            if let Some(size) = size {
+                if size > i32::MAX as usize {
+                    return Err(FormatSpecError::PrecisionTooBig);
+                }
+                (Some(size), remaining)
+            } else {
+                (None, text)
+            }
+        }
+        _ => (None, text),
+    })
+}
+
+impl FormatSpec {
+    pub fn parse(text: &str) -> Result<Self, FormatSpecError> {
+        // get_integer in CPython
+        let (conversion, text) = FormatConversion::parse(text);
+        let (mut fill, mut align, text) = parse_fill_and_align(text);
+        let (sign, text) = FormatSign::parse(text);
+        let (alternate_form, text) = parse_alternate_form(text);
+        let (zero, text) = parse_zero(text);
+        let (width, text) = parse_number(text)?;
+        let (grouping_option, text) = FormatGrouping::parse(text);
+        let (precision, text) = parse_precision(text)?;
+        let (format_type, text) = FormatType::parse(text);
+        if !text.is_empty() {
+            return Err(FormatSpecError::InvalidFormatSpecifier);
+        }
+
+        if zero && fill.is_none() {
+            fill.replace('0');
+            align = align.or(Some(FormatAlign::AfterSign));
+        }
+
+        Ok(FormatSpec {
+            conversion,
+            fill,
+            align,
+            sign,
+            alternate_form,
+            width,
+            grouping_option,
+            precision,
+            format_type,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn compute_fill_string(fill_char: char, fill_chars_needed: i32) -> String {
+        (0..fill_chars_needed)
+            .map(|_| fill_char)
+            .collect::<String>()
+    }
+
+    fn add_magnitude_separators_for_char(
+        magnitude_str: String,
+        inter: i32,
+        sep: char,
+        disp_digit_cnt: i32,
+    ) -> String {
+        // Don't add separators to the floating decimal point of numbers
+        let mut parts = magnitude_str.splitn(2, '.');
+        let magnitude_int_str = parts.next().unwrap().to_string();
+        let dec_digit_cnt = magnitude_str.len() as i32 - magnitude_int_str.len() as i32;
+        let int_digit_cnt = disp_digit_cnt - dec_digit_cnt;
+        let mut result = FormatSpec::separate_integer(magnitude_int_str, inter, sep, int_digit_cnt);
+        if let Some(part) = parts.next() {
+            result.push_str(&format!(".{part}"))
+        }
+        result
+    }
+
+    fn separate_integer(
+        magnitude_str: String,
+        inter: i32,
+        sep: char,
+        disp_digit_cnt: i32,
+    ) -> String {
+        let magnitude_len = magnitude_str.len() as i32;
+        let offset = (disp_digit_cnt % (inter + 1) == 0) as i32;
+        let disp_digit_cnt = disp_digit_cnt + offset;
+        let pad_cnt = disp_digit_cnt - magnitude_len;
+        let sep_cnt = disp_digit_cnt / (inter + 1);
+        let diff = pad_cnt - sep_cnt;
+        if pad_cnt > 0 && diff > 0 {
+            // separate with 0 padding
+            let padding = "0".repeat(diff as usize);
+            let padded_num = format!("{padding}{magnitude_str}");
+            FormatSpec::insert_separator(padded_num, inter, sep, sep_cnt)
+        } else {
+            // separate without padding
+            let sep_cnt = (magnitude_len - 1) / inter;
+            FormatSpec::insert_separator(magnitude_str, inter, sep, sep_cnt)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn insert_separator(mut magnitude_str: String, inter: i32, sep: char, sep_cnt: i32) -> String {
+        let magnitude_len = magnitude_str.len() as i32;
+        for i in 1..sep_cnt + 1 {
+            magnitude_str.insert((magnitude_len - inter * i) as usize, sep);
+        }
+        magnitude_str
+    }
+
+    fn validate_format(&self, default_format_type: FormatType) -> Result<(), FormatSpecError> {
+        let format_type = self.format_type.as_ref().unwrap_or(&default_format_type);
+        match (&self.grouping_option, format_type) {
+            (
+                Some(FormatGrouping::Comma),
+                FormatType::String
+                | FormatType::Character
+                | FormatType::Binary
+                | FormatType::Octal
+                | FormatType::Hex(_)
+                | FormatType::Number(_),
+            ) => {
+                let ch = char::from(format_type);
+                Err(FormatSpecError::UnspecifiedFormat(',', ch))
+            }
+            (
+                Some(FormatGrouping::Underscore),
+                FormatType::String | FormatType::Character | FormatType::Number(_),
+            ) => {
+                let ch = char::from(format_type);
+                Err(FormatSpecError::UnspecifiedFormat('_', ch))
+            }
+            _ => Ok(()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_separator_interval(&self) -> usize {
+        match self.format_type {
+            Some(FormatType::Binary | FormatType::Octal | FormatType::Hex(_)) => 4,
+            Some(FormatType::Decimal | FormatType::Number(_) | FormatType::FixedPoint(_)) => 3,
+            None => 3,
+            _ => panic!("Separators only valid for numbers!"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn add_magnitude_separators(&self, magnitude_str: String, prefix: &str) -> String {
+        match &self.grouping_option {
+            Some(fg) => {
+                let sep = match fg {
+                    FormatGrouping::Comma => ',',
+                    FormatGrouping::Underscore => '_',
+                };
+                let inter = self.get_separator_interval().try_into().unwrap();
+                let magnitude_len = magnitude_str.len();
+                let width = self.width.unwrap_or(magnitude_len) as i32 - prefix.len() as i32;
+                let disp_digit_cnt = cmp::max(width, magnitude_len as i32);
+                FormatSpec::add_magnitude_separators_for_char(
+                    magnitude_str,
+                    inter,
+                    sep,
+                    disp_digit_cnt,
+                )
+            }
+            None => magnitude_str,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn format_bool(&self, input: bool) -> Result<String, FormatSpecError> {
+        let x = u8::from(input);
+        match &self.format_type {
+            Some(
+                FormatType::Binary
+                | FormatType::Decimal
+                | FormatType::Octal
+                | FormatType::Number(Case::Lower)
+                | FormatType::Hex(_)
+                | FormatType::GeneralFormat(_)
+                | FormatType::Character,
+            ) => self.format_int(&BigInt::from_u8(x).unwrap()),
+            Some(FormatType::Exponent(_) | FormatType::FixedPoint(_) | FormatType::Percentage) => {
+                self.format_float(x as f64)
+            }
+            None => {
+                let first_letter = (input.to_string().as_bytes()[0] as char).to_uppercase();
+                Ok(first_letter.collect::<String>() + &input.to_string()[1..])
+            }
+            _ => Err(FormatSpecError::InvalidFormatSpecifier),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn format_float(&self, num: f64) -> Result<String, FormatSpecError> {
+        self.validate_format(FormatType::FixedPoint(Case::Lower))?;
+        let precision = self.precision.unwrap_or(6);
+        let magnitude = num.abs();
+        let raw_magnitude_str: Result<String, FormatSpecError> = match &self.format_type {
+            Some(FormatType::FixedPoint(case)) => Ok(float::format_fixed(
+                precision,
+                magnitude,
+                *case,
+                self.alternate_form,
+            )),
+            Some(FormatType::Decimal)
+            | Some(FormatType::Binary)
+            | Some(FormatType::Octal)
+            | Some(FormatType::Hex(_))
+            | Some(FormatType::String)
+            | Some(FormatType::Character)
+            | Some(FormatType::Number(Case::Upper)) => {
+                let ch = char::from(self.format_type.as_ref().unwrap());
+                Err(FormatSpecError::UnknownFormatCode(ch, "float"))
+            }
+            Some(FormatType::GeneralFormat(case)) | Some(FormatType::Number(case)) => {
+                let precision = if precision == 0 { 1 } else { precision };
+                Ok(float::format_general(
+                    precision,
+                    magnitude,
+                    *case,
+                    self.alternate_form,
+                    false,
+                ))
+            }
+            Some(FormatType::Exponent(case)) => Ok(float::format_exponent(
+                precision,
+                magnitude,
+                *case,
+                self.alternate_form,
+            )),
+            Some(FormatType::Percentage) => match magnitude {
+                magnitude if magnitude.is_nan() => Ok("nan%".to_owned()),
+                magnitude if magnitude.is_infinite() => Ok("inf%".to_owned()),
+                _ => {
+                    let result = format!("{:.*}", precision, magnitude * 100.0);
+                    let point = float::decimal_point_or_empty(precision, self.alternate_form);
+                    Ok(format!("{result}{point}%"))
+                }
+            },
+            None => match magnitude {
+                magnitude if magnitude.is_nan() => Ok("nan".to_owned()),
+                magnitude if magnitude.is_infinite() => Ok("inf".to_owned()),
+                _ => match self.precision {
+                    Some(precision) => Ok(float::format_general(
+                        precision,
+                        magnitude,
+                        Case::Lower,
+                        self.alternate_form,
+                        true,
+                    )),
+                    None => Ok(float::to_string(magnitude)),
+                },
+            },
+        };
+        let format_sign = self.sign.unwrap_or(FormatSign::Minus);
+        let sign_str = if num.is_sign_negative() && !num.is_nan() {
+            "-"
+        } else {
+            match format_sign {
+                FormatSign::Plus => "+",
+                FormatSign::Minus => "",
+                FormatSign::MinusOrSpace => " ",
+            }
+        };
+        let magnitude_str = self.add_magnitude_separators(raw_magnitude_str?, sign_str);
+        self.format_sign_and_align(&AsciiStr::new(&magnitude_str), sign_str, FormatAlign::Right)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn format_int_radix(&self, magnitude: BigInt, radix: u32) -> Result<String, FormatSpecError> {
+        match self.precision {
+            Some(_) => Err(FormatSpecError::PrecisionNotAllowed),
+            None => Ok(magnitude.to_str_radix(radix)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn format_int(&self, num: &BigInt) -> Result<String, FormatSpecError> {
+        self.validate_format(FormatType::Decimal)?;
+        let magnitude = num.abs();
+        let prefix = if self.alternate_form {
+            match self.format_type {
+                Some(FormatType::Binary) => "0b",
+                Some(FormatType::Octal) => "0o",
+                Some(FormatType::Hex(Case::Lower)) => "0x",
+                Some(FormatType::Hex(Case::Upper)) => "0X",
+                _ => "",
+            }
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+        let raw_magnitude_str = match self.format_type {
+            Some(FormatType::Binary) => self.format_int_radix(magnitude, 2),
+            Some(FormatType::Decimal) => self.format_int_radix(magnitude, 10),
+            Some(FormatType::Octal) => self.format_int_radix(magnitude, 8),
+            Some(FormatType::Hex(Case::Lower)) => self.format_int_radix(magnitude, 16),
+            Some(FormatType::Hex(Case::Upper)) => match self.precision {
+                Some(_) => Err(FormatSpecError::PrecisionNotAllowed),
+                None => {
+                    let mut result = magnitude.to_str_radix(16);
+                    result.make_ascii_uppercase();
+                    Ok(result)
+                }
+            },
+            Some(FormatType::Number(Case::Lower)) => self.format_int_radix(magnitude, 10),
+            Some(FormatType::Number(Case::Upper)) => {
+                Err(FormatSpecError::UnknownFormatCode('N', "int"))
+            }
+            Some(FormatType::String) => Err(FormatSpecError::UnknownFormatCode('s', "int")),
+            Some(FormatType::Character) => match (self.sign, self.alternate_form) {
+                (Some(_), _) => Err(FormatSpecError::NotAllowed("Sign")),
+                (_, true) => Err(FormatSpecError::NotAllowed("Alternate form (#)")),
+                (_, _) => match num.to_u32() {
+                    Some(n) if n <= 0x10ffff => Ok(std::char::from_u32(n).unwrap().to_string()),
+                    Some(_) | None => Err(FormatSpecError::CodeNotInRange),
+                },
+            },
+            Some(FormatType::GeneralFormat(_))
+            | Some(FormatType::FixedPoint(_))
+            | Some(FormatType::Exponent(_))
+            | Some(FormatType::Percentage) => match num.to_f64() {
+                Some(float) => return self.format_float(float),
+                _ => Err(FormatSpecError::UnableToConvert),
+            },
+            None => self.format_int_radix(magnitude, 10),
+        }?;
+        let format_sign = self.sign.unwrap_or(FormatSign::Minus);
+        let sign_str = match num.sign() {
+            Sign::Minus => "-",
+            _ => match format_sign {
+                FormatSign::Plus => "+",
+                FormatSign::Minus => "",
+                FormatSign::MinusOrSpace => " ",
+            },
+        };
+        let sign_prefix = format!("{sign_str}{prefix}");
+        let magnitude_str = self.add_magnitude_separators(raw_magnitude_str, &sign_prefix);
+        self.format_sign_and_align(
+            &AsciiStr::new(&magnitude_str),
+            &sign_prefix,
+            FormatAlign::Right,
+        )
+    }
+
+    pub fn format_string<T>(&self, s: &T) -> Result<String, FormatSpecError>
+    where
+        T: CharLen + Deref<Target = str>,
+    {
+        self.validate_format(FormatType::String)?;
+        match self.format_type {
+            Some(FormatType::String) | None => self
+                .format_sign_and_align(s, "", FormatAlign::Left)
+                .map(|mut value| {
+                    if let Some(precision) = self.precision {
+                        value.truncate(precision);
+                    }
+                    value
+                }),
+            _ => {
+                let ch = char::from(self.format_type.as_ref().unwrap());
+                Err(FormatSpecError::UnknownFormatCode(ch, "str"))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn format_sign_and_align<T>(
+        &self,
+        magnitude_str: &T,
+        sign_str: &str,
+        default_align: FormatAlign,
+    ) -> Result<String, FormatSpecError>
+    where
+        T: CharLen + Deref<Target = str>,
+    {
+        let align = self.align.unwrap_or(default_align);
+
+        let num_chars = magnitude_str.char_len();
+        let fill_char = self.fill.unwrap_or(' ');
+        let fill_chars_needed: i32 = self.width.map_or(0, |w| {
+            cmp::max(0, (w as i32) - (num_chars as i32) - (sign_str.len() as i32))
+        });
+
+        let magnitude_str = magnitude_str.deref();
+        Ok(match align {
+            FormatAlign::Left => format!(
+                "{}{}{}",
+                sign_str,
+                magnitude_str,
+                FormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, fill_chars_needed)
+            ),
+            FormatAlign::Right => format!(
+                "{}{}{}",
+                FormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, fill_chars_needed),
+                sign_str,
+                magnitude_str
+            ),
+            FormatAlign::AfterSign => format!(
+                "{}{}{}",
+                sign_str,
+                FormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, fill_chars_needed),
+                magnitude_str
+            ),
+            FormatAlign::Center => {
+                let left_fill_chars_needed = fill_chars_needed / 2;
+                let right_fill_chars_needed = fill_chars_needed - left_fill_chars_needed;
+                let left_fill_string =
+                    FormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, left_fill_chars_needed);
+                let right_fill_string =
+                    FormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, right_fill_chars_needed);
+                format!("{left_fill_string}{sign_str}{magnitude_str}{right_fill_string}")
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait CharLen {
+    /// Returns the number of characters in the text
+    fn char_len(&self) -> usize;
+}
+
+struct AsciiStr<'a> {
+    inner: &'a str,
+}
+
+impl<'a> AsciiStr<'a> {
+    fn new(inner: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self { inner }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CharLen for AsciiStr<'_> {
+    fn char_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inner.len()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Deref for AsciiStr<'_> {
+    type Target = str;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FormatSpecError {
+    DecimalDigitsTooMany,
+    PrecisionTooBig,
+    InvalidFormatSpecifier,
+    UnspecifiedFormat(char, char),
+    UnknownFormatCode(char, &'static str),
+    PrecisionNotAllowed,
+    NotAllowed(&'static str),
+    UnableToConvert,
+    CodeNotInRange,
+    NotImplemented(char, &'static str),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FormatParseError {
+    UnmatchedBracket,
+    MissingStartBracket,
+    UnescapedStartBracketInLiteral,
+    InvalidFormatSpecifier,
+    UnknownConversion,
+    EmptyAttribute,
+    MissingRightBracket,
+    InvalidCharacterAfterRightBracket,
+}
+
+impl FromStr for FormatSpec {
+    type Err = FormatSpecError;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        FormatSpec::parse(s)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FieldNamePart {
+    Attribute(String),
+    Index(usize),
+    StringIndex(String),
+}
+
+impl FieldNamePart {
+    fn parse_part(
+        chars: &mut impl PeekingNext<Item = char>,
+    ) -> Result<Option<FieldNamePart>, FormatParseError> {
+        chars
+            .next()
+            .map(|ch| match ch {
+                '.' => {
+                    let mut attribute = String::new();
+                    for ch in chars.peeking_take_while(|ch| *ch != '.' && *ch != '[') {
+                        attribute.push(ch);
+                    }
+                    if attribute.is_empty() {
+                        Err(FormatParseError::EmptyAttribute)
+                    } else {
+                        Ok(FieldNamePart::Attribute(attribute))
+                    }
+                }
+                '[' => {
+                    let mut index = String::new();
+                    for ch in chars {
+                        if ch == ']' {
+                            return if index.is_empty() {
+                                Err(FormatParseError::EmptyAttribute)
+                            } else if let Ok(index) = index.parse::<usize>() {
+                                Ok(FieldNamePart::Index(index))
+                            } else {
+                                Ok(FieldNamePart::StringIndex(index))
+                            };
+                        }
+                        index.push(ch);
+                    }
+                    Err(FormatParseError::MissingRightBracket)
+                }
+                _ => Err(FormatParseError::InvalidCharacterAfterRightBracket),
+            })
+            .transpose()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FieldType {
+    Auto,
+    Index(usize),
+    Keyword(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct FieldName {
+    pub field_type: FieldType,
+    pub parts: Vec<FieldNamePart>,
+}
+
+impl FieldName {
+    pub fn parse(text: &str) -> Result<FieldName, FormatParseError> {
+        let mut chars = text.chars().peekable();
+        let mut first = String::new();
+        for ch in chars.peeking_take_while(|ch| *ch != '.' && *ch != '[') {
+            first.push(ch);
+        }
+
+        let field_type = if first.is_empty() {
+            FieldType::Auto
+        } else if let Ok(index) = first.parse::<usize>() {
+            FieldType::Index(index)
+        } else {
+            FieldType::Keyword(first)
+        };
+
+        let mut parts = Vec::new();
+        while let Some(part) = FieldNamePart::parse_part(&mut chars)? {
+            parts.push(part)
+        }
+
+        Ok(FieldName { field_type, parts })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FormatPart {
+    Field {
+        field_name: String,
+        conversion_spec: Option<char>,
+        format_spec: String,
+    },
+    Literal(String),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct FormatString {
+    pub format_parts: Vec<FormatPart>,
+}
+
+impl FormatString {
+    fn parse_literal_single(text: &str) -> Result<(char, &str), FormatParseError> {
+        let mut chars = text.chars();
+        // This should never be called with an empty str
+        let first_char = chars.next().unwrap();
+        // isn't this detectable only with bytes operation?
+        if first_char == '{' || first_char == '}' {
+            let maybe_next_char = chars.next();
+            // if we see a bracket, it has to be escaped by doubling up to be in a literal
+            return if maybe_next_char.is_none() || maybe_next_char.unwrap() != first_char {
+                Err(FormatParseError::UnescapedStartBracketInLiteral)
+            } else {
+                Ok((first_char, chars.as_str()))
+            };
+        }
+        Ok((first_char, chars.as_str()))
+    }
+
+    fn parse_literal(text: &str) -> Result<(FormatPart, &str), FormatParseError> {
+        let mut cur_text = text;
+        let mut result_string = String::new();
+        while !cur_text.is_empty() {
+            match FormatString::parse_literal_single(cur_text) {
+                Ok((next_char, remaining)) => {
+                    result_string.push(next_char);
+                    cur_text = remaining;
+                }
+                Err(err) => {
+                    return if !result_string.is_empty() {
+                        Ok((FormatPart::Literal(result_string), cur_text))
+                    } else {
+                        Err(err)
+                    };
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok((FormatPart::Literal(result_string), ""))
+    }
+
+    fn parse_part_in_brackets(text: &str) -> Result<FormatPart, FormatParseError> {
+        let mut chars = text.chars().peekable();
+
+        let mut left = String::new();
+        let mut right = String::new();
+
+        let mut split = false;
+        let mut selected = &mut left;
+        let mut inside_brackets = false;
+
+        while let Some(char) = chars.next() {
+            if char == '[' {
+                inside_brackets = true;
+
+                selected.push(char);
+
+                while let Some(next_char) = chars.next() {
+                    selected.push(next_char);
+
+                    if next_char == ']' {
+                        inside_brackets = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if chars.peek().is_none() {
+                        return Err(FormatParseError::MissingRightBracket);
+                    }
+                }
+            } else if char == ':' && !split && !inside_brackets {
+                split = true;
+                selected = &mut right;
+            } else {
+                selected.push(char);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // before the comma is a keyword or arg index, after the comma is maybe a spec.
+        let arg_part: &str = &left;
+
+        let format_spec = if split { right } else { String::new() };
+
+        // left can still be the conversion (!r, !s, !a)
+        let parts: Vec<&str> = arg_part.splitn(2, '!').collect();
+        // before the bang is a keyword or arg index, after the comma is maybe a conversion spec.
+        let arg_part = parts[0];
+
+        let conversion_spec = parts
+            .get(1)
+            .map(|conversion| {
+                // conversions are only every one character
+                conversion
+                    .chars()
+                    .exactly_one()
+                    .map_err(|_| FormatParseError::UnknownConversion)
+            })
+            .transpose()?;
+
+        Ok(FormatPart::Field {
+            field_name: arg_part.to_owned(),
+            conversion_spec,
+            format_spec,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn parse_spec(text: &str) -> Result<(FormatPart, &str), FormatParseError> {
+        let mut nested = false;
+        let mut end_bracket_pos = None;
+        let mut left = String::new();
+
+        // There may be one layer nesting brackets in spec
+        for (idx, c) in text.char_indices() {
+            if idx == 0 {
+                if c != '{' {
+                    return Err(FormatParseError::MissingStartBracket);
+                }
+            } else if c == '{' {
+                if nested {
+                    return Err(FormatParseError::InvalidFormatSpecifier);
+                } else {
+                    nested = true;
+                    left.push(c);
+                    continue;
+                }
+            } else if c == '}' {
+                if nested {
+                    nested = false;
+                    left.push(c);
+                    continue;
+                } else {
+                    end_bracket_pos = Some(idx);
+                    break;
+                }
+            } else {
+                left.push(c);
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(pos) = end_bracket_pos {
+            let (_, right) = text.split_at(pos);
+            let format_part = FormatString::parse_part_in_brackets(&left)?;
+            Ok((format_part, &right[1..]))
+        } else {
+            Err(FormatParseError::UnmatchedBracket)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait FromTemplate<'a>: Sized {
+    type Err;
+    fn from_str(s: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err>;
+}
+
+impl<'a> FromTemplate<'a> for FormatString {
+    type Err = FormatParseError;
+
+    fn from_str(text: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let mut cur_text: &str = text;
+        let mut parts: Vec<FormatPart> = Vec::new();
+        while !cur_text.is_empty() {
+            // Try to parse both literals and bracketed format parts until we
+            // run out of text
+            cur_text = FormatString::parse_literal(cur_text)
+                .or_else(|_| FormatString::parse_spec(cur_text))
+                .map(|(part, new_text)| {
+                    parts.push(part);
+                    new_text
+                })?;
+        }
+        Ok(FormatString {
+            format_parts: parts,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fill_and_align() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_fill_and_align(" <"),
+            (Some(' '), Some(FormatAlign::Left), "")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_fill_and_align(" <22"),
+            (Some(' '), Some(FormatAlign::Left), "22")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_fill_and_align("<22"),
+            (None, Some(FormatAlign::Left), "22")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_fill_and_align(" ^^"),
+            (Some(' '), Some(FormatAlign::Center), "^")
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            parse_fill_and_align("==="),
+            (Some('='), Some(FormatAlign::AfterSign), "=")
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_width_only() {
+        let expected = Ok(FormatSpec {
+            conversion: None,
+            fill: None,
+            align: None,
+            sign: None,
+            alternate_form: false,
+            width: Some(33),
+            grouping_option: None,
+            precision: None,
+            format_type: None,
+        });
+        assert_eq!(FormatSpec::parse("33"), expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_fill_and_width() {
+        let expected = Ok(FormatSpec {
+            conversion: None,
+            fill: Some('<'),
+            align: Some(FormatAlign::Right),
+            sign: None,
+            alternate_form: false,
+            width: Some(33),
+            grouping_option: None,
+            precision: None,
+            format_type: None,
+        });
+        assert_eq!(FormatSpec::parse("<>33"), expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_all() {
+        let expected = Ok(FormatSpec {
+            conversion: None,
+            fill: Some('<'),
+            align: Some(FormatAlign::Right),
+            sign: Some(FormatSign::Minus),
+            alternate_form: true,
+            width: Some(23),
+            grouping_option: Some(FormatGrouping::Comma),
+            precision: Some(11),
+            format_type: Some(FormatType::Binary),
+        });
+        assert_eq!(FormatSpec::parse("<>-#23,.11b"), expected);
+    }
+
+    fn format_bool(text: &str, value: bool) -> Result<String, FormatSpecError> {
+        FormatSpec::parse(text).and_then(|spec| spec.format_bool(value))
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_bool() {
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("b", true), Ok("1".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("b", false), Ok("0".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("d", true), Ok("1".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("d", false), Ok("0".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("o", true), Ok("1".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("o", false), Ok("0".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("n", true), Ok("1".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("n", false), Ok("0".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("x", true), Ok("1".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("x", false), Ok("0".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("X", true), Ok("1".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("X", false), Ok("0".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("g", true), Ok("1".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("g", false), Ok("0".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("G", true), Ok("1".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("G", false), Ok("0".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("c", true), Ok("\x01".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("c", false), Ok("\x00".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("e", true), Ok("1.000000e+00".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("e", false), Ok("0.000000e+00".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("E", true), Ok("1.000000E+00".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("E", false), Ok("0.000000E+00".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("f", true), Ok("1.000000".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("f", false), Ok("0.000000".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("F", true), Ok("1.000000".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("F", false), Ok("0.000000".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("%", true), Ok("100.000000%".to_owned()));
+        assert_eq!(format_bool("%", false), Ok("0.000000%".to_owned()));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_int() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("d")
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_int(&BigInt::from_bytes_be(Sign::Plus, b"\x10")),
+            Ok("16".to_owned())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("x")
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_int(&BigInt::from_bytes_be(Sign::Plus, b"\x10")),
+            Ok("10".to_owned())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("b")
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_int(&BigInt::from_bytes_be(Sign::Plus, b"\x10")),
+            Ok("10000".to_owned())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("o")
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_int(&BigInt::from_bytes_be(Sign::Plus, b"\x10")),
+            Ok("20".to_owned())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("+d")
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_int(&BigInt::from_bytes_be(Sign::Plus, b"\x10")),
+            Ok("+16".to_owned())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("^ 5d")
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_int(&BigInt::from_bytes_be(Sign::Minus, b"\x10")),
+            Ok(" -16 ".to_owned())
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("0>+#10x")
+                .unwrap()
+                .format_int(&BigInt::from_bytes_be(Sign::Plus, b"\x10")),
+            Ok("00000+0x10".to_owned())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_int_sep() {
+        let spec = FormatSpec::parse(",").expect("");
+        assert_eq!(spec.grouping_option, Some(FormatGrouping::Comma));
+        assert_eq!(
+            spec.format_int(&BigInt::from_str("1234567890123456789012345678").unwrap()),
+            Ok("1,234,567,890,123,456,789,012,345,678".to_owned())
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_parse() {
+        let expected = Ok(FormatString {
+            format_parts: vec![
+                FormatPart::Literal("abcd".to_owned()),
+                FormatPart::Field {
+                    field_name: "1".to_owned(),
+                    conversion_spec: None,
+                    format_spec: String::new(),
+                },
+                FormatPart::Literal(":".to_owned()),
+                FormatPart::Field {
+                    field_name: "key".to_owned(),
+                    conversion_spec: None,
+                    format_spec: String::new(),
+                },
+            ],
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("abcd{1}:{key}"), expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_parse_multi_byte_char() {
+        assert!(FormatString::from_str("{a:%ЫйЯЧ}").is_ok());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_parse_fail() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatString::from_str("{s"),
+            Err(FormatParseError::UnmatchedBracket)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_square_brackets_inside_format() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatString::from_str("{[:123]}"),
+            Ok(FormatString {
+                format_parts: vec![FormatPart::Field {
+                    field_name: "[:123]".to_owned(),
+                    conversion_spec: None,
+                    format_spec: "".to_owned(),
+                }],
+            }),
+        );
+
+        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("{asdf[:123]asdf}"), {
+            Ok(FormatString {
+                format_parts: vec![FormatPart::Field {
+                    field_name: "asdf[:123]asdf".to_owned(),
+                    conversion_spec: None,
+                    format_spec: "".to_owned(),
+                }],
+            })
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("{[1234}"), {
+            Err(FormatParseError::MissingRightBracket)
+        });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_parse_escape() {
+        let expected = Ok(FormatString {
+            format_parts: vec![
+                FormatPart::Literal("{".to_owned()),
+                FormatPart::Field {
+                    field_name: "key".to_owned(),
+                    conversion_spec: None,
+                    format_spec: String::new(),
+                },
+                FormatPart::Literal("}ddfe".to_owned()),
+            ],
+        });
+
+        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("{{{key}}}ddfe"), expected);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_format_invalid_specification() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("%3"),
+            Err(FormatSpecError::InvalidFormatSpecifier)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse(".2fa"),
+            Err(FormatSpecError::InvalidFormatSpecifier)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("ds"),
+            Err(FormatSpecError::InvalidFormatSpecifier)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("x+"),
+            Err(FormatSpecError::InvalidFormatSpecifier)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("b4"),
+            Err(FormatSpecError::InvalidFormatSpecifier)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("o!"),
+            Err(FormatSpecError::InvalidFormatSpecifier)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FormatSpec::parse("d "),
+            Err(FormatSpecError::InvalidFormatSpecifier)
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_parse_field_name() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            FieldName::parse(""),
+            Ok(FieldName {
+                field_type: FieldType::Auto,
+                parts: Vec::new(),
+            })
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FieldName::parse("0"),
+            Ok(FieldName {
+                field_type: FieldType::Index(0),
+                parts: Vec::new(),
+            })
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FieldName::parse("key"),
+            Ok(FieldName {
+                field_type: FieldType::Keyword("key".to_owned()),
+                parts: Vec::new(),
+            })
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FieldName::parse("key.attr[0][string]"),
+            Ok(FieldName {
+                field_type: FieldType::Keyword("key".to_owned()),
+                parts: vec![
+                    FieldNamePart::Attribute("attr".to_owned()),
+                    FieldNamePart::Index(0),
+                    FieldNamePart::StringIndex("string".to_owned())
+                ],
+            })
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FieldName::parse("key.."),
+            Err(FormatParseError::EmptyAttribute)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FieldName::parse("key[]"),
+            Err(FormatParseError::EmptyAttribute)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FieldName::parse("key["),
+            Err(FormatParseError::MissingRightBracket)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            FieldName::parse("key[0]after"),
+            Err(FormatParseError::InvalidCharacterAfterRightBracket)
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/common/src/lib.rs b/common/src/lib.rs
index cf2286c1cd..760ba8c55f 100644
--- a/common/src/lib.rs
+++ b/common/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ pub use macros::*;
 pub mod atomic;
 pub mod borrow;
 pub mod boxvec;
+pub mod cformat;
 pub mod cmp;
 #[cfg(any(unix, windows, target_os = "wasi"))]
 pub mod crt_fd;
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ pub mod encodings;
 #[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))]
 pub mod fileutils;
 pub mod float_ops;
+pub mod format;
 pub mod hash;
 pub mod int;
 pub mod linked_list;
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index b4f7a1a636..89d2381d3e 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use crate::{
     atomic::{PyAtomic, Radium},
+    format::CharLen,
     hash::PyHash,
 };
 use ascii::AsciiString;
-use rustpython_format::CharLen;
 use std::ops::{Bound, RangeBounds};
 
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
diff --git a/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml b/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de7e89c0b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+[package]
+name = "rustpython-literal"
+description = "Common literal handling utilities mostly useful for unparse and repr."
+edition = { workspace = true }
+version = { workspace = true }
+authors = { workspace = true }
+repository = { workspace = true }
+license = { workspace = true }
+rust-version = { workspace = true }
+
+[dependencies]
+hexf-parse = "0.2.1"
+is-macro.workspace = true
+lexical-parse-float = { version = "0.8.0", features = ["format"] }
+num-traits = { workspace = true }
+unic-ucd-category = "0.9"
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+rand = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/char.rs b/compiler/literal/src/char.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cd64f6dfa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/char.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+use unic_ucd_category::GeneralCategory;
+
+/// According to python following categories aren't printable:
+/// * Cc (Other, Control)
+/// * Cf (Other, Format)
+/// * Cs (Other, Surrogate)
+/// * Co (Other, Private Use)
+/// * Cn (Other, Not Assigned)
+/// * Zl Separator, Line ('\u2028', LINE SEPARATOR)
+/// * Zp Separator, Paragraph ('\u2029', PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR)
+/// * Zs (Separator, Space) other than ASCII space('\x20').
+pub fn is_printable(c: char) -> bool {
+    let cat = GeneralCategory::of(c);
+    !(cat.is_other() || cat.is_separator())
+}
diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/escape.rs b/compiler/literal/src/escape.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba8e3ecf17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/escape.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Copy, Clone, Hash, is_macro::Is)]
+pub enum Quote {
+    Single,
+    Double,
+}
+
+impl Quote {
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn swap(self) -> Quote {
+        match self {
+            Quote::Single => Quote::Double,
+            Quote::Double => Quote::Single,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn to_byte(&self) -> u8 {
+        match self {
+            Quote::Single => b'\'',
+            Quote::Double => b'"',
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn to_char(&self) -> char {
+        match self {
+            Quote::Single => '\'',
+            Quote::Double => '"',
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct EscapeLayout {
+    pub quote: Quote,
+    pub len: Option<usize>,
+}
+
+pub trait Escape {
+    fn source_len(&self) -> usize;
+    fn layout(&self) -> &EscapeLayout;
+    fn changed(&self) -> bool {
+        self.layout().len != Some(self.source_len())
+    }
+
+    fn write_source(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result;
+    fn write_body_slow(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result;
+    fn write_body(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        if self.changed() {
+            self.write_body_slow(formatter)
+        } else {
+            self.write_source(formatter)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns the outer quotes to use and the number of quotes that need to be
+/// escaped.
+pub(crate) const fn choose_quote(
+    single_count: usize,
+    double_count: usize,
+    preferred_quote: Quote,
+) -> (Quote, usize) {
+    let (primary_count, secondary_count) = match preferred_quote {
+        Quote::Single => (single_count, double_count),
+        Quote::Double => (double_count, single_count),
+    };
+
+    // always use primary unless we have primary but no secondary
+    let use_secondary = primary_count > 0 && secondary_count == 0;
+    if use_secondary {
+        (preferred_quote.swap(), secondary_count)
+    } else {
+        (preferred_quote, primary_count)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct UnicodeEscape<'a> {
+    source: &'a str,
+    layout: EscapeLayout,
+}
+
+impl<'a> UnicodeEscape<'a> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn with_forced_quote(source: &'a str, quote: Quote) -> Self {
+        let layout = EscapeLayout { quote, len: None };
+        Self { source, layout }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn with_preferred_quote(source: &'a str, quote: Quote) -> Self {
+        let layout = Self::repr_layout(source, quote);
+        Self { source, layout }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new_repr(source: &'a str) -> Self {
+        Self::with_preferred_quote(source, Quote::Single)
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn str_repr<'r>(&'a self) -> StrRepr<'r, 'a> {
+        StrRepr(self)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct StrRepr<'r, 'a>(&'r UnicodeEscape<'a>);
+
+impl StrRepr<'_, '_> {
+    pub fn write(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let quote = self.0.layout().quote.to_char();
+        formatter.write_char(quote)?;
+        self.0.write_body(formatter)?;
+        formatter.write_char(quote)
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_string(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        let mut s = String::with_capacity(self.0.layout().len?);
+        self.write(&mut s).unwrap();
+        Some(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for StrRepr<'_, '_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.write(formatter)
+    }
+}
+
+impl UnicodeEscape<'_> {
+    const REPR_RESERVED_LEN: usize = 2; // for quotes
+
+    pub fn repr_layout(source: &str, preferred_quote: Quote) -> EscapeLayout {
+        Self::output_layout_with_checker(source, preferred_quote, |a, b| {
+            Some((a as isize).checked_add(b as isize)? as usize)
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn output_layout_with_checker(
+        source: &str,
+        preferred_quote: Quote,
+        length_add: impl Fn(usize, usize) -> Option<usize>,
+    ) -> EscapeLayout {
+        let mut out_len = Self::REPR_RESERVED_LEN;
+        let mut single_count = 0;
+        let mut double_count = 0;
+
+        for ch in source.chars() {
+            let incr = match ch {
+                '\'' => {
+                    single_count += 1;
+                    1
+                }
+                '"' => {
+                    double_count += 1;
+                    1
+                }
+                c => Self::escaped_char_len(c),
+            };
+            let Some(new_len) = length_add(out_len, incr) else {
+                #[cold]
+                fn stop(
+                    single_count: usize,
+                    double_count: usize,
+                    preferred_quote: Quote,
+                ) -> EscapeLayout {
+                    EscapeLayout {
+                        quote: choose_quote(single_count, double_count, preferred_quote).0,
+                        len: None,
+                    }
+                }
+                return stop(single_count, double_count, preferred_quote);
+            };
+            out_len = new_len;
+        }
+
+        let (quote, num_escaped_quotes) = choose_quote(single_count, double_count, preferred_quote);
+        // we'll be adding backslashes in front of the existing inner quotes
+        let Some(out_len) = length_add(out_len, num_escaped_quotes) else {
+            return EscapeLayout { quote, len: None };
+        };
+
+        EscapeLayout {
+            quote,
+            len: Some(out_len - Self::REPR_RESERVED_LEN),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn escaped_char_len(ch: char) -> usize {
+        match ch {
+            '\\' | '\t' | '\r' | '\n' => 2,
+            ch if ch < ' ' || ch as u32 == 0x7f => 4, // \xHH
+            ch if ch.is_ascii() => 1,
+            ch if crate::char::is_printable(ch) => {
+                // max = std::cmp::max(ch, max);
+                ch.len_utf8()
+            }
+            ch if (ch as u32) < 0x100 => 4,   // \xHH
+            ch if (ch as u32) < 0x10000 => 6, // \uHHHH
+            _ => 10,                          // \uHHHHHHHH
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_char(
+        ch: char,
+        quote: Quote,
+        formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write,
+    ) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match ch {
+            '\n' => formatter.write_str("\\n"),
+            '\t' => formatter.write_str("\\t"),
+            '\r' => formatter.write_str("\\r"),
+            // these 2 branches *would* be handled below, but we shouldn't have to do a
+            // unicodedata lookup just for ascii characters
+            '\x20'..='\x7e' => {
+                // printable ascii range
+                if ch == quote.to_char() || ch == '\\' {
+                    formatter.write_char('\\')?;
+                }
+                formatter.write_char(ch)
+            }
+            ch if ch.is_ascii() => {
+                write!(formatter, "\\x{:02x}", ch as u8)
+            }
+            ch if crate::char::is_printable(ch) => formatter.write_char(ch),
+            '\0'..='\u{ff}' => {
+                write!(formatter, "\\x{:02x}", ch as u32)
+            }
+            '\0'..='\u{ffff}' => {
+                write!(formatter, "\\u{:04x}", ch as u32)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                write!(formatter, "\\U{:08x}", ch as u32)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Escape for UnicodeEscape<'_> {
+    fn source_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.source.len()
+    }
+
+    fn layout(&self) -> &EscapeLayout {
+        &self.layout
+    }
+
+    fn write_source(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        formatter.write_str(self.source)
+    }
+
+    #[cold]
+    fn write_body_slow(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        for ch in self.source.chars() {
+            Self::write_char(ch, self.layout().quote, formatter)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct AsciiEscape<'a> {
+    source: &'a [u8],
+    layout: EscapeLayout,
+}
+
+impl<'a> AsciiEscape<'a> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(source: &'a [u8], layout: EscapeLayout) -> Self {
+        Self { source, layout }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn with_forced_quote(source: &'a [u8], quote: Quote) -> Self {
+        let layout = EscapeLayout { quote, len: None };
+        Self { source, layout }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn with_preferred_quote(source: &'a [u8], quote: Quote) -> Self {
+        let layout = Self::repr_layout(source, quote);
+        Self { source, layout }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new_repr(source: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+        Self::with_preferred_quote(source, Quote::Single)
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn bytes_repr<'r>(&'a self) -> BytesRepr<'r, 'a> {
+        BytesRepr(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsciiEscape<'_> {
+    pub fn repr_layout(source: &[u8], preferred_quote: Quote) -> EscapeLayout {
+        Self::output_layout_with_checker(source, preferred_quote, 3, |a, b| {
+            Some((a as isize).checked_add(b as isize)? as usize)
+        })
+    }
+
+    pub fn named_repr_layout(source: &[u8], name: &str) -> EscapeLayout {
+        Self::output_layout_with_checker(source, Quote::Single, name.len() + 2 + 3, |a, b| {
+            Some((a as isize).checked_add(b as isize)? as usize)
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn output_layout_with_checker(
+        source: &[u8],
+        preferred_quote: Quote,
+        reserved_len: usize,
+        length_add: impl Fn(usize, usize) -> Option<usize>,
+    ) -> EscapeLayout {
+        let mut out_len = reserved_len;
+        let mut single_count = 0;
+        let mut double_count = 0;
+
+        for ch in source.iter() {
+            let incr = match ch {
+                b'\'' => {
+                    single_count += 1;
+                    1
+                }
+                b'"' => {
+                    double_count += 1;
+                    1
+                }
+                c => Self::escaped_char_len(*c),
+            };
+            let Some(new_len) = length_add(out_len, incr) else {
+                #[cold]
+                fn stop(
+                    single_count: usize,
+                    double_count: usize,
+                    preferred_quote: Quote,
+                ) -> EscapeLayout {
+                    EscapeLayout {
+                        quote: choose_quote(single_count, double_count, preferred_quote).0,
+                        len: None,
+                    }
+                }
+                return stop(single_count, double_count, preferred_quote);
+            };
+            out_len = new_len;
+        }
+
+        let (quote, num_escaped_quotes) = choose_quote(single_count, double_count, preferred_quote);
+        // we'll be adding backslashes in front of the existing inner quotes
+        let Some(out_len) = length_add(out_len, num_escaped_quotes) else {
+            return EscapeLayout { quote, len: None };
+        };
+
+        EscapeLayout {
+            quote,
+            len: Some(out_len - reserved_len),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn escaped_char_len(ch: u8) -> usize {
+        match ch {
+            b'\\' | b'\t' | b'\r' | b'\n' => 2,
+            0x20..=0x7e => 1,
+            _ => 4, // \xHH
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_char(ch: u8, quote: Quote, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        match ch {
+            b'\t' => formatter.write_str("\\t"),
+            b'\n' => formatter.write_str("\\n"),
+            b'\r' => formatter.write_str("\\r"),
+            0x20..=0x7e => {
+                // printable ascii range
+                if ch == quote.to_byte() || ch == b'\\' {
+                    formatter.write_char('\\')?;
+                }
+                formatter.write_char(ch as char)
+            }
+            ch => write!(formatter, "\\x{ch:02x}"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Escape for AsciiEscape<'_> {
+    fn source_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.source.len()
+    }
+
+    fn layout(&self) -> &EscapeLayout {
+        &self.layout
+    }
+
+    fn write_source(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        formatter.write_str(unsafe {
+            // SAFETY: this function must be called only when source is printable ascii characters
+            std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(self.source)
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cold]
+    fn write_body_slow(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        for ch in self.source.iter() {
+            Self::write_char(*ch, self.layout().quote, formatter)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct BytesRepr<'r, 'a>(&'r AsciiEscape<'a>);
+
+impl BytesRepr<'_, '_> {
+    pub fn write(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let quote = self.0.layout().quote.to_char();
+        formatter.write_char('b')?;
+        formatter.write_char(quote)?;
+        self.0.write_body(formatter)?;
+        formatter.write_char(quote)
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_string(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        let mut s = String::with_capacity(self.0.layout().len?);
+        self.write(&mut s).unwrap();
+        Some(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for BytesRepr<'_, '_> {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        self.write(formatter)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod unicode_escape_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn changed() {
+        fn test(s: &str) -> bool {
+            UnicodeEscape::new_repr(s).changed()
+        }
+        assert!(!test("hello"));
+        assert!(!test("'hello'"));
+        assert!(!test("\"hello\""));
+
+        assert!(test("'\"hello"));
+        assert!(test("hello\n"));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/float.rs b/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a58a3f48a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+use crate::format::Case;
+use num_traits::{Float, Zero};
+use std::f64;
+
+pub fn parse_str(literal: &str) -> Option<f64> {
+    parse_inner(literal.trim().as_bytes())
+}
+
+fn strip_underlines(literal: &[u8]) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
+    let mut prev = b'\0';
+    let mut dup = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    for p in literal {
+        if *p == b'_' {
+            // Underscores are only allowed after digits.
+            if !prev.is_ascii_digit() {
+                return None;
+            }
+        } else {
+            dup.push(*p);
+            // Underscores are only allowed before digits.
+            if prev == b'_' && !p.is_ascii_digit() {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        prev = *p;
+    }
+
+    // Underscores are not allowed at the end.
+    if prev == b'_' {
+        return None;
+    }
+
+    Some(dup)
+}
+
+pub fn parse_bytes(literal: &[u8]) -> Option<f64> {
+    parse_inner(trim_slice(literal, |b| b.is_ascii_whitespace()))
+}
+
+fn trim_slice<T>(v: &[T], mut trim: impl FnMut(&T) -> bool) -> &[T] {
+    let mut it = v.iter();
+    // it.take_while_ref(&mut trim).for_each(drop);
+    // hmm.. `&mut slice::Iter<_>` is not `Clone`
+    // it.by_ref().rev().take_while_ref(&mut trim).for_each(drop);
+    while it.clone().next().is_some_and(&mut trim) {
+        it.next();
+    }
+    while it.clone().next_back().is_some_and(&mut trim) {
+        it.next_back();
+    }
+    it.as_slice()
+}
+
+fn parse_inner(literal: &[u8]) -> Option<f64> {
+    use lexical_parse_float::{
+        FromLexicalWithOptions, NumberFormatBuilder, Options, format::PYTHON3_LITERAL,
+    };
+
+    // Use custom function for underline handling for now.
+    // For further information see https://github.com/Alexhuszagh/rust-lexical/issues/96.
+    let stripped = strip_underlines(literal)?;
+
+    // lexical-core's format::PYTHON_STRING is inaccurate
+    const PYTHON_STRING: u128 = NumberFormatBuilder::rebuild(PYTHON3_LITERAL)
+        .no_special(false)
+        .build();
+    f64::from_lexical_with_options::<PYTHON_STRING>(&stripped, &Options::new()).ok()
+}
+
+pub fn is_integer(v: f64) -> bool {
+    (v - v.round()).abs() < f64::EPSILON
+}
+
+fn format_nan(case: Case) -> String {
+    let nan = match case {
+        Case::Lower => "nan",
+        Case::Upper => "NAN",
+    };
+
+    nan.to_string()
+}
+
+fn format_inf(case: Case) -> String {
+    let inf = match case {
+        Case::Lower => "inf",
+        Case::Upper => "INF",
+    };
+
+    inf.to_string()
+}
+
+pub fn decimal_point_or_empty(precision: usize, alternate_form: bool) -> &'static str {
+    match (precision, alternate_form) {
+        (0, true) => ".",
+        _ => "",
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn format_fixed(precision: usize, magnitude: f64, case: Case, alternate_form: bool) -> String {
+    match magnitude {
+        magnitude if magnitude.is_finite() => {
+            let point = decimal_point_or_empty(precision, alternate_form);
+            format!("{magnitude:.precision$}{point}")
+        }
+        magnitude if magnitude.is_nan() => format_nan(case),
+        magnitude if magnitude.is_infinite() => format_inf(case),
+        _ => "".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+// Formats floats into Python style exponent notation, by first formatting in Rust style
+// exponent notation (`1.0000e0`), then convert to Python style (`1.0000e+00`).
+pub fn format_exponent(
+    precision: usize,
+    magnitude: f64,
+    case: Case,
+    alternate_form: bool,
+) -> String {
+    match magnitude {
+        magnitude if magnitude.is_finite() => {
+            let r_exp = format!("{magnitude:.precision$e}");
+            let mut parts = r_exp.splitn(2, 'e');
+            let base = parts.next().unwrap();
+            let exponent = parts.next().unwrap().parse::<i64>().unwrap();
+            let e = match case {
+                Case::Lower => 'e',
+                Case::Upper => 'E',
+            };
+            let point = decimal_point_or_empty(precision, alternate_form);
+            format!("{base}{point}{e}{exponent:+#03}")
+        }
+        magnitude if magnitude.is_nan() => format_nan(case),
+        magnitude if magnitude.is_infinite() => format_inf(case),
+        _ => "".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// If s represents a floating point value, trailing zeros and a possibly trailing
+/// decimal point will be removed.
+/// This function does NOT work with decimal commas.
+fn maybe_remove_trailing_redundant_chars(s: String, alternate_form: bool) -> String {
+    if !alternate_form && s.contains('.') {
+        // only truncate floating point values when not in alternate form
+        let s = remove_trailing_zeros(s);
+        remove_trailing_decimal_point(s)
+    } else {
+        s
+    }
+}
+
+fn remove_trailing_zeros(s: String) -> String {
+    let mut s = s;
+    while s.ends_with('0') {
+        s.pop();
+    }
+    s
+}
+
+fn remove_trailing_decimal_point(s: String) -> String {
+    let mut s = s;
+    if s.ends_with('.') {
+        s.pop();
+    }
+    s
+}
+
+pub fn format_general(
+    precision: usize,
+    magnitude: f64,
+    case: Case,
+    alternate_form: bool,
+    always_shows_fract: bool,
+) -> String {
+    match magnitude {
+        magnitude if magnitude.is_finite() => {
+            let r_exp = format!("{:.*e}", precision.saturating_sub(1), magnitude);
+            let mut parts = r_exp.splitn(2, 'e');
+            let base = parts.next().unwrap();
+            let exponent = parts.next().unwrap().parse::<i64>().unwrap();
+            if exponent < -4 || exponent + (always_shows_fract as i64) >= (precision as i64) {
+                let e = match case {
+                    Case::Lower => 'e',
+                    Case::Upper => 'E',
+                };
+                let magnitude = format!("{:.*}", precision + 1, base);
+                let base = maybe_remove_trailing_redundant_chars(magnitude, alternate_form);
+                let point = decimal_point_or_empty(precision.saturating_sub(1), alternate_form);
+                format!("{base}{point}{e}{exponent:+#03}")
+            } else {
+                let precision = ((precision as i64) - 1 - exponent) as usize;
+                let magnitude = format!("{magnitude:.precision$}");
+                let base = maybe_remove_trailing_redundant_chars(magnitude, alternate_form);
+                let point = decimal_point_or_empty(precision, alternate_form);
+                format!("{base}{point}")
+            }
+        }
+        magnitude if magnitude.is_nan() => format_nan(case),
+        magnitude if magnitude.is_infinite() => format_inf(case),
+        _ => "".to_string(),
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO: rewrite using format_general
+pub fn to_string(value: f64) -> String {
+    let lit = format!("{value:e}");
+    if let Some(position) = lit.find('e') {
+        let significand = &lit[..position];
+        let exponent = &lit[position + 1..];
+        let exponent = exponent.parse::<i32>().unwrap();
+        if exponent < 16 && exponent > -5 {
+            if is_integer(value) {
+                format!("{value:.1?}")
+            } else {
+                value.to_string()
+            }
+        } else {
+            format!("{significand}e{exponent:+#03}")
+        }
+    } else {
+        let mut s = value.to_string();
+        s.make_ascii_lowercase();
+        s
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn from_hex(s: &str) -> Option<f64> {
+    if let Ok(f) = hexf_parse::parse_hexf64(s, false) {
+        return Some(f);
+    }
+    match s.to_ascii_lowercase().as_str() {
+        "nan" | "+nan" | "-nan" => Some(f64::NAN),
+        "inf" | "infinity" | "+inf" | "+infinity" => Some(f64::INFINITY),
+        "-inf" | "-infinity" => Some(f64::NEG_INFINITY),
+        value => {
+            let mut hex = String::with_capacity(value.len());
+            let has_0x = value.contains("0x");
+            let has_p = value.contains('p');
+            let has_dot = value.contains('.');
+            let mut start = 0;
+
+            if !has_0x && value.starts_with('-') {
+                hex.push_str("-0x");
+                start += 1;
+            } else if !has_0x {
+                hex.push_str("0x");
+                if value.starts_with('+') {
+                    start += 1;
+                }
+            }
+
+            for (index, ch) in value.chars().enumerate() {
+                if ch == 'p' {
+                    if has_dot {
+                        hex.push('p');
+                    } else {
+                        hex.push_str(".p");
+                    }
+                } else if index >= start {
+                    hex.push(ch);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if !has_p && has_dot {
+                hex.push_str("p0");
+            } else if !has_p && !has_dot {
+                hex.push_str(".p0")
+            }
+
+            hexf_parse::parse_hexf64(hex.as_str(), false).ok()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn to_hex(value: f64) -> String {
+    let (mantissa, exponent, sign) = value.integer_decode();
+    let sign_fmt = if sign < 0 { "-" } else { "" };
+    match value {
+        value if value.is_zero() => format!("{sign_fmt}0x0.0p+0"),
+        value if value.is_infinite() => format!("{sign_fmt}inf"),
+        value if value.is_nan() => "nan".to_owned(),
+        _ => {
+            const BITS: i16 = 52;
+            const FRACT_MASK: u64 = 0xf_ffff_ffff_ffff;
+            format!(
+                "{}{:#x}.{:013x}p{:+}",
+                sign_fmt,
+                mantissa >> BITS,
+                mantissa & FRACT_MASK,
+                exponent + BITS
+            )
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_to_hex() {
+    use rand::Rng;
+    for _ in 0..20000 {
+        let bytes = rand::rng().random::<u64>();
+        let f = f64::from_bits(bytes);
+        if !f.is_finite() {
+            continue;
+        }
+        let hex = to_hex(f);
+        // println!("{} -> {}", f, hex);
+        let roundtrip = hexf_parse::parse_hexf64(&hex, false).unwrap();
+        // println!("  -> {}", roundtrip);
+        assert!(f == roundtrip, "{} {} {}", f, hex, roundtrip);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_remove_trailing_zeros() {
+    assert!(remove_trailing_zeros(String::from("100")) == *"1");
+    assert!(remove_trailing_zeros(String::from("100.00")) == *"100.");
+
+    // leave leading zeros untouched
+    assert!(remove_trailing_zeros(String::from("001")) == *"001");
+
+    // leave strings untouched if they don't end with 0
+    assert!(remove_trailing_zeros(String::from("101")) == *"101");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_remove_trailing_decimal_point() {
+    assert!(remove_trailing_decimal_point(String::from("100.")) == *"100");
+    assert!(remove_trailing_decimal_point(String::from("1.")) == *"1");
+
+    // leave leading decimal points untouched
+    assert!(remove_trailing_decimal_point(String::from(".5")) == *".5");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_maybe_remove_trailing_redundant_chars() {
+    assert!(maybe_remove_trailing_redundant_chars(String::from("100."), true) == *"100.");
+    assert!(maybe_remove_trailing_redundant_chars(String::from("100."), false) == *"100");
+    assert!(maybe_remove_trailing_redundant_chars(String::from("1."), false) == *"1");
+    assert!(maybe_remove_trailing_redundant_chars(String::from("10.0"), false) == *"10");
+
+    // don't truncate integers
+    assert!(maybe_remove_trailing_redundant_chars(String::from("1000"), false) == *"1000");
+}
diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/format.rs b/compiler/literal/src/format.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ce21ad781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/format.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy, is_macro::Is, Hash)]
+pub enum Case {
+    Lower,
+    Upper,
+}
diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/lib.rs b/compiler/literal/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b9620573d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+pub mod char;
+pub mod escape;
+pub mod float;
+pub mod format;
diff --git a/deny.toml b/deny.toml
index 4063d1fec1..85513455fc 100644
--- a/deny.toml
+++ b/deny.toml
@@ -242,4 +242,4 @@ unknown-git = "warn"
 # if not specified. If it is specified but empty, no registries are allowed.
 allow-registry = ["https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"]
 # List of URLs for allowed Git repositories
-allow-git = ["https://github.com/RustPython/Parser.git", "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__"]
+allow-git = ["https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__"]
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 49b0883bbe..559390d278 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-compiler-source = { workspace = true }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-literal = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-format = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-sre_engine = { workspace = true }
 
 ascii = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs
index 93f5f4f1de..006fc4d1eb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bool.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use super::{PyInt, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef};
+use crate::common::format::FormatSpec;
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject,
     VirtualMachine,
@@ -11,7 +12,6 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use malachite_bigint::Sign;
 use num_traits::Zero;
-use rustpython_format::FormatSpec;
 use std::fmt::{Debug, Formatter};
 
 impl ToPyObject for bool {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
index e33c25cb56..b4601fbb92 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
     TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     class::PyClassImpl,
-    common::{float_ops, hash},
+    common::{float_ops, format::FormatSpec, hash},
     convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
     function::{
         ArgBytesLike, OptionalArg, OptionalOption,
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, ToBigInt};
 use num_complex::Complex64;
 use num_traits::{Signed, ToPrimitive, Zero};
 use rustpython_common::int::float_to_ratio;
-use rustpython_format::FormatSpec;
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "float")]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
index db9c5ea4ed..aa9613e9d7 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
     bytesinner::PyBytesInner,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::{
+        format::FormatSpec,
         hash,
         int::{bigint_to_finite_float, bytes_to_int, true_div},
     },
@@ -20,7 +21,6 @@ use crate::{
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
 use num_integer::Integer;
 use num_traits::{One, Pow, PrimInt, Signed, ToPrimitive, Zero};
-use rustpython_format::FormatSpec;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::ops::{Neg, Not};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 3446a3d54c..554fa1de7f 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use rustpython_common::{
     ascii,
     atomic::{self, PyAtomic, Radium},
+    format::{FormatSpec, FormatString, FromTemplate},
     hash,
     lock::PyMutex,
 };
-use rustpython_format::{FormatSpec, FormatString, FromTemplate};
 use std::{char, fmt, ops::Range, string::ToString};
 use unic_ucd_bidi::BidiClass;
 use unic_ucd_category::GeneralCategory;
diff --git a/vm/src/cformat.rs b/vm/src/cformat.rs
index 6e14034d0b..a11c06a252 100644
--- a/vm/src/cformat.rs
+++ b/vm/src/cformat.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Implementation of Printf-Style string formatting
 //! as per the [Python Docs](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting).
 
+use crate::common::cformat::*;
 use crate::{
     AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
@@ -12,7 +13,6 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use num_traits::cast::ToPrimitive;
-use rustpython_format::cformat::*;
 use std::str::FromStr;
 
 fn spec_format_bytes(
diff --git a/vm/src/format.rs b/vm/src/format.rs
index 7e9bb54265..1dbfd46779 100644
--- a/vm/src/format.rs
+++ b/vm/src/format.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
     stdlib::builtins,
 };
 
-use rustpython_format::*;
+use crate::common::format::*;
 
 impl IntoPyException for FormatSpecError {
     fn into_pyexception(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs
index 8a8a182732..3c399e1c37 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@ pub(crate) use _string::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod _string {
     use crate::common::ascii;
+    use crate::common::format::{
+        FieldName, FieldNamePart, FieldType, FormatPart, FormatString, FromTemplate,
+    };
     use crate::{
         PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyList, PyStrRef},
         convert::ToPyException,
         convert::ToPyObject,
     };
-    use rustpython_format::{
-        FieldName, FieldNamePart, FieldType, FormatPart, FormatString, FromTemplate,
-    };
     use std::mem;
 
     fn create_format_part(

From 9779de98b86e456350ce6d9b155a23370348d1c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 22 Mar 2025 20:25:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 513/705] _tkinter pt. 1 (#5583)

* Add _tkinter module and gate

* add tkinter module

* add tcl_error

* fix tk setup and add demo

* fix TK_VERSION

* create and TkApp
---
 Cargo.lock                  |  396 ++-
 Cargo.toml                  |    1 +
 Lib/tkinter/__init__.py     | 4984 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/tkinter/__main__.py     |    7 +
 Lib/tkinter/colorchooser.py |   86 +
 Lib/tkinter/commondialog.py |   53 +
 Lib/tkinter/constants.py    |  110 +
 Lib/tkinter/dialog.py       |   49 +
 Lib/tkinter/dnd.py          |  324 +++
 Lib/tkinter/filedialog.py   |  492 ++++
 Lib/tkinter/font.py         |  239 ++
 Lib/tkinter/messagebox.py   |  146 +
 Lib/tkinter/scrolledtext.py |   56 +
 Lib/tkinter/simpledialog.py |  441 ++++
 Lib/tkinter/ttk.py          | 1647 ++++++++++++
 stdlib/Cargo.toml           |    5 +
 stdlib/src/lib.rs           |    7 +
 stdlib/src/tkinter.rs       |   84 +
 18 files changed, 9112 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/__main__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/colorchooser.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/commondialog.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/constants.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/dialog.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/dnd.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/filedialog.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/font.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/messagebox.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/scrolledtext.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/simpledialog.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/tkinter/ttk.py
 create mode 100644 stdlib/src/tkinter.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 94ae260f94..b214780cb4 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -116,6 +116,39 @@ version = "0.13.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9e1b586273c5702936fe7b7d6896644d8be71e6314cfe09d3167c95f712589e8"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "bind_syn"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7d6608ba072b4bc847774fac76963956592b5cdfa3751afcefa252fb61cb85b9"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bindgen"
+version = "0.64.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c4243e6031260db77ede97ad86c27e501d646a27ab57b59a574f725d98ab1fb4"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "cexpr",
+ "clang-sys",
+ "lazy_static 1.5.0",
+ "lazycell",
+ "log",
+ "peeking_take_while",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "regex",
+ "rustc-hash 1.1.0",
+ "shlex",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+ "which 4.4.2",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "1.3.2"
@@ -232,6 +265,37 @@ dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cex"
+version = "0.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8b0114a3f232423fadbbdbb692688e3e68c3b58b4b063ac3a7d0190d561080da"
+dependencies = [
+ "cex_derive",
+ "enumx",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cex_derive"
+version = "0.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b5048cd656d7d2e739960fa33d9f95693005792dc8aad0af8b8f0b7d76c938d"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cexpr"
+version = "0.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6fac387a98bb7c37292057cffc56d62ecb629900026402633ae9160df93a8766"
+dependencies = [
+ "nom",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cfg-if"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -258,6 +322,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "clang-sys"
+version = "1.8.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0b023947811758c97c59bf9d1c188fd619ad4718dcaa767947df1cadb14f39f4"
+dependencies = [
+ "glob",
+ "libc",
+ "libloading",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
 version = "2.34.0"
@@ -269,6 +344,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-width 0.1.14",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "clib"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fda1a698cd341f055d3ae1fdbfb1cc441e7f9bacce795356ecc685e69134e957"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "bindgen",
+ "inwelling",
+ "pkg-config",
+ "toml",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clipboard-win"
 version = "5.4.0"
@@ -383,7 +471,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashbrown 0.14.5",
  "log",
  "regalloc2",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
  "serde",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
@@ -678,6 +766,27 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c34f04666d835ff5d62e058c3995147c06f42fe86ff053337632bca83e42702d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "enumx"
+version = "0.4.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "32875abeb14f7fe2c2b8ad15e58f41701f455d124d0a03bc88132d5face2663f"
+dependencies = [
+ "enumx_derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "enumx_derive"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fa5d66efdd1eab6ea85ba31bdb58bed1e4ce218c1361061384ece88f40ebeb49"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap 1.9.3",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "env_logger"
 version = "0.9.3"
@@ -765,7 +874,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8168cbad48fdda10be94de9c6319f9e8ac5d3cf0a1abda1864269dfcca3d302a"
 dependencies = [
  "flame",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 2.7.1",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
 ]
@@ -871,7 +980,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "07e28edb80900c19c28f1072f2e8aeca7fa06b23cd4169cefe1af5aa3260783f"
 dependencies = [
  "fallible-iterator",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 2.7.1",
  "stable_deref_trait",
 ]
 
@@ -897,6 +1006,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "crunchy",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.12.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.14.5"
@@ -912,12 +1027,30 @@ dependencies = [
  "foldhash",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "heck"
+version = "0.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6d621efb26863f0e9924c6ac577e8275e5e6b77455db64ffa6c65c904e9e132c"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-segmentation",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
 version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "heredom"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8a7a4d76fa670b51cfb56e908ad8bfd44a14fee853ea764790e46634d3fcdf4d"
+dependencies = [
+ "tuplex",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
 version = "0.1.19"
@@ -977,6 +1110,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "indexmap"
+version = "1.9.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bd070e393353796e801d209ad339e89596eb4c8d430d18ede6a1cced8fafbd99"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "hashbrown 0.12.3",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
 version = "2.7.1"
@@ -1006,13 +1149,23 @@ dependencies = [
  "similar",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "inwelling"
+version = "0.5.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2f6292c68ffca1fa94ca8f95ca5ad2885d79d96377f1d37ced6a47cd26cfaf8c"
+dependencies = [
+ "toml",
+ "walkdir",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "is-macro"
 version = "0.3.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1d57a3e447e24c22647738e4607f1df1e0ec6f72e16182c4cd199f647cdfb0e4"
 dependencies = [
- "heck",
+ "heck 0.5.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.98",
@@ -1098,6 +1251,12 @@ version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lazycell"
+version = "1.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "830d08ce1d1d941e6b30645f1a0eb5643013d835ce3779a5fc208261dbe10f55"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lexical-parse-float"
 version = "0.8.5"
@@ -1355,6 +1514,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "minimal-lexical"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
 version = "0.8.4"
@@ -1373,6 +1538,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand_core 0.9.1",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "mutf8"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "97b444426a4c188e9ad33560853ebd52309ab72811f536a9e6f37907fd12cf45"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "nibble_vec"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1395,6 +1566,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "memoffset",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "nom"
+version = "7.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d273983c5a657a70a3e8f2a01329822f3b8c8172b73826411a55751e404a0a4a"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+ "minimal-lexical",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "num-complex"
 version = "0.4.6"
@@ -1447,6 +1628,7 @@ version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "af1844ef2428cc3e1cb900be36181049ef3d3193c63e43026cfe202983b27a56"
 dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "syn 2.0.98",
@@ -1563,6 +1745,12 @@ version = "1.0.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "peeking_take_while"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "19b17cddbe7ec3f8bc800887bab5e717348c95ea2ca0b1bf0837fb964dc67099"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "phf"
 version = "0.11.3"
@@ -1681,6 +1869,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "zerocopy 0.7.35",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro-crate"
+version = "3.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "edce586971a4dfaa28950c6f18ed55e0406c1ab88bbce2c6f6293a7aaba73d35"
+dependencies = [
+ "toml_edit 0.22.24",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
 version = "1.0.93"
@@ -1756,7 +1953,7 @@ version = "0.22.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "36c011a03ba1e50152b4b394b479826cad97e7a21eb52df179cd91ac411cbfbe"
 dependencies = [
- "heck",
+ "heck 0.5.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "quote",
@@ -1905,7 +2102,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "hashbrown 0.15.2",
  "log",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
@@ -1985,7 +2182,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_python_trivia",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2023,7 +2220,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_trivia",
  "ruff_text_size",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
  "static_assertions",
  "unicode-ident",
  "unicode-normalization",
@@ -2055,6 +2252,12 @@ name = "ruff_text_size"
 version = "0.0.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustc-hash"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "2.1.1"
@@ -2111,7 +2314,7 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 2.7.1",
  "insta",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
@@ -2292,7 +2495,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "foreign-types-shared",
  "gethostname",
  "hex",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 2.7.1",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "junction",
  "libc",
@@ -2328,8 +2531,10 @@ dependencies = [
  "sha3",
  "socket2",
  "system-configuration",
+ "tcl",
  "termios",
  "thread_local",
+ "tk",
  "ucd",
  "unic-char-property",
  "unic-normal",
@@ -2365,7 +2570,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "glob",
  "half 2.4.1",
  "hex",
- "indexmap",
+ "indexmap 2.7.1",
  "is-macro",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "junction",
@@ -2407,8 +2612,8 @@ dependencies = [
  "schannel",
  "serde",
  "static_assertions",
- "strum",
- "strum_macros",
+ "strum 0.27.1",
+ "strum_macros 0.27.1",
  "thiserror 2.0.11",
  "thread_local",
  "timsort",
@@ -2419,7 +2624,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-casing",
  "unicode_names2",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "which",
+ "which 6.0.3",
  "widestring",
  "windows",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
@@ -2563,6 +2768,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_spanned"
+version = "0.6.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "87607cb1398ed59d48732e575a4c28a7a8ebf2454b964fe3f224f2afc07909e1"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "sha-1"
 version = "0.10.1"
@@ -2647,19 +2861,37 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a2eb9349b6444b326872e140eb1cf5e7c522154d69e7a0ffb0fb81c06b37543f"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "strum"
+version = "0.19.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b89a286a7e3b5720b9a477b23253bc50debac207c8d21505f8e70b36792f11b5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
 version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f64def088c51c9510a8579e3c5d67c65349dcf755e5479ad3d010aa6454e2c32"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "strum_macros"
+version = "0.19.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e61bb0be289045cb80bfce000512e32d09f8337e54c186725da381377ad1f8d5"
+dependencies = [
+ "heck 0.3.3",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 1.0.109",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "strum_macros"
 version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c77a8c5abcaf0f9ce05d62342b7d298c346515365c36b673df4ebe3ced01fde8"
 dependencies = [
- "heck",
+ "heck 0.5.0",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
@@ -2738,6 +2970,36 @@ version = "0.13.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e502f78cdbb8ba4718f566c418c52bc729126ffd16baee5baa718cf25dd5a69a"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tcl"
+version = "0.1.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4e0d0928e8b4dca8ebd485f687f725bb34e454c7a28c1d353bf7d1b8060581bf"
+dependencies = [
+ "cex",
+ "clib",
+ "enumx",
+ "inwelling",
+ "mutf8",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "tcl_derive",
+ "tuplex",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tcl_derive"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "625d95e672231bbf31dead6861b0ad72bcb71a2891b26b0c4924cd1cc9687b93"
+dependencies = [
+ "bind_syn",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.98",
+ "uuid",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "termcolor"
 version = "1.4.1"
@@ -2863,6 +3125,79 @@ version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "tk"
+version = "0.1.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c6fbe29c813c9eee5e0d4d996a4a615f6538220f0ad181269a413f21c13eb077"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "cex",
+ "clib",
+ "enumx",
+ "heredom",
+ "inwelling",
+ "num_enum",
+ "once_cell",
+ "serde",
+ "strum 0.19.5",
+ "strum_macros 0.19.4",
+ "tcl",
+ "tcl_derive",
+ "tuplex",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml"
+version = "0.7.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dd79e69d3b627db300ff956027cc6c3798cef26d22526befdfcd12feeb6d2257"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "serde_spanned",
+ "toml_datetime",
+ "toml_edit 0.19.15",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_datetime"
+version = "0.6.8"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0dd7358ecb8fc2f8d014bf86f6f638ce72ba252a2c3a2572f2a795f1d23efb41"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_edit"
+version = "0.19.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1b5bb770da30e5cbfde35a2d7b9b8a2c4b8ef89548a7a6aeab5c9a576e3e7421"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap 2.7.1",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_spanned",
+ "toml_datetime",
+ "winnow 0.5.40",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "toml_edit"
+version = "0.22.24"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "17b4795ff5edd201c7cd6dca065ae59972ce77d1b80fa0a84d94950ece7d1474"
+dependencies = [
+ "indexmap 2.7.1",
+ "toml_datetime",
+ "winnow 0.7.4",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tuplex"
+version = "0.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "676ac81d5454c4dcf37955d34fa8626ede3490f744b86ca14a7b90168d2a08aa"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "twox-hash"
 version = "1.6.3"
@@ -3085,6 +3420,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8c1f41ffb7cf259f1ecc2876861a17e7142e63ead296f671f81f6ae85903e0d6"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic",
+ "getrandom 0.3.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3223,6 +3559,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "which"
+version = "4.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+ "home",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustix",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "which"
 version = "6.0.3"
@@ -3439,6 +3787,24 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "winnow"
+version = "0.5.40"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f593a95398737aeed53e489c785df13f3618e41dbcd6718c6addbf1395aa6876"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winnow"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0e97b544156e9bebe1a0ffbc03484fc1ffe3100cbce3ffb17eac35f7cdd7ab36"
+dependencies = [
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "winreg"
 version = "0.55.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 1da72c9dc5..2795c94979 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ bz2 = ["stdlib", "rustpython-stdlib/bz2"]
 sqlite = ["rustpython-stdlib/sqlite"]
 ssl = ["rustpython-stdlib/ssl"]
 ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "rustpython-stdlib/ssl-vendor"]
+tkinter = ["rustpython-stdlib/tkinter"]
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/__init__.py b/Lib/tkinter/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b2502b4c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4984 @@
+"""Wrapper functions for Tcl/Tk.
+
+Tkinter provides classes which allow the display, positioning and
+control of widgets. Toplevel widgets are Tk and Toplevel. Other
+widgets are Frame, Label, Entry, Text, Canvas, Button, Radiobutton,
+Checkbutton, Scale, Listbox, Scrollbar, OptionMenu, Spinbox
+LabelFrame and PanedWindow.
+
+Properties of the widgets are specified with keyword arguments.
+Keyword arguments have the same name as the corresponding resource
+under Tk.
+
+Widgets are positioned with one of the geometry managers Place, Pack
+or Grid. These managers can be called with methods place, pack, grid
+available in every Widget.
+
+Actions are bound to events by resources (e.g. keyword argument
+command) or with the method bind.
+
+Example (Hello, World):
+import tkinter
+from tkinter.constants import *
+tk = tkinter.Tk()
+frame = tkinter.Frame(tk, relief=RIDGE, borderwidth=2)
+frame.pack(fill=BOTH,expand=1)
+label = tkinter.Label(frame, text="Hello, World")
+label.pack(fill=X, expand=1)
+button = tkinter.Button(frame,text="Exit",command=tk.destroy)
+button.pack(side=BOTTOM)
+tk.mainloop()
+"""
+
+import collections
+import enum
+import sys
+import types
+
+import _tkinter # If this fails your Python may not be configured for Tk
+TclError = _tkinter.TclError
+from tkinter.constants import *
+import re
+
+wantobjects = 1
+_debug = False  # set to True to print executed Tcl/Tk commands
+
+TkVersion = float(_tkinter.TK_VERSION)
+TclVersion = float(_tkinter.TCL_VERSION)
+
+READABLE = _tkinter.READABLE
+WRITABLE = _tkinter.WRITABLE
+EXCEPTION = _tkinter.EXCEPTION
+
+
+_magic_re = re.compile(r'([\\{}])')
+_space_re = re.compile(r'([\s])', re.ASCII)
+
+
+def _join(value):
+    """Internal function."""
+    return ' '.join(map(_stringify, value))
+
+
+def _stringify(value):
+    """Internal function."""
+    if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+        if len(value) == 1:
+            value = _stringify(value[0])
+            if _magic_re.search(value):
+                value = '{%s}' % value
+        else:
+            value = '{%s}' % _join(value)
+    else:
+        if isinstance(value, bytes):
+            value = str(value, 'latin1')
+        else:
+            value = str(value)
+        if not value:
+            value = '{}'
+        elif _magic_re.search(value):
+            # add '\' before special characters and spaces
+            value = _magic_re.sub(r'\\\1', value)
+            value = value.replace('\n', r'\n')
+            value = _space_re.sub(r'\\\1', value)
+            if value[0] == '"':
+                value = '\\' + value
+        elif value[0] == '"' or _space_re.search(value):
+            value = '{%s}' % value
+    return value
+
+
+def _flatten(seq):
+    """Internal function."""
+    res = ()
+    for item in seq:
+        if isinstance(item, (tuple, list)):
+            res = res + _flatten(item)
+        elif item is not None:
+            res = res + (item,)
+    return res
+
+
+try: _flatten = _tkinter._flatten
+except AttributeError: pass
+
+
+def _cnfmerge(cnfs):
+    """Internal function."""
+    if isinstance(cnfs, dict):
+        return cnfs
+    elif isinstance(cnfs, (type(None), str)):
+        return cnfs
+    else:
+        cnf = {}
+        for c in _flatten(cnfs):
+            try:
+                cnf.update(c)
+            except (AttributeError, TypeError) as msg:
+                print("_cnfmerge: fallback due to:", msg)
+                for k, v in c.items():
+                    cnf[k] = v
+        return cnf
+
+
+try: _cnfmerge = _tkinter._cnfmerge
+except AttributeError: pass
+
+
+def _splitdict(tk, v, cut_minus=True, conv=None):
+    """Return a properly formatted dict built from Tcl list pairs.
+
+    If cut_minus is True, the supposed '-' prefix will be removed from
+    keys. If conv is specified, it is used to convert values.
+
+    Tcl list is expected to contain an even number of elements.
+    """
+    t = tk.splitlist(v)
+    if len(t) % 2:
+        raise RuntimeError('Tcl list representing a dict is expected '
+                           'to contain an even number of elements')
+    it = iter(t)
+    dict = {}
+    for key, value in zip(it, it):
+        key = str(key)
+        if cut_minus and key[0] == '-':
+            key = key[1:]
+        if conv:
+            value = conv(value)
+        dict[key] = value
+    return dict
+
+class _VersionInfoType(collections.namedtuple('_VersionInfoType',
+        ('major', 'minor', 'micro', 'releaselevel', 'serial'))):
+    def __str__(self):
+        if self.releaselevel == 'final':
+            return f'{self.major}.{self.minor}.{self.micro}'
+        else:
+            return f'{self.major}.{self.minor}{self.releaselevel[0]}{self.serial}'
+
+def _parse_version(version):
+    import re
+    m = re.fullmatch(r'(\d+)\.(\d+)([ab.])(\d+)', version)
+    major, minor, releaselevel, serial = m.groups()
+    major, minor, serial = int(major), int(minor), int(serial)
+    if releaselevel == '.':
+        micro = serial
+        serial = 0
+        releaselevel = 'final'
+    else:
+        micro = 0
+        releaselevel = {'a': 'alpha', 'b': 'beta'}[releaselevel]
+    return _VersionInfoType(major, minor, micro, releaselevel, serial)
+
+
+@enum._simple_enum(enum.StrEnum)
+class EventType:
+    KeyPress = '2'
+    Key = KeyPress
+    KeyRelease = '3'
+    ButtonPress = '4'
+    Button = ButtonPress
+    ButtonRelease = '5'
+    Motion = '6'
+    Enter = '7'
+    Leave = '8'
+    FocusIn = '9'
+    FocusOut = '10'
+    Keymap = '11'           # undocumented
+    Expose = '12'
+    GraphicsExpose = '13'   # undocumented
+    NoExpose = '14'         # undocumented
+    Visibility = '15'
+    Create = '16'
+    Destroy = '17'
+    Unmap = '18'
+    Map = '19'
+    MapRequest = '20'
+    Reparent = '21'
+    Configure = '22'
+    ConfigureRequest = '23'
+    Gravity = '24'
+    ResizeRequest = '25'
+    Circulate = '26'
+    CirculateRequest = '27'
+    Property = '28'
+    SelectionClear = '29'   # undocumented
+    SelectionRequest = '30' # undocumented
+    Selection = '31'        # undocumented
+    Colormap = '32'
+    ClientMessage = '33'    # undocumented
+    Mapping = '34'          # undocumented
+    VirtualEvent = '35'     # undocumented
+    Activate = '36'
+    Deactivate = '37'
+    MouseWheel = '38'
+
+
+class Event:
+    """Container for the properties of an event.
+
+    Instances of this type are generated if one of the following events occurs:
+
+    KeyPress, KeyRelease - for keyboard events
+    ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, Motion, Enter, Leave, MouseWheel - for mouse events
+    Visibility, Unmap, Map, Expose, FocusIn, FocusOut, Circulate,
+    Colormap, Gravity, Reparent, Property, Destroy, Activate,
+    Deactivate - for window events.
+
+    If a callback function for one of these events is registered
+    using bind, bind_all, bind_class, or tag_bind, the callback is
+    called with an Event as first argument. It will have the
+    following attributes (in braces are the event types for which
+    the attribute is valid):
+
+        serial - serial number of event
+    num - mouse button pressed (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease)
+    focus - whether the window has the focus (Enter, Leave)
+    height - height of the exposed window (Configure, Expose)
+    width - width of the exposed window (Configure, Expose)
+    keycode - keycode of the pressed key (KeyPress, KeyRelease)
+    state - state of the event as a number (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease,
+                            Enter, KeyPress, KeyRelease,
+                            Leave, Motion)
+    state - state as a string (Visibility)
+    time - when the event occurred
+    x - x-position of the mouse
+    y - y-position of the mouse
+    x_root - x-position of the mouse on the screen
+             (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, KeyPress, KeyRelease, Motion)
+    y_root - y-position of the mouse on the screen
+             (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, KeyPress, KeyRelease, Motion)
+    char - pressed character (KeyPress, KeyRelease)
+    send_event - see X/Windows documentation
+    keysym - keysym of the event as a string (KeyPress, KeyRelease)
+    keysym_num - keysym of the event as a number (KeyPress, KeyRelease)
+    type - type of the event as a number
+    widget - widget in which the event occurred
+    delta - delta of wheel movement (MouseWheel)
+    """
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        attrs = {k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.items() if v != '??'}
+        if not self.char:
+            del attrs['char']
+        elif self.char != '??':
+            attrs['char'] = repr(self.char)
+        if not getattr(self, 'send_event', True):
+            del attrs['send_event']
+        if self.state == 0:
+            del attrs['state']
+        elif isinstance(self.state, int):
+            state = self.state
+            mods = ('Shift', 'Lock', 'Control',
+                    'Mod1', 'Mod2', 'Mod3', 'Mod4', 'Mod5',
+                    'Button1', 'Button2', 'Button3', 'Button4', 'Button5')
+            s = []
+            for i, n in enumerate(mods):
+                if state & (1 << i):
+                    s.append(n)
+            state = state & ~((1<< len(mods)) - 1)
+            if state or not s:
+                s.append(hex(state))
+            attrs['state'] = '|'.join(s)
+        if self.delta == 0:
+            del attrs['delta']
+        # widget usually is known
+        # serial and time are not very interesting
+        # keysym_num duplicates keysym
+        # x_root and y_root mostly duplicate x and y
+        keys = ('send_event',
+                'state', 'keysym', 'keycode', 'char',
+                'num', 'delta', 'focus',
+                'x', 'y', 'width', 'height')
+        return '<%s event%s>' % (
+            getattr(self.type, 'name', self.type),
+            ''.join(' %s=%s' % (k, attrs[k]) for k in keys if k in attrs)
+        )
+
+
+_support_default_root = True
+_default_root = None
+
+
+def NoDefaultRoot():
+    """Inhibit setting of default root window.
+
+    Call this function to inhibit that the first instance of
+    Tk is used for windows without an explicit parent window.
+    """
+    global _support_default_root, _default_root
+    _support_default_root = False
+    # Delete, so any use of _default_root will immediately raise an exception.
+    # Rebind before deletion, so repeated calls will not fail.
+    _default_root = None
+    del _default_root
+
+
+def _get_default_root(what=None):
+    if not _support_default_root:
+        raise RuntimeError("No master specified and tkinter is "
+                           "configured to not support default root")
+    if _default_root is None:
+        if what:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Too early to {what}: no default root window")
+        root = Tk()
+        assert _default_root is root
+    return _default_root
+
+
+def _get_temp_root():
+    global _support_default_root
+    if not _support_default_root:
+        raise RuntimeError("No master specified and tkinter is "
+                           "configured to not support default root")
+    root = _default_root
+    if root is None:
+        assert _support_default_root
+        _support_default_root = False
+        root = Tk()
+        _support_default_root = True
+        assert _default_root is None
+        root.withdraw()
+        root._temporary = True
+    return root
+
+
+def _destroy_temp_root(master):
+    if getattr(master, '_temporary', False):
+        try:
+            master.destroy()
+        except TclError:
+            pass
+
+
+def _tkerror(err):
+    """Internal function."""
+    pass
+
+
+def _exit(code=0):
+    """Internal function. Calling it will raise the exception SystemExit."""
+    try:
+        code = int(code)
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+    raise SystemExit(code)
+
+
+_varnum = 0
+
+
+class Variable:
+    """Class to define value holders for e.g. buttons.
+
+    Subclasses StringVar, IntVar, DoubleVar, BooleanVar are specializations
+    that constrain the type of the value returned from get()."""
+    _default = ""
+    _tk = None
+    _tclCommands = None
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None):
+        """Construct a variable
+
+        MASTER can be given as master widget.
+        VALUE is an optional value (defaults to "")
+        NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum).
+
+        If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted
+        then the existing value is retained.
+        """
+        # check for type of NAME parameter to override weird error message
+        # raised from Modules/_tkinter.c:SetVar like:
+        # TypeError: setvar() takes exactly 3 arguments (2 given)
+        if name is not None and not isinstance(name, str):
+            raise TypeError("name must be a string")
+        global _varnum
+        if master is None:
+            master = _get_default_root('create variable')
+        self._root = master._root()
+        self._tk = master.tk
+        if name:
+            self._name = name
+        else:
+            self._name = 'PY_VAR' + repr(_varnum)
+            _varnum += 1
+        if value is not None:
+            self.initialize(value)
+        elif not self._tk.getboolean(self._tk.call("info", "exists", self._name)):
+            self.initialize(self._default)
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        """Unset the variable in Tcl."""
+        if self._tk is None:
+            return
+        if self._tk.getboolean(self._tk.call("info", "exists", self._name)):
+            self._tk.globalunsetvar(self._name)
+        if self._tclCommands is not None:
+            for name in self._tclCommands:
+                self._tk.deletecommand(name)
+            self._tclCommands = None
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Return the name of the variable in Tcl."""
+        return self._name
+
+    def set(self, value):
+        """Set the variable to VALUE."""
+        return self._tk.globalsetvar(self._name, value)
+
+    initialize = set
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Return value of variable."""
+        return self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name)
+
+    def _register(self, callback):
+        f = CallWrapper(callback, None, self._root).__call__
+        cbname = repr(id(f))
+        try:
+            callback = callback.__func__
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            cbname = cbname + callback.__name__
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        self._tk.createcommand(cbname, f)
+        if self._tclCommands is None:
+            self._tclCommands = []
+        self._tclCommands.append(cbname)
+        return cbname
+
+    def trace_add(self, mode, callback):
+        """Define a trace callback for the variable.
+
+        Mode is one of "read", "write", "unset", or a list or tuple of
+        such strings.
+        Callback must be a function which is called when the variable is
+        read, written or unset.
+
+        Return the name of the callback.
+        """
+        cbname = self._register(callback)
+        self._tk.call('trace', 'add', 'variable',
+                      self._name, mode, (cbname,))
+        return cbname
+
+    def trace_remove(self, mode, cbname):
+        """Delete the trace callback for a variable.
+
+        Mode is one of "read", "write", "unset" or a list or tuple of
+        such strings.  Must be same as were specified in trace_add().
+        cbname is the name of the callback returned from trace_add().
+        """
+        self._tk.call('trace', 'remove', 'variable',
+                      self._name, mode, cbname)
+        for m, ca in self.trace_info():
+            if self._tk.splitlist(ca)[0] == cbname:
+                break
+        else:
+            self._tk.deletecommand(cbname)
+            try:
+                self._tclCommands.remove(cbname)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+    def trace_info(self):
+        """Return all trace callback information."""
+        splitlist = self._tk.splitlist
+        return [(splitlist(k), v) for k, v in map(splitlist,
+            splitlist(self._tk.call('trace', 'info', 'variable', self._name)))]
+
+    def trace_variable(self, mode, callback):
+        """Define a trace callback for the variable.
+
+        MODE is one of "r", "w", "u" for read, write, undefine.
+        CALLBACK must be a function which is called when
+        the variable is read, written or undefined.
+
+        Return the name of the callback.
+
+        This deprecated method wraps a deprecated Tcl method that will
+        likely be removed in the future.  Use trace_add() instead.
+        """
+        # TODO: Add deprecation warning
+        cbname = self._register(callback)
+        self._tk.call("trace", "variable", self._name, mode, cbname)
+        return cbname
+
+    trace = trace_variable
+
+    def trace_vdelete(self, mode, cbname):
+        """Delete the trace callback for a variable.
+
+        MODE is one of "r", "w", "u" for read, write, undefine.
+        CBNAME is the name of the callback returned from trace_variable or trace.
+
+        This deprecated method wraps a deprecated Tcl method that will
+        likely be removed in the future.  Use trace_remove() instead.
+        """
+        # TODO: Add deprecation warning
+        self._tk.call("trace", "vdelete", self._name, mode, cbname)
+        cbname = self._tk.splitlist(cbname)[0]
+        for m, ca in self.trace_info():
+            if self._tk.splitlist(ca)[0] == cbname:
+                break
+        else:
+            self._tk.deletecommand(cbname)
+            try:
+                self._tclCommands.remove(cbname)
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+
+    def trace_vinfo(self):
+        """Return all trace callback information.
+
+        This deprecated method wraps a deprecated Tcl method that will
+        likely be removed in the future.  Use trace_info() instead.
+        """
+        # TODO: Add deprecation warning
+        return [self._tk.splitlist(x) for x in self._tk.splitlist(
+            self._tk.call("trace", "vinfo", self._name))]
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Variable):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return (self._name == other._name
+                and self.__class__.__name__ == other.__class__.__name__
+                and self._tk == other._tk)
+
+
+class StringVar(Variable):
+    """Value holder for strings variables."""
+    _default = ""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None):
+        """Construct a string variable.
+
+        MASTER can be given as master widget.
+        VALUE is an optional value (defaults to "")
+        NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum).
+
+        If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted
+        then the existing value is retained.
+        """
+        Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name)
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Return value of variable as string."""
+        value = self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name)
+        if isinstance(value, str):
+            return value
+        return str(value)
+
+
+class IntVar(Variable):
+    """Value holder for integer variables."""
+    _default = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None):
+        """Construct an integer variable.
+
+        MASTER can be given as master widget.
+        VALUE is an optional value (defaults to 0)
+        NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum).
+
+        If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted
+        then the existing value is retained.
+        """
+        Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name)
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Return the value of the variable as an integer."""
+        value = self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name)
+        try:
+            return self._tk.getint(value)
+        except (TypeError, TclError):
+            return int(self._tk.getdouble(value))
+
+
+class DoubleVar(Variable):
+    """Value holder for float variables."""
+    _default = 0.0
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None):
+        """Construct a float variable.
+
+        MASTER can be given as master widget.
+        VALUE is an optional value (defaults to 0.0)
+        NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum).
+
+        If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted
+        then the existing value is retained.
+        """
+        Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name)
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Return the value of the variable as a float."""
+        return self._tk.getdouble(self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name))
+
+
+class BooleanVar(Variable):
+    """Value holder for boolean variables."""
+    _default = False
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None):
+        """Construct a boolean variable.
+
+        MASTER can be given as master widget.
+        VALUE is an optional value (defaults to False)
+        NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum).
+
+        If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted
+        then the existing value is retained.
+        """
+        Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name)
+
+    def set(self, value):
+        """Set the variable to VALUE."""
+        return self._tk.globalsetvar(self._name, self._tk.getboolean(value))
+
+    initialize = set
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Return the value of the variable as a bool."""
+        try:
+            return self._tk.getboolean(self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name))
+        except TclError:
+            raise ValueError("invalid literal for getboolean()")
+
+
+def mainloop(n=0):
+    """Run the main loop of Tcl."""
+    _get_default_root('run the main loop').tk.mainloop(n)
+
+
+getint = int
+
+getdouble = float
+
+
+def getboolean(s):
+    """Convert Tcl object to True or False."""
+    try:
+        return _get_default_root('use getboolean()').tk.getboolean(s)
+    except TclError:
+        raise ValueError("invalid literal for getboolean()")
+
+
+# Methods defined on both toplevel and interior widgets
+
+class Misc:
+    """Internal class.
+
+    Base class which defines methods common for interior widgets."""
+
+    # used for generating child widget names
+    _last_child_ids = None
+
+    # XXX font command?
+    _tclCommands = None
+
+    def destroy(self):
+        """Internal function.
+
+        Delete all Tcl commands created for
+        this widget in the Tcl interpreter."""
+        if self._tclCommands is not None:
+            for name in self._tclCommands:
+                self.tk.deletecommand(name)
+            self._tclCommands = None
+
+    def deletecommand(self, name):
+        """Internal function.
+
+        Delete the Tcl command provided in NAME."""
+        self.tk.deletecommand(name)
+        try:
+            self._tclCommands.remove(name)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    def tk_strictMotif(self, boolean=None):
+        """Set Tcl internal variable, whether the look and feel
+        should adhere to Motif.
+
+        A parameter of 1 means adhere to Motif (e.g. no color
+        change if mouse passes over slider).
+        Returns the set value."""
+        return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(
+            'set', 'tk_strictMotif', boolean))
+
+    def tk_bisque(self):
+        """Change the color scheme to light brown as used in Tk 3.6 and before."""
+        self.tk.call('tk_bisque')
+
+    def tk_setPalette(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Set a new color scheme for all widget elements.
+
+        A single color as argument will cause that all colors of Tk
+        widget elements are derived from this.
+        Alternatively several keyword parameters and its associated
+        colors can be given. The following keywords are valid:
+        activeBackground, foreground, selectColor,
+        activeForeground, highlightBackground, selectBackground,
+        background, highlightColor, selectForeground,
+        disabledForeground, insertBackground, troughColor."""
+        self.tk.call(('tk_setPalette',)
+              + _flatten(args) + _flatten(list(kw.items())))
+
+    def wait_variable(self, name='PY_VAR'):
+        """Wait until the variable is modified.
+
+        A parameter of type IntVar, StringVar, DoubleVar or
+        BooleanVar must be given."""
+        self.tk.call('tkwait', 'variable', name)
+    waitvar = wait_variable # XXX b/w compat
+
+    def wait_window(self, window=None):
+        """Wait until a WIDGET is destroyed.
+
+        If no parameter is given self is used."""
+        if window is None:
+            window = self
+        self.tk.call('tkwait', 'window', window._w)
+
+    def wait_visibility(self, window=None):
+        """Wait until the visibility of a WIDGET changes
+        (e.g. it appears).
+
+        If no parameter is given self is used."""
+        if window is None:
+            window = self
+        self.tk.call('tkwait', 'visibility', window._w)
+
+    def setvar(self, name='PY_VAR', value='1'):
+        """Set Tcl variable NAME to VALUE."""
+        self.tk.setvar(name, value)
+
+    def getvar(self, name='PY_VAR'):
+        """Return value of Tcl variable NAME."""
+        return self.tk.getvar(name)
+
+    def getint(self, s):
+        try:
+            return self.tk.getint(s)
+        except TclError as exc:
+            raise ValueError(str(exc))
+
+    def getdouble(self, s):
+        try:
+            return self.tk.getdouble(s)
+        except TclError as exc:
+            raise ValueError(str(exc))
+
+    def getboolean(self, s):
+        """Return a boolean value for Tcl boolean values true and false given as parameter."""
+        try:
+            return self.tk.getboolean(s)
+        except TclError:
+            raise ValueError("invalid literal for getboolean()")
+
+    def focus_set(self):
+        """Direct input focus to this widget.
+
+        If the application currently does not have the focus
+        this widget will get the focus if the application gets
+        the focus through the window manager."""
+        self.tk.call('focus', self._w)
+    focus = focus_set # XXX b/w compat?
+
+    def focus_force(self):
+        """Direct input focus to this widget even if the
+        application does not have the focus. Use with
+        caution!"""
+        self.tk.call('focus', '-force', self._w)
+
+    def focus_get(self):
+        """Return the widget which has currently the focus in the
+        application.
+
+        Use focus_displayof to allow working with several
+        displays. Return None if application does not have
+        the focus."""
+        name = self.tk.call('focus')
+        if name == 'none' or not name: return None
+        return self._nametowidget(name)
+
+    def focus_displayof(self):
+        """Return the widget which has currently the focus on the
+        display where this widget is located.
+
+        Return None if the application does not have the focus."""
+        name = self.tk.call('focus', '-displayof', self._w)
+        if name == 'none' or not name: return None
+        return self._nametowidget(name)
+
+    def focus_lastfor(self):
+        """Return the widget which would have the focus if top level
+        for this widget gets the focus from the window manager."""
+        name = self.tk.call('focus', '-lastfor', self._w)
+        if name == 'none' or not name: return None
+        return self._nametowidget(name)
+
+    def tk_focusFollowsMouse(self):
+        """The widget under mouse will get automatically focus. Can not
+        be disabled easily."""
+        self.tk.call('tk_focusFollowsMouse')
+
+    def tk_focusNext(self):
+        """Return the next widget in the focus order which follows
+        widget which has currently the focus.
+
+        The focus order first goes to the next child, then to
+        the children of the child recursively and then to the
+        next sibling which is higher in the stacking order.  A
+        widget is omitted if it has the takefocus resource set
+        to 0."""
+        name = self.tk.call('tk_focusNext', self._w)
+        if not name: return None
+        return self._nametowidget(name)
+
+    def tk_focusPrev(self):
+        """Return previous widget in the focus order. See tk_focusNext for details."""
+        name = self.tk.call('tk_focusPrev', self._w)
+        if not name: return None
+        return self._nametowidget(name)
+
+    def after(self, ms, func=None, *args):
+        """Call function once after given time.
+
+        MS specifies the time in milliseconds. FUNC gives the
+        function which shall be called. Additional parameters
+        are given as parameters to the function call.  Return
+        identifier to cancel scheduling with after_cancel."""
+        if func is None:
+            # I'd rather use time.sleep(ms*0.001)
+            self.tk.call('after', ms)
+            return None
+        else:
+            def callit():
+                try:
+                    func(*args)
+                finally:
+                    try:
+                        self.deletecommand(name)
+                    except TclError:
+                        pass
+            try:
+                callit.__name__ = func.__name__
+            except AttributeError:
+                # Required for callable classes (bpo-44404)
+                callit.__name__ = type(func).__name__
+            name = self._register(callit)
+            return self.tk.call('after', ms, name)
+
+    def after_idle(self, func, *args):
+        """Call FUNC once if the Tcl main loop has no event to
+        process.
+
+        Return an identifier to cancel the scheduling with
+        after_cancel."""
+        return self.after('idle', func, *args)
+
+    def after_cancel(self, id):
+        """Cancel scheduling of function identified with ID.
+
+        Identifier returned by after or after_idle must be
+        given as first parameter.
+        """
+        if not id:
+            raise ValueError('id must be a valid identifier returned from '
+                             'after or after_idle')
+        try:
+            data = self.tk.call('after', 'info', id)
+            script = self.tk.splitlist(data)[0]
+            self.deletecommand(script)
+        except TclError:
+            pass
+        self.tk.call('after', 'cancel', id)
+
+    def after_info(self, id=None):
+        """Return information about existing event handlers.
+
+        With no argument, return a tuple of the identifiers for all existing
+        event handlers created by the after and after_idle commands for this
+        interpreter.  If id is supplied, it specifies an existing handler; id
+        must have been the return value from some previous call to after or
+        after_idle and it must not have triggered yet or been canceled. If the
+        id doesn't exist, a TclError is raised.  Otherwise, the return value is
+        a tuple containing (script, type) where script is a reference to the
+        function to be called by the event handler and type is either 'idle'
+        or 'timer' to indicate what kind of event handler it is.
+        """
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call('after', 'info', id))
+
+    def bell(self, displayof=0):
+        """Ring a display's bell."""
+        self.tk.call(('bell',) + self._displayof(displayof))
+
+    def tk_busy_cget(self, option):
+        """Return the value of busy configuration option.
+
+        The widget must have been previously made busy by
+        tk_busy_hold().  Option may have any of the values accepted by
+        tk_busy_hold().
+        """
+        return self.tk.call('tk', 'busy', 'cget', self._w, '-'+option)
+    busy_cget = tk_busy_cget
+
+    def tk_busy_configure(self, cnf=None, **kw):
+        """Query or modify the busy configuration options.
+
+        The widget must have been previously made busy by
+        tk_busy_hold().  Options may have any of the values accepted by
+        tk_busy_hold().
+
+        Please note that the option database is referenced by the widget
+        name or class.  For example, if a Frame widget with name "frame"
+        is to be made busy, the busy cursor can be specified for it by
+        either call:
+
+            w.option_add('*frame.busyCursor', 'gumby')
+            w.option_add('*Frame.BusyCursor', 'gumby')
+        """
+        if kw:
+            cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
+        elif cnf:
+            cnf = _cnfmerge(cnf)
+        if cnf is None:
+            return self._getconfigure(
+                        'tk', 'busy', 'configure', self._w)
+        if isinstance(cnf, str):
+            return self._getconfigure1(
+                        'tk', 'busy', 'configure', self._w, '-'+cnf)
+        self.tk.call('tk', 'busy', 'configure', self._w, *self._options(cnf))
+    busy_config = busy_configure = tk_busy_config = tk_busy_configure
+
+    def tk_busy_current(self, pattern=None):
+        """Return a list of widgets that are currently busy.
+
+        If a pattern is given, only busy widgets whose path names match
+        a pattern are returned.
+        """
+        return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in
+                self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
+                   'tk', 'busy', 'current', pattern))]
+    busy_current = tk_busy_current
+
+    def tk_busy_forget(self):
+        """Make this widget no longer busy.
+
+        User events will again be received by the widget.
+        """
+        self.tk.call('tk', 'busy', 'forget', self._w)
+    busy_forget = tk_busy_forget
+
+    def tk_busy_hold(self, **kw):
+        """Make this widget appear busy.
+
+        The specified widget and its descendants will be blocked from
+        user interactions.  Normally update() should be called
+        immediately afterward to insure that the hold operation is in
+        effect before the application starts its processing.
+
+        The only supported configuration option is:
+
+            cursor: the cursor to be displayed when the widget is made
+                    busy.
+        """
+        self.tk.call('tk', 'busy', 'hold', self._w, *self._options(kw))
+    busy = busy_hold = tk_busy = tk_busy_hold
+
+    def tk_busy_status(self):
+        """Return True if the widget is busy, False otherwise."""
+        return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(
+                'tk', 'busy', 'status', self._w))
+    busy_status = tk_busy_status
+
+    # Clipboard handling:
+    def clipboard_get(self, **kw):
+        """Retrieve data from the clipboard on window's display.
+
+        The window keyword defaults to the root window of the Tkinter
+        application.
+
+        The type keyword specifies the form in which the data is
+        to be returned and should be an atom name such as STRING
+        or FILE_NAME.  Type defaults to STRING, except on X11, where the default
+        is to try UTF8_STRING and fall back to STRING.
+
+        This command is equivalent to:
+
+        selection_get(CLIPBOARD)
+        """
+        if 'type' not in kw and self._windowingsystem == 'x11':
+            try:
+                kw['type'] = 'UTF8_STRING'
+                return self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'get') + self._options(kw))
+            except TclError:
+                del kw['type']
+        return self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'get') + self._options(kw))
+
+    def clipboard_clear(self, **kw):
+        """Clear the data in the Tk clipboard.
+
+        A widget specified for the optional displayof keyword
+        argument specifies the target display."""
+        if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w
+        self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'clear') + self._options(kw))
+
+    def clipboard_append(self, string, **kw):
+        """Append STRING to the Tk clipboard.
+
+        A widget specified at the optional displayof keyword
+        argument specifies the target display. The clipboard
+        can be retrieved with selection_get."""
+        if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w
+        self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'append') + self._options(kw)
+              + ('--', string))
+    # XXX grab current w/o window argument
+
+    def grab_current(self):
+        """Return widget which has currently the grab in this application
+        or None."""
+        name = self.tk.call('grab', 'current', self._w)
+        if not name: return None
+        return self._nametowidget(name)
+
+    def grab_release(self):
+        """Release grab for this widget if currently set."""
+        self.tk.call('grab', 'release', self._w)
+
+    def grab_set(self):
+        """Set grab for this widget.
+
+        A grab directs all events to this and descendant
+        widgets in the application."""
+        self.tk.call('grab', 'set', self._w)
+
+    def grab_set_global(self):
+        """Set global grab for this widget.
+
+        A global grab directs all events to this and
+        descendant widgets on the display. Use with caution -
+        other applications do not get events anymore."""
+        self.tk.call('grab', 'set', '-global', self._w)
+
+    def grab_status(self):
+        """Return None, "local" or "global" if this widget has
+        no, a local or a global grab."""
+        status = self.tk.call('grab', 'status', self._w)
+        if status == 'none': status = None
+        return status
+
+    def option_add(self, pattern, value, priority = None):
+        """Set a VALUE (second parameter) for an option
+        PATTERN (first parameter).
+
+        An optional third parameter gives the numeric priority
+        (defaults to 80)."""
+        self.tk.call('option', 'add', pattern, value, priority)
+
+    def option_clear(self):
+        """Clear the option database.
+
+        It will be reloaded if option_add is called."""
+        self.tk.call('option', 'clear')
+
+    def option_get(self, name, className):
+        """Return the value for an option NAME for this widget
+        with CLASSNAME.
+
+        Values with higher priority override lower values."""
+        return self.tk.call('option', 'get', self._w, name, className)
+
+    def option_readfile(self, fileName, priority = None):
+        """Read file FILENAME into the option database.
+
+        An optional second parameter gives the numeric
+        priority."""
+        self.tk.call('option', 'readfile', fileName, priority)
+
+    def selection_clear(self, **kw):
+        """Clear the current X selection."""
+        if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w
+        self.tk.call(('selection', 'clear') + self._options(kw))
+
+    def selection_get(self, **kw):
+        """Return the contents of the current X selection.
+
+        A keyword parameter selection specifies the name of
+        the selection and defaults to PRIMARY.  A keyword
+        parameter displayof specifies a widget on the display
+        to use. A keyword parameter type specifies the form of data to be
+        fetched, defaulting to STRING except on X11, where UTF8_STRING is tried
+        before STRING."""
+        if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w
+        if 'type' not in kw and self._windowingsystem == 'x11':
+            try:
+                kw['type'] = 'UTF8_STRING'
+                return self.tk.call(('selection', 'get') + self._options(kw))
+            except TclError:
+                del kw['type']
+        return self.tk.call(('selection', 'get') + self._options(kw))
+
+    def selection_handle(self, command, **kw):
+        """Specify a function COMMAND to call if the X
+        selection owned by this widget is queried by another
+        application.
+
+        This function must return the contents of the
+        selection. The function will be called with the
+        arguments OFFSET and LENGTH which allows the chunking
+        of very long selections. The following keyword
+        parameters can be provided:
+        selection - name of the selection (default PRIMARY),
+        type - type of the selection (e.g. STRING, FILE_NAME)."""
+        name = self._register(command)
+        self.tk.call(('selection', 'handle') + self._options(kw)
+              + (self._w, name))
+
+    def selection_own(self, **kw):
+        """Become owner of X selection.
+
+        A keyword parameter selection specifies the name of
+        the selection (default PRIMARY)."""
+        self.tk.call(('selection', 'own') +
+                 self._options(kw) + (self._w,))
+
+    def selection_own_get(self, **kw):
+        """Return owner of X selection.
+
+        The following keyword parameter can
+        be provided:
+        selection - name of the selection (default PRIMARY),
+        type - type of the selection (e.g. STRING, FILE_NAME)."""
+        if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w
+        name = self.tk.call(('selection', 'own') + self._options(kw))
+        if not name: return None
+        return self._nametowidget(name)
+
+    def send(self, interp, cmd, *args):
+        """Send Tcl command CMD to different interpreter INTERP to be executed."""
+        return self.tk.call(('send', interp, cmd) + args)
+
+    def lower(self, belowThis=None):
+        """Lower this widget in the stacking order."""
+        self.tk.call('lower', self._w, belowThis)
+
+    def tkraise(self, aboveThis=None):
+        """Raise this widget in the stacking order."""
+        self.tk.call('raise', self._w, aboveThis)
+
+    lift = tkraise
+
+    def info_patchlevel(self):
+        """Returns the exact version of the Tcl library."""
+        patchlevel = self.tk.call('info', 'patchlevel')
+        return _parse_version(patchlevel)
+
+    def winfo_atom(self, name, displayof=0):
+        """Return integer which represents atom NAME."""
+        args = ('winfo', 'atom') + self._displayof(displayof) + (name,)
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(args))
+
+    def winfo_atomname(self, id, displayof=0):
+        """Return name of atom with identifier ID."""
+        args = ('winfo', 'atomname') \
+               + self._displayof(displayof) + (id,)
+        return self.tk.call(args)
+
+    def winfo_cells(self):
+        """Return number of cells in the colormap for this widget."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'cells', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_children(self):
+        """Return a list of all widgets which are children of this widget."""
+        result = []
+        for child in self.tk.splitlist(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'children', self._w)):
+            try:
+                # Tcl sometimes returns extra windows, e.g. for
+                # menus; those need to be skipped
+                result.append(self._nametowidget(child))
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+        return result
+
+    def winfo_class(self):
+        """Return window class name of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.call('winfo', 'class', self._w)
+
+    def winfo_colormapfull(self):
+        """Return True if at the last color request the colormap was full."""
+        return self.tk.getboolean(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'colormapfull', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_containing(self, rootX, rootY, displayof=0):
+        """Return the widget which is at the root coordinates ROOTX, ROOTY."""
+        args = ('winfo', 'containing') \
+               + self._displayof(displayof) + (rootX, rootY)
+        name = self.tk.call(args)
+        if not name: return None
+        return self._nametowidget(name)
+
+    def winfo_depth(self):
+        """Return the number of bits per pixel."""
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call('winfo', 'depth', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_exists(self):
+        """Return true if this widget exists."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'exists', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_fpixels(self, number):
+        """Return the number of pixels for the given distance NUMBER
+        (e.g. "3c") as float."""
+        return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call(
+            'winfo', 'fpixels', self._w, number))
+
+    def winfo_geometry(self):
+        """Return geometry string for this widget in the form "widthxheight+X+Y"."""
+        return self.tk.call('winfo', 'geometry', self._w)
+
+    def winfo_height(self):
+        """Return height of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'height', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_id(self):
+        """Return identifier ID for this widget."""
+        return int(self.tk.call('winfo', 'id', self._w), 0)
+
+    def winfo_interps(self, displayof=0):
+        """Return the name of all Tcl interpreters for this display."""
+        args = ('winfo', 'interps') + self._displayof(displayof)
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(args))
+
+    def winfo_ismapped(self):
+        """Return true if this widget is mapped."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'ismapped', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_manager(self):
+        """Return the window manager name for this widget."""
+        return self.tk.call('winfo', 'manager', self._w)
+
+    def winfo_name(self):
+        """Return the name of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.call('winfo', 'name', self._w)
+
+    def winfo_parent(self):
+        """Return the name of the parent of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.call('winfo', 'parent', self._w)
+
+    def winfo_pathname(self, id, displayof=0):
+        """Return the pathname of the widget given by ID."""
+        if isinstance(id, int):
+            id = hex(id)
+        args = ('winfo', 'pathname') \
+               + self._displayof(displayof) + (id,)
+        return self.tk.call(args)
+
+    def winfo_pixels(self, number):
+        """Rounded integer value of winfo_fpixels."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'pixels', self._w, number))
+
+    def winfo_pointerx(self):
+        """Return the x coordinate of the pointer on the root window."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'pointerx', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_pointerxy(self):
+        """Return a tuple of x and y coordinates of the pointer on the root window."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'pointerxy', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_pointery(self):
+        """Return the y coordinate of the pointer on the root window."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'pointery', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_reqheight(self):
+        """Return requested height of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'reqheight', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_reqwidth(self):
+        """Return requested width of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'reqwidth', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_rgb(self, color):
+        """Return a tuple of integer RGB values in range(65536) for color in this widget."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'rgb', self._w, color))
+
+    def winfo_rootx(self):
+        """Return x coordinate of upper left corner of this widget on the
+        root window."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'rootx', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_rooty(self):
+        """Return y coordinate of upper left corner of this widget on the
+        root window."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'rooty', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_screen(self):
+        """Return the screen name of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.call('winfo', 'screen', self._w)
+
+    def winfo_screencells(self):
+        """Return the number of the cells in the colormap of the screen
+        of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'screencells', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_screendepth(self):
+        """Return the number of bits per pixel of the root window of the
+        screen of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'screendepth', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_screenheight(self):
+        """Return the number of pixels of the height of the screen of this widget
+        in pixel."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenheight', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_screenmmheight(self):
+        """Return the number of pixels of the height of the screen of
+        this widget in mm."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenmmheight', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_screenmmwidth(self):
+        """Return the number of pixels of the width of the screen of
+        this widget in mm."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenmmwidth', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_screenvisual(self):
+        """Return one of the strings directcolor, grayscale, pseudocolor,
+        staticcolor, staticgray, or truecolor for the default
+        colormodel of this screen."""
+        return self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenvisual', self._w)
+
+    def winfo_screenwidth(self):
+        """Return the number of pixels of the width of the screen of
+        this widget in pixel."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenwidth', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_server(self):
+        """Return information of the X-Server of the screen of this widget in
+        the form "XmajorRminor vendor vendorVersion"."""
+        return self.tk.call('winfo', 'server', self._w)
+
+    def winfo_toplevel(self):
+        """Return the toplevel widget of this widget."""
+        return self._nametowidget(self.tk.call(
+            'winfo', 'toplevel', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_viewable(self):
+        """Return true if the widget and all its higher ancestors are mapped."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'viewable', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_visual(self):
+        """Return one of the strings directcolor, grayscale, pseudocolor,
+        staticcolor, staticgray, or truecolor for the
+        colormodel of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.call('winfo', 'visual', self._w)
+
+    def winfo_visualid(self):
+        """Return the X identifier for the visual for this widget."""
+        return self.tk.call('winfo', 'visualid', self._w)
+
+    def winfo_visualsavailable(self, includeids=False):
+        """Return a list of all visuals available for the screen
+        of this widget.
+
+        Each item in the list consists of a visual name (see winfo_visual), a
+        depth and if includeids is true is given also the X identifier."""
+        data = self.tk.call('winfo', 'visualsavailable', self._w,
+                            'includeids' if includeids else None)
+        data = [self.tk.splitlist(x) for x in self.tk.splitlist(data)]
+        return [self.__winfo_parseitem(x) for x in data]
+
+    def __winfo_parseitem(self, t):
+        """Internal function."""
+        return t[:1] + tuple(map(self.__winfo_getint, t[1:]))
+
+    def __winfo_getint(self, x):
+        """Internal function."""
+        return int(x, 0)
+
+    def winfo_vrootheight(self):
+        """Return the height of the virtual root window associated with this
+        widget in pixels. If there is no virtual root window return the
+        height of the screen."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrootheight', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_vrootwidth(self):
+        """Return the width of the virtual root window associated with this
+        widget in pixel. If there is no virtual root window return the
+        width of the screen."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrootwidth', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_vrootx(self):
+        """Return the x offset of the virtual root relative to the root
+        window of the screen of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrootx', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_vrooty(self):
+        """Return the y offset of the virtual root relative to the root
+        window of the screen of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrooty', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_width(self):
+        """Return the width of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'width', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_x(self):
+        """Return the x coordinate of the upper left corner of this widget
+        in the parent."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'x', self._w))
+
+    def winfo_y(self):
+        """Return the y coordinate of the upper left corner of this widget
+        in the parent."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('winfo', 'y', self._w))
+
+    def update(self):
+        """Enter event loop until all pending events have been processed by Tcl."""
+        self.tk.call('update')
+
+    def update_idletasks(self):
+        """Enter event loop until all idle callbacks have been called. This
+        will update the display of windows but not process events caused by
+        the user."""
+        self.tk.call('update', 'idletasks')
+
+    def bindtags(self, tagList=None):
+        """Set or get the list of bindtags for this widget.
+
+        With no argument return the list of all bindtags associated with
+        this widget. With a list of strings as argument the bindtags are
+        set to this list. The bindtags determine in which order events are
+        processed (see bind)."""
+        if tagList is None:
+            return self.tk.splitlist(
+                self.tk.call('bindtags', self._w))
+        else:
+            self.tk.call('bindtags', self._w, tagList)
+
+    def _bind(self, what, sequence, func, add, needcleanup=1):
+        """Internal function."""
+        if isinstance(func, str):
+            self.tk.call(what + (sequence, func))
+        elif func:
+            funcid = self._register(func, self._substitute,
+                        needcleanup)
+            cmd = ('%sif {"[%s %s]" == "break"} break\n'
+                   %
+                   (add and '+' or '',
+                funcid, self._subst_format_str))
+            self.tk.call(what + (sequence, cmd))
+            return funcid
+        elif sequence:
+            return self.tk.call(what + (sequence,))
+        else:
+            return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(what))
+
+    def bind(self, sequence=None, func=None, add=None):
+        """Bind to this widget at event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC.
+
+        SEQUENCE is a string of concatenated event
+        patterns. An event pattern is of the form
+        <MODIFIER-MODIFIER-TYPE-DETAIL> where MODIFIER is one
+        of Control, Mod2, M2, Shift, Mod3, M3, Lock, Mod4, M4,
+        Button1, B1, Mod5, M5 Button2, B2, Meta, M, Button3,
+        B3, Alt, Button4, B4, Double, Button5, B5 Triple,
+        Mod1, M1. TYPE is one of Activate, Enter, Map,
+        ButtonPress, Button, Expose, Motion, ButtonRelease
+        FocusIn, MouseWheel, Circulate, FocusOut, Property,
+        Colormap, Gravity Reparent, Configure, KeyPress, Key,
+        Unmap, Deactivate, KeyRelease Visibility, Destroy,
+        Leave and DETAIL is the button number for ButtonPress,
+        ButtonRelease and DETAIL is the Keysym for KeyPress and
+        KeyRelease. Examples are
+        <Control-Button-1> for pressing Control and mouse button 1 or
+        <Alt-A> for pressing A and the Alt key (KeyPress can be omitted).
+        An event pattern can also be a virtual event of the form
+        <<AString>> where AString can be arbitrary. This
+        event can be generated by event_generate.
+        If events are concatenated they must appear shortly
+        after each other.
+
+        FUNC will be called if the event sequence occurs with an
+        instance of Event as argument. If the return value of FUNC is
+        "break" no further bound function is invoked.
+
+        An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will
+        be called additionally to the other bound function or whether
+        it will replace the previous function.
+
+        Bind will return an identifier to allow deletion of the bound function with
+        unbind without memory leak.
+
+        If FUNC or SEQUENCE is omitted the bound function or list
+        of bound events are returned."""
+
+        return self._bind(('bind', self._w), sequence, func, add)
+
+    def unbind(self, sequence, funcid=None):
+        """Unbind for this widget the event SEQUENCE.
+
+        If FUNCID is given, only unbind the function identified with FUNCID
+        and also delete the corresponding Tcl command.
+
+        Otherwise destroy the current binding for SEQUENCE, leaving SEQUENCE
+        unbound.
+        """
+        self._unbind(('bind', self._w, sequence), funcid)
+
+    def _unbind(self, what, funcid=None):
+        if funcid is None:
+            self.tk.call(*what, '')
+        else:
+            lines = self.tk.call(what).split('\n')
+            prefix = f'if {{"[{funcid} '
+            keep = '\n'.join(line for line in lines
+                             if not line.startswith(prefix))
+            if not keep.strip():
+                keep = ''
+            self.tk.call(*what, keep)
+            self.deletecommand(funcid)
+
+    def bind_all(self, sequence=None, func=None, add=None):
+        """Bind to all widgets at an event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC.
+        An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will
+        be called additionally to the other bound function or whether
+        it will replace the previous function. See bind for the return value."""
+        return self._root()._bind(('bind', 'all'), sequence, func, add, True)
+
+    def unbind_all(self, sequence):
+        """Unbind for all widgets for event SEQUENCE all functions."""
+        self._root()._unbind(('bind', 'all', sequence))
+
+    def bind_class(self, className, sequence=None, func=None, add=None):
+        """Bind to widgets with bindtag CLASSNAME at event
+        SEQUENCE a call of function FUNC. An additional
+        boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will be
+        called additionally to the other bound function or
+        whether it will replace the previous function. See bind for
+        the return value."""
+
+        return self._root()._bind(('bind', className), sequence, func, add, True)
+
+    def unbind_class(self, className, sequence):
+        """Unbind for all widgets with bindtag CLASSNAME for event SEQUENCE
+        all functions."""
+        self._root()._unbind(('bind', className, sequence))
+
+    def mainloop(self, n=0):
+        """Call the mainloop of Tk."""
+        self.tk.mainloop(n)
+
+    def quit(self):
+        """Quit the Tcl interpreter. All widgets will be destroyed."""
+        self.tk.quit()
+
+    def _getints(self, string):
+        """Internal function."""
+        if string:
+            return tuple(map(self.tk.getint, self.tk.splitlist(string)))
+
+    def _getdoubles(self, string):
+        """Internal function."""
+        if string:
+            return tuple(map(self.tk.getdouble, self.tk.splitlist(string)))
+
+    def _getboolean(self, string):
+        """Internal function."""
+        if string:
+            return self.tk.getboolean(string)
+
+    def _displayof(self, displayof):
+        """Internal function."""
+        if displayof:
+            return ('-displayof', displayof)
+        if displayof is None:
+            return ('-displayof', self._w)
+        return ()
+
+    @property
+    def _windowingsystem(self):
+        """Internal function."""
+        try:
+            return self._root()._windowingsystem_cached
+        except AttributeError:
+            ws = self._root()._windowingsystem_cached = \
+                        self.tk.call('tk', 'windowingsystem')
+            return ws
+
+    def _options(self, cnf, kw = None):
+        """Internal function."""
+        if kw:
+            cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
+        else:
+            cnf = _cnfmerge(cnf)
+        res = ()
+        for k, v in cnf.items():
+            if v is not None:
+                if k[-1] == '_': k = k[:-1]
+                if callable(v):
+                    v = self._register(v)
+                elif isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
+                    nv = []
+                    for item in v:
+                        if isinstance(item, int):
+                            nv.append(str(item))
+                        elif isinstance(item, str):
+                            nv.append(_stringify(item))
+                        else:
+                            break
+                    else:
+                        v = ' '.join(nv)
+                res = res + ('-'+k, v)
+        return res
+
+    def nametowidget(self, name):
+        """Return the Tkinter instance of a widget identified by
+        its Tcl name NAME."""
+        name = str(name).split('.')
+        w = self
+
+        if not name[0]:
+            w = w._root()
+            name = name[1:]
+
+        for n in name:
+            if not n:
+                break
+            w = w.children[n]
+
+        return w
+
+    _nametowidget = nametowidget
+
+    def _register(self, func, subst=None, needcleanup=1):
+        """Return a newly created Tcl function. If this
+        function is called, the Python function FUNC will
+        be executed. An optional function SUBST can
+        be given which will be executed before FUNC."""
+        f = CallWrapper(func, subst, self).__call__
+        name = repr(id(f))
+        try:
+            func = func.__func__
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        try:
+            name = name + func.__name__
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        self.tk.createcommand(name, f)
+        if needcleanup:
+            if self._tclCommands is None:
+                self._tclCommands = []
+            self._tclCommands.append(name)
+        return name
+
+    register = _register
+
+    def _root(self):
+        """Internal function."""
+        w = self
+        while w.master is not None: w = w.master
+        return w
+    _subst_format = ('%#', '%b', '%f', '%h', '%k',
+             '%s', '%t', '%w', '%x', '%y',
+             '%A', '%E', '%K', '%N', '%W', '%T', '%X', '%Y', '%D')
+    _subst_format_str = " ".join(_subst_format)
+
+    def _substitute(self, *args):
+        """Internal function."""
+        if len(args) != len(self._subst_format): return args
+        getboolean = self.tk.getboolean
+
+        getint = self.tk.getint
+        def getint_event(s):
+            """Tk changed behavior in 8.4.2, returning "??" rather more often."""
+            try:
+                return getint(s)
+            except (ValueError, TclError):
+                return s
+
+        if any(isinstance(s, tuple) for s in args):
+            args = [s[0] if isinstance(s, tuple) and len(s) == 1 else s
+                    for s in args]
+        nsign, b, f, h, k, s, t, w, x, y, A, E, K, N, W, T, X, Y, D = args
+        # Missing: (a, c, d, m, o, v, B, R)
+        e = Event()
+        # serial field: valid for all events
+        # number of button: ButtonPress and ButtonRelease events only
+        # height field: Configure, ConfigureRequest, Create,
+        # ResizeRequest, and Expose events only
+        # keycode field: KeyPress and KeyRelease events only
+        # time field: "valid for events that contain a time field"
+        # width field: Configure, ConfigureRequest, Create, ResizeRequest,
+        # and Expose events only
+        # x field: "valid for events that contain an x field"
+        # y field: "valid for events that contain a y field"
+        # keysym as decimal: KeyPress and KeyRelease events only
+        # x_root, y_root fields: ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, KeyPress,
+        # KeyRelease, and Motion events
+        e.serial = getint(nsign)
+        e.num = getint_event(b)
+        try: e.focus = getboolean(f)
+        except TclError: pass
+        e.height = getint_event(h)
+        e.keycode = getint_event(k)
+        e.state = getint_event(s)
+        e.time = getint_event(t)
+        e.width = getint_event(w)
+        e.x = getint_event(x)
+        e.y = getint_event(y)
+        e.char = A
+        try: e.send_event = getboolean(E)
+        except TclError: pass
+        e.keysym = K
+        e.keysym_num = getint_event(N)
+        try:
+            e.type = EventType(T)
+        except ValueError:
+            try:
+                e.type = EventType(str(T))  # can be int
+            except ValueError:
+                e.type = T
+        try:
+            e.widget = self._nametowidget(W)
+        except KeyError:
+            e.widget = W
+        e.x_root = getint_event(X)
+        e.y_root = getint_event(Y)
+        try:
+            e.delta = getint(D)
+        except (ValueError, TclError):
+            e.delta = 0
+        return (e,)
+
+    def _report_exception(self):
+        """Internal function."""
+        exc, val, tb = sys.exc_info()
+        root = self._root()
+        root.report_callback_exception(exc, val, tb)
+
+    def _getconfigure(self, *args):
+        """Call Tcl configure command and return the result as a dict."""
+        cnf = {}
+        for x in self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(*args)):
+            x = self.tk.splitlist(x)
+            cnf[x[0][1:]] = (x[0][1:],) + x[1:]
+        return cnf
+
+    def _getconfigure1(self, *args):
+        x = self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(*args))
+        return (x[0][1:],) + x[1:]
+
+    def _configure(self, cmd, cnf, kw):
+        """Internal function."""
+        if kw:
+            cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
+        elif cnf:
+            cnf = _cnfmerge(cnf)
+        if cnf is None:
+            return self._getconfigure(_flatten((self._w, cmd)))
+        if isinstance(cnf, str):
+            return self._getconfigure1(_flatten((self._w, cmd, '-'+cnf)))
+        self.tk.call(_flatten((self._w, cmd)) + self._options(cnf))
+    # These used to be defined in Widget:
+
+    def configure(self, cnf=None, **kw):
+        """Configure resources of a widget.
+
+        The values for resources are specified as keyword
+        arguments. To get an overview about
+        the allowed keyword arguments call the method keys.
+        """
+        return self._configure('configure', cnf, kw)
+
+    config = configure
+
+    def cget(self, key):
+        """Return the resource value for a KEY given as string."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'cget', '-' + key)
+
+    __getitem__ = cget
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self.configure({key: value})
+
+    def keys(self):
+        """Return a list of all resource names of this widget."""
+        splitlist = self.tk.splitlist
+        return [splitlist(x)[0][1:] for x in
+                splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'configure'))]
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        """Return the window path name of this widget."""
+        return self._w
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<%s.%s object %s>' % (
+            self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__qualname__, self._w)
+
+    # Pack methods that apply to the master
+    _noarg_ = ['_noarg_']
+
+    def pack_propagate(self, flag=_noarg_):
+        """Set or get the status for propagation of geometry information.
+
+        A boolean argument specifies whether the geometry information
+        of the slaves will determine the size of this widget. If no argument
+        is given the current setting will be returned.
+        """
+        if flag is Misc._noarg_:
+            return self._getboolean(self.tk.call(
+                'pack', 'propagate', self._w))
+        else:
+            self.tk.call('pack', 'propagate', self._w, flag)
+
+    propagate = pack_propagate
+
+    def pack_slaves(self):
+        """Return a list of all slaves of this widget
+        in its packing order."""
+        return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in
+                self.tk.splitlist(
+                   self.tk.call('pack', 'slaves', self._w))]
+
+    slaves = pack_slaves
+
+    # Place method that applies to the master
+    def place_slaves(self):
+        """Return a list of all slaves of this widget
+        in its packing order."""
+        return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in
+                self.tk.splitlist(
+                   self.tk.call(
+                       'place', 'slaves', self._w))]
+
+    # Grid methods that apply to the master
+
+    def grid_anchor(self, anchor=None): # new in Tk 8.5
+        """The anchor value controls how to place the grid within the
+        master when no row/column has any weight.
+
+        The default anchor is nw."""
+        self.tk.call('grid', 'anchor', self._w, anchor)
+
+    anchor = grid_anchor
+
+    def grid_bbox(self, column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None):
+        """Return a tuple of integer coordinates for the bounding
+        box of this widget controlled by the geometry manager grid.
+
+        If COLUMN, ROW is given the bounding box applies from
+        the cell with row and column 0 to the specified
+        cell. If COL2 and ROW2 are given the bounding box
+        starts at that cell.
+
+        The returned integers specify the offset of the upper left
+        corner in the master widget and the width and height.
+        """
+        args = ('grid', 'bbox', self._w)
+        if column is not None and row is not None:
+            args = args + (column, row)
+        if col2 is not None and row2 is not None:
+            args = args + (col2, row2)
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(*args)) or None
+
+    bbox = grid_bbox
+
+    def _gridconvvalue(self, value):
+        if isinstance(value, (str, _tkinter.Tcl_Obj)):
+            try:
+                svalue = str(value)
+                if not svalue:
+                    return None
+                elif '.' in svalue:
+                    return self.tk.getdouble(svalue)
+                else:
+                    return self.tk.getint(svalue)
+            except (ValueError, TclError):
+                pass
+        return value
+
+    def _grid_configure(self, command, index, cnf, kw):
+        """Internal function."""
+        if isinstance(cnf, str) and not kw:
+            if cnf[-1:] == '_':
+                cnf = cnf[:-1]
+            if cnf[:1] != '-':
+                cnf = '-'+cnf
+            options = (cnf,)
+        else:
+            options = self._options(cnf, kw)
+        if not options:
+            return _splitdict(
+                self.tk,
+                self.tk.call('grid', command, self._w, index),
+                conv=self._gridconvvalue)
+        res = self.tk.call(
+                  ('grid', command, self._w, index)
+                  + options)
+        if len(options) == 1:
+            return self._gridconvvalue(res)
+
+    def grid_columnconfigure(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Configure column INDEX of a grid.
+
+        Valid resources are minsize (minimum size of the column),
+        weight (how much does additional space propagate to this column)
+        and pad (how much space to let additionally)."""
+        return self._grid_configure('columnconfigure', index, cnf, kw)
+
+    columnconfigure = grid_columnconfigure
+
+    def grid_location(self, x, y):
+        """Return a tuple of column and row which identify the cell
+        at which the pixel at position X and Y inside the master
+        widget is located."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call(
+                'grid', 'location', self._w, x, y)) or None
+
+    def grid_propagate(self, flag=_noarg_):
+        """Set or get the status for propagation of geometry information.
+
+        A boolean argument specifies whether the geometry information
+        of the slaves will determine the size of this widget. If no argument
+        is given, the current setting will be returned.
+        """
+        if flag is Misc._noarg_:
+            return self._getboolean(self.tk.call(
+                'grid', 'propagate', self._w))
+        else:
+            self.tk.call('grid', 'propagate', self._w, flag)
+
+    def grid_rowconfigure(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Configure row INDEX of a grid.
+
+        Valid resources are minsize (minimum size of the row),
+        weight (how much does additional space propagate to this row)
+        and pad (how much space to let additionally)."""
+        return self._grid_configure('rowconfigure', index, cnf, kw)
+
+    rowconfigure = grid_rowconfigure
+
+    def grid_size(self):
+        """Return a tuple of the number of column and rows in the grid."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call('grid', 'size', self._w)) or None
+
+    size = grid_size
+
+    def grid_slaves(self, row=None, column=None):
+        """Return a list of all slaves of this widget
+        in its packing order."""
+        args = ()
+        if row is not None:
+            args = args + ('-row', row)
+        if column is not None:
+            args = args + ('-column', column)
+        return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in
+                self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
+                   ('grid', 'slaves', self._w) + args))]
+
+    # Support for the "event" command, new in Tk 4.2.
+    # By Case Roole.
+
+    def event_add(self, virtual, *sequences):
+        """Bind a virtual event VIRTUAL (of the form <<Name>>)
+        to an event SEQUENCE such that the virtual event is triggered
+        whenever SEQUENCE occurs."""
+        args = ('event', 'add', virtual) + sequences
+        self.tk.call(args)
+
+    def event_delete(self, virtual, *sequences):
+        """Unbind a virtual event VIRTUAL from SEQUENCE."""
+        args = ('event', 'delete', virtual) + sequences
+        self.tk.call(args)
+
+    def event_generate(self, sequence, **kw):
+        """Generate an event SEQUENCE. Additional
+        keyword arguments specify parameter of the event
+        (e.g. x, y, rootx, rooty)."""
+        args = ('event', 'generate', self._w, sequence)
+        for k, v in kw.items():
+            args = args + ('-%s' % k, str(v))
+        self.tk.call(args)
+
+    def event_info(self, virtual=None):
+        """Return a list of all virtual events or the information
+        about the SEQUENCE bound to the virtual event VIRTUAL."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(
+            self.tk.call('event', 'info', virtual))
+
+    # Image related commands
+
+    def image_names(self):
+        """Return a list of all existing image names."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call('image', 'names'))
+
+    def image_types(self):
+        """Return a list of all available image types (e.g. photo bitmap)."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call('image', 'types'))
+
+
+class CallWrapper:
+    """Internal class. Stores function to call when some user
+    defined Tcl function is called e.g. after an event occurred."""
+
+    def __init__(self, func, subst, widget):
+        """Store FUNC, SUBST and WIDGET as members."""
+        self.func = func
+        self.subst = subst
+        self.widget = widget
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        """Apply first function SUBST to arguments, than FUNC."""
+        try:
+            if self.subst:
+                args = self.subst(*args)
+            return self.func(*args)
+        except SystemExit:
+            raise
+        except:
+            self.widget._report_exception()
+
+
+class XView:
+    """Mix-in class for querying and changing the horizontal position
+    of a widget's window."""
+
+    def xview(self, *args):
+        """Query and change the horizontal position of the view."""
+        res = self.tk.call(self._w, 'xview', *args)
+        if not args:
+            return self._getdoubles(res)
+
+    def xview_moveto(self, fraction):
+        """Adjusts the view in the window so that FRACTION of the
+        total width of the canvas is off-screen to the left."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'xview', 'moveto', fraction)
+
+    def xview_scroll(self, number, what):
+        """Shift the x-view according to NUMBER which is measured in "units"
+        or "pages" (WHAT)."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'xview', 'scroll', number, what)
+
+
+class YView:
+    """Mix-in class for querying and changing the vertical position
+    of a widget's window."""
+
+    def yview(self, *args):
+        """Query and change the vertical position of the view."""
+        res = self.tk.call(self._w, 'yview', *args)
+        if not args:
+            return self._getdoubles(res)
+
+    def yview_moveto(self, fraction):
+        """Adjusts the view in the window so that FRACTION of the
+        total height of the canvas is off-screen to the top."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'yview', 'moveto', fraction)
+
+    def yview_scroll(self, number, what):
+        """Shift the y-view according to NUMBER which is measured in
+        "units" or "pages" (WHAT)."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'yview', 'scroll', number, what)
+
+
+class Wm:
+    """Provides functions for the communication with the window manager."""
+
+    def wm_aspect(self,
+              minNumer=None, minDenom=None,
+              maxNumer=None, maxDenom=None):
+        """Instruct the window manager to set the aspect ratio (width/height)
+        of this widget to be between MINNUMER/MINDENOM and MAXNUMER/MAXDENOM. Return a tuple
+        of the actual values if no argument is given."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call('wm', 'aspect', self._w,
+                     minNumer, minDenom,
+                     maxNumer, maxDenom))
+
+    aspect = wm_aspect
+
+    def wm_attributes(self, *args, return_python_dict=False, **kwargs):
+        """Return or sets platform specific attributes.
+
+        When called with a single argument return_python_dict=True,
+        return a dict of the platform specific attributes and their values.
+        When called without arguments or with a single argument
+        return_python_dict=False, return a tuple containing intermixed
+        attribute names with the minus prefix and their values.
+
+        When called with a single string value, return the value for the
+        specific option.  When called with keyword arguments, set the
+        corresponding attributes.
+        """
+        if not kwargs:
+            if not args:
+                res = self.tk.call('wm', 'attributes', self._w)
+                if return_python_dict:
+                    return _splitdict(self.tk, res)
+                else:
+                    return self.tk.splitlist(res)
+            if len(args) == 1 and args[0] is not None:
+                option = args[0]
+                if option[0] == '-':
+                    # TODO: deprecate
+                    option = option[1:]
+                return self.tk.call('wm', 'attributes', self._w, '-' + option)
+            # TODO: deprecate
+            return self.tk.call('wm', 'attributes', self._w, *args)
+        elif args:
+            raise TypeError('wm_attribute() options have been specified as '
+                            'positional and keyword arguments')
+        else:
+            self.tk.call('wm', 'attributes', self._w, *self._options(kwargs))
+
+    attributes = wm_attributes
+
+    def wm_client(self, name=None):
+        """Store NAME in WM_CLIENT_MACHINE property of this widget. Return
+        current value."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'client', self._w, name)
+
+    client = wm_client
+
+    def wm_colormapwindows(self, *wlist):
+        """Store list of window names (WLIST) into WM_COLORMAPWINDOWS property
+        of this widget. This list contains windows whose colormaps differ from their
+        parents. Return current list of widgets if WLIST is empty."""
+        if len(wlist) > 1:
+            wlist = (wlist,) # Tk needs a list of windows here
+        args = ('wm', 'colormapwindows', self._w) + wlist
+        if wlist:
+            self.tk.call(args)
+        else:
+            return [self._nametowidget(x)
+                    for x in self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(args))]
+
+    colormapwindows = wm_colormapwindows
+
+    def wm_command(self, value=None):
+        """Store VALUE in WM_COMMAND property. It is the command
+        which shall be used to invoke the application. Return current
+        command if VALUE is None."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'command', self._w, value)
+
+    command = wm_command
+
+    def wm_deiconify(self):
+        """Deiconify this widget. If it was never mapped it will not be mapped.
+        On Windows it will raise this widget and give it the focus."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'deiconify', self._w)
+
+    deiconify = wm_deiconify
+
+    def wm_focusmodel(self, model=None):
+        """Set focus model to MODEL. "active" means that this widget will claim
+        the focus itself, "passive" means that the window manager shall give
+        the focus. Return current focus model if MODEL is None."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'focusmodel', self._w, model)
+
+    focusmodel = wm_focusmodel
+
+    def wm_forget(self, window): # new in Tk 8.5
+        """The window will be unmapped from the screen and will no longer
+        be managed by wm. toplevel windows will be treated like frame
+        windows once they are no longer managed by wm, however, the menu
+        option configuration will be remembered and the menus will return
+        once the widget is managed again."""
+        self.tk.call('wm', 'forget', window)
+
+    forget = wm_forget
+
+    def wm_frame(self):
+        """Return identifier for decorative frame of this widget if present."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'frame', self._w)
+
+    frame = wm_frame
+
+    def wm_geometry(self, newGeometry=None):
+        """Set geometry to NEWGEOMETRY of the form =widthxheight+x+y. Return
+        current value if None is given."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'geometry', self._w, newGeometry)
+
+    geometry = wm_geometry
+
+    def wm_grid(self,
+         baseWidth=None, baseHeight=None,
+         widthInc=None, heightInc=None):
+        """Instruct the window manager that this widget shall only be
+        resized on grid boundaries. WIDTHINC and HEIGHTINC are the width and
+        height of a grid unit in pixels. BASEWIDTH and BASEHEIGHT are the
+        number of grid units requested in Tk_GeometryRequest."""
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(
+            'wm', 'grid', self._w,
+            baseWidth, baseHeight, widthInc, heightInc))
+
+    grid = wm_grid
+
+    def wm_group(self, pathName=None):
+        """Set the group leader widgets for related widgets to PATHNAME. Return
+        the group leader of this widget if None is given."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'group', self._w, pathName)
+
+    group = wm_group
+
+    def wm_iconbitmap(self, bitmap=None, default=None):
+        """Set bitmap for the iconified widget to BITMAP. Return
+        the bitmap if None is given.
+
+        Under Windows, the DEFAULT parameter can be used to set the icon
+        for the widget and any descendants that don't have an icon set
+        explicitly.  DEFAULT can be the relative path to a .ico file
+        (example: root.iconbitmap(default='myicon.ico') ).  See Tk
+        documentation for more information."""
+        if default is not None:
+            return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconbitmap', self._w, '-default', default)
+        else:
+            return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconbitmap', self._w, bitmap)
+
+    iconbitmap = wm_iconbitmap
+
+    def wm_iconify(self):
+        """Display widget as icon."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconify', self._w)
+
+    iconify = wm_iconify
+
+    def wm_iconmask(self, bitmap=None):
+        """Set mask for the icon bitmap of this widget. Return the
+        mask if None is given."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconmask', self._w, bitmap)
+
+    iconmask = wm_iconmask
+
+    def wm_iconname(self, newName=None):
+        """Set the name of the icon for this widget. Return the name if
+        None is given."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconname', self._w, newName)
+
+    iconname = wm_iconname
+
+    def wm_iconphoto(self, default=False, *args): # new in Tk 8.5
+        """Sets the titlebar icon for this window based on the named photo
+        images passed through args. If default is True, this is applied to
+        all future created toplevels as well.
+
+        The data in the images is taken as a snapshot at the time of
+        invocation. If the images are later changed, this is not reflected
+        to the titlebar icons. Multiple images are accepted to allow
+        different images sizes to be provided. The window manager may scale
+        provided icons to an appropriate size.
+
+        On Windows, the images are packed into a Windows icon structure.
+        This will override an icon specified to wm_iconbitmap, and vice
+        versa.
+
+        On X, the images are arranged into the _NET_WM_ICON X property,
+        which most modern window managers support. An icon specified by
+        wm_iconbitmap may exist simultaneously.
+
+        On Macintosh, this currently does nothing."""
+        if default:
+            self.tk.call('wm', 'iconphoto', self._w, "-default", *args)
+        else:
+            self.tk.call('wm', 'iconphoto', self._w, *args)
+
+    iconphoto = wm_iconphoto
+
+    def wm_iconposition(self, x=None, y=None):
+        """Set the position of the icon of this widget to X and Y. Return
+        a tuple of the current values of X and X if None is given."""
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(
+            'wm', 'iconposition', self._w, x, y))
+
+    iconposition = wm_iconposition
+
+    def wm_iconwindow(self, pathName=None):
+        """Set widget PATHNAME to be displayed instead of icon. Return the current
+        value if None is given."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconwindow', self._w, pathName)
+
+    iconwindow = wm_iconwindow
+
+    def wm_manage(self, widget): # new in Tk 8.5
+        """The widget specified will become a stand alone top-level window.
+        The window will be decorated with the window managers title bar,
+        etc."""
+        self.tk.call('wm', 'manage', widget)
+
+    manage = wm_manage
+
+    def wm_maxsize(self, width=None, height=None):
+        """Set max WIDTH and HEIGHT for this widget. If the window is gridded
+        the values are given in grid units. Return the current values if None
+        is given."""
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(
+            'wm', 'maxsize', self._w, width, height))
+
+    maxsize = wm_maxsize
+
+    def wm_minsize(self, width=None, height=None):
+        """Set min WIDTH and HEIGHT for this widget. If the window is gridded
+        the values are given in grid units. Return the current values if None
+        is given."""
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(
+            'wm', 'minsize', self._w, width, height))
+
+    minsize = wm_minsize
+
+    def wm_overrideredirect(self, boolean=None):
+        """Instruct the window manager to ignore this widget
+        if BOOLEAN is given with 1. Return the current value if None
+        is given."""
+        return self._getboolean(self.tk.call(
+            'wm', 'overrideredirect', self._w, boolean))
+
+    overrideredirect = wm_overrideredirect
+
+    def wm_positionfrom(self, who=None):
+        """Instruct the window manager that the position of this widget shall
+        be defined by the user if WHO is "user", and by its own policy if WHO is
+        "program"."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'positionfrom', self._w, who)
+
+    positionfrom = wm_positionfrom
+
+    def wm_protocol(self, name=None, func=None):
+        """Bind function FUNC to command NAME for this widget.
+        Return the function bound to NAME if None is given. NAME could be
+        e.g. "WM_SAVE_YOURSELF" or "WM_DELETE_WINDOW"."""
+        if callable(func):
+            command = self._register(func)
+        else:
+            command = func
+        return self.tk.call(
+            'wm', 'protocol', self._w, name, command)
+
+    protocol = wm_protocol
+
+    def wm_resizable(self, width=None, height=None):
+        """Instruct the window manager whether this width can be resized
+        in WIDTH or HEIGHT. Both values are boolean values."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'resizable', self._w, width, height)
+
+    resizable = wm_resizable
+
+    def wm_sizefrom(self, who=None):
+        """Instruct the window manager that the size of this widget shall
+        be defined by the user if WHO is "user", and by its own policy if WHO is
+        "program"."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'sizefrom', self._w, who)
+
+    sizefrom = wm_sizefrom
+
+    def wm_state(self, newstate=None):
+        """Query or set the state of this widget as one of normal, icon,
+        iconic (see wm_iconwindow), withdrawn, or zoomed (Windows only)."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'state', self._w, newstate)
+
+    state = wm_state
+
+    def wm_title(self, string=None):
+        """Set the title of this widget."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'title', self._w, string)
+
+    title = wm_title
+
+    def wm_transient(self, master=None):
+        """Instruct the window manager that this widget is transient
+        with regard to widget MASTER."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'transient', self._w, master)
+
+    transient = wm_transient
+
+    def wm_withdraw(self):
+        """Withdraw this widget from the screen such that it is unmapped
+        and forgotten by the window manager. Re-draw it with wm_deiconify."""
+        return self.tk.call('wm', 'withdraw', self._w)
+
+    withdraw = wm_withdraw
+
+
+class Tk(Misc, Wm):
+    """Toplevel widget of Tk which represents mostly the main window
+    of an application. It has an associated Tcl interpreter."""
+    _w = '.'
+
+    def __init__(self, screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk',
+                 useTk=True, sync=False, use=None):
+        """Return a new top level widget on screen SCREENNAME. A new Tcl interpreter will
+        be created. BASENAME will be used for the identification of the profile file (see
+        readprofile).
+        It is constructed from sys.argv[0] without extensions if None is given. CLASSNAME
+        is the name of the widget class."""
+        self.master = None
+        self.children = {}
+        self._tkloaded = False
+        # to avoid recursions in the getattr code in case of failure, we
+        # ensure that self.tk is always _something_.
+        self.tk = None
+        if baseName is None:
+            import os
+            baseName = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
+            baseName, ext = os.path.splitext(baseName)
+            if ext not in ('.py', '.pyc'):
+                baseName = baseName + ext
+        interactive = False
+        self.tk = _tkinter.create(screenName, baseName, className, interactive, wantobjects, useTk, sync, use)
+        if _debug:
+            self.tk.settrace(_print_command)
+        if useTk:
+            self._loadtk()
+        if not sys.flags.ignore_environment:
+            # Issue #16248: Honor the -E flag to avoid code injection.
+            self.readprofile(baseName, className)
+
+    def loadtk(self):
+        if not self._tkloaded:
+            self.tk.loadtk()
+            self._loadtk()
+
+    def _loadtk(self):
+        self._tkloaded = True
+        global _default_root
+        # Version sanity checks
+        tk_version = self.tk.getvar('tk_version')
+        if tk_version != _tkinter.TK_VERSION:
+            raise RuntimeError("tk.h version (%s) doesn't match libtk.a version (%s)"
+                               % (_tkinter.TK_VERSION, tk_version))
+        # Under unknown circumstances, tcl_version gets coerced to float
+        tcl_version = str(self.tk.getvar('tcl_version'))
+        if tcl_version != _tkinter.TCL_VERSION:
+            raise RuntimeError("tcl.h version (%s) doesn't match libtcl.a version (%s)" \
+                               % (_tkinter.TCL_VERSION, tcl_version))
+        # Create and register the tkerror and exit commands
+        # We need to inline parts of _register here, _ register
+        # would register differently-named commands.
+        if self._tclCommands is None:
+            self._tclCommands = []
+        self.tk.createcommand('tkerror', _tkerror)
+        self.tk.createcommand('exit', _exit)
+        self._tclCommands.append('tkerror')
+        self._tclCommands.append('exit')
+        if _support_default_root and _default_root is None:
+            _default_root = self
+        self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.destroy)
+
+    def destroy(self):
+        """Destroy this and all descendants widgets. This will
+        end the application of this Tcl interpreter."""
+        for c in list(self.children.values()): c.destroy()
+        self.tk.call('destroy', self._w)
+        Misc.destroy(self)
+        global _default_root
+        if _support_default_root and _default_root is self:
+            _default_root = None
+
+    def readprofile(self, baseName, className):
+        """Internal function. It reads .BASENAME.tcl and .CLASSNAME.tcl into
+        the Tcl Interpreter and calls exec on the contents of .BASENAME.py and
+        .CLASSNAME.py if such a file exists in the home directory."""
+        import os
+        if 'HOME' in os.environ: home = os.environ['HOME']
+        else: home = os.curdir
+        class_tcl = os.path.join(home, '.%s.tcl' % className)
+        class_py = os.path.join(home, '.%s.py' % className)
+        base_tcl = os.path.join(home, '.%s.tcl' % baseName)
+        base_py = os.path.join(home, '.%s.py' % baseName)
+        dir = {'self': self}
+        exec('from tkinter import *', dir)
+        if os.path.isfile(class_tcl):
+            self.tk.call('source', class_tcl)
+        if os.path.isfile(class_py):
+            exec(open(class_py).read(), dir)
+        if os.path.isfile(base_tcl):
+            self.tk.call('source', base_tcl)
+        if os.path.isfile(base_py):
+            exec(open(base_py).read(), dir)
+
+    def report_callback_exception(self, exc, val, tb):
+        """Report callback exception on sys.stderr.
+
+        Applications may want to override this internal function, and
+        should when sys.stderr is None."""
+        import traceback
+        print("Exception in Tkinter callback", file=sys.stderr)
+        sys.last_exc = val
+        sys.last_type = exc
+        sys.last_value = val
+        sys.last_traceback = tb
+        traceback.print_exception(exc, val, tb)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        "Delegate attribute access to the interpreter object"
+        return getattr(self.tk, attr)
+
+
+def _print_command(cmd, *, file=sys.stderr):
+    # Print executed Tcl/Tk commands.
+    assert isinstance(cmd, tuple)
+    cmd = _join(cmd)
+    print(cmd, file=file)
+
+
+# Ideally, the classes Pack, Place and Grid disappear, the
+# pack/place/grid methods are defined on the Widget class, and
+# everybody uses w.pack_whatever(...) instead of Pack.whatever(w,
+# ...), with pack(), place() and grid() being short for
+# pack_configure(), place_configure() and grid_columnconfigure(), and
+# forget() being short for pack_forget().  As a practical matter, I'm
+# afraid that there is too much code out there that may be using the
+# Pack, Place or Grid class, so I leave them intact -- but only as
+# backwards compatibility features.  Also note that those methods that
+# take a master as argument (e.g. pack_propagate) have been moved to
+# the Misc class (which now incorporates all methods common between
+# toplevel and interior widgets).  Again, for compatibility, these are
+# copied into the Pack, Place or Grid class.
+
+
+def Tcl(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=False):
+    return Tk(screenName, baseName, className, useTk)
+
+
+class Pack:
+    """Geometry manager Pack.
+
+    Base class to use the methods pack_* in every widget."""
+
+    def pack_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Pack a widget in the parent widget. Use as options:
+        after=widget - pack it after you have packed widget
+        anchor=NSEW (or subset) - position widget according to
+                                  given direction
+        before=widget - pack it before you will pack widget
+        expand=bool - expand widget if parent size grows
+        fill=NONE or X or Y or BOTH - fill widget if widget grows
+        in=master - use master to contain this widget
+        in_=master - see 'in' option description
+        ipadx=amount - add internal padding in x direction
+        ipady=amount - add internal padding in y direction
+        padx=amount - add padding in x direction
+        pady=amount - add padding in y direction
+        side=TOP or BOTTOM or LEFT or RIGHT -  where to add this widget.
+        """
+        self.tk.call(
+              ('pack', 'configure', self._w)
+              + self._options(cnf, kw))
+
+    pack = configure = config = pack_configure
+
+    def pack_forget(self):
+        """Unmap this widget and do not use it for the packing order."""
+        self.tk.call('pack', 'forget', self._w)
+
+    forget = pack_forget
+
+    def pack_info(self):
+        """Return information about the packing options
+        for this widget."""
+        d = _splitdict(self.tk, self.tk.call('pack', 'info', self._w))
+        if 'in' in d:
+            d['in'] = self.nametowidget(d['in'])
+        return d
+
+    info = pack_info
+    propagate = pack_propagate = Misc.pack_propagate
+    slaves = pack_slaves = Misc.pack_slaves
+
+
+class Place:
+    """Geometry manager Place.
+
+    Base class to use the methods place_* in every widget."""
+
+    def place_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Place a widget in the parent widget. Use as options:
+        in=master - master relative to which the widget is placed
+        in_=master - see 'in' option description
+        x=amount - locate anchor of this widget at position x of master
+        y=amount - locate anchor of this widget at position y of master
+        relx=amount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
+                      relative to width of master (1.0 is right edge)
+        rely=amount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
+                      relative to height of master (1.0 is bottom edge)
+        anchor=NSEW (or subset) - position anchor according to given direction
+        width=amount - width of this widget in pixel
+        height=amount - height of this widget in pixel
+        relwidth=amount - width of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
+                          relative to width of master (1.0 is the same width
+                          as the master)
+        relheight=amount - height of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
+                           relative to height of master (1.0 is the same
+                           height as the master)
+        bordermode="inside" or "outside" - whether to take border width of
+                                           master widget into account
+        """
+        self.tk.call(
+              ('place', 'configure', self._w)
+              + self._options(cnf, kw))
+
+    place = configure = config = place_configure
+
+    def place_forget(self):
+        """Unmap this widget."""
+        self.tk.call('place', 'forget', self._w)
+
+    forget = place_forget
+
+    def place_info(self):
+        """Return information about the placing options
+        for this widget."""
+        d = _splitdict(self.tk, self.tk.call('place', 'info', self._w))
+        if 'in' in d:
+            d['in'] = self.nametowidget(d['in'])
+        return d
+
+    info = place_info
+    slaves = place_slaves = Misc.place_slaves
+
+
+class Grid:
+    """Geometry manager Grid.
+
+    Base class to use the methods grid_* in every widget."""
+    # Thanks to Masazumi Yoshikawa (yosikawa@isi.edu)
+
+    def grid_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Position a widget in the parent widget in a grid. Use as options:
+        column=number - use cell identified with given column (starting with 0)
+        columnspan=number - this widget will span several columns
+        in=master - use master to contain this widget
+        in_=master - see 'in' option description
+        ipadx=amount - add internal padding in x direction
+        ipady=amount - add internal padding in y direction
+        padx=amount - add padding in x direction
+        pady=amount - add padding in y direction
+        row=number - use cell identified with given row (starting with 0)
+        rowspan=number - this widget will span several rows
+        sticky=NSEW - if cell is larger on which sides will this
+                      widget stick to the cell boundary
+        """
+        self.tk.call(
+              ('grid', 'configure', self._w)
+              + self._options(cnf, kw))
+
+    grid = configure = config = grid_configure
+    bbox = grid_bbox = Misc.grid_bbox
+    columnconfigure = grid_columnconfigure = Misc.grid_columnconfigure
+
+    def grid_forget(self):
+        """Unmap this widget."""
+        self.tk.call('grid', 'forget', self._w)
+
+    forget = grid_forget
+
+    def grid_remove(self):
+        """Unmap this widget but remember the grid options."""
+        self.tk.call('grid', 'remove', self._w)
+
+    def grid_info(self):
+        """Return information about the options
+        for positioning this widget in a grid."""
+        d = _splitdict(self.tk, self.tk.call('grid', 'info', self._w))
+        if 'in' in d:
+            d['in'] = self.nametowidget(d['in'])
+        return d
+
+    info = grid_info
+    location = grid_location = Misc.grid_location
+    propagate = grid_propagate = Misc.grid_propagate
+    rowconfigure = grid_rowconfigure = Misc.grid_rowconfigure
+    size = grid_size = Misc.grid_size
+    slaves = grid_slaves = Misc.grid_slaves
+
+
+class BaseWidget(Misc):
+    """Internal class."""
+
+    def _setup(self, master, cnf):
+        """Internal function. Sets up information about children."""
+        if master is None:
+            master = _get_default_root()
+        self.master = master
+        self.tk = master.tk
+        name = None
+        if 'name' in cnf:
+            name = cnf['name']
+            del cnf['name']
+        if not name:
+            name = self.__class__.__name__.lower()
+            if name[-1].isdigit():
+                name += "!"  # Avoid duplication when calculating names below
+            if master._last_child_ids is None:
+                master._last_child_ids = {}
+            count = master._last_child_ids.get(name, 0) + 1
+            master._last_child_ids[name] = count
+            if count == 1:
+                name = '!%s' % (name,)
+            else:
+                name = '!%s%d' % (name, count)
+        self._name = name
+        if master._w=='.':
+            self._w = '.' + name
+        else:
+            self._w = master._w + '.' + name
+        self.children = {}
+        if self._name in self.master.children:
+            self.master.children[self._name].destroy()
+        self.master.children[self._name] = self
+
+    def __init__(self, master, widgetName, cnf={}, kw={}, extra=()):
+        """Construct a widget with the parent widget MASTER, a name WIDGETNAME
+        and appropriate options."""
+        if kw:
+            cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
+        self.widgetName = widgetName
+        self._setup(master, cnf)
+        if self._tclCommands is None:
+            self._tclCommands = []
+        classes = [(k, v) for k, v in cnf.items() if isinstance(k, type)]
+        for k, v in classes:
+            del cnf[k]
+        self.tk.call(
+            (widgetName, self._w) + extra + self._options(cnf))
+        for k, v in classes:
+            k.configure(self, v)
+
+    def destroy(self):
+        """Destroy this and all descendants widgets."""
+        for c in list(self.children.values()): c.destroy()
+        self.tk.call('destroy', self._w)
+        if self._name in self.master.children:
+            del self.master.children[self._name]
+        Misc.destroy(self)
+
+    def _do(self, name, args=()):
+        # XXX Obsolete -- better use self.tk.call directly!
+        return self.tk.call((self._w, name) + args)
+
+
+class Widget(BaseWidget, Pack, Place, Grid):
+    """Internal class.
+
+    Base class for a widget which can be positioned with the geometry managers
+    Pack, Place or Grid."""
+    pass
+
+
+class Toplevel(BaseWidget, Wm):
+    """Toplevel widget, e.g. for dialogs."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a toplevel widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, class,
+        colormap, container, cursor, height, highlightbackground,
+        highlightcolor, highlightthickness, menu, relief, screen, takefocus,
+        use, visual, width."""
+        if kw:
+            cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
+        extra = ()
+        for wmkey in ['screen', 'class_', 'class', 'visual',
+                  'colormap']:
+            if wmkey in cnf:
+                val = cnf[wmkey]
+                # TBD: a hack needed because some keys
+                # are not valid as keyword arguments
+                if wmkey[-1] == '_': opt = '-'+wmkey[:-1]
+                else: opt = '-'+wmkey
+                extra = extra + (opt, val)
+                del cnf[wmkey]
+        BaseWidget.__init__(self, master, 'toplevel', cnf, {}, extra)
+        root = self._root()
+        self.iconname(root.iconname())
+        self.title(root.title())
+        self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.destroy)
+
+
+class Button(Widget):
+    """Button widget."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a button widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            activebackground, activeforeground, anchor,
+            background, bitmap, borderwidth, cursor,
+            disabledforeground, font, foreground
+            highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
+            highlightthickness, image, justify,
+            padx, pady, relief, repeatdelay,
+            repeatinterval, takefocus, text,
+            textvariable, underline, wraplength
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            command, compound, default, height,
+            overrelief, state, width
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'button', cnf, kw)
+
+    def flash(self):
+        """Flash the button.
+
+        This is accomplished by redisplaying
+        the button several times, alternating between active and
+        normal colors. At the end of the flash the button is left
+        in the same normal/active state as when the command was
+        invoked. This command is ignored if the button's state is
+        disabled.
+        """
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'flash')
+
+    def invoke(self):
+        """Invoke the command associated with the button.
+
+        The return value is the return value from the command,
+        or an empty string if there is no command associated with
+        the button. This command is ignored if the button's state
+        is disabled.
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke')
+
+
+class Canvas(Widget, XView, YView):
+    """Canvas widget to display graphical elements like lines or text."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a canvas widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, closeenough,
+        confine, cursor, height, highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
+        highlightthickness, insertbackground, insertborderwidth,
+        insertofftime, insertontime, insertwidth, offset, relief,
+        scrollregion, selectbackground, selectborderwidth, selectforeground,
+        state, takefocus, width, xscrollcommand, xscrollincrement,
+        yscrollcommand, yscrollincrement."""
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'canvas', cnf, kw)
+
+    def addtag(self, *args):
+        """Internal function."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'addtag') + args)
+
+    def addtag_above(self, newtag, tagOrId):
+        """Add tag NEWTAG to all items above TAGORID."""
+        self.addtag(newtag, 'above', tagOrId)
+
+    def addtag_all(self, newtag):
+        """Add tag NEWTAG to all items."""
+        self.addtag(newtag, 'all')
+
+    def addtag_below(self, newtag, tagOrId):
+        """Add tag NEWTAG to all items below TAGORID."""
+        self.addtag(newtag, 'below', tagOrId)
+
+    def addtag_closest(self, newtag, x, y, halo=None, start=None):
+        """Add tag NEWTAG to item which is closest to pixel at X, Y.
+        If several match take the top-most.
+        All items closer than HALO are considered overlapping (all are
+        closest). If START is specified the next below this tag is taken."""
+        self.addtag(newtag, 'closest', x, y, halo, start)
+
+    def addtag_enclosed(self, newtag, x1, y1, x2, y2):
+        """Add tag NEWTAG to all items in the rectangle defined
+        by X1,Y1,X2,Y2."""
+        self.addtag(newtag, 'enclosed', x1, y1, x2, y2)
+
+    def addtag_overlapping(self, newtag, x1, y1, x2, y2):
+        """Add tag NEWTAG to all items which overlap the rectangle
+        defined by X1,Y1,X2,Y2."""
+        self.addtag(newtag, 'overlapping', x1, y1, x2, y2)
+
+    def addtag_withtag(self, newtag, tagOrId):
+        """Add tag NEWTAG to all items with TAGORID."""
+        self.addtag(newtag, 'withtag', tagOrId)
+
+    def bbox(self, *args):
+        """Return a tuple of X1,Y1,X2,Y2 coordinates for a rectangle
+        which encloses all items with tags specified as arguments."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call((self._w, 'bbox') + args)) or None
+
+    def tag_unbind(self, tagOrId, sequence, funcid=None):
+        """Unbind for all items with TAGORID for event SEQUENCE  the
+        function identified with FUNCID."""
+        self._unbind((self._w, 'bind', tagOrId, sequence), funcid)
+
+    def tag_bind(self, tagOrId, sequence=None, func=None, add=None):
+        """Bind to all items with TAGORID at event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC.
+
+        An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will be
+        called additionally to the other bound function or whether it will
+        replace the previous function. See bind for the return value."""
+        return self._bind((self._w, 'bind', tagOrId),
+                  sequence, func, add)
+
+    def canvasx(self, screenx, gridspacing=None):
+        """Return the canvas x coordinate of pixel position SCREENX rounded
+        to nearest multiple of GRIDSPACING units."""
+        return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'canvasx', screenx, gridspacing))
+
+    def canvasy(self, screeny, gridspacing=None):
+        """Return the canvas y coordinate of pixel position SCREENY rounded
+        to nearest multiple of GRIDSPACING units."""
+        return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'canvasy', screeny, gridspacing))
+
+    def coords(self, *args):
+        """Return a list of coordinates for the item given in ARGS."""
+        args = _flatten(args)
+        return [self.tk.getdouble(x) for x in
+                           self.tk.splitlist(
+                   self.tk.call((self._w, 'coords') + args))]
+
+    def _create(self, itemType, args, kw): # Args: (val, val, ..., cnf={})
+        """Internal function."""
+        args = _flatten(args)
+        cnf = args[-1]
+        if isinstance(cnf, (dict, tuple)):
+            args = args[:-1]
+        else:
+            cnf = {}
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'create', itemType,
+            *(args + self._options(cnf, kw))))
+
+    def create_arc(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Create arc shaped region with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2."""
+        return self._create('arc', args, kw)
+
+    def create_bitmap(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Create bitmap with coordinates x1,y1."""
+        return self._create('bitmap', args, kw)
+
+    def create_image(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Create image item with coordinates x1,y1."""
+        return self._create('image', args, kw)
+
+    def create_line(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Create line with coordinates x1,y1,...,xn,yn."""
+        return self._create('line', args, kw)
+
+    def create_oval(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Create oval with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2."""
+        return self._create('oval', args, kw)
+
+    def create_polygon(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Create polygon with coordinates x1,y1,...,xn,yn."""
+        return self._create('polygon', args, kw)
+
+    def create_rectangle(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Create rectangle with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2."""
+        return self._create('rectangle', args, kw)
+
+    def create_text(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Create text with coordinates x1,y1."""
+        return self._create('text', args, kw)
+
+    def create_window(self, *args, **kw):
+        """Create window with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2."""
+        return self._create('window', args, kw)
+
+    def dchars(self, *args):
+        """Delete characters of text items identified by tag or id in ARGS (possibly
+        several times) from FIRST to LAST character (including)."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'dchars') + args)
+
+    def delete(self, *args):
+        """Delete items identified by all tag or ids contained in ARGS."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'delete') + args)
+
+    def dtag(self, *args):
+        """Delete tag or id given as last arguments in ARGS from items
+        identified by first argument in ARGS."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'dtag') + args)
+
+    def find(self, *args):
+        """Internal function."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call((self._w, 'find') + args)) or ()
+
+    def find_above(self, tagOrId):
+        """Return items above TAGORID."""
+        return self.find('above', tagOrId)
+
+    def find_all(self):
+        """Return all items."""
+        return self.find('all')
+
+    def find_below(self, tagOrId):
+        """Return all items below TAGORID."""
+        return self.find('below', tagOrId)
+
+    def find_closest(self, x, y, halo=None, start=None):
+        """Return item which is closest to pixel at X, Y.
+        If several match take the top-most.
+        All items closer than HALO are considered overlapping (all are
+        closest). If START is specified the next below this tag is taken."""
+        return self.find('closest', x, y, halo, start)
+
+    def find_enclosed(self, x1, y1, x2, y2):
+        """Return all items in rectangle defined
+        by X1,Y1,X2,Y2."""
+        return self.find('enclosed', x1, y1, x2, y2)
+
+    def find_overlapping(self, x1, y1, x2, y2):
+        """Return all items which overlap the rectangle
+        defined by X1,Y1,X2,Y2."""
+        return self.find('overlapping', x1, y1, x2, y2)
+
+    def find_withtag(self, tagOrId):
+        """Return all items with TAGORID."""
+        return self.find('withtag', tagOrId)
+
+    def focus(self, *args):
+        """Set focus to the first item specified in ARGS."""
+        return self.tk.call((self._w, 'focus') + args)
+
+    def gettags(self, *args):
+        """Return tags associated with the first item specified in ARGS."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(
+            self.tk.call((self._w, 'gettags') + args))
+
+    def icursor(self, *args):
+        """Set cursor at position POS in the item identified by TAGORID.
+        In ARGS TAGORID must be first."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'icursor') + args)
+
+    def index(self, *args):
+        """Return position of cursor as integer in item specified in ARGS."""
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call((self._w, 'index') + args))
+
+    def insert(self, *args):
+        """Insert TEXT in item TAGORID at position POS. ARGS must
+        be TAGORID POS TEXT."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert') + args)
+
+    def itemcget(self, tagOrId, option):
+        """Return the resource value for an OPTION for item TAGORID."""
+        return self.tk.call(
+            (self._w, 'itemcget') + (tagOrId, '-'+option))
+
+    def itemconfigure(self, tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw):
+        """Configure resources of an item TAGORID.
+
+        The values for resources are specified as keyword
+        arguments. To get an overview about
+        the allowed keyword arguments call the method without arguments.
+        """
+        return self._configure(('itemconfigure', tagOrId), cnf, kw)
+
+    itemconfig = itemconfigure
+
+    # lower, tkraise/lift hide Misc.lower, Misc.tkraise/lift,
+    # so the preferred name for them is tag_lower, tag_raise
+    # (similar to tag_bind, and similar to the Text widget);
+    # unfortunately can't delete the old ones yet (maybe in 1.6)
+    def tag_lower(self, *args):
+        """Lower an item TAGORID given in ARGS
+        (optional below another item)."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'lower') + args)
+
+    lower = tag_lower
+
+    def move(self, *args):
+        """Move an item TAGORID given in ARGS."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'move') + args)
+
+    def moveto(self, tagOrId, x='', y=''):
+        """Move the items given by TAGORID in the canvas coordinate
+        space so that the first coordinate pair of the bottommost
+        item with tag TAGORID is located at position (X,Y).
+        X and Y may be the empty string, in which case the
+        corresponding coordinate will be unchanged. All items matching
+        TAGORID remain in the same positions relative to each other."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'moveto', tagOrId, x, y)
+
+    def postscript(self, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Print the contents of the canvas to a postscript
+        file. Valid options: colormap, colormode, file, fontmap,
+        height, pageanchor, pageheight, pagewidth, pagex, pagey,
+        rotate, width, x, y."""
+        return self.tk.call((self._w, 'postscript') +
+                    self._options(cnf, kw))
+
+    def tag_raise(self, *args):
+        """Raise an item TAGORID given in ARGS
+        (optional above another item)."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'raise') + args)
+
+    lift = tkraise = tag_raise
+
+    def scale(self, *args):
+        """Scale item TAGORID with XORIGIN, YORIGIN, XSCALE, YSCALE."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'scale') + args)
+
+    def scan_mark(self, x, y):
+        """Remember the current X, Y coordinates."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x, y)
+
+    def scan_dragto(self, x, y, gain=10):
+        """Adjust the view of the canvas to GAIN times the
+        difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in
+        scan_mark."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x, y, gain)
+
+    def select_adjust(self, tagOrId, index):
+        """Adjust the end of the selection near the cursor of an item TAGORID to index."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'adjust', tagOrId, index)
+
+    def select_clear(self):
+        """Clear the selection if it is in this widget."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'clear')
+
+    def select_from(self, tagOrId, index):
+        """Set the fixed end of a selection in item TAGORID to INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'from', tagOrId, index)
+
+    def select_item(self):
+        """Return the item which has the selection."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'item') or None
+
+    def select_to(self, tagOrId, index):
+        """Set the variable end of a selection in item TAGORID to INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'to', tagOrId, index)
+
+    def type(self, tagOrId):
+        """Return the type of the item TAGORID."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'type', tagOrId) or None
+
+
+_checkbutton_count = 0
+
+class Checkbutton(Widget):
+    """Checkbutton widget which is either in on- or off-state."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a checkbutton widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        Valid resource names: activebackground, activeforeground, anchor,
+        background, bd, bg, bitmap, borderwidth, command, cursor,
+        disabledforeground, fg, font, foreground, height,
+        highlightbackground, highlightcolor, highlightthickness, image,
+        indicatoron, justify, offvalue, onvalue, padx, pady, relief,
+        selectcolor, selectimage, state, takefocus, text, textvariable,
+        underline, variable, width, wraplength."""
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'checkbutton', cnf, kw)
+
+    def _setup(self, master, cnf):
+        # Because Checkbutton defaults to a variable with the same name as
+        # the widget, Checkbutton default names must be globally unique,
+        # not just unique within the parent widget.
+        if not cnf.get('name'):
+            global _checkbutton_count
+            name = self.__class__.__name__.lower()
+            _checkbutton_count += 1
+            # To avoid collisions with ttk.Checkbutton, use the different
+            # name template.
+            cnf['name'] = f'!{name}-{_checkbutton_count}'
+        super()._setup(master, cnf)
+
+    def deselect(self):
+        """Put the button in off-state."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'deselect')
+
+    def flash(self):
+        """Flash the button."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'flash')
+
+    def invoke(self):
+        """Toggle the button and invoke a command if given as resource."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke')
+
+    def select(self):
+        """Put the button in on-state."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'select')
+
+    def toggle(self):
+        """Toggle the button."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'toggle')
+
+
+class Entry(Widget, XView):
+    """Entry widget which allows displaying simple text."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct an entry widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, cursor,
+        exportselection, fg, font, foreground, highlightbackground,
+        highlightcolor, highlightthickness, insertbackground,
+        insertborderwidth, insertofftime, insertontime, insertwidth,
+        invalidcommand, invcmd, justify, relief, selectbackground,
+        selectborderwidth, selectforeground, show, state, takefocus,
+        textvariable, validate, validatecommand, vcmd, width,
+        xscrollcommand."""
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'entry', cnf, kw)
+
+    def delete(self, first, last=None):
+        """Delete text from FIRST to LAST (not included)."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', first, last)
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Return the text."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get')
+
+    def icursor(self, index):
+        """Insert cursor at INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'icursor', index)
+
+    def index(self, index):
+        """Return position of cursor."""
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'index', index))
+
+    def insert(self, index, string):
+        """Insert STRING at INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'insert', index, string)
+
+    def scan_mark(self, x):
+        """Remember the current X, Y coordinates."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x)
+
+    def scan_dragto(self, x):
+        """Adjust the view of the canvas to 10 times the
+        difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in
+        scan_mark."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x)
+
+    def selection_adjust(self, index):
+        """Adjust the end of the selection near the cursor to INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'adjust', index)
+
+    select_adjust = selection_adjust
+
+    def selection_clear(self):
+        """Clear the selection if it is in this widget."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'clear')
+
+    select_clear = selection_clear
+
+    def selection_from(self, index):
+        """Set the fixed end of a selection to INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'from', index)
+
+    select_from = selection_from
+
+    def selection_present(self):
+        """Return True if there are characters selected in the entry, False
+        otherwise."""
+        return self.tk.getboolean(
+            self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'present'))
+
+    select_present = selection_present
+
+    def selection_range(self, start, end):
+        """Set the selection from START to END (not included)."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'range', start, end)
+
+    select_range = selection_range
+
+    def selection_to(self, index):
+        """Set the variable end of a selection to INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'to', index)
+
+    select_to = selection_to
+
+
+class Frame(Widget):
+    """Frame widget which may contain other widgets and can have a 3D border."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a frame widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, class,
+        colormap, container, cursor, height, highlightbackground,
+        highlightcolor, highlightthickness, relief, takefocus, visual, width."""
+        cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
+        extra = ()
+        if 'class_' in cnf:
+            extra = ('-class', cnf['class_'])
+            del cnf['class_']
+        elif 'class' in cnf:
+            extra = ('-class', cnf['class'])
+            del cnf['class']
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'frame', cnf, {}, extra)
+
+
+class Label(Widget):
+    """Label widget which can display text and bitmaps."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a label widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            activebackground, activeforeground, anchor,
+            background, bitmap, borderwidth, cursor,
+            disabledforeground, font, foreground,
+            highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
+            highlightthickness, image, justify,
+            padx, pady, relief, takefocus, text,
+            textvariable, underline, wraplength
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            height, state, width
+
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'label', cnf, kw)
+
+
+class Listbox(Widget, XView, YView):
+    """Listbox widget which can display a list of strings."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a listbox widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, cursor,
+        exportselection, fg, font, foreground, height, highlightbackground,
+        highlightcolor, highlightthickness, relief, selectbackground,
+        selectborderwidth, selectforeground, selectmode, setgrid, takefocus,
+        width, xscrollcommand, yscrollcommand, listvariable."""
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'listbox', cnf, kw)
+
+    def activate(self, index):
+        """Activate item identified by INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'activate', index)
+
+    def bbox(self, index):
+        """Return a tuple of X1,Y1,X2,Y2 coordinates for a rectangle
+        which encloses the item identified by the given index."""
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'bbox', index)) or None
+
+    def curselection(self):
+        """Return the indices of currently selected item."""
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'curselection')) or ()
+
+    def delete(self, first, last=None):
+        """Delete items from FIRST to LAST (included)."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', first, last)
+
+    def get(self, first, last=None):
+        """Get list of items from FIRST to LAST (included)."""
+        if last is not None:
+            return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
+                self._w, 'get', first, last))
+        else:
+            return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get', first)
+
+    def index(self, index):
+        """Return index of item identified with INDEX."""
+        i = self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index)
+        if i == 'none': return None
+        return self.tk.getint(i)
+
+    def insert(self, index, *elements):
+        """Insert ELEMENTS at INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert', index) + elements)
+
+    def nearest(self, y):
+        """Get index of item which is nearest to y coordinate Y."""
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'nearest', y))
+
+    def scan_mark(self, x, y):
+        """Remember the current X, Y coordinates."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x, y)
+
+    def scan_dragto(self, x, y):
+        """Adjust the view of the listbox to 10 times the
+        difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in
+        scan_mark."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x, y)
+
+    def see(self, index):
+        """Scroll such that INDEX is visible."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'see', index)
+
+    def selection_anchor(self, index):
+        """Set the fixed end oft the selection to INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'anchor', index)
+
+    select_anchor = selection_anchor
+
+    def selection_clear(self, first, last=None):
+        """Clear the selection from FIRST to LAST (included)."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w,
+                 'selection', 'clear', first, last)
+
+    select_clear = selection_clear
+
+    def selection_includes(self, index):
+        """Return True if INDEX is part of the selection."""
+        return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'selection', 'includes', index))
+
+    select_includes = selection_includes
+
+    def selection_set(self, first, last=None):
+        """Set the selection from FIRST to LAST (included) without
+        changing the currently selected elements."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'set', first, last)
+
+    select_set = selection_set
+
+    def size(self):
+        """Return the number of elements in the listbox."""
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, 'size'))
+
+    def itemcget(self, index, option):
+        """Return the resource value for an ITEM and an OPTION."""
+        return self.tk.call(
+            (self._w, 'itemcget') + (index, '-'+option))
+
+    def itemconfigure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw):
+        """Configure resources of an ITEM.
+
+        The values for resources are specified as keyword arguments.
+        To get an overview about the allowed keyword arguments
+        call the method without arguments.
+        Valid resource names: background, bg, foreground, fg,
+        selectbackground, selectforeground."""
+        return self._configure(('itemconfigure', index), cnf, kw)
+
+    itemconfig = itemconfigure
+
+
+class Menu(Widget):
+    """Menu widget which allows displaying menu bars, pull-down menus and pop-up menus."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct menu widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        Valid resource names: activebackground, activeborderwidth,
+        activeforeground, background, bd, bg, borderwidth, cursor,
+        disabledforeground, fg, font, foreground, postcommand, relief,
+        selectcolor, takefocus, tearoff, tearoffcommand, title, type."""
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'menu', cnf, kw)
+
+    def tk_popup(self, x, y, entry=""):
+        """Post the menu at position X,Y with entry ENTRY."""
+        self.tk.call('tk_popup', self._w, x, y, entry)
+
+    def activate(self, index):
+        """Activate entry at INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'activate', index)
+
+    def add(self, itemType, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Internal function."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'add', itemType) +
+                 self._options(cnf, kw))
+
+    def add_cascade(self, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Add hierarchical menu item."""
+        self.add('cascade', cnf or kw)
+
+    def add_checkbutton(self, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Add checkbutton menu item."""
+        self.add('checkbutton', cnf or kw)
+
+    def add_command(self, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Add command menu item."""
+        self.add('command', cnf or kw)
+
+    def add_radiobutton(self, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Add radio menu item."""
+        self.add('radiobutton', cnf or kw)
+
+    def add_separator(self, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Add separator."""
+        self.add('separator', cnf or kw)
+
+    def insert(self, index, itemType, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Internal function."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert', index, itemType) +
+                 self._options(cnf, kw))
+
+    def insert_cascade(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Add hierarchical menu item at INDEX."""
+        self.insert(index, 'cascade', cnf or kw)
+
+    def insert_checkbutton(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Add checkbutton menu item at INDEX."""
+        self.insert(index, 'checkbutton', cnf or kw)
+
+    def insert_command(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Add command menu item at INDEX."""
+        self.insert(index, 'command', cnf or kw)
+
+    def insert_radiobutton(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Add radio menu item at INDEX."""
+        self.insert(index, 'radiobutton', cnf or kw)
+
+    def insert_separator(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Add separator at INDEX."""
+        self.insert(index, 'separator', cnf or kw)
+
+    def delete(self, index1, index2=None):
+        """Delete menu items between INDEX1 and INDEX2 (included)."""
+        if index2 is None:
+            index2 = index1
+
+        num_index1, num_index2 = self.index(index1), self.index(index2)
+        if (num_index1 is None) or (num_index2 is None):
+            num_index1, num_index2 = 0, -1
+
+        for i in range(num_index1, num_index2 + 1):
+            if 'command' in self.entryconfig(i):
+                c = str(self.entrycget(i, 'command'))
+                if c:
+                    self.deletecommand(c)
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', index1, index2)
+
+    def entrycget(self, index, option):
+        """Return the resource value of a menu item for OPTION at INDEX."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'entrycget', index, '-' + option)
+
+    def entryconfigure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw):
+        """Configure a menu item at INDEX."""
+        return self._configure(('entryconfigure', index), cnf, kw)
+
+    entryconfig = entryconfigure
+
+    def index(self, index):
+        """Return the index of a menu item identified by INDEX."""
+        i = self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index)
+        return None if i in ('', 'none') else self.tk.getint(i)  # GH-103685.
+
+    def invoke(self, index):
+        """Invoke a menu item identified by INDEX and execute
+        the associated command."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke', index)
+
+    def post(self, x, y):
+        """Display a menu at position X,Y."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'post', x, y)
+
+    def type(self, index):
+        """Return the type of the menu item at INDEX."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'type', index)
+
+    def unpost(self):
+        """Unmap a menu."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'unpost')
+
+    def xposition(self, index): # new in Tk 8.5
+        """Return the x-position of the leftmost pixel of the menu item
+        at INDEX."""
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, 'xposition', index))
+
+    def yposition(self, index):
+        """Return the y-position of the topmost pixel of the menu item at INDEX."""
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'yposition', index))
+
+
+class Menubutton(Widget):
+    """Menubutton widget, obsolete since Tk8.0."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'menubutton', cnf, kw)
+
+
+class Message(Widget):
+    """Message widget to display multiline text. Obsolete since Label does it too."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'message', cnf, kw)
+
+
+class Radiobutton(Widget):
+    """Radiobutton widget which shows only one of several buttons in on-state."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a radiobutton widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        Valid resource names: activebackground, activeforeground, anchor,
+        background, bd, bg, bitmap, borderwidth, command, cursor,
+        disabledforeground, fg, font, foreground, height,
+        highlightbackground, highlightcolor, highlightthickness, image,
+        indicatoron, justify, padx, pady, relief, selectcolor, selectimage,
+        state, takefocus, text, textvariable, underline, value, variable,
+        width, wraplength."""
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'radiobutton', cnf, kw)
+
+    def deselect(self):
+        """Put the button in off-state."""
+
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'deselect')
+
+    def flash(self):
+        """Flash the button."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'flash')
+
+    def invoke(self):
+        """Toggle the button and invoke a command if given as resource."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke')
+
+    def select(self):
+        """Put the button in on-state."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'select')
+
+
+class Scale(Widget):
+    """Scale widget which can display a numerical scale."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a scale widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        Valid resource names: activebackground, background, bigincrement, bd,
+        bg, borderwidth, command, cursor, digits, fg, font, foreground, from,
+        highlightbackground, highlightcolor, highlightthickness, label,
+        length, orient, relief, repeatdelay, repeatinterval, resolution,
+        showvalue, sliderlength, sliderrelief, state, takefocus,
+        tickinterval, to, troughcolor, variable, width."""
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'scale', cnf, kw)
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Get the current value as integer or float."""
+        value = self.tk.call(self._w, 'get')
+        try:
+            return self.tk.getint(value)
+        except (ValueError, TypeError, TclError):
+            return self.tk.getdouble(value)
+
+    def set(self, value):
+        """Set the value to VALUE."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'set', value)
+
+    def coords(self, value=None):
+        """Return a tuple (X,Y) of the point along the centerline of the
+        trough that corresponds to VALUE or the current value if None is
+        given."""
+
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'coords', value))
+
+    def identify(self, x, y):
+        """Return where the point X,Y lies. Valid return values are "slider",
+        "though1" and "though2"."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y)
+
+
+class Scrollbar(Widget):
+    """Scrollbar widget which displays a slider at a certain position."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a scrollbar widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        Valid resource names: activebackground, activerelief,
+        background, bd, bg, borderwidth, command, cursor,
+        elementborderwidth, highlightbackground,
+        highlightcolor, highlightthickness, jump, orient,
+        relief, repeatdelay, repeatinterval, takefocus,
+        troughcolor, width."""
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'scrollbar', cnf, kw)
+
+    def activate(self, index=None):
+        """Marks the element indicated by index as active.
+        The only index values understood by this method are "arrow1",
+        "slider", or "arrow2".  If any other value is specified then no
+        element of the scrollbar will be active.  If index is not specified,
+        the method returns the name of the element that is currently active,
+        or None if no element is active."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'activate', index) or None
+
+    def delta(self, deltax, deltay):
+        """Return the fractional change of the scrollbar setting if it
+        would be moved by DELTAX or DELTAY pixels."""
+        return self.tk.getdouble(
+            self.tk.call(self._w, 'delta', deltax, deltay))
+
+    def fraction(self, x, y):
+        """Return the fractional value which corresponds to a slider
+        position of X,Y."""
+        return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call(self._w, 'fraction', x, y))
+
+    def identify(self, x, y):
+        """Return the element under position X,Y as one of
+        "arrow1","slider","arrow2" or ""."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y)
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Return the current fractional values (upper and lower end)
+        of the slider position."""
+        return self._getdoubles(self.tk.call(self._w, 'get'))
+
+    def set(self, first, last):
+        """Set the fractional values of the slider position (upper and
+        lower ends as value between 0 and 1)."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'set', first, last)
+
+
+class Text(Widget, XView, YView):
+    """Text widget which can display text in various forms."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a text widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            background, borderwidth, cursor,
+            exportselection, font, foreground,
+            highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
+            highlightthickness, insertbackground,
+            insertborderwidth, insertofftime,
+            insertontime, insertwidth, padx, pady,
+            relief, selectbackground,
+            selectborderwidth, selectforeground,
+            setgrid, takefocus,
+            xscrollcommand, yscrollcommand,
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            autoseparators, height, maxundo,
+            spacing1, spacing2, spacing3,
+            state, tabs, undo, width, wrap,
+
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'text', cnf, kw)
+
+    def bbox(self, index):
+        """Return a tuple of (x,y,width,height) which gives the bounding
+        box of the visible part of the character at the given index."""
+        return self._getints(
+                self.tk.call(self._w, 'bbox', index)) or None
+
+    def compare(self, index1, op, index2):
+        """Return whether between index INDEX1 and index INDEX2 the
+        relation OP is satisfied. OP is one of <, <=, ==, >=, >, or !=."""
+        return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'compare', index1, op, index2))
+
+    def count(self, index1, index2, *options, return_ints=False): # new in Tk 8.5
+        """Counts the number of relevant things between the two indices.
+
+        If INDEX1 is after INDEX2, the result will be a negative number
+        (and this holds for each of the possible options).
+
+        The actual items which are counted depends on the options given.
+        The result is a tuple of integers, one for the result of each
+        counting option given, if more than one option is specified or
+        return_ints is false (default), otherwise it is an integer.
+        Valid counting options are "chars", "displaychars",
+        "displayindices", "displaylines", "indices", "lines", "xpixels"
+        and "ypixels". The default value, if no option is specified, is
+        "indices". There is an additional possible option "update",
+        which if given then all subsequent options ensure that any
+        possible out of date information is recalculated.
+        """
+        options = ['-%s' % arg for arg in options]
+        res = self.tk.call(self._w, 'count', *options, index1, index2)
+        if not isinstance(res, int):
+            res = self._getints(res)
+            if len(res) == 1:
+                res, = res
+        if not return_ints:
+            if not res:
+                res = None
+            elif len(options) <= 1:
+                res = (res,)
+        return res
+
+    def debug(self, boolean=None):
+        """Turn on the internal consistency checks of the B-Tree inside the text
+        widget according to BOOLEAN."""
+        if boolean is None:
+            return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, 'debug'))
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'debug', boolean)
+
+    def delete(self, index1, index2=None):
+        """Delete the characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2 (not included)."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', index1, index2)
+
+    def dlineinfo(self, index):
+        """Return tuple (x,y,width,height,baseline) giving the bounding box
+        and baseline position of the visible part of the line containing
+        the character at INDEX."""
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'dlineinfo', index))
+
+    def dump(self, index1, index2=None, command=None, **kw):
+        """Return the contents of the widget between index1 and index2.
+
+        The type of contents returned in filtered based on the keyword
+        parameters; if 'all', 'image', 'mark', 'tag', 'text', or 'window' are
+        given and true, then the corresponding items are returned. The result
+        is a list of triples of the form (key, value, index). If none of the
+        keywords are true then 'all' is used by default.
+
+        If the 'command' argument is given, it is called once for each element
+        of the list of triples, with the values of each triple serving as the
+        arguments to the function. In this case the list is not returned."""
+        args = []
+        func_name = None
+        result = None
+        if not command:
+            # Never call the dump command without the -command flag, since the
+            # output could involve Tcl quoting and would be a pain to parse
+            # right. Instead just set the command to build a list of triples
+            # as if we had done the parsing.
+            result = []
+            def append_triple(key, value, index, result=result):
+                result.append((key, value, index))
+            command = append_triple
+        try:
+            if not isinstance(command, str):
+                func_name = command = self._register(command)
+            args += ["-command", command]
+            for key in kw:
+                if kw[key]: args.append("-" + key)
+            args.append(index1)
+            if index2:
+                args.append(index2)
+            self.tk.call(self._w, "dump", *args)
+            return result
+        finally:
+            if func_name:
+                self.deletecommand(func_name)
+
+    ## new in tk8.4
+    def edit(self, *args):
+        """Internal method
+
+        This method controls the undo mechanism and
+        the modified flag. The exact behavior of the
+        command depends on the option argument that
+        follows the edit argument. The following forms
+        of the command are currently supported:
+
+        edit_modified, edit_redo, edit_reset, edit_separator
+        and edit_undo
+
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'edit', *args)
+
+    def edit_modified(self, arg=None):
+        """Get or Set the modified flag
+
+        If arg is not specified, returns the modified
+        flag of the widget. The insert, delete, edit undo and
+        edit redo commands or the user can set or clear the
+        modified flag. If boolean is specified, sets the
+        modified flag of the widget to arg.
+        """
+        return self.edit("modified", arg)
+
+    def edit_redo(self):
+        """Redo the last undone edit
+
+        When the undo option is true, reapplies the last
+        undone edits provided no other edits were done since
+        then. Generates an error when the redo stack is empty.
+        Does nothing when the undo option is false.
+        """
+        return self.edit("redo")
+
+    def edit_reset(self):
+        """Clears the undo and redo stacks
+        """
+        return self.edit("reset")
+
+    def edit_separator(self):
+        """Inserts a separator (boundary) on the undo stack.
+
+        Does nothing when the undo option is false
+        """
+        return self.edit("separator")
+
+    def edit_undo(self):
+        """Undoes the last edit action
+
+        If the undo option is true. An edit action is defined
+        as all the insert and delete commands that are recorded
+        on the undo stack in between two separators. Generates
+        an error when the undo stack is empty. Does nothing
+        when the undo option is false
+        """
+        return self.edit("undo")
+
+    def get(self, index1, index2=None):
+        """Return the text from INDEX1 to INDEX2 (not included)."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get', index1, index2)
+    # (Image commands are new in 8.0)
+
+    def image_cget(self, index, option):
+        """Return the value of OPTION of an embedded image at INDEX."""
+        if option[:1] != "-":
+            option = "-" + option
+        if option[-1:] == "_":
+            option = option[:-1]
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "image", "cget", index, option)
+
+    def image_configure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw):
+        """Configure an embedded image at INDEX."""
+        return self._configure(('image', 'configure', index), cnf, kw)
+
+    def image_create(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Create an embedded image at INDEX."""
+        return self.tk.call(
+                 self._w, "image", "create", index,
+                 *self._options(cnf, kw))
+
+    def image_names(self):
+        """Return all names of embedded images in this widget."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "image", "names")
+
+    def index(self, index):
+        """Return the index in the form line.char for INDEX."""
+        return str(self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index))
+
+    def insert(self, index, chars, *args):
+        """Insert CHARS before the characters at INDEX. An additional
+        tag can be given in ARGS. Additional CHARS and tags can follow in ARGS."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert', index, chars) + args)
+
+    def mark_gravity(self, markName, direction=None):
+        """Change the gravity of a mark MARKNAME to DIRECTION (LEFT or RIGHT).
+        Return the current value if None is given for DIRECTION."""
+        return self.tk.call(
+            (self._w, 'mark', 'gravity', markName, direction))
+
+    def mark_names(self):
+        """Return all mark names."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'mark', 'names'))
+
+    def mark_set(self, markName, index):
+        """Set mark MARKNAME before the character at INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'mark', 'set', markName, index)
+
+    def mark_unset(self, *markNames):
+        """Delete all marks in MARKNAMES."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'mark', 'unset') + markNames)
+
+    def mark_next(self, index):
+        """Return the name of the next mark after INDEX."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'mark', 'next', index) or None
+
+    def mark_previous(self, index):
+        """Return the name of the previous mark before INDEX."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'mark', 'previous', index) or None
+
+    def peer_create(self, newPathName, cnf={}, **kw): # new in Tk 8.5
+        """Creates a peer text widget with the given newPathName, and any
+        optional standard configuration options. By default the peer will
+        have the same start and end line as the parent widget, but
+        these can be overridden with the standard configuration options."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'peer', 'create', newPathName,
+            *self._options(cnf, kw))
+
+    def peer_names(self): # new in Tk 8.5
+        """Returns a list of peers of this widget (this does not include
+        the widget itself)."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'peer', 'names'))
+
+    def replace(self, index1, index2, chars, *args): # new in Tk 8.5
+        """Replaces the range of characters between index1 and index2 with
+        the given characters and tags specified by args.
+
+        See the method insert for some more information about args, and the
+        method delete for information about the indices."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'replace', index1, index2, chars, *args)
+
+    def scan_mark(self, x, y):
+        """Remember the current X, Y coordinates."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x, y)
+
+    def scan_dragto(self, x, y):
+        """Adjust the view of the text to 10 times the
+        difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in
+        scan_mark."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x, y)
+
+    def search(self, pattern, index, stopindex=None,
+           forwards=None, backwards=None, exact=None,
+           regexp=None, nocase=None, count=None, elide=None):
+        """Search PATTERN beginning from INDEX until STOPINDEX.
+        Return the index of the first character of a match or an
+        empty string."""
+        args = [self._w, 'search']
+        if forwards: args.append('-forwards')
+        if backwards: args.append('-backwards')
+        if exact: args.append('-exact')
+        if regexp: args.append('-regexp')
+        if nocase: args.append('-nocase')
+        if elide: args.append('-elide')
+        if count: args.append('-count'); args.append(count)
+        if pattern and pattern[0] == '-': args.append('--')
+        args.append(pattern)
+        args.append(index)
+        if stopindex: args.append(stopindex)
+        return str(self.tk.call(tuple(args)))
+
+    def see(self, index):
+        """Scroll such that the character at INDEX is visible."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'see', index)
+
+    def tag_add(self, tagName, index1, *args):
+        """Add tag TAGNAME to all characters between INDEX1 and index2 in ARGS.
+        Additional pairs of indices may follow in ARGS."""
+        self.tk.call(
+            (self._w, 'tag', 'add', tagName, index1) + args)
+
+    def tag_unbind(self, tagName, sequence, funcid=None):
+        """Unbind for all characters with TAGNAME for event SEQUENCE  the
+        function identified with FUNCID."""
+        return self._unbind((self._w, 'tag', 'bind', tagName, sequence), funcid)
+
+    def tag_bind(self, tagName, sequence, func, add=None):
+        """Bind to all characters with TAGNAME at event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC.
+
+        An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will be
+        called additionally to the other bound function or whether it will
+        replace the previous function. See bind for the return value."""
+        return self._bind((self._w, 'tag', 'bind', tagName),
+                  sequence, func, add)
+
+    def _tag_bind(self, tagName, sequence=None, func=None, add=None):
+        # For tests only
+        return self._bind((self._w, 'tag', 'bind', tagName),
+                  sequence, func, add)
+
+    def tag_cget(self, tagName, option):
+        """Return the value of OPTION for tag TAGNAME."""
+        if option[:1] != '-':
+            option = '-' + option
+        if option[-1:] == '_':
+            option = option[:-1]
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'tag', 'cget', tagName, option)
+
+    def tag_configure(self, tagName, cnf=None, **kw):
+        """Configure a tag TAGNAME."""
+        return self._configure(('tag', 'configure', tagName), cnf, kw)
+
+    tag_config = tag_configure
+
+    def tag_delete(self, *tagNames):
+        """Delete all tags in TAGNAMES."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'tag', 'delete') + tagNames)
+
+    def tag_lower(self, tagName, belowThis=None):
+        """Change the priority of tag TAGNAME such that it is lower
+        than the priority of BELOWTHIS."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'tag', 'lower', tagName, belowThis)
+
+    def tag_names(self, index=None):
+        """Return a list of all tag names."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(
+            self.tk.call(self._w, 'tag', 'names', index))
+
+    def tag_nextrange(self, tagName, index1, index2=None):
+        """Return a list of start and end index for the first sequence of
+        characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2 which all have tag TAGNAME.
+        The text is searched forward from INDEX1."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'tag', 'nextrange', tagName, index1, index2))
+
+    def tag_prevrange(self, tagName, index1, index2=None):
+        """Return a list of start and end index for the first sequence of
+        characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2 which all have tag TAGNAME.
+        The text is searched backwards from INDEX1."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'tag', 'prevrange', tagName, index1, index2))
+
+    def tag_raise(self, tagName, aboveThis=None):
+        """Change the priority of tag TAGNAME such that it is higher
+        than the priority of ABOVETHIS."""
+        self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'tag', 'raise', tagName, aboveThis)
+
+    def tag_ranges(self, tagName):
+        """Return a list of ranges of text which have tag TAGNAME."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'tag', 'ranges', tagName))
+
+    def tag_remove(self, tagName, index1, index2=None):
+        """Remove tag TAGNAME from all characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2."""
+        self.tk.call(
+            self._w, 'tag', 'remove', tagName, index1, index2)
+
+    def window_cget(self, index, option):
+        """Return the value of OPTION of an embedded window at INDEX."""
+        if option[:1] != '-':
+            option = '-' + option
+        if option[-1:] == '_':
+            option = option[:-1]
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'window', 'cget', index, option)
+
+    def window_configure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw):
+        """Configure an embedded window at INDEX."""
+        return self._configure(('window', 'configure', index), cnf, kw)
+
+    window_config = window_configure
+
+    def window_create(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Create a window at INDEX."""
+        self.tk.call(
+              (self._w, 'window', 'create', index)
+              + self._options(cnf, kw))
+
+    def window_names(self):
+        """Return all names of embedded windows in this widget."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(
+            self.tk.call(self._w, 'window', 'names'))
+
+    def yview_pickplace(self, *what):
+        """Obsolete function, use see."""
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'yview', '-pickplace') + what)
+
+
+class _setit:
+    """Internal class. It wraps the command in the widget OptionMenu."""
+
+    def __init__(self, var, value, callback=None):
+        self.__value = value
+        self.__var = var
+        self.__callback = callback
+
+    def __call__(self, *args):
+        self.__var.set(self.__value)
+        if self.__callback is not None:
+            self.__callback(self.__value, *args)
+
+
+class OptionMenu(Menubutton):
+    """OptionMenu which allows the user to select a value from a menu."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master, variable, value, *values, **kwargs):
+        """Construct an optionmenu widget with the parent MASTER, with
+        the resource textvariable set to VARIABLE, the initially selected
+        value VALUE, the other menu values VALUES and an additional
+        keyword argument command."""
+        kw = {"borderwidth": 2, "textvariable": variable,
+              "indicatoron": 1, "relief": RAISED, "anchor": "c",
+              "highlightthickness": 2}
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "menubutton", kw)
+        self.widgetName = 'tk_optionMenu'
+        menu = self.__menu = Menu(self, name="menu", tearoff=0)
+        self.menuname = menu._w
+        # 'command' is the only supported keyword
+        callback = kwargs.get('command')
+        if 'command' in kwargs:
+            del kwargs['command']
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TclError('unknown option -'+next(iter(kwargs)))
+        menu.add_command(label=value,
+                 command=_setit(variable, value, callback))
+        for v in values:
+            menu.add_command(label=v,
+                     command=_setit(variable, v, callback))
+        self["menu"] = menu
+
+    def __getitem__(self, name):
+        if name == 'menu':
+            return self.__menu
+        return Widget.__getitem__(self, name)
+
+    def destroy(self):
+        """Destroy this widget and the associated menu."""
+        Menubutton.destroy(self)
+        self.__menu = None
+
+
+class Image:
+    """Base class for images."""
+    _last_id = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, imgtype, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw):
+        self.name = None
+        if master is None:
+            master = _get_default_root('create image')
+        self.tk = getattr(master, 'tk', master)
+        if not name:
+            Image._last_id += 1
+            name = "pyimage%r" % (Image._last_id,) # tk itself would use image<x>
+        if kw and cnf: cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
+        elif kw: cnf = kw
+        options = ()
+        for k, v in cnf.items():
+            options = options + ('-'+k, v)
+        self.tk.call(('image', 'create', imgtype, name,) + options)
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __str__(self): return self.name
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        if self.name:
+            try:
+                self.tk.call('image', 'delete', self.name)
+            except TclError:
+                # May happen if the root was destroyed
+                pass
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self.tk.call(self.name, 'configure', '-'+key, value)
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.tk.call(self.name, 'configure', '-'+key)
+
+    def configure(self, **kw):
+        """Configure the image."""
+        res = ()
+        for k, v in _cnfmerge(kw).items():
+            if v is not None:
+                if k[-1] == '_': k = k[:-1]
+                res = res + ('-'+k, v)
+        self.tk.call((self.name, 'config') + res)
+
+    config = configure
+
+    def height(self):
+        """Return the height of the image."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('image', 'height', self.name))
+
+    def type(self):
+        """Return the type of the image, e.g. "photo" or "bitmap"."""
+        return self.tk.call('image', 'type', self.name)
+
+    def width(self):
+        """Return the width of the image."""
+        return self.tk.getint(
+            self.tk.call('image', 'width', self.name))
+
+
+class PhotoImage(Image):
+    """Widget which can display images in PGM, PPM, GIF, PNG format."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw):
+        """Create an image with NAME.
+
+        Valid resource names: data, format, file, gamma, height, palette,
+        width."""
+        Image.__init__(self, 'photo', name, cnf, master, **kw)
+
+    def blank(self):
+        """Display a transparent image."""
+        self.tk.call(self.name, 'blank')
+
+    def cget(self, option):
+        """Return the value of OPTION."""
+        return self.tk.call(self.name, 'cget', '-' + option)
+    # XXX config
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.tk.call(self.name, 'cget', '-' + key)
+
+    def copy(self, *, from_coords=None, zoom=None, subsample=None):
+        """Return a new PhotoImage with the same image as this widget.
+
+        The FROM_COORDS option specifies a rectangular sub-region of the
+        source image to be copied. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4
+        integers (x1, y1, x2, y2).  (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) specify diagonally
+        opposite corners of the rectangle.  If x2 and y2 are not specified,
+        the default value is the bottom-right corner of the source image.
+        The pixels copied will include the left and top edges of the
+        specified rectangle but not the bottom or right edges.  If the
+        FROM_COORDS option is not given, the default is the whole source
+        image.
+
+        If SUBSAMPLE or ZOOM are specified, the image is transformed as in
+        the subsample() or zoom() methods.  The value must be a single
+        integer or a pair of integers.
+        """
+        destImage = PhotoImage(master=self.tk)
+        destImage.copy_replace(self, from_coords=from_coords,
+                               zoom=zoom, subsample=subsample)
+        return destImage
+
+    def zoom(self, x, y='', *, from_coords=None):
+        """Return a new PhotoImage with the same image as this widget
+        but zoom it with a factor of X in the X direction and Y in the Y
+        direction.  If Y is not given, the default value is the same as X.
+
+        The FROM_COORDS option specifies a rectangular sub-region of the
+        source image to be copied, as in the copy() method.
+        """
+        if y=='': y=x
+        return self.copy(zoom=(x, y), from_coords=from_coords)
+
+    def subsample(self, x, y='', *, from_coords=None):
+        """Return a new PhotoImage based on the same image as this widget
+        but use only every Xth or Yth pixel.  If Y is not given, the
+        default value is the same as X.
+
+        The FROM_COORDS option specifies a rectangular sub-region of the
+        source image to be copied, as in the copy() method.
+        """
+        if y=='': y=x
+        return self.copy(subsample=(x, y), from_coords=from_coords)
+
+    def copy_replace(self, sourceImage, *, from_coords=None, to=None, shrink=False,
+                     zoom=None, subsample=None, compositingrule=None):
+        """Copy a region from the source image (which must be a PhotoImage) to
+        this image, possibly with pixel zooming and/or subsampling.  If no
+        options are specified, this command copies the whole of the source
+        image into this image, starting at coordinates (0, 0).
+
+        The FROM_COORDS option specifies a rectangular sub-region of the
+        source image to be copied. It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4
+        integers (x1, y1, x2, y2).  (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) specify diagonally
+        opposite corners of the rectangle.  If x2 and y2 are not specified,
+        the default value is the bottom-right corner of the source image.
+        The pixels copied will include the left and top edges of the
+        specified rectangle but not the bottom or right edges.  If the
+        FROM_COORDS option is not given, the default is the whole source
+        image.
+
+        The TO option specifies a rectangular sub-region of the destination
+        image to be affected.  It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4
+        integers (x1, y1, x2, y2).  (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) specify diagonally
+        opposite corners of the rectangle.  If x2 and y2 are not specified,
+        the default value is (x1,y1) plus the size of the source region
+        (after subsampling and zooming, if specified).  If x2 and y2 are
+        specified, the source region will be replicated if necessary to fill
+        the destination region in a tiled fashion.
+
+        If SHRINK is true, the size of the destination image should be
+        reduced, if necessary, so that the region being copied into is at
+        the bottom-right corner of the image.
+
+        If SUBSAMPLE or ZOOM are specified, the image is transformed as in
+        the subsample() or zoom() methods.  The value must be a single
+        integer or a pair of integers.
+
+        The COMPOSITINGRULE option specifies how transparent pixels in the
+        source image are combined with the destination image.  When a
+        compositing rule of 'overlay' is set, the old contents of the
+        destination image are visible, as if the source image were printed
+        on a piece of transparent film and placed over the top of the
+        destination.  When a compositing rule of 'set' is set, the old
+        contents of the destination image are discarded and the source image
+        is used as-is.  The default compositing rule is 'overlay'.
+        """
+        options = []
+        if from_coords is not None:
+            options.extend(('-from', *from_coords))
+        if to is not None:
+            options.extend(('-to', *to))
+        if shrink:
+            options.append('-shrink')
+        if zoom is not None:
+            if not isinstance(zoom, (tuple, list)):
+                zoom = (zoom,)
+            options.extend(('-zoom', *zoom))
+        if subsample is not None:
+            if not isinstance(subsample, (tuple, list)):
+                subsample = (subsample,)
+            options.extend(('-subsample', *subsample))
+        if compositingrule:
+            options.extend(('-compositingrule', compositingrule))
+        self.tk.call(self.name, 'copy', sourceImage, *options)
+
+    def get(self, x, y):
+        """Return the color (red, green, blue) of the pixel at X,Y."""
+        return self.tk.call(self.name, 'get', x, y)
+
+    def put(self, data, to=None):
+        """Put row formatted colors to image starting from
+        position TO, e.g. image.put("{red green} {blue yellow}", to=(4,6))"""
+        args = (self.name, 'put', data)
+        if to:
+            if to[0] == '-to':
+                to = to[1:]
+            args = args + ('-to',) + tuple(to)
+        self.tk.call(args)
+
+    def read(self, filename, format=None, *, from_coords=None, to=None, shrink=False):
+        """Reads image data from the file named FILENAME into the image.
+
+        The FORMAT option specifies the format of the image data in the
+        file.
+
+        The FROM_COORDS option specifies a rectangular sub-region of the image
+        file data to be copied to the destination image.  It must be a tuple
+        or a list of 1 to 4 integers (x1, y1, x2, y2).  (x1, y1) and
+        (x2, y2) specify diagonally opposite corners of the rectangle.  If
+        x2 and y2 are not specified, the default value is the bottom-right
+        corner of the source image.  The default, if this option is not
+        specified, is the whole of the image in the image file.
+
+        The TO option specifies the coordinates of the top-left corner of
+        the region of the image into which data from filename are to be
+        read.  The default is (0, 0).
+
+        If SHRINK is true, the size of the destination image will be
+        reduced, if necessary, so that the region into which the image file
+        data are read is at the bottom-right corner of the image.
+        """
+        options = ()
+        if format is not None:
+            options += ('-format', format)
+        if from_coords is not None:
+            options += ('-from', *from_coords)
+        if shrink:
+            options += ('-shrink',)
+        if to is not None:
+            options += ('-to', *to)
+        self.tk.call(self.name, 'read', filename, *options)
+
+    def write(self, filename, format=None, from_coords=None, *,
+              background=None, grayscale=False):
+        """Writes image data from the image to a file named FILENAME.
+
+        The FORMAT option specifies the name of the image file format
+        handler to be used to write the data to the file.  If this option
+        is not given, the format is guessed from the file extension.
+
+        The FROM_COORDS option specifies a rectangular region of the image
+        to be written to the image file.  It must be a tuple or a list of 1
+        to 4 integers (x1, y1, x2, y2).  If only x1 and y1 are specified,
+        the region extends from (x1,y1) to the bottom-right corner of the
+        image.  If all four coordinates are given, they specify diagonally
+        opposite corners of the rectangular region.  The default, if this
+        option is not given, is the whole image.
+
+        If BACKGROUND is specified, the data will not contain any
+        transparency information.  In all transparent pixels the color will
+        be replaced by the specified color.
+
+        If GRAYSCALE is true, the data will not contain color information.
+        All pixel data will be transformed into grayscale.
+        """
+        options = ()
+        if format is not None:
+            options += ('-format', format)
+        if from_coords is not None:
+            options += ('-from', *from_coords)
+        if grayscale:
+            options += ('-grayscale',)
+        if background is not None:
+            options += ('-background', background)
+        self.tk.call(self.name, 'write', filename, *options)
+
+    def data(self, format=None, *, from_coords=None,
+             background=None, grayscale=False):
+        """Returns image data.
+
+        The FORMAT option specifies the name of the image file format
+        handler to be used.  If this option is not given, this method uses
+        a format that consists of a tuple (one element per row) of strings
+        containings space separated (one element per pixel/column) colors
+        in “#RRGGBB” format (where RR is a pair of hexadecimal digits for
+        the red channel, GG for green, and BB for blue).
+
+        The FROM_COORDS option specifies a rectangular region of the image
+        to be returned.  It must be a tuple or a list of 1 to 4 integers
+        (x1, y1, x2, y2).  If only x1 and y1 are specified, the region
+        extends from (x1,y1) to the bottom-right corner of the image.  If
+        all four coordinates are given, they specify diagonally opposite
+        corners of the rectangular region, including (x1, y1) and excluding
+        (x2, y2).  The default, if this option is not given, is the whole
+        image.
+
+        If BACKGROUND is specified, the data will not contain any
+        transparency information.  In all transparent pixels the color will
+        be replaced by the specified color.
+
+        If GRAYSCALE is true, the data will not contain color information.
+        All pixel data will be transformed into grayscale.
+        """
+        options = ()
+        if format is not None:
+            options += ('-format', format)
+        if from_coords is not None:
+            options += ('-from', *from_coords)
+        if grayscale:
+            options += ('-grayscale',)
+        if background is not None:
+            options += ('-background', background)
+        data = self.tk.call(self.name, 'data', *options)
+        if isinstance(data, str):  # For wantobjects = 0.
+            if format is None:
+                data = self.tk.splitlist(data)
+            else:
+                data = bytes(data, 'latin1')
+        return data
+
+    def transparency_get(self, x, y):
+        """Return True if the pixel at x,y is transparent."""
+        return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(
+            self.name, 'transparency', 'get', x, y))
+
+    def transparency_set(self, x, y, boolean):
+        """Set the transparency of the pixel at x,y."""
+        self.tk.call(self.name, 'transparency', 'set', x, y, boolean)
+
+
+class BitmapImage(Image):
+    """Widget which can display images in XBM format."""
+
+    def __init__(self, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw):
+        """Create a bitmap with NAME.
+
+        Valid resource names: background, data, file, foreground, maskdata, maskfile."""
+        Image.__init__(self, 'bitmap', name, cnf, master, **kw)
+
+
+def image_names():
+    tk = _get_default_root('use image_names()').tk
+    return tk.splitlist(tk.call('image', 'names'))
+
+
+def image_types():
+    tk = _get_default_root('use image_types()').tk
+    return tk.splitlist(tk.call('image', 'types'))
+
+
+class Spinbox(Widget, XView):
+    """spinbox widget."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a spinbox widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            activebackground, background, borderwidth,
+            cursor, exportselection, font, foreground,
+            highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
+            highlightthickness, insertbackground,
+            insertborderwidth, insertofftime,
+            insertontime, insertwidth, justify, relief,
+            repeatdelay, repeatinterval,
+            selectbackground, selectborderwidth
+            selectforeground, takefocus, textvariable
+            xscrollcommand.
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            buttonbackground, buttoncursor,
+            buttondownrelief, buttonuprelief,
+            command, disabledbackground,
+            disabledforeground, format, from,
+            invalidcommand, increment,
+            readonlybackground, state, to,
+            validate, validatecommand values,
+            width, wrap,
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'spinbox', cnf, kw)
+
+    def bbox(self, index):
+        """Return a tuple of X1,Y1,X2,Y2 coordinates for a
+        rectangle which encloses the character given by index.
+
+        The first two elements of the list give the x and y
+        coordinates of the upper-left corner of the screen
+        area covered by the character (in pixels relative
+        to the widget) and the last two elements give the
+        width and height of the character, in pixels. The
+        bounding box may refer to a region outside the
+        visible area of the window.
+        """
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'bbox', index)) or None
+
+    def delete(self, first, last=None):
+        """Delete one or more elements of the spinbox.
+
+        First is the index of the first character to delete,
+        and last is the index of the character just after
+        the last one to delete. If last isn't specified it
+        defaults to first+1, i.e. a single character is
+        deleted.  This command returns an empty string.
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', first, last)
+
+    def get(self):
+        """Returns the spinbox's string"""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get')
+
+    def icursor(self, index):
+        """Alter the position of the insertion cursor.
+
+        The insertion cursor will be displayed just before
+        the character given by index. Returns an empty string
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'icursor', index)
+
+    def identify(self, x, y):
+        """Returns the name of the widget at position x, y
+
+        Return value is one of: none, buttondown, buttonup, entry
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y)
+
+    def index(self, index):
+        """Returns the numerical index corresponding to index
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index)
+
+    def insert(self, index, s):
+        """Insert string s at index
+
+         Returns an empty string.
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'insert', index, s)
+
+    def invoke(self, element):
+        """Causes the specified element to be invoked
+
+        The element could be buttondown or buttonup
+        triggering the action associated with it.
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke', element)
+
+    def scan(self, *args):
+        """Internal function."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call((self._w, 'scan') + args)) or ()
+
+    def scan_mark(self, x):
+        """Records x and the current view in the spinbox window;
+
+        used in conjunction with later scan dragto commands.
+        Typically this command is associated with a mouse button
+        press in the widget. It returns an empty string.
+        """
+        return self.scan("mark", x)
+
+    def scan_dragto(self, x):
+        """Compute the difference between the given x argument
+        and the x argument to the last scan mark command
+
+        It then adjusts the view left or right by 10 times the
+        difference in x-coordinates. This command is typically
+        associated with mouse motion events in the widget, to
+        produce the effect of dragging the spinbox at high speed
+        through the window. The return value is an empty string.
+        """
+        return self.scan("dragto", x)
+
+    def selection(self, *args):
+        """Internal function."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call((self._w, 'selection') + args)) or ()
+
+    def selection_adjust(self, index):
+        """Locate the end of the selection nearest to the character
+        given by index,
+
+        Then adjust that end of the selection to be at index
+        (i.e including but not going beyond index). The other
+        end of the selection is made the anchor point for future
+        select to commands. If the selection isn't currently in
+        the spinbox, then a new selection is created to include
+        the characters between index and the most recent selection
+        anchor point, inclusive.
+        """
+        return self.selection("adjust", index)
+
+    def selection_clear(self):
+        """Clear the selection
+
+        If the selection isn't in this widget then the
+        command has no effect.
+        """
+        return self.selection("clear")
+
+    def selection_element(self, element=None):
+        """Sets or gets the currently selected element.
+
+        If a spinbutton element is specified, it will be
+        displayed depressed.
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'element', element)
+
+    def selection_from(self, index):
+        """Set the fixed end of a selection to INDEX."""
+        self.selection('from', index)
+
+    def selection_present(self):
+        """Return True if there are characters selected in the spinbox, False
+        otherwise."""
+        return self.tk.getboolean(
+            self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'present'))
+
+    def selection_range(self, start, end):
+        """Set the selection from START to END (not included)."""
+        self.selection('range', start, end)
+
+    def selection_to(self, index):
+        """Set the variable end of a selection to INDEX."""
+        self.selection('to', index)
+
+###########################################################################
+
+
+class LabelFrame(Widget):
+    """labelframe widget."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a labelframe widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            borderwidth, cursor, font, foreground,
+            highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
+            highlightthickness, padx, pady, relief,
+            takefocus, text
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            background, class, colormap, container,
+            height, labelanchor, labelwidget,
+            visual, width
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'labelframe', cnf, kw)
+
+########################################################################
+
+
+class PanedWindow(Widget):
+    """panedwindow widget."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        """Construct a panedwindow widget with the parent MASTER.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            background, borderwidth, cursor, height,
+            orient, relief, width
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            handlepad, handlesize, opaqueresize,
+            sashcursor, sashpad, sashrelief,
+            sashwidth, showhandle,
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, 'panedwindow', cnf, kw)
+
+    def add(self, child, **kw):
+        """Add a child widget to the panedwindow in a new pane.
+
+        The child argument is the name of the child widget
+        followed by pairs of arguments that specify how to
+        manage the windows. The possible options and values
+        are the ones accepted by the paneconfigure method.
+        """
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'add', child) + self._options(kw))
+
+    def remove(self, child):
+        """Remove the pane containing child from the panedwindow
+
+        All geometry management options for child will be forgotten.
+        """
+        self.tk.call(self._w, 'forget', child)
+
+    forget = remove
+
+    def identify(self, x, y):
+        """Identify the panedwindow component at point x, y
+
+        If the point is over a sash or a sash handle, the result
+        is a two element list containing the index of the sash or
+        handle, and a word indicating whether it is over a sash
+        or a handle, such as {0 sash} or {2 handle}. If the point
+        is over any other part of the panedwindow, the result is
+        an empty list.
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y)
+
+    def proxy(self, *args):
+        """Internal function."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call((self._w, 'proxy') + args)) or ()
+
+    def proxy_coord(self):
+        """Return the x and y pair of the most recent proxy location
+        """
+        return self.proxy("coord")
+
+    def proxy_forget(self):
+        """Remove the proxy from the display.
+        """
+        return self.proxy("forget")
+
+    def proxy_place(self, x, y):
+        """Place the proxy at the given x and y coordinates.
+        """
+        return self.proxy("place", x, y)
+
+    def sash(self, *args):
+        """Internal function."""
+        return self._getints(
+            self.tk.call((self._w, 'sash') + args)) or ()
+
+    def sash_coord(self, index):
+        """Return the current x and y pair for the sash given by index.
+
+        Index must be an integer between 0 and 1 less than the
+        number of panes in the panedwindow. The coordinates given are
+        those of the top left corner of the region containing the sash.
+        pathName sash dragto index x y This command computes the
+        difference between the given coordinates and the coordinates
+        given to the last sash coord command for the given sash. It then
+        moves that sash the computed difference. The return value is the
+        empty string.
+        """
+        return self.sash("coord", index)
+
+    def sash_mark(self, index):
+        """Records x and y for the sash given by index;
+
+        Used in conjunction with later dragto commands to move the sash.
+        """
+        return self.sash("mark", index)
+
+    def sash_place(self, index, x, y):
+        """Place the sash given by index at the given coordinates
+        """
+        return self.sash("place", index, x, y)
+
+    def panecget(self, child, option):
+        """Query a management option for window.
+
+        Option may be any value allowed by the paneconfigure subcommand
+        """
+        return self.tk.call(
+            (self._w, 'panecget') + (child, '-'+option))
+
+    def paneconfigure(self, tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw):
+        """Query or modify the management options for window.
+
+        If no option is specified, returns a list describing all
+        of the available options for pathName.  If option is
+        specified with no value, then the command returns a list
+        describing the one named option (this list will be identical
+        to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no
+        option is specified). If one or more option-value pairs are
+        specified, then the command modifies the given widget
+        option(s) to have the given value(s); in this case the
+        command returns an empty string. The following options
+        are supported:
+
+        after window
+            Insert the window after the window specified. window
+            should be the name of a window already managed by pathName.
+        before window
+            Insert the window before the window specified. window
+            should be the name of a window already managed by pathName.
+        height size
+            Specify a height for the window. The height will be the
+            outer dimension of the window including its border, if
+            any. If size is an empty string, or if -height is not
+            specified, then the height requested internally by the
+            window will be used initially; the height may later be
+            adjusted by the movement of sashes in the panedwindow.
+            Size may be any value accepted by Tk_GetPixels.
+        minsize n
+            Specifies that the size of the window cannot be made
+            less than n. This constraint only affects the size of
+            the widget in the paned dimension -- the x dimension
+            for horizontal panedwindows, the y dimension for
+            vertical panedwindows. May be any value accepted by
+            Tk_GetPixels.
+        padx n
+            Specifies a non-negative value indicating how much
+            extra space to leave on each side of the window in
+            the X-direction. The value may have any of the forms
+            accepted by Tk_GetPixels.
+        pady n
+            Specifies a non-negative value indicating how much
+            extra space to leave on each side of the window in
+            the Y-direction. The value may have any of the forms
+            accepted by Tk_GetPixels.
+        sticky style
+            If a window's pane is larger than the requested
+            dimensions of the window, this option may be used
+            to position (or stretch) the window within its pane.
+            Style is a string that contains zero or more of the
+            characters n, s, e or w. The string can optionally
+            contains spaces or commas, but they are ignored. Each
+            letter refers to a side (north, south, east, or west)
+            that the window will "stick" to. If both n and s
+            (or e and w) are specified, the window will be
+            stretched to fill the entire height (or width) of
+            its cavity.
+        width size
+            Specify a width for the window. The width will be
+            the outer dimension of the window including its
+            border, if any. If size is an empty string, or
+            if -width is not specified, then the width requested
+            internally by the window will be used initially; the
+            width may later be adjusted by the movement of sashes
+            in the panedwindow. Size may be any value accepted by
+            Tk_GetPixels.
+
+        """
+        if cnf is None and not kw:
+            return self._getconfigure(self._w, 'paneconfigure', tagOrId)
+        if isinstance(cnf, str) and not kw:
+            return self._getconfigure1(
+                self._w, 'paneconfigure', tagOrId, '-'+cnf)
+        self.tk.call((self._w, 'paneconfigure', tagOrId) +
+                 self._options(cnf, kw))
+
+    paneconfig = paneconfigure
+
+    def panes(self):
+        """Returns an ordered list of the child panes."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'panes'))
+
+# Test:
+
+
+def _test():
+    root = Tk()
+    text = "This is Tcl/Tk %s" % root.globalgetvar('tk_patchLevel')
+    text += "\nThis should be a cedilla: \xe7"
+    label = Label(root, text=text)
+    label.pack()
+    test = Button(root, text="Click me!",
+              command=lambda root=root: root.test.configure(
+                  text="[%s]" % root.test['text']))
+    test.pack()
+    root.test = test
+    quit = Button(root, text="QUIT", command=root.destroy)
+    quit.pack()
+    # The following three commands are needed so the window pops
+    # up on top on Windows...
+    root.iconify()
+    root.update()
+    root.deiconify()
+    root.mainloop()
+
+
+__all__ = [name for name, obj in globals().items()
+           if not name.startswith('_') and not isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType)
+           and name not in {'wantobjects'}]
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    _test()
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/__main__.py b/Lib/tkinter/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..757880d439
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+"""Main entry point"""
+
+import sys
+if sys.argv[0].endswith("__main__.py"):
+    sys.argv[0] = "python -m tkinter"
+from . import _test as main
+main()
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/colorchooser.py b/Lib/tkinter/colorchooser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2fb69dba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/colorchooser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+# tk common color chooser dialogue
+#
+# this module provides an interface to the native color dialogue
+# available in Tk 4.2 and newer.
+#
+# written by Fredrik Lundh, May 1997
+#
+# fixed initialcolor handling in August 1998
+#
+
+
+from tkinter.commondialog import Dialog
+
+__all__ = ["Chooser", "askcolor"]
+
+
+class Chooser(Dialog):
+    """Create a dialog for the tk_chooseColor command.
+
+    Args:
+        master: The master widget for this dialog.  If not provided,
+            defaults to options['parent'] (if defined).
+        options: Dictionary of options for the tk_chooseColor call.
+            initialcolor: Specifies the selected color when the
+                dialog is first displayed.  This can be a tk color
+                string or a 3-tuple of ints in the range (0, 255)
+                for an RGB triplet.
+            parent: The parent window of the color dialog.  The
+                color dialog is displayed on top of this.
+            title: A string for the title of the dialog box.
+    """
+
+    command = "tk_chooseColor"
+
+    def _fixoptions(self):
+        """Ensure initialcolor is a tk color string.
+
+        Convert initialcolor from a RGB triplet to a color string.
+        """
+        try:
+            color = self.options["initialcolor"]
+            if isinstance(color, tuple):
+                # Assume an RGB triplet.
+                self.options["initialcolor"] = "#%02x%02x%02x" % color
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def _fixresult(self, widget, result):
+        """Adjust result returned from call to tk_chooseColor.
+
+        Return both an RGB tuple of ints in the range (0, 255) and the
+        tk color string in the form #rrggbb.
+        """
+        # Result can be many things: an empty tuple, an empty string, or
+        # a _tkinter.Tcl_Obj, so this somewhat weird check handles that.
+        if not result or not str(result):
+            return None, None  # canceled
+
+        # To simplify application code, the color chooser returns
+        # an RGB tuple together with the Tk color string.
+        r, g, b = widget.winfo_rgb(result)
+        return (r//256, g//256, b//256), str(result)
+
+
+#
+# convenience stuff
+
+def askcolor(color=None, **options):
+    """Display dialog window for selection of a color.
+
+    Convenience wrapper for the Chooser class.  Displays the color
+    chooser dialog with color as the initial value.
+    """
+
+    if color:
+        options = options.copy()
+        options["initialcolor"] = color
+
+    return Chooser(**options).show()
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# test stuff
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print("color", askcolor())
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/commondialog.py b/Lib/tkinter/commondialog.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86f5387e00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/commondialog.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# base class for tk common dialogues
+#
+# this module provides a base class for accessing the common
+# dialogues available in Tk 4.2 and newer.  use filedialog,
+# colorchooser, and messagebox to access the individual
+# dialogs.
+#
+# written by Fredrik Lundh, May 1997
+#
+
+__all__ = ["Dialog"]
+
+from tkinter import _get_temp_root, _destroy_temp_root
+
+
+class Dialog:
+
+    command = None
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **options):
+        if master is None:
+            master = options.get('parent')
+        self.master = master
+        self.options = options
+
+    def _fixoptions(self):
+        pass # hook
+
+    def _fixresult(self, widget, result):
+        return result # hook
+
+    def show(self, **options):
+
+        # update instance options
+        for k, v in options.items():
+            self.options[k] = v
+
+        self._fixoptions()
+
+        master = self.master
+        if master is None:
+            master = _get_temp_root()
+        try:
+            self._test_callback(master)  # The function below is replaced for some tests.
+            s = master.tk.call(self.command, *master._options(self.options))
+            s = self._fixresult(master, s)
+        finally:
+            _destroy_temp_root(master)
+
+        return s
+
+    def _test_callback(self, master):
+        pass
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/constants.py b/Lib/tkinter/constants.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63eee33d24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/constants.py
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+# Symbolic constants for Tk
+
+# Booleans
+NO=FALSE=OFF=0
+YES=TRUE=ON=1
+
+# -anchor and -sticky
+N='n'
+S='s'
+W='w'
+E='e'
+NW='nw'
+SW='sw'
+NE='ne'
+SE='se'
+NS='ns'
+EW='ew'
+NSEW='nsew'
+CENTER='center'
+
+# -fill
+NONE='none'
+X='x'
+Y='y'
+BOTH='both'
+
+# -side
+LEFT='left'
+TOP='top'
+RIGHT='right'
+BOTTOM='bottom'
+
+# -relief
+RAISED='raised'
+SUNKEN='sunken'
+FLAT='flat'
+RIDGE='ridge'
+GROOVE='groove'
+SOLID = 'solid'
+
+# -orient
+HORIZONTAL='horizontal'
+VERTICAL='vertical'
+
+# -tabs
+NUMERIC='numeric'
+
+# -wrap
+CHAR='char'
+WORD='word'
+
+# -align
+BASELINE='baseline'
+
+# -bordermode
+INSIDE='inside'
+OUTSIDE='outside'
+
+# Special tags, marks and insert positions
+SEL='sel'
+SEL_FIRST='sel.first'
+SEL_LAST='sel.last'
+END='end'
+INSERT='insert'
+CURRENT='current'
+ANCHOR='anchor'
+ALL='all' # e.g. Canvas.delete(ALL)
+
+# Text widget and button states
+NORMAL='normal'
+DISABLED='disabled'
+ACTIVE='active'
+# Canvas state
+HIDDEN='hidden'
+
+# Menu item types
+CASCADE='cascade'
+CHECKBUTTON='checkbutton'
+COMMAND='command'
+RADIOBUTTON='radiobutton'
+SEPARATOR='separator'
+
+# Selection modes for list boxes
+SINGLE='single'
+BROWSE='browse'
+MULTIPLE='multiple'
+EXTENDED='extended'
+
+# Activestyle for list boxes
+# NONE='none' is also valid
+DOTBOX='dotbox'
+UNDERLINE='underline'
+
+# Various canvas styles
+PIESLICE='pieslice'
+CHORD='chord'
+ARC='arc'
+FIRST='first'
+LAST='last'
+BUTT='butt'
+PROJECTING='projecting'
+ROUND='round'
+BEVEL='bevel'
+MITER='miter'
+
+# Arguments to xview/yview
+MOVETO='moveto'
+SCROLL='scroll'
+UNITS='units'
+PAGES='pages'
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/dialog.py b/Lib/tkinter/dialog.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..36ae6c277c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/dialog.py
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# dialog.py -- Tkinter interface to the tk_dialog script.
+
+from tkinter import _cnfmerge, Widget, TclError, Button, Pack
+
+__all__ = ["Dialog"]
+
+DIALOG_ICON = 'questhead'
+
+
+class Dialog(Widget):
+    def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
+        cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
+        self.widgetName = '__dialog__'
+        self._setup(master, cnf)
+        self.num = self.tk.getint(
+                self.tk.call(
+                      'tk_dialog', self._w,
+                      cnf['title'], cnf['text'],
+                      cnf['bitmap'], cnf['default'],
+                      *cnf['strings']))
+        try: Widget.destroy(self)
+        except TclError: pass
+
+    def destroy(self): pass
+
+
+def _test():
+    d = Dialog(None, {'title': 'File Modified',
+                      'text':
+                      'File "Python.h" has been modified'
+                      ' since the last time it was saved.'
+                      ' Do you want to save it before'
+                      ' exiting the application.',
+                      'bitmap': DIALOG_ICON,
+                      'default': 0,
+                      'strings': ('Save File',
+                                  'Discard Changes',
+                                  'Return to Editor')})
+    print(d.num)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    t = Button(None, {'text': 'Test',
+                      'command': _test,
+                      Pack: {}})
+    q = Button(None, {'text': 'Quit',
+                      'command': t.quit,
+                      Pack: {}})
+    t.mainloop()
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/dnd.py b/Lib/tkinter/dnd.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acec61ba71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/dnd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+"""Drag-and-drop support for Tkinter.
+
+This is very preliminary.  I currently only support dnd *within* one
+application, between different windows (or within the same window).
+
+I am trying to make this as generic as possible -- not dependent on
+the use of a particular widget or icon type, etc.  I also hope that
+this will work with Pmw.
+
+To enable an object to be dragged, you must create an event binding
+for it that starts the drag-and-drop process. Typically, you should
+bind <ButtonPress> to a callback function that you write. The function
+should call Tkdnd.dnd_start(source, event), where 'source' is the
+object to be dragged, and 'event' is the event that invoked the call
+(the argument to your callback function).  Even though this is a class
+instantiation, the returned instance should not be stored -- it will
+be kept alive automatically for the duration of the drag-and-drop.
+
+When a drag-and-drop is already in process for the Tk interpreter, the
+call is *ignored*; this normally averts starting multiple simultaneous
+dnd processes, e.g. because different button callbacks all
+dnd_start().
+
+The object is *not* necessarily a widget -- it can be any
+application-specific object that is meaningful to potential
+drag-and-drop targets.
+
+Potential drag-and-drop targets are discovered as follows.  Whenever
+the mouse moves, and at the start and end of a drag-and-drop move, the
+Tk widget directly under the mouse is inspected.  This is the target
+widget (not to be confused with the target object, yet to be
+determined).  If there is no target widget, there is no dnd target
+object.  If there is a target widget, and it has an attribute
+dnd_accept, this should be a function (or any callable object).  The
+function is called as dnd_accept(source, event), where 'source' is the
+object being dragged (the object passed to dnd_start() above), and
+'event' is the most recent event object (generally a <Motion> event;
+it can also be <ButtonPress> or <ButtonRelease>).  If the dnd_accept()
+function returns something other than None, this is the new dnd target
+object.  If dnd_accept() returns None, or if the target widget has no
+dnd_accept attribute, the target widget's parent is considered as the
+target widget, and the search for a target object is repeated from
+there.  If necessary, the search is repeated all the way up to the
+root widget.  If none of the target widgets can produce a target
+object, there is no target object (the target object is None).
+
+The target object thus produced, if any, is called the new target
+object.  It is compared with the old target object (or None, if there
+was no old target widget).  There are several cases ('source' is the
+source object, and 'event' is the most recent event object):
+
+- Both the old and new target objects are None.  Nothing happens.
+
+- The old and new target objects are the same object.  Its method
+dnd_motion(source, event) is called.
+
+- The old target object was None, and the new target object is not
+None.  The new target object's method dnd_enter(source, event) is
+called.
+
+- The new target object is None, and the old target object is not
+None.  The old target object's method dnd_leave(source, event) is
+called.
+
+- The old and new target objects differ and neither is None.  The old
+target object's method dnd_leave(source, event), and then the new
+target object's method dnd_enter(source, event) is called.
+
+Once this is done, the new target object replaces the old one, and the
+Tk mainloop proceeds.  The return value of the methods mentioned above
+is ignored; if they raise an exception, the normal exception handling
+mechanisms take over.
+
+The drag-and-drop processes can end in two ways: a final target object
+is selected, or no final target object is selected.  When a final
+target object is selected, it will always have been notified of the
+potential drop by a call to its dnd_enter() method, as described
+above, and possibly one or more calls to its dnd_motion() method; its
+dnd_leave() method has not been called since the last call to
+dnd_enter().  The target is notified of the drop by a call to its
+method dnd_commit(source, event).
+
+If no final target object is selected, and there was an old target
+object, its dnd_leave(source, event) method is called to complete the
+dnd sequence.
+
+Finally, the source object is notified that the drag-and-drop process
+is over, by a call to source.dnd_end(target, event), specifying either
+the selected target object, or None if no target object was selected.
+The source object can use this to implement the commit action; this is
+sometimes simpler than to do it in the target's dnd_commit().  The
+target's dnd_commit() method could then simply be aliased to
+dnd_leave().
+
+At any time during a dnd sequence, the application can cancel the
+sequence by calling the cancel() method on the object returned by
+dnd_start().  This will call dnd_leave() if a target is currently
+active; it will never call dnd_commit().
+
+"""
+
+import tkinter
+
+__all__ = ["dnd_start", "DndHandler"]
+
+
+# The factory function
+
+def dnd_start(source, event):
+    h = DndHandler(source, event)
+    if h.root is not None:
+        return h
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+# The class that does the work
+
+class DndHandler:
+
+    root = None
+
+    def __init__(self, source, event):
+        if event.num > 5:
+            return
+        root = event.widget._root()
+        try:
+            root.__dnd
+            return # Don't start recursive dnd
+        except AttributeError:
+            root.__dnd = self
+            self.root = root
+        self.source = source
+        self.target = None
+        self.initial_button = button = event.num
+        self.initial_widget = widget = event.widget
+        self.release_pattern = "<B%d-ButtonRelease-%d>" % (button, button)
+        self.save_cursor = widget['cursor'] or ""
+        widget.bind(self.release_pattern, self.on_release)
+        widget.bind("<Motion>", self.on_motion)
+        widget['cursor'] = "hand2"
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        root = self.root
+        self.root = None
+        if root is not None:
+            try:
+                del root.__dnd
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+
+    def on_motion(self, event):
+        x, y = event.x_root, event.y_root
+        target_widget = self.initial_widget.winfo_containing(x, y)
+        source = self.source
+        new_target = None
+        while target_widget is not None:
+            try:
+                attr = target_widget.dnd_accept
+            except AttributeError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                new_target = attr(source, event)
+                if new_target is not None:
+                    break
+            target_widget = target_widget.master
+        old_target = self.target
+        if old_target is new_target:
+            if old_target is not None:
+                old_target.dnd_motion(source, event)
+        else:
+            if old_target is not None:
+                self.target = None
+                old_target.dnd_leave(source, event)
+            if new_target is not None:
+                new_target.dnd_enter(source, event)
+                self.target = new_target
+
+    def on_release(self, event):
+        self.finish(event, 1)
+
+    def cancel(self, event=None):
+        self.finish(event, 0)
+
+    def finish(self, event, commit=0):
+        target = self.target
+        source = self.source
+        widget = self.initial_widget
+        root = self.root
+        try:
+            del root.__dnd
+            self.initial_widget.unbind(self.release_pattern)
+            self.initial_widget.unbind("<Motion>")
+            widget['cursor'] = self.save_cursor
+            self.target = self.source = self.initial_widget = self.root = None
+            if target is not None:
+                if commit:
+                    target.dnd_commit(source, event)
+                else:
+                    target.dnd_leave(source, event)
+        finally:
+            source.dnd_end(target, event)
+
+
+# ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+# The rest is here for testing and demonstration purposes only!
+
+class Icon:
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+        self.canvas = self.label = self.id = None
+
+    def attach(self, canvas, x=10, y=10):
+        if canvas is self.canvas:
+            self.canvas.coords(self.id, x, y)
+            return
+        if self.canvas is not None:
+            self.detach()
+        if canvas is None:
+            return
+        label = tkinter.Label(canvas, text=self.name,
+                              borderwidth=2, relief="raised")
+        id = canvas.create_window(x, y, window=label, anchor="nw")
+        self.canvas = canvas
+        self.label = label
+        self.id = id
+        label.bind("<ButtonPress>", self.press)
+
+    def detach(self):
+        canvas = self.canvas
+        if canvas is None:
+            return
+        id = self.id
+        label = self.label
+        self.canvas = self.label = self.id = None
+        canvas.delete(id)
+        label.destroy()
+
+    def press(self, event):
+        if dnd_start(self, event):
+            # where the pointer is relative to the label widget:
+            self.x_off = event.x
+            self.y_off = event.y
+            # where the widget is relative to the canvas:
+            self.x_orig, self.y_orig = self.canvas.coords(self.id)
+
+    def move(self, event):
+        x, y = self.where(self.canvas, event)
+        self.canvas.coords(self.id, x, y)
+
+    def putback(self):
+        self.canvas.coords(self.id, self.x_orig, self.y_orig)
+
+    def where(self, canvas, event):
+        # where the corner of the canvas is relative to the screen:
+        x_org = canvas.winfo_rootx()
+        y_org = canvas.winfo_rooty()
+        # where the pointer is relative to the canvas widget:
+        x = event.x_root - x_org
+        y = event.y_root - y_org
+        # compensate for initial pointer offset
+        return x - self.x_off, y - self.y_off
+
+    def dnd_end(self, target, event):
+        pass
+
+
+class Tester:
+
+    def __init__(self, root):
+        self.top = tkinter.Toplevel(root)
+        self.canvas = tkinter.Canvas(self.top, width=100, height=100)
+        self.canvas.pack(fill="both", expand=1)
+        self.canvas.dnd_accept = self.dnd_accept
+
+    def dnd_accept(self, source, event):
+        return self
+
+    def dnd_enter(self, source, event):
+        self.canvas.focus_set() # Show highlight border
+        x, y = source.where(self.canvas, event)
+        x1, y1, x2, y2 = source.canvas.bbox(source.id)
+        dx, dy = x2-x1, y2-y1
+        self.dndid = self.canvas.create_rectangle(x, y, x+dx, y+dy)
+        self.dnd_motion(source, event)
+
+    def dnd_motion(self, source, event):
+        x, y = source.where(self.canvas, event)
+        x1, y1, x2, y2 = self.canvas.bbox(self.dndid)
+        self.canvas.move(self.dndid, x-x1, y-y1)
+
+    def dnd_leave(self, source, event):
+        self.top.focus_set() # Hide highlight border
+        self.canvas.delete(self.dndid)
+        self.dndid = None
+
+    def dnd_commit(self, source, event):
+        self.dnd_leave(source, event)
+        x, y = source.where(self.canvas, event)
+        source.attach(self.canvas, x, y)
+
+
+def test():
+    root = tkinter.Tk()
+    root.geometry("+1+1")
+    tkinter.Button(command=root.quit, text="Quit").pack()
+    t1 = Tester(root)
+    t1.top.geometry("+1+60")
+    t2 = Tester(root)
+    t2.top.geometry("+120+60")
+    t3 = Tester(root)
+    t3.top.geometry("+240+60")
+    i1 = Icon("ICON1")
+    i2 = Icon("ICON2")
+    i3 = Icon("ICON3")
+    i1.attach(t1.canvas)
+    i2.attach(t2.canvas)
+    i3.attach(t3.canvas)
+    root.mainloop()
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test()
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/filedialog.py b/Lib/tkinter/filedialog.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2eff98e60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/filedialog.py
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+"""File selection dialog classes.
+
+Classes:
+
+- FileDialog
+- LoadFileDialog
+- SaveFileDialog
+
+This module also presents tk common file dialogues, it provides interfaces
+to the native file dialogues available in Tk 4.2 and newer, and the
+directory dialogue available in Tk 8.3 and newer.
+These interfaces were written by Fredrik Lundh, May 1997.
+"""
+__all__ = ["FileDialog", "LoadFileDialog", "SaveFileDialog",
+           "Open", "SaveAs", "Directory",
+           "askopenfilename", "asksaveasfilename", "askopenfilenames",
+           "askopenfile", "askopenfiles", "asksaveasfile", "askdirectory"]
+
+import fnmatch
+import os
+from tkinter import (
+    Frame, LEFT, YES, BOTTOM, Entry, TOP, Button, Tk, X,
+    Toplevel, RIGHT, Y, END, Listbox, BOTH, Scrollbar,
+)
+from tkinter.dialog import Dialog
+from tkinter import commondialog
+from tkinter.simpledialog import _setup_dialog
+
+
+dialogstates = {}
+
+
+class FileDialog:
+
+    """Standard file selection dialog -- no checks on selected file.
+
+    Usage:
+
+        d = FileDialog(master)
+        fname = d.go(dir_or_file, pattern, default, key)
+        if fname is None: ...canceled...
+        else: ...open file...
+
+    All arguments to go() are optional.
+
+    The 'key' argument specifies a key in the global dictionary
+    'dialogstates', which keeps track of the values for the directory
+    and pattern arguments, overriding the values passed in (it does
+    not keep track of the default argument!).  If no key is specified,
+    the dialog keeps no memory of previous state.  Note that memory is
+    kept even when the dialog is canceled.  (All this emulates the
+    behavior of the Macintosh file selection dialogs.)
+
+    """
+
+    title = "File Selection Dialog"
+
+    def __init__(self, master, title=None):
+        if title is None: title = self.title
+        self.master = master
+        self.directory = None
+
+        self.top = Toplevel(master)
+        self.top.title(title)
+        self.top.iconname(title)
+        _setup_dialog(self.top)
+
+        self.botframe = Frame(self.top)
+        self.botframe.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X)
+
+        self.selection = Entry(self.top)
+        self.selection.pack(side=BOTTOM, fill=X)
+        self.selection.bind('<Return>', self.ok_event)
+
+        self.filter = Entry(self.top)
+        self.filter.pack(side=TOP, fill=X)
+        self.filter.bind('<Return>', self.filter_command)
+
+        self.midframe = Frame(self.top)
+        self.midframe.pack(expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
+
+        self.filesbar = Scrollbar(self.midframe)
+        self.filesbar.pack(side=RIGHT, fill=Y)
+        self.files = Listbox(self.midframe, exportselection=0,
+                             yscrollcommand=(self.filesbar, 'set'))
+        self.files.pack(side=RIGHT, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
+        btags = self.files.bindtags()
+        self.files.bindtags(btags[1:] + btags[:1])
+        self.files.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', self.files_select_event)
+        self.files.bind('<Double-ButtonRelease-1>', self.files_double_event)
+        self.filesbar.config(command=(self.files, 'yview'))
+
+        self.dirsbar = Scrollbar(self.midframe)
+        self.dirsbar.pack(side=LEFT, fill=Y)
+        self.dirs = Listbox(self.midframe, exportselection=0,
+                            yscrollcommand=(self.dirsbar, 'set'))
+        self.dirs.pack(side=LEFT, expand=YES, fill=BOTH)
+        self.dirsbar.config(command=(self.dirs, 'yview'))
+        btags = self.dirs.bindtags()
+        self.dirs.bindtags(btags[1:] + btags[:1])
+        self.dirs.bind('<ButtonRelease-1>', self.dirs_select_event)
+        self.dirs.bind('<Double-ButtonRelease-1>', self.dirs_double_event)
+
+        self.ok_button = Button(self.botframe,
+                                 text="OK",
+                                 command=self.ok_command)
+        self.ok_button.pack(side=LEFT)
+        self.filter_button = Button(self.botframe,
+                                    text="Filter",
+                                    command=self.filter_command)
+        self.filter_button.pack(side=LEFT, expand=YES)
+        self.cancel_button = Button(self.botframe,
+                                    text="Cancel",
+                                    command=self.cancel_command)
+        self.cancel_button.pack(side=RIGHT)
+
+        self.top.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', self.cancel_command)
+        # XXX Are the following okay for a general audience?
+        self.top.bind('<Alt-w>', self.cancel_command)
+        self.top.bind('<Alt-W>', self.cancel_command)
+
+    def go(self, dir_or_file=os.curdir, pattern="*", default="", key=None):
+        if key and key in dialogstates:
+            self.directory, pattern = dialogstates[key]
+        else:
+            dir_or_file = os.path.expanduser(dir_or_file)
+            if os.path.isdir(dir_or_file):
+                self.directory = dir_or_file
+            else:
+                self.directory, default = os.path.split(dir_or_file)
+        self.set_filter(self.directory, pattern)
+        self.set_selection(default)
+        self.filter_command()
+        self.selection.focus_set()
+        self.top.wait_visibility() # window needs to be visible for the grab
+        self.top.grab_set()
+        self.how = None
+        self.master.mainloop()          # Exited by self.quit(how)
+        if key:
+            directory, pattern = self.get_filter()
+            if self.how:
+                directory = os.path.dirname(self.how)
+            dialogstates[key] = directory, pattern
+        self.top.destroy()
+        return self.how
+
+    def quit(self, how=None):
+        self.how = how
+        self.master.quit()              # Exit mainloop()
+
+    def dirs_double_event(self, event):
+        self.filter_command()
+
+    def dirs_select_event(self, event):
+        dir, pat = self.get_filter()
+        subdir = self.dirs.get('active')
+        dir = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(self.directory, subdir))
+        self.set_filter(dir, pat)
+
+    def files_double_event(self, event):
+        self.ok_command()
+
+    def files_select_event(self, event):
+        file = self.files.get('active')
+        self.set_selection(file)
+
+    def ok_event(self, event):
+        self.ok_command()
+
+    def ok_command(self):
+        self.quit(self.get_selection())
+
+    def filter_command(self, event=None):
+        dir, pat = self.get_filter()
+        try:
+            names = os.listdir(dir)
+        except OSError:
+            self.master.bell()
+            return
+        self.directory = dir
+        self.set_filter(dir, pat)
+        names.sort()
+        subdirs = [os.pardir]
+        matchingfiles = []
+        for name in names:
+            fullname = os.path.join(dir, name)
+            if os.path.isdir(fullname):
+                subdirs.append(name)
+            elif fnmatch.fnmatch(name, pat):
+                matchingfiles.append(name)
+        self.dirs.delete(0, END)
+        for name in subdirs:
+            self.dirs.insert(END, name)
+        self.files.delete(0, END)
+        for name in matchingfiles:
+            self.files.insert(END, name)
+        head, tail = os.path.split(self.get_selection())
+        if tail == os.curdir: tail = ''
+        self.set_selection(tail)
+
+    def get_filter(self):
+        filter = self.filter.get()
+        filter = os.path.expanduser(filter)
+        if filter[-1:] == os.sep or os.path.isdir(filter):
+            filter = os.path.join(filter, "*")
+        return os.path.split(filter)
+
+    def get_selection(self):
+        file = self.selection.get()
+        file = os.path.expanduser(file)
+        return file
+
+    def cancel_command(self, event=None):
+        self.quit()
+
+    def set_filter(self, dir, pat):
+        if not os.path.isabs(dir):
+            try:
+                pwd = os.getcwd()
+            except OSError:
+                pwd = None
+            if pwd:
+                dir = os.path.join(pwd, dir)
+                dir = os.path.normpath(dir)
+        self.filter.delete(0, END)
+        self.filter.insert(END, os.path.join(dir or os.curdir, pat or "*"))
+
+    def set_selection(self, file):
+        self.selection.delete(0, END)
+        self.selection.insert(END, os.path.join(self.directory, file))
+
+
+class LoadFileDialog(FileDialog):
+
+    """File selection dialog which checks that the file exists."""
+
+    title = "Load File Selection Dialog"
+
+    def ok_command(self):
+        file = self.get_selection()
+        if not os.path.isfile(file):
+            self.master.bell()
+        else:
+            self.quit(file)
+
+
+class SaveFileDialog(FileDialog):
+
+    """File selection dialog which checks that the file may be created."""
+
+    title = "Save File Selection Dialog"
+
+    def ok_command(self):
+        file = self.get_selection()
+        if os.path.exists(file):
+            if os.path.isdir(file):
+                self.master.bell()
+                return
+            d = Dialog(self.top,
+                       title="Overwrite Existing File Question",
+                       text="Overwrite existing file %r?" % (file,),
+                       bitmap='questhead',
+                       default=1,
+                       strings=("Yes", "Cancel"))
+            if d.num != 0:
+                return
+        else:
+            head, tail = os.path.split(file)
+            if not os.path.isdir(head):
+                self.master.bell()
+                return
+        self.quit(file)
+
+
+# For the following classes and modules:
+#
+# options (all have default values):
+#
+# - defaultextension: added to filename if not explicitly given
+#
+# - filetypes: sequence of (label, pattern) tuples.  the same pattern
+#   may occur with several patterns.  use "*" as pattern to indicate
+#   all files.
+#
+# - initialdir: initial directory.  preserved by dialog instance.
+#
+# - initialfile: initial file (ignored by the open dialog).  preserved
+#   by dialog instance.
+#
+# - parent: which window to place the dialog on top of
+#
+# - title: dialog title
+#
+# - multiple: if true user may select more than one file
+#
+# options for the directory chooser:
+#
+# - initialdir, parent, title: see above
+#
+# - mustexist: if true, user must pick an existing directory
+#
+
+
+class _Dialog(commondialog.Dialog):
+
+    def _fixoptions(self):
+        try:
+            # make sure "filetypes" is a tuple
+            self.options["filetypes"] = tuple(self.options["filetypes"])
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+
+    def _fixresult(self, widget, result):
+        if result:
+            # keep directory and filename until next time
+            # convert Tcl path objects to strings
+            try:
+                result = result.string
+            except AttributeError:
+                # it already is a string
+                pass
+            path, file = os.path.split(result)
+            self.options["initialdir"] = path
+            self.options["initialfile"] = file
+        self.filename = result # compatibility
+        return result
+
+
+#
+# file dialogs
+
+class Open(_Dialog):
+    "Ask for a filename to open"
+
+    command = "tk_getOpenFile"
+
+    def _fixresult(self, widget, result):
+        if isinstance(result, tuple):
+            # multiple results:
+            result = tuple([getattr(r, "string", r) for r in result])
+            if result:
+                path, file = os.path.split(result[0])
+                self.options["initialdir"] = path
+                # don't set initialfile or filename, as we have multiple of these
+            return result
+        if not widget.tk.wantobjects() and "multiple" in self.options:
+            # Need to split result explicitly
+            return self._fixresult(widget, widget.tk.splitlist(result))
+        return _Dialog._fixresult(self, widget, result)
+
+
+class SaveAs(_Dialog):
+    "Ask for a filename to save as"
+
+    command = "tk_getSaveFile"
+
+
+# the directory dialog has its own _fix routines.
+class Directory(commondialog.Dialog):
+    "Ask for a directory"
+
+    command = "tk_chooseDirectory"
+
+    def _fixresult(self, widget, result):
+        if result:
+            # convert Tcl path objects to strings
+            try:
+                result = result.string
+            except AttributeError:
+                # it already is a string
+                pass
+            # keep directory until next time
+            self.options["initialdir"] = result
+        self.directory = result # compatibility
+        return result
+
+#
+# convenience stuff
+
+
+def askopenfilename(**options):
+    "Ask for a filename to open"
+
+    return Open(**options).show()
+
+
+def asksaveasfilename(**options):
+    "Ask for a filename to save as"
+
+    return SaveAs(**options).show()
+
+
+def askopenfilenames(**options):
+    """Ask for multiple filenames to open
+
+    Returns a list of filenames or empty list if
+    cancel button selected
+    """
+    options["multiple"]=1
+    return Open(**options).show()
+
+# FIXME: are the following  perhaps a bit too convenient?
+
+
+def askopenfile(mode = "r", **options):
+    "Ask for a filename to open, and returned the opened file"
+
+    filename = Open(**options).show()
+    if filename:
+        return open(filename, mode)
+    return None
+
+
+def askopenfiles(mode = "r", **options):
+    """Ask for multiple filenames and return the open file
+    objects
+
+    returns a list of open file objects or an empty list if
+    cancel selected
+    """
+
+    files = askopenfilenames(**options)
+    if files:
+        ofiles=[]
+        for filename in files:
+            ofiles.append(open(filename, mode))
+        files=ofiles
+    return files
+
+
+def asksaveasfile(mode = "w", **options):
+    "Ask for a filename to save as, and returned the opened file"
+
+    filename = SaveAs(**options).show()
+    if filename:
+        return open(filename, mode)
+    return None
+
+
+def askdirectory (**options):
+    "Ask for a directory, and return the file name"
+    return Directory(**options).show()
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# test stuff
+
+def test():
+    """Simple test program."""
+    root = Tk()
+    root.withdraw()
+    fd = LoadFileDialog(root)
+    loadfile = fd.go(key="test")
+    fd = SaveFileDialog(root)
+    savefile = fd.go(key="test")
+    print(loadfile, savefile)
+
+    # Since the file name may contain non-ASCII characters, we need
+    # to find an encoding that likely supports the file name, and
+    # displays correctly on the terminal.
+
+    # Start off with UTF-8
+    enc = "utf-8"
+
+    # See whether CODESET is defined
+    try:
+        import locale
+        locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL,'')
+        enc = locale.nl_langinfo(locale.CODESET)
+    except (ImportError, AttributeError):
+        pass
+
+    # dialog for opening files
+
+    openfilename=askopenfilename(filetypes=[("all files", "*")])
+    try:
+        fp=open(openfilename,"r")
+        fp.close()
+    except BaseException as exc:
+        print("Could not open File: ")
+        print(exc)
+
+    print("open", openfilename.encode(enc))
+
+    # dialog for saving files
+
+    saveasfilename=asksaveasfilename()
+    print("saveas", saveasfilename.encode(enc))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test()
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/font.py b/Lib/tkinter/font.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e24e28ef5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/font.py
@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+# Tkinter font wrapper
+#
+# written by Fredrik Lundh, February 1998
+#
+
+import itertools
+import tkinter
+
+__version__ = "0.9"
+__all__ = ["NORMAL", "ROMAN", "BOLD", "ITALIC",
+           "nametofont", "Font", "families", "names"]
+
+# weight/slant
+NORMAL = "normal"
+ROMAN = "roman"
+BOLD   = "bold"
+ITALIC = "italic"
+
+
+def nametofont(name, root=None):
+    """Given the name of a tk named font, returns a Font representation.
+    """
+    return Font(name=name, exists=True, root=root)
+
+
+class Font:
+    """Represents a named font.
+
+    Constructor options are:
+
+    font -- font specifier (name, system font, or (family, size, style)-tuple)
+    name -- name to use for this font configuration (defaults to a unique name)
+    exists -- does a named font by this name already exist?
+       Creates a new named font if False, points to the existing font if True.
+       Raises _tkinter.TclError if the assertion is false.
+
+       the following are ignored if font is specified:
+
+    family -- font 'family', e.g. Courier, Times, Helvetica
+    size -- font size in points
+    weight -- font thickness: NORMAL, BOLD
+    slant -- font slant: ROMAN, ITALIC
+    underline -- font underlining: false (0), true (1)
+    overstrike -- font strikeout: false (0), true (1)
+
+    """
+
+    counter = itertools.count(1)
+
+    def _set(self, kw):
+        options = []
+        for k, v in kw.items():
+            options.append("-"+k)
+            options.append(str(v))
+        return tuple(options)
+
+    def _get(self, args):
+        options = []
+        for k in args:
+            options.append("-"+k)
+        return tuple(options)
+
+    def _mkdict(self, args):
+        options = {}
+        for i in range(0, len(args), 2):
+            options[args[i][1:]] = args[i+1]
+        return options
+
+    def __init__(self, root=None, font=None, name=None, exists=False,
+                 **options):
+        if root is None:
+            root = tkinter._get_default_root('use font')
+        tk = getattr(root, 'tk', root)
+        if font:
+            # get actual settings corresponding to the given font
+            font = tk.splitlist(tk.call("font", "actual", font))
+        else:
+            font = self._set(options)
+        if not name:
+            name = "font" + str(next(self.counter))
+        self.name = name
+
+        if exists:
+            self.delete_font = False
+            # confirm font exists
+            if self.name not in tk.splitlist(tk.call("font", "names")):
+                raise tkinter._tkinter.TclError(
+                    "named font %s does not already exist" % (self.name,))
+            # if font config info supplied, apply it
+            if font:
+                tk.call("font", "configure", self.name, *font)
+        else:
+            # create new font (raises TclError if the font exists)
+            tk.call("font", "create", self.name, *font)
+            self.delete_font = True
+        self._tk = tk
+        self._split = tk.splitlist
+        self._call  = tk.call
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return self.name
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__module__}.{self.__class__.__qualname__}" \
+               f" object {self.name!r}>"
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        if not isinstance(other, Font):
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self.name == other.name and self._tk == other._tk
+
+    def __getitem__(self, key):
+        return self.cget(key)
+
+    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
+        self.configure(**{key: value})
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        try:
+            if self.delete_font:
+                self._call("font", "delete", self.name)
+        except Exception:
+            pass
+
+    def copy(self):
+        "Return a distinct copy of the current font"
+        return Font(self._tk, **self.actual())
+
+    def actual(self, option=None, displayof=None):
+        "Return actual font attributes"
+        args = ()
+        if displayof:
+            args = ('-displayof', displayof)
+        if option:
+            args = args + ('-' + option, )
+            return self._call("font", "actual", self.name, *args)
+        else:
+            return self._mkdict(
+                self._split(self._call("font", "actual", self.name, *args)))
+
+    def cget(self, option):
+        "Get font attribute"
+        return self._call("font", "config", self.name, "-"+option)
+
+    def config(self, **options):
+        "Modify font attributes"
+        if options:
+            self._call("font", "config", self.name,
+                  *self._set(options))
+        else:
+            return self._mkdict(
+                self._split(self._call("font", "config", self.name)))
+
+    configure = config
+
+    def measure(self, text, displayof=None):
+        "Return text width"
+        args = (text,)
+        if displayof:
+            args = ('-displayof', displayof, text)
+        return self._tk.getint(self._call("font", "measure", self.name, *args))
+
+    def metrics(self, *options, **kw):
+        """Return font metrics.
+
+        For best performance, create a dummy widget
+        using this font before calling this method."""
+        args = ()
+        displayof = kw.pop('displayof', None)
+        if displayof:
+            args = ('-displayof', displayof)
+        if options:
+            args = args + self._get(options)
+            return self._tk.getint(
+                self._call("font", "metrics", self.name, *args))
+        else:
+            res = self._split(self._call("font", "metrics", self.name, *args))
+            options = {}
+            for i in range(0, len(res), 2):
+                options[res[i][1:]] = self._tk.getint(res[i+1])
+            return options
+
+
+def families(root=None, displayof=None):
+    "Get font families (as a tuple)"
+    if root is None:
+        root = tkinter._get_default_root('use font.families()')
+    args = ()
+    if displayof:
+        args = ('-displayof', displayof)
+    return root.tk.splitlist(root.tk.call("font", "families", *args))
+
+
+def names(root=None):
+    "Get names of defined fonts (as a tuple)"
+    if root is None:
+        root = tkinter._get_default_root('use font.names()')
+    return root.tk.splitlist(root.tk.call("font", "names"))
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# test stuff
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    root = tkinter.Tk()
+
+    # create a font
+    f = Font(family="times", size=30, weight=NORMAL)
+
+    print(f.actual())
+    print(f.actual("family"))
+    print(f.actual("weight"))
+
+    print(f.config())
+    print(f.cget("family"))
+    print(f.cget("weight"))
+
+    print(names())
+
+    print(f.measure("hello"), f.metrics("linespace"))
+
+    print(f.metrics(displayof=root))
+
+    f = Font(font=("Courier", 20, "bold"))
+    print(f.measure("hello"), f.metrics("linespace", displayof=root))
+
+    w = tkinter.Label(root, text="Hello, world", font=f)
+    w.pack()
+
+    w = tkinter.Button(root, text="Quit!", command=root.destroy)
+    w.pack()
+
+    fb = Font(font=w["font"]).copy()
+    fb.config(weight=BOLD)
+
+    w.config(font=fb)
+
+    tkinter.mainloop()
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/messagebox.py b/Lib/tkinter/messagebox.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f0343b660
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/messagebox.py
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# tk common message boxes
+#
+# this module provides an interface to the native message boxes
+# available in Tk 4.2 and newer.
+#
+# written by Fredrik Lundh, May 1997
+#
+
+#
+# options (all have default values):
+#
+# - default: which button to make default (one of the reply codes)
+#
+# - icon: which icon to display (see below)
+#
+# - message: the message to display
+#
+# - parent: which window to place the dialog on top of
+#
+# - title: dialog title
+#
+# - type: dialog type; that is, which buttons to display (see below)
+#
+
+from tkinter.commondialog import Dialog
+
+__all__ = ["showinfo", "showwarning", "showerror",
+           "askquestion", "askokcancel", "askyesno",
+           "askyesnocancel", "askretrycancel"]
+
+#
+# constants
+
+# icons
+ERROR = "error"
+INFO = "info"
+QUESTION = "question"
+WARNING = "warning"
+
+# types
+ABORTRETRYIGNORE = "abortretryignore"
+OK = "ok"
+OKCANCEL = "okcancel"
+RETRYCANCEL = "retrycancel"
+YESNO = "yesno"
+YESNOCANCEL = "yesnocancel"
+
+# replies
+ABORT = "abort"
+RETRY = "retry"
+IGNORE = "ignore"
+OK = "ok"
+CANCEL = "cancel"
+YES = "yes"
+NO = "no"
+
+
+#
+# message dialog class
+
+class Message(Dialog):
+    "A message box"
+
+    command  = "tk_messageBox"
+
+
+#
+# convenience stuff
+
+# Rename _icon and _type options to allow overriding them in options
+def _show(title=None, message=None, _icon=None, _type=None, **options):
+    if _icon and "icon" not in options:    options["icon"] = _icon
+    if _type and "type" not in options:    options["type"] = _type
+    if title:   options["title"] = title
+    if message: options["message"] = message
+    res = Message(**options).show()
+    # In some Tcl installations, yes/no is converted into a boolean.
+    if isinstance(res, bool):
+        if res:
+            return YES
+        return NO
+    # In others we get a Tcl_Obj.
+    return str(res)
+
+
+def showinfo(title=None, message=None, **options):
+    "Show an info message"
+    return _show(title, message, INFO, OK, **options)
+
+
+def showwarning(title=None, message=None, **options):
+    "Show a warning message"
+    return _show(title, message, WARNING, OK, **options)
+
+
+def showerror(title=None, message=None, **options):
+    "Show an error message"
+    return _show(title, message, ERROR, OK, **options)
+
+
+def askquestion(title=None, message=None, **options):
+    "Ask a question"
+    return _show(title, message, QUESTION, YESNO, **options)
+
+
+def askokcancel(title=None, message=None, **options):
+    "Ask if operation should proceed; return true if the answer is ok"
+    s = _show(title, message, QUESTION, OKCANCEL, **options)
+    return s == OK
+
+
+def askyesno(title=None, message=None, **options):
+    "Ask a question; return true if the answer is yes"
+    s = _show(title, message, QUESTION, YESNO, **options)
+    return s == YES
+
+
+def askyesnocancel(title=None, message=None, **options):
+    "Ask a question; return true if the answer is yes, None if cancelled."
+    s = _show(title, message, QUESTION, YESNOCANCEL, **options)
+    # s might be a Tcl index object, so convert it to a string
+    s = str(s)
+    if s == CANCEL:
+        return None
+    return s == YES
+
+
+def askretrycancel(title=None, message=None, **options):
+    "Ask if operation should be retried; return true if the answer is yes"
+    s = _show(title, message, WARNING, RETRYCANCEL, **options)
+    return s == RETRY
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# test stuff
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+
+    print("info", showinfo("Spam", "Egg Information"))
+    print("warning", showwarning("Spam", "Egg Warning"))
+    print("error", showerror("Spam", "Egg Alert"))
+    print("question", askquestion("Spam", "Question?"))
+    print("proceed", askokcancel("Spam", "Proceed?"))
+    print("yes/no", askyesno("Spam", "Got it?"))
+    print("yes/no/cancel", askyesnocancel("Spam", "Want it?"))
+    print("try again", askretrycancel("Spam", "Try again?"))
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/scrolledtext.py b/Lib/tkinter/scrolledtext.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f9a8815b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/scrolledtext.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+"""A ScrolledText widget feels like a text widget but also has a
+vertical scroll bar on its right.  (Later, options may be added to
+add a horizontal bar as well, to make the bars disappear
+automatically when not needed, to move them to the other side of the
+window, etc.)
+
+Configuration options are passed to the Text widget.
+A Frame widget is inserted between the master and the text, to hold
+the Scrollbar widget.
+Most methods calls are inherited from the Text widget; Pack, Grid and
+Place methods are redirected to the Frame widget however.
+"""
+
+from tkinter import Frame, Text, Scrollbar, Pack, Grid, Place
+from tkinter.constants import RIGHT, LEFT, Y, BOTH
+
+__all__ = ['ScrolledText']
+
+
+class ScrolledText(Text):
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        self.frame = Frame(master)
+        self.vbar = Scrollbar(self.frame)
+        self.vbar.pack(side=RIGHT, fill=Y)
+
+        kw.update({'yscrollcommand': self.vbar.set})
+        Text.__init__(self, self.frame, **kw)
+        self.pack(side=LEFT, fill=BOTH, expand=True)
+        self.vbar['command'] = self.yview
+
+        # Copy geometry methods of self.frame without overriding Text
+        # methods -- hack!
+        text_meths = vars(Text).keys()
+        methods = vars(Pack).keys() | vars(Grid).keys() | vars(Place).keys()
+        methods = methods.difference(text_meths)
+
+        for m in methods:
+            if m[0] != '_' and m != 'config' and m != 'configure':
+                setattr(self, m, getattr(self.frame, m))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return str(self.frame)
+
+
+def example():
+    from tkinter.constants import END
+
+    stext = ScrolledText(bg='white', height=10)
+    stext.insert(END, __doc__)
+    stext.pack(fill=BOTH, side=LEFT, expand=True)
+    stext.focus_set()
+    stext.mainloop()
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    example()
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/simpledialog.py b/Lib/tkinter/simpledialog.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6e5b025a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/simpledialog.py
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+#
+# An Introduction to Tkinter
+#
+# Copyright (c) 1997 by Fredrik Lundh
+#
+# This copyright applies to Dialog, askinteger, askfloat and asktring
+#
+# fredrik@pythonware.com
+# http://www.pythonware.com
+#
+"""This modules handles dialog boxes.
+
+It contains the following public symbols:
+
+SimpleDialog -- A simple but flexible modal dialog box
+
+Dialog -- a base class for dialogs
+
+askinteger -- get an integer from the user
+
+askfloat -- get a float from the user
+
+askstring -- get a string from the user
+"""
+
+from tkinter import *
+from tkinter import _get_temp_root, _destroy_temp_root
+from tkinter import messagebox
+
+
+class SimpleDialog:
+
+    def __init__(self, master,
+                 text='', buttons=[], default=None, cancel=None,
+                 title=None, class_=None):
+        if class_:
+            self.root = Toplevel(master, class_=class_)
+        else:
+            self.root = Toplevel(master)
+        if title:
+            self.root.title(title)
+            self.root.iconname(title)
+
+        _setup_dialog(self.root)
+
+        self.message = Message(self.root, text=text, aspect=400)
+        self.message.pack(expand=1, fill=BOTH)
+        self.frame = Frame(self.root)
+        self.frame.pack()
+        self.num = default
+        self.cancel = cancel
+        self.default = default
+        self.root.bind('<Return>', self.return_event)
+        for num in range(len(buttons)):
+            s = buttons[num]
+            b = Button(self.frame, text=s,
+                       command=(lambda self=self, num=num: self.done(num)))
+            if num == default:
+                b.config(relief=RIDGE, borderwidth=8)
+            b.pack(side=LEFT, fill=BOTH, expand=1)
+        self.root.protocol('WM_DELETE_WINDOW', self.wm_delete_window)
+        self.root.transient(master)
+        _place_window(self.root, master)
+
+    def go(self):
+        self.root.wait_visibility()
+        self.root.grab_set()
+        self.root.mainloop()
+        self.root.destroy()
+        return self.num
+
+    def return_event(self, event):
+        if self.default is None:
+            self.root.bell()
+        else:
+            self.done(self.default)
+
+    def wm_delete_window(self):
+        if self.cancel is None:
+            self.root.bell()
+        else:
+            self.done(self.cancel)
+
+    def done(self, num):
+        self.num = num
+        self.root.quit()
+
+
+class Dialog(Toplevel):
+
+    '''Class to open dialogs.
+
+    This class is intended as a base class for custom dialogs
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, parent, title = None):
+        '''Initialize a dialog.
+
+        Arguments:
+
+            parent -- a parent window (the application window)
+
+            title -- the dialog title
+        '''
+        master = parent
+        if master is None:
+            master = _get_temp_root()
+
+        Toplevel.__init__(self, master)
+
+        self.withdraw() # remain invisible for now
+        # If the parent is not viewable, don't
+        # make the child transient, or else it
+        # would be opened withdrawn
+        if parent is not None and parent.winfo_viewable():
+            self.transient(parent)
+
+        if title:
+            self.title(title)
+
+        _setup_dialog(self)
+
+        self.parent = parent
+
+        self.result = None
+
+        body = Frame(self)
+        self.initial_focus = self.body(body)
+        body.pack(padx=5, pady=5)
+
+        self.buttonbox()
+
+        if self.initial_focus is None:
+            self.initial_focus = self
+
+        self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.cancel)
+
+        _place_window(self, parent)
+
+        self.initial_focus.focus_set()
+
+        # wait for window to appear on screen before calling grab_set
+        self.wait_visibility()
+        self.grab_set()
+        self.wait_window(self)
+
+    def destroy(self):
+        '''Destroy the window'''
+        self.initial_focus = None
+        Toplevel.destroy(self)
+        _destroy_temp_root(self.master)
+
+    #
+    # construction hooks
+
+    def body(self, master):
+        '''create dialog body.
+
+        return widget that should have initial focus.
+        This method should be overridden, and is called
+        by the __init__ method.
+        '''
+        pass
+
+    def buttonbox(self):
+        '''add standard button box.
+
+        override if you do not want the standard buttons
+        '''
+
+        box = Frame(self)
+
+        w = Button(box, text="OK", width=10, command=self.ok, default=ACTIVE)
+        w.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)
+        w = Button(box, text="Cancel", width=10, command=self.cancel)
+        w.pack(side=LEFT, padx=5, pady=5)
+
+        self.bind("<Return>", self.ok)
+        self.bind("<Escape>", self.cancel)
+
+        box.pack()
+
+    #
+    # standard button semantics
+
+    def ok(self, event=None):
+
+        if not self.validate():
+            self.initial_focus.focus_set() # put focus back
+            return
+
+        self.withdraw()
+        self.update_idletasks()
+
+        try:
+            self.apply()
+        finally:
+            self.cancel()
+
+    def cancel(self, event=None):
+
+        # put focus back to the parent window
+        if self.parent is not None:
+            self.parent.focus_set()
+        self.destroy()
+
+    #
+    # command hooks
+
+    def validate(self):
+        '''validate the data
+
+        This method is called automatically to validate the data before the
+        dialog is destroyed. By default, it always validates OK.
+        '''
+
+        return 1 # override
+
+    def apply(self):
+        '''process the data
+
+        This method is called automatically to process the data, *after*
+        the dialog is destroyed. By default, it does nothing.
+        '''
+
+        pass # override
+
+
+# Place a toplevel window at the center of parent or screen
+# It is a Python implementation of ::tk::PlaceWindow.
+def _place_window(w, parent=None):
+    w.wm_withdraw() # Remain invisible while we figure out the geometry
+    w.update_idletasks() # Actualize geometry information
+
+    minwidth = w.winfo_reqwidth()
+    minheight = w.winfo_reqheight()
+    maxwidth = w.winfo_vrootwidth()
+    maxheight = w.winfo_vrootheight()
+    if parent is not None and parent.winfo_ismapped():
+        x = parent.winfo_rootx() + (parent.winfo_width() - minwidth) // 2
+        y = parent.winfo_rooty() + (parent.winfo_height() - minheight) // 2
+        vrootx = w.winfo_vrootx()
+        vrooty = w.winfo_vrooty()
+        x = min(x, vrootx + maxwidth - minwidth)
+        x = max(x, vrootx)
+        y = min(y, vrooty + maxheight - minheight)
+        y = max(y, vrooty)
+        if w._windowingsystem == 'aqua':
+            # Avoid the native menu bar which sits on top of everything.
+            y = max(y, 22)
+    else:
+        x = (w.winfo_screenwidth() - minwidth) // 2
+        y = (w.winfo_screenheight() - minheight) // 2
+
+    w.wm_maxsize(maxwidth, maxheight)
+    w.wm_geometry('+%d+%d' % (x, y))
+    w.wm_deiconify() # Become visible at the desired location
+
+
+def _setup_dialog(w):
+    if w._windowingsystem == "aqua":
+        w.tk.call("::tk::unsupported::MacWindowStyle", "style",
+                  w, "moveableModal", "")
+    elif w._windowingsystem == "x11":
+        w.wm_attributes(type="dialog")
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------
+# convenience dialogues
+
+class _QueryDialog(Dialog):
+
+    def __init__(self, title, prompt,
+                 initialvalue=None,
+                 minvalue = None, maxvalue = None,
+                 parent = None):
+
+        self.prompt   = prompt
+        self.minvalue = minvalue
+        self.maxvalue = maxvalue
+
+        self.initialvalue = initialvalue
+
+        Dialog.__init__(self, parent, title)
+
+    def destroy(self):
+        self.entry = None
+        Dialog.destroy(self)
+
+    def body(self, master):
+
+        w = Label(master, text=self.prompt, justify=LEFT)
+        w.grid(row=0, padx=5, sticky=W)
+
+        self.entry = Entry(master, name="entry")
+        self.entry.grid(row=1, padx=5, sticky=W+E)
+
+        if self.initialvalue is not None:
+            self.entry.insert(0, self.initialvalue)
+            self.entry.select_range(0, END)
+
+        return self.entry
+
+    def validate(self):
+        try:
+            result = self.getresult()
+        except ValueError:
+            messagebox.showwarning(
+                "Illegal value",
+                self.errormessage + "\nPlease try again",
+                parent = self
+            )
+            return 0
+
+        if self.minvalue is not None and result < self.minvalue:
+            messagebox.showwarning(
+                "Too small",
+                "The allowed minimum value is %s. "
+                "Please try again." % self.minvalue,
+                parent = self
+            )
+            return 0
+
+        if self.maxvalue is not None and result > self.maxvalue:
+            messagebox.showwarning(
+                "Too large",
+                "The allowed maximum value is %s. "
+                "Please try again." % self.maxvalue,
+                parent = self
+            )
+            return 0
+
+        self.result = result
+
+        return 1
+
+
+class _QueryInteger(_QueryDialog):
+    errormessage = "Not an integer."
+
+    def getresult(self):
+        return self.getint(self.entry.get())
+
+
+def askinteger(title, prompt, **kw):
+    '''get an integer from the user
+
+    Arguments:
+
+        title -- the dialog title
+        prompt -- the label text
+        **kw -- see SimpleDialog class
+
+    Return value is an integer
+    '''
+    d = _QueryInteger(title, prompt, **kw)
+    return d.result
+
+
+class _QueryFloat(_QueryDialog):
+    errormessage = "Not a floating-point value."
+
+    def getresult(self):
+        return self.getdouble(self.entry.get())
+
+
+def askfloat(title, prompt, **kw):
+    '''get a float from the user
+
+    Arguments:
+
+        title -- the dialog title
+        prompt -- the label text
+        **kw -- see SimpleDialog class
+
+    Return value is a float
+    '''
+    d = _QueryFloat(title, prompt, **kw)
+    return d.result
+
+
+class _QueryString(_QueryDialog):
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
+        if "show" in kw:
+            self.__show = kw["show"]
+            del kw["show"]
+        else:
+            self.__show = None
+        _QueryDialog.__init__(self, *args, **kw)
+
+    def body(self, master):
+        entry = _QueryDialog.body(self, master)
+        if self.__show is not None:
+            entry.configure(show=self.__show)
+        return entry
+
+    def getresult(self):
+        return self.entry.get()
+
+
+def askstring(title, prompt, **kw):
+    '''get a string from the user
+
+    Arguments:
+
+        title -- the dialog title
+        prompt -- the label text
+        **kw -- see SimpleDialog class
+
+    Return value is a string
+    '''
+    d = _QueryString(title, prompt, **kw)
+    return d.result
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+    def test():
+        root = Tk()
+        def doit(root=root):
+            d = SimpleDialog(root,
+                         text="This is a test dialog.  "
+                              "Would this have been an actual dialog, "
+                              "the buttons below would have been glowing "
+                              "in soft pink light.\n"
+                              "Do you believe this?",
+                         buttons=["Yes", "No", "Cancel"],
+                         default=0,
+                         cancel=2,
+                         title="Test Dialog")
+            print(d.go())
+            print(askinteger("Spam", "Egg count", initialvalue=12*12))
+            print(askfloat("Spam", "Egg weight\n(in tons)", minvalue=1,
+                           maxvalue=100))
+            print(askstring("Spam", "Egg label"))
+        t = Button(root, text='Test', command=doit)
+        t.pack()
+        q = Button(root, text='Quit', command=t.quit)
+        q.pack()
+        t.mainloop()
+
+    test()
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/ttk.py b/Lib/tkinter/ttk.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..073b3ae207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/ttk.py
@@ -0,0 +1,1647 @@
+"""Ttk wrapper.
+
+This module provides classes to allow using Tk themed widget set.
+
+Ttk is based on a revised and enhanced version of
+TIP #48 (http://tip.tcl.tk/48) specified style engine.
+
+Its basic idea is to separate, to the extent possible, the code
+implementing a widget's behavior from the code implementing its
+appearance. Widget class bindings are primarily responsible for
+maintaining the widget state and invoking callbacks, all aspects
+of the widgets appearance lies at Themes.
+"""
+
+__version__ = "0.3.1"
+
+__author__ = "Guilherme Polo <ggpolo@gmail.com>"
+
+__all__ = ["Button", "Checkbutton", "Combobox", "Entry", "Frame", "Label",
+           "Labelframe", "LabelFrame", "Menubutton", "Notebook", "Panedwindow",
+           "PanedWindow", "Progressbar", "Radiobutton", "Scale", "Scrollbar",
+           "Separator", "Sizegrip", "Spinbox", "Style", "Treeview",
+           # Extensions
+           "LabeledScale", "OptionMenu",
+           # functions
+           "tclobjs_to_py", "setup_master"]
+
+import tkinter
+from tkinter import _flatten, _join, _stringify, _splitdict
+
+
+def _format_optvalue(value, script=False):
+    """Internal function."""
+    if script:
+        # if caller passes a Tcl script to tk.call, all the values need to
+        # be grouped into words (arguments to a command in Tcl dialect)
+        value = _stringify(value)
+    elif isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+        value = _join(value)
+    return value
+
+def _format_optdict(optdict, script=False, ignore=None):
+    """Formats optdict to a tuple to pass it to tk.call.
+
+    E.g. (script=False):
+      {'foreground': 'blue', 'padding': [1, 2, 3, 4]} returns:
+      ('-foreground', 'blue', '-padding', '1 2 3 4')"""
+
+    opts = []
+    for opt, value in optdict.items():
+        if not ignore or opt not in ignore:
+            opts.append("-%s" % opt)
+            if value is not None:
+                opts.append(_format_optvalue(value, script))
+
+    return _flatten(opts)
+
+def _mapdict_values(items):
+    # each value in mapdict is expected to be a sequence, where each item
+    # is another sequence containing a state (or several) and a value
+    # E.g. (script=False):
+    #   [('active', 'selected', 'grey'), ('focus', [1, 2, 3, 4])]
+    #   returns:
+    #   ['active selected', 'grey', 'focus', [1, 2, 3, 4]]
+    opt_val = []
+    for *state, val in items:
+        if len(state) == 1:
+            # if it is empty (something that evaluates to False), then
+            # format it to Tcl code to denote the "normal" state
+            state = state[0] or ''
+        else:
+            # group multiple states
+            state = ' '.join(state) # raise TypeError if not str
+        opt_val.append(state)
+        if val is not None:
+            opt_val.append(val)
+    return opt_val
+
+def _format_mapdict(mapdict, script=False):
+    """Formats mapdict to pass it to tk.call.
+
+    E.g. (script=False):
+      {'expand': [('active', 'selected', 'grey'), ('focus', [1, 2, 3, 4])]}
+
+      returns:
+
+      ('-expand', '{active selected} grey focus {1, 2, 3, 4}')"""
+
+    opts = []
+    for opt, value in mapdict.items():
+        opts.extend(("-%s" % opt,
+                     _format_optvalue(_mapdict_values(value), script)))
+
+    return _flatten(opts)
+
+def _format_elemcreate(etype, script=False, *args, **kw):
+    """Formats args and kw according to the given element factory etype."""
+    specs = ()
+    opts = ()
+    if etype == "image": # define an element based on an image
+        # first arg should be the default image name
+        iname = args[0]
+        # next args, if any, are statespec/value pairs which is almost
+        # a mapdict, but we just need the value
+        imagespec = (iname, *_mapdict_values(args[1:]))
+        if script:
+            specs = (imagespec,)
+        else:
+            specs = (_join(imagespec),)
+        opts = _format_optdict(kw, script)
+
+    if etype == "vsapi":
+        # define an element whose visual appearance is drawn using the
+        # Microsoft Visual Styles API which is responsible for the
+        # themed styles on Windows XP and Vista.
+        # Availability: Tk 8.6, Windows XP and Vista.
+        if len(args) < 3:
+            class_name, part_id = args
+            statemap = (((), 1),)
+        else:
+            class_name, part_id, statemap = args
+        specs = (class_name, part_id, tuple(_mapdict_values(statemap)))
+        opts = _format_optdict(kw, script)
+
+    elif etype == "from": # clone an element
+        # it expects a themename and optionally an element to clone from,
+        # otherwise it will clone {} (empty element)
+        specs = (args[0],) # theme name
+        if len(args) > 1: # elementfrom specified
+            opts = (_format_optvalue(args[1], script),)
+
+    if script:
+        specs = _join(specs)
+        opts = ' '.join(opts)
+        return specs, opts
+    else:
+        return *specs, opts
+
+
+def _format_layoutlist(layout, indent=0, indent_size=2):
+    """Formats a layout list so we can pass the result to ttk::style
+    layout and ttk::style settings. Note that the layout doesn't have to
+    be a list necessarily.
+
+    E.g.:
+      [("Menubutton.background", None),
+       ("Menubutton.button", {"children":
+           [("Menubutton.focus", {"children":
+               [("Menubutton.padding", {"children":
+                [("Menubutton.label", {"side": "left", "expand": 1})]
+               })]
+           })]
+       }),
+       ("Menubutton.indicator", {"side": "right"})
+      ]
+
+      returns:
+
+      Menubutton.background
+      Menubutton.button -children {
+        Menubutton.focus -children {
+          Menubutton.padding -children {
+            Menubutton.label -side left -expand 1
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      Menubutton.indicator -side right"""
+    script = []
+
+    for layout_elem in layout:
+        elem, opts = layout_elem
+        opts = opts or {}
+        fopts = ' '.join(_format_optdict(opts, True, ("children",)))
+        head = "%s%s%s" % (' ' * indent, elem, (" %s" % fopts) if fopts else '')
+
+        if "children" in opts:
+            script.append(head + " -children {")
+            indent += indent_size
+            newscript, indent = _format_layoutlist(opts['children'], indent,
+                indent_size)
+            script.append(newscript)
+            indent -= indent_size
+            script.append('%s}' % (' ' * indent))
+        else:
+            script.append(head)
+
+    return '\n'.join(script), indent
+
+def _script_from_settings(settings):
+    """Returns an appropriate script, based on settings, according to
+    theme_settings definition to be used by theme_settings and
+    theme_create."""
+    script = []
+    # a script will be generated according to settings passed, which
+    # will then be evaluated by Tcl
+    for name, opts in settings.items():
+        # will format specific keys according to Tcl code
+        if opts.get('configure'): # format 'configure'
+            s = ' '.join(_format_optdict(opts['configure'], True))
+            script.append("ttk::style configure %s %s;" % (name, s))
+
+        if opts.get('map'): # format 'map'
+            s = ' '.join(_format_mapdict(opts['map'], True))
+            script.append("ttk::style map %s %s;" % (name, s))
+
+        if 'layout' in opts: # format 'layout' which may be empty
+            if not opts['layout']:
+                s = 'null' # could be any other word, but this one makes sense
+            else:
+                s, _ = _format_layoutlist(opts['layout'])
+            script.append("ttk::style layout %s {\n%s\n}" % (name, s))
+
+        if opts.get('element create'): # format 'element create'
+            eopts = opts['element create']
+            etype = eopts[0]
+
+            # find where args end, and where kwargs start
+            argc = 1 # etype was the first one
+            while argc < len(eopts) and not hasattr(eopts[argc], 'items'):
+                argc += 1
+
+            elemargs = eopts[1:argc]
+            elemkw = eopts[argc] if argc < len(eopts) and eopts[argc] else {}
+            specs, eopts = _format_elemcreate(etype, True, *elemargs, **elemkw)
+
+            script.append("ttk::style element create %s %s %s %s" % (
+                name, etype, specs, eopts))
+
+    return '\n'.join(script)
+
+def _list_from_statespec(stuple):
+    """Construct a list from the given statespec tuple according to the
+    accepted statespec accepted by _format_mapdict."""
+    if isinstance(stuple, str):
+        return stuple
+    result = []
+    it = iter(stuple)
+    for state, val in zip(it, it):
+        if hasattr(state, 'typename'):  # this is a Tcl object
+            state = str(state).split()
+        elif isinstance(state, str):
+            state = state.split()
+        elif not isinstance(state, (tuple, list)):
+            state = (state,)
+        if hasattr(val, 'typename'):
+            val = str(val)
+        result.append((*state, val))
+
+    return result
+
+def _list_from_layouttuple(tk, ltuple):
+    """Construct a list from the tuple returned by ttk::layout, this is
+    somewhat the reverse of _format_layoutlist."""
+    ltuple = tk.splitlist(ltuple)
+    res = []
+
+    indx = 0
+    while indx < len(ltuple):
+        name = ltuple[indx]
+        opts = {}
+        res.append((name, opts))
+        indx += 1
+
+        while indx < len(ltuple): # grab name's options
+            opt, val = ltuple[indx:indx + 2]
+            if not opt.startswith('-'): # found next name
+                break
+
+            opt = opt[1:] # remove the '-' from the option
+            indx += 2
+
+            if opt == 'children':
+                val = _list_from_layouttuple(tk, val)
+
+            opts[opt] = val
+
+    return res
+
+def _val_or_dict(tk, options, *args):
+    """Format options then call Tk command with args and options and return
+    the appropriate result.
+
+    If no option is specified, a dict is returned. If an option is
+    specified with the None value, the value for that option is returned.
+    Otherwise, the function just sets the passed options and the caller
+    shouldn't be expecting a return value anyway."""
+    options = _format_optdict(options)
+    res = tk.call(*(args + options))
+
+    if len(options) % 2: # option specified without a value, return its value
+        return res
+
+    return _splitdict(tk, res, conv=_tclobj_to_py)
+
+def _convert_stringval(value):
+    """Converts a value to, hopefully, a more appropriate Python object."""
+    value = str(value)
+    try:
+        value = int(value)
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        pass
+
+    return value
+
+def _to_number(x):
+    if isinstance(x, str):
+        if '.' in x:
+            x = float(x)
+        else:
+            x = int(x)
+    return x
+
+def _tclobj_to_py(val):
+    """Return value converted from Tcl object to Python object."""
+    if val and hasattr(val, '__len__') and not isinstance(val, str):
+        if getattr(val[0], 'typename', None) == 'StateSpec':
+            val = _list_from_statespec(val)
+        else:
+            val = list(map(_convert_stringval, val))
+
+    elif hasattr(val, 'typename'): # some other (single) Tcl object
+        val = _convert_stringval(val)
+
+    return val
+
+def tclobjs_to_py(adict):
+    """Returns adict with its values converted from Tcl objects to Python
+    objects."""
+    for opt, val in adict.items():
+        adict[opt] = _tclobj_to_py(val)
+
+    return adict
+
+def setup_master(master=None):
+    """If master is not None, itself is returned. If master is None,
+    the default master is returned if there is one, otherwise a new
+    master is created and returned.
+
+    If it is not allowed to use the default root and master is None,
+    RuntimeError is raised."""
+    if master is None:
+        master = tkinter._get_default_root()
+    return master
+
+
+class Style(object):
+    """Manipulate style database."""
+
+    _name = "ttk::style"
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None):
+        master = setup_master(master)
+        self.master = master
+        self.tk = self.master.tk
+
+
+    def configure(self, style, query_opt=None, **kw):
+        """Query or sets the default value of the specified option(s) in
+        style.
+
+        Each key in kw is an option and each value is either a string or
+        a sequence identifying the value for that option."""
+        if query_opt is not None:
+            kw[query_opt] = None
+        result = _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._name, "configure", style)
+        if result or query_opt:
+            return result
+
+
+    def map(self, style, query_opt=None, **kw):
+        """Query or sets dynamic values of the specified option(s) in
+        style.
+
+        Each key in kw is an option and each value should be a list or a
+        tuple (usually) containing statespecs grouped in tuples, or list,
+        or something else of your preference. A statespec is compound of
+        one or more states and then a value."""
+        if query_opt is not None:
+            result = self.tk.call(self._name, "map", style, '-%s' % query_opt)
+            return _list_from_statespec(self.tk.splitlist(result))
+
+        result = self.tk.call(self._name, "map", style, *_format_mapdict(kw))
+        return {k: _list_from_statespec(self.tk.splitlist(v))
+                for k, v in _splitdict(self.tk, result).items()}
+
+
+    def lookup(self, style, option, state=None, default=None):
+        """Returns the value specified for option in style.
+
+        If state is specified it is expected to be a sequence of one
+        or more states. If the default argument is set, it is used as
+        a fallback value in case no specification for option is found."""
+        state = ' '.join(state) if state else ''
+
+        return self.tk.call(self._name, "lookup", style, '-%s' % option,
+            state, default)
+
+
+    def layout(self, style, layoutspec=None):
+        """Define the widget layout for given style. If layoutspec is
+        omitted, return the layout specification for given style.
+
+        layoutspec is expected to be a list or an object different than
+        None that evaluates to False if you want to "turn off" that style.
+        If it is a list (or tuple, or something else), each item should be
+        a tuple where the first item is the layout name and the second item
+        should have the format described below:
+
+        LAYOUTS
+
+            A layout can contain the value None, if takes no options, or
+            a dict of options specifying how to arrange the element.
+            The layout mechanism uses a simplified version of the pack
+            geometry manager: given an initial cavity, each element is
+            allocated a parcel. Valid options/values are:
+
+                side: whichside
+                    Specifies which side of the cavity to place the
+                    element; one of top, right, bottom or left. If
+                    omitted, the element occupies the entire cavity.
+
+                sticky: nswe
+                    Specifies where the element is placed inside its
+                    allocated parcel.
+
+                children: [sublayout... ]
+                    Specifies a list of elements to place inside the
+                    element. Each element is a tuple (or other sequence)
+                    where the first item is the layout name, and the other
+                    is a LAYOUT."""
+        lspec = None
+        if layoutspec:
+            lspec = _format_layoutlist(layoutspec)[0]
+        elif layoutspec is not None: # will disable the layout ({}, '', etc)
+            lspec = "null" # could be any other word, but this may make sense
+                           # when calling layout(style) later
+
+        return _list_from_layouttuple(self.tk,
+            self.tk.call(self._name, "layout", style, lspec))
+
+
+    def element_create(self, elementname, etype, *args, **kw):
+        """Create a new element in the current theme of given etype."""
+        *specs, opts = _format_elemcreate(etype, False, *args, **kw)
+        self.tk.call(self._name, "element", "create", elementname, etype,
+            *specs, *opts)
+
+
+    def element_names(self):
+        """Returns the list of elements defined in the current theme."""
+        return tuple(n.lstrip('-') for n in self.tk.splitlist(
+            self.tk.call(self._name, "element", "names")))
+
+
+    def element_options(self, elementname):
+        """Return the list of elementname's options."""
+        return tuple(o.lstrip('-') for o in self.tk.splitlist(
+            self.tk.call(self._name, "element", "options", elementname)))
+
+
+    def theme_create(self, themename, parent=None, settings=None):
+        """Creates a new theme.
+
+        It is an error if themename already exists. If parent is
+        specified, the new theme will inherit styles, elements and
+        layouts from the specified parent theme. If settings are present,
+        they are expected to have the same syntax used for theme_settings."""
+        script = _script_from_settings(settings) if settings else ''
+
+        if parent:
+            self.tk.call(self._name, "theme", "create", themename,
+                "-parent", parent, "-settings", script)
+        else:
+            self.tk.call(self._name, "theme", "create", themename,
+                "-settings", script)
+
+
+    def theme_settings(self, themename, settings):
+        """Temporarily sets the current theme to themename, apply specified
+        settings and then restore the previous theme.
+
+        Each key in settings is a style and each value may contain the
+        keys 'configure', 'map', 'layout' and 'element create' and they
+        are expected to have the same format as specified by the methods
+        configure, map, layout and element_create respectively."""
+        script = _script_from_settings(settings)
+        self.tk.call(self._name, "theme", "settings", themename, script)
+
+
+    def theme_names(self):
+        """Returns a list of all known themes."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._name, "theme", "names"))
+
+
+    def theme_use(self, themename=None):
+        """If themename is None, returns the theme in use, otherwise, set
+        the current theme to themename, refreshes all widgets and emits
+        a <<ThemeChanged>> event."""
+        if themename is None:
+            # Starting on Tk 8.6, checking this global is no longer needed
+            # since it allows doing self.tk.call(self._name, "theme", "use")
+            return self.tk.eval("return $ttk::currentTheme")
+
+        # using "ttk::setTheme" instead of "ttk::style theme use" causes
+        # the variable currentTheme to be updated, also, ttk::setTheme calls
+        # "ttk::style theme use" in order to change theme.
+        self.tk.call("ttk::setTheme", themename)
+
+
+class Widget(tkinter.Widget):
+    """Base class for Tk themed widgets."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master, widgetname, kw=None):
+        """Constructs a Ttk Widget with the parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, takefocus, style
+
+        SCROLLABLE WIDGET OPTIONS
+
+            xscrollcommand, yscrollcommand
+
+        LABEL WIDGET OPTIONS
+
+            text, textvariable, underline, image, compound, width
+
+        WIDGET STATES
+
+            active, disabled, focus, pressed, selected, background,
+            readonly, alternate, invalid
+        """
+        master = setup_master(master)
+        tkinter.Widget.__init__(self, master, widgetname, kw=kw)
+
+
+    def identify(self, x, y):
+        """Returns the name of the element at position x, y, or the empty
+        string if the point does not lie within any element.
+
+        x and y are pixel coordinates relative to the widget."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "identify", x, y)
+
+
+    def instate(self, statespec, callback=None, *args, **kw):
+        """Test the widget's state.
+
+        If callback is not specified, returns True if the widget state
+        matches statespec and False otherwise. If callback is specified,
+        then it will be invoked with *args, **kw if the widget state
+        matches statespec. statespec is expected to be a sequence."""
+        ret = self.tk.getboolean(
+                self.tk.call(self._w, "instate", ' '.join(statespec)))
+        if ret and callback is not None:
+            return callback(*args, **kw)
+
+        return ret
+
+
+    def state(self, statespec=None):
+        """Modify or inquire widget state.
+
+        Widget state is returned if statespec is None, otherwise it is
+        set according to the statespec flags and then a new state spec
+        is returned indicating which flags were changed. statespec is
+        expected to be a sequence."""
+        if statespec is not None:
+            statespec = ' '.join(statespec)
+
+        return self.tk.splitlist(str(self.tk.call(self._w, "state", statespec)))
+
+
+class Button(Widget):
+    """Ttk Button widget, displays a textual label and/or image, and
+    evaluates a command when pressed."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Button widget with the parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, compound, cursor, image, state, style, takefocus,
+            text, textvariable, underline, width
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            command, default, width
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::button", kw)
+
+
+    def invoke(self):
+        """Invokes the command associated with the button."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "invoke")
+
+
+class Checkbutton(Widget):
+    """Ttk Checkbutton widget which is either in on- or off-state."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Checkbutton widget with the parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, compound, cursor, image, state, style, takefocus,
+            text, textvariable, underline, width
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            command, offvalue, onvalue, variable
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::checkbutton", kw)
+
+
+    def invoke(self):
+        """Toggles between the selected and deselected states and
+        invokes the associated command. If the widget is currently
+        selected, sets the option variable to the offvalue option
+        and deselects the widget; otherwise, sets the option variable
+        to the option onvalue.
+
+        Returns the result of the associated command."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "invoke")
+
+
+class Entry(Widget, tkinter.Entry):
+    """Ttk Entry widget displays a one-line text string and allows that
+    string to be edited by the user."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, widget=None, **kw):
+        """Constructs a Ttk Entry widget with the parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus, xscrollcommand
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            exportselection, invalidcommand, justify, show, state,
+            textvariable, validate, validatecommand, width
+
+        VALIDATION MODES
+
+            none, key, focus, focusin, focusout, all
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, widget or "ttk::entry", kw)
+
+
+    def bbox(self, index):
+        """Return a tuple of (x, y, width, height) which describes the
+        bounding box of the character given by index."""
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, "bbox", index))
+
+
+    def identify(self, x, y):
+        """Returns the name of the element at position x, y, or the
+        empty string if the coordinates are outside the window."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "identify", x, y)
+
+
+    def validate(self):
+        """Force revalidation, independent of the conditions specified
+        by the validate option. Returns False if validation fails, True
+        if it succeeds. Sets or clears the invalid state accordingly."""
+        return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, "validate"))
+
+
+class Combobox(Entry):
+    """Ttk Combobox widget combines a text field with a pop-down list of
+    values."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Combobox widget with the parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            exportselection, justify, height, postcommand, state,
+            textvariable, values, width
+        """
+        Entry.__init__(self, master, "ttk::combobox", **kw)
+
+
+    def current(self, newindex=None):
+        """If newindex is supplied, sets the combobox value to the
+        element at position newindex in the list of values. Otherwise,
+        returns the index of the current value in the list of values
+        or -1 if the current value does not appear in the list."""
+        if newindex is None:
+            res = self.tk.call(self._w, "current")
+            if res == '':
+                return -1
+            return self.tk.getint(res)
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "current", newindex)
+
+
+    def set(self, value):
+        """Sets the value of the combobox to value."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "set", value)
+
+
+class Frame(Widget):
+    """Ttk Frame widget is a container, used to group other widgets
+    together."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Frame with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            borderwidth, relief, padding, width, height
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::frame", kw)
+
+
+class Label(Widget):
+    """Ttk Label widget displays a textual label and/or image."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Label with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, compound, cursor, image, style, takefocus, text,
+            textvariable, underline, width
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            anchor, background, font, foreground, justify, padding,
+            relief, text, wraplength
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::label", kw)
+
+
+class Labelframe(Widget):
+    """Ttk Labelframe widget is a container used to group other widgets
+    together. It has an optional label, which may be a plain text string
+    or another widget."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Labelframe with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+            labelanchor, text, underline, padding, labelwidget, width,
+            height
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::labelframe", kw)
+
+LabelFrame = Labelframe # tkinter name compatibility
+
+
+class Menubutton(Widget):
+    """Ttk Menubutton widget displays a textual label and/or image, and
+    displays a menu when pressed."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Menubutton with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, compound, cursor, image, state, style, takefocus,
+            text, textvariable, underline, width
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            direction, menu
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::menubutton", kw)
+
+
+class Notebook(Widget):
+    """Ttk Notebook widget manages a collection of windows and displays
+    a single one at a time. Each child window is associated with a tab,
+    which the user may select to change the currently-displayed window."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Notebook with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            height, padding, width
+
+        TAB OPTIONS
+
+            state, sticky, padding, text, image, compound, underline
+
+        TAB IDENTIFIERS (tab_id)
+
+            The tab_id argument found in several methods may take any of
+            the following forms:
+
+                * An integer between zero and the number of tabs
+                * The name of a child window
+                * A positional specification of the form "@x,y", which
+                  defines the tab
+                * The string "current", which identifies the
+                  currently-selected tab
+                * The string "end", which returns the number of tabs (only
+                  valid for method index)
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::notebook", kw)
+
+
+    def add(self, child, **kw):
+        """Adds a new tab to the notebook.
+
+        If window is currently managed by the notebook but hidden, it is
+        restored to its previous position."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "add", child, *(_format_optdict(kw)))
+
+
+    def forget(self, tab_id):
+        """Removes the tab specified by tab_id, unmaps and unmanages the
+        associated window."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "forget", tab_id)
+
+
+    def hide(self, tab_id):
+        """Hides the tab specified by tab_id.
+
+        The tab will not be displayed, but the associated window remains
+        managed by the notebook and its configuration remembered. Hidden
+        tabs may be restored with the add command."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "hide", tab_id)
+
+
+    def identify(self, x, y):
+        """Returns the name of the tab element at position x, y, or the
+        empty string if none."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "identify", x, y)
+
+
+    def index(self, tab_id):
+        """Returns the numeric index of the tab specified by tab_id, or
+        the total number of tabs if tab_id is the string "end"."""
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, "index", tab_id))
+
+
+    def insert(self, pos, child, **kw):
+        """Inserts a pane at the specified position.
+
+        pos is either the string end, an integer index, or the name of
+        a managed child. If child is already managed by the notebook,
+        moves it to the specified position."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "insert", pos, child, *(_format_optdict(kw)))
+
+
+    def select(self, tab_id=None):
+        """Selects the specified tab.
+
+        The associated child window will be displayed, and the
+        previously-selected window (if different) is unmapped. If tab_id
+        is omitted, returns the widget name of the currently selected
+        pane."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "select", tab_id)
+
+
+    def tab(self, tab_id, option=None, **kw):
+        """Query or modify the options of the specific tab_id.
+
+        If kw is not given, returns a dict of the tab option values. If option
+        is specified, returns the value of that option. Otherwise, sets the
+        options to the corresponding values."""
+        if option is not None:
+            kw[option] = None
+        return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, "tab", tab_id)
+
+
+    def tabs(self):
+        """Returns a list of windows managed by the notebook."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, "tabs") or ())
+
+
+    def enable_traversal(self):
+        """Enable keyboard traversal for a toplevel window containing
+        this notebook.
+
+        This will extend the bindings for the toplevel window containing
+        this notebook as follows:
+
+            Control-Tab: selects the tab following the currently selected
+                         one
+
+            Shift-Control-Tab: selects the tab preceding the currently
+                               selected one
+
+            Alt-K: where K is the mnemonic (underlined) character of any
+                   tab, will select that tab.
+
+        Multiple notebooks in a single toplevel may be enabled for
+        traversal, including nested notebooks. However, notebook traversal
+        only works properly if all panes are direct children of the
+        notebook."""
+        # The only, and good, difference I see is about mnemonics, which works
+        # after calling this method. Control-Tab and Shift-Control-Tab always
+        # works (here at least).
+        self.tk.call("ttk::notebook::enableTraversal", self._w)
+
+
+class Panedwindow(Widget, tkinter.PanedWindow):
+    """Ttk Panedwindow widget displays a number of subwindows, stacked
+    either vertically or horizontally."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Panedwindow with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            orient, width, height
+
+        PANE OPTIONS
+
+            weight
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::panedwindow", kw)
+
+
+    forget = tkinter.PanedWindow.forget # overrides Pack.forget
+
+
+    def insert(self, pos, child, **kw):
+        """Inserts a pane at the specified positions.
+
+        pos is either the string end, and integer index, or the name
+        of a child. If child is already managed by the paned window,
+        moves it to the specified position."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "insert", pos, child, *(_format_optdict(kw)))
+
+
+    def pane(self, pane, option=None, **kw):
+        """Query or modify the options of the specified pane.
+
+        pane is either an integer index or the name of a managed subwindow.
+        If kw is not given, returns a dict of the pane option values. If
+        option is specified then the value for that option is returned.
+        Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values."""
+        if option is not None:
+            kw[option] = None
+        return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, "pane", pane)
+
+
+    def sashpos(self, index, newpos=None):
+        """If newpos is specified, sets the position of sash number index.
+
+        May adjust the positions of adjacent sashes to ensure that
+        positions are monotonically increasing. Sash positions are further
+        constrained to be between 0 and the total size of the widget.
+
+        Returns the new position of sash number index."""
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, "sashpos", index, newpos))
+
+PanedWindow = Panedwindow # tkinter name compatibility
+
+
+class Progressbar(Widget):
+    """Ttk Progressbar widget shows the status of a long-running
+    operation. They can operate in two modes: determinate mode shows the
+    amount completed relative to the total amount of work to be done, and
+    indeterminate mode provides an animated display to let the user know
+    that something is happening."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Progressbar with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            orient, length, mode, maximum, value, variable, phase
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::progressbar", kw)
+
+
+    def start(self, interval=None):
+        """Begin autoincrement mode: schedules a recurring timer event
+        that calls method step every interval milliseconds.
+
+        interval defaults to 50 milliseconds (20 steps/second) if omitted."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "start", interval)
+
+
+    def step(self, amount=None):
+        """Increments the value option by amount.
+
+        amount defaults to 1.0 if omitted."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "step", amount)
+
+
+    def stop(self):
+        """Stop autoincrement mode: cancels any recurring timer event
+        initiated by start."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "stop")
+
+
+class Radiobutton(Widget):
+    """Ttk Radiobutton widgets are used in groups to show or change a
+    set of mutually-exclusive options."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Radiobutton with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, compound, cursor, image, state, style, takefocus,
+            text, textvariable, underline, width
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            command, value, variable
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::radiobutton", kw)
+
+
+    def invoke(self):
+        """Sets the option variable to the option value, selects the
+        widget, and invokes the associated command.
+
+        Returns the result of the command, or an empty string if
+        no command is specified."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "invoke")
+
+
+class Scale(Widget, tkinter.Scale):
+    """Ttk Scale widget is typically used to control the numeric value of
+    a linked variable that varies uniformly over some range."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Scale with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            command, from, length, orient, to, value, variable
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::scale", kw)
+
+
+    def configure(self, cnf=None, **kw):
+        """Modify or query scale options.
+
+        Setting a value for any of the "from", "from_" or "to" options
+        generates a <<RangeChanged>> event."""
+        retval = Widget.configure(self, cnf, **kw)
+        if not isinstance(cnf, (type(None), str)):
+            kw.update(cnf)
+        if any(['from' in kw, 'from_' in kw, 'to' in kw]):
+            self.event_generate('<<RangeChanged>>')
+        return retval
+
+
+    def get(self, x=None, y=None):
+        """Get the current value of the value option, or the value
+        corresponding to the coordinates x, y if they are specified.
+
+        x and y are pixel coordinates relative to the scale widget
+        origin."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get', x, y)
+
+
+class Scrollbar(Widget, tkinter.Scrollbar):
+    """Ttk Scrollbar controls the viewport of a scrollable widget."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Scrollbar with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            command, orient
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::scrollbar", kw)
+
+
+class Separator(Widget):
+    """Ttk Separator widget displays a horizontal or vertical separator
+    bar."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Separator with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            orient
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::separator", kw)
+
+
+class Sizegrip(Widget):
+    """Ttk Sizegrip allows the user to resize the containing toplevel
+    window by pressing and dragging the grip."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Sizegrip with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, state, style, takefocus
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::sizegrip", kw)
+
+
+class Spinbox(Entry):
+    """Ttk Spinbox is an Entry with increment and decrement arrows
+
+    It is commonly used for number entry or to select from a list of
+    string values.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Spinbox widget with the parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus, validate,
+            validatecommand, xscrollcommand, invalidcommand
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            to, from_, increment, values, wrap, format, command
+        """
+        Entry.__init__(self, master, "ttk::spinbox", **kw)
+
+
+    def set(self, value):
+        """Sets the value of the Spinbox to value."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "set", value)
+
+
+class Treeview(Widget, tkinter.XView, tkinter.YView):
+    """Ttk Treeview widget displays a hierarchical collection of items.
+
+    Each item has a textual label, an optional image, and an optional list
+    of data values. The data values are displayed in successive columns
+    after the tree label."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, **kw):
+        """Construct a Ttk Treeview with parent master.
+
+        STANDARD OPTIONS
+
+            class, cursor, style, takefocus, xscrollcommand,
+            yscrollcommand
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            columns, displaycolumns, height, padding, selectmode, show
+
+        ITEM OPTIONS
+
+            text, image, values, open, tags
+
+        TAG OPTIONS
+
+            foreground, background, font, image
+        """
+        Widget.__init__(self, master, "ttk::treeview", kw)
+
+
+    def bbox(self, item, column=None):
+        """Returns the bounding box (relative to the treeview widget's
+        window) of the specified item in the form x y width height.
+
+        If column is specified, returns the bounding box of that cell.
+        If the item is not visible (i.e., if it is a descendant of a
+        closed item or is scrolled offscreen), returns an empty string."""
+        return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, "bbox", item, column)) or ''
+
+
+    def get_children(self, item=None):
+        """Returns a tuple of children belonging to item.
+
+        If item is not specified, returns root children."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(
+                self.tk.call(self._w, "children", item or '') or ())
+
+
+    def set_children(self, item, *newchildren):
+        """Replaces item's child with newchildren.
+
+        Children present in item that are not present in newchildren
+        are detached from tree. No items in newchildren may be an
+        ancestor of item."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "children", item, newchildren)
+
+
+    def column(self, column, option=None, **kw):
+        """Query or modify the options for the specified column.
+
+        If kw is not given, returns a dict of the column option values. If
+        option is specified then the value for that option is returned.
+        Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values."""
+        if option is not None:
+            kw[option] = None
+        return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, "column", column)
+
+
+    def delete(self, *items):
+        """Delete all specified items and all their descendants. The root
+        item may not be deleted."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "delete", items)
+
+
+    def detach(self, *items):
+        """Unlinks all of the specified items from the tree.
+
+        The items and all of their descendants are still present, and may
+        be reinserted at another point in the tree, but will not be
+        displayed. The root item may not be detached."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "detach", items)
+
+
+    def exists(self, item):
+        """Returns True if the specified item is present in the tree,
+        False otherwise."""
+        return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, "exists", item))
+
+
+    def focus(self, item=None):
+        """If item is specified, sets the focus item to item. Otherwise,
+        returns the current focus item, or '' if there is none."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "focus", item)
+
+
+    def heading(self, column, option=None, **kw):
+        """Query or modify the heading options for the specified column.
+
+        If kw is not given, returns a dict of the heading option values. If
+        option is specified then the value for that option is returned.
+        Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding values.
+
+        Valid options/values are:
+            text: text
+                The text to display in the column heading
+            image: image_name
+                Specifies an image to display to the right of the column
+                heading
+            anchor: anchor
+                Specifies how the heading text should be aligned. One of
+                the standard Tk anchor values
+            command: callback
+                A callback to be invoked when the heading label is
+                pressed.
+
+        To configure the tree column heading, call this with column = "#0" """
+        cmd = kw.get('command')
+        if cmd and not isinstance(cmd, str):
+            # callback not registered yet, do it now
+            kw['command'] = self.master.register(cmd, self._substitute)
+
+        if option is not None:
+            kw[option] = None
+
+        return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, 'heading', column)
+
+
+    def identify(self, component, x, y):
+        """Returns a description of the specified component under the
+        point given by x and y, or the empty string if no such component
+        is present at that position."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "identify", component, x, y)
+
+
+    def identify_row(self, y):
+        """Returns the item ID of the item at position y."""
+        return self.identify("row", 0, y)
+
+
+    def identify_column(self, x):
+        """Returns the data column identifier of the cell at position x.
+
+        The tree column has ID #0."""
+        return self.identify("column", x, 0)
+
+
+    def identify_region(self, x, y):
+        """Returns one of:
+
+        heading: Tree heading area.
+        separator: Space between two columns headings;
+        tree: The tree area.
+        cell: A data cell.
+
+        * Availability: Tk 8.6"""
+        return self.identify("region", x, y)
+
+
+    def identify_element(self, x, y):
+        """Returns the element at position x, y.
+
+        * Availability: Tk 8.6"""
+        return self.identify("element", x, y)
+
+
+    def index(self, item):
+        """Returns the integer index of item within its parent's list
+        of children."""
+        return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, "index", item))
+
+
+    def insert(self, parent, index, iid=None, **kw):
+        """Creates a new item and return the item identifier of the newly
+        created item.
+
+        parent is the item ID of the parent item, or the empty string
+        to create a new top-level item. index is an integer, or the value
+        end, specifying where in the list of parent's children to insert
+        the new item. If index is less than or equal to zero, the new node
+        is inserted at the beginning, if index is greater than or equal to
+        the current number of children, it is inserted at the end. If iid
+        is specified, it is used as the item identifier, iid must not
+        already exist in the tree. Otherwise, a new unique identifier
+        is generated."""
+        opts = _format_optdict(kw)
+        if iid is not None:
+            res = self.tk.call(self._w, "insert", parent, index,
+                "-id", iid, *opts)
+        else:
+            res = self.tk.call(self._w, "insert", parent, index, *opts)
+
+        return res
+
+
+    def item(self, item, option=None, **kw):
+        """Query or modify the options for the specified item.
+
+        If no options are given, a dict with options/values for the item
+        is returned. If option is specified then the value for that option
+        is returned. Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding
+        values as given by kw."""
+        if option is not None:
+            kw[option] = None
+        return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, "item", item)
+
+
+    def move(self, item, parent, index):
+        """Moves item to position index in parent's list of children.
+
+        It is illegal to move an item under one of its descendants. If
+        index is less than or equal to zero, item is moved to the
+        beginning, if greater than or equal to the number of children,
+        it is moved to the end. If item was detached it is reattached."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "move", item, parent, index)
+
+    reattach = move # A sensible method name for reattaching detached items
+
+
+    def next(self, item):
+        """Returns the identifier of item's next sibling, or '' if item
+        is the last child of its parent."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "next", item)
+
+
+    def parent(self, item):
+        """Returns the ID of the parent of item, or '' if item is at the
+        top level of the hierarchy."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "parent", item)
+
+
+    def prev(self, item):
+        """Returns the identifier of item's previous sibling, or '' if
+        item is the first child of its parent."""
+        return self.tk.call(self._w, "prev", item)
+
+
+    def see(self, item):
+        """Ensure that item is visible.
+
+        Sets all of item's ancestors open option to True, and scrolls
+        the widget if necessary so that item is within the visible
+        portion of the tree."""
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "see", item)
+
+
+    def selection(self):
+        """Returns the tuple of selected items."""
+        return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, "selection"))
+
+
+    def _selection(self, selop, items):
+        if len(items) == 1 and isinstance(items[0], (tuple, list)):
+            items = items[0]
+
+        self.tk.call(self._w, "selection", selop, items)
+
+
+    def selection_set(self, *items):
+        """The specified items becomes the new selection."""
+        self._selection("set", items)
+
+
+    def selection_add(self, *items):
+        """Add all of the specified items to the selection."""
+        self._selection("add", items)
+
+
+    def selection_remove(self, *items):
+        """Remove all of the specified items from the selection."""
+        self._selection("remove", items)
+
+
+    def selection_toggle(self, *items):
+        """Toggle the selection state of each specified item."""
+        self._selection("toggle", items)
+
+
+    def set(self, item, column=None, value=None):
+        """Query or set the value of given item.
+
+        With one argument, return a dictionary of column/value pairs
+        for the specified item. With two arguments, return the current
+        value of the specified column. With three arguments, set the
+        value of given column in given item to the specified value."""
+        res = self.tk.call(self._w, "set", item, column, value)
+        if column is None and value is None:
+            return _splitdict(self.tk, res,
+                              cut_minus=False, conv=_tclobj_to_py)
+        else:
+            return res
+
+
+    def tag_bind(self, tagname, sequence=None, callback=None):
+        """Bind a callback for the given event sequence to the tag tagname.
+        When an event is delivered to an item, the callbacks for each
+        of the item's tags option are called."""
+        self._bind((self._w, "tag", "bind", tagname), sequence, callback, add=0)
+
+
+    def tag_configure(self, tagname, option=None, **kw):
+        """Query or modify the options for the specified tagname.
+
+        If kw is not given, returns a dict of the option settings for tagname.
+        If option is specified, returns the value for that option for the
+        specified tagname. Otherwise, sets the options to the corresponding
+        values for the given tagname."""
+        if option is not None:
+            kw[option] = None
+        return _val_or_dict(self.tk, kw, self._w, "tag", "configure",
+            tagname)
+
+
+    def tag_has(self, tagname, item=None):
+        """If item is specified, returns 1 or 0 depending on whether the
+        specified item has the given tagname. Otherwise, returns a list of
+        all items which have the specified tag.
+
+        * Availability: Tk 8.6"""
+        if item is None:
+            return self.tk.splitlist(
+                self.tk.call(self._w, "tag", "has", tagname))
+        else:
+            return self.tk.getboolean(
+                self.tk.call(self._w, "tag", "has", tagname, item))
+
+
+# Extensions
+
+class LabeledScale(Frame):
+    """A Ttk Scale widget with a Ttk Label widget indicating its
+    current value.
+
+    The Ttk Scale can be accessed through instance.scale, and Ttk Label
+    can be accessed through instance.label"""
+
+    def __init__(self, master=None, variable=None, from_=0, to=10, **kw):
+        """Construct a horizontal LabeledScale with parent master, a
+        variable to be associated with the Ttk Scale widget and its range.
+        If variable is not specified, a tkinter.IntVar is created.
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            compound: 'top' or 'bottom'
+                Specifies how to display the label relative to the scale.
+                Defaults to 'top'.
+        """
+        self._label_top = kw.pop('compound', 'top') == 'top'
+
+        Frame.__init__(self, master, **kw)
+        self._variable = variable or tkinter.IntVar(master)
+        self._variable.set(from_)
+        self._last_valid = from_
+
+        self.label = Label(self)
+        self.scale = Scale(self, variable=self._variable, from_=from_, to=to)
+        self.scale.bind('<<RangeChanged>>', self._adjust)
+
+        # position scale and label according to the compound option
+        scale_side = 'bottom' if self._label_top else 'top'
+        label_side = 'top' if scale_side == 'bottom' else 'bottom'
+        self.scale.pack(side=scale_side, fill='x')
+        # Dummy required to make frame correct height
+        dummy = Label(self)
+        dummy.pack(side=label_side)
+        dummy.lower()
+        self.label.place(anchor='n' if label_side == 'top' else 's')
+
+        # update the label as scale or variable changes
+        self.__tracecb = self._variable.trace_add('write', self._adjust)
+        self.bind('<Configure>', self._adjust)
+        self.bind('<Map>', self._adjust)
+
+
+    def destroy(self):
+        """Destroy this widget and possibly its associated variable."""
+        try:
+            self._variable.trace_remove('write', self.__tracecb)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            del self._variable
+        super().destroy()
+        self.label = None
+        self.scale = None
+
+
+    def _adjust(self, *args):
+        """Adjust the label position according to the scale."""
+        def adjust_label():
+            self.update_idletasks() # "force" scale redraw
+
+            x, y = self.scale.coords()
+            if self._label_top:
+                y = self.scale.winfo_y() - self.label.winfo_reqheight()
+            else:
+                y = self.scale.winfo_reqheight() + self.label.winfo_reqheight()
+
+            self.label.place_configure(x=x, y=y)
+
+        from_ = _to_number(self.scale['from'])
+        to = _to_number(self.scale['to'])
+        if to < from_:
+            from_, to = to, from_
+        newval = self._variable.get()
+        if not from_ <= newval <= to:
+            # value outside range, set value back to the last valid one
+            self.value = self._last_valid
+            return
+
+        self._last_valid = newval
+        self.label['text'] = newval
+        self.after_idle(adjust_label)
+
+    @property
+    def value(self):
+        """Return current scale value."""
+        return self._variable.get()
+
+    @value.setter
+    def value(self, val):
+        """Set new scale value."""
+        self._variable.set(val)
+
+
+class OptionMenu(Menubutton):
+    """Themed OptionMenu, based after tkinter's OptionMenu, which allows
+    the user to select a value from a menu."""
+
+    def __init__(self, master, variable, default=None, *values, **kwargs):
+        """Construct a themed OptionMenu widget with master as the parent,
+        the resource textvariable set to variable, the initially selected
+        value specified by the default parameter, the menu values given by
+        *values and additional keywords.
+
+        WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
+
+            style: stylename
+                Menubutton style.
+            direction: 'above', 'below', 'left', 'right', or 'flush'
+                Menubutton direction.
+            command: callback
+                A callback that will be invoked after selecting an item.
+        """
+        kw = {'textvariable': variable, 'style': kwargs.pop('style', None),
+              'direction': kwargs.pop('direction', None)}
+        Menubutton.__init__(self, master, **kw)
+        self['menu'] = tkinter.Menu(self, tearoff=False)
+
+        self._variable = variable
+        self._callback = kwargs.pop('command', None)
+        if kwargs:
+            raise tkinter.TclError('unknown option -%s' % (
+                next(iter(kwargs.keys()))))
+
+        self.set_menu(default, *values)
+
+
+    def __getitem__(self, item):
+        if item == 'menu':
+            return self.nametowidget(Menubutton.__getitem__(self, item))
+
+        return Menubutton.__getitem__(self, item)
+
+
+    def set_menu(self, default=None, *values):
+        """Build a new menu of radiobuttons with *values and optionally
+        a default value."""
+        menu = self['menu']
+        menu.delete(0, 'end')
+        for val in values:
+            menu.add_radiobutton(label=val,
+                command=(
+                    None if self._callback is None
+                    else lambda val=val: self._callback(val)
+                ),
+                variable=self._variable)
+
+        if default:
+            self._variable.set(default)
+
+
+    def destroy(self):
+        """Destroy this widget and its associated variable."""
+        try:
+            del self._variable
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        super().destroy()
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index d7552844be..b46fb16b8f 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ bz2 = ["bzip2"]
 sqlite = ["dep:libsqlite3-sys"]
 ssl = ["openssl", "openssl-sys", "foreign-types-shared", "openssl-probe"]
 ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "openssl/vendored"]
+tkinter = ["dep:tk", "dep:tcl"]
 
 [dependencies]
 # rustpython crates
@@ -83,6 +84,10 @@ flate2 = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, features = ["zlib-rs"] }
 libz-sys = { package = "libz-rs-sys", version = "0.4" }
 bzip2 = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 
+# tkinter
+tk = { version = "0.1.10", optional = true }
+tcl = { version = "0.1.9", optional = true }
+
 # uuid
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "android", target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "redox")))'.dependencies]
 mac_address = "1.1.3"
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 33eb114f0a..9ee8e3e81d 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -80,6 +80,9 @@ mod termios;
 )))]
 mod uuid;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "tkinter")]
+mod tkinter;
+
 use rustpython_common as common;
 use rustpython_vm as vm;
 
@@ -192,5 +195,9 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
         {
             "_locale" => locale::make_module,
         }
+        #[cfg(feature = "tkinter")]
+        {
+            "_tkinter" => tkinter::make_module,
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs b/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d14c9f38c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+pub(crate) use self::_tkinter::make_module;
+
+#[pymodule]
+mod _tkinter {
+    use crate::builtins::PyTypeRef;
+    use rustpython_vm::function::{Either, FuncArgs};
+    use rustpython_vm::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, function::OptionalArg};
+
+    use crate::common::lock::PyRwLock;
+    use std::sync::Arc;
+    use tk::cmd::*;
+    use tk::*;
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    const TK_VERSION: &str = "8.6";
+    #[pyattr]
+    const TCL_VERSION: &str = "8.6";
+    #[pyattr]
+    const READABLE: i32 = 2;
+    #[pyattr]
+    const WRITABLE: i32 = 4;
+    #[pyattr]
+    const EXCEPTION: i32 = 8;
+
+    fn demo() -> tk::TkResult<()> {
+        let tk = make_tk!()?;
+        let root = tk.root();
+        root.add_label(-text("constructs widgets and layout step by step"))?
+            .pack(())?;
+        let f = root.add_frame(())?.pack(())?;
+        let _btn = f
+            .add_button("btn" - text("quit") - command("destroy ."))?
+            .pack(())?;
+        Ok(main_loop())
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr(once, name = "TclError")]
+    fn tcl_error(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_exception_type(
+            "zlib",
+            "TclError",
+            Some(vec![vm.ctx.exceptions.exception_type.to_owned()]),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn create(args: FuncArgs, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<TkApp> {
+        // TODO: handle arguements
+        // TODO: this means creating 2 tk instances is not possible.
+        let tk = Tk::new(()).unwrap();
+        Ok(TkApp {
+            tk: Arc::new(PyRwLock::new(tk)),
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "tkapp")]
+    #[derive(PyPayload)]
+    struct TkApp {
+        tk: Arc<PyRwLock<tk::Tk<()>>>,
+    }
+
+    unsafe impl Send for TkApp {}
+
+    unsafe impl Sync for TkApp {}
+
+    impl std::fmt::Debug for TkApp {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            f.debug_struct("TkApp").finish()
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass]
+    impl TkApp {
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn getvar(&self, name: &str) -> PyResult<String> {
+            let tk = self.tk.read().unwrap();
+            Ok(tk.getvar(name).unwrap())
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn createcommand(&self, name: String, callback: PyObjectRef) {}
+    }
+}

From 01d470ff77540298821c75d3f98bc79b3536b4d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Mar 2025 17:09:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 514/705] _ctypes pt. 4 (#5582)

* correct error type when symbol is not found

* restype get/set

* base of PyCSimple for PyCArray

* PyCSimple::to_arg

* par down ctypes

* nt._LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DEFAULT_DIRS

* arguments for ctypes function

* force failure to import ctypes
---
 Lib/ctypes/__init__.py                  |  23 +++--
 extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py |  63 +++++++++++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs                 |  68 ++++++++++++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs           | 110 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs            |  60 +++++++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs        |  70 ++++++++++++---
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs                     |   3 +
 7 files changed, 368 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py b/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py
index 2e9d4c5e72..b8b005061f 100644
--- a/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/ctypes/__init__.py
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@
      FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO as _FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO, \
      FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR as _FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR
 
+# TODO: RUSTPYTHON remove this
+from _ctypes import _non_existing_function
+
 # WINOLEAPI -> HRESULT
 # WINOLEAPI_(type)
 #
@@ -296,7 +299,9 @@ def create_unicode_buffer(init, size=None):
         return buf
     elif isinstance(init, int):
         _sys.audit("ctypes.create_unicode_buffer", None, init)
-        buftype = c_wchar * init
+        # XXX: RUSTPYTHON
+        # buftype = c_wchar * init
+        buftype = c_wchar.__mul__(init)
         buf = buftype()
         return buf
     raise TypeError(init)
@@ -495,14 +500,15 @@ def WinError(code=None, descr=None):
     c_ssize_t = c_longlong
 
 # functions
-
 from _ctypes import _memmove_addr, _memset_addr, _string_at_addr, _cast_addr
 
 ## void *memmove(void *, const void *, size_t);
-memmove = CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p, c_size_t)(_memmove_addr)
+# XXX: RUSTPYTHON
+# memmove = CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p, c_size_t)(_memmove_addr)
 
 ## void *memset(void *, int, size_t)
-memset = CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_void_p, c_int, c_size_t)(_memset_addr)
+# XXX: RUSTPYTHON
+# memset = CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_void_p, c_int, c_size_t)(_memset_addr)
 
 def PYFUNCTYPE(restype, *argtypes):
     class CFunctionType(_CFuncPtr):
@@ -511,11 +517,13 @@ class CFunctionType(_CFuncPtr):
         _flags_ = _FUNCFLAG_CDECL | _FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI
     return CFunctionType
 
-_cast = PYFUNCTYPE(py_object, c_void_p, py_object, py_object)(_cast_addr)
+# XXX: RUSTPYTHON
+# _cast = PYFUNCTYPE(py_object, c_void_p, py_object, py_object)(_cast_addr)
 def cast(obj, typ):
     return _cast(obj, obj, typ)
 
-_string_at = PYFUNCTYPE(py_object, c_void_p, c_int)(_string_at_addr)
+# XXX: RUSTPYTHON
+# _string_at = PYFUNCTYPE(py_object, c_void_p, c_int)(_string_at_addr)
 def string_at(ptr, size=-1):
     """string_at(addr[, size]) -> string
 
@@ -527,7 +535,8 @@ def string_at(ptr, size=-1):
 except ImportError:
     pass
 else:
-    _wstring_at = PYFUNCTYPE(py_object, c_void_p, c_int)(_wstring_at_addr)
+    # XXX: RUSTPYTHON
+    # _wstring_at = PYFUNCTYPE(py_object, c_void_p, c_int)(_wstring_at_addr)
     def wstring_at(ptr, size=-1):
         """wstring_at(addr[, size]) -> string
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
index c5c563a48e..2108ce41a4 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
@@ -33,13 +33,16 @@ def create_string_buffer(init, size=None):
         if size is None:
             size = len(init)+1
         _sys.audit("ctypes.create_string_buffer", init, size)
-        buftype = c_char * size
+        buftype = c_char.__mul__(size)
+        print(type(c_char.__mul__(size)))
+        # buftype = c_char * size
         buf = buftype()
         buf.value = init
         return buf
     elif isinstance(init, int):
         _sys.audit("ctypes.create_string_buffer", None, init)
-        buftype = c_char * init
+        buftype = c_char.__mul__(init)
+        # buftype = c_char * init
         buf = buftype()
         return buf
     raise TypeError(init)
@@ -260,8 +263,62 @@ def LoadLibrary(self, name):
 
 cdll = LibraryLoader(CDLL)
 
+test_byte_array = create_string_buffer(b"Hello, World!\n")
+assert test_byte_array._length_ == 15
+
 if _os.name == "posix" or _sys.platform == "darwin":
     pass
 else:
+    import os
+
     libc = cdll.msvcrt
-    print("rand", libc.rand())
+    libc.rand()
+    i = c_int(1)
+    print("start srand")
+    print(libc.srand(i))
+    print(test_byte_array)
+    print(test_byte_array._type_)
+    # print("start printf")
+    # libc.printf(test_byte_array)
+
+    # windows pip support
+
+    def get_win_folder_via_ctypes(csidl_name: str) -> str:
+        """Get folder with ctypes."""
+        # There is no 'CSIDL_DOWNLOADS'.
+        # Use 'CSIDL_PROFILE' (40) and append the default folder 'Downloads' instead.
+        # https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/shell/knownfolderid
+
+        import ctypes  # noqa: PLC0415
+
+        csidl_const = {
+            "CSIDL_APPDATA": 26,
+            "CSIDL_COMMON_APPDATA": 35,
+            "CSIDL_LOCAL_APPDATA": 28,
+            "CSIDL_PERSONAL": 5,
+            "CSIDL_MYPICTURES": 39,
+            "CSIDL_MYVIDEO": 14,
+            "CSIDL_MYMUSIC": 13,
+            "CSIDL_DOWNLOADS": 40,
+            "CSIDL_DESKTOPDIRECTORY": 16,
+        }.get(csidl_name)
+        if csidl_const is None:
+            msg = f"Unknown CSIDL name: {csidl_name}"
+            raise ValueError(msg)
+
+        buf = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(1024)
+        windll = getattr(ctypes, "windll")  # noqa: B009 # using getattr to avoid false positive with mypy type checker
+        windll.shell32.SHGetFolderPathW(None, csidl_const, None, 0, buf)
+
+        # Downgrade to short path name if it has high-bit chars.
+        if any(ord(c) > 255 for c in buf):  # noqa: PLR2004
+            buf2 = ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(1024)
+            if windll.kernel32.GetShortPathNameW(buf.value, buf2, 1024):
+                buf = buf2
+
+        if csidl_name == "CSIDL_DOWNLOADS":
+            return os.path.join(buf.value, "Downloads")  # noqa: PTH118
+
+        return buf.value
+
+    # print(get_win_folder_via_ctypes("CSIDL_DOWNLOADS"))
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
index 99866bae70..b6fd150889 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ pub fn extend_module_nodes(vm: &VirtualMachine, module: &Py<PyModule>) {
     extend_module!(vm, module, {
         "_CData" => PyCData::make_class(ctx),
         "_SimpleCData" => PyCSimple::make_class(ctx),
+        "ArrayType" => array::PyCArrayType::make_class(ctx),
         "Array" => array::PyCArray::make_class(ctx),
         "CFuncPtr" => function::PyCFuncPtr::make_class(ctx),
         "_Pointer" => pointer::PyCPointer::make_class(ctx),
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
     use super::base::PyCSimple;
     use crate::builtins::PyTypeRef;
     use crate::class::StaticType;
-    use crate::function::{Either, OptionalArg};
+    use crate::function::{Either, FuncArgs, OptionalArg};
     use crate::stdlib::ctypes::library;
     use crate::{AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine};
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
@@ -124,11 +125,12 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
             "d" | "g" => mem::size_of::<c_double>(),
             "?" | "B" => mem::size_of::<c_uchar>(),
             "P" | "z" | "Z" => mem::size_of::<usize>(),
+            "O" => mem::size_of::<PyObjectRef>(),
             _ => unreachable!(),
         }
     }
 
-    const SIMPLE_TYPE_CHARS: &str = "cbBhHiIlLdfguzZPqQ?";
+    const SIMPLE_TYPE_CHARS: &str = "cbBhHiIlLdfguzZPqQ?O";
 
     pub fn new_simple_type(
         cls: Either<&PyObjectRef, &PyTypeRef>,
@@ -218,9 +220,14 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
     #[pyfunction(name = "POINTER")]
     pub fn pointer(_cls: PyTypeRef) {}
 
-    #[pyfunction]
+    #[pyfunction(name = "pointer")]
     pub fn pointer_fn(_inst: PyObjectRef) {}
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn _pointer_type_cache() -> PyObjectRef {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
     #[cfg(target_os = "windows")]
     #[pyfunction(name = "_check_HRESULT")]
     pub fn check_hresult(_self: PyObjectRef, hr: i32, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<i32> {
@@ -243,6 +250,24 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
         }
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn byref(_args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+        Err(vm.new_value_error("not implemented".to_string()))
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn alignment(_args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+        Err(vm.new_value_error("not implemented".to_string()))
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn resize(_args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+        Err(vm.new_value_error("not implemented".to_string()))
+    }
+
     #[pyfunction]
     fn get_errno() -> i32 {
         errno::errno().0
@@ -252,4 +277,41 @@ pub(crate) mod _ctypes {
     fn set_errno(value: i32) {
         errno::set_errno(errno::Errno(value));
     }
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn get_last_error() -> PyResult<u32> {
+        Ok(unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::GetLastError() })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn set_last_error(value: u32) -> PyResult<()> {
+        unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::Foundation::SetLastError(value) };
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn _memmove_addr(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+        let f = libc::memmove;
+        f as usize
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn _memset_addr(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+        let f = libc::memset;
+        f as usize
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn _string_at_addr(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+        let f = libc::strnlen;
+        f as usize
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    fn _cast_addr(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> usize {
+        // TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+        0
+    }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs
index 8b023582c9..44d237cd7e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,107 @@
-#[pyclass(name = "Array", module = "_ctypes")]
-pub struct PyCArray {}
+use crate::builtins::PyBytes;
+use crate::types::Callable;
+use crate::{Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload};
+use crate::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyTypeRef, types::Constructor};
+use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
+use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
+use rustpython_vm::stdlib::ctypes::base::PyCSimple;
 
-#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE, IMMUTABLETYPE))]
-impl PyCArray {}
+// TODO: make it metaclass
+#[pyclass(name = "ArrayType", module = "_ctypes")]
+#[derive(PyPayload)]
+pub struct PyCArrayType {
+    pub(super) inner: PyCArray,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for PyCArrayType {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("PyCArrayType")
+            .field("inner", &self.inner)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Callable for PyCArrayType {
+    type Args = ();
+    fn call(zelf: &Py<Self>, _args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        Ok(PyCArray {
+            typ: PyRwLock::new(zelf.inner.typ.read().clone()),
+            length: AtomicCell::new(zelf.inner.length.load()),
+            value: PyRwLock::new(zelf.inner.value.read().clone()),
+        }
+        .into_pyobject(vm))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Constructor for PyCArrayType {
+    type Args = PyObjectRef;
+
+    fn py_new(_cls: PyTypeRef, _args: Self::Args, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        unreachable!()
+    }
+}
+
+#[pyclass(flags(IMMUTABLETYPE), with(Callable, Constructor))]
+impl PyCArrayType {}
+
+#[pyclass(name = "Array", base = "PyCSimple", module = "_ctypes")]
+#[derive(PyPayload)]
+pub struct PyCArray {
+    pub(super) typ: PyRwLock<PyTypeRef>,
+    pub(super) length: AtomicCell<usize>,
+    pub(super) value: PyRwLock<PyObjectRef>,
+}
+
+impl std::fmt::Debug for PyCArray {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("PyCArray")
+            .field("typ", &self.typ)
+            .field("length", &self.length)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Constructor for PyCArray {
+    type Args = (PyTypeRef, usize);
+
+    fn py_new(_cls: PyTypeRef, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        Ok(Self {
+            typ: PyRwLock::new(args.0),
+            length: AtomicCell::new(args.1),
+            value: PyRwLock::new(vm.ctx.none()),
+        }
+        .into_pyobject(vm))
+    }
+}
+
+#[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE, IMMUTABLETYPE), with(Constructor))]
+impl PyCArray {
+    #[pygetset(name = "_type_")]
+    fn typ(&self) -> PyTypeRef {
+        self.typ.read().clone()
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(name = "_length_")]
+    fn length(&self) -> usize {
+        self.length.load()
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset]
+    fn value(&self) -> PyObjectRef {
+        self.value.read().clone()
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(setter)]
+    fn set_value(&self, value: PyObjectRef) {
+        *self.value.write() = value;
+    }
+}
+
+impl PyCArray {
+    pub fn to_arg(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<libffi::middle::Arg> {
+        let value = self.value.read();
+        let py_bytes = value.payload::<PyBytes>().unwrap();
+        let bytes = py_bytes.as_ref().to_vec();
+        Ok(libffi::middle::Arg::new(&bytes))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
index 5c5396be29..d07ccba30b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use super::array::{PyCArray, PyCArrayType};
 use crate::builtins::PyType;
 use crate::builtins::{PyBytes, PyFloat, PyInt, PyNone, PyStr, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::convert::ToPyObject;
@@ -246,4 +247,63 @@ impl PyCSimple {
         zelf.value.store(content);
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    #[pyclassmethod]
+    fn repeat(cls: PyTypeRef, n: isize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        if n < 0 {
+            return Err(vm.new_value_error(format!("Array length must be >= 0, not {}", n)));
+        }
+        Ok(PyCArrayType {
+            inner: PyCArray {
+                typ: PyRwLock::new(cls),
+                length: AtomicCell::new(n as usize),
+                value: PyRwLock::new(vm.ctx.none()),
+            },
+        }
+        .to_pyobject(vm))
+    }
+
+    #[pyclassmethod(magic)]
+    fn mul(cls: PyTypeRef, n: isize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        PyCSimple::repeat(cls, n, vm)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PyCSimple {
+    pub fn to_arg(
+        &self,
+        ty: libffi::middle::Type,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> Option<libffi::middle::Arg> {
+        let value = unsafe { (*self.value.as_ptr()).clone() };
+        if let Ok(i) = value.try_int(vm) {
+            let i = i.as_bigint();
+            if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::u8().as_raw_ptr() {
+                return i.to_u8().map(|r: u8| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
+            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::i8().as_raw_ptr() {
+                return i.to_i8().map(|r: i8| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
+            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::u16().as_raw_ptr() {
+                return i.to_u16().map(|r: u16| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
+            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::i16().as_raw_ptr() {
+                return i.to_i16().map(|r: i16| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
+            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::u32().as_raw_ptr() {
+                return i.to_u32().map(|r: u32| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
+            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::i32().as_raw_ptr() {
+                return i.to_i32().map(|r: i32| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
+            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::u64().as_raw_ptr() {
+                return i.to_u64().map(|r: u64| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
+            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::i64().as_raw_ptr() {
+                return i.to_i64().map(|r: i64| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
+            } else {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        if let Ok(_f) = value.try_float(vm) {
+            todo!();
+        }
+        if let Ok(_b) = value.try_to_bool(vm) {
+            todo!();
+        }
+        None
+    }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
index 7d8dc0386a..c1c1230e03 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use crate::builtins::{PyStr, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::convert::ToPyObject;
 use crate::function::FuncArgs;
 use crate::stdlib::ctypes::PyCData;
+use crate::stdlib::ctypes::array::PyCArray;
 use crate::stdlib::ctypes::base::{PyCSimple, ffi_type_from_str};
 use crate::types::{Callable, Constructor};
 use crate::{Py, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct Function {
+    args: Vec<Type>,
     // TODO: no protection from use-after-free
     pointer: CodePtr,
     cif: Cif,
@@ -38,8 +40,36 @@ impl Function {
         let args = args
             .iter()
             .map(|arg| {
-                if let Some(data) = arg.downcast_ref::<PyCSimple>() {
-                    Ok(ffi_type_from_str(&data._type_).unwrap())
+                if let Some(arg) = arg.payload_if_subclass::<PyCSimple>(vm) {
+                    let converted = ffi_type_from_str(&arg._type_);
+                    return match converted {
+                        Some(t) => Ok(t),
+                        None => Err(vm.new_type_error("Invalid type".to_string())), // TODO: add type name
+                    };
+                }
+                if let Some(arg) = arg.payload_if_subclass::<PyCArray>(vm) {
+                    let t = arg.typ.read();
+                    let ty_attributes = t.attributes.read();
+                    let ty_pystr =
+                        ty_attributes
+                            .get(vm.ctx.intern_str("_type_"))
+                            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                                vm.new_type_error("Expected a ctypes simple type".to_string())
+                            })?;
+                    let ty_str = ty_pystr
+                        .downcast_ref::<PyStr>()
+                        .ok_or_else(|| {
+                            vm.new_type_error("Expected a ctypes simple type".to_string())
+                        })?
+                        .to_string();
+                    let converted = ffi_type_from_str(&ty_str);
+                    match converted {
+                        Some(_t) => {
+                            // TODO: Use
+                            Ok(Type::void())
+                        }
+                        None => Err(vm.new_type_error("Invalid type".to_string())), // TODO: add type name
+                    }
                 } else {
                     Err(vm.new_type_error("Expected a ctypes simple type".to_string()))
                 }
@@ -50,7 +80,7 @@ impl Function {
             library
                 .get(terminated.as_bytes())
                 .map_err(|err| err.to_string())
-                .map_err(|err| vm.new_value_error(err))?
+                .map_err(|err| vm.new_attribute_error(err))?
         };
         let code_ptr = CodePtr(*pointer as *mut _);
         let return_type = match ret_type {
@@ -60,8 +90,9 @@ impl Function {
             }
             None => Type::c_int(),
         };
-        let cif = Cif::new(args, return_type);
+        let cif = Cif::new(args.clone(), return_type);
         Ok(Function {
+            args,
             cif,
             pointer: code_ptr,
         })
@@ -74,16 +105,19 @@ impl Function {
     ) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
         let args = args
             .into_iter()
-            .map(|arg| {
-                if let Some(data) = arg.downcast_ref::<PyCSimple>() {
-                    dbg!(&data);
-                    todo!("HANDLE ARGUMENTS")
-                } else {
-                    Err(vm.new_type_error("Expected a ctypes simple type".to_string()))
+            .enumerate()
+            .map(|(count, arg)| {
+                // none type check
+                if let Some(d) = arg.payload_if_subclass::<PyCSimple>(vm) {
+                    return Ok(d.to_arg(self.args[count].clone(), vm).unwrap());
+                }
+                if let Some(d) = arg.payload_if_subclass::<PyCArray>(vm) {
+                    return Ok(d.to_arg(vm).unwrap());
                 }
+                Err(vm.new_type_error("Expected a ctypes simple type".to_string()))
             })
             .collect::<PyResult<Vec<Arg>>>()?;
-        // TODO: FIX return type
+        // TODO: FIX return
         let result: i32 = unsafe { self.cif.call(self.pointer, &args) };
         Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(result).into())
     }
@@ -151,7 +185,9 @@ impl Callable for PyCFuncPtr {
             let name = zelf.name.read();
             let res_type = zelf._restype_.read();
             let func = Function::load(
-                inner_lib.as_ref().unwrap(),
+                inner_lib
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_value_error("Library not found".to_string()))?,
                 &name,
                 &args.args,
                 &res_type,
@@ -173,4 +209,14 @@ impl PyCFuncPtr {
     fn set_name(&self, name: String) {
         *self.name.write() = name;
     }
+
+    #[pygetset(name = "_restype_")]
+    fn restype(&self) -> Option<PyTypeRef> {
+        self._restype_.read().as_ref().cloned()
+    }
+
+    #[pygetset(name = "_restype_", setter)]
+    fn set_restype(&self, restype: PyTypeRef) {
+        *self._restype_.write() = Some(restype);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index ecc63e0aa6..48f1ab668b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
     #[pyattr]
     use libc::{O_BINARY, O_TEMPORARY};
 
+    #[pyattr]
+    const _LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DEFAULT_DIRS: i32 = 4096;
+
     #[pyfunction]
     pub(super) fn access(path: OsPath, mode: u8, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
         let attr = unsafe { FileSystem::GetFileAttributesW(path.to_widecstring(vm)?.as_ptr()) };

From e3a1031081ffa2b2e3c4a09c531d726b1b0e9d28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Mar 2025 11:37:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 515/705] Refactor cformat in prep for wtf8

---
 common/src/cformat.rs  | 570 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 common/src/format.rs   |   9 +-
 vm/src/anystr.rs       |   7 -
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs |   8 +-
 vm/src/bytesinner.rs   |   4 -
 vm/src/cformat.rs      | 159 ++++++------
 vm/src/dictdatatype.rs |  71 ++++-
 7 files changed, 463 insertions(+), 365 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/cformat.rs b/common/src/cformat.rs
index cd282eb4cb..94762aceab 100644
--- a/common/src/cformat.rs
+++ b/common/src/cformat.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 //! Implementation of Printf-Style string formatting
 //! as per the [Python Docs](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting).
 use bitflags::bitflags;
+use itertools::Itertools;
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
 use num_traits::Signed;
 use rustpython_literal::{float, format::Case};
@@ -48,29 +49,64 @@ impl fmt::Display for CFormatError {
 
 pub type CFormatConversion = super::format::FormatConversion;
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(u8)]
 pub enum CNumberType {
-    Decimal,
-    Octal,
-    Hex(Case),
+    DecimalD = b'd',
+    DecimalI = b'i',
+    DecimalU = b'u',
+    Octal = b'o',
+    HexLower = b'x',
+    HexUpper = b'X',
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(u8)]
 pub enum CFloatType {
-    Exponent(Case),
-    PointDecimal(Case),
-    General(Case),
+    ExponentLower = b'e',
+    ExponentUpper = b'E',
+    PointDecimalLower = b'f',
+    PointDecimalUpper = b'F',
+    GeneralLower = b'g',
+    GeneralUpper = b'G',
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+impl CFloatType {
+    fn case(self) -> Case {
+        use CFloatType::*;
+        match self {
+            ExponentLower | PointDecimalLower | GeneralLower => Case::Lower,
+            ExponentUpper | PointDecimalUpper | GeneralUpper => Case::Upper,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
+#[repr(u8)]
+pub enum CCharacterType {
+    Character = b'c',
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum CFormatType {
     Number(CNumberType),
     Float(CFloatType),
-    Character,
+    Character(CCharacterType),
     String(CFormatConversion),
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+impl CFormatType {
+    pub fn to_char(self) -> char {
+        match self {
+            CFormatType::Number(x) => x as u8 as char,
+            CFormatType::Float(x) => x as u8 as char,
+            CFormatType::Character(x) => x as u8 as char,
+            CFormatType::String(x) => x as u8 as char,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum CFormatPrecision {
     Quantity(CFormatQuantity),
     Dot,
@@ -106,73 +142,151 @@ impl CConversionFlags {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum CFormatQuantity {
     Amount(usize),
     FromValuesTuple,
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub trait FormatBuf:
+    Extend<Self::Char> + Default + FromIterator<Self::Char> + From<String>
+{
+    type Char: FormatChar;
+    fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::Char>;
+    fn len(&self) -> usize;
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.len() == 0
+    }
+    fn concat(self, other: Self) -> Self;
+}
+
+pub trait FormatChar: Copy + Into<char> + From<u8> {
+    fn to_char_lossy(self) -> char;
+    fn eq_char(self, c: char) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl FormatBuf for String {
+    type Char = char;
+    fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::Char> {
+        (**self).chars()
+    }
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len()
+    }
+    fn concat(mut self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        self.extend([other]);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl FormatChar for char {
+    fn to_char_lossy(self) -> char {
+        self
+    }
+    fn eq_char(self, c: char) -> bool {
+        self == c
+    }
+}
+
+impl FormatBuf for Vec<u8> {
+    type Char = u8;
+    fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::Char> {
+        self.iter().copied()
+    }
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len()
+    }
+    fn concat(mut self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        self.extend(other);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl FormatChar for u8 {
+    fn to_char_lossy(self) -> char {
+        self.into()
+    }
+    fn eq_char(self, c: char) -> bool {
+        char::from(self) == c
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct CFormatSpec {
-    pub mapping_key: Option<String>,
     pub flags: CConversionFlags,
     pub min_field_width: Option<CFormatQuantity>,
     pub precision: Option<CFormatPrecision>,
     pub format_type: CFormatType,
-    pub format_char: char,
     // chars_consumed: usize,
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct CFormatSpecKeyed<T> {
+    pub mapping_key: Option<T>,
+    pub spec: CFormatSpec,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
 impl FromStr for CFormatSpec {
     type Err = ParsingError;
 
+    fn from_str(text: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        text.parse::<CFormatSpecKeyed<String>>()
+            .map(|CFormatSpecKeyed { mapping_key, spec }| {
+                assert!(mapping_key.is_none());
+                spec
+            })
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for CFormatSpecKeyed<String> {
+    type Err = ParsingError;
+
     fn from_str(text: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
         let mut chars = text.chars().enumerate().peekable();
         if chars.next().map(|x| x.1) != Some('%') {
             return Err((CFormatErrorType::MissingModuloSign, 1));
         }
 
-        CFormatSpec::parse(&mut chars)
+        Self::parse(&mut chars)
     }
 }
 
 pub type ParseIter<I> = Peekable<Enumerate<I>>;
 
-impl CFormatSpec {
-    pub fn parse<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Self, ParsingError>
+impl<T: FormatBuf> CFormatSpecKeyed<T> {
+    pub fn parse<I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Self, ParsingError>
     where
-        T: Into<char> + Copy,
-        I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+        I: Iterator<Item = T::Char>,
     {
         let mapping_key = parse_spec_mapping_key(iter)?;
         let flags = parse_flags(iter);
         let min_field_width = parse_quantity(iter)?;
         let precision = parse_precision(iter)?;
         consume_length(iter);
-        let (format_type, format_char) = parse_format_type(iter)?;
+        let format_type = parse_format_type(iter)?;
 
-        Ok(CFormatSpec {
-            mapping_key,
+        let spec = CFormatSpec {
             flags,
             min_field_width,
             precision,
             format_type,
-            format_char,
-        })
+        };
+        Ok(Self { mapping_key, spec })
     }
+}
 
-    fn compute_fill_string(fill_char: char, fill_chars_needed: usize) -> String {
-        (0..fill_chars_needed)
-            .map(|_| fill_char)
-            .collect::<String>()
+impl CFormatSpec {
+    fn compute_fill_string<T: FormatBuf>(fill_char: T::Char, fill_chars_needed: usize) -> T {
+        (0..fill_chars_needed).map(|_| fill_char).collect()
     }
 
-    fn fill_string(
+    fn fill_string<T: FormatBuf>(
         &self,
-        string: String,
-        fill_char: char,
+        string: T,
+        fill_char: T::Char,
         num_prefix_chars: Option<usize>,
-    ) -> String {
+    ) -> T {
         let mut num_chars = string.chars().count();
         if let Some(num_prefix_chars) = num_prefix_chars {
             num_chars += num_prefix_chars;
@@ -184,20 +298,20 @@ impl CFormatSpec {
             _ => &num_chars,
         };
         let fill_chars_needed = width.saturating_sub(num_chars);
-        let fill_string = CFormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, fill_chars_needed);
+        let fill_string: T = CFormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, fill_chars_needed);
 
         if !fill_string.is_empty() {
             if self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::LEFT_ADJUST) {
-                format!("{string}{fill_string}")
+                string.concat(fill_string)
             } else {
-                format!("{fill_string}{string}")
+                fill_string.concat(string)
             }
         } else {
             string
         }
     }
 
-    fn fill_string_with_precision(&self, string: String, fill_char: char) -> String {
+    fn fill_string_with_precision<T: FormatBuf>(&self, string: T, fill_char: T::Char) -> T {
         let num_chars = string.chars().count();
 
         let width = match &self.precision {
@@ -207,52 +321,51 @@ impl CFormatSpec {
             _ => &num_chars,
         };
         let fill_chars_needed = width.saturating_sub(num_chars);
-        let fill_string = CFormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, fill_chars_needed);
+        let fill_string: T = CFormatSpec::compute_fill_string(fill_char, fill_chars_needed);
 
         if !fill_string.is_empty() {
             // Don't left-adjust if precision-filling: that will always be prepending 0s to %d
             // arguments, the LEFT_ADJUST flag will be used by a later call to fill_string with
             // the 0-filled string as the string param.
-            format!("{fill_string}{string}")
+            fill_string.concat(string)
         } else {
             string
         }
     }
 
-    fn format_string_with_precision(
+    fn format_string_with_precision<T: FormatBuf>(
         &self,
-        string: String,
+        string: T,
         precision: Option<&CFormatPrecision>,
-    ) -> String {
+    ) -> T {
         // truncate if needed
         let string = match precision {
             Some(CFormatPrecision::Quantity(CFormatQuantity::Amount(precision)))
                 if string.chars().count() > *precision =>
             {
-                string.chars().take(*precision).collect::<String>()
+                string.chars().take(*precision).collect::<T>()
             }
             Some(CFormatPrecision::Dot) => {
                 // truncate to 0
-                String::new()
+                T::default()
             }
             _ => string,
         };
-        self.fill_string(string, ' ', None)
+        self.fill_string(string, b' '.into(), None)
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn format_string(&self, string: String) -> String {
+    pub fn format_string<T: FormatBuf>(&self, string: T) -> T {
         self.format_string_with_precision(string, self.precision.as_ref())
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn format_char(&self, ch: char) -> String {
+    pub fn format_char<T: FormatBuf>(&self, ch: T::Char) -> T {
         self.format_string_with_precision(
-            ch.to_string(),
+            T::from_iter([ch]),
             Some(&(CFormatQuantity::Amount(1).into())),
         )
     }
-
     pub fn format_bytes(&self, bytes: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
         let bytes = if let Some(CFormatPrecision::Quantity(CFormatQuantity::Amount(precision))) =
             self.precision
@@ -279,28 +392,30 @@ impl CFormatSpec {
 
     pub fn format_number(&self, num: &BigInt) -> String {
         use CNumberType::*;
+        let CFormatType::Number(format_type) = self.format_type else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
         let magnitude = num.abs();
         let prefix = if self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM) {
-            match self.format_type {
-                CFormatType::Number(Octal) => "0o",
-                CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Lower)) => "0x",
-                CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Upper)) => "0X",
+            match format_type {
+                Octal => "0o",
+                HexLower => "0x",
+                HexUpper => "0X",
                 _ => "",
             }
         } else {
             ""
         };
 
-        let magnitude_string: String = match self.format_type {
-            CFormatType::Number(Decimal) => magnitude.to_str_radix(10),
-            CFormatType::Number(Octal) => magnitude.to_str_radix(8),
-            CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Lower)) => magnitude.to_str_radix(16),
-            CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Upper)) => {
+        let magnitude_string: String = match format_type {
+            DecimalD | DecimalI | DecimalU => magnitude.to_str_radix(10),
+            Octal => magnitude.to_str_radix(8),
+            HexLower => magnitude.to_str_radix(16),
+            HexUpper => {
                 let mut result = magnitude.to_str_radix(16);
                 result.make_ascii_uppercase();
                 result
             }
-            _ => unreachable!(), // Should not happen because caller has to make sure that this is a number
         };
 
         let sign_string = match num.sign() {
@@ -351,37 +466,36 @@ impl CFormatSpec {
             None => 6,
         };
 
-        let magnitude_string = match &self.format_type {
-            CFormatType::Float(CFloatType::PointDecimal(case)) => {
-                let magnitude = num.abs();
-                float::format_fixed(
-                    precision,
-                    magnitude,
-                    *case,
-                    self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM),
-                )
-            }
-            CFormatType::Float(CFloatType::Exponent(case)) => {
-                let magnitude = num.abs();
-                float::format_exponent(
-                    precision,
-                    magnitude,
-                    *case,
-                    self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM),
-                )
-            }
-            CFormatType::Float(CFloatType::General(case)) => {
+        let CFormatType::Float(format_type) = self.format_type else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        let magnitude = num.abs();
+        let case = format_type.case();
+
+        let magnitude_string = match format_type {
+            CFloatType::PointDecimalLower | CFloatType::PointDecimalUpper => float::format_fixed(
+                precision,
+                magnitude,
+                case,
+                self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM),
+            ),
+            CFloatType::ExponentLower | CFloatType::ExponentUpper => float::format_exponent(
+                precision,
+                magnitude,
+                case,
+                self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM),
+            ),
+            CFloatType::GeneralLower | CFloatType::GeneralUpper => {
                 let precision = if precision == 0 { 1 } else { precision };
-                let magnitude = num.abs();
                 float::format_general(
                     precision,
                     magnitude,
-                    *case,
+                    case,
                     self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM),
                     false,
                 )
             }
-            _ => unreachable!(),
         };
 
         if self.flags.contains(CConversionFlags::ZERO_PAD) {
@@ -405,110 +519,101 @@ impl CFormatSpec {
     }
 }
 
-fn parse_spec_mapping_key<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Option<String>, ParsingError>
+fn parse_spec_mapping_key<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Option<T>, ParsingError>
 where
-    T: Into<char> + Copy,
-    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    T: FormatBuf,
+    I: Iterator<Item = T::Char>,
 {
-    if let Some(&(index, c)) = iter.peek() {
-        if c.into() == '(' {
-            iter.next().unwrap();
-            return match parse_text_inside_parentheses(iter) {
-                Some(key) => Ok(Some(key)),
-                None => Err((CFormatErrorType::UnmatchedKeyParentheses, index)),
-            };
-        }
+    if let Some((index, _)) = iter.next_if(|(_, c)| c.eq_char('(')) {
+        return match parse_text_inside_parentheses(iter) {
+            Some(key) => Ok(Some(key)),
+            None => Err((CFormatErrorType::UnmatchedKeyParentheses, index)),
+        };
     }
     Ok(None)
 }
 
-fn parse_flags<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> CConversionFlags
+fn parse_flags<C, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> CConversionFlags
 where
-    T: Into<char> + Copy,
-    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    C: FormatChar,
+    I: Iterator<Item = C>,
 {
     let mut flags = CConversionFlags::empty();
-    while let Some(&(_, c)) = iter.peek() {
-        let flag = match c.into() {
+    iter.peeking_take_while(|(_, c)| {
+        let flag = match c.to_char_lossy() {
             '#' => CConversionFlags::ALTERNATE_FORM,
             '0' => CConversionFlags::ZERO_PAD,
             '-' => CConversionFlags::LEFT_ADJUST,
             ' ' => CConversionFlags::BLANK_SIGN,
             '+' => CConversionFlags::SIGN_CHAR,
-            _ => break,
+            _ => return false,
         };
-        iter.next().unwrap();
         flags |= flag;
-    }
+        true
+    })
+    .for_each(drop);
     flags
 }
 
-fn consume_length<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>)
+fn consume_length<C, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>)
 where
-    T: Into<char> + Copy,
-    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    C: FormatChar,
+    I: Iterator<Item = C>,
 {
-    if let Some(&(_, c)) = iter.peek() {
-        let c = c.into();
-        if c == 'h' || c == 'l' || c == 'L' {
-            iter.next().unwrap();
-        }
-    }
+    iter.next_if(|(_, c)| matches!(c.to_char_lossy(), 'h' | 'l' | 'L'));
 }
 
-fn parse_format_type<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<(CFormatType, char), ParsingError>
+fn parse_format_type<C, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<CFormatType, ParsingError>
 where
-    T: Into<char>,
-    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    C: FormatChar,
+    I: Iterator<Item = C>,
 {
     use CFloatType::*;
     use CNumberType::*;
-    let (index, c) = match iter.next() {
-        Some((index, c)) => (index, c.into()),
-        None => {
-            return Err((
-                CFormatErrorType::IncompleteFormat,
-                iter.peek().map(|x| x.0).unwrap_or(0),
-            ));
-        }
-    };
-    let format_type = match c {
-        'd' | 'i' | 'u' => CFormatType::Number(Decimal),
+    let (index, c) = iter.next().ok_or_else(|| {
+        (
+            CFormatErrorType::IncompleteFormat,
+            iter.peek().map(|x| x.0).unwrap_or(0),
+        )
+    })?;
+    let format_type = match c.to_char_lossy() {
+        'd' => CFormatType::Number(DecimalD),
+        'i' => CFormatType::Number(DecimalI),
+        'u' => CFormatType::Number(DecimalU),
         'o' => CFormatType::Number(Octal),
-        'x' => CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Lower)),
-        'X' => CFormatType::Number(Hex(Case::Upper)),
-        'e' => CFormatType::Float(Exponent(Case::Lower)),
-        'E' => CFormatType::Float(Exponent(Case::Upper)),
-        'f' => CFormatType::Float(PointDecimal(Case::Lower)),
-        'F' => CFormatType::Float(PointDecimal(Case::Upper)),
-        'g' => CFormatType::Float(General(Case::Lower)),
-        'G' => CFormatType::Float(General(Case::Upper)),
-        'c' => CFormatType::Character,
+        'x' => CFormatType::Number(HexLower),
+        'X' => CFormatType::Number(HexUpper),
+        'e' => CFormatType::Float(ExponentLower),
+        'E' => CFormatType::Float(ExponentUpper),
+        'f' => CFormatType::Float(PointDecimalLower),
+        'F' => CFormatType::Float(PointDecimalUpper),
+        'g' => CFormatType::Float(GeneralLower),
+        'G' => CFormatType::Float(GeneralUpper),
+        'c' => CFormatType::Character(CCharacterType::Character),
         'r' => CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Repr),
         's' => CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Str),
         'b' => CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Bytes),
         'a' => CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Ascii),
-        _ => return Err((CFormatErrorType::UnsupportedFormatChar(c), index)),
+        _ => return Err((CFormatErrorType::UnsupportedFormatChar(c.into()), index)),
     };
-    Ok((format_type, c))
+    Ok(format_type)
 }
 
-fn parse_quantity<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Option<CFormatQuantity>, ParsingError>
+fn parse_quantity<C, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Option<CFormatQuantity>, ParsingError>
 where
-    T: Into<char> + Copy,
-    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    C: FormatChar,
+    I: Iterator<Item = C>,
 {
     if let Some(&(_, c)) = iter.peek() {
-        let c: char = c.into();
-        if c == '*' {
+        if c.eq_char('*') {
             iter.next().unwrap();
             return Ok(Some(CFormatQuantity::FromValuesTuple));
         }
-        if let Some(i) = c.to_digit(10) {
+        if let Some(i) = c.to_char_lossy().to_digit(10) {
             let mut num = i as i32;
             iter.next().unwrap();
             while let Some(&(index, c)) = iter.peek() {
-                if let Some(i) = c.into().to_digit(10) {
+                if let Some(i) = c.to_char_lossy().to_digit(10) {
                     num = num
                         .checked_mul(10)
                         .and_then(|num| num.checked_add(i as i32))
@@ -524,44 +629,40 @@ where
     Ok(None)
 }
 
-fn parse_precision<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Option<CFormatPrecision>, ParsingError>
+fn parse_precision<C, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Option<CFormatPrecision>, ParsingError>
 where
-    T: Into<char> + Copy,
-    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    C: FormatChar,
+    I: Iterator<Item = C>,
 {
-    if let Some(&(_, c)) = iter.peek() {
-        if c.into() == '.' {
-            iter.next().unwrap();
-            let quantity = parse_quantity(iter)?;
-            let precision = quantity.map_or(CFormatPrecision::Dot, CFormatPrecision::Quantity);
-            return Ok(Some(precision));
-        }
+    if iter.next_if(|(_, c)| c.eq_char('.')).is_some() {
+        let quantity = parse_quantity(iter)?;
+        let precision = quantity.map_or(CFormatPrecision::Dot, CFormatPrecision::Quantity);
+        return Ok(Some(precision));
     }
     Ok(None)
 }
 
-fn parse_text_inside_parentheses<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Option<String>
+fn parse_text_inside_parentheses<T, I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Option<T>
 where
-    T: Into<char>,
-    I: Iterator<Item = T>,
+    T: FormatBuf,
+    I: Iterator<Item = T::Char>,
 {
     let mut counter: i32 = 1;
-    let mut contained_text = String::new();
+    let mut contained_text = T::default();
     loop {
         let (_, c) = iter.next()?;
-        let c = c.into();
-        match c {
-            _ if c == '(' => {
+        match c.to_char_lossy() {
+            '(' => {
                 counter += 1;
             }
-            _ if c == ')' => {
+            ')' => {
                 counter -= 1;
             }
             _ => (),
         }
 
         if counter > 0 {
-            contained_text.push(c);
+            contained_text.extend([c]);
         } else {
             break;
         }
@@ -573,13 +674,13 @@ where
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum CFormatPart<T> {
     Literal(T),
-    Spec(CFormatSpec),
+    Spec(CFormatSpecKeyed<T>),
 }
 
 impl<T> CFormatPart<T> {
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_specifier(&self) -> bool {
-        matches!(self, CFormatPart::Spec(_))
+        matches!(self, CFormatPart::Spec { .. })
     }
 
     #[inline]
@@ -623,21 +724,21 @@ impl<S> CFormatStrOrBytes<S> {
     pub fn iter_mut(&mut self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &mut (usize, CFormatPart<S>)> {
         self.parts.iter_mut()
     }
-}
-
-pub type CFormatBytes = CFormatStrOrBytes<Vec<u8>>;
 
-impl CFormatBytes {
-    pub fn parse<I: Iterator<Item = u8>>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Self, CFormatError> {
+    pub fn parse<I>(iter: &mut ParseIter<I>) -> Result<Self, CFormatError>
+    where
+        S: FormatBuf,
+        I: Iterator<Item = S::Char>,
+    {
         let mut parts = vec![];
-        let mut literal = vec![];
+        let mut literal = S::default();
         let mut part_index = 0;
         while let Some((index, c)) = iter.next() {
-            if c == b'%' {
+            if c.eq_char('%') {
                 if let Some(&(_, second)) = iter.peek() {
-                    if second == b'%' {
+                    if second.eq_char('%') {
                         iter.next().unwrap();
-                        literal.push(b'%');
+                        literal.extend([second]);
                         continue;
                     } else {
                         if !literal.is_empty() {
@@ -646,7 +747,7 @@ impl CFormatBytes {
                                 CFormatPart::Literal(std::mem::take(&mut literal)),
                             ));
                         }
-                        let spec = CFormatSpec::parse(iter).map_err(|err| CFormatError {
+                        let spec = CFormatSpecKeyed::parse(iter).map_err(|err| CFormatError {
                             typ: err.0,
                             index: err.1,
                         })?;
@@ -662,7 +763,7 @@ impl CFormatBytes {
                     });
                 }
             } else {
-                literal.push(c);
+                literal.extend([c]);
             }
         }
         if !literal.is_empty() {
@@ -670,7 +771,19 @@ impl CFormatBytes {
         }
         Ok(Self { parts })
     }
+}
+
+impl<S> IntoIterator for CFormatStrOrBytes<S> {
+    type Item = (usize, CFormatPart<S>);
+    type IntoIter = std::vec::IntoIter<Self::Item>;
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        self.parts.into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+pub type CFormatBytes = CFormatStrOrBytes<Vec<u8>>;
 
+impl CFormatBytes {
     pub fn parse_from_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self, CFormatError> {
         let mut iter = bytes.iter().cloned().enumerate().peekable();
         Self::parse(&mut iter)
@@ -688,53 +801,6 @@ impl FromStr for CFormatString {
     }
 }
 
-impl CFormatString {
-    pub(crate) fn parse<I: Iterator<Item = char>>(
-        iter: &mut ParseIter<I>,
-    ) -> Result<Self, CFormatError> {
-        let mut parts = vec![];
-        let mut literal = String::new();
-        let mut part_index = 0;
-        while let Some((index, c)) = iter.next() {
-            if c == '%' {
-                if let Some(&(_, second)) = iter.peek() {
-                    if second == '%' {
-                        iter.next().unwrap();
-                        literal.push('%');
-                        continue;
-                    } else {
-                        if !literal.is_empty() {
-                            parts.push((
-                                part_index,
-                                CFormatPart::Literal(std::mem::take(&mut literal)),
-                            ));
-                        }
-                        let spec = CFormatSpec::parse(iter).map_err(|err| CFormatError {
-                            typ: err.0,
-                            index: err.1,
-                        })?;
-                        parts.push((index, CFormatPart::Spec(spec)));
-                        if let Some(&(index, _)) = iter.peek() {
-                            part_index = index;
-                        }
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    return Err(CFormatError {
-                        typ: CFormatErrorType::IncompleteFormat,
-                        index: index + 1,
-                    });
-                }
-            } else {
-                literal.push(c);
-            }
-        }
-        if !literal.is_empty() {
-            parts.push((part_index, CFormatPart::Literal(literal)));
-        }
-        Ok(Self { parts })
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
@@ -773,26 +839,28 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_key() {
-        let expected = Ok(CFormatSpec {
+        let expected = Ok(CFormatSpecKeyed {
             mapping_key: Some("amount".to_owned()),
-            format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::Decimal),
-            format_char: 'd',
-            min_field_width: None,
-            precision: None,
-            flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+            spec: CFormatSpec {
+                format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::DecimalD),
+                min_field_width: None,
+                precision: None,
+                flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+            },
         });
-        assert_eq!("%(amount)d".parse::<CFormatSpec>(), expected);
+        assert_eq!("%(amount)d".parse::<CFormatSpecKeyed<String>>(), expected);
 
-        let expected = Ok(CFormatSpec {
+        let expected = Ok(CFormatSpecKeyed {
             mapping_key: Some("m((u(((l((((ti))))p)))l))e".to_owned()),
-            format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::Decimal),
-            format_char: 'd',
-            min_field_width: None,
-            precision: None,
-            flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+            spec: CFormatSpec {
+                format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::DecimalD),
+                min_field_width: None,
+                precision: None,
+                flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+            },
         });
         assert_eq!(
-            "%(m((u(((l((((ti))))p)))l))e)d".parse::<CFormatSpec>(),
+            "%(m((u(((l((((ti))))p)))l))e)d".parse::<CFormatSpecKeyed<String>>(),
             expected
         );
     }
@@ -813,7 +881,7 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(
             "Hello %n".parse::<CFormatString>(),
             Err(CFormatError {
-                typ: CFormatErrorType::UnsupportedFormatChar('n'),
+                typ: CFormatErrorType::UnsupportedFormatChar('n'.into()),
                 index: 7
             })
         );
@@ -833,11 +901,9 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_flags() {
         let expected = Ok(CFormatSpec {
-            format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::Decimal),
-            format_char: 'd',
+            format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::DecimalD),
             min_field_width: Some(CFormatQuantity::Amount(10)),
             precision: None,
-            mapping_key: None,
             flags: CConversionFlags::all(),
         });
         let parsed = "%  0   -+++###10d".parse::<CFormatSpec>();
@@ -1011,25 +1077,27 @@ mod tests {
                 (0, CFormatPart::Literal("Hello, my name is ".to_owned())),
                 (
                     18,
-                    CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpec {
-                        format_type: CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Str),
-                        format_char: 's',
+                    CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpecKeyed {
                         mapping_key: None,
-                        min_field_width: None,
-                        precision: None,
-                        flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+                        spec: CFormatSpec {
+                            format_type: CFormatType::String(CFormatConversion::Str),
+                            min_field_width: None,
+                            precision: None,
+                            flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+                        },
                     }),
                 ),
                 (20, CFormatPart::Literal(" and I'm ".to_owned())),
                 (
                     29,
-                    CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpec {
-                        format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::Decimal),
-                        format_char: 'd',
+                    CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpecKeyed {
                         mapping_key: None,
-                        min_field_width: None,
-                        precision: None,
-                        flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+                        spec: CFormatSpec {
+                            format_type: CFormatType::Number(CNumberType::DecimalD),
+                            min_field_width: None,
+                            precision: None,
+                            flags: CConversionFlags::empty(),
+                        },
                     }),
                 ),
                 (31, CFormatPart::Literal(" years old".to_owned())),
diff --git a/common/src/format.rs b/common/src/format.rs
index 1c41df38c9..d9f821658b 100644
--- a/common/src/format.rs
+++ b/common/src/format.rs
@@ -14,11 +14,12 @@ trait FormatParse {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[repr(u8)]
 pub enum FormatConversion {
-    Str,
-    Repr,
-    Ascii,
-    Bytes,
+    Str = b's',
+    Repr = b'r',
+    Ascii = b'b',
+    Bytes = b'a',
 }
 
 impl FormatParse for FormatConversion {
diff --git a/vm/src/anystr.rs b/vm/src/anystr.rs
index 0fd1d8f2f6..d01136b0fb 100644
--- a/vm/src/anystr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/anystr.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 use crate::{
     Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyIntRef, PyTuple},
-    cformat::cformat_string,
     convert::TryFromBorrowedObject,
     function::OptionalOption,
 };
@@ -155,7 +154,6 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
 
     fn to_container(&self) -> Self::Container;
     fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8];
-    fn as_utf8_str(&self) -> Result<&str, std::str::Utf8Error>;
     fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char>;
     fn elements(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::Char>;
     fn get_bytes(&self, range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> &Self;
@@ -425,11 +423,6 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
         }
         cased
     }
-
-    fn py_cformat(&self, values: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
-        let format_string = self.as_utf8_str().unwrap();
-        cformat_string(vm, format_string, values)
-    }
 }
 
 /// Tests that the predicate is True on a single value, or if the value is a tuple a tuple, then
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 554fa1de7f..76cdca81ed 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
     TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     anystr::{self, AnyStr, AnyStrContainer, AnyStrWrapper, adjust_indices},
     atomic_func,
+    cformat::cformat_string,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::str::{BorrowedStr, PyStrKind, PyStrKindData},
     convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyException, ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
@@ -729,8 +730,7 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__mod__")]
     fn modulo(&self, values: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
-        let formatted = self.as_str().py_cformat(values, vm)?;
-        Ok(formatted)
+        cformat_string(vm, self.as_str(), values)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
@@ -1598,10 +1598,6 @@ impl AnyStr for str {
         self.as_bytes()
     }
 
-    fn as_utf8_str(&self) -> Result<&str, std::str::Utf8Error> {
-        Ok(self)
-    }
-
     fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> {
         str::chars(self)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs b/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
index 3754b75ee1..bcbbd4fce6 100644
--- a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
+++ b/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
@@ -1037,10 +1037,6 @@ impl AnyStr for [u8] {
         self
     }
 
-    fn as_utf8_str(&self) -> Result<&str, std::str::Utf8Error> {
-        std::str::from_utf8(self)
-    }
-
     fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> {
         bstr::ByteSlice::chars(self)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/cformat.rs b/vm/src/cformat.rs
index a11c06a252..af78fde021 100644
--- a/vm/src/cformat.rs
+++ b/vm/src/cformat.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use num_traits::cast::ToPrimitive;
-use std::str::FromStr;
 
 fn spec_format_bytes(
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
@@ -48,36 +47,38 @@ fn spec_format_bytes(
             }
         },
         CFormatType::Number(number_type) => match number_type {
-            CNumberType::Decimal => match_class!(match &obj {
-                ref i @ PyInt => {
-                    Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()).into_bytes())
-                }
-                ref f @ PyFloat => {
-                    Ok(spec
-                        .format_number(&try_f64_to_bigint(f.to_f64(), vm)?)
-                        .into_bytes())
-                }
-                obj => {
-                    if let Some(method) = vm.get_method(obj.clone(), identifier!(vm, __int__)) {
-                        let result = method?.call((), vm)?;
-                        if let Some(i) = result.payload::<PyInt>() {
-                            return Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()).into_bytes());
+            CNumberType::DecimalD | CNumberType::DecimalI | CNumberType::DecimalU => {
+                match_class!(match &obj {
+                    ref i @ PyInt => {
+                        Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()).into_bytes())
+                    }
+                    ref f @ PyFloat => {
+                        Ok(spec
+                            .format_number(&try_f64_to_bigint(f.to_f64(), vm)?)
+                            .into_bytes())
+                    }
+                    obj => {
+                        if let Some(method) = vm.get_method(obj.clone(), identifier!(vm, __int__)) {
+                            let result = method?.call((), vm)?;
+                            if let Some(i) = result.payload::<PyInt>() {
+                                return Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()).into_bytes());
+                            }
                         }
+                        Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                            "%{} format: a number is required, not {}",
+                            spec.format_type.to_char(),
+                            obj.class().name()
+                        )))
                     }
-                    Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                        "%{} format: a number is required, not {}",
-                        spec.format_char,
-                        obj.class().name()
-                    )))
-                }
-            }),
+                })
+            }
             _ => {
                 if let Some(i) = obj.payload::<PyInt>() {
                     Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()).into_bytes())
                 } else {
                     Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                         "%{} format: an integer is required, not {}",
-                        spec.format_char,
+                        spec.format_type.to_char(),
                         obj.class().name()
                     )))
                 }
@@ -96,22 +97,21 @@ fn spec_format_bytes(
             })?;
             Ok(spec.format_float(value.into()).into_bytes())
         }
-        CFormatType::Character => {
+        CFormatType::Character(CCharacterType::Character) => {
             if let Some(i) = obj.payload::<PyInt>() {
                 let ch = i
                     .try_to_primitive::<u8>(vm)
-                    .map_err(|_| vm.new_overflow_error("%c arg not in range(256)".to_owned()))?
-                    as char;
-                return Ok(spec.format_char(ch).into_bytes());
+                    .map_err(|_| vm.new_overflow_error("%c arg not in range(256)".to_owned()))?;
+                return Ok(spec.format_char(ch));
             }
             if let Some(b) = obj.payload::<PyBytes>() {
                 if b.len() == 1 {
-                    return Ok(spec.format_char(b.as_bytes()[0] as char).into_bytes());
+                    return Ok(spec.format_char(b.as_bytes()[0]));
                 }
             } else if let Some(ba) = obj.payload::<PyByteArray>() {
                 let buf = ba.borrow_buf();
                 if buf.len() == 1 {
-                    return Ok(spec.format_char(buf[0] as char).into_bytes());
+                    return Ok(spec.format_char(buf[0]));
                 }
             }
             Err(vm
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ fn spec_format_string(
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
     spec: &CFormatSpec,
     obj: PyObjectRef,
-    idx: &usize,
+    idx: usize,
 ) -> PyResult<String> {
     match &spec.format_type {
         CFormatType::String(conversion) => {
@@ -143,34 +143,36 @@ fn spec_format_string(
             Ok(spec.format_string(result))
         }
         CFormatType::Number(number_type) => match number_type {
-            CNumberType::Decimal => match_class!(match &obj {
-                ref i @ PyInt => {
-                    Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()))
-                }
-                ref f @ PyFloat => {
-                    Ok(spec.format_number(&try_f64_to_bigint(f.to_f64(), vm)?))
-                }
-                obj => {
-                    if let Some(method) = vm.get_method(obj.clone(), identifier!(vm, __int__)) {
-                        let result = method?.call((), vm)?;
-                        if let Some(i) = result.payload::<PyInt>() {
-                            return Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()));
+            CNumberType::DecimalD | CNumberType::DecimalI | CNumberType::DecimalU => {
+                match_class!(match &obj {
+                    ref i @ PyInt => {
+                        Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()))
+                    }
+                    ref f @ PyFloat => {
+                        Ok(spec.format_number(&try_f64_to_bigint(f.to_f64(), vm)?))
+                    }
+                    obj => {
+                        if let Some(method) = vm.get_method(obj.clone(), identifier!(vm, __int__)) {
+                            let result = method?.call((), vm)?;
+                            if let Some(i) = result.payload::<PyInt>() {
+                                return Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()));
+                            }
                         }
+                        Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                            "%{} format: a number is required, not {}",
+                            spec.format_type.to_char(),
+                            obj.class().name()
+                        )))
                     }
-                    Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                        "%{} format: a number is required, not {}",
-                        spec.format_char,
-                        obj.class().name()
-                    )))
-                }
-            }),
+                })
+            }
             _ => {
                 if let Some(i) = obj.payload::<PyInt>() {
                     Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()))
                 } else {
                     Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                         "%{} format: an integer is required, not {}",
-                        spec.format_char,
+                        spec.format_type.to_char(),
                         obj.class().name()
                     )))
                 }
@@ -180,12 +182,12 @@ fn spec_format_string(
             let value = ArgIntoFloat::try_from_object(vm, obj)?;
             Ok(spec.format_float(value.into()))
         }
-        CFormatType::Character => {
+        CFormatType::Character(CCharacterType::Character) => {
             if let Some(i) = obj.payload::<PyInt>() {
                 let ch = i
                     .as_bigint()
                     .to_u32()
-                    .and_then(std::char::from_u32)
+                    .and_then(char::from_u32)
                     .ok_or_else(|| {
                         vm.new_overflow_error("%c arg not in range(0x110000)".to_owned())
                     })?;
@@ -313,19 +315,14 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_bytes(
     if mapping_required {
         // dict
         return if is_mapping {
-            for (_, part) in format.iter_mut() {
+            for (_, part) in format {
                 match part {
-                    CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.append(literal),
-                    CFormatPart::Spec(spec) => {
-                        let value = match &spec.mapping_key {
-                            Some(key) => {
-                                let k = vm.ctx.new_bytes(key.as_str().as_bytes().to_vec());
-                                values_obj.get_item(k.as_object(), vm)?
-                            }
-                            None => unreachable!(),
-                        };
-                        let mut part_result = spec_format_bytes(vm, spec, value)?;
-                        result.append(&mut part_result);
+                    CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.extend(literal),
+                    CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpecKeyed { mapping_key, spec }) => {
+                        let key = mapping_key.unwrap();
+                        let value = values_obj.get_item(&key, vm)?;
+                        let part_result = spec_format_bytes(vm, &spec, value)?;
+                        result.extend(part_result);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -343,10 +340,10 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_bytes(
     };
     let mut value_iter = values.iter();
 
-    for (_, part) in format.iter_mut() {
+    for (_, part) in format {
         match part {
-            CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.append(literal),
-            CFormatPart::Spec(spec) => {
+            CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.extend(literal),
+            CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpecKeyed { mut spec, .. }) => {
                 try_update_quantity_from_tuple(
                     vm,
                     &mut value_iter,
@@ -361,8 +358,8 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_bytes(
                         Err(vm.new_type_error("not enough arguments for format string".to_owned()))
                     }
                 }?;
-                let mut part_result = spec_format_bytes(vm, spec, value)?;
-                result.append(&mut part_result);
+                let part_result = spec_format_bytes(vm, &spec, value)?;
+                result.extend(part_result);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -380,7 +377,8 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_string(
     format_string: &str,
     values_obj: PyObjectRef,
 ) -> PyResult<String> {
-    let mut format = CFormatString::from_str(format_string)
+    let format = format_string
+        .parse::<CFormatString>()
         .map_err(|err| vm.new_value_error(err.to_string()))?;
     let (num_specifiers, mapping_required) = format
         .check_specifiers()
@@ -415,15 +413,12 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_string(
     if mapping_required {
         // dict
         return if is_mapping {
-            for (idx, part) in format.iter() {
+            for (idx, part) in format {
                 match part {
-                    CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.push_str(literal),
-                    CFormatPart::Spec(spec) => {
-                        let value = match &spec.mapping_key {
-                            Some(key) => values_obj.get_item(key.as_str(), vm)?,
-                            None => unreachable!(),
-                        };
-                        let part_result = spec_format_string(vm, spec, value, idx)?;
+                    CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.push_str(&literal),
+                    CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpecKeyed { mapping_key, spec }) => {
+                        let value = values_obj.get_item(&mapping_key.unwrap(), vm)?;
+                        let part_result = spec_format_string(vm, &spec, value, idx)?;
                         result.push_str(&part_result);
                     }
                 }
@@ -442,10 +437,10 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_string(
     };
     let mut value_iter = values.iter();
 
-    for (idx, part) in format.iter_mut() {
+    for (idx, part) in format {
         match part {
-            CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.push_str(literal),
-            CFormatPart::Spec(spec) => {
+            CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.push_str(&literal),
+            CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpecKeyed { mut spec, .. }) => {
                 try_update_quantity_from_tuple(
                     vm,
                     &mut value_iter,
@@ -460,7 +455,7 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_string(
                         Err(vm.new_type_error("not enough arguments for format string".to_owned()))
                     }
                 }?;
-                let part_result = spec_format_string(vm, spec, value, idx)?;
+                let part_result = spec_format_string(vm, &spec, value, idx)?;
                 result.push_str(&part_result);
             }
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
index 912aa8e776..b36485e86a 100644
--- a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Py, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRefExact, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
-    builtins::{PyInt, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef},
+    builtins::{PyBytes, PyInt, PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyStrRef},
     convert::ToPyObject,
 };
 use crate::{
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ impl DictKey for Py<PyStr> {
     fn key_eq(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, other_key: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
         if self.is(other_key) {
             Ok(true)
-        } else if let Some(pystr) = str_exact(other_key, vm) {
+        } else if let Some(pystr) = other_key.payload_if_exact::<PyStr>(vm) {
             Ok(pystr.as_str() == self.as_str())
         } else {
             vm.bool_eq(self.as_object(), other_key)
@@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ impl DictKey for str {
     }
 
     fn key_eq(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, other_key: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
-        if let Some(pystr) = str_exact(other_key, vm) {
+        if let Some(pystr) = other_key.payload_if_exact::<PyStr>(vm) {
             Ok(pystr.as_str() == self)
         } else {
             // Fall back to PyObjectRef implementation.
@@ -871,6 +871,63 @@ impl DictKey for String {
     }
 }
 
+impl DictKey for [u8] {
+    type Owned = Vec<u8>;
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn _to_owned(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self::Owned {
+        self.to_owned()
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn key_hash(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<HashValue> {
+        // follow a similar route as the hashing of PyStrRef
+        Ok(vm.state.hash_secret.hash_bytes(self))
+    }
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn key_is(&self, _other: &PyObject) -> bool {
+        // No matter who the other pyobject is, we are never the same thing, since
+        // we are a str, not a pyobject.
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn key_eq(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, other_key: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        if let Some(pystr) = other_key.payload_if_exact::<PyBytes>(vm) {
+            Ok(pystr.as_bytes() == self)
+        } else {
+            // Fall back to PyObjectRef implementation.
+            let s = vm.ctx.new_bytes(self.to_vec());
+            s.key_eq(vm, other_key)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn key_as_isize(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<isize> {
+        Err(vm.new_type_error("'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer".to_owned()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl DictKey for Vec<u8> {
+    type Owned = Vec<u8>;
+    #[inline]
+    fn _to_owned(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self::Owned {
+        self.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn key_hash(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<HashValue> {
+        self.as_slice().key_hash(vm)
+    }
+
+    fn key_is(&self, other: &PyObject) -> bool {
+        self.as_slice().key_is(other)
+    }
+
+    fn key_eq(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, other_key: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        self.as_slice().key_eq(vm, other_key)
+    }
+
+    fn key_as_isize(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<isize> {
+        self.as_slice().key_as_isize(vm)
+    }
+}
+
 impl DictKey for usize {
     type Owned = usize;
     #[inline]
@@ -904,14 +961,6 @@ impl DictKey for usize {
     }
 }
 
-fn str_exact<'a>(obj: &'a PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Option<&'a PyStr> {
-    if obj.class().is(vm.ctx.types.str_type) {
-        obj.payload::<PyStr>()
-    } else {
-        None
-    }
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;

From cace112b1ada0a51a8d2a191c656332a2d425c76 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 6 Mar 2025 19:20:33 -0600
Subject: [PATCH 516/705] Allow surrogates in str

---
 Cargo.lock                      |    2 +
 common/Cargo.toml               |    2 +
 common/src/encodings.rs         |   22 +-
 common/src/lib.rs               |    1 +
 common/src/str.rs               |  370 +++++++--
 common/src/wtf8/core_char.rs    |  113 +++
 common/src/wtf8/core_str.rs     |  113 +++
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs          | 1347 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 stdlib/src/pystruct.rs          |   31 +-
 stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs       |   49 +-
 vm/src/anystr.rs                |  124 +--
 vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs |   33 +-
 vm/src/builtins/object.rs       |    2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/set.rs          |    4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs          |  894 +++++++++++++++-----
 vm/src/builtins/union.rs        |    2 +-
 vm/src/bytesinner.rs            |   38 +-
 vm/src/codecs.rs                |   23 +-
 vm/src/frame.rs                 |    7 +-
 vm/src/import.rs                |   10 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs       |   28 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs         |    4 +-
 vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs        |    2 +-
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs                |    2 +-
 24 files changed, 2747 insertions(+), 476 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 common/src/wtf8/core_char.rs
 create mode 100644 common/src/wtf8/core_str.rs
 create mode 100644 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index b214780cb4..94b0732b8a 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2338,6 +2338,7 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ascii",
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bstr",
  "cfg-if",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "libc",
@@ -2345,6 +2346,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "malachite-base",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "malachite-q",
+ "memchr",
  "num-complex",
  "num-traits",
  "once_cell",
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 589170064c..e9aeba7459 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -16,12 +16,14 @@ rustpython-literal = { workspace = true }
 
 ascii = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
+bstr = { workspace = true }
 cfg-if = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 libc = { workspace = true }
 malachite-bigint = { workspace = true }
 malachite-q = { workspace = true }
 malachite-base = { workspace = true }
+memchr = { workspace = true }
 num-complex = { workspace = true }
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/common/src/encodings.rs b/common/src/encodings.rs
index 858d3b8c6b..3aaca68c3d 100644
--- a/common/src/encodings.rs
+++ b/common/src/encodings.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 use std::ops::Range;
 
+use crate::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+
 pub type EncodeErrorResult<S, B, E> = Result<(EncodeReplace<S, B>, usize), E>;
 
 pub type DecodeErrorResult<S, B, E> = Result<(S, Option<B>, usize), E>;
 
-pub trait StrBuffer: AsRef<str> {
+pub trait StrBuffer: AsRef<Wtf8> {
     fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
         self.as_ref().is_ascii()
     }
@@ -63,19 +65,19 @@ fn decode_utf8_compatible<E: ErrorHandler, DecodeF, ErrF>(
     errors: &E,
     decode: DecodeF,
     handle_error: ErrF,
-) -> Result<(String, usize), E::Error>
+) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), E::Error>
 where
     DecodeF: Fn(&[u8]) -> Result<&str, DecodeError<'_>>,
     ErrF: Fn(&[u8], Option<usize>) -> HandleResult<'_>,
 {
     if data.is_empty() {
-        return Ok((String::new(), 0));
+        return Ok((Wtf8Buf::new(), 0));
     }
     // we need to coerce the lifetime to that of the function body rather than the
     // anonymous input lifetime, so that we can assign it data borrowed from data_from_err
     let mut data = data;
     let mut data_from_err: E::BytesBuf;
-    let mut out = String::with_capacity(data.len());
+    let mut out = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(data.len());
     let mut remaining_index = 0;
     let mut remaining_data = data;
     loop {
@@ -98,7 +100,7 @@ where
                             err_idx..err_len.map_or_else(|| data.len(), |len| err_idx + len);
                         let (replace, new_data, restart) =
                             errors.handle_decode_error(data, err_range, reason)?;
-                        out.push_str(replace.as_ref());
+                        out.push_wtf8(replace.as_ref());
                         if let Some(new_data) = new_data {
                             data_from_err = new_data;
                             data = data_from_err.as_ref();
@@ -130,7 +132,7 @@ pub mod utf8 {
         data: &[u8],
         errors: &E,
         final_decode: bool,
-    ) -> Result<(String, usize), E::Error> {
+    ) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), E::Error> {
         decode_utf8_compatible(
             data,
             errors,
@@ -218,7 +220,7 @@ pub mod latin_1 {
                         )?;
                         match replace {
                             EncodeReplace::Str(s) => {
-                                if s.as_ref().chars().any(|c| (c as u32) > 255) {
+                                if s.as_ref().code_points().any(|c| c.to_u32() > 255) {
                                     return Err(
                                         errors.error_encoding(full_data, char_range, ERR_REASON)
                                     );
@@ -240,10 +242,10 @@ pub mod latin_1 {
         Ok(out)
     }
 
-    pub fn decode<E: ErrorHandler>(data: &[u8], _errors: &E) -> Result<(String, usize), E::Error> {
+    pub fn decode<E: ErrorHandler>(data: &[u8], _errors: &E) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), E::Error> {
         let out: String = data.iter().map(|c| *c as char).collect();
         let out_len = out.len();
-        Ok((out, out_len))
+        Ok((out.into(), out_len))
     }
 }
 
@@ -303,7 +305,7 @@ pub mod ascii {
         Ok(out)
     }
 
-    pub fn decode<E: ErrorHandler>(data: &[u8], errors: &E) -> Result<(String, usize), E::Error> {
+    pub fn decode<E: ErrorHandler>(data: &[u8], errors: &E) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), E::Error> {
         decode_utf8_compatible(
             data,
             errors,
diff --git a/common/src/lib.rs b/common/src/lib.rs
index 760ba8c55f..e83a9af43a 100644
--- a/common/src/lib.rs
+++ b/common/src/lib.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ pub mod static_cell;
 pub mod str;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 pub mod windows;
+pub mod wtf8;
 
 pub mod vendored {
     pub use ascii;
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index 89d2381d3e..dbe4e22234 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-use crate::{
-    atomic::{PyAtomic, Radium},
-    format::CharLen,
-    hash::PyHash,
-};
-use ascii::AsciiString;
+use crate::atomic::{PyAtomic, Radium};
+use crate::format::CharLen;
+use crate::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+use ascii::{AsciiChar, AsciiStr, AsciiString};
+use core::fmt;
+use core::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed;
 use std::ops::{Bound, RangeBounds};
 
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
@@ -15,132 +15,313 @@ pub type wchar_t = u32;
 
 /// Utf8 + state.ascii (+ PyUnicode_Kind in future)
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
-pub enum PyStrKind {
+pub enum StrKind {
     Ascii,
     Utf8,
+    Wtf8,
 }
 
-impl std::ops::BitOr for PyStrKind {
+impl std::ops::BitOr for StrKind {
     type Output = Self;
     fn bitor(self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        use StrKind::*;
         match (self, other) {
-            (Self::Ascii, Self::Ascii) => Self::Ascii,
-            _ => Self::Utf8,
+            (Wtf8, _) | (_, Wtf8) => Wtf8,
+            (Utf8, _) | (_, Utf8) => Utf8,
+            (Ascii, Ascii) => Ascii,
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl PyStrKind {
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn new_data(self) -> PyStrKindData {
-        match self {
-            PyStrKind::Ascii => PyStrKindData::Ascii,
-            PyStrKind::Utf8 => PyStrKindData::Utf8(Radium::new(usize::MAX)),
+impl StrKind {
+    pub fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Ascii)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_utf8(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Ascii | Self::Utf8)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait DeduceStrKind {
+    fn str_kind(&self) -> StrKind;
+}
+
+impl DeduceStrKind for str {
+    fn str_kind(&self) -> StrKind {
+        if self.is_ascii() {
+            StrKind::Ascii
+        } else {
+            StrKind::Utf8
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl DeduceStrKind for Wtf8 {
+    fn str_kind(&self) -> StrKind {
+        if self.is_ascii() {
+            StrKind::Ascii
+        } else if self.is_utf8() {
+            StrKind::Utf8
+        } else {
+            StrKind::Wtf8
         }
     }
 }
 
+impl DeduceStrKind for String {
+    fn str_kind(&self) -> StrKind {
+        (**self).str_kind()
+    }
+}
+
+impl DeduceStrKind for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn str_kind(&self) -> StrKind {
+        (**self).str_kind()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: DeduceStrKind + ?Sized> DeduceStrKind for &T {
+    fn str_kind(&self) -> StrKind {
+        (**self).str_kind()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: DeduceStrKind + ?Sized> DeduceStrKind for Box<T> {
+    fn str_kind(&self) -> StrKind {
+        (**self).str_kind()
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum PyStrKindData {
-    Ascii,
-    // uses usize::MAX as a sentinel for "uncomputed"
-    Utf8(PyAtomic<usize>),
+pub enum PyKindStr<'a> {
+    Ascii(&'a AsciiStr),
+    Utf8(&'a str),
+    Wtf8(&'a Wtf8),
 }
 
-impl PyStrKindData {
-    #[inline]
-    pub fn kind(&self) -> PyStrKind {
-        match self {
-            PyStrKindData::Ascii => PyStrKind::Ascii,
-            PyStrKindData::Utf8(_) => PyStrKind::Utf8,
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct StrData {
+    data: Box<Wtf8>,
+    kind: StrKind,
+    len: StrLen,
+}
+
+struct StrLen(PyAtomic<usize>);
+
+impl From<usize> for StrLen {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn from(value: usize) -> Self {
+        Self(Radium::new(value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for StrLen {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let len = self.0.load(Relaxed);
+        if len == usize::MAX {
+            f.write_str("<uncomputed>")
+        } else {
+            len.fmt(f)
         }
     }
 }
 
-pub struct BorrowedStr<'a> {
-    bytes: &'a [u8],
-    kind: PyStrKindData,
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    hash: PyAtomic<PyHash>,
+impl StrLen {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn zero() -> Self {
+        0usize.into()
+    }
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn uncomputed() -> Self {
+        usize::MAX.into()
+    }
 }
 
-impl<'a> BorrowedStr<'a> {
-    /// # Safety
-    /// `s` have to be an ascii string
-    #[inline]
-    pub unsafe fn from_ascii_unchecked(s: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-        debug_assert!(s.is_ascii());
+impl Clone for StrLen {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self(self.0.load(Relaxed).into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for StrData {
+    fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            bytes: s,
-            kind: PyStrKind::Ascii.new_data(),
-            hash: PyAtomic::<PyHash>::new(0),
+            data: <Box<Wtf8>>::default(),
+            kind: StrKind::Ascii,
+            len: StrLen::zero(),
         }
     }
+}
+
+impl From<Box<Wtf8>> for StrData {
+    fn from(value: Box<Wtf8>) -> Self {
+        // doing the check is ~10x faster for ascii, and is actually only 2% slower worst case for
+        // non-ascii; see https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/pull/2586#issuecomment-844611532
+        let kind = value.str_kind();
+        unsafe { Self::new_str_unchecked(value, kind) }
+    }
+}
 
+impl From<Box<str>> for StrData {
     #[inline]
-    pub fn from_bytes(s: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-        let k = if s.is_ascii() {
-            PyStrKind::Ascii.new_data()
+    fn from(value: Box<str>) -> Self {
+        // doing the check is ~10x faster for ascii, and is actually only 2% slower worst case for
+        // non-ascii; see https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/pull/2586#issuecomment-844611532
+        let kind = value.str_kind();
+        unsafe { Self::new_str_unchecked(value.into(), kind) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Box<AsciiStr>> for StrData {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(value: Box<AsciiStr>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            len: value.len().into(),
+            data: value.into(),
+            kind: StrKind::Ascii,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<AsciiChar> for StrData {
+    fn from(ch: AsciiChar) -> Self {
+        AsciiString::from(ch).into_boxed_ascii_str().into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<char> for StrData {
+    fn from(ch: char) -> Self {
+        if let Ok(ch) = ascii::AsciiChar::from_ascii(ch) {
+            ch.into()
+        } else {
+            Self {
+                data: ch.to_string().into(),
+                kind: StrKind::Utf8,
+                len: 1.into(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CodePoint> for StrData {
+    fn from(ch: CodePoint) -> Self {
+        if let Some(ch) = ch.to_char() {
+            ch.into()
         } else {
-            PyStrKind::Utf8.new_data()
+            Self {
+                data: Wtf8Buf::from(ch).into(),
+                kind: StrKind::Wtf8,
+                len: 1.into(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl StrData {
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// Given `bytes` must be valid data for given `kind`
+    pub unsafe fn new_str_unchecked(data: Box<Wtf8>, kind: StrKind) -> Self {
+        let len = match kind {
+            StrKind::Ascii => data.len().into(),
+            _ => StrLen::uncomputed(),
         };
+        Self { data, kind, len }
+    }
+
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// `char_len` must be accurate.
+    pub unsafe fn new_with_char_len(data: Box<Wtf8>, kind: StrKind, char_len: usize) -> Self {
         Self {
-            bytes: s,
-            kind: k,
-            hash: PyAtomic::<PyHash>::new(0),
+            data,
+            kind,
+            len: char_len.into(),
         }
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        unsafe {
-            // SAFETY: Both PyStrKind::{Ascii, Utf8} are valid utf8 string
-            std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(self.bytes)
+    pub fn as_wtf8(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        &self.data
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.kind
+            .is_utf8()
+            .then(|| unsafe { std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(self.data.as_bytes()) })
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_ascii(&self) -> Option<&AsciiStr> {
+        self.kind
+            .is_ascii()
+            .then(|| unsafe { AsciiStr::from_ascii_unchecked(self.data.as_bytes()) })
+    }
+
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> StrKind {
+        self.kind
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_str_kind(&self) -> PyKindStr<'_> {
+        match self.kind {
+            StrKind::Ascii => {
+                PyKindStr::Ascii(unsafe { AsciiStr::from_ascii_unchecked(self.data.as_bytes()) })
+            }
+            StrKind::Utf8 => {
+                PyKindStr::Utf8(unsafe { std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(self.data.as_bytes()) })
+            }
+            StrKind::Wtf8 => PyKindStr::Wtf8(&self.data),
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data.is_empty()
+    }
+
     #[inline]
     pub fn char_len(&self) -> usize {
-        match self.kind {
-            PyStrKindData::Ascii => self.bytes.len(),
-            PyStrKindData::Utf8(ref len) => match len.load(core::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed) {
-                usize::MAX => self._compute_char_len(),
-                len => len,
-            },
+        match self.len.0.load(Relaxed) {
+            usize::MAX => self._compute_char_len(),
+            len => len,
         }
     }
 
     #[cold]
     fn _compute_char_len(&self) -> usize {
-        match self.kind {
-            PyStrKindData::Utf8(ref char_len) => {
-                let len = self.as_str().chars().count();
-                // len cannot be usize::MAX, since vec.capacity() < sys.maxsize
-                char_len.store(len, core::sync::atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
-                len
-            }
-            _ => unsafe {
-                debug_assert!(false); // invalid for non-utf8 strings
-                std::hint::unreachable_unchecked()
-            },
-        }
+        let len = if let Some(s) = self.as_str() {
+            // utf8 chars().count() is optimized
+            s.chars().count()
+        } else {
+            self.data.code_points().count()
+        };
+        // len cannot be usize::MAX, since vec.capacity() < sys.maxsize
+        self.len.0.store(len, Relaxed);
+        len
     }
-}
 
-impl std::ops::Deref for BorrowedStr<'_> {
-    type Target = str;
-    fn deref(&self) -> &str {
-        self.as_str()
+    pub fn nth_char(&self, index: usize) -> CodePoint {
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s[index].into(),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => s.chars().nth(index).unwrap().into(),
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => w.code_points().nth(index).unwrap(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for BorrowedStr<'_> {
+impl std::fmt::Display for StrData {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        self.as_str().fmt(f)
+        self.data.fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
-impl CharLen for BorrowedStr<'_> {
+impl CharLen for StrData {
     fn char_len(&self) -> usize {
         self.char_len()
     }
@@ -181,6 +362,41 @@ pub fn char_range_end(s: &str, nchars: usize) -> Option<usize> {
     Some(i)
 }
 
+pub fn try_get_codepoints(w: &Wtf8, range: impl RangeBounds<usize>) -> Option<&Wtf8> {
+    let mut chars = w.code_points();
+    let start = match range.start_bound() {
+        Bound::Included(&i) => i,
+        Bound::Excluded(&i) => i + 1,
+        Bound::Unbounded => 0,
+    };
+    for _ in 0..start {
+        chars.next()?;
+    }
+    let s = chars.as_wtf8();
+    let range_len = match range.end_bound() {
+        Bound::Included(&i) => i + 1 - start,
+        Bound::Excluded(&i) => i - start,
+        Bound::Unbounded => return Some(s),
+    };
+    codepoint_range_end(s, range_len).map(|end| &s[..end])
+}
+
+pub fn get_codepoints(w: &Wtf8, range: impl RangeBounds<usize>) -> &Wtf8 {
+    try_get_codepoints(w, range).unwrap()
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn codepoint_range_end(s: &Wtf8, nchars: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    let i = match nchars.checked_sub(1) {
+        Some(last_char_index) => {
+            let (index, c) = s.code_point_indices().nth(last_char_index)?;
+            index + c.len_wtf8()
+        }
+        None => 0,
+    };
+    Some(i)
+}
+
 pub fn zfill(bytes: &[u8], width: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
     if width <= bytes.len() {
         bytes.to_vec()
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/core_char.rs b/common/src/wtf8/core_char.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1444e8e130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/core_char.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+//! Unstable functions from [`core::char`]
+
+use core::slice;
+
+pub const MAX_LEN_UTF8: usize = 4;
+pub const MAX_LEN_UTF16: usize = 2;
+
+// UTF-8 ranges and tags for encoding characters
+const TAG_CONT: u8 = 0b1000_0000;
+const TAG_TWO_B: u8 = 0b1100_0000;
+const TAG_THREE_B: u8 = 0b1110_0000;
+const TAG_FOUR_B: u8 = 0b1111_0000;
+const MAX_ONE_B: u32 = 0x80;
+const MAX_TWO_B: u32 = 0x800;
+const MAX_THREE_B: u32 = 0x10000;
+
+#[inline]
+#[must_use]
+pub const fn len_utf8(code: u32) -> usize {
+    match code {
+        ..MAX_ONE_B => 1,
+        ..MAX_TWO_B => 2,
+        ..MAX_THREE_B => 3,
+        _ => 4,
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+#[must_use]
+const fn len_utf16(code: u32) -> usize {
+    if (code & 0xFFFF) == code { 1 } else { 2 }
+}
+
+/// Encodes a raw `u32` value as UTF-8 into the provided byte buffer,
+/// and then returns the subslice of the buffer that contains the encoded character.
+///
+/// Unlike `char::encode_utf8`, this method also handles codepoints in the surrogate range.
+/// (Creating a `char` in the surrogate range is UB.)
+/// The result is valid [generalized UTF-8] but not valid UTF-8.
+///
+/// [generalized UTF-8]: https://simonsapin.github.io/wtf-8/#generalized-utf8
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if the buffer is not large enough.
+/// A buffer of length four is large enough to encode any `char`.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[inline]
+pub fn encode_utf8_raw(code: u32, dst: &mut [u8]) -> &mut [u8] {
+    let len = len_utf8(code);
+    match (len, &mut *dst) {
+        (1, [a, ..]) => {
+            *a = code as u8;
+        }
+        (2, [a, b, ..]) => {
+            *a = (code >> 6 & 0x1F) as u8 | TAG_TWO_B;
+            *b = (code & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
+        }
+        (3, [a, b, c, ..]) => {
+            *a = (code >> 12 & 0x0F) as u8 | TAG_THREE_B;
+            *b = (code >> 6 & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
+            *c = (code & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
+        }
+        (4, [a, b, c, d, ..]) => {
+            *a = (code >> 18 & 0x07) as u8 | TAG_FOUR_B;
+            *b = (code >> 12 & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
+            *c = (code >> 6 & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
+            *d = (code & 0x3F) as u8 | TAG_CONT;
+        }
+        _ => {
+            panic!(
+                "encode_utf8: need {len} bytes to encode U+{code:04X} but buffer has just {dst_len}",
+                dst_len = dst.len(),
+            )
+        }
+    };
+    // SAFETY: `<&mut [u8]>::as_mut_ptr` is guaranteed to return a valid pointer and `len` has been tested to be within bounds.
+    unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(dst.as_mut_ptr(), len) }
+}
+
+/// Encodes a raw `u32` value as UTF-16 into the provided `u16` buffer,
+/// and then returns the subslice of the buffer that contains the encoded character.
+///
+/// Unlike `char::encode_utf16`, this method also handles codepoints in the surrogate range.
+/// (Creating a `char` in the surrogate range is UB.)
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if the buffer is not large enough.
+/// A buffer of length 2 is large enough to encode any `char`.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[inline]
+pub fn encode_utf16_raw(mut code: u32, dst: &mut [u16]) -> &mut [u16] {
+    let len = len_utf16(code);
+    match (len, &mut *dst) {
+        (1, [a, ..]) => {
+            *a = code as u16;
+        }
+        (2, [a, b, ..]) => {
+            code -= 0x1_0000;
+            *a = (code >> 10) as u16 | 0xD800;
+            *b = (code & 0x3FF) as u16 | 0xDC00;
+        }
+        _ => {
+            panic!(
+                "encode_utf16: need {len} bytes to encode U+{code:04X} but buffer has just {dst_len}",
+                dst_len = dst.len(),
+            )
+        }
+    };
+    // SAFETY: `<&mut [u16]>::as_mut_ptr` is guaranteed to return a valid pointer and `len` has been tested to be within bounds.
+    unsafe { slice::from_raw_parts_mut(dst.as_mut_ptr(), len) }
+}
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/core_str.rs b/common/src/wtf8/core_str.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..56f715cf75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/core_str.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+//! Operations related to UTF-8 validation.
+//!
+//! Copied from `core::str::validations`
+
+/// Returns the initial codepoint accumulator for the first byte.
+/// The first byte is special, only want bottom 5 bits for width 2, 4 bits
+/// for width 3, and 3 bits for width 4.
+#[inline]
+const fn utf8_first_byte(byte: u8, width: u32) -> u32 {
+    (byte & (0x7F >> width)) as u32
+}
+
+/// Returns the value of `ch` updated with continuation byte `byte`.
+#[inline]
+const fn utf8_acc_cont_byte(ch: u32, byte: u8) -> u32 {
+    (ch << 6) | (byte & CONT_MASK) as u32
+}
+
+/// Checks whether the byte is a UTF-8 continuation byte (i.e., starts with the
+/// bits `10`).
+#[inline]
+pub(super) const fn utf8_is_cont_byte(byte: u8) -> bool {
+    (byte as i8) < -64
+}
+
+/// Reads the next code point out of a byte iterator (assuming a
+/// UTF-8-like encoding).
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `bytes` must produce a valid UTF-8-like (UTF-8 or WTF-8) string
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn next_code_point<'a, I: Iterator<Item = &'a u8>>(bytes: &mut I) -> Option<u32> {
+    // Decode UTF-8
+    let x = *bytes.next()?;
+    if x < 128 {
+        return Some(x as u32);
+    }
+
+    // Multibyte case follows
+    // Decode from a byte combination out of: [[[x y] z] w]
+    // NOTE: Performance is sensitive to the exact formulation here
+    let init = utf8_first_byte(x, 2);
+    // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+    // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+    let y = unsafe { *bytes.next().unwrap_unchecked() };
+    let mut ch = utf8_acc_cont_byte(init, y);
+    if x >= 0xE0 {
+        // [[x y z] w] case
+        // 5th bit in 0xE0 .. 0xEF is always clear, so `init` is still valid
+        // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+        // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+        let z = unsafe { *bytes.next().unwrap_unchecked() };
+        let y_z = utf8_acc_cont_byte((y & CONT_MASK) as u32, z);
+        ch = init << 12 | y_z;
+        if x >= 0xF0 {
+            // [x y z w] case
+            // use only the lower 3 bits of `init`
+            // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+            // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+            let w = unsafe { *bytes.next().unwrap_unchecked() };
+            ch = (init & 7) << 18 | utf8_acc_cont_byte(y_z, w);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Some(ch)
+}
+
+/// Reads the last code point out of a byte iterator (assuming a
+/// UTF-8-like encoding).
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `bytes` must produce a valid UTF-8-like (UTF-8 or WTF-8) string
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn next_code_point_reverse<'a, I>(bytes: &mut I) -> Option<u32>
+where
+    I: DoubleEndedIterator<Item = &'a u8>,
+{
+    // Decode UTF-8
+    let w = match *bytes.next_back()? {
+        next_byte if next_byte < 128 => return Some(next_byte as u32),
+        back_byte => back_byte,
+    };
+
+    // Multibyte case follows
+    // Decode from a byte combination out of: [x [y [z w]]]
+    let mut ch;
+    // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+    // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+    let z = unsafe { *bytes.next_back().unwrap_unchecked() };
+    ch = utf8_first_byte(z, 2);
+    if utf8_is_cont_byte(z) {
+        // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+        // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+        let y = unsafe { *bytes.next_back().unwrap_unchecked() };
+        ch = utf8_first_byte(y, 3);
+        if utf8_is_cont_byte(y) {
+            // SAFETY: `bytes` produces an UTF-8-like string,
+            // so the iterator must produce a value here.
+            let x = unsafe { *bytes.next_back().unwrap_unchecked() };
+            ch = utf8_first_byte(x, 4);
+            ch = utf8_acc_cont_byte(ch, y);
+        }
+        ch = utf8_acc_cont_byte(ch, z);
+    }
+    ch = utf8_acc_cont_byte(ch, w);
+
+    Some(ch)
+}
+
+/// Mask of the value bits of a continuation byte.
+const CONT_MASK: u8 = 0b0011_1111;
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8ec3ae0afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1347 @@
+//! An implementation of [WTF-8], a utf8-compatible encoding that allows for
+//! unpaired surrogate codepoints. This implementation additionally allows for
+//! paired surrogates that are nonetheless treated as two separate codepoints.
+//!
+//!
+//! RustPython uses this because CPython internally uses a variant of UCS-1/2/4
+//! as its string storage, which treats each `u8`/`u16`/`u32` value (depending
+//! on the highest codepoint value in the string) as simply integers, unlike
+//! UTF-8 or UTF-16 where some characters are encoded using multi-byte
+//! sequences. CPython additionally doesn't disallow the use of surrogates in
+//! `str`s (which in UTF-16 pair together to represent codepoints with a value
+//! higher than `u16::MAX`) and in fact takes quite extensive advantage of the
+//! fact that they're allowed. The `surrogateescape` codec-error handler uses
+//! them to represent byte sequences which are invalid in the given codec (e.g.
+//! bytes with their high bit set in ASCII or UTF-8) by mapping them into the
+//! surrogate range. `surrogateescape` is the default error handler in Python
+//! for interacting with the filesystem, and thus if RustPython is to properly
+//! support `surrogateescape`, its `str`s must be able to represent surrogates.
+//!
+//! We use WTF-8 over something more similar to CPython's string implementation
+//! because of its compatibility with UTF-8, meaning that in the case where a
+//! string has no surrogates, it can be viewed as a UTF-8 Rust [`str`] without
+//! needing any copies or re-encoding.
+//!
+//! This implementation is mostly copied from the WTF-8 implentation in the
+//! Rust standard library, which is used as the backing for [`OsStr`] on
+//! Windows targets. As previously mentioned, however, it is modified to not
+//! join two surrogates into one codepoint when concatenating strings, in order
+//! to match CPython's behavior.
+//!
+//! [WTF-8]: https://simonsapin.github.io/wtf-8
+//! [`OsStr`]: std::ffi::OsStr
+
+#![allow(clippy::precedence, clippy::match_overlapping_arm)]
+
+use core::fmt;
+use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use core::iter::FusedIterator;
+use core::mem;
+use core::ops;
+use core::slice;
+use core::str;
+use core_char::MAX_LEN_UTF8;
+use core_char::{MAX_LEN_UTF16, encode_utf8_raw, encode_utf16_raw, len_utf8};
+use core_str::{next_code_point, next_code_point_reverse};
+use itertools::{Either, Itertools};
+use std::borrow::{Borrow, Cow};
+use std::collections::TryReserveError;
+use std::string::String;
+use std::vec::Vec;
+
+use bstr::ByteSlice;
+
+mod core_char;
+mod core_str;
+
+const UTF8_REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER: &str = "\u{FFFD}";
+
+/// A Unicode code point: from U+0000 to U+10FFFF.
+///
+/// Compares with the `char` type,
+/// which represents a Unicode scalar value:
+/// a code point that is not a surrogate (U+D800 to U+DFFF).
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct CodePoint {
+    value: u32,
+}
+
+/// Format the code point as `U+` followed by four to six hexadecimal digits.
+/// Example: `U+1F4A9`
+impl fmt::Debug for CodePoint {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(formatter, "U+{:04X}", self.value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl CodePoint {
+    /// Unsafely creates a new `CodePoint` without checking the value.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// `value` must be less than or equal to 0x10FFFF.
+    #[inline]
+    pub unsafe fn from_u32_unchecked(value: u32) -> CodePoint {
+        CodePoint { value }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `CodePoint` if the value is a valid code point.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if `value` is above 0x10FFFF.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_u32(value: u32) -> Option<CodePoint> {
+        match value {
+            0..=0x10FFFF => Some(CodePoint { value }),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `CodePoint` from a `char`.
+    ///
+    /// Since all Unicode scalar values are code points, this always succeeds.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_char(value: char) -> CodePoint {
+        CodePoint {
+            value: value as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the numeric value of the code point.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_u32(&self) -> u32 {
+        self.value
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the numeric value of the code point if it is a leading surrogate.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_lead_surrogate(&self) -> Option<u16> {
+        match self.value {
+            lead @ 0xD800..=0xDBFF => Some(lead as u16),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the numeric value of the code point if it is a trailing surrogate.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_trail_surrogate(&self) -> Option<u16> {
+        match self.value {
+            trail @ 0xDC00..=0xDFFF => Some(trail as u16),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Optionally returns a Unicode scalar value for the code point.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the code point is a surrogate (from U+D800 to U+DFFF).
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_char(&self) -> Option<char> {
+        match self.value {
+            0xD800..=0xDFFF => None,
+            _ => Some(unsafe { char::from_u32_unchecked(self.value) }),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a Unicode scalar value for the code point.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `'\u{FFFD}'` (the replacement character “�”)
+    /// if the code point is a surrogate (from U+D800 to U+DFFF).
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_char_lossy(&self) -> char {
+        self.to_char().unwrap_or('\u{FFFD}')
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_char_and(self, f: impl FnOnce(char) -> bool) -> bool {
+        self.to_char().is_some_and(f)
+    }
+
+    pub fn encode_wtf8(self, dst: &mut [u8]) -> &mut Wtf8 {
+        unsafe { Wtf8::from_mut_bytes_unchecked(encode_utf8_raw(self.value, dst)) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len_wtf8(&self) -> usize {
+        len_utf8(self.value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<u16> for CodePoint {
+    fn from(value: u16) -> Self {
+        unsafe { Self::from_u32_unchecked(value.into()) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<char> for CodePoint {
+    fn from(value: char) -> Self {
+        Self::from_char(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<ascii::AsciiChar> for CodePoint {
+    fn from(value: ascii::AsciiChar) -> Self {
+        Self::from_char(value.into())
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CodePoint> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn from(ch: CodePoint) -> Self {
+        ch.encode_wtf8(&mut [0; MAX_LEN_UTF8]).to_owned()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq<char> for CodePoint {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &char) -> bool {
+        self.to_u32() == *other as u32
+    }
+}
+impl PartialEq<CodePoint> for char {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &CodePoint) -> bool {
+        *self as u32 == other.to_u32()
+    }
+}
+
+/// An owned, growable string of well-formed WTF-8 data.
+///
+/// Similar to `String`, but can additionally contain surrogate code points
+/// if they’re not in a surrogate pair.
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq, Ord, PartialOrd, Clone, Default)]
+pub struct Wtf8Buf {
+    bytes: Vec<u8>,
+}
+
+impl ops::Deref for Wtf8Buf {
+    type Target = Wtf8;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.as_slice()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ops::DerefMut for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Wtf8 {
+        self.as_mut_slice()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Borrow<Wtf8> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+/// Formats the string in double quotes, with characters escaped according to
+/// [`char::escape_debug`] and unpaired surrogates represented as `\u{xxxx}`,
+/// where each `x` is a hexadecimal digit.
+///
+/// For example, the code units [U+0061, U+D800, U+000A] are formatted as
+/// `"a\u{D800}\n"`.
+impl fmt::Debug for Wtf8Buf {
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(&**self, formatter)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Formats the string with unpaired surrogates substituted with the replacement
+/// character, U+FFFD.
+impl fmt::Display for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Display::fmt(&**self, formatter)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Wtf8Buf {
+    /// Creates a new, empty WTF-8 string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new() -> Wtf8Buf {
+        Wtf8Buf::default()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new, empty WTF-8 string with pre-allocated capacity for `capacity` bytes.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        Wtf8Buf {
+            bytes: Vec::with_capacity(capacity),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a WTF-8 string from a WTF-8 byte vec.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// `value` must contain valid WTF-8.
+    #[inline]
+    pub unsafe fn from_bytes_unchecked(value: Vec<u8>) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        Wtf8Buf { bytes: value }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a WTF-8 string from a UTF-8 `String`.
+    ///
+    /// This takes ownership of the `String` and does not copy.
+    ///
+    /// Since WTF-8 is a superset of UTF-8, this always succeeds.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_string(string: String) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        Wtf8Buf {
+            bytes: string.into_bytes(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn clear(&mut self) {
+        self.bytes.clear();
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a WTF-8 string from a potentially ill-formed UTF-16 slice of 16-bit code units.
+    ///
+    /// This is lossless: calling `.encode_wide()` on the resulting string
+    /// will always return the original code units.
+    pub fn from_wide(v: &[u16]) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        let mut string = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(v.len());
+        for item in char::decode_utf16(v.iter().cloned()) {
+            match item {
+                Ok(ch) => string.push_char(ch),
+                Err(surrogate) => {
+                    let surrogate = surrogate.unpaired_surrogate();
+                    // Surrogates are known to be in the code point range.
+                    let code_point = CodePoint::from(surrogate);
+                    // Skip the WTF-8 concatenation check,
+                    // surrogate pairs are already decoded by decode_utf16
+                    string.push(code_point);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        string
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(&self.bytes) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_mut_slice(&mut self) -> &mut Wtf8 {
+        // Safety: `Wtf8` doesn't expose any way to mutate the bytes that would
+        // cause them to change from well-formed UTF-8 to ill-formed UTF-8,
+        // which would break the assumptions of the `is_known_utf8` field.
+        unsafe { Wtf8::from_mut_bytes_unchecked(&mut self.bytes) }
+    }
+
+    /// Reserves capacity for at least `additional` more bytes to be inserted
+    /// in the given `Wtf8Buf`.
+    /// The collection may reserve more space to avoid frequent reallocations.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the new capacity exceeds `isize::MAX` bytes.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) {
+        self.bytes.reserve(additional)
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to reserve capacity for at least `additional` more bytes to be
+    /// inserted in the given `Wtf8Buf`. The `Wtf8Buf` may reserve more space to
+    /// avoid frequent reallocations. After calling `try_reserve`, capacity will
+    /// be greater than or equal to `self.len() + additional`. Does nothing if
+    /// capacity is already sufficient. This method preserves the contents even
+    /// if an error occurs.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// If the capacity overflows, or the allocator reports a failure, then an error
+    /// is returned.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn try_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) -> Result<(), TryReserveError> {
+        self.bytes.try_reserve(additional)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn reserve_exact(&mut self, additional: usize) {
+        self.bytes.reserve_exact(additional)
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to reserve the minimum capacity for exactly `additional` more
+    /// bytes to be inserted in the given `Wtf8Buf`. After calling
+    /// `try_reserve_exact`, capacity will be greater than or equal to
+    /// `self.len() + additional` if it returns `Ok(())`.
+    /// Does nothing if the capacity is already sufficient.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the allocator may give the `Wtf8Buf` more space than it
+    /// requests. Therefore, capacity can not be relied upon to be precisely
+    /// minimal. Prefer [`try_reserve`] if future insertions are expected.
+    ///
+    /// [`try_reserve`]: Wtf8Buf::try_reserve
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// If the capacity overflows, or the allocator reports a failure, then an error
+    /// is returned.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn try_reserve_exact(&mut self, additional: usize) -> Result<(), TryReserveError> {
+        self.bytes.try_reserve_exact(additional)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self) {
+        self.bytes.shrink_to_fit()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn shrink_to(&mut self, min_capacity: usize) {
+        self.bytes.shrink_to(min_capacity)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn leak<'a>(self) -> &'a mut Wtf8 {
+        unsafe { Wtf8::from_mut_bytes_unchecked(self.bytes.leak()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the number of bytes that this string buffer can hold without reallocating.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize {
+        self.bytes.capacity()
+    }
+
+    /// Append a UTF-8 slice at the end of the string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn push_str(&mut self, other: &str) {
+        self.bytes.extend_from_slice(other.as_bytes())
+    }
+
+    /// Append a WTF-8 slice at the end of the string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn push_wtf8(&mut self, other: &Wtf8) {
+        self.bytes.extend_from_slice(&other.bytes);
+    }
+
+    /// Append a Unicode scalar value at the end of the string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn push_char(&mut self, c: char) {
+        self.push(CodePoint::from_char(c))
+    }
+
+    /// Append a code point at the end of the string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn push(&mut self, code_point: CodePoint) {
+        self.push_wtf8(code_point.encode_wtf8(&mut [0; MAX_LEN_UTF8]))
+    }
+
+    /// Shortens a string to the specified length.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `new_len` > current length,
+    /// or if `new_len` is not a code point boundary.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn truncate(&mut self, new_len: usize) {
+        assert!(is_code_point_boundary(self, new_len));
+        self.bytes.truncate(new_len)
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the WTF-8 string and tries to convert it to a vec of bytes.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        self.bytes
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the WTF-8 string and tries to convert it to UTF-8.
+    ///
+    /// This does not copy the data.
+    ///
+    /// If the contents are not well-formed UTF-8
+    /// (that is, if the string contains surrogates),
+    /// the original WTF-8 string is returned instead.
+    pub fn into_string(self) -> Result<String, Wtf8Buf> {
+        if self.is_utf8() {
+            Ok(unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(self.bytes) })
+        } else {
+            Err(self)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Consumes the WTF-8 string and converts it lossily to UTF-8.
+    ///
+    /// This does not copy the data (but may overwrite parts of it in place).
+    ///
+    /// Surrogates are replaced with `"\u{FFFD}"` (the replacement character “�”)
+    pub fn into_string_lossy(mut self) -> String {
+        let mut pos = 0;
+        while let Some((surrogate_pos, _)) = self.next_surrogate(pos) {
+            pos = surrogate_pos + 3;
+            // Surrogates and the replacement character are all 3 bytes, so
+            // they can substituted in-place.
+            self.bytes[surrogate_pos..pos].copy_from_slice(UTF8_REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER.as_bytes());
+        }
+        unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(self.bytes) }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts this `Wtf8Buf` into a boxed `Wtf8`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn into_box(self) -> Box<Wtf8> {
+        // SAFETY: relies on `Wtf8` being `repr(transparent)`.
+        unsafe { mem::transmute(self.bytes.into_boxed_slice()) }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts a `Box<Wtf8>` into a `Wtf8Buf`.
+    pub fn from_box(boxed: Box<Wtf8>) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        let bytes: Box<[u8]> = unsafe { mem::transmute(boxed) };
+        Wtf8Buf {
+            bytes: bytes.into_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a new WTF-8 string from an iterator of code points.
+///
+/// This replaces surrogate code point pairs with supplementary code points,
+/// like concatenating ill-formed UTF-16 strings effectively would.
+impl FromIterator<CodePoint> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = CodePoint>>(iter: T) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        let mut string = Wtf8Buf::new();
+        string.extend(iter);
+        string
+    }
+}
+
+/// Append code points from an iterator to the string.
+///
+/// This replaces surrogate code point pairs with supplementary code points,
+/// like concatenating ill-formed UTF-16 strings effectively would.
+impl Extend<CodePoint> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item = CodePoint>>(&mut self, iter: T) {
+        let iterator = iter.into_iter();
+        let (low, _high) = iterator.size_hint();
+        // Lower bound of one byte per code point (ASCII only)
+        self.bytes.reserve(low);
+        iterator.for_each(move |code_point| self.push(code_point));
+    }
+}
+
+impl<W: AsRef<Wtf8>> FromIterator<W> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = W>>(iter: T) -> Self {
+        let mut buf = Wtf8Buf::new();
+        iter.into_iter().for_each(|w| buf.push_wtf8(w.as_ref()));
+        buf
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Wtf8> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
+        Wtf8Buf::from_string(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
+        Wtf8Buf::from_string(s.to_owned())
+    }
+}
+
+/// A borrowed slice of well-formed WTF-8 data.
+///
+/// Similar to `&str`, but can additionally contain surrogate code points
+/// if they’re not in a surrogate pair.
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
+pub struct Wtf8 {
+    bytes: [u8],
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Wtf8> for Wtf8 {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToOwned for Wtf8 {
+    type Owned = Wtf8Buf;
+    fn to_owned(&self) -> Self::Owned {
+        self.to_wtf8_buf()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Formats the string in double quotes, with characters escaped according to
+/// [`char::escape_debug`] and unpaired surrogates represented as `\u{xxxx}`,
+/// where each `x` is a hexadecimal digit.
+impl fmt::Debug for Wtf8 {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fn write_str_escaped(f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+            use std::fmt::Write;
+            for c in s.chars().flat_map(|c| c.escape_debug()) {
+                f.write_char(c)?
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        formatter.write_str("\"")?;
+        let mut pos = 0;
+        while let Some((surrogate_pos, surrogate)) = self.next_surrogate(pos) {
+            write_str_escaped(formatter, unsafe {
+                str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.bytes[pos..surrogate_pos])
+            })?;
+            write!(formatter, "\\u{{{:x}}}", surrogate)?;
+            pos = surrogate_pos + 3;
+        }
+        write_str_escaped(formatter, unsafe {
+            str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.bytes[pos..])
+        })?;
+        formatter.write_str("\"")
+    }
+}
+
+/// Formats the string with unpaired surrogates substituted with the replacement
+/// character, U+FFFD.
+impl fmt::Display for Wtf8 {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let wtf8_bytes = &self.bytes;
+        let mut pos = 0;
+        loop {
+            match self.next_surrogate(pos) {
+                Some((surrogate_pos, _)) => {
+                    formatter.write_str(unsafe {
+                        str::from_utf8_unchecked(&wtf8_bytes[pos..surrogate_pos])
+                    })?;
+                    formatter.write_str(UTF8_REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER)?;
+                    pos = surrogate_pos + 3;
+                }
+                None => {
+                    let s = unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&wtf8_bytes[pos..]) };
+                    if pos == 0 {
+                        return s.fmt(formatter);
+                    } else {
+                        return formatter.write_str(s);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for &Wtf8 {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(&[]) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Wtf8 {
+    /// Creates a WTF-8 slice from a UTF-8 `&str` slice.
+    ///
+    /// Since WTF-8 is a superset of UTF-8, this always succeeds.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new<S: AsRef<Wtf8> + ?Sized>(value: &S) -> &Wtf8 {
+        value.as_ref()
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a WTF-8 slice from a WTF-8 byte slice.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// `value` must contain valid WTF-8.
+    #[inline]
+    pub unsafe fn from_bytes_unchecked(value: &[u8]) -> &Wtf8 {
+        // SAFETY: start with &[u8], end with fancy &[u8]
+        unsafe { &*(value as *const [u8] as *const Wtf8) }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a mutable WTF-8 slice from a mutable WTF-8 byte slice.
+    ///
+    /// Since the byte slice is not checked for valid WTF-8, this functions is
+    /// marked unsafe.
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn from_mut_bytes_unchecked(value: &mut [u8]) -> &mut Wtf8 {
+        // SAFETY: start with &mut [u8], end with fancy &mut [u8]
+        unsafe { &mut *(value as *mut [u8] as *mut Wtf8) }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the length, in WTF-8 bytes.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.bytes.len()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.bytes.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the code point at `position` if it is in the ASCII range,
+    /// or `b'\xFF'` otherwise.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if `position` is beyond the end of the string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn ascii_byte_at(&self, position: usize) -> u8 {
+        match self.bytes[position] {
+            ascii_byte @ 0x00..=0x7F => ascii_byte,
+            _ => 0xFF,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator for the string’s code points.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn code_points(&self) -> Wtf8CodePoints<'_> {
+        Wtf8CodePoints {
+            bytes: self.bytes.iter(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator for the string’s code points and their indices.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn code_point_indices(&self) -> Wtf8CodePointIndices<'_> {
+        Wtf8CodePointIndices {
+            front_offset: 0,
+            iter: self.code_points(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Access raw bytes of WTF-8 data
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.bytes
+    }
+
+    /// Tries to convert the string to UTF-8 and return a `&str` slice.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if the string contains surrogates.
+    ///
+    /// This does not copy the data.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_str(&self) -> Result<&str, str::Utf8Error> {
+        str::from_utf8(&self.bytes)
+    }
+
+    /// Creates an owned `Wtf8Buf` from a borrowed `Wtf8`.
+    pub fn to_wtf8_buf(&self) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        Wtf8Buf {
+            bytes: self.bytes.to_vec(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Lossily converts the string to UTF-8.
+    /// Returns a UTF-8 `&str` slice if the contents are well-formed in UTF-8.
+    ///
+    /// Surrogates are replaced with `"\u{FFFD}"` (the replacement character “�”).
+    ///
+    /// This only copies the data if necessary (if it contains any surrogate).
+    pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
+        let Some((surrogate_pos, _)) = self.next_surrogate(0) else {
+            return Cow::Borrowed(unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.bytes) });
+        };
+        let wtf8_bytes = &self.bytes;
+        let mut utf8_bytes = Vec::with_capacity(self.len());
+        utf8_bytes.extend_from_slice(&wtf8_bytes[..surrogate_pos]);
+        utf8_bytes.extend_from_slice(UTF8_REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER.as_bytes());
+        let mut pos = surrogate_pos + 3;
+        loop {
+            match self.next_surrogate(pos) {
+                Some((surrogate_pos, _)) => {
+                    utf8_bytes.extend_from_slice(&wtf8_bytes[pos..surrogate_pos]);
+                    utf8_bytes.extend_from_slice(UTF8_REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER.as_bytes());
+                    pos = surrogate_pos + 3;
+                }
+                None => {
+                    utf8_bytes.extend_from_slice(&wtf8_bytes[pos..]);
+                    return Cow::Owned(unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(utf8_bytes) });
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts the WTF-8 string to potentially ill-formed UTF-16
+    /// and return an iterator of 16-bit code units.
+    ///
+    /// This is lossless:
+    /// calling `Wtf8Buf::from_ill_formed_utf16` on the resulting code units
+    /// would always return the original WTF-8 string.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn encode_wide(&self) -> EncodeWide<'_> {
+        EncodeWide {
+            code_points: self.code_points(),
+            extra: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn chunks(&self) -> Wtf8Chunks<'_> {
+        Wtf8Chunks { wtf8: self }
+    }
+
+    pub fn map_utf8<'a, I>(&'a self, f: impl Fn(&'a str) -> I) -> impl Iterator<Item = CodePoint>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item = char>,
+    {
+        self.chunks().flat_map(move |chunk| match chunk {
+            Wtf8Chunk::Utf8(s) => Either::Left(f(s).map_into()),
+            Wtf8Chunk::Surrogate(c) => Either::Right(std::iter::once(c)),
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_surrogate(&self, mut pos: usize) -> Option<(usize, u16)> {
+        let mut iter = self.bytes[pos..].iter();
+        loop {
+            let b = *iter.next()?;
+            if b < 0x80 {
+                pos += 1;
+            } else if b < 0xE0 {
+                iter.next();
+                pos += 2;
+            } else if b == 0xED {
+                match (iter.next(), iter.next()) {
+                    (Some(&b2), Some(&b3)) if b2 >= 0xA0 => {
+                        return Some((pos, decode_surrogate(b2, b3)));
+                    }
+                    _ => pos += 3,
+                }
+            } else if b < 0xF0 {
+                iter.next();
+                iter.next();
+                pos += 3;
+            } else {
+                iter.next();
+                iter.next();
+                iter.next();
+                pos += 4;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn clone_into(&self, buf: &mut Wtf8Buf) {
+        self.bytes.clone_into(&mut buf.bytes);
+    }
+
+    /// Boxes this `Wtf8`.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn into_box(&self) -> Box<Wtf8> {
+        let boxed: Box<[u8]> = self.bytes.into();
+        unsafe { mem::transmute(boxed) }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a boxed, empty `Wtf8`.
+    pub fn empty_box() -> Box<Wtf8> {
+        let boxed: Box<[u8]> = Default::default();
+        unsafe { mem::transmute(boxed) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn make_ascii_lowercase(&mut self) {
+        self.bytes.make_ascii_lowercase()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn make_ascii_uppercase(&mut self) {
+        self.bytes.make_ascii_uppercase()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_ascii_lowercase(&self) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        Wtf8Buf {
+            bytes: self.bytes.to_ascii_lowercase(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn to_ascii_uppercase(&self) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        Wtf8Buf {
+            bytes: self.bytes.to_ascii_uppercase(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
+        self.bytes.is_ascii()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn is_utf8(&self) -> bool {
+        self.next_surrogate(0).is_none()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn eq_ignore_ascii_case(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        self.bytes.eq_ignore_ascii_case(&other.bytes)
+    }
+
+    pub fn split(&self, pat: &Wtf8) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Self> {
+        self.as_bytes()
+            .split_str(pat)
+            .map(|w| unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) })
+    }
+
+    pub fn splitn(&self, n: usize, pat: &Wtf8) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Self> {
+        self.as_bytes()
+            .splitn_str(n, pat)
+            .map(|w| unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) })
+    }
+
+    pub fn rsplit(&self, pat: &Wtf8) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Self> {
+        self.as_bytes()
+            .rsplit_str(pat)
+            .map(|w| unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) })
+    }
+
+    pub fn rsplitn(&self, n: usize, pat: &Wtf8) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Self> {
+        self.as_bytes()
+            .rsplitn_str(n, pat)
+            .map(|w| unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) })
+    }
+
+    pub fn trim_start_matches(&self, f: impl Fn(CodePoint) -> bool) -> &Self {
+        let mut iter = self.code_points();
+        loop {
+            let old = iter.clone();
+            match iter.next().map(&f) {
+                Some(true) => continue,
+                Some(false) => {
+                    iter = old;
+                    break;
+                }
+                None => return iter.as_wtf8(),
+            }
+        }
+        iter.as_wtf8()
+    }
+
+    pub fn trim_end_matches(&self, f: impl Fn(CodePoint) -> bool) -> &Self {
+        let mut iter = self.code_points();
+        loop {
+            let old = iter.clone();
+            match iter.next_back().map(&f) {
+                Some(true) => continue,
+                Some(false) => {
+                    iter = old;
+                    break;
+                }
+                None => return iter.as_wtf8(),
+            }
+        }
+        iter.as_wtf8()
+    }
+
+    pub fn trim_matches(&self, f: impl Fn(CodePoint) -> bool) -> &Self {
+        self.trim_start_matches(&f).trim_end_matches(&f)
+    }
+
+    pub fn find(&self, pat: &Wtf8) -> Option<usize> {
+        memchr::memmem::find(self.as_bytes(), pat.as_bytes())
+    }
+
+    pub fn rfind(&self, pat: &Wtf8) -> Option<usize> {
+        memchr::memmem::rfind(self.as_bytes(), pat.as_bytes())
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(&self, range: impl ops::RangeBounds<usize>) -> Option<&Self> {
+        let start = match range.start_bound() {
+            ops::Bound::Included(&i) => i,
+            ops::Bound::Excluded(&i) => i.saturating_add(1),
+            ops::Bound::Unbounded => 0,
+        };
+        let end = match range.end_bound() {
+            ops::Bound::Included(&i) => i.saturating_add(1),
+            ops::Bound::Excluded(&i) => i,
+            ops::Bound::Unbounded => self.len(),
+        };
+        // is_code_point_boundary checks that the index is in [0, .len()]
+        if start <= end && is_code_point_boundary(self, start) && is_code_point_boundary(self, end)
+        {
+            Some(unsafe { slice_unchecked(self, start, end) })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Wtf8> for str {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(self.as_bytes()) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<[u8]> for Wtf8 {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.as_bytes()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns a slice of the given string for the byte range \[`begin`..`end`).
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics when `begin` and `end` do not point to code point boundaries,
+/// or point beyond the end of the string.
+impl ops::Index<ops::Range<usize>> for Wtf8 {
+    type Output = Wtf8;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, range: ops::Range<usize>) -> &Wtf8 {
+        // is_code_point_boundary checks that the index is in [0, .len()]
+        if range.start <= range.end
+            && is_code_point_boundary(self, range.start)
+            && is_code_point_boundary(self, range.end)
+        {
+            unsafe { slice_unchecked(self, range.start, range.end) }
+        } else {
+            slice_error_fail(self, range.start, range.end)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns a slice of the given string from byte `begin` to its end.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics when `begin` is not at a code point boundary,
+/// or is beyond the end of the string.
+impl ops::Index<ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for Wtf8 {
+    type Output = Wtf8;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, range: ops::RangeFrom<usize>) -> &Wtf8 {
+        // is_code_point_boundary checks that the index is in [0, .len()]
+        if is_code_point_boundary(self, range.start) {
+            unsafe { slice_unchecked(self, range.start, self.len()) }
+        } else {
+            slice_error_fail(self, range.start, self.len())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Returns a slice of the given string from its beginning to byte `end`.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics when `end` is not at a code point boundary,
+/// or is beyond the end of the string.
+impl ops::Index<ops::RangeTo<usize>> for Wtf8 {
+    type Output = Wtf8;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, range: ops::RangeTo<usize>) -> &Wtf8 {
+        // is_code_point_boundary checks that the index is in [0, .len()]
+        if is_code_point_boundary(self, range.end) {
+            unsafe { slice_unchecked(self, 0, range.end) }
+        } else {
+            slice_error_fail(self, 0, range.end)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ops::Index<ops::RangeFull> for Wtf8 {
+    type Output = Wtf8;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn index(&self, _range: ops::RangeFull) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn decode_surrogate(second_byte: u8, third_byte: u8) -> u16 {
+    // The first byte is assumed to be 0xED
+    0xD800 | (second_byte as u16 & 0x3F) << 6 | third_byte as u16 & 0x3F
+}
+
+/// Copied from str::is_char_boundary
+#[inline]
+pub fn is_code_point_boundary(slice: &Wtf8, index: usize) -> bool {
+    if index == 0 {
+        return true;
+    }
+    match slice.bytes.get(index) {
+        None => index == slice.len(),
+        Some(&b) => (b as i8) >= -0x40,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Verify that `index` is at the edge of either a valid UTF-8 codepoint
+/// (i.e. a codepoint that's not a surrogate) or of the whole string.
+///
+/// These are the cases currently permitted by `OsStr::slice_encoded_bytes`.
+/// Splitting between surrogates is valid as far as WTF-8 is concerned, but
+/// we do not permit it in the public API because WTF-8 is considered an
+/// implementation detail.
+#[track_caller]
+#[inline]
+pub fn check_utf8_boundary(slice: &Wtf8, index: usize) {
+    if index == 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+    match slice.bytes.get(index) {
+        Some(0xED) => (), // Might be a surrogate
+        Some(&b) if (b as i8) >= -0x40 => return,
+        Some(_) => panic!("byte index {index} is not a codepoint boundary"),
+        None if index == slice.len() => return,
+        None => panic!("byte index {index} is out of bounds"),
+    }
+    if slice.bytes[index + 1] >= 0xA0 {
+        // There's a surrogate after index. Now check before index.
+        if index >= 3 && slice.bytes[index - 3] == 0xED && slice.bytes[index - 2] >= 0xA0 {
+            panic!("byte index {index} lies between surrogate codepoints");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Copied from core::str::raw::slice_unchecked
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `begin` and `end` must be within bounds and on codepoint boundaries.
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn slice_unchecked(s: &Wtf8, begin: usize, end: usize) -> &Wtf8 {
+    // SAFETY: memory layout of a &[u8] and &Wtf8 are the same
+    unsafe {
+        let len = end - begin;
+        let start = s.as_bytes().as_ptr().add(begin);
+        Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(slice::from_raw_parts(start, len))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Copied from core::str::raw::slice_error_fail
+#[inline(never)]
+pub fn slice_error_fail(s: &Wtf8, begin: usize, end: usize) -> ! {
+    assert!(begin <= end);
+    panic!("index {begin} and/or {end} in `{s:?}` do not lie on character boundary");
+}
+
+/// Iterator for the code points of a WTF-8 string.
+///
+/// Created with the method `.code_points()`.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Wtf8CodePoints<'a> {
+    bytes: slice::Iter<'a, u8>,
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Wtf8CodePoints<'_> {
+    type Item = CodePoint;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<CodePoint> {
+        // SAFETY: `self.bytes` has been created from a WTF-8 string
+        unsafe { next_code_point(&mut self.bytes).map(|c| CodePoint { value: c }) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let len = self.bytes.len();
+        (len.saturating_add(3) / 4, Some(len))
+    }
+
+    fn last(mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.next_back()
+    }
+}
+
+impl DoubleEndedIterator for Wtf8CodePoints<'_> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<CodePoint> {
+        // SAFETY: `str` invariant says `self.iter` is a valid WTF-8 string and
+        // the resulting `ch` is a valid Unicode Code Point.
+        unsafe {
+            next_code_point_reverse(&mut self.bytes).map(|ch| CodePoint::from_u32_unchecked(ch))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> Wtf8CodePoints<'a> {
+    pub fn as_wtf8(&self) -> &'a Wtf8 {
+        unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(self.bytes.as_slice()) }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Wtf8CodePointIndices<'a> {
+    pub(super) front_offset: usize,
+    pub(super) iter: Wtf8CodePoints<'a>,
+}
+
+impl Iterator for Wtf8CodePointIndices<'_> {
+    type Item = (usize, CodePoint);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<(usize, CodePoint)> {
+        let pre_len = self.iter.bytes.len();
+        match self.iter.next() {
+            None => None,
+            Some(ch) => {
+                let index = self.front_offset;
+                let len = self.iter.bytes.len();
+                self.front_offset += pre_len - len;
+                Some((index, ch))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn last(mut self) -> Option<(usize, CodePoint)> {
+        // No need to go through the entire string.
+        self.next_back()
+    }
+}
+
+impl DoubleEndedIterator for Wtf8CodePointIndices<'_> {
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<(usize, CodePoint)> {
+        self.iter.next_back().map(|ch| {
+            let index = self.front_offset + self.iter.bytes.len();
+            (index, ch)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl FusedIterator for Wtf8CodePointIndices<'_> {}
+
+/// Generates a wide character sequence for potentially ill-formed UTF-16.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct EncodeWide<'a> {
+    code_points: Wtf8CodePoints<'a>,
+    extra: u16,
+}
+
+// Copied from libunicode/u_str.rs
+impl Iterator for EncodeWide<'_> {
+    type Item = u16;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<u16> {
+        if self.extra != 0 {
+            let tmp = self.extra;
+            self.extra = 0;
+            return Some(tmp);
+        }
+
+        let mut buf = [0; MAX_LEN_UTF16];
+        self.code_points.next().map(|code_point| {
+            let n = encode_utf16_raw(code_point.value, &mut buf).len();
+            if n == 2 {
+                self.extra = buf[1];
+            }
+            buf[0]
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let (low, high) = self.code_points.size_hint();
+        let ext = (self.extra != 0) as usize;
+        // every code point gets either one u16 or two u16,
+        // so this iterator is between 1 or 2 times as
+        // long as the underlying iterator.
+        (
+            low + ext,
+            high.and_then(|n| n.checked_mul(2))
+                .and_then(|n| n.checked_add(ext)),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl FusedIterator for EncodeWide<'_> {}
+
+pub struct Wtf8Chunks<'a> {
+    wtf8: &'a Wtf8,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Iterator for Wtf8Chunks<'a> {
+    type Item = Wtf8Chunk<'a>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self.wtf8.next_surrogate(0) {
+            Some((0, surrogate)) => {
+                self.wtf8 = &self.wtf8[3..];
+                Some(Wtf8Chunk::Surrogate(surrogate.into()))
+            }
+            Some((n, _)) => {
+                let s = unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.wtf8.as_bytes()[..n]) };
+                self.wtf8 = &self.wtf8[n..];
+                Some(Wtf8Chunk::Utf8(s))
+            }
+            None => {
+                let s =
+                    unsafe { str::from_utf8_unchecked(std::mem::take(&mut self.wtf8).as_bytes()) };
+                (!s.is_empty()).then_some(Wtf8Chunk::Utf8(s))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum Wtf8Chunk<'a> {
+    Utf8(&'a str),
+    Surrogate(CodePoint),
+}
+
+impl Hash for CodePoint {
+    #[inline]
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.value.hash(state)
+    }
+}
+
+// == BOX IMPLS ==
+
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `value` must be valid WTF-8.
+pub unsafe fn from_boxed_wtf8_unchecked(value: Box<[u8]>) -> Box<Wtf8> {
+    unsafe { Box::from_raw(Box::into_raw(value) as *mut Wtf8) }
+}
+
+impl Clone for Box<Wtf8> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        (&**self).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for Box<Wtf8> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        unsafe { from_boxed_wtf8_unchecked(Box::default()) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&Wtf8> for Box<Wtf8> {
+    fn from(w: &Wtf8) -> Self {
+        w.into_box()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<&str> for Box<Wtf8> {
+    fn from(s: &str) -> Self {
+        Box::<str>::from(s).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Box<str>> for Box<Wtf8> {
+    fn from(s: Box<str>) -> Self {
+        unsafe { from_boxed_wtf8_unchecked(s.into_boxed_bytes()) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Box<ascii::AsciiStr>> for Box<Wtf8> {
+    fn from(s: Box<ascii::AsciiStr>) -> Self {
+        <Box<str>>::from(s).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Box<Wtf8>> for Box<[u8]> {
+    fn from(w: Box<Wtf8>) -> Self {
+        unsafe { Box::from_raw(Box::into_raw(w) as *mut [u8]) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Wtf8Buf> for Box<Wtf8> {
+    fn from(w: Wtf8Buf) -> Self {
+        w.into_box()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<String> for Box<Wtf8> {
+    fn from(s: String) -> Self {
+        s.into_boxed_str().into()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs b/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
index f8d41414f7..702e5b6681 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
@@ -27,23 +27,20 @@ pub(crate) mod _struct {
         fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
             // CPython turns str to bytes but we do reversed way here
             // The only performance difference is this transition cost
-            let fmt = match_class! {
-                match obj {
-                    s @ PyStr => if s.is_ascii() {
-                        Some(s)
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    },
-                    b @ PyBytes => if b.is_ascii() {
-                        Some(unsafe {
-                            PyStr::new_ascii_unchecked(b.as_bytes().to_vec())
-                        }.into_ref(&vm.ctx))
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    },
-                    other => return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!("Struct() argument 1 must be a str or bytes object, not {}", other.class().name()))),
-                }
-            }.ok_or_else(|| vm.new_unicode_decode_error("Struct format must be a ascii string".to_owned()))?;
+            let fmt = match_class!(match obj {
+                s @ PyStr => s.is_ascii().then_some(s),
+                b @ PyBytes => ascii::AsciiStr::from_ascii(&b)
+                    .ok()
+                    .map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s)),
+                other =>
+                    return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+                        "Struct() argument 1 must be a str or bytes object, not {}",
+                        other.class().name()
+                    ))),
+            })
+            .ok_or_else(|| {
+                vm.new_unicode_decode_error("Struct format must be a ascii string".to_owned())
+            })?;
             Ok(IntoStructFormatBytes(fmt))
         }
     }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs b/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs
index 49f3ef6250..9af921d360 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/unicodedata.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,7 @@ mod unicodedata {
         function::OptionalArg,
     };
     use itertools::Itertools;
+    use rustpython_common::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8Buf};
     use ucd::{Codepoint, EastAsianWidth};
     use unic_char_property::EnumeratedCharProperty;
     use unic_normal::StrNormalForm;
@@ -84,14 +85,23 @@ mod unicodedata {
             Self { unic_version }
         }
 
-        fn check_age(&self, c: char) -> bool {
-            Age::of(c).is_some_and(|age| age.actual() <= self.unic_version)
+        fn check_age(&self, c: CodePoint) -> bool {
+            c.to_char()
+                .is_none_or(|c| Age::of(c).is_some_and(|age| age.actual() <= self.unic_version))
         }
 
-        fn extract_char(&self, character: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<char>> {
-            let c = character.as_str().chars().exactly_one().map_err(|_| {
-                vm.new_type_error("argument must be an unicode character, not str".to_owned())
-            })?;
+        fn extract_char(
+            &self,
+            character: PyStrRef,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<Option<CodePoint>> {
+            let c = character
+                .as_wtf8()
+                .code_points()
+                .exactly_one()
+                .map_err(|_| {
+                    vm.new_type_error("argument must be an unicode character, not str".to_owned())
+                })?;
 
             Ok(self.check_age(c).then_some(c))
         }
@@ -103,7 +113,10 @@ mod unicodedata {
         fn category(&self, character: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
             Ok(self
                 .extract_char(character, vm)?
-                .map_or(GeneralCategory::Unassigned, GeneralCategory::of)
+                .map_or(GeneralCategory::Unassigned, |c| {
+                    c.to_char()
+                        .map_or(GeneralCategory::Surrogate, GeneralCategory::of)
+                })
                 .abbr_name()
                 .to_owned())
         }
@@ -111,7 +124,7 @@ mod unicodedata {
         #[pymethod]
         fn lookup(&self, name: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
             if let Some(character) = unicode_names2::character(name.as_str()) {
-                if self.check_age(character) {
+                if self.check_age(character.into()) {
                     return Ok(character.to_string());
                 }
             }
@@ -129,7 +142,7 @@ mod unicodedata {
 
             if let Some(c) = c {
                 if self.check_age(c) {
-                    if let Some(name) = unicode_names2::name(c) {
+                    if let Some(name) = c.to_char().and_then(unicode_names2::name) {
                         return Ok(vm.ctx.new_str(name.to_string()).into());
                     }
                 }
@@ -144,7 +157,10 @@ mod unicodedata {
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
         ) -> PyResult<&'static str> {
             let bidi = match self.extract_char(character, vm)? {
-                Some(c) => BidiClass::of(c).abbr_name(),
+                Some(c) => c
+                    .to_char()
+                    .map_or(BidiClass::LeftToRight, BidiClass::of)
+                    .abbr_name(),
                 None => "",
             };
             Ok(bidi)
@@ -159,19 +175,20 @@ mod unicodedata {
         ) -> PyResult<&'static str> {
             Ok(self
                 .extract_char(character, vm)?
+                .and_then(|c| c.to_char())
                 .map_or(EastAsianWidth::Neutral, |c| c.east_asian_width())
                 .abbr_name())
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn normalize(&self, form: super::NormalizeForm, unistr: PyStrRef) -> PyResult<String> {
+        fn normalize(&self, form: super::NormalizeForm, unistr: PyStrRef) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
             use super::NormalizeForm::*;
-            let text = unistr.as_str();
+            let text = unistr.as_wtf8();
             let normalized_text = match form {
-                Nfc => text.nfc().collect::<String>(),
-                Nfkc => text.nfkc().collect::<String>(),
-                Nfd => text.nfd().collect::<String>(),
-                Nfkd => text.nfkd().collect::<String>(),
+                Nfc => text.map_utf8(|s| s.nfc()).collect(),
+                Nfkc => text.map_utf8(|s| s.nfkc()).collect(),
+                Nfd => text.map_utf8(|s| s.nfd()).collect(),
+                Nfkd => text.map_utf8(|s| s.nfkd()).collect(),
             };
             Ok(normalized_text)
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/anystr.rs b/vm/src/anystr.rs
index d01136b0fb..0a884fc732 100644
--- a/vm/src/anystr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/anystr.rs
@@ -7,28 +7,13 @@ use crate::{
 use num_traits::{cast::ToPrimitive, sign::Signed};
 
 #[derive(FromArgs)]
-pub struct SplitArgs<T: TryFromObject + AnyStrWrapper> {
+pub struct SplitArgs<T: TryFromObject> {
     #[pyarg(any, default)]
     sep: Option<T>,
     #[pyarg(any, default = "-1")]
     maxsplit: isize,
 }
 
-impl<T: TryFromObject + AnyStrWrapper> SplitArgs<T> {
-    pub fn get_value(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(Option<T>, isize)> {
-        let sep = if let Some(s) = self.sep {
-            let sep = s.as_ref();
-            if sep.is_empty() {
-                return Err(vm.new_value_error("empty separator".to_owned()));
-            }
-            Some(s)
-        } else {
-            None
-        };
-        Ok((sep, self.maxsplit))
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(FromArgs)]
 pub struct SplitLinesArgs {
     #[pyarg(any, default = "false")]
@@ -132,9 +117,9 @@ impl StringRange for std::ops::Range<usize> {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait AnyStrWrapper {
-    type Str: ?Sized + AnyStr;
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Self::Str;
+pub trait AnyStrWrapper<S: AnyStr + ?Sized> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&S>;
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool;
 }
 
 pub trait AnyStrContainer<S>
@@ -146,15 +131,18 @@ where
     fn push_str(&mut self, s: &S);
 }
 
+pub trait AnyChar: Copy {
+    fn is_lowercase(self) -> bool;
+    fn is_uppercase(self) -> bool;
+    fn bytes_len(self) -> usize;
+}
+
 pub trait AnyStr {
-    type Char: Copy;
+    type Char: AnyChar;
     type Container: AnyStrContainer<Self> + Extend<Self::Char>;
 
-    fn element_bytes_len(c: Self::Char) -> usize;
-
     fn to_container(&self) -> Self::Container;
     fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8];
-    fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char>;
     fn elements(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::Char>;
     fn get_bytes(&self, range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> &Self;
     // FIXME: get_chars is expensive for str
@@ -172,29 +160,35 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
         new
     }
 
-    fn py_split<T, SP, SN, SW, R>(
+    fn py_split<T, SP, SN, SW>(
         &self,
         args: SplitArgs<T>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        full_obj: impl FnOnce() -> PyObjectRef,
         split: SP,
         splitn: SN,
         splitw: SW,
-    ) -> PyResult<Vec<R>>
+    ) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>>
     where
-        T: TryFromObject + AnyStrWrapper<Str = Self>,
-        SP: Fn(&Self, &Self, &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<R>,
-        SN: Fn(&Self, &Self, usize, &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<R>,
-        SW: Fn(&Self, isize, &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<R>,
+        T: TryFromObject + AnyStrWrapper<Self>,
+        SP: Fn(&Self, &Self, &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<PyObjectRef>,
+        SN: Fn(&Self, &Self, usize, &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<PyObjectRef>,
+        SW: Fn(&Self, isize, &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<PyObjectRef>,
     {
-        let (sep, maxsplit) = args.get_value(vm)?;
-        let splits = if let Some(pattern) = sep {
-            if maxsplit < 0 {
-                split(self, pattern.as_ref(), vm)
+        if args.sep.as_ref().is_some_and(|sep| sep.is_empty()) {
+            return Err(vm.new_value_error("empty separator".to_owned()));
+        }
+        let splits = if let Some(pattern) = args.sep {
+            let Some(pattern) = pattern.as_ref() else {
+                return Ok(vec![full_obj()]);
+            };
+            if args.maxsplit < 0 {
+                split(self, pattern, vm)
             } else {
-                splitn(self, pattern.as_ref(), (maxsplit + 1) as usize, vm)
+                splitn(self, pattern, (args.maxsplit + 1) as usize, vm)
             }
         } else {
-            splitw(self, maxsplit, vm)
+            splitw(self, args.maxsplit, vm)
         };
         Ok(splits)
     }
@@ -242,13 +236,19 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
         func_default: FD,
     ) -> &'a Self
     where
-        S: AnyStrWrapper<Str = Self>,
+        S: AnyStrWrapper<Self>,
         FC: Fn(&'a Self, &Self) -> &'a Self,
         FD: Fn(&'a Self) -> &'a Self,
     {
         let chars = chars.flatten();
         match chars {
-            Some(chars) => func_chars(self, chars.as_ref()),
+            Some(chars) => {
+                if let Some(chars) = chars.as_ref() {
+                    func_chars(self, chars)
+                } else {
+                    self
+                }
+            }
             None => func_default(self),
         }
     }
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
 
     fn py_pad(&self, left: usize, right: usize, fillchar: Self::Char) -> Self::Container {
         let mut u = Self::Container::with_capacity(
-            (left + right) * Self::element_bytes_len(fillchar) + self.bytes_len(),
+            (left + right) * fillchar.bytes_len() + self.bytes_len(),
         );
         u.extend(std::iter::repeat(fillchar).take(left));
         u.push_str(self);
@@ -305,19 +305,17 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
 
     fn py_join(
         &self,
-        mut iter: impl std::iter::Iterator<
-            Item = PyResult<impl AnyStrWrapper<Str = Self> + TryFromObject>,
-        >,
+        mut iter: impl std::iter::Iterator<Item = PyResult<impl AnyStrWrapper<Self> + TryFromObject>>,
     ) -> PyResult<Self::Container> {
         let mut joined = if let Some(elem) = iter.next() {
-            elem?.as_ref().to_container()
+            elem?.as_ref().unwrap().to_container()
         } else {
             return Ok(Self::Container::new());
         };
         for elem in iter {
             let elem = elem?;
             joined.push_str(self);
-            joined.push_str(elem.as_ref());
+            joined.push_str(elem.as_ref().unwrap());
         }
         Ok(joined)
     }
@@ -403,25 +401,33 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
         rustpython_common::str::zfill(self.as_bytes(), width)
     }
 
-    fn py_iscase<F, G>(&self, is_case: F, is_opposite: G) -> bool
-    where
-        F: Fn(char) -> bool,
-        G: Fn(char) -> bool,
-    {
-        // Unified form of CPython functions:
-        //  _Py_bytes_islower
-        //   Py_bytes_isupper
-        //  unicode_islower_impl
-        //  unicode_isupper_impl
-        let mut cased = false;
-        for c in self.chars() {
-            if is_opposite(c) {
+    // Unified form of CPython functions:
+    //  _Py_bytes_islower
+    //   Py_bytes_isupper
+    //  unicode_islower_impl
+    //  unicode_isupper_impl
+    fn py_islower(&self) -> bool {
+        let mut lower = false;
+        for c in self.elements() {
+            if c.is_uppercase() {
+                return false;
+            } else if !lower && c.is_lowercase() {
+                lower = true
+            }
+        }
+        lower
+    }
+
+    fn py_isupper(&self) -> bool {
+        let mut upper = false;
+        for c in self.elements() {
+            if c.is_lowercase() {
                 return false;
-            } else if !cased && is_case(c) {
-                cased = true
+            } else if !upper && c.is_uppercase() {
+                upper = true
             }
         }
-        cased
+        upper
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs b/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
index c03e3145b2..0e0a34227b 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ impl PyGenericAlias {
         Ok(format!(
             "{}[{}]",
             repr_item(self.origin.clone().into(), vm)?,
-            if self.args.len() == 0 {
+            if self.args.is_empty() {
                 "()".to_owned()
             } else {
                 self.args
@@ -261,23 +261,20 @@ fn subs_tvars(
         .and_then(|sub_params| {
             PyTupleRef::try_from_object(vm, sub_params)
                 .ok()
-                .and_then(|sub_params| {
-                    if sub_params.len() > 0 {
-                        let sub_args = sub_params
-                            .iter()
-                            .map(|arg| {
-                                if let Some(idx) = tuple_index(params, arg) {
-                                    argitems[idx].clone()
-                                } else {
-                                    arg.clone()
-                                }
-                            })
-                            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-                        let sub_args: PyObjectRef = PyTuple::new_ref(sub_args, &vm.ctx).into();
-                        Some(obj.get_item(&*sub_args, vm))
-                    } else {
-                        None
-                    }
+                .filter(|sub_params| !sub_params.is_empty())
+                .map(|sub_params| {
+                    let sub_args = sub_params
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|arg| {
+                            if let Some(idx) = tuple_index(params, arg) {
+                                argitems[idx].clone()
+                            } else {
+                                arg.clone()
+                            }
+                        })
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+                    let sub_args: PyObjectRef = PyTuple::new_ref(sub_args, &vm.ctx).into();
+                    obj.get_item(&*sub_args, vm)
                 })
         })
         .unwrap_or(Ok(obj))
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
index cce1422d56..be14327542 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/object.rs
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ fn object_getstate_default(obj: &PyObject, required: bool, vm: &VirtualMachine)
                 slots.set_item(name.as_str(), value, vm).unwrap();
             }
 
-            if slots.len() > 0 {
+            if !slots.is_empty() {
                 return (state, slots).to_pyresult(vm);
             }
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
index a135af1bde..40823aa37b 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
@@ -784,9 +784,7 @@ impl Initializer for PySet {
     type Args = OptionalArg<PyObjectRef>;
 
     fn init(zelf: PyRef<Self>, iterable: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-        if zelf.len() > 0 {
-            zelf.clear();
-        }
+        zelf.clear();
         if let OptionalArg::Present(it) = iterable {
             zelf.update(PosArgs::new(vec![it]), vm)?;
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 76cdca81ed..6ff079c644 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::{
     atomic_func,
     cformat::cformat_string,
     class::PyClassImpl,
-    common::str::{BorrowedStr, PyStrKind, PyStrKindData},
+    common::str::{PyKindStr, StrData, StrKind},
     convert::{IntoPyException, ToPyException, ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
     format::{format, format_map},
     function::{ArgIterable, ArgSize, FuncArgs, OptionalArg, OptionalOption, PyComparisonValue},
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ use crate::{
         PyComparisonOp, Representable, SelfIter, Unconstructible,
     },
 };
-use ascii::{AsciiStr, AsciiString};
+use ascii::{AsciiChar, AsciiStr, AsciiString};
 use bstr::ByteSlice;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
@@ -35,8 +35,10 @@ use rustpython_common::{
     format::{FormatSpec, FormatString, FromTemplate},
     hash,
     lock::PyMutex,
+    str::DeduceStrKind,
+    wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf, Wtf8Chunk},
 };
-use std::{char, fmt, ops::Range, string::ToString};
+use std::{char, fmt, ops::Range};
 use unic_ucd_bidi::BidiClass;
 use unic_ucd_category::GeneralCategory;
 use unic_ucd_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};
@@ -57,39 +59,59 @@ impl<'a> TryFromBorrowedObject<'a> for &'a str {
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "str")]
 pub struct PyStr {
-    bytes: Box<[u8]>,
-    kind: PyStrKindData,
+    data: StrData,
     hash: PyAtomic<hash::PyHash>,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for PyStr {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_struct("PyStr")
-            .field("value", &self.as_str())
-            .field("kind", &self.kind)
+            .field("value", &self.as_wtf8())
+            .field("kind", &self.data.kind())
             .field("hash", &self.hash)
             .finish()
     }
 }
 
 impl AsRef<str> for PyStr {
+    #[track_caller] // <- can remove this once it doesn't panic
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
         self.as_str()
     }
 }
 
 impl AsRef<str> for Py<PyStr> {
+    #[track_caller] // <- can remove this once it doesn't panic
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
         self.as_str()
     }
 }
 
 impl AsRef<str> for PyStrRef {
+    #[track_caller] // <- can remove this once it doesn't panic
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
         self.as_str()
     }
 }
 
+impl AsRef<Wtf8> for PyStr {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.as_wtf8()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Wtf8> for Py<PyStr> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.as_wtf8()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Wtf8> for PyStrRef {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.as_wtf8()
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> From<&'a AsciiStr> for PyStr {
     fn from(s: &'a AsciiStr) -> Self {
         s.to_owned().into()
@@ -98,7 +120,19 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a AsciiStr> for PyStr {
 
 impl From<AsciiString> for PyStr {
     fn from(s: AsciiString) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Self::new_ascii_unchecked(s.into()) }
+        s.into_boxed_ascii_str().into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Box<AsciiStr>> for PyStr {
+    fn from(s: Box<AsciiStr>) -> Self {
+        StrData::from(s).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<AsciiChar> for PyStr {
+    fn from(ch: AsciiChar) -> Self {
+        AsciiString::from(ch).into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -108,12 +142,45 @@ impl<'a> From<&'a str> for PyStr {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a> From<&'a Wtf8> for PyStr {
+    fn from(s: &'a Wtf8) -> Self {
+        s.to_owned().into()
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<String> for PyStr {
     fn from(s: String) -> Self {
         s.into_boxed_str().into()
     }
 }
 
+impl From<Wtf8Buf> for PyStr {
+    fn from(w: Wtf8Buf) -> Self {
+        w.into_box().into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<char> for PyStr {
+    fn from(ch: char) -> Self {
+        StrData::from(ch).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<CodePoint> for PyStr {
+    fn from(ch: CodePoint) -> Self {
+        StrData::from(ch).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<StrData> for PyStr {
+    fn from(data: StrData) -> Self {
+        PyStr {
+            data,
+            hash: Radium::new(hash::SENTINEL),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> From<std::borrow::Cow<'a, str>> for PyStr {
     fn from(s: std::borrow::Cow<'a, str>) -> Self {
         s.into_owned().into()
@@ -123,19 +190,21 @@ impl<'a> From<std::borrow::Cow<'a, str>> for PyStr {
 impl From<Box<str>> for PyStr {
     #[inline]
     fn from(value: Box<str>) -> Self {
-        // doing the check is ~10x faster for ascii, and is actually only 2% slower worst case for
-        // non-ascii; see https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/pull/2586#issuecomment-844611532
-        let is_ascii = value.is_ascii();
-        let bytes = value.into_boxed_bytes();
-        let kind = if is_ascii {
-            PyStrKind::Ascii
-        } else {
-            PyStrKind::Utf8
-        }
-        .new_data();
+        StrData::from(value).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Box<Wtf8>> for PyStr {
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(value: Box<Wtf8>) -> Self {
+        StrData::from(value).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for PyStr {
+    fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            bytes,
-            kind,
+            data: StrData::default(),
             hash: Radium::new(hash::SENTINEL),
         }
     }
@@ -146,7 +215,7 @@ pub type PyStrRef = PyRef<PyStr>;
 impl fmt::Display for PyStr {
     #[inline]
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_str(), f)
+        self.as_wtf8().fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
@@ -237,18 +306,18 @@ impl IterNext for PyStrIterator {
         let mut internal = zelf.internal.lock();
 
         if let IterStatus::Active(s) = &internal.0.status {
-            let value = s.as_str();
+            let value = s.as_wtf8();
 
             if internal.1 == usize::MAX {
-                if let Some((offset, ch)) = value.char_indices().nth(internal.0.position) {
+                if let Some((offset, ch)) = value.code_point_indices().nth(internal.0.position) {
                     internal.0.position += 1;
-                    internal.1 = offset + ch.len_utf8();
+                    internal.1 = offset + ch.len_wtf8();
                     return Ok(PyIterReturn::Return(ch.to_pyobject(vm)));
                 }
             } else if let Some(value) = value.get(internal.1..) {
-                if let Some(ch) = value.chars().next() {
+                if let Some(ch) = value.code_points().next() {
                     internal.0.position += 1;
-                    internal.1 += ch.len_utf8();
+                    internal.1 += ch.len_wtf8();
                     return Ok(PyIterReturn::Return(ch.to_pyobject(vm)));
                 }
             }
@@ -292,7 +361,7 @@ impl Constructor for PyStr {
         if string.class().is(&cls) {
             Ok(string.into())
         } else {
-            PyStr::from(string.as_str())
+            PyStr::from(string.as_wtf8())
                 .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
                 .map(Into::into)
         }
@@ -301,20 +370,19 @@ impl Constructor for PyStr {
 
 impl PyStr {
     /// # Safety: Given `bytes` must be valid data for given `kind`
-    pub(crate) unsafe fn new_str_unchecked(bytes: Vec<u8>, kind: PyStrKind) -> Self {
-        let s = Self {
-            bytes: bytes.into_boxed_slice(),
-            kind: kind.new_data(),
-            hash: Radium::new(hash::SENTINEL),
-        };
-        debug_assert!(matches!(s.kind, PyStrKindData::Ascii) || !s.as_str().is_ascii());
-        s
+    unsafe fn new_str_unchecked(data: Box<Wtf8>, kind: StrKind) -> Self {
+        unsafe { StrData::new_str_unchecked(data, kind) }.into()
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn new_with_char_len<T: DeduceStrKind + Into<Box<Wtf8>>>(s: T, char_len: usize) -> Self {
+        let kind = s.str_kind();
+        unsafe { StrData::new_with_char_len(s.into(), kind, char_len) }.into()
     }
 
     /// # Safety
     /// Given `bytes` must be ascii
     pub unsafe fn new_ascii_unchecked(bytes: Vec<u8>) -> Self {
-        unsafe { Self::new_str_unchecked(bytes, PyStrKind::Ascii) }
+        unsafe { AsciiString::from_ascii_unchecked(bytes) }.into()
     }
 
     pub fn new_ref(zelf: impl Into<Self>, ctx: &Context) -> PyRef<Self> {
@@ -322,40 +390,56 @@ impl PyStr {
         PyRef::new_ref(zelf, ctx.types.str_type.to_owned(), None)
     }
 
-    fn new_substr(&self, s: String) -> Self {
-        let kind = if self.kind.kind() == PyStrKind::Ascii || s.is_ascii() {
-            PyStrKind::Ascii
+    fn new_substr(&self, s: Wtf8Buf) -> Self {
+        let kind = if self.kind().is_ascii() || s.is_ascii() {
+            StrKind::Ascii
+        } else if self.kind().is_utf8() || s.is_utf8() {
+            StrKind::Utf8
         } else {
-            PyStrKind::Utf8
+            StrKind::Wtf8
         };
         unsafe {
             // SAFETY: kind is properly decided for substring
-            Self::new_str_unchecked(s.into_bytes(), kind)
+            Self::new_str_unchecked(s.into(), kind)
         }
     }
 
     #[inline]
+    pub fn as_wtf8(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.data.as_wtf8()
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.data.as_wtf8().as_bytes()
+    }
+
+    // FIXME: make this return an Option
+    #[inline]
+    #[track_caller] // <- can remove this once it doesn't panic
     pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        unsafe {
-            // SAFETY: Both PyStrKind::{Ascii, Utf8} are valid utf8 string
-            std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(&self.bytes)
-        }
+        self.data.as_str().expect("str has surrogates")
+    }
+
+    pub fn kind(&self) -> StrKind {
+        self.data.kind()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn as_str_kind(&self) -> PyKindStr<'_> {
+        self.data.as_str_kind()
     }
 
     fn char_all<F>(&self, test: F) -> bool
     where
         F: Fn(char) -> bool,
     {
-        match self.kind.kind() {
-            PyStrKind::Ascii => self.bytes.iter().all(|&x| test(char::from(x))),
-            PyStrKind::Utf8 => self.as_str().chars().all(test),
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s.chars().all(|ch| test(ch.into())),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => s.chars().all(test),
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => w.code_points().all(|ch| ch.is_char_and(&test)),
         }
     }
 
-    fn borrow(&self) -> &BorrowedStr<'_> {
-        unsafe { std::mem::transmute(self) }
-    }
-
     fn repeat(zelf: PyRef<Self>, value: isize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyRef<Self>> {
         if value == 0 && zelf.class().is(vm.ctx.types.str_type) {
             // Special case: when some `str` is multiplied by `0`,
@@ -369,10 +453,10 @@ impl PyStr {
             // This only works for `str` itself, not its subclasses.
             return Ok(zelf);
         }
-        zelf.as_str()
+        zelf.as_wtf8()
             .as_bytes()
             .mul(vm, value)
-            .map(|x| Self::from(unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(x) }).into_ref(&vm.ctx))
+            .map(|x| Self::from(unsafe { Wtf8Buf::from_bytes_unchecked(x) }).into_ref(&vm.ctx))
     }
 }
 
@@ -394,11 +478,11 @@ impl PyStr {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn add(zelf: PyRef<Self>, other: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         if let Some(other) = other.payload::<PyStr>() {
-            let bytes = zelf.as_str().py_add(other.as_ref());
+            let bytes = zelf.as_wtf8().py_add(other.as_wtf8());
             Ok(unsafe {
                 // SAFETY: `kind` is safely decided
-                let kind = zelf.kind.kind() | other.kind.kind();
-                Self::new_str_unchecked(bytes.into_bytes(), kind)
+                let kind = zelf.kind() | other.kind();
+                Self::new_str_unchecked(bytes.into(), kind)
             }
             .to_pyobject(vm))
         } else if let Some(radd) = vm.get_method(other.clone(), identifier!(vm, __radd__)) {
@@ -414,7 +498,7 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     fn _contains(&self, needle: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
         if let Some(needle) = needle.payload::<Self>() {
-            Ok(self.as_str().contains(needle.as_str()))
+            Ok(memchr::memmem::find(self.as_bytes(), needle.as_bytes()).is_some())
         } else {
             Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                 "'in <string>' requires string as left operand, not {}",
@@ -429,11 +513,11 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 
     fn _getitem(&self, needle: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        match SequenceIndex::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, needle, "str")? {
-            SequenceIndex::Int(i) => self.getitem_by_index(vm, i).map(|x| x.to_string()),
-            SequenceIndex::Slice(slice) => self.getitem_by_slice(vm, slice),
-        }
-        .map(|x| self.new_substr(x).into_ref(&vm.ctx).into())
+        let item = match SequenceIndex::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, needle, "str")? {
+            SequenceIndex::Int(i) => self.getitem_by_index(vm, i)?.to_pyobject(vm),
+            SequenceIndex::Slice(slice) => self.getitem_by_slice(vm, slice)?.to_pyobject(vm),
+        };
+        Ok(item)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
@@ -450,7 +534,7 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
     #[cold]
     fn _compute_hash(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> hash::PyHash {
-        let hash_val = vm.state.hash_secret.hash_str(self.as_str());
+        let hash_val = vm.state.hash_secret.hash_bytes(self.as_bytes());
         debug_assert_ne!(hash_val, hash::SENTINEL);
         // like with char_len, we don't need a cmpxchg loop, since it'll always be the same value
         self.hash.store(hash_val, atomic::Ordering::Relaxed);
@@ -459,26 +543,23 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     #[inline]
     pub fn byte_len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.bytes.len()
+        self.data.len()
     }
     #[inline]
     pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.bytes.is_empty()
+        self.data.is_empty()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__len__")]
     #[inline]
     pub fn char_len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.borrow().char_len()
+        self.data.char_len()
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "isascii")]
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
-        match self.kind {
-            PyStrKindData::Ascii => true,
-            PyStrKindData::Utf8(_) => false,
-        }
+        matches!(self.kind(), StrKind::Ascii)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
@@ -495,6 +576,9 @@ impl PyStr {
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn repr(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
         use crate::literal::escape::UnicodeEscape;
+        if !self.kind().is_utf8() {
+            return Ok(format!("{:?}", self.as_wtf8()));
+        }
         let escape = UnicodeEscape::new_repr(self.as_str());
         escape
             .str_repr()
@@ -503,10 +587,18 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn lower(&self) -> String {
-        match self.kind.kind() {
-            PyStrKind::Ascii => self.as_str().to_ascii_lowercase(),
-            PyStrKind::Utf8 => self.as_str().to_lowercase(),
+    fn lower(&self) -> PyStr {
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s.to_ascii_lowercase().into(),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => s.to_lowercase().into(),
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => w
+                .chunks()
+                .map(|c| match c {
+                    Wtf8Chunk::Utf8(s) => s.to_lowercase().into(),
+                    Wtf8Chunk::Surrogate(c) => Wtf8Buf::from(c),
+                })
+                .collect::<Wtf8Buf>()
+                .into(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -517,10 +609,18 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn upper(&self) -> String {
-        match self.kind.kind() {
-            PyStrKind::Ascii => self.as_str().to_ascii_uppercase(),
-            PyStrKind::Utf8 => self.as_str().to_uppercase(),
+    fn upper(&self) -> PyStr {
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s.to_ascii_uppercase().into(),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => s.to_uppercase().into(),
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => w
+                .chunks()
+                .map(|c| match c {
+                    Wtf8Chunk::Utf8(s) => s.to_uppercase().into(),
+                    Wtf8Chunk::Surrogate(c) => Wtf8Buf::from(c),
+                })
+                .collect::<Wtf8Buf>()
+                .into(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -539,36 +639,42 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn split(&self, args: SplitArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
-        let elements = match self.kind.kind() {
-            PyStrKind::Ascii => self.as_str().py_split(
+    fn split(zelf: &Py<Self>, args: SplitArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
+        let elements = match zelf.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s.py_split(
                 args,
                 vm,
+                || zelf.as_object().to_owned(),
                 |v, s, vm| {
                     v.as_bytes()
                         .split_str(s)
-                        .map(|s| {
-                            unsafe { PyStr::new_ascii_unchecked(s.to_owned()) }.to_pyobject(vm)
-                        })
+                        .map(|s| unsafe { AsciiStr::from_ascii_unchecked(s) }.to_pyobject(vm))
                         .collect()
                 },
                 |v, s, n, vm| {
                     v.as_bytes()
                         .splitn_str(n, s)
-                        .map(|s| {
-                            unsafe { PyStr::new_ascii_unchecked(s.to_owned()) }.to_pyobject(vm)
-                        })
+                        .map(|s| unsafe { AsciiStr::from_ascii_unchecked(s) }.to_pyobject(vm))
                         .collect()
                 },
                 |v, n, vm| {
                     v.as_bytes().py_split_whitespace(n, |s| {
-                        unsafe { PyStr::new_ascii_unchecked(s.to_owned()) }.to_pyobject(vm)
+                        unsafe { AsciiStr::from_ascii_unchecked(s) }.to_pyobject(vm)
                     })
                 },
             ),
-            PyStrKind::Utf8 => self.as_str().py_split(
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => s.py_split(
                 args,
                 vm,
+                || zelf.as_object().to_owned(),
+                |v, s, vm| v.split(s).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()).collect(),
+                |v, s, n, vm| v.splitn(n, s).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()).collect(),
+                |v, n, vm| v.py_split_whitespace(n, |s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()),
+            ),
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => w.py_split(
+                args,
+                vm,
+                || zelf.as_object().to_owned(),
                 |v, s, vm| v.split(s).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()).collect(),
                 |v, s, n, vm| v.splitn(n, s).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()).collect(),
                 |v, n, vm| v.py_split_whitespace(n, |s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()),
@@ -578,10 +684,11 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn rsplit(&self, args: SplitArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
-        let mut elements = self.as_str().py_split(
+    fn rsplit(zelf: &Py<Self>, args: SplitArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
+        let mut elements = zelf.as_wtf8().py_split(
             args,
             vm,
+            || zelf.as_object().to_owned(),
             |v, s, vm| v.rsplit(s).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()).collect(),
             |v, s, n, vm| v.rsplitn(n, s).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()).collect(),
             |v, n, vm| v.py_rsplit_whitespace(n, |s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()),
@@ -593,14 +700,35 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn strip(&self, chars: OptionalOption<PyStrRef>) -> String {
-        self.as_str()
-            .py_strip(
-                chars,
-                |s, chars| s.trim_matches(|c| chars.contains(c)),
-                |s| s.trim(),
-            )
-            .to_owned()
+    fn strip(&self, chars: OptionalOption<PyStrRef>) -> PyStr {
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s
+                .py_strip(
+                    chars,
+                    |s, chars| {
+                        let s = s
+                            .as_str()
+                            .trim_matches(|c| memchr::memchr(c as _, chars.as_bytes()).is_some());
+                        unsafe { AsciiStr::from_ascii_unchecked(s.as_bytes()) }
+                    },
+                    |s| s.trim(),
+                )
+                .into(),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => s
+                .py_strip(
+                    chars,
+                    |s, chars| s.trim_matches(|c| chars.contains(c)),
+                    |s| s.trim(),
+                )
+                .into(),
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => w
+                .py_strip(
+                    chars,
+                    |s, chars| s.trim_matches(|c| chars.code_points().contains(&c)),
+                    |s| s.trim_matches(|c| c.is_char_and(char::is_whitespace)),
+                )
+                .into(),
+        }
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
@@ -701,12 +829,12 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn isalnum(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.bytes.is_empty() && self.char_all(char::is_alphanumeric)
+        !self.data.is_empty() && self.char_all(char::is_alphanumeric)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn isnumeric(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.bytes.is_empty() && self.char_all(char::is_numeric)
+        !self.data.is_empty() && self.char_all(char::is_numeric)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
@@ -724,7 +852,7 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn isdecimal(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.bytes.is_empty()
+        !self.data.is_empty()
             && self.char_all(|c| GeneralCategory::of(c) == GeneralCategory::DecimalNumber)
     }
 
@@ -767,7 +895,9 @@ impl PyStr {
         }
 
         let s = FormatSpec::parse(spec)
-            .and_then(|format_spec| format_spec.format_string(zelf.borrow()))
+            .and_then(|format_spec| {
+                format_spec.format_string(&CharLenStr(zelf.as_str(), zelf.char_len()))
+            })
             .map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
         Ok(vm.ctx.new_str(s))
     }
@@ -776,7 +906,7 @@ impl PyStr {
     /// uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.
     #[pymethod]
     fn title(&self) -> String {
-        let mut title = String::with_capacity(self.bytes.len());
+        let mut title = String::with_capacity(self.data.len());
         let mut previous_is_cased = false;
         for c in self.as_str().chars() {
             if c.is_lowercase() {
@@ -803,7 +933,7 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn swapcase(&self) -> String {
-        let mut swapped_str = String::with_capacity(self.bytes.len());
+        let mut swapped_str = String::with_capacity(self.data.len());
         for c in self.as_str().chars() {
             // to_uppercase returns an iterator, to_ascii_uppercase returns the char
             if c.is_lowercase() {
@@ -819,7 +949,7 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn isalpha(&self) -> bool {
-        !self.bytes.is_empty() && self.char_all(char::is_alphabetic)
+        !self.data.is_empty() && self.char_all(char::is_alphabetic)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
@@ -863,7 +993,7 @@ impl PyStr {
     #[pymethod]
     fn isspace(&self) -> bool {
         use unic_ucd_bidi::bidi_class::abbr_names::*;
-        !self.bytes.is_empty()
+        !self.data.is_empty()
             && self.char_all(|c| {
                 GeneralCategory::of(c) == GeneralCategory::SpaceSeparator
                     || matches!(BidiClass::of(c), WS | B | S)
@@ -873,41 +1003,39 @@ impl PyStr {
     // Return true if all cased characters in the string are lowercase and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.
     #[pymethod]
     fn islower(&self) -> bool {
-        match self.kind.kind() {
-            PyStrKind::Ascii => self.bytes.py_iscase(char::is_lowercase, char::is_uppercase),
-            PyStrKind::Utf8 => self
-                .as_str()
-                .py_iscase(char::is_lowercase, char::is_uppercase),
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s.py_islower(),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => s.py_islower(),
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => w.py_islower(),
         }
     }
 
     // Return true if all cased characters in the string are uppercase and there is at least one cased character, false otherwise.
     #[pymethod]
     fn isupper(&self) -> bool {
-        match self.kind.kind() {
-            PyStrKind::Ascii => self.bytes.py_iscase(char::is_uppercase, char::is_lowercase),
-            PyStrKind::Utf8 => self
-                .as_str()
-                .py_iscase(char::is_uppercase, char::is_lowercase),
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s.py_isupper(),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => s.py_isupper(),
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => w.py_isupper(),
         }
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn splitlines(&self, args: anystr::SplitLinesArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
-        let into_wrapper = |s: &str| self.new_substr(s.to_owned()).to_pyobject(vm);
+        let into_wrapper = |s: &Wtf8| self.new_substr(s.to_owned()).to_pyobject(vm);
         let mut elements = Vec::new();
         let mut last_i = 0;
-        let self_str = self.as_str();
-        let mut enumerated = self_str.char_indices().peekable();
+        let self_str = self.as_wtf8();
+        let mut enumerated = self_str.code_point_indices().peekable();
         while let Some((i, ch)) = enumerated.next() {
-            let end_len = match ch {
+            let end_len = match ch.to_char_lossy() {
                 '\n' => 1,
                 '\r' => {
                     let is_rn = enumerated.next_if(|(_, ch)| *ch == '\n').is_some();
                     if is_rn { 2 } else { 1 }
                 }
                 '\x0b' | '\x0c' | '\x1c' | '\x1d' | '\x1e' | '\u{0085}' | '\u{2028}'
-                | '\u{2029}' => ch.len_utf8(),
+                | '\u{2029}' => ch.len_wtf8(),
                 _ => continue,
             };
             let range = if args.keepends {
@@ -937,27 +1065,27 @@ impl PyStr {
                 if first.as_object().class().is(vm.ctx.types.str_type) {
                     return Ok(first);
                 } else {
-                    first.as_str().to_owned()
+                    first.as_wtf8().to_owned()
                 }
             }
-            Err(iter) => zelf.as_str().py_join(iter)?,
+            Err(iter) => zelf.as_wtf8().py_join(iter)?,
         };
         Ok(vm.ctx.new_str(joined))
     }
 
     // FIXME: two traversals of str is expensive
     #[inline]
-    fn _to_char_idx(r: &str, byte_idx: usize) -> usize {
-        r[..byte_idx].chars().count()
+    fn _to_char_idx(r: &Wtf8, byte_idx: usize) -> usize {
+        r[..byte_idx].code_points().count()
     }
 
     #[inline]
     fn _find<F>(&self, args: FindArgs, find: F) -> Option<usize>
     where
-        F: Fn(&str, &str) -> Option<usize>,
+        F: Fn(&Wtf8, &Wtf8) -> Option<usize>,
     {
         let (sub, range) = args.get_value(self.len());
-        self.as_str().py_find(sub.as_str(), range, find)
+        self.as_wtf8().py_find(sub.as_wtf8(), range, find)
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
@@ -986,9 +1114,9 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn partition(&self, sep: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        let (front, has_mid, back) = self.as_str().py_partition(
-            sep.as_str(),
-            || self.as_str().splitn(2, sep.as_str()),
+        let (front, has_mid, back) = self.as_wtf8().py_partition(
+            sep.as_wtf8(),
+            || self.as_wtf8().splitn(2, sep.as_wtf8()),
             vm,
         )?;
         let partition = (
@@ -1005,9 +1133,9 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn rpartition(&self, sep: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        let (back, has_mid, front) = self.as_str().py_partition(
-            sep.as_str(),
-            || self.as_str().rsplitn(2, sep.as_str()),
+        let (back, has_mid, front) = self.as_wtf8().py_partition(
+            sep.as_wtf8(),
+            || self.as_wtf8().rsplitn(2, sep.as_wtf8()),
             vm,
         )?;
         Ok((
@@ -1026,7 +1154,7 @@ impl PyStr {
     /// empty, `false` otherwise.
     #[pymethod]
     fn istitle(&self) -> bool {
-        if self.bytes.is_empty() {
+        if self.data.is_empty() {
             return false;
         }
 
@@ -1247,18 +1375,34 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 }
 
+struct CharLenStr<'a>(&'a str, usize);
+impl std::ops::Deref for CharLenStr<'_> {
+    type Target = str;
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        self.0
+    }
+}
+impl crate::common::format::CharLen for CharLenStr<'_> {
+    fn char_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.1
+    }
+}
+
 #[pyclass]
 impl PyRef<PyStr> {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn str(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRefExact<PyStr> {
-        self.into_exact_or(&vm.ctx, |zelf| unsafe {
-            // Creating a copy with same kind is safe
-            PyStr::new_str_unchecked(zelf.bytes.to_vec(), zelf.kind.kind()).into_exact_ref(&vm.ctx)
+        self.into_exact_or(&vm.ctx, |zelf| {
+            PyStr::from(zelf.data.clone()).into_exact_ref(&vm.ctx)
         })
     }
 }
 
 impl PyStrRef {
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        (**self).is_empty()
+    }
+
     pub fn concat_in_place(&mut self, other: &str, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
         // TODO: call [A]Rc::get_mut on the str to try to mutate the data in place
         if other.is_empty() {
@@ -1296,7 +1440,7 @@ impl Comparable for PyStr {
             return Ok(res.into());
         }
         let other = class_or_notimplemented!(Self, other);
-        Ok(op.eval_ord(zelf.as_str().cmp(other.as_str())).into())
+        Ok(op.eval_ord(zelf.as_wtf8().cmp(other.as_wtf8())).into())
     }
 }
 
@@ -1352,8 +1496,7 @@ impl AsSequence for PyStr {
             }),
             item: atomic_func!(|seq, i, vm| {
                 let zelf = PyStr::sequence_downcast(seq);
-                zelf.getitem_by_index(vm, i)
-                    .map(|x| zelf.new_substr(x.to_string()).into_ref(&vm.ctx).into())
+                zelf.getitem_by_index(vm, i).to_pyresult(vm)
             }),
             contains: atomic_func!(
                 |seq, needle, vm| PyStr::sequence_downcast(seq)._contains(needle, vm)
@@ -1396,9 +1539,21 @@ impl ToPyObject for String {
     }
 }
 
+impl ToPyObject for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn to_pyobject(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_str(self).into()
+    }
+}
+
 impl ToPyObject for char {
     fn to_pyobject(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
-        vm.ctx.new_str(self.to_string()).into()
+        vm.ctx.new_str(self).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToPyObject for CodePoint {
+    fn to_pyobject(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_str(self).into()
     }
 }
 
@@ -1426,6 +1581,12 @@ impl ToPyObject for AsciiString {
     }
 }
 
+impl ToPyObject for AsciiChar {
+    fn to_pyobject(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_str(self).into()
+    }
+}
+
 type SplitArgs = anystr::SplitArgs<PyStrRef>;
 
 #[derive(FromArgs)]
@@ -1452,96 +1613,137 @@ pub fn init(ctx: &Context) {
 }
 
 impl SliceableSequenceOp for PyStr {
-    type Item = char;
-    type Sliced = String;
+    type Item = CodePoint;
+    type Sliced = PyStr;
 
     fn do_get(&self, index: usize) -> Self::Item {
-        if self.is_ascii() {
-            self.bytes[index] as char
-        } else {
-            self.as_str().chars().nth(index).unwrap()
-        }
+        self.data.nth_char(index)
     }
 
     fn do_slice(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Self::Sliced {
-        let value = self.as_str();
-        if self.is_ascii() {
-            value[range].to_owned()
-        } else {
-            rustpython_common::str::get_chars(value, range).to_owned()
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s[range].into(),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => {
+                let char_len = range.len();
+                let out = rustpython_common::str::get_chars(s, range);
+                // SAFETY: char_len is accurate
+                unsafe { PyStr::new_with_char_len(out, char_len) }
+            }
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => {
+                let char_len = range.len();
+                let out = rustpython_common::str::get_codepoints(w, range);
+                // SAFETY: char_len is accurate
+                unsafe { PyStr::new_with_char_len(out, char_len) }
+            }
         }
     }
 
     fn do_slice_reverse(&self, range: Range<usize>) -> Self::Sliced {
-        if self.is_ascii() {
-            // this is an ascii string
-            let mut v = self.bytes[range].to_vec();
-            v.reverse();
-            unsafe {
-                // SAFETY: an ascii string is always utf8
-                String::from_utf8_unchecked(v)
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => {
+                let mut out = s[range].to_owned();
+                out.as_mut_slice().reverse();
+                out.into()
+            }
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => {
+                let char_len = range.len();
+                let mut out = String::with_capacity(2 * char_len);
+                out.extend(
+                    s.chars()
+                        .rev()
+                        .skip(self.char_len() - range.end)
+                        .take(range.len()),
+                );
+                // SAFETY: char_len is accurate
+                unsafe { PyStr::new_with_char_len(out, range.len()) }
+            }
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => {
+                let char_len = range.len();
+                let mut out = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(2 * char_len);
+                out.extend(
+                    w.code_points()
+                        .rev()
+                        .skip(self.char_len() - range.end)
+                        .take(range.len()),
+                );
+                // SAFETY: char_len is accurate
+                unsafe { PyStr::new_with_char_len(out, char_len) }
             }
-        } else {
-            let mut s = String::with_capacity(self.bytes.len());
-            s.extend(
-                self.as_str()
-                    .chars()
-                    .rev()
-                    .skip(self.char_len() - range.end)
-                    .take(range.end - range.start),
-            );
-            s
         }
     }
 
     fn do_stepped_slice(&self, range: Range<usize>, step: usize) -> Self::Sliced {
-        if self.is_ascii() {
-            let v = self.bytes[range].iter().copied().step_by(step).collect();
-            unsafe {
-                // SAFETY: Any subset of ascii string is a valid utf8 string
-                String::from_utf8_unchecked(v)
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s[range]
+                .as_slice()
+                .iter()
+                .copied()
+                .step_by(step)
+                .collect::<AsciiString>()
+                .into(),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => {
+                let char_len = (range.len() / step) + 1;
+                let mut out = String::with_capacity(2 * char_len);
+                out.extend(s.chars().skip(range.start).take(range.len()).step_by(step));
+                // SAFETY: char_len is accurate
+                unsafe { PyStr::new_with_char_len(out, char_len) }
+            }
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => {
+                let char_len = (range.len() / step) + 1;
+                let mut out = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(2 * char_len);
+                out.extend(
+                    w.code_points()
+                        .skip(range.start)
+                        .take(range.len())
+                        .step_by(step),
+                );
+                // SAFETY: char_len is accurate
+                unsafe { PyStr::new_with_char_len(out, char_len) }
             }
-        } else {
-            let mut s = String::with_capacity(2 * ((range.len() / step) + 1));
-            s.extend(
-                self.as_str()
-                    .chars()
-                    .skip(range.start)
-                    .take(range.end - range.start)
-                    .step_by(step),
-            );
-            s
         }
     }
 
     fn do_stepped_slice_reverse(&self, range: Range<usize>, step: usize) -> Self::Sliced {
-        if self.is_ascii() {
-            // this is an ascii string
-            let v: Vec<u8> = self.bytes[range]
-                .iter()
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s[range]
+                .chars()
                 .rev()
-                .copied()
                 .step_by(step)
-                .collect();
-            // TODO: from_utf8_unchecked?
-            String::from_utf8(v).unwrap()
-        } else {
-            // not ascii, so the codepoints have to be at least 2 bytes each
-            let mut s = String::with_capacity(2 * ((range.len() / step) + 1));
-            s.extend(
-                self.as_str()
-                    .chars()
-                    .rev()
-                    .skip(self.char_len() - range.end)
-                    .take(range.end - range.start)
-                    .step_by(step),
-            );
-            s
+                .collect::<AsciiString>()
+                .into(),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => {
+                let char_len = (range.len() / step) + 1;
+                // not ascii, so the codepoints have to be at least 2 bytes each
+                let mut out = String::with_capacity(2 * char_len);
+                out.extend(
+                    s.chars()
+                        .rev()
+                        .skip(self.char_len() - range.end)
+                        .take(range.len())
+                        .step_by(step),
+                );
+                // SAFETY: char_len is accurate
+                unsafe { PyStr::new_with_char_len(out, char_len) }
+            }
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(w) => {
+                let char_len = (range.len() / step) + 1;
+                // not ascii, so the codepoints have to be at least 2 bytes each
+                let mut out = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(2 * char_len);
+                out.extend(
+                    w.code_points()
+                        .rev()
+                        .skip(self.char_len() - range.end)
+                        .take(range.len())
+                        .step_by(step),
+                );
+                // SAFETY: char_len is accurate
+                unsafe { PyStr::new_with_char_len(out, char_len) }
+            }
         }
     }
 
     fn empty() -> Self::Sliced {
-        String::new()
+        PyStr::default()
     }
 
     fn len(&self) -> usize {
@@ -1561,10 +1763,30 @@ impl AsRef<str> for PyExact<PyStr> {
     }
 }
 
-impl AnyStrWrapper for PyStrRef {
-    type Str = str;
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
-        self.as_str()
+impl AnyStrWrapper<Wtf8> for PyStrRef {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&Wtf8> {
+        Some(self.as_wtf8())
+    }
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AnyStrWrapper<str> for PyStrRef {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.data.as_str()
+    }
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AnyStrWrapper<AsciiStr> for PyStrRef {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&AsciiStr> {
+        self.data.as_ascii()
+    }
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data.is_empty()
     }
 }
 
@@ -1582,14 +1804,22 @@ impl AnyStrContainer<str> for String {
     }
 }
 
+impl anystr::AnyChar for char {
+    fn is_lowercase(self) -> bool {
+        self.is_lowercase()
+    }
+    fn is_uppercase(self) -> bool {
+        self.is_uppercase()
+    }
+    fn bytes_len(self) -> usize {
+        self.len_utf8()
+    }
+}
+
 impl AnyStr for str {
     type Char = char;
     type Container = String;
 
-    fn element_bytes_len(c: char) -> usize {
-        c.len_utf8()
-    }
-
     fn to_container(&self) -> Self::Container {
         self.to_owned()
     }
@@ -1598,10 +1828,6 @@ impl AnyStr for str {
         self.as_bytes()
     }
 
-    fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> {
-        str::chars(self)
-    }
-
     fn elements(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> {
         str::chars(self)
     }
@@ -1675,6 +1901,232 @@ impl AnyStr for str {
     }
 }
 
+impl AnyStrContainer<Wtf8> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        Wtf8Buf::new()
+    }
+
+    fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(capacity)
+    }
+
+    fn push_str(&mut self, other: &Wtf8) {
+        self.push_wtf8(other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl anystr::AnyChar for CodePoint {
+    fn is_lowercase(self) -> bool {
+        self.is_char_and(char::is_lowercase)
+    }
+    fn is_uppercase(self) -> bool {
+        self.is_char_and(char::is_uppercase)
+    }
+    fn bytes_len(self) -> usize {
+        self.len_wtf8()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AnyStr for Wtf8 {
+    type Char = CodePoint;
+    type Container = Wtf8Buf;
+
+    fn to_container(&self) -> Self::Container {
+        self.to_owned()
+    }
+
+    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.as_bytes()
+    }
+
+    fn elements(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::Char> {
+        self.code_points()
+    }
+
+    fn get_bytes(&self, range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> &Self {
+        &self[range]
+    }
+
+    fn get_chars(&self, range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> &Self {
+        rustpython_common::str::get_codepoints(self, range)
+    }
+
+    fn bytes_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len()
+    }
+
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    fn py_split_whitespace<F>(&self, maxsplit: isize, convert: F) -> Vec<PyObjectRef>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&Self) -> PyObjectRef,
+    {
+        // CPython split_whitespace
+        let mut splits = Vec::new();
+        let mut last_offset = 0;
+        let mut count = maxsplit;
+        for (offset, _) in self
+            .code_point_indices()
+            .filter(|(_, c)| c.is_char_and(|c| c.is_ascii_whitespace() || c == '\x0b'))
+        {
+            if last_offset == offset {
+                last_offset += 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if count == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+            splits.push(convert(&self[last_offset..offset]));
+            last_offset = offset + 1;
+            count -= 1;
+        }
+        if last_offset != self.len() {
+            splits.push(convert(&self[last_offset..]));
+        }
+        splits
+    }
+
+    fn py_rsplit_whitespace<F>(&self, maxsplit: isize, convert: F) -> Vec<PyObjectRef>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&Self) -> PyObjectRef,
+    {
+        // CPython rsplit_whitespace
+        let mut splits = Vec::new();
+        let mut last_offset = self.len();
+        let mut count = maxsplit;
+        for (offset, _) in self
+            .code_point_indices()
+            .rev()
+            .filter(|(_, c)| c.is_char_and(|c| c.is_ascii_whitespace() || c == '\x0b'))
+        {
+            if last_offset == offset + 1 {
+                last_offset -= 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+            if count == 0 {
+                break;
+            }
+            splits.push(convert(&self[offset + 1..last_offset]));
+            last_offset = offset;
+            count -= 1;
+        }
+        if last_offset != 0 {
+            splits.push(convert(&self[..last_offset]));
+        }
+        splits
+    }
+}
+
+impl AnyStrContainer<AsciiStr> for AsciiString {
+    fn new() -> Self {
+        AsciiString::new()
+    }
+
+    fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Self {
+        AsciiString::with_capacity(capacity)
+    }
+
+    fn push_str(&mut self, other: &AsciiStr) {
+        AsciiString::push_str(self, other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl anystr::AnyChar for ascii::AsciiChar {
+    fn is_lowercase(self) -> bool {
+        self.is_lowercase()
+    }
+    fn is_uppercase(self) -> bool {
+        self.is_uppercase()
+    }
+    fn bytes_len(self) -> usize {
+        1
+    }
+}
+
+const ASCII_WHITESPACES: [u8; 6] = [0x20, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0b];
+
+impl AnyStr for AsciiStr {
+    type Char = AsciiChar;
+    type Container = AsciiString;
+
+    fn to_container(&self) -> Self::Container {
+        self.to_ascii_string()
+    }
+
+    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        self.as_bytes()
+    }
+
+    fn elements(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::Char> {
+        self.chars()
+    }
+
+    fn get_bytes(&self, range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> &Self {
+        &self[range]
+    }
+
+    fn get_chars(&self, range: std::ops::Range<usize>) -> &Self {
+        &self[range]
+    }
+
+    fn bytes_len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len()
+    }
+
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    fn py_split_whitespace<F>(&self, maxsplit: isize, convert: F) -> Vec<PyObjectRef>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&Self) -> PyObjectRef,
+    {
+        let mut splits = Vec::new();
+        let mut count = maxsplit;
+        let mut haystack = self;
+        while let Some(offset) = haystack.as_bytes().find_byteset(ASCII_WHITESPACES) {
+            if offset != 0 {
+                if count == 0 {
+                    break;
+                }
+                splits.push(convert(&haystack[..offset]));
+                count -= 1;
+            }
+            haystack = &haystack[offset + 1..];
+        }
+        if !haystack.is_empty() {
+            splits.push(convert(haystack));
+        }
+        splits
+    }
+
+    fn py_rsplit_whitespace<F>(&self, maxsplit: isize, convert: F) -> Vec<PyObjectRef>
+    where
+        F: Fn(&Self) -> PyObjectRef,
+    {
+        // CPython rsplit_whitespace
+        let mut splits = Vec::new();
+        let mut count = maxsplit;
+        let mut haystack = self;
+        while let Some(offset) = haystack.as_bytes().rfind_byteset(ASCII_WHITESPACES) {
+            if offset + 1 != haystack.len() {
+                if count == 0 {
+                    break;
+                }
+                splits.push(convert(&haystack[offset + 1..]));
+                count -= 1;
+            }
+            haystack = &haystack[..offset];
+        }
+        if !haystack.is_empty() {
+            splits.push(convert(haystack));
+        }
+        splits
+    }
+}
+
 /// The unique reference of interned PyStr
 /// Always intended to be used as a static reference
 pub type PyStrInterned = PyInterned<PyStr>;
@@ -1688,7 +2140,7 @@ impl PyStrInterned {
 
 impl std::fmt::Display for PyStrInterned {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        std::fmt::Display::fmt(self.as_str(), f)
+        self.data.fmt(f)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/union.rs b/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
index 2798724ae5..165113e216 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ impl PyUnion {
             vm,
         )?;
         let mut res;
-        if new_args.len() == 0 {
+        if new_args.is_empty() {
             res = make_union(&new_args, vm);
         } else {
             res = new_args.fast_getitem(0);
diff --git a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs b/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
index bcbbd4fce6..63d5148e04 100644
--- a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
+++ b/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
@@ -355,13 +355,11 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
     }
 
     pub fn islower(&self) -> bool {
-        self.elements
-            .py_iscase(char::is_lowercase, char::is_uppercase)
+        self.elements.py_islower()
     }
 
     pub fn isupper(&self) -> bool {
-        self.elements
-            .py_iscase(char::is_uppercase, char::is_lowercase)
+        self.elements.py_isupper()
     }
 
     pub fn isspace(&self) -> bool {
@@ -654,6 +652,7 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
         let elements = self.elements.py_split(
             options,
             vm,
+            || convert(&self.elements, vm),
             |v, s, vm| v.split_str(s).map(|v| convert(v, vm)).collect(),
             |v, s, n, vm| v.splitn_str(n, s).map(|v| convert(v, vm)).collect(),
             |v, n, vm| v.py_split_whitespace(n, |v| convert(v, vm)),
@@ -673,6 +672,7 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
         let mut elements = self.elements.py_split(
             options,
             vm,
+            || convert(&self.elements, vm),
             |v, s, vm| v.rsplit_str(s).map(|v| convert(v, vm)).collect(),
             |v, s, n, vm| v.rsplitn_str(n, s).map(|v| convert(v, vm)).collect(),
             |v, n, vm| v.py_rsplit_whitespace(n, |v| convert(v, vm)),
@@ -998,10 +998,12 @@ pub trait ByteOr: ToPrimitive {
 
 impl ByteOr for BigInt {}
 
-impl AnyStrWrapper for PyBytesInner {
-    type Str = [u8];
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
-        &self.elements
+impl AnyStrWrapper<[u8]> for PyBytesInner {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&[u8]> {
+        Some(&self.elements)
+    }
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.elements.is_empty()
     }
 }
 
@@ -1021,14 +1023,22 @@ impl AnyStrContainer<[u8]> for Vec<u8> {
 
 const ASCII_WHITESPACES: [u8; 6] = [0x20, 0x09, 0x0a, 0x0c, 0x0d, 0x0b];
 
+impl anystr::AnyChar for u8 {
+    fn is_lowercase(self) -> bool {
+        self.is_ascii_lowercase()
+    }
+    fn is_uppercase(self) -> bool {
+        self.is_ascii_uppercase()
+    }
+    fn bytes_len(self) -> usize {
+        1
+    }
+}
+
 impl AnyStr for [u8] {
     type Char = u8;
     type Container = Vec<u8>;
 
-    fn element_bytes_len(_: u8) -> usize {
-        1
-    }
-
     fn to_container(&self) -> Self::Container {
         self.to_vec()
     }
@@ -1037,10 +1047,6 @@ impl AnyStr for [u8] {
         self
     }
 
-    fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = char> {
-        bstr::ByteSlice::chars(self)
-    }
-
     fn elements(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = u8> {
         self.iter().copied()
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/codecs.rs b/vm/src/codecs.rs
index e104097413..8a690fcb58 100644
--- a/vm/src/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/codecs.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use rustpython_common::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8Buf};
+
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Context, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef},
@@ -570,10 +572,11 @@ fn surrogatepass_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyOb
             return Err(err.downcast().unwrap());
         }
         let s_after_start =
-            crate::common::str::try_get_chars(s.as_str(), range.start..).unwrap_or("");
+            crate::common::str::try_get_codepoints(s.as_wtf8(), range.start..).unwrap_or_default();
         let num_chars = range.len();
         let mut out: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(num_chars * 4);
-        for c in s_after_start.chars().take(num_chars).map(|x| x as u32) {
+        for c in s_after_start.code_points().take(num_chars) {
+            let c = c.to_u32();
             if !(0xd800..=0xdfff).contains(&c) {
                 // Not a surrogate, fail with original exception
                 return Err(err.downcast().unwrap());
@@ -671,7 +674,7 @@ fn surrogatepass_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyOb
         }
 
         Ok((
-            vm.new_pyobj(format!("\\x{c:x?}")),
+            vm.new_pyobj(CodePoint::from_u32(c).unwrap()),
             range.start + byte_length,
         ))
     } else {
@@ -683,11 +686,11 @@ fn surrogateescape_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(Py
     if err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error) {
         let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
         let object = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
-        let s_after_start =
-            crate::common::str::try_get_chars(object.as_str(), range.start..).unwrap_or("");
+        let s_after_start = crate::common::str::try_get_codepoints(object.as_wtf8(), range.start..)
+            .unwrap_or_default();
         let mut out: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(range.len());
-        for ch in s_after_start.chars().take(range.len()) {
-            let ch = ch as u32;
+        for ch in s_after_start.code_points().take(range.len()) {
+            let ch = ch.to_u32();
             if !(0xdc80..=0xdcff).contains(&ch) {
                 // Not a UTF-8b surrogate, fail with original exception
                 return Err(err.downcast().unwrap());
@@ -702,14 +705,14 @@ fn surrogateescape_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(Py
         let object = PyBytesRef::try_from_object(vm, object)?;
         let p = &object.as_bytes()[range.clone()];
         let mut consumed = 0;
-        let mut replace = String::with_capacity(4 * range.len());
+        let mut replace = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(4 * range.len());
         while consumed < 4 && consumed < range.len() {
-            let c = p[consumed] as u32;
+            let c = p[consumed] as u16;
             // Refuse to escape ASCII bytes
             if c < 128 {
                 break;
             }
-            write!(replace, "#{}", 0xdc00 + c).unwrap();
+            replace.push(CodePoint::from(0xdc00 + c));
             consumed += 1;
         }
         if consumed == 0 {
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index cf695cd87b..c4dc23c95f 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use indexmap::IndexMap;
 use itertools::Itertools;
+use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
 #[cfg(feature = "threading")]
 use std::sync::atomic;
 use std::{fmt, iter::zip};
@@ -697,8 +698,8 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                     .pop_multiple(size.get(arg) as usize)
                     .as_slice()
                     .iter()
-                    .map(|pyobj| pyobj.payload::<PyStr>().unwrap().as_ref())
-                    .collect::<String>();
+                    .map(|pyobj| pyobj.payload::<PyStr>().unwrap())
+                    .collect::<Wtf8Buf>();
                 let str_obj = vm.ctx.new_str(s);
                 self.push_value(str_obj.into());
                 Ok(None)
@@ -1468,7 +1469,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         let kwarg_names = kwarg_names
             .as_slice()
             .iter()
-            .map(|pyobj| pyobj.payload::<PyStr>().unwrap().as_ref().to_owned());
+            .map(|pyobj| pyobj.payload::<PyStr>().unwrap().as_str().to_owned());
         FuncArgs::with_kwargs_names(args, kwarg_names)
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/import.rs b/vm/src/import.rs
index 860f0b8a16..2d86e47d08 100644
--- a/vm/src/import.rs
+++ b/vm/src/import.rs
@@ -204,15 +204,15 @@ fn remove_importlib_frames_inner(
 
 // TODO: This function should do nothing on verbose mode.
 // TODO: Fix this function after making PyTraceback.next mutable
-pub fn remove_importlib_frames(
-    vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    exc: &PyBaseExceptionRef,
-) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+pub fn remove_importlib_frames(vm: &VirtualMachine, exc: &PyBaseExceptionRef) {
+    if vm.state.settings.verbose != 0 {
+        return;
+    }
+
     let always_trim = exc.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.import_error);
 
     if let Some(tb) = exc.traceback() {
         let trimmed_tb = remove_importlib_frames_inner(vm, Some(tb), always_trim).0;
         exc.set_traceback(trimmed_tb);
     }
-    exc.clone()
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index 9c2826a1e9..6cae1bb7d5 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@ mod builtins {
         stdlib::sys,
         types::PyComparisonOp,
     };
+    use itertools::Itertools;
     use num_traits::{Signed, ToPrimitive};
+    use rustpython_common::wtf8::CodePoint;
 
     #[cfg(not(feature = "rustpython-compiler"))]
     const CODEGEN_NOT_SUPPORTED: &str =
@@ -85,13 +87,13 @@ mod builtins {
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn chr(i: PyIntRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+    fn chr(i: PyIntRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<CodePoint> {
         let value = i
             .try_to_primitive::<isize>(vm)?
             .to_u32()
-            .and_then(char::from_u32)
+            .and_then(CodePoint::from_u32)
             .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_value_error("chr() arg not in range(0x110000)".to_owned()))?;
-        Ok(value.to_string())
+        Ok(value)
     }
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
@@ -618,21 +620,15 @@ mod builtins {
                 }
                 Ok(u32::from(bytes[0]))
             }),
-            Either::B(string) => {
-                let string = string.as_str();
-                let string_len = string.chars().count();
-                if string_len != 1 {
-                    return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+            Either::B(string) => match string.as_wtf8().code_points().exactly_one() {
+                Ok(character) => Ok(character.to_u32()),
+                Err(_) => {
+                    let string_len = string.char_len();
+                    Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                         "ord() expected a character, but string of length {string_len} found"
-                    )));
+                    )))
                 }
-                match string.chars().next() {
-                    Some(character) => Ok(character as u32),
-                    None => Err(vm.new_type_error(
-                        "ord() could not guess the integer representing this character".to_owned(),
-                    )),
-                }
-            }
+            },
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
index 976545f64b..9f58c8693d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ pub(crate) use _codecs::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _codecs {
+    use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
+
     use crate::common::encodings;
     use crate::{
         AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
@@ -257,7 +259,7 @@ mod _codecs {
         }
     }
 
-    type DecodeResult = PyResult<(String, usize)>;
+    type DecodeResult = PyResult<(Wtf8Buf, usize)>;
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct DecodeArgs {
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
index a375dbedc1..cc669e0661 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ mod tests {
             let b = vm.new_pyobj(4_i32);
             let res = vm._mul(&a, &b).unwrap();
             let value = res.payload::<PyStr>().unwrap();
-            assert_eq!(value.as_ref(), "Hello Hello Hello Hello ")
+            assert_eq!(value.as_str(), "Hello Hello Hello Hello ")
         })
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index dd647e36f8..eb4e846dea 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                 let from_list = from_list.to_pyobject(self);
                 import_func
                     .call((module.to_owned(), globals, locals, from_list, level), self)
-                    .map_err(|exc| import::remove_importlib_frames(self, &exc))
+                    .inspect_err(|exc| import::remove_importlib_frames(self, exc))
             }
         }
     }

From 7f4582bb23bf19e0af4542e541dc7f33b5c787e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Mar 2025 16:06:08 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 517/705] Make cformat wtf8-compatible

---
 Lib/test/test_codecs.py |  2 --
 common/src/cformat.rs   | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs  | 35 +++++++++++++++++++----
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs  |  4 +--
 vm/src/cformat.rs       | 42 +++++++++++++++-------------
 vm/src/dictdatatype.rs  | 62 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 6 files changed, 153 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_codecs.py b/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
index f29e91e088..df04653c66 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
@@ -1698,8 +1698,6 @@ def test_decode_invalid(self):
 
 
 class NameprepTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_nameprep(self):
         from encodings.idna import nameprep
         for pos, (orig, prepped) in enumerate(nameprep_tests):
diff --git a/common/src/cformat.rs b/common/src/cformat.rs
index 94762aceab..e62ffca65e 100644
--- a/common/src/cformat.rs
+++ b/common/src/cformat.rs
@@ -11,11 +11,13 @@ use std::{
     str::FromStr,
 };
 
+use crate::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum CFormatErrorType {
     UnmatchedKeyParentheses,
     MissingModuloSign,
-    UnsupportedFormatChar(char),
+    UnsupportedFormatChar(CodePoint),
     IncompleteFormat,
     IntTooBig,
     // Unimplemented,
@@ -39,7 +41,9 @@ impl fmt::Display for CFormatError {
             UnsupportedFormatChar(c) => write!(
                 f,
                 "unsupported format character '{}' ({:#x}) at index {}",
-                c, c as u32, self.index
+                c,
+                c.to_u32(),
+                self.index
             ),
             IntTooBig => write!(f, "width/precision too big"),
             _ => write!(f, "unexpected error parsing format string"),
@@ -160,7 +164,7 @@ pub trait FormatBuf:
     fn concat(self, other: Self) -> Self;
 }
 
-pub trait FormatChar: Copy + Into<char> + From<u8> {
+pub trait FormatChar: Copy + Into<CodePoint> + From<u8> {
     fn to_char_lossy(self) -> char;
     fn eq_char(self, c: char) -> bool;
 }
@@ -188,6 +192,29 @@ impl FormatChar for char {
     }
 }
 
+impl FormatBuf for Wtf8Buf {
+    type Char = CodePoint;
+    fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::Char> {
+        self.code_points()
+    }
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        (**self).len()
+    }
+    fn concat(mut self, other: Self) -> Self {
+        self.extend([other]);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl FormatChar for CodePoint {
+    fn to_char_lossy(self) -> char {
+        self.to_char_lossy()
+    }
+    fn eq_char(self, c: char) -> bool {
+        self == c
+    }
+}
+
 impl FormatBuf for Vec<u8> {
     type Char = u8;
     fn chars(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self::Char> {
@@ -801,6 +828,15 @@ impl FromStr for CFormatString {
     }
 }
 
+pub type CFormatWtf8 = CFormatStrOrBytes<Wtf8Buf>;
+
+impl CFormatWtf8 {
+    pub fn parse_from_wtf8(s: &Wtf8) -> Result<Self, CFormatError> {
+        let mut iter = s.code_points().enumerate().peekable();
+        Self::parse(&mut iter)
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
index 8ec3ae0afe..14ff8b5ef2 100644
--- a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -75,6 +75,12 @@ impl fmt::Debug for CodePoint {
     }
 }
 
+impl fmt::Display for CodePoint {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.to_char_lossy().fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
 impl CodePoint {
     /// Unsafely creates a new `CodePoint` without checking the value.
     ///
@@ -109,13 +115,13 @@ impl CodePoint {
 
     /// Returns the numeric value of the code point.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn to_u32(&self) -> u32 {
+    pub fn to_u32(self) -> u32 {
         self.value
     }
 
     /// Returns the numeric value of the code point if it is a leading surrogate.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn to_lead_surrogate(&self) -> Option<u16> {
+    pub fn to_lead_surrogate(self) -> Option<u16> {
         match self.value {
             lead @ 0xD800..=0xDBFF => Some(lead as u16),
             _ => None,
@@ -124,7 +130,7 @@ impl CodePoint {
 
     /// Returns the numeric value of the code point if it is a trailing surrogate.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn to_trail_surrogate(&self) -> Option<u16> {
+    pub fn to_trail_surrogate(self) -> Option<u16> {
         match self.value {
             trail @ 0xDC00..=0xDFFF => Some(trail as u16),
             _ => None,
@@ -135,7 +141,7 @@ impl CodePoint {
     ///
     /// Returns `None` if the code point is a surrogate (from U+D800 to U+DFFF).
     #[inline]
-    pub fn to_char(&self) -> Option<char> {
+    pub fn to_char(self) -> Option<char> {
         match self.value {
             0xD800..=0xDFFF => None,
             _ => Some(unsafe { char::from_u32_unchecked(self.value) }),
@@ -147,7 +153,7 @@ impl CodePoint {
     /// Returns `'\u{FFFD}'` (the replacement character “�”)
     /// if the code point is a surrogate (from U+D800 to U+DFFF).
     #[inline]
-    pub fn to_char_lossy(&self) -> char {
+    pub fn to_char_lossy(self) -> char {
         self.to_char().unwrap_or('\u{FFFD}')
     }
 
@@ -170,6 +176,12 @@ impl From<u16> for CodePoint {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<u8> for CodePoint {
+    fn from(value: u8) -> Self {
+        char::from(value).into()
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<char> for CodePoint {
     fn from(value: char) -> Self {
         Self::from_char(value)
@@ -515,6 +527,13 @@ impl Extend<CodePoint> for Wtf8Buf {
     }
 }
 
+impl<W: AsRef<Wtf8>> Extend<W> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item = W>>(&mut self, iter: T) {
+        iter.into_iter()
+            .for_each(move |w| self.push_wtf8(w.as_ref()));
+    }
+}
+
 impl<W: AsRef<Wtf8>> FromIterator<W> for Wtf8Buf {
     fn from_iter<T: IntoIterator<Item = W>>(iter: T) -> Self {
         let mut buf = Wtf8Buf::new();
@@ -541,6 +560,12 @@ impl From<&str> for Wtf8Buf {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<ascii::AsciiString> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn from(s: ascii::AsciiString) -> Self {
+        Wtf8Buf::from_string(s.into())
+    }
+}
+
 /// A borrowed slice of well-formed WTF-8 data.
 ///
 /// Similar to `&str`, but can additionally contain surrogate code points
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 6ff079c644..75921bac71 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -857,8 +857,8 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 
     #[pymethod(name = "__mod__")]
-    fn modulo(&self, values: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
-        cformat_string(vm, self.as_str(), values)
+    fn modulo(&self, values: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
+        cformat_string(vm, self.as_wtf8(), values)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
diff --git a/vm/src/cformat.rs b/vm/src/cformat.rs
index af78fde021..93c409172c 100644
--- a/vm/src/cformat.rs
+++ b/vm/src/cformat.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 //! as per the [Python Docs](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting).
 
 use crate::common::cformat::*;
+use crate::common::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
 use crate::{
     AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
@@ -125,13 +126,13 @@ fn spec_format_string(
     spec: &CFormatSpec,
     obj: PyObjectRef,
     idx: usize,
-) -> PyResult<String> {
+) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
     match &spec.format_type {
         CFormatType::String(conversion) => {
             let result = match conversion {
                 CFormatConversion::Ascii => builtins::ascii(obj, vm)?.into(),
-                CFormatConversion::Str => obj.str(vm)?.as_str().to_owned(),
-                CFormatConversion::Repr => obj.repr(vm)?.as_str().to_owned(),
+                CFormatConversion::Str => obj.str(vm)?.as_wtf8().to_owned(),
+                CFormatConversion::Repr => obj.repr(vm)?.as_wtf8().to_owned(),
                 CFormatConversion::Bytes => {
                     // idx is the position of the %, we want the position of the b
                     return Err(vm.new_value_error(format!(
@@ -146,16 +147,18 @@ fn spec_format_string(
             CNumberType::DecimalD | CNumberType::DecimalI | CNumberType::DecimalU => {
                 match_class!(match &obj {
                     ref i @ PyInt => {
-                        Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()))
+                        Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()).into())
                     }
                     ref f @ PyFloat => {
-                        Ok(spec.format_number(&try_f64_to_bigint(f.to_f64(), vm)?))
+                        Ok(spec
+                            .format_number(&try_f64_to_bigint(f.to_f64(), vm)?)
+                            .into())
                     }
                     obj => {
                         if let Some(method) = vm.get_method(obj.clone(), identifier!(vm, __int__)) {
                             let result = method?.call((), vm)?;
                             if let Some(i) = result.payload::<PyInt>() {
-                                return Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()));
+                                return Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()).into());
                             }
                         }
                         Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
@@ -168,7 +171,7 @@ fn spec_format_string(
             }
             _ => {
                 if let Some(i) = obj.payload::<PyInt>() {
-                    Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()))
+                    Ok(spec.format_number(i.as_bigint()).into())
                 } else {
                     Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                         "%{} format: an integer is required, not {}",
@@ -180,21 +183,21 @@ fn spec_format_string(
         },
         CFormatType::Float(_) => {
             let value = ArgIntoFloat::try_from_object(vm, obj)?;
-            Ok(spec.format_float(value.into()))
+            Ok(spec.format_float(value.into()).into())
         }
         CFormatType::Character(CCharacterType::Character) => {
             if let Some(i) = obj.payload::<PyInt>() {
                 let ch = i
                     .as_bigint()
                     .to_u32()
-                    .and_then(char::from_u32)
+                    .and_then(CodePoint::from_u32)
                     .ok_or_else(|| {
                         vm.new_overflow_error("%c arg not in range(0x110000)".to_owned())
                     })?;
                 return Ok(spec.format_char(ch));
             }
             if let Some(s) = obj.payload::<PyStr>() {
-                if let Ok(ch) = s.as_str().chars().exactly_one() {
+                if let Ok(ch) = s.as_wtf8().code_points().exactly_one() {
                     return Ok(spec.format_char(ch));
                 }
             }
@@ -374,17 +377,16 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_bytes(
 
 pub(crate) fn cformat_string(
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    format_string: &str,
+    format_string: &Wtf8,
     values_obj: PyObjectRef,
-) -> PyResult<String> {
-    let format = format_string
-        .parse::<CFormatString>()
+) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
+    let format = CFormatWtf8::parse_from_wtf8(format_string)
         .map_err(|err| vm.new_value_error(err.to_string()))?;
     let (num_specifiers, mapping_required) = format
         .check_specifiers()
         .ok_or_else(|| specifier_error(vm))?;
 
-    let mut result = String::new();
+    let mut result = Wtf8Buf::new();
 
     let is_mapping = values_obj.class().has_attr(identifier!(vm, __getitem__))
         && !values_obj.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.types.tuple_type)
@@ -399,7 +401,7 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_string(
         {
             for (_, part) in format.iter() {
                 match part {
-                    CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.push_str(literal),
+                    CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.push_wtf8(literal),
                     CFormatPart::Spec(_) => unreachable!(),
                 }
             }
@@ -415,11 +417,11 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_string(
         return if is_mapping {
             for (idx, part) in format {
                 match part {
-                    CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.push_str(&literal),
+                    CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.push_wtf8(&literal),
                     CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpecKeyed { mapping_key, spec }) => {
                         let value = values_obj.get_item(&mapping_key.unwrap(), vm)?;
                         let part_result = spec_format_string(vm, &spec, value, idx)?;
-                        result.push_str(&part_result);
+                        result.push_wtf8(&part_result);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -439,7 +441,7 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_string(
 
     for (idx, part) in format {
         match part {
-            CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.push_str(&literal),
+            CFormatPart::Literal(literal) => result.push_wtf8(&literal),
             CFormatPart::Spec(CFormatSpecKeyed { mut spec, .. }) => {
                 try_update_quantity_from_tuple(
                     vm,
@@ -456,7 +458,7 @@ pub(crate) fn cformat_string(
                     }
                 }?;
                 let part_result = spec_format_string(vm, &spec, value, idx)?;
-                result.push_str(&part_result);
+                result.push_wtf8(&part_result);
             }
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
index b36485e86a..faf5152145 100644
--- a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
     common::{
         hash,
         lock::{PyRwLock, PyRwLockReadGuard, PyRwLockWriteGuard},
+        wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf},
     },
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
 };
@@ -750,7 +751,7 @@ impl DictKey for Py<PyStr> {
         if self.is(other_key) {
             Ok(true)
         } else if let Some(pystr) = other_key.payload_if_exact::<PyStr>(vm) {
-            Ok(pystr.as_str() == self.as_str())
+            Ok(self.as_wtf8() == pystr.as_wtf8())
         } else {
             vm.bool_eq(self.as_object(), other_key)
         }
@@ -834,7 +835,7 @@ impl DictKey for str {
 
     fn key_eq(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, other_key: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
         if let Some(pystr) = other_key.payload_if_exact::<PyStr>(vm) {
-            Ok(pystr.as_str() == self)
+            Ok(pystr.as_wtf8() == self.as_ref())
         } else {
             // Fall back to PyObjectRef implementation.
             let s = vm.ctx.new_str(self);
@@ -871,6 +872,63 @@ impl DictKey for String {
     }
 }
 
+impl DictKey for Wtf8 {
+    type Owned = Wtf8Buf;
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn _to_owned(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self::Owned {
+        self.to_owned()
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn key_hash(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<HashValue> {
+        // follow a similar route as the hashing of PyStrRef
+        Ok(vm.state.hash_secret.hash_bytes(self.as_bytes()))
+    }
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn key_is(&self, _other: &PyObject) -> bool {
+        // No matter who the other pyobject is, we are never the same thing, since
+        // we are a str, not a pyobject.
+        false
+    }
+
+    fn key_eq(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, other_key: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        if let Some(pystr) = other_key.payload_if_exact::<PyStr>(vm) {
+            Ok(pystr.as_wtf8() == self)
+        } else {
+            // Fall back to PyObjectRef implementation.
+            let s = vm.ctx.new_str(self);
+            s.key_eq(vm, other_key)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn key_as_isize(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<isize> {
+        Err(vm.new_type_error("'str' object cannot be interpreted as an integer".to_owned()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl DictKey for Wtf8Buf {
+    type Owned = Wtf8Buf;
+    #[inline]
+    fn _to_owned(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self::Owned {
+        self.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn key_hash(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<HashValue> {
+        (**self).key_hash(vm)
+    }
+
+    fn key_is(&self, other: &PyObject) -> bool {
+        (**self).key_is(other)
+    }
+
+    fn key_eq(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, other_key: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
+        (**self).key_eq(vm, other_key)
+    }
+
+    fn key_as_isize(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<isize> {
+        (**self).key_as_isize(vm)
+    }
+}
+
 impl DictKey for [u8] {
     type Owned = Vec<u8>;
     #[inline(always)]

From ba1b5811ee5f151d435d042836da99dcb816144e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Mar 2025 19:19:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 518/705] Update encoding to use wtf8

---
 Lib/test/test_cmd_line_script.py |   2 +
 common/src/encodings.rs          | 136 +++++++++++++++++--------------
 common/src/str.rs                |  11 ++-
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs           |  71 +++++++++++++++-
 stdlib/src/csv.rs                |  10 +--
 stdlib/src/pyexpat.rs            |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/pystruct.rs           |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/re.rs                 |  23 +++---
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs             |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs                |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs           |  22 +++--
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs          |   4 +-
 vm/src/function/buffer.rs        |   4 +-
 vm/src/function/fspath.rs        |  10 ++-
 vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs          |  23 +++---
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs              |  52 ++++++------
 vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs        |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs              |   2 +-
 18 files changed, 242 insertions(+), 138 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line_script.py b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line_script.py
index e40069d780..d5fa1563ec 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line_script.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line_script.py
@@ -574,6 +574,8 @@ def test_pep_409_verbiage(self):
             self.assertTrue(text[1].startswith('  File '))
             self.assertTrue(text[3].startswith('NameError'))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_non_ascii(self):
         # Mac OS X denies the creation of a file with an invalid UTF-8 name.
         # Windows allows creating a name with an arbitrary bytes name, but
diff --git a/common/src/encodings.rs b/common/src/encodings.rs
index 3aaca68c3d..402e0db77f 100644
--- a/common/src/encodings.rs
+++ b/common/src/encodings.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 use std::ops::Range;
 
+use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
+
+use crate::str::StrKind;
 use crate::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
 
 pub type EncodeErrorResult<S, B, E> = Result<(EncodeReplace<S, B>, usize), E>;
@@ -7,8 +10,13 @@ pub type EncodeErrorResult<S, B, E> = Result<(EncodeReplace<S, B>, usize), E>;
 pub type DecodeErrorResult<S, B, E> = Result<(S, Option<B>, usize), E>;
 
 pub trait StrBuffer: AsRef<Wtf8> {
-    fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
-        self.as_ref().is_ascii()
+    fn is_compatible_with(&self, kind: StrKind) -> bool {
+        let s = self.as_ref();
+        match kind {
+            StrKind::Ascii => s.is_ascii(),
+            StrKind::Utf8 => s.is_utf8(),
+            StrKind::Wtf8 => true,
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -18,7 +26,7 @@ pub trait ErrorHandler {
     type BytesBuf: AsRef<[u8]>;
     fn handle_encode_error(
         &self,
-        data: &str,
+        data: &Wtf8,
         char_range: Range<usize>,
         reason: &str,
     ) -> EncodeErrorResult<Self::StrBuf, Self::BytesBuf, Self::Error>;
@@ -29,7 +37,7 @@ pub trait ErrorHandler {
         reason: &str,
     ) -> DecodeErrorResult<Self::StrBuf, Self::BytesBuf, Self::Error>;
     fn error_oob_restart(&self, i: usize) -> Self::Error;
-    fn error_encoding(&self, data: &str, char_range: Range<usize>, reason: &str) -> Self::Error;
+    fn error_encoding(&self, data: &Wtf8, char_range: Range<usize>, reason: &str) -> Self::Error;
 }
 pub enum EncodeReplace<S, B> {
     Str(S),
@@ -118,14 +126,61 @@ where
     Ok((out, remaining_index))
 }
 
+#[inline]
+fn encode_utf8_compatible<E: ErrorHandler>(
+    s: &Wtf8,
+    errors: &E,
+    err_reason: &str,
+    target_kind: StrKind,
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
+    let full_data = s;
+    let mut data = s;
+    let mut char_data_index = 0;
+    let mut out = Vec::<u8>::new();
+    while let Some((char_i, (byte_i, _))) = data
+        .code_point_indices()
+        .enumerate()
+        .find(|(_, (_, c))| !target_kind.can_encode(*c))
+    {
+        out.extend_from_slice(&data.as_bytes()[..byte_i]);
+        let char_start = char_data_index + char_i;
+
+        // number of non-compatible chars between the first non-compatible char and the next compatible char
+        let non_compat_run_length = data[byte_i..]
+            .code_points()
+            .take_while(|c| !target_kind.can_encode(*c))
+            .count();
+        let char_range = char_start..char_start + non_compat_run_length;
+        let (replace, char_restart) =
+            errors.handle_encode_error(full_data, char_range.clone(), err_reason)?;
+        match replace {
+            EncodeReplace::Str(s) => {
+                if s.is_compatible_with(target_kind) {
+                    out.extend_from_slice(s.as_ref().as_bytes());
+                } else {
+                    return Err(errors.error_encoding(full_data, char_range, err_reason));
+                }
+            }
+            EncodeReplace::Bytes(b) => {
+                out.extend_from_slice(b.as_ref());
+            }
+        }
+        data = crate::str::try_get_codepoints(full_data, char_restart..)
+            .ok_or_else(|| errors.error_oob_restart(char_restart))?;
+        char_data_index = char_restart;
+    }
+    out.extend_from_slice(data.as_bytes());
+    Ok(out)
+}
+
 pub mod utf8 {
     use super::*;
 
     pub const ENCODING_NAME: &str = "utf-8";
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn encode<E: ErrorHandler>(s: &str, _errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
-        Ok(s.as_bytes().to_vec())
+    pub fn encode<E: ErrorHandler>(s: &Wtf8, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
+        encode_utf8_compatible(s, errors, "surrogates not allowed", StrKind::Utf8)
     }
 
     pub fn decode<E: ErrorHandler>(
@@ -175,6 +230,7 @@ pub mod utf8 {
 }
 
 pub mod latin_1 {
+
     use super::*;
 
     pub const ENCODING_NAME: &str = "latin-1";
@@ -182,14 +238,14 @@ pub mod latin_1 {
     const ERR_REASON: &str = "ordinal not in range(256)";
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn encode<E: ErrorHandler>(s: &str, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
+    pub fn encode<E: ErrorHandler>(s: &Wtf8, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
         let full_data = s;
         let mut data = s;
         let mut char_data_index = 0;
         let mut out = Vec::<u8>::new();
         loop {
             match data
-                .char_indices()
+                .code_point_indices()
                 .enumerate()
                 .find(|(_, (_, c))| !c.is_ascii())
             {
@@ -200,17 +256,16 @@ pub mod latin_1 {
                 Some((char_i, (byte_i, ch))) => {
                     out.extend_from_slice(&data.as_bytes()[..byte_i]);
                     let char_start = char_data_index + char_i;
-                    if (ch as u32) <= 255 {
-                        out.push(ch as u8);
-                        let char_restart = char_start + 1;
-                        data = crate::str::try_get_chars(full_data, char_restart..)
-                            .ok_or_else(|| errors.error_oob_restart(char_restart))?;
-                        char_data_index = char_restart;
+                    if let Some(byte) = ch.to_u32().to_u8() {
+                        out.push(byte);
+                        // if the codepoint is between 128..=255, it's utf8-length is 2
+                        data = &data[byte_i + 2..];
+                        char_data_index = char_start + 1;
                     } else {
                         // number of non-latin_1 chars between the first non-latin_1 char and the next latin_1 char
                         let non_latin_1_run_length = data[byte_i..]
-                            .chars()
-                            .take_while(|c| (*c as u32) > 255)
+                            .code_points()
+                            .take_while(|c| c.to_u32() > 255)
                             .count();
                         let char_range = char_start..char_start + non_latin_1_run_length;
                         let (replace, char_restart) = errors.handle_encode_error(
@@ -231,7 +286,7 @@ pub mod latin_1 {
                                 out.extend_from_slice(b.as_ref());
                             }
                         }
-                        data = crate::str::try_get_chars(full_data, char_restart..)
+                        data = crate::str::try_get_codepoints(full_data, char_restart..)
                             .ok_or_else(|| errors.error_oob_restart(char_restart))?;
                         char_data_index = char_restart;
                     }
@@ -258,51 +313,8 @@ pub mod ascii {
     const ERR_REASON: &str = "ordinal not in range(128)";
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn encode<E: ErrorHandler>(s: &str, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
-        let full_data = s;
-        let mut data = s;
-        let mut char_data_index = 0;
-        let mut out = Vec::<u8>::new();
-        loop {
-            match data
-                .char_indices()
-                .enumerate()
-                .find(|(_, (_, c))| !c.is_ascii())
-            {
-                None => {
-                    out.extend_from_slice(data.as_bytes());
-                    break;
-                }
-                Some((char_i, (byte_i, _))) => {
-                    out.extend_from_slice(&data.as_bytes()[..byte_i]);
-                    let char_start = char_data_index + char_i;
-                    // number of non-ascii chars between the first non-ascii char and the next ascii char
-                    let non_ascii_run_length =
-                        data[byte_i..].chars().take_while(|c| !c.is_ascii()).count();
-                    let char_range = char_start..char_start + non_ascii_run_length;
-                    let (replace, char_restart) =
-                        errors.handle_encode_error(full_data, char_range.clone(), ERR_REASON)?;
-                    match replace {
-                        EncodeReplace::Str(s) => {
-                            if !s.is_ascii() {
-                                return Err(
-                                    errors.error_encoding(full_data, char_range, ERR_REASON)
-                                );
-                            }
-                            out.extend_from_slice(s.as_ref().as_bytes());
-                        }
-                        EncodeReplace::Bytes(b) => {
-                            out.extend_from_slice(b.as_ref());
-                        }
-                    }
-                    data = crate::str::try_get_chars(full_data, char_restart..)
-                        .ok_or_else(|| errors.error_oob_restart(char_restart))?;
-                    char_data_index = char_restart;
-                    continue;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok(out)
+    pub fn encode<E: ErrorHandler>(s: &Wtf8, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
+        encode_utf8_compatible(s, errors, ERR_REASON, StrKind::Ascii)
     }
 
     pub fn decode<E: ErrorHandler>(data: &[u8], errors: &E) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), E::Error> {
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index dbe4e22234..176b5d0f87 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ pub type wchar_t = libc::wchar_t;
 pub type wchar_t = u32;
 
 /// Utf8 + state.ascii (+ PyUnicode_Kind in future)
-#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord)]
 pub enum StrKind {
     Ascii,
     Utf8,
@@ -41,6 +41,15 @@ impl StrKind {
     pub fn is_utf8(&self) -> bool {
         matches!(self, Self::Ascii | Self::Utf8)
     }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn can_encode(&self, code: CodePoint) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            StrKind::Ascii => code.is_ascii(),
+            StrKind::Utf8 => code.to_char().is_some(),
+            StrKind::Wtf8 => true,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 pub trait DeduceStrKind {
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
index 14ff8b5ef2..5b31fdc558 100644
--- a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ use std::collections::TryReserveError;
 use std::string::String;
 use std::vec::Vec;
 
-use bstr::ByteSlice;
+use bstr::{ByteSlice, ByteVec};
 
 mod core_char;
 mod core_str;
@@ -168,6 +168,10 @@ impl CodePoint {
     pub fn len_wtf8(&self) -> usize {
         len_utf8(self.value)
     }
+
+    pub fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
+        self.is_char_and(|c| c.is_ascii())
+    }
 }
 
 impl From<u16> for CodePoint {
@@ -436,6 +440,13 @@ impl Wtf8Buf {
         self.push_wtf8(code_point.encode_wtf8(&mut [0; MAX_LEN_UTF8]))
     }
 
+    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<CodePoint> {
+        let ch = self.code_points().next_back()?;
+        let newlen = self.len() - ch.len_wtf8();
+        self.bytes.truncate(newlen);
+        Some(ch)
+    }
+
     /// Shortens a string to the specified length.
     ///
     /// # Panics
@@ -448,6 +459,20 @@ impl Wtf8Buf {
         self.bytes.truncate(new_len)
     }
 
+    /// Inserts a codepoint into this `Wtf8Buf` at a byte position.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn insert(&mut self, idx: usize, c: CodePoint) {
+        self.insert_wtf8(idx, c.encode_wtf8(&mut [0; MAX_LEN_UTF8]))
+    }
+
+    /// Inserts a WTF-8 slice into this `Wtf8Buf` at a byte position.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn insert_wtf8(&mut self, idx: usize, w: &Wtf8) {
+        assert!(is_code_point_boundary(self, idx));
+
+        self.bytes.insert_str(idx, w)
+    }
+
     /// Consumes the WTF-8 string and tries to convert it to a vec of bytes.
     #[inline]
     pub fn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<u8> {
@@ -914,6 +939,21 @@ impl Wtf8 {
             .map(|w| unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) })
     }
 
+    pub fn trim(&self) -> &Self {
+        let w = self.bytes.trim();
+        unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn trim_start(&self) -> &Self {
+        let w = self.bytes.trim_start();
+        unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) }
+    }
+
+    pub fn trim_end(&self) -> &Self {
+        let w = self.bytes.trim_end();
+        unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) }
+    }
+
     pub fn trim_start_matches(&self, f: impl Fn(CodePoint) -> bool) -> &Self {
         let mut iter = self.code_points();
         loop {
@@ -958,6 +998,15 @@ impl Wtf8 {
         memchr::memmem::rfind(self.as_bytes(), pat.as_bytes())
     }
 
+    pub fn contains(&self, pat: &Wtf8) -> bool {
+        self.bytes.contains_str(pat)
+    }
+
+    pub fn contains_code_point(&self, pat: CodePoint) -> bool {
+        self.bytes
+            .contains_str(pat.encode_wtf8(&mut [0; MAX_LEN_UTF8]))
+    }
+
     pub fn get(&self, range: impl ops::RangeBounds<usize>) -> Option<&Self> {
         let start = match range.start_bound() {
             ops::Bound::Included(&i) => i,
@@ -977,6 +1026,26 @@ impl Wtf8 {
             None
         }
     }
+
+    pub fn ends_with(&self, w: &Wtf8) -> bool {
+        self.bytes.ends_with_str(w)
+    }
+
+    pub fn starts_with(&self, w: &Wtf8) -> bool {
+        self.bytes.starts_with_str(w)
+    }
+
+    pub fn strip_prefix(&self, w: &Wtf8) -> Option<&Self> {
+        self.bytes
+            .strip_prefix(w.as_bytes())
+            .map(|w| unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) })
+    }
+
+    pub fn strip_suffix(&self, w: &Wtf8) -> Option<&Self> {
+        self.bytes
+            .strip_suffix(w.as_bytes())
+            .map(|w| unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) })
+    }
 }
 
 impl AsRef<Wtf8> for str {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/csv.rs b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
index f07b40b3a2..4b79130111 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/csv.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
@@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ mod _csv {
     ) -> PyResult<Terminator> {
         match_class!(match obj.get_attr("lineterminator", vm)? {
             s @ PyStr => {
-                Ok(if s.as_str().as_bytes().eq(b"\r\n") {
+                Ok(if s.as_bytes().eq(b"\r\n") {
                     csv_core::Terminator::CRLF
-                } else if let Some(t) = s.as_str().as_bytes().first() {
+                } else if let Some(t) = s.as_bytes().first() {
                     // Due to limitations in the current implementation within csv_core
                     // the support for multiple characters in lineterminator is not complete.
                     // only capture the first character
@@ -942,7 +942,7 @@ mod _csv {
             ),
                 )
             })?;
-            let input = string.as_str().as_bytes();
+            let input = string.as_bytes();
             if input.is_empty() || input.starts_with(b"\n") {
                 return Ok(PyIterReturn::Return(vm.ctx.new_list(vec![]).into()));
             }
@@ -1101,11 +1101,11 @@ mod _csv {
                 let field: PyObjectRef = field?;
                 let stringified;
                 let data: &[u8] = match_class!(match field {
-                    ref s @ PyStr => s.as_str().as_bytes(),
+                    ref s @ PyStr => s.as_bytes(),
                     crate::builtins::PyNone => b"",
                     ref obj => {
                         stringified = obj.str(vm)?;
-                        stringified.as_str().as_bytes()
+                        stringified.as_bytes()
                     }
                 });
                 let mut input_offset = 0;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/pyexpat.rs b/stdlib/src/pyexpat.rs
index 3cfe048f17..2363e6bed4 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/pyexpat.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/pyexpat.rs
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ mod _pyexpat {
 
         #[pymethod(name = "Parse")]
         fn parse(&self, data: PyStrRef, _isfinal: OptionalArg<bool>, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
-            let reader = Cursor::<Vec<u8>>::new(data.as_str().as_bytes().to_vec());
+            let reader = Cursor::<Vec<u8>>::new(data.as_bytes().to_vec());
             let parser = self.create_config().create_reader(reader);
             self.do_parse(vm, parser);
         }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs b/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
index 702e5b6681..2c7aa1ebf7 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _struct {
 
     impl IntoStructFormatBytes {
         fn format_spec(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<FormatSpec> {
-            FormatSpec::parse(self.0.as_str().as_bytes(), vm)
+            FormatSpec::parse(self.0.as_bytes(), vm)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/re.rs b/stdlib/src/re.rs
index 5417e03fc7..647f4c69ad 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/re.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/re.rs
@@ -9,10 +9,11 @@ mod re {
      * system.
      */
     use crate::vm::{
+        PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, PyStrRef},
         convert::{ToPyObject, TryFromObject},
         function::{OptionalArg, PosArgs},
-        match_class, PyObjectRef, PyResult, PyPayload, VirtualMachine,
+        match_class,
     };
     use num_traits::Signed;
     use regex::bytes::{Captures, Regex, RegexBuilder};
@@ -158,11 +159,9 @@ mod re {
     }
 
     fn do_sub(pattern: &PyPattern, repl: PyStrRef, search_text: PyStrRef, limit: usize) -> String {
-        let out = pattern.regex.replacen(
-            search_text.as_str().as_bytes(),
-            limit,
-            repl.as_str().as_bytes(),
-        );
+        let out = pattern
+            .regex
+            .replacen(search_text.as_bytes(), limit, repl.as_bytes());
         String::from_utf8_lossy(&out).into_owned()
     }
 
@@ -172,21 +171,21 @@ mod re {
         regex_text.push_str(pattern.regex.as_str());
         let regex = Regex::new(&regex_text).unwrap();
         regex
-            .captures(search_text.as_str().as_bytes())
+            .captures(search_text.as_bytes())
             .map(|captures| create_match(search_text.clone(), captures))
     }
 
     fn do_search(regex: &PyPattern, search_text: PyStrRef) -> Option<PyMatch> {
         regex
             .regex
-            .captures(search_text.as_str().as_bytes())
+            .captures(search_text.as_bytes())
             .map(|captures| create_match(search_text.clone(), captures))
     }
 
     fn do_findall(vm: &VirtualMachine, pattern: &PyPattern, search_text: PyStrRef) -> PyResult {
         let out = pattern
             .regex
-            .captures_iter(search_text.as_str().as_bytes())
+            .captures_iter(search_text.as_bytes())
             .map(|captures| match captures.len() {
                 1 => {
                     let full = captures.get(0).unwrap().as_bytes();
@@ -232,7 +231,7 @@ mod re {
             .map(|i| i.try_to_primitive::<usize>(vm))
             .transpose()?
             .unwrap_or(0);
-        let text = search_text.as_str().as_bytes();
+        let text = search_text.as_bytes();
         // essentially Regex::split, but it outputs captures as well
         let mut output = Vec::new();
         let mut last = 0;
@@ -332,9 +331,7 @@ mod re {
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn sub(&self, repl: PyStrRef, text: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyStrRef> {
-            let replaced_text = self
-                .regex
-                .replace_all(text.as_str().as_bytes(), repl.as_str().as_bytes());
+            let replaced_text = self.regex.replace_all(text.as_bytes(), repl.as_bytes());
             let replaced_text = String::from_utf8_lossy(&replaced_text).into_owned();
             Ok(vm.ctx.new_str(replaced_text))
         }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index 85ce8d80fd..d20324b5ef 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -3000,7 +3000,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
     ) -> PyResult<*const libc::c_char> {
         BEGIN_STATEMENTS
             .iter()
-            .find(|&&x| x[6..].eq_ignore_ascii_case(s.as_str().as_bytes()))
+            .find(|&&x| x[6..].eq_ignore_ascii_case(s.as_bytes()))
             .map(|&x| x.as_ptr().cast())
             .ok_or_else(|| {
                 vm.new_value_error(
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index 2b8ffc7d8c..9bfdf883ca 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ mod _ssl {
                         if !s.is_ascii() {
                             return Err(invalid_cadata(vm));
                         }
-                        X509::stack_from_pem(s.as_str().as_bytes())
+                        X509::stack_from_pem(s.as_bytes())
                     }
                     Either::B(b) => b.with_ref(x509_stack_from_der),
                 };
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 75921bac71..e8c19c39e0 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -429,6 +429,10 @@ impl PyStr {
         self.data.as_str_kind()
     }
 
+    pub fn is_utf8(&self) -> bool {
+        self.kind().is_utf8()
+    }
+
     fn char_all<F>(&self, test: F) -> bool
     where
         F: Fn(char) -> bool,
@@ -725,7 +729,7 @@ impl PyStr {
                 .py_strip(
                     chars,
                     |s, chars| s.trim_matches(|c| chars.code_points().contains(&c)),
-                    |s| s.trim_matches(|c| c.is_char_and(char::is_whitespace)),
+                    |s| s.trim(),
                 )
                 .into(),
         }
@@ -737,10 +741,10 @@ impl PyStr {
         chars: OptionalOption<PyStrRef>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyRef<Self> {
-        let s = zelf.as_str();
+        let s = zelf.as_wtf8();
         let stripped = s.py_strip(
             chars,
-            |s, chars| s.trim_start_matches(|c| chars.contains(c)),
+            |s, chars| s.trim_start_matches(|c| chars.contains_code_point(c)),
             |s| s.trim_start(),
         );
         if s == stripped {
@@ -756,10 +760,10 @@ impl PyStr {
         chars: OptionalOption<PyStrRef>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyRef<Self> {
-        let s = zelf.as_str();
+        let s = zelf.as_wtf8();
         let stripped = s.py_strip(
             chars,
-            |s, chars| s.trim_end_matches(|c| chars.contains(c)),
+            |s, chars| s.trim_end_matches(|c| chars.contains_code_point(c)),
             |s| s.trim_end(),
         );
         if s == stripped {
@@ -772,7 +776,7 @@ impl PyStr {
     #[pymethod]
     fn endswith(&self, options: anystr::StartsEndsWithArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
         let (affix, substr) =
-            match options.prepare(self.as_str(), self.len(), |s, r| s.get_chars(r)) {
+            match options.prepare(self.as_wtf8(), self.len(), |s, r| s.get_chars(r)) {
                 Some(x) => x,
                 None => return Ok(false),
             };
@@ -780,7 +784,7 @@ impl PyStr {
             &affix,
             "endswith",
             "str",
-            |s, x: &Py<PyStr>| s.ends_with(x.as_str()),
+            |s, x: &Py<PyStr>| s.ends_with(x.as_wtf8()),
             vm,
         )
     }
@@ -792,7 +796,7 @@ impl PyStr {
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<bool> {
         let (affix, substr) =
-            match options.prepare(self.as_str(), self.len(), |s, r| s.get_chars(r)) {
+            match options.prepare(self.as_wtf8(), self.len(), |s, r| s.get_chars(r)) {
                 Some(x) => x,
                 None => return Ok(false),
             };
@@ -800,7 +804,7 @@ impl PyStr {
             &affix,
             "startswith",
             "str",
-            |s, x: &Py<PyStr>| s.starts_with(x.as_str()),
+            |s, x: &Py<PyStr>| s.starts_with(x.as_wtf8()),
             vm,
         )
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index e8ad67a666..969d6db937 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ impl PyType {
                 value.class().slot_name(),
             ))
         })?;
-        if name.as_str().as_bytes().contains(&0) {
+        if name.as_bytes().contains(&0) {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("type name must not contain null characters".to_owned()));
         }
 
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ impl Constructor for PyType {
         let (name, bases, dict, kwargs): (PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyDictRef, KwArgs) =
             args.clone().bind(vm)?;
 
-        if name.as_str().as_bytes().contains(&0) {
+        if name.as_bytes().contains(&0) {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("type name must not contain null characters".to_owned()));
         }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/function/buffer.rs b/vm/src/function/buffer.rs
index 91379e7a7f..80b36833e5 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/buffer.rs
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ impl ArgStrOrBytesLike {
     pub fn borrow_bytes(&self) -> BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
         match self {
             Self::Buf(b) => b.borrow_buf(),
-            Self::Str(s) => s.as_str().as_bytes().into(),
+            Self::Str(s) => s.as_bytes().into(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ impl ArgAsciiBuffer {
     #[inline]
     pub fn with_ref<R>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&[u8]) -> R) -> R {
         match self {
-            Self::String(s) => f(s.as_str().as_bytes()),
+            Self::String(s) => f(s.as_bytes()),
             Self::Buffer(buffer) => buffer.with_ref(f),
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
index 69f11eb65d..ab5cd093b9 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ impl FsPath {
         let match1 = |obj: PyObjectRef| {
             let pathlike = match_class!(match obj {
                 s @ PyStr => {
-                    check_nul(s.as_str().as_bytes())?;
+                    check_nul(s.as_bytes())?;
                     FsPath::Str(s)
                 }
                 b @ PyBytes => {
@@ -61,7 +61,11 @@ impl FsPath {
     pub fn as_os_str(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&OsStr> {
         // TODO: FS encodings
         match self {
-            FsPath::Str(s) => Ok(s.as_str().as_ref()),
+            FsPath::Str(s) => {
+                // XXX RUSTPYTHON: this is sketchy on windows; it's not guaranteed that its
+                //                 OsStr encoding will always be compatible with WTF-8.
+                Ok(unsafe { OsStr::from_encoded_bytes_unchecked(s.as_wtf8().as_bytes()) })
+            }
             FsPath::Bytes(b) => Self::bytes_as_osstr(b.as_bytes(), vm),
         }
     }
@@ -69,7 +73,7 @@ impl FsPath {
     pub fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
         // TODO: FS encodings
         match self {
-            FsPath::Str(s) => s.as_str().as_bytes(),
+            FsPath::Str(s) => s.as_bytes(),
             FsPath::Bytes(b) => b.as_bytes(),
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
index 9f58c8693d..9018ad0e3f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ pub(crate) use _codecs::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _codecs {
-    use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
-
     use crate::common::encodings;
+    use crate::common::str::StrKind;
+    use crate::common::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
     use crate::{
         AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple},
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@ mod _codecs {
         }
     }
     impl encodings::StrBuffer for PyStrRef {
-        fn is_ascii(&self) -> bool {
-            PyStr::is_ascii(self)
+        fn is_compatible_with(&self, kind: StrKind) -> bool {
+            self.kind() <= kind
         }
     }
     impl encodings::ErrorHandler for ErrorsHandler<'_> {
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ mod _codecs {
 
         fn handle_encode_error(
             &self,
-            data: &str,
+            data: &Wtf8,
             char_range: Range<usize>,
             reason: &str,
         ) -> PyResult<(encodings::EncodeReplace<PyStrRef, PyBytesRef>, usize)> {
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ mod _codecs {
 
         fn error_encoding(
             &self,
-            data: &str,
+            data: &Wtf8,
             char_range: Range<usize>,
             reason: &str,
         ) -> Self::Error {
@@ -251,10 +251,10 @@ mod _codecs {
         #[inline]
         fn encode<'a, F>(self, name: &'a str, encode: F, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> EncodeResult
         where
-            F: FnOnce(&str, &ErrorsHandler<'a>) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>>,
+            F: FnOnce(&Wtf8, &ErrorsHandler<'a>) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>>,
         {
             let errors = ErrorsHandler::new(name, self.errors, vm);
-            let encoded = encode(self.s.as_str(), &errors)?;
+            let encoded = encode(self.s.as_wtf8(), &errors)?;
             Ok((encoded, self.s.char_len()))
         }
     }
@@ -312,6 +312,9 @@ mod _codecs {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn utf_8_encode(args: EncodeArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> EncodeResult {
+        if args.s.is_utf8() {
+            return Ok((args.s.as_bytes().to_vec(), args.s.byte_len()));
+        }
         do_codec!(utf8::encode, args, vm)
     }
 
@@ -323,7 +326,7 @@ mod _codecs {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn latin_1_encode(args: EncodeArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> EncodeResult {
         if args.s.is_ascii() {
-            return Ok((args.s.as_str().as_bytes().to_vec(), args.s.byte_len()));
+            return Ok((args.s.as_bytes().to_vec(), args.s.byte_len()));
         }
         do_codec!(latin_1::encode, args, vm)
     }
@@ -336,7 +339,7 @@ mod _codecs {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn ascii_encode(args: EncodeArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> EncodeResult {
         if args.s.is_ascii() {
-            return Ok((args.s.as_str().as_bytes().to_vec(), args.s.byte_len()));
+            return Ok((args.s.as_bytes().to_vec(), args.s.byte_len()));
         }
         do_codec!(ascii::encode, args, vm)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 0f472fd940..84dddee872 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -147,6 +147,7 @@ mod _io {
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, BigUint};
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
+    use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
     use std::{
         borrow::Cow,
         io::{self, Cursor, SeekFrom, prelude::*},
@@ -2082,7 +2083,7 @@ mod _io {
     impl PendingWrite {
         fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
             match self {
-                Self::Utf8(s) => s.as_str().as_bytes(),
+                Self::Utf8(s) => s.as_bytes(),
                 Self::Bytes(b) => b.as_bytes(),
             }
         }
@@ -3305,14 +3306,14 @@ mod _io {
             };
             let orig_output: PyStrRef = output.try_into_value(vm)?;
             // this being Cow::Owned means we need to allocate a new string
-            let mut output = Cow::Borrowed(orig_output.as_str());
+            let mut output = Cow::Borrowed(orig_output.as_wtf8());
             if self.pendingcr && (final_ || !output.is_empty()) {
-                output = ["\r", &*output].concat().into();
+                output.to_mut().insert(0, '\r'.into());
                 self.pendingcr = false;
             }
             if !final_ {
-                if let Some(s) = output.strip_suffix('\r') {
-                    output = s.to_owned().into();
+                if let Some(s) = output.strip_suffix("\r".as_ref()) {
+                    output = Cow::Owned(s.to_owned());
                     self.pendingcr = true;
                 }
             }
@@ -3321,19 +3322,21 @@ mod _io {
                 return Ok(vm.ctx.empty_str.to_owned());
             }
 
-            if (self.seennl == SeenNewline::LF || self.seennl.is_empty()) && !output.contains('\r')
+            if (self.seennl == SeenNewline::LF || self.seennl.is_empty())
+                && !output.contains_code_point('\r'.into())
             {
-                if self.seennl.is_empty() && output.contains('\n') {
+                if self.seennl.is_empty() && output.contains_code_point('\n'.into()) {
                     self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::LF);
                 }
             } else if !self.translate {
-                let mut matches = output.match_indices(['\r', '\n']);
+                let output = output.as_bytes();
+                let mut matches = memchr::memchr2_iter(b'\r', b'\n', output);
                 while !self.seennl.is_all() {
-                    let Some((i, c)) = matches.next() else { break };
-                    match c {
-                        "\n" => self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::LF),
+                    let Some(i) = matches.next() else { break };
+                    match output[i] {
+                        b'\n' => self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::LF),
                         // if c isn't \n, it can only be \r
-                        _ if output[i + 1..].starts_with('\n') => {
+                        _ if output.get(i + 1) == Some(&b'\n') => {
                             matches.next();
                             self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::CRLF);
                         }
@@ -3341,30 +3344,31 @@ mod _io {
                     }
                 }
             } else {
-                let mut chunks = output.match_indices(['\r', '\n']);
-                let mut new_string = String::with_capacity(output.len());
+                let bytes = output.as_bytes();
+                let mut matches = memchr::memchr2_iter(b'\r', b'\n', bytes);
+                let mut new_string = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(output.len());
                 let mut last_modification_index = 0;
-                while let Some((cr_index, chunk)) = chunks.next() {
-                    if chunk == "\r" {
+                while let Some(cr_index) = matches.next() {
+                    if bytes[cr_index] == b'\r' {
                         // skip copying the CR
                         let mut next_chunk_index = cr_index + 1;
-                        if output[cr_index + 1..].starts_with('\n') {
-                            chunks.next();
+                        if bytes.get(cr_index + 1) == Some(&b'\n') {
+                            matches.next();
                             self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::CRLF);
                             // skip the LF too
                             next_chunk_index += 1;
                         } else {
                             self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::CR);
                         }
-                        new_string.push_str(&output[last_modification_index..cr_index]);
-                        new_string.push('\n');
+                        new_string.push_wtf8(&output[last_modification_index..cr_index]);
+                        new_string.push_char('\n');
                         last_modification_index = next_chunk_index;
                     } else {
                         self.seennl.insert(SeenNewline::LF);
                     }
                 }
-                new_string.push_str(&output[last_modification_index..]);
-                output = new_string.into();
+                new_string.push_wtf8(&output[last_modification_index..]);
+                output = Cow::Owned(new_string);
             }
 
             Ok(match output {
@@ -3404,7 +3408,7 @@ mod _io {
         ) -> PyResult {
             let raw_bytes = object
                 .flatten()
-                .map_or_else(Vec::new, |v| v.as_str().as_bytes().to_vec());
+                .map_or_else(Vec::new, |v| v.as_bytes().to_vec());
 
             StringIO {
                 buffer: PyRwLock::new(BufferedIO::new(Cursor::new(raw_bytes))),
@@ -3453,7 +3457,7 @@ mod _io {
         // write string to underlying vector
         #[pymethod]
         fn write(&self, data: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<u64> {
-            let bytes = data.as_str().as_bytes();
+            let bytes = data.as_bytes();
             self.buffer(vm)?
                 .write(bytes)
                 .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_type_error("Error Writing String".to_owned()))
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
index d1a4b376e8..d8ff1715fa 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ mod _operator {
                         "comparing strings with non-ASCII characters is not supported".to_owned(),
                     ));
                 }
-                cmp::timing_safe_cmp(a.as_str().as_bytes(), b.as_str().as_bytes())
+                cmp::timing_safe_cmp(a.as_bytes(), b.as_bytes())
             }
             (Either::B(a), Either::B(b)) => {
                 a.with_ref(|a| b.with_ref(|b| cmp::timing_safe_cmp(a, b)))
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 39701cb3a3..9b196b6d03 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
 
     fn env_bytes_as_bytes(obj: &Either<PyStrRef, PyBytesRef>) -> &[u8] {
         match obj {
-            Either::A(s) => s.as_str().as_bytes(),
+            Either::A(s) => s.as_bytes(),
             Either::B(b) => b.as_bytes(),
         }
     }

From 3945d3b2fe25496914f6a82233bbe7dfcbd36926 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Mar 2025 20:02:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 519/705] Make format wtf8-compatible

---
 Lib/test/test_difflib.py |   2 -
 common/src/format.rs     | 318 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs   |  21 ++-
 vm/src/format.rs         |  21 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/string.rs  |  19 +--
 5 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 180 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_difflib.py b/Lib/test/test_difflib.py
index 5592a2d5a3..0d669afe61 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_difflib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_difflib.py
@@ -373,8 +373,6 @@ def test_byte_content(self):
         check(difflib.diff_bytes(context, a, a, b'a', b'a', b'2005', b'2013'))
         check(difflib.diff_bytes(context, a, b, b'a', b'b', b'2005', b'2013'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_byte_filenames(self):
         # somebody renamed a file from ISO-8859-2 to UTF-8
         fna = b'\xb3odz.txt'    # "łodz.txt"
diff --git a/common/src/format.rs b/common/src/format.rs
index d9f821658b..75d0996796 100644
--- a/common/src/format.rs
+++ b/common/src/format.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,10 @@ use rustpython_literal::format::Case;
 use std::ops::Deref;
 use std::{cmp, str::FromStr};
 
+use crate::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+
 trait FormatParse {
-    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str)
+    fn parse(text: &Wtf8) -> (Option<Self>, &Wtf8)
     where
         Self: Sized;
 }
@@ -23,20 +25,20 @@ pub enum FormatConversion {
 }
 
 impl FormatParse for FormatConversion {
-    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str) {
+    fn parse(text: &Wtf8) -> (Option<Self>, &Wtf8) {
         let Some(conversion) = Self::from_string(text) else {
             return (None, text);
         };
-        let mut chars = text.chars();
+        let mut chars = text.code_points();
         chars.next(); // Consume the bang
         chars.next(); // Consume one r,s,a char
-        (Some(conversion), chars.as_str())
+        (Some(conversion), chars.as_wtf8())
     }
 }
 
 impl FormatConversion {
-    pub fn from_char(c: char) -> Option<FormatConversion> {
-        match c {
+    pub fn from_char(c: CodePoint) -> Option<FormatConversion> {
+        match c.to_char_lossy() {
             's' => Some(FormatConversion::Str),
             'r' => Some(FormatConversion::Repr),
             'a' => Some(FormatConversion::Ascii),
@@ -45,9 +47,9 @@ impl FormatConversion {
         }
     }
 
-    fn from_string(text: &str) -> Option<FormatConversion> {
-        let mut chars = text.chars();
-        if chars.next() != Some('!') {
+    fn from_string(text: &Wtf8) -> Option<FormatConversion> {
+        let mut chars = text.code_points();
+        if chars.next()? != '!' {
             return None;
         }
 
@@ -64,8 +66,8 @@ pub enum FormatAlign {
 }
 
 impl FormatAlign {
-    fn from_char(c: char) -> Option<FormatAlign> {
-        match c {
+    fn from_char(c: CodePoint) -> Option<FormatAlign> {
+        match c.to_char_lossy() {
             '<' => Some(FormatAlign::Left),
             '>' => Some(FormatAlign::Right),
             '=' => Some(FormatAlign::AfterSign),
@@ -76,10 +78,10 @@ impl FormatAlign {
 }
 
 impl FormatParse for FormatAlign {
-    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str) {
-        let mut chars = text.chars();
+    fn parse(text: &Wtf8) -> (Option<Self>, &Wtf8) {
+        let mut chars = text.code_points();
         if let Some(maybe_align) = chars.next().and_then(Self::from_char) {
-            (Some(maybe_align), chars.as_str())
+            (Some(maybe_align), chars.as_wtf8())
         } else {
             (None, text)
         }
@@ -94,12 +96,12 @@ pub enum FormatSign {
 }
 
 impl FormatParse for FormatSign {
-    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str) {
-        let mut chars = text.chars();
-        match chars.next() {
-            Some('-') => (Some(Self::Minus), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('+') => (Some(Self::Plus), chars.as_str()),
-            Some(' ') => (Some(Self::MinusOrSpace), chars.as_str()),
+    fn parse(text: &Wtf8) -> (Option<Self>, &Wtf8) {
+        let mut chars = text.code_points();
+        match chars.next().and_then(CodePoint::to_char) {
+            Some('-') => (Some(Self::Minus), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('+') => (Some(Self::Plus), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some(' ') => (Some(Self::MinusOrSpace), chars.as_wtf8()),
             _ => (None, text),
         }
     }
@@ -112,11 +114,11 @@ pub enum FormatGrouping {
 }
 
 impl FormatParse for FormatGrouping {
-    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str) {
-        let mut chars = text.chars();
-        match chars.next() {
-            Some('_') => (Some(Self::Underscore), chars.as_str()),
-            Some(',') => (Some(Self::Comma), chars.as_str()),
+    fn parse(text: &Wtf8) -> (Option<Self>, &Wtf8) {
+        let mut chars = text.code_points();
+        match chars.next().and_then(CodePoint::to_char) {
+            Some('_') => (Some(Self::Underscore), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some(',') => (Some(Self::Comma), chars.as_wtf8()),
             _ => (None, text),
         }
     }
@@ -161,25 +163,25 @@ impl From<&FormatType> for char {
 }
 
 impl FormatParse for FormatType {
-    fn parse(text: &str) -> (Option<Self>, &str) {
-        let mut chars = text.chars();
-        match chars.next() {
-            Some('s') => (Some(Self::String), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('b') => (Some(Self::Binary), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('c') => (Some(Self::Character), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('d') => (Some(Self::Decimal), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('o') => (Some(Self::Octal), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('n') => (Some(Self::Number(Case::Lower)), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('N') => (Some(Self::Number(Case::Upper)), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('x') => (Some(Self::Hex(Case::Lower)), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('X') => (Some(Self::Hex(Case::Upper)), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('e') => (Some(Self::Exponent(Case::Lower)), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('E') => (Some(Self::Exponent(Case::Upper)), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('f') => (Some(Self::FixedPoint(Case::Lower)), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('F') => (Some(Self::FixedPoint(Case::Upper)), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('g') => (Some(Self::GeneralFormat(Case::Lower)), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('G') => (Some(Self::GeneralFormat(Case::Upper)), chars.as_str()),
-            Some('%') => (Some(Self::Percentage), chars.as_str()),
+    fn parse(text: &Wtf8) -> (Option<Self>, &Wtf8) {
+        let mut chars = text.code_points();
+        match chars.next().and_then(CodePoint::to_char) {
+            Some('s') => (Some(Self::String), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('b') => (Some(Self::Binary), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('c') => (Some(Self::Character), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('d') => (Some(Self::Decimal), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('o') => (Some(Self::Octal), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('n') => (Some(Self::Number(Case::Lower)), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('N') => (Some(Self::Number(Case::Upper)), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('x') => (Some(Self::Hex(Case::Lower)), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('X') => (Some(Self::Hex(Case::Upper)), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('e') => (Some(Self::Exponent(Case::Lower)), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('E') => (Some(Self::Exponent(Case::Upper)), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('f') => (Some(Self::FixedPoint(Case::Lower)), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('F') => (Some(Self::FixedPoint(Case::Upper)), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('g') => (Some(Self::GeneralFormat(Case::Lower)), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('G') => (Some(Self::GeneralFormat(Case::Upper)), chars.as_wtf8()),
+            Some('%') => (Some(Self::Percentage), chars.as_wtf8()),
             _ => (None, text),
         }
     }
@@ -188,7 +190,7 @@ impl FormatParse for FormatType {
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub struct FormatSpec {
     conversion: Option<FormatConversion>,
-    fill: Option<char>,
+    fill: Option<CodePoint>,
     align: Option<FormatAlign>,
     sign: Option<FormatSign>,
     alternate_form: bool,
@@ -198,17 +200,17 @@ pub struct FormatSpec {
     format_type: Option<FormatType>,
 }
 
-fn get_num_digits(text: &str) -> usize {
-    for (index, character) in text.char_indices() {
-        if !character.is_ascii_digit() {
+fn get_num_digits(text: &Wtf8) -> usize {
+    for (index, character) in text.code_point_indices() {
+        if !character.is_char_and(|c| c.is_ascii_digit()) {
             return index;
         }
     }
     text.len()
 }
 
-fn parse_fill_and_align(text: &str) -> (Option<char>, Option<FormatAlign>, &str) {
-    let char_indices: Vec<(usize, char)> = text.char_indices().take(3).collect();
+fn parse_fill_and_align(text: &Wtf8) -> (Option<CodePoint>, Option<FormatAlign>, &Wtf8) {
+    let char_indices: Vec<(usize, CodePoint)> = text.code_point_indices().take(3).collect();
     if char_indices.is_empty() {
         (None, None, text)
     } else if char_indices.len() == 1 {
@@ -225,12 +227,12 @@ fn parse_fill_and_align(text: &str) -> (Option<char>, Option<FormatAlign>, &str)
     }
 }
 
-fn parse_number(text: &str) -> Result<(Option<usize>, &str), FormatSpecError> {
+fn parse_number(text: &Wtf8) -> Result<(Option<usize>, &Wtf8), FormatSpecError> {
     let num_digits: usize = get_num_digits(text);
     if num_digits == 0 {
         return Ok((None, text));
     }
-    if let Ok(num) = text[..num_digits].parse::<usize>() {
+    if let Some(num) = parse_usize(&text[..num_digits]) {
         Ok((Some(num), &text[num_digits..]))
     } else {
         // NOTE: this condition is different from CPython
@@ -238,27 +240,27 @@ fn parse_number(text: &str) -> Result<(Option<usize>, &str), FormatSpecError> {
     }
 }
 
-fn parse_alternate_form(text: &str) -> (bool, &str) {
-    let mut chars = text.chars();
-    match chars.next() {
-        Some('#') => (true, chars.as_str()),
+fn parse_alternate_form(text: &Wtf8) -> (bool, &Wtf8) {
+    let mut chars = text.code_points();
+    match chars.next().and_then(CodePoint::to_char) {
+        Some('#') => (true, chars.as_wtf8()),
         _ => (false, text),
     }
 }
 
-fn parse_zero(text: &str) -> (bool, &str) {
-    let mut chars = text.chars();
-    match chars.next() {
-        Some('0') => (true, chars.as_str()),
+fn parse_zero(text: &Wtf8) -> (bool, &Wtf8) {
+    let mut chars = text.code_points();
+    match chars.next().and_then(CodePoint::to_char) {
+        Some('0') => (true, chars.as_wtf8()),
         _ => (false, text),
     }
 }
 
-fn parse_precision(text: &str) -> Result<(Option<usize>, &str), FormatSpecError> {
-    let mut chars = text.chars();
-    Ok(match chars.next() {
+fn parse_precision(text: &Wtf8) -> Result<(Option<usize>, &Wtf8), FormatSpecError> {
+    let mut chars = text.code_points();
+    Ok(match chars.next().and_then(CodePoint::to_char) {
         Some('.') => {
-            let (size, remaining) = parse_number(chars.as_str())?;
+            let (size, remaining) = parse_number(chars.as_wtf8())?;
             if let Some(size) = size {
                 if size > i32::MAX as usize {
                     return Err(FormatSpecError::PrecisionTooBig);
@@ -273,7 +275,10 @@ fn parse_precision(text: &str) -> Result<(Option<usize>, &str), FormatSpecError>
 }
 
 impl FormatSpec {
-    pub fn parse(text: &str) -> Result<Self, FormatSpecError> {
+    pub fn parse(text: impl AsRef<Wtf8>) -> Result<Self, FormatSpecError> {
+        Self::_parse(text.as_ref())
+    }
+    fn _parse(text: &Wtf8) -> Result<Self, FormatSpecError> {
         // get_integer in CPython
         let (conversion, text) = FormatConversion::parse(text);
         let (mut fill, mut align, text) = parse_fill_and_align(text);
@@ -289,7 +294,7 @@ impl FormatSpec {
         }
 
         if zero && fill.is_none() {
-            fill.replace('0');
+            fill.replace('0'.into());
             align = align.or(Some(FormatAlign::AfterSign));
         }
 
@@ -306,10 +311,8 @@ impl FormatSpec {
         })
     }
 
-    fn compute_fill_string(fill_char: char, fill_chars_needed: i32) -> String {
-        (0..fill_chars_needed)
-            .map(|_| fill_char)
-            .collect::<String>()
+    fn compute_fill_string(fill_char: CodePoint, fill_chars_needed: i32) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        (0..fill_chars_needed).map(|_| fill_char).collect()
     }
 
     fn add_magnitude_separators_for_char(
@@ -625,7 +628,7 @@ impl FormatSpec {
         let align = self.align.unwrap_or(default_align);
 
         let num_chars = magnitude_str.char_len();
-        let fill_char = self.fill.unwrap_or(' ');
+        let fill_char = self.fill.unwrap_or(' '.into());
         let fill_chars_needed: i32 = self.width.map_or(0, |w| {
             cmp::max(0, (w as i32) - (num_chars as i32) - (sign_str.len() as i32))
         });
@@ -726,20 +729,20 @@ impl FromStr for FormatSpec {
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum FieldNamePart {
-    Attribute(String),
+    Attribute(Wtf8Buf),
     Index(usize),
-    StringIndex(String),
+    StringIndex(Wtf8Buf),
 }
 
 impl FieldNamePart {
     fn parse_part(
-        chars: &mut impl PeekingNext<Item = char>,
+        chars: &mut impl PeekingNext<Item = CodePoint>,
     ) -> Result<Option<FieldNamePart>, FormatParseError> {
         chars
             .next()
-            .map(|ch| match ch {
+            .map(|ch| match ch.to_char_lossy() {
                 '.' => {
-                    let mut attribute = String::new();
+                    let mut attribute = Wtf8Buf::new();
                     for ch in chars.peeking_take_while(|ch| *ch != '.' && *ch != '[') {
                         attribute.push(ch);
                     }
@@ -750,12 +753,12 @@ impl FieldNamePart {
                     }
                 }
                 '[' => {
-                    let mut index = String::new();
+                    let mut index = Wtf8Buf::new();
                     for ch in chars {
                         if ch == ']' {
                             return if index.is_empty() {
                                 Err(FormatParseError::EmptyAttribute)
-                            } else if let Ok(index) = index.parse::<usize>() {
+                            } else if let Some(index) = parse_usize(&index) {
                                 Ok(FieldNamePart::Index(index))
                             } else {
                                 Ok(FieldNamePart::StringIndex(index))
@@ -775,7 +778,7 @@ impl FieldNamePart {
 pub enum FieldType {
     Auto,
     Index(usize),
-    Keyword(String),
+    Keyword(Wtf8Buf),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -784,17 +787,20 @@ pub struct FieldName {
     pub parts: Vec<FieldNamePart>,
 }
 
+fn parse_usize(s: &Wtf8) -> Option<usize> {
+    s.as_str().ok().and_then(|s| s.parse().ok())
+}
+
 impl FieldName {
-    pub fn parse(text: &str) -> Result<FieldName, FormatParseError> {
-        let mut chars = text.chars().peekable();
-        let mut first = String::new();
-        for ch in chars.peeking_take_while(|ch| *ch != '.' && *ch != '[') {
-            first.push(ch);
-        }
+    pub fn parse(text: &Wtf8) -> Result<FieldName, FormatParseError> {
+        let mut chars = text.code_points().peekable();
+        let first: Wtf8Buf = chars
+            .peeking_take_while(|ch| *ch != '.' && *ch != '[')
+            .collect();
 
         let field_type = if first.is_empty() {
             FieldType::Auto
-        } else if let Ok(index) = first.parse::<usize>() {
+        } else if let Some(index) = parse_usize(&first) {
             FieldType::Index(index)
         } else {
             FieldType::Keyword(first)
@@ -812,11 +818,11 @@ impl FieldName {
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
 pub enum FormatPart {
     Field {
-        field_name: String,
-        conversion_spec: Option<char>,
-        format_spec: String,
+        field_name: Wtf8Buf,
+        conversion_spec: Option<CodePoint>,
+        format_spec: Wtf8Buf,
     },
-    Literal(String),
+    Literal(Wtf8Buf),
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
@@ -825,8 +831,8 @@ pub struct FormatString {
 }
 
 impl FormatString {
-    fn parse_literal_single(text: &str) -> Result<(char, &str), FormatParseError> {
-        let mut chars = text.chars();
+    fn parse_literal_single(text: &Wtf8) -> Result<(CodePoint, &Wtf8), FormatParseError> {
+        let mut chars = text.code_points();
         // This should never be called with an empty str
         let first_char = chars.next().unwrap();
         // isn't this detectable only with bytes operation?
@@ -836,15 +842,15 @@ impl FormatString {
             return if maybe_next_char.is_none() || maybe_next_char.unwrap() != first_char {
                 Err(FormatParseError::UnescapedStartBracketInLiteral)
             } else {
-                Ok((first_char, chars.as_str()))
+                Ok((first_char, chars.as_wtf8()))
             };
         }
-        Ok((first_char, chars.as_str()))
+        Ok((first_char, chars.as_wtf8()))
     }
 
-    fn parse_literal(text: &str) -> Result<(FormatPart, &str), FormatParseError> {
+    fn parse_literal(text: &Wtf8) -> Result<(FormatPart, &Wtf8), FormatParseError> {
         let mut cur_text = text;
-        let mut result_string = String::new();
+        let mut result_string = Wtf8Buf::new();
         while !cur_text.is_empty() {
             match FormatString::parse_literal_single(cur_text) {
                 Ok((next_char, remaining)) => {
@@ -860,14 +866,14 @@ impl FormatString {
                 }
             }
         }
-        Ok((FormatPart::Literal(result_string), ""))
+        Ok((FormatPart::Literal(result_string), "".as_ref()))
     }
 
-    fn parse_part_in_brackets(text: &str) -> Result<FormatPart, FormatParseError> {
-        let mut chars = text.chars().peekable();
+    fn parse_part_in_brackets(text: &Wtf8) -> Result<FormatPart, FormatParseError> {
+        let mut chars = text.code_points().peekable();
 
-        let mut left = String::new();
-        let mut right = String::new();
+        let mut left = Wtf8Buf::new();
+        let mut right = Wtf8Buf::new();
 
         let mut split = false;
         let mut selected = &mut left;
@@ -899,12 +905,12 @@ impl FormatString {
         }
 
         // before the comma is a keyword or arg index, after the comma is maybe a spec.
-        let arg_part: &str = &left;
+        let arg_part: &Wtf8 = &left;
 
-        let format_spec = if split { right } else { String::new() };
+        let format_spec = if split { right } else { Wtf8Buf::new() };
 
         // left can still be the conversion (!r, !s, !a)
-        let parts: Vec<&str> = arg_part.splitn(2, '!').collect();
+        let parts: Vec<&Wtf8> = arg_part.splitn(2, "!".as_ref()).collect();
         // before the bang is a keyword or arg index, after the comma is maybe a conversion spec.
         let arg_part = parts[0];
 
@@ -913,7 +919,7 @@ impl FormatString {
             .map(|conversion| {
                 // conversions are only every one character
                 conversion
-                    .chars()
+                    .code_points()
                     .exactly_one()
                     .map_err(|_| FormatParseError::UnknownConversion)
             })
@@ -926,13 +932,13 @@ impl FormatString {
         })
     }
 
-    fn parse_spec(text: &str) -> Result<(FormatPart, &str), FormatParseError> {
+    fn parse_spec(text: &Wtf8) -> Result<(FormatPart, &Wtf8), FormatParseError> {
         let mut nested = false;
         let mut end_bracket_pos = None;
-        let mut left = String::new();
+        let mut left = Wtf8Buf::new();
 
         // There may be one layer nesting brackets in spec
-        for (idx, c) in text.char_indices() {
+        for (idx, c) in text.code_point_indices() {
             if idx == 0 {
                 if c != '{' {
                     return Err(FormatParseError::MissingStartBracket);
@@ -959,7 +965,7 @@ impl FormatString {
             }
         }
         if let Some(pos) = end_bracket_pos {
-            let (_, right) = text.split_at(pos);
+            let right = &text[pos..];
             let format_part = FormatString::parse_part_in_brackets(&left)?;
             Ok((format_part, &right[1..]))
         } else {
@@ -970,14 +976,14 @@ impl FormatString {
 
 pub trait FromTemplate<'a>: Sized {
     type Err;
-    fn from_str(s: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err>;
+    fn from_str(s: &'a Wtf8) -> Result<Self, Self::Err>;
 }
 
 impl<'a> FromTemplate<'a> for FormatString {
     type Err = FormatParseError;
 
-    fn from_str(text: &'a str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
-        let mut cur_text: &str = text;
+    fn from_str(text: &'a Wtf8) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let mut cur_text: &Wtf8 = text;
         let mut parts: Vec<FormatPart> = Vec::new();
         while !cur_text.is_empty() {
             // Try to parse both literals and bracketed format parts until we
@@ -1001,6 +1007,14 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_fill_and_align() {
+        let parse_fill_and_align = |text| {
+            let (fill, align, rest) = parse_fill_and_align(str::as_ref(text));
+            (
+                fill.and_then(CodePoint::to_char),
+                align,
+                rest.as_str().unwrap(),
+            )
+        };
         assert_eq!(
             parse_fill_and_align(" <"),
             (Some(' '), Some(FormatAlign::Left), "")
@@ -1043,7 +1057,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_fill_and_width() {
         let expected = Ok(FormatSpec {
             conversion: None,
-            fill: Some('<'),
+            fill: Some('<'.into()),
             align: Some(FormatAlign::Right),
             sign: None,
             alternate_form: false,
@@ -1059,7 +1073,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_all() {
         let expected = Ok(FormatSpec {
             conversion: None,
-            fill: Some('<'),
+            fill: Some('<'.into()),
             align: Some(FormatAlign::Right),
             sign: Some(FormatSign::Minus),
             alternate_form: true,
@@ -1167,33 +1181,33 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_format_parse() {
         let expected = Ok(FormatString {
             format_parts: vec![
-                FormatPart::Literal("abcd".to_owned()),
+                FormatPart::Literal("abcd".into()),
                 FormatPart::Field {
-                    field_name: "1".to_owned(),
+                    field_name: "1".into(),
                     conversion_spec: None,
-                    format_spec: String::new(),
+                    format_spec: "".into(),
                 },
-                FormatPart::Literal(":".to_owned()),
+                FormatPart::Literal(":".into()),
                 FormatPart::Field {
-                    field_name: "key".to_owned(),
+                    field_name: "key".into(),
                     conversion_spec: None,
-                    format_spec: String::new(),
+                    format_spec: "".into(),
                 },
             ],
         });
 
-        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("abcd{1}:{key}"), expected);
+        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("abcd{1}:{key}".as_ref()), expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_format_parse_multi_byte_char() {
-        assert!(FormatString::from_str("{a:%ЫйЯЧ}").is_ok());
+        assert!(FormatString::from_str("{a:%ЫйЯЧ}".as_ref()).is_ok());
     }
 
     #[test]
     fn test_format_parse_fail() {
         assert_eq!(
-            FormatString::from_str("{s"),
+            FormatString::from_str("{s".as_ref()),
             Err(FormatParseError::UnmatchedBracket)
         );
     }
@@ -1201,27 +1215,27 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn test_square_brackets_inside_format() {
         assert_eq!(
-            FormatString::from_str("{[:123]}"),
+            FormatString::from_str("{[:123]}".as_ref()),
             Ok(FormatString {
                 format_parts: vec![FormatPart::Field {
-                    field_name: "[:123]".to_owned(),
+                    field_name: "[:123]".into(),
                     conversion_spec: None,
-                    format_spec: "".to_owned(),
+                    format_spec: "".into(),
                 }],
             }),
         );
 
-        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("{asdf[:123]asdf}"), {
+        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("{asdf[:123]asdf}".as_ref()), {
             Ok(FormatString {
                 format_parts: vec![FormatPart::Field {
-                    field_name: "asdf[:123]asdf".to_owned(),
+                    field_name: "asdf[:123]asdf".into(),
                     conversion_spec: None,
-                    format_spec: "".to_owned(),
+                    format_spec: "".into(),
                 }],
             })
         });
 
-        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("{[1234}"), {
+        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("{[1234}".as_ref()), {
             Err(FormatParseError::MissingRightBracket)
         });
     }
@@ -1230,17 +1244,17 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_format_parse_escape() {
         let expected = Ok(FormatString {
             format_parts: vec![
-                FormatPart::Literal("{".to_owned()),
+                FormatPart::Literal("{".into()),
                 FormatPart::Field {
-                    field_name: "key".to_owned(),
+                    field_name: "key".into(),
                     conversion_spec: None,
-                    format_spec: String::new(),
+                    format_spec: "".into(),
                 },
-                FormatPart::Literal("}ddfe".to_owned()),
+                FormatPart::Literal("}ddfe".into()),
             ],
         });
 
-        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("{{{key}}}ddfe"), expected);
+        assert_eq!(FormatString::from_str("{{{key}}}ddfe".as_ref()), expected);
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -1277,52 +1291,44 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_parse_field_name() {
+        let parse = |s: &str| FieldName::parse(s.as_ref());
         assert_eq!(
-            FieldName::parse(""),
+            parse(""),
             Ok(FieldName {
                 field_type: FieldType::Auto,
                 parts: Vec::new(),
             })
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            FieldName::parse("0"),
+            parse("0"),
             Ok(FieldName {
                 field_type: FieldType::Index(0),
                 parts: Vec::new(),
             })
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            FieldName::parse("key"),
+            parse("key"),
             Ok(FieldName {
-                field_type: FieldType::Keyword("key".to_owned()),
+                field_type: FieldType::Keyword("key".into()),
                 parts: Vec::new(),
             })
         );
         assert_eq!(
-            FieldName::parse("key.attr[0][string]"),
+            parse("key.attr[0][string]"),
             Ok(FieldName {
-                field_type: FieldType::Keyword("key".to_owned()),
+                field_type: FieldType::Keyword("key".into()),
                 parts: vec![
-                    FieldNamePart::Attribute("attr".to_owned()),
+                    FieldNamePart::Attribute("attr".into()),
                     FieldNamePart::Index(0),
-                    FieldNamePart::StringIndex("string".to_owned())
+                    FieldNamePart::StringIndex("string".into())
                 ],
             })
         );
+        assert_eq!(parse("key.."), Err(FormatParseError::EmptyAttribute));
+        assert_eq!(parse("key[]"), Err(FormatParseError::EmptyAttribute));
+        assert_eq!(parse("key["), Err(FormatParseError::MissingRightBracket));
         assert_eq!(
-            FieldName::parse("key.."),
-            Err(FormatParseError::EmptyAttribute)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            FieldName::parse("key[]"),
-            Err(FormatParseError::EmptyAttribute)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            FieldName::parse("key["),
-            Err(FormatParseError::MissingRightBracket)
-        );
-        assert_eq!(
-            FieldName::parse("key[0]after"),
+            parse("key[0]after"),
             Err(FormatParseError::InvalidCharacterAfterRightBracket)
         );
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index e8c19c39e0..4dc4e7a64e 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -871,8 +871,9 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn format(&self, args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
-        let format_str = FormatString::from_str(self.as_str()).map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
+    fn format(&self, args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
+        let format_str =
+            FormatString::from_str(self.as_wtf8()).map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
         format(&format_str, &args, vm)
     }
 
@@ -881,9 +882,9 @@ impl PyStr {
     /// Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from mapping.
     /// The substitutions are identified by braces ('{' and '}').
     #[pymethod]
-    fn format_map(&self, mapping: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+    fn format_map(&self, mapping: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
         let format_string =
-            FormatString::from_str(self.as_str()).map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))?;
+            FormatString::from_str(self.as_wtf8()).map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))?;
         format_map(&format_string, &mapping, vm)
     }
 
@@ -1573,6 +1574,18 @@ impl ToPyObject for &String {
     }
 }
 
+impl ToPyObject for &Wtf8 {
+    fn to_pyobject(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_str(self).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToPyObject for &Wtf8Buf {
+    fn to_pyobject(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_str(self.clone()).into()
+    }
+}
+
 impl ToPyObject for &AsciiStr {
     fn to_pyobject(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
         vm.ctx.new_str(self).into()
diff --git a/vm/src/format.rs b/vm/src/format.rs
index 1dbfd46779..3349ee854e 100644
--- a/vm/src/format.rs
+++ b/vm/src/format.rs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 
 use crate::common::format::*;
+use crate::common::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
 
 impl IntoPyException for FormatSpecError {
     fn into_pyexception(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
@@ -62,18 +63,18 @@ fn format_internal(
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
     format: &FormatString,
     field_func: &mut impl FnMut(FieldType) -> PyResult,
-) -> PyResult<String> {
-    let mut final_string = String::new();
+) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
+    let mut final_string = Wtf8Buf::new();
     for part in &format.format_parts {
         let pystr;
-        let result_string: &str = match part {
+        let result_string: &Wtf8 = match part {
             FormatPart::Field {
                 field_name,
                 conversion_spec,
                 format_spec,
             } => {
                 let FieldName { field_type, parts } =
-                    FieldName::parse(field_name.as_str()).map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
+                    FieldName::parse(field_name).map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
 
                 let mut argument = field_func(field_type)?;
 
@@ -113,7 +114,7 @@ fn format_internal(
             }
             FormatPart::Literal(literal) => literal,
         };
-        final_string.push_str(result_string);
+        final_string.push_wtf8(result_string);
     }
     Ok(final_string)
 }
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ pub(crate) fn format(
     format: &FormatString,
     arguments: &FuncArgs,
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
-) -> PyResult<String> {
+) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
     let mut auto_argument_index: usize = 0;
     let mut seen_index = false;
     format_internal(vm, format, &mut |field_type| match field_type {
@@ -154,8 +155,10 @@ pub(crate) fn format(
                 .cloned()
                 .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_index_error("tuple index out of range".to_owned()))
         }
-        FieldType::Keyword(keyword) => arguments
-            .get_optional_kwarg(&keyword)
+        FieldType::Keyword(keyword) => keyword
+            .as_str()
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|keyword| arguments.get_optional_kwarg(keyword))
             .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_key_error(vm.ctx.new_str(keyword).into())),
     })
 }
@@ -164,7 +167,7 @@ pub(crate) fn format_map(
     format: &FormatString,
     dict: &PyObject,
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
-) -> PyResult<String> {
+) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
     format_internal(vm, format, &mut |field_type| match field_type {
         FieldType::Auto | FieldType::Index(_) => {
             Err(vm.new_value_error("Format string contains positional fields".to_owned()))
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs
index 3c399e1c37..576cae6277 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/string.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ mod _string {
     use crate::common::format::{
         FieldName, FieldNamePart, FieldType, FormatPart, FormatString, FromTemplate,
     };
+    use crate::common::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8Buf};
     use crate::{
         PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyList, PyStrRef},
@@ -18,10 +19,10 @@ mod _string {
     use std::mem;
 
     fn create_format_part(
-        literal: String,
-        field_name: Option<String>,
-        format_spec: Option<String>,
-        conversion_spec: Option<char>,
+        literal: Wtf8Buf,
+        field_name: Option<Wtf8Buf>,
+        format_spec: Option<Wtf8Buf>,
+        conversion_spec: Option<CodePoint>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyObjectRef {
         let tuple = (
@@ -36,10 +37,10 @@ mod _string {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn formatter_parser(text: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyList> {
         let format_string =
-            FormatString::from_str(text.as_str()).map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
+            FormatString::from_str(text.as_wtf8()).map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
 
-        let mut result = Vec::new();
-        let mut literal = String::new();
+        let mut result: Vec<PyObjectRef> = Vec::new();
+        let mut literal = Wtf8Buf::new();
         for part in format_string.format_parts {
             match part {
                 FormatPart::Field {
@@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ mod _string {
                         vm,
                     ));
                 }
-                FormatPart::Literal(text) => literal.push_str(&text),
+                FormatPart::Literal(text) => literal.push_wtf8(&text),
             }
         }
         if !literal.is_empty() {
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ mod _string {
         text: PyStrRef,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, PyList)> {
-        let field_name = FieldName::parse(text.as_str()).map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
+        let field_name = FieldName::parse(text.as_wtf8()).map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
 
         let first = match field_name.field_type {
             FieldType::Auto => vm.ctx.new_str(ascii!("")).into(),

From b36b32bfe810ab96cf945ff6ec04f85fcf46dd03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Mar 2025 20:13:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 520/705] Make re wtf8-compatible

---
 Cargo.lock                  |  1 +
 Lib/test/test_re.py         |  2 --
 Lib/test/test_smtplib.py    |  2 --
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs        | 16 ++++++---
 vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml    |  5 +++
 vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 6 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 94b0732b8a..1fa60eac29 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2474,6 +2474,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "criterion",
  "num_enum",
  "optional",
+ "rustpython-common",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_re.py b/Lib/test/test_re.py
index a060a3deef..f6af44df99 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_re.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_re.py
@@ -854,8 +854,6 @@ def test_string_boundaries(self):
         # Can match around the whitespace.
         self.assertEqual(len(re.findall(r"\B", " ")), 2)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bigcharset(self):
         self.assertEqual(re.match("([\u2222\u2223])",
                                   "\u2222").group(1), "\u2222")
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_smtplib.py b/Lib/test/test_smtplib.py
index a36d7bbe2a..9b787950fc 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_smtplib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_smtplib.py
@@ -1459,8 +1459,6 @@ def test_send_unicode_with_SMTPUTF8_via_low_level_API(self):
         self.assertIn('SMTPUTF8', self.serv.last_mail_options)
         self.assertEqual(self.serv.last_rcpt_options, [])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_send_message_uses_smtputf8_if_addrs_non_ascii(self):
         msg = EmailMessage()
         msg['From'] = "Páolo <főo@bar.com>"
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index 193976a62d..038ac9934a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ mod _sre {
             PyCallableIterator, PyDictRef, PyGenericAlias, PyInt, PyList, PyListRef, PyStr,
             PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef,
         },
+        common::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf},
         common::{ascii, hash::PyHash},
         convert::ToPyObject,
         function::{ArgCallable, OptionalArg, PosArgs, PyComparisonValue},
@@ -66,10 +67,15 @@ mod _sre {
         }
     }
 
-    impl SreStr for &str {
+    impl SreStr for &Wtf8 {
         fn slice(&self, start: usize, end: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
             vm.ctx
-                .new_str(self.chars().take(end).skip(start).collect::<String>())
+                .new_str(
+                    self.code_points()
+                        .take(end)
+                        .skip(start)
+                        .collect::<Wtf8Buf>(),
+                )
                 .into()
         }
     }
@@ -206,12 +212,12 @@ mod _sre {
     impl Pattern {
         fn with_str<F, R>(string: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine, f: F) -> PyResult<R>
         where
-            F: FnOnce(&str) -> PyResult<R>,
+            F: FnOnce(&Wtf8) -> PyResult<R>,
         {
             let string = string.payload::<PyStr>().ok_or_else(|| {
                 vm.new_type_error(format!("expected string got '{}'", string.class()))
             })?;
-            f(string.as_str())
+            f(string.as_wtf8())
         }
 
         fn with_bytes<F, R>(string: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine, f: F) -> PyResult<R>
@@ -425,7 +431,7 @@ mod _sre {
                 let is_template = if zelf.isbytes {
                     Self::with_bytes(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains(&b'\\')))?
                 } else {
-                    Self::with_str(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains('\\')))?
+                    Self::with_str(&repl, vm, |x| Ok(x.contains("\\".as_ref())))?
                 };
 
                 if is_template {
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
index 504652f3a7..55ce249903 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,12 @@ license.workspace = true
 name = "benches"
 harness = false
 
+[features]
+default = ["wtf8"]
+wtf8 = ["rustpython-common"]
+
 [dependencies]
+rustpython-common = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 num_enum = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
 optional = "0.5"
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
index 77e0f3e772..551b1ca5e5 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+#[cfg(feature = "wtf8")]
+use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8;
+
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct StringCursor {
     pub(crate) ptr: *const u8,
@@ -148,6 +151,73 @@ impl StrDrive for &str {
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(feature = "wtf8")]
+impl StrDrive for &Wtf8 {
+    #[inline]
+    fn count(&self) -> usize {
+        self.code_points().count()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn create_cursor(&self, n: usize) -> StringCursor {
+        let mut cursor = StringCursor {
+            ptr: self.as_bytes().as_ptr(),
+            position: 0,
+        };
+        Self::skip(&mut cursor, n);
+        cursor
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn adjust_cursor(&self, cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize) {
+        if cursor.ptr.is_null() || cursor.position > n {
+            *cursor = Self::create_cursor(self, n);
+        } else if cursor.position < n {
+            Self::skip(cursor, n - cursor.position);
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn advance(cursor: &mut StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        cursor.position += 1;
+        unsafe { next_code_point(&mut cursor.ptr) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn peek(cursor: &StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        let mut ptr = cursor.ptr;
+        unsafe { next_code_point(&mut ptr) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize) {
+        cursor.position += n;
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            unsafe { next_code_point(&mut cursor.ptr) };
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn back_advance(cursor: &mut StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        cursor.position -= 1;
+        unsafe { next_code_point_reverse(&mut cursor.ptr) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn back_peek(cursor: &StringCursor) -> u32 {
+        let mut ptr = cursor.ptr;
+        unsafe { next_code_point_reverse(&mut ptr) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn back_skip(cursor: &mut StringCursor, n: usize) {
+        cursor.position -= n;
+        for _ in 0..n {
+            unsafe { next_code_point_reverse(&mut cursor.ptr) };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 /// Reads the next code point out of a byte iterator (assuming a
 /// UTF-8-like encoding).
 ///

From cc6f3d30516708e595cbe642bec47101c6817b3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Mar 2025 20:48:38 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 521/705] Make TextIOWrapper wtf8-compatible

---
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs | 11 +++++++
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs |  8 ++---
 vm/src/dictdatatype.rs |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs    | 70 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 4 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
index 5b31fdc558..1ded88fc1f 100644
--- a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -613,6 +613,12 @@ impl ToOwned for Wtf8 {
     }
 }
 
+impl PartialEq<str> for Wtf8 {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &str) -> bool {
+        self.as_bytes().eq(other.as_bytes())
+    }
+}
+
 /// Formats the string in double quotes, with characters escaped according to
 /// [`char::escape_debug`] and unpaired surrogates represented as `\u{xxxx}`,
 /// where each `x` is a hexadecimal digit.
@@ -1046,6 +1052,11 @@ impl Wtf8 {
             .strip_suffix(w.as_bytes())
             .map(|w| unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(w) })
     }
+
+    pub fn replace(&self, from: &Wtf8, to: &Wtf8) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        let w = self.bytes.replace(from, to);
+        unsafe { Wtf8Buf::from_bytes_unchecked(w) }
+    }
 }
 
 impl AsRef<Wtf8> for str {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 4dc4e7a64e..2f1cef075a 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -1408,14 +1408,14 @@ impl PyStrRef {
         (**self).is_empty()
     }
 
-    pub fn concat_in_place(&mut self, other: &str, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
+    pub fn concat_in_place(&mut self, other: &Wtf8, vm: &VirtualMachine) {
         // TODO: call [A]Rc::get_mut on the str to try to mutate the data in place
         if other.is_empty() {
             return;
         }
-        let mut s = String::with_capacity(self.byte_len() + other.len());
-        s.push_str(self.as_ref());
-        s.push_str(other);
+        let mut s = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(self.byte_len() + other.len());
+        s.push_wtf8(self.as_ref());
+        s.push_wtf8(other);
         *self = PyStr::from(s).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
index faf5152145..ab37b7dc85 100644
--- a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ impl DictKey for str {
 
     fn key_eq(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine, other_key: &PyObject) -> PyResult<bool> {
         if let Some(pystr) = other_key.payload_if_exact::<PyStr>(vm) {
-            Ok(pystr.as_wtf8() == self.as_ref())
+            Ok(pystr.as_wtf8() == self)
         } else {
             // Fall back to PyObjectRef implementation.
             let s = vm.ctx.new_str(self);
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 84dddee872..30d09b78ae 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -129,6 +129,7 @@ mod _io {
             PyMappedThreadMutexGuard, PyRwLock, PyRwLockReadGuard, PyRwLockWriteGuard,
             PyThreadMutex, PyThreadMutexGuard,
         },
+        common::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf},
         convert::ToPyObject,
         function::{
             ArgBytesLike, ArgIterable, ArgMemoryBuffer, ArgSize, Either, FuncArgs, IntoFuncArgs,
@@ -147,7 +148,6 @@ mod _io {
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, BigUint};
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
-    use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
     use std::{
         borrow::Cow,
         io::{self, Cursor, SeekFrom, prelude::*},
@@ -1910,10 +1910,12 @@ mod _io {
     impl Newlines {
         /// returns position where the new line starts if found, otherwise position at which to
         /// continue the search after more is read into the buffer
-        fn find_newline(&self, s: &str) -> Result<usize, usize> {
+        fn find_newline(&self, s: &Wtf8) -> Result<usize, usize> {
             let len = s.len();
             match self {
-                Newlines::Universal | Newlines::Lf => s.find('\n').map(|p| p + 1).ok_or(len),
+                Newlines::Universal | Newlines::Lf => {
+                    s.find("\n".as_ref()).map(|p| p + 1).ok_or(len)
+                }
                 Newlines::Passthrough => {
                     let bytes = s.as_bytes();
                     memchr::memchr2(b'\n', b'\r', bytes)
@@ -1928,7 +1930,7 @@ mod _io {
                         })
                         .ok_or(len)
                 }
-                Newlines::Cr => s.find('\n').map(|p| p + 1).ok_or(len),
+                Newlines::Cr => s.find("\n".as_ref()).map(|p| p + 1).ok_or(len),
                 Newlines::Crlf => {
                     // s[searched..] == remaining
                     let mut searched = 0;
@@ -1993,10 +1995,10 @@ mod _io {
             }
         }
 
-        fn len_str(s: &str) -> Self {
+        fn len_str(s: &Wtf8) -> Self {
             Utf8size {
                 bytes: s.len(),
-                chars: s.chars().count(),
+                chars: s.code_points().count(),
             }
         }
     }
@@ -2224,7 +2226,7 @@ mod _io {
 
             let encoding = match args.encoding {
                 None if vm.state.settings.utf8_mode > 0 => PyStr::from("utf-8").into_ref(&vm.ctx),
-                Some(enc) if enc.as_str() != "locale" => enc,
+                Some(enc) if enc.as_wtf8() != "locale" => enc,
                 _ => {
                     // None without utf8_mode or "locale" encoding
                     vm.import("locale", 0)?
@@ -2534,9 +2536,10 @@ mod _io {
                 *snapshot = Some((cookie.dec_flags, input_chunk.clone()));
                 let decoded = vm.call_method(decoder, "decode", (input_chunk, cookie.need_eof))?;
                 let decoded = check_decoded(decoded, vm)?;
-                let pos_is_valid = decoded
-                    .as_str()
-                    .is_char_boundary(cookie.bytes_to_skip as usize);
+                let pos_is_valid = crate::common::wtf8::is_code_point_boundary(
+                    decoded.as_wtf8(),
+                    cookie.bytes_to_skip as usize,
+                );
                 textio.set_decoded_chars(Some(decoded));
                 if !pos_is_valid {
                     return Err(vm.new_os_error("can't restore logical file position".to_owned()));
@@ -2715,9 +2718,9 @@ mod _io {
                 } else if chunks.len() == 1 {
                     chunks.pop().unwrap()
                 } else {
-                    let mut ret = String::with_capacity(chunks_bytes);
+                    let mut ret = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(chunks_bytes);
                     for chunk in chunks {
-                        ret.push_str(chunk.as_str())
+                        ret.push_wtf8(chunk.as_wtf8())
                     }
                     PyStr::from(ret).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
                 }
@@ -2744,7 +2747,7 @@ mod _io {
 
             let char_len = obj.char_len();
 
-            let data = obj.as_str();
+            let data = obj.as_wtf8();
 
             let replace_nl = match textio.newline {
                 Newlines::Lf => Some("\n"),
@@ -2753,11 +2756,12 @@ mod _io {
                 Newlines::Universal if cfg!(windows) => Some("\r\n"),
                 _ => None,
             };
-            let has_lf = (replace_nl.is_some() || textio.line_buffering) && data.contains('\n');
-            let flush = textio.line_buffering && (has_lf || data.contains('\r'));
+            let has_lf = (replace_nl.is_some() || textio.line_buffering)
+                && data.contains_code_point('\n'.into());
+            let flush = textio.line_buffering && (has_lf || data.contains_code_point('\r'.into()));
             let chunk = if let Some(replace_nl) = replace_nl {
                 if has_lf {
-                    PyStr::from(data.replace('\n', replace_nl)).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
+                    PyStr::from(data.replace("\n".as_ref(), replace_nl.as_ref())).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
                 } else {
                     obj
                 }
@@ -2834,7 +2838,7 @@ mod _io {
                     if self.is_full_slice() {
                         self.0.char_len()
                     } else {
-                        self.slice().chars().count()
+                        self.slice().code_points().count()
                     }
                 }
                 #[inline]
@@ -2842,8 +2846,8 @@ mod _io {
                     self.1.len() >= self.0.byte_len()
                 }
                 #[inline]
-                fn slice(&self) -> &str {
-                    &self.0.as_str()[self.1.clone()]
+                fn slice(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+                    &self.0.as_wtf8()[self.1.clone()]
                 }
                 #[inline]
                 fn slice_pystr(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStrRef {
@@ -2894,7 +2898,7 @@ mod _io {
                     Some(remaining) => {
                         assert_eq!(textio.decoded_chars_used.bytes, 0);
                         offset_to_buffer = remaining.utf8_len();
-                        let decoded_chars = decoded_chars.as_str();
+                        let decoded_chars = decoded_chars.as_wtf8();
                         let line = if remaining.is_full_slice() {
                             let mut line = remaining.0;
                             line.concat_in_place(decoded_chars, vm);
@@ -2902,16 +2906,16 @@ mod _io {
                         } else {
                             let remaining = remaining.slice();
                             let mut s =
-                                String::with_capacity(remaining.len() + decoded_chars.len());
-                            s.push_str(remaining);
-                            s.push_str(decoded_chars);
+                                Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(remaining.len() + decoded_chars.len());
+                            s.push_wtf8(remaining);
+                            s.push_wtf8(decoded_chars);
                             PyStr::from(s).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
                         };
                         start = Utf8size::default();
                         line
                     }
                 };
-                let line_from_start = &line.as_str()[start.bytes..];
+                let line_from_start = &line.as_wtf8()[start.bytes..];
                 let nl_res = textio.newline.find_newline(line_from_start);
                 match nl_res {
                     Ok(p) | Err(p) => {
@@ -2922,7 +2926,7 @@ mod _io {
                                 endpos = start
                                     + Utf8size {
                                         chars: limit - chunked.chars,
-                                        bytes: crate::common::str::char_range_end(
+                                        bytes: crate::common::str::codepoint_range_end(
                                             line_from_start,
                                             limit - chunked.chars,
                                         )
@@ -2963,9 +2967,9 @@ mod _io {
                     chunked += cur_line.byte_len();
                     chunks.push(cur_line);
                 }
-                let mut s = String::with_capacity(chunked);
+                let mut s = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(chunked);
                 for chunk in chunks {
-                    s.push_str(chunk.slice())
+                    s.push_wtf8(chunk.slice())
                 }
                 PyStr::from(s).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
             } else if let Some(cur_line) = cur_line {
@@ -3100,7 +3104,7 @@ mod _io {
                 return None;
             }
             let decoded_chars = self.decoded_chars.as_ref()?;
-            let avail = &decoded_chars.as_str()[self.decoded_chars_used.bytes..];
+            let avail = &decoded_chars.as_wtf8()[self.decoded_chars_used.bytes..];
             if avail.is_empty() {
                 return None;
             }
@@ -3112,7 +3116,7 @@ mod _io {
                     (PyStr::from(avail).into_ref(&vm.ctx), avail_chars)
                 }
             } else {
-                let s = crate::common::str::get_chars(avail, 0..n);
+                let s = crate::common::str::get_codepoints(avail, 0..n);
                 (PyStr::from(s).into_ref(&vm.ctx), n)
             };
             self.decoded_chars_used += Utf8size {
@@ -3142,11 +3146,11 @@ mod _io {
                 return decoded_chars;
             }
             // TODO: in-place editing of `str` when refcount == 1
-            let decoded_chars_unused = &decoded_chars.as_str()[chars_pos..];
-            let mut s = String::with_capacity(decoded_chars_unused.len() + append_len);
-            s.push_str(decoded_chars_unused);
+            let decoded_chars_unused = &decoded_chars.as_wtf8()[chars_pos..];
+            let mut s = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(decoded_chars_unused.len() + append_len);
+            s.push_wtf8(decoded_chars_unused);
             if let Some(append) = append {
-                s.push_str(append.as_str())
+                s.push_wtf8(append.as_wtf8())
             }
             PyStr::from(s).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
         }

From 5c2269734402cef5bbd89ebd6358a08faa64697c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Mar 2025 22:10:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 522/705] Implement fsencode/fsdecode for FsPath

---
 Lib/test/test_socket.py   |  3 ---
 stdlib/src/socket.rs      | 13 ++++++++----
 vm/src/function/fspath.rs | 12 ++++-------
 vm/src/ospath.rs          | 34 +++++++++----------------------
 vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs   |  7 ++++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs       |  4 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs       |  6 +++---
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs       | 38 ++++++++++++++++------------------
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs      | 16 ++++-----------
 vm/src/vm/context.rs      | 17 +++++++++++++---
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs          | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 11 files changed, 111 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_socket.py b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
index 5b82853102..1b8d968e4f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_socket.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
@@ -1578,7 +1578,6 @@ def test_getnameinfo(self):
         # only IP addresses are allowed
         self.assertRaises(OSError, socket.getnameinfo, ('mail.python.org',0), 0)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIf(sys.platform != "darwin", "TODO: RUSTPYTHON; socket.gethostbyname_ex")
     @unittest.skipUnless(support.is_resource_enabled('network'),
                          'network is not enabled')
     def test_idna(self):
@@ -5519,8 +5518,6 @@ def testBytesAddr(self):
         self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, path)
         self.assertEqual(self.sock.getsockname(), path)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, surrogateescape
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testSurrogateescapeBind(self):
         # Test binding to a valid non-ASCII pathname, with the
         # non-ASCII bytes supplied using surrogateescape encoding.
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 39bfde4bee..17daec7751 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -930,10 +930,15 @@ mod _socket {
             match family {
                 #[cfg(unix)]
                 c::AF_UNIX => {
+                    use crate::vm::function::ArgStrOrBytesLike;
                     use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
-                    let buf = crate::vm::function::ArgStrOrBytesLike::try_from_object(vm, addr)?;
-                    let path = &*buf.borrow_bytes();
-                    socket2::SockAddr::unix(ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(path))
+                    let buf = ArgStrOrBytesLike::try_from_object(vm, addr)?;
+                    let bytes = &*buf.borrow_bytes();
+                    let path = match &buf {
+                        ArgStrOrBytesLike::Buf(_) => ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(bytes).into(),
+                        ArgStrOrBytesLike::Str(s) => vm.fsencode(s)?,
+                    };
+                    socket2::SockAddr::unix(path)
                         .map_err(|_| vm.new_os_error("AF_UNIX path too long".to_owned()).into())
                 }
                 c::AF_INET => {
@@ -1704,7 +1709,7 @@ mod _socket {
             let path = ffi::OsStr::as_bytes(addr.as_pathname().unwrap_or("".as_ref()).as_ref());
             let nul_pos = memchr::memchr(b'\0', path).unwrap_or(path.len());
             let path = ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(&path[..nul_pos]);
-            return vm.ctx.new_str(path.to_string_lossy()).into();
+            return vm.fsdecode(path).into();
         }
         // TODO: support more address families
         (String::new(), 0).to_pyobject(vm)
diff --git a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
index ab5cd093b9..e034487e19 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ use crate::{
     function::PyStr,
     protocol::PyBuffer,
 };
-use std::{ffi::OsStr, path::PathBuf};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, ffi::OsStr, path::PathBuf};
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub enum FsPath {
@@ -58,15 +58,11 @@ impl FsPath {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn as_os_str(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&OsStr> {
+    pub fn as_os_str(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Cow<'_, OsStr>> {
         // TODO: FS encodings
         match self {
-            FsPath::Str(s) => {
-                // XXX RUSTPYTHON: this is sketchy on windows; it's not guaranteed that its
-                //                 OsStr encoding will always be compatible with WTF-8.
-                Ok(unsafe { OsStr::from_encoded_bytes_unchecked(s.as_wtf8().as_bytes()) })
-            }
-            FsPath::Bytes(b) => Self::bytes_as_osstr(b.as_bytes(), vm),
+            FsPath::Str(s) => vm.fsencode(s),
+            FsPath::Bytes(b) => Self::bytes_as_osstr(b.as_bytes(), vm).map(Cow::Borrowed),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/ospath.rs b/vm/src/ospath.rs
index 9dda60d621..c1b1859164 100644
--- a/vm/src/ospath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/ospath.rs
@@ -21,28 +21,14 @@ pub(super) enum OutputMode {
 }
 
 impl OutputMode {
-    pub(super) fn process_path(self, path: impl Into<PathBuf>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        fn inner(mode: OutputMode, path: PathBuf, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            let path_as_string = |p: PathBuf| {
-                p.into_os_string().into_string().map_err(|_| {
-                    vm.new_unicode_decode_error(
-                        "Can't convert OS path to valid UTF-8 string".into(),
-                    )
-                })
-            };
+    pub(super) fn process_path(self, path: impl Into<PathBuf>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        fn inner(mode: OutputMode, path: PathBuf, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
             match mode {
-                OutputMode::String => path_as_string(path).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_str(s).into()),
-                OutputMode::Bytes => {
-                    #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
-                    {
-                        use rustpython_common::os::ffi::OsStringExt;
-                        Ok(vm.ctx.new_bytes(path.into_os_string().into_vec()).into())
-                    }
-                    #[cfg(windows)]
-                    {
-                        path_as_string(path).map(|s| vm.ctx.new_bytes(s.into_bytes()).into())
-                    }
-                }
+                OutputMode::String => vm.fsdecode(path).into(),
+                OutputMode::Bytes => vm
+                    .ctx
+                    .new_bytes(path.into_os_string().into_encoded_bytes())
+                    .into(),
             }
         }
         inner(self, path.into(), vm)
@@ -59,7 +45,7 @@ impl OsPath {
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn from_fspath(fspath: FsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<OsPath> {
-        let path = fspath.as_os_str(vm)?.to_owned();
+        let path = fspath.as_os_str(vm)?.into_owned();
         let mode = match fspath {
             FsPath::Str(_) => OutputMode::String,
             FsPath::Bytes(_) => OutputMode::Bytes,
@@ -88,7 +74,7 @@ impl OsPath {
         widestring::WideCString::from_os_str(&self.path).map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
-    pub fn filename(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+    pub fn filename(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
         self.mode.process_path(self.path.clone(), vm)
     }
 }
@@ -133,7 +119,7 @@ impl From<OsPath> for OsPathOrFd {
 impl OsPathOrFd {
     pub fn filename(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
         match self {
-            OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => path.filename(vm).unwrap_or_else(|_| vm.ctx.none()),
+            OsPathOrFd::Path(path) => path.filename(vm),
             OsPathOrFd::Fd(fd) => vm.ctx.new_int(*fd).into(),
         }
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
index 9018ad0e3f..664fe00616 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
@@ -312,7 +312,12 @@ mod _codecs {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn utf_8_encode(args: EncodeArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> EncodeResult {
-        if args.s.is_utf8() {
+        if args.s.is_utf8()
+            || args
+                .errors
+                .as_ref()
+                .is_some_and(|s| s.is(identifier!(vm, surrogatepass)))
+        {
             return Ok((args.s.as_bytes().to_vec(), args.s.byte_len()));
         }
         do_codec!(utf8::encode, args, vm)
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 30d09b78ae..0b680251fa 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -2225,7 +2225,7 @@ mod _io {
             *data = None;
 
             let encoding = match args.encoding {
-                None if vm.state.settings.utf8_mode > 0 => PyStr::from("utf-8").into_ref(&vm.ctx),
+                None if vm.state.settings.utf8_mode > 0 => identifier!(vm, utf_8).to_owned(),
                 Some(enc) if enc.as_wtf8() != "locale" => enc,
                 _ => {
                     // None without utf8_mode or "locale" encoding
@@ -2238,7 +2238,7 @@ mod _io {
 
             let errors = args
                 .errors
-                .unwrap_or_else(|| PyStr::from("strict").into_ref(&vm.ctx));
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| identifier!(vm, strict).to_owned());
 
             let has_read1 = vm.get_attribute_opt(buffer.clone(), "read1")?.is_some();
             let seekable = vm.call_method(&buffer, "seekable", ())?.try_to_bool(vm)?;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 48f1ab668b..624577b5ce 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
             .as_ref()
             .canonicalize()
             .map_err(|e| e.to_pyexception(vm))?;
-        path.mode.process_path(real, vm)
+        Ok(path.mode.process_path(real, vm))
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
             }
         }
         let buffer = widestring::WideCString::from_vec_truncate(buffer);
-        path.mode.process_path(buffer.to_os_string(), vm)
+        Ok(path.mode.process_path(buffer.to_os_string(), vm))
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -297,7 +297,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
             return Err(errno_err(vm));
         }
         let buffer = widestring::WideCString::from_vec_truncate(buffer);
-        path.mode.process_path(buffer.to_os_string(), vm)
+        Ok(path.mode.process_path(buffer.to_os_string(), vm))
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 9b196b6d03..e1a5825b82 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
                 };
                 dir_iter
                     .map(|entry| match entry {
-                        Ok(entry_path) => path.mode.process_path(entry_path.file_name(), vm),
+                        Ok(entry_path) => Ok(path.mode.process_path(entry_path.file_name(), vm)),
                         Err(err) => Err(IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path.clone(), vm)),
                     })
                     .collect::<PyResult<_>>()?
@@ -352,22 +352,18 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
                     let mut dir =
                         nix::dir::Dir::from_fd(new_fd).map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))?;
                     dir.iter()
-                        .filter_map(|entry| {
-                            entry
-                                .map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))
-                                .and_then(|entry| {
-                                    let fname = entry.file_name().to_bytes();
-                                    Ok(match fname {
-                                        b"." | b".." => None,
-                                        _ => Some(
-                                            OutputMode::String
-                                                .process_path(ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(fname), vm)?,
-                                        ),
-                                    })
-                                })
-                                .transpose()
+                        .filter_map_ok(|entry| {
+                            let fname = entry.file_name().to_bytes();
+                            match fname {
+                                b"." | b".." => None,
+                                _ => Some(
+                                    OutputMode::String
+                                        .process_path(ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(fname), vm),
+                                ),
+                            }
                         })
-                        .collect::<PyResult<_>>()?
+                        .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
+                        .map_err(|e| e.into_pyexception(vm))?
                 }
             }
         };
@@ -429,7 +425,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         let [] = dir_fd.0;
         let path =
             fs::read_link(&path).map_err(|err| IOErrorBuilder::with_filename(&err, path, vm))?;
-        mode.process_path(path, vm)
+        Ok(mode.process_path(path, vm))
     }
 
     #[pyattr]
@@ -452,12 +448,12 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
     impl DirEntry {
         #[pygetset]
         fn name(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            self.mode.process_path(&self.file_name, vm)
+            Ok(self.mode.process_path(&self.file_name, vm))
         }
 
         #[pygetset]
         fn path(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            self.mode.process_path(&self.pathval, vm)
+            Ok(self.mode.process_path(&self.pathval, vm))
         }
 
         fn perform_on_metadata(
@@ -908,12 +904,12 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getcwd(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        OutputMode::String.process_path(curdir_inner(vm)?, vm)
+        Ok(OutputMode::String.process_path(curdir_inner(vm)?, vm))
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn getcwdb(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        OutputMode::Bytes.process_path(curdir_inner(vm)?, vm)
+        Ok(OutputMode::Bytes.process_path(curdir_inner(vm)?, vm))
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index 39c803a01b..fdfe2faf69 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -458,21 +458,13 @@ mod sys {
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn getfilesystemencoding(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
-        // TODO: implement non-utf-8 mode.
-        "utf-8".to_owned()
+    fn getfilesystemencoding(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStrRef {
+        vm.fs_encoding().to_owned()
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(windows))]
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn getfilesystemencodeerrors(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
-        "surrogateescape".to_owned()
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(windows)]
-    #[pyfunction]
-    fn getfilesystemencodeerrors(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
-        "surrogatepass".to_owned()
+    fn getfilesystemencodeerrors(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyStrRef {
+        vm.fs_encode_errors().to_owned()
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/context.rs b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
index 54605704a5..a61484e6bc 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/context.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/context.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub struct Context {
 }
 
 macro_rules! declare_const_name {
-    ($($name:ident,)*) => {
+    ($($name:ident$(: $s:literal)?,)*) => {
         #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
         #[allow(non_snake_case)]
         pub struct ConstName {
@@ -61,11 +61,13 @@ macro_rules! declare_const_name {
         impl ConstName {
             unsafe fn new(pool: &StringPool, typ: &PyTypeRef) -> Self {
                 Self {
-                    $($name: unsafe { pool.intern(stringify!($name), typ.clone()) },)*
+                    $($name: unsafe { pool.intern(declare_const_name!(@string $name $($s)?), typ.clone()) },)*
                 }
             }
         }
-    }
+    };
+    (@string $name:ident) => { stringify!($name) };
+    (@string $name:ident $string:literal) => { $string };
 }
 
 declare_const_name! {
@@ -236,6 +238,15 @@ declare_const_name! {
     flush,
     close,
     WarningMessage,
+    strict,
+    ignore,
+    replace,
+    xmlcharrefreplace,
+    backslashreplace,
+    namereplace,
+    surrogatepass,
+    surrogateescape,
+    utf_8: "utf-8",
 }
 
 // Basic objects:
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index eb4e846dea..9d7ecc2d54 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -41,11 +41,12 @@ use nix::{
     sys::signal::{SaFlags, SigAction, SigSet, Signal::SIGINT, kill, sigaction},
     unistd::getpid,
 };
-use std::sync::atomic::AtomicBool;
 use std::{
     borrow::Cow,
     cell::{Cell, Ref, RefCell},
     collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
+    ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
+    sync::atomic::AtomicBool,
 };
 
 pub use context::Context;
@@ -901,6 +902,46 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         run_module_as_main.call((module,), self)?;
         Ok(())
     }
+
+    pub fn fs_encoding(&self) -> &'static PyStrInterned {
+        identifier!(self, utf_8)
+    }
+
+    pub fn fs_encode_errors(&self) -> &'static PyStrInterned {
+        if cfg!(windows) {
+            identifier!(self, surrogatepass)
+        } else {
+            identifier!(self, surrogateescape)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fsdecode(&self, s: impl Into<OsString>) -> PyStrRef {
+        let bytes = self.ctx.new_bytes(s.into().into_encoded_bytes());
+        let errors = self.fs_encode_errors().to_owned();
+        self.state
+            .codec_registry
+            .decode_text(bytes.into(), "utf-8", Some(errors), self)
+            .unwrap() // this should never fail, since fsdecode should be lossless from the fs encoding
+    }
+
+    pub fn fsencode<'a>(&self, s: &'a Py<PyStr>) -> PyResult<Cow<'a, OsStr>> {
+        if cfg!(windows) || s.is_utf8() {
+            // XXX: this is sketchy on windows; it's not guaranteed that the
+            //      OsStr encoding will always be compatible with WTF-8.
+            let s = unsafe { OsStr::from_encoded_bytes_unchecked(s.as_bytes()) };
+            return Ok(Cow::Borrowed(s));
+        }
+        let errors = self.fs_encode_errors().to_owned();
+        let bytes = self
+            .state
+            .codec_registry
+            .encode_text(s.to_owned(), "utf-8", Some(errors), self)?
+            .to_vec();
+        // XXX: this is sketchy on windows; it's not guaranteed that the
+        //      OsStr encoding will always be compatible with WTF-8.
+        let s = unsafe { OsString::from_encoded_bytes_unchecked(bytes) };
+        Ok(Cow::Owned(s))
+    }
 }
 
 impl AsRef<Context> for VirtualMachine {

From a86126419cd3eca03b535207cdbd5019bba85f5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 21 Mar 2025 23:10:51 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 523/705] Fix remaining tests

---
 Lib/test/string_tests.py              |   2 -
 Lib/test/test_cmd_line_script.py      |   3 +-
 Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py      |   2 +
 Lib/test/test_json/test_scanstring.py |   6 --
 Lib/test/test_ntpath.py               |   6 --
 Lib/test/test_re.py                   |   1 +
 Lib/test/test_socket.py               |   1 +
 Lib/test/test_sqlite3/test_types.py   |   2 -
 Lib/test/test_ucn.py                  |   2 -
 Lib/test/test_unicode.py              |   2 -
 Lib/test/test_unicodedata.py          |   6 --
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs                |  19 ++++
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs                  |   7 +-
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs                     |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs                | 141 ++++++++++++++++----------
 vm/src/codecs.rs                      |  22 ++--
 vm/src/function/fspath.rs             |   6 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs             |   4 +-
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs                      |  20 ++--
 19 files changed, 150 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/string_tests.py b/Lib/test/string_tests.py
index ea82b0166c..6f402513fd 100644
--- a/Lib/test/string_tests.py
+++ b/Lib/test/string_tests.py
@@ -1066,8 +1066,6 @@ def test_hash(self):
             hash(b)
         self.assertEqual(hash(a), hash(b))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_capitalize_nonascii(self):
         # check that titlecased chars are lowered correctly
         # \u1ffc is the titlecased char
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line_script.py b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line_script.py
index d5fa1563ec..833dc6b15d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_cmd_line_script.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_cmd_line_script.py
@@ -574,8 +574,7 @@ def test_pep_409_verbiage(self):
             self.assertTrue(text[1].startswith('  File '))
             self.assertTrue(text[3].startswith('NameError'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIf(sys.platform == "linux", "TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_non_ascii(self):
         # Mac OS X denies the creation of a file with an invalid UTF-8 name.
         # Windows allows creating a name with an arbitrary bytes name, but
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py
index c2f181cc86..89e5ec1534 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_import/__init__.py
@@ -1305,6 +1305,8 @@ def exec_module(*args):
             else:
                 importlib.SourceLoader.exec_module = old_exec_module
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(TESTFN_UNENCODABLE, 'need TESTFN_UNENCODABLE')
     def test_unencodable_filename(self):
         # Issue #11619: The Python parser and the import machinery must not
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_json/test_scanstring.py b/Lib/test/test_json/test_scanstring.py
index 140a7c12a2..682dc74999 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_json/test_scanstring.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_json/test_scanstring.py
@@ -143,10 +143,4 @@ def test_overflow(self):
 
 
 class TestPyScanstring(TestScanstring, PyTest): pass
-# TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-class TestPyScanstring(TestScanstring, PyTest):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_bad_escapes(self):
-        super().test_bad_escapes()
 class TestCScanstring(TestScanstring, CTest): pass
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
index 8e23b88676..7609ecea79 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ntpath.py
@@ -1032,12 +1032,6 @@ class NtCommonTest(test_genericpath.CommonTest, unittest.TestCase):
     pathmodule = ntpath
     attributes = ['relpath']
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    if sys.platform == "linux":
-        @unittest.expectedFailure
-        def test_nonascii_abspath(self):
-            super().test_nonascii_abspath()
-
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     if sys.platform == "win32":
         # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, ValueError: illegal environment variable name
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_re.py b/Lib/test/test_re.py
index f6af44df99..3c0b6af3c6 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_re.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_re.py
@@ -2231,6 +2231,7 @@ def test_bug_40736(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "got 'type'"):
             re.search("x*", type)
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON: flaky, improve perf")
     @requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_search_anchor_at_beginning(self):
         s = 'x'*10**7
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_socket.py b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
index 1b8d968e4f..0e3eb08b82 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_socket.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
@@ -1578,6 +1578,7 @@ def test_getnameinfo(self):
         # only IP addresses are allowed
         self.assertRaises(OSError, socket.getnameinfo, ('mail.python.org',0), 0)
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON: flaky on CI?")
     @unittest.skipUnless(support.is_resource_enabled('network'),
                          'network is not enabled')
     def test_idna(self):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_sqlite3/test_types.py b/Lib/test/test_sqlite3/test_types.py
index d7631ec938..45f30824d0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_sqlite3/test_types.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_sqlite3/test_types.py
@@ -95,8 +95,6 @@ def test_too_large_int(self):
         row = self.cur.fetchone()
         self.assertIsNone(row)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_string_with_surrogates(self):
         for value in 0xd8ff, 0xdcff:
             with self.assertRaises(UnicodeEncodeError):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ucn.py b/Lib/test/test_ucn.py
index 6d082a0942..f6d69540b9 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ucn.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ucn.py
@@ -102,8 +102,6 @@ def test_cjk_unified_ideographs(self):
         self.checkletter("CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2B81D", "\U0002B81D")
         self.checkletter("CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-3134A", "\U0003134A")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bmp_characters(self):
         for code in range(0x10000):
             char = chr(code)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unicode.py b/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
index 17c9f01cd8..5c2c6c29b1 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
@@ -721,8 +721,6 @@ def test_isspace(self):
                    '\U0001F40D', '\U0001F46F']:
             self.assertFalse(ch.isspace(), '{!a} is not space.'.format(ch))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @support.requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_isspace_invariant(self):
         for codepoint in range(sys.maxunicode + 1):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unicodedata.py b/Lib/test/test_unicodedata.py
index f5b4b6218e..c9e0b234ef 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unicodedata.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unicodedata.py
@@ -99,8 +99,6 @@ def test_function_checksum(self):
         result = h.hexdigest()
         self.assertEqual(result, self.expectedchecksum)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_name_inverse_lookup(self):
         for i in range(sys.maxunicode + 1):
@@ -326,8 +324,6 @@ def test_ucd_510(self):
         self.assertTrue("\u1d79".upper()=='\ua77d')
         self.assertTrue(".".upper()=='.')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bug_5828(self):
         self.assertEqual("\u1d79".lower(), "\u1d79")
         # Only U+0000 should have U+0000 as its upper/lower/titlecase variant
@@ -347,8 +343,6 @@ def test_bug_4971(self):
         self.assertEqual("\u01c5".title(), "\u01c5")
         self.assertEqual("\u01c6".title(), "\u01c5")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_linebreak_7643(self):
         for i in range(0x10000):
             lines = (chr(i) + 'A').splitlines()
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
index 1ded88fc1f..62fbc2ea39 100644
--- a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -552,6 +552,12 @@ impl Extend<CodePoint> for Wtf8Buf {
     }
 }
 
+impl Extend<char> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item = char>>(&mut self, iter: T) {
+        self.extend(iter.into_iter().map(CodePoint::from))
+    }
+}
+
 impl<W: AsRef<Wtf8>> Extend<W> for Wtf8Buf {
     fn extend<T: IntoIterator<Item = W>>(&mut self, iter: T) {
         iter.into_iter()
@@ -1004,6 +1010,14 @@ impl Wtf8 {
         memchr::memmem::rfind(self.as_bytes(), pat.as_bytes())
     }
 
+    pub fn find_iter(&self, pat: &Wtf8) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
+        memchr::memmem::find_iter(self.as_bytes(), pat.as_bytes())
+    }
+
+    pub fn rfind_iter(&self, pat: &Wtf8) -> impl Iterator<Item = usize> {
+        memchr::memmem::rfind_iter(self.as_bytes(), pat.as_bytes())
+    }
+
     pub fn contains(&self, pat: &Wtf8) -> bool {
         self.bytes.contains_str(pat)
     }
@@ -1057,6 +1071,11 @@ impl Wtf8 {
         let w = self.bytes.replace(from, to);
         unsafe { Wtf8Buf::from_bytes_unchecked(w) }
     }
+
+    pub fn replacen(&self, from: &Wtf8, to: &Wtf8, n: usize) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        let w = self.bytes.replacen(from, to, n);
+        unsafe { Wtf8Buf::from_bytes_unchecked(w) }
+    }
 }
 
 impl AsRef<Wtf8> for str {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index d20324b5ef..67e94bd81b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -2929,9 +2929,12 @@ mod _sqlite {
     }
 
     fn str_to_ptr_len(s: &PyStr, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(*const libc::c_char, i32)> {
-        let len = c_int::try_from(s.byte_len())
+        let s = s
+            .to_str()
+            .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_unicode_encode_error("surrogates not allowed".to_owned()))?;
+        let len = c_int::try_from(s.len())
             .map_err(|_| vm.new_overflow_error("TEXT longer than INT_MAX bytes".to_owned()))?;
-        let ptr = s.as_str().as_ptr().cast();
+        let ptr = s.as_ptr().cast();
         Ok((ptr, len))
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index 9bfdf883ca..10d1906448 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -403,8 +403,8 @@ mod _ssl {
             .to_str()
             .unwrap();
         let (cert_file, cert_dir) = get_cert_file_dir();
-        let cert_file = OsPath::new_str(cert_file).filename(vm)?;
-        let cert_dir = OsPath::new_str(cert_dir).filename(vm)?;
+        let cert_file = OsPath::new_str(cert_file).filename(vm);
+        let cert_dir = OsPath::new_str(cert_dir).filename(vm);
         Ok((cert_file_env, cert_file, cert_dir_env, cert_dir))
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 2f1cef075a..55cefae4f7 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ use rustpython_common::{
     str::DeduceStrKind,
     wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf, Wtf8Chunk},
 };
-use std::{char, fmt, ops::Range};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, char, fmt, ops::Range};
 use unic_ucd_bidi::BidiClass;
 use unic_ucd_category::GeneralCategory;
 use unic_ucd_ident::{is_xid_continue, is_xid_start};
@@ -420,6 +420,16 @@ impl PyStr {
         self.data.as_str().expect("str has surrogates")
     }
 
+    pub fn to_str(&self) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.data.as_str()
+    }
+
+    pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
+        self.to_str()
+            .map(Cow::Borrowed)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| self.as_wtf8().to_string_lossy())
+    }
+
     pub fn kind(&self) -> StrKind {
         self.data.kind()
     }
@@ -629,16 +639,42 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn capitalize(&self) -> String {
-        let mut chars = self.as_str().chars();
-        if let Some(first_char) = chars.next() {
-            format!(
-                "{}{}",
-                first_char.to_uppercase(),
-                &chars.as_str().to_lowercase(),
-            )
-        } else {
-            "".to_owned()
+    fn capitalize(&self) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        match self.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => {
+                let mut s = s.to_owned();
+                if let [first, rest @ ..] = s.as_mut_slice() {
+                    first.make_ascii_uppercase();
+                    ascii::AsciiStr::make_ascii_lowercase(rest.into());
+                }
+                s.into()
+            }
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => {
+                let mut chars = s.chars();
+                let mut out = String::with_capacity(s.len());
+                if let Some(c) = chars.next() {
+                    out.extend(c.to_titlecase());
+                    out.push_str(&chars.as_str().to_lowercase());
+                }
+                out.into()
+            }
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(s) => {
+                let mut out = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(s.len());
+                let mut chars = s.code_points();
+                if let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+                    match ch.to_char() {
+                        Some(ch) => out.extend(ch.to_titlecase()),
+                        None => out.push(ch),
+                    }
+                    for chunk in chars.as_wtf8().chunks() {
+                        match chunk {
+                            Wtf8Chunk::Utf8(s) => out.push_str(&s.to_lowercase()),
+                            Wtf8Chunk::Surrogate(ch) => out.push(ch),
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                out
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -844,14 +880,11 @@ impl PyStr {
     #[pymethod]
     fn isdigit(&self) -> bool {
         // python's isdigit also checks if exponents are digits, these are the unicode codepoints for exponents
-        let valid_codepoints: [u16; 10] = [
-            0x2070, 0x00B9, 0x00B2, 0x00B3, 0x2074, 0x2075, 0x2076, 0x2077, 0x2078, 0x2079,
-        ];
-        let s = self.as_str();
-        !s.is_empty()
-            && s.chars()
-                .filter(|c| !c.is_ascii_digit())
-                .all(|c| valid_codepoints.contains(&(c as u16)))
+        !self.data.is_empty()
+            && self.char_all(|c| {
+                c.is_ascii_digit()
+                    || matches!(c, '⁰' | '¹' | '²' | '³' | '⁴' | '⁵' | '⁶' | '⁷' | '⁸' | '⁹')
+            })
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
@@ -910,43 +943,45 @@ impl PyStr {
     /// Return a titlecased version of the string where words start with an
     /// uppercase character and the remaining characters are lowercase.
     #[pymethod]
-    fn title(&self) -> String {
-        let mut title = String::with_capacity(self.data.len());
+    fn title(&self) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        let mut title = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(self.data.len());
         let mut previous_is_cased = false;
-        for c in self.as_str().chars() {
+        for c_orig in self.as_wtf8().code_points() {
+            let c = c_orig.to_char_lossy();
             if c.is_lowercase() {
                 if !previous_is_cased {
                     title.extend(c.to_titlecase());
                 } else {
-                    title.push(c);
+                    title.push_char(c);
                 }
                 previous_is_cased = true;
             } else if c.is_uppercase() || c.is_titlecase() {
                 if previous_is_cased {
                     title.extend(c.to_lowercase());
                 } else {
-                    title.push(c);
+                    title.push_char(c);
                 }
                 previous_is_cased = true;
             } else {
                 previous_is_cased = false;
-                title.push(c);
+                title.push(c_orig);
             }
         }
         title
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn swapcase(&self) -> String {
-        let mut swapped_str = String::with_capacity(self.data.len());
-        for c in self.as_str().chars() {
+    fn swapcase(&self) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        let mut swapped_str = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(self.data.len());
+        for c_orig in self.as_wtf8().code_points() {
+            let c = c_orig.to_char_lossy();
             // to_uppercase returns an iterator, to_ascii_uppercase returns the char
             if c.is_lowercase() {
-                swapped_str.push(c.to_ascii_uppercase());
+                swapped_str.push_char(c.to_ascii_uppercase());
             } else if c.is_uppercase() {
-                swapped_str.push(c.to_ascii_lowercase());
+                swapped_str.push_char(c.to_ascii_lowercase());
             } else {
-                swapped_str.push(c);
+                swapped_str.push(c_orig);
             }
         }
         swapped_str
@@ -958,20 +993,20 @@ impl PyStr {
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn replace(&self, old: PyStrRef, new: PyStrRef, count: OptionalArg<isize>) -> String {
-        let s = self.as_str();
+    fn replace(&self, old: PyStrRef, new: PyStrRef, count: OptionalArg<isize>) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        let s = self.as_wtf8();
         match count {
             OptionalArg::Present(max_count) if max_count >= 0 => {
                 if max_count == 0 || (s.is_empty() && !old.is_empty()) {
                     // nothing to do; return the original bytes
                     s.to_owned()
                 } else if s.is_empty() && old.is_empty() {
-                    new.as_str().to_owned()
+                    new.as_wtf8().to_owned()
                 } else {
-                    s.replacen(old.as_str(), new.as_str(), max_count as usize)
+                    s.replacen(old.as_wtf8(), new.as_wtf8(), max_count as usize)
                 }
             }
-            _ => s.replace(old.as_str(), new.as_str()),
+            _ => s.replace(old.as_wtf8(), new.as_wtf8()),
         }
     }
 
@@ -1148,7 +1183,7 @@ impl PyStr {
             if has_mid {
                 sep
             } else {
-                vm.ctx.new_str(ascii!(""))
+                vm.ctx.empty_str.to_owned()
             },
             self.new_substr(back),
         )
@@ -1165,7 +1200,7 @@ impl PyStr {
 
         let mut cased = false;
         let mut previous_is_cased = false;
-        for c in self.as_str().chars() {
+        for c in self.as_wtf8().code_points().map(CodePoint::to_char_lossy) {
             if c.is_uppercase() || c.is_titlecase() {
                 if previous_is_cased {
                     return false;
@@ -1188,15 +1223,15 @@ impl PyStr {
     #[pymethod]
     fn count(&self, args: FindArgs) -> usize {
         let (needle, range) = args.get_value(self.len());
-        self.as_str()
-            .py_count(needle.as_str(), range, |h, n| h.matches(n).count())
+        self.as_wtf8()
+            .py_count(needle.as_wtf8(), range, |h, n| h.find_iter(n).count())
     }
 
     #[pymethod]
-    fn zfill(&self, width: isize) -> String {
+    fn zfill(&self, width: isize) -> Wtf8Buf {
         unsafe {
-            // SAFETY: this is safe-guaranteed because the original self.as_str() is valid utf8
-            String::from_utf8_unchecked(self.as_str().py_zfill(width))
+            // SAFETY: this is safe-guaranteed because the original self.as_wtf8() is valid wtf8
+            Wtf8Buf::from_bytes_unchecked(self.as_wtf8().py_zfill(width))
         }
     }
 
@@ -1205,20 +1240,20 @@ impl PyStr {
         &self,
         width: isize,
         fillchar: OptionalArg<PyStrRef>,
-        pad: fn(&str, usize, char, usize) -> String,
+        pad: fn(&Wtf8, usize, CodePoint, usize) -> Wtf8Buf,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<String> {
-        let fillchar = fillchar.map_or(Ok(' '), |ref s| {
-            s.as_str().chars().exactly_one().map_err(|_| {
+    ) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
+        let fillchar = fillchar.map_or(Ok(' '.into()), |ref s| {
+            s.as_wtf8().code_points().exactly_one().map_err(|_| {
                 vm.new_type_error(
                     "The fill character must be exactly one character long".to_owned(),
                 )
             })
         })?;
         Ok(if self.len() as isize >= width {
-            String::from(self.as_str())
+            self.as_wtf8().to_owned()
         } else {
-            pad(self.as_str(), width as usize, fillchar, self.len())
+            pad(self.as_wtf8(), width as usize, fillchar, self.len())
         })
     }
 
@@ -1228,7 +1263,7 @@ impl PyStr {
         width: isize,
         fillchar: OptionalArg<PyStrRef>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<String> {
+    ) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
         self._pad(width, fillchar, AnyStr::py_center, vm)
     }
 
@@ -1238,7 +1273,7 @@ impl PyStr {
         width: isize,
         fillchar: OptionalArg<PyStrRef>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<String> {
+    ) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
         self._pad(width, fillchar, AnyStr::py_ljust, vm)
     }
 
@@ -1248,7 +1283,7 @@ impl PyStr {
         width: isize,
         fillchar: OptionalArg<PyStrRef>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<String> {
+    ) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
         self._pad(width, fillchar, AnyStr::py_rjust, vm)
     }
 
@@ -2186,7 +2221,7 @@ mod tests {
             ("Greek ῼitlecases ...", "greek ῳitlecases ..."),
         ];
         for (title, input) in tests {
-            assert_eq!(PyStr::from(input).title().as_str(), title);
+            assert_eq!(PyStr::from(input).title().as_str(), Ok(title));
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/codecs.rs b/vm/src/codecs.rs
index 8a690fcb58..bdb9b4b809 100644
--- a/vm/src/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/codecs.rs
@@ -426,12 +426,13 @@ fn xmlcharrefreplace_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(
     }
     let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
     let s = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
-    let s_after_start = crate::common::str::try_get_chars(s.as_str(), range.start..).unwrap_or("");
+    let s_after_start =
+        crate::common::str::try_get_codepoints(s.as_wtf8(), range.start..).unwrap_or_default();
     let num_chars = range.len();
     // capacity rough guess; assuming that the codepoints are 3 digits in decimal + the &#;
     let mut out = String::with_capacity(num_chars * 6);
-    for c in s_after_start.chars().take(num_chars) {
-        write!(out, "&#{};", c as u32).unwrap()
+    for c in s_after_start.code_points().take(num_chars) {
+        write!(out, "&#{};", c.to_u32()).unwrap()
     }
     Ok((out, range.end))
 }
@@ -450,12 +451,13 @@ fn backslashreplace_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(S
     }
     let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
     let s = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
-    let s_after_start = crate::common::str::try_get_chars(s.as_str(), range.start..).unwrap_or("");
+    let s_after_start =
+        crate::common::str::try_get_codepoints(s.as_wtf8(), range.start..).unwrap_or_default();
     let num_chars = range.len();
     // minimum 4 output bytes per char: \xNN
     let mut out = String::with_capacity(num_chars * 4);
-    for c in s_after_start.chars().take(num_chars) {
-        let c = c as u32;
+    for c in s_after_start.code_points().take(num_chars) {
+        let c = c.to_u32();
         if c >= 0x10000 {
             write!(out, "\\U{c:08x}").unwrap();
         } else if c >= 0x100 {
@@ -472,12 +474,12 @@ fn namereplace_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(String
         let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
         let s = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
         let s_after_start =
-            crate::common::str::try_get_chars(s.as_str(), range.start..).unwrap_or("");
+            crate::common::str::try_get_codepoints(s.as_wtf8(), range.start..).unwrap_or_default();
         let num_chars = range.len();
         let mut out = String::with_capacity(num_chars * 4);
-        for c in s_after_start.chars().take(num_chars) {
-            let c_u32 = c as u32;
-            if let Some(c_name) = unicode_names2::name(c) {
+        for c in s_after_start.code_points().take(num_chars) {
+            let c_u32 = c.to_u32();
+            if let Some(c_name) = unicode_names2::name(c.to_char_lossy()) {
                 write!(out, "\\N{{{c_name}}}").unwrap();
             } else if c_u32 >= 0x10000 {
                 write!(out, "\\U{c_u32:08x}").unwrap();
diff --git a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
index e034487e19..83bd452151 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
@@ -74,10 +74,10 @@ impl FsPath {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
+    pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
         match self {
-            FsPath::Bytes(b) => std::str::from_utf8(b).unwrap(),
-            FsPath::Str(s) => s.as_str(),
+            FsPath::Str(s) => s.to_string_lossy(),
+            FsPath::Bytes(s) => String::from_utf8_lossy(s),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index 6cae1bb7d5..f778d02ba3 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ mod builtins {
                     return ast::compile(
                         vm,
                         args.source,
-                        args.filename.as_str(),
+                        &args.filename.to_string_lossy(),
                         mode,
                         Some(optimize),
                     );
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ mod builtins {
                             .compile_with_opts(
                                 source,
                                 mode,
-                                args.filename.as_str().to_owned(),
+                                args.filename.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
                                 opts,
                             )
                             .map_err(|err| (err, Some(source)).to_pyexception(vm))?;
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 9d7ecc2d54..493789f510 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -916,12 +916,20 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     }
 
     pub fn fsdecode(&self, s: impl Into<OsString>) -> PyStrRef {
-        let bytes = self.ctx.new_bytes(s.into().into_encoded_bytes());
-        let errors = self.fs_encode_errors().to_owned();
-        self.state
-            .codec_registry
-            .decode_text(bytes.into(), "utf-8", Some(errors), self)
-            .unwrap() // this should never fail, since fsdecode should be lossless from the fs encoding
+        match s.into().into_string() {
+            Ok(s) => self.ctx.new_str(s),
+            Err(s) => {
+                let bytes = self.ctx.new_bytes(s.into_encoded_bytes());
+                let errors = self.fs_encode_errors().to_owned();
+                let res = self.state.codec_registry.decode_text(
+                    bytes.into(),
+                    "utf-8",
+                    Some(errors),
+                    self,
+                );
+                self.expect_pyresult(res, "fsdecode should be lossless and never fail")
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     pub fn fsencode<'a>(&self, s: &'a Py<PyStr>) -> PyResult<Cow<'a, OsStr>> {

From bd55baefa6f39aff3c7e3a6e365c0ce1a187bccf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 24 Mar 2025 22:52:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 524/705] Optimize Wtf8Codepoints::count

---
 common/src/wtf8/core_str_count.rs | 161 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs            |  14 ++-
 2 files changed, 173 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 common/src/wtf8/core_str_count.rs

diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/core_str_count.rs b/common/src/wtf8/core_str_count.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cff5a4b076
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/core_str_count.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+//! Modified from core::str::count
+
+use super::Wtf8;
+
+const USIZE_SIZE: usize = core::mem::size_of::<usize>();
+const UNROLL_INNER: usize = 4;
+
+#[inline]
+pub(super) fn count_chars(s: &Wtf8) -> usize {
+    if s.len() < USIZE_SIZE * UNROLL_INNER {
+        // Avoid entering the optimized implementation for strings where the
+        // difference is not likely to matter, or where it might even be slower.
+        // That said, a ton of thought was not spent on the particular threshold
+        // here, beyond "this value seems to make sense".
+        char_count_general_case(s.as_bytes())
+    } else {
+        do_count_chars(s)
+    }
+}
+
+fn do_count_chars(s: &Wtf8) -> usize {
+    // For correctness, `CHUNK_SIZE` must be:
+    //
+    // - Less than or equal to 255, otherwise we'll overflow bytes in `counts`.
+    // - A multiple of `UNROLL_INNER`, otherwise our `break` inside the
+    //   `body.chunks(CHUNK_SIZE)` loop is incorrect.
+    //
+    // For performance, `CHUNK_SIZE` should be:
+    // - Relatively cheap to `/` against (so some simple sum of powers of two).
+    // - Large enough to avoid paying for the cost of the `sum_bytes_in_usize`
+    //   too often.
+    const CHUNK_SIZE: usize = 192;
+
+    // Check the properties of `CHUNK_SIZE` and `UNROLL_INNER` that are required
+    // for correctness.
+    const _: () = assert!(CHUNK_SIZE < 256);
+    const _: () = assert!(CHUNK_SIZE % UNROLL_INNER == 0);
+
+    // SAFETY: transmuting `[u8]` to `[usize]` is safe except for size
+    // differences which are handled by `align_to`.
+    let (head, body, tail) = unsafe { s.as_bytes().align_to::<usize>() };
+
+    // This should be quite rare, and basically exists to handle the degenerate
+    // cases where align_to fails (as well as miri under symbolic alignment
+    // mode).
+    //
+    // The `unlikely` helps discourage LLVM from inlining the body, which is
+    // nice, as we would rather not mark the `char_count_general_case` function
+    // as cold.
+    if unlikely(body.is_empty() || head.len() > USIZE_SIZE || tail.len() > USIZE_SIZE) {
+        return char_count_general_case(s.as_bytes());
+    }
+
+    let mut total = char_count_general_case(head) + char_count_general_case(tail);
+    // Split `body` into `CHUNK_SIZE` chunks to reduce the frequency with which
+    // we call `sum_bytes_in_usize`.
+    for chunk in body.chunks(CHUNK_SIZE) {
+        // We accumulate intermediate sums in `counts`, where each byte contains
+        // a subset of the sum of this chunk, like a `[u8; size_of::<usize>()]`.
+        let mut counts = 0;
+
+        let (unrolled_chunks, remainder) = slice_as_chunks::<_, UNROLL_INNER>(chunk);
+        for unrolled in unrolled_chunks {
+            for &word in unrolled {
+                // Because `CHUNK_SIZE` is < 256, this addition can't cause the
+                // count in any of the bytes to overflow into a subsequent byte.
+                counts += contains_non_continuation_byte(word);
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Sum the values in `counts` (which, again, is conceptually a `[u8;
+        // size_of::<usize>()]`), and accumulate the result into `total`.
+        total += sum_bytes_in_usize(counts);
+
+        // If there's any data in `remainder`, then handle it. This will only
+        // happen for the last `chunk` in `body.chunks()` (because `CHUNK_SIZE`
+        // is divisible by `UNROLL_INNER`), so we explicitly break at the end
+        // (which seems to help LLVM out).
+        if !remainder.is_empty() {
+            // Accumulate all the data in the remainder.
+            let mut counts = 0;
+            for &word in remainder {
+                counts += contains_non_continuation_byte(word);
+            }
+            total += sum_bytes_in_usize(counts);
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    total
+}
+
+// Checks each byte of `w` to see if it contains the first byte in a UTF-8
+// sequence. Bytes in `w` which are continuation bytes are left as `0x00` (e.g.
+// false), and bytes which are non-continuation bytes are left as `0x01` (e.g.
+// true)
+#[inline]
+fn contains_non_continuation_byte(w: usize) -> usize {
+    const LSB: usize = usize_repeat_u8(0x01);
+    ((!w >> 7) | (w >> 6)) & LSB
+}
+
+// Morally equivalent to `values.to_ne_bytes().into_iter().sum::<usize>()`, but
+// more efficient.
+#[inline]
+fn sum_bytes_in_usize(values: usize) -> usize {
+    const LSB_SHORTS: usize = usize_repeat_u16(0x0001);
+    const SKIP_BYTES: usize = usize_repeat_u16(0x00ff);
+
+    let pair_sum: usize = (values & SKIP_BYTES) + ((values >> 8) & SKIP_BYTES);
+    pair_sum.wrapping_mul(LSB_SHORTS) >> ((USIZE_SIZE - 2) * 8)
+}
+
+// This is the most direct implementation of the concept of "count the number of
+// bytes in the string which are not continuation bytes", and is used for the
+// head and tail of the input string (the first and last item in the tuple
+// returned by `slice::align_to`).
+fn char_count_general_case(s: &[u8]) -> usize {
+    s.iter()
+        .filter(|&&byte| !super::core_str::utf8_is_cont_byte(byte))
+        .count()
+}
+
+// polyfills of unstable library features
+
+const fn usize_repeat_u8(x: u8) -> usize {
+    usize::from_ne_bytes([x; size_of::<usize>()])
+}
+
+const fn usize_repeat_u16(x: u16) -> usize {
+    let mut r = 0usize;
+    let mut i = 0;
+    while i < size_of::<usize>() {
+        // Use `wrapping_shl` to make it work on targets with 16-bit `usize`
+        r = r.wrapping_shl(16) | (x as usize);
+        i += 2;
+    }
+    r
+}
+
+fn slice_as_chunks<T, const N: usize>(slice: &[T]) -> (&[[T; N]], &[T]) {
+    assert!(N != 0, "chunk size must be non-zero");
+    let len_rounded_down = slice.len() / N * N;
+    // SAFETY: The rounded-down value is always the same or smaller than the
+    // original length, and thus must be in-bounds of the slice.
+    let (multiple_of_n, remainder) = unsafe { slice.split_at_unchecked(len_rounded_down) };
+    // SAFETY: We already panicked for zero, and ensured by construction
+    // that the length of the subslice is a multiple of N.
+    let array_slice = unsafe { slice_as_chunks_unchecked(multiple_of_n) };
+    (array_slice, remainder)
+}
+
+unsafe fn slice_as_chunks_unchecked<T, const N: usize>(slice: &[T]) -> &[[T; N]] {
+    let new_len = slice.len() / N;
+    // SAFETY: We cast a slice of `new_len * N` elements into
+    // a slice of `new_len` many `N` elements chunks.
+    unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(slice.as_ptr().cast(), new_len) }
+}
+
+fn unlikely(x: bool) -> bool {
+    x
+}
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
index 62fbc2ea39..4125a9bf7c 100644
--- a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ use bstr::{ByteSlice, ByteVec};
 
 mod core_char;
 mod core_str;
+mod core_str_count;
 
 const UTF8_REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER: &str = "\u{FFFD}";
 
@@ -1256,6 +1257,10 @@ impl Iterator for Wtf8CodePoints<'_> {
     fn last(mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
         self.next_back()
     }
+
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        core_str_count::count_chars(self.as_wtf8())
+    }
 }
 
 impl DoubleEndedIterator for Wtf8CodePoints<'_> {
@@ -1277,8 +1282,8 @@ impl<'a> Wtf8CodePoints<'a> {
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Wtf8CodePointIndices<'a> {
-    pub(super) front_offset: usize,
-    pub(super) iter: Wtf8CodePoints<'a>,
+    front_offset: usize,
+    iter: Wtf8CodePoints<'a>,
 }
 
 impl Iterator for Wtf8CodePointIndices<'_> {
@@ -1308,6 +1313,11 @@ impl Iterator for Wtf8CodePointIndices<'_> {
         // No need to go through the entire string.
         self.next_back()
     }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        self.iter.count()
+    }
 }
 
 impl DoubleEndedIterator for Wtf8CodePointIndices<'_> {

From f3b8d5515a72884c4b01ec6adc3d6eb140fbabf8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Mar 2025 21:06:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 525/705] Address comments

---
 common/src/encodings.rs     | 1 -
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs      | 2 +-
 vm/src/anystr.rs            | 5 +++--
 vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml    | 6 +-----
 vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs | 2 --
 5 files changed, 5 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/encodings.rs b/common/src/encodings.rs
index 402e0db77f..7d99646c31 100644
--- a/common/src/encodings.rs
+++ b/common/src/encodings.rs
@@ -230,7 +230,6 @@ pub mod utf8 {
 }
 
 pub mod latin_1 {
-
     use super::*;
 
     pub const ENCODING_NAME: &str = "latin-1";
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
index 4125a9bf7c..f209b98a3e 100644
--- a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 //! needing any copies or re-encoding.
 //!
 //! This implementation is mostly copied from the WTF-8 implentation in the
-//! Rust standard library, which is used as the backing for [`OsStr`] on
+//! Rust 1.85 standard library, which is used as the backing for [`OsStr`] on
 //! Windows targets. As previously mentioned, however, it is modified to not
 //! join two surrogates into one codepoint when concatenating strings, in order
 //! to match CPython's behavior.
diff --git a/vm/src/anystr.rs b/vm/src/anystr.rs
index 0a884fc732..89e7473441 100644
--- a/vm/src/anystr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/anystr.rs
@@ -403,9 +403,7 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
 
     // Unified form of CPython functions:
     //  _Py_bytes_islower
-    //   Py_bytes_isupper
     //  unicode_islower_impl
-    //  unicode_isupper_impl
     fn py_islower(&self) -> bool {
         let mut lower = false;
         for c in self.elements() {
@@ -418,6 +416,9 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
         lower
     }
 
+    // Unified form of CPython functions:
+    //   Py_bytes_isupper
+    //  unicode_isupper_impl
     fn py_isupper(&self) -> bool {
         let mut upper = false;
         for c in self.elements() {
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
index 55ce249903..b34b01a0e8 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,12 +14,8 @@ license.workspace = true
 name = "benches"
 harness = false
 
-[features]
-default = ["wtf8"]
-wtf8 = ["rustpython-common"]
-
 [dependencies]
-rustpython-common = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
 num_enum = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
 optional = "0.5"
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
index 551b1ca5e5..20cacbfbec 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-#[cfg(feature = "wtf8")]
 use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -151,7 +150,6 @@ impl StrDrive for &str {
     }
 }
 
-#[cfg(feature = "wtf8")]
 impl StrDrive for &Wtf8 {
     #[inline]
     fn count(&self) -> usize {

From bc38e9dedd5d2a21ea588a72b904d70f31a22013 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 26 Mar 2025 14:39:14 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 526/705] Apply nightly clippy suggestions

---
 common/src/boxvec.rs                |  2 +-
 common/src/str.rs                   |  2 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs     |  2 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs          |  3 +--
 compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs |  2 +-
 src/settings.rs                     |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/binascii.rs              |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/csv.rs                   |  4 ++--
 vm/src/anystr.rs                    |  4 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/range.rs            |  6 +-----
 vm/src/builtins/staticmethod.rs     |  3 +--
 vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs            |  2 +-
 vm/src/frame.rs                     |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs        | 16 ++++++++--------
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs          |  7 +++----
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs             |  5 +----
 16 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/boxvec.rs b/common/src/boxvec.rs
index 25afbcebb3..1a1d57c169 100644
--- a/common/src/boxvec.rs
+++ b/common/src/boxvec.rs
@@ -550,7 +550,7 @@ impl<T> Extend<T> for BoxVec<T> {
             };
             let mut iter = iter.into_iter();
             loop {
-                if ptr == end_ptr {
+                if std::ptr::eq(ptr, end_ptr) {
                     break;
                 }
                 if let Some(elt) = iter.next() {
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index 176b5d0f87..fcc000fd2c 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ pub fn zfill(bytes: &[u8], width: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
         };
         let mut filled = Vec::new();
         filled.extend_from_slice(sign);
-        filled.extend(std::iter::repeat(b'0').take(width - bytes.len()));
+        filled.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(b'0', width - bytes.len()));
         filled.extend_from_slice(s);
         filled
     }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index a6eb216e2a..c640b014a4 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -1519,7 +1519,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             loop_data: None,
         };
 
-        let prev_class_name = std::mem::replace(&mut self.class_name, Some(name.to_owned()));
+        let prev_class_name = self.class_name.replace(name.to_owned());
 
         // Check if the class is declared global
         let symbol_table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
index 2b3e49d036..39857e6fc5 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
@@ -136,8 +136,7 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                         *arg = new_arg;
                     }
                     let (extras, lo_arg) = arg.split();
-                    locations
-                        .extend(std::iter::repeat(info.location.clone()).take(arg.instr_size()));
+                    locations.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(info.location.clone(), arg.instr_size()));
                     instructions.extend(
                         extras
                             .map(|byte| CodeUnit::new(Instruction::ExtendedArg, byte))
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
index 4246700cec..4f42b3996f 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/symboltable.rs
@@ -730,7 +730,7 @@ impl SymbolTableBuilder<'_> {
                     SymbolTableType::Class,
                     self.line_index_start(*range),
                 );
-                let prev_class = std::mem::replace(&mut self.class_name, Some(name.to_string()));
+                let prev_class = self.class_name.replace(name.to_string());
                 self.register_name("__module__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, *range)?;
                 self.register_name("__qualname__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, *range)?;
                 self.register_name("__doc__", SymbolUsage::Assigned, *range)?;
diff --git a/src/settings.rs b/src/settings.rs
index bc279ba287..76c46ac43a 100644
--- a/src/settings.rs
+++ b/src/settings.rs
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ pub fn parse_opts() -> Result<(Settings, RunMode), lexopt::Error> {
         .then(|| get_env("PYTHONHASHSEED"))
         .flatten()
     {
-        Some(s) if s == "random" || s == "" => None,
+        Some(s) if s == "random" || s.is_empty() => None,
         Some(s) => {
             let seed = s.parse_with(|s| {
                 s.parse::<u32>().map_err(|_| {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
index ce3f9febd5..65be2e0bdc 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ mod decl {
                     vm,
                 ));
             }
-            let mut res = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(2 + ((length + 2) / 3) * 4);
+            let mut res = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(2 + length.div_ceil(3) * 4);
             res.push(uu_b2a(length as u8, backtick));
 
             for chunk in b.chunks(3) {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/csv.rs b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
index 4b79130111..e103e7697c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/csv.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
@@ -982,7 +982,7 @@ mod _csv {
             };
             loop {
                 let (res, nread, nwritten, nends) = reader.read_record(
-                    input[input_offset..].as_bytes(),
+                    &input.as_bytes()[input_offset..],
                     &mut buffer[output_offset..],
                     &mut output_ends[output_ends_offset..],
                 );
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ mod _csv {
                     }
                 }
             }
-            let rest = input[input_offset..].as_bytes();
+            let rest = &input.as_bytes()[input_offset..];
             if !rest.iter().all(|&c| matches!(c, b'\r' | b'\n')) {
                 return Err(new_csv_error(
                     vm,
diff --git a/vm/src/anystr.rs b/vm/src/anystr.rs
index 89e7473441..efac49d917 100644
--- a/vm/src/anystr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/anystr.rs
@@ -283,9 +283,9 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
         let mut u = Self::Container::with_capacity(
             (left + right) * fillchar.bytes_len() + self.bytes_len(),
         );
-        u.extend(std::iter::repeat(fillchar).take(left));
+        u.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(fillchar, left));
         u.push_str(self);
-        u.extend(std::iter::repeat(fillchar).take(right));
+        u.extend(std::iter::repeat_n(fillchar, right));
         u
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/range.rs b/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
index b542a5f191..36a826a1f8 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
@@ -608,11 +608,7 @@ impl PyRangeIterator {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn length_hint(&self) -> usize {
         let index = self.index.load();
-        if index < self.length {
-            self.length - index
-        } else {
-            0
-        }
+        self.length.saturating_sub(index)
     }
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/staticmethod.rs b/vm/src/builtins/staticmethod.rs
index 8e2333da7f..6c19a42a33 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/staticmethod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/staticmethod.rs
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@ impl GetDescriptor for PyStaticMethod {
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult {
         let (zelf, _obj) = Self::_unwrap(&zelf, obj, vm)?;
-        let x = Ok(zelf.callable.lock().clone());
-        x
+        Ok(zelf.callable.lock().clone())
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
index c9af04d300..044550eb8b 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ impl Iterable for PyTuple {
 impl Representable for PyTuple {
     #[inline]
     fn repr(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyStrRef> {
-        let s = if zelf.len() == 0 {
+        let s = if zelf.is_empty() {
             vm.ctx.intern_str("()").to_owned()
         } else if let Some(_guard) = ReprGuard::enter(vm, zelf.as_object()) {
             let s = if zelf.len() == 1 {
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index c4dc23c95f..b148934467 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             bytecode::Instruction::FormatValue { conversion } => {
                 self.format_value(conversion.get(arg), vm)
             }
-            bytecode::Instruction::PopException {} => {
+            bytecode::Instruction::PopException => {
                 let block = self.pop_block();
                 if let BlockType::ExceptHandler { prev_exc } = block.typ {
                     vm.set_exception(prev_exc);
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
index d07ccba30b..e3e12bdf3b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
@@ -278,21 +278,21 @@ impl PyCSimple {
         let value = unsafe { (*self.value.as_ptr()).clone() };
         if let Ok(i) = value.try_int(vm) {
             let i = i.as_bigint();
-            if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::u8().as_raw_ptr() {
+            if std::ptr::eq(ty.as_raw_ptr(), libffi::middle::Type::u8().as_raw_ptr()) {
                 return i.to_u8().map(|r: u8| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
-            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::i8().as_raw_ptr() {
+            } else if std::ptr::eq(ty.as_raw_ptr(), libffi::middle::Type::i8().as_raw_ptr()) {
                 return i.to_i8().map(|r: i8| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
-            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::u16().as_raw_ptr() {
+            } else if std::ptr::eq(ty.as_raw_ptr(), libffi::middle::Type::u16().as_raw_ptr()) {
                 return i.to_u16().map(|r: u16| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
-            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::i16().as_raw_ptr() {
+            } else if std::ptr::eq(ty.as_raw_ptr(), libffi::middle::Type::i16().as_raw_ptr()) {
                 return i.to_i16().map(|r: i16| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
-            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::u32().as_raw_ptr() {
+            } else if std::ptr::eq(ty.as_raw_ptr(), libffi::middle::Type::u32().as_raw_ptr()) {
                 return i.to_u32().map(|r: u32| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
-            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::i32().as_raw_ptr() {
+            } else if std::ptr::eq(ty.as_raw_ptr(), libffi::middle::Type::i32().as_raw_ptr()) {
                 return i.to_i32().map(|r: i32| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
-            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::u64().as_raw_ptr() {
+            } else if std::ptr::eq(ty.as_raw_ptr(), libffi::middle::Type::u64().as_raw_ptr()) {
                 return i.to_u64().map(|r: u64| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
-            } else if ty.as_raw_ptr() == libffi::middle::Type::i64().as_raw_ptr() {
+            } else if std::ptr::eq(ty.as_raw_ptr(), libffi::middle::Type::i64().as_raw_ptr()) {
                 return i.to_i64().map(|r: i64| libffi::middle::Arg::new(&r));
             } else {
                 return None;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index 65c1482057..dab62987d6 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ mod decl {
                 item
             } else {
                 let saved = zelf.saved.read();
-                if saved.len() == 0 {
+                if saved.is_empty() {
                     return Ok(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(None));
                 }
 
@@ -1332,8 +1332,7 @@ mod decl {
             for arg in iterables.iter() {
                 pools.push(arg.try_to_value(vm)?);
             }
-            let pools = std::iter::repeat(pools)
-                .take(repeat)
+            let pools = std::iter::repeat_n(pools, repeat)
                 .flatten()
                 .collect::<Vec<Vec<PyObjectRef>>>();
 
@@ -1353,7 +1352,7 @@ mod decl {
     #[pyclass(with(IterNext, Iterable, Constructor))]
     impl PyItertoolsProduct {
         fn update_idxs(&self, mut idxs: PyRwLockWriteGuard<'_, Vec<usize>>) {
-            if idxs.len() == 0 {
+            if idxs.is_empty() {
                 self.stop.store(true);
                 return;
             }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index 0c47ca082e..abec4535e5 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -182,10 +182,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
             siginterrupt(signalnum, 1);
         }
 
-        let old_handler = std::mem::replace(
-            &mut signal_handlers.borrow_mut()[signalnum as usize],
-            Some(handler),
-        );
+        let old_handler = signal_handlers.borrow_mut()[signalnum as usize].replace(handler);
         Ok(old_handler)
     }
 

From f323d14ed3d470ee81342f821906b963981537e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Mar 2025 19:04:57 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 527/705] Refactor codecs

---
 Cargo.lock                      |    1 +
 Lib/_pycodecs.py                |   11 +-
 Lib/test/test_charmapcodec.py   |    2 -
 Lib/test/test_codeccallbacks.py |   14 -
 Lib/test/test_logging.py        |    2 -
 common/Cargo.toml               |    1 +
 common/src/encodings.rs         |  565 +++++++++++++----
 common/src/str.rs               |   15 +
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs          |   13 +-
 vm/src/codecs.rs                | 1052 ++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 vm/src/exceptions.rs            |  164 ++++-
 vm/src/function/buffer.rs       |    6 +
 vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs         |  196 +-----
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs             |    7 +-
 vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs             |   65 +-
 15 files changed, 1448 insertions(+), 666 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1fa60eac29..241d2a595d 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2355,6 +2355,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand 0.9.0",
  "rustpython-literal",
  "siphasher 0.3.11",
+ "unicode_names2",
  "volatile",
  "widestring",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
diff --git a/Lib/_pycodecs.py b/Lib/_pycodecs.py
index 0741504cc9..d0efa9ad6b 100644
--- a/Lib/_pycodecs.py
+++ b/Lib/_pycodecs.py
@@ -1086,11 +1086,13 @@ def charmapencode_output(c, mapping):
     rep = mapping[c]
     if isinstance(rep, int) or isinstance(rep, int):
         if rep < 256:
-            return rep
+            return [rep]
         else:
             raise TypeError("character mapping must be in range(256)")
     elif isinstance(rep, str):
-        return ord(rep)
+        return [ord(rep)]
+    elif isinstance(rep, bytes):
+        return rep
     elif rep == None:
         raise KeyError("character maps to <undefined>")
     else:
@@ -1113,12 +1115,13 @@ def PyUnicode_EncodeCharmap(p, size, mapping='latin-1', errors='strict'):
         #/* try to encode it */
         try:
             x = charmapencode_output(ord(p[inpos]), mapping)
-            res += [x]
+            res += x
         except KeyError:
             x = unicode_call_errorhandler(errors, "charmap",
             "character maps to <undefined>", p, inpos, inpos+1, False)
             try:
-                res += [charmapencode_output(ord(y), mapping) for y in x[0]]
+                for y in x[0]:
+                    res += charmapencode_output(ord(y), mapping)
             except KeyError:
                 raise UnicodeEncodeError("charmap", p, inpos, inpos+1,
                                         "character maps to <undefined>")
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_charmapcodec.py b/Lib/test/test_charmapcodec.py
index 8ea75d9129..0d4594d8c0 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_charmapcodec.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_charmapcodec.py
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ def test_constructorx(self):
         self.assertEqual(str(b'dxf', codecname), 'dabcf')
         self.assertEqual(str(b'dxfx', codecname), 'dabcfabc')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_encodex(self):
         self.assertEqual('abc'.encode(codecname), b'abc')
         self.assertEqual('xdef'.encode(codecname), b'abcdef')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_codeccallbacks.py b/Lib/test/test_codeccallbacks.py
index 293b75a866..09a6d883f8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_codeccallbacks.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_codeccallbacks.py
@@ -203,8 +203,6 @@ def relaxedutf8(exc):
         self.assertRaises(UnicodeDecodeError, sin.decode,
                           "utf-8", "test.relaxedutf8")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_charmapencode(self):
         # For charmap encodings the replacement string will be
         # mapped through the encoding again. This means, that
@@ -329,8 +327,6 @@ def check_exceptionobjectargs(self, exctype, args, msg):
         exc = exctype(*args)
         self.assertEqual(str(exc), msg)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_unicodeencodeerror(self):
         self.check_exceptionobjectargs(
             UnicodeEncodeError,
@@ -363,8 +359,6 @@ def test_unicodeencodeerror(self):
             "'ascii' codec can't encode character '\\U00010000' in position 0: ouch"
         )
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_unicodedecodeerror(self):
         self.check_exceptionobjectargs(
             UnicodeDecodeError,
@@ -377,8 +371,6 @@ def test_unicodedecodeerror(self):
             "'ascii' codec can't decode bytes in position 1-2: ouch"
         )
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_unicodetranslateerror(self):
         self.check_exceptionobjectargs(
             UnicodeTranslateError,
@@ -467,8 +459,6 @@ def test_badandgoodignoreexceptions(self):
             ("", 2)
         )
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badandgoodreplaceexceptions(self):
         # "replace" complains about a non-exception passed in
         self.assertRaises(
@@ -509,8 +499,6 @@ def test_badandgoodreplaceexceptions(self):
             ("\ufffd", 2)
         )
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badandgoodxmlcharrefreplaceexceptions(self):
         # "xmlcharrefreplace" complains about a non-exception passed in
         self.assertRaises(
@@ -1017,8 +1005,6 @@ def __getitem__(self, key):
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, codecs.charmap_decode, b"\xff", "strict", D())
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, codecs.charmap_decode, b"\xff", "strict", {0xff: sys.maxunicode+1})
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_encodehelper(self):
         # enhance coverage of:
         # Objects/unicodeobject.c::unicode_encode_call_errorhandler()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_logging.py b/Lib/test/test_logging.py
index a570d65f6c..370685f1c6 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_logging.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_logging.py
@@ -5525,8 +5525,6 @@ def test_encoding_errors_default(self):
             self.assertEqual(data, r'\U0001f602: \u2603\ufe0f: The \xd8resund '
                                    r'Bridge joins Copenhagen to Malm\xf6')
 
-    # TODO: RustPython
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_encoding_errors_none(self):
         # Specifying None should behave as 'strict'
         try:
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index e9aeba7459..3ebac23cbf 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ num-traits = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 rand = { workspace = true }
+unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
 
 lock_api = "0.4"
 radium = "0.7"
diff --git a/common/src/encodings.rs b/common/src/encodings.rs
index 7d99646c31..9582d63b6c 100644
--- a/common/src/encodings.rs
+++ b/common/src/encodings.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,9 @@
-use std::ops::Range;
+use std::ops::{self, Range};
 
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
 
 use crate::str::StrKind;
-use crate::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
-
-pub type EncodeErrorResult<S, B, E> = Result<(EncodeReplace<S, B>, usize), E>;
-
-pub type DecodeErrorResult<S, B, E> = Result<(S, Option<B>, usize), E>;
+use crate::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
 
 pub trait StrBuffer: AsRef<Wtf8> {
     fn is_compatible_with(&self, kind: StrKind) -> bool {
@@ -20,28 +16,116 @@ pub trait StrBuffer: AsRef<Wtf8> {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait ErrorHandler {
+pub trait CodecContext: Sized {
     type Error;
     type StrBuf: StrBuffer;
     type BytesBuf: AsRef<[u8]>;
+
+    fn string(&self, s: Wtf8Buf) -> Self::StrBuf;
+    fn bytes(&self, b: Vec<u8>) -> Self::BytesBuf;
+}
+
+pub trait EncodeContext: CodecContext {
+    fn full_data(&self) -> &Wtf8;
+    fn data_len(&self) -> StrSize;
+
+    fn remaining_data(&self) -> &Wtf8;
+    fn position(&self) -> StrSize;
+
+    fn restart_from(&mut self, pos: StrSize) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+
+    fn error_encoding(&self, range: Range<StrSize>, reason: Option<&str>) -> Self::Error;
+
+    fn handle_error<E>(
+        &mut self,
+        errors: &E,
+        range: Range<StrSize>,
+        reason: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<EncodeReplace<Self>, Self::Error>
+    where
+        E: EncodeErrorHandler<Self>,
+    {
+        let (replace, restart) = errors.handle_encode_error(self, range, reason)?;
+        self.restart_from(restart)?;
+        Ok(replace)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait DecodeContext: CodecContext {
+    fn full_data(&self) -> &[u8];
+
+    fn remaining_data(&self) -> &[u8];
+    fn position(&self) -> usize;
+
+    fn advance(&mut self, by: usize);
+
+    fn restart_from(&mut self, pos: usize) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+
+    fn error_decoding(&self, byte_range: Range<usize>, reason: Option<&str>) -> Self::Error;
+
+    fn handle_error<E>(
+        &mut self,
+        errors: &E,
+        byte_range: Range<usize>,
+        reason: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<Self::StrBuf, Self::Error>
+    where
+        E: DecodeErrorHandler<Self>,
+    {
+        let (replace, restart) = errors.handle_decode_error(self, byte_range, reason)?;
+        self.restart_from(restart)?;
+        Ok(replace)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx: EncodeContext> {
     fn handle_encode_error(
         &self,
-        data: &Wtf8,
-        char_range: Range<usize>,
-        reason: &str,
-    ) -> EncodeErrorResult<Self::StrBuf, Self::BytesBuf, Self::Error>;
+        ctx: &mut Ctx,
+        range: Range<StrSize>,
+        reason: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<(EncodeReplace<Ctx>, StrSize), Ctx::Error>;
+}
+pub trait DecodeErrorHandler<Ctx: DecodeContext> {
     fn handle_decode_error(
         &self,
-        data: &[u8],
+        ctx: &mut Ctx,
         byte_range: Range<usize>,
-        reason: &str,
-    ) -> DecodeErrorResult<Self::StrBuf, Self::BytesBuf, Self::Error>;
-    fn error_oob_restart(&self, i: usize) -> Self::Error;
-    fn error_encoding(&self, data: &Wtf8, char_range: Range<usize>, reason: &str) -> Self::Error;
+        reason: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<(Ctx::StrBuf, usize), Ctx::Error>;
 }
-pub enum EncodeReplace<S, B> {
-    Str(S),
-    Bytes(B),
+
+pub enum EncodeReplace<Ctx: CodecContext> {
+    Str(Ctx::StrBuf),
+    Bytes(Ctx::BytesBuf),
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Default, Debug)]
+pub struct StrSize {
+    pub bytes: usize,
+    pub chars: usize,
+}
+
+fn iter_code_points(w: &Wtf8) -> impl Iterator<Item = (StrSize, CodePoint)> {
+    w.code_point_indices()
+        .enumerate()
+        .map(|(chars, (bytes, c))| (StrSize { bytes, chars }, c))
+}
+
+impl ops::Add for StrSize {
+    type Output = Self;
+    fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self {
+            bytes: self.bytes + rhs.bytes,
+            chars: self.chars + rhs.chars,
+        }
+    }
+}
+impl ops::AddAssign for StrSize {
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        self.bytes += rhs.bytes;
+        self.chars += rhs.chars;
+    }
 }
 
 struct DecodeError<'a> {
@@ -68,128 +152,344 @@ enum HandleResult<'a> {
         reason: &'a str,
     },
 }
-fn decode_utf8_compatible<E: ErrorHandler, DecodeF, ErrF>(
-    data: &[u8],
+fn decode_utf8_compatible<Ctx, E, DecodeF, ErrF>(
+    mut ctx: Ctx,
     errors: &E,
     decode: DecodeF,
     handle_error: ErrF,
-) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), E::Error>
+) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), Ctx::Error>
 where
+    Ctx: DecodeContext,
+    E: DecodeErrorHandler<Ctx>,
     DecodeF: Fn(&[u8]) -> Result<&str, DecodeError<'_>>,
-    ErrF: Fn(&[u8], Option<usize>) -> HandleResult<'_>,
+    ErrF: Fn(&[u8], Option<usize>) -> HandleResult<'static>,
 {
-    if data.is_empty() {
+    if ctx.remaining_data().is_empty() {
         return Ok((Wtf8Buf::new(), 0));
     }
-    // we need to coerce the lifetime to that of the function body rather than the
-    // anonymous input lifetime, so that we can assign it data borrowed from data_from_err
-    let mut data = data;
-    let mut data_from_err: E::BytesBuf;
-    let mut out = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(data.len());
-    let mut remaining_index = 0;
-    let mut remaining_data = data;
+    let mut out = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(ctx.remaining_data().len());
     loop {
-        match decode(remaining_data) {
+        match decode(ctx.remaining_data()) {
             Ok(decoded) => {
                 out.push_str(decoded);
-                remaining_index += decoded.len();
+                ctx.advance(decoded.len());
                 break;
             }
             Err(e) => {
                 out.push_str(e.valid_prefix);
                 match handle_error(e.rest, e.err_len) {
                     HandleResult::Done => {
-                        remaining_index += e.valid_prefix.len();
+                        ctx.advance(e.valid_prefix.len());
                         break;
                     }
                     HandleResult::Error { err_len, reason } => {
-                        let err_idx = remaining_index + e.valid_prefix.len();
-                        let err_range =
-                            err_idx..err_len.map_or_else(|| data.len(), |len| err_idx + len);
-                        let (replace, new_data, restart) =
-                            errors.handle_decode_error(data, err_range, reason)?;
+                        let err_start = ctx.position() + e.valid_prefix.len();
+                        let err_end = match err_len {
+                            Some(len) => err_start + len,
+                            None => ctx.full_data().len(),
+                        };
+                        let err_range = err_start..err_end;
+                        let replace = ctx.handle_error(errors, err_range, Some(reason))?;
                         out.push_wtf8(replace.as_ref());
-                        if let Some(new_data) = new_data {
-                            data_from_err = new_data;
-                            data = data_from_err.as_ref();
-                        }
-                        remaining_data = data
-                            .get(restart..)
-                            .ok_or_else(|| errors.error_oob_restart(restart))?;
-                        remaining_index = restart;
                         continue;
                     }
                 }
             }
         }
     }
-    Ok((out, remaining_index))
+    Ok((out, ctx.position()))
 }
 
 #[inline]
-fn encode_utf8_compatible<E: ErrorHandler>(
-    s: &Wtf8,
+fn encode_utf8_compatible<Ctx, E>(
+    mut ctx: Ctx,
     errors: &E,
     err_reason: &str,
     target_kind: StrKind,
-) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
-    let full_data = s;
-    let mut data = s;
-    let mut char_data_index = 0;
-    let mut out = Vec::<u8>::new();
-    while let Some((char_i, (byte_i, _))) = data
-        .code_point_indices()
-        .enumerate()
-        .find(|(_, (_, c))| !target_kind.can_encode(*c))
-    {
-        out.extend_from_slice(&data.as_bytes()[..byte_i]);
-        let char_start = char_data_index + char_i;
+) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Ctx::Error>
+where
+    Ctx: EncodeContext,
+    E: EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx>,
+{
+    // let mut data = s.as_ref();
+    // let mut char_data_index = 0;
+    let mut out = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(ctx.remaining_data().len());
+    loop {
+        let data = ctx.remaining_data();
+        let mut iter = iter_code_points(data);
+        let Some((i, _)) = iter.find(|(_, c)| !target_kind.can_encode(*c)) else {
+            break;
+        };
+
+        out.extend_from_slice(&ctx.remaining_data().as_bytes()[..i.bytes]);
 
+        let err_start = ctx.position() + i;
         // number of non-compatible chars between the first non-compatible char and the next compatible char
-        let non_compat_run_length = data[byte_i..]
-            .code_points()
-            .take_while(|c| !target_kind.can_encode(*c))
-            .count();
-        let char_range = char_start..char_start + non_compat_run_length;
-        let (replace, char_restart) =
-            errors.handle_encode_error(full_data, char_range.clone(), err_reason)?;
+        let err_end = match { iter }.find(|(_, c)| target_kind.can_encode(*c)) {
+            Some((i, _)) => ctx.position() + i,
+            None => ctx.data_len(),
+        };
+
+        let range = err_start..err_end;
+        let replace = ctx.handle_error(errors, range.clone(), Some(err_reason))?;
         match replace {
             EncodeReplace::Str(s) => {
                 if s.is_compatible_with(target_kind) {
                     out.extend_from_slice(s.as_ref().as_bytes());
                 } else {
-                    return Err(errors.error_encoding(full_data, char_range, err_reason));
+                    return Err(ctx.error_encoding(range, Some(err_reason)));
                 }
             }
             EncodeReplace::Bytes(b) => {
                 out.extend_from_slice(b.as_ref());
             }
         }
-        data = crate::str::try_get_codepoints(full_data, char_restart..)
-            .ok_or_else(|| errors.error_oob_restart(char_restart))?;
-        char_data_index = char_restart;
+        // data = crate::str::try_get_codepoints(full_data.as_ref(), char_restart..)
+        //     .ok_or_else(|| errors.error_oob_restart(char_restart))?;
+        // char_data_index = char_restart;
     }
-    out.extend_from_slice(data.as_bytes());
+    out.extend_from_slice(ctx.remaining_data().as_bytes());
     Ok(out)
 }
 
+pub mod errors {
+    use crate::str::UnicodeEscapeCodepoint;
+
+    use super::*;
+    use std::fmt::Write;
+
+    pub struct Strict;
+
+    impl<Ctx: EncodeContext> EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for Strict {
+        fn handle_encode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            range: Range<StrSize>,
+            reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(EncodeReplace<Ctx>, StrSize), Ctx::Error> {
+            Err(ctx.error_encoding(range, reason))
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<Ctx: DecodeContext> DecodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for Strict {
+        fn handle_decode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            byte_range: Range<usize>,
+            reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(Ctx::StrBuf, usize), Ctx::Error> {
+            Err(ctx.error_decoding(byte_range, reason))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub struct Ignore;
+
+    impl<Ctx: EncodeContext> EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for Ignore {
+        fn handle_encode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            range: Range<StrSize>,
+            _reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(EncodeReplace<Ctx>, StrSize), Ctx::Error> {
+            Ok((EncodeReplace::Bytes(ctx.bytes(b"".into())), range.end))
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<Ctx: DecodeContext> DecodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for Ignore {
+        fn handle_decode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            byte_range: Range<usize>,
+            _reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(Ctx::StrBuf, usize), Ctx::Error> {
+            Ok((ctx.string("".into()), byte_range.end))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub struct Replace;
+
+    impl<Ctx: EncodeContext> EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for Replace {
+        fn handle_encode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            range: Range<StrSize>,
+            _reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(EncodeReplace<Ctx>, StrSize), Ctx::Error> {
+            let replace = "?".repeat(range.end.chars - range.start.chars);
+            Ok((EncodeReplace::Str(ctx.string(replace.into())), range.end))
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<Ctx: DecodeContext> DecodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for Replace {
+        fn handle_decode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            byte_range: Range<usize>,
+            _reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(Ctx::StrBuf, usize), Ctx::Error> {
+            Ok((
+                ctx.string(char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER.to_string().into()),
+                byte_range.end,
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub struct XmlCharRefReplace;
+
+    impl<Ctx: EncodeContext> EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for XmlCharRefReplace {
+        fn handle_encode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            range: Range<StrSize>,
+            _reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(EncodeReplace<Ctx>, StrSize), Ctx::Error> {
+            let err_str = &ctx.full_data()[range.start.bytes..range.end.bytes];
+            let num_chars = range.end.chars - range.start.chars;
+            // capacity rough guess; assuming that the codepoints are 3 digits in decimal + the &#;
+            let mut out = String::with_capacity(num_chars * 6);
+            for c in err_str.code_points() {
+                write!(out, "&#{};", c.to_u32()).unwrap()
+            }
+            Ok((EncodeReplace::Str(ctx.string(out.into())), range.end))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub struct BackslashReplace;
+
+    impl<Ctx: EncodeContext> EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for BackslashReplace {
+        fn handle_encode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            range: Range<StrSize>,
+            _reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(EncodeReplace<Ctx>, StrSize), Ctx::Error> {
+            let err_str = &ctx.full_data()[range.start.bytes..range.end.bytes];
+            let num_chars = range.end.chars - range.start.chars;
+            // minimum 4 output bytes per char: \xNN
+            let mut out = String::with_capacity(num_chars * 4);
+            for c in err_str.code_points() {
+                write!(out, "{}", UnicodeEscapeCodepoint(c)).unwrap();
+            }
+            Ok((EncodeReplace::Str(ctx.string(out.into())), range.end))
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<Ctx: DecodeContext> DecodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for BackslashReplace {
+        fn handle_decode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            byte_range: Range<usize>,
+            _reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(Ctx::StrBuf, usize), Ctx::Error> {
+            let err_bytes = &ctx.full_data()[byte_range.clone()];
+            let mut replace = String::with_capacity(4 * err_bytes.len());
+            for &c in err_bytes {
+                write!(replace, "\\x{c:02x}").unwrap();
+            }
+            Ok((ctx.string(replace.into()), byte_range.end))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub struct NameReplace;
+
+    impl<Ctx: EncodeContext> EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for NameReplace {
+        fn handle_encode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            range: Range<StrSize>,
+            _reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(EncodeReplace<Ctx>, StrSize), Ctx::Error> {
+            let err_str = &ctx.full_data()[range.start.bytes..range.end.bytes];
+            let num_chars = range.end.chars - range.start.chars;
+            let mut out = String::with_capacity(num_chars * 4);
+            for c in err_str.code_points() {
+                let c_u32 = c.to_u32();
+                if let Some(c_name) = unicode_names2::name(c.to_char_lossy()) {
+                    write!(out, "\\N{{{c_name}}}").unwrap();
+                } else if c_u32 >= 0x10000 {
+                    write!(out, "\\U{c_u32:08x}").unwrap();
+                } else if c_u32 >= 0x100 {
+                    write!(out, "\\u{c_u32:04x}").unwrap();
+                } else {
+                    write!(out, "\\x{c_u32:02x}").unwrap();
+                }
+            }
+            Ok((EncodeReplace::Str(ctx.string(out.into())), range.end))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub struct SurrogateEscape;
+
+    impl<Ctx: EncodeContext> EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for SurrogateEscape {
+        fn handle_encode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            range: Range<StrSize>,
+            reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(EncodeReplace<Ctx>, StrSize), Ctx::Error> {
+            let err_str = &ctx.full_data()[range.start.bytes..range.end.bytes];
+            let num_chars = range.end.chars - range.start.chars;
+            let mut out = Vec::with_capacity(num_chars);
+            for ch in err_str.code_points() {
+                let ch = ch.to_u32();
+                if !(0xdc80..=0xdcff).contains(&ch) {
+                    // Not a UTF-8b surrogate, fail with original exception
+                    return Err(ctx.error_encoding(range, reason));
+                }
+                out.push((ch - 0xdc00) as u8);
+            }
+            Ok((EncodeReplace::Bytes(ctx.bytes(out)), range.end))
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<Ctx: DecodeContext> DecodeErrorHandler<Ctx> for SurrogateEscape {
+        fn handle_decode_error(
+            &self,
+            ctx: &mut Ctx,
+            byte_range: Range<usize>,
+            reason: Option<&str>,
+        ) -> Result<(Ctx::StrBuf, usize), Ctx::Error> {
+            let err_bytes = &ctx.full_data()[byte_range.clone()];
+            let mut consumed = 0;
+            let mut replace = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(4 * byte_range.len());
+            while consumed < 4 && consumed < byte_range.len() {
+                let c = err_bytes[consumed] as u16;
+                // Refuse to escape ASCII bytes
+                if c < 128 {
+                    break;
+                }
+                replace.push(CodePoint::from(0xdc00 + c));
+                consumed += 1;
+            }
+            if consumed == 0 {
+                return Err(ctx.error_decoding(byte_range, reason));
+            }
+            Ok((ctx.string(replace), byte_range.start + consumed))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub mod utf8 {
     use super::*;
 
     pub const ENCODING_NAME: &str = "utf-8";
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn encode<E: ErrorHandler>(s: &Wtf8, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
-        encode_utf8_compatible(s, errors, "surrogates not allowed", StrKind::Utf8)
+    pub fn encode<Ctx, E>(ctx: Ctx, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Ctx::Error>
+    where
+        Ctx: EncodeContext,
+        E: EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx>,
+    {
+        encode_utf8_compatible(ctx, errors, "surrogates not allowed", StrKind::Utf8)
     }
 
-    pub fn decode<E: ErrorHandler>(
-        data: &[u8],
+    pub fn decode<Ctx: DecodeContext, E: DecodeErrorHandler<Ctx>>(
+        ctx: Ctx,
         errors: &E,
         final_decode: bool,
-    ) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), E::Error> {
+    ) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), Ctx::Error> {
         decode_utf8_compatible(
-            data,
+            ctx,
             errors,
             |v| {
                 core::str::from_utf8(v).map_err(|e| {
@@ -237,67 +537,55 @@ pub mod latin_1 {
     const ERR_REASON: &str = "ordinal not in range(256)";
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn encode<E: ErrorHandler>(s: &Wtf8, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
-        let full_data = s;
-        let mut data = s;
-        let mut char_data_index = 0;
+    pub fn encode<Ctx, E>(mut ctx: Ctx, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Ctx::Error>
+    where
+        Ctx: EncodeContext,
+        E: EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx>,
+    {
         let mut out = Vec::<u8>::new();
         loop {
-            match data
-                .code_point_indices()
-                .enumerate()
-                .find(|(_, (_, c))| !c.is_ascii())
-            {
-                None => {
-                    out.extend_from_slice(data.as_bytes());
-                    break;
-                }
-                Some((char_i, (byte_i, ch))) => {
-                    out.extend_from_slice(&data.as_bytes()[..byte_i]);
-                    let char_start = char_data_index + char_i;
-                    if let Some(byte) = ch.to_u32().to_u8() {
-                        out.push(byte);
-                        // if the codepoint is between 128..=255, it's utf8-length is 2
-                        data = &data[byte_i + 2..];
-                        char_data_index = char_start + 1;
-                    } else {
-                        // number of non-latin_1 chars between the first non-latin_1 char and the next latin_1 char
-                        let non_latin_1_run_length = data[byte_i..]
-                            .code_points()
-                            .take_while(|c| c.to_u32() > 255)
-                            .count();
-                        let char_range = char_start..char_start + non_latin_1_run_length;
-                        let (replace, char_restart) = errors.handle_encode_error(
-                            full_data,
-                            char_range.clone(),
-                            ERR_REASON,
-                        )?;
-                        match replace {
-                            EncodeReplace::Str(s) => {
-                                if s.as_ref().code_points().any(|c| c.to_u32() > 255) {
-                                    return Err(
-                                        errors.error_encoding(full_data, char_range, ERR_REASON)
-                                    );
-                                }
-                                out.extend_from_slice(s.as_ref().as_bytes());
-                            }
-                            EncodeReplace::Bytes(b) => {
-                                out.extend_from_slice(b.as_ref());
-                            }
+            let data = ctx.remaining_data();
+            let mut iter = iter_code_points(ctx.remaining_data());
+            let Some((i, ch)) = iter.find(|(_, c)| !c.is_ascii()) else {
+                break;
+            };
+            out.extend_from_slice(&data.as_bytes()[..i.bytes]);
+            let err_start = ctx.position() + i;
+            if let Some(byte) = ch.to_u32().to_u8() {
+                drop(iter);
+                out.push(byte);
+                // if the codepoint is between 128..=255, it's utf8-length is 2
+                ctx.restart_from(err_start + StrSize { bytes: 2, chars: 1 })?;
+            } else {
+                // number of non-latin_1 chars between the first non-latin_1 char and the next latin_1 char
+                let err_end = match { iter }.find(|(_, c)| c.to_u32() <= 255) {
+                    Some((i, _)) => ctx.position() + i,
+                    None => ctx.data_len(),
+                };
+                let err_range = err_start..err_end;
+                let replace = ctx.handle_error(errors, err_range.clone(), Some(ERR_REASON))?;
+                match replace {
+                    EncodeReplace::Str(s) => {
+                        if s.as_ref().code_points().any(|c| c.to_u32() > 255) {
+                            return Err(ctx.error_encoding(err_range, Some(ERR_REASON)));
                         }
-                        data = crate::str::try_get_codepoints(full_data, char_restart..)
-                            .ok_or_else(|| errors.error_oob_restart(char_restart))?;
-                        char_data_index = char_restart;
+                        out.extend(s.as_ref().code_points().map(|c| c.to_u32() as u8));
+                    }
+                    EncodeReplace::Bytes(b) => {
+                        out.extend_from_slice(b.as_ref());
                     }
-                    continue;
                 }
             }
         }
+        out.extend_from_slice(ctx.remaining_data().as_bytes());
         Ok(out)
     }
 
-    pub fn decode<E: ErrorHandler>(data: &[u8], _errors: &E) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), E::Error> {
-        let out: String = data.iter().map(|c| *c as char).collect();
+    pub fn decode<Ctx: DecodeContext, E: DecodeErrorHandler<Ctx>>(
+        ctx: Ctx,
+        _errors: &E,
+    ) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), Ctx::Error> {
+        let out: String = ctx.remaining_data().iter().map(|c| *c as char).collect();
         let out_len = out.len();
         Ok((out.into(), out_len))
     }
@@ -312,13 +600,20 @@ pub mod ascii {
     const ERR_REASON: &str = "ordinal not in range(128)";
 
     #[inline]
-    pub fn encode<E: ErrorHandler>(s: &Wtf8, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, E::Error> {
-        encode_utf8_compatible(s, errors, ERR_REASON, StrKind::Ascii)
+    pub fn encode<Ctx, E>(ctx: Ctx, errors: &E) -> Result<Vec<u8>, Ctx::Error>
+    where
+        Ctx: EncodeContext,
+        E: EncodeErrorHandler<Ctx>,
+    {
+        encode_utf8_compatible(ctx, errors, ERR_REASON, StrKind::Ascii)
     }
 
-    pub fn decode<E: ErrorHandler>(data: &[u8], errors: &E) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), E::Error> {
+    pub fn decode<Ctx: DecodeContext, E: DecodeErrorHandler<Ctx>>(
+        ctx: Ctx,
+        errors: &E,
+    ) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), Ctx::Error> {
         decode_utf8_compatible(
-            data,
+            ctx,
             errors,
             |v| {
                 AsciiStr::from_ascii(v).map(|s| s.as_str()).map_err(|e| {
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index 176b5d0f87..8a00dcf1d8 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -446,6 +446,21 @@ pub fn to_ascii(value: &str) -> AsciiString {
     unsafe { AsciiString::from_ascii_unchecked(ascii) }
 }
 
+pub struct UnicodeEscapeCodepoint(pub CodePoint);
+
+impl fmt::Display for UnicodeEscapeCodepoint {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let c = self.0.to_u32();
+        if c >= 0x10000 {
+            write!(f, "\\U{c:08x}")
+        } else if c >= 0x100 {
+            write!(f, "\\u{c:04x}")
+        } else {
+            write!(f, "\\x{c:02x}")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub mod levenshtein {
     use std::{cell::RefCell, thread_local};
 
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
index f209b98a3e..f6ae628bad 100644
--- a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -618,6 +618,9 @@ impl ToOwned for Wtf8 {
     fn to_owned(&self) -> Self::Owned {
         self.to_wtf8_buf()
     }
+    fn clone_into(&self, buf: &mut Self::Owned) {
+        self.bytes.clone_into(&mut buf.bytes);
+    }
 }
 
 impl PartialEq<str> for Wtf8 {
@@ -872,8 +875,8 @@ impl Wtf8 {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn clone_into(&self, buf: &mut Wtf8Buf) {
-        self.bytes.clone_into(&mut buf.bytes);
+    pub fn is_code_point_boundary(&self, index: usize) -> bool {
+        is_code_point_boundary(self, index)
     }
 
     /// Boxes this `Wtf8`.
@@ -1101,6 +1104,7 @@ impl ops::Index<ops::Range<usize>> for Wtf8 {
     type Output = Wtf8;
 
     #[inline]
+    #[track_caller]
     fn index(&self, range: ops::Range<usize>) -> &Wtf8 {
         // is_code_point_boundary checks that the index is in [0, .len()]
         if range.start <= range.end
@@ -1124,6 +1128,7 @@ impl ops::Index<ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for Wtf8 {
     type Output = Wtf8;
 
     #[inline]
+    #[track_caller]
     fn index(&self, range: ops::RangeFrom<usize>) -> &Wtf8 {
         // is_code_point_boundary checks that the index is in [0, .len()]
         if is_code_point_boundary(self, range.start) {
@@ -1144,6 +1149,7 @@ impl ops::Index<ops::RangeTo<usize>> for Wtf8 {
     type Output = Wtf8;
 
     #[inline]
+    #[track_caller]
     fn index(&self, range: ops::RangeTo<usize>) -> &Wtf8 {
         // is_code_point_boundary checks that the index is in [0, .len()]
         if is_code_point_boundary(self, range.end) {
@@ -1171,7 +1177,7 @@ fn decode_surrogate(second_byte: u8, third_byte: u8) -> u16 {
 
 /// Copied from str::is_char_boundary
 #[inline]
-pub fn is_code_point_boundary(slice: &Wtf8, index: usize) -> bool {
+fn is_code_point_boundary(slice: &Wtf8, index: usize) -> bool {
     if index == 0 {
         return true;
     }
@@ -1226,6 +1232,7 @@ pub unsafe fn slice_unchecked(s: &Wtf8, begin: usize, end: usize) -> &Wtf8 {
 
 /// Copied from core::str::raw::slice_error_fail
 #[inline(never)]
+#[track_caller]
 pub fn slice_error_fail(s: &Wtf8, begin: usize, end: usize) -> ! {
     assert!(begin <= end);
     panic!("index {begin} and/or {end} in `{s:?}` do not lie on character boundary");
diff --git a/vm/src/codecs.rs b/vm/src/codecs.rs
index bdb9b4b809..8d002916a6 100644
--- a/vm/src/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/codecs.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,27 @@
-use rustpython_common::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8Buf};
+use rustpython_common::{
+    borrow::BorrowedValue,
+    encodings::{
+        CodecContext, DecodeContext, DecodeErrorHandler, EncodeContext, EncodeErrorHandler,
+        EncodeReplace, StrBuffer, StrSize, errors,
+    },
+    str::StrKind,
+    wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf},
+};
 
 use crate::{
-    AsObject, Context, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
-    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef},
+    AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject,
+    TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef},
     common::{ascii, lock::PyRwLock},
     convert::ToPyObject,
-    function::PyMethodDef,
+    function::{ArgBytesLike, PyMethodDef},
+};
+use once_cell::unsync::OnceCell;
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    collections::HashMap,
+    ops::{self, Range},
 };
-use std::{borrow::Cow, collections::HashMap, fmt::Write, ops::Range};
 
 pub struct CodecsRegistry {
     inner: PyRwLock<RegistryInner>,
@@ -360,6 +374,676 @@ fn normalize_encoding_name(encoding: &str) -> Cow<'_, str> {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Eq, PartialEq)]
+enum StandardEncoding {
+    Utf8,
+    Utf16Be,
+    Utf16Le,
+    Utf32Be,
+    Utf32Le,
+}
+
+impl StandardEncoding {
+    #[cfg(target_endian = "little")]
+    const UTF_16_NE: Self = Self::Utf16Le;
+    #[cfg(target_endian = "big")]
+    const UTF_16_NE: Self = Self::Utf16Be;
+
+    #[cfg(target_endian = "little")]
+    const UTF_32_NE: Self = Self::Utf32Le;
+    #[cfg(target_endian = "big")]
+    const UTF_32_NE: Self = Self::Utf32Be;
+
+    fn parse(encoding: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        if let Some(encoding) = encoding.to_lowercase().strip_prefix("utf") {
+            let encoding = encoding
+                .strip_prefix(|c| ['-', '_'].contains(&c))
+                .unwrap_or(encoding);
+            if encoding == "8" {
+                Some(Self::Utf8)
+            } else if let Some(encoding) = encoding.strip_prefix("16") {
+                if encoding.is_empty() {
+                    return Some(Self::UTF_16_NE);
+                }
+                let encoding = encoding.strip_prefix(['-', '_']).unwrap_or(encoding);
+                match encoding {
+                    "be" => Some(Self::Utf16Be),
+                    "le" => Some(Self::Utf16Le),
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+            } else if let Some(encoding) = encoding.strip_prefix("32") {
+                if encoding.is_empty() {
+                    return Some(Self::UTF_32_NE);
+                }
+                let encoding = encoding.strip_prefix(['-', '_']).unwrap_or(encoding);
+                match encoding {
+                    "be" => Some(Self::Utf32Be),
+                    "le" => Some(Self::Utf32Le),
+                    _ => return None,
+                }
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        } else if encoding == "CP_UTF8" {
+            Some(Self::Utf8)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+struct SurrogatePass;
+
+impl<'a> EncodeErrorHandler<PyEncodeContext<'a>> for SurrogatePass {
+    fn handle_encode_error(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut PyEncodeContext<'a>,
+        range: Range<StrSize>,
+        reason: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PyResult<(EncodeReplace<PyEncodeContext<'a>>, StrSize)> {
+        let standard_encoding = StandardEncoding::parse(ctx.encoding)
+            .ok_or_else(|| ctx.error_encoding(range.clone(), reason))?;
+        let err_str = &ctx.full_data()[range.start.bytes..range.end.bytes];
+        let num_chars = range.end.chars - range.start.chars;
+        let mut out: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(num_chars * 4);
+        for ch in err_str.code_points() {
+            let c = ch.to_u32();
+            let 0xd800..=0xdfff = c else {
+                // Not a surrogate, fail with original exception
+                return Err(ctx.error_encoding(range, reason));
+            };
+            match standard_encoding {
+                StandardEncoding::Utf8 => out.extend(ch.encode_wtf8(&mut [0; 4]).as_bytes()),
+                StandardEncoding::Utf16Le => out.extend((c as u16).to_le_bytes()),
+                StandardEncoding::Utf16Be => out.extend((c as u16).to_be_bytes()),
+                StandardEncoding::Utf32Le => out.extend(c.to_le_bytes()),
+                StandardEncoding::Utf32Be => out.extend(c.to_be_bytes()),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok((EncodeReplace::Bytes(ctx.bytes(out)), range.end))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> DecodeErrorHandler<PyDecodeContext<'a>> for SurrogatePass {
+    fn handle_decode_error(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut PyDecodeContext<'a>,
+        byte_range: Range<usize>,
+        reason: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PyResult<(PyStrRef, usize)> {
+        let standard_encoding = StandardEncoding::parse(ctx.encoding)
+            .ok_or_else(|| ctx.error_decoding(byte_range.clone(), reason))?;
+
+        let s = ctx.full_data();
+        debug_assert!(byte_range.start <= 0.max(s.len() - 1));
+        debug_assert!(byte_range.end >= 1.min(s.len()));
+        debug_assert!(byte_range.end <= s.len());
+
+        // Try decoding a single surrogate character. If there are more,
+        // let the codec call us again.
+        let p = &s[byte_range.start..];
+
+        fn slice<const N: usize>(p: &[u8]) -> Option<[u8; N]> {
+            p.get(..N).map(|x| x.try_into().unwrap())
+        }
+
+        let c = match standard_encoding {
+            StandardEncoding::Utf8 => {
+                // it's a three-byte code
+                slice::<3>(p)
+                    .filter(|&[a, b, c]| {
+                        (u32::from(a) & 0xf0) == 0xe0
+                            && (u32::from(b) & 0xc0) == 0x80
+                            && (u32::from(c) & 0xc0) == 0x80
+                    })
+                    .map(|[a, b, c]| {
+                        ((u32::from(a) & 0x0f) << 12)
+                            + ((u32::from(b) & 0x3f) << 6)
+                            + (u32::from(c) & 0x3f)
+                    })
+            }
+            StandardEncoding::Utf16Le => slice(p).map(u16::from_le_bytes).map(u32::from),
+            StandardEncoding::Utf16Be => slice(p).map(u16::from_be_bytes).map(u32::from),
+            StandardEncoding::Utf32Le => slice(p).map(u32::from_le_bytes),
+            StandardEncoding::Utf32Be => slice(p).map(u32::from_be_bytes),
+        };
+        let byte_length = match standard_encoding {
+            StandardEncoding::Utf8 => 3,
+            StandardEncoding::Utf16Be | StandardEncoding::Utf16Le => 2,
+            StandardEncoding::Utf32Be | StandardEncoding::Utf32Le => 4,
+        };
+
+        // !Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE
+        let c = c
+            .and_then(CodePoint::from_u32)
+            .filter(|c| matches!(c.to_u32(), 0xd800..=0xdfff))
+            .ok_or_else(|| ctx.error_decoding(byte_range.clone(), reason))?;
+
+        Ok((ctx.string(c.into()), byte_range.start + byte_length))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct PyEncodeContext<'a> {
+    vm: &'a VirtualMachine,
+    encoding: &'a str,
+    data: &'a Py<PyStr>,
+    pos: StrSize,
+    exception: OnceCell<PyBaseExceptionRef>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> PyEncodeContext<'a> {
+    pub fn new(encoding: &'a str, data: &'a Py<PyStr>, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            vm,
+            encoding,
+            data,
+            pos: StrSize::default(),
+            exception: OnceCell::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CodecContext for PyEncodeContext<'_> {
+    type Error = PyBaseExceptionRef;
+    type StrBuf = PyStrRef;
+    type BytesBuf = PyBytesRef;
+
+    fn string(&self, s: Wtf8Buf) -> Self::StrBuf {
+        self.vm.ctx.new_str(s)
+    }
+
+    fn bytes(&self, b: Vec<u8>) -> Self::BytesBuf {
+        self.vm.ctx.new_bytes(b)
+    }
+}
+impl EncodeContext for PyEncodeContext<'_> {
+    fn full_data(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.data.as_wtf8()
+    }
+
+    fn data_len(&self) -> StrSize {
+        StrSize {
+            bytes: self.data.byte_len(),
+            chars: self.data.char_len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn remaining_data(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        &self.full_data()[self.pos.bytes..]
+    }
+
+    fn position(&self) -> StrSize {
+        self.pos
+    }
+
+    fn restart_from(&mut self, pos: StrSize) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        if pos.chars > self.data.char_len() {
+            return Err(self.vm.new_index_error(format!(
+                "position {} from error handler out of bounds",
+                pos.chars
+            )));
+        }
+        assert!(
+            self.data.as_wtf8().is_code_point_boundary(pos.bytes),
+            "invalid pos {pos:?} for {:?}",
+            self.data.as_wtf8()
+        );
+        self.pos = pos;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn error_encoding(&self, range: Range<StrSize>, reason: Option<&str>) -> Self::Error {
+        let vm = self.vm;
+        match self.exception.get() {
+            Some(exc) => {
+                match update_unicode_error_attrs(
+                    exc.as_object(),
+                    range.start.chars,
+                    range.end.chars,
+                    reason,
+                    vm,
+                ) {
+                    Ok(()) => exc.clone(),
+                    Err(e) => e,
+                }
+            }
+            None => self
+                .exception
+                .get_or_init(|| {
+                    let reason = reason.expect(
+                        "should only ever pass reason: None if an exception is already set",
+                    );
+                    vm.new_unicode_encode_error_real(
+                        vm.ctx.new_str(self.encoding),
+                        self.data.to_owned(),
+                        range.start.chars,
+                        range.end.chars,
+                        vm.ctx.new_str(reason),
+                    )
+                })
+                .clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct PyDecodeContext<'a> {
+    vm: &'a VirtualMachine,
+    encoding: &'a str,
+    data: PyDecodeData<'a>,
+    orig_bytes: Option<&'a Py<PyBytes>>,
+    pos: usize,
+    exception: OnceCell<PyBaseExceptionRef>,
+}
+enum PyDecodeData<'a> {
+    Original(BorrowedValue<'a, [u8]>),
+    Modified(PyBytesRef),
+}
+impl ops::Deref for PyDecodeData<'_> {
+    type Target = [u8];
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        match self {
+            PyDecodeData::Original(data) => data,
+            PyDecodeData::Modified(data) => data,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> PyDecodeContext<'a> {
+    pub fn new(encoding: &'a str, data: &'a ArgBytesLike, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            vm,
+            encoding,
+            data: PyDecodeData::Original(data.borrow_buf()),
+            orig_bytes: data.as_object().downcast_ref(),
+            pos: 0,
+            exception: OnceCell::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl CodecContext for PyDecodeContext<'_> {
+    type Error = PyBaseExceptionRef;
+    type StrBuf = PyStrRef;
+    type BytesBuf = PyBytesRef;
+
+    fn string(&self, s: Wtf8Buf) -> Self::StrBuf {
+        self.vm.ctx.new_str(s)
+    }
+
+    fn bytes(&self, b: Vec<u8>) -> Self::BytesBuf {
+        self.vm.ctx.new_bytes(b)
+    }
+}
+impl DecodeContext for PyDecodeContext<'_> {
+    fn full_data(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.data
+    }
+
+    fn remaining_data(&self) -> &[u8] {
+        &self.data[self.pos..]
+    }
+
+    fn position(&self) -> usize {
+        self.pos
+    }
+
+    fn advance(&mut self, by: usize) {
+        self.pos += by;
+    }
+
+    fn restart_from(&mut self, pos: usize) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        if pos > self.data.len() {
+            return Err(self
+                .vm
+                .new_index_error(format!("position {pos} from error handler out of bounds",)));
+        }
+        self.pos = pos;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn error_decoding(&self, byte_range: Range<usize>, reason: Option<&str>) -> Self::Error {
+        let vm = self.vm;
+
+        match self.exception.get() {
+            Some(exc) => {
+                match update_unicode_error_attrs(
+                    exc.as_object(),
+                    byte_range.start,
+                    byte_range.end,
+                    reason,
+                    vm,
+                ) {
+                    Ok(()) => exc.clone(),
+                    Err(e) => e,
+                }
+            }
+            None => self
+                .exception
+                .get_or_init(|| {
+                    let reason = reason.expect(
+                        "should only ever pass reason: None if an exception is already set",
+                    );
+                    let data = if let Some(bytes) = self.orig_bytes {
+                        bytes.to_owned()
+                    } else {
+                        vm.ctx.new_bytes(self.data.to_vec())
+                    };
+                    vm.new_unicode_decode_error_real(
+                        vm.ctx.new_str(self.encoding),
+                        data,
+                        byte_range.start,
+                        byte_range.end,
+                        vm.ctx.new_str(reason),
+                    )
+                })
+                .clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(strum_macros::EnumString)]
+#[strum(serialize_all = "lowercase")]
+enum StandardError {
+    Strict,
+    Ignore,
+    Replace,
+    XmlCharRefReplace,
+    BackslashReplace,
+    SurrogatePass,
+    SurrogateEscape,
+}
+
+impl<'a> EncodeErrorHandler<PyEncodeContext<'a>> for StandardError {
+    fn handle_encode_error(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut PyEncodeContext<'a>,
+        range: Range<StrSize>,
+        reason: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PyResult<(EncodeReplace<PyEncodeContext<'a>>, StrSize)> {
+        use StandardError::*;
+        // use errors::*;
+        match self {
+            Strict => errors::Strict.handle_encode_error(ctx, range, reason),
+            Ignore => errors::Ignore.handle_encode_error(ctx, range, reason),
+            Replace => errors::Replace.handle_encode_error(ctx, range, reason),
+            XmlCharRefReplace => errors::XmlCharRefReplace.handle_encode_error(ctx, range, reason),
+            BackslashReplace => errors::BackslashReplace.handle_encode_error(ctx, range, reason),
+            SurrogatePass => SurrogatePass.handle_encode_error(ctx, range, reason),
+            SurrogateEscape => errors::SurrogateEscape.handle_encode_error(ctx, range, reason),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> DecodeErrorHandler<PyDecodeContext<'a>> for StandardError {
+    fn handle_decode_error(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut PyDecodeContext<'a>,
+        byte_range: Range<usize>,
+        reason: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PyResult<(PyStrRef, usize)> {
+        use StandardError::*;
+        match self {
+            Strict => errors::Strict.handle_decode_error(ctx, byte_range, reason),
+            Ignore => errors::Ignore.handle_decode_error(ctx, byte_range, reason),
+            Replace => errors::Replace.handle_decode_error(ctx, byte_range, reason),
+            XmlCharRefReplace => Err(ctx.vm.new_type_error(
+                "don't know how to handle UnicodeDecodeError in error callback".to_owned(),
+            )),
+            BackslashReplace => {
+                errors::BackslashReplace.handle_decode_error(ctx, byte_range, reason)
+            }
+            SurrogatePass => self::SurrogatePass.handle_decode_error(ctx, byte_range, reason),
+            SurrogateEscape => errors::SurrogateEscape.handle_decode_error(ctx, byte_range, reason),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct ErrorsHandler<'a> {
+    errors: &'a Py<PyStr>,
+    resolved: OnceCell<ResolvedError>,
+}
+enum ResolvedError {
+    Standard(StandardError),
+    Handler(PyObjectRef),
+}
+
+impl<'a> ErrorsHandler<'a> {
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn new(errors: Option<&'a Py<PyStr>>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+        match errors {
+            Some(errors) => Self {
+                errors,
+                resolved: OnceCell::new(),
+            },
+            None => Self {
+                errors: identifier!(vm, strict).as_ref(),
+                resolved: OnceCell::with_value(ResolvedError::Standard(StandardError::Strict)),
+            },
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn resolve(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&ResolvedError> {
+        self.resolved.get_or_try_init(|| {
+            if let Ok(standard) = self.errors.as_str().parse() {
+                Ok(ResolvedError::Standard(standard))
+            } else {
+                vm.state
+                    .codec_registry
+                    .lookup_error(self.errors.as_str(), vm)
+                    .map(ResolvedError::Handler)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+impl StrBuffer for PyStrRef {
+    fn is_compatible_with(&self, kind: StrKind) -> bool {
+        self.kind() <= kind
+    }
+}
+impl<'a> EncodeErrorHandler<PyEncodeContext<'a>> for ErrorsHandler<'_> {
+    fn handle_encode_error(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut PyEncodeContext<'a>,
+        range: Range<StrSize>,
+        reason: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PyResult<(EncodeReplace<PyEncodeContext<'a>>, StrSize)> {
+        let vm = ctx.vm;
+        let handler = match self.resolve(vm)? {
+            ResolvedError::Standard(standard) => {
+                return standard.handle_encode_error(ctx, range, reason);
+            }
+            ResolvedError::Handler(handler) => handler,
+        };
+        let encode_exc = ctx.error_encoding(range.clone(), reason);
+        let res = handler.call((encode_exc.clone(),), vm)?;
+        let tuple_err = || {
+            vm.new_type_error(
+                "encoding error handler must return (str/bytes, int) tuple".to_owned(),
+            )
+        };
+        let (replace, restart) = match res.payload::<PyTuple>().map(|tup| tup.as_slice()) {
+            Some([replace, restart]) => (replace.clone(), restart),
+            _ => return Err(tuple_err()),
+        };
+        let replace = match_class!(match replace {
+            s @ PyStr => EncodeReplace::Str(s),
+            b @ PyBytes => EncodeReplace::Bytes(b),
+            _ => return Err(tuple_err()),
+        });
+        let restart = isize::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, restart).map_err(|_| tuple_err())?;
+        let restart = if restart < 0 {
+            // will still be out of bounds if it underflows ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
+            ctx.data.char_len().wrapping_sub(restart.unsigned_abs())
+        } else {
+            restart as usize
+        };
+        let restart = if restart == range.end.chars {
+            range.end
+        } else {
+            StrSize {
+                chars: restart,
+                bytes: ctx
+                    .data
+                    .as_wtf8()
+                    .code_point_indices()
+                    .nth(restart)
+                    .map_or(ctx.data.byte_len(), |(i, _)| i),
+            }
+        };
+        Ok((replace, restart))
+    }
+}
+impl<'a> DecodeErrorHandler<PyDecodeContext<'a>> for ErrorsHandler<'_> {
+    fn handle_decode_error(
+        &self,
+        ctx: &mut PyDecodeContext<'a>,
+        byte_range: Range<usize>,
+        reason: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> PyResult<(PyStrRef, usize)> {
+        let vm = ctx.vm;
+        let handler = match self.resolve(vm)? {
+            ResolvedError::Standard(standard) => {
+                return standard.handle_decode_error(ctx, byte_range, reason);
+            }
+            ResolvedError::Handler(handler) => handler,
+        };
+        let decode_exc = ctx.error_decoding(byte_range.clone(), reason);
+        let data_bytes: PyObjectRef = decode_exc.as_object().get_attr("object", vm)?;
+        let res = handler.call((decode_exc.clone(),), vm)?;
+        let new_data = decode_exc.as_object().get_attr("object", vm)?;
+        if !new_data.is(&data_bytes) {
+            let new_data: PyBytesRef = new_data
+                .downcast()
+                .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("object attribute must be bytes".to_owned()))?;
+            ctx.data = PyDecodeData::Modified(new_data);
+        }
+        let data = &*ctx.data;
+        let tuple_err =
+            || vm.new_type_error("decoding error handler must return (str, int) tuple".to_owned());
+        match res.payload::<PyTuple>().map(|tup| tup.as_slice()) {
+            Some([replace, restart]) => {
+                let replace = replace
+                    .downcast_ref::<PyStr>()
+                    .ok_or_else(tuple_err)?
+                    .to_owned();
+                let restart =
+                    isize::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, restart).map_err(|_| tuple_err())?;
+                let restart = if restart < 0 {
+                    // will still be out of bounds if it underflows ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
+                    data.len().wrapping_sub(restart.unsigned_abs())
+                } else {
+                    restart as usize
+                };
+                Ok((replace, restart))
+            }
+            _ => Err(tuple_err()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn call_native_encode_error<E>(
+    handler: E,
+    err: PyObjectRef,
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, usize)>
+where
+    for<'a> E: EncodeErrorHandler<PyEncodeContext<'a>>,
+{
+    // let err = err.
+    let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
+    let s = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
+    let s_encoding = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("encoding", vm)?)?;
+    let mut ctx = PyEncodeContext {
+        vm,
+        encoding: s_encoding.as_str(),
+        data: &s,
+        pos: StrSize::default(),
+        exception: OnceCell::with_value(err.downcast().unwrap()),
+    };
+    let mut iter = s.as_wtf8().code_point_indices();
+    let start = StrSize {
+        chars: range.start,
+        bytes: iter.nth(range.start).unwrap().0,
+    };
+    let end = StrSize {
+        chars: range.end,
+        bytes: if let Some(n) = range.len().checked_sub(1) {
+            iter.nth(n).map_or(s.byte_len(), |(i, _)| i)
+        } else {
+            start.bytes
+        },
+    };
+    let (replace, restart) = handler.handle_encode_error(&mut ctx, start..end, None)?;
+    let replace = match replace {
+        EncodeReplace::Str(s) => s.into(),
+        EncodeReplace::Bytes(b) => b.into(),
+    };
+    Ok((replace, restart.chars))
+}
+
+fn call_native_decode_error<E>(
+    handler: E,
+    err: PyObjectRef,
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, usize)>
+where
+    for<'a> E: DecodeErrorHandler<PyDecodeContext<'a>>,
+{
+    let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
+    let s = ArgBytesLike::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
+    let s_encoding = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("encoding", vm)?)?;
+    let mut ctx = PyDecodeContext {
+        vm,
+        encoding: s_encoding.as_str(),
+        data: PyDecodeData::Original(s.borrow_buf()),
+        orig_bytes: s.as_object().downcast_ref(),
+        pos: 0,
+        exception: OnceCell::with_value(err.downcast().unwrap()),
+    };
+    let (replace, restart) = handler.handle_decode_error(&mut ctx, range, None)?;
+    Ok((replace.into(), restart))
+}
+
+// this is a hack, for now
+fn call_native_translate_error<E>(
+    handler: E,
+    err: PyObjectRef,
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, usize)>
+where
+    for<'a> E: EncodeErrorHandler<PyEncodeContext<'a>>,
+{
+    // let err = err.
+    let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
+    let s = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
+    let mut ctx = PyEncodeContext {
+        vm,
+        encoding: "",
+        data: &s,
+        pos: StrSize::default(),
+        exception: OnceCell::with_value(err.downcast().unwrap()),
+    };
+    let mut iter = s.as_wtf8().code_point_indices();
+    let start = StrSize {
+        chars: range.start,
+        bytes: iter.nth(range.start).unwrap().0,
+    };
+    let end = StrSize {
+        chars: range.end,
+        bytes: if let Some(n) = range.len().checked_sub(1) {
+            iter.nth(n).map_or(s.byte_len(), |(i, _)| i)
+        } else {
+            start.bytes
+        },
+    };
+    let (replace, restart) = handler.handle_encode_error(&mut ctx, start..end, None)?;
+    let replace = match replace {
+        EncodeReplace::Str(s) => s.into(),
+        EncodeReplace::Bytes(b) => b.into(),
+    };
+    Ok((replace, restart.chars))
+}
+
 // TODO: exceptions with custom payloads
 fn extract_unicode_error_range(err: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Range<usize>> {
     let start = err.get_attr("start", vm)?;
@@ -369,14 +1053,32 @@ fn extract_unicode_error_range(err: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<
     Ok(Range { start, end })
 }
 
+fn update_unicode_error_attrs(
+    err: &PyObject,
+    start: usize,
+    end: usize,
+    reason: Option<&str>,
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+) -> PyResult<()> {
+    err.set_attr("start", start.to_pyobject(vm), vm)?;
+    err.set_attr("end", end.to_pyobject(vm), vm)?;
+    if let Some(reason) = reason {
+        err.set_attr("reason", reason.to_pyobject(vm), vm)?;
+    }
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[inline]
+fn is_encode_err(err: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error)
+}
 #[inline]
 fn is_decode_err(err: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
     err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_decode_error)
 }
 #[inline]
-fn is_encode_ish_err(err: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
-    err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error)
-        || err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_translate_error)
+fn is_translate_err(err: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> bool {
+    err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_translate_error)
 }
 
 fn bad_err_type(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
@@ -394,7 +1096,7 @@ fn strict_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
 }
 
 fn ignore_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, usize)> {
-    if is_encode_ish_err(&err, vm) || is_decode_err(&err, vm) {
+    if is_encode_err(&err, vm) || is_decode_err(&err, vm) || is_translate_err(&err, vm) {
         let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
         Ok((vm.ctx.new_str(ascii!("")).into(), range.end))
     } else {
@@ -402,325 +1104,71 @@ fn ignore_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef
     }
 }
 
-fn replace_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(String, usize)> {
-    // char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER as a str
-    let replacement_char = "\u{FFFD}";
-    let replace = if err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error) {
-        "?"
-    } else if err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_decode_error) {
+fn replace_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, usize)> {
+    if is_encode_err(&err, vm) {
+        call_native_encode_error(errors::Replace, err, vm)
+    } else if is_decode_err(&err, vm) {
+        call_native_decode_error(errors::Replace, err, vm)
+    } else if is_translate_err(&err, vm) {
+        // char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER as a str
+        let replacement_char = "\u{FFFD}";
         let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
-        return Ok((replacement_char.to_owned(), range.end));
-    } else if err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_translate_error) {
-        replacement_char
+        let replace = replacement_char.repeat(range.end - range.start);
+        Ok((replace.to_pyobject(vm), range.end))
     } else {
         return Err(bad_err_type(err, vm));
-    };
-    let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
-    let replace = replace.repeat(range.end - range.start);
-    Ok((replace, range.end))
-}
-
-fn xmlcharrefreplace_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(String, usize)> {
-    if !is_encode_ish_err(&err, vm) {
-        return Err(bad_err_type(err, vm));
-    }
-    let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
-    let s = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
-    let s_after_start =
-        crate::common::str::try_get_codepoints(s.as_wtf8(), range.start..).unwrap_or_default();
-    let num_chars = range.len();
-    // capacity rough guess; assuming that the codepoints are 3 digits in decimal + the &#;
-    let mut out = String::with_capacity(num_chars * 6);
-    for c in s_after_start.code_points().take(num_chars) {
-        write!(out, "&#{};", c.to_u32()).unwrap()
     }
-    Ok((out, range.end))
 }
 
-fn backslashreplace_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(String, usize)> {
-    if is_decode_err(&err, vm) {
-        let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
-        let b = PyBytesRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
-        let mut replace = String::with_capacity(4 * range.len());
-        for &c in &b[range.clone()] {
-            write!(replace, "\\x{c:02x}").unwrap();
-        }
-        return Ok((replace, range.end));
-    } else if !is_encode_ish_err(&err, vm) {
-        return Err(bad_err_type(err, vm));
-    }
-    let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
-    let s = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
-    let s_after_start =
-        crate::common::str::try_get_codepoints(s.as_wtf8(), range.start..).unwrap_or_default();
-    let num_chars = range.len();
-    // minimum 4 output bytes per char: \xNN
-    let mut out = String::with_capacity(num_chars * 4);
-    for c in s_after_start.code_points().take(num_chars) {
-        let c = c.to_u32();
-        if c >= 0x10000 {
-            write!(out, "\\U{c:08x}").unwrap();
-        } else if c >= 0x100 {
-            write!(out, "\\u{c:04x}").unwrap();
-        } else {
-            write!(out, "\\x{c:02x}").unwrap();
-        }
+fn xmlcharrefreplace_errors(
+    err: PyObjectRef,
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, usize)> {
+    if is_encode_err(&err, vm) {
+        call_native_encode_error(errors::XmlCharRefReplace, err, vm)
+    } else {
+        Err(bad_err_type(err, vm))
     }
-    Ok((out, range.end))
 }
 
-fn namereplace_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(String, usize)> {
-    if err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error) {
-        let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
-        let s = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
-        let s_after_start =
-            crate::common::str::try_get_codepoints(s.as_wtf8(), range.start..).unwrap_or_default();
-        let num_chars = range.len();
-        let mut out = String::with_capacity(num_chars * 4);
-        for c in s_after_start.code_points().take(num_chars) {
-            let c_u32 = c.to_u32();
-            if let Some(c_name) = unicode_names2::name(c.to_char_lossy()) {
-                write!(out, "\\N{{{c_name}}}").unwrap();
-            } else if c_u32 >= 0x10000 {
-                write!(out, "\\U{c_u32:08x}").unwrap();
-            } else if c_u32 >= 0x100 {
-                write!(out, "\\u{c_u32:04x}").unwrap();
-            } else {
-                write!(out, "\\x{c_u32:02x}").unwrap();
-            }
-        }
-        Ok((out, range.end))
+fn backslashreplace_errors(
+    err: PyObjectRef,
+    vm: &VirtualMachine,
+) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, usize)> {
+    if is_decode_err(&err, vm) {
+        call_native_decode_error(errors::BackslashReplace, err, vm)
+    } else if is_encode_err(&err, vm) {
+        call_native_encode_error(errors::BackslashReplace, err, vm)
+    } else if is_translate_err(&err, vm) {
+        call_native_translate_error(errors::BackslashReplace, err, vm)
     } else {
         Err(bad_err_type(err, vm))
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Eq, PartialEq)]
-enum StandardEncoding {
-    Utf8,
-    Utf16Be,
-    Utf16Le,
-    Utf32Be,
-    Utf32Le,
-    Unknown,
-}
-
-fn get_standard_encoding(encoding: &str) -> (usize, StandardEncoding) {
-    if let Some(encoding) = encoding.to_lowercase().strip_prefix("utf") {
-        let mut byte_length: usize = 0;
-        let mut standard_encoding = StandardEncoding::Unknown;
-        let encoding = encoding
-            .strip_prefix(|c| ['-', '_'].contains(&c))
-            .unwrap_or(encoding);
-        if encoding == "8" {
-            byte_length = 3;
-            standard_encoding = StandardEncoding::Utf8;
-        } else if let Some(encoding) = encoding.strip_prefix("16") {
-            byte_length = 2;
-            if encoding.is_empty() {
-                if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
-                    standard_encoding = StandardEncoding::Utf16Le;
-                } else if cfg!(target_endian = "big") {
-                    standard_encoding = StandardEncoding::Utf16Be;
-                }
-                if standard_encoding != StandardEncoding::Unknown {
-                    return (byte_length, standard_encoding);
-                }
-            }
-            let encoding = encoding
-                .strip_prefix(|c| ['-', '_'].contains(&c))
-                .unwrap_or(encoding);
-            standard_encoding = match encoding {
-                "be" => StandardEncoding::Utf16Be,
-                "le" => StandardEncoding::Utf16Le,
-                _ => StandardEncoding::Unknown,
-            }
-        } else if let Some(encoding) = encoding.strip_prefix("32") {
-            byte_length = 4;
-            if encoding.is_empty() {
-                if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
-                    standard_encoding = StandardEncoding::Utf32Le;
-                } else if cfg!(target_endian = "big") {
-                    standard_encoding = StandardEncoding::Utf32Be;
-                }
-                if standard_encoding != StandardEncoding::Unknown {
-                    return (byte_length, standard_encoding);
-                }
-            }
-            let encoding = encoding
-                .strip_prefix(|c| ['-', '_'].contains(&c))
-                .unwrap_or(encoding);
-            standard_encoding = match encoding {
-                "be" => StandardEncoding::Utf32Be,
-                "le" => StandardEncoding::Utf32Le,
-                _ => StandardEncoding::Unknown,
-            }
-        }
-        return (byte_length, standard_encoding);
-    } else if encoding == "CP_UTF8" {
-        return (3, StandardEncoding::Utf8);
+fn namereplace_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, usize)> {
+    if is_encode_err(&err, vm) {
+        call_native_encode_error(errors::NameReplace, err, vm)
+    } else {
+        Err(bad_err_type(err, vm))
     }
-    (0, StandardEncoding::Unknown)
 }
 
 fn surrogatepass_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, usize)> {
-    if err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error) {
-        let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
-        let s = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
-        let s_encoding = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("encoding", vm)?)?;
-        let (_, standard_encoding) = get_standard_encoding(s_encoding.as_str());
-        if let StandardEncoding::Unknown = standard_encoding {
-            // Not supported, fail with original exception
-            return Err(err.downcast().unwrap());
-        }
-        let s_after_start =
-            crate::common::str::try_get_codepoints(s.as_wtf8(), range.start..).unwrap_or_default();
-        let num_chars = range.len();
-        let mut out: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(num_chars * 4);
-        for c in s_after_start.code_points().take(num_chars) {
-            let c = c.to_u32();
-            if !(0xd800..=0xdfff).contains(&c) {
-                // Not a surrogate, fail with original exception
-                return Err(err.downcast().unwrap());
-            }
-            match standard_encoding {
-                StandardEncoding::Utf8 => {
-                    out.push((0xe0 | (c >> 12)) as u8);
-                    out.push((0x80 | ((c >> 6) & 0x3f)) as u8);
-                    out.push((0x80 | (c & 0x3f)) as u8);
-                }
-                StandardEncoding::Utf16Le => {
-                    out.push(c as u8);
-                    out.push((c >> 8) as u8);
-                }
-                StandardEncoding::Utf16Be => {
-                    out.push((c >> 8) as u8);
-                    out.push(c as u8);
-                }
-                StandardEncoding::Utf32Le => {
-                    out.push(c as u8);
-                    out.push((c >> 8) as u8);
-                    out.push((c >> 16) as u8);
-                    out.push((c >> 24) as u8);
-                }
-                StandardEncoding::Utf32Be => {
-                    out.push((c >> 24) as u8);
-                    out.push((c >> 16) as u8);
-                    out.push((c >> 8) as u8);
-                    out.push(c as u8);
-                }
-                StandardEncoding::Unknown => {
-                    unreachable!("NOTE: RUSTPYTHON, should've bailed out earlier")
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Ok((vm.ctx.new_bytes(out).into(), range.end))
+    if is_encode_err(&err, vm) {
+        call_native_encode_error(SurrogatePass, err, vm)
     } else if is_decode_err(&err, vm) {
-        let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
-        let s = PyBytesRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
-        let s_encoding = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("encoding", vm)?)?;
-        let (byte_length, standard_encoding) = get_standard_encoding(s_encoding.as_str());
-        if let StandardEncoding::Unknown = standard_encoding {
-            // Not supported, fail with original exception
-            return Err(err.downcast().unwrap());
-        }
-
-        debug_assert!(range.start <= 0.max(s.len() - 1));
-        debug_assert!(range.end >= 1.min(s.len()));
-        debug_assert!(range.end <= s.len());
-
-        let mut c: u32 = 0;
-        // Try decoding a single surrogate character. If there are more,
-        // let the codec call us again.
-        let p = &s.as_bytes()[range.start..];
-        if p.len().overflowing_sub(range.start).0 >= byte_length {
-            match standard_encoding {
-                StandardEncoding::Utf8 => {
-                    if (p[0] as u32 & 0xf0) == 0xe0
-                        && (p[1] as u32 & 0xc0) == 0x80
-                        && (p[2] as u32 & 0xc0) == 0x80
-                    {
-                        // it's a three-byte code
-                        c = ((p[0] as u32 & 0x0f) << 12)
-                            + ((p[1] as u32 & 0x3f) << 6)
-                            + (p[2] as u32 & 0x3f);
-                    }
-                }
-                StandardEncoding::Utf16Le => {
-                    c = ((p[1] as u32) << 8) | p[0] as u32;
-                }
-                StandardEncoding::Utf16Be => {
-                    c = ((p[0] as u32) << 8) | p[1] as u32;
-                }
-                StandardEncoding::Utf32Le => {
-                    c = ((p[3] as u32) << 24)
-                        | ((p[2] as u32) << 16)
-                        | ((p[1] as u32) << 8)
-                        | p[0] as u32;
-                }
-                StandardEncoding::Utf32Be => {
-                    c = ((p[0] as u32) << 24)
-                        | ((p[1] as u32) << 16)
-                        | ((p[2] as u32) << 8)
-                        | p[3] as u32;
-                }
-                StandardEncoding::Unknown => {
-                    unreachable!("NOTE: RUSTPYTHON, should've bailed out earlier")
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        // !Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE
-        if !(0xd800..=0xdfff).contains(&c) {
-            // Not a surrogate, fail with original exception
-            return Err(err.downcast().unwrap());
-        }
-
-        Ok((
-            vm.new_pyobj(CodePoint::from_u32(c).unwrap()),
-            range.start + byte_length,
-        ))
+        call_native_decode_error(SurrogatePass, err, vm)
     } else {
         Err(bad_err_type(err, vm))
     }
 }
 
 fn surrogateescape_errors(err: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(PyObjectRef, usize)> {
-    if err.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error) {
-        let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
-        let object = PyStrRef::try_from_object(vm, err.get_attr("object", vm)?)?;
-        let s_after_start = crate::common::str::try_get_codepoints(object.as_wtf8(), range.start..)
-            .unwrap_or_default();
-        let mut out: Vec<u8> = Vec::with_capacity(range.len());
-        for ch in s_after_start.code_points().take(range.len()) {
-            let ch = ch.to_u32();
-            if !(0xdc80..=0xdcff).contains(&ch) {
-                // Not a UTF-8b surrogate, fail with original exception
-                return Err(err.downcast().unwrap());
-            }
-            out.push((ch - 0xdc00) as u8);
-        }
-        let out = vm.ctx.new_bytes(out);
-        Ok((out.into(), range.end))
+    if is_encode_err(&err, vm) {
+        call_native_encode_error(errors::SurrogateEscape, err, vm)
     } else if is_decode_err(&err, vm) {
-        let range = extract_unicode_error_range(&err, vm)?;
-        let object = err.get_attr("object", vm)?;
-        let object = PyBytesRef::try_from_object(vm, object)?;
-        let p = &object.as_bytes()[range.clone()];
-        let mut consumed = 0;
-        let mut replace = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(4 * range.len());
-        while consumed < 4 && consumed < range.len() {
-            let c = p[consumed] as u16;
-            // Refuse to escape ASCII bytes
-            if c < 128 {
-                break;
-            }
-            replace.push(CodePoint::from(0xdc00 + c));
-            consumed += 1;
-        }
-        if consumed == 0 {
-            return Err(err.downcast().unwrap());
-        }
-        Ok((vm.new_pyobj(replace), range.start + consumed))
+        call_native_decode_error(errors::SurrogateEscape, err, vm)
     } else {
         Err(bad_err_type(err, vm))
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 9bf7372794..58f2a51b68 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -971,22 +971,10 @@ impl ExceptionZoo {
         extend_exception!(PySystemError, ctx, excs.system_error);
         extend_exception!(PyTypeError, ctx, excs.type_error);
         extend_exception!(PyValueError, ctx, excs.value_error);
-        extend_exception!(PyUnicodeError, ctx, excs.unicode_error, {
-            "encoding" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("encoding", excs.unicode_error, make_arg_getter(0)),
-            "object" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("object", excs.unicode_error, make_arg_getter(1)),
-            "start" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("start", excs.unicode_error, make_arg_getter(2)),
-            "end" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("end", excs.unicode_error, make_arg_getter(3)),
-            "reason" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("reason", excs.unicode_error, make_arg_getter(4)),
-        });
+        extend_exception!(PyUnicodeError, ctx, excs.unicode_error);
         extend_exception!(PyUnicodeDecodeError, ctx, excs.unicode_decode_error);
         extend_exception!(PyUnicodeEncodeError, ctx, excs.unicode_encode_error);
-        extend_exception!(PyUnicodeTranslateError, ctx, excs.unicode_translate_error, {
-            "encoding" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("encoding", excs.unicode_translate_error, none_getter),
-            "object" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("object", excs.unicode_translate_error, make_arg_getter(0)),
-            "start" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("start", excs.unicode_translate_error, make_arg_getter(1)),
-            "end" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("end", excs.unicode_translate_error, make_arg_getter(2)),
-            "reason" => ctx.new_readonly_getset("reason", excs.unicode_translate_error, make_arg_getter(3)),
-        });
+        extend_exception!(PyUnicodeTranslateError, ctx, excs.unicode_translate_error);
 
         #[cfg(feature = "jit")]
         extend_exception!(PyJitError, ctx, excs.jit_error);
@@ -1010,10 +998,6 @@ impl ExceptionZoo {
     }
 }
 
-fn none_getter(_obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyNone> {
-    vm.ctx.none.clone()
-}
-
 fn make_arg_getter(idx: usize) -> impl Fn(PyBaseExceptionRef) -> Option<PyObjectRef> {
     move |exc| exc.get_arg(idx)
 }
@@ -1182,11 +1166,12 @@ pub(super) mod types {
             PyInt, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef, traceback::PyTracebackRef, tuple::IntoPyTuple,
         },
         convert::ToPyResult,
-        function::FuncArgs,
+        function::{ArgBytesLike, FuncArgs},
         types::{Constructor, Initializer},
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use itertools::Itertools;
+    use rustpython_common::str::UnicodeEscapeCodepoint;
 
     // This module is designed to be used as `use builtins::*;`.
     // Do not add any pub symbols not included in builtins module.
@@ -1662,18 +1647,153 @@ pub(super) mod types {
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct PyUnicodeError {}
 
-    #[pyexception(name, base = "PyUnicodeError", ctx = "unicode_decode_error", impl)]
+    #[pyexception(name, base = "PyUnicodeError", ctx = "unicode_decode_error")]
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct PyUnicodeDecodeError {}
 
-    #[pyexception(name, base = "PyUnicodeError", ctx = "unicode_encode_error", impl)]
+    #[pyexception]
+    impl PyUnicodeDecodeError {
+        #[pyslot]
+        #[pymethod(name = "__init__")]
+        pub(crate) fn slot_init(
+            zelf: PyObjectRef,
+            args: FuncArgs,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<()> {
+            type Args = (PyStrRef, ArgBytesLike, isize, isize, PyStrRef);
+            let (encoding, object, start, end, reason): Args = args.bind(vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("encoding", encoding, vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("object", object, vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("start", vm.ctx.new_int(start), vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("end", vm.ctx.new_int(end), vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("reason", reason, vm)?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod(magic)]
+        fn str(exc: PyBaseExceptionRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+            let Ok(object) = exc.as_object().get_attr("object", vm) else {
+                return Ok("".to_owned());
+            };
+            let object: ArgBytesLike = object.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let encoding: PyStrRef = exc
+                .as_object()
+                .get_attr("encoding", vm)?
+                .try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let start: usize = exc.as_object().get_attr("start", vm)?.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let end: usize = exc.as_object().get_attr("end", vm)?.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let reason: PyStrRef = exc.as_object().get_attr("reason", vm)?.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            if start < object.len() && end <= object.len() && end == start + 1 {
+                let b = object.borrow_buf()[start];
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "'{encoding}' codec can't decode byte {b:#02x} in position {start}: {reason}"
+                ))
+            } else {
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "'{encoding}' codec can't decode bytes in position {start}-{}: {reason}",
+                    end - 1,
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyexception(name, base = "PyUnicodeError", ctx = "unicode_encode_error")]
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct PyUnicodeEncodeError {}
 
-    #[pyexception(name, base = "PyUnicodeError", ctx = "unicode_translate_error", impl)]
+    #[pyexception]
+    impl PyUnicodeEncodeError {
+        #[pyslot]
+        #[pymethod(name = "__init__")]
+        pub(crate) fn slot_init(
+            zelf: PyObjectRef,
+            args: FuncArgs,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<()> {
+            type Args = (PyStrRef, PyStrRef, isize, isize, PyStrRef);
+            let (encoding, object, start, end, reason): Args = args.bind(vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("encoding", encoding, vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("object", object, vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("start", vm.ctx.new_int(start), vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("end", vm.ctx.new_int(end), vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("reason", reason, vm)?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod(magic)]
+        fn str(exc: PyBaseExceptionRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+            let Ok(object) = exc.as_object().get_attr("object", vm) else {
+                return Ok("".to_owned());
+            };
+            let object: PyStrRef = object.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let encoding: PyStrRef = exc
+                .as_object()
+                .get_attr("encoding", vm)?
+                .try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let start: usize = exc.as_object().get_attr("start", vm)?.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let end: usize = exc.as_object().get_attr("end", vm)?.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let reason: PyStrRef = exc.as_object().get_attr("reason", vm)?.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            if start < object.char_len() && end <= object.char_len() && end == start + 1 {
+                let ch = object.as_wtf8().code_points().nth(start).unwrap();
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "'{encoding}' codec can't encode character '{}' in position {start}: {reason}",
+                    UnicodeEscapeCodepoint(ch)
+                ))
+            } else {
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "'{encoding}' codec can't encode characters in position {start}-{}: {reason}",
+                    end - 1,
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyexception(name, base = "PyUnicodeError", ctx = "unicode_translate_error")]
     #[derive(Debug)]
     pub struct PyUnicodeTranslateError {}
 
+    #[pyexception]
+    impl PyUnicodeTranslateError {
+        #[pyslot]
+        #[pymethod(name = "__init__")]
+        pub(crate) fn slot_init(
+            zelf: PyObjectRef,
+            args: FuncArgs,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<()> {
+            type Args = (PyStrRef, isize, isize, PyStrRef);
+            let (object, start, end, reason): Args = args.bind(vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("object", object, vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("start", vm.ctx.new_int(start), vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("end", vm.ctx.new_int(end), vm)?;
+            zelf.set_attr("reason", reason, vm)?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod(magic)]
+        fn str(exc: PyBaseExceptionRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+            let Ok(object) = exc.as_object().get_attr("object", vm) else {
+                return Ok("".to_owned());
+            };
+            let object: PyStrRef = object.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let start: usize = exc.as_object().get_attr("start", vm)?.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let end: usize = exc.as_object().get_attr("end", vm)?.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            let reason: PyStrRef = exc.as_object().get_attr("reason", vm)?.try_into_value(vm)?;
+            if start < object.char_len() && end <= object.char_len() && end == start + 1 {
+                let ch = object.as_wtf8().code_points().nth(start).unwrap();
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "can't translate character '{}' in position {start}: {reason}",
+                    UnicodeEscapeCodepoint(ch)
+                ))
+            } else {
+                Ok(format!(
+                    "can't translate characters in position {start}-{}: {reason}",
+                    end - 1,
+                ))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /// JIT error.
     #[cfg(feature = "jit")]
     #[pyexception(name, base = "PyException", ctx = "jit_error", impl)]
diff --git a/vm/src/function/buffer.rs b/vm/src/function/buffer.rs
index 80b36833e5..40a0e04d7e 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/buffer.rs
@@ -70,6 +70,12 @@ impl From<ArgBytesLike> for PyBuffer {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<ArgBytesLike> for PyObjectRef {
+    fn from(buffer: ArgBytesLike) -> Self {
+        buffer.as_object().to_owned()
+    }
+}
+
 impl<'a> TryFromBorrowedObject<'a> for ArgBytesLike {
     fn try_from_borrowed_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: &'a PyObject) -> PyResult<Self> {
         let buffer = PyBuffer::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, obj)?;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
index 664fe00616..6ad2a74f4b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
@@ -2,16 +2,15 @@ pub(crate) use _codecs::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _codecs {
+    use crate::codecs::{ErrorsHandler, PyDecodeContext, PyEncodeContext};
     use crate::common::encodings;
-    use crate::common::str::StrKind;
-    use crate::common::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+    use crate::common::wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
     use crate::{
-        AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
-        builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytes, PyBytesRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTuple},
+        AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+        builtins::PyStrRef,
         codecs,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, FuncArgs},
     };
-    use std::ops::Range;
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn register(search_function: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
@@ -79,164 +78,6 @@ mod _codecs {
         vm.state.codec_registry.lookup_error(name.as_str(), vm)
     }
 
-    struct ErrorsHandler<'a> {
-        vm: &'a VirtualMachine,
-        encoding: &'a str,
-        errors: Option<PyStrRef>,
-        handler: once_cell::unsync::OnceCell<PyObjectRef>,
-    }
-    impl<'a> ErrorsHandler<'a> {
-        #[inline]
-        fn new(encoding: &'a str, errors: Option<PyStrRef>, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> Self {
-            ErrorsHandler {
-                vm,
-                encoding,
-                errors,
-                handler: Default::default(),
-            }
-        }
-        #[inline]
-        fn handler_func(&self) -> PyResult<&PyObject> {
-            let vm = self.vm;
-            Ok(self.handler.get_or_try_init(|| {
-                let errors = self.errors.as_ref().map_or("strict", |s| s.as_str());
-                vm.state.codec_registry.lookup_error(errors, vm)
-            })?)
-        }
-    }
-    impl encodings::StrBuffer for PyStrRef {
-        fn is_compatible_with(&self, kind: StrKind) -> bool {
-            self.kind() <= kind
-        }
-    }
-    impl encodings::ErrorHandler for ErrorsHandler<'_> {
-        type Error = PyBaseExceptionRef;
-        type StrBuf = PyStrRef;
-        type BytesBuf = PyBytesRef;
-
-        fn handle_encode_error(
-            &self,
-            data: &Wtf8,
-            char_range: Range<usize>,
-            reason: &str,
-        ) -> PyResult<(encodings::EncodeReplace<PyStrRef, PyBytesRef>, usize)> {
-            let vm = self.vm;
-            let data_str = vm.ctx.new_str(data).into();
-            let encode_exc = vm.new_exception(
-                vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error.to_owned(),
-                vec![
-                    vm.ctx.new_str(self.encoding).into(),
-                    data_str,
-                    vm.ctx.new_int(char_range.start).into(),
-                    vm.ctx.new_int(char_range.end).into(),
-                    vm.ctx.new_str(reason).into(),
-                ],
-            );
-            let res = self.handler_func()?.call((encode_exc,), vm)?;
-            let tuple_err = || {
-                vm.new_type_error(
-                    "encoding error handler must return (str/bytes, int) tuple".to_owned(),
-                )
-            };
-            let (replace, restart) = match res.payload::<PyTuple>().map(|tup| tup.as_slice()) {
-                Some([replace, restart]) => (replace.clone(), restart),
-                _ => return Err(tuple_err()),
-            };
-            let replace = match_class!(match replace {
-                s @ PyStr => encodings::EncodeReplace::Str(s),
-                b @ PyBytes => encodings::EncodeReplace::Bytes(b),
-                _ => return Err(tuple_err()),
-            });
-            let restart = isize::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, restart).map_err(|_| tuple_err())?;
-            let restart = if restart < 0 {
-                // will still be out of bounds if it underflows ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
-                data.len().wrapping_sub(restart.unsigned_abs())
-            } else {
-                restart as usize
-            };
-            Ok((replace, restart))
-        }
-
-        fn handle_decode_error(
-            &self,
-            data: &[u8],
-            byte_range: Range<usize>,
-            reason: &str,
-        ) -> PyResult<(PyStrRef, Option<PyBytesRef>, usize)> {
-            let vm = self.vm;
-            let data_bytes: PyObjectRef = vm.ctx.new_bytes(data.to_vec()).into();
-            let decode_exc = vm.new_exception(
-                vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_decode_error.to_owned(),
-                vec![
-                    vm.ctx.new_str(self.encoding).into(),
-                    data_bytes.clone(),
-                    vm.ctx.new_int(byte_range.start).into(),
-                    vm.ctx.new_int(byte_range.end).into(),
-                    vm.ctx.new_str(reason).into(),
-                ],
-            );
-            let handler = self.handler_func()?;
-            let res = handler.call((decode_exc.clone(),), vm)?;
-            let new_data = decode_exc
-                .get_arg(1)
-                .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_type_error("object attribute not set".to_owned()))?;
-            let new_data = if new_data.is(&data_bytes) {
-                None
-            } else {
-                let new_data: PyBytesRef = new_data
-                    .downcast()
-                    .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("object attribute must be bytes".to_owned()))?;
-                Some(new_data)
-            };
-            let data = new_data.as_ref().map_or(data, |s| s.as_ref());
-            let tuple_err = || {
-                vm.new_type_error("decoding error handler must return (str, int) tuple".to_owned())
-            };
-            match res.payload::<PyTuple>().map(|tup| tup.as_slice()) {
-                Some([replace, restart]) => {
-                    let replace = replace
-                        .downcast_ref::<PyStr>()
-                        .ok_or_else(tuple_err)?
-                        .to_owned();
-                    let restart =
-                        isize::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, restart).map_err(|_| tuple_err())?;
-                    let restart = if restart < 0 {
-                        // will still be out of bounds if it underflows ¯\_(ツ)_/¯
-                        data.len().wrapping_sub(restart.unsigned_abs())
-                    } else {
-                        restart as usize
-                    };
-                    Ok((replace, new_data, restart))
-                }
-                _ => Err(tuple_err()),
-            }
-        }
-
-        fn error_oob_restart(&self, i: usize) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-            self.vm
-                .new_index_error(format!("position {i} from error handler out of bounds"))
-        }
-
-        fn error_encoding(
-            &self,
-            data: &Wtf8,
-            char_range: Range<usize>,
-            reason: &str,
-        ) -> Self::Error {
-            let vm = self.vm;
-            vm.new_exception(
-                vm.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error.to_owned(),
-                vec![
-                    vm.ctx.new_str(self.encoding).into(),
-                    vm.ctx.new_str(data).into(),
-                    vm.ctx.new_int(char_range.start).into(),
-                    vm.ctx.new_int(char_range.end).into(),
-                    vm.ctx.new_str(reason).into(),
-                ],
-            )
-        }
-    }
-
     type EncodeResult = PyResult<(Vec<u8>, usize)>;
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
@@ -249,12 +90,13 @@ mod _codecs {
 
     impl EncodeArgs {
         #[inline]
-        fn encode<'a, F>(self, name: &'a str, encode: F, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> EncodeResult
+        fn encode<'a, F>(&'a self, name: &'a str, encode: F, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> EncodeResult
         where
-            F: FnOnce(&Wtf8, &ErrorsHandler<'a>) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>>,
+            F: FnOnce(PyEncodeContext<'a>, &ErrorsHandler<'a>) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>>,
         {
-            let errors = ErrorsHandler::new(name, self.errors, vm);
-            let encoded = encode(self.s.as_wtf8(), &errors)?;
+            let ctx = PyEncodeContext::new(name, &self.s, vm);
+            let errors = ErrorsHandler::new(self.errors.as_deref(), vm);
+            let encoded = encode(ctx, &errors)?;
             Ok((encoded, self.s.char_len()))
         }
     }
@@ -273,13 +115,13 @@ mod _codecs {
 
     impl DecodeArgs {
         #[inline]
-        fn decode<'a, F>(self, name: &'a str, decode: F, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> DecodeResult
+        fn decode<'a, F>(&'a self, name: &'a str, decode: F, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> DecodeResult
         where
-            F: FnOnce(&[u8], &ErrorsHandler<'a>, bool) -> DecodeResult,
+            F: FnOnce(PyDecodeContext<'a>, &ErrorsHandler<'a>, bool) -> DecodeResult,
         {
-            let data = self.data.borrow_buf();
-            let errors = ErrorsHandler::new(name, self.errors, vm);
-            decode(&data, &errors, self.final_decode)
+            let ctx = PyDecodeContext::new(name, &self.data, vm);
+            let errors = ErrorsHandler::new(self.errors.as_deref(), vm);
+            decode(ctx, &errors, self.final_decode)
         }
     }
 
@@ -293,13 +135,13 @@ mod _codecs {
 
     impl DecodeArgsNoFinal {
         #[inline]
-        fn decode<'a, F>(self, name: &'a str, decode: F, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> DecodeResult
+        fn decode<'a, F>(&'a self, name: &'a str, decode: F, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> DecodeResult
         where
-            F: FnOnce(&[u8], &ErrorsHandler<'a>) -> DecodeResult,
+            F: FnOnce(PyDecodeContext<'a>, &ErrorsHandler<'a>) -> DecodeResult,
         {
-            let data = self.data.borrow_buf();
-            let errors = ErrorsHandler::new(name, self.errors, vm);
-            decode(&data, &errors)
+            let ctx = PyDecodeContext::new(name, &self.data, vm);
+            let errors = ErrorsHandler::new(self.errors.as_deref(), vm);
+            decode(ctx, &errors)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 0b680251fa..77d9231724 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -2536,10 +2536,9 @@ mod _io {
                 *snapshot = Some((cookie.dec_flags, input_chunk.clone()));
                 let decoded = vm.call_method(decoder, "decode", (input_chunk, cookie.need_eof))?;
                 let decoded = check_decoded(decoded, vm)?;
-                let pos_is_valid = crate::common::wtf8::is_code_point_boundary(
-                    decoded.as_wtf8(),
-                    cookie.bytes_to_skip as usize,
-                );
+                let pos_is_valid = decoded
+                    .as_wtf8()
+                    .is_code_point_boundary(cookie.bytes_to_skip as usize);
                 textio.set_decoded_chars(Some(decoded));
                 if !pos_is_valid {
                     return Err(vm.new_os_error("can't restore logical file position".to_owned()));
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
index 12241414a7..3ceb783a48 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef,
     builtins::{
-        PyBaseException, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyDictRef, PyModule, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef,
+        PyBaseException, PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyDictRef, PyModule, PyStrRef, PyType,
+        PyTypeRef,
         builtin_func::PyNativeFunction,
         descriptor::PyMethodDescriptor,
         tuple::{IntoPyTuple, PyTupleRef},
@@ -203,16 +204,78 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         self.new_exception_msg(sys_error, msg)
     }
 
+    // TODO: remove & replace with new_unicode_decode_error_real
     pub fn new_unicode_decode_error(&self, msg: String) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
         let unicode_decode_error = self.ctx.exceptions.unicode_decode_error.to_owned();
         self.new_exception_msg(unicode_decode_error, msg)
     }
 
+    pub fn new_unicode_decode_error_real(
+        &self,
+        encoding: PyStrRef,
+        object: PyBytesRef,
+        start: usize,
+        end: usize,
+        reason: PyStrRef,
+    ) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        let start = self.ctx.new_int(start);
+        let end = self.ctx.new_int(end);
+        let exc = self.new_exception(
+            self.ctx.exceptions.unicode_decode_error.to_owned(),
+            vec![
+                encoding.clone().into(),
+                object.clone().into(),
+                start.clone().into(),
+                end.clone().into(),
+                reason.clone().into(),
+            ],
+        );
+        exc.as_object()
+            .set_attr("encoding", encoding, self)
+            .unwrap();
+        exc.as_object().set_attr("object", object, self).unwrap();
+        exc.as_object().set_attr("start", start, self).unwrap();
+        exc.as_object().set_attr("end", end, self).unwrap();
+        exc.as_object().set_attr("reason", reason, self).unwrap();
+        exc
+    }
+
+    // TODO: remove & replace with new_unicode_encode_error_real
     pub fn new_unicode_encode_error(&self, msg: String) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
         let unicode_encode_error = self.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error.to_owned();
         self.new_exception_msg(unicode_encode_error, msg)
     }
 
+    pub fn new_unicode_encode_error_real(
+        &self,
+        encoding: PyStrRef,
+        object: PyStrRef,
+        start: usize,
+        end: usize,
+        reason: PyStrRef,
+    ) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        let start = self.ctx.new_int(start);
+        let end = self.ctx.new_int(end);
+        let exc = self.new_exception(
+            self.ctx.exceptions.unicode_encode_error.to_owned(),
+            vec![
+                encoding.clone().into(),
+                object.clone().into(),
+                start.clone().into(),
+                end.clone().into(),
+                reason.clone().into(),
+            ],
+        );
+        exc.as_object()
+            .set_attr("encoding", encoding, self)
+            .unwrap();
+        exc.as_object().set_attr("object", object, self).unwrap();
+        exc.as_object().set_attr("start", start, self).unwrap();
+        exc.as_object().set_attr("end", end, self).unwrap();
+        exc.as_object().set_attr("reason", reason, self).unwrap();
+        exc
+    }
+
     /// Create a new python ValueError object. Useful for raising errors from
     /// python functions implemented in rust.
     pub fn new_value_error(&self, msg: String) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {

From ec09599d84f23ab6e616a3986afcab4c8ff66b9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 26 Mar 2025 17:44:03 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 528/705] Remoce once_cell::Lazy usage

---
 Cargo.lock                          |  2 --
 derive-impl/Cargo.toml              |  1 -
 derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs |  4 ++--
 stdlib/Cargo.toml                   |  1 -
 stdlib/src/contextvars.rs           |  4 ++--
 stdlib/src/csv.rs                   |  6 +++---
 stdlib/src/mmap.rs                  |  4 ++--
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs                |  8 ++++----
 vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs            |  6 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/dict.rs             | 10 +++++-----
 vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs     |  4 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs     |  6 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/memory.rs           |  4 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/range.rs            |  6 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/set.rs              |  6 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs              |  6 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs            |  7 +++----
 vm/src/builtins/union.rs            |  4 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs        |  4 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs                |  4 ++--
 20 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1fa60eac29..ab202d0b08 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2412,7 +2412,6 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "maplit",
- "once_cell",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
@@ -2515,7 +2514,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-integer",
  "num-traits",
  "num_enum",
- "once_cell",
  "openssl",
  "openssl-probe",
  "openssl-sys",
diff --git a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
index ca415dc543..eec7952df5 100644
--- a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-doc = { workspace = true }
 
 itertools = { workspace = true }
-once_cell = { workspace = true }
 syn = { workspace = true, features = ["full", "extra-traits"] }
 
 maplit = "1.0.2"
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs b/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
index 2c702b35fe..fc349a7ed4 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/compile_bytecode.rs
@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@
 //! ```
 
 use crate::Diagnostic;
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
 use quote::quote;
 use rustpython_compiler_core::{Mode, bytecode::CodeObject, frozen};
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 use std::{
     collections::HashMap,
     env, fs,
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ use syn::{
     spanned::Spanned,
 };
 
-static CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR: Lazy<PathBuf> = Lazy::new(|| {
+static CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR: LazyLock<PathBuf> = LazyLock::new(|| {
     PathBuf::from(env::var_os("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR").expect("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR is not present"))
 });
 
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index b46fb16b8f..14fd0d39ec 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -40,7 +40,6 @@ malachite-bigint = { workspace = true }
 num-integer = { workspace = true }
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
 num_enum = { workspace = true }
-once_cell = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true }
 thread_local = { workspace = true }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs b/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
index bcc372ed55..4fd45842b9 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/contextvars.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ mod _contextvars {
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use indexmap::IndexMap;
-    use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+    use std::sync::LazyLock;
     use std::{
         cell::{Cell, RefCell, UnsafeCell},
         sync::atomic::Ordering,
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ mod _contextvars {
 
     impl AsSequence for PyContext {
         fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-            static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+            static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
                 contains: atomic_func!(|seq, target, vm| {
                     let target = target.try_to_value(vm)?;
                     PyContext::sequence_downcast(seq).contains(target)
diff --git a/stdlib/src/csv.rs b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
index 4b79130111..04ebe49162 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/csv.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ mod _csv {
     };
     use csv_core::Terminator;
     use itertools::{self, Itertools};
-    use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
     use parking_lot::Mutex;
     use rustpython_vm::match_class;
+    use std::sync::LazyLock;
     use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt};
 
     #[pyattr]
@@ -41,11 +41,11 @@ mod _csv {
         )
     }
 
-    static GLOBAL_HASHMAP: Lazy<Mutex<HashMap<String, PyDialect>>> = Lazy::new(|| {
+    static GLOBAL_HASHMAP: LazyLock<Mutex<HashMap<String, PyDialect>>> = LazyLock::new(|| {
         let m = HashMap::new();
         Mutex::new(m)
     });
-    static GLOBAL_FIELD_LIMIT: Lazy<Mutex<isize>> = Lazy::new(|| Mutex::new(131072));
+    static GLOBAL_FIELD_LIMIT: LazyLock<Mutex<isize>> = LazyLock::new(|| Mutex::new(131072));
 
     fn new_csv_error(vm: &VirtualMachine, msg: String) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
         vm.new_exception_msg(super::_csv::error(vm), msg)
diff --git a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
index cbc86bb2c9..f8600307b2 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
@@ -456,8 +456,8 @@ mod mmap {
 
     impl AsSequence for PyMmap {
         fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-            use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-            static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+            use std::sync::LazyLock;
+            static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
                 length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(PyMmap::sequence_downcast(seq).len())),
                 item: atomic_func!(|seq, i, vm| {
                     let zelf = PyMmap::sequence_downcast(seq);
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index 67e94bd81b..97ec193c46 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -1953,8 +1953,8 @@ mod _sqlite {
 
     impl AsMapping for Row {
         fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
-            static AS_MAPPING: once_cell::sync::Lazy<PyMappingMethods> =
-                once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
+            static AS_MAPPING: std::sync::LazyLock<PyMappingMethods> =
+                std::sync::LazyLock::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
                     length: atomic_func!(|mapping, _vm| Ok(Row::mapping_downcast(mapping)
                         .data
                         .len())),
@@ -1969,8 +1969,8 @@ mod _sqlite {
 
     impl AsSequence for Row {
         fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-            static AS_SEQUENCE: once_cell::sync::Lazy<PySequenceMethods> =
-                once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+            static AS_SEQUENCE: std::sync::LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> =
+                std::sync::LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
                     length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(Row::sequence_downcast(seq).data.len())),
                     item: atomic_func!(|seq, i, vm| Row::sequence_downcast(seq)
                         .data
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
index e9f5adc8bb..eff4190eda 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
 };
 use bstr::ByteSlice;
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 use std::{mem::size_of, ops::Deref};
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "bytes")]
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ impl AsBuffer for PyBytes {
 
 impl AsMapping for PyBytes {
     fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
-        static AS_MAPPING: Lazy<PyMappingMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
+        static AS_MAPPING: LazyLock<PyMappingMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|mapping, _vm| Ok(PyBytes::mapping_downcast(mapping).len())),
             subscript: atomic_func!(
                 |mapping, needle, vm| PyBytes::mapping_downcast(mapping)._getitem(needle, vm)
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ impl AsMapping for PyBytes {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyBytes {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(PyBytes::sequence_downcast(seq).len())),
             concat: atomic_func!(|seq, other, vm| {
                 PyBytes::sequence_downcast(seq)
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
index c8da40dc01..a19b11fcfb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ use crate::{
     },
     vm::VirtualMachine,
 };
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use rustpython_common::lock::PyMutex;
 use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
 pub type DictContentType = dictdatatype::Dict;
 
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ impl AsMapping for PyDict {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyDict {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             contains: atomic_func!(|seq, target, vm| PyDict::sequence_downcast(seq)
                 .entries
                 .contains(vm, target)),
@@ -1133,7 +1133,7 @@ impl Comparable for PyDictKeys {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyDictKeys {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(PyDictKeys::sequence_downcast(seq).len())),
             contains: atomic_func!(|seq, target, vm| {
                 PyDictKeys::sequence_downcast(seq)
@@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@ impl Comparable for PyDictItems {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyDictItems {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(PyDictItems::sequence_downcast(seq).len())),
             contains: atomic_func!(|seq, target, vm| {
                 let needle: &Py<PyTuple> = match target.downcast_ref() {
@@ -1246,7 +1246,7 @@ impl Unconstructible for PyDictValues {}
 
 impl AsSequence for PyDictValues {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(PyDictValues::sequence_downcast(seq).len())),
             ..PySequenceMethods::NOT_IMPLEMENTED
         });
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs b/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
index 0e0a34227b..549985bcfb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
 use super::type_;
 use crate::{
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ pub fn subs_parameters<F: Fn(&VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String>>(
 
 impl AsMapping for PyGenericAlias {
     fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
-        static AS_MAPPING: Lazy<PyMappingMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
+        static AS_MAPPING: LazyLock<PyMappingMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
             subscript: atomic_func!(|mapping, needle, vm| {
                 PyGenericAlias::mapping_downcast(mapping).getitem(needle.to_owned(), vm)
             }),
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
index 385d18df0b..5dd31500fb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/mappingproxy.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
         Representable,
     },
 };
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "mappingproxy", traverse)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ impl Comparable for PyMappingProxy {
 
 impl AsMapping for PyMappingProxy {
     fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
-        static AS_MAPPING: Lazy<PyMappingMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
+        static AS_MAPPING: LazyLock<PyMappingMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|mapping, vm| PyMappingProxy::mapping_downcast(mapping).len(vm)),
             subscript: atomic_func!(|mapping, needle, vm| {
                 PyMappingProxy::mapping_downcast(mapping).getitem(needle.to_owned(), vm)
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ impl AsMapping for PyMappingProxy {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyMappingProxy {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             contains: atomic_func!(
                 |seq, target, vm| PyMappingProxy::sequence_downcast(seq)._contains(target, vm)
             ),
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
index e411d312db..c5af12dc1f 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use itertools::Itertools;
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use rustpython_common::lock::PyMutex;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 use std::{cmp::Ordering, fmt::Debug, mem::ManuallyDrop, ops::Range};
 
 #[derive(FromArgs)]
@@ -993,7 +993,7 @@ impl AsMapping for PyMemoryView {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyMemoryView {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, vm| {
                 let zelf = PyMemoryView::sequence_downcast(seq);
                 zelf.try_not_released(vm)?;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/range.rs b/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
index b542a5f191..2878e5f053 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/range.rs
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
 use num_integer::Integer;
 use num_traits::{One, Signed, ToPrimitive, Zero};
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use std::cmp::max;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
 // Search flag passed to iter_search
 enum SearchType {
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ impl PyRange {
 
 impl AsMapping for PyRange {
     fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
-        static AS_MAPPING: Lazy<PyMappingMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
+        static AS_MAPPING: LazyLock<PyMappingMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(
                 |mapping, vm| PyRange::mapping_downcast(mapping).protocol_length(vm)
             ),
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ impl AsMapping for PyRange {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyRange {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, vm| PyRange::sequence_downcast(seq).protocol_length(vm)),
             item: atomic_func!(|seq, i, vm| {
                 PyRange::sequence_downcast(seq)
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
index 40823aa37b..3e10e5c6b7 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ use crate::{
     utils::collection_repr,
     vm::VirtualMachine,
 };
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use rustpython_common::{
     atomic::{Ordering, PyAtomic, Radium},
     hash,
 };
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 use std::{fmt, ops::Deref};
 
 pub type SetContentType = dictdatatype::Dict<()>;
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ impl Initializer for PySet {
 
 impl AsSequence for PySet {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(PySet::sequence_downcast(seq).len())),
             contains: atomic_func!(|seq, needle, vm| PySet::sequence_downcast(seq)
                 .inner
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ impl PyFrozenSet {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyFrozenSet {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(PyFrozenSet::sequence_downcast(seq).len())),
             contains: atomic_func!(|seq, needle, vm| PyFrozenSet::sequence_downcast(seq)
                 .inner
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 55cefae4f7..c0bd556bf1 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,6 @@ use ascii::{AsciiChar, AsciiStr, AsciiString};
 use bstr::ByteSlice;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use rustpython_common::{
     ascii,
     atomic::{self, PyAtomic, Radium},
@@ -38,6 +37,7 @@ use rustpython_common::{
     str::DeduceStrKind,
     wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf, Wtf8Chunk},
 };
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 use std::{borrow::Cow, char, fmt, ops::Range};
 use unic_ucd_bidi::BidiClass;
 use unic_ucd_category::GeneralCategory;
@@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ impl Iterable for PyStr {
 
 impl AsMapping for PyStr {
     fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
-        static AS_MAPPING: Lazy<PyMappingMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
+        static AS_MAPPING: LazyLock<PyMappingMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|mapping, _vm| Ok(PyStr::mapping_downcast(mapping).len())),
             subscript: atomic_func!(
                 |mapping, needle, vm| PyStr::mapping_downcast(mapping)._getitem(needle, vm)
@@ -1524,7 +1524,7 @@ impl AsNumber for PyStr {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyStr {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(PyStr::sequence_downcast(seq).len())),
             concat: atomic_func!(|seq, other, vm| {
                 let zelf = PyStr::sequence_downcast(seq);
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
index c9af04d300..52577f0e2e 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ use crate::{
     utils::collection_repr,
     vm::VirtualMachine,
 };
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
-use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData};
+use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData, sync::LazyLock};
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "tuple", traverse)]
 pub struct PyTuple {
@@ -351,7 +350,7 @@ impl PyTuple {
 
 impl AsMapping for PyTuple {
     fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
-        static AS_MAPPING: Lazy<PyMappingMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
+        static AS_MAPPING: LazyLock<PyMappingMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|mapping, _vm| Ok(PyTuple::mapping_downcast(mapping).len())),
             subscript: atomic_func!(
                 |mapping, needle, vm| PyTuple::mapping_downcast(mapping)._getitem(needle, vm)
@@ -364,7 +363,7 @@ impl AsMapping for PyTuple {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyTuple {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, _vm| Ok(PyTuple::sequence_downcast(seq).len())),
             concat: atomic_func!(|seq, other, vm| {
                 let zelf = PyTuple::sequence_downcast(seq);
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/union.rs b/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
index 165113e216..83e2c86f08 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/union.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use crate::{
     protocol::{PyMappingMethods, PyNumberMethods},
     types::{AsMapping, AsNumber, Comparable, GetAttr, Hashable, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
 };
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use std::fmt;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
 const CLS_ATTRS: &[&str] = &["__module__"];
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ impl PyUnion {
 
 impl AsMapping for PyUnion {
     fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
-        static AS_MAPPING: Lazy<PyMappingMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
+        static AS_MAPPING: LazyLock<PyMappingMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
             subscript: atomic_func!(|mapping, needle, vm| {
                 PyUnion::mapping_downcast(mapping).getitem(needle.to_owned(), vm)
             }),
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs b/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs
index d17bc75118..49e38d2d66 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/weakproxy.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
         PyComparisonOp, Representable, SetAttr,
     },
 };
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
+use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "weakproxy", unhashable = true, traverse)]
 #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ impl Comparable for PyWeakProxy {
 
 impl AsSequence for PyWeakProxy {
     fn as_sequence() -> &'static PySequenceMethods {
-        static AS_SEQUENCE: Lazy<PySequenceMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
+        static AS_SEQUENCE: LazyLock<PySequenceMethods> = LazyLock::new(|| PySequenceMethods {
             length: atomic_func!(|seq, vm| PyWeakProxy::sequence_downcast(seq).len(vm)),
             contains: atomic_func!(|seq, needle, vm| {
                 PyWeakProxy::sequence_downcast(seq).contains(needle.to_owned(), vm)
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index 038ac9934a..6a0a618e2f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -814,8 +814,8 @@ mod _sre {
 
     impl AsMapping for Match {
         fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
-            static AS_MAPPING: once_cell::sync::Lazy<PyMappingMethods> =
-                once_cell::sync::Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
+            static AS_MAPPING: std::sync::LazyLock<PyMappingMethods> =
+                std::sync::LazyLock::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
                     subscript: atomic_func!(|mapping, needle, vm| {
                         Match::mapping_downcast(mapping)
                             .getitem(needle.to_owned(), vm)

From ad5788589bc5f6b058347ae0a7b4e76dfc9d476d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 26 Mar 2025 18:20:43 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 529/705] Remove more direct use of OnceCell

---
 stdlib/src/uuid.rs | 4 ++--
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs   | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/uuid.rs b/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
index 0bd7d0db8a..872f5bde0a 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ pub(crate) use _uuid::make_module;
 mod _uuid {
     use crate::{builtins::PyNone, vm::VirtualMachine};
     use mac_address::get_mac_address;
-    use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
+    use std::sync::OnceLock;
     use uuid::{Context, Uuid, timestamp::Timestamp};
 
     fn get_node_id() -> [u8; 6] {
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ mod _uuid {
         static CONTEXT: Context = Context::new(0);
         let ts = Timestamp::now(&CONTEXT);
 
-        static NODE_ID: OnceCell<[u8; 6]> = OnceCell::new();
+        static NODE_ID: OnceLock<[u8; 6]> = OnceLock::new();
         let unique_node_id = NODE_ID.get_or_init(get_node_id);
 
         (Uuid::new_v1(ts, unique_node_id).as_bytes().to_vec(), PyNone)
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 493789f510..9aec244529 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ pub struct PyGlobalState {
 }
 
 pub fn process_hash_secret_seed() -> u32 {
-    use once_cell::sync::OnceCell;
-    static SEED: OnceCell<u32> = OnceCell::new();
+    use std::sync::OnceLock;
+    static SEED: OnceLock<u32> = OnceLock::new();
     *SEED.get_or_init(rand::random)
 }
 

From 97fa11d5269d86f60a59aeb48634985c1a68b1d5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 26 Mar 2025 15:10:23 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 530/705] Remove unused dependency

---
 Cargo.lock        | 2 --
 common/Cargo.toml | 1 -
 pylib/Cargo.toml  | 6 +++---
 stdlib/Cargo.toml | 1 -
 4 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1fa60eac29..bfb476fcb0 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2347,7 +2347,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "malachite-bigint",
  "malachite-q",
  "memchr",
- "num-complex",
  "num-traits",
  "once_cell",
  "parking_lot",
@@ -2536,7 +2535,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "system-configuration",
  "tcl",
  "termios",
- "thread_local",
  "tk",
  "ucd",
  "unic-char-property",
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index e9aeba7459..46cf7346be 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ malachite-bigint = { workspace = true }
 malachite-q = { workspace = true }
 malachite-base = { workspace = true }
 memchr = { workspace = true }
-num-complex = { workspace = true }
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true, optional = true }
diff --git a/pylib/Cargo.toml b/pylib/Cargo.toml
index 64a9da0219..dcbb592859 100644
--- a/pylib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/pylib/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ rust-version.workspace = true
 repository.workspace = true
 
 [features]
-freeze-stdlib = []
+freeze-stdlib = ["dep:rustpython-compiler-core", "dep:rustpython-derive"]
 
 [dependencies]
-rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-derive = { version = "0.4.0", path = "../derive" }
+rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true, optional = true }
+rustpython-derive = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
 [build-dependencies]
 glob = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index b46fb16b8f..7072c8753e 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ num-traits = { workspace = true }
 num_enum = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true }
-thread_local = { workspace = true }
 
 memchr = { workspace = true }
 base64 = "0.13.0"

From 549cce24c8cf2a49bb7e0506dc44920825f6e90d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 8 Sep 2024 23:20:34 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 531/705] Add #[pystruct(skip)]

---
 .cspell.json                   |   1 +
 derive-impl/src/pystructseq.rs | 103 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 derive/src/lib.rs              |   4 +-
 3 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.cspell.json b/.cspell.json
index e2723d6ce5..c1db1036a9 100644
--- a/.cspell.json
+++ b/.cspell.json
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@
     "origname",
     "posixsubprocess",
     "pyexpat",
+    "pytraverse",
     "PYTHONDEBUG",
     "PYTHONHOME",
     "PYTHONINSPECT",
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pystructseq.rs b/derive-impl/src/pystructseq.rs
index dce8c4768a..4a4f9276f0 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pystructseq.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pystructseq.rs
@@ -1,41 +1,93 @@
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
 use quote::quote;
 use syn::{DeriveInput, Ident, Result};
+use syn_ext::ext::{AttributeExt, GetIdent};
+use syn_ext::types::Meta;
 
-fn field_names(input: &DeriveInput) -> Result<Vec<&Ident>> {
-    let fields = if let syn::Data::Struct(ref struc) = input.data {
-        &struc.fields
-    } else {
+// returning a pair of not-skipped and skipped field names
+fn field_names(input: &mut DeriveInput) -> Result<(Vec<Ident>, Vec<Ident>)> {
+    let syn::Data::Struct(struc) = &mut input.data else {
         bail_span!(
             input,
             "#[pystruct_sequence] can only be on a struct declaration"
         )
     };
 
-    let field_names: Vec<_> = match fields {
-        syn::Fields::Named(fields) => fields
-            .named
-            .iter()
-            .map(|field| field.ident.as_ref().unwrap())
-            .collect(),
-        _ => bail_span!(
+    let syn::Fields::Named(fields) = &mut struc.fields else {
+        bail_span!(
             input,
             "#[pystruct_sequence] can only be on a struct with named fields"
-        ),
+        );
     };
 
-    Ok(field_names)
+    let mut not_skipped = Vec::with_capacity(fields.named.len());
+    let mut skipped = Vec::with_capacity(fields.named.len());
+    for field in &mut fields.named {
+        let mut skip = false;
+        // Collect all attributes with pystruct and their indices
+        let mut attrs_to_remove = Vec::new();
+
+        for (i, attr) in field.attrs.iter().enumerate() {
+            if !attr.path().is_ident("pystruct") {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            let Ok(meta) = attr.parse_meta() else {
+                continue;
+            };
+
+            let Meta::List(l) = meta else {
+                bail_span!(input, "Only #[pystruct(...)] form is allowed");
+            };
+
+            let idents: Vec<_> = l
+                .nested
+                .iter()
+                .filter_map(|n| n.get_ident())
+                .cloned()
+                .collect();
+
+            // Follow #[serde(skip)] convention.
+            // Consider to add skip_serializing and skip_deserializing if required.
+            for ident in idents {
+                match ident.to_string().as_str() {
+                    "skip" => {
+                        skip = true;
+                    }
+                    _ => {
+                        bail_span!(ident, "Unknown item for #[pystruct(...)]")
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            attrs_to_remove.push(i);
+        }
+
+        // Remove attributes in reverse order to maintain valid indices
+        attrs_to_remove.sort_unstable_by(|a, b| b.cmp(a)); // Sort in descending order
+        for index in attrs_to_remove {
+            field.attrs.remove(index);
+        }
+        let ident = field.ident.clone().unwrap();
+        if skip {
+            skipped.push(ident.clone());
+        } else {
+            not_skipped.push(ident.clone());
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((not_skipped, skipped))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn impl_pystruct_sequence(input: DeriveInput) -> Result<TokenStream> {
-    let field_names = field_names(&input)?;
+pub(crate) fn impl_pystruct_sequence(mut input: DeriveInput) -> Result<TokenStream> {
+    let (not_skipped_fields, _skipped_fields) = field_names(&mut input)?;
     let ty = &input.ident;
     let ret = quote! {
         impl ::rustpython_vm::types::PyStructSequence for #ty {
-            const FIELD_NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &[#(stringify!(#field_names)),*];
+            const FIELD_NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &[#(stringify!(#not_skipped_fields)),*];
             fn into_tuple(self, vm: &::rustpython_vm::VirtualMachine) -> ::rustpython_vm::builtins::PyTuple {
                 let items = vec![#(::rustpython_vm::convert::ToPyObject::to_pyobject(
-                    self.#field_names,
+                    self.#not_skipped_fields,
                     vm,
                 )),*];
                 ::rustpython_vm::builtins::PyTuple::new_unchecked(items.into_boxed_slice())
@@ -50,8 +102,10 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_pystruct_sequence(input: DeriveInput) -> Result<TokenStream>
     Ok(ret)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn impl_pystruct_sequence_try_from_object(input: DeriveInput) -> Result<TokenStream> {
-    let field_names = field_names(&input)?;
+pub(crate) fn impl_pystruct_sequence_try_from_object(
+    mut input: DeriveInput,
+) -> Result<TokenStream> {
+    let (not_skipped_fields, skipped_fields) = field_names(&mut input)?;
     let ty = &input.ident;
     let ret = quote! {
         impl ::rustpython_vm::TryFromObject for #ty {
@@ -60,9 +114,14 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_pystruct_sequence_try_from_object(input: DeriveInput) -> Resu
                 let seq = Self::try_elements_from::<LEN>(seq, vm)?;
                 // TODO: this is possible to be written without iterator
                 let mut iter = seq.into_iter();
-                Ok(Self {#(
-                    #field_names: iter.next().unwrap().clone().try_into_value(vm)?
-                ),*})
+                Ok(Self {
+                #(
+                    #not_skipped_fields: iter.next().unwrap().clone().try_into_value(vm)?,
+                )*
+                #(
+                    #skipped_fields: vm.ctx.none(),
+                )*
+                })
             }
         }
     };
diff --git a/derive/src/lib.rs b/derive/src/lib.rs
index a9a3123a5a..a96c2aef6e 100644
--- a/derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -225,13 +225,13 @@ pub fn pymodule(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     derive_impl::pymodule(attr, item).into()
 }
 
-#[proc_macro_derive(PyStructSequence)]
+#[proc_macro_derive(PyStructSequence, attributes(pystruct))]
 pub fn pystruct_sequence(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input = parse_macro_input!(input);
     derive_impl::pystruct_sequence(input).into()
 }
 
-#[proc_macro_derive(TryIntoPyStructSequence)]
+#[proc_macro_derive(TryIntoPyStructSequence, attributes(pystruct))]
 pub fn pystruct_sequence_try_from_object(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
     let input = parse_macro_input!(input);
     derive_impl::pystruct_sequence_try_from_object(input).into()

From 7f94c10be78f4a3ddf5f0831ed5106a633b1d4c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 01:13:36 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 532/705] patch typing not to reqiure contextlib

This will be correctly fixed in future CPython
---
 Lib/typing.py | 10 +++++++---
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/typing.py b/Lib/typing.py
index 086d0f3f95..75ec2a6a2e 100644
--- a/Lib/typing.py
+++ b/Lib/typing.py
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
 from abc import abstractmethod, ABCMeta
 import collections
 import collections.abc
-import contextlib
 import functools
 import operator
 import re as stdlib_re  # Avoid confusion with the re we export.
@@ -2138,8 +2137,13 @@ class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
 KeysView = _alias(collections.abc.KeysView, 1)
 ItemsView = _alias(collections.abc.ItemsView, 2)
 ValuesView = _alias(collections.abc.ValuesView, 1)
-ContextManager = _alias(contextlib.AbstractContextManager, 1, name='ContextManager')
-AsyncContextManager = _alias(contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager, 1, name='AsyncContextManager')
+try:
+    # XXX: RUSTPYTHON; contextlib support for wasm
+    import contextlib
+    ContextManager = _alias(contextlib.AbstractContextManager, 1, name='ContextManager')
+    AsyncContextManager = _alias(contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager, 1, name='AsyncContextManager')
+except ImportError:
+    pass
 Dict = _alias(dict, 2, inst=False, name='Dict')
 DefaultDict = _alias(collections.defaultdict, 2, name='DefaultDict')
 OrderedDict = _alias(collections.OrderedDict, 2)

From 2d4eec88d3945d1fa310504cc21ec75a5c4de8a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 01:14:30 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 533/705] better webdriver error printing

---
 wasm/demo/src/index.js | 9 ++++++++-
 wasm/tests/conftest.py | 6 ++++++
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/wasm/demo/src/index.js b/wasm/demo/src/index.js
index db3554c481..1af847d59d 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/src/index.js
+++ b/wasm/demo/src/index.js
@@ -21,7 +21,14 @@ import('rustpython')
     })
     .catch((e) => {
         console.error('Error importing `rustpython`:', e);
-        document.getElementById('error').textContent = e;
+        let errorDetails = e.toString();
+        if (window.__RUSTPYTHON_ERROR) {
+            errorDetails += '\nRustPython Error: ' + window.__RUSTPYTHON_ERROR;
+        }
+        if (window.__RUSTPYTHON_ERROR_STACK) {
+            errorDetails += '\nStack: ' + window.__RUSTPYTHON_ERROR_STACK;
+        }
+        document.getElementById('error').textContent = errorDetails;
     });
 
 const fixedHeightEditor = EditorView.theme({
diff --git a/wasm/tests/conftest.py b/wasm/tests/conftest.py
index ecb5b0007b..84a2530575 100644
--- a/wasm/tests/conftest.py
+++ b/wasm/tests/conftest.py
@@ -102,6 +102,12 @@ def wdriver(request):
         driver._print_panic()
         driver.quit()
         raise
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"Error waiting for page to load: {e}")
+        # Check the page source to see what's loaded
+        print("Page source:", driver.page_source[:500])
+        driver.quit()
+        raise
 
     yield driver
 

From e7fdfca5f5370f4056a102ca0bbdecd2821a44a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 22 Apr 2024 11:21:42 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 534/705] Add python-implemented ExceptionGroup

---
 Lib/test/test_baseexception.py               |   2 -
 Lib/test/test_contextlib.py                  |   2 -
 src/interpreter.rs                           |   1 +
 vm/Lib/python_builtins/_py_exceptiongroup.py | 330 +++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs                             |  20 +-
 5 files changed, 350 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 vm/Lib/python_builtins/_py_exceptiongroup.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py b/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py
index a7a20dc415..a73711c416 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py
@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ def verify_instance_interface(self, ins):
                     "%s missing %s attribute" %
                         (ins.__class__.__name__, attr))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_inheritance(self):
         # Make sure the inheritance hierarchy matches the documentation
         exc_set = set()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py b/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py
index f6478b43e0..91764696ba 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_contextlib.py
@@ -1271,8 +1271,6 @@ def test_cm_is_reentrant(self):
             1/0
         self.assertTrue(outer_continued)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_exception_groups(self):
         eg_ve = lambda: ExceptionGroup(
             "EG with ValueErrors only",
diff --git a/src/interpreter.rs b/src/interpreter.rs
index 35710ae829..b79a1a0ffb 100644
--- a/src/interpreter.rs
+++ b/src/interpreter.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ pub type InitHook = Box<dyn FnOnce(&mut VirtualMachine)>;
 /// let mut settings = Settings::default();
 /// settings.debug = 1;
 /// // You may want to add paths to `rustpython_vm::Settings::path_list` to allow import python libraries.
+/// settings.path_list.push("Lib".to_owned());  // add standard library directory
 /// settings.path_list.push("".to_owned());  // add current working directory
 /// let interpreter = rustpython::InterpreterConfig::new()
 ///     .settings(settings)
diff --git a/vm/Lib/python_builtins/_py_exceptiongroup.py b/vm/Lib/python_builtins/_py_exceptiongroup.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91e9354d8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/vm/Lib/python_builtins/_py_exceptiongroup.py
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+# Copied from https://github.com/agronholm/ExceptionGroup/blob/1.2.1/src/exceptiongroup/_exceptions.py
+# License: https://github.com/agronholm/exceptiongroup/blob/1.2.1/LICENSE
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+from functools import partial
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Generic, Type, TypeVar, cast, overload
+
+_BaseExceptionT_co = TypeVar("_BaseExceptionT_co", bound=BaseException, covariant=True)
+_BaseExceptionT = TypeVar("_BaseExceptionT", bound=BaseException)
+_ExceptionT_co = TypeVar("_ExceptionT_co", bound=Exception, covariant=True)
+_ExceptionT = TypeVar("_ExceptionT", bound=Exception)
+# using typing.Self would require a typing_extensions dependency on py<3.11
+_ExceptionGroupSelf = TypeVar("_ExceptionGroupSelf", bound="ExceptionGroup")
+_BaseExceptionGroupSelf = TypeVar("_BaseExceptionGroupSelf", bound="BaseExceptionGroup")
+
+
+def check_direct_subclass(
+    exc: BaseException, parents: tuple[type[BaseException]]
+) -> bool:
+    from inspect import getmro  # requires rustpython-stdlib
+
+    for cls in getmro(exc.__class__)[:-1]:
+        if cls in parents:
+            return True
+
+    return False
+
+
+def get_condition_filter(
+    condition: type[_BaseExceptionT]
+    | tuple[type[_BaseExceptionT], ...]
+    | Callable[[_BaseExceptionT_co], bool],
+) -> Callable[[_BaseExceptionT_co], bool]:
+    from inspect import isclass  # requires rustpython-stdlib
+
+    if isclass(condition) and issubclass(
+        cast(Type[BaseException], condition), BaseException
+    ):
+        return partial(check_direct_subclass, parents=(condition,))
+    elif isinstance(condition, tuple):
+        if all(isclass(x) and issubclass(x, BaseException) for x in condition):
+            return partial(check_direct_subclass, parents=condition)
+    elif callable(condition):
+        return cast("Callable[[BaseException], bool]", condition)
+
+    raise TypeError("expected a function, exception type or tuple of exception types")
+
+
+def _derive_and_copy_attributes(self, excs):
+    eg = self.derive(excs)
+    eg.__cause__ = self.__cause__
+    eg.__context__ = self.__context__
+    eg.__traceback__ = self.__traceback__
+    if hasattr(self, "__notes__"):
+        # Create a new list so that add_note() only affects one exceptiongroup
+        eg.__notes__ = list(self.__notes__)
+    return eg
+
+
+class BaseExceptionGroup(BaseException, Generic[_BaseExceptionT_co]):
+    """A combination of multiple unrelated exceptions."""
+
+    def __new__(
+        cls: type[_BaseExceptionGroupSelf],
+        __message: str,
+        __exceptions: Sequence[_BaseExceptionT_co],
+    ) -> _BaseExceptionGroupSelf:
+        if not isinstance(__message, str):
+            raise TypeError(f"argument 1 must be str, not {type(__message)}")
+        if not isinstance(__exceptions, Sequence):
+            raise TypeError("second argument (exceptions) must be a sequence")
+        if not __exceptions:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "second argument (exceptions) must be a non-empty sequence"
+            )
+
+        for i, exc in enumerate(__exceptions):
+            if not isinstance(exc, BaseException):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Item {i} of second argument (exceptions) is not an exception"
+                )
+
+        if cls is BaseExceptionGroup:
+            if all(isinstance(exc, Exception) for exc in __exceptions):
+                cls = ExceptionGroup
+
+        if issubclass(cls, Exception):
+            for exc in __exceptions:
+                if not isinstance(exc, Exception):
+                    if cls is ExceptionGroup:
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            "Cannot nest BaseExceptions in an ExceptionGroup"
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            f"Cannot nest BaseExceptions in {cls.__name__!r}"
+                        )
+
+        instance = super().__new__(cls, __message, __exceptions)
+        instance._message = __message
+        instance._exceptions = __exceptions
+        return instance
+
+    def add_note(self, note: str) -> None:
+        if not isinstance(note, str):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Expected a string, got note={note!r} (type {type(note).__name__})"
+            )
+
+        if not hasattr(self, "__notes__"):
+            self.__notes__: list[str] = []
+
+        self.__notes__.append(note)
+
+    @property
+    def message(self) -> str:
+        return self._message
+
+    @property
+    def exceptions(
+        self,
+    ) -> tuple[_BaseExceptionT_co | BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT_co], ...]:
+        return tuple(self._exceptions)
+
+    @overload
+    def subgroup(
+        self, __condition: type[_ExceptionT] | tuple[type[_ExceptionT], ...]
+    ) -> ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT] | None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def subgroup(
+        self, __condition: type[_BaseExceptionT] | tuple[type[_BaseExceptionT], ...]
+    ) -> BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT] | None: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def subgroup(
+        self,
+        __condition: Callable[[_BaseExceptionT_co | _BaseExceptionGroupSelf], bool],
+    ) -> BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT_co] | None: ...
+
+    def subgroup(
+        self,
+        __condition: type[_BaseExceptionT]
+        | tuple[type[_BaseExceptionT], ...]
+        | Callable[[_BaseExceptionT_co | _BaseExceptionGroupSelf], bool],
+    ) -> BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT] | None:
+        condition = get_condition_filter(__condition)
+        modified = False
+        if condition(self):
+            return self
+
+        exceptions: list[BaseException] = []
+        for exc in self.exceptions:
+            if isinstance(exc, BaseExceptionGroup):
+                subgroup = exc.subgroup(__condition)
+                if subgroup is not None:
+                    exceptions.append(subgroup)
+
+                if subgroup is not exc:
+                    modified = True
+            elif condition(exc):
+                exceptions.append(exc)
+            else:
+                modified = True
+
+        if not modified:
+            return self
+        elif exceptions:
+            group = _derive_and_copy_attributes(self, exceptions)
+            return group
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    @overload
+    def split(
+        self, __condition: type[_ExceptionT] | tuple[type[_ExceptionT], ...]
+    ) -> tuple[
+        ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT] | None,
+        BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT_co] | None,
+    ]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def split(
+        self, __condition: type[_BaseExceptionT] | tuple[type[_BaseExceptionT], ...]
+    ) -> tuple[
+        BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT] | None,
+        BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT_co] | None,
+    ]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def split(
+        self,
+        __condition: Callable[[_BaseExceptionT_co | _BaseExceptionGroupSelf], bool],
+    ) -> tuple[
+        BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT_co] | None,
+        BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT_co] | None,
+    ]: ...
+
+    def split(
+        self,
+        __condition: type[_BaseExceptionT]
+        | tuple[type[_BaseExceptionT], ...]
+        | Callable[[_BaseExceptionT_co], bool],
+    ) -> (
+        tuple[
+            ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT] | None,
+            BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT_co] | None,
+        ]
+        | tuple[
+            BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT] | None,
+            BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT_co] | None,
+        ]
+        | tuple[
+            BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT_co] | None,
+            BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT_co] | None,
+        ]
+    ):
+        condition = get_condition_filter(__condition)
+        if condition(self):
+            return self, None
+
+        matching_exceptions: list[BaseException] = []
+        nonmatching_exceptions: list[BaseException] = []
+        for exc in self.exceptions:
+            if isinstance(exc, BaseExceptionGroup):
+                matching, nonmatching = exc.split(condition)
+                if matching is not None:
+                    matching_exceptions.append(matching)
+
+                if nonmatching is not None:
+                    nonmatching_exceptions.append(nonmatching)
+            elif condition(exc):
+                matching_exceptions.append(exc)
+            else:
+                nonmatching_exceptions.append(exc)
+
+        matching_group: _BaseExceptionGroupSelf | None = None
+        if matching_exceptions:
+            matching_group = _derive_and_copy_attributes(self, matching_exceptions)
+
+        nonmatching_group: _BaseExceptionGroupSelf | None = None
+        if nonmatching_exceptions:
+            nonmatching_group = _derive_and_copy_attributes(
+                self, nonmatching_exceptions
+            )
+
+        return matching_group, nonmatching_group
+
+    @overload
+    def derive(self, __excs: Sequence[_ExceptionT]) -> ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT]: ...
+
+    @overload
+    def derive(
+        self, __excs: Sequence[_BaseExceptionT]
+    ) -> BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT]: ...
+
+    def derive(
+        self, __excs: Sequence[_BaseExceptionT]
+    ) -> BaseExceptionGroup[_BaseExceptionT]:
+        return BaseExceptionGroup(self.message, __excs)
+
+    def __str__(self) -> str:
+        suffix = "" if len(self._exceptions) == 1 else "s"
+        return f"{self.message} ({len(self._exceptions)} sub-exception{suffix})"
+
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}({self.message!r}, {self._exceptions!r})"
+
+
+class ExceptionGroup(BaseExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT_co], Exception):
+    def __new__(
+        cls: type[_ExceptionGroupSelf],
+        __message: str,
+        __exceptions: Sequence[_ExceptionT_co],
+    ) -> _ExceptionGroupSelf:
+        return super().__new__(cls, __message, __exceptions)
+
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+
+        @property
+        def exceptions(
+            self,
+        ) -> tuple[_ExceptionT_co | ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT_co], ...]: ...
+
+        @overload  # type: ignore[override]
+        def subgroup(
+            self, __condition: type[_ExceptionT] | tuple[type[_ExceptionT], ...]
+        ) -> ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT] | None: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def subgroup(
+            self, __condition: Callable[[_ExceptionT_co | _ExceptionGroupSelf], bool]
+        ) -> ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT_co] | None: ...
+
+        def subgroup(
+            self,
+            __condition: type[_ExceptionT]
+            | tuple[type[_ExceptionT], ...]
+            | Callable[[_ExceptionT_co], bool],
+        ) -> ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT] | None:
+            return super().subgroup(__condition)
+
+        @overload
+        def split(
+            self, __condition: type[_ExceptionT] | tuple[type[_ExceptionT], ...]
+        ) -> tuple[
+            ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT] | None, ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT_co] | None
+        ]: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def split(
+            self, __condition: Callable[[_ExceptionT_co | _ExceptionGroupSelf], bool]
+        ) -> tuple[
+            ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT_co] | None, ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT_co] | None
+        ]: ...
+
+        def split(
+            self: _ExceptionGroupSelf,
+            __condition: type[_ExceptionT]
+            | tuple[type[_ExceptionT], ...]
+            | Callable[[_ExceptionT_co], bool],
+        ) -> tuple[
+            ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT_co] | None, ExceptionGroup[_ExceptionT_co] | None
+        ]:
+            return super().split(__condition)
+        
+
+BaseExceptionGroup.__module__ = 'builtins'
+ExceptionGroup.__module__ = 'builtins'
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 493789f510..b47c986cae 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -364,8 +364,11 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             }
         }
 
+        let expect_stdlib =
+            cfg!(feature = "freeze-stdlib") || !self.state.settings.path_list.is_empty();
+
         #[cfg(feature = "encodings")]
-        if cfg!(feature = "freeze-stdlib") || !self.state.settings.path_list.is_empty() {
+        if expect_stdlib {
             if let Err(e) = self.import_encodings() {
                 eprintln!(
                     "encodings initialization failed. Only utf-8 encoding will be supported."
@@ -382,6 +385,21 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             );
         }
 
+        if expect_stdlib {
+            // enable python-implemented ExceptionGroup when stdlib exists
+            let py_core_init = || -> PyResult<()> {
+                let exception_group = import::import_frozen(self, "_py_exceptiongroup")?;
+                let base_exception_group = exception_group.get_attr("BaseExceptionGroup", self)?;
+                self.builtins
+                    .set_attr("BaseExceptionGroup", base_exception_group, self)?;
+                let exception_group = exception_group.get_attr("ExceptionGroup", self)?;
+                self.builtins
+                    .set_attr("ExceptionGroup", exception_group, self)?;
+                Ok(())
+            };
+            self.expect_pyresult(py_core_init(), "exceptiongroup initialization failed");
+        }
+
         self.initialized = true;
     }
 

From 5e0eace8d9a0c83a62324c6470065b0899fcb6df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 22 Apr 2024 11:26:52 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 535/705] test_exception_group from CPython 3.12.2

---
 Lib/test/test_exception_group.py | 92 +++++++++++---------------------
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py b/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
index 03c721d56f..d0d81490df 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
@@ -1,12 +1,9 @@
 import collections.abc
-import traceback
 import types
 import unittest
-
+from test.support import C_RECURSION_LIMIT
 
 class TestExceptionGroupTypeHierarchy(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_exception_group_types(self):
         self.assertTrue(issubclass(ExceptionGroup, Exception))
         self.assertTrue(issubclass(ExceptionGroup, BaseExceptionGroup))
@@ -38,8 +35,6 @@ def test_bad_EG_construction__too_many_args(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, MSG):
             ExceptionGroup('eg', [ValueError('too')], [TypeError('many')])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bad_EG_construction__bad_message(self):
         MSG = 'argument 1 must be str, not '
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, MSG):
@@ -47,8 +42,6 @@ def test_bad_EG_construction__bad_message(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, MSG):
             ExceptionGroup(None, [ValueError(12)])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bad_EG_construction__bad_excs_sequence(self):
         MSG = r'second argument \(exceptions\) must be a sequence'
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, MSG):
@@ -60,8 +53,6 @@ def test_bad_EG_construction__bad_excs_sequence(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, MSG):
             ExceptionGroup("eg", [])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bad_EG_construction__nested_non_exceptions(self):
         MSG = (r'Item [0-9]+ of second argument \(exceptions\)'
               ' is not an exception')
@@ -78,16 +69,12 @@ def test_EG_wraps_Exceptions__creates_EG(self):
             type(ExceptionGroup("eg", excs)),
             ExceptionGroup)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_BEG_wraps_Exceptions__creates_EG(self):
         excs = [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)]
         self.assertIs(
             type(BaseExceptionGroup("beg", excs)),
             ExceptionGroup)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_EG_wraps_BaseException__raises_TypeError(self):
         MSG= "Cannot nest BaseExceptions in an ExceptionGroup"
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, MSG):
@@ -105,8 +92,6 @@ class MyEG(ExceptionGroup):
             type(MyEG("eg", [ValueError(12), TypeError(42)])),
             MyEG)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_EG_subclass_does_not_wrap_base_exceptions(self):
         class MyEG(ExceptionGroup):
             pass
@@ -115,8 +100,6 @@ class MyEG(ExceptionGroup):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
             MyEG("eg", [ValueError(12), KeyboardInterrupt(42)])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_BEG_and_E_subclass_does_not_wrap_base_exceptions(self):
         class MyEG(BaseExceptionGroup, ValueError):
             pass
@@ -125,6 +108,21 @@ class MyEG(BaseExceptionGroup, ValueError):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
             MyEG("eg", [ValueError(12), KeyboardInterrupt(42)])
 
+    def test_EG_and_specific_subclass_can_wrap_any_nonbase_exception(self):
+        class MyEG(ExceptionGroup, ValueError):
+            pass
+
+        # The restriction is specific to Exception, not "the other base class"
+        MyEG("eg", [ValueError(12), Exception()])
+
+    def test_BEG_and_specific_subclass_can_wrap_any_nonbase_exception(self):
+        class MyEG(BaseExceptionGroup, ValueError):
+            pass
+
+        # The restriction is specific to Exception, not "the other base class"
+        MyEG("eg", [ValueError(12), Exception()])
+
+
     def test_BEG_subclass_wraps_anything(self):
         class MyBEG(BaseExceptionGroup):
             pass
@@ -138,8 +136,6 @@ class MyBEG(BaseExceptionGroup):
 
 
 class StrAndReprTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ExceptionGroup(self):
         eg = BaseExceptionGroup(
             'flat', [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)])
@@ -160,8 +156,6 @@ def test_ExceptionGroup(self):
                  "ExceptionGroup('flat', "
                     "[ValueError(1), TypeError(2)]), TypeError(2)])")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_BaseExceptionGroup(self):
         eg = BaseExceptionGroup(
             'flat', [ValueError(1), KeyboardInterrupt(2)])
@@ -184,8 +178,6 @@ def test_BaseExceptionGroup(self):
                 "BaseExceptionGroup('flat', "
                     "[ValueError(1), KeyboardInterrupt(2)])])")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_custom_exception(self):
         class MyEG(ExceptionGroup):
             pass
@@ -270,8 +262,6 @@ def test_basics_ExceptionGroup_fields(self):
             self.assertIsNone(tb.tb_next)
             self.assertEqual(tb.tb_lineno, tb_linenos[1][i])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_fields_are_readonly(self):
         eg = ExceptionGroup('eg', [TypeError(1), OSError(2)])
 
@@ -287,8 +277,6 @@ def test_fields_are_readonly(self):
 
 
 class ExceptionGroupTestBase(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def assertMatchesTemplate(self, exc, exc_type, template):
         """ Assert that the exception matches the template
 
@@ -318,7 +306,6 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.eg = create_simple_eg()
         self.eg_template = [ValueError(1), TypeError(int), ValueError(2)]
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_subgroup_split__bad_arg_type(self):
         bad_args = ["bad arg",
                     OSError('instance not type'),
@@ -330,8 +317,6 @@ def test_basics_subgroup_split__bad_arg_type(self):
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                 self.eg.split(arg)
 
-    
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_subgroup_by_type__passthrough(self):
         eg = self.eg
         self.assertIs(eg, eg.subgroup(BaseException))
@@ -339,11 +324,9 @@ def test_basics_subgroup_by_type__passthrough(self):
         self.assertIs(eg, eg.subgroup(BaseExceptionGroup))
         self.assertIs(eg, eg.subgroup(ExceptionGroup))
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_subgroup_by_type__no_match(self):
         self.assertIsNone(self.eg.subgroup(OSError))
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_subgroup_by_type__match(self):
         eg = self.eg
         testcases = [
@@ -358,15 +341,12 @@ def test_basics_subgroup_by_type__match(self):
                 self.assertEqual(subeg.message, eg.message)
                 self.assertMatchesTemplate(subeg, ExceptionGroup, template)
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_subgroup_by_predicate__passthrough(self):
         self.assertIs(self.eg, self.eg.subgroup(lambda e: True))
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_subgroup_by_predicate__no_match(self):
         self.assertIsNone(self.eg.subgroup(lambda e: False))
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_subgroup_by_predicate__match(self):
         eg = self.eg
         testcases = [
@@ -386,7 +366,6 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.eg = create_simple_eg()
         self.eg_template = [ValueError(1), TypeError(int), ValueError(2)]
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_split_by_type__passthrough(self):
         for E in [BaseException, Exception,
                   BaseExceptionGroup, ExceptionGroup]:
@@ -395,14 +374,12 @@ def test_basics_split_by_type__passthrough(self):
                 match, ExceptionGroup, self.eg_template)
             self.assertIsNone(rest)
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_split_by_type__no_match(self):
         match, rest = self.eg.split(OSError)
         self.assertIsNone(match)
         self.assertMatchesTemplate(
             rest, ExceptionGroup, self.eg_template)
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_split_by_type__match(self):
         eg = self.eg
         VE = ValueError
@@ -427,19 +404,16 @@ def test_basics_split_by_type__match(self):
             else:
                 self.assertIsNone(rest)
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_split_by_predicate__passthrough(self):
         match, rest = self.eg.split(lambda e: True)
         self.assertMatchesTemplate(match, ExceptionGroup, self.eg_template)
         self.assertIsNone(rest)
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_split_by_predicate__no_match(self):
         match, rest = self.eg.split(lambda e: False)
         self.assertIsNone(match)
         self.assertMatchesTemplate(rest, ExceptionGroup, self.eg_template)
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_basics_split_by_predicate__match(self):
         eg = self.eg
         VE = ValueError
@@ -465,19 +439,15 @@ def test_basics_split_by_predicate__match(self):
 class DeepRecursionInSplitAndSubgroup(unittest.TestCase):
     def make_deep_eg(self):
         e = TypeError(1)
-        for i in range(2000):
+        for i in range(C_RECURSION_LIMIT + 1):
             e = ExceptionGroup('eg', [e])
         return e
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_deep_split(self):
         e = self.make_deep_eg()
         with self.assertRaises(RecursionError):
             e.split(TypeError)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_deep_subgroup(self):
         e = self.make_deep_eg()
         with self.assertRaises(RecursionError):
@@ -501,7 +471,7 @@ def leaf_generator(exc, tbs=None):
 
 class LeafGeneratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
     # The leaf_generator is mentioned in PEP 654 as a suggestion
-    # on how to iterate over leaf nodes of an EG. It is also
+    # on how to iterate over leaf nodes of an EG. Is is also
     # used below as a test utility. So we test it here.
 
     def test_leaf_generator(self):
@@ -654,8 +624,6 @@ def tb_linenos(tbs):
 
 class NestedExceptionGroupSplitTest(ExceptionGroupSplitTestBase):
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_split_by_type(self):
         class MyExceptionGroup(ExceptionGroup):
             pass
@@ -755,8 +723,6 @@ def level3(i):
         self.assertMatchesTemplate(match, ExceptionGroup, [eg_template[0]])
         self.assertMatchesTemplate(rest, ExceptionGroup, [eg_template[1]])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_split_BaseExceptionGroup(self):
         def exc(ex):
             try:
@@ -797,8 +763,6 @@ def exc(ex):
         self.assertMatchesTemplate(
             rest, ExceptionGroup, [ValueError(1)])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_split_copies_notes(self):
         # make sure each exception group after a split has its own __notes__ list
         eg = ExceptionGroup("eg", [ValueError(1), TypeError(2)])
@@ -830,11 +794,23 @@ def test_split_does_not_copy_non_sequence_notes(self):
         self.assertFalse(hasattr(match, '__notes__'))
         self.assertFalse(hasattr(rest, '__notes__'))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_drive_invalid_return_value(self):
+        class MyEg(ExceptionGroup):
+            def derive(self, excs):
+                return 42
+
+        eg = MyEg('eg', [TypeError(1), ValueError(2)])
+        msg = "derive must return an instance of BaseExceptionGroup"
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
+            eg.split(TypeError)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, msg):
+            eg.subgroup(TypeError)
+
 
 class NestedExceptionGroupSubclassSplitTest(ExceptionGroupSplitTestBase):
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_split_ExceptionGroup_subclass_no_derive_no_new_override(self):
         class EG(ExceptionGroup):
             pass
@@ -877,8 +853,6 @@ class EG(ExceptionGroup):
         self.assertMatchesTemplate(match, ExceptionGroup, [[TypeError(2)]])
         self.assertMatchesTemplate(rest, ExceptionGroup, [ValueError(1)])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_split_BaseExceptionGroup_subclass_no_derive_new_override(self):
         class EG(BaseExceptionGroup):
             def __new__(cls, message, excs, unused):
@@ -921,8 +895,6 @@ def __new__(cls, message, excs, unused):
             match, BaseExceptionGroup, [KeyboardInterrupt(2)])
         self.assertMatchesTemplate(rest, ExceptionGroup, [ValueError(1)])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_split_ExceptionGroup_subclass_derive_and_new_overrides(self):
         class EG(ExceptionGroup):
             def __new__(cls, message, excs, code):

From 053583f5a0b9499c21f8bfa427d6066601bebd8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 23:16:08 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 536/705] Add wasm/demo/.envrc

---
 wasm/demo/.envrc | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 wasm/demo/.envrc

diff --git a/wasm/demo/.envrc b/wasm/demo/.envrc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..928b937d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wasm/demo/.envrc
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+export NODE_OPTIONS=--openssl-legacy-provider
+export PATH=$PATH:`pwd`/../../geckodriver

From 27bcba30275f2bb43f56160b76a56a3f671e6df0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 25 Apr 2024 23:18:31 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 537/705] wasm test prints more info

---
 wasm/demo/package.json | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/wasm/demo/package.json b/wasm/demo/package.json
index 53ed264ea7..487f46fbc1 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/package.json
+++ b/wasm/demo/package.json
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
         "dev": "webpack serve",
         "build": "webpack",
         "dist": "webpack --mode production",
-        "test": "webpack --mode production && cd ../tests && pytest"
+        "test": "webpack --mode production && cd ../tests && pytest -v"
     },
     "repository": {
         "type": "git",

From 5f6f6cce92aac1f9c142ced4108cc831fea38431 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 16 Mar 2023 21:31:58 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 538/705] add cspell to CI

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 1dac8d47c7..12399413ba 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -313,6 +313,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: spell checker
+        uses: streetsidesoftware/cspell-action@v2
+        with:
+          files: '**/*.rs'
+          incremental_files_only: true
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
             components: rustfmt, clippy

From 372e68306334adaeb0730b1b45a063714b1ec713 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 01:43:45 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 539/705] disable cspell from files with a bunch of OS jargons

---
 .cspell.json                     | 1 +
 common/src/os.rs                 | 1 +
 stdlib/src/mmap.rs               | 1 +
 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs         | 2 ++
 stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs    | 2 ++
 stdlib/src/resource.rs           | 2 ++
 stdlib/src/select.rs             | 2 ++
 stdlib/src/socket.rs             | 2 ++
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs                | 2 ++
 stdlib/src/termios.rs            | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs          | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/errno.rs           | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs          | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs              | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs              | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs           | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs    | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs             | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs          | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs          | 2 ++
 vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs          | 1 +
 22 files changed, 40 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.cspell.json b/.cspell.json
index c1db1036a9..0d7df1a6b9 100644
--- a/.cspell.json
+++ b/.cspell.json
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@
     "warningregistry",
     "warnopts",
     "weakproxy",
+    "winver",
     "xopts",
     // RustPython
     "baseclass",
diff --git a/common/src/os.rs b/common/src/os.rs
index 8a832270bc..06ea1432e9 100644
--- a/common/src/os.rs
+++ b/common/src/os.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:disable
 // TODO: we can move more os-specific bindings/interfaces from stdlib::{os, posix, nt} to here
 
 use std::{io, str::Utf8Error};
diff --git a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
index cbc86bb2c9..c56369e979 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:disable
 //! mmap module
 pub(crate) use mmap::make_module;
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
index 629461abe9..007fa67423 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 pub(crate) use _overlapped::make_module;
 
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
index 595caf524b..346032fe79 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/posixsubprocess.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 use crate::vm::{
     builtins::PyListRef,
     function::ArgSequence,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/resource.rs b/stdlib/src/resource.rs
index e103cce779..3255bb3f61 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/resource.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/resource.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 pub(crate) use resource::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index 4003856bb9..d4380b69fa 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 use crate::vm::{
     PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyListRef,
     builtins::PyModule,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 17daec7751..988784856f 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 use crate::vm::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 #[cfg(feature = "ssl")]
 pub(super) use _socket::{PySocket, SelectKind, sock_select, timeout_error_msg};
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index 10d1906448..c1dcea354f 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 use crate::vm::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 use openssl_probe::ProbeResult;
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/termios.rs b/stdlib/src/termios.rs
index 5c49d62a3c..55cd45e651 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/termios.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/termios.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 pub(crate) use self::termios::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
index b6fd150889..38955fe391 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 pub(crate) mod array;
 pub(crate) mod base;
 pub(crate) mod function;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
index c1c1230e03..21043da27d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/function.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 use crate::builtins::{PyStr, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::convert::ToPyObject;
 use crate::function::FuncArgs;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/errno.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/errno.rs
index 247e2a2340..c77fcbfefc 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/errno.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/errno.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 #[pymodule]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs
index 7b3620ad51..463f4566ae 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/msvcrt.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 pub use msvcrt::*;
 
 #[pymodule]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 624577b5ce..b4899bb225 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub use module::raw_set_handle_inheritable;
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index e1a5825b82..f53be8b01b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Py, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyModule, PySet},
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index 05b1d8addd..dc5c74cef4 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 use std::os::unix::io::RawFd;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs
index 334aa597ce..696daf7f0f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix_compat.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 //! `posix` compatible module for `not(any(unix, windows))`
 use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
index f6c277242c..b95910c73f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 pub(crate) use pwd::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index 0c47ca082e..cdd8d8c3b9 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};
 
 pub(crate) fn make_module(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<PyModule> {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
index 7ffc4227e6..2d853f4ed1 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winapi.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 #![allow(non_snake_case)]
 pub(crate) use _winapi::make_module;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
index b0dbbfceec..30fe016148 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:disable
 #![allow(non_snake_case)]
 
 use crate::{PyRef, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyModule};

From 10d2837041a721e97ad86a129195cc0d36335d2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 02:15:03 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 540/705] rework dicts

---
 .cspell.dict/cpython.txt     |  41 ++++++
 .cspell.dict/python-more.txt | 116 +++++++++++++++++
 .cspell.dict/rust-more.txt   |  47 +++++++
 .cspell.json                 | 239 ++++-------------------------------
 4 files changed, 231 insertions(+), 212 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .cspell.dict/cpython.txt
 create mode 100644 .cspell.dict/python-more.txt
 create mode 100644 .cspell.dict/rust-more.txt

diff --git a/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt b/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0ac387634d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+argtypes
+asdl
+asname
+augassign
+badsyntax
+basetype
+boolop
+bxor
+cellarg
+cellvar
+cellvars
+cmpop
+dictoffset
+elts
+excepthandler
+finalbody
+freevar
+freevars
+fromlist
+heaptype
+IMMUTABLETYPE
+kwonlyarg
+kwonlyargs
+linearise
+maxdepth
+mult
+nkwargs
+orelse
+patma
+posonlyarg
+posonlyargs
+prec
+stackdepth
+unaryop
+unparse
+unparser
+VARKEYWORDS
+varkwarg
+wbits
+withitem
+withs
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a482c880cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+abstractmethods
+aiter
+anext
+arrayiterator
+arraytype
+asend
+athrow
+basicsize
+cformat
+classcell
+closesocket
+codepoint
+codepoints
+cpython
+decompressor
+defaultaction
+descr
+dictcomp
+dictitems
+dictkeys
+dictview
+docstring
+docstrings
+dunder
+eventmask
+fdel
+fget
+fileencoding
+fillchar
+finallyhandler
+frombytes
+fromhex
+fromunicode
+fset
+fspath
+fstring
+fstrings
+genexpr
+getattro
+getformat
+getnewargs
+getweakrefcount
+getweakrefs
+hostnames
+idiv
+impls
+infj
+instancecheck
+instanceof
+isabstractmethod
+itemiterator
+itemsize
+iternext
+keyiterator
+kwarg
+kwargs
+linearization
+linearize
+listcomp
+mappingproxy
+maxsplit
+memoryview
+memoryviewiterator
+metaclass
+metaclasses
+metatype
+mro
+mros
+nanj
+ndigits
+ndim
+nonbytes
+origname
+posixsubprocess
+pyexpat
+pytraverse
+PYTHONDEBUG
+PYTHONHOME
+PYTHONINSPECT
+PYTHONOPTIMIZE
+PYTHONPATH
+PYTHONPATH
+PYTHONVERBOSE
+PYTHONWARNINGS
+qualname
+radd
+rdiv
+rdivmod
+reconstructor
+reversevalueiterator
+rfloordiv
+rlshift
+rmod
+rpow
+rrshift
+rsub
+rtruediv
+scproxy
+setattro
+setcomp
+showwarnmsg
+warnmsg
+stacklevel
+subclasscheck
+subclasshook
+unionable
+unraisablehook
+valueiterator
+vararg
+varargs
+varnames
+warningregistry
+warnopts
+weakproxy
+winver
+xopts
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2177dd4c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+ahash
+bidi
+biguint
+bindgen
+bitflags
+bstr
+byteorder
+chrono
+consts
+cstring
+flate2
+fract
+hasher
+idents
+indexmap
+insta
+keccak
+lalrpop
+libc
+libz
+longlong
+Manually
+maplit
+memmap
+metas
+modpow
+nanos
+objclass
+peekable
+powc
+powf
+prepended
+punct
+replacen
+rsplitn
+rustc
+rustfmt
+seekfrom
+splitn
+subsec
+timsort
+trai
+ulonglong
+unic
+unistd
+winapi
+winsock
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.cspell.json b/.cspell.json
index 0d7df1a6b9..562b300ffa 100644
--- a/.cspell.json
+++ b/.cspell.json
@@ -1,194 +1,51 @@
 // See: https://github.com/streetsidesoftware/cspell/tree/master/packages/cspell
 {
   "version": "0.2",
+  "import": [
+    "@cspell/dict-en_us/cspell-ext.json",
+    // "@cspell/dict-cpp/cspell-ext.json",
+    "@cspell/dict-python/cspell-ext.json",
+    "@cspell/dict-rust/cspell-ext.json",
+    "@cspell/dict-win32/cspell-ext.json",
+    "@cspell/dict-shell/cspell-ext.json",
+  ],
   // language - current active spelling language
   "language": "en",
   // dictionaries - list of the names of the dictionaries to use
   "dictionaries": [
+    "cpython",  // Sometimes keeping same terms with cpython is easy
+    "python-more",  // Python API terms not listed in python
+    "rust-more",  // Rust API terms not listed in rust
     "en_US",
     "softwareTerms",
     "c",
     "cpp",
     "python",
-    "python-custom",
     "rust",
-    "unix",
-    "posix",
-    "winapi"
+    "shell",
+    "win32"
   ],
   // dictionaryDefinitions - this list defines any custom dictionaries to use
-  "dictionaryDefinitions": [],
+  "dictionaryDefinitions": [
+    {
+      "name": "cpython",
+      "path": "./.cspell.dict/cpython.txt"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "python-more",
+      "path": "./.cspell.dict/python-more.txt"
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "rust-more",
+      "path": "./.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt"
+    }
+  ],
   "ignorePaths": [
     "**/__pycache__/**",
     "Lib/**"
   ],
   // words - list of words to be always considered correct
   "words": [
-    // Rust
-    "ahash",
-    "bidi",
-    "biguint",
-    "bindgen",
-    "bitflags",
-    "bstr",
-    "byteorder",
-    "chrono",
-    "consts",
-    "cstring",
-    "flate2",
-    "fract",
-    "hasher",
-    "idents",
-    "indexmap",
-    "insta",
-    "keccak",
-    "lalrpop",
-    "libc",
-    "libz",
-    "longlong",
-    "Manually",
-    "maplit",
-    "memmap",
-    "metas",
-    "modpow",
-    "nanos",
-    "objclass",
-    "peekable",
-    "powc",
-    "powf",
-    "prepended",
-    "punct",
-    "replacen",
-    "rsplitn",
-    "rustc",
-    "rustfmt",
-    "seekfrom",
-    "splitn",
-    "subsec",
-    "timsort",
-    "trai",
-    "ulonglong",
-    "unic",
-    "unistd",
-    "winapi",
-    "winsock",
-    // Python
-    "abstractmethods",
-    "aiter",
-    "anext",
-    "arrayiterator",
-    "arraytype",
-    "asend",
-    "athrow",
-    "basicsize",
-    "cformat",
-    "classcell",
-    "closesocket",
-    "codepoint",
-    "codepoints",
-    "cpython",
-    "decompressor",
-    "defaultaction",
-    "descr",
-    "dictcomp",
-    "dictitems",
-    "dictkeys",
-    "dictview",
-    "docstring",
-    "docstrings",
-    "dunder",
-    "eventmask",
-    "fdel",
-    "fget",
-    "fileencoding",
-    "fillchar",
-    "finallyhandler",
-    "frombytes",
-    "fromhex",
-    "fromunicode",
-    "fset",
-    "fspath",
-    "fstring",
-    "fstrings",
-    "genexpr",
-    "getattro",
-    "getformat",
-    "getnewargs",
-    "getweakrefcount",
-    "getweakrefs",
-    "hostnames",
-    "idiv",
-    "impls",
-    "infj",
-    "instancecheck",
-    "instanceof",
-    "isabstractmethod",
-    "itemiterator",
-    "itemsize",
-    "iternext",
-    "keyiterator",
-    "kwarg",
-    "kwargs",
-    "linearization",
-    "linearize",
-    "listcomp",
-    "mappingproxy",
-    "maxsplit",
-    "memoryview",
-    "memoryviewiterator",
-    "metaclass",
-    "metaclasses",
-    "metatype",
-    "mro",
-    "mros",
-    "nanj",
-    "ndigits",
-    "ndim",
-    "nonbytes",
-    "origname",
-    "posixsubprocess",
-    "pyexpat",
-    "pytraverse",
-    "PYTHONDEBUG",
-    "PYTHONHOME",
-    "PYTHONINSPECT",
-    "PYTHONOPTIMIZE",
-    "PYTHONPATH",
-    "PYTHONPATH",
-    "PYTHONVERBOSE",
-    "PYTHONWARNINGS",
-    "qualname",
-    "radd",
-    "rdiv",
-    "rdivmod",
-    "reconstructor",
-    "reversevalueiterator",
-    "rfloordiv",
-    "rlshift",
-    "rmod",
-    "rpow",
-    "rrshift",
-    "rsub",
-    "rtruediv",
-    "scproxy",
-    "setattro",
-    "setcomp",
-    "showwarnmsg",
-    "warnmsg",
-    "stacklevel",
-    "subclasscheck",
-    "subclasshook",
-    "unionable",
-    "unraisablehook",
-    "valueiterator",
-    "vararg",
-    "varargs",
-    "varnames",
-    "warningregistry",
-    "warnopts",
-    "weakproxy",
-    "winver",
-    "xopts",
     // RustPython
     "baseclass",
     "Bytecode",
@@ -243,48 +100,6 @@
     "unraisable",
     "wasi",
     "zelf",
-    // cpython
-    "argtypes",
-    "asdl",
-    "asname",
-    "augassign",
-    "badsyntax",
-    "basetype",
-    "boolop",
-    "bxor",
-    "cellarg",
-    "cellvar",
-    "cellvars",
-    "cmpop",
-    "dictoffset",
-    "elts",
-    "excepthandler",
-    "finalbody",
-    "freevar",
-    "freevars",
-    "fromlist",
-    "heaptype",
-    "IMMUTABLETYPE",
-    "kwonlyarg",
-    "kwonlyargs",
-    "linearise",
-    "maxdepth",
-    "mult",
-    "nkwargs",
-    "orelse",
-    "patma",
-    "posonlyarg",
-    "posonlyargs",
-    "prec",
-    "stackdepth",
-    "unaryop",
-    "unparse",
-    "unparser",
-    "VARKEYWORDS",
-    "varkwarg",
-    "wbits",
-    "withitem",
-    "withs"
   ],
   // flagWords - list of words to be always considered incorrect
   "flagWords": [

From e3d96aa3ca6d91293c87b022378b068b95da6c15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Mar 2025 12:42:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 541/705] Remove commented-out code

Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 common/src/encodings.rs | 3 ---
 1 file changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/encodings.rs b/common/src/encodings.rs
index 9582d63b6c..097dae17ba 100644
--- a/common/src/encodings.rs
+++ b/common/src/encodings.rs
@@ -244,9 +244,6 @@ where
                 out.extend_from_slice(b.as_ref());
             }
         }
-        // data = crate::str::try_get_codepoints(full_data.as_ref(), char_restart..)
-        //     .ok_or_else(|| errors.error_oob_restart(char_restart))?;
-        // char_data_index = char_restart;
     }
     out.extend_from_slice(ctx.remaining_data().as_bytes());
     Ok(out)

From c6cab4c43af41368e03153afbd509bbd307de337 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Mar 2025 20:35:59 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 542/705] Parse surrogates in string literals properly

---
 Cargo.lock                            |   3 +
 Lib/test/test_codeccallbacks.py       |   6 -
 common/src/encodings.rs               |   2 +-
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs                |  53 +++++
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml           |   2 +
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs       | 138 ++++++++-----
 compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs           |   1 +
 compiler/codegen/src/string_parser.rs | 287 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 compiler/core/Cargo.toml              |   1 +
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs         |   5 +-
 compiler/core/src/marshal.rs          |  12 +-
 jit/tests/common.rs                   |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/code.rs               |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs                |  12 ++
 vm/src/intern.rs                      |  53 +++--
 vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs              |   5 +-
 16 files changed, 506 insertions(+), 80 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 compiler/codegen/src/string_parser.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 241d2a595d..70d58bc448 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2319,6 +2319,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
  "malachite-bigint",
+ "memchr",
  "num-complex",
  "num-traits",
  "ruff_python_ast",
@@ -2330,6 +2331,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-compiler-source",
  "thiserror 2.0.11",
+ "unicode_names2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2387,6 +2389,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
+ "rustpython-common",
  "serde",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_codeccallbacks.py b/Lib/test/test_codeccallbacks.py
index 09a6d883f8..bd1dbcd626 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_codeccallbacks.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_codeccallbacks.py
@@ -536,8 +536,6 @@ def test_badandgoodxmlcharrefreplaceexceptions(self):
             ("".join("&#%d;" % c for c in cs), 1 + len(s))
         )
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badandgoodbackslashreplaceexceptions(self):
         # "backslashreplace" complains about a non-exception passed in
         self.assertRaises(
@@ -596,8 +594,6 @@ def test_badandgoodbackslashreplaceexceptions(self):
                     (r, 2)
                 )
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badandgoodnamereplaceexceptions(self):
         # "namereplace" complains about a non-exception passed in
         self.assertRaises(
@@ -644,8 +640,6 @@ def test_badandgoodnamereplaceexceptions(self):
                     (r, 1 + len(s))
                 )
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_badandgoodsurrogateescapeexceptions(self):
         surrogateescape_errors = codecs.lookup_error('surrogateescape')
         # "surrogateescape" complains about a non-exception passed in
diff --git a/common/src/encodings.rs b/common/src/encodings.rs
index 097dae17ba..c444e27a5a 100644
--- a/common/src/encodings.rs
+++ b/common/src/encodings.rs
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ pub mod errors {
             let mut out = String::with_capacity(num_chars * 4);
             for c in err_str.code_points() {
                 let c_u32 = c.to_u32();
-                if let Some(c_name) = unicode_names2::name(c.to_char_lossy()) {
+                if let Some(c_name) = c.to_char().and_then(unicode_names2::name) {
                     write!(out, "\\N{{{c_name}}}").unwrap();
                 } else if c_u32 >= 0x10000 {
                     write!(out, "\\U{c_u32:08x}").unwrap();
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
index f6ae628bad..21c5de28bd 100644
--- a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -574,6 +574,12 @@ impl<W: AsRef<Wtf8>> FromIterator<W> for Wtf8Buf {
     }
 }
 
+impl Hash for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        Wtf8::hash(self, state)
+    }
+}
+
 impl AsRef<Wtf8> for Wtf8Buf {
     fn as_ref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
         self
@@ -692,6 +698,13 @@ impl Default for &Wtf8 {
     }
 }
 
+impl Hash for Wtf8 {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        state.write(self.as_bytes());
+        state.write_u8(0xff);
+    }
+}
+
 impl Wtf8 {
     /// Creates a WTF-8 slice from a UTF-8 `&str` slice.
     ///
@@ -722,6 +735,32 @@ impl Wtf8 {
         unsafe { &mut *(value as *mut [u8] as *mut Wtf8) }
     }
 
+    /// Create a WTF-8 slice from a WTF-8 byte slice.
+    //
+    // whooops! using WTF-8 for interchange!
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn from_bytes(b: &[u8]) -> Option<&Self> {
+        let mut rest = b;
+        while let Err(e) = std::str::from_utf8(rest) {
+            rest = &rest[e.valid_up_to()..];
+            Self::decode_surrogate(rest)?;
+            rest = &rest[3..];
+        }
+        Some(unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(b) })
+    }
+
+    fn decode_surrogate(b: &[u8]) -> Option<CodePoint> {
+        let [a, b, c, ..] = *b else { return None };
+        if (a & 0xf0) == 0xe0 && (b & 0xc0) == 0x80 && (c & 0xc0) == 0x80 {
+            // it's a three-byte code
+            let c = ((a as u32 & 0x0f) << 12) + ((b as u32 & 0x3f) << 6) + (c as u32 & 0x3f);
+            let 0xD800..=0xDFFF = c else { return None };
+            Some(CodePoint { value: c })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Returns the length, in WTF-8 bytes.
     #[inline]
     pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
@@ -875,6 +914,14 @@ impl Wtf8 {
         }
     }
 
+    #[inline]
+    fn final_lead_surrogate(&self) -> Option<u16> {
+        match self.bytes {
+            [.., 0xED, b2 @ 0xA0..=0xAF, b3] => Some(decode_surrogate(b2, b3)),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn is_code_point_boundary(&self, index: usize) -> bool {
         is_code_point_boundary(self, index)
     }
@@ -1481,6 +1528,12 @@ impl From<Wtf8Buf> for Box<Wtf8> {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<Box<Wtf8>> for Wtf8Buf {
+    fn from(w: Box<Wtf8>) -> Self {
+        Wtf8Buf::from_box(w)
+    }
+}
+
 impl From<String> for Box<Wtf8> {
     fn from(s: String) -> Self {
         s.into_boxed_str().into()
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index 9cf93bc22b..c7ff439f78 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ num-complex = { workspace = true }
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
 malachite-bigint = { workspace = true }
+memchr = { workspace = true }
+unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 # rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index a6eb216e2a..a03a1fdb50 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -21,13 +21,14 @@ use ruff_python_ast::{
     Alias, Arguments, BoolOp, CmpOp, Comprehension, ConversionFlag, DebugText, Decorator, DictItem,
     ExceptHandler, ExceptHandlerExceptHandler, Expr, ExprAttribute, ExprBoolOp, ExprFString,
     ExprList, ExprName, ExprStarred, ExprSubscript, ExprTuple, ExprUnaryOp, FString,
-    FStringElement, FStringElements, FStringPart, Int, Keyword, MatchCase, ModExpression,
-    ModModule, Operator, Parameters, Pattern, PatternMatchAs, PatternMatchValue, Stmt, StmtExpr,
-    TypeParam, TypeParamParamSpec, TypeParamTypeVar, TypeParamTypeVarTuple, TypeParams, UnaryOp,
-    WithItem,
+    FStringElement, FStringElements, FStringFlags, FStringPart, Int, Keyword, MatchCase,
+    ModExpression, ModModule, Operator, Parameters, Pattern, PatternMatchAs, PatternMatchValue,
+    Stmt, StmtExpr, TypeParam, TypeParamParamSpec, TypeParamTypeVar, TypeParamTypeVarTuple,
+    TypeParams, UnaryOp, WithItem,
 };
 use ruff_source_file::OneIndexed;
 use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange};
+use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
 // use rustpython_ast::located::{self as located_ast, Located};
 use rustpython_compiler_core::{
     Mode,
@@ -375,7 +376,9 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
 
         let (doc, statements) = split_doc(&body.body, &self.opts);
         if let Some(value) = doc {
-            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value });
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                value: value.into(),
+            });
             let doc = self.name("__doc__");
             emit!(self, Instruction::StoreGlobal(doc))
         }
@@ -636,14 +639,12 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                             statement.range(),
                         ));
                     }
-                    vec![ConstantData::Str {
-                        value: "*".to_owned(),
-                    }]
+                    vec![ConstantData::Str { value: "*".into() }]
                 } else {
                     names
                         .iter()
                         .map(|n| ConstantData::Str {
-                            value: n.name.to_string(),
+                            value: n.name.as_str().into(),
                         })
                         .collect()
                 };
@@ -954,7 +955,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                     self.pop_symbol_table();
                 }
                 self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                    value: name_string.clone(),
+                    value: name_string.clone().into(),
                 });
                 emit!(self, Instruction::TypeAlias);
                 self.store_name(&name_string)?;
@@ -1028,7 +1029,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             let default_kw_count = kw_with_defaults.len();
             for (arg, default) in kw_with_defaults.iter() {
                 self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                    value: arg.name.to_string(),
+                    value: arg.name.as_str().into(),
                 });
                 self.compile_expression(default)?;
             }
@@ -1101,7 +1102,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                     if let Some(expr) = &bound {
                         self.compile_expression(expr)?;
                         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                            value: name.to_string(),
+                            value: name.as_str().into(),
                         });
                         emit!(self, Instruction::TypeVarWithBound);
                         emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
@@ -1109,7 +1110,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                     } else {
                         // self.store_name(type_name.as_str())?;
                         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                            value: name.to_string(),
+                            value: name.as_str().into(),
                         });
                         emit!(self, Instruction::TypeVar);
                         emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
@@ -1118,7 +1119,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                 }
                 TypeParam::ParamSpec(TypeParamParamSpec { name, .. }) => {
                     self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                        value: name.to_string(),
+                        value: name.as_str().into(),
                     });
                     emit!(self, Instruction::ParamSpec);
                     emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
@@ -1126,7 +1127,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                 }
                 TypeParam::TypeVarTuple(TypeParamTypeVarTuple { name, .. }) => {
                     self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                        value: name.to_string(),
+                        value: name.as_str().into(),
                     });
                     emit!(self, Instruction::TypeVarTuple);
                     emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
@@ -1363,7 +1364,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         if let Some(annotation) = returns {
             // key:
             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                value: "return".to_owned(),
+                value: "return".into(),
             });
             // value:
             self.compile_annotation(annotation)?;
@@ -1380,7 +1381,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         for param in parameters_iter {
             if let Some(annotation) = &param.annotation {
                 self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                    value: self.mangle(param.name.as_str()).into_owned(),
+                    value: self.mangle(param.name.as_str()).into_owned().into(),
                 });
                 self.compile_annotation(annotation)?;
                 num_annotations += 1;
@@ -1410,7 +1411,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             code: Box::new(code),
         });
         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-            value: qualified_name,
+            value: qualified_name.into(),
         });
 
         // Turn code object into function object:
@@ -1418,7 +1419,9 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
 
         if let Some(value) = doc_str {
             emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
-            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value });
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                value: value.into(),
+            });
             emit!(self, Instruction::Rotate2);
             let doc = self.name("__doc__");
             emit!(self, Instruction::StoreAttr { idx: doc });
@@ -1547,7 +1550,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         let dunder_module = self.name("__module__");
         emit!(self, Instruction::StoreLocal(dunder_module));
         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-            value: qualified_name,
+            value: qualified_name.into(),
         });
         let qualname = self.name("__qualname__");
         emit!(self, Instruction::StoreLocal(qualname));
@@ -1608,16 +1611,12 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Code {
             code: Box::new(code),
         });
-        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-            value: name.to_owned(),
-        });
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value: name.into() });
 
         // Turn code object into function object:
         emit!(self, Instruction::MakeFunction(func_flags));
 
-        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-            value: name.to_owned(),
-        });
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value: name.into() });
 
         // Call the __build_class__ builtin
         let call = if let Some(arguments) = arguments {
@@ -1638,7 +1637,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
 
         // Doc string value:
         self.emit_load_const(match doc_str {
-            Some(doc) => ConstantData::Str { value: doc },
+            Some(doc) => ConstantData::Str { value: doc.into() },
             None => ConstantData::None, // set docstring None if not declared
         });
     }
@@ -2031,7 +2030,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             let ident = Default::default();
             let codegen = ruff_python_codegen::Generator::new(&ident, Default::default());
             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                value: codegen.expr(annotation),
+                value: codegen.expr(annotation).into(),
             });
         } else {
             self.compile_expression(annotation)?;
@@ -2063,7 +2062,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             let annotations = self.name("__annotations__");
             emit!(self, Instruction::LoadNameAny(annotations));
             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                value: self.mangle(id.as_str()).into_owned(),
+                value: self.mangle(id.as_str()).into_owned().into(),
             });
             emit!(self, Instruction::StoreSubscript);
         } else {
@@ -2538,7 +2537,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                 self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Code {
                     code: Box::new(code),
                 });
-                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value: name });
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value: name.into() });
                 // Turn code object into function object:
                 emit!(self, Instruction::MakeFunction(func_flags));
 
@@ -2679,9 +2678,23 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                 self.compile_expr_fstring(fstring)?;
             }
             Expr::StringLiteral(string) => {
-                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                    value: string.value.to_str().to_owned(),
-                });
+                let value = string.value.to_str();
+                if value.contains(char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER) {
+                    let value = string
+                        .value
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|lit| {
+                            let source = self.source_code.get_range(lit.range);
+                            crate::string_parser::parse_string_literal(source, lit.flags.into())
+                        })
+                        .collect();
+                    // might have a surrogate literal; should reparse to be sure
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value });
+                } else {
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                        value: value.into(),
+                    });
+                }
             }
             Expr::BytesLiteral(bytes) => {
                 let iter = bytes.value.iter().flat_map(|x| x.iter().copied());
@@ -2732,7 +2745,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                 for keyword in sub_keywords {
                     if let Some(name) = &keyword.arg {
                         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                            value: name.to_string(),
+                            value: name.as_str().into(),
                         });
                         self.compile_expression(&keyword.value)?;
                         sub_size += 1;
@@ -2822,7 +2835,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             for keyword in &arguments.keywords {
                 if let Some(name) = &keyword.arg {
                     kwarg_names.push(ConstantData::Str {
-                        value: name.to_string(),
+                        value: name.as_str().into(),
                     });
                 } else {
                     // This means **kwargs!
@@ -3058,9 +3071,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         });
 
         // List comprehension function name:
-        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-            value: name.to_owned(),
-        });
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value: name.into() });
 
         // Turn code object into function object:
         emit!(self, Instruction::MakeFunction(func_flags));
@@ -3358,9 +3369,19 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
     fn compile_fstring_part(&mut self, part: &FStringPart) -> CompileResult<()> {
         match part {
             FStringPart::Literal(string) => {
-                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                    value: string.value.to_string(),
-                });
+                if string.value.contains(char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER) {
+                    // might have a surrogate literal; should reparse to be sure
+                    let source = self.source_code.get_range(string.range);
+                    let value =
+                        crate::string_parser::parse_string_literal(source, string.flags.into());
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                        value: value.into(),
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                        value: string.value.to_string().into(),
+                    });
+                }
                 Ok(())
             }
             FStringPart::FString(fstring) => self.compile_fstring(fstring),
@@ -3368,19 +3389,32 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
     }
 
     fn compile_fstring(&mut self, fstring: &FString) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        self.compile_fstring_elements(&fstring.elements)
+        self.compile_fstring_elements(fstring.flags, &fstring.elements)
     }
 
     fn compile_fstring_elements(
         &mut self,
+        flags: FStringFlags,
         fstring_elements: &FStringElements,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         for element in fstring_elements {
             match element {
                 FStringElement::Literal(string) => {
-                    self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                        value: string.value.to_string(),
-                    });
+                    if string.value.contains(char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER) {
+                        // might have a surrogate literal; should reparse to be sure
+                        let source = self.source_code.get_range(string.range);
+                        let value = crate::string_parser::parse_fstring_literal_element(
+                            source.into(),
+                            flags.into(),
+                        );
+                        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                            value: value.into(),
+                        });
+                    } else {
+                        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                            value: string.value.to_string().into(),
+                        });
+                    }
                 }
                 FStringElement::Expression(fstring_expr) => {
                     let mut conversion = fstring_expr.conversion;
@@ -3393,11 +3427,13 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                             let source = source.to_string();
 
                             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                                value: leading.to_string(),
+                                value: leading.to_string().into(),
+                            });
+                            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
+                                value: source.into(),
                             });
-                            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value: source });
                             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                                value: trailing.to_string(),
+                                value: trailing.to_string().into(),
                             });
 
                             3
@@ -3407,7 +3443,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                     match &fstring_expr.format_spec {
                         None => {
                             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                                value: String::new(),
+                                value: Wtf8Buf::new(),
                             });
                             // Match CPython behavior: If debug text is present, apply repr conversion.
                             // See: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/f61afca262d3a0aa6a8a501db0b1936c60858e35/Parser/action_helpers.c#L1456
@@ -3416,7 +3452,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                             }
                         }
                         Some(format_spec) => {
-                            self.compile_fstring_elements(&format_spec.elements)?;
+                            self.compile_fstring_elements(flags, &format_spec.elements)?;
                         }
                     }
 
@@ -3449,7 +3485,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         if element_count == 0 {
             // ensure to put an empty string on the stack if there aren't any fstring elements
             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                value: String::new(),
+                value: Wtf8Buf::new(),
             });
         } else if element_count > 1 {
             emit!(
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
index ceadb3c364..d44844543e 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ type IndexSet<T> = indexmap::IndexSet<T, ahash::RandomState>;
 pub mod compile;
 pub mod error;
 pub mod ir;
+mod string_parser;
 pub mod symboltable;
 
 pub use compile::CompileOpts;
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/string_parser.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/string_parser.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7bdb86aa5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/string_parser.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+//! A stripped-down version of ruff's string literal parser, modified to
+//! handle surrogates in string literals and output WTF-8.
+//!
+//! Any `unreachable!()` statements in this file are because we only get here
+//! after ruff has already successfully parsed the string literal, meaning
+//! we don't need to do any validation or error handling.
+
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+
+use ruff_python_ast::{AnyStringFlags, StringFlags};
+use rustpython_common::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+
+// use ruff_python_parser::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};
+type LexicalError = Infallible;
+
+enum EscapedChar {
+    Literal(CodePoint),
+    Escape(char),
+}
+
+struct StringParser {
+    /// The raw content of the string e.g., the `foo` part in `"foo"`.
+    source: Box<str>,
+    /// Current position of the parser in the source.
+    cursor: usize,
+    /// Flags that can be used to query information about the string.
+    flags: AnyStringFlags,
+}
+
+impl StringParser {
+    fn new(source: Box<str>, flags: AnyStringFlags) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            source,
+            cursor: 0,
+            flags,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn skip_bytes(&mut self, bytes: usize) -> &str {
+        let skipped_str = &self.source[self.cursor..self.cursor + bytes];
+        self.cursor += bytes;
+        skipped_str
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the next byte in the string, if there is one.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// When the next byte is a part of a multi-byte character.
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_byte(&mut self) -> Option<u8> {
+        self.source[self.cursor..].as_bytes().first().map(|&byte| {
+            self.cursor += 1;
+            byte
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_char(&mut self) -> Option<char> {
+        self.source[self.cursor..].chars().next().inspect(|c| {
+            self.cursor += c.len_utf8();
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn peek_byte(&self) -> Option<u8> {
+        self.source[self.cursor..].as_bytes().first().copied()
+    }
+
+    fn parse_unicode_literal(&mut self, literal_number: usize) -> Result<CodePoint, LexicalError> {
+        let mut p: u32 = 0u32;
+        for i in 1..=literal_number {
+            match self.next_char() {
+                Some(c) => match c.to_digit(16) {
+                    Some(d) => p += d << ((literal_number - i) * 4),
+                    None => unreachable!(),
+                },
+                None => unreachable!(),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(CodePoint::from_u32(p).unwrap())
+    }
+
+    fn parse_octet(&mut self, o: u8) -> char {
+        let mut radix_bytes = [o, 0, 0];
+        let mut len = 1;
+
+        while len < 3 {
+            let Some(b'0'..=b'7') = self.peek_byte() else {
+                break;
+            };
+
+            radix_bytes[len] = self.next_byte().unwrap();
+            len += 1;
+        }
+
+        // OK because radix_bytes is always going to be in the ASCII range.
+        let radix_str = std::str::from_utf8(&radix_bytes[..len]).expect("ASCII bytes");
+        let value = u32::from_str_radix(radix_str, 8).unwrap();
+        char::from_u32(value).unwrap()
+    }
+
+    fn parse_unicode_name(&mut self) -> Result<char, LexicalError> {
+        let Some('{') = self.next_char() else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        let Some(close_idx) = self.source[self.cursor..].find('}') else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        let name_and_ending = self.skip_bytes(close_idx + 1);
+        let name = &name_and_ending[..name_and_ending.len() - 1];
+
+        unicode_names2::character(name).ok_or_else(|| unreachable!())
+    }
+
+    /// Parse an escaped character, returning the new character.
+    fn parse_escaped_char(&mut self) -> Result<Option<EscapedChar>, LexicalError> {
+        let Some(first_char) = self.next_char() else {
+            unreachable!()
+        };
+
+        let new_char = match first_char {
+            '\\' => '\\'.into(),
+            '\'' => '\''.into(),
+            '\"' => '"'.into(),
+            'a' => '\x07'.into(),
+            'b' => '\x08'.into(),
+            'f' => '\x0c'.into(),
+            'n' => '\n'.into(),
+            'r' => '\r'.into(),
+            't' => '\t'.into(),
+            'v' => '\x0b'.into(),
+            o @ '0'..='7' => self.parse_octet(o as u8).into(),
+            'x' => self.parse_unicode_literal(2)?,
+            'u' if !self.flags.is_byte_string() => self.parse_unicode_literal(4)?,
+            'U' if !self.flags.is_byte_string() => self.parse_unicode_literal(8)?,
+            'N' if !self.flags.is_byte_string() => self.parse_unicode_name()?.into(),
+            // Special cases where the escape sequence is not a single character
+            '\n' => return Ok(None),
+            '\r' => {
+                if self.peek_byte() == Some(b'\n') {
+                    self.next_byte();
+                }
+
+                return Ok(None);
+            }
+            _ => return Ok(Some(EscapedChar::Escape(first_char))),
+        };
+
+        Ok(Some(EscapedChar::Literal(new_char)))
+    }
+
+    fn parse_fstring_middle(mut self) -> Result<Box<Wtf8>, LexicalError> {
+        // Fast-path: if the f-string doesn't contain any escape sequences, return the literal.
+        let Some(mut index) = memchr::memchr3(b'{', b'}', b'\\', self.source.as_bytes()) else {
+            return Ok(self.source.into());
+        };
+
+        let mut value = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(self.source.len());
+        loop {
+            // Add the characters before the escape sequence (or curly brace) to the string.
+            let before_with_slash_or_brace = self.skip_bytes(index + 1);
+            let before = &before_with_slash_or_brace[..before_with_slash_or_brace.len() - 1];
+            value.push_str(before);
+
+            // Add the escaped character to the string.
+            match &self.source.as_bytes()[self.cursor - 1] {
+                // If there are any curly braces inside a `FStringMiddle` token,
+                // then they were escaped (i.e. `{{` or `}}`). This means that
+                // we need increase the location by 2 instead of 1.
+                b'{' => value.push_char('{'),
+                b'}' => value.push_char('}'),
+                // We can encounter a `\` as the last character in a `FStringMiddle`
+                // token which is valid in this context. For example,
+                //
+                // ```python
+                // f"\{foo} \{bar:\}"
+                // # ^     ^^     ^
+                // ```
+                //
+                // Here, the `FStringMiddle` token content will be "\" and " \"
+                // which is invalid if we look at the content in isolation:
+                //
+                // ```python
+                // "\"
+                // ```
+                //
+                // However, the content is syntactically valid in the context of
+                // the f-string because it's a substring of the entire f-string.
+                // This is still an invalid escape sequence, but we don't want to
+                // raise a syntax error as is done by the CPython parser. It might
+                // be supported in the future, refer to point 3: https://peps.python.org/pep-0701/#rejected-ideas
+                b'\\' => {
+                    if !self.flags.is_raw_string() && self.peek_byte().is_some() {
+                        match self.parse_escaped_char()? {
+                            None => {}
+                            Some(EscapedChar::Literal(c)) => value.push(c),
+                            Some(EscapedChar::Escape(c)) => {
+                                value.push_char('\\');
+                                value.push_char(c);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        value.push_char('\\');
+                    }
+                }
+                ch => {
+                    unreachable!("Expected '{{', '}}', or '\\' but got {:?}", ch);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let Some(next_index) =
+                memchr::memchr3(b'{', b'}', b'\\', self.source[self.cursor..].as_bytes())
+            else {
+                // Add the rest of the string to the value.
+                let rest = &self.source[self.cursor..];
+                value.push_str(rest);
+                break;
+            };
+
+            index = next_index;
+        }
+
+        Ok(value.into())
+    }
+
+    fn parse_string(mut self) -> Result<Box<Wtf8>, LexicalError> {
+        if self.flags.is_raw_string() {
+            // For raw strings, no escaping is necessary.
+            return Ok(self.source.into());
+        }
+
+        let Some(mut escape) = memchr::memchr(b'\\', self.source.as_bytes()) else {
+            // If the string doesn't contain any escape sequences, return the owned string.
+            return Ok(self.source.into());
+        };
+
+        // If the string contains escape sequences, we need to parse them.
+        let mut value = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(self.source.len());
+
+        loop {
+            // Add the characters before the escape sequence to the string.
+            let before_with_slash = self.skip_bytes(escape + 1);
+            let before = &before_with_slash[..before_with_slash.len() - 1];
+            value.push_str(before);
+
+            // Add the escaped character to the string.
+            match self.parse_escaped_char()? {
+                None => {}
+                Some(EscapedChar::Literal(c)) => value.push(c),
+                Some(EscapedChar::Escape(c)) => {
+                    value.push_char('\\');
+                    value.push_char(c);
+                }
+            }
+
+            let Some(next_escape) = self.source[self.cursor..].find('\\') else {
+                // Add the rest of the string to the value.
+                let rest = &self.source[self.cursor..];
+                value.push_str(rest);
+                break;
+            };
+
+            // Update the position of the next escape sequence.
+            escape = next_escape;
+        }
+
+        Ok(value.into())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn parse_string_literal(source: &str, flags: AnyStringFlags) -> Box<Wtf8> {
+    let source = &source[flags.opener_len().to_usize()..];
+    let source = &source[..source.len() - flags.quote_len().to_usize()];
+    StringParser::new(source.into(), flags)
+        .parse_string()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|x| match x {})
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn parse_fstring_literal_element(source: Box<str>, flags: AnyStringFlags) -> Box<Wtf8> {
+    StringParser::new(source, flags)
+        .parse_fstring_middle()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|x| match x {})
+}
diff --git a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
index 7621c643d5..8ff0cd020d 100644
--- a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true }
 ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
 ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
 
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 4cb80020e7..7b018d1df1 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use num_complex::Complex64;
 pub use ruff_python_ast::ConversionFlag;
 // use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
 use ruff_source_file::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
+use rustpython_common::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::{collections::BTreeSet, fmt, hash, mem};
 
@@ -678,7 +679,7 @@ pub enum ConstantData {
     Float { value: f64 },
     Complex { value: Complex64 },
     Boolean { value: bool },
-    Str { value: String },
+    Str { value: Wtf8Buf },
     Bytes { value: Vec<u8> },
     Code { code: Box<CodeObject> },
     None,
@@ -738,7 +739,7 @@ pub enum BorrowedConstant<'a, C: Constant> {
     Float { value: f64 },
     Complex { value: Complex64 },
     Boolean { value: bool },
-    Str { value: &'a str },
+    Str { value: &'a Wtf8 },
     Bytes { value: &'a [u8] },
     Code { code: &'a CodeObject<C> },
     Tuple { elements: &'a [C] },
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs b/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
index 1e47a6cac5..0c8da17ff9 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use crate::bytecode::*;
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
 use num_complex::Complex64;
 use ruff_source_file::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
+use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8;
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 
 pub const FORMAT_VERSION: u32 = 4;
@@ -117,6 +118,9 @@ pub trait Read {
     fn read_str(&mut self, len: u32) -> Result<&str> {
         Ok(std::str::from_utf8(self.read_slice(len)?)?)
     }
+    fn read_wtf8(&mut self, len: u32) -> Result<&Wtf8> {
+        Wtf8::from_bytes(self.read_slice(len)?).ok_or(MarshalError::InvalidUtf8)
+    }
     fn read_u8(&mut self) -> Result<u8> {
         Ok(u8::from_le_bytes(*self.read_array()?))
     }
@@ -262,7 +266,7 @@ pub trait MarshalBag: Copy {
     fn make_ellipsis(&self) -> Self::Value;
     fn make_float(&self, value: f64) -> Self::Value;
     fn make_complex(&self, value: Complex64) -> Self::Value;
-    fn make_str(&self, value: &str) -> Self::Value;
+    fn make_str(&self, value: &Wtf8) -> Self::Value;
     fn make_bytes(&self, value: &[u8]) -> Self::Value;
     fn make_int(&self, value: BigInt) -> Self::Value;
     fn make_tuple(&self, elements: impl Iterator<Item = Self::Value>) -> Self::Value;
@@ -299,7 +303,7 @@ impl<Bag: ConstantBag> MarshalBag for Bag {
     fn make_complex(&self, value: Complex64) -> Self::Value {
         self.make_constant::<Bag::Constant>(BorrowedConstant::Complex { value })
     }
-    fn make_str(&self, value: &str) -> Self::Value {
+    fn make_str(&self, value: &Wtf8) -> Self::Value {
         self.make_constant::<Bag::Constant>(BorrowedConstant::Str { value })
     }
     fn make_bytes(&self, value: &[u8]) -> Self::Value {
@@ -368,7 +372,7 @@ pub fn deserialize_value<R: Read, Bag: MarshalBag>(rdr: &mut R, bag: Bag) -> Res
         }
         Type::Ascii | Type::Unicode => {
             let len = rdr.read_u32()?;
-            let value = rdr.read_str(len)?;
+            let value = rdr.read_wtf8(len)?;
             bag.make_str(value)
         }
         Type::Tuple => {
@@ -422,7 +426,7 @@ pub enum DumpableValue<'a, D: Dumpable> {
     Float(f64),
     Complex(Complex64),
     Boolean(bool),
-    Str(&'a str),
+    Str(&'a Wtf8),
     Bytes(&'a [u8]),
     Code(&'a CodeObject<D::Constant>),
     Tuple(&'a [D]),
diff --git a/jit/tests/common.rs b/jit/tests/common.rs
index a2d4fc3bc1..a4ac8a7967 100644
--- a/jit/tests/common.rs
+++ b/jit/tests/common.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,9 @@ enum StackValue {
 impl From<ConstantData> for StackValue {
     fn from(value: ConstantData) -> Self {
         match value {
-            ConstantData::Str { value } => StackValue::String(value),
+            ConstantData::Str { value } => {
+                StackValue::String(value.into_string().expect("surrogate in test code"))
+            }
             ConstantData::None => StackValue::None,
             ConstantData::Code { code } => StackValue::Code(code),
             c => unimplemented!("constant {:?} isn't yet supported in py_function!", c),
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/code.rs b/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
index ba2d2dd5c3..4bb209f6db 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/code.rs
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ fn borrow_obj_constant(obj: &PyObject) -> BorrowedConstant<'_, Literal> {
         ref c @ super::complex::PyComplex => BorrowedConstant::Complex {
             value: c.to_complex()
         },
-        ref s @ super::pystr::PyStr => BorrowedConstant::Str { value: s.as_str() },
+        ref s @ super::pystr::PyStr => BorrowedConstant::Str { value: s.as_wtf8() },
         ref b @ super::bytes::PyBytes => BorrowedConstant::Bytes {
             value: b.as_bytes()
         },
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 55cefae4f7..8fe3904945 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -1815,6 +1815,18 @@ impl AsRef<str> for PyExact<PyStr> {
     }
 }
 
+impl AsRef<Wtf8> for PyRefExact<PyStr> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.as_wtf8()
+    }
+}
+
+impl AsRef<Wtf8> for PyExact<PyStr> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.as_wtf8()
+    }
+}
+
 impl AnyStrWrapper<Wtf8> for PyStrRef {
     fn as_ref(&self) -> Option<&Wtf8> {
         Some(self.as_wtf8())
diff --git a/vm/src/intern.rs b/vm/src/intern.rs
index 10aaa53454..bb9220d069 100644
--- a/vm/src/intern.rs
+++ b/vm/src/intern.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use rustpython_common::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Py, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyStr, PyStrInterned, PyTypeRef},
@@ -86,29 +88,29 @@ pub struct CachedPyStrRef {
 
 impl std::hash::Hash for CachedPyStrRef {
     fn hash<H: std::hash::Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        self.inner.as_str().hash(state)
+        self.inner.as_wtf8().hash(state)
     }
 }
 
 impl PartialEq for CachedPyStrRef {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.inner.as_str() == other.inner.as_str()
+        self.inner.as_wtf8() == other.inner.as_wtf8()
     }
 }
 
 impl Eq for CachedPyStrRef {}
 
-impl std::borrow::Borrow<str> for CachedPyStrRef {
+impl std::borrow::Borrow<Wtf8> for CachedPyStrRef {
     #[inline]
-    fn borrow(&self) -> &str {
-        self.inner.as_str()
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.as_wtf8()
     }
 }
 
-impl AsRef<str> for CachedPyStrRef {
+impl AsRef<Wtf8> for CachedPyStrRef {
     #[inline]
-    fn as_ref(&self) -> &str {
-        self.as_str()
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.as_wtf8()
     }
 }
 
@@ -121,8 +123,8 @@ impl CachedPyStrRef {
     }
 
     #[inline]
-    fn as_str(&self) -> &str {
-        self.inner.as_str()
+    fn as_wtf8(&self) -> &Wtf8 {
+        self.inner.as_wtf8()
     }
 }
 
@@ -209,6 +211,8 @@ impl<T: PyPayload> ToPyObject for &'static PyInterned<T> {
 }
 
 mod sealed {
+    use rustpython_common::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+
     use crate::{
         builtins::PyStr,
         object::{Py, PyExact, PyRefExact},
@@ -218,11 +222,14 @@ mod sealed {
 
     impl SealedInternable for String {}
     impl SealedInternable for &str {}
+    impl SealedInternable for Wtf8Buf {}
+    impl SealedInternable for &Wtf8 {}
     impl SealedInternable for PyRefExact<PyStr> {}
 
     pub trait SealedMaybeInterned {}
 
     impl SealedMaybeInterned for str {}
+    impl SealedMaybeInterned for Wtf8 {}
     impl SealedMaybeInterned for PyExact<PyStr> {}
     impl SealedMaybeInterned for Py<PyStr> {}
 }
@@ -250,6 +257,21 @@ impl InternableString for &str {
     }
 }
 
+impl InternableString for Wtf8Buf {
+    type Interned = Wtf8;
+    fn into_pyref_exact(self, str_type: PyTypeRef) -> PyRefExact<PyStr> {
+        let obj = PyRef::new_ref(PyStr::from(self), str_type, None);
+        unsafe { PyRefExact::new_unchecked(obj) }
+    }
+}
+
+impl InternableString for &Wtf8 {
+    type Interned = Wtf8;
+    fn into_pyref_exact(self, str_type: PyTypeRef) -> PyRefExact<PyStr> {
+        self.to_owned().into_pyref_exact(str_type)
+    }
+}
+
 impl InternableString for PyRefExact<PyStr> {
     type Interned = Py<PyStr>;
     #[inline]
@@ -259,7 +281,7 @@ impl InternableString for PyRefExact<PyStr> {
 }
 
 pub trait MaybeInternedString:
-    AsRef<str> + crate::dictdatatype::DictKey + sealed::SealedMaybeInterned
+    AsRef<Wtf8> + crate::dictdatatype::DictKey + sealed::SealedMaybeInterned
 {
     fn as_interned(&self) -> Option<&'static PyStrInterned>;
 }
@@ -271,6 +293,13 @@ impl MaybeInternedString for str {
     }
 }
 
+impl MaybeInternedString for Wtf8 {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn as_interned(&self) -> Option<&'static PyStrInterned> {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
 impl MaybeInternedString for PyExact<PyStr> {
     #[inline(always)]
     fn as_interned(&self) -> Option<&'static PyStrInterned> {
@@ -296,7 +325,7 @@ impl PyObject {
         if self.is_interned() {
             s.unwrap().as_interned()
         } else if let Some(s) = s {
-            vm.ctx.interned_str(s.as_str())
+            vm.ctx.interned_str(s.as_wtf8())
         } else {
             None
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
index fd7332e7c2..564ee5bf6c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ mod decl {
             PyBool, PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyCode, PyComplex, PyDict, PyEllipsis, PyFloat,
             PyFrozenSet, PyInt, PyList, PyNone, PySet, PyStopIteration, PyStr, PyTuple,
         },
+        common::wtf8::Wtf8,
         convert::ToPyObject,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, OptionalArg},
         object::AsObject,
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ mod decl {
                     f(Complex(pycomplex.to_complex64()))
                 }
                 ref pystr @ PyStr => {
-                    f(Str(pystr.as_str()))
+                    f(Str(pystr.as_wtf8()))
                 }
                 ref pylist @ PyList => {
                     f(List(&pylist.borrow_vec()))
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ mod decl {
         fn make_complex(&self, value: Complex64) -> Self::Value {
             self.0.ctx.new_complex(value).into()
         }
-        fn make_str(&self, value: &str) -> Self::Value {
+        fn make_str(&self, value: &Wtf8) -> Self::Value {
             self.0.ctx.new_str(value).into()
         }
         fn make_bytes(&self, value: &[u8]) -> Self::Value {

From 0a07cd931f5437f3f24201ee2dec6e4e431e52f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 26 Mar 2025 20:37:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 543/705] Fix more surrogate crashes

---
 Lib/test/test_codecs.py               | 31 ++++++------
 Lib/test/test_json/test_scanstring.py |  2 -
 Lib/test/test_regrtest.py             |  2 -
 Lib/test/test_stringprep.py           |  2 -
 Lib/test/test_subprocess.py           |  2 -
 Lib/test/test_tarfile.py              | 14 -----
 Lib/test/test_unicode.py              |  8 ---
 Lib/test/test_userstring.py           |  4 --
 Lib/test/test_zipimport.py            |  1 +
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs                | 55 ++++++++++++--------
 stdlib/src/json.rs                    |  5 +-
 stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs          | 73 +++++++++++++--------------
 vm/src/builtins/complex.rs            |  9 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/float.rs              |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/int.rs                |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs                | 32 +++++++++---
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs               |  2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/number.rs             |  2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/object.rs             |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs               |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs                   | 16 +++---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs                 |  8 ++-
 vm/src/utils.rs                       |  6 ++-
 23 files changed, 142 insertions(+), 140 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_codecs.py b/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
index df04653c66..a12e5893dc 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_codecs.py
@@ -869,6 +869,11 @@ def test_bug691291(self):
         with reader:
             self.assertEqual(reader.read(), s1)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_incremental_surrogatepass(self):
+        super().test_incremental_surrogatepass()
+
 class UTF16LETest(ReadTest, unittest.TestCase):
     encoding = "utf-16-le"
     ill_formed_sequence = b"\x80\xdc"
@@ -917,6 +922,11 @@ def test_nonbmp(self):
         self.assertEqual(b'\x00\xd8\x03\xde'.decode(self.encoding),
                          "\U00010203")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_incremental_surrogatepass(self):
+        super().test_incremental_surrogatepass()
+
 class UTF16BETest(ReadTest, unittest.TestCase):
     encoding = "utf-16-be"
     ill_formed_sequence = b"\xdc\x80"
@@ -965,6 +975,11 @@ def test_nonbmp(self):
         self.assertEqual(b'\xd8\x00\xde\x03'.decode(self.encoding),
                          "\U00010203")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_incremental_surrogatepass(self):
+        super().test_incremental_surrogatepass()
+
 class UTF8Test(ReadTest, unittest.TestCase):
     encoding = "utf-8"
     ill_formed_sequence = b"\xed\xb2\x80"
@@ -998,8 +1013,6 @@ def test_decoder_state(self):
         self.check_state_handling_decode(self.encoding,
                                          u, u.encode(self.encoding))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decode_error(self):
         for data, error_handler, expected in (
             (b'[\x80\xff]', 'ignore', '[]'),
@@ -1026,8 +1039,6 @@ def test_lone_surrogates(self):
         exc = cm.exception
         self.assertEqual(exc.object[exc.start:exc.end], '\uD800\uDFFF')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_surrogatepass_handler(self):
         self.assertEqual("abc\ud800def".encode(self.encoding, "surrogatepass"),
                          self.BOM + b"abc\xed\xa0\x80def")
@@ -2884,8 +2895,6 @@ def test_escape_encode(self):
 
 class SurrogateEscapeTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_utf8(self):
         # Bad byte
         self.assertEqual(b"foo\x80bar".decode("utf-8", "surrogateescape"),
@@ -2898,8 +2907,6 @@ def test_utf8(self):
         self.assertEqual("\udced\udcb0\udc80".encode("utf-8", "surrogateescape"),
                          b"\xed\xb0\x80")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ascii(self):
         # bad byte
         self.assertEqual(b"foo\x80bar".decode("ascii", "surrogateescape"),
@@ -2916,8 +2923,6 @@ def test_charmap(self):
         self.assertEqual("foo\udca5bar".encode("iso-8859-3", "surrogateescape"),
                          b"foo\xa5bar")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_latin1(self):
         # Issue6373
         self.assertEqual("\udce4\udceb\udcef\udcf6\udcfc".encode("latin-1", "surrogateescape"),
@@ -3561,8 +3566,6 @@ class ASCIITest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_encode(self):
         self.assertEqual('abc123'.encode('ascii'), b'abc123')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_encode_error(self):
         for data, error_handler, expected in (
             ('[\x80\xff\u20ac]', 'ignore', b'[]'),
@@ -3585,8 +3588,6 @@ def test_encode_surrogateescape_error(self):
     def test_decode(self):
         self.assertEqual(b'abc'.decode('ascii'), 'abc')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decode_error(self):
         for data, error_handler, expected in (
             (b'[\x80\xff]', 'ignore', '[]'),
@@ -3609,8 +3610,6 @@ def test_encode(self):
             with self.subTest(data=data, expected=expected):
                 self.assertEqual(data.encode('latin1'), expected)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_encode_errors(self):
         for data, error_handler, expected in (
             ('[\u20ac\udc80]', 'ignore', b'[]'),
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_json/test_scanstring.py b/Lib/test/test_json/test_scanstring.py
index 682dc74999..af4bb3a639 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_json/test_scanstring.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_json/test_scanstring.py
@@ -86,8 +86,6 @@ def test_scanstring(self):
             scanstring('["Bad value", truth]', 2, True),
             ('Bad value', 12))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_surrogates(self):
         scanstring = self.json.decoder.scanstring
         def assertScan(given, expect):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_regrtest.py b/Lib/test/test_regrtest.py
index aab2d9f7ae..fc56ec4afc 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_regrtest.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_regrtest.py
@@ -945,7 +945,6 @@ def test_leak(self):
         """)
         self.check_leak(code, 'file descriptors')
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows('TODO: RUSTPYTHON Windows')
     def test_list_tests(self):
         # test --list-tests
         tests = [self.create_test() for i in range(5)]
@@ -953,7 +952,6 @@ def test_list_tests(self):
         self.assertEqual(output.rstrip().splitlines(),
                          tests)
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows('TODO: RUSTPYTHON Windows')
     def test_list_cases(self):
         # test --list-cases
         code = textwrap.dedent("""
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_stringprep.py b/Lib/test/test_stringprep.py
index 118f3f0867..d4b4a13d0d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_stringprep.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_stringprep.py
@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@
 from stringprep import *
 
 class StringprepTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test(self):
         self.assertTrue(in_table_a1("\u0221"))
         self.assertFalse(in_table_a1("\u0222"))
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
index d7507eb7f0..e5b18fe20f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
@@ -1198,8 +1198,6 @@ def test_universal_newlines_communicate_encodings(self):
             stdout, stderr = popen.communicate(input='')
             self.assertEqual(stdout, '1\n2\n3\n4')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_communicate_errors(self):
         for errors, expected in [
             ('ignore', ''),
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
index 4ae81cb99f..63f7b347ad 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
@@ -2086,11 +2086,6 @@ class UstarUnicodeTest(UnicodeTest, unittest.TestCase):
 
     format = tarfile.USTAR_FORMAT
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_uname_unicode(self):
-        super().test_uname_unicode()
-
     # Test whether the utf-8 encoded version of a filename exceeds the 100
     # bytes name field limit (every occurrence of '\xff' will be expanded to 2
     # bytes).
@@ -2170,13 +2165,6 @@ class GNUUnicodeTest(UnicodeTest, unittest.TestCase):
 
     format = tarfile.GNU_FORMAT
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_uname_unicode(self):
-        super().test_uname_unicode()
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bad_pax_header(self):
         # Test for issue #8633. GNU tar <= 1.23 creates raw binary fields
         # without a hdrcharset=BINARY header.
@@ -2198,8 +2186,6 @@ class PAXUnicodeTest(UnicodeTest, unittest.TestCase):
     # PAX_FORMAT ignores encoding in write mode.
     test_unicode_filename_error = None
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_binary_header(self):
         # Test a POSIX.1-2008 compatible header with a hdrcharset=BINARY field.
         for encoding, name in (
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unicode.py b/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
index 5c2c6c29b1..4da63c54d4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
@@ -608,8 +608,6 @@ def test_bytes_comparison(self):
             self.assertEqual('abc' == bytearray(b'abc'), False)
             self.assertEqual('abc' != bytearray(b'abc'), True)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_comparison(self):
         # Comparisons:
         self.assertEqual('abc', 'abc')
@@ -830,8 +828,6 @@ def test_isidentifier_legacy(self):
             warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
             self.assertTrue(_testcapi.unicode_legacy_string(u).isidentifier())
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_isprintable(self):
         self.assertTrue("".isprintable())
         self.assertTrue(" ".isprintable())
@@ -847,8 +843,6 @@ def test_isprintable(self):
         self.assertTrue('\U0001F46F'.isprintable())
         self.assertFalse('\U000E0020'.isprintable())
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_surrogates(self):
         for s in ('a\uD800b\uDFFF', 'a\uDFFFb\uD800',
                   'a\uD800b\uDFFFa', 'a\uDFFFb\uD800a'):
@@ -1827,8 +1821,6 @@ def test_codecs_utf7(self):
                                     'ill-formed sequence'):
             b'+@'.decode('utf-7')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_codecs_utf8(self):
         self.assertEqual(''.encode('utf-8'), b'')
         self.assertEqual('\u20ac'.encode('utf-8'), b'\xe2\x82\xac')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_userstring.py b/Lib/test/test_userstring.py
index c0017794e8..51b4f6041e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_userstring.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_userstring.py
@@ -53,8 +53,6 @@ def __rmod__(self, other):
         str3 = ustr3('TEST')
         self.assertEqual(fmt2 % str3, 'value is TEST')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_encode_default_args(self):
         self.checkequal(b'hello', 'hello', 'encode')
         # Check that encoding defaults to utf-8
@@ -62,8 +60,6 @@ def test_encode_default_args(self):
         # Check that errors defaults to 'strict'
         self.checkraises(UnicodeError, '\ud800', 'encode')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_encode_explicit_none_args(self):
         self.checkequal(b'hello', 'hello', 'encode', None, None)
         # Check that encoding defaults to utf-8
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zipimport.py b/Lib/test/test_zipimport.py
index b291d53016..488a67e80f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_zipimport.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zipimport.py
@@ -730,6 +730,7 @@ def testTraceback(self):
 
     @unittest.skipIf(os_helper.TESTFN_UNENCODABLE is None,
                      "need an unencodable filename")
+    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def testUnencodable(self):
         filename = os_helper.TESTFN_UNENCODABLE + ".zip"
         self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, filename)
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
index 21c5de28bd..57a1d6d7de 100644
--- a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -122,18 +122,18 @@ impl CodePoint {
 
     /// Returns the numeric value of the code point if it is a leading surrogate.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn to_lead_surrogate(self) -> Option<u16> {
+    pub fn to_lead_surrogate(self) -> Option<LeadSurrogate> {
         match self.value {
-            lead @ 0xD800..=0xDBFF => Some(lead as u16),
+            lead @ 0xD800..=0xDBFF => Some(LeadSurrogate(lead as u16)),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
 
     /// Returns the numeric value of the code point if it is a trailing surrogate.
     #[inline]
-    pub fn to_trail_surrogate(self) -> Option<u16> {
+    pub fn to_trail_surrogate(self) -> Option<TrailSurrogate> {
         match self.value {
-            trail @ 0xDC00..=0xDFFF => Some(trail as u16),
+            trail @ 0xDC00..=0xDFFF => Some(TrailSurrogate(trail as u16)),
             _ => None,
         }
     }
@@ -216,6 +216,18 @@ impl PartialEq<CodePoint> for char {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct LeadSurrogate(u16);
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct TrailSurrogate(u16);
+
+impl LeadSurrogate {
+    pub fn merge(self, trail: TrailSurrogate) -> char {
+        decode_surrogate_pair(self.0, trail.0)
+    }
+}
+
 /// An owned, growable string of well-formed WTF-8 data.
 ///
 /// Similar to `String`, but can additionally contain surrogate code points
@@ -291,6 +303,14 @@ impl Wtf8Buf {
         Wtf8Buf { bytes: value }
     }
 
+    /// Create a WTF-8 string from a WTF-8 byte vec.
+    pub fn from_bytes(value: Vec<u8>) -> Result<Self, Vec<u8>> {
+        match Wtf8::from_bytes(&value) {
+            Some(_) => Ok(unsafe { Self::from_bytes_unchecked(value) }),
+            None => Err(value),
+        }
+    }
+
     /// Creates a WTF-8 string from a UTF-8 `String`.
     ///
     /// This takes ownership of the `String` and does not copy.
@@ -750,15 +770,10 @@ impl Wtf8 {
     }
 
     fn decode_surrogate(b: &[u8]) -> Option<CodePoint> {
-        let [a, b, c, ..] = *b else { return None };
-        if (a & 0xf0) == 0xe0 && (b & 0xc0) == 0x80 && (c & 0xc0) == 0x80 {
-            // it's a three-byte code
-            let c = ((a as u32 & 0x0f) << 12) + ((b as u32 & 0x3f) << 6) + (c as u32 & 0x3f);
-            let 0xD800..=0xDFFF = c else { return None };
-            Some(CodePoint { value: c })
-        } else {
-            None
-        }
+        let [0xed, b2 @ (0xa0..), b3, ..] = *b else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        Some(decode_surrogate(b2, b3).into())
     }
 
     /// Returns the length, in WTF-8 bytes.
@@ -914,14 +929,6 @@ impl Wtf8 {
         }
     }
 
-    #[inline]
-    fn final_lead_surrogate(&self) -> Option<u16> {
-        match self.bytes {
-            [.., 0xED, b2 @ 0xA0..=0xAF, b3] => Some(decode_surrogate(b2, b3)),
-            _ => None,
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn is_code_point_boundary(&self, index: usize) -> bool {
         is_code_point_boundary(self, index)
     }
@@ -1222,6 +1229,12 @@ fn decode_surrogate(second_byte: u8, third_byte: u8) -> u16 {
     0xD800 | (second_byte as u16 & 0x3F) << 6 | third_byte as u16 & 0x3F
 }
 
+#[inline]
+fn decode_surrogate_pair(lead: u16, trail: u16) -> char {
+    let code_point = 0x10000 + ((((lead - 0xD800) as u32) << 10) | (trail - 0xDC00) as u32);
+    unsafe { char::from_u32_unchecked(code_point) }
+}
+
 /// Copied from str::is_char_boundary
 #[inline]
 fn is_code_point_boundary(slice: &Wtf8, index: usize) -> bool {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/json.rs b/stdlib/src/json.rs
index aaac0b8bef..f970ef5dc2 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/json.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/json.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ mod _json {
         types::{Callable, Constructor},
     };
     use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
+    use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
     use std::str::FromStr;
 
     #[pyattr(name = "make_scanner")]
@@ -253,8 +254,8 @@ mod _json {
         end: usize,
         strict: OptionalArg<bool>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<(String, usize)> {
-        machinery::scanstring(s.as_str(), end, strict.unwrap_or(true))
+    ) -> PyResult<(Wtf8Buf, usize)> {
+        machinery::scanstring(s.as_wtf8(), end, strict.unwrap_or(true))
             .map_err(|e| py_decode_error(e, s, vm))
     }
 }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs b/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs
index 0614314f4f..4612b5263d 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
 
 use std::io;
 
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use rustpython_common::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+
 static ESCAPE_CHARS: [&str; 0x20] = [
     "\\u0000", "\\u0001", "\\u0002", "\\u0003", "\\u0004", "\\u0005", "\\u0006", "\\u0007", "\\b",
     "\\t", "\\n", "\\u000", "\\f", "\\r", "\\u000e", "\\u000f", "\\u0010", "\\u0011", "\\u0012",
@@ -111,22 +114,22 @@ impl DecodeError {
 }
 
 enum StrOrChar<'a> {
-    Str(&'a str),
-    Char(char),
+    Str(&'a Wtf8),
+    Char(CodePoint),
 }
 impl StrOrChar<'_> {
     fn len(&self) -> usize {
         match self {
             StrOrChar::Str(s) => s.len(),
-            StrOrChar::Char(c) => c.len_utf8(),
+            StrOrChar::Char(c) => c.len_wtf8(),
         }
     }
 }
 pub fn scanstring<'a>(
-    s: &'a str,
+    s: &'a Wtf8,
     end: usize,
     strict: bool,
-) -> Result<(String, usize), DecodeError> {
+) -> Result<(Wtf8Buf, usize), DecodeError> {
     let mut chunks: Vec<StrOrChar<'a>> = Vec::new();
     let mut output_len = 0usize;
     let mut push_chunk = |chunk: StrOrChar<'a>| {
@@ -134,16 +137,16 @@ pub fn scanstring<'a>(
         chunks.push(chunk);
     };
     let unterminated_err = || DecodeError::new("Unterminated string starting at", end - 1);
-    let mut chars = s.char_indices().enumerate().skip(end).peekable();
+    let mut chars = s.code_point_indices().enumerate().skip(end).peekable();
     let &(_, (mut chunk_start, _)) = chars.peek().ok_or_else(unterminated_err)?;
     while let Some((char_i, (byte_i, c))) = chars.next() {
-        match c {
+        match c.to_char_lossy() {
             '"' => {
                 push_chunk(StrOrChar::Str(&s[chunk_start..byte_i]));
-                let mut out = String::with_capacity(output_len);
+                let mut out = Wtf8Buf::with_capacity(output_len);
                 for x in chunks {
                     match x {
-                        StrOrChar::Str(s) => out.push_str(s),
+                        StrOrChar::Str(s) => out.push_wtf8(s),
                         StrOrChar::Char(c) => out.push(c),
                     }
                 }
@@ -152,7 +155,7 @@ pub fn scanstring<'a>(
             '\\' => {
                 push_chunk(StrOrChar::Str(&s[chunk_start..byte_i]));
                 let (_, (_, c)) = chars.next().ok_or_else(unterminated_err)?;
-                let esc = match c {
+                let esc = match c.to_char_lossy() {
                     '"' => "\"",
                     '\\' => "\\",
                     '/' => "/",
@@ -162,41 +165,33 @@ pub fn scanstring<'a>(
                     'r' => "\r",
                     't' => "\t",
                     'u' => {
-                        let surrogate_err = || DecodeError::new("unpaired surrogate", char_i);
                         let mut uni = decode_unicode(&mut chars, char_i)?;
                         chunk_start = byte_i + 6;
-                        if (0xd800..=0xdbff).contains(&uni) {
+                        if let Some(lead) = uni.to_lead_surrogate() {
                             // uni is a surrogate -- try to find its pair
-                            if let Some(&(pos2, (_, '\\'))) = chars.peek() {
-                                // ok, the next char starts an escape
-                                chars.next();
-                                if let Some((_, (_, 'u'))) = chars.peek() {
-                                    // ok, it's a unicode escape
-                                    chars.next();
-                                    let uni2 = decode_unicode(&mut chars, pos2)?;
+                            let mut chars2 = chars.clone();
+                            if let Some(((pos2, _), (_, _))) = chars2
+                                .next_tuple()
+                                .filter(|((_, (_, c1)), (_, (_, c2)))| *c1 == '\\' && *c2 == 'u')
+                            {
+                                let uni2 = decode_unicode(&mut chars2, pos2)?;
+                                if let Some(trail) = uni2.to_trail_surrogate() {
+                                    // ok, we found what we were looking for -- \uXXXX\uXXXX, both surrogates
+                                    uni = lead.merge(trail).into();
                                     chunk_start = pos2 + 6;
-                                    if (0xdc00..=0xdfff).contains(&uni2) {
-                                        // ok, we found what we were looking for -- \uXXXX\uXXXX, both surrogates
-                                        uni = 0x10000 + (((uni - 0xd800) << 10) | (uni2 - 0xdc00));
-                                    } else {
-                                        // if we don't find a matching surrogate, error -- until str
-                                        // isn't utf8 internally, we can't parse surrogates
-                                        return Err(surrogate_err());
-                                    }
-                                } else {
-                                    return Err(surrogate_err());
+                                    chars = chars2;
                                 }
                             }
                         }
-                        push_chunk(StrOrChar::Char(
-                            std::char::from_u32(uni).ok_or_else(surrogate_err)?,
-                        ));
+                        push_chunk(StrOrChar::Char(uni));
                         continue;
                     }
-                    _ => return Err(DecodeError::new(format!("Invalid \\escape: {c:?}"), char_i)),
+                    _ => {
+                        return Err(DecodeError::new(format!("Invalid \\escape: {c:?}"), char_i));
+                    }
                 };
                 chunk_start = byte_i + 2;
-                push_chunk(StrOrChar::Str(esc));
+                push_chunk(StrOrChar::Str(esc.as_ref()));
             }
             '\x00'..='\x1f' if strict => {
                 return Err(DecodeError::new(
@@ -211,16 +206,16 @@ pub fn scanstring<'a>(
 }
 
 #[inline]
-fn decode_unicode<I>(it: &mut I, pos: usize) -> Result<u32, DecodeError>
+fn decode_unicode<I>(it: &mut I, pos: usize) -> Result<CodePoint, DecodeError>
 where
-    I: Iterator<Item = (usize, (usize, char))>,
+    I: Iterator<Item = (usize, (usize, CodePoint))>,
 {
     let err = || DecodeError::new("Invalid \\uXXXX escape", pos);
     let mut uni = 0;
     for x in (0..4).rev() {
         let (_, (_, c)) = it.next().ok_or_else(err)?;
-        let d = c.to_digit(16).ok_or_else(err)?;
-        uni += d * 16u32.pow(x);
+        let d = c.to_char().and_then(|c| c.to_digit(16)).ok_or_else(err)? as u16;
+        uni += d * 16u16.pow(x);
     }
-    Ok(uni)
+    Ok(uni.into())
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
index e665d1e27a..01dd65f519 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
@@ -179,9 +179,12 @@ impl Constructor for PyComplex {
                             "complex() can't take second arg if first is a string".to_owned(),
                         ));
                     }
-                    let value = parse_str(s.as_str().trim()).ok_or_else(|| {
-                        vm.new_value_error("complex() arg is a malformed string".to_owned())
-                    })?;
+                    let value = s
+                        .to_str()
+                        .and_then(|s| parse_str(s.trim()))
+                        .ok_or_else(|| {
+                            vm.new_value_error("complex() arg is a malformed string".to_owned())
+                        })?;
                     return Self::from(value)
                         .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
                         .map(Into::into);
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
index b4601fbb92..48ccd2c437 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ impl Constructor for PyFloat {
 fn float_from_string(val: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
     let (bytearray, buffer, buffer_lock);
     let b = if let Some(s) = val.payload_if_subclass::<PyStr>(vm) {
-        s.as_str().trim().as_bytes()
+        s.as_wtf8().trim().as_bytes()
     } else if let Some(bytes) = val.payload_if_subclass::<PyBytes>(vm) {
         bytes.as_bytes()
     } else if let Some(buf) = val.payload_if_subclass::<PyByteArray>(vm) {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
index aa9613e9d7..f457bf5ed8 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
@@ -847,7 +847,7 @@ fn try_int_radix(obj: &PyObject, base: u32, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Big
 
     let opt = match_class!(match obj.to_owned() {
         string @ PyStr => {
-            let s = string.as_str().trim();
+            let s = string.as_wtf8().trim();
             bytes_to_int(s.as_bytes(), base)
         }
         bytes @ PyBytes => {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 8fe3904945..dfb9de9ba6 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -424,6 +424,23 @@ impl PyStr {
         self.data.as_str()
     }
 
+    pub fn try_to_str(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&str> {
+        self.to_str().ok_or_else(|| {
+            let start = self
+                .as_wtf8()
+                .code_points()
+                .position(|c| c.to_char().is_none())
+                .unwrap();
+            vm.new_unicode_encode_error_real(
+                identifier!(vm, utf_8).to_owned(),
+                vm.ctx.new_str(self.data.clone()),
+                start,
+                start + 1,
+                vm.ctx.new_str("surrogates not allowed"),
+            )
+        })
+    }
+
     pub fn to_string_lossy(&self) -> Cow<'_, str> {
         self.to_str()
             .map(Cow::Borrowed)
@@ -850,9 +867,9 @@ impl PyStr {
     /// If the string starts with the prefix string, return string[len(prefix):]
     /// Otherwise, return a copy of the original string.
     #[pymethod]
-    fn removeprefix(&self, pref: PyStrRef) -> String {
-        self.as_str()
-            .py_removeprefix(pref.as_str(), pref.byte_len(), |s, p| s.starts_with(p))
+    fn removeprefix(&self, pref: PyStrRef) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        self.as_wtf8()
+            .py_removeprefix(pref.as_wtf8(), pref.byte_len(), |s, p| s.starts_with(p))
             .to_owned()
     }
 
@@ -861,9 +878,9 @@ impl PyStr {
     /// If the string ends with the suffix string, return string[:len(suffix)]
     /// Otherwise, return a copy of the original string.
     #[pymethod]
-    fn removesuffix(&self, suffix: PyStrRef) -> String {
-        self.as_str()
-            .py_removesuffix(suffix.as_str(), suffix.byte_len(), |s, p| s.ends_with(p))
+    fn removesuffix(&self, suffix: PyStrRef) -> Wtf8Buf {
+        self.as_wtf8()
+            .py_removesuffix(suffix.as_wtf8(), suffix.byte_len(), |s, p| s.ends_with(p))
             .to_owned()
     }
 
@@ -1294,7 +1311,8 @@ impl PyStr {
 
     #[pymethod]
     fn isidentifier(&self) -> bool {
-        let mut chars = self.as_str().chars();
+        let Some(s) = self.to_str() else { return false };
+        let mut chars = s.chars();
         let is_identifier_start = chars.next().is_some_and(|c| c == '_' || is_xid_start(c));
         // a string is not an identifier if it has whitespace or starts with a number
         is_identifier_start && chars.all(is_xid_continue)
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index 969d6db937..776c777cb3 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ impl Constructor for PyType {
 
         attributes
             .entry(identifier!(vm, __qualname__))
-            .or_insert_with(|| vm.ctx.new_str(name.as_str()).into());
+            .or_insert_with(|| name.clone().into());
 
         if attributes.get(identifier!(vm, __eq__)).is_some()
             && attributes.get(identifier!(vm, __hash__)).is_none()
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
index 2b6720e843..dd039c2733 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/number.rs
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ impl PyObject {
                 ))
             })
         } else if let Some(s) = self.payload::<PyStr>() {
-            try_convert(self, s.as_str().trim().as_bytes(), vm)
+            try_convert(self, s.as_wtf8().trim().as_bytes(), vm)
         } else if let Some(bytes) = self.payload::<PyBytes>() {
             try_convert(self, bytes, vm)
         } else if let Some(bytearray) = self.payload::<PyByteArray>() {
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
index 4e69cf38a2..4cdcb68257 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ impl PyObject {
         dict: Option<PyDictRef>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<Option<PyObjectRef>> {
-        let name = name_str.as_str();
+        let name = name_str.as_wtf8();
         let obj_cls = self.class();
         let cls_attr_name = vm.ctx.interned_str(name_str);
         let cls_attr = match cls_attr_name.and_then(|name| obj_cls.get_attr(name)) {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
index 6ad2a74f4b..320d839682 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ mod _codecs {
     fn lookup(encoding: PyStrRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
         vm.state
             .codec_registry
-            .lookup(encoding.as_str(), vm)
+            .lookup(encoding.try_to_str(vm)?, vm)
             .map(|codec| codec.into_tuple().into())
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 77d9231724..4cf3c058df 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -2245,7 +2245,7 @@ mod _io {
 
             let newline = args.newline.unwrap_or_default();
             let (encoder, decoder) =
-                Self::find_coder(&buffer, encoding.as_str(), &errors, newline, vm)?;
+                Self::find_coder(&buffer, encoding.try_to_str(vm)?, &errors, newline, vm)?;
 
             *data = Some(TextIOData {
                 buffer,
@@ -2345,7 +2345,7 @@ mod _io {
                 if let Some(encoding) = args.encoding {
                     let (encoder, decoder) = Self::find_coder(
                         &data.buffer,
-                        encoding.as_str(),
+                        encoding.try_to_str(vm)?,
                         &data.errors,
                         data.newline,
                         vm,
@@ -3468,9 +3468,9 @@ mod _io {
 
         // return the entire contents of the underlying
         #[pymethod]
-        fn getvalue(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+        fn getvalue(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
             let bytes = self.buffer(vm)?.getvalue();
-            String::from_utf8(bytes)
+            Wtf8Buf::from_bytes(bytes)
                 .map_err(|_| vm.new_value_error("Error Retrieving Value".to_owned()))
         }
 
@@ -3491,10 +3491,10 @@ mod _io {
         // If k is undefined || k == -1, then we read all bytes until the end of the file.
         // This also increments the stream position by the value of k
         #[pymethod]
-        fn read(&self, size: OptionalSize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+        fn read(&self, size: OptionalSize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
             let data = self.buffer(vm)?.read(size.to_usize()).unwrap_or_default();
 
-            let value = String::from_utf8(data)
+            let value = Wtf8Buf::from_bytes(data)
                 .map_err(|_| vm.new_value_error("Error Retrieving Value".to_owned()))?;
             Ok(value)
         }
@@ -3505,11 +3505,11 @@ mod _io {
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn readline(&self, size: OptionalSize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+        fn readline(&self, size: OptionalSize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
             // TODO size should correspond to the number of characters, at the moments its the number of
             // bytes.
             let input = self.buffer(vm)?.readline(size.to_usize(), vm)?;
-            String::from_utf8(input)
+            Wtf8Buf::from_bytes(input)
                 .map_err(|_| vm.new_value_error("Error Retrieving Value".to_owned()))
         }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index c464dc3abf..f98530e845 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -327,8 +327,12 @@ mod decl {
          * raises an error if unsupported format is supplied.
          * If error happens, we set result as input arg.
          */
-        write!(&mut formatted_time, "{}", instant.format(format.as_str()))
-            .unwrap_or_else(|_| formatted_time = format.to_string());
+        write!(
+            &mut formatted_time,
+            "{}",
+            instant.format(format.try_to_str(vm)?)
+        )
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| formatted_time = format.to_string());
         Ok(vm.ctx.new_str(formatted_time).into())
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/utils.rs b/vm/src/utils.rs
index e2bc993686..78edfb71cc 100644
--- a/vm/src/utils.rs
+++ b/vm/src/utils.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8;
+
 use crate::{
     PyObjectRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyStr,
@@ -18,9 +20,9 @@ impl ToPyObject for std::convert::Infallible {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait ToCString: AsRef<str> {
+pub trait ToCString: AsRef<Wtf8> {
     fn to_cstring(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<std::ffi::CString> {
-        std::ffi::CString::new(self.as_ref()).map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))
+        std::ffi::CString::new(self.as_ref().as_bytes()).map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))
     }
     fn ensure_no_nul(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         if self.as_ref().as_bytes().contains(&b'\0') {

From f27c1f7ea3300c223f39a1526d6b229eb4ea47e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 14:51:47 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 544/705] Merge pull request #5624 from
 youknowone/libffi-workspace

common dependency in workspace
---
 Cargo.toml                  | 11 +++++++++++
 compiler/core/Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 compiler/literal/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 derive-impl/Cargo.toml      |  4 ++--
 jit/Cargo.toml              |  5 +----
 stdlib/Cargo.toml           | 14 +++++++-------
 vm/Cargo.toml               | 12 ++++++------
 vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 8 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b7e96c9b85..177e501040 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ itertools = "0.14.0"
 is-macro = "0.3.7"
 junction = "1.2.0"
 libc = "0.2.169"
+libffi = "3.2"
 log = "0.4.25"
 nix = { version = "0.29", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
 malachite-bigint = "0.5"
@@ -177,9 +178,12 @@ num-complex = "0.4.6"
 num-integer = "0.1.46"
 num-traits = "0.2"
 num_enum = { version = "0.7", default-features = false }
+optional = "0.5"
 once_cell = "1.20.3"
 parking_lot = "0.12.3"
 paste = "1.0.15"
+proc-macro2 = "1.0.93"
+quote = "1.0.38"
 rand = "0.9"
 rustix = { version = "0.38", features = ["event"] }
 rustyline = "15.0.0"
@@ -191,6 +195,13 @@ strum_macros = "0.27"
 syn = "2"
 thiserror = "2.0"
 thread_local = "1.1.8"
+unicode-casing = "0.1.0"
+unic-char-property = "0.9.0"
+unic-normal = "0.9.0"
+unic-ucd-age = "0.9.0"
+unic-ucd-bidi = "0.9.0"
+unic-ucd-category = "0.9.0"
+unic-ucd-ident = "0.9.0"
 unicode_names2 = "1.3.0"
 widestring = "1.1.0"
 windows-sys = "0.59.0"
diff --git a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
index 7621c643d5..d76052d93c 100644
--- a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ bitflags = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 malachite-bigint = { workspace = true }
 num-complex = { workspace = true }
-serde = { version = "1.0.217", optional = true, default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
+serde = { workspace = true, optional = true, default-features = false, features = ["derive"] }
 
 lz4_flex = "0.11"
 
diff --git a/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml b/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
index de7e89c0b4..5837f7a1ad 100644
--- a/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ hexf-parse = "0.2.1"
 is-macro.workspace = true
 lexical-parse-float = { version = "0.8.0", features = ["format"] }
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
-unic-ucd-category = "0.9"
+unic-ucd-category = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 rand = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
index eec7952df5..66ed67cef8 100644
--- a/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@ itertools = { workspace = true }
 syn = { workspace = true, features = ["full", "extra-traits"] }
 
 maplit = "1.0.2"
-proc-macro2 = "1.0.93"
-quote = "1.0.38"
+proc-macro2 = { workspace = true }
+quote = { workspace = true }
 syn-ext = { version = "0.5.0", features = ["full"] }
 textwrap = { version = "0.16.1", default-features = false }
 
diff --git a/jit/Cargo.toml b/jit/Cargo.toml
index f59293a7ea..e153b0eca8 100644
--- a/jit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/jit/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,15 +15,12 @@ rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
 
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
+libffi = { workspace = true, features = ["system"] }
 
 cranelift = "0.116.1"
 cranelift-jit = "0.116.1"
 cranelift-module = "0.116.1"
 
-[dependencies.libffi]
-version = "3.1.0"
-features = ["system"]
-
 [dev-dependencies]
 rustpython-derive = { path = "../derive", version = "0.4.0" }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 01ad37165a..d29dc1474e 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -65,14 +65,14 @@ blake2 = "0.10.4"
 unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
 # TODO: use unic for this; needed for title case:
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/pull/832#discussion_r275428939
-unicode-casing = "0.1.0"
+unicode-casing = { workspace = true }
 # update version all at the same time
-unic-char-property = "0.9.0"
-unic-normal        = "0.9.0"
-unic-ucd-bidi      = "0.9.0"
-unic-ucd-category  = "0.9.0"
-unic-ucd-age       = "0.9.0"
-unic-ucd-ident     = "0.9.0"
+unic-char-property = { workspace = true }
+unic-normal        = { workspace = true }
+unic-ucd-bidi      = { workspace = true }
+unic-ucd-category  = { workspace = true }
+unic-ucd-age       = { workspace = true }
+unic-ucd-ident     = { workspace = true }
 ucd = "0.1.1"
 
 # compression
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 559390d278..a59327420f 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ caseless = "0.2.2"
 flamer = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 half = "2"
 memoffset = "0.9.1"
-optional = "0.5.0"
+optional = { workspace = true }
 result-like = "0.5.0"
 timsort = "0.1.2"
 
@@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ timsort = "0.1.2"
 unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
 # TODO: use unic for this; needed for title case:
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/pull/832#discussion_r275428939
-unicode-casing = "0.1.0"
+unicode-casing = { workspace = true }
 # update version all at the same time
-unic-ucd-bidi = "0.9.0"
-unic-ucd-category = "0.9.0"
-unic-ucd-ident = "0.9.0"
+unic-ucd-bidi = { workspace = true }
+unic-ucd-category = { workspace = true }
+unic-ucd-ident = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
 rustix = { workspace = true }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ errno = "0.3"
 widestring = { workspace = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(all(any(target_os = "linux", target_os = "macos", target_os = "windows"), not(any(target_env = "musl", target_env = "sgx"))))'.dependencies]
-libffi = "3.2"
+libffi = { workspace = true, features = ["system"] }
 libloading = "0.8"
 
 [target.'cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))'.dependencies]
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
index b34b01a0e8..70c448d07f 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ harness = false
 rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
 num_enum = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
-optional = "0.5"
+optional = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 criterion = { workspace = true }

From cd89aa51f0cdc1482dc12f5560b0560a49f9ee01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 19:45:04 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 545/705] Fix _ctypes.Array base and metaclass (#5620)

---
 .../{builtins_ctypes.py => stdlib_ctypes.py}   |  5 ++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs                        |  6 +++---
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs                  | 18 +++++++++++++-----
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs                   |  8 ++++----
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs              |  3 ++-
 vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/union.rs                  |  5 ++++-
 6 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)
 rename extra_tests/snippets/{builtins_ctypes.py => stdlib_ctypes.py} (98%)

diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ctypes.py
similarity index 98%
rename from extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
rename to extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ctypes.py
index 2108ce41a4..95ee9900fb 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_ctypes.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ctypes.py
@@ -3,12 +3,15 @@
 
 from _ctypes import RTLD_LOCAL, RTLD_GLOBAL
 from _ctypes import sizeof
-from _ctypes import _SimpleCData
+from _ctypes import _SimpleCData, Array
 from _ctypes import CFuncPtr as _CFuncPtr
 
 from struct import calcsize as _calcsize
 
 
+assert Array.__class__.__name__ == 'PyCArrayType'
+assert Array.__base__.__name__ == '_CData'
+
 DEFAULT_MODE = RTLD_LOCAL
 if _os.name == "posix" and _sys.platform == "darwin":
     # On OS X 10.3, we use RTLD_GLOBAL as default mode
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
index 38955fe391..235e089e3a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes.rs
@@ -10,16 +10,16 @@ pub(crate) mod union;
 
 use crate::builtins::PyModule;
 use crate::class::PyClassImpl;
-use crate::stdlib::ctypes::base::{PyCData, PyCSimple, PySimpleMeta};
+use crate::stdlib::ctypes::base::{PyCData, PyCSimple, PyCSimpleType};
 use crate::{Py, PyRef, VirtualMachine};
 
 pub fn extend_module_nodes(vm: &VirtualMachine, module: &Py<PyModule>) {
     let ctx = &vm.ctx;
-    PySimpleMeta::make_class(ctx);
+    PyCSimpleType::make_class(ctx);
+    array::PyCArrayType::make_class(ctx);
     extend_module!(vm, module, {
         "_CData" => PyCData::make_class(ctx),
         "_SimpleCData" => PyCSimple::make_class(ctx),
-        "ArrayType" => array::PyCArrayType::make_class(ctx),
         "Array" => array::PyCArray::make_class(ctx),
         "CFuncPtr" => function::PyCFuncPtr::make_class(ctx),
         "_Pointer" => pointer::PyCPointer::make_class(ctx),
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs
index 44d237cd7e..0880c6b63b 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/array.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 use crate::builtins::PyBytes;
 use crate::types::Callable;
 use crate::{Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload};
-use crate::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, builtins::PyTypeRef, types::Constructor};
+use crate::{
+    PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyType, PyTypeRef},
+    types::Constructor,
+};
 use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
 use rustpython_common::lock::PyRwLock;
-use rustpython_vm::stdlib::ctypes::base::PyCSimple;
+use rustpython_vm::stdlib::ctypes::base::PyCData;
 
-// TODO: make it metaclass
-#[pyclass(name = "ArrayType", module = "_ctypes")]
+#[pyclass(name = "PyCArrayType", base = "PyType", module = "_ctypes")]
 #[derive(PyPayload)]
 pub struct PyCArrayType {
     pub(super) inner: PyCArray,
@@ -44,7 +47,12 @@ impl Constructor for PyCArrayType {
 #[pyclass(flags(IMMUTABLETYPE), with(Callable, Constructor))]
 impl PyCArrayType {}
 
-#[pyclass(name = "Array", base = "PyCSimple", module = "_ctypes")]
+#[pyclass(
+    name = "Array",
+    base = "PyCData",
+    metaclass = "PyCArrayType",
+    module = "_ctypes"
+)]
 #[derive(PyPayload)]
 pub struct PyCArray {
     pub(super) typ: PyRwLock<PyTypeRef>,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
index e3e12bdf3b..6cc19be3df 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/base.rs
@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ pub struct PyCData {
 impl PyCData {}
 
 #[pyclass(module = "_ctypes", name = "PyCSimpleType", base = "PyType")]
-pub struct PySimpleMeta {}
+pub struct PyCSimpleType {}
 
 #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
-impl PySimpleMeta {
+impl PyCSimpleType {
     #[allow(clippy::new_ret_no_self)]
     #[pymethod]
     fn new(cls: PyTypeRef, _: OptionalArg, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
@@ -176,10 +176,10 @@ impl PySimpleMeta {
 }
 
 #[pyclass(
+    module = "_ctypes",
     name = "_SimpleCData",
     base = "PyCData",
-    module = "_ctypes",
-    metaclass = "PySimpleMeta"
+    metaclass = "PyCSimpleType"
 )]
 #[derive(PyPayload)]
 pub struct PyCSimple {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs
index c6cf158953..10c1fa3df8 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/structure.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use super::base::PyCData;
 use crate::builtins::{PyList, PyStr, PyTuple, PyTypeRef};
 use crate::function::FuncArgs;
 use crate::types::GetAttr;
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ use rustpython_vm::types::Constructor;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::fmt::Debug;
 
-#[pyclass(name = "Structure", module = "_ctypes")]
+#[pyclass(module = "_ctypes", name = "Structure", base = "PyCData")]
 #[derive(PyPayload, Debug)]
 pub struct PyCStructure {
     #[allow(dead_code)]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/union.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/union.rs
index 5a39d9062e..2d76dbc9ca 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/union.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ctypes/union.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
-#[pyclass(name = "Union", module = "_ctypes")]
+use super::base::PyCData;
+
+// TODO: metaclass = "UnionType"
+#[pyclass(module = "_ctypes", name = "Union", base = "PyCData")]
 pub struct PyCUnion {}
 
 #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE, IMMUTABLETYPE))]

From dd467f6c73bc31e04c11f990b919014e298ee631 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 10:15:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 546/705] Update common/src/wtf8/mod.rs

Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
index 57a1d6d7de..ff4dcf8900 100644
--- a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
+++ b/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
@@ -763,7 +763,7 @@ impl Wtf8 {
         let mut rest = b;
         while let Err(e) = std::str::from_utf8(rest) {
             rest = &rest[e.valid_up_to()..];
-            Self::decode_surrogate(rest)?;
+            let _ = Self::decode_surrogate(rest)?;
             rest = &rest[3..];
         }
         Some(unsafe { Wtf8::from_bytes_unchecked(b) })

From 6b72d2ef5d49bb25ba8d17acf85a785366e5e05b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 20:44:18 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 547/705] Check+lint examples, tests, and benches in CI

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml       |  2 +-
 benches/execution.rs            |  4 +---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs |  6 +++---
 compiler/src/lib.rs             | 30 +++++++++++++++---------------
 examples/dis.rs                 | 19 ++++++++-----------
 examples/mini_repl.rs           | 11 ++++++-----
 examples/parse_folder.rs        | 11 +----------
 vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs    |  2 ++
 8 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 12399413ba..869ccb530a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ jobs:
         if: runner.os == 'macOS'
 
       - name: run clippy
-        run: cargo clippy ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }} --workspace  --exclude rustpython_wasm -- -Dwarnings
+        run: cargo clippy ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }} --workspace --all-targets --exclude rustpython_wasm -- -Dwarnings
 
       - name: run rust tests
         run: cargo test --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm --verbose --features threading ${{ env.CARGO_ARGS }}
diff --git a/benches/execution.rs b/benches/execution.rs
index 57529bbb3a..d38dab0890 100644
--- a/benches/execution.rs
+++ b/benches/execution.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,6 @@ use criterion::{
     criterion_main,
 };
 use rustpython_compiler::Mode;
-use rustpython_parser::Parse;
-use rustpython_parser::ast;
 use rustpython_vm::{Interpreter, PyResult, Settings};
 use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::Path;
@@ -50,7 +48,7 @@ pub fn benchmark_file_execution(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, name: &str
 pub fn benchmark_file_parsing(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, name: &str, contents: &str) {
     group.throughput(Throughput::Bytes(contents.len() as u64));
     group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("rustpython", name), |b| {
-        b.iter(|| ast::Suite::parse(contents, name).unwrap())
+        b.iter(|| ruff_python_parser::parse_module(contents).unwrap())
     });
     group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("cpython", name), |b| {
         use pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods;
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index ccce28953d..95d304a0ea 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -3660,7 +3660,7 @@ mod tests {
                 flags,
             }),
         });
-        assert_eq!(Compiler::contains_await(not_present), false);
+        assert!(!Compiler::contains_await(not_present));
 
         // f'{await x}'
         let expr_await_x = Expr::Await(ExprAwait {
@@ -3686,7 +3686,7 @@ mod tests {
                 flags,
             }),
         });
-        assert_eq!(Compiler::contains_await(present), true);
+        assert!(Compiler::contains_await(present));
 
         // f'{x:{await y}}'
         let expr_x = Expr::Name(ExprName {
@@ -3727,7 +3727,7 @@ mod tests {
                 flags,
             }),
         });
-        assert_eq!(Compiler::contains_await(present), true);
+        assert!(Compiler::contains_await(present));
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/src/lib.rs b/compiler/src/lib.rs
index 9df7a2c5a1..0ebfbbf416 100644
--- a/compiler/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/src/lib.rs
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ pub fn _compile_symtable(
 #[test]
 fn test_compile() {
     let code = "x = 'abc'";
-    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Single, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code, Mode::Single, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ def main():
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     main()
 "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
 
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ elif False:
 else:
     pass
 "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ fn test_compile_lambda() {
     let code = r#"
 lambda: 'a'
 "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
 
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ fn test_compile_lambda2() {
     let code = r#"
 (lambda x: f'hello, {x}')('world}')
 "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
 
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ def f():
     else:
         return g
 "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ fn test_compile_int() {
     let code = r#"
 a = 0xFF
 "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
 
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ fn test_compile_bigint() {
     let code = r#"
 a = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
 "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
 
@@ -250,36 +250,36 @@ fn test_compile_fstring() {
     let code1 = r#"
 assert f"1" == '1'
     "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code1, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code1, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 
     let code2 = r#"
 assert f"{1}" == '1'
     "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code2, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code2, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
     let code3 = r#"
 assert f"{1+1}" == '2'
     "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code3, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code3, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 
     let code4 = r#"
 assert f"{{{(lambda: f'{1}')}" == '{1'
     "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code4, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code4, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 
     let code5 = r#"
 assert f"a{1}" == 'a1'
     "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code5, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code5, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 
     let code6 = r#"
 assert f"{{{(lambda x: f'hello, {x}')('world}')}" == '{hello, world}'
     "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code6, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code6, Mode::Exec, "<>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
 
@@ -293,6 +293,6 @@ class RegexFlag:
     DEBUG = 1
 print(RegexFlag.NOFLAG & RegexFlag.DEBUG)
 "#;
-    let compiled = compile(&code, Mode::Exec, "<string>", CompileOpts::default());
+    let compiled = compile(code, Mode::Exec, "<string>", CompileOpts::default());
     dbg!(compiled.expect("compile error"));
 }
diff --git a/examples/dis.rs b/examples/dis.rs
index 5b8826fdf1..c79b5e258c 100644
--- a/examples/dis.rs
+++ b/examples/dis.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-/// This an example usage of the rustpython_compiler crate.
-/// This program reads, parses, and compiles a file you provide
-/// to RustPython bytecode, and then displays the output in the
-/// `dis.dis` format.
-///
-/// example usage:
-/// $ cargo run --release --example dis demo*.py
+//! This an example usage of the rustpython_compiler crate.
+//! This program reads, parses, and compiles a file you provide
+//! to RustPython bytecode, and then displays the output in the
+//! `dis.dis` format.
+//!
+//! example usage:
+//! $ cargo run --release --example dis demo*.py
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate log;
@@ -53,10 +53,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), lexopt::Error> {
         return Err("expected at least one argument".into());
     }
 
-    let opts = compiler::CompileOpts {
-        optimize,
-        ..Default::default()
-    };
+    let opts = compiler::CompileOpts { optimize };
 
     for script in &scripts {
         if script.exists() && script.is_file() {
diff --git a/examples/mini_repl.rs b/examples/mini_repl.rs
index fe3b13dcfd..d7baa4692c 100644
--- a/examples/mini_repl.rs
+++ b/examples/mini_repl.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-///! This example show cases a very simple REPL.
-///! While a much better REPL can be found in ../src/shell,
-///! This much smaller REPL is still a useful example because it showcases inserting
-///! values and functions into the Python runtime's scope, and showcases use
-///! of the compilation mode "Single".
+//! This example show cases a very simple REPL.
+//! While a much better REPL can be found in ../src/shell,
+//! This much smaller REPL is still a useful example because it showcases inserting
+//! values and functions into the Python runtime's scope, and showcases use
+//! of the compilation mode "Single".
+
 use rustpython_vm as vm;
 // these are needed for special memory shenanigans to let us share a variable with Python and Rust
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering};
diff --git a/examples/parse_folder.rs b/examples/parse_folder.rs
index acad76ad76..e05b34c265 100644
--- a/examples/parse_folder.rs
+++ b/examples/parse_folder.rs
@@ -69,8 +69,6 @@ fn parse_python_file(filename: &Path) -> ParsedFile {
     info!("Parsing file {:?}", filename);
     match std::fs::read_to_string(filename) {
         Err(e) => ParsedFile {
-            filename: Box::new(filename.to_path_buf()),
-            code: "".to_owned(),
             num_lines: 0,
             result: Err(e.to_string()),
         },
@@ -79,12 +77,7 @@ fn parse_python_file(filename: &Path) -> ParsedFile {
             let result = parse_module(&source)
                 .map(|x| x.into_suite())
                 .map_err(|e| e.to_string());
-            ParsedFile {
-                filename: Box::new(filename.to_path_buf()),
-                code: source.to_string(),
-                num_lines,
-                result,
-            }
+            ParsedFile { num_lines, result }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -134,8 +127,6 @@ struct ScanResult {
 }
 
 struct ParsedFile {
-    filename: Box<PathBuf>,
-    code: String,
     num_lines: usize,
     result: ParseResult,
 }
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs b/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
index 0946fd64ca..5499afa281 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use rustpython_sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
 
 struct Pattern {
+    #[allow(unused)]
     pattern: &'static str,
     code: &'static [u32],
 }
@@ -178,6 +179,7 @@ fn test_bigcharset() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_search_nonascii() {
+    #[allow(unused)]
     // pattern p = re.compile('\xe0+')
     // START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "\u{e0}+", code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 4294967295, 24, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 224, 1, 1] };

From 030243a6f9120010f53a9c4371ae981e691dd8d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 00:08:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 548/705] Split out wtf8 into its own crate

---
 Cargo.lock                                    | 17 +++++++--
 Cargo.toml                                    |  3 +-
 common/Cargo.toml                             |  1 +
 common/src/lib.rs                             |  3 +-
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml                   |  2 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs               | 35 +++++++++++++++++--
 compiler/codegen/src/string_parser.rs         |  2 +-
 compiler/core/Cargo.toml                      |  2 +-
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs                 |  2 +-
 compiler/core/src/marshal.rs                  |  2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml                      |  2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs                   |  2 +-
 wtf8/Cargo.toml                               | 15 ++++++++
 {common/src/wtf8 => wtf8/src}/core_char.rs    |  0
 {common/src/wtf8 => wtf8/src}/core_str.rs     |  0
 .../src/wtf8 => wtf8/src}/core_str_count.rs   |  0
 common/src/wtf8/mod.rs => wtf8/src/lib.rs     |  0
 17 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 wtf8/Cargo.toml
 rename {common/src/wtf8 => wtf8/src}/core_char.rs (100%)
 rename {common/src/wtf8 => wtf8/src}/core_str.rs (100%)
 rename {common/src/wtf8 => wtf8/src}/core_str_count.rs (100%)
 rename common/src/wtf8/mod.rs => wtf8/src/lib.rs (100%)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2003707be0..0bed6154ff 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2327,9 +2327,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
- "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-compiler-source",
+ "rustpython-wtf8",
  "thiserror 2.0.11",
  "unicode_names2",
 ]
@@ -2355,6 +2355,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "radium",
  "rand 0.9.0",
  "rustpython-literal",
+ "rustpython-wtf8",
  "siphasher 0.3.11",
  "unicode_names2",
  "volatile",
@@ -2388,7 +2389,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
- "rustpython-common",
+ "rustpython-wtf8",
  "serde",
 ]
 
@@ -2476,7 +2477,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "criterion",
  "num_enum",
  "optional",
- "rustpython-common",
+ "rustpython-wtf8",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2634,6 +2635,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "winreg",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustpython-wtf8"
+version = "0.4.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "ascii",
+ "bstr",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
+ "memchr",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython_wasm"
 version = "0.4.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 177e501040..c9f9c96525 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ template = "installer-config/installer.wxs"
 resolver = "2"
 members = [
     "compiler", "compiler/core", "compiler/codegen", "compiler/literal", "compiler/source",
-    ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "vm/sre_engine", "pylib", "stdlib", "derive-impl",
+    ".", "common", "derive", "jit", "vm", "vm/sre_engine", "pylib", "stdlib", "derive-impl", "wtf8",
     "wasm/lib",
 ]
 
@@ -141,6 +141,7 @@ rustpython-vm = { path = "vm", default-features = false, version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-pylib = { path = "pylib", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-stdlib = { path = "stdlib", default-features = false, version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-sre_engine = { path = "vm/sre_engine", version = "0.4.0" }
+rustpython-wtf8 = { path = "wtf8", version = "0.4.0" }
 rustpython-doc = { git = "https://github.com/RustPython/__doc__", tag = "0.3.0", version = "0.3.0" }
 
 ruff_python_parser = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 4163a9c284..1cf637faa4 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ threading = ["parking_lot"]
 
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-literal = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-wtf8 = { workspace = true }
 
 ascii = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/common/src/lib.rs b/common/src/lib.rs
index e83a9af43a..4b50b31c2b 100644
--- a/common/src/lib.rs
+++ b/common/src/lib.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,8 @@ pub mod static_cell;
 pub mod str;
 #[cfg(windows)]
 pub mod windows;
-pub mod wtf8;
+
+pub use rustpython_wtf8 as wtf8;
 
 pub mod vendored {
     pub use ascii;
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index c7ff439f78..2ee9277098 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@ license.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 # rustpython-ast = { workspace = true, features=["unparse", "constant-optimization"] }
-rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
 # rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-compiler-source = {workspace = true }
+rustpython-wtf8 = { workspace = true }
 ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
 ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true }
 ruff_text_size = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 95d304a0ea..6140d354ab 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ use ruff_python_ast::{
 };
 use ruff_source_file::OneIndexed;
 use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange};
-use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
+use rustpython_wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
 // use rustpython_ast::located::{self as located_ast, Located};
 use rustpython_compiler_core::{
     Mode,
@@ -3529,7 +3529,7 @@ impl EmitArg<bytecode::Label> for ir::BlockIdx {
 /// The code has been ported from `_PyCompile_CleanDoc` in cpython.
 /// `inspect.cleandoc` is also a good reference, but has a few incompatibilities.
 fn clean_doc(doc: &str) -> String {
-    let doc = rustpython_common::str::expandtabs(doc, 8);
+    let doc = expandtabs(doc, 8);
     // First pass: find minimum indentation of any non-blank lines
     // after first line.
     let margin = doc
@@ -3558,6 +3558,37 @@ fn clean_doc(doc: &str) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+// copied from rustpython_common::str, so we don't have to depend on it just for this function
+fn expandtabs(input: &str, tab_size: usize) -> String {
+    let tab_stop = tab_size;
+    let mut expanded_str = String::with_capacity(input.len());
+    let mut tab_size = tab_stop;
+    let mut col_count = 0usize;
+    for ch in input.chars() {
+        match ch {
+            '\t' => {
+                let num_spaces = tab_size - col_count;
+                col_count += num_spaces;
+                let expand = " ".repeat(num_spaces);
+                expanded_str.push_str(&expand);
+            }
+            '\r' | '\n' => {
+                expanded_str.push(ch);
+                col_count = 0;
+                tab_size = 0;
+            }
+            _ => {
+                expanded_str.push(ch);
+                col_count += 1;
+            }
+        }
+        if col_count >= tab_size {
+            tab_size += tab_stop;
+        }
+    }
+    expanded_str
+}
+
 fn split_doc<'a>(body: &'a [Stmt], opts: &CompileOpts) -> (Option<String>, &'a [Stmt]) {
     if let Some((Stmt::Expr(expr), body_rest)) = body.split_first() {
         let doc_comment = match &*expr.value {
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/string_parser.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/string_parser.rs
index 7bdb86aa5e..74f8e30012 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/string_parser.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/string_parser.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 
 use ruff_python_ast::{AnyStringFlags, StringFlags};
-use rustpython_common::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+use rustpython_wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
 
 // use ruff_python_parser::{LexicalError, LexicalErrorType};
 type LexicalError = Infallible;
diff --git a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
index f38487e68f..e79d937683 100644
--- a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ license.workspace = true
 ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true }
 ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
 ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
-rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-wtf8 = { workspace = true }
 
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 7b018d1df1..2745a5e9f7 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use num_complex::Complex64;
 pub use ruff_python_ast::ConversionFlag;
 // use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
 use ruff_source_file::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
-use rustpython_common::wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
+use rustpython_wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::{collections::BTreeSet, fmt, hash, mem};
 
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs b/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
index 0c8da17ff9..700bb48230 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/marshal.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::bytecode::*;
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
 use num_complex::Complex64;
 use ruff_source_file::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
-use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8;
+use rustpython_wtf8::Wtf8;
 use std::convert::Infallible;
 
 pub const FORMAT_VERSION: u32 = 4;
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
index 70c448d07f..4f899e6b3e 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ name = "benches"
 harness = false
 
 [dependencies]
-rustpython-common = { workspace = true }
+rustpython-wtf8 = { workspace = true }
 num_enum = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
 optional = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
index 20cacbfbec..9ca97069f8 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/string.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use rustpython_common::wtf8::Wtf8;
+use rustpython_wtf8::Wtf8;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
 pub struct StringCursor {
diff --git a/wtf8/Cargo.toml b/wtf8/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..110b54ad0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/wtf8/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = "rustpython-wtf8"
+description = "An implementation of WTF-8 for use in RustPython"
+version.workspace = true
+authors.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+repository.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+
+[dependencies]
+ascii = { workspace = true }
+bstr = { workspace = true }
+itertools = { workspace = true }
+memchr = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/core_char.rs b/wtf8/src/core_char.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from common/src/wtf8/core_char.rs
rename to wtf8/src/core_char.rs
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/core_str.rs b/wtf8/src/core_str.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from common/src/wtf8/core_str.rs
rename to wtf8/src/core_str.rs
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/core_str_count.rs b/wtf8/src/core_str_count.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from common/src/wtf8/core_str_count.rs
rename to wtf8/src/core_str_count.rs
diff --git a/common/src/wtf8/mod.rs b/wtf8/src/lib.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from common/src/wtf8/mod.rs
rename to wtf8/src/lib.rs

From 7d05f881c4b523c4371a5bbe3c92f0155ee4b8d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 00:55:03 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 549/705] Have rustpython_literal::escape support wtf8

---
 Cargo.lock                     |  1 +
 Lib/test/test_bigmem.py        |  2 -
 Lib/test/test_builtin.py       |  2 -
 Lib/test/test_subprocess.py    |  2 -
 compiler/literal/Cargo.toml    |  2 +
 compiler/literal/src/escape.rs | 68 ++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 stdlib/src/array.rs            | 55 +++++++++++----------------
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs         | 13 ++++---
 8 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 0bed6154ff..04729d30ab 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2457,6 +2457,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "lexical-parse-float",
  "num-traits",
  "rand 0.9.0",
+ "rustpython-wtf8",
  "unic-ucd-category",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_bigmem.py b/Lib/test/test_bigmem.py
index e360ec15a8..aaa9972bc4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_bigmem.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_bigmem.py
@@ -710,8 +710,6 @@ def test_repr_large(self, size):
     # original (Py_UCS2) one
     # There's also some overallocation when resizing the ascii() result
     # that isn't taken into account here.
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @bigmemtest(size=_2G // 5 + 1, memuse=ucs2_char_size +
                                           ucs4_char_size + ascii_char_size * 6)
     def test_unicode_repr(self, size):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
index 13d67e1855..b4119305f9 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_builtin.py
@@ -226,8 +226,6 @@ def test_any(self):
         S = [10, 20, 30]
         self.assertEqual(any(x > 42 for x in S), False)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_ascii(self):
         self.assertEqual(ascii(''), '\'\'')
         self.assertEqual(ascii(0), '0')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
index e5b18fe20f..5a75971be6 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_subprocess.py
@@ -2784,8 +2784,6 @@ def prepare():
         else:
             self.fail("Expected ValueError or subprocess.SubprocessError")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_undecodable_env(self):
         for key, value in (('test', 'abc\uDCFF'), ('test\uDCFF', '42')):
             encoded_value = value.encode("ascii", "surrogateescape")
diff --git a/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml b/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
index 5837f7a1ad..b4fa6229f1 100644
--- a/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ license = { workspace = true }
 rust-version = { workspace = true }
 
 [dependencies]
+rustpython-wtf8 = { workspace = true }
+
 hexf-parse = "0.2.1"
 is-macro.workspace = true
 lexical-parse-float = { version = "0.8.0", features = ["format"] }
diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/escape.rs b/compiler/literal/src/escape.rs
index ba8e3ecf17..920e0a8cb1 100644
--- a/compiler/literal/src/escape.rs
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/escape.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use rustpython_wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8};
+
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Copy, Clone, Hash, is_macro::Is)]
 pub enum Quote {
     Single,
@@ -35,20 +37,32 @@ pub struct EscapeLayout {
     pub len: Option<usize>,
 }
 
-pub trait Escape {
+/// Represents string types that can be escape-printed.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `source_len` and `layout` must be accurate, and `layout.len` must not be equal
+/// to `Some(source_len)` if the string contains non-printable characters.
+pub unsafe trait Escape {
     fn source_len(&self) -> usize;
     fn layout(&self) -> &EscapeLayout;
     fn changed(&self) -> bool {
         self.layout().len != Some(self.source_len())
     }
 
-    fn write_source(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result;
+    /// Write the body of the string directly to the formatter.
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    ///
+    /// This string must only contain printable characters.
+    unsafe fn write_source(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result;
     fn write_body_slow(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result;
     fn write_body(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
         if self.changed() {
             self.write_body_slow(formatter)
         } else {
-            self.write_source(formatter)
+            // SAFETY: verified the string contains only printable characters.
+            unsafe { self.write_source(formatter) }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -75,23 +89,23 @@ pub(crate) const fn choose_quote(
 }
 
 pub struct UnicodeEscape<'a> {
-    source: &'a str,
+    source: &'a Wtf8,
     layout: EscapeLayout,
 }
 
 impl<'a> UnicodeEscape<'a> {
     #[inline]
-    pub fn with_forced_quote(source: &'a str, quote: Quote) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_forced_quote(source: &'a Wtf8, quote: Quote) -> Self {
         let layout = EscapeLayout { quote, len: None };
         Self { source, layout }
     }
     #[inline]
-    pub fn with_preferred_quote(source: &'a str, quote: Quote) -> Self {
+    pub fn with_preferred_quote(source: &'a Wtf8, quote: Quote) -> Self {
         let layout = Self::repr_layout(source, quote);
         Self { source, layout }
     }
     #[inline]
-    pub fn new_repr(source: &'a str) -> Self {
+    pub fn new_repr(source: &'a Wtf8) -> Self {
         Self::with_preferred_quote(source, Quote::Single)
     }
     #[inline]
@@ -126,14 +140,14 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for StrRepr<'_, '_> {
 impl UnicodeEscape<'_> {
     const REPR_RESERVED_LEN: usize = 2; // for quotes
 
-    pub fn repr_layout(source: &str, preferred_quote: Quote) -> EscapeLayout {
+    pub fn repr_layout(source: &Wtf8, preferred_quote: Quote) -> EscapeLayout {
         Self::output_layout_with_checker(source, preferred_quote, |a, b| {
             Some((a as isize).checked_add(b as isize)? as usize)
         })
     }
 
     fn output_layout_with_checker(
-        source: &str,
+        source: &Wtf8,
         preferred_quote: Quote,
         length_add: impl Fn(usize, usize) -> Option<usize>,
     ) -> EscapeLayout {
@@ -141,17 +155,17 @@ impl UnicodeEscape<'_> {
         let mut single_count = 0;
         let mut double_count = 0;
 
-        for ch in source.chars() {
-            let incr = match ch {
-                '\'' => {
+        for ch in source.code_points() {
+            let incr = match ch.to_char() {
+                Some('\'') => {
                     single_count += 1;
                     1
                 }
-                '"' => {
+                Some('"') => {
                     double_count += 1;
                     1
                 }
-                c => Self::escaped_char_len(c),
+                _ => Self::escaped_char_len(ch),
             };
             let Some(new_len) = length_add(out_len, incr) else {
                 #[cold]
@@ -182,7 +196,9 @@ impl UnicodeEscape<'_> {
         }
     }
 
-    fn escaped_char_len(ch: char) -> usize {
+    fn escaped_char_len(ch: CodePoint) -> usize {
+        // surrogates are \uHHHH
+        let Some(ch) = ch.to_char() else { return 6 };
         match ch {
             '\\' | '\t' | '\r' | '\n' => 2,
             ch if ch < ' ' || ch as u32 == 0x7f => 4, // \xHH
@@ -198,10 +214,13 @@ impl UnicodeEscape<'_> {
     }
 
     fn write_char(
-        ch: char,
+        ch: CodePoint,
         quote: Quote,
         formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write,
     ) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        let Some(ch) = ch.to_char() else {
+            return write!(formatter, "\\u{:04x}", ch.to_u32());
+        };
         match ch {
             '\n' => formatter.write_str("\\n"),
             '\t' => formatter.write_str("\\t"),
@@ -232,7 +251,7 @@ impl UnicodeEscape<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Escape for UnicodeEscape<'_> {
+unsafe impl Escape for UnicodeEscape<'_> {
     fn source_len(&self) -> usize {
         self.source.len()
     }
@@ -241,13 +260,16 @@ impl Escape for UnicodeEscape<'_> {
         &self.layout
     }
 
-    fn write_source(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        formatter.write_str(self.source)
+    unsafe fn write_source(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        formatter.write_str(unsafe {
+            // SAFETY: this function must be called only when source is printable characters (i.e. no surrogates)
+            std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(self.source.as_bytes())
+        })
     }
 
     #[cold]
     fn write_body_slow(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
-        for ch in self.source.chars() {
+        for ch in self.source.code_points() {
             Self::write_char(ch, self.layout().quote, formatter)?;
         }
         Ok(())
@@ -373,7 +395,7 @@ impl AsciiEscape<'_> {
     }
 }
 
-impl Escape for AsciiEscape<'_> {
+unsafe impl Escape for AsciiEscape<'_> {
     fn source_len(&self) -> usize {
         self.source.len()
     }
@@ -382,7 +404,7 @@ impl Escape for AsciiEscape<'_> {
         &self.layout
     }
 
-    fn write_source(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    unsafe fn write_source(&self, formatter: &mut impl std::fmt::Write) -> std::fmt::Result {
         formatter.write_str(unsafe {
             // SAFETY: this function must be called only when source is printable ascii characters
             std::str::from_utf8_unchecked(self.source)
@@ -429,7 +451,7 @@ mod unicode_escape_tests {
     #[test]
     fn changed() {
         fn test(s: &str) -> bool {
-            UnicodeEscape::new_repr(s).changed()
+            UnicodeEscape::new_repr(s.as_ref()).changed()
         }
         assert!(!test("hello"));
         assert!(!test("'hello'"));
diff --git a/stdlib/src/array.rs b/stdlib/src/array.rs
index 494e98dc1b..fd83f0a5ad 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/array.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/array.rs
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ mod array {
     };
     use itertools::Itertools;
     use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
+    use rustpython_common::wtf8::{CodePoint, Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
     use std::{cmp::Ordering, fmt, os::raw};
 
     macro_rules! def_array_enum {
@@ -590,21 +591,12 @@ mod array {
         }
     }
 
-    fn u32_to_char(ch: u32) -> Result<char, String> {
-        if ch > 0x10ffff {
-            return Err(format!(
-                "character U+{ch:4x} is not in range [U+0000; U+10ffff]"
-            ));
-        };
-        char::from_u32(ch).ok_or_else(|| {
-            format!(
-                "'utf-8' codec can't encode character '\\u{ch:x}' \
-                in position 0: surrogates not allowed"
-            )
-        })
+    fn u32_to_char(ch: u32) -> Result<CodePoint, String> {
+        CodePoint::from_u32(ch)
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("character U+{ch:4x} is not in range [U+0000; U+10ffff]"))
     }
 
-    impl TryFrom<WideChar> for char {
+    impl TryFrom<WideChar> for CodePoint {
         type Error = String;
 
         fn try_from(ch: WideChar) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
@@ -615,10 +607,9 @@ mod array {
 
     impl ToPyResult for WideChar {
         fn to_pyresult(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            Ok(
-                String::from(char::try_from(self).map_err(|e| vm.new_unicode_encode_error(e))?)
-                    .to_pyobject(vm),
-            )
+            Ok(CodePoint::try_from(self)
+                .map_err(|e| vm.new_unicode_encode_error(e))?
+                .to_pyobject(vm))
         }
     }
 
@@ -694,9 +685,9 @@ mod array {
                             }
                         }
                     }
-                } else if let Some(utf8) = init.payload::<PyStr>() {
+                } else if let Some(wtf8) = init.payload::<PyStr>() {
                     if spec == 'u' {
-                        let bytes = Self::_unicode_to_wchar_bytes(utf8.as_str(), array.itemsize());
+                        let bytes = Self::_unicode_to_wchar_bytes(wtf8.as_wtf8(), array.itemsize());
                         array.frombytes_move(bytes);
                     } else {
                         return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
@@ -794,7 +785,7 @@ mod array {
             bytes: &[u8],
             item_size: usize,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> PyResult<String> {
+        ) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
             if item_size == 2 {
                 // safe because every configuration of bytes for the types we support are valid
                 let utf16 = unsafe {
@@ -803,7 +794,7 @@ mod array {
                         bytes.len() / std::mem::size_of::<u16>(),
                     )
                 };
-                Ok(String::from_utf16_lossy(utf16))
+                Ok(Wtf8Buf::from_wide(utf16))
             } else {
                 // safe because every configuration of bytes for the types we support are valid
                 let chars = unsafe {
@@ -822,21 +813,19 @@ mod array {
             }
         }
 
-        fn _unicode_to_wchar_bytes(utf8: &str, item_size: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
+        fn _unicode_to_wchar_bytes(wtf8: &Wtf8, item_size: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
             if item_size == 2 {
-                utf8.encode_utf16()
-                    .flat_map(|ch| ch.to_ne_bytes())
-                    .collect()
+                wtf8.encode_wide().flat_map(|ch| ch.to_ne_bytes()).collect()
             } else {
-                utf8.chars()
-                    .flat_map(|ch| (ch as u32).to_ne_bytes())
+                wtf8.code_points()
+                    .flat_map(|ch| ch.to_u32().to_ne_bytes())
                     .collect()
             }
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn fromunicode(zelf: &Py<Self>, obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
-            let utf8: &str = obj.try_to_value(vm).map_err(|_| {
+            let wtf8: &Wtf8 = obj.try_to_value(vm).map_err(|_| {
                 vm.new_type_error(format!(
                     "fromunicode() argument must be str, not {}",
                     obj.class().name()
@@ -848,13 +837,13 @@ mod array {
                 ));
             }
             let mut w = zelf.try_resizable(vm)?;
-            let bytes = Self::_unicode_to_wchar_bytes(utf8, w.itemsize());
+            let bytes = Self::_unicode_to_wchar_bytes(wtf8, w.itemsize());
             w.frombytes_move(bytes);
             Ok(())
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn tounicode(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+        fn tounicode(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Wtf8Buf> {
             let array = self.array.read();
             if array.typecode() != 'u' {
                 return Err(vm.new_value_error(
@@ -1184,7 +1173,7 @@ mod array {
             let typecode = vm.ctx.new_str(array.typecode_str());
             let values = if array.typecode() == 'u' {
                 let s = Self::_wchar_bytes_to_string(array.get_bytes(), array.itemsize(), vm)?;
-                s.chars().map(|x| x.to_pyobject(vm)).collect()
+                s.code_points().map(|x| x.to_pyobject(vm)).collect()
             } else {
                 array.get_objects(vm)
             };
@@ -1656,11 +1645,11 @@ mod array {
                 let s = String::from_utf16(&utf16).map_err(|_| {
                     vm.new_unicode_encode_error("items cannot decode as utf16".into())
                 })?;
-                let bytes = PyArray::_unicode_to_wchar_bytes(&s, array.itemsize());
+                let bytes = PyArray::_unicode_to_wchar_bytes((*s).as_ref(), array.itemsize());
                 array.frombytes_move(bytes);
             }
             MachineFormatCode::Utf32 { big_endian } => {
-                let s: String = chunks
+                let s: Wtf8Buf = chunks
                     .map(|b| chunk_to_obj!(b, u32, big_endian))
                     .map(|ch| u32_to_char(ch).map_err(|msg| vm.new_value_error(msg)))
                     .try_collect()?;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index fe12b35f74..8aafc63c3b 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -57,6 +57,13 @@ impl<'a> TryFromBorrowedObject<'a> for &'a str {
     }
 }
 
+impl<'a> TryFromBorrowedObject<'a> for &'a Wtf8 {
+    fn try_from_borrowed_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: &'a PyObject) -> PyResult<Self> {
+        let pystr: &Py<PyStr> = TryFromBorrowedObject::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, obj)?;
+        Ok(pystr.as_wtf8())
+    }
+}
+
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "str")]
 pub struct PyStr {
     data: StrData,
@@ -607,11 +614,7 @@ impl PyStr {
     #[inline]
     pub(crate) fn repr(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
         use crate::literal::escape::UnicodeEscape;
-        if !self.kind().is_utf8() {
-            return Ok(format!("{:?}", self.as_wtf8()));
-        }
-        let escape = UnicodeEscape::new_repr(self.as_str());
-        escape
+        UnicodeEscape::new_repr(self.as_wtf8())
             .str_repr()
             .to_string()
             .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_overflow_error("string is too long to generate repr".to_owned()))

From f398321b1f2f0f850738c08b8fb83257c1e442be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 15:50:45 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 550/705] Remove parser dependency from codegen

---
 Cargo.lock                      |  3 ---
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml     |  1 -
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 13 +++++++------
 compiler/core/Cargo.toml        |  2 --
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs   | 16 +++++++++++++---
 compiler/core/src/mode.rs       | 19 ++++++++-----------
 compiler/src/lib.rs             |  9 ++++++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs      |  9 ++++++++-
 8 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 04729d30ab..55872f1d68 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2324,7 +2324,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_codegen",
- "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
@@ -2386,8 +2385,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "lz4_flex",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "num-complex",
- "ruff_python_ast",
- "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "rustpython-wtf8",
  "serde",
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index 2ee9277098..f54d6476af 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ license.workspace = true
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-compiler-source = {workspace = true }
 rustpython-wtf8 = { workspace = true }
-ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
 ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true }
 ruff_text_size = { workspace = true }
 ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 6140d354ab..03eff74ba9 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -3458,12 +3458,13 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
 
                     self.compile_expression(&fstring_expr.expression)?;
 
-                    emit!(
-                        self,
-                        Instruction::FormatValue {
-                            conversion: conversion
-                        }
-                    );
+                    let conversion = match conversion {
+                        ConversionFlag::None => bytecode::ConversionFlag::None,
+                        ConversionFlag::Str => bytecode::ConversionFlag::Str,
+                        ConversionFlag::Ascii => bytecode::ConversionFlag::Ascii,
+                        ConversionFlag::Repr => bytecode::ConversionFlag::Repr,
+                    };
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::FormatValue { conversion });
 
                     // concatenate formatted string and debug text (if present)
                     if debug_text_count > 0 {
diff --git a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
index e79d937683..837f9e4866 100644
--- a/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/core/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,8 +10,6 @@ license.workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 # rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true, features=["location"] }
-ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true }
-ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
 ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-wtf8 = { workspace = true }
 
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 2745a5e9f7..2e8ff29014 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -5,14 +5,24 @@ use bitflags::bitflags;
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_complex::Complex64;
-pub use ruff_python_ast::ConversionFlag;
-// use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
 use ruff_source_file::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
 use rustpython_wtf8::{Wtf8, Wtf8Buf};
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 use std::{collections::BTreeSet, fmt, hash, mem};
 
-// pub use rustpython_parser_core::ConversionFlag;
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[repr(i8)]
+#[allow(clippy::cast_possible_wrap)]
+pub enum ConversionFlag {
+    /// No conversion
+    None = -1, // CPython uses -1
+    /// Converts by calling `str(<value>)`.
+    Str = b's' as i8,
+    /// Converts by calling `ascii(<value>)`.
+    Ascii = b'a' as i8,
+    /// Converts by calling `repr(<value>)`.
+    Repr = b'r' as i8,
+}
 
 pub trait Constant: Sized {
     type Name: AsRef<str>;
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/mode.rs b/compiler/core/src/mode.rs
index 13cea42b13..0c14c3c495 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/mode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/mode.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-pub use ruff_python_parser::ModeParseError;
-
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub enum Mode {
     Exec,
     Eval,
     Single,
+    /// Returns the value of the last statement in the statement list.
     BlockExpr,
 }
 
@@ -22,14 +21,12 @@ impl std::str::FromStr for Mode {
     }
 }
 
-impl From<Mode> for ruff_python_parser::Mode {
-    fn from(mode: Mode) -> Self {
-        match mode {
-            Mode::Exec => Self::Module,
-            Mode::Eval => Self::Expression,
-            // TODO: Improve ruff API
-            // ruff does not have an interactive mode
-            Mode::Single | Mode::BlockExpr => Self::Ipython,
-        }
+/// Returned when a given mode is not valid.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ModeParseError;
+
+impl std::fmt::Display for ModeParseError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, r#"mode must be "exec", "eval", or "single""#)
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/src/lib.rs b/compiler/src/lib.rs
index 0ebfbbf416..390a2d5669 100644
--- a/compiler/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/src/lib.rs
@@ -119,7 +119,14 @@ fn _compile(
     mode: Mode,
     opts: CompileOpts,
 ) -> Result<CodeObject, CompileError> {
-    let parsed = parser::parse(source_code.text, parser::Mode::from(mode).into())
+    let parser_mode = match mode {
+        Mode::Exec => parser::Mode::Module,
+        Mode::Eval => parser::Mode::Expression,
+        // ruff does not have an interactive mode, which is fine,
+        // since these are only different in terms of compilation
+        Mode::Single | Mode::BlockExpr => parser::Mode::Module,
+    };
+    let parsed = parser::parse(source_code.text, parser_mode.into())
         .map_err(|err| CompileError::from_ruff_parse_error(err, &source_code))?;
     let ast = parsed.into_syntax();
     compile::compile_top(ast, source_code, mode, opts).map_err(|e| e.into())
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs
index 2b9d292c1c..f7d6981332 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/other.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 use super::*;
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
+use rustpython_compiler_core::bytecode;
 
 impl Node for ruff::ConversionFlag {
     fn ast_to_object(self, vm: &VirtualMachine, _source_code: &SourceCodeOwned) -> PyObjectRef {
@@ -13,7 +14,13 @@ impl Node for ruff::ConversionFlag {
     ) -> PyResult<Self> {
         i32::try_from_object(vm, object)?
             .to_u32()
-            .and_then(ruff::ConversionFlag::from_op_arg)
+            .and_then(bytecode::ConversionFlag::from_op_arg)
+            .map(|flag| match flag {
+                bytecode::ConversionFlag::None => Self::None,
+                bytecode::ConversionFlag::Str => Self::Str,
+                bytecode::ConversionFlag::Ascii => Self::Ascii,
+                bytecode::ConversionFlag::Repr => Self::Repr,
+            })
             .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_value_error("invalid conversion flag".to_owned()))
     }
 }

From 8081e0d281429846799bc42ace8de285202baf51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 17:34:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 551/705] Copy unparse.rs from rustpython-parser

---
 compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs | 633 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 633 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae4a2d1616
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+use crate::{
+    Arg, ArgWithDefault, Arguments, BoolOp, Comprehension, Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr,
+    Identifier, Operator, PythonArguments,
+};
+use std::fmt;
+
+mod precedence {
+    macro_rules! precedence {
+        ($($op:ident,)*) => {
+            precedence!(@0, $($op,)*);
+        };
+        (@$i:expr, $op1:ident, $($op:ident,)*) => {
+            pub const $op1: u8 = $i;
+            precedence!(@$i + 1, $($op,)*);
+        };
+        (@$i:expr,) => {};
+    }
+    precedence!(
+        TUPLE, TEST, OR, AND, NOT, CMP, // "EXPR" =
+        BOR, BXOR, BAND, SHIFT, ARITH, TERM, FACTOR, POWER, AWAIT, ATOM,
+    );
+    pub const EXPR: u8 = BOR;
+}
+
+#[repr(transparent)]
+struct Unparser<'a> {
+    f: fmt::Formatter<'a>,
+}
+impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
+    fn new<'b>(f: &'b mut fmt::Formatter<'a>) -> &'b mut Unparser<'a> {
+        unsafe { &mut *(f as *mut fmt::Formatter<'a> as *mut Unparser<'a>) }
+    }
+
+    fn p(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.f.write_str(s)
+    }
+    fn p_id(&mut self, s: &Identifier) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.f.write_str(s.as_str())
+    }
+    fn p_if(&mut self, cond: bool, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        if cond {
+            self.f.write_str(s)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn p_delim(&mut self, first: &mut bool, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.p_if(!std::mem::take(first), s)
+    }
+    fn write_fmt(&mut self, f: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.f.write_fmt(f)
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_expr<U>(&mut self, ast: &Expr<U>, level: u8) -> fmt::Result {
+        macro_rules! op_prec {
+            ($op_ty:ident, $x:expr, $enu:path, $($var:ident($op:literal, $prec:ident)),*$(,)?) => {
+                match $x {
+                    $(<$enu>::$var => (op_prec!(@space $op_ty, $op), precedence::$prec),)*
+                }
+            };
+            (@space bin, $op:literal) => {
+                concat!(" ", $op, " ")
+            };
+            (@space un, $op:literal) => {
+                $op
+            };
+        }
+        macro_rules! group_if {
+            ($lvl:expr, $body:block) => {{
+                let group = level > $lvl;
+                self.p_if(group, "(")?;
+                let ret = $body;
+                self.p_if(group, ")")?;
+                ret
+            }};
+        }
+        match &ast {
+            Expr::BoolOp(crate::ExprBoolOp {
+                op,
+                values,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                let (op, prec) = op_prec!(bin, op, BoolOp, And("and", AND), Or("or", OR));
+                group_if!(prec, {
+                    let mut first = true;
+                    for val in values {
+                        self.p_delim(&mut first, op)?;
+                        self.unparse_expr(val, prec + 1)?;
+                    }
+                })
+            }
+            Expr::NamedExpr(crate::ExprNamedExpr {
+                target,
+                value,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                group_if!(precedence::TUPLE, {
+                    self.unparse_expr(target, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                    self.p(" := ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                })
+            }
+            Expr::BinOp(crate::ExprBinOp {
+                left,
+                op,
+                right,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                let right_associative = matches!(op, Operator::Pow);
+                let (op, prec) = op_prec!(
+                    bin,
+                    op,
+                    Operator,
+                    Add("+", ARITH),
+                    Sub("-", ARITH),
+                    Mult("*", TERM),
+                    MatMult("@", TERM),
+                    Div("/", TERM),
+                    Mod("%", TERM),
+                    Pow("**", POWER),
+                    LShift("<<", SHIFT),
+                    RShift(">>", SHIFT),
+                    BitOr("|", BOR),
+                    BitXor("^", BXOR),
+                    BitAnd("&", BAND),
+                    FloorDiv("//", TERM),
+                );
+                group_if!(prec, {
+                    self.unparse_expr(left, prec + right_associative as u8)?;
+                    self.p(op)?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(right, prec + !right_associative as u8)?;
+                })
+            }
+            Expr::UnaryOp(crate::ExprUnaryOp {
+                op,
+                operand,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                let (op, prec) = op_prec!(
+                    un,
+                    op,
+                    crate::UnaryOp,
+                    Invert("~", FACTOR),
+                    Not("not ", NOT),
+                    UAdd("+", FACTOR),
+                    USub("-", FACTOR)
+                );
+                group_if!(prec, {
+                    self.p(op)?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(operand, prec)?;
+                })
+            }
+            Expr::Lambda(crate::ExprLambda {
+                args,
+                body,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                group_if!(precedence::TEST, {
+                    let pos = args.args.len() + args.posonlyargs.len();
+                    self.p(if pos > 0 { "lambda " } else { "lambda" })?;
+                    self.unparse_arguments(args)?;
+                    write!(self, ": {}", **body)?;
+                })
+            }
+            Expr::IfExp(crate::ExprIfExp {
+                test,
+                body,
+                orelse,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                group_if!(precedence::TEST, {
+                    self.unparse_expr(body, precedence::TEST + 1)?;
+                    self.p(" if ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(test, precedence::TEST + 1)?;
+                    self.p(" else ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(orelse, precedence::TEST)?;
+                })
+            }
+            Expr::Dict(crate::ExprDict {
+                keys,
+                values,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                self.p("{")?;
+                let mut first = true;
+                let (packed, unpacked) = values.split_at(keys.len());
+                for (k, v) in keys.iter().zip(packed) {
+                    self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                    if let Some(k) = k {
+                        write!(self, "{}: {}", *k, *v)?;
+                    } else {
+                        write!(self, "**{}", *v)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                for d in unpacked {
+                    self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                    write!(self, "**{}", *d)?;
+                }
+                self.p("}")?;
+            }
+            Expr::Set(crate::ExprSet {
+                elts,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                self.p("{")?;
+                let mut first = true;
+                for v in elts {
+                    self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(v, precedence::TEST)?;
+                }
+                self.p("}")?;
+            }
+            Expr::ListComp(crate::ExprListComp {
+                elt,
+                generators,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                self.p("[")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
+                self.p("]")?;
+            }
+            Expr::SetComp(crate::ExprSetComp {
+                elt,
+                generators,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                self.p("{")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
+                self.p("}")?;
+            }
+            Expr::DictComp(crate::ExprDictComp {
+                key,
+                value,
+                generators,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                self.p("{")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(key, precedence::TEST)?;
+                self.p(": ")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::TEST)?;
+                self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
+                self.p("}")?;
+            }
+            Expr::GeneratorExp(crate::ExprGeneratorExp {
+                elt,
+                generators,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                self.p("(")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
+                self.p(")")?;
+            }
+            Expr::Await(crate::ExprAwait {
+                value,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                group_if!(precedence::AWAIT, {
+                    self.p("await ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                })
+            }
+            Expr::Yield(crate::ExprYield {
+                value,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                if let Some(value) = value {
+                    write!(self, "(yield {})", **value)?;
+                } else {
+                    self.p("(yield)")?;
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::YieldFrom(crate::ExprYieldFrom {
+                value,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                write!(self, "(yield from {})", **value)?;
+            }
+            Expr::Compare(crate::ExprCompare {
+                left,
+                ops,
+                comparators,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                group_if!(precedence::CMP, {
+                    let new_lvl = precedence::CMP + 1;
+                    self.unparse_expr(left, new_lvl)?;
+                    for (op, cmp) in ops.iter().zip(comparators) {
+                        self.p(" ")?;
+                        self.p(op.as_str())?;
+                        self.p(" ")?;
+                        self.unparse_expr(cmp, new_lvl)?;
+                    }
+                })
+            }
+            Expr::Call(crate::ExprCall {
+                func,
+                args,
+                keywords,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                self.unparse_expr(func, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                self.p("(")?;
+                if let (
+                    [Expr::GeneratorExp(crate::ExprGeneratorExp {
+                        elt,
+                        generators,
+                        range: _range,
+                    })],
+                    [],
+                ) = (&**args, &**keywords)
+                {
+                    // make sure a single genexpr doesn't get double parens
+                    self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                    self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
+                } else {
+                    let mut first = true;
+                    for arg in args {
+                        self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                        self.unparse_expr(arg, precedence::TEST)?;
+                    }
+                    for kw in keywords {
+                        self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                        if let Some(arg) = &kw.arg {
+                            self.p_id(arg)?;
+                            self.p("=")?;
+                        } else {
+                            self.p("**")?;
+                        }
+                        self.unparse_expr(&kw.value, precedence::TEST)?;
+                    }
+                }
+                self.p(")")?;
+            }
+            Expr::FormattedValue(crate::ExprFormattedValue {
+                value,
+                conversion,
+                format_spec,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => self.unparse_formatted(value, *conversion, format_spec.as_deref())?,
+            Expr::JoinedStr(crate::ExprJoinedStr {
+                values,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => self.unparse_joined_str(values, false)?,
+            Expr::Constant(crate::ExprConstant {
+                value,
+                kind,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                if let Some(kind) = kind {
+                    self.p(kind)?;
+                }
+                assert_eq!(f64::MAX_10_EXP, 308);
+                let inf_str = "1e309";
+                match value {
+                    Constant::Float(f) if f.is_infinite() => self.p(inf_str)?,
+                    Constant::Complex { real, imag }
+                        if real.is_infinite() || imag.is_infinite() =>
+                    {
+                        self.p(&value.to_string().replace("inf", inf_str))?
+                    }
+                    _ => fmt::Display::fmt(value, &mut self.f)?,
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Attribute(crate::ExprAttribute { value, attr, .. }) => {
+                self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                let period = if let Expr::Constant(crate::ExprConstant {
+                    value: Constant::Int(_),
+                    ..
+                }) = value.as_ref()
+                {
+                    " ."
+                } else {
+                    "."
+                };
+                self.p(period)?;
+                self.p_id(attr)?;
+            }
+            Expr::Subscript(crate::ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) => {
+                self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
+                let lvl = precedence::TUPLE;
+                self.p("[")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(slice, lvl)?;
+                self.p("]")?;
+            }
+            Expr::Starred(crate::ExprStarred { value, .. }) => {
+                self.p("*")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::EXPR)?;
+            }
+            Expr::Name(crate::ExprName { id, .. }) => self.p_id(id)?,
+            Expr::List(crate::ExprList { elts, .. }) => {
+                self.p("[")?;
+                let mut first = true;
+                for elt in elts {
+                    self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                }
+                self.p("]")?;
+            }
+            Expr::Tuple(crate::ExprTuple { elts, .. }) => {
+                if elts.is_empty() {
+                    self.p("()")?;
+                } else {
+                    group_if!(precedence::TUPLE, {
+                        let mut first = true;
+                        for elt in elts {
+                            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+                            self.unparse_expr(elt, precedence::TEST)?;
+                        }
+                        self.p_if(elts.len() == 1, ",")?;
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::Slice(crate::ExprSlice {
+                lower,
+                upper,
+                step,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => {
+                if let Some(lower) = lower {
+                    self.unparse_expr(lower, precedence::TEST)?;
+                }
+                self.p(":")?;
+                if let Some(upper) = upper {
+                    self.unparse_expr(upper, precedence::TEST)?;
+                }
+                if let Some(step) = step {
+                    self.p(":")?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(step, precedence::TEST)?;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_arguments<U>(&mut self, args: &Arguments<U>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut first = true;
+        for (i, arg) in args.posonlyargs.iter().chain(&args.args).enumerate() {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.unparse_function_arg(arg)?;
+            self.p_if(i + 1 == args.posonlyargs.len(), ", /")?;
+        }
+        if args.vararg.is_some() || !args.kwonlyargs.is_empty() {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.p("*")?;
+        }
+        if let Some(vararg) = &args.vararg {
+            self.unparse_arg(vararg)?;
+        }
+        for kwarg in args.kwonlyargs.iter() {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.unparse_function_arg(kwarg)?;
+        }
+        if let Some(kwarg) = &args.kwarg {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.p("**")?;
+            self.unparse_arg(kwarg)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn unparse_function_arg<U>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDefault<U>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.p_id(&arg.def.arg)?;
+        if let Some(ann) = &arg.def.annotation {
+            write!(self, ": {}", **ann)?;
+        }
+        if let Some(default) = &arg.default {
+            write!(self, "={}", default)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    fn unparse_python_arguments<U>(&mut self, args: &PythonArguments<U>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut first = true;
+        let defaults_start = args.posonlyargs.len() + args.args.len() - args.defaults.len();
+        for (i, arg) in args.posonlyargs.iter().chain(&args.args).enumerate() {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.unparse_arg(arg)?;
+            if let Some(i) = i.checked_sub(defaults_start) {
+                write!(self, "={}", &args.defaults[i])?;
+            }
+            self.p_if(i + 1 == args.posonlyargs.len(), ", /")?;
+        }
+        if args.vararg.is_some() || !args.kwonlyargs.is_empty() {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.p("*")?;
+        }
+        if let Some(vararg) = &args.vararg {
+            self.unparse_arg(vararg)?;
+        }
+        let defaults_start = args.kwonlyargs.len() - args.kw_defaults.len();
+        for (i, kwarg) in args.kwonlyargs.iter().enumerate() {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.unparse_arg(kwarg)?;
+            if let Some(default) = i
+                .checked_sub(defaults_start)
+                .and_then(|i| args.kw_defaults.get(i))
+            {
+                write!(self, "={default}")?;
+            }
+        }
+        if let Some(kwarg) = &args.kwarg {
+            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
+            self.p("**")?;
+            self.unparse_arg(kwarg)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn unparse_arg<U>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<U>) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.p_id(&arg.arg)?;
+        if let Some(ann) = &arg.annotation {
+            write!(self, ": {}", **ann)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_comp<U>(&mut self, generators: &[Comprehension<U>]) -> fmt::Result {
+        for comp in generators {
+            self.p(if comp.is_async {
+                " async for "
+            } else {
+                " for "
+            })?;
+            self.unparse_expr(&comp.target, precedence::TUPLE)?;
+            self.p(" in ")?;
+            self.unparse_expr(&comp.iter, precedence::TEST + 1)?;
+            for cond in &comp.ifs {
+                self.p(" if ")?;
+                self.unparse_expr(cond, precedence::TEST + 1)?;
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_fstring_body<U>(&mut self, values: &[Expr<U>], is_spec: bool) -> fmt::Result {
+        for value in values {
+            self.unparse_fstring_elem(value, is_spec)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_formatted<U>(
+        &mut self,
+        val: &Expr<U>,
+        conversion: ConversionFlag,
+        spec: Option<&Expr<U>>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        let buffered = to_string_fmt(|f| Unparser::new(f).unparse_expr(val, precedence::TEST + 1));
+        let brace = if buffered.starts_with('{') {
+            // put a space to avoid escaping the bracket
+            "{ "
+        } else {
+            "{"
+        };
+        self.p(brace)?;
+        self.p(&buffered)?;
+        drop(buffered);
+
+        if conversion != ConversionFlag::None {
+            self.p("!")?;
+            let buf = &[conversion as u8];
+            let c = std::str::from_utf8(buf).unwrap();
+            self.p(c)?;
+        }
+
+        if let Some(spec) = spec {
+            self.p(":")?;
+            self.unparse_fstring_elem(spec, true)?;
+        }
+
+        self.p("}")?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_fstring_elem<U>(&mut self, expr: &Expr<U>, is_spec: bool) -> fmt::Result {
+        match &expr {
+            Expr::Constant(crate::ExprConstant { value, .. }) => {
+                if let Constant::Str(s) = value {
+                    self.unparse_fstring_str(s)
+                } else {
+                    unreachable!()
+                }
+            }
+            Expr::JoinedStr(crate::ExprJoinedStr {
+                values,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => self.unparse_joined_str(values, is_spec),
+            Expr::FormattedValue(crate::ExprFormattedValue {
+                value,
+                conversion,
+                format_spec,
+                range: _range,
+            }) => self.unparse_formatted(value, *conversion, format_spec.as_deref()),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_fstring_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        let s = s.replace('{', "{{").replace('}', "}}");
+        self.p(&s)
+    }
+
+    fn unparse_joined_str<U>(&mut self, values: &[Expr<U>], is_spec: bool) -> fmt::Result {
+        if is_spec {
+            self.unparse_fstring_body(values, is_spec)
+        } else {
+            self.p("f")?;
+            let body = to_string_fmt(|f| Unparser::new(f).unparse_fstring_body(values, is_spec));
+            rustpython_literal::escape::UnicodeEscape::new_repr(&body)
+                .str_repr()
+                .write(&mut self.f)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<U> fmt::Display for Expr<U> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        Unparser::new(f).unparse_expr(self, precedence::TEST)
+    }
+}
+
+fn to_string_fmt(f: impl FnOnce(&mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result) -> String {
+    use std::cell::Cell;
+    struct Fmt<F>(Cell<Option<F>>);
+    impl<F: FnOnce(&mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result> fmt::Display for Fmt<F> {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+            self.0.take().unwrap()(f)
+        }
+    }
+    Fmt(Cell::new(Some(f))).to_string()
+}

From d3d92bbb6f7b16930e233e7c216d259585060f03 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 17:33:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 552/705] Update unparse to work with ruff & remove
 ruff_python_codegen

---
 Cargo.lock                               |  25 +-
 Cargo.toml                               |   1 -
 Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py |   6 -
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml              |   2 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs          |  54 ++--
 compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs              |   1 +
 compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs          | 341 +++++++++++------------
 compiler/literal/src/float.rs            |  33 +++
 vm/src/builtins/complex.rs               |  32 +--
 9 files changed, 219 insertions(+), 276 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 55872f1d68..5de6ad43ae 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2185,29 +2185,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "ruff_python_codegen"
-version = "0.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
-dependencies = [
- "ruff_python_ast",
- "ruff_python_literal",
- "ruff_python_parser",
- "ruff_source_file",
- "ruff_text_size",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "ruff_python_literal"
-version = "0.0.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
- "itertools 0.14.0",
- "ruff_python_ast",
- "unic-ucd-category",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "ruff_python_parser"
 version = "0.0.0"
@@ -2323,11 +2300,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-complex",
  "num-traits",
  "ruff_python_ast",
- "ruff_python_codegen",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-compiler-source",
+ "rustpython-literal",
  "rustpython-wtf8",
  "thiserror 2.0.11",
  "unicode_names2",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c9f9c96525..ccfec120f2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -148,7 +148,6 @@ ruff_python_parser = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.1
 ruff_python_ast = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
 ruff_text_size = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
 ruff_source_file = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
-ruff_python_codegen = { git = "https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git", tag = "0.11.0" }
 
 ahash = "0.8.11"
 ascii = "1.1"
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
index ad9b5d5a87..0e08051038 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
@@ -198,8 +198,6 @@ def _exec_future(self, code):
         )
         return scope
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_annotations(self):
         eq = self.assertAnnotationEqual
         eq('...')
@@ -364,8 +362,6 @@ def test_annotations(self):
         eq('(((a, b)))', '(a, b)')
         eq("1 + 2 + 3")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_fstring_debug_annotations(self):
         # f-strings with '=' don't round trip very well, so set the expected
         # result explicitly.
@@ -376,8 +372,6 @@ def test_fstring_debug_annotations(self):
         self.assertAnnotationEqual("f'{x=!a}'", expected="f'x={x!a}'")
         self.assertAnnotationEqual("f'{x=!s:*^20}'", expected="f'x={x!s:*^20}'")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_infinity_numbers(self):
         inf = "1e" + repr(sys.float_info.max_10_exp + 1)
         infj = f"{inf}j"
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index f54d6476af..53469b9f6e 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@ license.workspace = true
 # rustpython-parser-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-compiler-core = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-compiler-source = {workspace = true }
+rustpython-literal = {workspace = true }
 rustpython-wtf8 = { workspace = true }
 ruff_python_ast = { workspace = true }
 ruff_text_size = { workspace = true }
 ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
-ruff_python_codegen = { workspace = true }
 
 ahash = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 03eff74ba9..38d5b8fb12 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
     error::{CodegenError, CodegenErrorType},
     ir,
     symboltable::{self, SymbolFlags, SymbolScope, SymbolTable},
+    unparse::unparse_expr,
 };
 use itertools::Itertools;
 use malachite_bigint::BigInt;
@@ -2026,11 +2027,10 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
 
     fn compile_annotation(&mut self, annotation: &Expr) -> CompileResult<()> {
         if self.future_annotations {
-            // FIXME: codegen?
-            let ident = Default::default();
-            let codegen = ruff_python_codegen::Generator::new(&ident, Default::default());
             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                value: codegen.expr(annotation).into(),
+                value: unparse_expr(annotation, &self.source_code)
+                    .to_string()
+                    .into(),
             });
         } else {
             self.compile_expression(annotation)?;
@@ -3397,7 +3397,9 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         flags: FStringFlags,
         fstring_elements: &FStringElements,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        let mut element_count = 0;
         for element in fstring_elements {
+            element_count += 1;
             match element {
                 FStringElement::Literal(string) => {
                     if string.value.contains(char::REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER) {
@@ -3419,26 +3421,14 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                 FStringElement::Expression(fstring_expr) => {
                     let mut conversion = fstring_expr.conversion;
 
-                    let debug_text_count = match &fstring_expr.debug_text {
-                        None => 0,
-                        Some(DebugText { leading, trailing }) => {
-                            let range = fstring_expr.expression.range();
-                            let source = self.source_code.get_range(range);
-                            let source = source.to_string();
+                    if let Some(DebugText { leading, trailing }) = &fstring_expr.debug_text {
+                        let range = fstring_expr.expression.range();
+                        let source = self.source_code.get_range(range);
+                        let text = [leading, source, trailing].concat();
 
-                            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                                value: leading.to_string().into(),
-                            });
-                            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                                value: source.into(),
-                            });
-                            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
-                                value: trailing.to_string().into(),
-                            });
-
-                            3
-                        }
-                    };
+                        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str { value: text.into() });
+                        element_count += 1;
+                    }
 
                     match &fstring_expr.format_spec {
                         None => {
@@ -3447,7 +3437,9 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                             });
                             // Match CPython behavior: If debug text is present, apply repr conversion.
                             // See: https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/f61afca262d3a0aa6a8a501db0b1936c60858e35/Parser/action_helpers.c#L1456
-                            if conversion == ConversionFlag::None && debug_text_count > 0 {
+                            if conversion == ConversionFlag::None
+                                && fstring_expr.debug_text.is_some()
+                            {
                                 conversion = ConversionFlag::Repr;
                             }
                         }
@@ -3465,24 +3457,10 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                         ConversionFlag::Repr => bytecode::ConversionFlag::Repr,
                     };
                     emit!(self, Instruction::FormatValue { conversion });
-
-                    // concatenate formatted string and debug text (if present)
-                    if debug_text_count > 0 {
-                        emit!(
-                            self,
-                            Instruction::BuildString {
-                                size: debug_text_count + 1
-                            }
-                        );
-                    }
                 }
             }
         }
 
-        let element_count: u32 = fstring_elements
-            .len()
-            .try_into()
-            .expect("BuildString size overflowed");
         if element_count == 0 {
             // ensure to put an empty string on the stack if there aren't any fstring elements
             self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Str {
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
index d44844543e..90e11c5b84 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ pub mod error;
 pub mod ir;
 mod string_parser;
 pub mod symboltable;
+mod unparse;
 
 pub use compile::CompileOpts;
 use ruff_python_ast::Expr;
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs
index ae4a2d1616..458ff76fc7 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
-use crate::{
-    Arg, ArgWithDefault, Arguments, BoolOp, Comprehension, Constant, ConversionFlag, Expr,
-    Identifier, Operator, PythonArguments,
+use ruff_python_ast as ruff;
+use ruff_text_size::Ranged;
+use rustpython_compiler_source::SourceCode;
+use rustpython_literal::escape::{AsciiEscape, UnicodeEscape};
+use std::fmt::{self, Display as _};
+
+use ruff::{
+    Arguments, BoolOp, Comprehension, ConversionFlag, Expr, Identifier, Operator, Parameter,
+    ParameterWithDefault, Parameters,
 };
-use std::fmt;
 
 mod precedence {
     macro_rules! precedence {
@@ -22,13 +27,13 @@ mod precedence {
     pub const EXPR: u8 = BOR;
 }
 
-#[repr(transparent)]
-struct Unparser<'a> {
-    f: fmt::Formatter<'a>,
+struct Unparser<'a, 'b, 'c> {
+    f: &'b mut fmt::Formatter<'a>,
+    source: &'c SourceCode<'c>,
 }
-impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
-    fn new<'b>(f: &'b mut fmt::Formatter<'a>) -> &'b mut Unparser<'a> {
-        unsafe { &mut *(f as *mut fmt::Formatter<'a> as *mut Unparser<'a>) }
+impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Unparser<'a, 'b, 'c> {
+    fn new(f: &'b mut fmt::Formatter<'a>, source: &'c SourceCode<'c>) -> Self {
+        Unparser { f, source }
     }
 
     fn p(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
@@ -50,7 +55,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
         self.f.write_fmt(f)
     }
 
-    fn unparse_expr<U>(&mut self, ast: &Expr<U>, level: u8) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn unparse_expr(&mut self, ast: &Expr, level: u8) -> fmt::Result {
         macro_rules! op_prec {
             ($op_ty:ident, $x:expr, $enu:path, $($var:ident($op:literal, $prec:ident)),*$(,)?) => {
                 match $x {
@@ -74,7 +79,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
             }};
         }
         match &ast {
-            Expr::BoolOp(crate::ExprBoolOp {
+            Expr::BoolOp(ruff::ExprBoolOp {
                 op,
                 values,
                 range: _range,
@@ -88,7 +93,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                     }
                 })
             }
-            Expr::NamedExpr(crate::ExprNamedExpr {
+            Expr::Named(ruff::ExprNamed {
                 target,
                 value,
                 range: _range,
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                     self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
                 })
             }
-            Expr::BinOp(crate::ExprBinOp {
+            Expr::BinOp(ruff::ExprBinOp {
                 left,
                 op,
                 right,
@@ -130,7 +135,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                     self.unparse_expr(right, prec + !right_associative as u8)?;
                 })
             }
-            Expr::UnaryOp(crate::ExprUnaryOp {
+            Expr::UnaryOp(ruff::ExprUnaryOp {
                 op,
                 operand,
                 range: _range,
@@ -138,7 +143,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                 let (op, prec) = op_prec!(
                     un,
                     op,
-                    crate::UnaryOp,
+                    ruff::UnaryOp,
                     Invert("~", FACTOR),
                     Not("not ", NOT),
                     UAdd("+", FACTOR),
@@ -149,19 +154,22 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                     self.unparse_expr(operand, prec)?;
                 })
             }
-            Expr::Lambda(crate::ExprLambda {
-                args,
+            Expr::Lambda(ruff::ExprLambda {
+                parameters,
                 body,
                 range: _range,
             }) => {
                 group_if!(precedence::TEST, {
-                    let pos = args.args.len() + args.posonlyargs.len();
-                    self.p(if pos > 0 { "lambda " } else { "lambda" })?;
-                    self.unparse_arguments(args)?;
-                    write!(self, ": {}", **body)?;
+                    if let Some(parameters) = parameters {
+                        self.p("lambda ")?;
+                        self.unparse_arguments(parameters)?;
+                    } else {
+                        self.p("lambda")?;
+                    }
+                    write!(self, ": {}", unparse_expr(body, self.source))?;
                 })
             }
-            Expr::IfExp(crate::ExprIfExp {
+            Expr::If(ruff::ExprIf {
                 test,
                 body,
                 orelse,
@@ -175,29 +183,24 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                     self.unparse_expr(orelse, precedence::TEST)?;
                 })
             }
-            Expr::Dict(crate::ExprDict {
-                keys,
-                values,
+            Expr::Dict(ruff::ExprDict {
+                items,
                 range: _range,
             }) => {
                 self.p("{")?;
                 let mut first = true;
-                let (packed, unpacked) = values.split_at(keys.len());
-                for (k, v) in keys.iter().zip(packed) {
+                for item in items {
                     self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
-                    if let Some(k) = k {
-                        write!(self, "{}: {}", *k, *v)?;
+                    if let Some(k) = &item.key {
+                        write!(self, "{}: ", unparse_expr(k, self.source))?;
                     } else {
-                        write!(self, "**{}", *v)?;
+                        self.p("**")?;
                     }
-                }
-                for d in unpacked {
-                    self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
-                    write!(self, "**{}", *d)?;
+                    self.unparse_expr(&item.value, level)?;
                 }
                 self.p("}")?;
             }
-            Expr::Set(crate::ExprSet {
+            Expr::Set(ruff::ExprSet {
                 elts,
                 range: _range,
             }) => {
@@ -209,7 +212,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                 }
                 self.p("}")?;
             }
-            Expr::ListComp(crate::ExprListComp {
+            Expr::ListComp(ruff::ExprListComp {
                 elt,
                 generators,
                 range: _range,
@@ -219,7 +222,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                 self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
                 self.p("]")?;
             }
-            Expr::SetComp(crate::ExprSetComp {
+            Expr::SetComp(ruff::ExprSetComp {
                 elt,
                 generators,
                 range: _range,
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                 self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
                 self.p("}")?;
             }
-            Expr::DictComp(crate::ExprDictComp {
+            Expr::DictComp(ruff::ExprDictComp {
                 key,
                 value,
                 generators,
@@ -242,7 +245,8 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                 self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
                 self.p("}")?;
             }
-            Expr::GeneratorExp(crate::ExprGeneratorExp {
+            Expr::Generator(ruff::ExprGenerator {
+                parenthesized: _,
                 elt,
                 generators,
                 range: _range,
@@ -252,7 +256,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                 self.unparse_comp(generators)?;
                 self.p(")")?;
             }
-            Expr::Await(crate::ExprAwait {
+            Expr::Await(ruff::ExprAwait {
                 value,
                 range: _range,
             }) => {
@@ -261,23 +265,23 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                     self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
                 })
             }
-            Expr::Yield(crate::ExprYield {
+            Expr::Yield(ruff::ExprYield {
                 value,
                 range: _range,
             }) => {
                 if let Some(value) = value {
-                    write!(self, "(yield {})", **value)?;
+                    write!(self, "(yield {})", unparse_expr(value, self.source))?;
                 } else {
                     self.p("(yield)")?;
                 }
             }
-            Expr::YieldFrom(crate::ExprYieldFrom {
+            Expr::YieldFrom(ruff::ExprYieldFrom {
                 value,
                 range: _range,
             }) => {
-                write!(self, "(yield from {})", **value)?;
+                write!(self, "(yield from {})", unparse_expr(value, self.source))?;
             }
-            Expr::Compare(crate::ExprCompare {
+            Expr::Compare(ruff::ExprCompare {
                 left,
                 ops,
                 comparators,
@@ -294,20 +298,22 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                     }
                 })
             }
-            Expr::Call(crate::ExprCall {
+            Expr::Call(ruff::ExprCall {
                 func,
-                args,
-                keywords,
+                arguments: Arguments { args, keywords, .. },
                 range: _range,
             }) => {
                 self.unparse_expr(func, precedence::ATOM)?;
                 self.p("(")?;
                 if let (
-                    [Expr::GeneratorExp(crate::ExprGeneratorExp {
-                        elt,
-                        generators,
-                        range: _range,
-                    })],
+                    [
+                        Expr::Generator(ruff::ExprGenerator {
+                            elt,
+                            generators,
+                            range: _range,
+                            ..
+                        }),
+                    ],
                     [],
                 ) = (&**args, &**keywords)
                 {
@@ -333,40 +339,46 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                 }
                 self.p(")")?;
             }
-            Expr::FormattedValue(crate::ExprFormattedValue {
-                value,
-                conversion,
-                format_spec,
-                range: _range,
-            }) => self.unparse_formatted(value, *conversion, format_spec.as_deref())?,
-            Expr::JoinedStr(crate::ExprJoinedStr {
-                values,
-                range: _range,
-            }) => self.unparse_joined_str(values, false)?,
-            Expr::Constant(crate::ExprConstant {
-                value,
-                kind,
-                range: _range,
-            }) => {
-                if let Some(kind) = kind {
-                    self.p(kind)?;
+            Expr::FString(ruff::ExprFString { value, .. }) => self.unparse_fstring(value)?,
+            Expr::StringLiteral(ruff::ExprStringLiteral { value, .. }) => {
+                if value.is_unicode() {
+                    self.p("u")?
                 }
-                assert_eq!(f64::MAX_10_EXP, 308);
+                UnicodeEscape::new_repr(value.to_str().as_ref())
+                    .str_repr()
+                    .fmt(self.f)?
+            }
+            Expr::BytesLiteral(ruff::ExprBytesLiteral { value, .. }) => {
+                AsciiEscape::new_repr(&value.bytes().collect::<Vec<_>>())
+                    .bytes_repr()
+                    .fmt(self.f)?
+            }
+            Expr::NumberLiteral(ruff::ExprNumberLiteral { value, .. }) => {
+                const { assert!(f64::MAX_10_EXP == 308) };
                 let inf_str = "1e309";
                 match value {
-                    Constant::Float(f) if f.is_infinite() => self.p(inf_str)?,
-                    Constant::Complex { real, imag }
-                        if real.is_infinite() || imag.is_infinite() =>
-                    {
-                        self.p(&value.to_string().replace("inf", inf_str))?
+                    ruff::Number::Int(int) => int.fmt(self.f)?,
+                    &ruff::Number::Float(fp) => {
+                        if fp.is_infinite() {
+                            self.p(inf_str)?
+                        } else {
+                            self.p(&rustpython_literal::float::to_string(fp))?
+                        }
                     }
-                    _ => fmt::Display::fmt(value, &mut self.f)?,
+                    &ruff::Number::Complex { real, imag } => self
+                        .p(&rustpython_literal::float::complex_to_string(real, imag)
+                            .replace("inf", inf_str))?,
                 }
             }
-            Expr::Attribute(crate::ExprAttribute { value, attr, .. }) => {
+            Expr::BooleanLiteral(ruff::ExprBooleanLiteral { value, .. }) => {
+                self.p(if *value { "True" } else { "False" })?
+            }
+            Expr::NoneLiteral(ruff::ExprNoneLiteral { .. }) => self.p("None")?,
+            Expr::EllipsisLiteral(ruff::ExprEllipsisLiteral { .. }) => self.p("...")?,
+            Expr::Attribute(ruff::ExprAttribute { value, attr, .. }) => {
                 self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
-                let period = if let Expr::Constant(crate::ExprConstant {
-                    value: Constant::Int(_),
+                let period = if let Expr::NumberLiteral(ruff::ExprNumberLiteral {
+                    value: ruff::Number::Int(_),
                     ..
                 }) = value.as_ref()
                 {
@@ -377,19 +389,19 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                 self.p(period)?;
                 self.p_id(attr)?;
             }
-            Expr::Subscript(crate::ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Subscript(ruff::ExprSubscript { value, slice, .. }) => {
                 self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::ATOM)?;
                 let lvl = precedence::TUPLE;
                 self.p("[")?;
                 self.unparse_expr(slice, lvl)?;
                 self.p("]")?;
             }
-            Expr::Starred(crate::ExprStarred { value, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Starred(ruff::ExprStarred { value, .. }) => {
                 self.p("*")?;
                 self.unparse_expr(value, precedence::EXPR)?;
             }
-            Expr::Name(crate::ExprName { id, .. }) => self.p_id(id)?,
-            Expr::List(crate::ExprList { elts, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Name(ruff::ExprName { id, .. }) => self.p(id.as_str())?,
+            Expr::List(ruff::ExprList { elts, .. }) => {
                 self.p("[")?;
                 let mut first = true;
                 for elt in elts {
@@ -398,7 +410,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                 }
                 self.p("]")?;
             }
-            Expr::Tuple(crate::ExprTuple { elts, .. }) => {
+            Expr::Tuple(ruff::ExprTuple { elts, .. }) => {
                 if elts.is_empty() {
                     self.p("()")?;
                 } else {
@@ -412,7 +424,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                     })
                 }
             }
-            Expr::Slice(crate::ExprSlice {
+            Expr::Slice(ruff::ExprSlice {
                 lower,
                 upper,
                 step,
@@ -430,11 +442,12 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
                     self.unparse_expr(step, precedence::TEST)?;
                 }
             }
+            Expr::IpyEscapeCommand(_) => {}
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn unparse_arguments<U>(&mut self, args: &Arguments<U>) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn unparse_arguments(&mut self, args: &Parameters) -> fmt::Result {
         let mut first = true;
         for (i, arg) in args.posonlyargs.iter().chain(&args.args).enumerate() {
             self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
@@ -459,63 +472,23 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
         }
         Ok(())
     }
-    fn unparse_function_arg<U>(&mut self, arg: &ArgWithDefault<U>) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.p_id(&arg.def.arg)?;
-        if let Some(ann) = &arg.def.annotation {
-            write!(self, ": {}", **ann)?;
-        }
+    fn unparse_function_arg(&mut self, arg: &ParameterWithDefault) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.unparse_arg(&arg.parameter)?;
         if let Some(default) = &arg.default {
-            write!(self, "={}", default)?;
+            write!(self, "={}", unparse_expr(default, self.source))?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    #[allow(dead_code)]
-    fn unparse_python_arguments<U>(&mut self, args: &PythonArguments<U>) -> fmt::Result {
-        let mut first = true;
-        let defaults_start = args.posonlyargs.len() + args.args.len() - args.defaults.len();
-        for (i, arg) in args.posonlyargs.iter().chain(&args.args).enumerate() {
-            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
-            self.unparse_arg(arg)?;
-            if let Some(i) = i.checked_sub(defaults_start) {
-                write!(self, "={}", &args.defaults[i])?;
-            }
-            self.p_if(i + 1 == args.posonlyargs.len(), ", /")?;
-        }
-        if args.vararg.is_some() || !args.kwonlyargs.is_empty() {
-            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
-            self.p("*")?;
-        }
-        if let Some(vararg) = &args.vararg {
-            self.unparse_arg(vararg)?;
-        }
-        let defaults_start = args.kwonlyargs.len() - args.kw_defaults.len();
-        for (i, kwarg) in args.kwonlyargs.iter().enumerate() {
-            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
-            self.unparse_arg(kwarg)?;
-            if let Some(default) = i
-                .checked_sub(defaults_start)
-                .and_then(|i| args.kw_defaults.get(i))
-            {
-                write!(self, "={default}")?;
-            }
-        }
-        if let Some(kwarg) = &args.kwarg {
-            self.p_delim(&mut first, ", ")?;
-            self.p("**")?;
-            self.unparse_arg(kwarg)?;
-        }
-        Ok(())
-    }
-    fn unparse_arg<U>(&mut self, arg: &Arg<U>) -> fmt::Result {
-        self.p_id(&arg.arg)?;
+    fn unparse_arg(&mut self, arg: &Parameter) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.p_id(&arg.name)?;
         if let Some(ann) = &arg.annotation {
-            write!(self, ": {}", **ann)?;
+            write!(self, ": {}", unparse_expr(ann, self.source))?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn unparse_comp<U>(&mut self, generators: &[Comprehension<U>]) -> fmt::Result {
+    fn unparse_comp(&mut self, generators: &[Comprehension]) -> fmt::Result {
         for comp in generators {
             self.p(if comp.is_async {
                 " async for "
@@ -533,20 +506,28 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn unparse_fstring_body<U>(&mut self, values: &[Expr<U>], is_spec: bool) -> fmt::Result {
-        for value in values {
-            self.unparse_fstring_elem(value, is_spec)?;
+    fn unparse_fstring_body(&mut self, elements: &[ruff::FStringElement]) -> fmt::Result {
+        for elem in elements {
+            self.unparse_fstring_elem(elem)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn unparse_formatted<U>(
+    fn unparse_formatted(
         &mut self,
-        val: &Expr<U>,
+        val: &Expr,
+        debug_text: Option<&ruff::DebugText>,
         conversion: ConversionFlag,
-        spec: Option<&Expr<U>>,
+        spec: Option<&ruff::FStringFormatSpec>,
     ) -> fmt::Result {
-        let buffered = to_string_fmt(|f| Unparser::new(f).unparse_expr(val, precedence::TEST + 1));
+        let buffered = to_string_fmt(|f| {
+            Unparser::new(f, self.source).unparse_expr(val, precedence::TEST + 1)
+        });
+        if let Some(ruff::DebugText { leading, trailing }) = debug_text {
+            self.p(leading)?;
+            self.p(self.source.get_range(val.range()))?;
+            self.p(trailing)?;
+        }
         let brace = if buffered.starts_with('{') {
             // put a space to avoid escaping the bracket
             "{ "
@@ -566,7 +547,7 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
 
         if let Some(spec) = spec {
             self.p(":")?;
-            self.unparse_fstring_elem(spec, true)?;
+            self.unparse_fstring_body(&spec.elements)?;
         }
 
         self.p("}")?;
@@ -574,26 +555,23 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn unparse_fstring_elem<U>(&mut self, expr: &Expr<U>, is_spec: bool) -> fmt::Result {
-        match &expr {
-            Expr::Constant(crate::ExprConstant { value, .. }) => {
-                if let Constant::Str(s) = value {
-                    self.unparse_fstring_str(s)
-                } else {
-                    unreachable!()
-                }
-            }
-            Expr::JoinedStr(crate::ExprJoinedStr {
-                values,
-                range: _range,
-            }) => self.unparse_joined_str(values, is_spec),
-            Expr::FormattedValue(crate::ExprFormattedValue {
-                value,
+    fn unparse_fstring_elem(&mut self, elem: &ruff::FStringElement) -> fmt::Result {
+        match elem {
+            ruff::FStringElement::Expression(ruff::FStringExpressionElement {
+                expression,
+                debug_text,
                 conversion,
                 format_spec,
-                range: _range,
-            }) => self.unparse_formatted(value, *conversion, format_spec.as_deref()),
-            _ => unreachable!(),
+                ..
+            }) => self.unparse_formatted(
+                expression,
+                debug_text.as_ref(),
+                *conversion,
+                format_spec.as_deref(),
+            ),
+            ruff::FStringElement::Literal(ruff::FStringLiteralElement { value, .. }) => {
+                self.unparse_fstring_str(value)
+            }
         }
     }
 
@@ -602,29 +580,42 @@ impl<'a> Unparser<'a> {
         self.p(&s)
     }
 
-    fn unparse_joined_str<U>(&mut self, values: &[Expr<U>], is_spec: bool) -> fmt::Result {
-        if is_spec {
-            self.unparse_fstring_body(values, is_spec)
-        } else {
-            self.p("f")?;
-            let body = to_string_fmt(|f| Unparser::new(f).unparse_fstring_body(values, is_spec));
-            rustpython_literal::escape::UnicodeEscape::new_repr(&body)
-                .str_repr()
-                .write(&mut self.f)
-        }
+    fn unparse_fstring(&mut self, value: &ruff::FStringValue) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.p("f")?;
+        let body = to_string_fmt(|f| {
+            value.iter().try_for_each(|part| match part {
+                ruff::FStringPart::Literal(lit) => f.write_str(lit),
+                ruff::FStringPart::FString(ruff::FString { elements, .. }) => {
+                    Unparser::new(f, self.source).unparse_fstring_body(elements)
+                }
+            })
+        });
+        // .unparse_fstring_body(elements));
+        UnicodeEscape::new_repr(body.as_str().as_ref())
+            .str_repr()
+            .write(self.f)
     }
 }
 
-impl<U> fmt::Display for Expr<U> {
+pub struct UnparseExpr<'a> {
+    expr: &'a Expr,
+    source: &'a SourceCode<'a>,
+}
+
+pub fn unparse_expr<'a>(expr: &'a Expr, source: &'a SourceCode<'a>) -> UnparseExpr<'a> {
+    UnparseExpr { expr, source }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for UnparseExpr<'_> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        Unparser::new(f).unparse_expr(self, precedence::TEST)
+        Unparser::new(f, self.source).unparse_expr(self.expr, precedence::TEST)
     }
 }
 
-fn to_string_fmt(f: impl FnOnce(&mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result) -> String {
+fn to_string_fmt(f: impl FnOnce(&mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result) -> String {
     use std::cell::Cell;
     struct Fmt<F>(Cell<Option<F>>);
-    impl<F: FnOnce(&mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result> fmt::Display for Fmt<F> {
+    impl<F: FnOnce(&mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result> fmt::Display for Fmt<F> {
         fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
             self.0.take().unwrap()(f)
         }
diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/float.rs b/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
index a58a3f48a7..e05a105fd4 100644
--- a/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
@@ -223,6 +223,39 @@ pub fn to_string(value: f64) -> String {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn complex_to_string(re: f64, im: f64) -> String {
+    // integer => drop ., fractional => float_ops
+    let mut im_part = if im.fract() == 0.0 {
+        im.to_string()
+    } else {
+        to_string(im)
+    };
+    im_part.push('j');
+
+    // positive empty => return im_part, integer => drop ., fractional => float_ops
+    let re_part = if re == 0.0 {
+        if re.is_sign_positive() {
+            return im_part;
+        } else {
+            re.to_string()
+        }
+    } else if re.fract() == 0.0 {
+        re.to_string()
+    } else {
+        to_string(re)
+    };
+    let mut result =
+        String::with_capacity(re_part.len() + im_part.len() + 2 + im.is_sign_positive() as usize);
+    result.push('(');
+    result.push_str(&re_part);
+    if im.is_sign_positive() || im.is_nan() {
+        result.push('+');
+    }
+    result.push_str(&im_part);
+    result.push(')');
+    result
+}
+
 pub fn from_hex(s: &str) -> Option<f64> {
     if let Ok(f) = hexf_parse::parse_hexf64(s, false) {
         return Some(f);
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
index 01dd65f519..a3a6d4d681 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
@@ -494,37 +494,7 @@ impl Representable for PyComplex {
         // TODO: when you fix this, move it to rustpython_common::complex::repr and update
         //       ast/src/unparse.rs + impl Display for Constant in ast/src/constant.rs
         let Complex64 { re, im } = zelf.value;
-        // integer => drop ., fractional => float_ops
-        let mut im_part = if im.fract() == 0.0 {
-            im.to_string()
-        } else {
-            crate::literal::float::to_string(im)
-        };
-        im_part.push('j');
-
-        // positive empty => return im_part, integer => drop ., fractional => float_ops
-        let re_part = if re == 0.0 {
-            if re.is_sign_positive() {
-                return Ok(im_part);
-            } else {
-                re.to_string()
-            }
-        } else if re.fract() == 0.0 {
-            re.to_string()
-        } else {
-            crate::literal::float::to_string(re)
-        };
-        let mut result = String::with_capacity(
-            re_part.len() + im_part.len() + 2 + im.is_sign_positive() as usize,
-        );
-        result.push('(');
-        result.push_str(&re_part);
-        if im.is_sign_positive() || im.is_nan() {
-            result.push('+');
-        }
-        result.push_str(&im_part);
-        result.push(')');
-        Ok(result)
+        Ok(rustpython_literal::float::complex_to_string(re, im))
     }
 }
 

From 0abd8b1d8706e2e3a496ff9cfd0a7c1446f547a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 20:35:08 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 553/705] Fix pystructseq

---
 derive-impl/src/pystructseq.rs | 30 ++++++++++++------------
 vm/src/types/structseq.rs      | 43 ++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-)

diff --git a/derive-impl/src/pystructseq.rs b/derive-impl/src/pystructseq.rs
index 4a4f9276f0..89dee8da10 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/pystructseq.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/pystructseq.rs
@@ -80,16 +80,19 @@ fn field_names(input: &mut DeriveInput) -> Result<(Vec<Ident>, Vec<Ident>)> {
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn impl_pystruct_sequence(mut input: DeriveInput) -> Result<TokenStream> {
-    let (not_skipped_fields, _skipped_fields) = field_names(&mut input)?;
+    let (not_skipped_fields, skipped_fields) = field_names(&mut input)?;
     let ty = &input.ident;
     let ret = quote! {
         impl ::rustpython_vm::types::PyStructSequence for #ty {
-            const FIELD_NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &[#(stringify!(#not_skipped_fields)),*];
+            const REQUIRED_FIELD_NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &[#(stringify!(#not_skipped_fields),)*];
+            const OPTIONAL_FIELD_NAMES: &'static [&'static str] = &[#(stringify!(#skipped_fields),)*];
             fn into_tuple(self, vm: &::rustpython_vm::VirtualMachine) -> ::rustpython_vm::builtins::PyTuple {
-                let items = vec![#(::rustpython_vm::convert::ToPyObject::to_pyobject(
-                    self.#not_skipped_fields,
-                    vm,
-                )),*];
+                let items = vec![
+                    #(::rustpython_vm::convert::ToPyObject::to_pyobject(
+                        self.#not_skipped_fields,
+                        vm,
+                    ),)*
+                ];
                 ::rustpython_vm::builtins::PyTuple::new_unchecked(items.into_boxed_slice())
             }
         }
@@ -110,17 +113,14 @@ pub(crate) fn impl_pystruct_sequence_try_from_object(
     let ret = quote! {
         impl ::rustpython_vm::TryFromObject for #ty {
             fn try_from_object(vm: &::rustpython_vm::VirtualMachine, seq: ::rustpython_vm::PyObjectRef) -> ::rustpython_vm::PyResult<Self> {
-                const LEN: usize = #ty::FIELD_NAMES.len();
-                let seq = Self::try_elements_from::<LEN>(seq, vm)?;
-                // TODO: this is possible to be written without iterator
+                let seq = Self::try_elements_from(seq, vm)?;
                 let mut iter = seq.into_iter();
                 Ok(Self {
-                #(
-                    #not_skipped_fields: iter.next().unwrap().clone().try_into_value(vm)?,
-                )*
-                #(
-                    #skipped_fields: vm.ctx.none(),
-                )*
+                    #(#not_skipped_fields: iter.next().unwrap().clone().try_into_value(vm)?,)*
+                    #(#skipped_fields: match iter.next() {
+                        Some(v) => v.clone().try_into_value(vm)?,
+                        None => vm.ctx.none(),
+                    },)*
                 })
             }
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/types/structseq.rs b/vm/src/types/structseq.rs
index a0b445ce7d..7b7f5fb9b5 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/structseq.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/structseq.rs
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
-    builtins::{PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType},
+    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType},
     class::{PyClassImpl, StaticType},
     vm::Context,
 };
 
 #[pyclass]
 pub trait PyStructSequence: StaticType + PyClassImpl + Sized + 'static {
-    const FIELD_NAMES: &'static [&'static str];
+    const REQUIRED_FIELD_NAMES: &'static [&'static str];
+    const OPTIONAL_FIELD_NAMES: &'static [&'static str];
 
     fn into_tuple(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTuple;
 
@@ -17,10 +18,16 @@ pub trait PyStructSequence: StaticType + PyClassImpl + Sized + 'static {
             .unwrap()
     }
 
-    fn try_elements_from<const FIELD_LEN: usize>(
-        obj: PyObjectRef,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<[PyObjectRef; FIELD_LEN]> {
+    fn try_elements_from(obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
+        #[cold]
+        fn sequence_length_error(
+            name: &str,
+            len: usize,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+            vm.new_type_error(format!("{name} takes a sequence of length {len}"))
+        }
+
         let typ = Self::static_type();
         // if !obj.fast_isinstance(typ) {
         //     return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
@@ -30,13 +37,13 @@ pub trait PyStructSequence: StaticType + PyClassImpl + Sized + 'static {
         //     )));
         // }
         let seq: Vec<PyObjectRef> = obj.try_into_value(vm)?;
-        let seq: [PyObjectRef; FIELD_LEN] = seq.try_into().map_err(|_| {
-            vm.new_type_error(format!(
-                "{} takes a sequence of length {}",
-                typ.name(),
-                FIELD_LEN
-            ))
-        })?;
+        if seq.len() < Self::REQUIRED_FIELD_NAMES.len() {
+            return Err(sequence_length_error(
+                &typ.name(),
+                Self::REQUIRED_FIELD_NAMES.len(),
+                vm,
+            ));
+        }
         Ok(seq)
     }
 
@@ -49,14 +56,14 @@ pub trait PyStructSequence: StaticType + PyClassImpl + Sized + 'static {
         let (body, suffix) = if let Some(_guard) =
             rustpython_vm::recursion::ReprGuard::enter(vm, zelf.as_object())
         {
-            if Self::FIELD_NAMES.len() == 1 {
+            if Self::REQUIRED_FIELD_NAMES.len() == 1 {
                 let value = zelf.first().unwrap();
-                let formatted = format_field((value, Self::FIELD_NAMES[0]))?;
+                let formatted = format_field((value, Self::REQUIRED_FIELD_NAMES[0]))?;
                 (formatted, ",")
             } else {
                 let fields: PyResult<Vec<_>> = zelf
                     .iter()
-                    .zip(Self::FIELD_NAMES.iter().copied())
+                    .zip(Self::REQUIRED_FIELD_NAMES.iter().copied())
                     .map(format_field)
                     .collect();
                 (fields?.join(", "), "")
@@ -74,7 +81,7 @@ pub trait PyStructSequence: StaticType + PyClassImpl + Sized + 'static {
 
     #[extend_class]
     fn extend_pyclass(ctx: &Context, class: &'static Py<PyType>) {
-        for (i, &name) in Self::FIELD_NAMES.iter().enumerate() {
+        for (i, &name) in Self::REQUIRED_FIELD_NAMES.iter().enumerate() {
             // cast i to a u8 so there's less to store in the getter closure.
             // Hopefully there's not struct sequences with >=256 elements :P
             let i = i as u8;
@@ -90,7 +97,7 @@ pub trait PyStructSequence: StaticType + PyClassImpl + Sized + 'static {
         class.set_attr(
             identifier!(ctx, __match_args__),
             ctx.new_tuple(
-                Self::FIELD_NAMES
+                Self::REQUIRED_FIELD_NAMES
                     .iter()
                     .map(|&name| ctx.new_str(name).into())
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>(),

From bb8606dbede6e1a31381cae869f94e9dba962970 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Christopher Gambrell <waymer147@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 13 Aug 2024 11:18:05 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 554/705] implement tm_gmtoff and tm_zone

---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 11 ++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index f98530e845..0ed36d2c3e 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ mod decl {
         types::PyStructSequence,
     };
     use chrono::{
-        DateTime, Datelike, Timelike,
+        DateTime, Datelike, TimeZone, Timelike,
         naive::{NaiveDate, NaiveDateTime, NaiveTime},
     };
     use std::time::Duration;
@@ -451,6 +451,8 @@ mod decl {
         tm_wday: PyObjectRef,
         tm_yday: PyObjectRef,
         tm_isdst: PyObjectRef,
+        tm_gmtoff: PyObjectRef,
+        tm_zone: PyObjectRef,
     }
 
     impl std::fmt::Debug for PyStructTime {
@@ -462,6 +464,11 @@ mod decl {
     #[pyclass(with(PyStructSequence))]
     impl PyStructTime {
         fn new(vm: &VirtualMachine, tm: NaiveDateTime, isdst: i32) -> Self {
+            let local_time = chrono::Local.from_local_datetime(&tm).unwrap();
+            let offset_seconds =
+                local_time.offset().local_minus_utc() + if isdst == 1 { 3600 } else { 0 };
+            let tz_abbr = local_time.format("%Z").to_string();
+
             PyStructTime {
                 tm_year: vm.ctx.new_int(tm.year()).into(),
                 tm_mon: vm.ctx.new_int(tm.month()).into(),
@@ -472,6 +479,8 @@ mod decl {
                 tm_wday: vm.ctx.new_int(tm.weekday().num_days_from_monday()).into(),
                 tm_yday: vm.ctx.new_int(tm.ordinal()).into(),
                 tm_isdst: vm.ctx.new_int(isdst).into(),
+                tm_gmtoff: vm.ctx.new_int(offset_seconds).into(),
+                tm_zone: vm.ctx.new_str(tz_abbr).into(),
             }
         }
 

From b99e7f62b2fb63eab4ee0fe822a9a5366f2bd1cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 17 Sep 2024 21:32:23 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 555/705] Add pystruct(skip)

---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 0ed36d2c3e..86b6927fd1 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -451,7 +451,9 @@ mod decl {
         tm_wday: PyObjectRef,
         tm_yday: PyObjectRef,
         tm_isdst: PyObjectRef,
+        #[pystruct(skip)]
         tm_gmtoff: PyObjectRef,
+        #[pystruct(skip)]
         tm_zone: PyObjectRef,
     }
 

From fd270775a3795d4300e0bd29709c9b455ef17a09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 20:36:47 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 556/705] time._STRUCT_TM_ITEMS

---
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 86b6927fd1..10d51bd39a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -72,6 +72,9 @@ mod decl {
             .map_err(|e| vm.new_value_error(format!("Time error: {e:?}")))
     }
 
+    #[pyattr]
+    pub const _STRUCT_TM_ITEMS: usize = 11;
+
     // TODO: implement proper monotonic time for wasm/wasi.
     #[cfg(not(any(unix, windows)))]
     fn get_monotonic_time(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Duration> {

From 763ba9fd6ac4093fb79f24032645d8596e09fcea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Thu, 27 Mar 2025 20:36:54 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 557/705] edit test_time

---
 Lib/test/test_time.py | 15 +++++++++------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_time.py b/Lib/test/test_time.py
index 4e618d1d90..3af18efae2 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_time.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_time.py
@@ -718,9 +718,10 @@ class TestAsctime4dyear(_TestAsctimeYear, _Test4dYear, unittest.TestCase):
 
 
 class TestPytime(unittest.TestCase):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @skip_if_buggy_ucrt_strfptime
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, AttributeError: module 'time' has no attribute '_STRUCT_TM_ITEMS'")
-    # @unittest.skipUnless(time._STRUCT_TM_ITEMS == 11, "needs tm_zone support")
+    @unittest.skipUnless(time._STRUCT_TM_ITEMS == 11, "needs tm_zone support")
     def test_localtime_timezone(self):
 
         # Get the localtime and examine it for the offset and zone.
@@ -755,16 +756,18 @@ def test_localtime_timezone(self):
         self.assertEqual(new_lt.tm_gmtoff, lt.tm_gmtoff)
         self.assertEqual(new_lt9.tm_zone, lt.tm_zone)
     
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, AttributeError: module 'time' has no attribute '_STRUCT_TM_ITEMS'")
-    # @unittest.skipUnless(time._STRUCT_TM_ITEMS == 11, "needs tm_zone support")
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skipUnless(time._STRUCT_TM_ITEMS == 11, "needs tm_zone support")
     def test_strptime_timezone(self):
         t = time.strptime("UTC", "%Z")
         self.assertEqual(t.tm_zone, 'UTC')
         t = time.strptime("+0500", "%z")
         self.assertEqual(t.tm_gmtoff, 5 * 3600)
     
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, AttributeError: module 'time' has no attribute '_STRUCT_TM_ITEMS'")
-    # @unittest.skipUnless(time._STRUCT_TM_ITEMS == 11, "needs tm_zone support")
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @unittest.skipUnless(time._STRUCT_TM_ITEMS == 11, "needs tm_zone support")
     def test_short_times(self):
 
         import pickle

From b0679865769bbd81133b8eec328d6867b5078b0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Mar 2025 12:24:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 558/705] Bump cranelift to 0.118

---
 Cargo.lock     | 81 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
 jit/Cargo.toml |  8 ++---
 2 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 5de6ad43ae..a71ceb53b3 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -429,37 +429,53 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a71de5e59f616d79d14d2c71aa2799ce898241d7f10f7e64a4997014b4000a28"
+checksum = "e482b051275b415cf7627bb6b26e9902ce6aec058b443266c2a1e7a0de148960"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "cranelift-frontend",
  "cranelift-module",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cranelift-assembler-x64"
+version = "0.118.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3e4b56ebe316895d3fa37775d0a87b0c889cc933f5c8b253dbcc7c7bcb7fe7e4"
+dependencies = [
+ "cranelift-assembler-x64-meta",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cranelift-assembler-x64-meta"
+version = "0.118.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "95cabbc01dfbd7dcd6c329ca44f0212910309c221797ac736a67a5bc8857fe1b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bforest"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e15d04a0ce86cb36ead88ad68cf693ffd6cda47052b9e0ac114bc47fd9cd23c4"
+checksum = "76ffe46df300a45f1dc6f609dc808ce963f0e3a2e971682c479a2d13e3b9b8ef"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-entity",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bitset"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7c6e3969a7ce267259ce244b7867c5d3bc9e65b0a87e81039588dfdeaede9f34"
+checksum = "b265bed7c51e1921fdae6419791d31af77d33662ee56d7b0fa0704dc8d231cab"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2c22032c4cb42558371cf516bb47f26cdad1819d3475c133e93c49f50ebf304e"
+checksum = "e606230a7e3a6897d603761baee0d19f88d077f17b996bb5089488a29ae96e41"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
+ "cranelift-assembler-x64",
  "cranelift-bforest",
  "cranelift-bitset",
  "cranelift-codegen-meta",
@@ -468,7 +484,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
  "gimli",
- "hashbrown 0.14.5",
+ "hashbrown 0.15.2",
  "log",
  "regalloc2",
  "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
@@ -479,42 +495,43 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c904bc71c61b27fc57827f4a1379f29de64fe95653b620a3db77d59655eee0b8"
+checksum = "8a63bffafc23bc60969ad528e138788495999d935f0adcfd6543cb151ca8637d"
 dependencies = [
+ "cranelift-assembler-x64",
  "cranelift-codegen-shared",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "40180f5497572f644ce88c255480981ae2ec1d7bb4d8e0c0136a13b87a2f2ceb"
+checksum = "af50281b67324b58e843170a6a5943cf6d387c06f7eeacc9f5696e4ab7ae7d7e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-control"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26d132c6d0bd8a489563472afc171759da0707804a65ece7ceb15a8c6d7dd5ef"
+checksum = "8c20c1b38d1abfbcebb0032e497e71156c0e3b8dcb3f0a92b9863b7bcaec290c"
 dependencies = [
  "arbitrary",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-entity"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4b2d0d9618275474fbf679dd018ac6e009acbd6ae6850f6a67be33fb3b00b323"
+checksum = "0c2c67d95507c51b4a1ff3f3555fe4bfec36b9e13c1b684ccc602736f5d5f4a2"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-bitset",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-frontend"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4fac41e16729107393174b0c9e3730fb072866100e1e64e80a1a963b2e484d57"
+checksum = "4e002691cc69c38b54fc7ec93e5be5b744f627d027031d991cc845d1d512d0ce"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
@@ -524,15 +541,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-isle"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1ca20d576e5070044d0a72a9effc2deacf4d6aa650403189d8ea50126483944d"
+checksum = "e93588ed1796cbcb0e2ad160403509e2c5d330d80dd6e0014ac6774c7ebac496"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-jit"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e65c42755a719b09662b00c700daaf76cc35d5ace1f5c002ad404b591ff1978"
+checksum = "17f6682f0b193d6b7873cc8e7ed67e8776a8a26f50eeabf88534e9be618b9a03"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cranelift-codegen",
@@ -550,9 +567,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-module"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4d55612bebcf16ff7306c8a6f5bdb6d45662b8aa1ee058ecce8807ad87db719b"
+checksum = "ff19784c6de05116e63e6a34791012bd927b2a4eac56233039c46f1b6a4edac8"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cranelift-codegen",
@@ -561,9 +578,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-native"
-version = "0.116.1"
+version = "0.118.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b8dee82f3f1f2c4cba9177f1cc5e350fe98764379bcd29340caa7b01f85076c7"
+checksum = "e5b09bdd6407bf5d89661b80cf926ce731c9e8cc184bf49102267a2369a8358e"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "libc",
@@ -1012,12 +1029,6 @@ version = "0.12.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.14.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e5274423e17b7c9fc20b6e7e208532f9b19825d82dfd615708b70edd83df41f1"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.15.2"
@@ -3528,9 +3539,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-jit-icache-coherence"
-version = "29.0.1"
+version = "31.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ec5e8552e01692e6c2e5293171704fed8abdec79d1a6995a0870ab190e5747d1"
+checksum = "a54f6c6c7e9d7eeee32dfcc10db7f29d505ee7dd28d00593ea241d5f70698e64"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cfg-if",
diff --git a/jit/Cargo.toml b/jit/Cargo.toml
index e153b0eca8..0c7f39af07 100644
--- a/jit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/jit/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ num-traits = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
 libffi = { workspace = true, features = ["system"] }
 
-cranelift = "0.116.1"
-cranelift-jit = "0.116.1"
-cranelift-module = "0.116.1"
+cranelift = "0.118"
+cranelift-jit = "0.118"
+cranelift-module = "0.118"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 rustpython-derive = { path = "../derive", version = "0.4.0" }
@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ name = "integration"
 path = "tests/lib.rs"
 
 [lints]
-workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
+workspace = true

From b620f037288bdd93bf1e192d28ce1ce688cd2ff2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 22 Apr 2024 10:39:54 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 559/705] Update socket from CPython 3.12.2

---
 Lib/socket.py           |  42 +++--
 Lib/test/test_socket.py | 361 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 310 insertions(+), 93 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/socket.py b/Lib/socket.py
index 63ba0acc90..42ee130773 100644
--- a/Lib/socket.py
+++ b/Lib/socket.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 socketpair() -- create a pair of new socket objects [*]
 fromfd() -- create a socket object from an open file descriptor [*]
 send_fds() -- Send file descriptor to the socket.
-recv_fds() -- Recieve file descriptors from the socket.
+recv_fds() -- Receive file descriptors from the socket.
 fromshare() -- create a socket object from data received from socket.share() [*]
 gethostname() -- return the current hostname
 gethostbyname() -- map a hostname to its IP number
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 socket.setdefaulttimeout() -- set the default timeout value
 create_connection() -- connects to an address, with an optional timeout and
                        optional source address.
+create_server() -- create a TCP socket and bind it to a specified address.
 
  [*] not available on all platforms!
 
@@ -122,7 +123,7 @@ def _intenum_converter(value, enum_klass):
     errorTab[10014] = "A fault occurred on the network??"  # WSAEFAULT
     errorTab[10022] = "An invalid operation was attempted."
     errorTab[10024] = "Too many open files."
-    errorTab[10035] = "The socket operation would block"
+    errorTab[10035] = "The socket operation would block."
     errorTab[10036] = "A blocking operation is already in progress."
     errorTab[10037] = "Operation already in progress."
     errorTab[10038] = "Socket operation on nonsocket."
@@ -254,17 +255,18 @@ def __repr__(self):
                self.type,
                self.proto)
         if not closed:
+            # getsockname and getpeername may not be available on WASI.
             try:
                 laddr = self.getsockname()
                 if laddr:
                     s += ", laddr=%s" % str(laddr)
-            except error:
+            except (error, AttributeError):
                 pass
             try:
                 raddr = self.getpeername()
                 if raddr:
                     s += ", raddr=%s" % str(raddr)
-            except error:
+            except (error, AttributeError):
                 pass
         s += '>'
         return s
@@ -380,7 +382,7 @@ def _sendfile_use_sendfile(self, file, offset=0, count=None):
                     if timeout and not selector_select(timeout):
                         raise TimeoutError('timed out')
                     if count:
-                        blocksize = count - total_sent
+                        blocksize = min(count - total_sent, blocksize)
                         if blocksize <= 0:
                             break
                     try:
@@ -783,11 +785,11 @@ def getfqdn(name=''):
 
     First the hostname returned by gethostbyaddr() is checked, then
     possibly existing aliases. In case no FQDN is available and `name`
-    was given, it is returned unchanged. If `name` was empty or '0.0.0.0',
+    was given, it is returned unchanged. If `name` was empty, '0.0.0.0' or '::',
     hostname from gethostname() is returned.
     """
     name = name.strip()
-    if not name or name == '0.0.0.0':
+    if not name or name in ('0.0.0.0', '::'):
         name = gethostname()
     try:
         hostname, aliases, ipaddrs = gethostbyaddr(name)
@@ -806,7 +808,7 @@ def getfqdn(name=''):
 _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = object()
 
 def create_connection(address, timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
-                      source_address=None):
+                      source_address=None, *, all_errors=False):
     """Connect to *address* and return the socket object.
 
     Convenience function.  Connect to *address* (a 2-tuple ``(host,
@@ -816,11 +818,13 @@ def create_connection(address, timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
     global default timeout setting returned by :func:`getdefaulttimeout`
     is used.  If *source_address* is set it must be a tuple of (host, port)
     for the socket to bind as a source address before making the connection.
-    A host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default.
+    A host of '' or port 0 tells the OS to use the default. When a connection
+    cannot be created, raises the last error if *all_errors* is False,
+    and an ExceptionGroup of all errors if *all_errors* is True.
     """
 
     host, port = address
-    err = None
+    exceptions = []
     for res in getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, SOCK_STREAM):
         af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
         sock = None
@@ -832,20 +836,24 @@ def create_connection(address, timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT,
                 sock.bind(source_address)
             sock.connect(sa)
             # Break explicitly a reference cycle
-            err = None
+            exceptions.clear()
             return sock
 
-        except error as _:
-            err = _
+        except error as exc:
+            if not all_errors:
+                exceptions.clear()  # raise only the last error
+            exceptions.append(exc)
             if sock is not None:
                 sock.close()
 
-    if err is not None:
+    if len(exceptions):
         try:
-            raise err
+            if not all_errors:
+                raise exceptions[0]
+            raise ExceptionGroup("create_connection failed", exceptions)
         finally:
             # Break explicitly a reference cycle
-            err = None
+            exceptions.clear()
     else:
         raise error("getaddrinfo returns an empty list")
 
@@ -902,7 +910,7 @@ def create_server(address, *, family=AF_INET, backlog=None, reuse_port=False,
         # address, effectively preventing this one from accepting
         # connections. Also, it may set the process in a state where
         # it'll no longer respond to any signals or graceful kills.
-        # See: msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms740621(VS.85).aspx
+        # See: https://learn.microsoft.com/windows/win32/winsock/using-so-reuseaddr-and-so-exclusiveaddruse
         if os.name not in ('nt', 'cygwin') and \
                 hasattr(_socket, 'SO_REUSEADDR'):
             try:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_socket.py b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
index 0e3eb08b82..d448101dcd 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_socket.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
@@ -4,30 +4,31 @@
 from test.support import socket_helper
 from test.support import threading_helper
 
+import _thread as thread
+import array
+import contextlib
 import errno
+import gc
 import io
 import itertools
-import socket
-import select
-import tempfile
-import time
-import traceback
-import queue
-import sys
-import os
-import platform
-import array
-import contextlib
-from weakref import proxy
-import signal
 import math
+import os
 import pickle
-import struct
+import platform
+import queue
 import random
-import shutil
+import re
+import select
+import signal
+import socket
 import string
-import _thread as thread
+import struct
+import sys
+import tempfile
 import threading
+import time
+import traceback
+from weakref import proxy
 try:
     import multiprocessing
 except ImportError:
@@ -37,12 +38,15 @@
 except ImportError:
     fcntl = None
 
+support.requires_working_socket(module=True)
+
 HOST = socket_helper.HOST
 # test unicode string and carriage return
 MSG = 'Michael Gilfix was here\u1234\r\n'.encode('utf-8')
 
 VSOCKPORT = 1234
 AIX = platform.system() == "AIX"
+WSL = "microsoft-standard-WSL" in platform.release()
 
 try:
     import _socket
@@ -141,6 +145,17 @@ def _have_socket_bluetooth():
     return True
 
 
+def _have_socket_hyperv():
+    """Check whether AF_HYPERV sockets are supported on this host."""
+    try:
+        s = socket.socket(socket.AF_HYPERV, socket.SOCK_STREAM, socket.HV_PROTOCOL_RAW)
+    except (AttributeError, OSError):
+        return False
+    else:
+        s.close()
+    return True
+
+
 @contextlib.contextmanager
 def socket_setdefaulttimeout(timeout):
     old_timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
@@ -169,6 +184,8 @@ def socket_setdefaulttimeout(timeout):
 
 HAVE_SOCKET_BLUETOOTH = _have_socket_bluetooth()
 
+HAVE_SOCKET_HYPERV = _have_socket_hyperv()
+
 # Size in bytes of the int type
 SIZEOF_INT = array.array("i").itemsize
 
@@ -199,24 +216,6 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.serv = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.IPPROTO_UDPLITE)
         self.port = socket_helper.bind_port(self.serv)
 
-class ThreadSafeCleanupTestCase:
-    """Subclass of unittest.TestCase with thread-safe cleanup methods.
-
-    This subclass protects the addCleanup() and doCleanups() methods
-    with a recursive lock.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-        self._cleanup_lock = threading.RLock()
-
-    def addCleanup(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        with self._cleanup_lock:
-            return super().addCleanup(*args, **kwargs)
-
-    def doCleanups(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        with self._cleanup_lock:
-            return super().doCleanups(*args, **kwargs)
 
 class SocketCANTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
@@ -336,9 +335,7 @@ def serverExplicitReady(self):
         self.server_ready.set()
 
     def _setUp(self):
-        self.wait_threads = threading_helper.wait_threads_exit()
-        self.wait_threads.__enter__()
-        self.addCleanup(self.wait_threads.__exit__, None, None, None)
+        self.enterContext(threading_helper.wait_threads_exit())
 
         self.server_ready = threading.Event()
         self.client_ready = threading.Event()
@@ -485,6 +482,7 @@ def clientTearDown(self):
         ThreadableTest.clientTearDown(self)
 
 @unittest.skipIf(fcntl is None, "need fcntl")
+@unittest.skipIf(WSL, 'VSOCK does not work on Microsoft WSL')
 @unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_SOCKET_VSOCK,
           'VSOCK sockets required for this test.')
 @unittest.skipUnless(get_cid() != 2,
@@ -501,6 +499,7 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.serv.bind((socket.VMADDR_CID_ANY, VSOCKPORT))
         self.serv.listen()
         self.serverExplicitReady()
+        self.serv.settimeout(support.LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
         self.conn, self.connaddr = self.serv.accept()
         self.addCleanup(self.conn.close)
 
@@ -591,17 +590,18 @@ class SocketTestBase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
         self.serv = self.newSocket()
+        self.addCleanup(self.close_server)
         self.bindServer()
 
+    def close_server(self):
+        self.serv.close()
+        self.serv = None
+
     def bindServer(self):
         """Bind server socket and set self.serv_addr to its address."""
         self.bindSock(self.serv)
         self.serv_addr = self.serv.getsockname()
 
-    def tearDown(self):
-        self.serv.close()
-        self.serv = None
-
 
 class SocketListeningTestMixin(SocketTestBase):
     """Mixin to listen on the server socket."""
@@ -611,8 +611,7 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.serv.listen()
 
 
-class ThreadedSocketTestMixin(ThreadSafeCleanupTestCase, SocketTestBase,
-                              ThreadableTest):
+class ThreadedSocketTestMixin(SocketTestBase, ThreadableTest):
     """Mixin to add client socket and allow client/server tests.
 
     Client socket is self.cli and its address is self.cli_addr.  See
@@ -686,15 +685,10 @@ class UnixSocketTestBase(SocketTestBase):
     # can't send anything that might be problematic for a privileged
     # user running the tests.
 
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.dir_path = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-        self.addCleanup(os.rmdir, self.dir_path)
-        super().setUp()
-
     def bindSock(self, sock):
-        path = tempfile.mktemp(dir=self.dir_path)
-        socket_helper.bind_unix_socket(sock, path)
+        path = socket_helper.create_unix_domain_name()
         self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, path)
+        socket_helper.bind_unix_socket(sock, path)
 
 class UnixStreamBase(UnixSocketTestBase):
     """Base class for Unix-domain SOCK_STREAM tests."""
@@ -827,6 +821,12 @@ def requireSocket(*args):
 
 class GeneralModuleTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(_socket is not None, 'need _socket module')
+    def test_socket_type(self):
+        self.assertTrue(gc.is_tracked(_socket.socket))
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "immutable"):
+            _socket.socket.foo = 1
+
     def test_SocketType_is_socketobject(self):
         import _socket
         self.assertTrue(socket.SocketType is _socket.socket)
@@ -958,6 +958,19 @@ def testWindowsSpecificConstants(self):
         socket.IPPROTO_L2TP
         socket.IPPROTO_SCTP
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "WASI is missing these methods")
+    def test_socket_methods(self):
+        # socket methods that depend on a configure HAVE_ check. They should
+        # be present on all platforms except WASI.
+        names = [
+            "_accept", "bind", "connect", "connect_ex", "getpeername",
+            "getsockname", "listen", "recvfrom", "recvfrom_into", "sendto",
+            "setsockopt", "shutdown"
+        ]
+        for name in names:
+            if not hasattr(socket.socket, name):
+                self.fail(f"socket method {name} is missing")
+
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == 'darwin', 'macOS specific test')
@@ -1021,8 +1034,10 @@ def test_host_resolution(self):
 
     def test_host_resolution_bad_address(self):
         # These are all malformed IP addresses and expected not to resolve to
-        # any result.  But some ISPs, e.g. AWS, may successfully resolve these
-        # IPs.
+        # any result.  But some ISPs, e.g. AWS and AT&T, may successfully
+        # resolve these IPs. In particular, AT&T's DNS Error Assist service
+        # will break this test.  See https://bugs.python.org/issue42092 for a
+        # workaround.
         explanation = (
             "resolving an invalid IP address did not raise OSError; "
             "can be caused by a broken DNS server"
@@ -1074,7 +1089,20 @@ def testInterfaceNameIndex(self):
                          'socket.if_indextoname() not available.')
     def testInvalidInterfaceIndexToName(self):
         self.assertRaises(OSError, socket.if_indextoname, 0)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, socket.if_indextoname, -1)
+        self.assertRaises(OverflowError, socket.if_indextoname, 2**1000)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, socket.if_indextoname, '_DEADBEEF')
+        if hasattr(socket, 'if_nameindex'):
+            indices = dict(socket.if_nameindex())
+            for index in indices:
+                index2 = index + 2**32
+                if index2 not in indices:
+                    with self.assertRaises((OverflowError, OSError)):
+                        socket.if_indextoname(index2)
+            for index in 2**32-1, 2**64-1:
+                if index not in indices:
+                    with self.assertRaises((OverflowError, OSError)):
+                        socket.if_indextoname(index)
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(socket, 'if_nametoindex'),
                          'socket.if_nametoindex() not available.')
@@ -1378,10 +1406,21 @@ def testStringToIPv6(self):
 
     def testSockName(self):
         # Testing getsockname()
-        port = socket_helper.find_unused_port()
         sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
         self.addCleanup(sock.close)
-        sock.bind(("0.0.0.0", port))
+
+        # Since find_unused_port() is inherently subject to race conditions, we
+        # call it a couple times if necessary.
+        for i in itertools.count():
+            port = socket_helper.find_unused_port()
+            try:
+                sock.bind(("0.0.0.0", port))
+            except OSError as e:
+                if e.errno != errno.EADDRINUSE or i == 5:
+                    raise
+            else:
+                break
+
         name = sock.getsockname()
         # XXX(nnorwitz): http://tinyurl.com/os5jz seems to indicate
         # it reasonable to get the host's addr in addition to 0.0.0.0.
@@ -1525,9 +1564,11 @@ def testGetaddrinfo(self):
         infos = socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, 80, socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
         for family, type, _, _, _ in infos:
             self.assertEqual(family, socket.AF_INET)
-            self.assertEqual(str(family), 'AddressFamily.AF_INET')
+            self.assertEqual(repr(family), '<AddressFamily.AF_INET: %r>' % family.value)
+            self.assertEqual(str(family), str(family.value))
             self.assertEqual(type, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-            self.assertEqual(str(type), 'SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM')
+            self.assertEqual(repr(type), '<SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: %r>' % type.value)
+            self.assertEqual(str(type), str(type.value))
         infos = socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, None, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
         for _, socktype, _, _, _ in infos:
             self.assertEqual(socktype, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
@@ -1574,6 +1615,54 @@ def testGetaddrinfo(self):
             except socket.gaierror:
                 pass
 
+    def test_getaddrinfo_int_port_overflow(self):
+        # gh-74895: Test that getaddrinfo does not raise OverflowError on port.
+        #
+        # POSIX getaddrinfo() never specify the valid range for "service"
+        # decimal port number values. For IPv4 and IPv6 they are technically
+        # unsigned 16-bit values, but the API is protocol agnostic. Which values
+        # trigger an error from the C library function varies by platform as
+        # they do not all perform validation.
+
+        # The key here is that we don't want to produce OverflowError as Python
+        # prior to 3.12 did for ints outside of a [LONG_MIN, LONG_MAX] range.
+        # Leave the error up to the underlying string based platform C API.
+
+        from _testcapi import ULONG_MAX, LONG_MAX, LONG_MIN
+        try:
+            socket.getaddrinfo(None, ULONG_MAX + 1, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        except OverflowError:
+            # Platforms differ as to what values consitute a getaddrinfo() error
+            # return. Some fail for LONG_MAX+1, others ULONG_MAX+1, and Windows
+            # silently accepts such huge "port" aka "service" numeric values.
+            self.fail("Either no error or socket.gaierror expected.")
+        except socket.gaierror:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            socket.getaddrinfo(None, LONG_MAX + 1, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        except OverflowError:
+            self.fail("Either no error or socket.gaierror expected.")
+        except socket.gaierror:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            socket.getaddrinfo(None, LONG_MAX - 0xffff + 1, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        except OverflowError:
+            self.fail("Either no error or socket.gaierror expected.")
+        except socket.gaierror:
+            pass
+
+        try:
+            socket.getaddrinfo(None, LONG_MIN - 1, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        except OverflowError:
+            self.fail("Either no error or socket.gaierror expected.")
+        except socket.gaierror:
+            pass
+
+        socket.getaddrinfo(None, 0, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)  # No error expected.
+        socket.getaddrinfo(None, 0xffff, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)  # No error expected.
+
     def test_getnameinfo(self):
         # only IP addresses are allowed
         self.assertRaises(OSError, socket.getnameinfo, ('mail.python.org',0), 0)
@@ -1746,6 +1835,10 @@ def test_getaddrinfo_ipv6_basic(self):
         )
         self.assertEqual(sockaddr, ('ff02::1de:c0:face:8d', 1234, 0, 0))
 
+    def test_getfqdn_filter_localhost(self):
+        self.assertEqual(socket.getfqdn(), socket.getfqdn("0.0.0.0"))
+        self.assertEqual(socket.getfqdn(), socket.getfqdn("::"))
+
     @unittest.skipUnless(socket_helper.IPV6_ENABLED, 'IPv6 required for this test.')
     @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'win32', 'does not work on Windows')
     @unittest.skipIf(AIX, 'Symbolic scope id does not work')
@@ -1807,8 +1900,10 @@ def test_str_for_enums(self):
         # Make sure that the AF_* and SOCK_* constants have enum-like string
         # reprs.
         with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
-            self.assertEqual(str(s.family), 'AddressFamily.AF_INET')
-            self.assertEqual(str(s.type), 'SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM')
+            self.assertEqual(repr(s.family), '<AddressFamily.AF_INET: %r>' % s.family.value)
+            self.assertEqual(repr(s.type), '<SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: %r>' % s.type.value)
+            self.assertEqual(str(s.family), str(s.family.value))
+            self.assertEqual(str(s.type), str(s.type.value))
 
     @unittest.expectedFailureIf(sys.platform.startswith("linux"), "TODO: RUSTPYTHON, AssertionError: 526337 != <SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM: 1>")
     def test_socket_consistent_sock_type(self):
@@ -1902,17 +1997,18 @@ def test_socket_fileno(self):
             self._test_socket_fileno(s, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 
         if hasattr(socket, "AF_UNIX"):
-            tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp()
-            self.addCleanup(shutil.rmtree, tmpdir)
+            unix_name = socket_helper.create_unix_domain_name()
+            self.addCleanup(os_helper.unlink, unix_name)
+
             s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-            self.addCleanup(s.close)
-            try:
-                s.bind(os.path.join(tmpdir, 'socket'))
-            except PermissionError:
-                pass
-            else:
-                self._test_socket_fileno(s, socket.AF_UNIX,
-                                         socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            with s:
+                try:
+                    s.bind(unix_name)
+                except PermissionError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    self._test_socket_fileno(s, socket.AF_UNIX,
+                                             socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 
     def test_socket_fileno_rejects_float(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -1956,6 +2052,41 @@ def test_socket_fileno_requires_socket_fd(self):
                     fileno=afile.fileno())
             self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ENOTSOCK)
 
+    def test_addressfamily_enum(self):
+        import _socket, enum
+        CheckedAddressFamily = enum._old_convert_(
+                enum.IntEnum, 'AddressFamily', 'socket',
+                lambda C: C.isupper() and C.startswith('AF_'),
+                source=_socket,
+                )
+        enum._test_simple_enum(CheckedAddressFamily, socket.AddressFamily)
+
+    def test_socketkind_enum(self):
+        import _socket, enum
+        CheckedSocketKind = enum._old_convert_(
+                enum.IntEnum, 'SocketKind', 'socket',
+                lambda C: C.isupper() and C.startswith('SOCK_'),
+                source=_socket,
+                )
+        enum._test_simple_enum(CheckedSocketKind, socket.SocketKind)
+
+    def test_msgflag_enum(self):
+        import _socket, enum
+        CheckedMsgFlag = enum._old_convert_(
+                enum.IntFlag, 'MsgFlag', 'socket',
+                lambda C: C.isupper() and C.startswith('MSG_'),
+                source=_socket,
+                )
+        enum._test_simple_enum(CheckedMsgFlag, socket.MsgFlag)
+
+    def test_addressinfo_enum(self):
+        import _socket, enum
+        CheckedAddressInfo = enum._old_convert_(
+                enum.IntFlag, 'AddressInfo', 'socket',
+                lambda C: C.isupper() and C.startswith('AI_'),
+                source=_socket)
+        enum._test_simple_enum(CheckedAddressInfo, socket.AddressInfo)
+
 
 @unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_SOCKET_CAN, 'SocketCan required for this test.')
 class BasicCANTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -2449,6 +2580,58 @@ def testCreateScoSocket(self):
             pass
 
 
+@unittest.skipUnless(HAVE_SOCKET_HYPERV,
+                     'Hyper-V sockets required for this test.')
+class BasicHyperVTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testHyperVConstants(self):
+        socket.HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT
+        socket.HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MAX
+        socket.HVSOCKET_CONNECTED_SUSPEND
+        socket.HVSOCKET_ADDRESS_FLAG_PASSTHRU
+        socket.HV_GUID_ZERO
+        socket.HV_GUID_WILDCARD
+        socket.HV_GUID_BROADCAST
+        socket.HV_GUID_CHILDREN
+        socket.HV_GUID_LOOPBACK
+        socket.HV_GUID_PARENT
+
+    def testCreateHyperVSocketWithUnknownProtoFailure(self):
+        expected = r"\[WinError 10041\]"
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(OSError, expected):
+            socket.socket(socket.AF_HYPERV, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+
+    def testCreateHyperVSocketAddrNotTupleFailure(self):
+        expected = "connect(): AF_HYPERV address must be tuple, not str"
+        with socket.socket(socket.AF_HYPERV, socket.SOCK_STREAM, socket.HV_PROTOCOL_RAW) as s:
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, re.escape(expected)):
+                s.connect(socket.HV_GUID_ZERO)
+
+    def testCreateHyperVSocketAddrNotTupleOf2StrsFailure(self):
+        expected = "AF_HYPERV address must be a str tuple (vm_id, service_id)"
+        with socket.socket(socket.AF_HYPERV, socket.SOCK_STREAM, socket.HV_PROTOCOL_RAW) as s:
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, re.escape(expected)):
+                s.connect((socket.HV_GUID_ZERO,))
+
+    def testCreateHyperVSocketAddrNotTupleOfStrsFailure(self):
+        expected = "AF_HYPERV address must be a str tuple (vm_id, service_id)"
+        with socket.socket(socket.AF_HYPERV, socket.SOCK_STREAM, socket.HV_PROTOCOL_RAW) as s:
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, re.escape(expected)):
+                s.connect((1, 2))
+
+    def testCreateHyperVSocketAddrVmIdNotValidUUIDFailure(self):
+        expected = "connect(): AF_HYPERV address vm_id is not a valid UUID string"
+        with socket.socket(socket.AF_HYPERV, socket.SOCK_STREAM, socket.HV_PROTOCOL_RAW) as s:
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, re.escape(expected)):
+                s.connect(("00", socket.HV_GUID_ZERO))
+
+    def testCreateHyperVSocketAddrServiceIdNotValidUUIDFailure(self):
+        expected = "connect(): AF_HYPERV address service_id is not a valid UUID string"
+        with socket.socket(socket.AF_HYPERV, socket.SOCK_STREAM, socket.HV_PROTOCOL_RAW) as s:
+            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, re.escape(expected)):
+                s.connect((socket.HV_GUID_ZERO, "00"))
+
+
 class BasicTCPTest(SocketConnectedTest):
 
     def __init__(self, methodName='runTest'):
@@ -2658,7 +2841,7 @@ def _testRecvFromNegative(self):
 # here assumes that datagram delivery on the local machine will be
 # reliable.
 
-class SendrecvmsgBase(ThreadSafeCleanupTestCase):
+class SendrecvmsgBase:
     # Base class for sendmsg()/recvmsg() tests.
 
     # Time in seconds to wait before considering a test failed, or
@@ -4525,7 +4708,6 @@ def testInterruptedRecvmsgIntoTimeout(self):
 @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(signal, "alarm") or hasattr(signal, "setitimer"),
                      "Don't have signal.alarm or signal.setitimer")
 class InterruptedSendTimeoutTest(InterruptedTimeoutBase,
-                                 ThreadSafeCleanupTestCase,
                                  SocketListeningTestMixin, TCPTestBase):
     # Test interrupting the interruptible send*() methods with signals
     # when a timeout is set.
@@ -5136,6 +5318,7 @@ def mocked_socket_module(self):
         finally:
             socket.socket = old_socket
 
+    @socket_helper.skip_if_tcp_blackhole
     def test_connect(self):
         port = socket_helper.find_unused_port()
         cli = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
@@ -5144,6 +5327,7 @@ def test_connect(self):
             cli.connect((HOST, port))
         self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ECONNREFUSED)
 
+    @socket_helper.skip_if_tcp_blackhole
     def test_create_connection(self):
         # Issue #9792: errors raised by create_connection() should have
         # a proper errno attribute.
@@ -5168,6 +5352,24 @@ def test_create_connection(self):
         expected_errnos = socket_helper.get_socket_conn_refused_errs()
         self.assertIn(cm.exception.errno, expected_errnos)
 
+    def test_create_connection_all_errors(self):
+        port = socket_helper.find_unused_port()
+        try:
+            socket.create_connection((HOST, port), all_errors=True)
+        except ExceptionGroup as e:
+            eg = e
+        else:
+            self.fail('expected connection to fail')
+
+        self.assertIsInstance(eg, ExceptionGroup)
+        for e in eg.exceptions:
+            self.assertIsInstance(e, OSError)
+
+        addresses = socket.getaddrinfo(
+            'localhost', port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        # assert that we got an exception for each address
+        self.assertEqual(len(addresses), len(eg.exceptions))
+
     def test_create_connection_timeout(self):
         # Issue #9792: create_connection() should not recast timeout errors
         # as generic socket errors.
@@ -5184,6 +5386,7 @@ def test_create_connection_timeout(self):
 
 
 class NetworkConnectionAttributesTest(SocketTCPTest, ThreadableTest):
+    cli = None
 
     def __init__(self, methodName='runTest'):
         SocketTCPTest.__init__(self, methodName=methodName)
@@ -5193,7 +5396,8 @@ def clientSetUp(self):
         self.source_port = socket_helper.find_unused_port()
 
     def clientTearDown(self):
-        self.cli.close()
+        if self.cli is not None:
+            self.cli.close()
         self.cli = None
         ThreadableTest.clientTearDown(self)
 
@@ -5328,10 +5532,10 @@ def alarm_handler(signal, frame):
                 self.fail("caught timeout instead of Alarm")
             except Alarm:
                 pass
-            except:
+            except BaseException as e:
                 self.fail("caught other exception instead of Alarm:"
                           " %s(%s):\n%s" %
-                          (sys.exc_info()[:2] + (traceback.format_exc(),)))
+                          (type(e), e, traceback.format_exc()))
             else:
                 self.fail("nothing caught")
             finally:
@@ -6232,6 +6436,7 @@ def _testWithTimeoutTriggeredSend(self):
     def testWithTimeoutTriggeredSend(self):
         conn = self.accept_conn()
         conn.recv(88192)
+        # bpo-45212: the wait here needs to be longer than the client-side timeout (0.01s)
         time.sleep(1)
 
     # errors
@@ -6312,12 +6517,16 @@ def test_sha256(self):
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, OSError: bind(): bad family
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_hmac_sha1(self):
-        expected = bytes.fromhex("effcdf6ae5eb2fa2d27416d5f184df9c259a7c79")
+        # gh-109396: In FIPS mode, Linux 6.5 requires a key
+        # of at least 112 bits. Use a key of 152 bits.
+        key = b"Python loves AF_ALG"
+        data = b"what do ya want for nothing?"
+        expected = bytes.fromhex("193dbb43c6297b47ea6277ec0ce67119a3f3aa66")
         with self.create_alg('hash', 'hmac(sha1)') as algo:
-            algo.setsockopt(socket.SOL_ALG, socket.ALG_SET_KEY, b"Jefe")
+            algo.setsockopt(socket.SOL_ALG, socket.ALG_SET_KEY, key)
             op, _ = algo.accept()
             with op:
-                op.sendall(b"what do ya want for nothing?")
+                op.sendall(data)
                 self.assertEqual(op.recv(512), expected)
 
     # Although it should work with 3.19 and newer the test blocks on

From 9e2f6bd1875419fa3add740b89db3cdad988fe15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 22 Apr 2024 11:20:38 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 560/705] mark failing tests of test_socket

---
 Lib/test/test_socket.py | 18 ++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_socket.py b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
index d448101dcd..ea544f6afa 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_socket.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_socket.py
@@ -821,6 +821,8 @@ def requireSocket(*args):
 
 class GeneralModuleTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(_socket is not None, 'need _socket module')
     def test_socket_type(self):
         self.assertTrue(gc.is_tracked(_socket.socket))
@@ -1532,8 +1534,6 @@ def test_sio_loopback_fast_path(self):
             raise
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, s.ioctl, socket.SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH, None)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, AssertionError: '2' != 'AddressFamily.AF_INET'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testGetaddrinfo(self):
         try:
             socket.getaddrinfo('localhost', 80)
@@ -1615,6 +1615,8 @@ def testGetaddrinfo(self):
             except socket.gaierror:
                 pass
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_getaddrinfo_int_port_overflow(self):
         # gh-74895: Test that getaddrinfo does not raise OverflowError on port.
         #
@@ -1894,8 +1896,6 @@ def test_getnameinfo_ipv6_scopeid_numeric(self):
         nameinfo = socket.getnameinfo(sockaddr, socket.NI_NUMERICHOST | socket.NI_NUMERICSERV)
         self.assertEqual(nameinfo, ('ff02::1de:c0:face:8d%' + str(ifindex), '1234'))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, AssertionError: '2' != 'AddressFamily.AF_INET'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_str_for_enums(self):
         # Make sure that the AF_* and SOCK_* constants have enum-like string
         # reprs.
@@ -2052,6 +2052,8 @@ def test_socket_fileno_requires_socket_fd(self):
                     fileno=afile.fileno())
             self.assertEqual(cm.exception.errno, errno.ENOTSOCK)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_addressfamily_enum(self):
         import _socket, enum
         CheckedAddressFamily = enum._old_convert_(
@@ -2061,6 +2063,8 @@ def test_addressfamily_enum(self):
                 )
         enum._test_simple_enum(CheckedAddressFamily, socket.AddressFamily)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_socketkind_enum(self):
         import _socket, enum
         CheckedSocketKind = enum._old_convert_(
@@ -2070,6 +2074,8 @@ def test_socketkind_enum(self):
                 )
         enum._test_simple_enum(CheckedSocketKind, socket.SocketKind)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_msgflag_enum(self):
         import _socket, enum
         CheckedMsgFlag = enum._old_convert_(
@@ -2079,6 +2085,8 @@ def test_msgflag_enum(self):
                 )
         enum._test_simple_enum(CheckedMsgFlag, socket.MsgFlag)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_addressinfo_enum(self):
         import _socket, enum
         CheckedAddressInfo = enum._old_convert_(
@@ -5352,6 +5360,8 @@ def test_create_connection(self):
         expected_errnos = socket_helper.get_socket_conn_refused_errs()
         self.assertIn(cm.exception.errno, expected_errnos)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_create_connection_all_errors(self):
         port = socket_helper.find_unused_port()
         try:

From 8f989e4a677b4b5535948aac72d8f34acb92ce7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 8 Mar 2025 21:18:13 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 561/705] Fixed an expected failure in the behavior of negating
 a bool argument

Signed-off-by: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
---
 Lib/test/test_bool.py |  2 --
 vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs   | 12 ++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_bool.py b/Lib/test/test_bool.py
index 09eefd422b..34ecb45f16 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_bool.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_bool.py
@@ -46,8 +46,6 @@ def test_complex(self):
         self.assertEqual(complex(True), 1+0j)
         self.assertEqual(complex(True), True)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_math(self):
         self.assertEqual(+False, 0)
         self.assertIsNot(+False, False)
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
index 09f849a1a1..31f7781b4a 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use super::VirtualMachine;
+use crate::stdlib::warnings;
 use crate::{
     builtins::{PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, PyStrRef},
     object::{AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult},
@@ -469,6 +470,17 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     }
 
     pub fn _invert(&self, a: &PyObject) -> PyResult {
+        const STR: &'static str = "Bitwise inversion '~' on bool is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.16. \
+            This returns the bitwise inversion of the underlying int object and is usually not what you expect from negating a bool. \
+            Use the 'not' operator for boolean negation or ~int(x) if you really want the bitwise inversion of the underlying int.";
+        if a.fast_isinstance(self.ctx.types.bool_type) {
+            warnings::warn(
+                self.ctx.exceptions.deprecation_warning,
+                STR.to_owned(),
+                1,
+                self,
+            )?;
+        }
         self.get_special_method(a, identifier!(self, __invert__))?
             .ok_or_else(|| self.new_unsupported_unary_error(a, "unary ~"))?
             .invoke((), self)

From 8e7039405ee56137a6ab114a68cd43c80a967f4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 30 Mar 2025 23:53:20 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 562/705] Fix some clippy issues

Signed-off-by: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
index 31f7781b4a..5235393a69 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     }
 
     pub fn _invert(&self, a: &PyObject) -> PyResult {
-        const STR: &'static str = "Bitwise inversion '~' on bool is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.16. \
+        const STR: &str = "Bitwise inversion '~' on bool is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.16. \
             This returns the bitwise inversion of the underlying int object and is usually not what you expect from negating a bool. \
             Use the 'not' operator for boolean negation or ~int(x) if you really want the bitwise inversion of the underlying int.";
         if a.fast_isinstance(self.ctx.types.bool_type) {

From 24d995678f62842c521dcab6de99fd235620ec26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 19 Mar 2025 13:10:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 563/705] Remove some unncessary dependencies

---
 Cargo.lock           | 45 +++++++++++---------------------------------
 Cargo.toml           |  3 ++-
 common/Cargo.toml    |  4 ++--
 common/src/hash.rs   |  9 ---------
 common/src/lib.rs    |  1 +
 common/src/rand.rs   | 13 +++++++++++++
 compiler/Cargo.toml  |  3 +++
 stdlib/Cargo.toml    |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/random.rs |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/uuid.rs   |  3 ++-
 vm/Cargo.toml        |  2 --
 vm/build.rs          | 12 +++++++-----
 vm/src/import.rs     |  3 ++-
 vm/src/version.rs    |  6 ++----
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs     |  3 ++-
 15 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 common/src/rand.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a71ceb53b3..2607deff1b 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1336,7 +1336,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fc2f4eb4bc735547cfed7c0a4922cbd04a4655978c09b54f1f7b228750664c34"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+ "windows-targets 0.48.5",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1546,7 +1546,7 @@ version = "3.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "df7151a832e54d2d6b2c827a20e5bcdd80359281cd2c354e725d4b82e7c471de"
 dependencies = [
- "rand_core 0.9.1",
+ "rand_core 0.9.3",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1797,7 +1797,7 @@ version = "0.11.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "67eabc2ef2a60eb7faa00097bd1ffdb5bd28e62bf39990626a582201b7a754e5"
 dependencies = [
- "siphasher 1.0.1",
+ "siphasher",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2014,7 +2014,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "3779b94aeb87e8bd4e834cee3650289ee9e0d5677f976ecdb6d219e5f4f6cd94"
 dependencies = [
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
- "rand_core 0.9.1",
+ "rand_core 0.9.3",
  "zerocopy 0.8.20",
 ]
 
@@ -2035,7 +2035,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d3022b5f1df60f26e1ffddd6c66e8aa15de382ae63b3a0c1bfc0e4d3e3f325cb"
 dependencies = [
  "ppv-lite86",
- "rand_core 0.9.1",
+ "rand_core 0.9.3",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2049,12 +2049,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand_core"
-version = "0.9.1"
+version = "0.9.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a88e0da7a2c97baa202165137c158d0a2e824ac465d13d81046727b34cb247d3"
+checksum = "99d9a13982dcf210057a8a78572b2217b667c3beacbf3a0d8b454f6f82837d38"
 dependencies = [
  "getrandom 0.3.1",
- "zerocopy 0.8.20",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2252,15 +2251,6 @@ version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "357703d41365b4b27c590e3ed91eabb1b663f07c4c084095e60cbed4362dff0d"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustc_version"
-version = "0.4.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cfcb3a22ef46e85b45de6ee7e79d063319ebb6594faafcf1c225ea92ab6e9b92"
-dependencies = [
- "semver",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
 version = "0.38.44"
@@ -2329,6 +2319,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "bstr",
  "cfg-if",
+ "getrandom 0.3.1",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "libc",
  "lock_api",
@@ -2340,10 +2331,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "parking_lot",
  "radium",
- "rand 0.9.0",
  "rustpython-literal",
  "rustpython-wtf8",
- "siphasher 0.3.11",
+ "siphasher",
  "unicode_names2",
  "volatile",
  "widestring",
@@ -2354,6 +2344,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-compiler"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "rand 0.9.0",
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
@@ -2511,7 +2502,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "parking_lot",
  "paste",
  "puruspe",
- "rand 0.9.0",
+ "rand_core 0.9.3",
  "rustix",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-derive",
@@ -2581,13 +2572,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "optional",
  "parking_lot",
  "paste",
- "rand 0.9.0",
  "result-like",
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
- "rustc_version",
  "rustix",
  "rustpython-codegen",
  "rustpython-common",
@@ -2708,12 +2697,6 @@ version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "semver"
-version = "1.0.25"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f79dfe2d285b0488816f30e700a7438c5a73d816b5b7d3ac72fbc48b0d185e03"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
 version = "1.0.218"
@@ -2821,12 +2804,6 @@ version = "2.7.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bbbb5d9659141646ae647b42fe094daf6c6192d1620870b449d9557f748b2daa"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "siphasher"
-version = "0.3.11"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "38b58827f4464d87d377d175e90bf58eb00fd8716ff0a62f80356b5e61555d0d"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "siphasher"
 version = "1.0.1"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index ccfec120f2..271c11e782 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ chrono = "0.4.39"
 criterion = { version = "0.3.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
 crossbeam-utils = "0.8.21"
 flame = "0.2.2"
-getrandom = "0.3"
+getrandom = { version = "0.3", features = ["std"] }
 glob = "0.3"
 hex = "0.4.3"
 indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
@@ -185,6 +185,7 @@ paste = "1.0.15"
 proc-macro2 = "1.0.93"
 quote = "1.0.38"
 rand = "0.9"
+rand_core = { version = "0.9", features = ["os_rng"] }
 rustix = { version = "0.38", features = ["event"] }
 rustyline = "15.0.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0.133", default-features = false }
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 1cf637faa4..299c2875b2 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ ascii = { workspace = true }
 bitflags = { workspace = true }
 bstr = { workspace = true }
 cfg-if = { workspace = true }
+getrandom = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
 libc = { workspace = true }
 malachite-bigint = { workspace = true }
@@ -28,12 +29,11 @@ memchr = { workspace = true }
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true, optional = true }
-rand = { workspace = true }
 unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
 
 lock_api = "0.4"
 radium = "0.7"
-siphasher = "0.3"
+siphasher = "1"
 volatile = "0.3"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
diff --git a/common/src/hash.rs b/common/src/hash.rs
index bbc30b1fe1..8fef70c8b9 100644
--- a/common/src/hash.rs
+++ b/common/src/hash.rs
@@ -37,15 +37,6 @@ impl BuildHasher for HashSecret {
     }
 }
 
-impl rand::distr::Distribution<HashSecret> for rand::distr::StandardUniform {
-    fn sample<R: rand::Rng + ?Sized>(&self, rng: &mut R) -> HashSecret {
-        HashSecret {
-            k0: rng.random(),
-            k1: rng.random(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl HashSecret {
     pub fn new(seed: u32) -> Self {
         let mut buf = [0u8; 16];
diff --git a/common/src/lib.rs b/common/src/lib.rs
index 4b50b31c2b..c75451802a 100644
--- a/common/src/lib.rs
+++ b/common/src/lib.rs
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ pub mod int;
 pub mod linked_list;
 pub mod lock;
 pub mod os;
+pub mod rand;
 pub mod rc;
 pub mod refcount;
 pub mod static_cell;
diff --git a/common/src/rand.rs b/common/src/rand.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..334505ac94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/src/rand.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+/// Get `N` bytes of random data.
+///
+/// This function is mildly expensive to call, as it fetches random data
+/// directly from the OS entropy source.
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// Panics if the OS entropy source returns an error.
+pub fn os_random<const N: usize>() -> [u8; N] {
+    let mut buf = [0u8; N];
+    getrandom::fill(&mut buf).unwrap();
+    buf
+}
diff --git a/compiler/Cargo.toml b/compiler/Cargo.toml
index 19ece85a16..39b7c54beb 100644
--- a/compiler/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,5 +19,8 @@ ruff_source_file = { workspace = true }
 ruff_text_size = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
 
+[dev-dependencies]
+rand = { workspace = true }
+
 [lints]
 workspace = true
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index d29dc1474e..0ec23bf132 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ puruspe = "0.4.0"
 xml-rs = "0.8.14"
 
 # random
-rand = { workspace = true }
+rand_core = { workspace = true }
 mt19937 = "3.1"
 
 # Crypto:
diff --git a/stdlib/src/random.rs b/stdlib/src/random.rs
index 685c0ae8b9..31e523b68b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/random.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/random.rs
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ mod _random {
     use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, BigUint, Sign};
     use mt19937::MT19937;
     use num_traits::{Signed, Zero};
-    use rand::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
+    use rand_core::{RngCore, SeedableRng};
     use rustpython_vm::types::DefaultConstructor;
 
     #[pyattr]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/uuid.rs b/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
index 872f5bde0a..9b0e23a81c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/uuid.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ mod _uuid {
     fn get_node_id() -> [u8; 6] {
         match get_mac_address() {
             Ok(Some(_ma)) => get_mac_address().unwrap().unwrap().bytes(),
-            _ => rand::random::<[u8; 6]>(),
+            // os_random is expensive, but this is only ever called once
+            _ => rustpython_common::rand::os_random::<6>(),
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index a59327420f..125c263da9 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -68,7 +68,6 @@ num_enum = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true }
 paste = { workspace = true }
-rand = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 static_assertions = { workspace = true }
 strum = { workspace = true }
@@ -160,7 +159,6 @@ getrandom = { workspace = true }
 [build-dependencies]
 glob = { workspace = true }
 itertools = { workspace = true }
-rustc_version = "0.4.0"
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true
diff --git a/vm/build.rs b/vm/build.rs
index 063153f6e7..93d29c3a57 100644
--- a/vm/build.rs
+++ b/vm/build.rs
@@ -20,10 +20,7 @@ fn main() {
     );
     println!("cargo:rustc-env=RUSTPYTHON_GIT_TAG={}", git_tag());
     println!("cargo:rustc-env=RUSTPYTHON_GIT_BRANCH={}", git_branch());
-    println!(
-        "cargo:rustc-env=RUSTC_VERSION={}",
-        rustc_version::version().unwrap()
-    );
+    println!("cargo:rustc-env=RUSTC_VERSION={}", rustc_version());
 
     println!(
         "cargo:rustc-env=RUSTPYTHON_TARGET_TRIPLE={}",
@@ -61,7 +58,12 @@ fn git(args: &[&str]) -> String {
     command("git", args)
 }
 
-fn command(cmd: &str, args: &[&str]) -> String {
+fn rustc_version() -> String {
+    let rustc = env::var_os("RUSTC").unwrap_or_else(|| "rustc".into());
+    command(rustc, &["-V"])
+}
+
+fn command(cmd: impl AsRef<std::ffi::OsStr>, args: &[&str]) -> String {
     match Command::new(cmd).args(args).output() {
         Ok(output) => match String::from_utf8(output.stdout) {
             Ok(s) => s,
diff --git a/vm/src/import.rs b/vm/src/import.rs
index 2d86e47d08..0ce116d014 100644
--- a/vm/src/import.rs
+++ b/vm/src/import.rs
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ pub(crate) fn init_importlib_package(vm: &VirtualMachine, importlib: PyObjectRef
         let mut magic = get_git_revision().into_bytes();
         magic.truncate(4);
         if magic.len() != 4 {
-            magic = rand::random::<[u8; 4]>().to_vec();
+            // os_random is expensive, but this is only ever called once
+            magic = rustpython_common::rand::os_random::<4>().to_vec();
         }
         let magic: PyObjectRef = vm.ctx.new_bytes(magic).into();
         importlib_external.set_attr("MAGIC_NUMBER", magic, vm)?;
diff --git a/vm/src/version.rs b/vm/src/version.rs
index f2ac2354f8..7413f8f139 100644
--- a/vm/src/version.rs
+++ b/vm/src/version.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub fn get_version() -> String {
         get_version_number(),
         get_build_info(),
         env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"),
-        get_compiler()
+        COMPILER,
     )
 }
 
@@ -33,9 +33,7 @@ pub fn get_winver_number() -> String {
     format!("{MAJOR}.{MINOR}")
 }
 
-pub fn get_compiler() -> String {
-    format!("rustc {}", env!("RUSTC_VERSION"))
-}
+const COMPILER: &str = env!("RUSTC_VERSION");
 
 pub fn get_build_info() -> String {
     // See: https://reproducible-builds.org/docs/timestamps/
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 67b160726b..752943319d 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,8 @@ pub struct PyGlobalState {
 pub fn process_hash_secret_seed() -> u32 {
     use std::sync::OnceLock;
     static SEED: OnceLock<u32> = OnceLock::new();
-    *SEED.get_or_init(rand::random)
+    // os_random is expensive, but this is only ever called once
+    *SEED.get_or_init(|| u32::from_ne_bytes(rustpython_common::rand::os_random()))
 }
 
 impl VirtualMachine {

From 0b3594697216ac18159fcfe06170f9f3cc165c9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 30 Mar 2025 19:52:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 564/705] Make FromArgs default field take an expression, not a
 string literal

---
 Cargo.lock                   |  1 +
 derive-impl/src/from_args.rs |  4 ++--
 derive/Cargo.toml            |  1 +
 stdlib/src/binascii.rs       | 14 +++++++-------
 stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs   |  6 +++---
 stdlib/src/hashlib.rs        |  8 ++++----
 stdlib/src/mmap.rs           |  8 ++++----
 stdlib/src/pystruct.rs       |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/select.rs         |  6 +++---
 stdlib/src/socket.rs         |  8 ++++----
 stdlib/src/sqlite.rs         | 20 ++++++++++----------
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs            |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/zlib.rs           | 20 ++++++++++----------
 vm/src/anystr.rs             |  6 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/int.rs       |  6 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/list.rs      |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs    |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs      |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs          |  6 +++---
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs          |  4 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs       |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs      |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs         |  8 ++++----
 vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs      |  4 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs      |  4 ++--
 25 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 2607deff1b..265320f990 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2381,6 +2381,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-derive"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
  "rustpython-compiler",
  "rustpython-derive-impl",
  "syn 2.0.98",
diff --git a/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs b/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
index 2273046ed4..9b06da85e3 100644
--- a/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
+++ b/derive-impl/src/from_args.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ impl ArgAttribute {
                 return Err(meta.error("Default already set"));
             }
             let val = meta.value()?;
-            let val = val.parse::<syn::LitStr>()?;
             self.default = Some(Some(val.parse()?))
         } else if meta.path.is_ident("default") || meta.path.is_ident("optional") {
             if self.default.is_none() {
@@ -138,9 +137,10 @@ fn generate_field((i, field): (usize, &Field)) -> Result<TokenStream> {
         .map(|x| ::rustpython_vm::convert::TryFromObject::try_from_object(vm, x)).transpose()?
     };
     let ending = if let Some(default) = attr.default {
+        let ty = &field.ty;
         let default = default.unwrap_or_else(|| parse_quote!(::std::default::Default::default()));
         quote! {
-            .map(::rustpython_vm::function::FromArgOptional::from_inner)
+            .map(<#ty as ::rustpython_vm::function::FromArgOptional>::from_inner)
             .unwrap_or_else(|| #default)
         }
     } else {
diff --git a/derive/Cargo.toml b/derive/Cargo.toml
index d38686ce7d..17c0810884 100644
--- a/derive/Cargo.toml
+++ b/derive/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ proc-macro = true
 [dependencies]
 rustpython-compiler = { workspace = true }
 rustpython-derive-impl = { workspace = true }
+proc-macro2 = { workspace = true }
 syn = { workspace = true }
 
 [lints]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
index 65be2e0bdc..f154a2251b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ mod decl {
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct NewlineArg {
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = true)]
         newline: bool,
     }
 
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ mod decl {
     struct A2bBase64Args {
         #[pyarg(any)]
         s: ArgAsciiBuffer,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "false")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = false)]
         strict_mode: bool,
     }
 
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ mod decl {
     struct A2bQpArgs {
         #[pyarg(any)]
         data: ArgAsciiBuffer,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "false")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = false)]
         header: bool,
     }
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -366,11 +366,11 @@ mod decl {
     struct B2aQpArgs {
         #[pyarg(any)]
         data: ArgAsciiBuffer,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "false")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = false)]
         quotetabs: bool,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = true)]
         istext: bool,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "false")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = false)]
         header: bool,
     }
 
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ mod decl {
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct BacktickArg {
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "false")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = false)]
         backtick: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs b/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs
index e3cd434731..fcfe423ef5 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/faulthandler.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ mod decl {
     struct EnableArgs {
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
         file: Option<i64>,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = true)]
         all_threads: bool,
     }
 
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ mod decl {
         signum: i64,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
         file: Option<i64>,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = true)]
         all_threads: bool,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "false")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = false)]
         chain: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs b/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs
index f140515c13..586d825b2c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/hashlib.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub mod _hashlib {
         name: PyStrRef,
         #[pyarg(any, optional)]
         data: OptionalArg<ArgBytesLike>,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = true)]
         usedforsecurity: bool,
     }
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub mod _hashlib {
     pub struct BlakeHashArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional, optional)]
         pub data: OptionalArg<ArgBytesLike>,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = true)]
         usedforsecurity: bool,
     }
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub mod _hashlib {
     pub struct HashArgs {
         #[pyarg(any, optional)]
         pub string: OptionalArg<ArgBytesLike>,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = true)]
         usedforsecurity: bool,
     }
 
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ pub mod _hashlib {
         name: PyBuffer,
         #[pyarg(any, optional)]
         data: OptionalArg<ArgBytesLike>,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = true)]
         digestmod: bool, // TODO: RUSTPYTHON support functions & name functions
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
index f254286805..bca367ae4d 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
@@ -191,13 +191,13 @@ mod mmap {
         fileno: RawFd,
         #[pyarg(any)]
         length: isize,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "MAP_SHARED")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = MAP_SHARED)]
         flags: libc::c_int,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "PROT_WRITE|PROT_READ")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = PROT_WRITE|PROT_READ)]
         prot: libc::c_int,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "AccessMode::Default")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = AccessMode::Default)]
         access: AccessMode,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = 0)]
         offset: libc::off_t,
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs b/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
index 2c7aa1ebf7..220970dd20 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _struct {
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct UpdateFromArgs {
         buffer: ArgBytesLike,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = 0)]
         offset: isize,
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index d4380b69fa..f89a6c4f03 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -529,9 +529,9 @@ mod decl {
 
         #[derive(FromArgs)]
         pub struct EpollNewArgs {
-            #[pyarg(any, default = "-1")]
+            #[pyarg(any, default = -1)]
             sizehint: i32,
-            #[pyarg(any, default = "0")]
+            #[pyarg(any, default = 0)]
             flags: i32,
         }
 
@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@ mod decl {
         struct EpollPollArgs {
             #[pyarg(any, default)]
             timeout: poll::TimeoutArg<false>,
-            #[pyarg(any, default = "-1")]
+            #[pyarg(any, default = -1)]
             maxevents: i32,
         }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/socket.rs b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
index 988784856f..f4f90a5dc4 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/socket.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/socket.rs
@@ -1908,13 +1908,13 @@ mod _socket {
         #[pyarg(positional)]
         port: Option<Either<PyStrRef, i32>>,
 
-        #[pyarg(positional, default = "c::AF_UNSPEC")]
+        #[pyarg(positional, default = c::AF_UNSPEC)]
         family: i32,
-        #[pyarg(positional, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(positional, default = 0)]
         ty: i32,
-        #[pyarg(positional, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(positional, default = 0)]
         proto: i32,
-        #[pyarg(positional, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(positional, default = 0)]
         flags: i32,
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
index 97ec193c46..00ebec75a9 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/sqlite.rs
@@ -297,21 +297,21 @@ mod _sqlite {
     struct ConnectArgs {
         #[pyarg(any)]
         database: FsPath,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "5.0")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = 5.0)]
         timeout: f64,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = 0)]
         detect_types: c_int,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "Some(vm.ctx.empty_str.to_owned())")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = Some(vm.ctx.empty_str.to_owned()))]
         isolation_level: Option<PyStrRef>,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = true)]
         check_same_thread: bool,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "Connection::class(&vm.ctx).to_owned()")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = Connection::class(&vm.ctx).to_owned())]
         factory: PyTypeRef,
         // TODO: cache statements
         #[allow(dead_code)]
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = 0)]
         cached_statements: c_int,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "false")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = false)]
         uri: bool,
     }
 
@@ -326,13 +326,13 @@ mod _sqlite {
     struct BackupArgs {
         #[pyarg(any)]
         target: PyRef<Connection>,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "-1")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = -1)]
         pages: c_int,
         #[pyarg(named, optional)]
         progress: Option<ArgCallable>,
         #[pyarg(named, optional)]
         name: Option<PyStrRef>,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "0.250")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = 0.250)]
         sleep: f64,
     }
 
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ mod _sqlite {
         row: i64,
         #[pyarg(named, default)]
         readonly: bool,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "vm.ctx.new_str(stringify!(main))")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = vm.ctx.new_str("main"))]
         name: PyStrRef,
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index c1dcea354f..6cc7f3ed32 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ mod _ssl {
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct Txt2ObjArgs {
         txt: PyStrRef,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "false")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = false)]
         name: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
index 19ed659bbb..40e364f8d4 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ mod zlib {
     struct PyFuncCompressArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional)]
         data: ArgBytesLike,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "Level::new(Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION)")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = Level::new(Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION))]
         level: Level,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS }")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS })]
         wbits: ArgPrimitiveIndex<i8>,
     }
 
@@ -269,9 +269,9 @@ mod zlib {
     struct PyFuncDecompressArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional)]
         data: ArgBytesLike,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS }")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS })]
         wbits: ArgPrimitiveIndex<i8>,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: DEF_BUF_SIZE }")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: DEF_BUF_SIZE })]
         bufsize: ArgPrimitiveIndex<usize>,
     }
 
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ mod zlib {
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct DecompressobjArgs {
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS }")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS })]
         wbits: ArgPrimitiveIndex<i8>,
         #[pyarg(any, optional)]
         zdict: OptionalArg<ArgBytesLike>,
@@ -450,16 +450,16 @@ mod zlib {
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     #[allow(dead_code)] // FIXME: use args
     struct CompressobjArgs {
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "Level::new(Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION)")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = Level::new(Z_DEFAULT_COMPRESSION))]
         level: Level,
         // only DEFLATED is valid right now, it's w/e
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "DEFLATED")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = DEFLATED)]
         method: i32,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS }")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = ArgPrimitiveIndex { value: MAX_WBITS })]
         wbits: ArgPrimitiveIndex<i8>,
-        #[pyarg(any, name = "memLevel", default = "DEF_MEM_LEVEL")]
+        #[pyarg(any, name = "memLevel", default = DEF_MEM_LEVEL)]
         mem_level: u8,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY)]
         strategy: i32,
         #[pyarg(any, optional)]
         zdict: Option<ArgBytesLike>,
diff --git a/vm/src/anystr.rs b/vm/src/anystr.rs
index efac49d917..6bc8a4dd13 100644
--- a/vm/src/anystr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/anystr.rs
@@ -10,19 +10,19 @@ use num_traits::{cast::ToPrimitive, sign::Signed};
 pub struct SplitArgs<T: TryFromObject> {
     #[pyarg(any, default)]
     sep: Option<T>,
-    #[pyarg(any, default = "-1")]
+    #[pyarg(any, default = -1)]
     maxsplit: isize,
 }
 
 #[derive(FromArgs)]
 pub struct SplitLinesArgs {
-    #[pyarg(any, default = "false")]
+    #[pyarg(any, default = false)]
     pub keepends: bool,
 }
 
 #[derive(FromArgs)]
 pub struct ExpandTabsArgs {
-    #[pyarg(any, default = "8")]
+    #[pyarg(any, default = 8)]
     tabsize: isize,
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
index f457bf5ed8..d644343f1c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
@@ -826,7 +826,7 @@ pub struct IntOptions {
 #[derive(FromArgs)]
 struct IntFromByteArgs {
     bytes: PyBytesInner,
-    #[pyarg(any, default = "ArgByteOrder::Big")]
+    #[pyarg(any, default = ArgByteOrder::Big)]
     byteorder: ArgByteOrder,
     #[pyarg(named, optional)]
     signed: OptionalArg<ArgIntoBool>,
@@ -834,9 +834,9 @@ struct IntFromByteArgs {
 
 #[derive(FromArgs)]
 struct IntToByteArgs {
-    #[pyarg(any, default = "1")]
+    #[pyarg(any, default = 1)]
     length: usize,
-    #[pyarg(any, default = "ArgByteOrder::Big")]
+    #[pyarg(any, default = ArgByteOrder::Big)]
     byteorder: ArgByteOrder,
     #[pyarg(named, optional)]
     signed: OptionalArg<ArgIntoBool>,
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
index 1d8b4a30e0..4962ae51e3 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/list.rs
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ pub(crate) struct SortOptions {
     #[pyarg(named, default)]
     key: Option<PyObjectRef>,
     #[pytraverse(skip)]
-    #[pyarg(named, default = "false")]
+    #[pyarg(named, default = false)]
     reverse: bool,
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index f778d02ba3..9dcb35aae9 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ mod builtins {
         sep: Option<PyStrRef>,
         #[pyarg(named, default)]
         end: Option<PyStrRef>,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "ArgIntoBool::FALSE")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = ArgIntoBool::FALSE)]
         flush: ArgIntoBool,
         #[pyarg(named, default)]
         file: Option<PyObjectRef>,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
index 320d839682..c0a091bcf8 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/codecs.rs
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ mod _codecs {
         data: ArgBytesLike,
         #[pyarg(positional, optional)]
         errors: Option<PyStrRef>,
-        #[pyarg(positional, default = "false")]
+        #[pyarg(positional, default = false)]
         final_decode: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 4cf3c058df..33ef118acd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -3822,7 +3822,7 @@ mod _io {
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     pub struct OpenArgs {
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "-1")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = -1)]
         pub buffering: isize,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
         pub encoding: Option<PyStrRef>,
@@ -3830,7 +3830,7 @@ mod _io {
         pub errors: Option<PyStrRef>,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
         pub newline: Option<PyStrRef>,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = true)]
         pub closefd: bool,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
         pub opener: Option<PyObjectRef>,
@@ -4165,7 +4165,7 @@ mod fileio {
         name: PyObjectRef,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
         mode: Option<PyStrRef>,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = true)]
         closefd: bool,
         #[pyarg(any, default)]
         opener: Option<PyObjectRef>,
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index f53be8b01b..641ba54dea 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub fn errno_err(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
 #[allow(dead_code)]
 #[derive(FromArgs, Default)]
 pub struct TargetIsDirectory {
-    #[pyarg(any, default = "false")]
+    #[pyarg(any, default = false)]
     pub(crate) target_is_directory: bool,
 }
 
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ impl<const AVAILABLE: usize> FromArgs for DirFd<AVAILABLE> {
 
 #[derive(FromArgs)]
 pub(super) struct FollowSymlinks(
-    #[pyarg(named, name = "follow_symlinks", default = "true")] pub bool,
+    #[pyarg(named, name = "follow_symlinks", default = true)] pub bool,
 );
 
 fn bytes_as_osstr<'a>(b: &'a [u8], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&'a ffi::OsStr> {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
index dc5c74cef4..d75629745c 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/posix.rs
@@ -1628,7 +1628,7 @@ pub mod module {
         fd: i32,
         #[pyarg(positional)]
         fd2: i32,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = true)]
         inheritable: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
index 0df93833b7..1e1e779e34 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/signal.rs
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _signal {
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct SetWakeupFdArgs {
         fd: WakeupFd,
-        #[pyarg(named, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(named, default = true)]
         warn_on_full_buffer: bool,
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index 6a0a618e2f..7b67c038f4 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ mod _sre {
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct StringArgs {
         string: PyObjectRef,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = 0)]
         pos: usize,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "sys::MAXSIZE as usize")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = sys::MAXSIZE as usize)]
         endpos: usize,
     }
 
@@ -174,14 +174,14 @@ mod _sre {
         // repl: Either<ArgCallable, PyStrRef>,
         repl: PyObjectRef,
         string: PyObjectRef,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = 0)]
         count: usize,
     }
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct SplitArgs {
         string: PyObjectRef,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = 0)]
         maxsplit: isize,
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
index a664d6cdc5..ad80f1f1e1 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ pub(crate) mod _thread {
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct AcquireArgs {
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "true")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = true)]
         blocking: bool,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "Either::A(-1.0)")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = Either::A(-1.0))]
         timeout: Either<f64, i64>,
     }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
index 30fe016148..8d1ca89ddd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/winreg.rs
@@ -149,9 +149,9 @@ mod winreg {
     struct OpenKeyArgs {
         key: Hkey,
         sub_key: Option<PyStrRef>,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "0")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = 0)]
         reserved: i32,
-        #[pyarg(any, default = "::winreg::enums::KEY_READ")]
+        #[pyarg(any, default = ::winreg::enums::KEY_READ)]
         access: u32,
     }
 

From 160363fa46bc3e71ad3bebf5a7d17590dc57b44c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:37:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 565/705] Fix float parsing (#5643)

* Fix float parsing

* Add rustpython_literal::complex

* Don't call .to_string() on a constant
---
 Cargo.lock                      | 12 ++---
 Lib/test/test_float.py          |  2 -
 common/src/str.rs               | 43 +++++++++++++++++
 compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs |  2 +-
 compiler/literal/Cargo.toml     |  2 +-
 compiler/literal/src/complex.rs | 73 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 compiler/literal/src/float.rs   | 82 +--------------------------------
 compiler/literal/src/lib.rs     |  1 +
 vm/src/builtins/complex.rs      | 45 ++----------------
 vm/src/builtins/float.rs        | 26 ++++++++++-
 10 files changed, 155 insertions(+), 133 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 compiler/literal/src/complex.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 265320f990..577ef516bc 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1270,9 +1270,9 @@ checksum = "830d08ce1d1d941e6b30645f1a0eb5643013d835ce3779a5fc208261dbe10f55"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lexical-parse-float"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "1.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "683b3a5ebd0130b8fb52ba0bdc718cc56815b6a097e28ae5a6997d0ad17dc05f"
+checksum = "de6f9cb01fb0b08060209a057c048fcbab8717b4c1ecd2eac66ebfe39a65b0f2"
 dependencies = [
  "lexical-parse-integer",
  "lexical-util",
@@ -1281,9 +1281,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lexical-parse-integer"
-version = "0.8.6"
+version = "1.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d0994485ed0c312f6d965766754ea177d07f9c00c9b82a5ee62ed5b47945ee9"
+checksum = "72207aae22fc0a121ba7b6d479e42cbfea549af1479c3f3a4f12c70dd66df12e"
 dependencies = [
  "lexical-util",
  "static_assertions",
@@ -1291,9 +1291,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lexical-util"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "1.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5255b9ff16ff898710eb9eb63cb39248ea8a5bb036bea8085b1a767ff6c4e3fc"
+checksum = "5a82e24bf537fd24c177ffbbdc6ebcc8d54732c35b50a3f28cc3f4e4c949a0b3"
 dependencies = [
  "static_assertions",
 ]
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_float.py b/Lib/test/test_float.py
index 19c17af596..30d27072fb 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_float.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_float.py
@@ -35,8 +35,6 @@ class OtherFloatSubclass(float):
 
 class GeneralFloatCases(unittest.TestCase):
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_float(self):
         self.assertEqual(float(3.14), 3.14)
         self.assertEqual(float(314), 314.0)
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index e72f2efb95..ca1723e7ef 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -609,6 +609,49 @@ macro_rules! ascii {
 }
 pub use ascii;
 
+// TODO: this should probably live in a crate like unic or unicode-properties
+const UNICODE_DECIMAL_VALUES: &[char] = &[
+    '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '٠', '١', '٢', '٣', '٤', '٥', '٦', '٧', '٨',
+    '٩', '۰', '۱', '۲', '۳', '۴', '۵', '۶', '۷', '۸', '۹', '߀', '߁', '߂', '߃', '߄', '߅', '߆', '߇',
+    '߈', '߉', '०', '१', '२', '३', '४', '५', '६', '७', '८', '९', '০', '১', '২', '৩', '৪', '৫', '৬',
+    '৭', '৮', '৯', '੦', '੧', '੨', '੩', '੪', '੫', '੬', '੭', '੮', '੯', '૦', '૧', '૨', '૩', '૪', '૫',
+    '૬', '૭', '૮', '૯', '୦', '୧', '୨', '୩', '୪', '୫', '୬', '୭', '୮', '୯', '௦', '௧', '௨', '௩', '௪',
+    '௫', '௬', '௭', '௮', '௯', '౦', '౧', '౨', '౩', '౪', '౫', '౬', '౭', '౮', '౯', '೦', '೧', '೨', '೩',
+    '೪', '೫', '೬', '೭', '೮', '೯', '൦', '൧', '൨', '൩', '൪', '൫', '൬', '൭', '൮', '൯', '෦', '෧', '෨',
+    '෩', '෪', '෫', '෬', '෭', '෮', '෯', '๐', '๑', '๒', '๓', '๔', '๕', '๖', '๗', '๘', '๙', '໐', '໑',
+    '໒', '໓', '໔', '໕', '໖', '໗', '໘', '໙', '༠', '༡', '༢', '༣', '༤', '༥', '༦', '༧', '༨', '༩', '၀',
+    '၁', '၂', '၃', '၄', '၅', '၆', '၇', '၈', '၉', '႐', '႑', '႒', '႓', '႔', '႕', '႖', '႗', '႘', '႙',
+    '០', '១', '២', '៣', '៤', '៥', '៦', '៧', '៨', '៩', '᠐', '᠑', '᠒', '᠓', '᠔', '᠕', '᠖', '᠗', '᠘',
+    '᠙', '᥆', '᥇', '᥈', '᥉', '᥊', '᥋', '᥌', '᥍', '᥎', '᥏', '᧐', '᧑', '᧒', '᧓', '᧔', '᧕', '᧖', '᧗',
+    '᧘', '᧙', '᪀', '᪁', '᪂', '᪃', '᪄', '᪅', '᪆', '᪇', '᪈', '᪉', '᪐', '᪑', '᪒', '᪓', '᪔', '᪕', '᪖',
+    '᪗', '᪘', '᪙', '᭐', '᭑', '᭒', '᭓', '᭔', '᭕', '᭖', '᭗', '᭘', '᭙', '᮰', '᮱', '᮲', '᮳', '᮴', '᮵',
+    '᮶', '᮷', '᮸', '᮹', '᱀', '᱁', '᱂', '᱃', '᱄', '᱅', '᱆', '᱇', '᱈', '᱉', '᱐', '᱑', '᱒', '᱓', '᱔',
+    '᱕', '᱖', '᱗', '᱘', '᱙', '꘠', '꘡', '꘢', '꘣', '꘤', '꘥', '꘦', '꘧', '꘨', '꘩', '꣐', '꣑', '꣒', '꣓',
+    '꣔', '꣕', '꣖', '꣗', '꣘', '꣙', '꤀', '꤁', '꤂', '꤃', '꤄', '꤅', '꤆', '꤇', '꤈', '꤉', '꧐', '꧑', '꧒',
+    '꧓', '꧔', '꧕', '꧖', '꧗', '꧘', '꧙', '꧰', '꧱', '꧲', '꧳', '꧴', '꧵', '꧶', '꧷', '꧸', '꧹', '꩐', '꩑',
+    '꩒', '꩓', '꩔', '꩕', '꩖', '꩗', '꩘', '꩙', '꯰', '꯱', '꯲', '꯳', '꯴', '꯵', '꯶', '꯷', '꯸', '꯹', '０',
+    '１', '２', '３', '４', '５', '６', '７', '８', '９', '𐒠', '𐒡', '𐒢', '𐒣', '𐒤', '𐒥', '𐒦', '𐒧',
+    '𐒨', '𐒩', '𑁦', '𑁧', '𑁨', '𑁩', '𑁪', '𑁫', '𑁬', '𑁭', '𑁮', '𑁯', '𑃰', '𑃱', '𑃲', '𑃳', '𑃴', '𑃵', '𑃶',
+    '𑃷', '𑃸', '𑃹', '𑄶', '𑄷', '𑄸', '𑄹', '𑄺', '𑄻', '𑄼', '𑄽', '𑄾', '𑄿', '𑇐', '𑇑', '𑇒', '𑇓', '𑇔', '𑇕',
+    '𑇖', '𑇗', '𑇘', '𑇙', '𑋰', '𑋱', '𑋲', '𑋳', '𑋴', '𑋵', '𑋶', '𑋷', '𑋸', '𑋹', '𑑐', '𑑑', '𑑒', '𑑓', '𑑔',
+    '𑑕', '𑑖', '𑑗', '𑑘', '𑑙', '𑓐', '𑓑', '𑓒', '𑓓', '𑓔', '𑓕', '𑓖', '𑓗', '𑓘', '𑓙', '𑙐', '𑙑', '𑙒', '𑙓',
+    '𑙔', '𑙕', '𑙖', '𑙗', '𑙘', '𑙙', '𑛀', '𑛁', '𑛂', '𑛃', '𑛄', '𑛅', '𑛆', '𑛇', '𑛈', '𑛉', '𑜰', '𑜱', '𑜲',
+    '𑜳', '𑜴', '𑜵', '𑜶', '𑜷', '𑜸', '𑜹', '𑣠', '𑣡', '𑣢', '𑣣', '𑣤', '𑣥', '𑣦', '𑣧', '𑣨', '𑣩', '𑱐', '𑱑',
+    '𑱒', '𑱓', '𑱔', '𑱕', '𑱖', '𑱗', '𑱘', '𑱙', '𑵐', '𑵑', '𑵒', '𑵓', '𑵔', '𑵕', '𑵖', '𑵗', '𑵘', '𑵙', '𖩠',
+    '𖩡', '𖩢', '𖩣', '𖩤', '𖩥', '𖩦', '𖩧', '𖩨', '𖩩', '𖭐', '𖭑', '𖭒', '𖭓', '𖭔', '𖭕', '𖭖', '𖭗', '𖭘', '𖭙',
+    '𝟎', '𝟏', '𝟐', '𝟑', '𝟒', '𝟓', '𝟔', '𝟕', '𝟖', '𝟗', '𝟘', '𝟙', '𝟚', '𝟛', '𝟜', '𝟝', '𝟞', '𝟟', '𝟠',
+    '𝟡', '𝟢', '𝟣', '𝟤', '𝟥', '𝟦', '𝟧', '𝟨', '𝟩', '𝟪', '𝟫', '𝟬', '𝟭', '𝟮', '𝟯', '𝟰', '𝟱', '𝟲', '𝟳',
+    '𝟴', '𝟵', '𝟶', '𝟷', '𝟸', '𝟹', '𝟺', '𝟻', '𝟼', '𝟽', '𝟾', '𝟿', '𞥐', '𞥑', '𞥒', '𞥓', '𞥔', '𞥕', '𞥖',
+    '𞥗', '𞥘', '𞥙',
+];
+
+pub fn char_to_decimal(ch: char) -> Option<u8> {
+    UNICODE_DECIMAL_VALUES
+        .binary_search(&ch)
+        .ok()
+        .map(|i| (i % 10) as u8)
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs
index 458ff76fc7..1ecf1f9334 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/unparse.rs
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b, 'c> Unparser<'a, 'b, 'c> {
                         }
                     }
                     &ruff::Number::Complex { real, imag } => self
-                        .p(&rustpython_literal::float::complex_to_string(real, imag)
+                        .p(&rustpython_literal::complex::to_string(real, imag)
                             .replace("inf", inf_str))?,
                 }
             }
diff --git a/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml b/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
index b4fa6229f1..da55d107b3 100644
--- a/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/literal/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ rustpython-wtf8 = { workspace = true }
 
 hexf-parse = "0.2.1"
 is-macro.workspace = true
-lexical-parse-float = { version = "0.8.0", features = ["format"] }
+lexical-parse-float = { version = "1.0.4", features = ["format"] }
 num-traits = { workspace = true }
 unic-ucd-category = { workspace = true }
 
diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/complex.rs b/compiler/literal/src/complex.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..076f2807c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/complex.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use crate::float;
+
+/// Convert a complex number to a string.
+pub fn to_string(re: f64, im: f64) -> String {
+    // integer => drop ., fractional => float_ops
+    let mut im_part = if im.fract() == 0.0 {
+        im.to_string()
+    } else {
+        float::to_string(im)
+    };
+    im_part.push('j');
+
+    // positive empty => return im_part, integer => drop ., fractional => float_ops
+    let re_part = if re == 0.0 {
+        if re.is_sign_positive() {
+            return im_part;
+        } else {
+            "-0".to_owned()
+        }
+    } else if re.fract() == 0.0 {
+        re.to_string()
+    } else {
+        float::to_string(re)
+    };
+    let mut result =
+        String::with_capacity(re_part.len() + im_part.len() + 2 + im.is_sign_positive() as usize);
+    result.push('(');
+    result.push_str(&re_part);
+    if im.is_sign_positive() || im.is_nan() {
+        result.push('+');
+    }
+    result.push_str(&im_part);
+    result.push(')');
+    result
+}
+
+/// Parse a complex number from a string.
+///
+/// Returns `Some((re, im))` on success.
+pub fn parse_str(s: &str) -> Option<(f64, f64)> {
+    let s = s.trim();
+    // Handle parentheses
+    let s = match s.strip_prefix('(') {
+        None => s,
+        Some(s) => s.strip_suffix(')')?.trim(),
+    };
+
+    let value = match s.strip_suffix(|c| c == 'j' || c == 'J') {
+        None => (float::parse_str(s)?, 0.0),
+        Some(mut s) => {
+            let mut real = 0.0;
+            // Find the central +/- operator. If it exists, parse the real part.
+            for (i, w) in s.as_bytes().windows(2).enumerate() {
+                if (w[1] == b'+' || w[1] == b'-') && !(w[0] == b'e' || w[0] == b'E') {
+                    real = float::parse_str(&s[..=i])?;
+                    s = &s[i + 1..];
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+
+            let imag = match s {
+                // "j", "+j"
+                "" | "+" => 1.0,
+                // "-j"
+                "-" => -1.0,
+                s => float::parse_str(s)?,
+            };
+
+            (real, imag)
+        }
+    };
+    Some(value)
+}
diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/float.rs b/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
index e05a105fd4..49771b8184 100644
--- a/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
@@ -6,49 +6,8 @@ pub fn parse_str(literal: &str) -> Option<f64> {
     parse_inner(literal.trim().as_bytes())
 }
 
-fn strip_underlines(literal: &[u8]) -> Option<Vec<u8>> {
-    let mut prev = b'\0';
-    let mut dup = Vec::<u8>::new();
-    for p in literal {
-        if *p == b'_' {
-            // Underscores are only allowed after digits.
-            if !prev.is_ascii_digit() {
-                return None;
-            }
-        } else {
-            dup.push(*p);
-            // Underscores are only allowed before digits.
-            if prev == b'_' && !p.is_ascii_digit() {
-                return None;
-            }
-        }
-        prev = *p;
-    }
-
-    // Underscores are not allowed at the end.
-    if prev == b'_' {
-        return None;
-    }
-
-    Some(dup)
-}
-
 pub fn parse_bytes(literal: &[u8]) -> Option<f64> {
-    parse_inner(trim_slice(literal, |b| b.is_ascii_whitespace()))
-}
-
-fn trim_slice<T>(v: &[T], mut trim: impl FnMut(&T) -> bool) -> &[T] {
-    let mut it = v.iter();
-    // it.take_while_ref(&mut trim).for_each(drop);
-    // hmm.. `&mut slice::Iter<_>` is not `Clone`
-    // it.by_ref().rev().take_while_ref(&mut trim).for_each(drop);
-    while it.clone().next().is_some_and(&mut trim) {
-        it.next();
-    }
-    while it.clone().next_back().is_some_and(&mut trim) {
-        it.next_back();
-    }
-    it.as_slice()
+    parse_inner(literal.trim_ascii())
 }
 
 fn parse_inner(literal: &[u8]) -> Option<f64> {
@@ -56,15 +15,11 @@ fn parse_inner(literal: &[u8]) -> Option<f64> {
         FromLexicalWithOptions, NumberFormatBuilder, Options, format::PYTHON3_LITERAL,
     };
 
-    // Use custom function for underline handling for now.
-    // For further information see https://github.com/Alexhuszagh/rust-lexical/issues/96.
-    let stripped = strip_underlines(literal)?;
-
     // lexical-core's format::PYTHON_STRING is inaccurate
     const PYTHON_STRING: u128 = NumberFormatBuilder::rebuild(PYTHON3_LITERAL)
         .no_special(false)
         .build();
-    f64::from_lexical_with_options::<PYTHON_STRING>(&stripped, &Options::new()).ok()
+    f64::from_lexical_with_options::<PYTHON_STRING>(literal, &Options::new()).ok()
 }
 
 pub fn is_integer(v: f64) -> bool {
@@ -223,39 +178,6 @@ pub fn to_string(value: f64) -> String {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn complex_to_string(re: f64, im: f64) -> String {
-    // integer => drop ., fractional => float_ops
-    let mut im_part = if im.fract() == 0.0 {
-        im.to_string()
-    } else {
-        to_string(im)
-    };
-    im_part.push('j');
-
-    // positive empty => return im_part, integer => drop ., fractional => float_ops
-    let re_part = if re == 0.0 {
-        if re.is_sign_positive() {
-            return im_part;
-        } else {
-            re.to_string()
-        }
-    } else if re.fract() == 0.0 {
-        re.to_string()
-    } else {
-        to_string(re)
-    };
-    let mut result =
-        String::with_capacity(re_part.len() + im_part.len() + 2 + im.is_sign_positive() as usize);
-    result.push('(');
-    result.push_str(&re_part);
-    if im.is_sign_positive() || im.is_nan() {
-        result.push('+');
-    }
-    result.push_str(&im_part);
-    result.push(')');
-    result
-}
-
 pub fn from_hex(s: &str) -> Option<f64> {
     if let Ok(f) = hexf_parse::parse_hexf64(s, false) {
         return Some(f);
diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/lib.rs b/compiler/literal/src/lib.rs
index 9b9620573d..2997107012 100644
--- a/compiler/literal/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 pub mod char;
+pub mod complex;
 pub mod escape;
 pub mod float;
 pub mod format;
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
index a3a6d4d681..d48707261c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
@@ -179,13 +179,13 @@ impl Constructor for PyComplex {
                             "complex() can't take second arg if first is a string".to_owned(),
                         ));
                     }
-                    let value = s
+                    let (re, im) = s
                         .to_str()
-                        .and_then(|s| parse_str(s.trim()))
+                        .and_then(rustpython_literal::complex::parse_str)
                         .ok_or_else(|| {
                             vm.new_value_error("complex() arg is a malformed string".to_owned())
                         })?;
-                    return Self::from(value)
+                    return Self::from(Complex64 { re, im })
                         .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
                         .map(Into::into);
                 } else {
@@ -494,7 +494,7 @@ impl Representable for PyComplex {
         // TODO: when you fix this, move it to rustpython_common::complex::repr and update
         //       ast/src/unparse.rs + impl Display for Constant in ast/src/constant.rs
         let Complex64 { re, im } = zelf.value;
-        Ok(rustpython_literal::float::complex_to_string(re, im))
+        Ok(rustpython_literal::complex::to_string(re, im))
     }
 }
 
@@ -519,40 +519,3 @@ pub struct ComplexArgs {
     #[pyarg(any, optional)]
     imag: OptionalArg<PyObjectRef>,
 }
-
-fn parse_str(s: &str) -> Option<Complex64> {
-    // Handle parentheses
-    let s = match s.strip_prefix('(') {
-        None => s,
-        Some(s) => match s.strip_suffix(')') {
-            None => return None,
-            Some(s) => s.trim(),
-        },
-    };
-
-    let value = match s.strip_suffix(|c| c == 'j' || c == 'J') {
-        None => Complex64::new(crate::literal::float::parse_str(s)?, 0.0),
-        Some(mut s) => {
-            let mut real = 0.0;
-            // Find the central +/- operator. If it exists, parse the real part.
-            for (i, w) in s.as_bytes().windows(2).enumerate() {
-                if (w[1] == b'+' || w[1] == b'-') && !(w[0] == b'e' || w[0] == b'E') {
-                    real = crate::literal::float::parse_str(&s[..=i])?;
-                    s = &s[i + 1..];
-                    break;
-                }
-            }
-
-            let imag = match s {
-                // "j", "+j"
-                "" | "+" => 1.0,
-                // "-j"
-                "-" => -1.0,
-                s => crate::literal::float::parse_str(s)?,
-            };
-
-            Complex64::new(real, imag)
-        }
-    };
-    Some(value)
-}
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
index 48ccd2c437..27f1f3273f 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
@@ -159,9 +159,31 @@ impl Constructor for PyFloat {
 }
 
 fn float_from_string(val: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
-    let (bytearray, buffer, buffer_lock);
+    let (bytearray, buffer, buffer_lock, mapped_string);
     let b = if let Some(s) = val.payload_if_subclass::<PyStr>(vm) {
-        s.as_wtf8().trim().as_bytes()
+        use crate::common::str::PyKindStr;
+        match s.as_str_kind() {
+            PyKindStr::Ascii(s) => s.trim().as_bytes(),
+            PyKindStr::Utf8(s) => {
+                mapped_string = s
+                    .trim()
+                    .chars()
+                    .map(|c| {
+                        if let Some(n) = rustpython_common::str::char_to_decimal(c) {
+                            char::from_digit(n.into(), 10).unwrap()
+                        } else if c.is_whitespace() {
+                            ' '
+                        } else {
+                            c
+                        }
+                    })
+                    .collect::<String>();
+                mapped_string.as_bytes()
+            }
+            // if there are surrogates, it's not gonna parse anyway,
+            // so we can just choose a known bad value
+            PyKindStr::Wtf8(_) => b"",
+        }
     } else if let Some(bytes) = val.payload_if_subclass::<PyBytes>(vm) {
         bytes.as_bytes()
     } else if let Some(buf) = val.payload_if_subclass::<PyByteArray>(vm) {

From 3ad8fd711fc496526cc2a5bd320bbdfccfc99574 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ivan-shrimp <70307174+ivan-shrimp@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sun, 2 Mar 2025 23:50:36 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 566/705] fix expression list order

don't emit a no-op when unpacking a single element

assume positional args stored as tuple in extended call
---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs      | 57 ++++++++++++++--------------
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs        | 23 ++++++-----
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py | 21 ++++++++++
 vm/src/frame.rs                      | 54 ++++++++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 38d5b8fb12..83e2f5cf44 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2430,7 +2430,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             Expr::List(ExprList { elts, .. }) => {
                 let (size, unpack) = self.gather_elements(0, elts)?;
                 if unpack {
-                    emit!(self, Instruction::BuildListUnpack { size });
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::BuildListFromTuples { size });
                 } else {
                     emit!(self, Instruction::BuildList { size });
                 }
@@ -2438,7 +2438,9 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             Expr::Tuple(ExprTuple { elts, .. }) => {
                 let (size, unpack) = self.gather_elements(0, elts)?;
                 if unpack {
-                    emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTupleUnpack { size });
+                    if size > 1 {
+                        emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTupleFromTuples { size });
+                    }
                 } else {
                     emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTuple { size });
                 }
@@ -2446,7 +2448,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             Expr::Set(ExprSet { elts, .. }) => {
                 let (size, unpack) = self.gather_elements(0, elts)?;
                 if unpack {
-                    emit!(self, Instruction::BuildSetUnpack { size });
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::BuildSetFromTuples { size });
                 } else {
                     emit!(self, Instruction::BuildSet { size });
                 }
@@ -2819,7 +2821,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         let call = if unpack || has_double_star {
             // Create a tuple with positional args:
             if unpack {
-                emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTupleUnpack { size });
+                emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTupleFromTuples { size });
             } else {
                 emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTuple { size });
             }
@@ -2863,34 +2865,31 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
 
         let size = if has_stars {
             let mut size = 0;
+            let mut iter = elements.iter().peekable();
+            let mut run_size = before;
 
-            if before > 0 {
-                emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTuple { size: before });
-                size += 1;
-            }
+            loop {
+                if iter.peek().is_none_or(|e| matches!(e, Expr::Starred(_))) {
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTuple { size: run_size });
+                    run_size = 0;
+                    size += 1;
+                }
 
-            let groups = elements
-                .iter()
-                .map(|element| {
-                    if let Expr::Starred(ExprStarred { value, .. }) = &element {
-                        (true, value.as_ref())
-                    } else {
-                        (false, element)
+                match iter.next() {
+                    Some(Expr::Starred(ExprStarred { value, .. })) => {
+                        self.compile_expression(value)?;
+                        // We need to collect each unpacked element into a
+                        // tuple, since any side-effects during the conversion
+                        // should be made visible before evaluating remaining
+                        // expressions.
+                        emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTupleFromIter);
+                        size += 1;
                     }
-                })
-                .chunk_by(|(starred, _)| *starred);
-
-            for (starred, run) in &groups {
-                let mut run_size = 0;
-                for (_, value) in run {
-                    self.compile_expression(value)?;
-                    run_size += 1
-                }
-                if starred {
-                    size += run_size
-                } else {
-                    emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTuple { size: run_size });
-                    size += 1
+                    Some(element) => {
+                        self.compile_expression(element)?;
+                        run_size += 1;
+                    }
+                    None => break,
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 2e8ff29014..94d080ace4 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -542,19 +542,20 @@ pub enum Instruction {
     BuildTuple {
         size: Arg<u32>,
     },
-    BuildTupleUnpack {
+    BuildTupleFromTuples {
         size: Arg<u32>,
     },
+    BuildTupleFromIter,
     BuildList {
         size: Arg<u32>,
     },
-    BuildListUnpack {
+    BuildListFromTuples {
         size: Arg<u32>,
     },
     BuildSet {
         size: Arg<u32>,
     },
-    BuildSetUnpack {
+    BuildSetFromTuples {
         size: Arg<u32>,
     },
     BuildMap {
@@ -1260,11 +1261,12 @@ impl Instruction {
             Raise { kind } => -(kind.get(arg) as u8 as i32),
             BuildString { size }
             | BuildTuple { size, .. }
-            | BuildTupleUnpack { size, .. }
+            | BuildTupleFromTuples { size, .. }
             | BuildList { size, .. }
-            | BuildListUnpack { size, .. }
+            | BuildListFromTuples { size, .. }
             | BuildSet { size, .. }
-            | BuildSetUnpack { size, .. } => -(size.get(arg) as i32) + 1,
+            | BuildSetFromTuples { size, .. } => -(size.get(arg) as i32) + 1,
+            BuildTupleFromIter => 0,
             BuildMap { size } => {
                 let nargs = size.get(arg) * 2;
                 -(nargs as i32) + 1
@@ -1447,13 +1449,14 @@ impl Instruction {
             Raise { kind } => w!(Raise, ?kind),
             BuildString { size } => w!(BuildString, size),
             BuildTuple { size } => w!(BuildTuple, size),
-            BuildTupleUnpack { size } => w!(BuildTupleUnpack, size),
+            BuildTupleFromTuples { size } => w!(BuildTupleFromTuples, size),
+            BuildTupleFromIter => w!(BuildTupleFromIter),
             BuildList { size } => w!(BuildList, size),
-            BuildListUnpack { size } => w!(BuildListUnpack, size),
+            BuildListFromTuples { size } => w!(BuildListFromTuples, size),
             BuildSet { size } => w!(BuildSet, size),
-            BuildSetUnpack { size } => w!(BuildSetUnpack, size),
+            BuildSetFromTuples { size } => w!(BuildSetFromTuples, size),
             BuildMap { size } => w!(BuildMap, size),
-            BuildMapForCall { size } => w!(BuildMap, size),
+            BuildMapForCall { size } => w!(BuildMapForCall, size),
             DictUpdate => w!(DictUpdate),
             BuildSlice { step } => w!(BuildSlice, step),
             ListAppend { i } => w!(ListAppend, i),
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py
index 6fde1011ea..b5c08796ba 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py
@@ -636,6 +636,27 @@ def iadd_slice():
 a = [*[1, 2], 3, *[4, 5]]
 assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 
+# Test for list unpacking evaluation order (https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/5566)
+a = [1, 2]
+b = [a.append(3), *a, a.append(4), *a]
+assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4]
+assert b == [None, 1, 2, 3, None, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+for base in object, list, tuple:
+    # do not assume that a type inherited from some sequence type behaves like
+    # that sequence type
+    class C(base):
+        def __iter__(self):
+            a.append(2)
+            def inner():
+                yield 3
+                a.append(4)
+            return inner()
+
+    a = [1]
+    b = [*a, *C(), *a.copy()]
+    assert b == [1, 3, 1, 2, 4]
+
 # Test for list entering daedlock or not (https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/pull/2933)
 class MutatingCompare:
     def __eq__(self, other):
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index b148934467..78f03a04d8 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -710,27 +710,28 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 self.push_value(list_obj.into());
                 Ok(None)
             }
-            bytecode::Instruction::BuildListUnpack { size } => {
-                let elements = self.unpack_elements(vm, size.get(arg) as usize)?;
+            bytecode::Instruction::BuildListFromTuples { size } => {
+                // SAFETY: compiler guarantees `size` tuples are on the stack
+                let elements = unsafe { self.flatten_tuples(size.get(arg) as usize) };
                 let list_obj = vm.ctx.new_list(elements);
                 self.push_value(list_obj.into());
                 Ok(None)
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::BuildSet { size } => {
                 let set = PySet::new_ref(&vm.ctx);
-                {
-                    for element in self.pop_multiple(size.get(arg) as usize) {
-                        set.add(element, vm)?;
-                    }
+                for element in self.pop_multiple(size.get(arg) as usize) {
+                    set.add(element, vm)?;
                 }
                 self.push_value(set.into());
                 Ok(None)
             }
-            bytecode::Instruction::BuildSetUnpack { size } => {
+            bytecode::Instruction::BuildSetFromTuples { size } => {
                 let set = PySet::new_ref(&vm.ctx);
-                {
-                    for element in self.pop_multiple(size.get(arg) as usize) {
-                        vm.map_iterable_object(&element, |x| set.add(x, vm))??;
+                for element in self.pop_multiple(size.get(arg) as usize) {
+                    // SAFETY: trust compiler
+                    let tup = unsafe { element.downcast_unchecked::<PyTuple>() };
+                    for item in tup.iter() {
+                        set.add(item.clone(), vm)?;
                     }
                 }
                 self.push_value(set.into());
@@ -742,12 +743,21 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 self.push_value(list_obj.into());
                 Ok(None)
             }
-            bytecode::Instruction::BuildTupleUnpack { size } => {
-                let elements = self.unpack_elements(vm, size.get(arg) as usize)?;
+            bytecode::Instruction::BuildTupleFromTuples { size } => {
+                // SAFETY: compiler guarantees `size` tuples are on the stack
+                let elements = unsafe { self.flatten_tuples(size.get(arg) as usize) };
                 let list_obj = vm.ctx.new_tuple(elements);
                 self.push_value(list_obj.into());
                 Ok(None)
             }
+            bytecode::Instruction::BuildTupleFromIter => {
+                if !self.top_value().class().is(vm.ctx.types.tuple_type) {
+                    let elements: Vec<_> = self.pop_value().try_to_value(vm)?;
+                    let list_obj = vm.ctx.new_tuple(elements);
+                    self.push_value(list_obj.into());
+                }
+                Ok(None)
+            }
             bytecode::Instruction::BuildMap { size } => self.execute_build_map(vm, size.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::BuildMapForCall { size } => {
                 self.execute_build_map_for_call(vm, size.get(arg))
@@ -1234,14 +1244,14 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             })
     }
 
-    #[cfg_attr(feature = "flame-it", flame("Frame"))]
-    fn unpack_elements(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine, size: usize) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>> {
-        let mut result = Vec::<PyObjectRef>::new();
-        for element in self.pop_multiple(size) {
-            let items: Vec<_> = element.try_to_value(vm)?;
-            result.extend(items);
+    unsafe fn flatten_tuples(&mut self, size: usize) -> Vec<PyObjectRef> {
+        let mut elements = Vec::new();
+        for tup in self.pop_multiple(size) {
+            // SAFETY: caller ensures that the elements are tuples
+            let tup = unsafe { tup.downcast_unchecked::<PyTuple>() };
+            elements.extend(tup.iter().cloned());
         }
-        Ok(result)
+        elements
     }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "flame-it", flame("Frame"))]
@@ -1490,8 +1500,10 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         } else {
             IndexMap::new()
         };
-        let args = self.pop_value();
-        let args = args.try_to_value(vm)?;
+        // SAFETY: trust compiler
+        let args = unsafe { self.pop_value().downcast_unchecked::<PyTuple>() }
+            .as_slice()
+            .to_vec();
         Ok(FuncArgs { args, kwargs })
     }
 

From 57a83db69de3a93b465762aeb72553a3043d7dbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Mon, 31 Mar 2025 17:14:59 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 567/705] try IncrementalNewlineDecoder in doctest

---
 Lib/doctest.py | 6 ++----
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/doctest.py b/Lib/doctest.py
index 65466b4983..387f71b184 100644
--- a/Lib/doctest.py
+++ b/Lib/doctest.py
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ def _test():
 import sys
 import traceback
 import unittest
-from io import StringIO  # XXX: RUSTPYTHON; , IncrementalNewlineDecoder
+from io import StringIO, IncrementalNewlineDecoder
 from collections import namedtuple
 
 TestResults = namedtuple('TestResults', 'failed attempted')
@@ -230,9 +230,7 @@ def _load_testfile(filename, package, module_relative, encoding):
             # get_data() opens files as 'rb', so one must do the equivalent
             # conversion as universal newlines would do.
 
-            # TODO: RUSTPYTHON; use _newline_convert once io.IncrementalNewlineDecoder is implemented
-            return file_contents.replace(os.linesep, '\n'), filename
-            # return _newline_convert(file_contents), filename
+            return _newline_convert(file_contents), filename
     with open(filename, encoding=encoding) as f:
         return f.read(), filename
 

From f0bcad711657808dd30836d6630ec8b2f0851b5d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 31 Mar 2025 00:05:31 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 568/705] Added test_audit

This test is currently noop because RustPython does not have sys.audit?

Signed-off-by: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
---
 Lib/test/test_audit.py | 318 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 318 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_audit.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_audit.py b/Lib/test/test_audit.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddd9f95114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_audit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+"""Tests for sys.audit and sys.addaudithook
+"""
+
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import unittest
+from test import support
+from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support import os_helper
+
+
+if not hasattr(sys, "addaudithook") or not hasattr(sys, "audit"):
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("test only relevant when sys.audit is available")
+
+AUDIT_TESTS_PY = support.findfile("audit-tests.py")
+
+
+class AuditTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    maxDiff = None
+
+    @support.requires_subprocess()
+    def run_test_in_subprocess(self, *args):
+        with subprocess.Popen(
+            [sys.executable, "-X utf8", AUDIT_TESTS_PY, *args],
+            encoding="utf-8",
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+        ) as p:
+            p.wait()
+            return p, p.stdout.read(), p.stderr.read()
+
+    def do_test(self, *args):
+        proc, stdout, stderr = self.run_test_in_subprocess(*args)
+
+        sys.stdout.write(stdout)
+        sys.stderr.write(stderr)
+        if proc.returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+    def run_python(self, *args, expect_stderr=False):
+        events = []
+        proc, stdout, stderr = self.run_test_in_subprocess(*args)
+        if not expect_stderr or support.verbose:
+            sys.stderr.write(stderr)
+        return (
+            proc.returncode,
+            [line.strip().partition(" ") for line in stdout.splitlines()],
+            stderr,
+        )
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        self.do_test("test_basic")
+
+    def test_block_add_hook(self):
+        self.do_test("test_block_add_hook")
+
+    def test_block_add_hook_baseexception(self):
+        self.do_test("test_block_add_hook_baseexception")
+
+    def test_marshal(self):
+        import_helper.import_module("marshal")
+
+        self.do_test("test_marshal")
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        import_helper.import_module("pickle")
+
+        self.do_test("test_pickle")
+
+    def test_monkeypatch(self):
+        self.do_test("test_monkeypatch")
+
+    def test_open(self):
+        self.do_test("test_open", os_helper.TESTFN)
+
+    def test_cantrace(self):
+        self.do_test("test_cantrace")
+
+    def test_mmap(self):
+        self.do_test("test_mmap")
+
+    def test_excepthook(self):
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_excepthook")
+        if not returncode:
+            self.fail(f"Expected fatal exception\n{stderr}")
+
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            [("sys.excepthook", " ", "RuntimeError('fatal-error')")], events
+        )
+
+    def test_unraisablehook(self):
+        import_helper.import_module("_testcapi")
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_unraisablehook")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        self.assertEqual(events[0][0], "sys.unraisablehook")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            events[0][2],
+            "RuntimeError('nonfatal-error') Exception ignored for audit hook test",
+        )
+
+    def test_winreg(self):
+        import_helper.import_module("winreg")
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_winreg")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        self.assertEqual(events[0][0], "winreg.OpenKey")
+        self.assertEqual(events[1][0], "winreg.OpenKey/result")
+        expected = events[1][2]
+        self.assertTrue(expected)
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(["winreg.EnumKey", " ", f"{expected} 0"], events[2])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(["winreg.EnumKey", " ", f"{expected} 10000"], events[3])
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(["winreg.PyHKEY.Detach", " ", expected], events[4])
+
+    def test_socket(self):
+        import_helper.import_module("socket")
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_socket")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+        self.assertEqual(events[0][0], "socket.gethostname")
+        self.assertEqual(events[1][0], "socket.__new__")
+        self.assertEqual(events[2][0], "socket.bind")
+        self.assertTrue(events[2][2].endswith("('127.0.0.1', 8080)"))
+
+    def test_gc(self):
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_gc")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+        self.assertEqual(
+            [event[0] for event in events],
+            ["gc.get_objects", "gc.get_referrers", "gc.get_referents"]
+        )
+
+
+    @support.requires_resource('network')
+    def test_http(self):
+        import_helper.import_module("http.client")
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_http_client")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+        self.assertEqual(events[0][0], "http.client.connect")
+        self.assertEqual(events[0][2], "www.python.org 80")
+        self.assertEqual(events[1][0], "http.client.send")
+        if events[1][2] != '[cannot send]':
+            self.assertIn('HTTP', events[1][2])
+
+
+    def test_sqlite3(self):
+        sqlite3 = import_helper.import_module("sqlite3")
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_sqlite3")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+        actual = [ev[0] for ev in events]
+        expected = ["sqlite3.connect", "sqlite3.connect/handle"] * 2
+
+        if hasattr(sqlite3.Connection, "enable_load_extension"):
+            expected += [
+                "sqlite3.enable_load_extension",
+                "sqlite3.load_extension",
+            ]
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+
+    def test_sys_getframe(self):
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_sys_getframe")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+        actual = [(ev[0], ev[2]) for ev in events]
+        expected = [("sys._getframe", "test_sys_getframe")]
+
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_sys_getframemodulename(self):
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_sys_getframemodulename")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+        actual = [(ev[0], ev[2]) for ev in events]
+        expected = [("sys._getframemodulename", "0")]
+
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+
+    def test_threading(self):
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_threading")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+        actual = [(ev[0], ev[2]) for ev in events]
+        expected = [
+            ("_thread.start_new_thread", "(<test_func>, (), None)"),
+            ("test.test_func", "()"),
+            ("_thread.start_joinable_thread", "(<test_func>, 1, None)"),
+            ("test.test_func", "()"),
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+
+    def test_wmi_exec_query(self):
+        import_helper.import_module("_wmi")
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_wmi_exec_query")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+        actual = [(ev[0], ev[2]) for ev in events]
+        expected = [("_wmi.exec_query", "SELECT * FROM Win32_OperatingSystem")]
+
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_syslog(self):
+        syslog = import_helper.import_module("syslog")
+
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_syslog")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print('Events:', *events, sep='\n  ')
+
+        self.assertSequenceEqual(
+            events,
+            [('syslog.openlog', ' ', f'python 0 {syslog.LOG_USER}'),
+            ('syslog.syslog', ' ', f'{syslog.LOG_INFO} test'),
+            ('syslog.setlogmask', ' ', f'{syslog.LOG_DEBUG}'),
+            ('syslog.closelog', '', ''),
+            ('syslog.syslog', ' ', f'{syslog.LOG_INFO} test2'),
+            ('syslog.openlog', ' ', f'audit-tests.py 0 {syslog.LOG_USER}'),
+            ('syslog.openlog', ' ', f'audit-tests.py {syslog.LOG_NDELAY} {syslog.LOG_LOCAL0}'),
+            ('syslog.openlog', ' ', f'None 0 {syslog.LOG_USER}'),
+            ('syslog.closelog', '', '')]
+        )
+
+    def test_not_in_gc(self):
+        returncode, _, stderr = self.run_python("test_not_in_gc")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+    def test_time(self):
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_time", "print")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+
+        actual = [(ev[0], ev[2]) for ev in events]
+        expected = [("time.sleep", "0"),
+                    ("time.sleep", "0.0625"),
+                    ("time.sleep", "-1")]
+
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_time_fail(self):
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_time", "fail",
+                                                     expect_stderr=True)
+        self.assertNotEqual(returncode, 0)
+        self.assertIn('hook failed', stderr.splitlines()[-1])
+
+    def test_sys_monitoring_register_callback(self):
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_sys_monitoring_register_callback")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+        actual = [(ev[0], ev[2]) for ev in events]
+        expected = [("sys.monitoring.register_callback", "(None,)")]
+
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_winapi_createnamedpipe(self):
+        winapi = import_helper.import_module("_winapi")
+
+        pipe_name = r"\\.\pipe\LOCAL\test_winapi_createnamed_pipe"
+        returncode, events, stderr = self.run_python("test_winapi_createnamedpipe", pipe_name)
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+        if support.verbose:
+            print(*events, sep='\n')
+        actual = [(ev[0], ev[2]) for ev in events]
+        expected = [("_winapi.CreateNamedPipe", f"({pipe_name!r}, 3, 8)")]
+
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_assert_unicode(self):
+        # See gh-126018
+        returncode, _, stderr = self.run_python("test_assert_unicode")
+        if returncode:
+            self.fail(stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

From cb967c697b1f627b96c884763ff882a55fbd56cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 31 Mar 2025 18:17:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 569/705] Fix release CI (#5647)

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 12 +-----------
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index b4e209d0b0..3b0a797e0c 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Set up Windows Environment
         shell: bash
         run: |
+          git config --global core.longpaths true
           cargo install --target-dir=target -v cargo-vcpkg
           cargo vcpkg -v build
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
@@ -93,17 +94,6 @@ jobs:
           name: rustpython-installer-msi-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}
           path: installer/*.msi
 
-      - name: Generate DMG
-        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
-        run: cargo packager -f dmg --release -o installer
-
-      - name: Upload DMG
-        if: runner.os == 'macOS'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: rustpython-installer-dmg-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}
-          path: installer/*.dmg
-
       - name: Upload Binary Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:

From 264f3d792ac11fe6469d7250298e7e264a55a238 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 31 Mar 2025 18:18:42 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 570/705] remove xdrlib deprecated in 3.13 (#5648)

---
 Lib/test/test_xdrlib.py |  81 --------------
 Lib/xdrlib.py           | 241 ----------------------------------------
 2 files changed, 322 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/test/test_xdrlib.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/xdrlib.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_xdrlib.py b/Lib/test/test_xdrlib.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5f62649f6e..0000000000
--- a/Lib/test/test_xdrlib.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-import unittest
-
-import xdrlib
-
-class XDRTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def test_xdr(self):
-        p = xdrlib.Packer()
-
-        s = b'hello world'
-        a = [b'what', b'is', b'hapnin', b'doctor']
-
-        p.pack_int(42)
-        p.pack_int(-17)
-        p.pack_uint(9)
-        p.pack_bool(True)
-        p.pack_bool(False)
-        p.pack_uhyper(45)
-        p.pack_float(1.9)
-        p.pack_double(1.9)
-        p.pack_string(s)
-        p.pack_list(range(5), p.pack_uint)
-        p.pack_array(a, p.pack_string)
-
-        # now verify
-        data = p.get_buffer()
-        up = xdrlib.Unpacker(data)
-
-        self.assertEqual(up.get_position(), 0)
-
-        self.assertEqual(up.unpack_int(), 42)
-        self.assertEqual(up.unpack_int(), -17)
-        self.assertEqual(up.unpack_uint(), 9)
-        self.assertTrue(up.unpack_bool() is True)
-
-        # remember position
-        pos = up.get_position()
-        self.assertTrue(up.unpack_bool() is False)
-
-        # rewind and unpack again
-        up.set_position(pos)
-        self.assertTrue(up.unpack_bool() is False)
-
-        self.assertEqual(up.unpack_uhyper(), 45)
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(up.unpack_float(), 1.9)
-        self.assertAlmostEqual(up.unpack_double(), 1.9)
-        self.assertEqual(up.unpack_string(), s)
-        self.assertEqual(up.unpack_list(up.unpack_uint), list(range(5)))
-        self.assertEqual(up.unpack_array(up.unpack_string), a)
-        up.done()
-        self.assertRaises(EOFError, up.unpack_uint)
-
-class ConversionErrorTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.packer = xdrlib.Packer()
-
-    def assertRaisesConversion(self, *args):
-        self.assertRaises(xdrlib.ConversionError, *args)
-
-    def test_pack_int(self):
-        self.assertRaisesConversion(self.packer.pack_int, 'string')
-
-    def test_pack_uint(self):
-        self.assertRaisesConversion(self.packer.pack_uint, 'string')
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_float(self):
-        self.assertRaisesConversion(self.packer.pack_float, 'string')
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_double(self):
-        self.assertRaisesConversion(self.packer.pack_double, 'string')
-
-    def test_uhyper(self):
-        self.assertRaisesConversion(self.packer.pack_uhyper, 'string')
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/xdrlib.py b/Lib/xdrlib.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d6e1aeb527..0000000000
--- a/Lib/xdrlib.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
-"""Implements (a subset of) Sun XDR -- eXternal Data Representation.
-
-See: RFC 1014
-
-"""
-
-import struct
-from io import BytesIO
-from functools import wraps
-
-__all__ = ["Error", "Packer", "Unpacker", "ConversionError"]
-
-# exceptions
-class Error(Exception):
-    """Exception class for this module. Use:
-
-    except xdrlib.Error as var:
-        # var has the Error instance for the exception
-
-    Public ivars:
-        msg -- contains the message
-
-    """
-    def __init__(self, msg):
-        self.msg = msg
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return repr(self.msg)
-    def __str__(self):
-        return str(self.msg)
-
-
-class ConversionError(Error):
-    pass
-
-def raise_conversion_error(function):
-    """ Wrap any raised struct.errors in a ConversionError. """
-
-    @wraps(function)
-    def result(self, value):
-        try:
-            return function(self, value)
-        except struct.error as e:
-            raise ConversionError(e.args[0]) from None
-    return result
-
-
-class Packer:
-    """Pack various data representations into a buffer."""
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.reset()
-
-    def reset(self):
-        self.__buf = BytesIO()
-
-    def get_buffer(self):
-        return self.__buf.getvalue()
-    # backwards compatibility
-    get_buf = get_buffer
-
-    @raise_conversion_error
-    def pack_uint(self, x):
-        self.__buf.write(struct.pack('>L', x))
-
-    @raise_conversion_error
-    def pack_int(self, x):
-        self.__buf.write(struct.pack('>l', x))
-
-    pack_enum = pack_int
-
-    def pack_bool(self, x):
-        if x: self.__buf.write(b'\0\0\0\1')
-        else: self.__buf.write(b'\0\0\0\0')
-
-    def pack_uhyper(self, x):
-        try:
-            self.pack_uint(x>>32 & 0xffffffff)
-        except (TypeError, struct.error) as e:
-            raise ConversionError(e.args[0]) from None
-        try:
-            self.pack_uint(x & 0xffffffff)
-        except (TypeError, struct.error) as e:
-            raise ConversionError(e.args[0]) from None
-
-    pack_hyper = pack_uhyper
-
-    @raise_conversion_error
-    def pack_float(self, x):
-        self.__buf.write(struct.pack('>f', x))
-
-    @raise_conversion_error
-    def pack_double(self, x):
-        self.__buf.write(struct.pack('>d', x))
-
-    def pack_fstring(self, n, s):
-        if n < 0:
-            raise ValueError('fstring size must be nonnegative')
-        data = s[:n]
-        n = ((n+3)//4)*4
-        data = data + (n - len(data)) * b'\0'
-        self.__buf.write(data)
-
-    pack_fopaque = pack_fstring
-
-    def pack_string(self, s):
-        n = len(s)
-        self.pack_uint(n)
-        self.pack_fstring(n, s)
-
-    pack_opaque = pack_string
-    pack_bytes = pack_string
-
-    def pack_list(self, list, pack_item):
-        for item in list:
-            self.pack_uint(1)
-            pack_item(item)
-        self.pack_uint(0)
-
-    def pack_farray(self, n, list, pack_item):
-        if len(list) != n:
-            raise ValueError('wrong array size')
-        for item in list:
-            pack_item(item)
-
-    def pack_array(self, list, pack_item):
-        n = len(list)
-        self.pack_uint(n)
-        self.pack_farray(n, list, pack_item)
-
-
-
-class Unpacker:
-    """Unpacks various data representations from the given buffer."""
-
-    def __init__(self, data):
-        self.reset(data)
-
-    def reset(self, data):
-        self.__buf = data
-        self.__pos = 0
-
-    def get_position(self):
-        return self.__pos
-
-    def set_position(self, position):
-        self.__pos = position
-
-    def get_buffer(self):
-        return self.__buf
-
-    def done(self):
-        if self.__pos < len(self.__buf):
-            raise Error('unextracted data remains')
-
-    def unpack_uint(self):
-        i = self.__pos
-        self.__pos = j = i+4
-        data = self.__buf[i:j]
-        if len(data) < 4:
-            raise EOFError
-        return struct.unpack('>L', data)[0]
-
-    def unpack_int(self):
-        i = self.__pos
-        self.__pos = j = i+4
-        data = self.__buf[i:j]
-        if len(data) < 4:
-            raise EOFError
-        return struct.unpack('>l', data)[0]
-
-    unpack_enum = unpack_int
-
-    def unpack_bool(self):
-        return bool(self.unpack_int())
-
-    def unpack_uhyper(self):
-        hi = self.unpack_uint()
-        lo = self.unpack_uint()
-        return int(hi)<<32 | lo
-
-    def unpack_hyper(self):
-        x = self.unpack_uhyper()
-        if x >= 0x8000000000000000:
-            x = x - 0x10000000000000000
-        return x
-
-    def unpack_float(self):
-        i = self.__pos
-        self.__pos = j = i+4
-        data = self.__buf[i:j]
-        if len(data) < 4:
-            raise EOFError
-        return struct.unpack('>f', data)[0]
-
-    def unpack_double(self):
-        i = self.__pos
-        self.__pos = j = i+8
-        data = self.__buf[i:j]
-        if len(data) < 8:
-            raise EOFError
-        return struct.unpack('>d', data)[0]
-
-    def unpack_fstring(self, n):
-        if n < 0:
-            raise ValueError('fstring size must be nonnegative')
-        i = self.__pos
-        j = i + (n+3)//4*4
-        if j > len(self.__buf):
-            raise EOFError
-        self.__pos = j
-        return self.__buf[i:i+n]
-
-    unpack_fopaque = unpack_fstring
-
-    def unpack_string(self):
-        n = self.unpack_uint()
-        return self.unpack_fstring(n)
-
-    unpack_opaque = unpack_string
-    unpack_bytes = unpack_string
-
-    def unpack_list(self, unpack_item):
-        list = []
-        while 1:
-            x = self.unpack_uint()
-            if x == 0: break
-            if x != 1:
-                raise ConversionError('0 or 1 expected, got %r' % (x,))
-            item = unpack_item()
-            list.append(item)
-        return list
-
-    def unpack_farray(self, n, unpack_item):
-        list = []
-        for i in range(n):
-            list.append(unpack_item())
-        return list
-
-    def unpack_array(self, unpack_item):
-        n = self.unpack_uint()
-        return self.unpack_farray(n, unpack_item)

From f6a9754b4ea4b4257658822b2ce8cc1a9b652696 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 31 Mar 2025 18:19:39 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 571/705] Remove telnetlib deprecated in 3.13 (#5649)

---
 Lib/telnetlib.py           | 677 -------------------------------------
 Lib/test/test_telnetlib.py | 402 ----------------------
 2 files changed, 1079 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/telnetlib.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/test/test_telnetlib.py

diff --git a/Lib/telnetlib.py b/Lib/telnetlib.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8ce053e881..0000000000
--- a/Lib/telnetlib.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,677 +0,0 @@
-r"""TELNET client class.
-
-Based on RFC 854: TELNET Protocol Specification, by J. Postel and
-J. Reynolds
-
-Example:
-
->>> from telnetlib import Telnet
->>> tn = Telnet('www.python.org', 79)   # connect to finger port
->>> tn.write(b'guido\r\n')
->>> print(tn.read_all())
-Login       Name               TTY         Idle    When    Where
-guido    Guido van Rossum      pts/2        <Dec  2 11:10> snag.cnri.reston..
-
->>>
-
-Note that read_all() won't read until eof -- it just reads some data
--- but it guarantees to read at least one byte unless EOF is hit.
-
-It is possible to pass a Telnet object to a selector in order to wait until
-more data is available.  Note that in this case, read_eager() may return b''
-even if there was data on the socket, because the protocol negotiation may have
-eaten the data.  This is why EOFError is needed in some cases to distinguish
-between "no data" and "connection closed" (since the socket also appears ready
-for reading when it is closed).
-
-To do:
-- option negotiation
-- timeout should be intrinsic to the connection object instead of an
-  option on one of the read calls only
-
-"""
-
-
-# Imported modules
-import sys
-import socket
-import selectors
-from time import monotonic as _time
-
-__all__ = ["Telnet"]
-
-# Tunable parameters
-DEBUGLEVEL = 0
-
-# Telnet protocol defaults
-TELNET_PORT = 23
-
-# Telnet protocol characters (don't change)
-IAC  = bytes([255]) # "Interpret As Command"
-DONT = bytes([254])
-DO   = bytes([253])
-WONT = bytes([252])
-WILL = bytes([251])
-theNULL = bytes([0])
-
-SE  = bytes([240])  # Subnegotiation End
-NOP = bytes([241])  # No Operation
-DM  = bytes([242])  # Data Mark
-BRK = bytes([243])  # Break
-IP  = bytes([244])  # Interrupt process
-AO  = bytes([245])  # Abort output
-AYT = bytes([246])  # Are You There
-EC  = bytes([247])  # Erase Character
-EL  = bytes([248])  # Erase Line
-GA  = bytes([249])  # Go Ahead
-SB =  bytes([250])  # Subnegotiation Begin
-
-
-# Telnet protocol options code (don't change)
-# These ones all come from arpa/telnet.h
-BINARY = bytes([0]) # 8-bit data path
-ECHO = bytes([1]) # echo
-RCP = bytes([2]) # prepare to reconnect
-SGA = bytes([3]) # suppress go ahead
-NAMS = bytes([4]) # approximate message size
-STATUS = bytes([5]) # give status
-TM = bytes([6]) # timing mark
-RCTE = bytes([7]) # remote controlled transmission and echo
-NAOL = bytes([8]) # negotiate about output line width
-NAOP = bytes([9]) # negotiate about output page size
-NAOCRD = bytes([10]) # negotiate about CR disposition
-NAOHTS = bytes([11]) # negotiate about horizontal tabstops
-NAOHTD = bytes([12]) # negotiate about horizontal tab disposition
-NAOFFD = bytes([13]) # negotiate about formfeed disposition
-NAOVTS = bytes([14]) # negotiate about vertical tab stops
-NAOVTD = bytes([15]) # negotiate about vertical tab disposition
-NAOLFD = bytes([16]) # negotiate about output LF disposition
-XASCII = bytes([17]) # extended ascii character set
-LOGOUT = bytes([18]) # force logout
-BM = bytes([19]) # byte macro
-DET = bytes([20]) # data entry terminal
-SUPDUP = bytes([21]) # supdup protocol
-SUPDUPOUTPUT = bytes([22]) # supdup output
-SNDLOC = bytes([23]) # send location
-TTYPE = bytes([24]) # terminal type
-EOR = bytes([25]) # end or record
-TUID = bytes([26]) # TACACS user identification
-OUTMRK = bytes([27]) # output marking
-TTYLOC = bytes([28]) # terminal location number
-VT3270REGIME = bytes([29]) # 3270 regime
-X3PAD = bytes([30]) # X.3 PAD
-NAWS = bytes([31]) # window size
-TSPEED = bytes([32]) # terminal speed
-LFLOW = bytes([33]) # remote flow control
-LINEMODE = bytes([34]) # Linemode option
-XDISPLOC = bytes([35]) # X Display Location
-OLD_ENVIRON = bytes([36]) # Old - Environment variables
-AUTHENTICATION = bytes([37]) # Authenticate
-ENCRYPT = bytes([38]) # Encryption option
-NEW_ENVIRON = bytes([39]) # New - Environment variables
-# the following ones come from
-# http://www.iana.org/assignments/telnet-options
-# Unfortunately, that document does not assign identifiers
-# to all of them, so we are making them up
-TN3270E = bytes([40]) # TN3270E
-XAUTH = bytes([41]) # XAUTH
-CHARSET = bytes([42]) # CHARSET
-RSP = bytes([43]) # Telnet Remote Serial Port
-COM_PORT_OPTION = bytes([44]) # Com Port Control Option
-SUPPRESS_LOCAL_ECHO = bytes([45]) # Telnet Suppress Local Echo
-TLS = bytes([46]) # Telnet Start TLS
-KERMIT = bytes([47]) # KERMIT
-SEND_URL = bytes([48]) # SEND-URL
-FORWARD_X = bytes([49]) # FORWARD_X
-PRAGMA_LOGON = bytes([138]) # TELOPT PRAGMA LOGON
-SSPI_LOGON = bytes([139]) # TELOPT SSPI LOGON
-PRAGMA_HEARTBEAT = bytes([140]) # TELOPT PRAGMA HEARTBEAT
-EXOPL = bytes([255]) # Extended-Options-List
-NOOPT = bytes([0])
-
-
-# poll/select have the advantage of not requiring any extra file descriptor,
-# contrarily to epoll/kqueue (also, they require a single syscall).
-if hasattr(selectors, 'PollSelector'):
-    _TelnetSelector = selectors.PollSelector
-else:
-    _TelnetSelector = selectors.SelectSelector
-
-
-class Telnet:
-
-    """Telnet interface class.
-
-    An instance of this class represents a connection to a telnet
-    server.  The instance is initially not connected; the open()
-    method must be used to establish a connection.  Alternatively, the
-    host name and optional port number can be passed to the
-    constructor, too.
-
-    Don't try to reopen an already connected instance.
-
-    This class has many read_*() methods.  Note that some of them
-    raise EOFError when the end of the connection is read, because
-    they can return an empty string for other reasons.  See the
-    individual doc strings.
-
-    read_until(expected, [timeout])
-        Read until the expected string has been seen, or a timeout is
-        hit (default is no timeout); may block.
-
-    read_all()
-        Read all data until EOF; may block.
-
-    read_some()
-        Read at least one byte or EOF; may block.
-
-    read_very_eager()
-        Read all data available already queued or on the socket,
-        without blocking.
-
-    read_eager()
-        Read either data already queued or some data available on the
-        socket, without blocking.
-
-    read_lazy()
-        Read all data in the raw queue (processing it first), without
-        doing any socket I/O.
-
-    read_very_lazy()
-        Reads all data in the cooked queue, without doing any socket
-        I/O.
-
-    read_sb_data()
-        Reads available data between SB ... SE sequence. Don't block.
-
-    set_option_negotiation_callback(callback)
-        Each time a telnet option is read on the input flow, this callback
-        (if set) is called with the following parameters :
-        callback(telnet socket, command, option)
-            option will be chr(0) when there is no option.
-        No other action is done afterwards by telnetlib.
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, host=None, port=0,
-                 timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
-        """Constructor.
-
-        When called without arguments, create an unconnected instance.
-        With a hostname argument, it connects the instance; port number
-        and timeout are optional.
-        """
-        self.debuglevel = DEBUGLEVEL
-        self.host = host
-        self.port = port
-        self.timeout = timeout
-        self.sock = None
-        self.rawq = b''
-        self.irawq = 0
-        self.cookedq = b''
-        self.eof = 0
-        self.iacseq = b'' # Buffer for IAC sequence.
-        self.sb = 0 # flag for SB and SE sequence.
-        self.sbdataq = b''
-        self.option_callback = None
-        if host is not None:
-            self.open(host, port, timeout)
-
-    def open(self, host, port=0, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
-        """Connect to a host.
-
-        The optional second argument is the port number, which
-        defaults to the standard telnet port (23).
-
-        Don't try to reopen an already connected instance.
-        """
-        self.eof = 0
-        if not port:
-            port = TELNET_PORT
-        self.host = host
-        self.port = port
-        self.timeout = timeout
-        sys.audit("telnetlib.Telnet.open", self, host, port)
-        self.sock = socket.create_connection((host, port), timeout)
-
-    def __del__(self):
-        """Destructor -- close the connection."""
-        self.close()
-
-    def msg(self, msg, *args):
-        """Print a debug message, when the debug level is > 0.
-
-        If extra arguments are present, they are substituted in the
-        message using the standard string formatting operator.
-
-        """
-        if self.debuglevel > 0:
-            print('Telnet(%s,%s):' % (self.host, self.port), end=' ')
-            if args:
-                print(msg % args)
-            else:
-                print(msg)
-
-    def set_debuglevel(self, debuglevel):
-        """Set the debug level.
-
-        The higher it is, the more debug output you get (on sys.stdout).
-
-        """
-        self.debuglevel = debuglevel
-
-    def close(self):
-        """Close the connection."""
-        sock = self.sock
-        self.sock = None
-        self.eof = True
-        self.iacseq = b''
-        self.sb = 0
-        if sock:
-            sock.close()
-
-    def get_socket(self):
-        """Return the socket object used internally."""
-        return self.sock
-
-    def fileno(self):
-        """Return the fileno() of the socket object used internally."""
-        return self.sock.fileno()
-
-    def write(self, buffer):
-        """Write a string to the socket, doubling any IAC characters.
-
-        Can block if the connection is blocked.  May raise
-        OSError if the connection is closed.
-
-        """
-        if IAC in buffer:
-            buffer = buffer.replace(IAC, IAC+IAC)
-        sys.audit("telnetlib.Telnet.write", self, buffer)
-        self.msg("send %r", buffer)
-        self.sock.sendall(buffer)
-
-    def read_until(self, match, timeout=None):
-        """Read until a given string is encountered or until timeout.
-
-        When no match is found, return whatever is available instead,
-        possibly the empty string.  Raise EOFError if the connection
-        is closed and no cooked data is available.
-
-        """
-        n = len(match)
-        self.process_rawq()
-        i = self.cookedq.find(match)
-        if i >= 0:
-            i = i+n
-            buf = self.cookedq[:i]
-            self.cookedq = self.cookedq[i:]
-            return buf
-        if timeout is not None:
-            deadline = _time() + timeout
-        with _TelnetSelector() as selector:
-            selector.register(self, selectors.EVENT_READ)
-            while not self.eof:
-                if selector.select(timeout):
-                    i = max(0, len(self.cookedq)-n)
-                    self.fill_rawq()
-                    self.process_rawq()
-                    i = self.cookedq.find(match, i)
-                    if i >= 0:
-                        i = i+n
-                        buf = self.cookedq[:i]
-                        self.cookedq = self.cookedq[i:]
-                        return buf
-                if timeout is not None:
-                    timeout = deadline - _time()
-                    if timeout < 0:
-                        break
-        return self.read_very_lazy()
-
-    def read_all(self):
-        """Read all data until EOF; block until connection closed."""
-        self.process_rawq()
-        while not self.eof:
-            self.fill_rawq()
-            self.process_rawq()
-        buf = self.cookedq
-        self.cookedq = b''
-        return buf
-
-    def read_some(self):
-        """Read at least one byte of cooked data unless EOF is hit.
-
-        Return b'' if EOF is hit.  Block if no data is immediately
-        available.
-
-        """
-        self.process_rawq()
-        while not self.cookedq and not self.eof:
-            self.fill_rawq()
-            self.process_rawq()
-        buf = self.cookedq
-        self.cookedq = b''
-        return buf
-
-    def read_very_eager(self):
-        """Read everything that's possible without blocking in I/O (eager).
-
-        Raise EOFError if connection closed and no cooked data
-        available.  Return b'' if no cooked data available otherwise.
-        Don't block unless in the midst of an IAC sequence.
-
-        """
-        self.process_rawq()
-        while not self.eof and self.sock_avail():
-            self.fill_rawq()
-            self.process_rawq()
-        return self.read_very_lazy()
-
-    def read_eager(self):
-        """Read readily available data.
-
-        Raise EOFError if connection closed and no cooked data
-        available.  Return b'' if no cooked data available otherwise.
-        Don't block unless in the midst of an IAC sequence.
-
-        """
-        self.process_rawq()
-        while not self.cookedq and not self.eof and self.sock_avail():
-            self.fill_rawq()
-            self.process_rawq()
-        return self.read_very_lazy()
-
-    def read_lazy(self):
-        """Process and return data that's already in the queues (lazy).
-
-        Raise EOFError if connection closed and no data available.
-        Return b'' if no cooked data available otherwise.  Don't block
-        unless in the midst of an IAC sequence.
-
-        """
-        self.process_rawq()
-        return self.read_very_lazy()
-
-    def read_very_lazy(self):
-        """Return any data available in the cooked queue (very lazy).
-
-        Raise EOFError if connection closed and no data available.
-        Return b'' if no cooked data available otherwise.  Don't block.
-
-        """
-        buf = self.cookedq
-        self.cookedq = b''
-        if not buf and self.eof and not self.rawq:
-            raise EOFError('telnet connection closed')
-        return buf
-
-    def read_sb_data(self):
-        """Return any data available in the SB ... SE queue.
-
-        Return b'' if no SB ... SE available. Should only be called
-        after seeing a SB or SE command. When a new SB command is
-        found, old unread SB data will be discarded. Don't block.
-
-        """
-        buf = self.sbdataq
-        self.sbdataq = b''
-        return buf
-
-    def set_option_negotiation_callback(self, callback):
-        """Provide a callback function called after each receipt of a telnet option."""
-        self.option_callback = callback
-
-    def process_rawq(self):
-        """Transfer from raw queue to cooked queue.
-
-        Set self.eof when connection is closed.  Don't block unless in
-        the midst of an IAC sequence.
-
-        """
-        buf = [b'', b'']
-        try:
-            while self.rawq:
-                c = self.rawq_getchar()
-                if not self.iacseq:
-                    if c == theNULL:
-                        continue
-                    if c == b"\021":
-                        continue
-                    if c != IAC:
-                        buf[self.sb] = buf[self.sb] + c
-                        continue
-                    else:
-                        self.iacseq += c
-                elif len(self.iacseq) == 1:
-                    # 'IAC: IAC CMD [OPTION only for WILL/WONT/DO/DONT]'
-                    if c in (DO, DONT, WILL, WONT):
-                        self.iacseq += c
-                        continue
-
-                    self.iacseq = b''
-                    if c == IAC:
-                        buf[self.sb] = buf[self.sb] + c
-                    else:
-                        if c == SB: # SB ... SE start.
-                            self.sb = 1
-                            self.sbdataq = b''
-                        elif c == SE:
-                            self.sb = 0
-                            self.sbdataq = self.sbdataq + buf[1]
-                            buf[1] = b''
-                        if self.option_callback:
-                            # Callback is supposed to look into
-                            # the sbdataq
-                            self.option_callback(self.sock, c, NOOPT)
-                        else:
-                            # We can't offer automatic processing of
-                            # suboptions. Alas, we should not get any
-                            # unless we did a WILL/DO before.
-                            self.msg('IAC %d not recognized' % ord(c))
-                elif len(self.iacseq) == 2:
-                    cmd = self.iacseq[1:2]
-                    self.iacseq = b''
-                    opt = c
-                    if cmd in (DO, DONT):
-                        self.msg('IAC %s %d',
-                            cmd == DO and 'DO' or 'DONT', ord(opt))
-                        if self.option_callback:
-                            self.option_callback(self.sock, cmd, opt)
-                        else:
-                            self.sock.sendall(IAC + WONT + opt)
-                    elif cmd in (WILL, WONT):
-                        self.msg('IAC %s %d',
-                            cmd == WILL and 'WILL' or 'WONT', ord(opt))
-                        if self.option_callback:
-                            self.option_callback(self.sock, cmd, opt)
-                        else:
-                            self.sock.sendall(IAC + DONT + opt)
-        except EOFError: # raised by self.rawq_getchar()
-            self.iacseq = b'' # Reset on EOF
-            self.sb = 0
-            pass
-        self.cookedq = self.cookedq + buf[0]
-        self.sbdataq = self.sbdataq + buf[1]
-
-    def rawq_getchar(self):
-        """Get next char from raw queue.
-
-        Block if no data is immediately available.  Raise EOFError
-        when connection is closed.
-
-        """
-        if not self.rawq:
-            self.fill_rawq()
-            if self.eof:
-                raise EOFError
-        c = self.rawq[self.irawq:self.irawq+1]
-        self.irawq = self.irawq + 1
-        if self.irawq >= len(self.rawq):
-            self.rawq = b''
-            self.irawq = 0
-        return c
-
-    def fill_rawq(self):
-        """Fill raw queue from exactly one recv() system call.
-
-        Block if no data is immediately available.  Set self.eof when
-        connection is closed.
-
-        """
-        if self.irawq >= len(self.rawq):
-            self.rawq = b''
-            self.irawq = 0
-        # The buffer size should be fairly small so as to avoid quadratic
-        # behavior in process_rawq() above
-        buf = self.sock.recv(50)
-        self.msg("recv %r", buf)
-        self.eof = (not buf)
-        self.rawq = self.rawq + buf
-
-    def sock_avail(self):
-        """Test whether data is available on the socket."""
-        with _TelnetSelector() as selector:
-            selector.register(self, selectors.EVENT_READ)
-            return bool(selector.select(0))
-
-    def interact(self):
-        """Interaction function, emulates a very dumb telnet client."""
-        if sys.platform == "win32":
-            self.mt_interact()
-            return
-        with _TelnetSelector() as selector:
-            selector.register(self, selectors.EVENT_READ)
-            selector.register(sys.stdin, selectors.EVENT_READ)
-
-            while True:
-                for key, events in selector.select():
-                    if key.fileobj is self:
-                        try:
-                            text = self.read_eager()
-                        except EOFError:
-                            print('*** Connection closed by remote host ***')
-                            return
-                        if text:
-                            sys.stdout.write(text.decode('ascii'))
-                            sys.stdout.flush()
-                    elif key.fileobj is sys.stdin:
-                        line = sys.stdin.readline().encode('ascii')
-                        if not line:
-                            return
-                        self.write(line)
-
-    def mt_interact(self):
-        """Multithreaded version of interact()."""
-        import _thread
-        _thread.start_new_thread(self.listener, ())
-        while 1:
-            line = sys.stdin.readline()
-            if not line:
-                break
-            self.write(line.encode('ascii'))
-
-    def listener(self):
-        """Helper for mt_interact() -- this executes in the other thread."""
-        while 1:
-            try:
-                data = self.read_eager()
-            except EOFError:
-                print('*** Connection closed by remote host ***')
-                return
-            if data:
-                sys.stdout.write(data.decode('ascii'))
-            else:
-                sys.stdout.flush()
-
-    def expect(self, list, timeout=None):
-        """Read until one from a list of a regular expressions matches.
-
-        The first argument is a list of regular expressions, either
-        compiled (re.Pattern instances) or uncompiled (strings).
-        The optional second argument is a timeout, in seconds; default
-        is no timeout.
-
-        Return a tuple of three items: the index in the list of the
-        first regular expression that matches; the re.Match object
-        returned; and the text read up till and including the match.
-
-        If EOF is read and no text was read, raise EOFError.
-        Otherwise, when nothing matches, return (-1, None, text) where
-        text is the text received so far (may be the empty string if a
-        timeout happened).
-
-        If a regular expression ends with a greedy match (e.g. '.*')
-        or if more than one expression can match the same input, the
-        results are undeterministic, and may depend on the I/O timing.
-
-        """
-        re = None
-        list = list[:]
-        indices = range(len(list))
-        for i in indices:
-            if not hasattr(list[i], "search"):
-                if not re: import re
-                list[i] = re.compile(list[i])
-        if timeout is not None:
-            deadline = _time() + timeout
-        with _TelnetSelector() as selector:
-            selector.register(self, selectors.EVENT_READ)
-            while not self.eof:
-                self.process_rawq()
-                for i in indices:
-                    m = list[i].search(self.cookedq)
-                    if m:
-                        e = m.end()
-                        text = self.cookedq[:e]
-                        self.cookedq = self.cookedq[e:]
-                        return (i, m, text)
-                if timeout is not None:
-                    ready = selector.select(timeout)
-                    timeout = deadline - _time()
-                    if not ready:
-                        if timeout < 0:
-                            break
-                        else:
-                            continue
-                self.fill_rawq()
-        text = self.read_very_lazy()
-        if not text and self.eof:
-            raise EOFError
-        return (-1, None, text)
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
-        self.close()
-
-
-def test():
-    """Test program for telnetlib.
-
-    Usage: python telnetlib.py [-d] ... [host [port]]
-
-    Default host is localhost; default port is 23.
-
-    """
-    debuglevel = 0
-    while sys.argv[1:] and sys.argv[1] == '-d':
-        debuglevel = debuglevel+1
-        del sys.argv[1]
-    host = 'localhost'
-    if sys.argv[1:]:
-        host = sys.argv[1]
-    port = 0
-    if sys.argv[2:]:
-        portstr = sys.argv[2]
-        try:
-            port = int(portstr)
-        except ValueError:
-            port = socket.getservbyname(portstr, 'tcp')
-    with Telnet() as tn:
-        tn.set_debuglevel(debuglevel)
-        tn.open(host, port, timeout=0.5)
-        tn.interact()
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    test()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_telnetlib.py b/Lib/test/test_telnetlib.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 41c4fcd419..0000000000
--- a/Lib/test/test_telnetlib.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,402 +0,0 @@
-import socket
-import selectors
-import telnetlib
-import threading
-import contextlib
-
-from test import support
-from test.support import socket_helper
-import unittest
-
-HOST = socket_helper.HOST
-
-def server(evt, serv):
-    serv.listen()
-    evt.set()
-    try:
-        conn, addr = serv.accept()
-        conn.close()
-    except TimeoutError:
-        pass
-    finally:
-        serv.close()
-
-class GeneralTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.evt = threading.Event()
-        self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-        self.sock.settimeout(60)  # Safety net. Look issue 11812
-        self.port = socket_helper.bind_port(self.sock)
-        self.thread = threading.Thread(target=server, args=(self.evt,self.sock))
-        self.thread.daemon = True
-        self.thread.start()
-        self.evt.wait()
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        self.thread.join()
-        del self.thread  # Clear out any dangling Thread objects.
-
-    def testBasic(self):
-        # connects
-        telnet = telnetlib.Telnet(HOST, self.port)
-        telnet.sock.close()
-
-    def testContextManager(self):
-        with telnetlib.Telnet(HOST, self.port) as tn:
-            self.assertIsNotNone(tn.get_socket())
-        self.assertIsNone(tn.get_socket())
-
-    def testTimeoutDefault(self):
-        self.assertTrue(socket.getdefaulttimeout() is None)
-        socket.setdefaulttimeout(30)
-        try:
-            telnet = telnetlib.Telnet(HOST, self.port)
-        finally:
-            socket.setdefaulttimeout(None)
-        self.assertEqual(telnet.sock.gettimeout(), 30)
-        telnet.sock.close()
-
-    def testTimeoutNone(self):
-        # None, having other default
-        self.assertTrue(socket.getdefaulttimeout() is None)
-        socket.setdefaulttimeout(30)
-        try:
-            telnet = telnetlib.Telnet(HOST, self.port, timeout=None)
-        finally:
-            socket.setdefaulttimeout(None)
-        self.assertTrue(telnet.sock.gettimeout() is None)
-        telnet.sock.close()
-
-    def testTimeoutValue(self):
-        telnet = telnetlib.Telnet(HOST, self.port, timeout=30)
-        self.assertEqual(telnet.sock.gettimeout(), 30)
-        telnet.sock.close()
-
-    def testTimeoutOpen(self):
-        telnet = telnetlib.Telnet()
-        telnet.open(HOST, self.port, timeout=30)
-        self.assertEqual(telnet.sock.gettimeout(), 30)
-        telnet.sock.close()
-
-    def testGetters(self):
-        # Test telnet getter methods
-        telnet = telnetlib.Telnet(HOST, self.port, timeout=30)
-        t_sock = telnet.sock
-        self.assertEqual(telnet.get_socket(), t_sock)
-        self.assertEqual(telnet.fileno(), t_sock.fileno())
-        telnet.sock.close()
-
-class SocketStub(object):
-    ''' a socket proxy that re-defines sendall() '''
-    def __init__(self, reads=()):
-        self.reads = list(reads)  # Intentionally make a copy.
-        self.writes = []
-        self.block = False
-    def sendall(self, data):
-        self.writes.append(data)
-    def recv(self, size):
-        out = b''
-        while self.reads and len(out) < size:
-            out += self.reads.pop(0)
-        if len(out) > size:
-            self.reads.insert(0, out[size:])
-            out = out[:size]
-        return out
-
-class TelnetAlike(telnetlib.Telnet):
-    def fileno(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError()
-    def close(self): pass
-    def sock_avail(self):
-        return (not self.sock.block)
-    def msg(self, msg, *args):
-        with support.captured_stdout() as out:
-            telnetlib.Telnet.msg(self, msg, *args)
-        self._messages += out.getvalue()
-        return
-
-class MockSelector(selectors.BaseSelector):
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.keys = {}
-
-    @property
-    def resolution(self):
-        return 1e-3
-
-    def register(self, fileobj, events, data=None):
-        key = selectors.SelectorKey(fileobj, 0, events, data)
-        self.keys[fileobj] = key
-        return key
-
-    def unregister(self, fileobj):
-        return self.keys.pop(fileobj)
-
-    def select(self, timeout=None):
-        block = False
-        for fileobj in self.keys:
-            if isinstance(fileobj, TelnetAlike):
-                block = fileobj.sock.block
-                break
-        if block:
-            return []
-        else:
-            return [(key, key.events) for key in self.keys.values()]
-
-    def get_map(self):
-        return self.keys
-
-
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def test_socket(reads):
-    def new_conn(*ignored):
-        return SocketStub(reads)
-    try:
-        old_conn = socket.create_connection
-        socket.create_connection = new_conn
-        yield None
-    finally:
-        socket.create_connection = old_conn
-    return
-
-def test_telnet(reads=(), cls=TelnetAlike):
-    ''' return a telnetlib.Telnet object that uses a SocketStub with
-        reads queued up to be read '''
-    for x in reads:
-        assert type(x) is bytes, x
-    with test_socket(reads):
-        telnet = cls('dummy', 0)
-        telnet._messages = '' # debuglevel output
-    return telnet
-
-class ExpectAndReadTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.old_selector = telnetlib._TelnetSelector
-        telnetlib._TelnetSelector = MockSelector
-    def tearDown(self):
-        telnetlib._TelnetSelector = self.old_selector
-
-class ReadTests(ExpectAndReadTestCase):
-    def test_read_until(self):
-        """
-        read_until(expected, timeout=None)
-        test the blocking version of read_util
-        """
-        want = [b'xxxmatchyyy']
-        telnet = test_telnet(want)
-        data = telnet.read_until(b'match')
-        self.assertEqual(data, b'xxxmatch', msg=(telnet.cookedq, telnet.rawq, telnet.sock.reads))
-
-        reads = [b'x' * 50, b'match', b'y' * 50]
-        expect = b''.join(reads[:-1])
-        telnet = test_telnet(reads)
-        data = telnet.read_until(b'match')
-        self.assertEqual(data, expect)
-
-
-    def test_read_all(self):
-        """
-        read_all()
-          Read all data until EOF; may block.
-        """
-        reads = [b'x' * 500, b'y' * 500, b'z' * 500]
-        expect = b''.join(reads)
-        telnet = test_telnet(reads)
-        data = telnet.read_all()
-        self.assertEqual(data, expect)
-        return
-
-    def test_read_some(self):
-        """
-        read_some()
-          Read at least one byte or EOF; may block.
-        """
-        # test 'at least one byte'
-        telnet = test_telnet([b'x' * 500])
-        data = telnet.read_some()
-        self.assertTrue(len(data) >= 1)
-        # test EOF
-        telnet = test_telnet()
-        data = telnet.read_some()
-        self.assertEqual(b'', data)
-
-    def _read_eager(self, func_name):
-        """
-        read_*_eager()
-          Read all data available already queued or on the socket,
-          without blocking.
-        """
-        want = b'x' * 100
-        telnet = test_telnet([want])
-        func = getattr(telnet, func_name)
-        telnet.sock.block = True
-        self.assertEqual(b'', func())
-        telnet.sock.block = False
-        data = b''
-        while True:
-            try:
-                data += func()
-            except EOFError:
-                break
-        self.assertEqual(data, want)
-
-    def test_read_eager(self):
-        # read_eager and read_very_eager make the same guarantees
-        # (they behave differently but we only test the guarantees)
-        self._read_eager('read_eager')
-        self._read_eager('read_very_eager')
-        # NB -- we need to test the IAC block which is mentioned in the
-        # docstring but not in the module docs
-
-    def read_very_lazy(self):
-        want = b'x' * 100
-        telnet = test_telnet([want])
-        self.assertEqual(b'', telnet.read_very_lazy())
-        while telnet.sock.reads:
-            telnet.fill_rawq()
-        data = telnet.read_very_lazy()
-        self.assertEqual(want, data)
-        self.assertRaises(EOFError, telnet.read_very_lazy)
-
-    def test_read_lazy(self):
-        want = b'x' * 100
-        telnet = test_telnet([want])
-        self.assertEqual(b'', telnet.read_lazy())
-        data = b''
-        while True:
-            try:
-                read_data = telnet.read_lazy()
-                data += read_data
-                if not read_data:
-                    telnet.fill_rawq()
-            except EOFError:
-                break
-            self.assertTrue(want.startswith(data))
-        self.assertEqual(data, want)
-
-class nego_collector(object):
-    def __init__(self, sb_getter=None):
-        self.seen = b''
-        self.sb_getter = sb_getter
-        self.sb_seen = b''
-
-    def do_nego(self, sock, cmd, opt):
-        self.seen += cmd + opt
-        if cmd == tl.SE and self.sb_getter:
-            sb_data = self.sb_getter()
-            self.sb_seen += sb_data
-
-tl = telnetlib
-
-class WriteTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    '''The only thing that write does is replace each tl.IAC for
-    tl.IAC+tl.IAC'''
-
-    def test_write(self):
-        data_sample = [b'data sample without IAC',
-                       b'data sample with' + tl.IAC + b' one IAC',
-                       b'a few' + tl.IAC + tl.IAC + b' iacs' + tl.IAC,
-                       tl.IAC,
-                       b'']
-        for data in data_sample:
-            telnet = test_telnet()
-            telnet.write(data)
-            written = b''.join(telnet.sock.writes)
-            self.assertEqual(data.replace(tl.IAC,tl.IAC+tl.IAC), written)
-
-class OptionTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    # RFC 854 commands
-    cmds = [tl.AO, tl.AYT, tl.BRK, tl.EC, tl.EL, tl.GA, tl.IP, tl.NOP]
-
-    def _test_command(self, data):
-        """ helper for testing IAC + cmd """
-        telnet = test_telnet(data)
-        data_len = len(b''.join(data))
-        nego = nego_collector()
-        telnet.set_option_negotiation_callback(nego.do_nego)
-        txt = telnet.read_all()
-        cmd = nego.seen
-        self.assertTrue(len(cmd) > 0) # we expect at least one command
-        self.assertIn(cmd[:1], self.cmds)
-        self.assertEqual(cmd[1:2], tl.NOOPT)
-        self.assertEqual(data_len, len(txt + cmd))
-        nego.sb_getter = None # break the nego => telnet cycle
-
-    def test_IAC_commands(self):
-        for cmd in self.cmds:
-            self._test_command([tl.IAC, cmd])
-            self._test_command([b'x' * 100, tl.IAC, cmd, b'y'*100])
-            self._test_command([b'x' * 10, tl.IAC, cmd, b'y'*10])
-        # all at once
-        self._test_command([tl.IAC + cmd for (cmd) in self.cmds])
-
-    def test_SB_commands(self):
-        # RFC 855, subnegotiations portion
-        send = [tl.IAC + tl.SB + tl.IAC + tl.SE,
-                tl.IAC + tl.SB + tl.IAC + tl.IAC + tl.IAC + tl.SE,
-                tl.IAC + tl.SB + tl.IAC + tl.IAC + b'aa' + tl.IAC + tl.SE,
-                tl.IAC + tl.SB + b'bb' + tl.IAC + tl.IAC + tl.IAC + tl.SE,
-                tl.IAC + tl.SB + b'cc' + tl.IAC + tl.IAC + b'dd' + tl.IAC + tl.SE,
-               ]
-        telnet = test_telnet(send)
-        nego = nego_collector(telnet.read_sb_data)
-        telnet.set_option_negotiation_callback(nego.do_nego)
-        txt = telnet.read_all()
-        self.assertEqual(txt, b'')
-        want_sb_data = tl.IAC + tl.IAC + b'aabb' + tl.IAC + b'cc' + tl.IAC + b'dd'
-        self.assertEqual(nego.sb_seen, want_sb_data)
-        self.assertEqual(b'', telnet.read_sb_data())
-        nego.sb_getter = None # break the nego => telnet cycle
-
-    def test_debuglevel_reads(self):
-        # test all the various places that self.msg(...) is called
-        given_a_expect_b = [
-            # Telnet.fill_rawq
-            (b'a', ": recv b''\n"),
-            # Telnet.process_rawq
-            (tl.IAC + bytes([88]), ": IAC 88 not recognized\n"),
-            (tl.IAC + tl.DO + bytes([1]), ": IAC DO 1\n"),
-            (tl.IAC + tl.DONT + bytes([1]), ": IAC DONT 1\n"),
-            (tl.IAC + tl.WILL + bytes([1]), ": IAC WILL 1\n"),
-            (tl.IAC + tl.WONT + bytes([1]), ": IAC WONT 1\n"),
-           ]
-        for a, b in given_a_expect_b:
-            telnet = test_telnet([a])
-            telnet.set_debuglevel(1)
-            txt = telnet.read_all()
-            self.assertIn(b, telnet._messages)
-        return
-
-    def test_debuglevel_write(self):
-        telnet = test_telnet()
-        telnet.set_debuglevel(1)
-        telnet.write(b'xxx')
-        expected = "send b'xxx'\n"
-        self.assertIn(expected, telnet._messages)
-
-    def test_debug_accepts_str_port(self):
-        # Issue 10695
-        with test_socket([]):
-            telnet = TelnetAlike('dummy', '0')
-            telnet._messages = ''
-        telnet.set_debuglevel(1)
-        telnet.msg('test')
-        self.assertRegex(telnet._messages, r'0.*test')
-
-
-class ExpectTests(ExpectAndReadTestCase):
-    def test_expect(self):
-        """
-        expect(expected, [timeout])
-          Read until the expected string has been seen, or a timeout is
-          hit (default is no timeout); may block.
-        """
-        want = [b'x' * 10, b'match', b'y' * 10]
-        telnet = test_telnet(want)
-        (_,_,data) = telnet.expect([b'match'])
-        self.assertEqual(data, b''.join(want[:-1]))
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()

From c3ed002b1204d9ff156b5192b634a4056101b255 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Apr 2025 10:31:07 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 572/705] Bump streetsidesoftware/cspell-action from 2 to 6 in
 the github-actions group (#5646)

* Bump streetsidesoftware/cspell-action in the github-actions group

Bumps the github-actions group with 1 update: [streetsidesoftware/cspell-action](https://github.com/streetsidesoftware/cspell-action).


Updates `streetsidesoftware/cspell-action` from 2 to 6
- [Release notes](https://github.com/streetsidesoftware/cspell-action/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/streetsidesoftware/cspell-action/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/streetsidesoftware/cspell-action/compare/v2...v6)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: streetsidesoftware/cspell-action
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
  dependency-group: github-actions
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>

* Update .github/workflows/ci.yaml

---------

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 869ccb530a..586e00be26 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -313,8 +313,10 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - name: install extra dictionaries
+        run: npm install @cspell/dict-en_us @cspell/dict-cpp @cspell/dict-python @cspell/dict-rust @cspell/dict-win32 @cspell/dict-shell
       - name: spell checker
-        uses: streetsidesoftware/cspell-action@v2
+        uses: streetsidesoftware/cspell-action@v6
         with:
           files: '**/*.rs'
           incremental_files_only: true

From 64a07216160910015e2f3afb91cae0201ff40bcc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 1 Apr 2025 08:08:16 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 573/705] Remove broken badge from readme

---
 README.md | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 38e4d8fa8c..e472bd9f6a 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ A Python-3 (CPython >= 3.13.0) Interpreter written in Rust :snake: :scream:
 [![docs.rs](https://docs.rs/rustpython/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/rustpython/)
 [![Crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/rustpython)](https://crates.io/crates/rustpython)
 [![dependency status](https://deps.rs/crate/rustpython/0.1.1/status.svg)](https://deps.rs/crate/rustpython/0.1.1)
-[![WAPM package](https://wapm.io/package/rustpython/badge.svg?style=flat)](https://wapm.io/package/rustpython)
 [![Open in Gitpod](https://img.shields.io/static/v1?label=Open%20in&message=Gitpod&color=1aa6e4&logo=gitpod)](https://gitpod.io#https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython)
 
 ## Usage

From 2bf233280684bddaa001f6e17b1bd48d7ebc4996 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 2 Apr 2025 00:31:25 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 574/705] Cleanup whats_left.py (#5654)

* cleanup whats_left.py

* add features flag
---
 whats_left.py | 45 +++++++++------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/whats_left.py b/whats_left.py
index 7c1c30ba6c..82df5cabe1 100755
--- a/whats_left.py
+++ b/whats_left.py
@@ -55,6 +55,12 @@ def parse_args():
         action="store_true",
         help="print output as JSON (instead of line by line)",
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--features",
+        action="store",
+        help="which features to enable when building RustPython (default: ssl)",
+        default="ssl",
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
     return args
@@ -62,46 +68,13 @@ def parse_args():
 
 args = parse_args()
 
-
-# modules suggested for deprecation by PEP 594 (www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0594/)
-# some of these might be implemented, but they are not a priority
-PEP_594_MODULES = {
-    "aifc",
-    "asynchat",
-    "asyncore",
-    "audioop",
-    "binhex",
-    "cgi",
-    "cgitb",
-    "chunk",
-    "crypt",
-    "formatter",
-    "fpectl",
-    "imghdr",
-    "imp",
-    "macpath",
-    "msilib",
-    "nntplib",
-    "nis",
-    "ossaudiodev",
-    "parser",
-    "pipes",
-    "smtpd",
-    "sndhdr",
-    "spwd",
-    "sunau",
-    "telnetlib",
-    "uu",
-    "xdrlib",
-}
-
 # CPython specific modules (mostly consisting of templates/tests)
 CPYTHON_SPECIFIC_MODS = {
     'xxmodule', 'xxsubtype', 'xxlimited', '_xxtestfuzz',
     '_testbuffer', '_testcapi', '_testimportmultiple', '_testinternalcapi', '_testmultiphase', '_testlimitedcapi'
 }
 
-IGNORED_MODULES = {"this", "antigravity"} | PEP_594_MODULES | CPYTHON_SPECIFIC_MODS
+IGNORED_MODULES = {"this", "antigravity"} | CPYTHON_SPECIFIC_MODS
 
 sys.path = [
     path
@@ -446,9 +419,9 @@ def remove_one_indent(s):
     f.write(output + "\n")
 
 
-subprocess.run(["cargo", "build", "--release", "--features=ssl"], check=True)
+subprocess.run(["cargo", "build", "--release", f"--features={args.features}"], check=True)
 result = subprocess.run(
-    ["cargo", "run", "--release", "--features=ssl", "-q", "--", GENERATED_FILE],
+    ["cargo", "run", "--release", f"--features={args.features}", "-q", "--", GENERATED_FILE],
     env={**os.environ.copy(), "RUSTPYTHONPATH": "Lib"},
     text=True,
     capture_output=True,

From 8063148598be283b7f5aa0972d8e29217f47c9f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 2025 22:04:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 575/705] Fix clippy lints from rust 1.86 update (#5665)

* handle rust 1.86 update

* fix windows clippy lint

* disable cspell under jit/instruction

---------

Co-authored-by: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
---
 common/src/fileutils.rs | 2 +-
 jit/src/instructions.rs | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/fileutils.rs b/common/src/fileutils.rs
index 67713c0148..5a0d380e20 100644
--- a/common/src/fileutils.rs
+++ b/common/src/fileutils.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ pub mod windows {
                     .encode_wide()
                     .collect::<Vec<u16>>()
                     .split(|&c| c == '.' as u16)
-                    .last()
+                    .next_back()
                     .and_then(|s| String::from_utf16(s).ok());
 
                 if let Some(file_extension) = file_extension {
diff --git a/jit/src/instructions.rs b/jit/src/instructions.rs
index bf30e51d74..830a578562 100644
--- a/jit/src/instructions.rs
+++ b/jit/src/instructions.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell: disable
 use super::{JitCompileError, JitSig, JitType};
 use cranelift::codegen::ir::FuncRef;
 use cranelift::prelude::*;
@@ -559,7 +560,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
 
                 Ok(())
             }
-            Instruction::SetupLoop { .. } => {
+            Instruction::SetupLoop => {
                 let loop_head = self.builder.create_block();
                 self.builder.ins().jump(loop_head, &[]);
                 self.builder.switch_to_block(loop_head);

From 6620aa07af4b1c296d1e60c18b3f70463bec43ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 2025 09:53:45 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 576/705] update email to 3.13.2

---
 Lib/email/__init__.py             |    1 -
 Lib/email/_encoded_words.py       |   60 +-
 Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py | 1086 ++++++++++++++++-------------
 Lib/email/_parseaddr.py           |   26 +-
 Lib/email/_policybase.py          |   22 +-
 Lib/email/architecture.rst        |    2 +-
 Lib/email/base64mime.py           |    6 +-
 Lib/email/charset.py              |   20 +-
 Lib/email/contentmanager.py       |   23 +-
 Lib/email/encoders.py             |    4 -
 Lib/email/errors.py               |   10 +
 Lib/email/feedparser.py           |   23 +-
 Lib/email/generator.py            |   28 +-
 Lib/email/header.py               |   11 +-
 Lib/email/headerregistry.py       |   76 +-
 Lib/email/iterators.py            |    3 -
 Lib/email/message.py              |   70 +-
 Lib/email/mime/application.py     |    2 +-
 Lib/email/mime/audio.py           |   87 ++-
 Lib/email/mime/base.py            |    1 -
 Lib/email/mime/image.py           |  125 +++-
 Lib/email/mime/message.py         |    1 -
 Lib/email/mime/multipart.py       |    1 -
 Lib/email/mime/nonmultipart.py    |    1 -
 Lib/email/mime/text.py            |    4 +-
 Lib/email/parser.py               |    9 +-
 Lib/email/policy.py               |   21 +-
 Lib/email/quoprimime.py           |    3 +-
 Lib/email/utils.py                |  250 +++++--
 29 files changed, 1197 insertions(+), 779 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/email/__init__.py b/Lib/email/__init__.py
index fae872439e..9fa4778300 100644
--- a/Lib/email/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/email/__init__.py
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
     ]
 
 
-
 # Some convenience routines.  Don't import Parser and Message as side-effects
 # of importing email since those cascadingly import most of the rest of the
 # email package.
diff --git a/Lib/email/_encoded_words.py b/Lib/email/_encoded_words.py
index 5eaab36ed0..6795a606de 100644
--- a/Lib/email/_encoded_words.py
+++ b/Lib/email/_encoded_words.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 
 # regex based decoder.
 _q_byte_subber = functools.partial(re.compile(br'=([a-fA-F0-9]{2})').sub,
-        lambda m: bytes([int(m.group(1), 16)]))
+        lambda m: bytes.fromhex(m.group(1).decode()))
 
 def decode_q(encoded):
     encoded = encoded.replace(b'_', b' ')
@@ -98,30 +98,42 @@ def len_q(bstring):
 #
 
 def decode_b(encoded):
-    defects = []
+    # First try encoding with validate=True, fixing the padding if needed.
+    # This will succeed only if encoded includes no invalid characters.
     pad_err = len(encoded) % 4
-    if pad_err:
-        defects.append(errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect())
-        padded_encoded = encoded + b'==='[:4-pad_err]
-    else:
-        padded_encoded = encoded
+    missing_padding = b'==='[:4-pad_err] if pad_err else b''
     try:
-        return base64.b64decode(padded_encoded, validate=True), defects
+        return (
+            base64.b64decode(encoded + missing_padding, validate=True),
+            [errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect()] if pad_err else [],
+        )
     except binascii.Error:
-        # Since we had correct padding, this must an invalid char error.
-        defects = [errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect()]
+        # Since we had correct padding, this is likely an invalid char error.
+        #
         # The non-alphabet characters are ignored as far as padding
-        # goes, but we don't know how many there are.  So we'll just
-        # try various padding lengths until something works.
-        for i in 0, 1, 2, 3:
+        # goes, but we don't know how many there are.  So try without adding
+        # padding to see if it works.
+        try:
+            return (
+                base64.b64decode(encoded, validate=False),
+                [errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect()],
+            )
+        except binascii.Error:
+            # Add as much padding as could possibly be necessary (extra padding
+            # is ignored).
             try:
-                return base64.b64decode(encoded+b'='*i, validate=False), defects
+                return (
+                    base64.b64decode(encoded + b'==', validate=False),
+                    [errors.InvalidBase64CharactersDefect(),
+                     errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect()],
+                )
             except binascii.Error:
-                if i==0:
-                    defects.append(errors.InvalidBase64PaddingDefect())
-        else:
-            # This should never happen.
-            raise AssertionError("unexpected binascii.Error")
+                # This only happens when the encoded string's length is 1 more
+                # than a multiple of 4, which is invalid.
+                #
+                # bpo-27397: Just return the encoded string since there's no
+                # way to decode.
+                return encoded, [errors.InvalidBase64LengthDefect()]
 
 def encode_b(bstring):
     return base64.b64encode(bstring).decode('ascii')
@@ -167,15 +179,15 @@ def decode(ew):
     # Turn the CTE decoded bytes into unicode.
     try:
         string = bstring.decode(charset)
-    except UnicodeError:
+    except UnicodeDecodeError:
         defects.append(errors.UndecodableBytesDefect("Encoded word "
-            "contains bytes not decodable using {} charset".format(charset)))
+            f"contains bytes not decodable using {charset!r} charset"))
         string = bstring.decode(charset, 'surrogateescape')
-    except LookupError:
+    except (LookupError, UnicodeEncodeError):
         string = bstring.decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
         if charset.lower() != 'unknown-8bit':
-            defects.append(errors.CharsetError("Unknown charset {} "
-                "in encoded word; decoded as unknown bytes".format(charset)))
+            defects.append(errors.CharsetError(f"Unknown charset {charset!r} "
+                f"in encoded word; decoded as unknown bytes"))
     return string, charset, lang, defects
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py b/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py
index 57d01fbcb0..ec2215a5e5 100644
--- a/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py
+++ b/Lib/email/_header_value_parser.py
@@ -68,9 +68,9 @@
 """
 
 import re
+import sys
 import urllib   # For urllib.parse.unquote
 from string import hexdigits
-from collections import OrderedDict
 from operator import itemgetter
 from email import _encoded_words as _ew
 from email import errors
@@ -92,93 +92,23 @@
 ASPECIALS = TSPECIALS | set("*'%")
 ATTRIBUTE_ENDS = ASPECIALS | WSP
 EXTENDED_ATTRIBUTE_ENDS = ATTRIBUTE_ENDS - set('%')
+NLSET = {'\n', '\r'}
+SPECIALSNL = SPECIALS | NLSET
 
 def quote_string(value):
     return '"'+str(value).replace('\\', '\\\\').replace('"', r'\"')+'"'
 
-#
-# Accumulator for header folding
-#
-
-class _Folded:
-
-    def __init__(self, maxlen, policy):
-        self.maxlen = maxlen
-        self.policy = policy
-        self.lastlen = 0
-        self.stickyspace = None
-        self.firstline = True
-        self.done = []
-        self.current = []
+# Match a RFC 2047 word, looks like =?utf-8?q?someword?=
+rfc2047_matcher = re.compile(r'''
+   =\?            # literal =?
+   [^?]*          # charset
+   \?             # literal ?
+   [qQbB]         # literal 'q' or 'b', case insensitive
+   \?             # literal ?
+  .*?             # encoded word
+  \?=             # literal ?=
+''', re.VERBOSE | re.MULTILINE)
 
-    def newline(self):
-        self.done.extend(self.current)
-        self.done.append(self.policy.linesep)
-        self.current.clear()
-        self.lastlen = 0
-
-    def finalize(self):
-        if self.current:
-            self.newline()
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return ''.join(self.done)
-
-    def append(self, stoken):
-        self.current.append(stoken)
-
-    def append_if_fits(self, token, stoken=None):
-        if stoken is None:
-            stoken = str(token)
-        l = len(stoken)
-        if self.stickyspace is not None:
-            stickyspace_len = len(self.stickyspace)
-            if self.lastlen + stickyspace_len + l <= self.maxlen:
-                self.current.append(self.stickyspace)
-                self.lastlen += stickyspace_len
-                self.current.append(stoken)
-                self.lastlen += l
-                self.stickyspace = None
-                self.firstline = False
-                return True
-            if token.has_fws:
-                ws = token.pop_leading_fws()
-                if ws is not None:
-                    self.stickyspace += str(ws)
-                    stickyspace_len += len(ws)
-                token._fold(self)
-                return True
-            if stickyspace_len and l + 1 <= self.maxlen:
-                margin = self.maxlen - l
-                if 0 < margin < stickyspace_len:
-                    trim = stickyspace_len - margin
-                    self.current.append(self.stickyspace[:trim])
-                    self.stickyspace = self.stickyspace[trim:]
-                    stickyspace_len = trim
-                self.newline()
-                self.current.append(self.stickyspace)
-                self.current.append(stoken)
-                self.lastlen = l + stickyspace_len
-                self.stickyspace = None
-                self.firstline = False
-                return True
-            if not self.firstline:
-                self.newline()
-            self.current.append(self.stickyspace)
-            self.current.append(stoken)
-            self.stickyspace = None
-            self.firstline = False
-            return True
-        if self.lastlen + l <= self.maxlen:
-            self.current.append(stoken)
-            self.lastlen += l
-            return True
-        if l < self.maxlen:
-            self.newline()
-            self.current.append(stoken)
-            self.lastlen = l
-            return True
-        return False
 
 #
 # TokenList and its subclasses
@@ -187,6 +117,8 @@ def append_if_fits(self, token, stoken=None):
 class TokenList(list):
 
     token_type = None
+    syntactic_break = True
+    ew_combine_allowed = True
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
         super().__init__(*args, **kw)
@@ -207,84 +139,13 @@ def value(self):
     def all_defects(self):
         return sum((x.all_defects for x in self), self.defects)
 
-    #
-    # Folding API
-    #
-    # parts():
-    #
-    # return a list of objects that constitute the "higher level syntactic
-    # objects" specified by the RFC as the best places to fold a header line.
-    # The returned objects must include leading folding white space, even if
-    # this means mutating the underlying parse tree of the object.  Each object
-    # is only responsible for returning *its* parts, and should not drill down
-    # to any lower level except as required to meet the leading folding white
-    # space constraint.
-    #
-    # _fold(folded):
-    #
-    #   folded: the result accumulator.  This is an instance of _Folded.
-    #       (XXX: I haven't finished factoring this out yet, the folding code
-    #       pretty much uses this as a state object.) When the folded.current
-    #       contains as much text as will fit, the _fold method should call
-    #       folded.newline.
-    #  folded.lastlen: the current length of the test stored in folded.current.
-    #  folded.maxlen: The maximum number of characters that may appear on a
-    #       folded line.  Differs from the policy setting in that "no limit" is
-    #       represented by +inf, which means it can be used in the trivially
-    #       logical fashion in comparisons.
-    #
-    # Currently no subclasses implement parts, and I think this will remain
-    # true.  A subclass only needs to implement _fold when the generic version
-    # isn't sufficient.  _fold will need to be implemented primarily when it is
-    # possible for encoded words to appear in the specialized token-list, since
-    # there is no generic algorithm that can know where exactly the encoded
-    # words are allowed.  A _fold implementation is responsible for filling
-    # lines in the same general way that the top level _fold does. It may, and
-    # should, call the _fold method of sub-objects in a similar fashion to that
-    # of the top level _fold.
-    #
-    # XXX: I'm hoping it will be possible to factor the existing code further
-    # to reduce redundancy and make the logic clearer.
-
-    @property
-    def parts(self):
-        klass = self.__class__
-        this = []
-        for token in self:
-            if token.startswith_fws():
-                if this:
-                    yield this[0] if len(this)==1 else klass(this)
-                    this.clear()
-            end_ws = token.pop_trailing_ws()
-            this.append(token)
-            if end_ws:
-                yield klass(this)
-                this = [end_ws]
-        if this:
-            yield this[0] if len(this)==1 else klass(this)
-
     def startswith_fws(self):
         return self[0].startswith_fws()
 
-    def pop_leading_fws(self):
-        if self[0].token_type == 'fws':
-            return self.pop(0)
-        return self[0].pop_leading_fws()
-
-    def pop_trailing_ws(self):
-        if self[-1].token_type == 'cfws':
-            return self.pop(-1)
-        return self[-1].pop_trailing_ws()
-
     @property
-    def has_fws(self):
-        for part in self:
-            if part.has_fws:
-                return True
-        return False
-
-    def has_leading_comment(self):
-        return self[0].has_leading_comment()
+    def as_ew_allowed(self):
+        """True if all top level tokens of this part may be RFC2047 encoded."""
+        return all(part.as_ew_allowed for part in self)
 
     @property
     def comments(self):
@@ -294,71 +155,13 @@ def comments(self):
         return comments
 
     def fold(self, *, policy):
-        # max_line_length 0/None means no limit, ie: infinitely long.
-        maxlen = policy.max_line_length or float("+inf")
-        folded = _Folded(maxlen, policy)
-        self._fold(folded)
-        folded.finalize()
-        return str(folded)
-
-    def as_encoded_word(self, charset):
-        # This works only for things returned by 'parts', which include
-        # the leading fws, if any, that should be used.
-        res = []
-        ws = self.pop_leading_fws()
-        if ws:
-            res.append(ws)
-        trailer = self.pop(-1) if self[-1].token_type=='fws' else ''
-        res.append(_ew.encode(str(self), charset))
-        res.append(trailer)
-        return ''.join(res)
-
-    def cte_encode(self, charset, policy):
-        res = []
-        for part in self:
-            res.append(part.cte_encode(charset, policy))
-        return ''.join(res)
-
-    def _fold(self, folded):
-        encoding = 'utf-8' if folded.policy.utf8 else 'ascii'
-        for part in self.parts:
-            tstr = str(part)
-            tlen = len(tstr)
-            try:
-                str(part).encode(encoding)
-            except UnicodeEncodeError:
-                if any(isinstance(x, errors.UndecodableBytesDefect)
-                        for x in part.all_defects):
-                    charset = 'unknown-8bit'
-                else:
-                    # XXX: this should be a policy setting when utf8 is False.
-                    charset = 'utf-8'
-                tstr = part.cte_encode(charset, folded.policy)
-                tlen = len(tstr)
-            if folded.append_if_fits(part, tstr):
-                continue
-            # Peel off the leading whitespace if any and make it sticky, to
-            # avoid infinite recursion.
-            ws = part.pop_leading_fws()
-            if ws is not None:
-                # Peel off the leading whitespace and make it sticky, to
-                # avoid infinite recursion.
-                folded.stickyspace = str(part.pop(0))
-                if folded.append_if_fits(part):
-                    continue
-            if part.has_fws:
-                part._fold(folded)
-                continue
-            # There are no fold points in this one; it is too long for a single
-            # line and can't be split...we just have to put it on its own line.
-            folded.append(tstr)
-            folded.newline()
+        return _refold_parse_tree(self, policy=policy)
 
     def pprint(self, indent=''):
-        print('\n'.join(self._pp(indent='')))
+        print(self.ppstr(indent=indent))
 
     def ppstr(self, indent=''):
-        return '\n'.join(self._pp(indent=''))
+        return '\n'.join(self._pp(indent=indent))
 
     def _pp(self, indent=''):
         yield '{}{}/{}('.format(
@@ -390,213 +193,35 @@ def comments(self):
 
 
 class UnstructuredTokenList(TokenList):
-
     token_type = 'unstructured'
 
-    def _fold(self, folded):
-        last_ew = None
-        encoding = 'utf-8' if folded.policy.utf8 else 'ascii'
-        for part in self.parts:
-            tstr = str(part)
-            is_ew = False
-            try:
-                str(part).encode(encoding)
-            except UnicodeEncodeError:
-                if any(isinstance(x, errors.UndecodableBytesDefect)
-                       for x in part.all_defects):
-                    charset = 'unknown-8bit'
-                else:
-                    charset = 'utf-8'
-                if last_ew is not None:
-                    # We've already done an EW, combine this one with it
-                    # if there's room.
-                    chunk = get_unstructured(
-                        ''.join(folded.current[last_ew:]+[tstr])).as_encoded_word(charset)
-                    oldlastlen = sum(len(x) for x in folded.current[:last_ew])
-                    schunk = str(chunk)
-                    lchunk = len(schunk)
-                    if oldlastlen + lchunk <= folded.maxlen:
-                        del folded.current[last_ew:]
-                        folded.append(schunk)
-                        folded.lastlen = oldlastlen + lchunk
-                        continue
-                tstr = part.as_encoded_word(charset)
-                is_ew = True
-            if folded.append_if_fits(part, tstr):
-                if is_ew:
-                    last_ew = len(folded.current) - 1
-                continue
-            if is_ew or last_ew:
-                # It's too big to fit on the line, but since we've
-                # got encoded words we can use encoded word folding.
-                part._fold_as_ew(folded)
-                continue
-            # Peel off the leading whitespace if any and make it sticky, to
-            # avoid infinite recursion.
-            ws = part.pop_leading_fws()
-            if ws is not None:
-                folded.stickyspace = str(ws)
-                if folded.append_if_fits(part):
-                    continue
-            if part.has_fws:
-                part._fold(folded)
-                continue
-            # It can't be split...we just have to put it on its own line.
-            folded.append(tstr)
-            folded.newline()
-            last_ew = None
-
-    def cte_encode(self, charset, policy):
-        res = []
-        last_ew = None
-        for part in self:
-            spart = str(part)
-            try:
-                spart.encode('us-ascii')
-                res.append(spart)
-            except UnicodeEncodeError:
-                if last_ew is None:
-                    res.append(part.cte_encode(charset, policy))
-                    last_ew = len(res)
-                else:
-                    tl = get_unstructured(''.join(res[last_ew:] + [spart]))
-                    res.append(tl.as_encoded_word(charset))
-        return ''.join(res)
-
 
 class Phrase(TokenList):
-
     token_type = 'phrase'
 
-    def _fold(self, folded):
-        # As with Unstructured, we can have pure ASCII with or without
-        # surrogateescape encoded bytes, or we could have unicode.  But this
-        # case is more complicated, since we have to deal with the various
-        # sub-token types and how they can be composed in the face of
-        # unicode-that-needs-CTE-encoding, and the fact that if a token a
-        # comment that becomes a barrier across which we can't compose encoded
-        # words.
-        last_ew = None
-        encoding = 'utf-8' if folded.policy.utf8 else 'ascii'
-        for part in self.parts:
-            tstr = str(part)
-            tlen = len(tstr)
-            has_ew = False
-            try:
-                str(part).encode(encoding)
-            except UnicodeEncodeError:
-                if any(isinstance(x, errors.UndecodableBytesDefect)
-                        for x in part.all_defects):
-                    charset = 'unknown-8bit'
-                else:
-                    charset = 'utf-8'
-                if last_ew is not None and not part.has_leading_comment():
-                    # We've already done an EW, let's see if we can combine
-                    # this one with it.  The last_ew logic ensures that all we
-                    # have at this point is atoms, no comments or quoted
-                    # strings.  So we can treat the text between the last
-                    # encoded word and the content of this token as
-                    # unstructured text, and things will work correctly.  But
-                    # we have to strip off any trailing comment on this token
-                    # first, and if it is a quoted string we have to pull out
-                    # the content (we're encoding it, so it no longer needs to
-                    # be quoted).
-                    if part[-1].token_type == 'cfws' and part.comments:
-                        remainder = part.pop(-1)
-                    else:
-                        remainder = ''
-                    for i, token in enumerate(part):
-                        if token.token_type == 'bare-quoted-string':
-                            part[i] = UnstructuredTokenList(token[:])
-                    chunk = get_unstructured(
-                        ''.join(folded.current[last_ew:]+[tstr])).as_encoded_word(charset)
-                    schunk = str(chunk)
-                    lchunk = len(schunk)
-                    if last_ew + lchunk <= folded.maxlen:
-                        del folded.current[last_ew:]
-                        folded.append(schunk)
-                        folded.lastlen = sum(len(x) for x in folded.current)
-                        continue
-                tstr = part.as_encoded_word(charset)
-                tlen = len(tstr)
-                has_ew = True
-            if folded.append_if_fits(part, tstr):
-                if has_ew and not part.comments:
-                    last_ew = len(folded.current) - 1
-                elif part.comments or part.token_type == 'quoted-string':
-                    # If a comment is involved we can't combine EWs.  And if a
-                    # quoted string is involved, it's not worth the effort to
-                    # try to combine them.
-                    last_ew = None
-                continue
-            part._fold(folded)
-
-    def cte_encode(self, charset, policy):
-        res = []
-        last_ew = None
-        is_ew = False
-        for part in self:
-            spart = str(part)
-            try:
-                spart.encode('us-ascii')
-                res.append(spart)
-            except UnicodeEncodeError:
-                is_ew = True
-                if last_ew is None:
-                    if not part.comments:
-                        last_ew = len(res)
-                    res.append(part.cte_encode(charset, policy))
-                elif not part.has_leading_comment():
-                    if part[-1].token_type == 'cfws' and part.comments:
-                        remainder = part.pop(-1)
-                    else:
-                        remainder = ''
-                    for i, token in enumerate(part):
-                        if token.token_type == 'bare-quoted-string':
-                            part[i] = UnstructuredTokenList(token[:])
-                    tl = get_unstructured(''.join(res[last_ew:] + [spart]))
-                    res[last_ew:] = [tl.as_encoded_word(charset)]
-            if part.comments or (not is_ew and part.token_type == 'quoted-string'):
-                last_ew = None
-        return ''.join(res)
-
 class Word(TokenList):
-
     token_type = 'word'
 
 
 class CFWSList(WhiteSpaceTokenList):
-
     token_type = 'cfws'
 
-    def has_leading_comment(self):
-        return bool(self.comments)
-
 
 class Atom(TokenList):
-
     token_type = 'atom'
 
 
 class Token(TokenList):
-
     token_type = 'token'
+    encode_as_ew = False
 
 
 class EncodedWord(TokenList):
-
     token_type = 'encoded-word'
     cte = None
     charset = None
     lang = None
 
-    @property
-    def encoded(self):
-        if self.cte is not None:
-            return self.cte
-        _ew.encode(str(self), self.charset)
-
-
 
 class QuotedString(TokenList):
 
@@ -812,7 +437,10 @@ def route(self):
     def addr_spec(self):
         for x in self:
             if x.token_type == 'addr-spec':
-                return x.addr_spec
+                if x.local_part:
+                    return x.addr_spec
+                else:
+                    return quote_string(x.local_part) + x.addr_spec
         else:
             return '<>'
 
@@ -867,6 +495,7 @@ def display_name(self):
 class Domain(TokenList):
 
     token_type = 'domain'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
 
     @property
     def domain(self):
@@ -874,18 +503,23 @@ def domain(self):
 
 
 class DotAtom(TokenList):
-
     token_type = 'dot-atom'
 
 
 class DotAtomText(TokenList):
-
     token_type = 'dot-atom-text'
+    as_ew_allowed = True
+
+
+class NoFoldLiteral(TokenList):
+    token_type = 'no-fold-literal'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
 
 
 class AddrSpec(TokenList):
 
     token_type = 'addr-spec'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
 
     @property
     def local_part(self):
@@ -918,24 +552,30 @@ def addr_spec(self):
 class ObsLocalPart(TokenList):
 
     token_type = 'obs-local-part'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
 
 
 class DisplayName(Phrase):
 
     token_type = 'display-name'
+    ew_combine_allowed = False
 
     @property
     def display_name(self):
         res = TokenList(self)
+        if len(res) == 0:
+            return res.value
         if res[0].token_type == 'cfws':
             res.pop(0)
         else:
-            if res[0][0].token_type == 'cfws':
+            if (isinstance(res[0], TokenList) and
+                    res[0][0].token_type == 'cfws'):
                 res[0] = TokenList(res[0][1:])
         if res[-1].token_type == 'cfws':
             res.pop()
         else:
-            if res[-1][-1].token_type == 'cfws':
+            if (isinstance(res[-1], TokenList) and
+                    res[-1][-1].token_type == 'cfws'):
                 res[-1] = TokenList(res[-1][:-1])
         return res.value
 
@@ -948,11 +588,15 @@ def value(self):
             for x in self:
                 if x.token_type == 'quoted-string':
                     quote = True
-        if quote:
+        if len(self) != 0 and quote:
             pre = post = ''
-            if self[0].token_type=='cfws' or self[0][0].token_type=='cfws':
+            if (self[0].token_type == 'cfws' or
+                isinstance(self[0], TokenList) and
+                self[0][0].token_type == 'cfws'):
                 pre = ' '
-            if self[-1].token_type=='cfws' or self[-1][-1].token_type=='cfws':
+            if (self[-1].token_type == 'cfws' or
+                isinstance(self[-1], TokenList) and
+                self[-1][-1].token_type == 'cfws'):
                 post = ' '
             return pre+quote_string(self.display_name)+post
         else:
@@ -962,6 +606,7 @@ def value(self):
 class LocalPart(TokenList):
 
     token_type = 'local-part'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
 
     @property
     def value(self):
@@ -997,6 +642,7 @@ def local_part(self):
 class DomainLiteral(TokenList):
 
     token_type = 'domain-literal'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
 
     @property
     def domain(self):
@@ -1083,6 +729,7 @@ def stripped_value(self):
 class MimeParameters(TokenList):
 
     token_type = 'mime-parameters'
+    syntactic_break = False
 
     @property
     def params(self):
@@ -1091,7 +738,7 @@ def params(self):
         # to assume the RFC 2231 pieces can come in any order.  However, we
         # output them in the order that we first see a given name, which gives
         # us a stable __str__.
-        params = OrderedDict()
+        params = {}  # Using order preserving dict from Python 3.7+
         for token in self:
             if not token.token_type.endswith('parameter'):
                 continue
@@ -1142,7 +789,7 @@ def params(self):
                     else:
                         try:
                             value = value.decode(charset, 'surrogateescape')
-                        except LookupError:
+                        except (LookupError, UnicodeEncodeError):
                             # XXX: there should really be a custom defect for
                             # unknown character set to make it easy to find,
                             # because otherwise unknown charset is a silent
@@ -1167,6 +814,10 @@ def __str__(self):
 
 class ParameterizedHeaderValue(TokenList):
 
+    # Set this false so that the value doesn't wind up on a new line even
+    # if it and the parameters would fit there but not on the first line.
+    syntactic_break = False
+
     @property
     def params(self):
         for token in reversed(self):
@@ -1174,58 +825,50 @@ def params(self):
                 return token.params
         return {}
 
-    @property
-    def parts(self):
-        if self and self[-1].token_type == 'mime-parameters':
-            # We don't want to start a new line if all of the params don't fit
-            # after the value, so unwrap the parameter list.
-            return TokenList(self[:-1] + self[-1])
-        return TokenList(self).parts
-
 
 class ContentType(ParameterizedHeaderValue):
-
     token_type = 'content-type'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
     maintype = 'text'
     subtype = 'plain'
 
 
 class ContentDisposition(ParameterizedHeaderValue):
-
     token_type = 'content-disposition'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
     content_disposition = None
 
 
 class ContentTransferEncoding(TokenList):
-
     token_type = 'content-transfer-encoding'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
     cte = '7bit'
 
 
 class HeaderLabel(TokenList):
-
     token_type = 'header-label'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
 
 
-class Header(TokenList):
+class MsgID(TokenList):
+    token_type = 'msg-id'
+    as_ew_allowed = False
 
-    token_type = 'header'
+    def fold(self, policy):
+        # message-id tokens may not be folded.
+        return str(self) + policy.linesep
+
+
+class MessageID(MsgID):
+    token_type = 'message-id'
 
-    def _fold(self, folded):
-        folded.append(str(self.pop(0)))
-        folded.lastlen = len(folded.current[0])
-        # The first line of the header is different from all others: we don't
-        # want to start a new object on a new line if it has any fold points in
-        # it that would allow part of it to be on the first header line.
-        # Further, if the first fold point would fit on the new line, we want
-        # to do that, but if it doesn't we want to put it on the first line.
-        # Folded supports this via the stickyspace attribute.  If this
-        # attribute is not None, it does the special handling.
-        folded.stickyspace = str(self.pop(0)) if self[0].token_type == 'cfws' else ''
-        rest = self.pop(0)
-        if self:
-            raise ValueError("Malformed Header token list")
-        rest._fold(folded)
+
+class InvalidMessageID(MessageID):
+    token_type = 'invalid-message-id'
+
+
+class Header(TokenList):
+    token_type = 'header'
 
 
 #
@@ -1234,6 +877,10 @@ def _fold(self, folded):
 
 class Terminal(str):
 
+    as_ew_allowed = True
+    ew_combine_allowed = True
+    syntactic_break = True
+
     def __new__(cls, value, token_type):
         self = super().__new__(cls, value)
         self.token_type = token_type
@@ -1243,6 +890,9 @@ def __new__(cls, value, token_type):
     def __repr__(self):
         return "{}({})".format(self.__class__.__name__, super().__repr__())
 
+    def pprint(self):
+        print(self.__class__.__name__ + '/' + self.token_type)
+
     @property
     def all_defects(self):
         return list(self.defects)
@@ -1256,29 +906,14 @@ def _pp(self, indent=''):
             '' if not self.defects else ' {}'.format(self.defects),
             )]
 
-    def cte_encode(self, charset, policy):
-        value = str(self)
-        try:
-            value.encode('us-ascii')
-            return value
-        except UnicodeEncodeError:
-            return _ew.encode(value, charset)
-
     def pop_trailing_ws(self):
         # This terminates the recursion.
         return None
 
-    def pop_leading_fws(self):
-        # This terminates the recursion.
-        return None
-
     @property
     def comments(self):
         return []
 
-    def has_leading_comment(self):
-        return False
-
     def __getnewargs__(self):
         return(str(self), self.token_type)
 
@@ -1292,8 +927,6 @@ def value(self):
     def startswith_fws(self):
         return True
 
-    has_fws = True
-
 
 class ValueTerminal(Terminal):
 
@@ -1304,11 +937,6 @@ def value(self):
     def startswith_fws(self):
         return False
 
-    has_fws = False
-
-    def as_encoded_word(self, charset):
-        return _ew.encode(str(self), charset)
-
 
 class EWWhiteSpaceTerminal(WhiteSpaceTerminal):
 
@@ -1316,14 +944,12 @@ class EWWhiteSpaceTerminal(WhiteSpaceTerminal):
     def value(self):
         return ''
 
-    @property
-    def encoded(self):
-        return self[:]
-
     def __str__(self):
         return ''
 
-    has_fws = True
+
+class _InvalidEwError(errors.HeaderParseError):
+    """Invalid encoded word found while parsing headers."""
 
 
 # XXX these need to become classes and used as instances so
@@ -1331,6 +957,8 @@ def __str__(self):
 # up other parse trees.  Maybe should have  tests for that, too.
 DOT = ValueTerminal('.', 'dot')
 ListSeparator = ValueTerminal(',', 'list-separator')
+ListSeparator.as_ew_allowed = False
+ListSeparator.syntactic_break = False
 RouteComponentMarker = ValueTerminal('@', 'route-component-marker')
 
 #
@@ -1356,15 +984,14 @@ def __str__(self):
 
 _wsp_splitter = re.compile(r'([{}]+)'.format(''.join(WSP))).split
 _non_atom_end_matcher = re.compile(r"[^{}]+".format(
-    ''.join(ATOM_ENDS).replace('\\','\\\\').replace(']',r'\]'))).match
+    re.escape(''.join(ATOM_ENDS)))).match
 _non_printable_finder = re.compile(r"[\x00-\x20\x7F]").findall
 _non_token_end_matcher = re.compile(r"[^{}]+".format(
-    ''.join(TOKEN_ENDS).replace('\\','\\\\').replace(']',r'\]'))).match
+    re.escape(''.join(TOKEN_ENDS)))).match
 _non_attribute_end_matcher = re.compile(r"[^{}]+".format(
-    ''.join(ATTRIBUTE_ENDS).replace('\\','\\\\').replace(']',r'\]'))).match
+    re.escape(''.join(ATTRIBUTE_ENDS)))).match
 _non_extended_attribute_end_matcher = re.compile(r"[^{}]+".format(
-    ''.join(EXTENDED_ATTRIBUTE_ENDS).replace(
-                                    '\\','\\\\').replace(']',r'\]'))).match
+    re.escape(''.join(EXTENDED_ATTRIBUTE_ENDS)))).match
 
 def _validate_xtext(xtext):
     """If input token contains ASCII non-printables, register a defect."""
@@ -1431,7 +1058,10 @@ def get_encoded_word(value):
         raise errors.HeaderParseError(
             "expected encoded word but found {}".format(value))
     remstr = ''.join(remainder)
-    if len(remstr) > 1 and remstr[0] in hexdigits and remstr[1] in hexdigits:
+    if (len(remstr) > 1 and
+        remstr[0] in hexdigits and
+        remstr[1] in hexdigits and
+        tok.count('?') < 2):
         # The ? after the CTE was followed by an encoded word escape (=XX).
         rest, *remainder = remstr.split('?=', 1)
         tok = tok + '?=' + rest
@@ -1442,8 +1072,8 @@ def get_encoded_word(value):
     value = ''.join(remainder)
     try:
         text, charset, lang, defects = _ew.decode('=?' + tok + '?=')
-    except ValueError:
-        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+    except (ValueError, KeyError):
+        raise _InvalidEwError(
             "encoded word format invalid: '{}'".format(ew.cte))
     ew.charset = charset
     ew.lang = lang
@@ -1458,6 +1088,10 @@ def get_encoded_word(value):
         _validate_xtext(vtext)
         ew.append(vtext)
         text = ''.join(remainder)
+    # Encoded words should be followed by a WS
+    if value and value[0] not in WSP:
+        ew.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "missing trailing whitespace after encoded-word"))
     return ew, value
 
 def get_unstructured(value):
@@ -1489,9 +1123,12 @@ def get_unstructured(value):
             token, value = get_fws(value)
             unstructured.append(token)
             continue
+        valid_ew = True
         if value.startswith('=?'):
             try:
                 token, value = get_encoded_word(value)
+            except _InvalidEwError:
+                valid_ew = False
             except errors.HeaderParseError:
                 # XXX: Need to figure out how to register defects when
                 # appropriate here.
@@ -1510,6 +1147,14 @@ def get_unstructured(value):
                 unstructured.append(token)
                 continue
         tok, *remainder = _wsp_splitter(value, 1)
+        # Split in the middle of an atom if there is a rfc2047 encoded word
+        # which does not have WSP on both sides. The defect will be registered
+        # the next time through the loop.
+        # This needs to only be performed when the encoded word is valid;
+        # otherwise, performing it on an invalid encoded word can cause
+        # the parser to go in an infinite loop.
+        if valid_ew and rfc2047_matcher.search(tok):
+            tok, *remainder = value.partition('=?')
         vtext = ValueTerminal(tok, 'vtext')
         _validate_xtext(vtext)
         unstructured.append(vtext)
@@ -1571,21 +1216,33 @@ def get_bare_quoted_string(value):
     value is the text between the quote marks, with whitespace
     preserved and quoted pairs decoded.
     """
-    if value[0] != '"':
+    if not value or value[0] != '"':
         raise errors.HeaderParseError(
             "expected '\"' but found '{}'".format(value))
     bare_quoted_string = BareQuotedString()
     value = value[1:]
+    if value and value[0] == '"':
+        token, value = get_qcontent(value)
+        bare_quoted_string.append(token)
     while value and value[0] != '"':
         if value[0] in WSP:
             token, value = get_fws(value)
         elif value[:2] == '=?':
+            valid_ew = False
             try:
                 token, value = get_encoded_word(value)
                 bare_quoted_string.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
                     "encoded word inside quoted string"))
+                valid_ew = True
             except errors.HeaderParseError:
                 token, value = get_qcontent(value)
+            # Collapse the whitespace between two encoded words that occur in a
+            # bare-quoted-string.
+            if valid_ew and len(bare_quoted_string) > 1:
+                if (bare_quoted_string[-1].token_type == 'fws' and
+                        bare_quoted_string[-2].token_type == 'encoded-word'):
+                    bare_quoted_string[-1] = EWWhiteSpaceTerminal(
+                        bare_quoted_string[-1], 'fws')
         else:
             token, value = get_qcontent(value)
         bare_quoted_string.append(token)
@@ -1742,6 +1399,9 @@ def get_word(value):
         leader, value = get_cfws(value)
     else:
         leader = None
+    if not value:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "Expected 'atom' or 'quoted-string' but found nothing.")
     if value[0]=='"':
         token, value = get_quoted_string(value)
     elif value[0] in SPECIALS:
@@ -1797,7 +1457,7 @@ def get_local_part(value):
     """
     local_part = LocalPart()
     leader = None
-    if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
         leader, value = get_cfws(value)
     if not value:
         raise errors.HeaderParseError(
@@ -1863,13 +1523,18 @@ def get_obs_local_part(value):
                 raise
             token, value = get_cfws(value)
         obs_local_part.append(token)
+    if not obs_local_part:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected obs-local-part but found '{}'".format(value))
     if (obs_local_part[0].token_type == 'dot' or
             obs_local_part[0].token_type=='cfws' and
+            len(obs_local_part) > 1 and
             obs_local_part[1].token_type=='dot'):
         obs_local_part.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
             "Invalid leading '.' in local part"))
     if (obs_local_part[-1].token_type == 'dot' or
             obs_local_part[-1].token_type=='cfws' and
+            len(obs_local_part) > 1 and
             obs_local_part[-2].token_type=='dot'):
         obs_local_part.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
             "Invalid trailing '.' in local part"))
@@ -1951,7 +1616,7 @@ def get_domain(value):
     """
     domain = Domain()
     leader = None
-    if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
         leader, value = get_cfws(value)
     if not value:
         raise errors.HeaderParseError(
@@ -1966,6 +1631,8 @@ def get_domain(value):
         token, value = get_dot_atom(value)
     except errors.HeaderParseError:
         token, value = get_atom(value)
+    if value and value[0] == '@':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError('Invalid Domain')
     if leader is not None:
         token[:0] = [leader]
     domain.append(token)
@@ -1989,7 +1656,7 @@ def get_addr_spec(value):
     addr_spec.append(token)
     if not value or value[0] != '@':
         addr_spec.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
-            "add-spec local part with no domain"))
+            "addr-spec local part with no domain"))
         return addr_spec, value
     addr_spec.append(ValueTerminal('@', 'address-at-symbol'))
     token, value = get_domain(value[1:])
@@ -2025,6 +1692,8 @@ def get_obs_route(value):
         if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
             token, value = get_cfws(value)
             obs_route.append(token)
+        if not value:
+            break
         if value[0] == '@':
             obs_route.append(RouteComponentMarker)
             token, value = get_domain(value[1:])
@@ -2043,7 +1712,7 @@ def get_angle_addr(value):
 
     """
     angle_addr = AngleAddr()
-    if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
         token, value = get_cfws(value)
         angle_addr.append(token)
     if not value or value[0] != '<':
@@ -2053,7 +1722,7 @@ def get_angle_addr(value):
     value = value[1:]
     # Although it is not legal per RFC5322, SMTP uses '<>' in certain
     # circumstances.
-    if value[0] == '>':
+    if value and value[0] == '>':
         angle_addr.append(ValueTerminal('>', 'angle-addr-end'))
         angle_addr.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
             "null addr-spec in angle-addr"))
@@ -2105,6 +1774,9 @@ def get_name_addr(value):
     name_addr = NameAddr()
     # Both the optional display name and the angle-addr can start with cfws.
     leader = None
+    if not value:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected name-addr but found '{}'".format(value))
     if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
         leader, value = get_cfws(value)
         if not value:
@@ -2119,7 +1791,10 @@ def get_name_addr(value):
             raise errors.HeaderParseError(
                 "expected name-addr but found '{}'".format(token))
         if leader is not None:
-            token[0][:0] = [leader]
+            if isinstance(token[0], TokenList):
+                token[0][:0] = [leader]
+            else:
+                token[:0] = [leader]
             leader = None
         name_addr.append(token)
     token, value = get_angle_addr(value)
@@ -2281,7 +1956,7 @@ def get_group(value):
     if not value:
         group.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
             "end of header in group"))
-    if value[0] != ';':
+    elif value[0] != ';':
         raise errors.HeaderParseError(
             "expected ';' at end of group but found {}".format(value))
     group.append(ValueTerminal(';', 'group-terminator'))
@@ -2335,7 +2010,7 @@ def get_address_list(value):
         try:
             token, value = get_address(value)
             address_list.append(token)
-        except errors.HeaderParseError as err:
+        except errors.HeaderParseError:
             leader = None
             if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
                 leader, value = get_cfws(value)
@@ -2370,10 +2045,122 @@ def get_address_list(value):
             address_list.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
                 "invalid address in address-list"))
         if value:  # Must be a , at this point.
-            address_list.append(ValueTerminal(',', 'list-separator'))
+            address_list.append(ListSeparator)
             value = value[1:]
     return address_list, value
 
+
+def get_no_fold_literal(value):
+    """ no-fold-literal = "[" *dtext "]"
+    """
+    no_fold_literal = NoFoldLiteral()
+    if not value:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected no-fold-literal but found '{}'".format(value))
+    if value[0] != '[':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected '[' at the start of no-fold-literal "
+            "but found '{}'".format(value))
+    no_fold_literal.append(ValueTerminal('[', 'no-fold-literal-start'))
+    value = value[1:]
+    token, value = get_dtext(value)
+    no_fold_literal.append(token)
+    if not value or value[0] != ']':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected ']' at the end of no-fold-literal "
+            "but found '{}'".format(value))
+    no_fold_literal.append(ValueTerminal(']', 'no-fold-literal-end'))
+    return no_fold_literal, value[1:]
+
+def get_msg_id(value):
+    """msg-id = [CFWS] "<" id-left '@' id-right  ">" [CFWS]
+       id-left = dot-atom-text / obs-id-left
+       id-right = dot-atom-text / no-fold-literal / obs-id-right
+       no-fold-literal = "[" *dtext "]"
+    """
+    msg_id = MsgID()
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        msg_id.append(token)
+    if not value or value[0] != '<':
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "expected msg-id but found '{}'".format(value))
+    msg_id.append(ValueTerminal('<', 'msg-id-start'))
+    value = value[1:]
+    # Parse id-left.
+    try:
+        token, value = get_dot_atom_text(value)
+    except errors.HeaderParseError:
+        try:
+            # obs-id-left is same as local-part of add-spec.
+            token, value = get_obs_local_part(value)
+            msg_id.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+                "obsolete id-left in msg-id"))
+        except errors.HeaderParseError:
+            raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+                "expected dot-atom-text or obs-id-left"
+                " but found '{}'".format(value))
+    msg_id.append(token)
+    if not value or value[0] != '@':
+        msg_id.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "msg-id with no id-right"))
+        # Even though there is no id-right, if the local part
+        # ends with `>` let's just parse it too and return
+        # along with the defect.
+        if value and value[0] == '>':
+            msg_id.append(ValueTerminal('>', 'msg-id-end'))
+            value = value[1:]
+        return msg_id, value
+    msg_id.append(ValueTerminal('@', 'address-at-symbol'))
+    value = value[1:]
+    # Parse id-right.
+    try:
+        token, value = get_dot_atom_text(value)
+    except errors.HeaderParseError:
+        try:
+            token, value = get_no_fold_literal(value)
+        except errors.HeaderParseError:
+            try:
+                token, value = get_domain(value)
+                msg_id.defects.append(errors.ObsoleteHeaderDefect(
+                    "obsolete id-right in msg-id"))
+            except errors.HeaderParseError:
+                raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+                    "expected dot-atom-text, no-fold-literal or obs-id-right"
+                    " but found '{}'".format(value))
+    msg_id.append(token)
+    if value and value[0] == '>':
+        value = value[1:]
+    else:
+        msg_id.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+            "missing trailing '>' on msg-id"))
+    msg_id.append(ValueTerminal('>', 'msg-id-end'))
+    if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
+        token, value = get_cfws(value)
+        msg_id.append(token)
+    return msg_id, value
+
+
+def parse_message_id(value):
+    """message-id      =   "Message-ID:" msg-id CRLF
+    """
+    message_id = MessageID()
+    try:
+        token, value = get_msg_id(value)
+        message_id.append(token)
+    except errors.HeaderParseError as ex:
+        token = get_unstructured(value)
+        message_id = InvalidMessageID(token)
+        message_id.defects.append(
+            errors.InvalidHeaderDefect("Invalid msg-id: {!r}".format(ex)))
+    else:
+        # Value after parsing a valid msg_id should be None.
+        if value:
+            message_id.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                "Unexpected {!r}".format(value)))
+
+    return message_id
+
 #
 # XXX: As I begin to add additional header parsers, I'm realizing we probably
 # have two level of parser routines: the get_XXX methods that get a token in
@@ -2615,8 +2402,8 @@ def get_section(value):
         digits += value[0]
         value = value[1:]
     if digits[0] == '0' and digits != '0':
-        section.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderError("section number"
-            "has an invalid leading 0"))
+        section.defects.append(errors.InvalidHeaderDefect(
+                "section number has an invalid leading 0"))
     section.number = int(digits)
     section.append(ValueTerminal(digits, 'digits'))
     return section, value
@@ -2679,7 +2466,6 @@ def get_parameter(value):
         raise errors.HeaderParseError("Parameter not followed by '='")
     param.append(ValueTerminal('=', 'parameter-separator'))
     value = value[1:]
-    leader = None
     if value and value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
         token, value = get_cfws(value)
         param.append(token)
@@ -2754,7 +2540,7 @@ def get_parameter(value):
         if value[0] != "'":
             raise errors.HeaderParseError("Expected RFC2231 char/lang encoding "
                                           "delimiter, but found {!r}".format(value))
-        appendto.append(ValueTerminal("'", 'RFC2231 delimiter'))
+        appendto.append(ValueTerminal("'", 'RFC2231-delimiter'))
         value = value[1:]
         if value and value[0] != "'":
             token, value = get_attrtext(value)
@@ -2763,7 +2549,7 @@ def get_parameter(value):
             if not value or value[0] != "'":
                 raise errors.HeaderParseError("Expected RFC2231 char/lang encoding "
                                   "delimiter, but found {}".format(value))
-        appendto.append(ValueTerminal("'", 'RFC2231 delimiter'))
+        appendto.append(ValueTerminal("'", 'RFC2231-delimiter'))
         value = value[1:]
     if remainder is not None:
         # Treat the rest of value as bare quoted string content.
@@ -2771,6 +2557,9 @@ def get_parameter(value):
         while value:
             if value[0] in WSP:
                 token, value = get_fws(value)
+            elif value[0] == '"':
+                token = ValueTerminal('"', 'DQUOTE')
+                value = value[1:]
             else:
                 token, value = get_qcontent(value)
             v.append(token)
@@ -2791,7 +2580,7 @@ def parse_mime_parameters(value):
     the formal RFC grammar, but it is more convenient for us for the set of
     parameters to be treated as its own TokenList.
 
-    This is 'parse' routine because it consumes the reminaing value, but it
+    This is 'parse' routine because it consumes the remaining value, but it
     would never be called to parse a full header.  Instead it is called to
     parse everything after the non-parameter value of a specific MIME header.
 
@@ -2801,7 +2590,7 @@ def parse_mime_parameters(value):
         try:
             token, value = get_parameter(value)
             mime_parameters.append(token)
-        except errors.HeaderParseError as err:
+        except errors.HeaderParseError:
             leader = None
             if value[0] in CFWS_LEADER:
                 leader, value = get_cfws(value)
@@ -2859,7 +2648,6 @@ def parse_content_type_header(value):
     don't do that.
     """
     ctype = ContentType()
-    recover = False
     if not value:
         ctype.defects.append(errors.HeaderMissingRequiredValue(
             "Missing content type specification"))
@@ -2968,3 +2756,323 @@ def parse_content_transfer_encoding_header(value):
             token, value = get_phrase(value)
             cte_header.append(token)
     return cte_header
+
+
+#
+# Header folding
+#
+# Header folding is complex, with lots of rules and corner cases.  The
+# following code does its best to obey the rules and handle the corner
+# cases, but you can be sure there are few bugs:)
+#
+# This folder generally canonicalizes as it goes, preferring the stringified
+# version of each token.  The tokens contain information that supports the
+# folder, including which tokens can be encoded in which ways.
+#
+# Folded text is accumulated in a simple list of strings ('lines'), each
+# one of which should be less than policy.max_line_length ('maxlen').
+#
+
+def _steal_trailing_WSP_if_exists(lines):
+    wsp = ''
+    if lines and lines[-1] and lines[-1][-1] in WSP:
+        wsp = lines[-1][-1]
+        lines[-1] = lines[-1][:-1]
+    return wsp
+
+def _refold_parse_tree(parse_tree, *, policy):
+    """Return string of contents of parse_tree folded according to RFC rules.
+
+    """
+    # max_line_length 0/None means no limit, ie: infinitely long.
+    maxlen = policy.max_line_length or sys.maxsize
+    encoding = 'utf-8' if policy.utf8 else 'us-ascii'
+    lines = ['']  # Folded lines to be output
+    leading_whitespace = ''  # When we have whitespace between two encoded
+                             # words, we may need to encode the whitespace
+                             # at the beginning of the second word.
+    last_ew = None  # Points to the last encoded character if there's an ew on
+                    # the line
+    last_charset = None
+    wrap_as_ew_blocked = 0
+    want_encoding = False  # This is set to True if we need to encode this part
+    end_ew_not_allowed = Terminal('', 'wrap_as_ew_blocked')
+    parts = list(parse_tree)
+    while parts:
+        part = parts.pop(0)
+        if part is end_ew_not_allowed:
+            wrap_as_ew_blocked -= 1
+            continue
+        tstr = str(part)
+        if not want_encoding:
+            if part.token_type == 'ptext':
+                # Encode if tstr contains special characters.
+                want_encoding = not SPECIALSNL.isdisjoint(tstr)
+            else:
+                # Encode if tstr contains newlines.
+                want_encoding = not NLSET.isdisjoint(tstr)
+        try:
+            tstr.encode(encoding)
+            charset = encoding
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            if any(isinstance(x, errors.UndecodableBytesDefect)
+                   for x in part.all_defects):
+                charset = 'unknown-8bit'
+            else:
+                # If policy.utf8 is false this should really be taken from a
+                # 'charset' property on the policy.
+                charset = 'utf-8'
+            want_encoding = True
+
+        if part.token_type == 'mime-parameters':
+            # Mime parameter folding (using RFC2231) is extra special.
+            _fold_mime_parameters(part, lines, maxlen, encoding)
+            continue
+
+        if want_encoding and not wrap_as_ew_blocked:
+            if not part.as_ew_allowed:
+                want_encoding = False
+                last_ew = None
+                if part.syntactic_break:
+                    encoded_part = part.fold(policy=policy)[:-len(policy.linesep)]
+                    if policy.linesep not in encoded_part:
+                        # It fits on a single line
+                        if len(encoded_part) > maxlen - len(lines[-1]):
+                            # But not on this one, so start a new one.
+                            newline = _steal_trailing_WSP_if_exists(lines)
+                            # XXX what if encoded_part has no leading FWS?
+                            lines.append(newline)
+                        lines[-1] += encoded_part
+                        continue
+                # Either this is not a major syntactic break, so we don't
+                # want it on a line by itself even if it fits, or it
+                # doesn't fit on a line by itself.  Either way, fall through
+                # to unpacking the subparts and wrapping them.
+            if not hasattr(part, 'encode'):
+                # It's not a Terminal, do each piece individually.
+                parts = list(part) + parts
+                want_encoding = False
+                continue
+            elif part.as_ew_allowed:
+                # It's a terminal, wrap it as an encoded word, possibly
+                # combining it with previously encoded words if allowed.
+                if (last_ew is not None and
+                    charset != last_charset and
+                    (last_charset == 'unknown-8bit' or
+                     last_charset == 'utf-8' and charset != 'us-ascii')):
+                    last_ew = None
+                last_ew = _fold_as_ew(tstr, lines, maxlen, last_ew,
+                                      part.ew_combine_allowed, charset, leading_whitespace)
+                # This whitespace has been added to the lines in _fold_as_ew()
+                # so clear it now.
+                leading_whitespace = ''
+                last_charset = charset
+                want_encoding = False
+                continue
+            else:
+                # It's a terminal which should be kept non-encoded
+                # (e.g. a ListSeparator).
+                last_ew = None
+                want_encoding = False
+                # fall through
+
+        if len(tstr) <= maxlen - len(lines[-1]):
+            lines[-1] += tstr
+            continue
+
+        # This part is too long to fit.  The RFC wants us to break at
+        # "major syntactic breaks", so unless we don't consider this
+        # to be one, check if it will fit on the next line by itself.
+        leading_whitespace = ''
+        if (part.syntactic_break and
+                len(tstr) + 1 <= maxlen):
+            newline = _steal_trailing_WSP_if_exists(lines)
+            if newline or part.startswith_fws():
+                # We're going to fold the data onto a new line here.  Due to
+                # the way encoded strings handle continuation lines, we need to
+                # be prepared to encode any whitespace if the next line turns
+                # out to start with an encoded word.
+                lines.append(newline + tstr)
+
+                whitespace_accumulator = []
+                for char in lines[-1]:
+                    if char not in WSP:
+                        break
+                    whitespace_accumulator.append(char)
+                leading_whitespace = ''.join(whitespace_accumulator)
+                last_ew = None
+                continue
+        if not hasattr(part, 'encode'):
+            # It's not a terminal, try folding the subparts.
+            newparts = list(part)
+            if not part.as_ew_allowed:
+                wrap_as_ew_blocked += 1
+                newparts.append(end_ew_not_allowed)
+            parts = newparts + parts
+            continue
+        if part.as_ew_allowed and not wrap_as_ew_blocked:
+            # It doesn't need CTE encoding, but encode it anyway so we can
+            # wrap it.
+            parts.insert(0, part)
+            want_encoding = True
+            continue
+        # We can't figure out how to wrap, it, so give up.
+        newline = _steal_trailing_WSP_if_exists(lines)
+        if newline or part.startswith_fws():
+            lines.append(newline + tstr)
+        else:
+            # We can't fold it onto the next line either...
+            lines[-1] += tstr
+
+    return policy.linesep.join(lines) + policy.linesep
+
+def _fold_as_ew(to_encode, lines, maxlen, last_ew, ew_combine_allowed, charset, leading_whitespace):
+    """Fold string to_encode into lines as encoded word, combining if allowed.
+    Return the new value for last_ew, or None if ew_combine_allowed is False.
+
+    If there is already an encoded word in the last line of lines (indicated by
+    a non-None value for last_ew) and ew_combine_allowed is true, decode the
+    existing ew, combine it with to_encode, and re-encode.  Otherwise, encode
+    to_encode.  In either case, split to_encode as necessary so that the
+    encoded segments fit within maxlen.
+
+    """
+    if last_ew is not None and ew_combine_allowed:
+        to_encode = str(
+            get_unstructured(lines[-1][last_ew:] + to_encode))
+        lines[-1] = lines[-1][:last_ew]
+    elif to_encode[0] in WSP:
+        # We're joining this to non-encoded text, so don't encode
+        # the leading blank.
+        leading_wsp = to_encode[0]
+        to_encode = to_encode[1:]
+        if (len(lines[-1]) == maxlen):
+            lines.append(_steal_trailing_WSP_if_exists(lines))
+        lines[-1] += leading_wsp
+
+    trailing_wsp = ''
+    if to_encode[-1] in WSP:
+        # Likewise for the trailing space.
+        trailing_wsp = to_encode[-1]
+        to_encode = to_encode[:-1]
+    new_last_ew = len(lines[-1]) if last_ew is None else last_ew
+
+    encode_as = 'utf-8' if charset == 'us-ascii' else charset
+
+    # The RFC2047 chrome takes up 7 characters plus the length
+    # of the charset name.
+    chrome_len = len(encode_as) + 7
+
+    if (chrome_len + 1) >= maxlen:
+        raise errors.HeaderParseError(
+            "max_line_length is too small to fit an encoded word")
+
+    while to_encode:
+        remaining_space = maxlen - len(lines[-1])
+        text_space = remaining_space - chrome_len - len(leading_whitespace)
+        if text_space <= 0:
+            lines.append(' ')
+            continue
+
+        # If we are at the start of a continuation line, prepend whitespace
+        # (we only want to do this when the line starts with an encoded word
+        # but if we're folding in this helper function, then we know that we
+        # are going to be writing out an encoded word.)
+        if len(lines) > 1 and len(lines[-1]) == 1 and leading_whitespace:
+            encoded_word = _ew.encode(leading_whitespace, charset=encode_as)
+            lines[-1] += encoded_word
+            leading_whitespace = ''
+
+        to_encode_word = to_encode[:text_space]
+        encoded_word = _ew.encode(to_encode_word, charset=encode_as)
+        excess = len(encoded_word) - remaining_space
+        while excess > 0:
+            # Since the chunk to encode is guaranteed to fit into less than 100 characters,
+            # shrinking it by one at a time shouldn't take long.
+            to_encode_word = to_encode_word[:-1]
+            encoded_word = _ew.encode(to_encode_word, charset=encode_as)
+            excess = len(encoded_word) - remaining_space
+        lines[-1] += encoded_word
+        to_encode = to_encode[len(to_encode_word):]
+        leading_whitespace = ''
+
+        if to_encode:
+            lines.append(' ')
+            new_last_ew = len(lines[-1])
+    lines[-1] += trailing_wsp
+    return new_last_ew if ew_combine_allowed else None
+
+def _fold_mime_parameters(part, lines, maxlen, encoding):
+    """Fold TokenList 'part' into the 'lines' list as mime parameters.
+
+    Using the decoded list of parameters and values, format them according to
+    the RFC rules, including using RFC2231 encoding if the value cannot be
+    expressed in 'encoding' and/or the parameter+value is too long to fit
+    within 'maxlen'.
+
+    """
+    # Special case for RFC2231 encoding: start from decoded values and use
+    # RFC2231 encoding iff needed.
+    #
+    # Note that the 1 and 2s being added to the length calculations are
+    # accounting for the possibly-needed spaces and semicolons we'll be adding.
+    #
+    for name, value in part.params:
+        # XXX What if this ';' puts us over maxlen the first time through the
+        # loop?  We should split the header value onto a newline in that case,
+        # but to do that we need to recognize the need earlier or reparse the
+        # header, so I'm going to ignore that bug for now.  It'll only put us
+        # one character over.
+        if not lines[-1].rstrip().endswith(';'):
+            lines[-1] += ';'
+        charset = encoding
+        error_handler = 'strict'
+        try:
+            value.encode(encoding)
+            encoding_required = False
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            encoding_required = True
+            if utils._has_surrogates(value):
+                charset = 'unknown-8bit'
+                error_handler = 'surrogateescape'
+            else:
+                charset = 'utf-8'
+        if encoding_required:
+            encoded_value = urllib.parse.quote(
+                value, safe='', errors=error_handler)
+            tstr = "{}*={}''{}".format(name, charset, encoded_value)
+        else:
+            tstr = '{}={}'.format(name, quote_string(value))
+        if len(lines[-1]) + len(tstr) + 1 < maxlen:
+            lines[-1] = lines[-1] + ' ' + tstr
+            continue
+        elif len(tstr) + 2 <= maxlen:
+            lines.append(' ' + tstr)
+            continue
+        # We need multiple sections.  We are allowed to mix encoded and
+        # non-encoded sections, but we aren't going to.  We'll encode them all.
+        section = 0
+        extra_chrome = charset + "''"
+        while value:
+            chrome_len = len(name) + len(str(section)) + 3 + len(extra_chrome)
+            if maxlen <= chrome_len + 3:
+                # We need room for the leading blank, the trailing semicolon,
+                # and at least one character of the value.  If we don't
+                # have that, we'd be stuck, so in that case fall back to
+                # the RFC standard width.
+                maxlen = 78
+            splitpoint = maxchars = maxlen - chrome_len - 2
+            while True:
+                partial = value[:splitpoint]
+                encoded_value = urllib.parse.quote(
+                    partial, safe='', errors=error_handler)
+                if len(encoded_value) <= maxchars:
+                    break
+                splitpoint -= 1
+            lines.append(" {}*{}*={}{}".format(
+                name, section, extra_chrome, encoded_value))
+            extra_chrome = ''
+            section += 1
+            value = value[splitpoint:]
+            if value:
+                lines[-1] += ';'
diff --git a/Lib/email/_parseaddr.py b/Lib/email/_parseaddr.py
index cdfa3729ad..0f1bf8e425 100644
--- a/Lib/email/_parseaddr.py
+++ b/Lib/email/_parseaddr.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
     'quote',
     ]
 
-import time, calendar
+import time
 
 SPACE = ' '
 EMPTYSTRING = ''
@@ -65,8 +65,10 @@ def _parsedate_tz(data):
 
     """
     if not data:
-        return
+        return None
     data = data.split()
+    if not data:  # This happens for whitespace-only input.
+        return None
     # The FWS after the comma after the day-of-week is optional, so search and
     # adjust for this.
     if data[0].endswith(',') or data[0].lower() in _daynames:
@@ -93,6 +95,8 @@ def _parsedate_tz(data):
         return None
     data = data[:5]
     [dd, mm, yy, tm, tz] = data
+    if not (dd and mm and yy):
+        return None
     mm = mm.lower()
     if mm not in _monthnames:
         dd, mm = mm, dd.lower()
@@ -108,6 +112,8 @@ def _parsedate_tz(data):
         yy, tm = tm, yy
     if yy[-1] == ',':
         yy = yy[:-1]
+        if not yy:
+            return None
     if not yy[0].isdigit():
         yy, tz = tz, yy
     if tm[-1] == ',':
@@ -126,6 +132,8 @@ def _parsedate_tz(data):
             tss = 0
         elif len(tm) == 3:
             [thh, tmm, tss] = tm
+        else:
+            return None
     else:
         return None
     try:
@@ -186,6 +194,9 @@ def mktime_tz(data):
         # No zone info, so localtime is better assumption than GMT
         return time.mktime(data[:8] + (-1,))
     else:
+        # Delay the import, since mktime_tz is rarely used
+        import calendar
+
         t = calendar.timegm(data)
         return t - data[9]
 
@@ -379,7 +390,12 @@ def getaddrspec(self):
         aslist.append('@')
         self.pos += 1
         self.gotonext()
-        return EMPTYSTRING.join(aslist) + self.getdomain()
+        domain = self.getdomain()
+        if not domain:
+            # Invalid domain, return an empty address instead of returning a
+            # local part to denote failed parsing.
+            return EMPTYSTRING
+        return EMPTYSTRING.join(aslist) + domain
 
     def getdomain(self):
         """Get the complete domain name from an address."""
@@ -394,6 +410,10 @@ def getdomain(self):
             elif self.field[self.pos] == '.':
                 self.pos += 1
                 sdlist.append('.')
+            elif self.field[self.pos] == '@':
+                # bpo-34155: Don't parse domains with two `@` like
+                # `a@malicious.org@important.com`.
+                return EMPTYSTRING
             elif self.field[self.pos] in self.atomends:
                 break
             else:
diff --git a/Lib/email/_policybase.py b/Lib/email/_policybase.py
index df4649676a..c9f0d74309 100644
--- a/Lib/email/_policybase.py
+++ b/Lib/email/_policybase.py
@@ -152,11 +152,18 @@ class Policy(_PolicyBase, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     mangle_from_        -- a flag that, when True escapes From_ lines in the
                            body of the message by putting a `>' in front of
                            them. This is used when the message is being
-                           serialized by a generator. Default: True.
+                           serialized by a generator. Default: False.
 
     message_factory     -- the class to use to create new message objects.
                            If the value is None, the default is Message.
 
+    verify_generated_headers
+                        -- if true, the generator verifies that each header
+                           they are properly folded, so that a parser won't
+                           treat it as multiple headers, start-of-body, or
+                           part of another header.
+                           This is a check against custom Header & fold()
+                           implementations.
     """
 
     raise_on_defect = False
@@ -165,6 +172,7 @@ class Policy(_PolicyBase, metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     max_line_length = 78
     mangle_from_ = False
     message_factory = None
+    verify_generated_headers = True
 
     def handle_defect(self, obj, defect):
         """Based on policy, either raise defect or call register_defect.
@@ -294,12 +302,12 @@ def header_source_parse(self, sourcelines):
         """+
         The name is parsed as everything up to the ':' and returned unmodified.
         The value is determined by stripping leading whitespace off the
-        remainder of the first line, joining all subsequent lines together, and
+        remainder of the first line joined with all subsequent lines, and
         stripping any trailing carriage return or linefeed characters.
 
         """
         name, value = sourcelines[0].split(':', 1)
-        value = value.lstrip(' \t') + ''.join(sourcelines[1:])
+        value = ''.join((value, *sourcelines[1:])).lstrip(' \t\r\n')
         return (name, value.rstrip('\r\n'))
 
     def header_store_parse(self, name, value):
@@ -361,8 +369,12 @@ def _fold(self, name, value, sanitize):
             # Assume it is a Header-like object.
             h = value
         if h is not None:
-            parts.append(h.encode(linesep=self.linesep,
-                                  maxlinelen=self.max_line_length))
+            # The Header class interprets a value of None for maxlinelen as the
+            # default value of 78, as recommended by RFC 2822.
+            maxlinelen = 0
+            if self.max_line_length is not None:
+                maxlinelen = self.max_line_length
+            parts.append(h.encode(linesep=self.linesep, maxlinelen=maxlinelen))
         parts.append(self.linesep)
         return ''.join(parts)
 
diff --git a/Lib/email/architecture.rst b/Lib/email/architecture.rst
index 78572ae63b..fcd10bde13 100644
--- a/Lib/email/architecture.rst
+++ b/Lib/email/architecture.rst
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ data payloads.
 Message Lifecycle
 -----------------
 
-The general lifecyle of a message is:
+The general lifecycle of a message is:
 
     Creation
         A `Message` object can be created by a Parser, or it can be
diff --git a/Lib/email/base64mime.py b/Lib/email/base64mime.py
index 17f0818f6c..4cdf22666e 100644
--- a/Lib/email/base64mime.py
+++ b/Lib/email/base64mime.py
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@
 MISC_LEN = 7
 
 
-
 # Helpers
 def header_length(bytearray):
     """Return the length of s when it is encoded with base64."""
@@ -57,7 +56,6 @@ def header_length(bytearray):
     return n
 
 
-
 def header_encode(header_bytes, charset='iso-8859-1'):
     """Encode a single header line with Base64 encoding in a given charset.
 
@@ -72,7 +70,6 @@ def header_encode(header_bytes, charset='iso-8859-1'):
     return '=?%s?b?%s?=' % (charset, encoded)
 
 
-
 def body_encode(s, maxlinelen=76, eol=NL):
     r"""Encode a string with base64.
 
@@ -84,7 +81,7 @@ def body_encode(s, maxlinelen=76, eol=NL):
     in an email.
     """
     if not s:
-        return s
+        return ""
 
     encvec = []
     max_unencoded = maxlinelen * 3 // 4
@@ -98,7 +95,6 @@ def body_encode(s, maxlinelen=76, eol=NL):
     return EMPTYSTRING.join(encvec)
 
 
-
 def decode(string):
     """Decode a raw base64 string, returning a bytes object.
 
diff --git a/Lib/email/charset.py b/Lib/email/charset.py
index ee564040c6..043801107b 100644
--- a/Lib/email/charset.py
+++ b/Lib/email/charset.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 from email.encoders import encode_7or8bit
 
 
-
 # Flags for types of header encodings
 QP          = 1 # Quoted-Printable
 BASE64      = 2 # Base64
@@ -32,7 +31,6 @@
 EMPTYSTRING = ''
 
 
-
 # Defaults
 CHARSETS = {
     # input        header enc  body enc output conv
@@ -104,7 +102,6 @@
     }
 
 
-
 # Convenience functions for extending the above mappings
 def add_charset(charset, header_enc=None, body_enc=None, output_charset=None):
     """Add character set properties to the global registry.
@@ -112,8 +109,8 @@ def add_charset(charset, header_enc=None, body_enc=None, output_charset=None):
     charset is the input character set, and must be the canonical name of a
     character set.
 
-    Optional header_enc and body_enc is either Charset.QP for
-    quoted-printable, Charset.BASE64 for base64 encoding, Charset.SHORTEST for
+    Optional header_enc and body_enc is either charset.QP for
+    quoted-printable, charset.BASE64 for base64 encoding, charset.SHORTEST for
     the shortest of qp or base64 encoding, or None for no encoding.  SHORTEST
     is only valid for header_enc.  It describes how message headers and
     message bodies in the input charset are to be encoded.  Default is no
@@ -153,7 +150,6 @@ def add_codec(charset, codecname):
     CODEC_MAP[charset] = codecname
 
 
-
 # Convenience function for encoding strings, taking into account
 # that they might be unknown-8bit (ie: have surrogate-escaped bytes)
 def _encode(string, codec):
@@ -163,7 +159,6 @@ def _encode(string, codec):
         return string.encode(codec)
 
 
-
 class Charset:
     """Map character sets to their email properties.
 
@@ -185,13 +180,13 @@ class Charset:
 
     header_encoding: If the character set must be encoded before it can be
                      used in an email header, this attribute will be set to
-                     Charset.QP (for quoted-printable), Charset.BASE64 (for
-                     base64 encoding), or Charset.SHORTEST for the shortest of
+                     charset.QP (for quoted-printable), charset.BASE64 (for
+                     base64 encoding), or charset.SHORTEST for the shortest of
                      QP or BASE64 encoding.  Otherwise, it will be None.
 
     body_encoding: Same as header_encoding, but describes the encoding for the
                    mail message's body, which indeed may be different than the
-                   header encoding.  Charset.SHORTEST is not allowed for
+                   header encoding.  charset.SHORTEST is not allowed for
                    body_encoding.
 
     output_charset: Some character sets must be converted before they can be
@@ -241,11 +236,9 @@ def __init__(self, input_charset=DEFAULT_CHARSET):
         self.output_codec = CODEC_MAP.get(self.output_charset,
                                           self.output_charset)
 
-    def __str__(self):
+    def __repr__(self):
         return self.input_charset.lower()
 
-    __repr__ = __str__
-
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return str(self) == str(other).lower()
 
@@ -348,7 +341,6 @@ def header_encode_lines(self, string, maxlengths):
                 if not lines and not current_line:
                     lines.append(None)
                 else:
-                    separator = (' ' if lines else '')
                     joined_line = EMPTYSTRING.join(current_line)
                     header_bytes = _encode(joined_line, codec)
                     lines.append(encoder(header_bytes))
diff --git a/Lib/email/contentmanager.py b/Lib/email/contentmanager.py
index b904ded94c..b4f5830bea 100644
--- a/Lib/email/contentmanager.py
+++ b/Lib/email/contentmanager.py
@@ -72,12 +72,14 @@ def get_non_text_content(msg):
     return msg.get_payload(decode=True)
 for maintype in 'audio image video application'.split():
     raw_data_manager.add_get_handler(maintype, get_non_text_content)
+del maintype
 
 
 def get_message_content(msg):
     return msg.get_payload(0)
 for subtype in 'rfc822 external-body'.split():
     raw_data_manager.add_get_handler('message/'+subtype, get_message_content)
+del subtype
 
 
 def get_and_fixup_unknown_message_content(msg):
@@ -144,15 +146,15 @@ def _encode_text(string, charset, cte, policy):
     linesep = policy.linesep.encode('ascii')
     def embedded_body(lines): return linesep.join(lines) + linesep
     def normal_body(lines): return b'\n'.join(lines) + b'\n'
-    if cte==None:
+    if cte is None:
         # Use heuristics to decide on the "best" encoding.
-        try:
-            return '7bit', normal_body(lines).decode('ascii')
-        except UnicodeDecodeError:
-            pass
-        if (policy.cte_type == '8bit' and
-                max(len(x) for x in lines) <= policy.max_line_length):
-            return '8bit', normal_body(lines).decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
+        if max((len(x) for x in lines), default=0) <= policy.max_line_length:
+            try:
+                return '7bit', normal_body(lines).decode('ascii')
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                pass
+            if policy.cte_type == '8bit':
+                return '8bit', normal_body(lines).decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
         sniff = embedded_body(lines[:10])
         sniff_qp = quoprimime.body_encode(sniff.decode('latin-1'),
                                           policy.max_line_length)
@@ -238,9 +240,7 @@ def set_bytes_content(msg, data, maintype, subtype, cte='base64',
         data = binascii.b2a_qp(data, istext=False, header=False, quotetabs=True)
         data = data.decode('ascii')
     elif cte == '7bit':
-        # Make sure it really is only ASCII.  The early warning here seems
-        # worth the overhead...if you care write your own content manager :).
-        data.encode('ascii')
+        data = data.decode('ascii')
     elif cte in ('8bit', 'binary'):
         data = data.decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
     msg.set_payload(data)
@@ -248,3 +248,4 @@ def set_bytes_content(msg, data, maintype, subtype, cte='base64',
     _finalize_set(msg, disposition, filename, cid, params)
 for typ in (bytes, bytearray, memoryview):
     raw_data_manager.add_set_handler(typ, set_bytes_content)
+del typ
diff --git a/Lib/email/encoders.py b/Lib/email/encoders.py
index 0a66acb624..17bd1ab7b1 100644
--- a/Lib/email/encoders.py
+++ b/Lib/email/encoders.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 from quopri import encodestring as _encodestring
 
 
-
 def _qencode(s):
     enc = _encodestring(s, quotetabs=True)
     # Must encode spaces, which quopri.encodestring() doesn't do
@@ -34,7 +33,6 @@ def encode_base64(msg):
     msg['Content-Transfer-Encoding'] = 'base64'
 
 
-
 def encode_quopri(msg):
     """Encode the message's payload in quoted-printable.
 
@@ -46,7 +44,6 @@ def encode_quopri(msg):
     msg['Content-Transfer-Encoding'] = 'quoted-printable'
 
 
-
 def encode_7or8bit(msg):
     """Set the Content-Transfer-Encoding header to 7bit or 8bit."""
     orig = msg.get_payload(decode=True)
@@ -64,6 +61,5 @@ def encode_7or8bit(msg):
         msg['Content-Transfer-Encoding'] = '7bit'
 
 
-
 def encode_noop(msg):
     """Do nothing."""
diff --git a/Lib/email/errors.py b/Lib/email/errors.py
index 791239fa6a..02aa5eced6 100644
--- a/Lib/email/errors.py
+++ b/Lib/email/errors.py
@@ -29,6 +29,10 @@ class CharsetError(MessageError):
     """An illegal charset was given."""
 
 
+class HeaderWriteError(MessageError):
+    """Error while writing headers."""
+
+
 # These are parsing defects which the parser was able to work around.
 class MessageDefect(ValueError):
     """Base class for a message defect."""
@@ -73,6 +77,9 @@ class InvalidBase64PaddingDefect(MessageDefect):
 class InvalidBase64CharactersDefect(MessageDefect):
     """base64 encoded sequence had characters not in base64 alphabet"""
 
+class InvalidBase64LengthDefect(MessageDefect):
+    """base64 encoded sequence had invalid length (1 mod 4)"""
+
 # These errors are specific to header parsing.
 
 class HeaderDefect(MessageDefect):
@@ -105,3 +112,6 @@ class NonASCIILocalPartDefect(HeaderDefect):
     """local_part contains non-ASCII characters"""
     # This defect only occurs during unicode parsing, not when
     # parsing messages decoded from binary.
+
+class InvalidDateDefect(HeaderDefect):
+    """Header has unparsable or invalid date"""
diff --git a/Lib/email/feedparser.py b/Lib/email/feedparser.py
index 7c07ca8645..06d6b4a3af 100644
--- a/Lib/email/feedparser.py
+++ b/Lib/email/feedparser.py
@@ -37,11 +37,12 @@
 headerRE = re.compile(r'^(From |[\041-\071\073-\176]*:|[\t ])')
 EMPTYSTRING = ''
 NL = '\n'
+boundaryendRE = re.compile(
+    r'(?P<end>--)?(?P<ws>[ \t]*)(?P<linesep>\r\n|\r|\n)?$')
 
 NeedMoreData = object()
 
 
-
 class BufferedSubFile(object):
     """A file-ish object that can have new data loaded into it.
 
@@ -132,7 +133,6 @@ def __next__(self):
         return line
 
 
-
 class FeedParser:
     """A feed-style parser of email."""
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ def close(self):
         assert not self._msgstack
         # Look for final set of defects
         if root.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart' \
-               and not root.is_multipart():
+               and not root.is_multipart() and not self._headersonly:
             defect = errors.MultipartInvariantViolationDefect()
             self.policy.handle_defect(root, defect)
         return root
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ def _parsegen(self):
                         yield NeedMoreData
                         continue
                     break
-                msg = self._pop_message()
+                self._pop_message()
                 # We need to pop the EOF matcher in order to tell if we're at
                 # the end of the current file, not the end of the last block
                 # of message headers.
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ def _parsegen(self):
                 self._cur.set_payload(EMPTYSTRING.join(lines))
                 return
             # Make sure a valid content type was specified per RFC 2045:6.4.
-            if (self._cur.get('content-transfer-encoding', '8bit').lower()
+            if (str(self._cur.get('content-transfer-encoding', '8bit')).lower()
                     not in ('7bit', '8bit', 'binary')):
                 defect = errors.InvalidMultipartContentTransferEncodingDefect()
                 self.policy.handle_defect(self._cur, defect)
@@ -329,9 +329,10 @@ def _parsegen(self):
             # this onto the input stream until we've scanned past the
             # preamble.
             separator = '--' + boundary
-            boundaryre = re.compile(
-                '(?P<sep>' + re.escape(separator) +
-                r')(?P<end>--)?(?P<ws>[ \t]*)(?P<linesep>\r\n|\r|\n)?$')
+            def boundarymatch(line):
+                if not line.startswith(separator):
+                    return None
+                return boundaryendRE.match(line, len(separator))
             capturing_preamble = True
             preamble = []
             linesep = False
@@ -343,7 +344,7 @@ def _parsegen(self):
                     continue
                 if line == '':
                     break
-                mo = boundaryre.match(line)
+                mo = boundarymatch(line)
                 if mo:
                     # If we're looking at the end boundary, we're done with
                     # this multipart.  If there was a newline at the end of
@@ -375,13 +376,13 @@ def _parsegen(self):
                         if line is NeedMoreData:
                             yield NeedMoreData
                             continue
-                        mo = boundaryre.match(line)
+                        mo = boundarymatch(line)
                         if not mo:
                             self._input.unreadline(line)
                             break
                     # Recurse to parse this subpart; the input stream points
                     # at the subpart's first line.
-                    self._input.push_eof_matcher(boundaryre.match)
+                    self._input.push_eof_matcher(boundarymatch)
                     for retval in self._parsegen():
                         if retval is NeedMoreData:
                             yield NeedMoreData
diff --git a/Lib/email/generator.py b/Lib/email/generator.py
index ae670c2353..47b9df8f4e 100644
--- a/Lib/email/generator.py
+++ b/Lib/email/generator.py
@@ -14,15 +14,16 @@
 from copy import deepcopy
 from io import StringIO, BytesIO
 from email.utils import _has_surrogates
+from email.errors import HeaderWriteError
 
 UNDERSCORE = '_'
 NL = '\n'  # XXX: no longer used by the code below.
 
 NLCRE = re.compile(r'\r\n|\r|\n')
 fcre = re.compile(r'^From ', re.MULTILINE)
+NEWLINE_WITHOUT_FWSP = re.compile(r'\r\n[^ \t]|\r[^ \n\t]|\n[^ \t]')
 
 
-
 class Generator:
     """Generates output from a Message object tree.
 
@@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ def _write(self, msg):
         # parameter.
         #
         # The way we do this, so as to make the _handle_*() methods simpler,
-        # is to cache any subpart writes into a buffer.  The we write the
+        # is to cache any subpart writes into a buffer.  Then we write the
         # headers and the buffer contents.  That way, subpart handlers can
         # Do The Right Thing, and can still modify the Content-Type: header if
         # necessary.
@@ -186,7 +187,11 @@ def _write(self, msg):
         # If we munged the cte, copy the message again and re-fix the CTE.
         if munge_cte:
             msg = deepcopy(msg)
-            msg.replace_header('content-transfer-encoding', munge_cte[0])
+            # Preserve the header order if the CTE header already exists.
+            if msg.get('content-transfer-encoding') is None:
+                msg['Content-Transfer-Encoding'] = munge_cte[0]
+            else:
+                msg.replace_header('content-transfer-encoding', munge_cte[0])
             msg.replace_header('content-type', munge_cte[1])
         # Write the headers.  First we see if the message object wants to
         # handle that itself.  If not, we'll do it generically.
@@ -219,7 +224,16 @@ def _dispatch(self, msg):
 
     def _write_headers(self, msg):
         for h, v in msg.raw_items():
-            self.write(self.policy.fold(h, v))
+            folded = self.policy.fold(h, v)
+            if self.policy.verify_generated_headers:
+                linesep = self.policy.linesep
+                if not folded.endswith(self.policy.linesep):
+                    raise HeaderWriteError(
+                        f'folded header does not end with {linesep!r}: {folded!r}')
+                if NEWLINE_WITHOUT_FWSP.search(folded.removesuffix(linesep)):
+                    raise HeaderWriteError(
+                        f'folded header contains newline: {folded!r}')
+            self.write(folded)
         # A blank line always separates headers from body
         self.write(self._NL)
 
@@ -240,7 +254,7 @@ def _handle_text(self, msg):
                 # existing message.
                 msg = deepcopy(msg)
                 del msg['content-transfer-encoding']
-                msg.set_payload(payload, charset)
+                msg.set_payload(msg._payload, charset)
                 payload = msg.get_payload()
                 self._munge_cte = (msg['content-transfer-encoding'],
                                    msg['content-type'])
@@ -388,7 +402,7 @@ def _make_boundary(cls, text=None):
     def _compile_re(cls, s, flags):
         return re.compile(s, flags)
 
-
+
 class BytesGenerator(Generator):
     """Generates a bytes version of a Message object tree.
 
@@ -439,7 +453,6 @@ def _compile_re(cls, s, flags):
         return re.compile(s.encode('ascii'), flags)
 
 
-
 _FMT = '[Non-text (%(type)s) part of message omitted, filename %(filename)s]'
 
 class DecodedGenerator(Generator):
@@ -499,7 +512,6 @@ def _dispatch(self, msg):
                     }, file=self)
 
 
-
 # Helper used by Generator._make_boundary
 _width = len(repr(sys.maxsize-1))
 _fmt = '%%0%dd' % _width
diff --git a/Lib/email/header.py b/Lib/email/header.py
index c7b2dd9f31..984851a7d9 100644
--- a/Lib/email/header.py
+++ b/Lib/email/header.py
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@
   =\?                   # literal =?
   (?P<charset>[^?]*?)   # non-greedy up to the next ? is the charset
   \?                    # literal ?
-  (?P<encoding>[qb])    # either a "q" or a "b", case insensitive
+  (?P<encoding>[qQbB])  # either a "q" or a "b", case insensitive
   \?                    # literal ?
   (?P<encoded>.*?)      # non-greedy up to the next ?= is the encoded string
   \?=                   # literal ?=
-  ''', re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE | re.MULTILINE)
+  ''', re.VERBOSE | re.MULTILINE)
 
 # Field name regexp, including trailing colon, but not separating whitespace,
 # according to RFC 2822.  Character range is from tilde to exclamation mark.
@@ -52,12 +52,10 @@
 _embedded_header = re.compile(r'\n[^ \t]+:')
 
 
-
 # Helpers
 _max_append = email.quoprimime._max_append
 
 
-
 def decode_header(header):
     """Decode a message header value without converting charset.
 
@@ -152,7 +150,6 @@ def decode_header(header):
     return collapsed
 
 
-
 def make_header(decoded_seq, maxlinelen=None, header_name=None,
                 continuation_ws=' '):
     """Create a Header from a sequence of pairs as returned by decode_header()
@@ -175,7 +172,6 @@ def make_header(decoded_seq, maxlinelen=None, header_name=None,
     return h
 
 
-
 class Header:
     def __init__(self, s=None, charset=None,
                  maxlinelen=None, header_name=None,
@@ -409,7 +405,6 @@ def _normalize(self):
         self._chunks = chunks
 
 
-
 class _ValueFormatter:
     def __init__(self, headerlen, maxlen, continuation_ws, splitchars):
         self._maxlen = maxlen
@@ -431,7 +426,7 @@ def newline(self):
         if end_of_line != (' ', ''):
             self._current_line.push(*end_of_line)
         if len(self._current_line) > 0:
-            if self._current_line.is_onlyws():
+            if self._current_line.is_onlyws() and self._lines:
                 self._lines[-1] += str(self._current_line)
             else:
                 self._lines.append(str(self._current_line))
diff --git a/Lib/email/headerregistry.py b/Lib/email/headerregistry.py
index 0fc2231e5c..543141dc42 100644
--- a/Lib/email/headerregistry.py
+++ b/Lib/email/headerregistry.py
@@ -2,10 +2,6 @@
 
 This module provides an implementation of the HeaderRegistry API.
 The implementation is designed to flexibly follow RFC5322 rules.
-
-Eventually HeaderRegistry will be a public API, but it isn't yet,
-and will probably change some before that happens.
-
 """
 from types import MappingProxyType
 
@@ -31,6 +27,11 @@ def __init__(self, display_name='', username='', domain='', addr_spec=None):
         without any Content Transfer Encoding.
 
         """
+
+        inputs = ''.join(filter(None, (display_name, username, domain, addr_spec)))
+        if '\r' in inputs or '\n' in inputs:
+            raise ValueError("invalid arguments; address parts cannot contain CR or LF")
+
         # This clause with its potential 'raise' may only happen when an
         # application program creates an Address object using an addr_spec
         # keyword.  The email library code itself must always supply username
@@ -69,11 +70,9 @@ def addr_spec(self):
         """The addr_spec (username@domain) portion of the address, quoted
         according to RFC 5322 rules, but with no Content Transfer Encoding.
         """
-        nameset = set(self.username)
-        if len(nameset) > len(nameset-parser.DOT_ATOM_ENDS):
-            lp = parser.quote_string(self.username)
-        else:
-            lp = self.username
+        lp = self.username
+        if not parser.DOT_ATOM_ENDS.isdisjoint(lp):
+            lp = parser.quote_string(lp)
         if self.domain:
             return lp + '@' + self.domain
         if not lp:
@@ -86,19 +85,17 @@ def __repr__(self):
                         self.display_name, self.username, self.domain)
 
     def __str__(self):
-        nameset = set(self.display_name)
-        if len(nameset) > len(nameset-parser.SPECIALS):
-            disp = parser.quote_string(self.display_name)
-        else:
-            disp = self.display_name
+        disp = self.display_name
+        if not parser.SPECIALS.isdisjoint(disp):
+            disp = parser.quote_string(disp)
         if disp:
             addr_spec = '' if self.addr_spec=='<>' else self.addr_spec
             return "{} <{}>".format(disp, addr_spec)
         return self.addr_spec
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        if type(other) != type(self):
-            return False
+        if not isinstance(other, Address):
+            return NotImplemented
         return (self.display_name == other.display_name and
                 self.username == other.username and
                 self.domain == other.domain)
@@ -141,17 +138,15 @@ def __str__(self):
         if self.display_name is None and len(self.addresses)==1:
             return str(self.addresses[0])
         disp = self.display_name
-        if disp is not None:
-            nameset = set(disp)
-            if len(nameset) > len(nameset-parser.SPECIALS):
-                disp = parser.quote_string(disp)
+        if disp is not None and not parser.SPECIALS.isdisjoint(disp):
+            disp = parser.quote_string(disp)
         adrstr = ", ".join(str(x) for x in self.addresses)
         adrstr = ' ' + adrstr if adrstr else adrstr
         return "{}:{};".format(disp, adrstr)
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        if type(other) != type(self):
-            return False
+        if not isinstance(other, Group):
+            return NotImplemented
         return (self.display_name == other.display_name and
                 self.addresses == other.addresses)
 
@@ -223,7 +218,7 @@ def __reduce__(self):
                 self.__class__.__bases__,
                 str(self),
             ),
-            self.__dict__)
+            self.__getstate__())
 
     @classmethod
     def _reconstruct(cls, value):
@@ -245,13 +240,16 @@ def fold(self, *, policy):
         the header name and the ': ' separator.
 
         """
-        # At some point we need to only put fws here if it was in the source.
+        # At some point we need to put fws here if it was in the source.
         header = parser.Header([
             parser.HeaderLabel([
                 parser.ValueTerminal(self.name, 'header-name'),
                 parser.ValueTerminal(':', 'header-sep')]),
-            parser.CFWSList([parser.WhiteSpaceTerminal(' ', 'fws')]),
-                             self._parse_tree])
+            ])
+        if self._parse_tree:
+            header.append(
+                parser.CFWSList([parser.WhiteSpaceTerminal(' ', 'fws')]))
+        header.append(self._parse_tree)
         return header.fold(policy=policy)
 
 
@@ -300,7 +298,14 @@ def parse(cls, value, kwds):
             kwds['parse_tree'] = parser.TokenList()
             return
         if isinstance(value, str):
-            value = utils.parsedate_to_datetime(value)
+            kwds['decoded'] = value
+            try:
+                value = utils.parsedate_to_datetime(value)
+            except ValueError:
+                kwds['defects'].append(errors.InvalidDateDefect('Invalid date value or format'))
+                kwds['datetime'] = None
+                kwds['parse_tree'] = parser.TokenList()
+                return
         kwds['datetime'] = value
         kwds['decoded'] = utils.format_datetime(kwds['datetime'])
         kwds['parse_tree'] = cls.value_parser(kwds['decoded'])
@@ -369,8 +374,8 @@ def groups(self):
     @property
     def addresses(self):
         if self._addresses is None:
-            self._addresses = tuple([address for group in self._groups
-                                             for address in group.addresses])
+            self._addresses = tuple(address for group in self._groups
+                                            for address in group.addresses)
         return self._addresses
 
 
@@ -517,6 +522,18 @@ def cte(self):
         return self._cte
 
 
+class MessageIDHeader:
+
+    max_count = 1
+    value_parser = staticmethod(parser.parse_message_id)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def parse(cls, value, kwds):
+        kwds['parse_tree'] = parse_tree = cls.value_parser(value)
+        kwds['decoded'] = str(parse_tree)
+        kwds['defects'].extend(parse_tree.all_defects)
+
+
 # The header factory #
 
 _default_header_map = {
@@ -539,6 +556,7 @@ def cte(self):
     'content-type':                 ContentTypeHeader,
     'content-disposition':          ContentDispositionHeader,
     'content-transfer-encoding':    ContentTransferEncodingHeader,
+    'message-id':                   MessageIDHeader,
     }
 
 class HeaderRegistry:
diff --git a/Lib/email/iterators.py b/Lib/email/iterators.py
index b5502ee975..3410935e38 100644
--- a/Lib/email/iterators.py
+++ b/Lib/email/iterators.py
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 from io import StringIO
 
 
-
 # This function will become a method of the Message class
 def walk(self):
     """Walk over the message tree, yielding each subpart.
@@ -29,7 +28,6 @@ def walk(self):
             yield from subpart.walk()
 
 
-
 # These two functions are imported into the Iterators.py interface module.
 def body_line_iterator(msg, decode=False):
     """Iterate over the parts, returning string payloads line-by-line.
@@ -55,7 +53,6 @@ def typed_subpart_iterator(msg, maintype='text', subtype=None):
                 yield subpart
 
 
-
 def _structure(msg, fp=None, level=0, include_default=False):
     """A handy debugging aid"""
     if fp is None:
diff --git a/Lib/email/message.py b/Lib/email/message.py
index f932186875..46bb8c2194 100644
--- a/Lib/email/message.py
+++ b/Lib/email/message.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 __all__ = ['Message', 'EmailMessage']
 
+import binascii
 import re
 import quopri
 from io import BytesIO, StringIO
@@ -13,7 +14,7 @@
 # Intrapackage imports
 from email import utils
 from email import errors
-from email._policybase import Policy, compat32
+from email._policybase import compat32
 from email import charset as _charset
 from email._encoded_words import decode_b
 Charset = _charset.Charset
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ def _splitparam(param):
     if not sep:
         return a.strip(), None
     return a.strip(), b.strip()
-
+
 def _formatparam(param, value=None, quote=True):
     """Convenience function to format and return a key=value pair.
 
@@ -129,7 +130,8 @@ def _decode_uu(encoded):
         decoded_lines.append(decoded_line)
 
     return b''.join(decoded_lines)
-
+
+
 class Message:
     """Basic message object.
 
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ def as_string(self, unixfrom=False, maxheaderlen=0, policy=None):
         header.  For backward compatibility reasons, if maxheaderlen is
         not specified it defaults to 0, so you must override it explicitly
         if you want a different maxheaderlen.  'policy' is passed to the
-        Generator instance used to serialize the mesasge; if it is not
+        Generator instance used to serialize the message; if it is not
         specified the policy associated with the message instance is used.
 
         If the message object contains binary data that is not encoded
@@ -287,25 +289,26 @@ def get_payload(self, i=None, decode=False):
         # cte might be a Header, so for now stringify it.
         cte = str(self.get('content-transfer-encoding', '')).lower()
         # payload may be bytes here.
-        if isinstance(payload, str):
-            if utils._has_surrogates(payload):
-                bpayload = payload.encode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
-                if not decode:
+        if not decode:
+            if isinstance(payload, str) and utils._has_surrogates(payload):
+                try:
+                    bpayload = payload.encode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
                     try:
-                        payload = bpayload.decode(self.get_param('charset', 'ascii'), 'replace')
+                        payload = bpayload.decode(self.get_content_charset('ascii'), 'replace')
                     except LookupError:
                         payload = bpayload.decode('ascii', 'replace')
-            elif decode:
-                try:
-                    bpayload = payload.encode('ascii')
-                except UnicodeError:
-                    # This won't happen for RFC compliant messages (messages
-                    # containing only ASCII code points in the unicode input).
-                    # If it does happen, turn the string into bytes in a way
-                    # guaranteed not to fail.
-                    bpayload = payload.encode('raw-unicode-escape')
-        if not decode:
+                except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                    pass
             return payload
+        if isinstance(payload, str):
+            try:
+                bpayload = payload.encode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                # This won't happen for RFC compliant messages (messages
+                # containing only ASCII code points in the unicode input).
+                # If it does happen, turn the string into bytes in a way
+                # guaranteed not to fail.
+                bpayload = payload.encode('raw-unicode-escape')
         if cte == 'quoted-printable':
             return quopri.decodestring(bpayload)
         elif cte == 'base64':
@@ -337,7 +340,7 @@ def set_payload(self, payload, charset=None):
                 return
             if not isinstance(charset, Charset):
                 charset = Charset(charset)
-            payload = payload.encode(charset.output_charset)
+            payload = payload.encode(charset.output_charset, 'surrogateescape')
         if hasattr(payload, 'decode'):
             self._payload = payload.decode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
         else:
@@ -446,7 +449,11 @@ def __delitem__(self, name):
         self._headers = newheaders
 
     def __contains__(self, name):
-        return name.lower() in [k.lower() for k, v in self._headers]
+        name_lower = name.lower()
+        for k, v in self._headers:
+            if name_lower == k.lower():
+                return True
+        return False
 
     def __iter__(self):
         for field, value in self._headers:
@@ -973,7 +980,7 @@ def __init__(self, policy=None):
         if policy is None:
             from email.policy import default
             policy = default
-        Message.__init__(self, policy)
+        super().__init__(policy)
 
 
     def as_string(self, unixfrom=False, maxheaderlen=None, policy=None):
@@ -983,14 +990,14 @@ def as_string(self, unixfrom=False, maxheaderlen=None, policy=None):
         header.  maxheaderlen is retained for backward compatibility with the
         base Message class, but defaults to None, meaning that the policy value
         for max_line_length controls the header maximum length.  'policy' is
-        passed to the Generator instance used to serialize the mesasge; if it
+        passed to the Generator instance used to serialize the message; if it
         is not specified the policy associated with the message instance is
         used.
         """
         policy = self.policy if policy is None else policy
         if maxheaderlen is None:
             maxheaderlen = policy.max_line_length
-        return super().as_string(maxheaderlen=maxheaderlen, policy=policy)
+        return super().as_string(unixfrom, maxheaderlen, policy)
 
     def __str__(self):
         return self.as_string(policy=self.policy.clone(utf8=True))
@@ -1007,7 +1014,7 @@ def _find_body(self, part, preferencelist):
             if subtype in preferencelist:
                 yield (preferencelist.index(subtype), part)
             return
-        if maintype != 'multipart':
+        if maintype != 'multipart' or not self.is_multipart():
             return
         if subtype != 'related':
             for subpart in part.iter_parts():
@@ -1066,7 +1073,16 @@ def iter_attachments(self):
         maintype, subtype = self.get_content_type().split('/')
         if maintype != 'multipart' or subtype == 'alternative':
             return
-        parts = self.get_payload().copy()
+        payload = self.get_payload()
+        # Certain malformed messages can have content type set to `multipart/*`
+        # but still have single part body, in which case payload.copy() can
+        # fail with AttributeError.
+        try:
+            parts = payload.copy()
+        except AttributeError:
+            # payload is not a list, it is most probably a string.
+            return
+
         if maintype == 'multipart' and subtype == 'related':
             # For related, we treat everything but the root as an attachment.
             # The root may be indicated by 'start'; if there's no start or we
@@ -1103,7 +1119,7 @@ def iter_parts(self):
 
         Return an empty iterator for a non-multipart.
         """
-        if self.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
+        if self.is_multipart():
             yield from self.get_payload()
 
     def get_content(self, *args, content_manager=None, **kw):
diff --git a/Lib/email/mime/application.py b/Lib/email/mime/application.py
index 6877e554e1..f67cbad3f0 100644
--- a/Lib/email/mime/application.py
+++ b/Lib/email/mime/application.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ def __init__(self, _data, _subtype='octet-stream',
                  _encoder=encoders.encode_base64, *, policy=None, **_params):
         """Create an application/* type MIME document.
 
-        _data is a string containing the raw application data.
+        _data contains the bytes for the raw application data.
 
         _subtype is the MIME content type subtype, defaulting to
         'octet-stream'.
diff --git a/Lib/email/mime/audio.py b/Lib/email/mime/audio.py
index 4bcd7b224a..aa0c4905cb 100644
--- a/Lib/email/mime/audio.py
+++ b/Lib/email/mime/audio.py
@@ -6,39 +6,10 @@
 
 __all__ = ['MIMEAudio']
 
-import sndhdr
-
-from io import BytesIO
 from email import encoders
 from email.mime.nonmultipart import MIMENonMultipart
 
 
-
-_sndhdr_MIMEmap = {'au'  : 'basic',
-                   'wav' :'x-wav',
-                   'aiff':'x-aiff',
-                   'aifc':'x-aiff',
-                   }
-
-# There are others in sndhdr that don't have MIME types. :(
-# Additional ones to be added to sndhdr? midi, mp3, realaudio, wma??
-def _whatsnd(data):
-    """Try to identify a sound file type.
-
-    sndhdr.what() has a pretty cruddy interface, unfortunately.  This is why
-    we re-do it here.  It would be easier to reverse engineer the Unix 'file'
-    command and use the standard 'magic' file, as shipped with a modern Unix.
-    """
-    hdr = data[:512]
-    fakefile = BytesIO(hdr)
-    for testfn in sndhdr.tests:
-        res = testfn(hdr, fakefile)
-        if res is not None:
-            return _sndhdr_MIMEmap.get(res[0])
-    return None
-
-
-
 class MIMEAudio(MIMENonMultipart):
     """Class for generating audio/* MIME documents."""
 
@@ -46,8 +17,8 @@ def __init__(self, _audiodata, _subtype=None,
                  _encoder=encoders.encode_base64, *, policy=None, **_params):
         """Create an audio/* type MIME document.
 
-        _audiodata is a string containing the raw audio data.  If this data
-        can be decoded by the standard Python `sndhdr' module, then the
+        _audiodata contains the bytes for the raw audio data.  If this data
+        can be decoded as au, wav, aiff, or aifc, then the
         subtype will be automatically included in the Content-Type header.
         Otherwise, you can specify  the specific audio subtype via the
         _subtype parameter.  If _subtype is not given, and no subtype can be
@@ -65,10 +36,62 @@ def __init__(self, _audiodata, _subtype=None,
         header.
         """
         if _subtype is None:
-            _subtype = _whatsnd(_audiodata)
+            _subtype = _what(_audiodata)
         if _subtype is None:
             raise TypeError('Could not find audio MIME subtype')
         MIMENonMultipart.__init__(self, 'audio', _subtype, policy=policy,
                                   **_params)
         self.set_payload(_audiodata)
         _encoder(self)
+
+
+_rules = []
+
+
+# Originally from the sndhdr module.
+#
+# There are others in sndhdr that don't have MIME types. :(
+# Additional ones to be added to sndhdr? midi, mp3, realaudio, wma??
+def _what(data):
+    # Try to identify a sound file type.
+    #
+    # sndhdr.what() had a pretty cruddy interface, unfortunately.  This is why
+    # we re-do it here.  It would be easier to reverse engineer the Unix 'file'
+    # command and use the standard 'magic' file, as shipped with a modern Unix.
+    for testfn in _rules:
+        if res := testfn(data):
+            return res
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def rule(rulefunc):
+    _rules.append(rulefunc)
+    return rulefunc
+
+
+@rule
+def _aiff(h):
+    if not h.startswith(b'FORM'):
+        return None
+    if h[8:12] in {b'AIFC', b'AIFF'}:
+        return 'x-aiff'
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+@rule
+def _au(h):
+    if h.startswith(b'.snd'):
+        return 'basic'
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+@rule
+def _wav(h):
+    # 'RIFF' <len> 'WAVE' 'fmt ' <len>
+    if not h.startswith(b'RIFF') or h[8:12] != b'WAVE' or h[12:16] != b'fmt ':
+        return None
+    else:
+        return "x-wav"
diff --git a/Lib/email/mime/base.py b/Lib/email/mime/base.py
index 1a3f9b51f6..f601f621ce 100644
--- a/Lib/email/mime/base.py
+++ b/Lib/email/mime/base.py
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 from email import message
 
 
-
 class MIMEBase(message.Message):
     """Base class for MIME specializations."""
 
diff --git a/Lib/email/mime/image.py b/Lib/email/mime/image.py
index 92724643cd..4b7f2f9cba 100644
--- a/Lib/email/mime/image.py
+++ b/Lib/email/mime/image.py
@@ -6,13 +6,10 @@
 
 __all__ = ['MIMEImage']
 
-import imghdr
-
 from email import encoders
 from email.mime.nonmultipart import MIMENonMultipart
 
 
-
 class MIMEImage(MIMENonMultipart):
     """Class for generating image/* type MIME documents."""
 
@@ -20,11 +17,11 @@ def __init__(self, _imagedata, _subtype=None,
                  _encoder=encoders.encode_base64, *, policy=None, **_params):
         """Create an image/* type MIME document.
 
-        _imagedata is a string containing the raw image data.  If this data
-        can be decoded by the standard Python `imghdr' module, then the
-        subtype will be automatically included in the Content-Type header.
-        Otherwise, you can specify the specific image subtype via the _subtype
-        parameter.
+        _imagedata contains the bytes for the raw image data.  If the data
+        type can be detected (jpeg, png, gif, tiff, rgb, pbm, pgm, ppm,
+        rast, xbm, bmp, webp, and exr attempted), then the subtype will be
+        automatically included in the Content-Type header. Otherwise, you can
+        specify the specific image subtype via the _subtype parameter.
 
         _encoder is a function which will perform the actual encoding for
         transport of the image data.  It takes one argument, which is this
@@ -37,11 +34,119 @@ def __init__(self, _imagedata, _subtype=None,
         constructor, which turns them into parameters on the Content-Type
         header.
         """
-        if _subtype is None:
-            _subtype = imghdr.what(None, _imagedata)
+        _subtype = _what(_imagedata) if _subtype is None else _subtype
         if _subtype is None:
             raise TypeError('Could not guess image MIME subtype')
         MIMENonMultipart.__init__(self, 'image', _subtype, policy=policy,
                                   **_params)
         self.set_payload(_imagedata)
         _encoder(self)
+
+
+_rules = []
+
+
+# Originally from the imghdr module.
+def _what(data):
+    for rule in _rules:
+        if res := rule(data):
+            return res
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def rule(rulefunc):
+    _rules.append(rulefunc)
+    return rulefunc
+
+
+@rule
+def _jpeg(h):
+    """JPEG data with JFIF or Exif markers; and raw JPEG"""
+    if h[6:10] in (b'JFIF', b'Exif'):
+        return 'jpeg'
+    elif h[:4] == b'\xff\xd8\xff\xdb':
+        return 'jpeg'
+
+
+@rule
+def _png(h):
+    if h.startswith(b'\211PNG\r\n\032\n'):
+        return 'png'
+
+
+@rule
+def _gif(h):
+    """GIF ('87 and '89 variants)"""
+    if h[:6] in (b'GIF87a', b'GIF89a'):
+        return 'gif'
+
+
+@rule
+def _tiff(h):
+    """TIFF (can be in Motorola or Intel byte order)"""
+    if h[:2] in (b'MM', b'II'):
+        return 'tiff'
+
+
+@rule
+def _rgb(h):
+    """SGI image library"""
+    if h.startswith(b'\001\332'):
+        return 'rgb'
+
+
+@rule
+def _pbm(h):
+    """PBM (portable bitmap)"""
+    if len(h) >= 3 and \
+            h[0] == ord(b'P') and h[1] in b'14' and h[2] in b' \t\n\r':
+        return 'pbm'
+
+
+@rule
+def _pgm(h):
+    """PGM (portable graymap)"""
+    if len(h) >= 3 and \
+            h[0] == ord(b'P') and h[1] in b'25' and h[2] in b' \t\n\r':
+        return 'pgm'
+
+
+@rule
+def _ppm(h):
+    """PPM (portable pixmap)"""
+    if len(h) >= 3 and \
+            h[0] == ord(b'P') and h[1] in b'36' and h[2] in b' \t\n\r':
+        return 'ppm'
+
+
+@rule
+def _rast(h):
+    """Sun raster file"""
+    if h.startswith(b'\x59\xA6\x6A\x95'):
+        return 'rast'
+
+
+@rule
+def _xbm(h):
+    """X bitmap (X10 or X11)"""
+    if h.startswith(b'#define '):
+        return 'xbm'
+
+
+@rule
+def _bmp(h):
+    if h.startswith(b'BM'):
+        return 'bmp'
+
+
+@rule
+def _webp(h):
+    if h.startswith(b'RIFF') and h[8:12] == b'WEBP':
+        return 'webp'
+
+
+@rule
+def _exr(h):
+    if h.startswith(b'\x76\x2f\x31\x01'):
+        return 'exr'
diff --git a/Lib/email/mime/message.py b/Lib/email/mime/message.py
index 07e4f2d119..61836b5a78 100644
--- a/Lib/email/mime/message.py
+++ b/Lib/email/mime/message.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 from email.mime.nonmultipart import MIMENonMultipart
 
 
-
 class MIMEMessage(MIMENonMultipart):
     """Class representing message/* MIME documents."""
 
diff --git a/Lib/email/mime/multipart.py b/Lib/email/mime/multipart.py
index 2d3f288810..94d81c771a 100644
--- a/Lib/email/mime/multipart.py
+++ b/Lib/email/mime/multipart.py
@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@
 from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
 
 
-
 class MIMEMultipart(MIMEBase):
     """Base class for MIME multipart/* type messages."""
 
diff --git a/Lib/email/mime/nonmultipart.py b/Lib/email/mime/nonmultipart.py
index e1f51968b5..a41386eb14 100644
--- a/Lib/email/mime/nonmultipart.py
+++ b/Lib/email/mime/nonmultipart.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
 
 
-
 class MIMENonMultipart(MIMEBase):
     """Base class for MIME non-multipart type messages."""
 
diff --git a/Lib/email/mime/text.py b/Lib/email/mime/text.py
index 35b4423830..7672b78913 100644
--- a/Lib/email/mime/text.py
+++ b/Lib/email/mime/text.py
@@ -6,11 +6,9 @@
 
 __all__ = ['MIMEText']
 
-from email.charset import Charset
 from email.mime.nonmultipart import MIMENonMultipart
 
 
-
 class MIMEText(MIMENonMultipart):
     """Class for generating text/* type MIME documents."""
 
@@ -37,6 +35,6 @@ def __init__(self, _text, _subtype='plain', _charset=None, *, policy=None):
                 _charset = 'utf-8'
 
         MIMENonMultipart.__init__(self, 'text', _subtype, policy=policy,
-                                  **{'charset': str(_charset)})
+                                  charset=str(_charset))
 
         self.set_payload(_text, _charset)
diff --git a/Lib/email/parser.py b/Lib/email/parser.py
index 555b172560..06d99b17f2 100644
--- a/Lib/email/parser.py
+++ b/Lib/email/parser.py
@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@
 from email._policybase import compat32
 
 
-
 class Parser:
     def __init__(self, _class=None, *, policy=compat32):
         """Parser of RFC 2822 and MIME email messages.
@@ -50,10 +49,7 @@ def parse(self, fp, headersonly=False):
         feedparser = FeedParser(self._class, policy=self.policy)
         if headersonly:
             feedparser._set_headersonly()
-        while True:
-            data = fp.read(8192)
-            if not data:
-                break
+        while data := fp.read(8192):
             feedparser.feed(data)
         return feedparser.close()
 
@@ -68,7 +64,6 @@ def parsestr(self, text, headersonly=False):
         return self.parse(StringIO(text), headersonly=headersonly)
 
 
-
 class HeaderParser(Parser):
     def parse(self, fp, headersonly=True):
         return Parser.parse(self, fp, True)
@@ -76,7 +71,7 @@ def parse(self, fp, headersonly=True):
     def parsestr(self, text, headersonly=True):
         return Parser.parsestr(self, text, True)
 
-
+
 class BytesParser:
 
     def __init__(self, *args, **kw):
diff --git a/Lib/email/policy.py b/Lib/email/policy.py
index 5131311ac5..6e109b6501 100644
--- a/Lib/email/policy.py
+++ b/Lib/email/policy.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 """
 
 import re
+import sys
 from email._policybase import Policy, Compat32, compat32, _extend_docstrings
 from email.utils import _has_surrogates
 from email.headerregistry import HeaderRegistry as HeaderRegistry
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@
     'HTTP',
     ]
 
-linesep_splitter = re.compile(r'\n|\r')
+linesep_splitter = re.compile(r'\n|\r\n?')
 
 @_extend_docstrings
 class EmailPolicy(Policy):
@@ -118,13 +119,13 @@ def header_source_parse(self, sourcelines):
         """+
         The name is parsed as everything up to the ':' and returned unmodified.
         The value is determined by stripping leading whitespace off the
-        remainder of the first line, joining all subsequent lines together, and
+        remainder of the first line joined with all subsequent lines, and
         stripping any trailing carriage return or linefeed characters.  (This
         is the same as Compat32).
 
         """
         name, value = sourcelines[0].split(':', 1)
-        value = value.lstrip(' \t') + ''.join(sourcelines[1:])
+        value = ''.join((value, *sourcelines[1:])).lstrip(' \t\r\n')
         return (name, value.rstrip('\r\n'))
 
     def header_store_parse(self, name, value):
@@ -203,14 +204,22 @@ def fold_binary(self, name, value):
     def _fold(self, name, value, refold_binary=False):
         if hasattr(value, 'name'):
             return value.fold(policy=self)
-        maxlen = self.max_line_length if self.max_line_length else float('inf')
-        lines = value.splitlines()
+        maxlen = self.max_line_length if self.max_line_length else sys.maxsize
+        # We can't use splitlines here because it splits on more than \r and \n.
+        lines = linesep_splitter.split(value)
         refold = (self.refold_source == 'all' or
                   self.refold_source == 'long' and
                     (lines and len(lines[0])+len(name)+2 > maxlen or
                      any(len(x) > maxlen for x in lines[1:])))
-        if refold or refold_binary and _has_surrogates(value):
+
+        if not refold:
+            if not self.utf8:
+                refold = not value.isascii()
+            elif refold_binary:
+                refold = _has_surrogates(value)
+        if refold:
             return self.header_factory(name, ''.join(lines)).fold(policy=self)
+
         return name + ': ' + self.linesep.join(lines) + self.linesep
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/email/quoprimime.py b/Lib/email/quoprimime.py
index c543eb59ae..27fcbb5a26 100644
--- a/Lib/email/quoprimime.py
+++ b/Lib/email/quoprimime.py
@@ -148,6 +148,7 @@ def header_encode(header_bytes, charset='iso-8859-1'):
 _QUOPRI_BODY_ENCODE_MAP = _QUOPRI_BODY_MAP[:]
 for c in b'\r\n':
     _QUOPRI_BODY_ENCODE_MAP[c] = chr(c)
+del c
 
 def body_encode(body, maxlinelen=76, eol=NL):
     """Encode with quoted-printable, wrapping at maxlinelen characters.
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ def body_encode(body, maxlinelen=76, eol=NL):
     if not body:
         return body
 
-    # quote speacial characters
+    # quote special characters
     body = body.translate(_QUOPRI_BODY_ENCODE_MAP)
 
     soft_break = '=' + eol
diff --git a/Lib/email/utils.py b/Lib/email/utils.py
index a759d23308..e42674fa4f 100644
--- a/Lib/email/utils.py
+++ b/Lib/email/utils.py
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@
 import os
 import re
 import time
-import random
-import socket
 import datetime
 import urllib.parse
 
@@ -36,9 +34,6 @@
 
 from email._parseaddr import parsedate, parsedate_tz, _parsedate_tz
 
-# Intrapackage imports
-from email.charset import Charset
-
 COMMASPACE = ', '
 EMPTYSTRING = ''
 UEMPTYSTRING = ''
@@ -48,11 +43,12 @@
 specialsre = re.compile(r'[][\\()<>@,:;".]')
 escapesre = re.compile(r'[\\"]')
 
+
 def _has_surrogates(s):
-    """Return True if s contains surrogate-escaped binary data."""
+    """Return True if s may contain surrogate-escaped binary data."""
     # This check is based on the fact that unless there are surrogates, utf8
     # (Python's default encoding) can encode any string.  This is the fastest
-    # way to check for surrogates, see issue 11454 for timings.
+    # way to check for surrogates, see bpo-11454 (moved to gh-55663) for timings.
     try:
         s.encode()
         return False
@@ -81,7 +77,7 @@ def formataddr(pair, charset='utf-8'):
     If the first element of pair is false, then the second element is
     returned unmodified.
 
-    Optional charset if given is the character set that is used to encode
+    The optional charset is the character set that is used to encode
     realname in case realname is not ASCII safe.  Can be an instance of str or
     a Charset-like object which has a header_encode method.  Default is
     'utf-8'.
@@ -94,6 +90,8 @@ def formataddr(pair, charset='utf-8'):
             name.encode('ascii')
         except UnicodeEncodeError:
             if isinstance(charset, str):
+                # lazy import to improve module import time
+                from email.charset import Charset
                 charset = Charset(charset)
             encoded_name = charset.header_encode(name)
             return "%s <%s>" % (encoded_name, address)
@@ -106,24 +104,127 @@ def formataddr(pair, charset='utf-8'):
     return address
 
 
+def _iter_escaped_chars(addr):
+    pos = 0
+    escape = False
+    for pos, ch in enumerate(addr):
+        if escape:
+            yield (pos, '\\' + ch)
+            escape = False
+        elif ch == '\\':
+            escape = True
+        else:
+            yield (pos, ch)
+    if escape:
+        yield (pos, '\\')
+
+
+def _strip_quoted_realnames(addr):
+    """Strip real names between quotes."""
+    if '"' not in addr:
+        # Fast path
+        return addr
+
+    start = 0
+    open_pos = None
+    result = []
+    for pos, ch in _iter_escaped_chars(addr):
+        if ch == '"':
+            if open_pos is None:
+                open_pos = pos
+            else:
+                if start != open_pos:
+                    result.append(addr[start:open_pos])
+                start = pos + 1
+                open_pos = None
+
+    if start < len(addr):
+        result.append(addr[start:])
+
+    return ''.join(result)
 
-def getaddresses(fieldvalues):
-    """Return a list of (REALNAME, EMAIL) for each fieldvalue."""
-    all = COMMASPACE.join(fieldvalues)
-    a = _AddressList(all)
-    return a.addresslist
 
+supports_strict_parsing = True
 
+def getaddresses(fieldvalues, *, strict=True):
+    """Return a list of (REALNAME, EMAIL) or ('','') for each fieldvalue.
 
-ecre = re.compile(r'''
-  =\?                   # literal =?
-  (?P<charset>[^?]*?)   # non-greedy up to the next ? is the charset
-  \?                    # literal ?
-  (?P<encoding>[qb])    # either a "q" or a "b", case insensitive
-  \?                    # literal ?
-  (?P<atom>.*?)         # non-greedy up to the next ?= is the atom
-  \?=                   # literal ?=
-  ''', re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
+    When parsing fails for a fieldvalue, a 2-tuple of ('', '') is returned in
+    its place.
+
+    If strict is true, use a strict parser which rejects malformed inputs.
+    """
+
+    # If strict is true, if the resulting list of parsed addresses is greater
+    # than the number of fieldvalues in the input list, a parsing error has
+    # occurred and consequently a list containing a single empty 2-tuple [('',
+    # '')] is returned in its place. This is done to avoid invalid output.
+    #
+    # Malformed input: getaddresses(['alice@example.com <bob@example.com>'])
+    # Invalid output: [('', 'alice@example.com'), ('', 'bob@example.com')]
+    # Safe output: [('', '')]
+
+    if not strict:
+        all = COMMASPACE.join(str(v) for v in fieldvalues)
+        a = _AddressList(all)
+        return a.addresslist
+
+    fieldvalues = [str(v) for v in fieldvalues]
+    fieldvalues = _pre_parse_validation(fieldvalues)
+    addr = COMMASPACE.join(fieldvalues)
+    a = _AddressList(addr)
+    result = _post_parse_validation(a.addresslist)
+
+    # Treat output as invalid if the number of addresses is not equal to the
+    # expected number of addresses.
+    n = 0
+    for v in fieldvalues:
+        # When a comma is used in the Real Name part it is not a deliminator.
+        # So strip those out before counting the commas.
+        v = _strip_quoted_realnames(v)
+        # Expected number of addresses: 1 + number of commas
+        n += 1 + v.count(',')
+    if len(result) != n:
+        return [('', '')]
+
+    return result
+
+
+def _check_parenthesis(addr):
+    # Ignore parenthesis in quoted real names.
+    addr = _strip_quoted_realnames(addr)
+
+    opens = 0
+    for pos, ch in _iter_escaped_chars(addr):
+        if ch == '(':
+            opens += 1
+        elif ch == ')':
+            opens -= 1
+            if opens < 0:
+                return False
+    return (opens == 0)
+
+
+def _pre_parse_validation(email_header_fields):
+    accepted_values = []
+    for v in email_header_fields:
+        if not _check_parenthesis(v):
+            v = "('', '')"
+        accepted_values.append(v)
+
+    return accepted_values
+
+
+def _post_parse_validation(parsed_email_header_tuples):
+    accepted_values = []
+    # The parser would have parsed a correctly formatted domain-literal
+    # The existence of an [ after parsing indicates a parsing failure
+    for v in parsed_email_header_tuples:
+        if '[' in v[1]:
+            v = ('', '')
+        accepted_values.append(v)
+
+    return accepted_values
 
 
 def _format_timetuple_and_zone(timetuple, zone):
@@ -140,7 +241,7 @@ def formatdate(timeval=None, localtime=False, usegmt=False):
 
     Fri, 09 Nov 2001 01:08:47 -0000
 
-    Optional timeval if given is a floating point time value as accepted by
+    Optional timeval if given is a floating-point time value as accepted by
     gmtime() and localtime(), otherwise the current time is used.
 
     Optional localtime is a flag that when True, interprets timeval, and
@@ -155,13 +256,13 @@ def formatdate(timeval=None, localtime=False, usegmt=False):
     # 2822 requires that day and month names be the English abbreviations.
     if timeval is None:
         timeval = time.time()
-    if localtime or usegmt:
-        dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(timeval, datetime.timezone.utc)
-    else:
-        dt = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(timeval)
+    dt = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(timeval, datetime.timezone.utc)
+
     if localtime:
         dt = dt.astimezone()
         usegmt = False
+    elif not usegmt:
+        dt = dt.replace(tzinfo=None)
     return format_datetime(dt, usegmt)
 
 def format_datetime(dt, usegmt=False):
@@ -193,6 +294,11 @@ def make_msgid(idstring=None, domain=None):
     portion of the message id after the '@'.  It defaults to the locally
     defined hostname.
     """
+    # Lazy imports to speedup module import time
+    # (no other functions in email.utils need these modules)
+    import random
+    import socket
+
     timeval = int(time.time()*100)
     pid = os.getpid()
     randint = random.getrandbits(64)
@@ -207,17 +313,43 @@ def make_msgid(idstring=None, domain=None):
 
 
 def parsedate_to_datetime(data):
-    *dtuple, tz = _parsedate_tz(data)
+    parsed_date_tz = _parsedate_tz(data)
+    if parsed_date_tz is None:
+        raise ValueError('Invalid date value or format "%s"' % str(data))
+    *dtuple, tz = parsed_date_tz
     if tz is None:
         return datetime.datetime(*dtuple[:6])
     return datetime.datetime(*dtuple[:6],
             tzinfo=datetime.timezone(datetime.timedelta(seconds=tz)))
 
 
-def parseaddr(addr):
-    addrs = _AddressList(addr).addresslist
-    if not addrs:
-        return '', ''
+def parseaddr(addr, *, strict=True):
+    """
+    Parse addr into its constituent realname and email address parts.
+
+    Return a tuple of realname and email address, unless the parse fails, in
+    which case return a 2-tuple of ('', '').
+
+    If strict is True, use a strict parser which rejects malformed inputs.
+    """
+    if not strict:
+        addrs = _AddressList(addr).addresslist
+        if not addrs:
+            return ('', '')
+        return addrs[0]
+
+    if isinstance(addr, list):
+        addr = addr[0]
+
+    if not isinstance(addr, str):
+        return ('', '')
+
+    addr = _pre_parse_validation([addr])[0]
+    addrs = _post_parse_validation(_AddressList(addr).addresslist)
+
+    if not addrs or len(addrs) > 1:
+        return ('', '')
+
     return addrs[0]
 
 
@@ -265,21 +397,13 @@ def decode_params(params):
 
     params is a sequence of 2-tuples containing (param name, string value).
     """
-    # Copy params so we don't mess with the original
-    params = params[:]
-    new_params = []
+    new_params = [params[0]]
     # Map parameter's name to a list of continuations.  The values are a
     # 3-tuple of the continuation number, the string value, and a flag
     # specifying whether a particular segment is %-encoded.
     rfc2231_params = {}
-    name, value = params.pop(0)
-    new_params.append((name, value))
-    while params:
-        name, value = params.pop(0)
-        if name.endswith('*'):
-            encoded = True
-        else:
-            encoded = False
+    for name, value in params[1:]:
+        encoded = name.endswith('*')
         value = unquote(value)
         mo = rfc2231_continuation.match(name)
         if mo:
@@ -342,41 +466,23 @@ def collapse_rfc2231_value(value, errors='replace',
 # better than not having it.
 #
 
-def localtime(dt=None, isdst=-1):
+def localtime(dt=None, isdst=None):
     """Return local time as an aware datetime object.
 
     If called without arguments, return current time.  Otherwise *dt*
     argument should be a datetime instance, and it is converted to the
     local time zone according to the system time zone database.  If *dt* is
     naive (that is, dt.tzinfo is None), it is assumed to be in local time.
-    In this case, a positive or zero value for *isdst* causes localtime to
-    presume initially that summer time (for example, Daylight Saving Time)
-    is or is not (respectively) in effect for the specified time.  A
-    negative value for *isdst* causes the localtime() function to attempt
-    to divine whether summer time is in effect for the specified time.
+    The isdst parameter is ignored.
 
     """
+    if isdst is not None:
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated(
+            "The 'isdst' parameter to 'localtime'",
+            message='{name} is deprecated and slated for removal in Python {remove}',
+            remove=(3, 14),
+            )
     if dt is None:
-        return datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc).astimezone()
-    if dt.tzinfo is not None:
-        return dt.astimezone()
-    # We have a naive datetime.  Convert to a (localtime) timetuple and pass to
-    # system mktime together with the isdst hint.  System mktime will return
-    # seconds since epoch.
-    tm = dt.timetuple()[:-1] + (isdst,)
-    seconds = time.mktime(tm)
-    localtm = time.localtime(seconds)
-    try:
-        delta = datetime.timedelta(seconds=localtm.tm_gmtoff)
-        tz = datetime.timezone(delta, localtm.tm_zone)
-    except AttributeError:
-        # Compute UTC offset and compare with the value implied by tm_isdst.
-        # If the values match, use the zone name implied by tm_isdst.
-        delta = dt - datetime.datetime(*time.gmtime(seconds)[:6])
-        dst = time.daylight and localtm.tm_isdst > 0
-        gmtoff = -(time.altzone if dst else time.timezone)
-        if delta == datetime.timedelta(seconds=gmtoff):
-            tz = datetime.timezone(delta, time.tzname[dst])
-        else:
-            tz = datetime.timezone(delta)
-    return dt.replace(tzinfo=tz)
+        dt = datetime.datetime.now()
+    return dt.astimezone()

From f1d45ee5a7a0f3b6c9f91d572e770ddf1a1fb106 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 2025 10:05:38 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 577/705] remove unused deprecated libraries

---
 Lib/aifc.py   | 984 --------------------------------------------------
 Lib/imghdr.py | 175 ---------
 Lib/sndhdr.py | 257 -------------
 Lib/sunau.py  | 531 ---------------------------
 4 files changed, 1947 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/aifc.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/imghdr.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/sndhdr.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/sunau.py

diff --git a/Lib/aifc.py b/Lib/aifc.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5254987e22..0000000000
--- a/Lib/aifc.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,984 +0,0 @@
-"""Stuff to parse AIFF-C and AIFF files.
-
-Unless explicitly stated otherwise, the description below is true
-both for AIFF-C files and AIFF files.
-
-An AIFF-C file has the following structure.
-
-  +-----------------+
-  | FORM            |
-  +-----------------+
-  | <size>          |
-  +----+------------+
-  |    | AIFC       |
-  |    +------------+
-  |    | <chunks>   |
-  |    |    .       |
-  |    |    .       |
-  |    |    .       |
-  +----+------------+
-
-An AIFF file has the string "AIFF" instead of "AIFC".
-
-A chunk consists of an identifier (4 bytes) followed by a size (4 bytes,
-big endian order), followed by the data.  The size field does not include
-the size of the 8 byte header.
-
-The following chunk types are recognized.
-
-  FVER
-      <version number of AIFF-C defining document> (AIFF-C only).
-  MARK
-      <# of markers> (2 bytes)
-      list of markers:
-          <marker ID> (2 bytes, must be > 0)
-          <position> (4 bytes)
-          <marker name> ("pstring")
-  COMM
-      <# of channels> (2 bytes)
-      <# of sound frames> (4 bytes)
-      <size of the samples> (2 bytes)
-      <sampling frequency> (10 bytes, IEEE 80-bit extended
-          floating point)
-      in AIFF-C files only:
-      <compression type> (4 bytes)
-      <human-readable version of compression type> ("pstring")
-  SSND
-      <offset> (4 bytes, not used by this program)
-      <blocksize> (4 bytes, not used by this program)
-      <sound data>
-
-A pstring consists of 1 byte length, a string of characters, and 0 or 1
-byte pad to make the total length even.
-
-Usage.
-
-Reading AIFF files:
-  f = aifc.open(file, 'r')
-where file is either the name of a file or an open file pointer.
-The open file pointer must have methods read(), seek(), and close().
-In some types of audio files, if the setpos() method is not used,
-the seek() method is not necessary.
-
-This returns an instance of a class with the following public methods:
-  getnchannels()  -- returns number of audio channels (1 for
-             mono, 2 for stereo)
-  getsampwidth()  -- returns sample width in bytes
-  getframerate()  -- returns sampling frequency
-  getnframes()    -- returns number of audio frames
-  getcomptype()   -- returns compression type ('NONE' for AIFF files)
-  getcompname()   -- returns human-readable version of
-             compression type ('not compressed' for AIFF files)
-  getparams() -- returns a namedtuple consisting of all of the
-             above in the above order
-  getmarkers()    -- get the list of marks in the audio file or None
-             if there are no marks
-  getmark(id) -- get mark with the specified id (raises an error
-             if the mark does not exist)
-  readframes(n)   -- returns at most n frames of audio
-  rewind()    -- rewind to the beginning of the audio stream
-  setpos(pos) -- seek to the specified position
-  tell()      -- return the current position
-  close()     -- close the instance (make it unusable)
-The position returned by tell(), the position given to setpos() and
-the position of marks are all compatible and have nothing to do with
-the actual position in the file.
-The close() method is called automatically when the class instance
-is destroyed.
-
-Writing AIFF files:
-  f = aifc.open(file, 'w')
-where file is either the name of a file or an open file pointer.
-The open file pointer must have methods write(), tell(), seek(), and
-close().
-
-This returns an instance of a class with the following public methods:
-  aiff()      -- create an AIFF file (AIFF-C default)
-  aifc()      -- create an AIFF-C file
-  setnchannels(n) -- set the number of channels
-  setsampwidth(n) -- set the sample width
-  setframerate(n) -- set the frame rate
-  setnframes(n)   -- set the number of frames
-  setcomptype(type, name)
-          -- set the compression type and the
-             human-readable compression type
-  setparams(tuple)
-          -- set all parameters at once
-  setmark(id, pos, name)
-          -- add specified mark to the list of marks
-  tell()      -- return current position in output file (useful
-             in combination with setmark())
-  writeframesraw(data)
-          -- write audio frames without pathing up the
-             file header
-  writeframes(data)
-          -- write audio frames and patch up the file header
-  close()     -- patch up the file header and close the
-             output file
-You should set the parameters before the first writeframesraw or
-writeframes.  The total number of frames does not need to be set,
-but when it is set to the correct value, the header does not have to
-be patched up.
-It is best to first set all parameters, perhaps possibly the
-compression type, and then write audio frames using writeframesraw.
-When all frames have been written, either call writeframes(b'') or
-close() to patch up the sizes in the header.
-Marks can be added anytime.  If there are any marks, you must call
-close() after all frames have been written.
-The close() method is called automatically when the class instance
-is destroyed.
-
-When a file is opened with the extension '.aiff', an AIFF file is
-written, otherwise an AIFF-C file is written.  This default can be
-changed by calling aiff() or aifc() before the first writeframes or
-writeframesraw.
-"""
-
-import struct
-import builtins
-import warnings
-
-__all__ = ["Error", "open"]
-
-
-warnings._deprecated(__name__, remove=(3, 13))
-
-
-class Error(Exception):
-    pass
-
-_AIFC_version = 0xA2805140     # Version 1 of AIFF-C
-
-def _read_long(file):
-    try:
-        return struct.unpack('>l', file.read(4))[0]
-    except struct.error:
-        raise EOFError from None
-
-def _read_ulong(file):
-    try:
-        return struct.unpack('>L', file.read(4))[0]
-    except struct.error:
-        raise EOFError from None
-
-def _read_short(file):
-    try:
-        return struct.unpack('>h', file.read(2))[0]
-    except struct.error:
-        raise EOFError from None
-
-def _read_ushort(file):
-    try:
-        return struct.unpack('>H', file.read(2))[0]
-    except struct.error:
-        raise EOFError from None
-
-def _read_string(file):
-    length = ord(file.read(1))
-    if length == 0:
-        data = b''
-    else:
-        data = file.read(length)
-    if length & 1 == 0:
-        dummy = file.read(1)
-    return data
-
-_HUGE_VAL = 1.79769313486231e+308 # See <limits.h>
-
-def _read_float(f): # 10 bytes
-    expon = _read_short(f) # 2 bytes
-    sign = 1
-    if expon < 0:
-        sign = -1
-        expon = expon + 0x8000
-    himant = _read_ulong(f) # 4 bytes
-    lomant = _read_ulong(f) # 4 bytes
-    if expon == himant == lomant == 0:
-        f = 0.0
-    elif expon == 0x7FFF:
-        f = _HUGE_VAL
-    else:
-        expon = expon - 16383
-        f = (himant * 0x100000000 + lomant) * pow(2.0, expon - 63)
-    return sign * f
-
-def _write_short(f, x):
-    f.write(struct.pack('>h', x))
-
-def _write_ushort(f, x):
-    f.write(struct.pack('>H', x))
-
-def _write_long(f, x):
-    f.write(struct.pack('>l', x))
-
-def _write_ulong(f, x):
-    f.write(struct.pack('>L', x))
-
-def _write_string(f, s):
-    if len(s) > 255:
-        raise ValueError("string exceeds maximum pstring length")
-    f.write(struct.pack('B', len(s)))
-    f.write(s)
-    if len(s) & 1 == 0:
-        f.write(b'\x00')
-
-def _write_float(f, x):
-    import math
-    if x < 0:
-        sign = 0x8000
-        x = x * -1
-    else:
-        sign = 0
-    if x == 0:
-        expon = 0
-        himant = 0
-        lomant = 0
-    else:
-        fmant, expon = math.frexp(x)
-        if expon > 16384 or fmant >= 1 or fmant != fmant: # Infinity or NaN
-            expon = sign|0x7FFF
-            himant = 0
-            lomant = 0
-        else:                   # Finite
-            expon = expon + 16382
-            if expon < 0:           # denormalized
-                fmant = math.ldexp(fmant, expon)
-                expon = 0
-            expon = expon | sign
-            fmant = math.ldexp(fmant, 32)
-            fsmant = math.floor(fmant)
-            himant = int(fsmant)
-            fmant = math.ldexp(fmant - fsmant, 32)
-            fsmant = math.floor(fmant)
-            lomant = int(fsmant)
-    _write_ushort(f, expon)
-    _write_ulong(f, himant)
-    _write_ulong(f, lomant)
-
-with warnings.catch_warnings():
-    warnings.simplefilter("ignore", DeprecationWarning)
-    from chunk import Chunk
-from collections import namedtuple
-
-_aifc_params = namedtuple('_aifc_params',
-                          'nchannels sampwidth framerate nframes comptype compname')
-
-_aifc_params.nchannels.__doc__ = 'Number of audio channels (1 for mono, 2 for stereo)'
-_aifc_params.sampwidth.__doc__ = 'Sample width in bytes'
-_aifc_params.framerate.__doc__ = 'Sampling frequency'
-_aifc_params.nframes.__doc__ = 'Number of audio frames'
-_aifc_params.comptype.__doc__ = 'Compression type ("NONE" for AIFF files)'
-_aifc_params.compname.__doc__ = ("""\
-A human-readable version of the compression type
-('not compressed' for AIFF files)""")
-
-
-class Aifc_read:
-    # Variables used in this class:
-    #
-    # These variables are available to the user though appropriate
-    # methods of this class:
-    # _file -- the open file with methods read(), close(), and seek()
-    #       set through the __init__() method
-    # _nchannels -- the number of audio channels
-    #       available through the getnchannels() method
-    # _nframes -- the number of audio frames
-    #       available through the getnframes() method
-    # _sampwidth -- the number of bytes per audio sample
-    #       available through the getsampwidth() method
-    # _framerate -- the sampling frequency
-    #       available through the getframerate() method
-    # _comptype -- the AIFF-C compression type ('NONE' if AIFF)
-    #       available through the getcomptype() method
-    # _compname -- the human-readable AIFF-C compression type
-    #       available through the getcomptype() method
-    # _markers -- the marks in the audio file
-    #       available through the getmarkers() and getmark()
-    #       methods
-    # _soundpos -- the position in the audio stream
-    #       available through the tell() method, set through the
-    #       setpos() method
-    #
-    # These variables are used internally only:
-    # _version -- the AIFF-C version number
-    # _decomp -- the decompressor from builtin module cl
-    # _comm_chunk_read -- 1 iff the COMM chunk has been read
-    # _aifc -- 1 iff reading an AIFF-C file
-    # _ssnd_seek_needed -- 1 iff positioned correctly in audio
-    #       file for readframes()
-    # _ssnd_chunk -- instantiation of a chunk class for the SSND chunk
-    # _framesize -- size of one frame in the file
-
-    _file = None  # Set here since __del__ checks it
-
-    def initfp(self, file):
-        self._version = 0
-        self._convert = None
-        self._markers = []
-        self._soundpos = 0
-        self._file = file
-        chunk = Chunk(file)
-        if chunk.getname() != b'FORM':
-            raise Error('file does not start with FORM id')
-        formdata = chunk.read(4)
-        if formdata == b'AIFF':
-            self._aifc = 0
-        elif formdata == b'AIFC':
-            self._aifc = 1
-        else:
-            raise Error('not an AIFF or AIFF-C file')
-        self._comm_chunk_read = 0
-        self._ssnd_chunk = None
-        while 1:
-            self._ssnd_seek_needed = 1
-            try:
-                chunk = Chunk(self._file)
-            except EOFError:
-                break
-            chunkname = chunk.getname()
-            if chunkname == b'COMM':
-                self._read_comm_chunk(chunk)
-                self._comm_chunk_read = 1
-            elif chunkname == b'SSND':
-                self._ssnd_chunk = chunk
-                dummy = chunk.read(8)
-                self._ssnd_seek_needed = 0
-            elif chunkname == b'FVER':
-                self._version = _read_ulong(chunk)
-            elif chunkname == b'MARK':
-                self._readmark(chunk)
-            chunk.skip()
-        if not self._comm_chunk_read or not self._ssnd_chunk:
-            raise Error('COMM chunk and/or SSND chunk missing')
-
-    def __init__(self, f):
-        if isinstance(f, str):
-            file_object = builtins.open(f, 'rb')
-            try:
-                self.initfp(file_object)
-            except:
-                file_object.close()
-                raise
-        else:
-            # assume it is an open file object already
-            self.initfp(f)
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, *args):
-        self.close()
-
-    #
-    # User visible methods.
-    #
-    def getfp(self):
-        return self._file
-
-    def rewind(self):
-        self._ssnd_seek_needed = 1
-        self._soundpos = 0
-
-    def close(self):
-        file = self._file
-        if file is not None:
-            self._file = None
-            file.close()
-
-    def tell(self):
-        return self._soundpos
-
-    def getnchannels(self):
-        return self._nchannels
-
-    def getnframes(self):
-        return self._nframes
-
-    def getsampwidth(self):
-        return self._sampwidth
-
-    def getframerate(self):
-        return self._framerate
-
-    def getcomptype(self):
-        return self._comptype
-
-    def getcompname(self):
-        return self._compname
-
-##  def getversion(self):
-##      return self._version
-
-    def getparams(self):
-        return _aifc_params(self.getnchannels(), self.getsampwidth(),
-                            self.getframerate(), self.getnframes(),
-                            self.getcomptype(), self.getcompname())
-
-    def getmarkers(self):
-        if len(self._markers) == 0:
-            return None
-        return self._markers
-
-    def getmark(self, id):
-        for marker in self._markers:
-            if id == marker[0]:
-                return marker
-        raise Error('marker {0!r} does not exist'.format(id))
-
-    def setpos(self, pos):
-        if pos < 0 or pos > self._nframes:
-            raise Error('position not in range')
-        self._soundpos = pos
-        self._ssnd_seek_needed = 1
-
-    def readframes(self, nframes):
-        if self._ssnd_seek_needed:
-            self._ssnd_chunk.seek(0)
-            dummy = self._ssnd_chunk.read(8)
-            pos = self._soundpos * self._framesize
-            if pos:
-                self._ssnd_chunk.seek(pos + 8)
-            self._ssnd_seek_needed = 0
-        if nframes == 0:
-            return b''
-        data = self._ssnd_chunk.read(nframes * self._framesize)
-        if self._convert and data:
-            data = self._convert(data)
-        self._soundpos = self._soundpos + len(data) // (self._nchannels
-                                                        * self._sampwidth)
-        return data
-
-    #
-    # Internal methods.
-    #
-
-    def _alaw2lin(self, data):
-        with warnings.catch_warnings():
-            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
-            import audioop
-        return audioop.alaw2lin(data, 2)
-
-    def _ulaw2lin(self, data):
-        with warnings.catch_warnings():
-            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
-            import audioop
-        return audioop.ulaw2lin(data, 2)
-
-    def _adpcm2lin(self, data):
-        with warnings.catch_warnings():
-            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
-            import audioop
-        if not hasattr(self, '_adpcmstate'):
-            # first time
-            self._adpcmstate = None
-        data, self._adpcmstate = audioop.adpcm2lin(data, 2, self._adpcmstate)
-        return data
-
-    def _sowt2lin(self, data):
-        with warnings.catch_warnings():
-            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
-            import audioop
-        return audioop.byteswap(data, 2)
-
-    def _read_comm_chunk(self, chunk):
-        self._nchannels = _read_short(chunk)
-        self._nframes = _read_long(chunk)
-        self._sampwidth = (_read_short(chunk) + 7) // 8
-        self._framerate = int(_read_float(chunk))
-        if self._sampwidth <= 0:
-            raise Error('bad sample width')
-        if self._nchannels <= 0:
-            raise Error('bad # of channels')
-        self._framesize = self._nchannels * self._sampwidth
-        if self._aifc:
-            #DEBUG: SGI's soundeditor produces a bad size :-(
-            kludge = 0
-            if chunk.chunksize == 18:
-                kludge = 1
-                warnings.warn('Warning: bad COMM chunk size')
-                chunk.chunksize = 23
-            #DEBUG end
-            self._comptype = chunk.read(4)
-            #DEBUG start
-            if kludge:
-                length = ord(chunk.file.read(1))
-                if length & 1 == 0:
-                    length = length + 1
-                chunk.chunksize = chunk.chunksize + length
-                chunk.file.seek(-1, 1)
-            #DEBUG end
-            self._compname = _read_string(chunk)
-            if self._comptype != b'NONE':
-                if self._comptype == b'G722':
-                    self._convert = self._adpcm2lin
-                elif self._comptype in (b'ulaw', b'ULAW'):
-                    self._convert = self._ulaw2lin
-                elif self._comptype in (b'alaw', b'ALAW'):
-                    self._convert = self._alaw2lin
-                elif self._comptype in (b'sowt', b'SOWT'):
-                    self._convert = self._sowt2lin
-                else:
-                    raise Error('unsupported compression type')
-                self._sampwidth = 2
-        else:
-            self._comptype = b'NONE'
-            self._compname = b'not compressed'
-
-    def _readmark(self, chunk):
-        nmarkers = _read_short(chunk)
-        # Some files appear to contain invalid counts.
-        # Cope with this by testing for EOF.
-        try:
-            for i in range(nmarkers):
-                id = _read_short(chunk)
-                pos = _read_long(chunk)
-                name = _read_string(chunk)
-                if pos or name:
-                    # some files appear to have
-                    # dummy markers consisting of
-                    # a position 0 and name ''
-                    self._markers.append((id, pos, name))
-        except EOFError:
-            w = ('Warning: MARK chunk contains only %s marker%s instead of %s' %
-                 (len(self._markers), '' if len(self._markers) == 1 else 's',
-                  nmarkers))
-            warnings.warn(w)
-
-class Aifc_write:
-    # Variables used in this class:
-    #
-    # These variables are user settable through appropriate methods
-    # of this class:
-    # _file -- the open file with methods write(), close(), tell(), seek()
-    #       set through the __init__() method
-    # _comptype -- the AIFF-C compression type ('NONE' in AIFF)
-    #       set through the setcomptype() or setparams() method
-    # _compname -- the human-readable AIFF-C compression type
-    #       set through the setcomptype() or setparams() method
-    # _nchannels -- the number of audio channels
-    #       set through the setnchannels() or setparams() method
-    # _sampwidth -- the number of bytes per audio sample
-    #       set through the setsampwidth() or setparams() method
-    # _framerate -- the sampling frequency
-    #       set through the setframerate() or setparams() method
-    # _nframes -- the number of audio frames written to the header
-    #       set through the setnframes() or setparams() method
-    # _aifc -- whether we're writing an AIFF-C file or an AIFF file
-    #       set through the aifc() method, reset through the
-    #       aiff() method
-    #
-    # These variables are used internally only:
-    # _version -- the AIFF-C version number
-    # _comp -- the compressor from builtin module cl
-    # _nframeswritten -- the number of audio frames actually written
-    # _datalength -- the size of the audio samples written to the header
-    # _datawritten -- the size of the audio samples actually written
-
-    _file = None  # Set here since __del__ checks it
-
-    def __init__(self, f):
-        if isinstance(f, str):
-            file_object = builtins.open(f, 'wb')
-            try:
-                self.initfp(file_object)
-            except:
-                file_object.close()
-                raise
-
-            # treat .aiff file extensions as non-compressed audio
-            if f.endswith('.aiff'):
-                self._aifc = 0
-        else:
-            # assume it is an open file object already
-            self.initfp(f)
-
-    def initfp(self, file):
-        self._file = file
-        self._version = _AIFC_version
-        self._comptype = b'NONE'
-        self._compname = b'not compressed'
-        self._convert = None
-        self._nchannels = 0
-        self._sampwidth = 0
-        self._framerate = 0
-        self._nframes = 0
-        self._nframeswritten = 0
-        self._datawritten = 0
-        self._datalength = 0
-        self._markers = []
-        self._marklength = 0
-        self._aifc = 1      # AIFF-C is default
-
-    def __del__(self):
-        self.close()
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, *args):
-        self.close()
-
-    #
-    # User visible methods.
-    #
-    def aiff(self):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        self._aifc = 0
-
-    def aifc(self):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        self._aifc = 1
-
-    def setnchannels(self, nchannels):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        if nchannels < 1:
-            raise Error('bad # of channels')
-        self._nchannels = nchannels
-
-    def getnchannels(self):
-        if not self._nchannels:
-            raise Error('number of channels not set')
-        return self._nchannels
-
-    def setsampwidth(self, sampwidth):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        if sampwidth < 1 or sampwidth > 4:
-            raise Error('bad sample width')
-        self._sampwidth = sampwidth
-
-    def getsampwidth(self):
-        if not self._sampwidth:
-            raise Error('sample width not set')
-        return self._sampwidth
-
-    def setframerate(self, framerate):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        if framerate <= 0:
-            raise Error('bad frame rate')
-        self._framerate = framerate
-
-    def getframerate(self):
-        if not self._framerate:
-            raise Error('frame rate not set')
-        return self._framerate
-
-    def setnframes(self, nframes):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        self._nframes = nframes
-
-    def getnframes(self):
-        return self._nframeswritten
-
-    def setcomptype(self, comptype, compname):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        if comptype not in (b'NONE', b'ulaw', b'ULAW',
-                            b'alaw', b'ALAW', b'G722', b'sowt', b'SOWT'):
-            raise Error('unsupported compression type')
-        self._comptype = comptype
-        self._compname = compname
-
-    def getcomptype(self):
-        return self._comptype
-
-    def getcompname(self):
-        return self._compname
-
-##  def setversion(self, version):
-##      if self._nframeswritten:
-##          raise Error, 'cannot change parameters after starting to write'
-##      self._version = version
-
-    def setparams(self, params):
-        nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname = params
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        if comptype not in (b'NONE', b'ulaw', b'ULAW',
-                            b'alaw', b'ALAW', b'G722', b'sowt', b'SOWT'):
-            raise Error('unsupported compression type')
-        self.setnchannels(nchannels)
-        self.setsampwidth(sampwidth)
-        self.setframerate(framerate)
-        self.setnframes(nframes)
-        self.setcomptype(comptype, compname)
-
-    def getparams(self):
-        if not self._nchannels or not self._sampwidth or not self._framerate:
-            raise Error('not all parameters set')
-        return _aifc_params(self._nchannels, self._sampwidth, self._framerate,
-                            self._nframes, self._comptype, self._compname)
-
-    def setmark(self, id, pos, name):
-        if id <= 0:
-            raise Error('marker ID must be > 0')
-        if pos < 0:
-            raise Error('marker position must be >= 0')
-        if not isinstance(name, bytes):
-            raise Error('marker name must be bytes')
-        for i in range(len(self._markers)):
-            if id == self._markers[i][0]:
-                self._markers[i] = id, pos, name
-                return
-        self._markers.append((id, pos, name))
-
-    def getmark(self, id):
-        for marker in self._markers:
-            if id == marker[0]:
-                return marker
-        raise Error('marker {0!r} does not exist'.format(id))
-
-    def getmarkers(self):
-        if len(self._markers) == 0:
-            return None
-        return self._markers
-
-    def tell(self):
-        return self._nframeswritten
-
-    def writeframesraw(self, data):
-        if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
-            data = memoryview(data).cast('B')
-        self._ensure_header_written(len(data))
-        nframes = len(data) // (self._sampwidth * self._nchannels)
-        if self._convert:
-            data = self._convert(data)
-        self._file.write(data)
-        self._nframeswritten = self._nframeswritten + nframes
-        self._datawritten = self._datawritten + len(data)
-
-    def writeframes(self, data):
-        self.writeframesraw(data)
-        if self._nframeswritten != self._nframes or \
-              self._datalength != self._datawritten:
-            self._patchheader()
-
-    def close(self):
-        if self._file is None:
-            return
-        try:
-            self._ensure_header_written(0)
-            if self._datawritten & 1:
-                # quick pad to even size
-                self._file.write(b'\x00')
-                self._datawritten = self._datawritten + 1
-            self._writemarkers()
-            if self._nframeswritten != self._nframes or \
-                  self._datalength != self._datawritten or \
-                  self._marklength:
-                self._patchheader()
-        finally:
-            # Prevent ref cycles
-            self._convert = None
-            f = self._file
-            self._file = None
-            f.close()
-
-    #
-    # Internal methods.
-    #
-
-    def _lin2alaw(self, data):
-        with warnings.catch_warnings():
-            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
-            import audioop
-        return audioop.lin2alaw(data, 2)
-
-    def _lin2ulaw(self, data):
-        with warnings.catch_warnings():
-            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
-            import audioop
-        return audioop.lin2ulaw(data, 2)
-
-    def _lin2adpcm(self, data):
-        with warnings.catch_warnings():
-            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
-            import audioop
-        if not hasattr(self, '_adpcmstate'):
-            self._adpcmstate = None
-        data, self._adpcmstate = audioop.lin2adpcm(data, 2, self._adpcmstate)
-        return data
-
-    def _lin2sowt(self, data):
-        with warnings.catch_warnings():
-            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', category=DeprecationWarning)
-            import audioop
-        return audioop.byteswap(data, 2)
-
-    def _ensure_header_written(self, datasize):
-        if not self._nframeswritten:
-            if self._comptype in (b'ULAW', b'ulaw',
-                b'ALAW', b'alaw', b'G722',
-                b'sowt', b'SOWT'):
-                if not self._sampwidth:
-                    self._sampwidth = 2
-                if self._sampwidth != 2:
-                    raise Error('sample width must be 2 when compressing '
-                                'with ulaw/ULAW, alaw/ALAW, sowt/SOWT '
-                                'or G7.22 (ADPCM)')
-            if not self._nchannels:
-                raise Error('# channels not specified')
-            if not self._sampwidth:
-                raise Error('sample width not specified')
-            if not self._framerate:
-                raise Error('sampling rate not specified')
-            self._write_header(datasize)
-
-    def _init_compression(self):
-        if self._comptype == b'G722':
-            self._convert = self._lin2adpcm
-        elif self._comptype in (b'ulaw', b'ULAW'):
-            self._convert = self._lin2ulaw
-        elif self._comptype in (b'alaw', b'ALAW'):
-            self._convert = self._lin2alaw
-        elif self._comptype in (b'sowt', b'SOWT'):
-            self._convert = self._lin2sowt
-
-    def _write_header(self, initlength):
-        if self._aifc and self._comptype != b'NONE':
-            self._init_compression()
-        self._file.write(b'FORM')
-        if not self._nframes:
-            self._nframes = initlength // (self._nchannels * self._sampwidth)
-        self._datalength = self._nframes * self._nchannels * self._sampwidth
-        if self._datalength & 1:
-            self._datalength = self._datalength + 1
-        if self._aifc:
-            if self._comptype in (b'ulaw', b'ULAW', b'alaw', b'ALAW'):
-                self._datalength = self._datalength // 2
-                if self._datalength & 1:
-                    self._datalength = self._datalength + 1
-            elif self._comptype == b'G722':
-                self._datalength = (self._datalength + 3) // 4
-                if self._datalength & 1:
-                    self._datalength = self._datalength + 1
-        try:
-            self._form_length_pos = self._file.tell()
-        except (AttributeError, OSError):
-            self._form_length_pos = None
-        commlength = self._write_form_length(self._datalength)
-        if self._aifc:
-            self._file.write(b'AIFC')
-            self._file.write(b'FVER')
-            _write_ulong(self._file, 4)
-            _write_ulong(self._file, self._version)
-        else:
-            self._file.write(b'AIFF')
-        self._file.write(b'COMM')
-        _write_ulong(self._file, commlength)
-        _write_short(self._file, self._nchannels)
-        if self._form_length_pos is not None:
-            self._nframes_pos = self._file.tell()
-        _write_ulong(self._file, self._nframes)
-        if self._comptype in (b'ULAW', b'ulaw', b'ALAW', b'alaw', b'G722'):
-            _write_short(self._file, 8)
-        else:
-            _write_short(self._file, self._sampwidth * 8)
-        _write_float(self._file, self._framerate)
-        if self._aifc:
-            self._file.write(self._comptype)
-            _write_string(self._file, self._compname)
-        self._file.write(b'SSND')
-        if self._form_length_pos is not None:
-            self._ssnd_length_pos = self._file.tell()
-        _write_ulong(self._file, self._datalength + 8)
-        _write_ulong(self._file, 0)
-        _write_ulong(self._file, 0)
-
-    def _write_form_length(self, datalength):
-        if self._aifc:
-            commlength = 18 + 5 + len(self._compname)
-            if commlength & 1:
-                commlength = commlength + 1
-            verslength = 12
-        else:
-            commlength = 18
-            verslength = 0
-        _write_ulong(self._file, 4 + verslength + self._marklength + \
-                     8 + commlength + 16 + datalength)
-        return commlength
-
-    def _patchheader(self):
-        curpos = self._file.tell()
-        if self._datawritten & 1:
-            datalength = self._datawritten + 1
-            self._file.write(b'\x00')
-        else:
-            datalength = self._datawritten
-        if datalength == self._datalength and \
-              self._nframes == self._nframeswritten and \
-              self._marklength == 0:
-            self._file.seek(curpos, 0)
-            return
-        self._file.seek(self._form_length_pos, 0)
-        dummy = self._write_form_length(datalength)
-        self._file.seek(self._nframes_pos, 0)
-        _write_ulong(self._file, self._nframeswritten)
-        self._file.seek(self._ssnd_length_pos, 0)
-        _write_ulong(self._file, datalength + 8)
-        self._file.seek(curpos, 0)
-        self._nframes = self._nframeswritten
-        self._datalength = datalength
-
-    def _writemarkers(self):
-        if len(self._markers) == 0:
-            return
-        self._file.write(b'MARK')
-        length = 2
-        for marker in self._markers:
-            id, pos, name = marker
-            length = length + len(name) + 1 + 6
-            if len(name) & 1 == 0:
-                length = length + 1
-        _write_ulong(self._file, length)
-        self._marklength = length + 8
-        _write_short(self._file, len(self._markers))
-        for marker in self._markers:
-            id, pos, name = marker
-            _write_short(self._file, id)
-            _write_ulong(self._file, pos)
-            _write_string(self._file, name)
-
-def open(f, mode=None):
-    if mode is None:
-        if hasattr(f, 'mode'):
-            mode = f.mode
-        else:
-            mode = 'rb'
-    if mode in ('r', 'rb'):
-        return Aifc_read(f)
-    elif mode in ('w', 'wb'):
-        return Aifc_write(f)
-    else:
-        raise Error("mode must be 'r', 'rb', 'w', or 'wb'")
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    import sys
-    if not sys.argv[1:]:
-        sys.argv.append('/usr/demos/data/audio/bach.aiff')
-    fn = sys.argv[1]
-    with open(fn, 'r') as f:
-        print("Reading", fn)
-        print("nchannels =", f.getnchannels())
-        print("nframes   =", f.getnframes())
-        print("sampwidth =", f.getsampwidth())
-        print("framerate =", f.getframerate())
-        print("comptype  =", f.getcomptype())
-        print("compname  =", f.getcompname())
-        if sys.argv[2:]:
-            gn = sys.argv[2]
-            print("Writing", gn)
-            with open(gn, 'w') as g:
-                g.setparams(f.getparams())
-                while 1:
-                    data = f.readframes(1024)
-                    if not data:
-                        break
-                    g.writeframes(data)
-            print("Done.")
diff --git a/Lib/imghdr.py b/Lib/imghdr.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a372e66c7..0000000000
--- a/Lib/imghdr.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-"""Recognize image file formats based on their first few bytes."""
-
-from os import PathLike
-import warnings
-
-__all__ = ["what"]
-
-
-warnings._deprecated(__name__, remove=(3, 13))
-
-
-#-------------------------#
-# Recognize image headers #
-#-------------------------#
-
-def what(file, h=None):
-    f = None
-    try:
-        if h is None:
-            if isinstance(file, (str, PathLike)):
-                f = open(file, 'rb')
-                h = f.read(32)
-            else:
-                location = file.tell()
-                h = file.read(32)
-                file.seek(location)
-        for tf in tests:
-            res = tf(h, f)
-            if res:
-                return res
-    finally:
-        if f: f.close()
-    return None
-
-
-#---------------------------------#
-# Subroutines per image file type #
-#---------------------------------#
-
-tests = []
-
-def test_jpeg(h, f):
-    """JPEG data with JFIF or Exif markers; and raw JPEG"""
-    if h[6:10] in (b'JFIF', b'Exif'):
-        return 'jpeg'
-    elif h[:4] == b'\xff\xd8\xff\xdb':
-        return 'jpeg'
-
-tests.append(test_jpeg)
-
-def test_png(h, f):
-    if h.startswith(b'\211PNG\r\n\032\n'):
-        return 'png'
-
-tests.append(test_png)
-
-def test_gif(h, f):
-    """GIF ('87 and '89 variants)"""
-    if h[:6] in (b'GIF87a', b'GIF89a'):
-        return 'gif'
-
-tests.append(test_gif)
-
-def test_tiff(h, f):
-    """TIFF (can be in Motorola or Intel byte order)"""
-    if h[:2] in (b'MM', b'II'):
-        return 'tiff'
-
-tests.append(test_tiff)
-
-def test_rgb(h, f):
-    """SGI image library"""
-    if h.startswith(b'\001\332'):
-        return 'rgb'
-
-tests.append(test_rgb)
-
-def test_pbm(h, f):
-    """PBM (portable bitmap)"""
-    if len(h) >= 3 and \
-        h[0] == ord(b'P') and h[1] in b'14' and h[2] in b' \t\n\r':
-        return 'pbm'
-
-tests.append(test_pbm)
-
-def test_pgm(h, f):
-    """PGM (portable graymap)"""
-    if len(h) >= 3 and \
-        h[0] == ord(b'P') and h[1] in b'25' and h[2] in b' \t\n\r':
-        return 'pgm'
-
-tests.append(test_pgm)
-
-def test_ppm(h, f):
-    """PPM (portable pixmap)"""
-    if len(h) >= 3 and \
-        h[0] == ord(b'P') and h[1] in b'36' and h[2] in b' \t\n\r':
-        return 'ppm'
-
-tests.append(test_ppm)
-
-def test_rast(h, f):
-    """Sun raster file"""
-    if h.startswith(b'\x59\xA6\x6A\x95'):
-        return 'rast'
-
-tests.append(test_rast)
-
-def test_xbm(h, f):
-    """X bitmap (X10 or X11)"""
-    if h.startswith(b'#define '):
-        return 'xbm'
-
-tests.append(test_xbm)
-
-def test_bmp(h, f):
-    if h.startswith(b'BM'):
-        return 'bmp'
-
-tests.append(test_bmp)
-
-def test_webp(h, f):
-    if h.startswith(b'RIFF') and h[8:12] == b'WEBP':
-        return 'webp'
-
-tests.append(test_webp)
-
-def test_exr(h, f):
-    if h.startswith(b'\x76\x2f\x31\x01'):
-        return 'exr'
-
-tests.append(test_exr)
-
-#--------------------#
-# Small test program #
-#--------------------#
-
-def test():
-    import sys
-    recursive = 0
-    if sys.argv[1:] and sys.argv[1] == '-r':
-        del sys.argv[1:2]
-        recursive = 1
-    try:
-        if sys.argv[1:]:
-            testall(sys.argv[1:], recursive, 1)
-        else:
-            testall(['.'], recursive, 1)
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        sys.stderr.write('\n[Interrupted]\n')
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-def testall(list, recursive, toplevel):
-    import sys
-    import os
-    for filename in list:
-        if os.path.isdir(filename):
-            print(filename + '/:', end=' ')
-            if recursive or toplevel:
-                print('recursing down:')
-                import glob
-                names = glob.glob(os.path.join(glob.escape(filename), '*'))
-                testall(names, recursive, 0)
-            else:
-                print('*** directory (use -r) ***')
-        else:
-            print(filename + ':', end=' ')
-            sys.stdout.flush()
-            try:
-                print(what(filename))
-            except OSError:
-                print('*** not found ***')
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    test()
diff --git a/Lib/sndhdr.py b/Lib/sndhdr.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 594353136f..0000000000
--- a/Lib/sndhdr.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,257 +0,0 @@
-"""Routines to help recognizing sound files.
-
-Function whathdr() recognizes various types of sound file headers.
-It understands almost all headers that SOX can decode.
-
-The return tuple contains the following items, in this order:
-- file type (as SOX understands it)
-- sampling rate (0 if unknown or hard to decode)
-- number of channels (0 if unknown or hard to decode)
-- number of frames in the file (-1 if unknown or hard to decode)
-- number of bits/sample, or 'U' for U-LAW, or 'A' for A-LAW
-
-If the file doesn't have a recognizable type, it returns None.
-If the file can't be opened, OSError is raised.
-
-To compute the total time, divide the number of frames by the
-sampling rate (a frame contains a sample for each channel).
-
-Function what() calls whathdr().  (It used to also use some
-heuristics for raw data, but this doesn't work very well.)
-
-Finally, the function test() is a simple main program that calls
-what() for all files mentioned on the argument list.  For directory
-arguments it calls what() for all files in that directory.  Default
-argument is "." (testing all files in the current directory).  The
-option -r tells it to recurse down directories found inside
-explicitly given directories.
-"""
-
-# The file structure is top-down except that the test program and its
-# subroutine come last.
-
-__all__ = ['what', 'whathdr']
-
-from collections import namedtuple
-
-SndHeaders = namedtuple('SndHeaders',
-                        'filetype framerate nchannels nframes sampwidth')
-
-SndHeaders.filetype.__doc__ = ("""The value for type indicates the data type
-and will be one of the strings 'aifc', 'aiff', 'au','hcom',
-'sndr', 'sndt', 'voc', 'wav', '8svx', 'sb', 'ub', or 'ul'.""")
-SndHeaders.framerate.__doc__ = ("""The sampling_rate will be either the actual
-value or 0 if unknown or difficult to decode.""")
-SndHeaders.nchannels.__doc__ = ("""The number of channels or 0 if it cannot be
-determined or if the value is difficult to decode.""")
-SndHeaders.nframes.__doc__ = ("""The value for frames will be either the number
-of frames or -1.""")
-SndHeaders.sampwidth.__doc__ = ("""Either the sample size in bits or
-'A' for A-LAW or 'U' for u-LAW.""")
-
-def what(filename):
-    """Guess the type of a sound file."""
-    res = whathdr(filename)
-    return res
-
-
-def whathdr(filename):
-    """Recognize sound headers."""
-    with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
-        h = f.read(512)
-        for tf in tests:
-            res = tf(h, f)
-            if res:
-                return SndHeaders(*res)
-        return None
-
-
-#-----------------------------------#
-# Subroutines per sound header type #
-#-----------------------------------#
-
-tests = []
-
-def test_aifc(h, f):
-    import aifc
-    if not h.startswith(b'FORM'):
-        return None
-    if h[8:12] == b'AIFC':
-        fmt = 'aifc'
-    elif h[8:12] == b'AIFF':
-        fmt = 'aiff'
-    else:
-        return None
-    f.seek(0)
-    try:
-        a = aifc.open(f, 'r')
-    except (EOFError, aifc.Error):
-        return None
-    return (fmt, a.getframerate(), a.getnchannels(),
-            a.getnframes(), 8 * a.getsampwidth())
-
-tests.append(test_aifc)
-
-
-def test_au(h, f):
-    if h.startswith(b'.snd'):
-        func = get_long_be
-    elif h[:4] in (b'\0ds.', b'dns.'):
-        func = get_long_le
-    else:
-        return None
-    filetype = 'au'
-    hdr_size = func(h[4:8])
-    data_size = func(h[8:12])
-    encoding = func(h[12:16])
-    rate = func(h[16:20])
-    nchannels = func(h[20:24])
-    sample_size = 1 # default
-    if encoding == 1:
-        sample_bits = 'U'
-    elif encoding == 2:
-        sample_bits = 8
-    elif encoding == 3:
-        sample_bits = 16
-        sample_size = 2
-    else:
-        sample_bits = '?'
-    frame_size = sample_size * nchannels
-    if frame_size:
-        nframe = data_size / frame_size
-    else:
-        nframe = -1
-    return filetype, rate, nchannels, nframe, sample_bits
-
-tests.append(test_au)
-
-
-def test_hcom(h, f):
-    if h[65:69] != b'FSSD' or h[128:132] != b'HCOM':
-        return None
-    divisor = get_long_be(h[144:148])
-    if divisor:
-        rate = 22050 / divisor
-    else:
-        rate = 0
-    return 'hcom', rate, 1, -1, 8
-
-tests.append(test_hcom)
-
-
-def test_voc(h, f):
-    if not h.startswith(b'Creative Voice File\032'):
-        return None
-    sbseek = get_short_le(h[20:22])
-    rate = 0
-    if 0 <= sbseek < 500 and h[sbseek] == 1:
-        ratecode = 256 - h[sbseek+4]
-        if ratecode:
-            rate = int(1000000.0 / ratecode)
-    return 'voc', rate, 1, -1, 8
-
-tests.append(test_voc)
-
-
-def test_wav(h, f):
-    import wave
-    # 'RIFF' <len> 'WAVE' 'fmt ' <len>
-    if not h.startswith(b'RIFF') or h[8:12] != b'WAVE' or h[12:16] != b'fmt ':
-        return None
-    f.seek(0)
-    try:
-        w = wave.open(f, 'r')
-    except (EOFError, wave.Error):
-        return None
-    return ('wav', w.getframerate(), w.getnchannels(),
-                   w.getnframes(), 8*w.getsampwidth())
-
-tests.append(test_wav)
-
-
-def test_8svx(h, f):
-    if not h.startswith(b'FORM') or h[8:12] != b'8SVX':
-        return None
-    # Should decode it to get #channels -- assume always 1
-    return '8svx', 0, 1, 0, 8
-
-tests.append(test_8svx)
-
-
-def test_sndt(h, f):
-    if h.startswith(b'SOUND'):
-        nsamples = get_long_le(h[8:12])
-        rate = get_short_le(h[20:22])
-        return 'sndt', rate, 1, nsamples, 8
-
-tests.append(test_sndt)
-
-
-def test_sndr(h, f):
-    if h.startswith(b'\0\0'):
-        rate = get_short_le(h[2:4])
-        if 4000 <= rate <= 25000:
-            return 'sndr', rate, 1, -1, 8
-
-tests.append(test_sndr)
-
-
-#-------------------------------------------#
-# Subroutines to extract numbers from bytes #
-#-------------------------------------------#
-
-def get_long_be(b):
-    return (b[0] << 24) | (b[1] << 16) | (b[2] << 8) | b[3]
-
-def get_long_le(b):
-    return (b[3] << 24) | (b[2] << 16) | (b[1] << 8) | b[0]
-
-def get_short_be(b):
-    return (b[0] << 8) | b[1]
-
-def get_short_le(b):
-    return (b[1] << 8) | b[0]
-
-
-#--------------------#
-# Small test program #
-#--------------------#
-
-def test():
-    import sys
-    recursive = 0
-    if sys.argv[1:] and sys.argv[1] == '-r':
-        del sys.argv[1:2]
-        recursive = 1
-    try:
-        if sys.argv[1:]:
-            testall(sys.argv[1:], recursive, 1)
-        else:
-            testall(['.'], recursive, 1)
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        sys.stderr.write('\n[Interrupted]\n')
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-def testall(list, recursive, toplevel):
-    import sys
-    import os
-    for filename in list:
-        if os.path.isdir(filename):
-            print(filename + '/:', end=' ')
-            if recursive or toplevel:
-                print('recursing down:')
-                import glob
-                names = glob.glob(os.path.join(filename, '*'))
-                testall(names, recursive, 0)
-            else:
-                print('*** directory (use -r) ***')
-        else:
-            print(filename + ':', end=' ')
-            sys.stdout.flush()
-            try:
-                print(what(filename))
-            except OSError:
-                print('*** not found ***')
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    test()
diff --git a/Lib/sunau.py b/Lib/sunau.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 129502b0b4..0000000000
--- a/Lib/sunau.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,531 +0,0 @@
-"""Stuff to parse Sun and NeXT audio files.
-
-An audio file consists of a header followed by the data.  The structure
-of the header is as follows.
-
-        +---------------+
-        | magic word    |
-        +---------------+
-        | header size   |
-        +---------------+
-        | data size     |
-        +---------------+
-        | encoding      |
-        +---------------+
-        | sample rate   |
-        +---------------+
-        | # of channels |
-        +---------------+
-        | info          |
-        |               |
-        +---------------+
-
-The magic word consists of the 4 characters '.snd'.  Apart from the
-info field, all header fields are 4 bytes in size.  They are all
-32-bit unsigned integers encoded in big-endian byte order.
-
-The header size really gives the start of the data.
-The data size is the physical size of the data.  From the other
-parameters the number of frames can be calculated.
-The encoding gives the way in which audio samples are encoded.
-Possible values are listed below.
-The info field currently consists of an ASCII string giving a
-human-readable description of the audio file.  The info field is
-padded with NUL bytes to the header size.
-
-Usage.
-
-Reading audio files:
-        f = sunau.open(file, 'r')
-where file is either the name of a file or an open file pointer.
-The open file pointer must have methods read(), seek(), and close().
-When the setpos() and rewind() methods are not used, the seek()
-method is not  necessary.
-
-This returns an instance of a class with the following public methods:
-        getnchannels()  -- returns number of audio channels (1 for
-                           mono, 2 for stereo)
-        getsampwidth()  -- returns sample width in bytes
-        getframerate()  -- returns sampling frequency
-        getnframes()    -- returns number of audio frames
-        getcomptype()   -- returns compression type ('NONE' or 'ULAW')
-        getcompname()   -- returns human-readable version of
-                           compression type ('not compressed' matches 'NONE')
-        getparams()     -- returns a namedtuple consisting of all of the
-                           above in the above order
-        getmarkers()    -- returns None (for compatibility with the
-                           aifc module)
-        getmark(id)     -- raises an error since the mark does not
-                           exist (for compatibility with the aifc module)
-        readframes(n)   -- returns at most n frames of audio
-        rewind()        -- rewind to the beginning of the audio stream
-        setpos(pos)     -- seek to the specified position
-        tell()          -- return the current position
-        close()         -- close the instance (make it unusable)
-The position returned by tell() and the position given to setpos()
-are compatible and have nothing to do with the actual position in the
-file.
-The close() method is called automatically when the class instance
-is destroyed.
-
-Writing audio files:
-        f = sunau.open(file, 'w')
-where file is either the name of a file or an open file pointer.
-The open file pointer must have methods write(), tell(), seek(), and
-close().
-
-This returns an instance of a class with the following public methods:
-        setnchannels(n) -- set the number of channels
-        setsampwidth(n) -- set the sample width
-        setframerate(n) -- set the frame rate
-        setnframes(n)   -- set the number of frames
-        setcomptype(type, name)
-                        -- set the compression type and the
-                           human-readable compression type
-        setparams(tuple)-- set all parameters at once
-        tell()          -- return current position in output file
-        writeframesraw(data)
-                        -- write audio frames without pathing up the
-                           file header
-        writeframes(data)
-                        -- write audio frames and patch up the file header
-        close()         -- patch up the file header and close the
-                           output file
-You should set the parameters before the first writeframesraw or
-writeframes.  The total number of frames does not need to be set,
-but when it is set to the correct value, the header does not have to
-be patched up.
-It is best to first set all parameters, perhaps possibly the
-compression type, and then write audio frames using writeframesraw.
-When all frames have been written, either call writeframes(b'') or
-close() to patch up the sizes in the header.
-The close() method is called automatically when the class instance
-is destroyed.
-"""
-
-from collections import namedtuple
-import warnings
-
-_sunau_params = namedtuple('_sunau_params',
-                           'nchannels sampwidth framerate nframes comptype compname')
-
-# from <multimedia/audio_filehdr.h>
-AUDIO_FILE_MAGIC = 0x2e736e64
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8 = 1
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_8 = 2
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_16 = 3
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_24 = 4
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_32 = 5
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_FLOAT = 6
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_DOUBLE = 7
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G721 = 23
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G722 = 24
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G723_3 = 25
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ADPCM_G723_5 = 26
-AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ALAW_8 = 27
-
-# from <multimedia/audio_hdr.h>
-AUDIO_UNKNOWN_SIZE = 0xFFFFFFFF        # ((unsigned)(~0))
-
-_simple_encodings = [AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8,
-                     AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_8,
-                     AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_16,
-                     AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_24,
-                     AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_32,
-                     AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ALAW_8]
-
-class Error(Exception):
-    pass
-
-def _read_u32(file):
-    x = 0
-    for i in range(4):
-        byte = file.read(1)
-        if not byte:
-            raise EOFError
-        x = x*256 + ord(byte)
-    return x
-
-def _write_u32(file, x):
-    data = []
-    for i in range(4):
-        d, m = divmod(x, 256)
-        data.insert(0, int(m))
-        x = d
-    file.write(bytes(data))
-
-class Au_read:
-
-    def __init__(self, f):
-        if type(f) == type(''):
-            import builtins
-            f = builtins.open(f, 'rb')
-            self._opened = True
-        else:
-            self._opened = False
-        self.initfp(f)
-
-    def __del__(self):
-        if self._file:
-            self.close()
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, *args):
-        self.close()
-
-    def initfp(self, file):
-        self._file = file
-        self._soundpos = 0
-        magic = int(_read_u32(file))
-        if magic != AUDIO_FILE_MAGIC:
-            raise Error('bad magic number')
-        self._hdr_size = int(_read_u32(file))
-        if self._hdr_size < 24:
-            raise Error('header size too small')
-        if self._hdr_size > 100:
-            raise Error('header size ridiculously large')
-        self._data_size = _read_u32(file)
-        if self._data_size != AUDIO_UNKNOWN_SIZE:
-            self._data_size = int(self._data_size)
-        self._encoding = int(_read_u32(file))
-        if self._encoding not in _simple_encodings:
-            raise Error('encoding not (yet) supported')
-        if self._encoding in (AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8,
-                  AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ALAW_8):
-            self._sampwidth = 2
-            self._framesize = 1
-        elif self._encoding == AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_8:
-            self._framesize = self._sampwidth = 1
-        elif self._encoding == AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_16:
-            self._framesize = self._sampwidth = 2
-        elif self._encoding == AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_24:
-            self._framesize = self._sampwidth = 3
-        elif self._encoding == AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_32:
-            self._framesize = self._sampwidth = 4
-        else:
-            raise Error('unknown encoding')
-        self._framerate = int(_read_u32(file))
-        self._nchannels = int(_read_u32(file))
-        if not self._nchannels:
-            raise Error('bad # of channels')
-        self._framesize = self._framesize * self._nchannels
-        if self._hdr_size > 24:
-            self._info = file.read(self._hdr_size - 24)
-            self._info, _, _ = self._info.partition(b'\0')
-        else:
-            self._info = b''
-        try:
-            self._data_pos = file.tell()
-        except (AttributeError, OSError):
-            self._data_pos = None
-
-    def getfp(self):
-        return self._file
-
-    def getnchannels(self):
-        return self._nchannels
-
-    def getsampwidth(self):
-        return self._sampwidth
-
-    def getframerate(self):
-        return self._framerate
-
-    def getnframes(self):
-        if self._data_size == AUDIO_UNKNOWN_SIZE:
-            return AUDIO_UNKNOWN_SIZE
-        if self._encoding in _simple_encodings:
-            return self._data_size // self._framesize
-        return 0                # XXX--must do some arithmetic here
-
-    def getcomptype(self):
-        if self._encoding == AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8:
-            return 'ULAW'
-        elif self._encoding == AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ALAW_8:
-            return 'ALAW'
-        else:
-            return 'NONE'
-
-    def getcompname(self):
-        if self._encoding == AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8:
-            return 'CCITT G.711 u-law'
-        elif self._encoding == AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_ALAW_8:
-            return 'CCITT G.711 A-law'
-        else:
-            return 'not compressed'
-
-    def getparams(self):
-        return _sunau_params(self.getnchannels(), self.getsampwidth(),
-                  self.getframerate(), self.getnframes(),
-                  self.getcomptype(), self.getcompname())
-
-    def getmarkers(self):
-        return None
-
-    def getmark(self, id):
-        raise Error('no marks')
-
-    def readframes(self, nframes):
-        if self._encoding in _simple_encodings:
-            if nframes == AUDIO_UNKNOWN_SIZE:
-                data = self._file.read()
-            else:
-                data = self._file.read(nframes * self._framesize)
-            self._soundpos += len(data) // self._framesize
-            if self._encoding == AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8:
-                import audioop
-                data = audioop.ulaw2lin(data, self._sampwidth)
-            return data
-        return None             # XXX--not implemented yet
-
-    def rewind(self):
-        if self._data_pos is None:
-            raise OSError('cannot seek')
-        self._file.seek(self._data_pos)
-        self._soundpos = 0
-
-    def tell(self):
-        return self._soundpos
-
-    def setpos(self, pos):
-        if pos < 0 or pos > self.getnframes():
-            raise Error('position not in range')
-        if self._data_pos is None:
-            raise OSError('cannot seek')
-        self._file.seek(self._data_pos + pos * self._framesize)
-        self._soundpos = pos
-
-    def close(self):
-        file = self._file
-        if file:
-            self._file = None
-            if self._opened:
-                file.close()
-
-class Au_write:
-
-    def __init__(self, f):
-        if type(f) == type(''):
-            import builtins
-            f = builtins.open(f, 'wb')
-            self._opened = True
-        else:
-            self._opened = False
-        self.initfp(f)
-
-    def __del__(self):
-        if self._file:
-            self.close()
-        self._file = None
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, *args):
-        self.close()
-
-    def initfp(self, file):
-        self._file = file
-        self._framerate = 0
-        self._nchannels = 0
-        self._sampwidth = 0
-        self._framesize = 0
-        self._nframes = AUDIO_UNKNOWN_SIZE
-        self._nframeswritten = 0
-        self._datawritten = 0
-        self._datalength = 0
-        self._info = b''
-        self._comptype = 'ULAW' # default is U-law
-
-    def setnchannels(self, nchannels):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        if nchannels not in (1, 2, 4):
-            raise Error('only 1, 2, or 4 channels supported')
-        self._nchannels = nchannels
-
-    def getnchannels(self):
-        if not self._nchannels:
-            raise Error('number of channels not set')
-        return self._nchannels
-
-    def setsampwidth(self, sampwidth):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        if sampwidth not in (1, 2, 3, 4):
-            raise Error('bad sample width')
-        self._sampwidth = sampwidth
-
-    def getsampwidth(self):
-        if not self._framerate:
-            raise Error('sample width not specified')
-        return self._sampwidth
-
-    def setframerate(self, framerate):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        self._framerate = framerate
-
-    def getframerate(self):
-        if not self._framerate:
-            raise Error('frame rate not set')
-        return self._framerate
-
-    def setnframes(self, nframes):
-        if self._nframeswritten:
-            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
-        if nframes < 0:
-            raise Error('# of frames cannot be negative')
-        self._nframes = nframes
-
-    def getnframes(self):
-        return self._nframeswritten
-
-    def setcomptype(self, type, name):
-        if type in ('NONE', 'ULAW'):
-            self._comptype = type
-        else:
-            raise Error('unknown compression type')
-
-    def getcomptype(self):
-        return self._comptype
-
-    def getcompname(self):
-        if self._comptype == 'ULAW':
-            return 'CCITT G.711 u-law'
-        elif self._comptype == 'ALAW':
-            return 'CCITT G.711 A-law'
-        else:
-            return 'not compressed'
-
-    def setparams(self, params):
-        nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname = params
-        self.setnchannels(nchannels)
-        self.setsampwidth(sampwidth)
-        self.setframerate(framerate)
-        self.setnframes(nframes)
-        self.setcomptype(comptype, compname)
-
-    def getparams(self):
-        return _sunau_params(self.getnchannels(), self.getsampwidth(),
-                  self.getframerate(), self.getnframes(),
-                  self.getcomptype(), self.getcompname())
-
-    def tell(self):
-        return self._nframeswritten
-
-    def writeframesraw(self, data):
-        if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
-            data = memoryview(data).cast('B')
-        self._ensure_header_written()
-        if self._comptype == 'ULAW':
-            import audioop
-            data = audioop.lin2ulaw(data, self._sampwidth)
-        nframes = len(data) // self._framesize
-        self._file.write(data)
-        self._nframeswritten = self._nframeswritten + nframes
-        self._datawritten = self._datawritten + len(data)
-
-    def writeframes(self, data):
-        self.writeframesraw(data)
-        if self._nframeswritten != self._nframes or \
-                  self._datalength != self._datawritten:
-            self._patchheader()
-
-    def close(self):
-        if self._file:
-            try:
-                self._ensure_header_written()
-                if self._nframeswritten != self._nframes or \
-                        self._datalength != self._datawritten:
-                    self._patchheader()
-                self._file.flush()
-            finally:
-                file = self._file
-                self._file = None
-                if self._opened:
-                    file.close()
-
-    #
-    # private methods
-    #
-
-    def _ensure_header_written(self):
-        if not self._nframeswritten:
-            if not self._nchannels:
-                raise Error('# of channels not specified')
-            if not self._sampwidth:
-                raise Error('sample width not specified')
-            if not self._framerate:
-                raise Error('frame rate not specified')
-            self._write_header()
-
-    def _write_header(self):
-        if self._comptype == 'NONE':
-            if self._sampwidth == 1:
-                encoding = AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_8
-                self._framesize = 1
-            elif self._sampwidth == 2:
-                encoding = AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_16
-                self._framesize = 2
-            elif self._sampwidth == 3:
-                encoding = AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_24
-                self._framesize = 3
-            elif self._sampwidth == 4:
-                encoding = AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_LINEAR_32
-                self._framesize = 4
-            else:
-                raise Error('internal error')
-        elif self._comptype == 'ULAW':
-            encoding = AUDIO_FILE_ENCODING_MULAW_8
-            self._framesize = 1
-        else:
-            raise Error('internal error')
-        self._framesize = self._framesize * self._nchannels
-        _write_u32(self._file, AUDIO_FILE_MAGIC)
-        header_size = 25 + len(self._info)
-        header_size = (header_size + 7) & ~7
-        _write_u32(self._file, header_size)
-        if self._nframes == AUDIO_UNKNOWN_SIZE:
-            length = AUDIO_UNKNOWN_SIZE
-        else:
-            length = self._nframes * self._framesize
-        try:
-            self._form_length_pos = self._file.tell()
-        except (AttributeError, OSError):
-            self._form_length_pos = None
-        _write_u32(self._file, length)
-        self._datalength = length
-        _write_u32(self._file, encoding)
-        _write_u32(self._file, self._framerate)
-        _write_u32(self._file, self._nchannels)
-        self._file.write(self._info)
-        self._file.write(b'\0'*(header_size - len(self._info) - 24))
-
-    def _patchheader(self):
-        if self._form_length_pos is None:
-            raise OSError('cannot seek')
-        self._file.seek(self._form_length_pos)
-        _write_u32(self._file, self._datawritten)
-        self._datalength = self._datawritten
-        self._file.seek(0, 2)
-
-def open(f, mode=None):
-    if mode is None:
-        if hasattr(f, 'mode'):
-            mode = f.mode
-        else:
-            mode = 'rb'
-    if mode in ('r', 'rb'):
-        return Au_read(f)
-    elif mode in ('w', 'wb'):
-        return Au_write(f)
-    else:
-        raise Error("mode must be 'r', 'rb', 'w', or 'wb'")
-
-def openfp(f, mode=None):
-    warnings.warn("sunau.openfp is deprecated since Python 3.7. "
-                  "Use sunau.open instead.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
-    return open(f, mode=mode)

From fd4ad3e4d183b8d8faf73a34f5b13de1680ab58d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 2025 11:25:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 578/705] Remove smtpd

---
 Lib/smtpd.py           |  979 --------------------------------------
 Lib/test/test_smtpd.py | 1018 ----------------------------------------
 2 files changed, 1997 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100755 Lib/smtpd.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/test/test_smtpd.py

diff --git a/Lib/smtpd.py b/Lib/smtpd.py
deleted file mode 100755
index 963e0a7689..0000000000
--- a/Lib/smtpd.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,979 +0,0 @@
-#! /usr/bin/env python3
-"""An RFC 5321 smtp proxy with optional RFC 1870 and RFC 6531 extensions.
-
-Usage: %(program)s [options] [localhost:localport [remotehost:remoteport]]
-
-Options:
-
-    --nosetuid
-    -n
-        This program generally tries to setuid `nobody', unless this flag is
-        set.  The setuid call will fail if this program is not run as root (in
-        which case, use this flag).
-
-    --version
-    -V
-        Print the version number and exit.
-
-    --class classname
-    -c classname
-        Use `classname' as the concrete SMTP proxy class.  Uses `PureProxy' by
-        default.
-
-    --size limit
-    -s limit
-        Restrict the total size of the incoming message to "limit" number of
-        bytes via the RFC 1870 SIZE extension.  Defaults to 33554432 bytes.
-
-    --smtputf8
-    -u
-        Enable the SMTPUTF8 extension and behave as an RFC 6531 smtp proxy.
-
-    --debug
-    -d
-        Turn on debugging prints.
-
-    --help
-    -h
-        Print this message and exit.
-
-Version: %(__version__)s
-
-If localhost is not given then `localhost' is used, and if localport is not
-given then 8025 is used.  If remotehost is not given then `localhost' is used,
-and if remoteport is not given, then 25 is used.
-"""
-
-# Overview:
-#
-# This file implements the minimal SMTP protocol as defined in RFC 5321.  It
-# has a hierarchy of classes which implement the backend functionality for the
-# smtpd.  A number of classes are provided:
-#
-#   SMTPServer - the base class for the backend.  Raises NotImplementedError
-#   if you try to use it.
-#
-#   DebuggingServer - simply prints each message it receives on stdout.
-#
-#   PureProxy - Proxies all messages to a real smtpd which does final
-#   delivery.  One known problem with this class is that it doesn't handle
-#   SMTP errors from the backend server at all.  This should be fixed
-#   (contributions are welcome!).
-#
-#   MailmanProxy - An experimental hack to work with GNU Mailman
-#   <www.list.org>.  Using this server as your real incoming smtpd, your
-#   mailhost will automatically recognize and accept mail destined to Mailman
-#   lists when those lists are created.  Every message not destined for a list
-#   gets forwarded to a real backend smtpd, as with PureProxy.  Again, errors
-#   are not handled correctly yet.
-#
-#
-# Author: Barry Warsaw <barry@python.org>
-#
-# TODO:
-#
-# - support mailbox delivery
-# - alias files
-# - Handle more ESMTP extensions
-# - handle error codes from the backend smtpd
-
-import sys
-import os
-import errno
-import getopt
-import time
-import socket
-import collections
-from warnings import warn
-from email._header_value_parser import get_addr_spec, get_angle_addr
-
-__all__ = [
-    "SMTPChannel", "SMTPServer", "DebuggingServer", "PureProxy",
-    "MailmanProxy",
-]
-
-warn(
-    'The smtpd module is deprecated and unmaintained and will be removed '
-    'in Python 3.12.  Please see aiosmtpd '
-    '(https://aiosmtpd.readthedocs.io/) for the recommended replacement.',
-    DeprecationWarning,
-    stacklevel=2)
-
-
-# These are imported after the above warning so that users get the correct
-# deprecation warning.
-import asyncore
-import asynchat
-
-
-program = sys.argv[0]
-__version__ = 'Python SMTP proxy version 0.3'
-
-
-class Devnull:
-    def write(self, msg): pass
-    def flush(self): pass
-
-
-DEBUGSTREAM = Devnull()
-NEWLINE = '\n'
-COMMASPACE = ', '
-DATA_SIZE_DEFAULT = 33554432
-
-
-def usage(code, msg=''):
-    print(__doc__ % globals(), file=sys.stderr)
-    if msg:
-        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
-    sys.exit(code)
-
-
-class SMTPChannel(asynchat.async_chat):
-    COMMAND = 0
-    DATA = 1
-
-    command_size_limit = 512
-    command_size_limits = collections.defaultdict(lambda x=command_size_limit: x)
-
-    @property
-    def max_command_size_limit(self):
-        try:
-            return max(self.command_size_limits.values())
-        except ValueError:
-            return self.command_size_limit
-
-    def __init__(self, server, conn, addr, data_size_limit=DATA_SIZE_DEFAULT,
-                 map=None, enable_SMTPUTF8=False, decode_data=False):
-        asynchat.async_chat.__init__(self, conn, map=map)
-        self.smtp_server = server
-        self.conn = conn
-        self.addr = addr
-        self.data_size_limit = data_size_limit
-        self.enable_SMTPUTF8 = enable_SMTPUTF8
-        self._decode_data = decode_data
-        if enable_SMTPUTF8 and decode_data:
-            raise ValueError("decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot"
-                             " be set to True at the same time")
-        if decode_data:
-            self._emptystring = ''
-            self._linesep = '\r\n'
-            self._dotsep = '.'
-            self._newline = NEWLINE
-        else:
-            self._emptystring = b''
-            self._linesep = b'\r\n'
-            self._dotsep = ord(b'.')
-            self._newline = b'\n'
-        self._set_rset_state()
-        self.seen_greeting = ''
-        self.extended_smtp = False
-        self.command_size_limits.clear()
-        self.fqdn = socket.getfqdn()
-        try:
-            self.peer = conn.getpeername()
-        except OSError as err:
-            # a race condition  may occur if the other end is closing
-            # before we can get the peername
-            self.close()
-            if err.errno != errno.ENOTCONN:
-                raise
-            return
-        print('Peer:', repr(self.peer), file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-        self.push('220 %s %s' % (self.fqdn, __version__))
-
-    def _set_post_data_state(self):
-        """Reset state variables to their post-DATA state."""
-        self.smtp_state = self.COMMAND
-        self.mailfrom = None
-        self.rcpttos = []
-        self.require_SMTPUTF8 = False
-        self.num_bytes = 0
-        self.set_terminator(b'\r\n')
-
-    def _set_rset_state(self):
-        """Reset all state variables except the greeting."""
-        self._set_post_data_state()
-        self.received_data = ''
-        self.received_lines = []
-
-
-    # properties for backwards-compatibility
-    @property
-    def __server(self):
-        warn("Access to __server attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'smtp_server' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.smtp_server
-    @__server.setter
-    def __server(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __server attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'smtp_server' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.smtp_server = value
-
-    @property
-    def __line(self):
-        warn("Access to __line attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'received_lines' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.received_lines
-    @__line.setter
-    def __line(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __line attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'received_lines' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.received_lines = value
-
-    @property
-    def __state(self):
-        warn("Access to __state attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'smtp_state' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.smtp_state
-    @__state.setter
-    def __state(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __state attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'smtp_state' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.smtp_state = value
-
-    @property
-    def __greeting(self):
-        warn("Access to __greeting attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'seen_greeting' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.seen_greeting
-    @__greeting.setter
-    def __greeting(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __greeting attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'seen_greeting' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.seen_greeting = value
-
-    @property
-    def __mailfrom(self):
-        warn("Access to __mailfrom attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'mailfrom' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.mailfrom
-    @__mailfrom.setter
-    def __mailfrom(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __mailfrom attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'mailfrom' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.mailfrom = value
-
-    @property
-    def __rcpttos(self):
-        warn("Access to __rcpttos attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'rcpttos' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.rcpttos
-    @__rcpttos.setter
-    def __rcpttos(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __rcpttos attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'rcpttos' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.rcpttos = value
-
-    @property
-    def __data(self):
-        warn("Access to __data attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'received_data' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.received_data
-    @__data.setter
-    def __data(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __data attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'received_data' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.received_data = value
-
-    @property
-    def __fqdn(self):
-        warn("Access to __fqdn attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'fqdn' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.fqdn
-    @__fqdn.setter
-    def __fqdn(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __fqdn attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'fqdn' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.fqdn = value
-
-    @property
-    def __peer(self):
-        warn("Access to __peer attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'peer' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.peer
-    @__peer.setter
-    def __peer(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __peer attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'peer' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.peer = value
-
-    @property
-    def __conn(self):
-        warn("Access to __conn attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'conn' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.conn
-    @__conn.setter
-    def __conn(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __conn attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'conn' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.conn = value
-
-    @property
-    def __addr(self):
-        warn("Access to __addr attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "use 'addr' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        return self.addr
-    @__addr.setter
-    def __addr(self, value):
-        warn("Setting __addr attribute on SMTPChannel is deprecated, "
-            "set 'addr' instead", DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        self.addr = value
-
-    # Overrides base class for convenience.
-    def push(self, msg):
-        asynchat.async_chat.push(self, bytes(
-            msg + '\r\n', 'utf-8' if self.require_SMTPUTF8 else 'ascii'))
-
-    # Implementation of base class abstract method
-    def collect_incoming_data(self, data):
-        limit = None
-        if self.smtp_state == self.COMMAND:
-            limit = self.max_command_size_limit
-        elif self.smtp_state == self.DATA:
-            limit = self.data_size_limit
-        if limit and self.num_bytes > limit:
-            return
-        elif limit:
-            self.num_bytes += len(data)
-        if self._decode_data:
-            self.received_lines.append(str(data, 'utf-8'))
-        else:
-            self.received_lines.append(data)
-
-    # Implementation of base class abstract method
-    def found_terminator(self):
-        line = self._emptystring.join(self.received_lines)
-        print('Data:', repr(line), file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-        self.received_lines = []
-        if self.smtp_state == self.COMMAND:
-            sz, self.num_bytes = self.num_bytes, 0
-            if not line:
-                self.push('500 Error: bad syntax')
-                return
-            if not self._decode_data:
-                line = str(line, 'utf-8')
-            i = line.find(' ')
-            if i < 0:
-                command = line.upper()
-                arg = None
-            else:
-                command = line[:i].upper()
-                arg = line[i+1:].strip()
-            max_sz = (self.command_size_limits[command]
-                        if self.extended_smtp else self.command_size_limit)
-            if sz > max_sz:
-                self.push('500 Error: line too long')
-                return
-            method = getattr(self, 'smtp_' + command, None)
-            if not method:
-                self.push('500 Error: command "%s" not recognized' % command)
-                return
-            method(arg)
-            return
-        else:
-            if self.smtp_state != self.DATA:
-                self.push('451 Internal confusion')
-                self.num_bytes = 0
-                return
-            if self.data_size_limit and self.num_bytes > self.data_size_limit:
-                self.push('552 Error: Too much mail data')
-                self.num_bytes = 0
-                return
-            # Remove extraneous carriage returns and de-transparency according
-            # to RFC 5321, Section 4.5.2.
-            data = []
-            for text in line.split(self._linesep):
-                if text and text[0] == self._dotsep:
-                    data.append(text[1:])
-                else:
-                    data.append(text)
-            self.received_data = self._newline.join(data)
-            args = (self.peer, self.mailfrom, self.rcpttos, self.received_data)
-            kwargs = {}
-            if not self._decode_data:
-                kwargs = {
-                    'mail_options': self.mail_options,
-                    'rcpt_options': self.rcpt_options,
-                }
-            status = self.smtp_server.process_message(*args, **kwargs)
-            self._set_post_data_state()
-            if not status:
-                self.push('250 OK')
-            else:
-                self.push(status)
-
-    # SMTP and ESMTP commands
-    def smtp_HELO(self, arg):
-        if not arg:
-            self.push('501 Syntax: HELO hostname')
-            return
-        # See issue #21783 for a discussion of this behavior.
-        if self.seen_greeting:
-            self.push('503 Duplicate HELO/EHLO')
-            return
-        self._set_rset_state()
-        self.seen_greeting = arg
-        self.push('250 %s' % self.fqdn)
-
-    def smtp_EHLO(self, arg):
-        if not arg:
-            self.push('501 Syntax: EHLO hostname')
-            return
-        # See issue #21783 for a discussion of this behavior.
-        if self.seen_greeting:
-            self.push('503 Duplicate HELO/EHLO')
-            return
-        self._set_rset_state()
-        self.seen_greeting = arg
-        self.extended_smtp = True
-        self.push('250-%s' % self.fqdn)
-        if self.data_size_limit:
-            self.push('250-SIZE %s' % self.data_size_limit)
-            self.command_size_limits['MAIL'] += 26
-        if not self._decode_data:
-            self.push('250-8BITMIME')
-        if self.enable_SMTPUTF8:
-            self.push('250-SMTPUTF8')
-            self.command_size_limits['MAIL'] += 10
-        self.push('250 HELP')
-
-    def smtp_NOOP(self, arg):
-        if arg:
-            self.push('501 Syntax: NOOP')
-        else:
-            self.push('250 OK')
-
-    def smtp_QUIT(self, arg):
-        # args is ignored
-        self.push('221 Bye')
-        self.close_when_done()
-
-    def _strip_command_keyword(self, keyword, arg):
-        keylen = len(keyword)
-        if arg[:keylen].upper() == keyword:
-            return arg[keylen:].strip()
-        return ''
-
-    def _getaddr(self, arg):
-        if not arg:
-            return '', ''
-        if arg.lstrip().startswith('<'):
-            address, rest = get_angle_addr(arg)
-        else:
-            address, rest = get_addr_spec(arg)
-        if not address:
-            return address, rest
-        return address.addr_spec, rest
-
-    def _getparams(self, params):
-        # Return params as dictionary. Return None if not all parameters
-        # appear to be syntactically valid according to RFC 1869.
-        result = {}
-        for param in params:
-            param, eq, value = param.partition('=')
-            if not param.isalnum() or eq and not value:
-                return None
-            result[param] = value if eq else True
-        return result
-
-    def smtp_HELP(self, arg):
-        if arg:
-            extended = ' [SP <mail-parameters>]'
-            lc_arg = arg.upper()
-            if lc_arg == 'EHLO':
-                self.push('250 Syntax: EHLO hostname')
-            elif lc_arg == 'HELO':
-                self.push('250 Syntax: HELO hostname')
-            elif lc_arg == 'MAIL':
-                msg = '250 Syntax: MAIL FROM: <address>'
-                if self.extended_smtp:
-                    msg += extended
-                self.push(msg)
-            elif lc_arg == 'RCPT':
-                msg = '250 Syntax: RCPT TO: <address>'
-                if self.extended_smtp:
-                    msg += extended
-                self.push(msg)
-            elif lc_arg == 'DATA':
-                self.push('250 Syntax: DATA')
-            elif lc_arg == 'RSET':
-                self.push('250 Syntax: RSET')
-            elif lc_arg == 'NOOP':
-                self.push('250 Syntax: NOOP')
-            elif lc_arg == 'QUIT':
-                self.push('250 Syntax: QUIT')
-            elif lc_arg == 'VRFY':
-                self.push('250 Syntax: VRFY <address>')
-            else:
-                self.push('501 Supported commands: EHLO HELO MAIL RCPT '
-                          'DATA RSET NOOP QUIT VRFY')
-        else:
-            self.push('250 Supported commands: EHLO HELO MAIL RCPT DATA '
-                      'RSET NOOP QUIT VRFY')
-
-    def smtp_VRFY(self, arg):
-        if arg:
-            address, params = self._getaddr(arg)
-            if address:
-                self.push('252 Cannot VRFY user, but will accept message '
-                          'and attempt delivery')
-            else:
-                self.push('502 Could not VRFY %s' % arg)
-        else:
-            self.push('501 Syntax: VRFY <address>')
-
-    def smtp_MAIL(self, arg):
-        if not self.seen_greeting:
-            self.push('503 Error: send HELO first')
-            return
-        print('===> MAIL', arg, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-        syntaxerr = '501 Syntax: MAIL FROM: <address>'
-        if self.extended_smtp:
-            syntaxerr += ' [SP <mail-parameters>]'
-        if arg is None:
-            self.push(syntaxerr)
-            return
-        arg = self._strip_command_keyword('FROM:', arg)
-        address, params = self._getaddr(arg)
-        if not address:
-            self.push(syntaxerr)
-            return
-        if not self.extended_smtp and params:
-            self.push(syntaxerr)
-            return
-        if self.mailfrom:
-            self.push('503 Error: nested MAIL command')
-            return
-        self.mail_options = params.upper().split()
-        params = self._getparams(self.mail_options)
-        if params is None:
-            self.push(syntaxerr)
-            return
-        if not self._decode_data:
-            body = params.pop('BODY', '7BIT')
-            if body not in ['7BIT', '8BITMIME']:
-                self.push('501 Error: BODY can only be one of 7BIT, 8BITMIME')
-                return
-        if self.enable_SMTPUTF8:
-            smtputf8 = params.pop('SMTPUTF8', False)
-            if smtputf8 is True:
-                self.require_SMTPUTF8 = True
-            elif smtputf8 is not False:
-                self.push('501 Error: SMTPUTF8 takes no arguments')
-                return
-        size = params.pop('SIZE', None)
-        if size:
-            if not size.isdigit():
-                self.push(syntaxerr)
-                return
-            elif self.data_size_limit and int(size) > self.data_size_limit:
-                self.push('552 Error: message size exceeds fixed maximum message size')
-                return
-        if len(params.keys()) > 0:
-            self.push('555 MAIL FROM parameters not recognized or not implemented')
-            return
-        self.mailfrom = address
-        print('sender:', self.mailfrom, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-        self.push('250 OK')
-
-    def smtp_RCPT(self, arg):
-        if not self.seen_greeting:
-            self.push('503 Error: send HELO first');
-            return
-        print('===> RCPT', arg, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-        if not self.mailfrom:
-            self.push('503 Error: need MAIL command')
-            return
-        syntaxerr = '501 Syntax: RCPT TO: <address>'
-        if self.extended_smtp:
-            syntaxerr += ' [SP <mail-parameters>]'
-        if arg is None:
-            self.push(syntaxerr)
-            return
-        arg = self._strip_command_keyword('TO:', arg)
-        address, params = self._getaddr(arg)
-        if not address:
-            self.push(syntaxerr)
-            return
-        if not self.extended_smtp and params:
-            self.push(syntaxerr)
-            return
-        self.rcpt_options = params.upper().split()
-        params = self._getparams(self.rcpt_options)
-        if params is None:
-            self.push(syntaxerr)
-            return
-        # XXX currently there are no options we recognize.
-        if len(params.keys()) > 0:
-            self.push('555 RCPT TO parameters not recognized or not implemented')
-            return
-        self.rcpttos.append(address)
-        print('recips:', self.rcpttos, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-        self.push('250 OK')
-
-    def smtp_RSET(self, arg):
-        if arg:
-            self.push('501 Syntax: RSET')
-            return
-        self._set_rset_state()
-        self.push('250 OK')
-
-    def smtp_DATA(self, arg):
-        if not self.seen_greeting:
-            self.push('503 Error: send HELO first');
-            return
-        if not self.rcpttos:
-            self.push('503 Error: need RCPT command')
-            return
-        if arg:
-            self.push('501 Syntax: DATA')
-            return
-        self.smtp_state = self.DATA
-        self.set_terminator(b'\r\n.\r\n')
-        self.push('354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>')
-
-    # Commands that have not been implemented
-    def smtp_EXPN(self, arg):
-        self.push('502 EXPN not implemented')
-
-
-class SMTPServer(asyncore.dispatcher):
-    # SMTPChannel class to use for managing client connections
-    channel_class = SMTPChannel
-
-    def __init__(self, localaddr, remoteaddr,
-                 data_size_limit=DATA_SIZE_DEFAULT, map=None,
-                 enable_SMTPUTF8=False, decode_data=False):
-        self._localaddr = localaddr
-        self._remoteaddr = remoteaddr
-        self.data_size_limit = data_size_limit
-        self.enable_SMTPUTF8 = enable_SMTPUTF8
-        self._decode_data = decode_data
-        if enable_SMTPUTF8 and decode_data:
-            raise ValueError("decode_data and enable_SMTPUTF8 cannot"
-                             " be set to True at the same time")
-        asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self, map=map)
-        try:
-            gai_results = socket.getaddrinfo(*localaddr,
-                                             type=socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-            self.create_socket(gai_results[0][0], gai_results[0][1])
-            # try to re-use a server port if possible
-            self.set_reuse_addr()
-            self.bind(localaddr)
-            self.listen(5)
-        except:
-            self.close()
-            raise
-        else:
-            print('%s started at %s\n\tLocal addr: %s\n\tRemote addr:%s' % (
-                self.__class__.__name__, time.ctime(time.time()),
-                localaddr, remoteaddr), file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-
-    def handle_accepted(self, conn, addr):
-        print('Incoming connection from %s' % repr(addr), file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-        channel = self.channel_class(self,
-                                     conn,
-                                     addr,
-                                     self.data_size_limit,
-                                     self._map,
-                                     self.enable_SMTPUTF8,
-                                     self._decode_data)
-
-    # API for "doing something useful with the message"
-    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data, **kwargs):
-        """Override this abstract method to handle messages from the client.
-
-        peer is a tuple containing (ipaddr, port) of the client that made the
-        socket connection to our smtp port.
-
-        mailfrom is the raw address the client claims the message is coming
-        from.
-
-        rcpttos is a list of raw addresses the client wishes to deliver the
-        message to.
-
-        data is a string containing the entire full text of the message,
-        headers (if supplied) and all.  It has been `de-transparencied'
-        according to RFC 821, Section 4.5.2.  In other words, a line
-        containing a `.' followed by other text has had the leading dot
-        removed.
-
-        kwargs is a dictionary containing additional information.  It is
-        empty if decode_data=True was given as init parameter, otherwise
-        it will contain the following keys:
-            'mail_options': list of parameters to the mail command.  All
-                            elements are uppercase strings.  Example:
-                            ['BODY=8BITMIME', 'SMTPUTF8'].
-            'rcpt_options': same, for the rcpt command.
-
-        This function should return None for a normal `250 Ok' response;
-        otherwise, it should return the desired response string in RFC 821
-        format.
-
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-
-class DebuggingServer(SMTPServer):
-
-    def _print_message_content(self, peer, data):
-        inheaders = 1
-        lines = data.splitlines()
-        for line in lines:
-            # headers first
-            if inheaders and not line:
-                peerheader = 'X-Peer: ' + peer[0]
-                if not isinstance(data, str):
-                    # decoded_data=false; make header match other binary output
-                    peerheader = repr(peerheader.encode('utf-8'))
-                print(peerheader)
-                inheaders = 0
-            if not isinstance(data, str):
-                # Avoid spurious 'str on bytes instance' warning.
-                line = repr(line)
-            print(line)
-
-    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data, **kwargs):
-        print('---------- MESSAGE FOLLOWS ----------')
-        if kwargs:
-            if kwargs.get('mail_options'):
-                print('mail options: %s' % kwargs['mail_options'])
-            if kwargs.get('rcpt_options'):
-                print('rcpt options: %s\n' % kwargs['rcpt_options'])
-        self._print_message_content(peer, data)
-        print('------------ END MESSAGE ------------')
-
-
-class PureProxy(SMTPServer):
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        if 'enable_SMTPUTF8' in kwargs and kwargs['enable_SMTPUTF8']:
-            raise ValueError("PureProxy does not support SMTPUTF8.")
-        super(PureProxy, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-
-    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data):
-        lines = data.split('\n')
-        # Look for the last header
-        i = 0
-        for line in lines:
-            if not line:
-                break
-            i += 1
-        lines.insert(i, 'X-Peer: %s' % peer[0])
-        data = NEWLINE.join(lines)
-        refused = self._deliver(mailfrom, rcpttos, data)
-        # TBD: what to do with refused addresses?
-        print('we got some refusals:', refused, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-
-    def _deliver(self, mailfrom, rcpttos, data):
-        import smtplib
-        refused = {}
-        try:
-            s = smtplib.SMTP()
-            s.connect(self._remoteaddr[0], self._remoteaddr[1])
-            try:
-                refused = s.sendmail(mailfrom, rcpttos, data)
-            finally:
-                s.quit()
-        except smtplib.SMTPRecipientsRefused as e:
-            print('got SMTPRecipientsRefused', file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-            refused = e.recipients
-        except (OSError, smtplib.SMTPException) as e:
-            print('got', e.__class__, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-            # All recipients were refused.  If the exception had an associated
-            # error code, use it.  Otherwise,fake it with a non-triggering
-            # exception code.
-            errcode = getattr(e, 'smtp_code', -1)
-            errmsg = getattr(e, 'smtp_error', 'ignore')
-            for r in rcpttos:
-                refused[r] = (errcode, errmsg)
-        return refused
-
-
-class MailmanProxy(PureProxy):
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        warn('MailmanProxy is deprecated and will be removed '
-             'in future', DeprecationWarning, 2)
-        if 'enable_SMTPUTF8' in kwargs and kwargs['enable_SMTPUTF8']:
-            raise ValueError("MailmanProxy does not support SMTPUTF8.")
-        super(PureProxy, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-
-    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data):
-        from io import StringIO
-        from Mailman import Utils
-        from Mailman import Message
-        from Mailman import MailList
-        # If the message is to a Mailman mailing list, then we'll invoke the
-        # Mailman script directly, without going through the real smtpd.
-        # Otherwise we'll forward it to the local proxy for disposition.
-        listnames = []
-        for rcpt in rcpttos:
-            local = rcpt.lower().split('@')[0]
-            # We allow the following variations on the theme
-            #   listname
-            #   listname-admin
-            #   listname-owner
-            #   listname-request
-            #   listname-join
-            #   listname-leave
-            parts = local.split('-')
-            if len(parts) > 2:
-                continue
-            listname = parts[0]
-            if len(parts) == 2:
-                command = parts[1]
-            else:
-                command = ''
-            if not Utils.list_exists(listname) or command not in (
-                    '', 'admin', 'owner', 'request', 'join', 'leave'):
-                continue
-            listnames.append((rcpt, listname, command))
-        # Remove all list recipients from rcpttos and forward what we're not
-        # going to take care of ourselves.  Linear removal should be fine
-        # since we don't expect a large number of recipients.
-        for rcpt, listname, command in listnames:
-            rcpttos.remove(rcpt)
-        # If there's any non-list destined recipients left,
-        print('forwarding recips:', ' '.join(rcpttos), file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-        if rcpttos:
-            refused = self._deliver(mailfrom, rcpttos, data)
-            # TBD: what to do with refused addresses?
-            print('we got refusals:', refused, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-        # Now deliver directly to the list commands
-        mlists = {}
-        s = StringIO(data)
-        msg = Message.Message(s)
-        # These headers are required for the proper execution of Mailman.  All
-        # MTAs in existence seem to add these if the original message doesn't
-        # have them.
-        if not msg.get('from'):
-            msg['From'] = mailfrom
-        if not msg.get('date'):
-            msg['Date'] = time.ctime(time.time())
-        for rcpt, listname, command in listnames:
-            print('sending message to', rcpt, file=DEBUGSTREAM)
-            mlist = mlists.get(listname)
-            if not mlist:
-                mlist = MailList.MailList(listname, lock=0)
-                mlists[listname] = mlist
-            # dispatch on the type of command
-            if command == '':
-                # post
-                msg.Enqueue(mlist, tolist=1)
-            elif command == 'admin':
-                msg.Enqueue(mlist, toadmin=1)
-            elif command == 'owner':
-                msg.Enqueue(mlist, toowner=1)
-            elif command == 'request':
-                msg.Enqueue(mlist, torequest=1)
-            elif command in ('join', 'leave'):
-                # TBD: this is a hack!
-                if command == 'join':
-                    msg['Subject'] = 'subscribe'
-                else:
-                    msg['Subject'] = 'unsubscribe'
-                msg.Enqueue(mlist, torequest=1)
-
-
-class Options:
-    setuid = True
-    classname = 'PureProxy'
-    size_limit = None
-    enable_SMTPUTF8 = False
-
-
-def parseargs():
-    global DEBUGSTREAM
-    try:
-        opts, args = getopt.getopt(
-            sys.argv[1:], 'nVhc:s:du',
-            ['class=', 'nosetuid', 'version', 'help', 'size=', 'debug',
-             'smtputf8'])
-    except getopt.error as e:
-        usage(1, e)
-
-    options = Options()
-    for opt, arg in opts:
-        if opt in ('-h', '--help'):
-            usage(0)
-        elif opt in ('-V', '--version'):
-            print(__version__)
-            sys.exit(0)
-        elif opt in ('-n', '--nosetuid'):
-            options.setuid = False
-        elif opt in ('-c', '--class'):
-            options.classname = arg
-        elif opt in ('-d', '--debug'):
-            DEBUGSTREAM = sys.stderr
-        elif opt in ('-u', '--smtputf8'):
-            options.enable_SMTPUTF8 = True
-        elif opt in ('-s', '--size'):
-            try:
-                int_size = int(arg)
-                options.size_limit = int_size
-            except:
-                print('Invalid size: ' + arg, file=sys.stderr)
-                sys.exit(1)
-
-    # parse the rest of the arguments
-    if len(args) < 1:
-        localspec = 'localhost:8025'
-        remotespec = 'localhost:25'
-    elif len(args) < 2:
-        localspec = args[0]
-        remotespec = 'localhost:25'
-    elif len(args) < 3:
-        localspec = args[0]
-        remotespec = args[1]
-    else:
-        usage(1, 'Invalid arguments: %s' % COMMASPACE.join(args))
-
-    # split into host/port pairs
-    i = localspec.find(':')
-    if i < 0:
-        usage(1, 'Bad local spec: %s' % localspec)
-    options.localhost = localspec[:i]
-    try:
-        options.localport = int(localspec[i+1:])
-    except ValueError:
-        usage(1, 'Bad local port: %s' % localspec)
-    i = remotespec.find(':')
-    if i < 0:
-        usage(1, 'Bad remote spec: %s' % remotespec)
-    options.remotehost = remotespec[:i]
-    try:
-        options.remoteport = int(remotespec[i+1:])
-    except ValueError:
-        usage(1, 'Bad remote port: %s' % remotespec)
-    return options
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    options = parseargs()
-    # Become nobody
-    classname = options.classname
-    if "." in classname:
-        lastdot = classname.rfind(".")
-        mod = __import__(classname[:lastdot], globals(), locals(), [""])
-        classname = classname[lastdot+1:]
-    else:
-        import __main__ as mod
-    class_ = getattr(mod, classname)
-    proxy = class_((options.localhost, options.localport),
-                   (options.remotehost, options.remoteport),
-                   options.size_limit, enable_SMTPUTF8=options.enable_SMTPUTF8)
-    if options.setuid:
-        try:
-            import pwd
-        except ImportError:
-            print('Cannot import module "pwd"; try running with -n option.', file=sys.stderr)
-            sys.exit(1)
-        nobody = pwd.getpwnam('nobody')[2]
-        try:
-            os.setuid(nobody)
-        except PermissionError:
-            print('Cannot setuid "nobody"; try running with -n option.', file=sys.stderr)
-            sys.exit(1)
-    try:
-        asyncore.loop()
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        pass
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_smtpd.py b/Lib/test/test_smtpd.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d2e150d535..0000000000
--- a/Lib/test/test_smtpd.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1018 +0,0 @@
-import unittest
-import textwrap
-from test import support, mock_socket
-from test.support import socket_helper
-from test.support import warnings_helper
-import socket
-import io
-
-import warnings
-with warnings.catch_warnings():
-    warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
-    import smtpd
-    import asyncore
-
-
-class DummyServer(smtpd.SMTPServer):
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        smtpd.SMTPServer.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
-        self.messages = []
-        if self._decode_data:
-            self.return_status = 'return status'
-        else:
-            self.return_status = b'return status'
-
-    def process_message(self, peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data, **kw):
-        self.messages.append((peer, mailfrom, rcpttos, data))
-        if data == self.return_status:
-            return '250 Okish'
-        if 'mail_options' in kw and 'SMTPUTF8' in kw['mail_options']:
-            return '250 SMTPUTF8 message okish'
-
-
-class DummyDispatcherBroken(Exception):
-    pass
-
-
-class BrokenDummyServer(DummyServer):
-    def listen(self, num):
-        raise DummyDispatcherBroken()
-
-
-class SMTPDServerTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-
-    def test_process_message_unimplemented(self):
-        server = smtpd.SMTPServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0),
-                                  decode_data=True)
-        conn, addr = server.accept()
-        channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr, decode_data=True)
-
-        def write_line(line):
-            channel.socket.queue_recv(line)
-            channel.handle_read()
-
-        write_line(b'HELO example')
-        write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, write_line, b'spam\r\n.\r\n')
-
-    def test_decode_data_and_enable_SMTPUTF8_raises(self):
-        self.assertRaises(
-            ValueError,
-            smtpd.SMTPServer,
-            (socket_helper.HOST, 0),
-            ('b', 0),
-            enable_SMTPUTF8=True,
-            decode_data=True)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-        asyncore.socket = smtpd.socket = socket
-
-
-class DebuggingServerTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-
-    def send_data(self, channel, data, enable_SMTPUTF8=False):
-        def write_line(line):
-            channel.socket.queue_recv(line)
-            channel.handle_read()
-        write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        if enable_SMTPUTF8:
-            write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example BODY=8BITMIME SMTPUTF8')
-        else:
-            write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        write_line(b'DATA')
-        write_line(data)
-        write_line(b'.')
-
-    def test_process_message_with_decode_data_true(self):
-        server = smtpd.DebuggingServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0),
-                                       decode_data=True)
-        conn, addr = server.accept()
-        channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr, decode_data=True)
-        with support.captured_stdout() as s:
-            self.send_data(channel, b'From: test\n\nhello\n')
-        stdout = s.getvalue()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, textwrap.dedent("""\
-             ---------- MESSAGE FOLLOWS ----------
-             From: test
-             X-Peer: peer-address
-
-             hello
-             ------------ END MESSAGE ------------
-             """))
-
-    def test_process_message_with_decode_data_false(self):
-        server = smtpd.DebuggingServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0))
-        conn, addr = server.accept()
-        channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr)
-        with support.captured_stdout() as s:
-            self.send_data(channel, b'From: test\n\nh\xc3\xa9llo\xff\n')
-        stdout = s.getvalue()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, textwrap.dedent("""\
-             ---------- MESSAGE FOLLOWS ----------
-             b'From: test'
-             b'X-Peer: peer-address'
-             b''
-             b'h\\xc3\\xa9llo\\xff'
-             ------------ END MESSAGE ------------
-             """))
-
-    def test_process_message_with_enable_SMTPUTF8_true(self):
-        server = smtpd.DebuggingServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0),
-                                       enable_SMTPUTF8=True)
-        conn, addr = server.accept()
-        channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr, enable_SMTPUTF8=True)
-        with support.captured_stdout() as s:
-            self.send_data(channel, b'From: test\n\nh\xc3\xa9llo\xff\n')
-        stdout = s.getvalue()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, textwrap.dedent("""\
-             ---------- MESSAGE FOLLOWS ----------
-             b'From: test'
-             b'X-Peer: peer-address'
-             b''
-             b'h\\xc3\\xa9llo\\xff'
-             ------------ END MESSAGE ------------
-             """))
-
-    def test_process_SMTPUTF8_message_with_enable_SMTPUTF8_true(self):
-        server = smtpd.DebuggingServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0),
-                                       enable_SMTPUTF8=True)
-        conn, addr = server.accept()
-        channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr, enable_SMTPUTF8=True)
-        with support.captured_stdout() as s:
-            self.send_data(channel, b'From: test\n\nh\xc3\xa9llo\xff\n',
-                           enable_SMTPUTF8=True)
-        stdout = s.getvalue()
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, textwrap.dedent("""\
-             ---------- MESSAGE FOLLOWS ----------
-             mail options: ['BODY=8BITMIME', 'SMTPUTF8']
-             b'From: test'
-             b'X-Peer: peer-address'
-             b''
-             b'h\\xc3\\xa9llo\\xff'
-             ------------ END MESSAGE ------------
-             """))
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-        asyncore.socket = smtpd.socket = socket
-
-
-class TestFamilyDetection(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-        asyncore.socket = smtpd.socket = socket
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(socket_helper.IPV6_ENABLED, "IPv6 not enabled")
-    def test_socket_uses_IPv6(self):
-        server = smtpd.SMTPServer((socket_helper.HOSTv6, 0), (socket_helper.HOSTv4, 0))
-        self.assertEqual(server.socket.family, socket.AF_INET6)
-
-    def test_socket_uses_IPv4(self):
-        server = smtpd.SMTPServer((socket_helper.HOSTv4, 0), (socket_helper.HOSTv6, 0))
-        self.assertEqual(server.socket.family, socket.AF_INET)
-
-
-class TestRcptOptionParsing(unittest.TestCase):
-    error_response = (b'555 RCPT TO parameters not recognized or not '
-                      b'implemented\r\n')
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-        self.old_debugstream = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM
-        self.debug = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = io.StringIO()
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-        asyncore.socket = smtpd.socket = socket
-        smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = self.old_debugstream
-
-    def write_line(self, channel, line):
-        channel.socket.queue_recv(line)
-        channel.handle_read()
-
-    def test_params_rejected(self):
-        server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0))
-        conn, addr = server.accept()
-        channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr)
-        self.write_line(channel, b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(channel, b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20')
-        self.write_line(channel, b'RCPT to: <foo@example.com> foo=bar')
-        self.assertEqual(channel.socket.last, self.error_response)
-
-    def test_nothing_accepted(self):
-        server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0))
-        conn, addr = server.accept()
-        channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr)
-        self.write_line(channel, b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(channel, b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20')
-        self.write_line(channel, b'RCPT to: <foo@example.com>')
-        self.assertEqual(channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-
-class TestMailOptionParsing(unittest.TestCase):
-    error_response = (b'555 MAIL FROM parameters not recognized or not '
-                      b'implemented\r\n')
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-        self.old_debugstream = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM
-        self.debug = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = io.StringIO()
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-        asyncore.socket = smtpd.socket = socket
-        smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = self.old_debugstream
-
-    def write_line(self, channel, line):
-        channel.socket.queue_recv(line)
-        channel.handle_read()
-
-    def test_with_decode_data_true(self):
-        server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0), decode_data=True)
-        conn, addr = server.accept()
-        channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr, decode_data=True)
-        self.write_line(channel, b'EHLO example')
-        for line in [
-            b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20 SMTPUTF8',
-            b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20 SMTPUTF8 BODY=8BITMIME',
-            b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20 BODY=UNKNOWN',
-            b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20 body=8bitmime',
-        ]:
-            self.write_line(channel, line)
-            self.assertEqual(channel.socket.last, self.error_response)
-        self.write_line(channel, b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20')
-        self.assertEqual(channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_with_decode_data_false(self):
-        server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0))
-        conn, addr = server.accept()
-        channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr)
-        self.write_line(channel, b'EHLO example')
-        for line in [
-            b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20 SMTPUTF8',
-            b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20 SMTPUTF8 BODY=8BITMIME',
-        ]:
-            self.write_line(channel, line)
-            self.assertEqual(channel.socket.last, self.error_response)
-        self.write_line(
-            channel,
-            b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20 SMTPUTF8 BODY=UNKNOWN')
-        self.assertEqual(
-            channel.socket.last,
-            b'501 Error: BODY can only be one of 7BIT, 8BITMIME\r\n')
-        self.write_line(
-            channel, b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20 body=8bitmime')
-        self.assertEqual(channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_with_enable_smtputf8_true(self):
-        server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0), enable_SMTPUTF8=True)
-        conn, addr = server.accept()
-        channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(server, conn, addr, enable_SMTPUTF8=True)
-        self.write_line(channel, b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(
-            channel,
-            b'MAIL from: <foo@example.com> size=20 body=8bitmime smtputf8')
-        self.assertEqual(channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-
-class SMTPDChannelTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-        self.old_debugstream = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM
-        self.debug = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = io.StringIO()
-        self.server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0),
-                                  decode_data=True)
-        conn, addr = self.server.accept()
-        self.channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(self.server, conn, addr,
-                                         decode_data=True)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-        asyncore.socket = smtpd.socket = socket
-        smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = self.old_debugstream
-
-    def write_line(self, line):
-        self.channel.socket.queue_recv(line)
-        self.channel.handle_read()
-
-    def test_broken_connect(self):
-        self.assertRaises(
-            DummyDispatcherBroken, BrokenDummyServer,
-            (socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0), decode_data=True)
-
-    def test_decode_data_and_enable_SMTPUTF8_raises(self):
-        self.assertRaises(
-            ValueError, smtpd.SMTPChannel,
-            self.server, self.channel.conn, self.channel.addr,
-            enable_SMTPUTF8=True, decode_data=True)
-
-    def test_server_accept(self):
-        self.server.handle_accept()
-
-    def test_missing_data(self):
-        self.write_line(b'')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'500 Error: bad syntax\r\n')
-
-    def test_EHLO(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 HELP\r\n')
-
-    def test_EHLO_bad_syntax(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'501 Syntax: EHLO hostname\r\n')
-
-    def test_EHLO_duplicate(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'503 Duplicate HELO/EHLO\r\n')
-
-    def test_EHLO_HELO_duplicate(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'503 Duplicate HELO/EHLO\r\n')
-
-    def test_HELO(self):
-        name = smtpd.socket.getfqdn()
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         '250 {}\r\n'.format(name).encode('ascii'))
-
-    def test_HELO_EHLO_duplicate(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'503 Duplicate HELO/EHLO\r\n')
-
-    def test_HELP(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELP')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'250 Supported commands: EHLO HELO MAIL RCPT ' + \
-                         b'DATA RSET NOOP QUIT VRFY\r\n')
-
-    def test_HELP_command(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELP MAIL')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'250 Syntax: MAIL FROM: <address>\r\n')
-
-    def test_HELP_command_unknown(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELP SPAM')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'501 Supported commands: EHLO HELO MAIL RCPT ' + \
-                         b'DATA RSET NOOP QUIT VRFY\r\n')
-
-    def test_HELO_bad_syntax(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'501 Syntax: HELO hostname\r\n')
-
-    def test_HELO_duplicate(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'503 Duplicate HELO/EHLO\r\n')
-
-    def test_HELO_parameter_rejected_when_extensions_not_enabled(self):
-        self.extended_smtp = False
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:<foo@example.com> SIZE=1234')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'501 Syntax: MAIL FROM: <address>\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_allows_space_after_colon(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:   <foo@example.com>')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_extended_MAIL_allows_space_after_colon(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:   <foo@example.com> size=20')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_NOOP(self):
-        self.write_line(b'NOOP')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_HELO_NOOP(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'NOOP')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_NOOP_bad_syntax(self):
-        self.write_line(b'NOOP hi')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'501 Syntax: NOOP\r\n')
-
-    def test_QUIT(self):
-        self.write_line(b'QUIT')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'221 Bye\r\n')
-
-    def test_HELO_QUIT(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'QUIT')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'221 Bye\r\n')
-
-    def test_QUIT_arg_ignored(self):
-        self.write_line(b'QUIT bye bye')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'221 Bye\r\n')
-
-    def test_bad_state(self):
-        self.channel.smtp_state = 'BAD STATE'
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'451 Internal confusion\r\n')
-
-    def test_command_too_long(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from: ' +
-                        b'a' * self.channel.command_size_limit +
-                        b'@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'500 Error: line too long\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_command_limit_extended_with_SIZE(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        fill_len = self.channel.command_size_limit - len('MAIL from:<@example>')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:<' +
-                        b'a' * fill_len +
-                        b'@example> SIZE=1234')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:<' +
-                        b'a' * (fill_len + 26) +
-                        b'@example> SIZE=1234')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'500 Error: line too long\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_command_rejects_SMTPUTF8_by_default(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(
-            b'MAIL from: <naive@example.com> BODY=8BITMIME SMTPUTF8')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:1], b'5')
-
-    def test_data_longer_than_default_data_size_limit(self):
-        # Hack the default so we don't have to generate so much data.
-        self.channel.data_size_limit = 1048
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.write_line(b'A' * self.channel.data_size_limit +
-                        b'A\r\n.')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'552 Error: Too much mail data\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_size_parameter(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL FROM:<eggs@example> SIZE=512')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_invalid_size_parameter(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL FROM:<eggs@example> SIZE=invalid')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'501 Syntax: MAIL FROM: <address> [SP <mail-parameters>]\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_RCPT_unknown_parameters(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL FROM:<eggs@example> ham=green')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'555 MAIL FROM parameters not recognized or not implemented\r\n')
-
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL FROM:<eggs@example>')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT TO:<eggs@example> ham=green')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'555 RCPT TO parameters not recognized or not implemented\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_size_parameter_larger_than_default_data_size_limit(self):
-        self.channel.data_size_limit = 1048
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL FROM:<eggs@example> SIZE=2096')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'552 Error: message size exceeds fixed maximum message size\r\n')
-
-    def test_need_MAIL(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT to:spam@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'503 Error: need MAIL command\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_syntax_HELO(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from eggs@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'501 Syntax: MAIL FROM: <address>\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_syntax_EHLO(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from eggs@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'501 Syntax: MAIL FROM: <address> [SP <mail-parameters>]\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_missing_address(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'501 Syntax: MAIL FROM: <address>\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_chevrons(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:<eggs@example>')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_empty_chevrons(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:<>')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_MAIL_quoted_localpart(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from: <"Fred Blogs"@example.com>')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.mailfrom, '"Fred Blogs"@example.com')
-
-    def test_MAIL_quoted_localpart_no_angles(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from: "Fred Blogs"@example.com')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.mailfrom, '"Fred Blogs"@example.com')
-
-    def test_MAIL_quoted_localpart_with_size(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from: <"Fred Blogs"@example.com> SIZE=1000')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.mailfrom, '"Fred Blogs"@example.com')
-
-    def test_MAIL_quoted_localpart_with_size_no_angles(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from: "Fred Blogs"@example.com SIZE=1000')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.mailfrom, '"Fred Blogs"@example.com')
-
-    def test_nested_MAIL(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:spam@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'503 Error: nested MAIL command\r\n')
-
-    def test_VRFY(self):
-        self.write_line(b'VRFY eggs@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'252 Cannot VRFY user, but will accept message and attempt ' + \
-            b'delivery\r\n')
-
-    def test_VRFY_syntax(self):
-        self.write_line(b'VRFY')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'501 Syntax: VRFY <address>\r\n')
-
-    def test_EXPN_not_implemented(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EXPN')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'502 EXPN not implemented\r\n')
-
-    def test_no_HELO_MAIL(self):
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:<foo@example.com>')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'503 Error: send HELO first\r\n')
-
-    def test_need_RCPT(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'503 Error: need RCPT command\r\n')
-
-    def test_RCPT_syntax_HELO(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From: eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT to eggs@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'501 Syntax: RCPT TO: <address>\r\n')
-
-    def test_RCPT_syntax_EHLO(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From: eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT to eggs@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'501 Syntax: RCPT TO: <address> [SP <mail-parameters>]\r\n')
-
-    def test_RCPT_lowercase_to_OK(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From: eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT to: <eggs@example>')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_no_HELO_RCPT(self):
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT to eggs@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'503 Error: send HELO first\r\n')
-
-    def test_data_dialog(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>\r\n')
-        self.write_line(b'data\r\nmore\r\n.')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-        self.assertEqual(self.server.messages,
-            [(('peer-address', 'peer-port'),
-              'eggs@example',
-              ['spam@example'],
-              'data\nmore')])
-
-    def test_DATA_syntax(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA spam')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'501 Syntax: DATA\r\n')
-
-    def test_no_HELO_DATA(self):
-        self.write_line(b'DATA spam')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'503 Error: send HELO first\r\n')
-
-    def test_data_transparency_section_4_5_2(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.write_line(b'..\r\n.\r\n')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.received_data, '.')
-
-    def test_multiple_RCPT(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:ham@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.write_line(b'data\r\n.')
-        self.assertEqual(self.server.messages,
-            [(('peer-address', 'peer-port'),
-              'eggs@example',
-              ['spam@example','ham@example'],
-              'data')])
-
-    def test_manual_status(self):
-        # checks that the Channel is able to return a custom status message
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.write_line(b'return status\r\n.')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 Okish\r\n')
-
-    def test_RSET(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RSET')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:foo@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.write_line(b'data\r\n.')
-        self.assertEqual(self.server.messages,
-            [(('peer-address', 'peer-port'),
-               'foo@example',
-               ['eggs@example'],
-               'data')])
-
-    def test_HELO_RSET(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'RSET')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_RSET_syntax(self):
-        self.write_line(b'RSET hi')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'501 Syntax: RSET\r\n')
-
-    def test_unknown_command(self):
-        self.write_line(b'UNKNOWN_CMD')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'500 Error: command "UNKNOWN_CMD" not ' + \
-                         b'recognized\r\n')
-
-    def test_attribute_deprecations(self):
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__server
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__server = 'spam'
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__line
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__line = 'spam'
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__state
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__state = 'spam'
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__greeting
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__greeting = 'spam'
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__mailfrom
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__mailfrom = 'spam'
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__rcpttos
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__rcpttos = 'spam'
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__data
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__data = 'spam'
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__fqdn
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__fqdn = 'spam'
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__peer
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__peer = 'spam'
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__conn
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__conn = 'spam'
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            spam = self.channel._SMTPChannel__addr
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', DeprecationWarning)):
-            self.channel._SMTPChannel__addr = 'spam'
-
-@unittest.skipUnless(socket_helper.IPV6_ENABLED, "IPv6 not enabled")
-class SMTPDChannelIPv6Test(SMTPDChannelTest):
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-        self.old_debugstream = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM
-        self.debug = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = io.StringIO()
-        self.server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOSTv6, 0), ('b', 0),
-                                  decode_data=True)
-        conn, addr = self.server.accept()
-        self.channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(self.server, conn, addr,
-                                         decode_data=True)
-
-class SMTPDChannelWithDataSizeLimitTest(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-        self.old_debugstream = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM
-        self.debug = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = io.StringIO()
-        self.server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0),
-                                  decode_data=True)
-        conn, addr = self.server.accept()
-        # Set DATA size limit to 32 bytes for easy testing
-        self.channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(self.server, conn, addr, 32,
-                                         decode_data=True)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-        asyncore.socket = smtpd.socket = socket
-        smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = self.old_debugstream
-
-    def write_line(self, line):
-        self.channel.socket.queue_recv(line)
-        self.channel.handle_read()
-
-    def test_data_limit_dialog(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>\r\n')
-        self.write_line(b'data\r\nmore\r\n.')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-        self.assertEqual(self.server.messages,
-            [(('peer-address', 'peer-port'),
-              'eggs@example',
-              ['spam@example'],
-              'data\nmore')])
-
-    def test_data_limit_dialog_too_much_data(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-            b'354 End data with <CR><LF>.<CR><LF>\r\n')
-        self.write_line(b'This message is longer than 32 bytes\r\n.')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'552 Error: Too much mail data\r\n')
-
-
-class SMTPDChannelWithDecodeDataFalse(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-        self.old_debugstream = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM
-        self.debug = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = io.StringIO()
-        self.server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0))
-        conn, addr = self.server.accept()
-        self.channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(self.server, conn, addr)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-        asyncore.socket = smtpd.socket = socket
-        smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = self.old_debugstream
-
-    def write_line(self, line):
-        self.channel.socket.queue_recv(line)
-        self.channel.handle_read()
-
-    def test_ascii_data(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.write_line(b'plain ascii text')
-        self.write_line(b'.')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.received_data, b'plain ascii text')
-
-    def test_utf8_data(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.write_line(b'utf8 enriched text: \xc5\xbc\xc5\xba\xc4\x87')
-        self.write_line(b'and some plain ascii')
-        self.write_line(b'.')
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.channel.received_data,
-            b'utf8 enriched text: \xc5\xbc\xc5\xba\xc4\x87\n'
-                b'and some plain ascii')
-
-
-class SMTPDChannelWithDecodeDataTrue(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-        self.old_debugstream = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM
-        self.debug = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = io.StringIO()
-        self.server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0),
-                                  decode_data=True)
-        conn, addr = self.server.accept()
-        # Set decode_data to True
-        self.channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(self.server, conn, addr,
-                decode_data=True)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-        asyncore.socket = smtpd.socket = socket
-        smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = self.old_debugstream
-
-    def write_line(self, line):
-        self.channel.socket.queue_recv(line)
-        self.channel.handle_read()
-
-    def test_ascii_data(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.write_line(b'plain ascii text')
-        self.write_line(b'.')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.received_data, 'plain ascii text')
-
-    def test_utf8_data(self):
-        self.write_line(b'HELO example')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL From:eggs@example')
-        self.write_line(b'RCPT To:spam@example')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.write_line(b'utf8 enriched text: \xc5\xbc\xc5\xba\xc4\x87')
-        self.write_line(b'and some plain ascii')
-        self.write_line(b'.')
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.channel.received_data,
-            'utf8 enriched text: żźć\nand some plain ascii')
-
-
-class SMTPDChannelTestWithEnableSMTPUTF8True(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        smtpd.socket = asyncore.socket = mock_socket
-        self.old_debugstream = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM
-        self.debug = smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = io.StringIO()
-        self.server = DummyServer((socket_helper.HOST, 0), ('b', 0),
-                                  enable_SMTPUTF8=True)
-        conn, addr = self.server.accept()
-        self.channel = smtpd.SMTPChannel(self.server, conn, addr,
-                                         enable_SMTPUTF8=True)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-        asyncore.socket = smtpd.socket = socket
-        smtpd.DEBUGSTREAM = self.old_debugstream
-
-    def write_line(self, line):
-        self.channel.socket.queue_recv(line)
-        self.channel.handle_read()
-
-    def test_MAIL_command_accepts_SMTPUTF8_when_announced(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(
-            'MAIL from: <naïve@example.com> BODY=8BITMIME SMTPUTF8'.encode(
-                'utf-8')
-        )
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_process_smtputf8_message(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        for mail_parameters in [b'', b'BODY=8BITMIME SMTPUTF8']:
-            self.write_line(b'MAIL from: <a@example> ' + mail_parameters)
-            self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'250')
-            self.write_line(b'rcpt to:<b@example.com>')
-            self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'250')
-            self.write_line(b'data')
-            self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'354')
-            self.write_line(b'c\r\n.')
-            if mail_parameters == b'':
-                self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-            else:
-                self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                                 b'250 SMTPUTF8 message okish\r\n')
-
-    def test_utf8_data(self):
-        self.write_line(b'EHLO example')
-        self.write_line(
-            'MAIL From: naïve@examplé BODY=8BITMIME SMTPUTF8'.encode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'250')
-        self.write_line('RCPT To:späm@examplé'.encode('utf-8'))
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'250')
-        self.write_line(b'DATA')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'354')
-        self.write_line(b'utf8 enriched text: \xc5\xbc\xc5\xba\xc4\x87')
-        self.write_line(b'.')
-        self.assertEqual(
-            self.channel.received_data,
-            b'utf8 enriched text: \xc5\xbc\xc5\xba\xc4\x87')
-
-    def test_MAIL_command_limit_extended_with_SIZE_and_SMTPUTF8(self):
-        self.write_line(b'ehlo example')
-        fill_len = (512 + 26 + 10) - len('mail from:<@example>')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:<' +
-                        b'a' * (fill_len + 1) +
-                        b'@example>')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last,
-                         b'500 Error: line too long\r\n')
-        self.write_line(b'MAIL from:<' +
-                        b'a' * fill_len +
-                        b'@example>')
-        self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last, b'250 OK\r\n')
-
-    def test_multiple_emails_with_extended_command_length(self):
-        self.write_line(b'ehlo example')
-        fill_len = (512 + 26 + 10) - len('mail from:<@example>')
-        for char in [b'a', b'b', b'c']:
-            self.write_line(b'MAIL from:<' + char * fill_len + b'a@example>')
-            self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'500')
-            self.write_line(b'MAIL from:<' + char * fill_len + b'@example>')
-            self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'250')
-            self.write_line(b'rcpt to:<hans@example.com>')
-            self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'250')
-            self.write_line(b'data')
-            self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'354')
-            self.write_line(b'test\r\n.')
-            self.assertEqual(self.channel.socket.last[0:3], b'250')
-
-
-class MiscTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test__all__(self):
-        not_exported = {
-            "program", "Devnull", "DEBUGSTREAM", "NEWLINE", "COMMASPACE",
-            "DATA_SIZE_DEFAULT", "usage", "Options", "parseargs",
-        }
-        support.check__all__(self, smtpd, not_exported=not_exported)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()

From e7f04612f61242bd65bfb7f01a5f13d36fa54af1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 2025 10:10:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 579/705] remove chunk.py

---
 Lib/chunk.py | 173 ---------------------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 173 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/chunk.py

diff --git a/Lib/chunk.py b/Lib/chunk.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 618781efd1..0000000000
--- a/Lib/chunk.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-"""Simple class to read IFF chunks.
-
-An IFF chunk (used in formats such as AIFF, TIFF, RMFF (RealMedia File
-Format)) has the following structure:
-
-+----------------+
-| ID (4 bytes)   |
-+----------------+
-| size (4 bytes) |
-+----------------+
-| data           |
-| ...            |
-+----------------+
-
-The ID is a 4-byte string which identifies the type of chunk.
-
-The size field (a 32-bit value, encoded using big-endian byte order)
-gives the size of the whole chunk, including the 8-byte header.
-
-Usually an IFF-type file consists of one or more chunks.  The proposed
-usage of the Chunk class defined here is to instantiate an instance at
-the start of each chunk and read from the instance until it reaches
-the end, after which a new instance can be instantiated.  At the end
-of the file, creating a new instance will fail with an EOFError
-exception.
-
-Usage:
-while True:
-    try:
-        chunk = Chunk(file)
-    except EOFError:
-        break
-    chunktype = chunk.getname()
-    while True:
-        data = chunk.read(nbytes)
-        if not data:
-            pass
-        # do something with data
-
-The interface is file-like.  The implemented methods are:
-read, close, seek, tell, isatty.
-Extra methods are: skip() (called by close, skips to the end of the chunk),
-getname() (returns the name (ID) of the chunk)
-
-The __init__ method has one required argument, a file-like object
-(including a chunk instance), and one optional argument, a flag which
-specifies whether or not chunks are aligned on 2-byte boundaries.  The
-default is 1, i.e. aligned.
-"""
-
-import warnings
-
-warnings._deprecated(__name__, remove=(3, 13))
-
-class Chunk:
-    def __init__(self, file, align=True, bigendian=True, inclheader=False):
-        import struct
-        self.closed = False
-        self.align = align      # whether to align to word (2-byte) boundaries
-        if bigendian:
-            strflag = '>'
-        else:
-            strflag = '<'
-        self.file = file
-        self.chunkname = file.read(4)
-        if len(self.chunkname) < 4:
-            raise EOFError
-        try:
-            self.chunksize = struct.unpack_from(strflag+'L', file.read(4))[0]
-        except struct.error:
-            raise EOFError from None
-        if inclheader:
-            self.chunksize = self.chunksize - 8 # subtract header
-        self.size_read = 0
-        try:
-            self.offset = self.file.tell()
-        except (AttributeError, OSError):
-            self.seekable = False
-        else:
-            self.seekable = True
-
-    def getname(self):
-        """Return the name (ID) of the current chunk."""
-        return self.chunkname
-
-    def getsize(self):
-        """Return the size of the current chunk."""
-        return self.chunksize
-
-    def close(self):
-        if not self.closed:
-            try:
-                self.skip()
-            finally:
-                self.closed = True
-
-    def isatty(self):
-        if self.closed:
-            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
-        return False
-
-    def seek(self, pos, whence=0):
-        """Seek to specified position into the chunk.
-        Default position is 0 (start of chunk).
-        If the file is not seekable, this will result in an error.
-        """
-
-        if self.closed:
-            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
-        if not self.seekable:
-            raise OSError("cannot seek")
-        if whence == 1:
-            pos = pos + self.size_read
-        elif whence == 2:
-            pos = pos + self.chunksize
-        if pos < 0 or pos > self.chunksize:
-            raise RuntimeError
-        self.file.seek(self.offset + pos, 0)
-        self.size_read = pos
-
-    def tell(self):
-        if self.closed:
-            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
-        return self.size_read
-
-    def read(self, size=-1):
-        """Read at most size bytes from the chunk.
-        If size is omitted or negative, read until the end
-        of the chunk.
-        """
-
-        if self.closed:
-            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
-        if self.size_read >= self.chunksize:
-            return b''
-        if size < 0:
-            size = self.chunksize - self.size_read
-        if size > self.chunksize - self.size_read:
-            size = self.chunksize - self.size_read
-        data = self.file.read(size)
-        self.size_read = self.size_read + len(data)
-        if self.size_read == self.chunksize and \
-           self.align and \
-           (self.chunksize & 1):
-            dummy = self.file.read(1)
-            self.size_read = self.size_read + len(dummy)
-        return data
-
-    def skip(self):
-        """Skip the rest of the chunk.
-        If you are not interested in the contents of the chunk,
-        this method should be called so that the file points to
-        the start of the next chunk.
-        """
-
-        if self.closed:
-            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
-        if self.seekable:
-            try:
-                n = self.chunksize - self.size_read
-                # maybe fix alignment
-                if self.align and (self.chunksize & 1):
-                    n = n + 1
-                self.file.seek(n, 1)
-                self.size_read = self.size_read + n
-                return
-            except OSError:
-                pass
-        while self.size_read < self.chunksize:
-            n = min(8192, self.chunksize - self.size_read)
-            dummy = self.read(n)
-            if not dummy:
-                raise EOFError

From 2c94b809aeddc047e93cb0bd0f47720f36f01d67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 4 Apr 2025 16:02:29 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 580/705] move cspell to last step

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 15 ++++++++-------
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 586e00be26..05516c9270 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -313,13 +313,6 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
-      - name: install extra dictionaries
-        run: npm install @cspell/dict-en_us @cspell/dict-cpp @cspell/dict-python @cspell/dict-rust @cspell/dict-win32 @cspell/dict-shell
-      - name: spell checker
-        uses: streetsidesoftware/cspell-action@v6
-        with:
-          files: '**/*.rs'
-          incremental_files_only: true
       - uses: dtolnay/rust-toolchain@stable
         with:
             components: rustfmt, clippy
@@ -339,6 +332,14 @@ jobs:
       - name: check wasm code with prettier
         # prettier doesn't handle ignore files very well: https://github.com/prettier/prettier/issues/8506
         run: cd wasm && git ls-files -z | xargs -0 prettier --check -u
+      # Keep cspell check as the last step. This is optional test.
+      - name: install extra dictionaries
+        run: npm install @cspell/dict-en_us @cspell/dict-cpp @cspell/dict-python @cspell/dict-rust @cspell/dict-win32 @cspell/dict-shell
+      - name: spell checker
+        uses: streetsidesoftware/cspell-action@v6
+        with:
+          files: '**/*.rs'
+          incremental_files_only: true
 
   miri:
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'skip:ci') }}

From 7ac61f384013b3e94828053122cb869b74fed079 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 4 Apr 2025 15:38:36 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 581/705] fix cspell warnings

---
 .cspell.dict/cpython.txt     |   5 ++
 .cspell.dict/python-more.txt | 107 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 .cspell.dict/rust-more.txt   |  25 +++++++-
 .cspell.json                 |  17 ++++++
 common/src/boxvec.rs         |   1 +
 common/src/hash.rs           |   4 +-
 common/src/rc.rs             |   2 +-
 common/src/static_cell.rs    |   4 +-
 derive/src/lib.rs            |  10 ++--
 src/lib.rs                   |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/array.rs          |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/binascii.rs       |   4 +-
 stdlib/src/csv.rs            |   8 +--
 stdlib/src/fcntl.rs          |   2 +
 stdlib/src/grp.rs            |   1 +
 stdlib/src/locale.rs         |   2 +
 stdlib/src/math.rs           |  26 ++++-----
 stdlib/src/random.rs         |   4 +-
 stdlib/src/syslog.rs         |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/tkinter.rs        |   4 +-
 stdlib/src/zlib.rs           |   2 +-
 vm/src/anystr.rs             |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs     |   6 +-
 vm/src/builtins/complex.rs   |   2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/dict.rs      |   8 +--
 vm/src/builtins/function.rs  |  16 +++---
 vm/src/builtins/int.rs       |  15 ++---
 vm/src/builtins/memory.rs    |   8 +--
 vm/src/builtins/str.rs       |   4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/super.rs     |   4 +-
 vm/src/bytesinner.rs         |  52 ++++++++++-------
 vm/src/cformat.rs            |   2 +
 vm/src/exceptions.rs         |  10 ++--
 vm/src/frame.rs              |  20 ++++---
 vm/src/function/argument.rs  |   2 +-
 vm/src/function/fspath.rs    |   2 +-
 vm/src/function/protocol.rs  |  14 ++---
 vm/src/import.rs             |   8 +--
 vm/src/object/core.rs        |   3 +-
 vm/src/ospath.rs             |  10 ++--
 vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs    |  22 +++----
 vm/src/protocol/iter.rs      |   6 +-
 vm/src/protocol/object.rs    |  22 +++----
 vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs    |  14 +++--
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs          |  96 +++++++++++++++----------------
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs   |  14 ++---
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs          |  10 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs    |   6 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs          |   2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs         |  34 +++++------
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs        |   5 +-
 vm/src/vm/thread.rs          |   8 +--
 vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs          |   4 +-
 vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs          |  12 ++--
 vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs  |  32 +++++------
 wtf8/src/lib.rs              |   6 +-
 57 files changed, 450 insertions(+), 277 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt b/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
index 0ac387634d..f7e282e4bc 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
@@ -10,14 +10,19 @@ cellarg
 cellvar
 cellvars
 cmpop
+weakreflist
+XXPRIME
 dictoffset
 elts
+xstat
 excepthandler
+fileutils
 finalbody
 freevar
 freevars
 fromlist
 heaptype
+HIGHRES
 IMMUTABLETYPE
 kwonlyarg
 kwonlyargs
diff --git a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
index a482c880cc..526f5ba166 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
@@ -1,17 +1,34 @@
+abiflags
 abstractmethods
+aenter
+aexit
 aiter
 anext
+appendleft
+argcount
 arrayiterator
 arraytype
 asend
+asyncgen
 athrow
+backslashreplace
 basicsize
+bdfl
+bigcharset
+breakpointhook
 cformat
+chunksize
 classcell
+closefd
 closesocket
 codepoint
 codepoints
+codesize
+contextvar
 cpython
+cratio
+dealloc
+debugbuild
 decompressor
 defaultaction
 descr
@@ -19,15 +36,29 @@ dictcomp
 dictitems
 dictkeys
 dictview
+digestmod
+dllhandle
 docstring
 docstrings
 dunder
+endianness
+endpos
 eventmask
+excepthook
+exceptiongroup
+exitfuncs
+extendleft
+fastlocals
 fdel
+fedcba
 fget
 fileencoding
 fillchar
+fillvalue
 finallyhandler
+firstiter
+firstlineno
+fnctl
 frombytes
 fromhex
 fromunicode
@@ -35,45 +66,87 @@ fset
 fspath
 fstring
 fstrings
+ftruncate
 genexpr
 getattro
+getcodesize
+getdefaultencoding
+getfilesystemencodeerrors
+getfilesystemencoding
 getformat
+getframe
 getnewargs
+getpip
+getrandom
+getrecursionlimit
+getrefcount
 getweakrefcount
 getweakrefs
+getwindowsversion
+gmtoff
+groupdict
+groupindex
+hamt
 hostnames
+idfunc
 idiv
 impls
+indexgroup
 infj
 instancecheck
 instanceof
+irepeat
 isabstractmethod
+isbytes
+iscased
+istext
 itemiterator
 itemsize
 iternext
+keepends
+keyfunc
 keyiterator
 kwarg
 kwargs
+kwdefaults
+kwonlyargcount
+lastgroup
 linearization
 linearize
 listcomp
+lvalue
 mappingproxy
+maskpri
+maxdigits
+MAXGROUPS
+MAXREPEAT
 maxsplit
+maxunicode
 memoryview
 memoryviewiterator
 metaclass
 metaclasses
 metatype
+mformat
 mro
 mros
+multiarch
+namereplace
 nanj
+nbytes
+ncallbacks
 ndigits
 ndim
+nlocals
 nonbytes
 origname
 posixsubprocess
+posonly
+posonlyargcount
+profilefunc
+pycodecs
+pycs
 pyexpat
-pytraverse
 PYTHONDEBUG
 PYTHONHOME
 PYTHONINSPECT
@@ -82,11 +155,19 @@ PYTHONPATH
 PYTHONPATH
 PYTHONVERBOSE
 PYTHONWARNINGS
+pytraverse
 qualname
+quotetabs
 radd
 rdiv
 rdivmod
+readall
+readbuffer
 reconstructor
+releaselevel
+reverseitemiterator
+reverseiterator
+reversekeyiterator
 reversevalueiterator
 rfloordiv
 rlshift
@@ -95,22 +176,42 @@ rpow
 rrshift
 rsub
 rtruediv
+rvalue
 scproxy
 setattro
 setcomp
 showwarnmsg
-warnmsg
+signum
+slotnames
 stacklevel
+stacksize
+startpos
 subclasscheck
 subclasshook
+suboffset
+sumprod
+surrogateescape
+surrogatepass
+sysconfigdata
+sysvars
+titlecased
+unimportable
 unionable
 unraisablehook
+unsliceable
+urandom
 valueiterator
 vararg
 varargs
 varnames
 warningregistry
+warnmsg
+warnoptions
 warnopts
 weakproxy
 winver
-xopts
\ No newline at end of file
+withdata
+xmlcharrefreplace
+xoptions
+xopts
+yieldfrom
diff --git a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
index f2177dd4c7..d75529789f 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
@@ -3,27 +3,42 @@ bidi
 biguint
 bindgen
 bitflags
+bitor
 bstr
 byteorder
+byteset
+caseless
 chrono
 consts
+cranelift
 cstring
+datelike
+deserializer
 flate2
 fract
+getres
 hasher
+hexf
+hexversion
 idents
+illumos
 indexmap
 insta
 keccak
 lalrpop
+lexopt
 libc
+libloading
 libz
 longlong
 Manually
 maplit
 memmap
+memmem
 metas
 modpow
+msvc
+muldiv
 nanos
 objclass
 peekable
@@ -31,17 +46,25 @@ powc
 powf
 prepended
 punct
+puruspe
 replacen
 rsplitn
 rustc
 rustfmt
+rustyline
 seekfrom
+siphash
 splitn
 subsec
+thiserror
+timelike
 timsort
 trai
 ulonglong
 unic
 unistd
+unsync
+wasmbind
+widestring
 winapi
-winsock
\ No newline at end of file
+winsock
diff --git a/.cspell.json b/.cspell.json
index 562b300ffa..99718a6515 100644
--- a/.cspell.json
+++ b/.cspell.json
@@ -47,16 +47,24 @@
   // words - list of words to be always considered correct
   "words": [
     // RustPython
+    "aiterable",
+    "alnum",
     "baseclass",
+    "boxvec",
     "Bytecode",
     "cfgs",
     "codegen",
+    "coro",
     "dedentations",
     "dedents",
     "deduped",
     "downcasted",
     "dumpable",
+    "emscripten",
+    "excs",
+    "finalizer",
     "GetSet",
+    "groupref",
     "internable",
     "makeunicodedata",
     "miri",
@@ -100,6 +108,15 @@
     "unraisable",
     "wasi",
     "zelf",
+    // unix
+    "CLOEXEC",
+    "codeset",
+    "endgrent",
+    "getrusage",
+    "nanosleep",
+    "WRLCK",
+    // win32
+    "birthtime",
   ],
   // flagWords - list of words to be always considered incorrect
   "flagWords": [
diff --git a/common/src/boxvec.rs b/common/src/boxvec.rs
index 1a1d57c169..4501835477 100644
--- a/common/src/boxvec.rs
+++ b/common/src/boxvec.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:ignore
 //! An unresizable vector backed by a `Box<[T]>`
 
 #![allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)]
diff --git a/common/src/hash.rs b/common/src/hash.rs
index 8fef70c8b9..1ae561650c 100644
--- a/common/src/hash.rs
+++ b/common/src/hash.rs
@@ -53,14 +53,14 @@ impl HashSecret {
         fix_sentinel(mod_int(self.hash_one(data) as _))
     }
 
-    pub fn hash_iter<'a, T: 'a, I, F, E>(&self, iter: I, hashf: F) -> Result<PyHash, E>
+    pub fn hash_iter<'a, T: 'a, I, F, E>(&self, iter: I, hash_func: F) -> Result<PyHash, E>
     where
         I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a T>,
         F: Fn(&'a T) -> Result<PyHash, E>,
     {
         let mut hasher = self.build_hasher();
         for element in iter {
-            let item_hash = hashf(element)?;
+            let item_hash = hash_func(element)?;
             item_hash.hash(&mut hasher);
         }
         Ok(fix_sentinel(mod_int(hasher.finish() as PyHash)))
diff --git a/common/src/rc.rs b/common/src/rc.rs
index 81207e840c..40c7cf97a8 100644
--- a/common/src/rc.rs
+++ b/common/src/rc.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 #[cfg(feature = "threading")]
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
-// type aliases instead of newtypes because you can't do `fn method(self: PyRc<Self>)` with a
+// type aliases instead of new-types because you can't do `fn method(self: PyRc<Self>)` with a
 // newtype; requires the arbitrary_self_types unstable feature
 
 #[cfg(feature = "threading")]
diff --git a/common/src/static_cell.rs b/common/src/static_cell.rs
index 7f16dad399..407b83ae0a 100644
--- a/common/src/static_cell.rs
+++ b/common/src/static_cell.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ mod non_threading {
 
     impl<T> StaticCell<T> {
         #[doc(hidden)]
-        pub const fn _from_localkey(inner: &'static LocalKey<OnceCell<&'static T>>) -> Self {
+        pub const fn _from_local_key(inner: &'static LocalKey<OnceCell<&'static T>>) -> Self {
             Self { inner }
         }
 
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ mod non_threading {
                 ::std::thread_local! {
                      $vis static $name: $crate::lock::OnceCell<&'static $t> = $crate::lock::OnceCell::new();
                 }
-                $crate::static_cell::StaticCell::_from_localkey(&$name)
+                $crate::static_cell::StaticCell::_from_local_key(&$name)
             };)+
         };
     }
diff --git a/derive/src/lib.rs b/derive/src/lib.rs
index a96c2aef6e..2a7b3d68fc 100644
--- a/derive/src/lib.rs
+++ b/derive/src/lib.rs
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ pub fn derive_from_args(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 ///     - `IMMUTABLETYPE`: class attributes are immutable.
 /// - `with`: which trait implementations are to be included in the python class.
 /// ```rust, ignore
-/// #[pyclass(module = "mymodule", name = "MyClass", base = "BaseClass")]
+/// #[pyclass(module = "my_module", name = "MyClass", base = "BaseClass")]
 /// struct MyStruct {
 ///    x: i32,
 /// }
@@ -161,8 +161,8 @@ pub fn pyexception(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// - `name`: the name of the python module,
 ///   by default, it is the name of the module, but this can be configured.
 /// ```rust, ignore
-/// // This will create a module named `mymodule`
-/// #[pymodule(name = "mymodule")]
+/// // This will create a module named `my_module`
+/// #[pymodule(name = "my_module")]
 /// mod module {
 /// }
 /// ```
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ pub fn pyexception(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// }
 ///
 /// #[pymodule(with(submodule))]
-/// mod mymodule {
+/// mod my_module {
 /// }
 /// ```
 /// - `with`: declare the list of submodules that this module contains (see `sub` for example).
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ pub fn pyexception(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
 /// #### Examples
 /// ```rust, ignore
 /// #[pymodule]
-/// mod mymodule {
+/// mod my_module {
 ///     #[pyattr]
 ///     const MY_CONSTANT: i32 = 42;
 ///     #[pyattr]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 67a2a16eef..3fa5292e94 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -9,13 +9,13 @@
 //! use rustpython_vm::{pymodule, py_freeze};
 //! fn main() {
 //!     rustpython::run(|vm| {
-//!         vm.add_native_module("mymod".to_owned(), Box::new(mymod::make_module));
-//!         vm.add_frozen(py_freeze!(source = "def foo(): pass", module_name = "otherthing"));
+//!         vm.add_native_module("my_mod".to_owned(), Box::new(my_mod::make_module));
+//!         vm.add_frozen(py_freeze!(source = "def foo(): pass", module_name = "other_thing"));
 //!     });
 //! }
 //!
 //! #[pymodule]
-//! mod mymod {
+//! mod my_mod {
 //!     use rustpython_vm::builtins::PyStrRef;
 //TODO: use rustpython_vm::prelude::*;
 //!
diff --git a/stdlib/src/array.rs b/stdlib/src/array.rs
index fd83f0a5ad..db4394e44f 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/array.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/array.rs
@@ -880,14 +880,14 @@ mod array {
                 return Err(vm.new_value_error("negative count".to_owned()));
             }
             let n = vm.check_repeat_or_overflow_error(itemsize, n)?;
-            let nbytes = n * itemsize;
+            let n_bytes = n * itemsize;
 
-            let b = vm.call_method(&f, "read", (nbytes,))?;
+            let b = vm.call_method(&f, "read", (n_bytes,))?;
             let b = b
                 .downcast::<PyBytes>()
                 .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("read() didn't return bytes".to_owned()))?;
 
-            let not_enough_bytes = b.len() != nbytes;
+            let not_enough_bytes = b.len() != n_bytes;
 
             self._from_bytes(b.as_bytes(), itemsize, vm)?;
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
index f154a2251b..a8df1fb60b 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore hexlify unhexlify uuencodes
+// spell-checker:ignore hexlify unhexlify uuencodes CRCTAB
 
 pub(super) use decl::crc32;
 pub(crate) use decl::make_module;
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ mod decl {
                             || (buffer[idx + 1] >= b'a' && buffer[idx + 1] <= b'f')
                             || (buffer[idx + 1] >= b'0' && buffer[idx + 1] <= b'9'))
                     {
-                        // hexval
+                        // hex val
                         if let (Some(ch1), Some(ch2)) =
                             (unhex_nibble(buffer[idx]), unhex_nibble(buffer[idx + 1]))
                         {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/csv.rs b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
index 214209ab9e..39c15fd952 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/csv.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
@@ -981,14 +981,14 @@ mod _csv {
                 String::from_utf8(input.to_vec()).unwrap()
             };
             loop {
-                let (res, nread, nwritten, nends) = reader.read_record(
+                let (res, n_read, n_written, n_ends) = reader.read_record(
                     &input.as_bytes()[input_offset..],
                     &mut buffer[output_offset..],
                     &mut output_ends[output_ends_offset..],
                 );
-                input_offset += nread;
-                output_offset += nwritten;
-                output_ends_offset += nends;
+                input_offset += n_read;
+                output_offset += n_written;
+                output_ends_offset += n_ends;
                 match res {
                     csv_core::ReadRecordResult::InputEmpty => {}
                     csv_core::ReadRecordResult::OutputFull => resize_buf(buffer),
diff --git a/stdlib/src/fcntl.rs b/stdlib/src/fcntl.rs
index 307d6e4351..7dff14ccd8 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/fcntl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/fcntl.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 pub(crate) use fcntl::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/grp.rs b/stdlib/src/grp.rs
index 2cdad56588..9c946dd582 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/grp.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/grp.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:disable
 pub(crate) use grp::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/locale.rs b/stdlib/src/locale.rs
index 9ca71a0957..dfc6c93497 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/locale.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/locale.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:ignore abday abmon yesexpr
+
 pub(crate) use _locale::make_module;
 
 #[cfg(windows)]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index f86ebb591e..93929e3566 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ mod math {
         if base.is_sign_negative() {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()));
         }
-        log2(x, vm).map(|logx| logx / base.log2())
+        log2(x, vm).map(|log_x| log_x / base.log2())
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ mod math {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn log10(x: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
-        log2(x, vm).map(|logx| logx / 10f64.log2())
+        log2(x, vm).map(|log_x| log_x / 10f64.log2())
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
@@ -588,16 +588,16 @@ mod math {
     where
         F: Fn(&BigInt, &PyInt) -> BigInt,
     {
-        let argvec = args.into_vec();
+        let arg_vec = args.into_vec();
 
-        if argvec.is_empty() {
+        if arg_vec.is_empty() {
             return default;
-        } else if argvec.len() == 1 {
-            return op(argvec[0].as_bigint(), &argvec[0]);
+        } else if arg_vec.len() == 1 {
+            return op(arg_vec[0].as_bigint(), &arg_vec[0]);
         }
 
-        let mut res = argvec[0].as_bigint().clone();
-        for num in &argvec[1..] {
+        let mut res = arg_vec[0].as_bigint().clone();
+        for num in &arg_vec[1..] {
             res = op(&res, num)
         }
         res
@@ -895,15 +895,15 @@ mod math {
                 return Err(vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()));
             }
 
-            let absx = x.abs();
-            let absy = y.abs();
-            let modulus = absx % absy;
+            let abs_x = x.abs();
+            let abs_y = y.abs();
+            let modulus = abs_x % abs_y;
 
-            let c = absy - modulus;
+            let c = abs_y - modulus;
             let r = match modulus.partial_cmp(&c) {
                 Some(Ordering::Less) => modulus,
                 Some(Ordering::Greater) => -c,
-                _ => modulus - 2.0 * fmod(0.5 * (absx - modulus), absy),
+                _ => modulus - 2.0 * fmod(0.5 * (abs_x - modulus), abs_y),
             };
 
             return Ok(1.0_f64.copysign(x) * r);
diff --git a/stdlib/src/random.rs b/stdlib/src/random.rs
index 31e523b68b..a2aaff2612 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/random.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/random.rs
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ mod _random {
                     };
 
                     let words = (k - 1) / 32 + 1;
-                    let wordarray = (0..words)
+                    let word_array = (0..words)
                         .map(|_| {
                             let word = gen_u32(k);
                             k = k.wrapping_sub(32);
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ mod _random {
                         })
                         .collect::<Vec<_>>();
 
-                    let uint = BigUint::new(wordarray);
+                    let uint = BigUint::new(word_array);
                     // very unlikely but might as well check
                     let sign = if uint.is_zero() {
                         Sign::NoSign
diff --git a/stdlib/src/syslog.rs b/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
index 3b36f9ea74..69e9d1cb9e 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore logoption openlog setlogmask upto
+// spell-checker:ignore logoption openlog setlogmask upto NDELAY
 
 pub(crate) use syslog::make_module;
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs b/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs
index 1d14c9f38c..907dc55002 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:ignore createcommand
+
 pub(crate) use self::_tkinter::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ mod _tkinter {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn create(args: FuncArgs, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<TkApp> {
-        // TODO: handle arguements
+        // TODO: handle arguments
         // TODO: this means creating 2 tk instances is not possible.
         let tk = Tk::new(()).unwrap();
         Ok(TkApp {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
index 40e364f8d4..9c19b74066 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore compressobj decompressobj zdict chunksize zlibmodule miniz
+// spell-checker:ignore compressobj decompressobj zdict chunksize zlibmodule miniz chunker
 
 pub(crate) use zlib::make_module;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/anystr.rs b/vm/src/anystr.rs
index 6bc8a4dd13..79b15b6a3f 100644
--- a/vm/src/anystr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/anystr.rs
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
         F: Fn(&Self) -> PyObjectRef;
 
     #[inline]
-    fn py_startsendswith<'a, T, F>(
+    fn py_starts_ends_with<'a, T, F>(
         &self,
         affix: &'a PyObject,
         func_name: &str,
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
index 36cf8cadcd..3d4822cf48 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ impl PyByteArray {
                 Some(x) => x,
                 None => return Ok(false),
             };
-        substr.py_startsendswith(
+        substr.py_starts_ends_with(
             &affix,
             "endswith",
             "bytes",
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ impl PyByteArray {
                 Some(x) => x,
                 None => return Ok(false),
             };
-        substr.py_startsendswith(
+        substr.py_starts_ends_with(
             &affix,
             "startswith",
             "bytes",
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
index eff4190eda..434de6a76c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ impl PyBytes {
                 Some(x) => x,
                 None => return Ok(false),
             };
-        substr.py_startsendswith(
+        substr.py_starts_ends_with(
             &affix,
             "endswith",
             "bytes",
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@ impl PyBytes {
                 Some(x) => x,
                 None => return Ok(false),
             };
-        substr.py_startsendswith(
+        substr.py_starts_ends_with(
             &affix,
             "startswith",
             "bytes",
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ impl PyRef<PyBytes> {
     /// Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace'
     /// For a list of possible encodings,
     /// see https://docs.python.org/3/library/codecs.html#standard-encodings
-    /// currently, only 'utf-8' and 'ascii' emplemented
+    /// currently, only 'utf-8' and 'ascii' implemented
     #[pymethod]
     fn decode(self, args: DecodeArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyStrRef> {
         bytes_decode(self.into(), args, vm)
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
index d48707261c..02324704b3 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/complex.rs
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ impl From<Complex64> for PyComplex {
 
 impl PyObjectRef {
     /// Tries converting a python object into a complex, returns an option of whether the complex
-    /// and whether the  object was a complex originally or coereced into one
+    /// and whether the  object was a complex originally or coerced into one
     pub fn try_complex(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<(Complex64, bool)>> {
         if let Some(complex) = self.payload_if_exact::<PyComplex>(vm) {
             return Ok(Some((complex.value, true)));
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
index a19b11fcfb..fc2f206dd0 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
@@ -281,8 +281,8 @@ impl PyDict {
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn or(&self, other: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        let dicted: Result<PyDictRef, _> = other.downcast();
-        if let Ok(other) = dicted {
+        let other_dict: Result<PyDictRef, _> = other.downcast();
+        if let Ok(other) = other_dict {
             let self_cp = self.copy();
             self_cp.merge_dict(other, vm)?;
             return Ok(self_cp.into_pyobject(vm));
@@ -397,8 +397,8 @@ impl PyRef<PyDict> {
 
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn ror(self, other: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        let dicted: Result<PyDictRef, _> = other.downcast();
-        if let Ok(other) = dicted {
+        let other_dict: Result<PyDictRef, _> = other.downcast();
+        if let Ok(other) = other_dict {
             let other_cp = other.copy();
             other_cp.merge_dict(self, vm)?;
             return Ok(other_cp.into_pyobject(vm));
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
index f7b5d39993..3181f1068f 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
@@ -198,9 +198,9 @@ impl PyFunction {
         // function definition calls for
         if nargs < nexpected_args {
             let defaults = get_defaults!().0.as_ref().map(|tup| tup.as_slice());
-            let ndefs = defaults.map_or(0, |d| d.len());
+            let n_defs = defaults.map_or(0, |d| d.len());
 
-            let nrequired = code.arg_count as usize - ndefs;
+            let nrequired = code.arg_count as usize - n_defs;
 
             // Given the number of defaults available, check all the arguments for which we
             // _don't_ have defaults; if any are missing, raise an exception
@@ -642,9 +642,9 @@ impl PyBoundMethod {
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> (Option<PyObjectRef>, (PyObjectRef, Option<PyObjectRef>)) {
         let builtins_getattr = vm.builtins.get_attr("getattr", vm).ok();
-        let funcself = self.object.clone();
-        let funcname = self.function.get_attr("__name__", vm).ok();
-        (builtins_getattr, (funcself, funcname))
+        let func_self = self.object.clone();
+        let func_name = self.function.get_attr("__name__", vm).ok();
+        (builtins_getattr, (func_self, func_name))
     }
 
     #[pygetset(magic)]
@@ -700,16 +700,16 @@ impl Representable for PyBoundMethod {
     #[inline]
     fn repr_str(zelf: &Py<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
         #[allow(clippy::needless_match)] // False positive on nightly
-        let funcname =
+        let func_name =
             if let Some(qname) = vm.get_attribute_opt(zelf.function.clone(), "__qualname__")? {
                 Some(qname)
             } else {
                 vm.get_attribute_opt(zelf.function.clone(), "__name__")?
             };
-        let funcname: Option<PyStrRef> = funcname.and_then(|o| o.downcast().ok());
+        let func_name: Option<PyStrRef> = func_name.and_then(|o| o.downcast().ok());
         Ok(format!(
             "<bound method {} of {}>",
-            funcname.as_ref().map_or("?", |s| s.as_str()),
+            func_name.as_ref().map_or("?", |s| s.as_str()),
             &zelf.object.repr(vm)?.as_str(),
         ))
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
index d644343f1c..5f12f2490e 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
@@ -524,13 +524,14 @@ impl PyInt {
 
                     // Malachite division uses floor rounding, Python uses half-even
                     let remainder = &value - &rounded;
-                    let halfpow10 = &pow10 / BigInt::from(2);
-                    let correction =
-                        if remainder > halfpow10 || (remainder == halfpow10 && quotient.is_odd()) {
-                            pow10
-                        } else {
-                            BigInt::from(0)
-                        };
+                    let half_pow10 = &pow10 / BigInt::from(2);
+                    let correction = if remainder > half_pow10
+                        || (remainder == half_pow10 && quotient.is_odd())
+                    {
+                        pow10
+                    } else {
+                        BigInt::from(0)
+                    };
                     let rounded = (rounded + correction) * sign;
                     return Ok(vm.ctx.new_int(rounded));
                 }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
index c5af12dc1f..09239e3e49 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ pub struct PyMemoryView {
     // avoid double release when memoryview had released the buffer before drop
     buffer: ManuallyDrop<PyBuffer>,
     // the released memoryview does not mean the buffer is destroyed
-    // because the possible another memeoryview is viewing from it
+    // because the possible another memoryview is viewing from it
     released: AtomicCell<bool>,
     // start does NOT mean the bytes before start will not be visited,
     // it means the point we starting to get the absolute position via
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ impl PyMemoryView {
         })
     }
 
-    /// don't use this function to create the memeoryview if the buffer is exporting
+    /// don't use this function to create the memoryview if the buffer is exporting
     /// via another memoryview, use PyMemoryView::new_view() or PyMemoryView::from_object
     /// to reduce the chain
     pub fn from_buffer_range(
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ impl PyMemoryView {
             // no suboffset set, stride must be positive
             self.start += stride as usize * range.start;
         }
-        let newlen = range.len();
-        self.desc.dim_desc[dim].0 = newlen;
+        let new_len = range.len();
+        self.desc.dim_desc[dim].0 = new_len;
     }
 
     fn init_slice(&mut self, slice: &PySlice, dim: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
index 8aafc63c3b..90c702a14d 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/str.rs
@@ -836,7 +836,7 @@ impl PyStr {
                 Some(x) => x,
                 None => return Ok(false),
             };
-        substr.py_startsendswith(
+        substr.py_starts_ends_with(
             &affix,
             "endswith",
             "str",
@@ -856,7 +856,7 @@ impl PyStr {
                 Some(x) => x,
                 None => return Ok(false),
             };
-        substr.py_startsendswith(
+        substr.py_starts_ends_with(
             &affix,
             "startswith",
             "str",
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/super.rs b/vm/src/builtins/super.rs
index 5f363ebea5..442d162c78 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/super.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/super.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ impl PySuperInner {
         let obj = if vm.is_none(&obj) {
             None
         } else {
-            let obj_type = supercheck(typ.clone(), obj.clone(), vm)?;
+            let obj_type = super_check(typ.clone(), obj.clone(), vm)?;
             Some((obj, obj_type))
         };
         Ok(Self { typ, obj })
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ impl Representable for PySuper {
     }
 }
 
-fn supercheck(ty: PyTypeRef, obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyTypeRef> {
+fn super_check(ty: PyTypeRef, obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyTypeRef> {
     if let Ok(cls) = obj.clone().downcast::<PyType>() {
         if cls.fast_issubclass(&ty) {
             return Ok(cls);
diff --git a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs b/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
index 63d5148e04..88d2b9744f 100644
--- a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
+++ b/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
@@ -748,10 +748,10 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
         self.elements.py_zfill(width)
     }
 
-    // len(self)>=1, from="", len(to)>=1, maxcount>=1
-    fn replace_interleave(&self, to: PyBytesInner, maxcount: Option<usize>) -> Vec<u8> {
+    // len(self)>=1, from="", len(to)>=1, max_count>=1
+    fn replace_interleave(&self, to: PyBytesInner, max_count: Option<usize>) -> Vec<u8> {
         let place_count = self.elements.len() + 1;
-        let count = maxcount.map_or(place_count, |v| std::cmp::min(v, place_count)) - 1;
+        let count = max_count.map_or(place_count, |v| std::cmp::min(v, place_count)) - 1;
         let capacity = self.elements.len() + count * to.len();
         let mut result = Vec::with_capacity(capacity);
         let to_slice = to.elements.as_slice();
@@ -764,8 +764,12 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
         result
     }
 
-    fn replace_delete(&self, from: PyBytesInner, maxcount: Option<usize>) -> Vec<u8> {
-        let count = count_substring(self.elements.as_slice(), from.elements.as_slice(), maxcount);
+    fn replace_delete(&self, from: PyBytesInner, max_count: Option<usize>) -> Vec<u8> {
+        let count = count_substring(
+            self.elements.as_slice(),
+            from.elements.as_slice(),
+            max_count,
+        );
         if count == 0 {
             // no matches
             return self.elements.clone();
@@ -793,7 +797,7 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
         &self,
         from: PyBytesInner,
         to: PyBytesInner,
-        maxcount: Option<usize>,
+        max_count: Option<usize>,
     ) -> Vec<u8> {
         let len = from.len();
         let mut iter = self.elements.find_iter(&from.elements);
@@ -801,7 +805,7 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
         let mut new = if let Some(offset) = iter.next() {
             let mut new = self.elements.clone();
             new[offset..offset + len].clone_from_slice(to.elements.as_slice());
-            if maxcount == Some(1) {
+            if max_count == Some(1) {
                 return new;
             } else {
                 new
@@ -810,7 +814,7 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
             return self.elements.clone();
         };
 
-        let mut count = maxcount.unwrap_or(usize::MAX) - 1;
+        let mut count = max_count.unwrap_or(usize::MAX) - 1;
         for offset in iter {
             new[offset..offset + len].clone_from_slice(to.elements.as_slice());
             count -= 1;
@@ -825,10 +829,14 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
         &self,
         from: PyBytesInner,
         to: PyBytesInner,
-        maxcount: Option<usize>,
+        max_count: Option<usize>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-        let count = count_substring(self.elements.as_slice(), from.elements.as_slice(), maxcount);
+        let count = count_substring(
+            self.elements.as_slice(),
+            from.elements.as_slice(),
+            max_count,
+        );
         if count == 0 {
             // no matches, return unchanged
             return Ok(self.elements.clone());
@@ -866,19 +874,19 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
         &self,
         from: PyBytesInner,
         to: PyBytesInner,
-        maxcount: OptionalArg<isize>,
+        max_count: OptionalArg<isize>,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
         // stringlib_replace in CPython
-        let maxcount = match maxcount {
-            OptionalArg::Present(maxcount) if maxcount >= 0 => {
-                if maxcount == 0 || (self.elements.is_empty() && !from.is_empty()) {
+        let max_count = match max_count {
+            OptionalArg::Present(max_count) if max_count >= 0 => {
+                if max_count == 0 || (self.elements.is_empty() && !from.is_empty()) {
                     // nothing to do; return the original bytes
                     return Ok(self.elements.clone());
                 } else if self.elements.is_empty() && from.is_empty() {
                     return Ok(to.elements);
                 }
-                Some(maxcount as usize)
+                Some(max_count as usize)
             }
             _ => None,
         };
@@ -892,7 +900,7 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
             // insert the 'to' bytes everywhere.
             //     >>> b"Python".replace(b"", b".")
             //     b'.P.y.t.h.o.n.'
-            return Ok(self.replace_interleave(to, maxcount));
+            return Ok(self.replace_interleave(to, max_count));
         }
 
         // Except for b"".replace(b"", b"A") == b"A" there is no way beyond this
@@ -904,13 +912,13 @@ impl PyBytesInner {
 
         if to.elements.is_empty() {
             // delete all occurrences of 'from' bytes
-            Ok(self.replace_delete(from, maxcount))
+            Ok(self.replace_delete(from, max_count))
         } else if from.len() == to.len() {
             // Handle special case where both bytes have the same length
-            Ok(self.replace_in_place(from, to, maxcount))
+            Ok(self.replace_in_place(from, to, max_count))
         } else {
             // Otherwise use the more generic algorithms
-            self.replace_general(from, to, maxcount, vm)
+            self.replace_general(from, to, max_count, vm)
         }
     }
 
@@ -978,10 +986,10 @@ where
 }
 
 #[inline]
-fn count_substring(haystack: &[u8], needle: &[u8], maxcount: Option<usize>) -> usize {
+fn count_substring(haystack: &[u8], needle: &[u8], max_count: Option<usize>) -> usize {
     let substrings = haystack.find_iter(needle);
-    if let Some(maxcount) = maxcount {
-        std::cmp::min(substrings.take(maxcount).count(), maxcount)
+    if let Some(max_count) = max_count {
+        std::cmp::min(substrings.take(max_count).count(), max_count)
     } else {
         substrings.count()
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/cformat.rs b/vm/src/cformat.rs
index 93c409172c..2904b9432e 100644
--- a/vm/src/cformat.rs
+++ b/vm/src/cformat.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+//cspell:ignore bytesobject
+
 //! Implementation of Printf-Style string formatting
 //! as per the [Python Docs](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#printf-style-string-formatting).
 
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 58f2a51b68..708a93fe61 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -212,10 +212,10 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         if let Some(text) = maybe_text {
             // if text ends with \n, remove it
             let rtext = text.as_str().trim_end_matches('\n');
-            let ltext = rtext.trim_start_matches([' ', '\n', '\x0c']); // \x0c is \f
-            let spaces = (rtext.len() - ltext.len()) as isize;
+            let l_text = rtext.trim_start_matches([' ', '\n', '\x0c']); // \x0c is \f
+            let spaces = (rtext.len() - l_text.len()) as isize;
 
-            writeln!(output, "    {}", ltext)?;
+            writeln!(output, "    {}", l_text)?;
 
             let maybe_offset: Option<isize> =
                 getattr("offset").and_then(|obj| obj.try_to_value::<isize>(vm).ok());
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                 let colno = offset - 1 - spaces;
                 let end_colno = end_offset - 1 - spaces;
                 if colno >= 0 {
-                    let caretspace = ltext.chars().collect::<Vec<_>>()[..colno as usize]
+                    let caret_space = l_text.chars().collect::<Vec<_>>()[..colno as usize]
                         .iter()
                         .map(|c| if c.is_whitespace() { *c } else { ' ' })
                         .collect::<String>();
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                     writeln!(
                         output,
                         "    {}{}",
-                        caretspace,
+                        caret_space,
                         "^".repeat(error_width as usize)
                     )?;
                 }
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 78f03a04d8..7976a5254f 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     fn run(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<ExecutionResult> {
         flame_guard!(format!("Frame::run({})", self.code.obj_name));
         // Execute until return or exception:
-        let instrs = &self.code.instructions;
+        let instructions = &self.code.instructions;
         let mut arg_state = bytecode::OpArgState::default();
         loop {
             let idx = self.lasti() as usize;
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             //     self.code.locations[idx], self.code.source_path
             // );
             self.update_lasti(|i| *i += 1);
-            let bytecode::CodeUnit { op, arg } = instrs[idx];
+            let bytecode::CodeUnit { op, arg } = instructions[idx];
             let arg = arg_state.extend(arg);
             let mut do_extend_arg = false;
             let result = self.execute_instruction(op, arg, &mut do_extend_arg, vm);
@@ -805,14 +805,14 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 dict.set_item(&*key, value, vm)?;
                 Ok(None)
             }
-            bytecode::Instruction::BinaryOperation { op } => self.execute_binop(vm, op.get(arg)),
+            bytecode::Instruction::BinaryOperation { op } => self.execute_bin_op(vm, op.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::BinaryOperationInplace { op } => {
-                self.execute_binop_inplace(vm, op.get(arg))
+                self.execute_bin_op_inplace(vm, op.get(arg))
             }
             bytecode::Instruction::LoadAttr { idx } => self.load_attr(vm, idx.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::StoreAttr { idx } => self.store_attr(vm, idx.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::DeleteAttr { idx } => self.delete_attr(vm, idx.get(arg)),
-            bytecode::Instruction::UnaryOperation { op } => self.execute_unop(vm, op.get(arg)),
+            bytecode::Instruction::UnaryOperation { op } => self.execute_unary_op(vm, op.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::TestOperation { op } => self.execute_test(vm, op.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::CompareOperation { op } => self.execute_compare(vm, op.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::ReturnValue => {
@@ -1792,7 +1792,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "flame-it", flame("Frame"))]
-    fn execute_binop(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine, op: bytecode::BinaryOperator) -> FrameResult {
+    fn execute_bin_op(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine, op: bytecode::BinaryOperator) -> FrameResult {
         let b_ref = &self.pop_value();
         let a_ref = &self.pop_value();
         let value = match op {
@@ -1814,7 +1814,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         self.push_value(value);
         Ok(None)
     }
-    fn execute_binop_inplace(
+    fn execute_bin_op_inplace(
         &mut self,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
         op: bytecode::BinaryOperator,
@@ -1842,7 +1842,11 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
     }
 
     #[cfg_attr(feature = "flame-it", flame("Frame"))]
-    fn execute_unop(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine, op: bytecode::UnaryOperator) -> FrameResult {
+    fn execute_unary_op(
+        &mut self,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        op: bytecode::UnaryOperator,
+    ) -> FrameResult {
         let a = self.pop_value();
         let value = match op {
             bytecode::UnaryOperator::Minus => vm._neg(&a)?,
diff --git a/vm/src/function/argument.rs b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
index 197cfe7b96..5033ee7627 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/argument.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/argument.rs
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ impl ArgumentError {
                 vm.new_type_error(format!("{name} is an invalid keyword argument"))
             }
             ArgumentError::RequiredKeywordArgument(name) => {
-                vm.new_type_error(format!("Required keyqord only argument {name}"))
+                vm.new_type_error(format!("Required keyword only argument {name}"))
             }
             ArgumentError::Exception(ex) => ex,
         }
diff --git a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
index 83bd452151..74051644e0 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl FsPath {
     }
 
     #[cfg(windows)]
-    pub fn to_widecstring(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<widestring::WideCString> {
+    pub fn to_wide_cstring(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<widestring::WideCString> {
         widestring::WideCString::from_os_str(self.as_os_str(vm)?)
             .map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/function/protocol.rs b/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
index 2f4b4d160a..0f146fed95 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/protocol.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ impl TryFromObject for ArgCallable {
 /// objects using a generic type parameter that implements `TryFromObject`.
 pub struct ArgIterable<T = PyObjectRef> {
     iterable: PyObjectRef,
-    iterfn: Option<crate::types::IterFunc>,
+    iter_fn: Option<crate::types::IterFunc>,
     _item: PhantomData<T>,
 }
 
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ impl<T> ArgIterable<T> {
     /// This operation may fail if an exception is raised while invoking the
     /// `__iter__` method of the iterable object.
     pub fn iter<'a>(&self, vm: &'a VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyIterIter<'a, T>> {
-        let iter = PyIter::new(match self.iterfn {
+        let iter = PyIter::new(match self.iter_fn {
             Some(f) => f(self.iterable.clone(), vm)?,
             None => PySequenceIterator::new(self.iterable.clone(), vm)?.into_pyobject(vm),
         });
@@ -105,17 +105,17 @@ where
     T: TryFromObject,
 {
     fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let iterfn = {
+        let iter_fn = {
             let cls = obj.class();
-            let iterfn = cls.mro_find_map(|x| x.slots.iter.load());
-            if iterfn.is_none() && !cls.has_attr(identifier!(vm, __getitem__)) {
+            let iter_fn = cls.mro_find_map(|x| x.slots.iter.load());
+            if iter_fn.is_none() && !cls.has_attr(identifier!(vm, __getitem__)) {
                 return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!("'{}' object is not iterable", cls.name())));
             }
-            iterfn
+            iter_fn
         };
         Ok(Self {
             iterable: obj,
-            iterfn,
+            iter_fn,
             _item: PhantomData,
         })
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/import.rs b/vm/src/import.rs
index 0ce116d014..416c40a844 100644
--- a/vm/src/import.rs
+++ b/vm/src/import.rs
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ pub fn make_frozen(vm: &VirtualMachine, name: &str) -> PyResult<PyRef<PyCode>> {
 
 pub fn import_frozen(vm: &VirtualMachine, module_name: &str) -> PyResult {
     let frozen = make_frozen(vm, module_name)?;
-    let module = import_codeobj(vm, module_name, frozen, false)?;
+    let module = import_code_obj(vm, module_name, frozen, false)?;
     debug_assert!(module.get_attr(identifier!(vm, __name__), vm).is_ok());
     // TODO: give a correct origname here
     module.set_attr("__origname__", vm.ctx.new_str(module_name.to_owned()), vm)?;
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn import_file(
             vm.compile_opts(),
         )
         .map_err(|err| vm.new_syntax_error(&err, Some(content)))?;
-    import_codeobj(vm, module_name, code, true)
+    import_code_obj(vm, module_name, code, true)
 }
 
 #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
@@ -129,10 +129,10 @@ pub fn import_source(vm: &VirtualMachine, module_name: &str, content: &str) -> P
             vm.compile_opts(),
         )
         .map_err(|err| vm.new_syntax_error(&err, Some(content)))?;
-    import_codeobj(vm, module_name, code, false)
+    import_code_obj(vm, module_name, code, false)
 }
 
-pub fn import_codeobj(
+pub fn import_code_obj(
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
     module_name: &str,
     code_obj: PyRef<PyCode>,
diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index 56ab419c01..bbe900f7cd 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ impl WeakRefList {
             hash: Radium::new(crate::common::hash::SENTINEL),
         };
         let weak = PyRef::new_ref(obj, cls, dict);
-        // SAFETY: we don't actually own the PyObjectWeaks inside `list`, and every time we take
+        // SAFETY: we don't actually own the PyObjectWeak's inside `list`, and every time we take
         // one out of the list we immediately wrap it in ManuallyDrop or forget it
         inner.list.push_front(unsafe { ptr::read(&weak) });
         inner.ref_count += 1;
@@ -1301,6 +1301,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn miri_test_drop() {
+        //cspell:ignore dfghjkl
         let ctx = crate::Context::genesis();
         let obj = ctx.new_bytes(b"dfghjkl".to_vec());
         drop(obj);
diff --git a/vm/src/ospath.rs b/vm/src/ospath.rs
index c1b1859164..26d1582825 100644
--- a/vm/src/ospath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/ospath.rs
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl OsPath {
     }
 
     #[cfg(windows)]
-    pub fn to_widecstring(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<widestring::WideCString> {
+    pub fn to_wide_cstring(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<widestring::WideCString> {
         widestring::WideCString::from_os_str(&self.path).map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
@@ -167,18 +167,18 @@ impl<'a> IOErrorBuilder<'a> {
 
 impl ToPyException for IOErrorBuilder<'_> {
     fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-        let excp = self.error.to_pyexception(vm);
+        let exc = self.error.to_pyexception(vm);
 
         if let Some(filename) = &self.filename {
-            excp.as_object()
+            exc.as_object()
                 .set_attr("filename", filename.filename(vm), vm)
                 .unwrap();
         }
         if let Some(filename2) = &self.filename2 {
-            excp.as_object()
+            exc.as_object()
                 .set_attr("filename2", filename2.filename(vm), vm)
                 .unwrap();
         }
-        excp
+        exc
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
index e3b03b4f80..a3b7f125f5 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ impl PyBuffer {
 
     // drop PyBuffer without calling release
     // after this function, the owner should use forget()
-    // or wrap PyBuffer in the ManaullyDrop to prevent drop()
+    // or wrap PyBuffer in the ManuallyDrop to prevent drop()
     pub(crate) unsafe fn drop_without_release(&mut self) {
         // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from caller
         unsafe {
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ impl BufferDescriptor {
         Ok(pos)
     }
 
-    pub fn for_each_segment<F>(&self, try_conti: bool, mut f: F)
+    pub fn for_each_segment<F>(&self, try_contiguous: bool, mut f: F)
     where
         F: FnMut(Range<isize>),
     {
@@ -275,20 +275,20 @@ impl BufferDescriptor {
             f(0..self.itemsize as isize);
             return;
         }
-        if try_conti && self.is_last_dim_contiguous() {
+        if try_contiguous && self.is_last_dim_contiguous() {
             self._for_each_segment::<_, true>(0, 0, &mut f);
         } else {
             self._for_each_segment::<_, false>(0, 0, &mut f);
         }
     }
 
-    fn _for_each_segment<F, const CONTI: bool>(&self, mut index: isize, dim: usize, f: &mut F)
+    fn _for_each_segment<F, const CONTIGUOUS: bool>(&self, mut index: isize, dim: usize, f: &mut F)
     where
         F: FnMut(Range<isize>),
     {
         let (shape, stride, suboffset) = self.dim_desc[dim];
         if dim + 1 == self.ndim() {
-            if CONTI {
+            if CONTIGUOUS {
                 f(index..index + (shape * self.itemsize) as isize);
             } else {
                 for _ in 0..shape {
@@ -300,13 +300,13 @@ impl BufferDescriptor {
             return;
         }
         for _ in 0..shape {
-            self._for_each_segment::<F, CONTI>(index + suboffset, dim + 1, f);
+            self._for_each_segment::<F, CONTIGUOUS>(index + suboffset, dim + 1, f);
             index += stride;
         }
     }
 
     /// zip two BufferDescriptor with the same shape
-    pub fn zip_eq<F>(&self, other: &Self, try_conti: bool, mut f: F)
+    pub fn zip_eq<F>(&self, other: &Self, try_contiguous: bool, mut f: F)
     where
         F: FnMut(Range<isize>, Range<isize>) -> bool,
     {
@@ -314,14 +314,14 @@ impl BufferDescriptor {
             f(0..self.itemsize as isize, 0..other.itemsize as isize);
             return;
         }
-        if try_conti && self.is_last_dim_contiguous() {
+        if try_contiguous && self.is_last_dim_contiguous() {
             self._zip_eq::<_, true>(other, 0, 0, 0, &mut f);
         } else {
             self._zip_eq::<_, false>(other, 0, 0, 0, &mut f);
         }
     }
 
-    fn _zip_eq<F, const CONTI: bool>(
+    fn _zip_eq<F, const CONTIGUOUS: bool>(
         &self,
         other: &Self,
         mut a_index: isize,
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ impl BufferDescriptor {
         let (_b_shape, b_stride, b_suboffset) = other.dim_desc[dim];
         debug_assert_eq!(shape, _b_shape);
         if dim + 1 == self.ndim() {
-            if CONTI {
+            if CONTIGUOUS {
                 if f(
                     a_index..a_index + (shape * self.itemsize) as isize,
                     b_index..b_index + (shape * other.itemsize) as isize,
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ impl BufferDescriptor {
         }
 
         for _ in 0..shape {
-            self._zip_eq::<F, CONTI>(
+            self._zip_eq::<F, CONTIGUOUS>(
                 other,
                 a_index + a_suboffset,
                 b_index + b_suboffset,
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs b/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
index a7491a3897..254134991c 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/iter.rs
@@ -125,12 +125,12 @@ impl TryFromObject for PyIter<PyObjectRef> {
     // in the vm when a for loop is entered. Next, it is used when the builtin
     // function 'iter' is called.
     fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, iter_target: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
-        let getiter = {
+        let get_iter = {
             let cls = iter_target.class();
             cls.mro_find_map(|x| x.slots.iter.load())
         };
-        if let Some(getiter) = getiter {
-            let iter = getiter(iter_target, vm)?;
+        if let Some(get_iter) = get_iter {
+            let iter = get_iter(iter_target, vm)?;
             if PyIter::check(&iter) {
                 Ok(Self(iter))
             } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
index 4cdcb68257..256baa0fdf 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ impl PyObjectRef {
     // int PyObject_GenericSetDict(PyObject *o, PyObject *value, void *context)
 
     #[inline(always)]
-    pub fn rich_compare(self, other: Self, opid: PyComparisonOp, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        self._cmp(&other, opid, vm).map(|res| res.to_pyobject(vm))
+    pub fn rich_compare(self, other: Self, op_id: PyComparisonOp, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+        self._cmp(&other, op_id, vm).map(|res| res.to_pyobject(vm))
     }
 
     pub fn bytes(self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
@@ -323,17 +323,17 @@ impl PyObject {
         match op {
             PyComparisonOp::Eq => Ok(Either::B(self.is(&other))),
             PyComparisonOp::Ne => Ok(Either::B(!self.is(&other))),
-            _ => Err(vm.new_unsupported_binop_error(self, other, op.operator_token())),
+            _ => Err(vm.new_unsupported_bin_op_error(self, other, op.operator_token())),
         }
     }
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn rich_compare_bool(
         &self,
         other: &Self,
-        opid: PyComparisonOp,
+        op_id: PyComparisonOp,
         vm: &VirtualMachine,
     ) -> PyResult<bool> {
-        match self._cmp(other, opid, vm)? {
+        match self._cmp(other, op_id, vm)? {
             Either::A(obj) => obj.try_to_bool(vm),
             Either::B(other) => Ok(other),
         }
@@ -479,13 +479,13 @@ impl PyObject {
         let r = if let Ok(typ) = cls.try_to_ref::<PyType>(vm) {
             if self.class().fast_issubclass(typ) {
                 true
-            } else if let Ok(icls) =
+            } else if let Ok(i_cls) =
                 PyTypeRef::try_from_object(vm, self.get_attr(identifier!(vm, __class__), vm)?)
             {
-                if icls.is(self.class()) {
+                if i_cls.is(self.class()) {
                     false
                 } else {
-                    icls.fast_issubclass(typ)
+                    i_cls.fast_issubclass(typ)
                 }
             } else {
                 false
@@ -497,11 +497,11 @@ impl PyObject {
                     cls.class()
                 )
             })?;
-            let icls: PyObjectRef = self.get_attr(identifier!(vm, __class__), vm)?;
-            if vm.is_none(&icls) {
+            let i_cls: PyObjectRef = self.get_attr(identifier!(vm, __class__), vm)?;
+            if vm.is_none(&i_cls) {
                 false
             } else {
-                icls.abstract_issubclass(cls, vm)?
+                i_cls.abstract_issubclass(cls, vm)?
             }
         };
         Ok(r)
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
index 9dcb35aae9..9a21dd34dd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/builtins.rs
@@ -588,12 +588,14 @@ mod builtins {
                 iterator.class().name()
             )));
         }
-        PyIter::new(iterator).next(vm).map(|iret| match iret {
-            PyIterReturn::Return(obj) => PyIterReturn::Return(obj),
-            PyIterReturn::StopIteration(v) => {
-                default_value.map_or(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(v), PyIterReturn::Return)
-            }
-        })
+        PyIter::new(iterator)
+            .next(vm)
+            .map(|iter_ret| match iter_ret {
+                PyIterReturn::Return(obj) => PyIterReturn::Return(obj),
+                PyIterReturn::StopIteration(v) => {
+                    default_value.map_or(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(v), PyIterReturn::Return)
+                }
+            })
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 33ef118acd..6f13e0878d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -673,14 +673,14 @@ mod _io {
         }
         fn _readinto(
             zelf: PyObjectRef,
-            bufobj: PyObjectRef,
+            buf_obj: PyObjectRef,
             method: &str,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
         ) -> PyResult<usize> {
-            let b = ArgMemoryBuffer::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, &bufobj)?;
+            let b = ArgMemoryBuffer::try_from_borrowed_object(vm, &buf_obj)?;
             let l = b.len();
             let data = vm.call_method(&zelf, method, (l,))?;
-            if data.is(&bufobj) {
+            if data.is(&buf_obj) {
                 return Ok(l);
             }
             let mut buf = b.borrow_buf_mut();
@@ -929,25 +929,25 @@ mod _io {
         ) -> PyResult<Option<usize>> {
             let len = buf_range.len();
             let res = if let Some(buf) = buf {
-                let memobj = PyMemoryView::from_buffer_range(buf, buf_range, vm)?.to_pyobject(vm);
+                let mem_obj = PyMemoryView::from_buffer_range(buf, buf_range, vm)?.to_pyobject(vm);
 
                 // TODO: loop if write() raises an interrupt
-                vm.call_method(self.raw.as_ref().unwrap(), "write", (memobj,))?
+                vm.call_method(self.raw.as_ref().unwrap(), "write", (mem_obj,))?
             } else {
                 let v = std::mem::take(&mut self.buffer);
-                let writebuf = VecBuffer::from(v).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
-                let memobj = PyMemoryView::from_buffer_range(
-                    writebuf.clone().into_pybuffer(true),
+                let write_buf = VecBuffer::from(v).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
+                let mem_obj = PyMemoryView::from_buffer_range(
+                    write_buf.clone().into_pybuffer(true),
                     buf_range,
                     vm,
                 )?
                 .into_ref(&vm.ctx);
 
                 // TODO: loop if write() raises an interrupt
-                let res = vm.call_method(self.raw.as_ref().unwrap(), "write", (memobj.clone(),));
+                let res = vm.call_method(self.raw.as_ref().unwrap(), "write", (mem_obj.clone(),));
 
-                memobj.release();
-                self.buffer = writebuf.take();
+                mem_obj.release();
+                self.buffer = write_buf.take();
 
                 res?
             };
@@ -1159,9 +1159,9 @@ mod _io {
             let res = match v {
                 Either::A(v) => {
                     let v = v.unwrap_or(&mut self.buffer);
-                    let readbuf = VecBuffer::from(std::mem::take(v)).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
-                    let memobj = PyMemoryView::from_buffer_range(
-                        readbuf.clone().into_pybuffer(false),
+                    let read_buf = VecBuffer::from(std::mem::take(v)).into_ref(&vm.ctx);
+                    let mem_obj = PyMemoryView::from_buffer_range(
+                        read_buf.clone().into_pybuffer(false),
                         buf_range,
                         vm,
                     )?
@@ -1169,17 +1169,17 @@ mod _io {
 
                     // TODO: loop if readinto() raises an interrupt
                     let res =
-                        vm.call_method(self.raw.as_ref().unwrap(), "readinto", (memobj.clone(),));
+                        vm.call_method(self.raw.as_ref().unwrap(), "readinto", (mem_obj.clone(),));
 
-                    memobj.release();
-                    std::mem::swap(v, &mut readbuf.take());
+                    mem_obj.release();
+                    std::mem::swap(v, &mut read_buf.take());
 
                     res?
                 }
                 Either::B(buf) => {
-                    let memobj = PyMemoryView::from_buffer_range(buf, buf_range, vm)?;
+                    let mem_obj = PyMemoryView::from_buffer_range(buf, buf_range, vm)?;
                     // TODO: loop if readinto() raises an interrupt
-                    vm.call_method(self.raw.as_ref().unwrap(), "readinto", (memobj,))?
+                    vm.call_method(self.raw.as_ref().unwrap(), "readinto", (mem_obj,))?
                 }
             };
 
@@ -2305,14 +2305,14 @@ mod _io {
                 let incremental_encoder =
                     codec.get_incremental_encoder(Some(errors.to_owned()), vm)?;
                 let encoding_name = vm.get_attribute_opt(incremental_encoder.clone(), "name")?;
-                let encodefunc = encoding_name.and_then(|name| {
+                let encode_func = encoding_name.and_then(|name| {
                     let name = name.payload::<PyStr>()?;
                     match name.as_str() {
                         "utf-8" => Some(textio_encode_utf8 as EncodeFunc),
                         _ => None,
                     }
                 });
-                Some((incremental_encoder, encodefunc))
+                Some((incremental_encoder, encode_func))
             } else {
                 None
             };
@@ -2600,12 +2600,12 @@ mod _io {
             while skip_bytes > 0 {
                 cookie.set_decoder_state(decoder, vm)?;
                 let input = &next_input.as_bytes()[..skip_bytes as usize];
-                let ndecoded = decoder_decode(input)?;
-                if ndecoded.chars <= num_to_skip.chars {
+                let n_decoded = decoder_decode(input)?;
+                if n_decoded.chars <= num_to_skip.chars {
                     let (dec_buffer, dec_flags) = decoder_getstate()?;
                     if dec_buffer.is_empty() {
                         cookie.dec_flags = dec_flags;
-                        num_to_skip -= ndecoded;
+                        num_to_skip -= n_decoded;
                         break;
                     }
                     skip_bytes -= dec_buffer.len() as isize;
@@ -2625,23 +2625,23 @@ mod _io {
             cookie.set_num_to_skip(num_to_skip);
 
             if num_to_skip.chars != 0 {
-                let mut ndecoded = Utf8size::default();
+                let mut n_decoded = Utf8size::default();
                 let mut input = next_input.as_bytes();
                 input = &input[skip_bytes..];
                 while !input.is_empty() {
                     let (byte1, rest) = input.split_at(1);
                     let n = decoder_decode(byte1)?;
-                    ndecoded += n;
+                    n_decoded += n;
                     cookie.bytes_to_feed += 1;
                     let (dec_buffer, dec_flags) = decoder_getstate()?;
-                    if dec_buffer.is_empty() && ndecoded.chars < num_to_skip.chars {
+                    if dec_buffer.is_empty() && n_decoded.chars < num_to_skip.chars {
                         cookie.start_pos += cookie.bytes_to_feed as Offset;
-                        num_to_skip -= ndecoded;
+                        num_to_skip -= n_decoded;
                         cookie.dec_flags = dec_flags;
                         cookie.bytes_to_feed = 0;
-                        ndecoded = Utf8size::default();
+                        n_decoded = Utf8size::default();
                     }
-                    if ndecoded.chars >= num_to_skip.chars {
+                    if n_decoded.chars >= num_to_skip.chars {
                         break;
                     }
                     input = rest;
@@ -2650,7 +2650,7 @@ mod _io {
                     let decoded =
                         vm.call_method(decoder, "decode", (vm.ctx.new_bytes(vec![]), true))?;
                     let decoded = check_decoded(decoded, vm)?;
-                    let final_decoded_chars = ndecoded.chars + decoded.char_len();
+                    let final_decoded_chars = n_decoded.chars + decoded.char_len();
                     cookie.need_eof = true;
                     if final_decoded_chars < num_to_skip.chars {
                         return Err(
@@ -2739,7 +2739,7 @@ mod _io {
             let mut textio = self.lock(vm)?;
             textio.check_closed(vm)?;
 
-            let (encoder, encodefunc) = textio
+            let (encoder, encode_func) = textio
                 .encoder
                 .as_ref()
                 .ok_or_else(|| new_unsupported_operation(vm, "not writable".to_owned()))?;
@@ -2767,8 +2767,8 @@ mod _io {
             } else {
                 obj
             };
-            let chunk = if let Some(encodefunc) = *encodefunc {
-                encodefunc(chunk)
+            let chunk = if let Some(encode_func) = *encode_func {
+                encode_func(chunk)
             } else {
                 let b = vm.call_method(encoder, "encode", (chunk.clone(),))?;
                 b.downcast::<PyBytes>()
@@ -2866,7 +2866,7 @@ mod _io {
             }
 
             let mut start;
-            let mut endpos;
+            let mut end_pos;
             let mut offset_to_buffer;
             let mut chunked = Utf8size::default();
             let mut remaining: Option<SlicedStr> = None;
@@ -2883,7 +2883,7 @@ mod _io {
                         textio.set_decoded_chars(None);
                         textio.snapshot = None;
                         start = Utf8size::default();
-                        endpos = Utf8size::default();
+                        end_pos = Utf8size::default();
                         offset_to_buffer = Utf8size::default();
                         break 'outer None;
                     }
@@ -2918,11 +2918,11 @@ mod _io {
                 let nl_res = textio.newline.find_newline(line_from_start);
                 match nl_res {
                     Ok(p) | Err(p) => {
-                        endpos = start + Utf8size::len_str(&line_from_start[..p]);
+                        end_pos = start + Utf8size::len_str(&line_from_start[..p]);
                         if let Some(limit) = limit {
-                            // original CPython logic: endpos = start + limit - chunked
-                            if chunked.chars + endpos.chars >= limit {
-                                endpos = start
+                            // original CPython logic: end_pos = start + limit - chunked
+                            if chunked.chars + end_pos.chars >= limit {
+                                end_pos = start
                                     + Utf8size {
                                         chars: limit - chunked.chars,
                                         bytes: crate::common::str::codepoint_range_end(
@@ -2939,21 +2939,21 @@ mod _io {
                 if nl_res.is_ok() {
                     break Some(line);
                 }
-                if endpos.bytes > start.bytes {
-                    let chunk = SlicedStr(line.clone(), start.bytes..endpos.bytes);
+                if end_pos.bytes > start.bytes {
+                    let chunk = SlicedStr(line.clone(), start.bytes..end_pos.bytes);
                     chunked += chunk.utf8_len();
                     chunks.push(chunk);
                 }
                 let line_len = line.byte_len();
-                if endpos.bytes < line_len {
-                    remaining = Some(SlicedStr(line, endpos.bytes..line_len));
+                if end_pos.bytes < line_len {
+                    remaining = Some(SlicedStr(line, end_pos.bytes..line_len));
                 }
                 textio.set_decoded_chars(None);
             };
 
             let cur_line = cur_line.map(|line| {
-                textio.decoded_chars_used = endpos - offset_to_buffer;
-                SlicedStr(line, start.bytes..endpos.bytes)
+                textio.decoded_chars_used = end_pos - offset_to_buffer;
+                SlicedStr(line, start.bytes..end_pos.bytes)
             });
             // don't need to care about chunked.chars anymore
             let mut chunked = chunked.bytes;
@@ -3166,7 +3166,7 @@ mod _io {
     #[derive(Debug)]
     struct IncrementalNewlineDecoderData {
         decoder: PyObjectRef,
-        // afaict, this is used for nothing
+        // currently this is used for nothing
         // errors: PyObjectRef,
         pendingcr: bool,
         translate: bool,
@@ -4237,7 +4237,7 @@ mod fileio {
                     #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
                     let fd = Fd::open(&path.clone().into_cstring(vm)?, flags, 0o666);
                     #[cfg(windows)]
-                    let fd = Fd::wopen(&path.to_widecstring(vm)?, flags, 0o666);
+                    let fd = Fd::wopen(&path.to_wide_cstring(vm)?, flags, 0o666);
                     let filename = OsPathOrFd::Path(path);
                     match fd {
                         Ok(fd) => (fd.0, filename),
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index dab62987d6..18641ac3b6 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@ mod decl {
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
     struct PyItertoolsAccumulate {
         iterable: PyIter,
-        binop: Option<PyObjectRef>,
+        bin_op: Option<PyObjectRef>,
         initial: Option<PyObjectRef>,
         acc_value: PyRwLock<Option<PyObjectRef>>,
     }
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ mod decl {
         fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, args: AccumulateArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
             PyItertoolsAccumulate {
                 iterable: args.iterable,
-                binop: args.func.flatten(),
+                bin_op: args.func.flatten(),
                 initial: args.initial.flatten(),
                 acc_value: PyRwLock::new(None),
             }
@@ -1127,7 +1127,7 @@ mod decl {
         #[pymethod(magic)]
         fn reduce(zelf: PyRef<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTupleRef {
             let class = zelf.class().to_owned();
-            let binop = zelf.binop.clone();
+            let bin_op = zelf.bin_op.clone();
             let it = zelf.iterable.clone();
             let acc_value = zelf.acc_value.read().clone();
             if let Some(initial) = &zelf.initial {
@@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@ mod decl {
                     source: PyRwLock::new(Some(chain_args.to_pyobject(vm).get_iter(vm).unwrap())),
                     active: PyRwLock::new(None),
                 };
-                let tup = vm.new_tuple((chain, binop));
+                let tup = vm.new_tuple((chain, bin_op));
                 return vm.new_tuple((class, tup, acc_value));
             }
             match acc_value {
@@ -1151,7 +1151,7 @@ mod decl {
                     .into_pyobject(vm);
                     let acc = Self {
                         iterable: PyIter::new(chain),
-                        binop,
+                        bin_op,
                         initial: None,
                         acc_value: PyRwLock::new(None),
                     };
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ mod decl {
                 }
                 _ => {}
             }
-            let tup = vm.new_tuple((it, binop));
+            let tup = vm.new_tuple((it, bin_op));
             vm.new_tuple((class, tup, acc_value))
         }
     }
@@ -1191,7 +1191,7 @@ mod decl {
                             return Ok(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(v));
                         }
                     };
-                    match &zelf.binop {
+                    match &zelf.bin_op {
                         None => vm._add(&value, &obj)?,
                         Some(op) => op.call((value, obj), vm)?,
                     }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index b4899bb225..428d3421fd 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     pub(super) fn access(path: OsPath, mode: u8, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {
-        let attr = unsafe { FileSystem::GetFileAttributesW(path.to_widecstring(vm)?.as_ptr()) };
+        let attr = unsafe { FileSystem::GetFileAttributesW(path.to_wide_cstring(vm)?.as_ptr()) };
         Ok(attr != FileSystem::INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES
             && (mode & 2 == 0
                 || attr & FileSystem::FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY == 0
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn _getfullpathname(path: OsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        let wpath = path.to_widecstring(vm)?;
+        let wpath = path.to_wide_cstring(vm)?;
         let mut buffer = vec![0u16; Foundation::MAX_PATH as usize];
         let ret = unsafe {
             FileSystem::GetFullPathNameW(
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn _getvolumepathname(path: OsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-        let wide = path.to_widecstring(vm)?;
+        let wide = path.to_wide_cstring(vm)?;
         let buflen = std::cmp::max(wide.len(), Foundation::MAX_PATH as usize);
         let mut buffer = vec![0u16; buflen];
         let ret = unsafe {
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
     fn _getdiskusage(path: OsPath, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<(u64, u64)> {
         use FileSystem::GetDiskFreeSpaceExW;
 
-        let wpath = path.to_widecstring(vm)?;
+        let wpath = path.to_wide_cstring(vm)?;
         let mut _free_to_me: u64 = 0;
         let mut total: u64 = 0;
         let mut free: u64 = 0;
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         let mode = mode.unwrap_or(0o777);
         let [] = dir_fd.0;
         let _ = mode;
-        let wide = path.to_widecstring(vm)?;
+        let wide = path.to_wide_cstring(vm)?;
         let res = unsafe { FileSystem::CreateDirectoryW(wide.as_ptr(), std::ptr::null_mut()) };
         if res == 0 {
             return Err(errno_err(vm));
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
index d8ff1715fa..38f931b0e7 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
@@ -389,15 +389,15 @@ mod _operator {
         type Args = FuncArgs;
 
         fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            let nattr = args.args.len();
+            let n_attr = args.args.len();
             // Check we get no keyword and at least one positional.
             if !args.kwargs.is_empty() {
                 return Err(vm.new_type_error("attrgetter() takes no keyword arguments".to_owned()));
             }
-            if nattr == 0 {
+            if n_attr == 0 {
                 return Err(vm.new_type_error("attrgetter expected 1 argument, got 0.".to_owned()));
             }
-            let mut attrs = Vec::with_capacity(nattr);
+            let mut attrs = Vec::with_capacity(n_attr);
             for o in args.args {
                 if let Ok(r) = o.try_into_value(vm) {
                     attrs.push(r);
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 641ba54dea..48e16ad41f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         #[cfg(windows)]
         let fd = {
             let [] = dir_fd.0;
-            let name = name.to_widecstring(vm)?;
+            let name = name.to_wide_cstring(vm)?;
             let flags = flags | libc::O_NOINHERIT;
             Fd::wopen(&name, flags, mode)
         };
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index 7b67c038f4..fd41aa2b7d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ mod _sre {
             with_sre_str!(zelf, &string_args.string, vm, |s| {
                 let req = s.create_request(&zelf, string_args.pos, string_args.endpos);
                 let state = State::default();
-                let mut matchlist: Vec<PyObjectRef> = Vec::new();
+                let mut match_list: Vec<PyObjectRef> = Vec::new();
                 let mut iter = SearchIter { req, state };
 
                 while iter.next().is_some() {
@@ -301,10 +301,10 @@ mod _sre {
                             .into()
                     };
 
-                    matchlist.push(item);
+                    match_list.push(item);
                 }
 
-                Ok(matchlist)
+                Ok(match_list)
             })
         }
 
@@ -362,7 +362,7 @@ mod _sre {
             with_sre_str!(zelf, &split_args.string, vm, |s| {
                 let req = s.create_request(&zelf, 0, usize::MAX);
                 let state = State::default();
-                let mut splitlist: Vec<PyObjectRef> = Vec::new();
+                let mut split_list: Vec<PyObjectRef> = Vec::new();
                 let mut iter = SearchIter { req, state };
                 let mut n = 0;
                 let mut last = 0;
@@ -370,13 +370,13 @@ mod _sre {
                 while (split_args.maxsplit == 0 || n < split_args.maxsplit) && iter.next().is_some()
                 {
                     /* get segment before this match */
-                    splitlist.push(s.slice(last, iter.state.start, vm));
+                    split_list.push(s.slice(last, iter.state.start, vm));
 
                     let m = Match::new(&mut iter.state, zelf.clone(), split_args.string.clone());
 
                     // add groups (if any)
                     for i in 1..=zelf.groups {
-                        splitlist.push(m.get_slice(i, s, vm).unwrap_or_else(|| vm.ctx.none()));
+                        split_list.push(m.get_slice(i, s, vm).unwrap_or_else(|| vm.ctx.none()));
                     }
 
                     n += 1;
@@ -384,9 +384,9 @@ mod _sre {
                 }
 
                 // get segment following last match (even if empty)
-                splitlist.push(req.string.slice(last, s.count(), vm));
+                split_list.push(req.string.slice(last, s.count(), vm));
 
-                Ok(splitlist)
+                Ok(split_list)
             })
         }
 
@@ -444,7 +444,7 @@ mod _sre {
             with_sre_str!(zelf, &string, vm, |s| {
                 let req = s.create_request(&zelf, 0, usize::MAX);
                 let state = State::default();
-                let mut sublist: Vec<PyObjectRef> = Vec::new();
+                let mut sub_list: Vec<PyObjectRef> = Vec::new();
                 let mut iter = SearchIter { req, state };
                 let mut n = 0;
                 let mut last_pos = 0;
@@ -452,26 +452,26 @@ mod _sre {
                 while (count == 0 || n < count) && iter.next().is_some() {
                     if last_pos < iter.state.start {
                         /* get segment before this match */
-                        sublist.push(s.slice(last_pos, iter.state.start, vm));
+                        sub_list.push(s.slice(last_pos, iter.state.start, vm));
                     }
 
                     match &filter {
-                        FilterType::Literal(literal) => sublist.push(literal.clone()),
+                        FilterType::Literal(literal) => sub_list.push(literal.clone()),
                         FilterType::Callable(callable) => {
                             let m = Match::new(&mut iter.state, zelf.clone(), string.clone())
                                 .into_ref(&vm.ctx);
-                            sublist.push(callable.invoke((m,), vm)?);
+                            sub_list.push(callable.invoke((m,), vm)?);
                         }
                         FilterType::Template(template) => {
                             let m = Match::new(&mut iter.state, zelf.clone(), string.clone());
                             // template.expand(m)?
                             // let mut list = vec![template.literal.clone()];
-                            sublist.push(template.literal.clone());
+                            sub_list.push(template.literal.clone());
                             for (index, literal) in template.items.iter().cloned() {
                                 if let Some(item) = m.get_slice(index, s, vm) {
-                                    sublist.push(item);
+                                    sub_list.push(item);
                                 }
-                                sublist.push(literal);
+                                sub_list.push(literal);
                             }
                         }
                     };
@@ -481,9 +481,9 @@ mod _sre {
                 }
 
                 /* get segment following last match */
-                sublist.push(s.slice(last_pos, iter.req.end, vm));
+                sub_list.push(s.slice(last_pos, iter.req.end, vm));
 
-                let list = PyList::from(sublist).into_pyobject(vm);
+                let list = PyList::from(sub_list).into_pyobject(vm);
 
                 let join_type: PyObjectRef = if zelf.isbytes {
                     vm.ctx.new_bytes(vec![]).into()
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 10d51bd39a..5f41304c19 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+//cspell:ignore cfmt
 //! The python `time` module.
 
 // See also:
@@ -377,10 +378,10 @@ mod decl {
 
     #[cfg(any(windows, all(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "emscripten")))]
     pub(super) fn time_muldiv(ticks: i64, mul: i64, div: i64) -> u64 {
-        let intpart = ticks / div;
+        let int_part = ticks / div;
         let ticks = ticks % div;
         let remaining = (ticks * mul) / div;
-        (intpart * mul + remaining) as u64
+        (int_part * mul + remaining) as u64
     }
 
     #[cfg(all(target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "emscripten"))]
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/thread.rs b/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
index 9d29bfae54..ea5a2d995a 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/thread.rs
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ pub fn with_vm<F, R>(obj: &PyObject, f: F) -> Option<R>
 where
     F: Fn(&VirtualMachine) -> R,
 {
-    let vm_owns_obj = |intp: NonNull<VirtualMachine>| {
+    let vm_owns_obj = |interp: NonNull<VirtualMachine>| {
         // SAFETY: all references in VM_STACK should be valid
-        let vm = unsafe { intp.as_ref() };
+        let vm = unsafe { interp.as_ref() };
         obj.fast_isinstance(vm.ctx.types.object_type)
     };
     VM_STACK.with(|vms| {
-        let intp = match vms.borrow().iter().copied().exactly_one() {
+        let interp = match vms.borrow().iter().copied().exactly_one() {
             Ok(x) => {
                 debug_assert!(vm_owns_obj(x));
                 x
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ where
         };
         // SAFETY: all references in VM_STACK should be valid, and should not be changed or moved
         // at least until this function returns and the stack unwinds to an enter_vm() call
-        let vm = unsafe { intp.as_ref() };
+        let vm = unsafe { interp.as_ref() };
         let prev = VM_CURRENT.with(|current| current.replace(vm));
         let ret = f(vm);
         VM_CURRENT.with(|current| current.replace(prev));
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
index 3ceb783a48..9a7a7fe748 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_new.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         ))
     }
 
-    pub fn new_unsupported_binop_error(
+    pub fn new_unsupported_bin_op_error(
         &self,
         a: &PyObject,
         b: &PyObject,
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         ))
     }
 
-    pub fn new_unsupported_ternop_error(
+    pub fn new_unsupported_ternary_op_error(
         &self,
         a: &PyObject,
         b: &PyObject,
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
index 5235393a69..c6be959a60 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         if !result.is(&self.ctx.not_implemented) {
             return Ok(result);
         }
-        Err(self.new_unsupported_binop_error(a, b, op))
+        Err(self.new_unsupported_bin_op_error(a, b, op))
     }
 
     /// Binary in-place operators
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
         if !result.is(&self.ctx.not_implemented) {
             return Ok(result);
         }
-        Err(self.new_unsupported_binop_error(a, b, op))
+        Err(self.new_unsupported_bin_op_error(a, b, op))
     }
 
     fn ternary_op(
@@ -384,7 +384,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                 return Ok(result);
             }
         }
-        Err(self.new_unsupported_binop_error(a, b, "+"))
+        Err(self.new_unsupported_bin_op_error(a, b, "+"))
     }
 
     pub fn _iadd(&self, a: &PyObject, b: &PyObject) -> PyResult {
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                 return Ok(result);
             }
         }
-        Err(self.new_unsupported_binop_error(a, b, "+="))
+        Err(self.new_unsupported_bin_op_error(a, b, "+="))
     }
 
     pub fn _mul(&self, a: &PyObject, b: &PyObject) -> PyResult {
@@ -419,7 +419,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                 })?;
             return seq_b.repeat(n, self);
         }
-        Err(self.new_unsupported_binop_error(a, b, "*"))
+        Err(self.new_unsupported_bin_op_error(a, b, "*"))
     }
 
     pub fn _imul(&self, a: &PyObject, b: &PyObject) -> PyResult {
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
              * used. */
             return seq_b.repeat(n, self);
         }
-        Err(self.new_unsupported_binop_error(a, b, "*="))
+        Err(self.new_unsupported_bin_op_error(a, b, "*="))
     }
 
     pub fn _abs(&self, a: &PyObject) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
index bf0a6046fa..9b27f55031 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'_, S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchCo
                                 break 'result false;
                             };
 
-                            let mut gctx = MatchContext {
+                            let mut g_ctx = MatchContext {
                                 cursor: req.string.create_cursor(group_start),
                                 ..ctx
                             };
@@ -557,12 +557,12 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'_, S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchCo
                             for _ in group_start..group_end {
                                 #[allow(clippy::redundant_closure_call)]
                                 if ctx.at_end(req)
-                                    || $f(ctx.peek_char::<S>()) != $f(gctx.peek_char::<S>())
+                                    || $f(ctx.peek_char::<S>()) != $f(g_ctx.peek_char::<S>())
                                 {
                                     break 'result false;
                                 }
                                 ctx.advance_char::<S>();
-                                gctx.advance_char::<S>();
+                                g_ctx.advance_char::<S>();
                             }
 
                             ctx.skip_code(2);
@@ -627,8 +627,8 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'_, S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchCo
                             break 'context next_ctx;
                         }
                         SreOpcode::AT => {
-                            let atcode = SreAtCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
-                            if at(req, &ctx, atcode) {
+                            let at_code = SreAtCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
+                            if at(req, &ctx, at_code) {
                                 ctx.skip_code(2);
                             } else {
                                 break 'result false;
@@ -642,8 +642,8 @@ fn _match<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'_, S>, state: &mut State, mut ctx: MatchCo
                             continue 'context;
                         }
                         SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
-                            let catcode = SreCatCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
-                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !category(catcode, ctx.peek_char::<S>()) {
+                            let cat_code = SreCatCode::try_from(ctx.peek_code(req, 1)).unwrap();
+                            if ctx.at_end(req) || !category(cat_code, ctx.peek_char::<S>()) {
                                 break 'result false;
                             }
                             ctx.skip_code(2);
@@ -1179,8 +1179,8 @@ impl MatchContext {
     }
 }
 
-fn at<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'_, S>, ctx: &MatchContext, atcode: SreAtCode) -> bool {
-    match atcode {
+fn at<S: StrDrive>(req: &Request<'_, S>, ctx: &MatchContext, at_code: SreAtCode) -> bool {
+    match at_code {
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING | SreAtCode::BEGINNING_STRING => ctx.at_beginning(),
         SreAtCode::BEGINNING_LINE => ctx.at_beginning() || is_linebreak(ctx.back_peek_char::<S>()),
         SreAtCode::BOUNDARY => ctx.at_boundary(req, is_word),
@@ -1210,8 +1210,8 @@ fn charset_loc_ignore(set: &[u32], c: u32) -> bool {
     up != lo && charset(set, up)
 }
 
-fn category(catcode: SreCatCode, c: u32) -> bool {
-    match catcode {
+fn category(cat_code: SreCatCode, c: u32) -> bool {
+    match cat_code {
         SreCatCode::DIGIT => is_digit(c),
         SreCatCode::NOT_DIGIT => !is_digit(c),
         SreCatCode::SPACE => is_space(c),
@@ -1250,13 +1250,13 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
             }
             SreOpcode::CATEGORY => {
                 /* <CATEGORY> <code> */
-                let catcode = match SreCatCode::try_from(set[i + 1]) {
+                let cat_code = match SreCatCode::try_from(set[i + 1]) {
                     Ok(code) => code,
                     Err(_) => {
                         break;
                     }
                 };
-                if category(catcode, ch) {
+                if category(cat_code, ch) {
                     return ok;
                 }
                 i += 2;
@@ -1270,14 +1270,14 @@ fn charset(set: &[u32], ch: u32) -> bool {
                 i += 1 + 8;
             }
             SreOpcode::BIGCHARSET => {
-                /* <BIGCHARSET> <blockcount> <256 blockindices> <blocks> */
+                /* <BIGCHARSET> <block_count> <256 block_indices> <blocks> */
                 let count = set[i + 1] as usize;
                 if ch < 0x10000 {
                     let set = &set[i + 2..];
                     let block_index = ch >> 8;
-                    let (_, blockindices, _) = unsafe { set.align_to::<u8>() };
+                    let (_, block_indices, _) = unsafe { set.align_to::<u8>() };
                     let blocks = &set[64..];
-                    let block = blockindices[block_index as usize];
+                    let block = block_indices[block_index as usize];
                     if blocks[((block as u32 * 256 + (ch & 255)) / 32) as usize]
                         & (1u32 << (ch & 31))
                         != 0
diff --git a/wtf8/src/lib.rs b/wtf8/src/lib.rs
index ff4dcf8900..64ea42d06e 100644
--- a/wtf8/src/lib.rs
+++ b/wtf8/src/lib.rs
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 //! string has no surrogates, it can be viewed as a UTF-8 Rust [`str`] without
 //! needing any copies or re-encoding.
 //!
-//! This implementation is mostly copied from the WTF-8 implentation in the
+//! This implementation is mostly copied from the WTF-8 implementation in the
 //! Rust 1.85 standard library, which is used as the backing for [`OsStr`] on
 //! Windows targets. As previously mentioned, however, it is modified to not
 //! join two surrogates into one codepoint when concatenating strings, in order
@@ -463,8 +463,8 @@ impl Wtf8Buf {
 
     pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<CodePoint> {
         let ch = self.code_points().next_back()?;
-        let newlen = self.len() - ch.len_wtf8();
-        self.bytes.truncate(newlen);
+        let new_len = self.len() - ch.len_wtf8();
+        self.bytes.truncate(new_len);
         Some(ch)
     }
 

From d7113e11db71419478b65c92a64389442b2e4f1b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Fri, 4 Apr 2025 16:42:14 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 582/705] Fix more cspell warnings

---
 .cspell.dict/cpython.txt                  | 15 +++-
 .cspell.dict/python-more.txt              | 36 +++++++++
 .cspell.dict/rust-more.txt                | 10 +++
 .cspell.json                              |  8 ++
 common/src/format.rs                      |  1 +
 common/src/os.rs                          |  4 +-
 common/src/static_cell.rs                 |  4 +-
 common/src/str.rs                         |  8 +-
 src/lib.rs                                |  8 +-
 stdlib/src/csv.rs                         | 22 +++---
 stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs              |  1 +
 stdlib/src/locale.rs                      |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/math.rs                        |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/multiprocessing.rs             |  6 +-
 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs                  |  4 +-
 vm/src/anystr.rs                          |  4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs              |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs                  |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/dict.rs                   | 10 +--
 vm/src/builtins/float.rs                  |  2 -
 vm/src/builtins/function.rs               | 28 +++----
 vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs           |  4 +-
 vm/src/builtins/int.rs                    |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/memory.rs                 |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/module.rs                 |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/set.rs                    |  6 +-
 vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs                  |  2 +-
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs                   |  4 +-
 vm/src/{bytesinner.rs => bytes_inner.rs}  |  1 +
 vm/src/{dictdatatype.rs => dict_inner.rs} |  4 +-
 vm/src/function/fspath.rs                 |  8 +-
 vm/src/intern.rs                          |  2 +-
 vm/src/lib.rs                             |  4 +-
 vm/src/object/core.rs                     |  4 +-
 vm/src/object/traverse.rs                 |  2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/object.rs                 |  4 +-
 vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs               |  4 +-
 vm/src/py_io.rs                           |  8 +-
 vm/src/scope.rs                           |  2 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/ast/python.rs               |  6 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs                       |  6 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs                |  8 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs                  |  1 +
 vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs                 |  6 +-
 vm/src/stdlib/os.rs                       | 10 +--
 vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs                      | 16 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs                      | 16 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs                   | 16 ++--
 vm/src/stdlib/time.rs                     |  4 +-
 vm/src/types/slot.rs                      | 90 +++++++++++------------
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs                          |  6 +-
 vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs          | 10 +--
 vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs               |  2 +-
 vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs              | 15 ++--
 wasm/lib/src/convert.rs                   |  8 +-
 wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs                 |  6 +-
 wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs                  |  2 +-
 57 files changed, 268 insertions(+), 204 deletions(-)
 rename vm/src/{bytesinner.rs => bytes_inner.rs} (99%)
 rename vm/src/{dictdatatype.rs => dict_inner.rs} (99%)

diff --git a/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt b/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
index f7e282e4bc..1840918a4d 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
@@ -6,15 +6,14 @@ badsyntax
 basetype
 boolop
 bxor
+cached_tsver
 cellarg
 cellvar
 cellvars
 cmpop
-weakreflist
-XXPRIME
+denom
 dictoffset
 elts
-xstat
 excepthandler
 fileutils
 finalbody
@@ -30,17 +29,25 @@ linearise
 maxdepth
 mult
 nkwargs
+numer
 orelse
+pathconfig
 patma
 posonlyarg
 posonlyargs
 prec
+PYTHREAD_NAME
+SA_ONSTACK
 stackdepth
+tok_oldval
 unaryop
 unparse
 unparser
 VARKEYWORDS
 varkwarg
 wbits
+weakreflist
 withitem
-withs
\ No newline at end of file
+withs
+xstat
+XXPRIME
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
index 526f5ba166..2edfe95bdf 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ getpip
 getrandom
 getrecursionlimit
 getrefcount
+getsizeof
 getweakrefcount
 getweakrefs
 getwindowsversion
@@ -90,6 +91,7 @@ hamt
 hostnames
 idfunc
 idiv
+idxs
 impls
 indexgroup
 infj
@@ -99,6 +101,7 @@ irepeat
 isabstractmethod
 isbytes
 iscased
+isfinal
 istext
 itemiterator
 itemsize
@@ -111,9 +114,11 @@ kwargs
 kwdefaults
 kwonlyargcount
 lastgroup
+lastindex
 linearization
 linearize
 listcomp
+longrange
 lvalue
 mappingproxy
 maskpri
@@ -137,25 +142,39 @@ nbytes
 ncallbacks
 ndigits
 ndim
+nldecoder
 nlocals
+NOARGS
 nonbytes
+Nonprintable
 origname
+ospath
+pendingcr
+phello
+platlibdir
 posixsubprocess
 posonly
 posonlyargcount
+prepending
 profilefunc
+pycache
 pycodecs
 pycs
 pyexpat
+PYTHONBREAKPOINT
 PYTHONDEBUG
+PYTHONHASHSEED
 PYTHONHOME
 PYTHONINSPECT
 PYTHONOPTIMIZE
 PYTHONPATH
 PYTHONPATH
+PYTHONSAFEPATH
 PYTHONVERBOSE
+PYTHONWARNDEFAULTENCODING
 PYTHONWARNINGS
 pytraverse
+PYVENV
 qualname
 quotetabs
 radd
@@ -164,6 +183,7 @@ rdivmod
 readall
 readbuffer
 reconstructor
+refcnt
 releaselevel
 reverseitemiterator
 reverseiterator
@@ -178,23 +198,37 @@ rsub
 rtruediv
 rvalue
 scproxy
+seennl
 setattro
 setcomp
+setrecursionlimit
 showwarnmsg
 signum
 slotnames
+STACKLESS
 stacklevel
 stacksize
 startpos
+subclassable
 subclasscheck
 subclasshook
 suboffset
+suboffsets
+SUBPATTERN
 sumprod
 surrogateescape
 surrogatepass
+sysconf
 sysconfigdata
 sysvars
+teedata
+thisclass
 titlecased
+tobytes
+tolist
+toreadonly
+TPFLAGS
+tracefunc
 unimportable
 unionable
 unraisablehook
@@ -208,7 +242,9 @@ warningregistry
 warnmsg
 warnoptions
 warnopts
+weaklist
 weakproxy
+weakrefs
 winver
 withdata
 xmlcharrefreplace
diff --git a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
index d75529789f..99e87e532c 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 ahash
+arrayvec
 bidi
 biguint
 bindgen
@@ -14,6 +15,8 @@ cranelift
 cstring
 datelike
 deserializer
+fdiv
+flamescope
 flate2
 fract
 getres
@@ -44,16 +47,21 @@ objclass
 peekable
 powc
 powf
+powi
 prepended
 punct
 puruspe
 replacen
+rmatch
+rposition
 rsplitn
 rustc
 rustfmt
 rustyline
+seedable
 seekfrom
 siphash
+siphasher
 splitn
 subsec
 thiserror
@@ -63,8 +71,10 @@ trai
 ulonglong
 unic
 unistd
+unraw
 unsync
 wasmbind
+wasmtime
 widestring
 winapi
 winsock
diff --git a/.cspell.json b/.cspell.json
index 99718a6515..caa53a2879 100644
--- a/.cspell.json
+++ b/.cspell.json
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
   ],
   // words - list of words to be always considered correct
   "words": [
+    "RUSTPYTHONPATH",
     // RustPython
     "aiterable",
     "alnum",
@@ -69,9 +70,11 @@
     "makeunicodedata",
     "miri",
     "notrace",
+    "openat",
     "pyarg",
     "pyarg",
     "pyargs",
+    "pyast",
     "PyAttr",
     "pyc",
     "PyClass",
@@ -80,6 +83,7 @@
     "PyFunction",
     "pygetset",
     "pyimpl",
+    "pylib",
     "pymember",
     "PyMethod",
     "PyModule",
@@ -100,6 +104,7 @@
     "richcompare",
     "RustPython",
     "struc",
+    "sysmodule",
     "tracebacks",
     "typealiases",
     "Unconstructible",
@@ -112,11 +117,14 @@
     "CLOEXEC",
     "codeset",
     "endgrent",
+    "gethrvtime",
     "getrusage",
     "nanosleep",
+    "sigaction",
     "WRLCK",
     // win32
     "birthtime",
+    "IFEXEC",
   ],
   // flagWords - list of words to be always considered incorrect
   "flagWords": [
diff --git a/common/src/format.rs b/common/src/format.rs
index 75d0996796..4c1ce6c5c2 100644
--- a/common/src/format.rs
+++ b/common/src/format.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:ignore ddfe
 use itertools::{Itertools, PeekingNext};
 use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, Sign};
 use num_traits::FromPrimitive;
diff --git a/common/src/os.rs b/common/src/os.rs
index 06ea1432e9..d37f28d28a 100644
--- a/common/src/os.rs
+++ b/common/src/os.rs
@@ -62,13 +62,13 @@ pub fn last_posix_errno() -> i32 {
 }
 
 #[cfg(unix)]
-pub fn bytes_as_osstr(b: &[u8]) -> Result<&std::ffi::OsStr, Utf8Error> {
+pub fn bytes_as_os_str(b: &[u8]) -> Result<&std::ffi::OsStr, Utf8Error> {
     use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;
     Ok(std::ffi::OsStr::from_bytes(b))
 }
 
 #[cfg(not(unix))]
-pub fn bytes_as_osstr(b: &[u8]) -> Result<&std::ffi::OsStr, Utf8Error> {
+pub fn bytes_as_os_str(b: &[u8]) -> Result<&std::ffi::OsStr, Utf8Error> {
     Ok(std::str::from_utf8(b)?.as_ref())
 }
 
diff --git a/common/src/static_cell.rs b/common/src/static_cell.rs
index 407b83ae0a..30e34f187f 100644
--- a/common/src/static_cell.rs
+++ b/common/src/static_cell.rs
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ mod threading {
 
     impl<T> StaticCell<T> {
         #[doc(hidden)]
-        pub const fn _from_oncecell(inner: OnceCell<T>) -> Self {
+        pub const fn _from_once_cell(inner: OnceCell<T>) -> Self {
             Self { inner }
         }
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ mod threading {
         ($($(#[$attr:meta])* $vis:vis static $name:ident: $t:ty;)+) => {
             $($(#[$attr])*
             $vis static $name: $crate::static_cell::StaticCell<$t> =
-                $crate::static_cell::StaticCell::_from_oncecell($crate::lock::OnceCell::new());)+
+                $crate::static_cell::StaticCell::_from_once_cell($crate::lock::OnceCell::new());)+
         };
     }
 }
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index ca1723e7ef..fa26959e0b 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -360,8 +360,8 @@ pub fn get_chars(s: &str, range: impl RangeBounds<usize>) -> &str {
 }
 
 #[inline]
-pub fn char_range_end(s: &str, nchars: usize) -> Option<usize> {
-    let i = match nchars.checked_sub(1) {
+pub fn char_range_end(s: &str, n_chars: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    let i = match n_chars.checked_sub(1) {
         Some(last_char_index) => {
             let (index, c) = s.char_indices().nth(last_char_index)?;
             index + c.len_utf8()
@@ -395,8 +395,8 @@ pub fn get_codepoints(w: &Wtf8, range: impl RangeBounds<usize>) -> &Wtf8 {
 }
 
 #[inline]
-pub fn codepoint_range_end(s: &Wtf8, nchars: usize) -> Option<usize> {
-    let i = match nchars.checked_sub(1) {
+pub fn codepoint_range_end(s: &Wtf8, n_chars: usize) -> Option<usize> {
+    let i = match n_chars.checked_sub(1) {
         Some(last_char_index) => {
             let (index, c) = s.code_point_indices().nth(last_char_index)?;
             index + c.len_wtf8()
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 3fa5292e94..e415d847cf 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -233,14 +233,14 @@ fn write_profile(settings: &Settings) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
     enum ProfileFormat {
         Html,
         Text,
-        Speedscope,
+        SpeedScore,
     }
     let profile_output = settings.profile_output.as_deref();
     let profile_format = match settings.profile_format.as_deref() {
         Some("html") => ProfileFormat::Html,
         Some("text") => ProfileFormat::Text,
         None if profile_output == Some("-".as_ref()) => ProfileFormat::Text,
-        Some("speedscope") | None => ProfileFormat::Speedscope,
+        Some("speedscope") | None => ProfileFormat::SpeedScore,
         Some(other) => {
             error!("Unknown profile format {}", other);
             // TODO: Need to change to ExitCode or Termination
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ fn write_profile(settings: &Settings) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
     let profile_output = profile_output.unwrap_or_else(|| match profile_format {
         ProfileFormat::Html => "flame-graph.html".as_ref(),
         ProfileFormat::Text => "flame.txt".as_ref(),
-        ProfileFormat::Speedscope => "flamescope.json".as_ref(),
+        ProfileFormat::SpeedScore => "flamescope.json".as_ref(),
     });
 
     let profile_output: Box<dyn io::Write> = if profile_output == "-" {
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ fn write_profile(settings: &Settings) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
     match profile_format {
         ProfileFormat::Html => flame::dump_html(profile_output)?,
         ProfileFormat::Text => flame::dump_text_to_writer(profile_output)?,
-        ProfileFormat::Speedscope => flamescope::dump(profile_output)?,
+        ProfileFormat::SpeedScore => flamescope::dump(profile_output)?,
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/stdlib/src/csv.rs b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
index 39c15fd952..730d3b2feb 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/csv.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/csv.rs
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ mod _csv {
                 .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("argument 1 must be a dialect object".to_owned()))?,
             OptionalArg::Missing => opts.result(vm)?,
         };
-        let dialect = opts.update_pydialect(dialect);
+        let dialect = opts.update_py_dialect(dialect);
         GLOBAL_HASHMAP
             .lock()
             .insert(name.as_str().to_owned(), dialect);
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ mod _csv {
     }
 
     impl FormatOptions {
-        fn update_pydialect(&self, mut res: PyDialect) -> PyDialect {
+        fn update_py_dialect(&self, mut res: PyDialect) -> PyDialect {
             macro_rules! check_and_fill {
                 ($res:ident, $e:ident) => {{
                     if let Some(t) = self.$e {
@@ -699,18 +699,18 @@ mod _csv {
                 DialectItem::Str(name) => {
                     let g = GLOBAL_HASHMAP.lock();
                     if let Some(dialect) = g.get(name) {
-                        Ok(self.update_pydialect(*dialect))
+                        Ok(self.update_py_dialect(*dialect))
                     } else {
-                        Err(new_csv_error(vm, format!("{} is not registed.", name)))
+                        Err(new_csv_error(vm, format!("{} is not registered.", name)))
                     }
                     // TODO
                     // Maybe need to update the obj from HashMap
                 }
-                DialectItem::Obj(o) => Ok(self.update_pydialect(*o)),
+                DialectItem::Obj(o) => Ok(self.update_py_dialect(*o)),
                 DialectItem::None => {
                     let g = GLOBAL_HASHMAP.lock();
                     let res = *g.get("excel").unwrap();
-                    Ok(self.update_pydialect(res))
+                    Ok(self.update_py_dialect(res))
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -1084,8 +1084,8 @@ mod _csv {
 
             macro_rules! handle_res {
                 ($x:expr) => {{
-                    let (res, nwritten) = $x;
-                    buffer_offset += nwritten;
+                    let (res, n_written) = $x;
+                    buffer_offset += n_written;
                     match res {
                         csv_core::WriteResult::InputEmpty => break,
                         csv_core::WriteResult::OutputFull => resize_buf(buffer),
@@ -1118,10 +1118,10 @@ mod _csv {
                 }
 
                 loop {
-                    let (res, nread, nwritten) =
+                    let (res, n_read, n_written) =
                         writer.field(&data[input_offset..], &mut buffer[buffer_offset..]);
-                    input_offset += nread;
-                    handle_res!((res, nwritten));
+                    input_offset += n_read;
+                    handle_res!((res, n_written));
                 }
             }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs b/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs
index 4612b5263d..a4344e363c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/json/machinery.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:ignore LOJKINE
 // derived from https://github.com/lovasoa/json_in_type
 
 // BSD 2-Clause License
diff --git a/stdlib/src/locale.rs b/stdlib/src/locale.rs
index dfc6c93497..6cde173fb1 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/locale.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/locale.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// cspell:ignore abday abmon yesexpr
+// cspell:ignore abday abmon yesexpr noexpr CRNCYSTR RADIXCHAR AMPM THOUSEP
 
 pub(crate) use _locale::make_module;
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index 93929e3566..6665ee8b49 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ mod math {
             partials.truncate(i);
             if x != 0.0 {
                 if !x.is_finite() {
-                    // a nonfinite x could arise either as
+                    // a non-finite x could arise either as
                     // a result of intermediate overflow, or
                     // as a result of a nan or inf in the
                     // summands
diff --git a/stdlib/src/multiprocessing.rs b/stdlib/src/multiprocessing.rs
index 2db922e16b..4a98c1afad 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/multiprocessing.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/multiprocessing.rs
@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ mod _multiprocessing {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn recv(socket: usize, size: usize, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<libc::c_int> {
         let mut buf = vec![0; size];
-        let nread =
+        let n_read =
             unsafe { WinSock::recv(socket as SOCKET, buf.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _, size as i32, 0) };
-        if nread < 0 {
+        if n_read < 0 {
             Err(os::errno_err(vm))
         } else {
-            Ok(nread)
+            Ok(n_read)
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
index 007fa67423..6fd8a1516d 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
@@ -184,14 +184,14 @@ mod _overlapped {
                 buf: buf.as_ptr() as *mut _,
                 len: buf.len() as _,
             };
-            let mut nread: u32 = 0;
+            let mut n_read: u32 = 0;
             // TODO: optimization with MaybeUninit
             let ret = unsafe {
                 windows_sys::Win32::Networking::WinSock::WSARecv(
                     handle as _,
                     &wsabuf,
                     1,
-                    &mut nread,
+                    &mut n_read,
                     &mut flags,
                     &mut inner.overlapped,
                     None,
diff --git a/vm/src/anystr.rs b/vm/src/anystr.rs
index 79b15b6a3f..03582215ba 100644
--- a/vm/src/anystr.rs
+++ b/vm/src/anystr.rs
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
         full_obj: impl FnOnce() -> PyObjectRef,
         split: SP,
         splitn: SN,
-        splitw: SW,
+        split_whitespace: SW,
     ) -> PyResult<Vec<PyObjectRef>>
     where
         T: TryFromObject + AnyStrWrapper<Self>,
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ pub trait AnyStr {
                 splitn(self, pattern, (args.maxsplit + 1) as usize, vm)
             }
         } else {
-            splitw(self, args.maxsplit, vm)
+            split_whitespace(self, args.maxsplit, vm)
         };
         Ok(splits)
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
index 3d4822cf48..ce2232d8eb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bytearray.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::{
     anystr::{self, AnyStr},
     atomic_func,
     byte::{bytes_from_object, value_from_object},
-    bytesinner::{
+    bytes_inner::{
         ByteInnerFindOptions, ByteInnerNewOptions, ByteInnerPaddingOptions, ByteInnerSplitOptions,
         ByteInnerTranslateOptions, DecodeArgs, PyBytesInner, bytes_decode,
     },
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs b/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
index 434de6a76c..77b9f9d526 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/bytes.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
     TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     anystr::{self, AnyStr},
     atomic_func,
-    bytesinner::{
+    bytes_inner::{
         ByteInnerFindOptions, ByteInnerNewOptions, ByteInnerPaddingOptions, ByteInnerSplitOptions,
         ByteInnerTranslateOptions, DecodeArgs, PyBytesInner, bytes_decode,
     },
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
index fc2f206dd0..f78543a5f5 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/dict.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
     },
     class::{PyClassDef, PyClassImpl},
     common::ascii,
-    dictdatatype::{self, DictKey},
+    dict_inner::{self, DictKey},
     function::{ArgIterable, KwArgs, OptionalArg, PyArithmeticValue::*, PyComparisonValue},
     iter::PyExactSizeIterator,
     protocol::{PyIterIter, PyIterReturn, PyMappingMethods, PyNumberMethods, PySequenceMethods},
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ use rustpython_common::lock::PyMutex;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
-pub type DictContentType = dictdatatype::Dict;
+pub type DictContentType = dict_inner::Dict;
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "dict", unhashable = true, traverse)]
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ impl PyDict {
         self.entries.contains(vm, key).unwrap()
     }
 
-    pub fn size(&self) -> dictdatatype::DictSize {
+    pub fn size(&self) -> dict_inner::DictSize {
         self.entries.size()
     }
 }
@@ -811,7 +811,7 @@ macro_rules! dict_view {
         #[pyclass(module = false, name = $iter_class_name)]
         #[derive(Debug)]
         pub(crate) struct $iter_name {
-            pub size: dictdatatype::DictSize,
+            pub size: dict_inner::DictSize,
             pub internal: PyMutex<PositionIterInternal<PyDictRef>>,
         }
 
@@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ macro_rules! dict_view {
         #[pyclass(module = false, name = $reverse_iter_class_name)]
         #[derive(Debug)]
         pub(crate) struct $reverse_iter_name {
-            pub size: dictdatatype::DictSize,
+            pub size: dict_inner::DictSize,
             internal: PyMutex<PositionIterInternal<PyDictRef>>,
         }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
index 27f1f3273f..85f2a07bb9 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/float.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore numer denom
-
 use super::{
     PyByteArray, PyBytes, PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, try_bigint_to_f64,
 };
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
index 3181f1068f..e054ac4348 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/function.rs
@@ -90,13 +90,13 @@ impl PyFunction {
     ) -> PyResult<()> {
         let code = &*self.code;
         let nargs = func_args.args.len();
-        let nexpected_args = code.arg_count as usize;
+        let n_expected_args = code.arg_count as usize;
         let total_args = code.arg_count as usize + code.kwonlyarg_count as usize;
         // let arg_names = self.code.arg_names();
 
         // This parses the arguments from args and kwargs into
         // the proper variables keeping into account default values
-        // and starargs and kwargs.
+        // and star-args and kwargs.
         // See also: PyEval_EvalCodeWithName in cpython:
         // https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Python/ceval.c#L3681
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl PyFunction {
         // zip short-circuits if either iterator returns None, which is the behavior we want --
         // only fill as much as there is to fill with as much as we have
         for (local, arg) in Iterator::zip(
-            fastlocals.iter_mut().take(nexpected_args),
+            fastlocals.iter_mut().take(n_expected_args),
             args_iter.by_ref().take(nargs),
         ) {
             *local = Some(arg);
@@ -122,11 +122,11 @@ impl PyFunction {
             vararg_offset += 1;
         } else {
             // Check the number of positional arguments
-            if nargs > nexpected_args {
+            if nargs > n_expected_args {
                 return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                     "{}() takes {} positional arguments but {} were given",
                     self.qualname(),
-                    nexpected_args,
+                    n_expected_args,
                     nargs
                 )));
             }
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl PyFunction {
             None
         };
 
-        let argpos = |range: std::ops::Range<_>, name: &str| {
+        let arg_pos = |range: std::ops::Range<_>, name: &str| {
             code.varnames
                 .iter()
                 .enumerate()
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ impl PyFunction {
         // Handle keyword arguments
         for (name, value) in func_args.kwargs {
             // Check if we have a parameter with this name:
-            if let Some(pos) = argpos(code.posonlyarg_count as usize..total_args, &name) {
+            if let Some(pos) = arg_pos(code.posonlyarg_count as usize..total_args, &name) {
                 let slot = &mut fastlocals[pos];
                 if slot.is_some() {
                     return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ impl PyFunction {
                 *slot = Some(value);
             } else if let Some(kwargs) = kwargs.as_ref() {
                 kwargs.set_item(&name, value, vm)?;
-            } else if argpos(0..code.posonlyarg_count as usize, &name).is_some() {
+            } else if arg_pos(0..code.posonlyarg_count as usize, &name).is_some() {
                 posonly_passed_as_kwarg.push(name);
             } else {
                 return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
@@ -196,15 +196,15 @@ impl PyFunction {
 
         // Add missing positional arguments, if we have fewer positional arguments than the
         // function definition calls for
-        if nargs < nexpected_args {
+        if nargs < n_expected_args {
             let defaults = get_defaults!().0.as_ref().map(|tup| tup.as_slice());
             let n_defs = defaults.map_or(0, |d| d.len());
 
-            let nrequired = code.arg_count as usize - n_defs;
+            let n_required = code.arg_count as usize - n_defs;
 
             // Given the number of defaults available, check all the arguments for which we
             // _don't_ have defaults; if any are missing, raise an exception
-            let mut missing: Vec<_> = (nargs..nrequired)
+            let mut missing: Vec<_> = (nargs..n_required)
                 .filter_map(|i| {
                     if fastlocals[i].is_none() {
                         Some(&code.varnames[i])
@@ -247,13 +247,13 @@ impl PyFunction {
             }
 
             if let Some(defaults) = defaults {
-                let n = std::cmp::min(nargs, nexpected_args);
-                let i = n.saturating_sub(nrequired);
+                let n = std::cmp::min(nargs, n_expected_args);
+                let i = n.saturating_sub(n_required);
 
                 // We have sufficient defaults, so iterate over the corresponding names and use
                 // the default if we don't already have a value
                 for i in i..defaults.len() {
-                    let slot = &mut fastlocals[nrequired + i];
+                    let slot = &mut fastlocals[n_required + i];
                     if slot.is_none() {
                         *slot = Some(defaults[i].clone());
                     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs b/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
index 549985bcfb..18649718dd 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/genericalias.rs
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ fn tuple_index(tuple: &PyTupleRef, item: &PyObjectRef) -> Option<usize> {
 fn subs_tvars(
     obj: PyObjectRef,
     params: &PyTupleRef,
-    argitems: &[PyObjectRef],
+    arg_items: &[PyObjectRef],
     vm: &VirtualMachine,
 ) -> PyResult {
     obj.get_attr(identifier!(vm, __parameters__), vm)
@@ -267,7 +267,7 @@ fn subs_tvars(
                         .iter()
                         .map(|arg| {
                             if let Some(idx) = tuple_index(params, arg) {
-                                argitems[idx].clone()
+                                arg_items[idx].clone()
                             } else {
                                 arg.clone()
                             }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
index 5f12f2490e..80aaae03eb 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/int.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::{
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
     TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::PyStrRef,
-    bytesinner::PyBytesInner,
+    bytes_inner::PyBytesInner,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::{
         format::FormatSpec,
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
index 09239e3e49..801d94fb36 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/memory.rs
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
     AsObject, Context, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
     TryFromBorrowedObject, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine, atomic_func,
     buffer::FormatSpec,
-    bytesinner::bytes_to_hex,
+    bytes_inner::bytes_to_hex,
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::{
         borrow::{BorrowedValue, BorrowedValueMut},
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/module.rs b/vm/src/builtins/module.rs
index 8c8f22cf58..2cdc13a59c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/module.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/module.rs
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ impl Py<PyModule> {
         name.downcast::<PyStr>().ok()
     }
 
-    // TODO: to be replaced by the commented-out dict method above once dictoffsets land
+    // TODO: to be replaced by the commented-out dict method above once dictoffset land
     pub fn dict(&self) -> PyDictRef {
         self.as_object().dict().unwrap()
     }
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
index 3e10e5c6b7..43e6ee1f7d 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/set.rs
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ use crate::{
     class::PyClassImpl,
     common::{ascii, hash::PyHash, lock::PyMutex, rc::PyRc},
     convert::ToPyResult,
-    dictdatatype::{self, DictSize},
+    dict_inner::{self, DictSize},
     function::{ArgIterable, OptionalArg, PosArgs, PyArithmeticValue, PyComparisonValue},
     protocol::{PyIterReturn, PyNumberMethods, PySequenceMethods},
     recursion::ReprGuard,
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ use rustpython_common::{
 use std::sync::LazyLock;
 use std::{fmt, ops::Deref};
 
-pub type SetContentType = dictdatatype::Dict<()>;
+pub type SetContentType = dict_inner::Dict<()>;
 
 #[pyclass(module = false, name = "set", unhashable = true, traverse)]
 #[derive(Default)]
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ impl PySetInner {
         hash = self.content.try_fold_keys(hash, |h, element| {
             Ok(h ^ _shuffle_bits(element.hash(vm)? as u64))
         })?;
-        // Disperse patterns arising in nested frozensets
+        // Disperse patterns arising in nested frozen-sets
         hash ^= (hash >> 11) ^ (hash >> 25);
         hash = hash.wrapping_mul(69069).wrapping_add(907133923);
         // -1 is reserved as an error code
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
index 1b6e281657..1dc7861071 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/tuple.rs
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ impl PyTuple {
     #[pymethod(magic)]
     fn getnewargs(zelf: PyRef<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> (PyTupleRef,) {
         // the arguments to pass to tuple() is just one tuple - so we'll be doing tuple(tup), which
-        // should just return tup, or tuplesubclass(tup), which'll copy/validate (e.g. for a
+        // should just return tup, or tuple_subclass(tup), which'll copy/validate (e.g. for a
         // structseq)
         let tup_arg = if zelf.class().is(vm.ctx.types.tuple_type) {
             zelf
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index 776c777cb3..a0c7ee58ff 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ impl PyType {
         }
     }
 
-    // This is used for class initialisation where the vm is not yet available.
+    // This is used for class initialization where the vm is not yet available.
     pub fn set_str_attr<V: Into<PyObjectRef>>(
         &self,
         attr_name: &str,
@@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ impl Py<PyType> {
         F: Fn(&Self) -> Option<R>,
     {
         // the hot path will be primitive types which usually hit the result from itself.
-        // try std::intrinsics::likely once it is stablized
+        // try std::intrinsics::likely once it is stabilized
         if let Some(r) = f(self) {
             Some(r)
         } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs b/vm/src/bytes_inner.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from vm/src/bytesinner.rs
rename to vm/src/bytes_inner.rs
index 88d2b9744f..10394721e7 100644
--- a/vm/src/bytesinner.rs
+++ b/vm/src/bytes_inner.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:ignore unchunked
 use crate::{
     AsObject, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
     anystr::{self, AnyStr, AnyStrContainer, AnyStrWrapper},
diff --git a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs b/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
rename to vm/src/dict_inner.rs
index ab37b7dc85..c49ab752de 100644
--- a/vm/src/dictdatatype.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
 use std::{fmt, mem::size_of, ops::ControlFlow};
 
 // HashIndex is intended to be same size with hash::PyHash
-// but it doesn't mean the values are compatible with actual pyhash value
+// but it doesn't mean the values are compatible with actual PyHash value
 
 /// hash value of an object returned by __hash__
 type HashValue = hash::PyHash;
@@ -691,7 +691,7 @@ impl<T: Clone> Dict<T> {
 type LookupResult = (IndexEntry, IndexIndex);
 
 /// Types implementing this trait can be used to index
-/// the dictionary. Typical usecases are:
+/// the dictionary. Typical use-cases are:
 /// - PyObjectRef -> arbitrary python type used as key
 /// - str -> string reference used as key, this is often used internally
 pub trait DictKey {
diff --git a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
index 74051644e0..28145e490a 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/fspath.rs
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ impl FsPath {
         // TODO: FS encodings
         match self {
             FsPath::Str(s) => vm.fsencode(s),
-            FsPath::Bytes(b) => Self::bytes_as_osstr(b.as_bytes(), vm).map(Cow::Borrowed),
+            FsPath::Bytes(b) => Self::bytes_as_os_str(b.as_bytes(), vm).map(Cow::Borrowed),
         }
     }
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ impl FsPath {
     pub fn to_path_buf(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PathBuf> {
         let path = match self {
             FsPath::Str(s) => PathBuf::from(s.as_str()),
-            FsPath::Bytes(b) => PathBuf::from(Self::bytes_as_osstr(b, vm)?),
+            FsPath::Bytes(b) => PathBuf::from(Self::bytes_as_os_str(b, vm)?),
         };
         Ok(path)
     }
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@ impl FsPath {
             .map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))
     }
 
-    pub fn bytes_as_osstr<'a>(b: &'a [u8], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&'a std::ffi::OsStr> {
-        rustpython_common::os::bytes_as_osstr(b)
+    pub fn bytes_as_os_str<'a>(b: &'a [u8], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&'a std::ffi::OsStr> {
+        rustpython_common::os::bytes_as_os_str(b)
             .map_err(|_| vm.new_unicode_decode_error("can't decode path for utf-8".to_owned()))
     }
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/intern.rs b/vm/src/intern.rs
index bb9220d069..08e41bb5b5 100644
--- a/vm/src/intern.rs
+++ b/vm/src/intern.rs
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ impl InternableString for PyRefExact<PyStr> {
 }
 
 pub trait MaybeInternedString:
-    AsRef<Wtf8> + crate::dictdatatype::DictKey + sealed::SealedMaybeInterned
+    AsRef<Wtf8> + crate::dict_inner::DictKey + sealed::SealedMaybeInterned
 {
     fn as_interned(&self) -> Option<&'static PyStrInterned>;
 }
diff --git a/vm/src/lib.rs b/vm/src/lib.rs
index 2e4afa3ea1..9561a9cc23 100644
--- a/vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ mod anystr;
 pub mod buffer;
 pub mod builtins;
 pub mod byte;
-mod bytesinner;
+mod bytes_inner;
 pub mod cformat;
 pub mod class;
 mod codecs;
 pub mod compiler;
 pub mod convert;
 mod coroutine;
-mod dictdatatype;
+mod dict_inner;
 #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
 pub mod eval;
 pub mod exceptions;
diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index bbe900f7cd..a6049884d8 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -370,11 +370,11 @@ impl PyWeak {
         let dealloc = {
             let mut guard = unsafe { self.parent.as_ref().lock() };
             let offset = std::mem::offset_of!(PyInner<PyWeak>, payload);
-            let pyinner = (self as *const Self)
+            let py_inner = (self as *const Self)
                 .cast::<u8>()
                 .wrapping_sub(offset)
                 .cast::<PyInner<Self>>();
-            let node_ptr = unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(pyinner as *mut Py<Self>) };
+            let node_ptr = unsafe { NonNull::new_unchecked(py_inner as *mut Py<Self>) };
             // the list doesn't have ownership over its PyRef<PyWeak>! we're being dropped
             // right now so that should be obvious!!
             std::mem::forget(unsafe { guard.list.remove(node_ptr) });
diff --git a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
index 9ff0f88343..c105d23feb 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ pub unsafe trait Traverse {
     ///   If some field is not called, the worst results is just memory leak,
     ///   but if some field is called repeatedly, panic and deadlock can happen.
     ///
-    /// - _**DO NOT**_ clone a `PyObjectRef` or `Pyef<T>` in `traverse()`
+    /// - _**DO NOT**_ clone a `PyObjectRef` or `PyRef<T>` in `traverse()`
     fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>);
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
index 256baa0fdf..1e972eb540 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ use crate::{
         PyAsyncGen, PyBytes, PyDict, PyDictRef, PyGenericAlias, PyInt, PyList, PyStr, PyStrRef,
         PyTuple, PyTupleRef, PyType, PyTypeRef, pystr::AsPyStr,
     },
-    bytesinner::ByteInnerNewOptions,
+    bytes_inner::ByteInnerNewOptions,
     common::{hash::PyHash, str::to_ascii},
     convert::{ToPyObject, ToPyResult},
-    dictdatatype::DictKey,
+    dict_inner::DictKey,
     function::{Either, OptionalArg, PyArithmeticValue, PySetterValue},
     object::PyPayload,
     protocol::{PyIter, PyMapping, PySequence},
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs b/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
index 5d5622c156..0681c3e664 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/sequence.rs
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ impl PySequence<'_> {
             return f(self, other, vm);
         }
 
-        // if both arguments apear to be sequences, try fallback to __add__
+        // if both arguments appear to be sequences, try fallback to __add__
         if self.check() && other.to_sequence().check() {
             let ret = vm.binary_op1(self.obj, other, PyNumberBinaryOp::Add)?;
             if let PyArithmeticValue::Implemented(ret) = PyArithmeticValue::from_object(vm, ret) {
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl PySequence<'_> {
             return f(self, other, vm);
         }
 
-        // if both arguments apear to be sequences, try fallback to __iadd__
+        // if both arguments appear to be sequences, try fallback to __iadd__
         if self.check() && other.to_sequence().check() {
             let ret = vm._iadd(self.obj, other)?;
             if let PyArithmeticValue::Implemented(ret) = PyArithmeticValue::from_object(vm, ret) {
diff --git a/vm/src/py_io.rs b/vm/src/py_io.rs
index c50f09e2bf..87df9a73d8 100644
--- a/vm/src/py_io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/py_io.rs
@@ -70,12 +70,12 @@ pub fn file_readline(obj: &PyObject, size: Option<usize>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -
     };
     let ret = match_class!(match ret {
         s @ PyStr => {
-            let sval = s.as_str();
-            if sval.is_empty() {
+            let s_val = s.as_str();
+            if s_val.is_empty() {
                 return Err(eof_err());
             }
-            if let Some(nonl) = sval.strip_suffix('\n') {
-                vm.ctx.new_str(nonl).into()
+            if let Some(no_nl) = s_val.strip_suffix('\n') {
+                vm.ctx.new_str(no_nl).into()
             } else {
                 s.into()
             }
diff --git a/vm/src/scope.rs b/vm/src/scope.rs
index e01209857c..7515468d78 100644
--- a/vm/src/scope.rs
+++ b/vm/src/scope.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl Scope {
 //     impl Sealed for super::PyStrRef {}
 // }
 // pub trait PyName:
-//     sealed::Sealed + crate::dictdatatype::DictKey + Clone + ToPyObject
+//     sealed::Sealed + crate::dict_inner::DictKey + Clone + ToPyObject
 // {
 // }
 // impl PyName for str {}
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/python.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/python.rs
index 50f8294c76..74c4db888a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/ast/python.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/ast/python.rs
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@ pub(crate) mod _ast {
         fn init(zelf: PyObjectRef, args: FuncArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
             let fields = zelf.get_attr("_fields", vm)?;
             let fields: Vec<PyStrRef> = fields.try_to_value(vm)?;
-            let numargs = args.args.len();
-            if numargs > fields.len() {
+            let n_args = args.args.len();
+            if n_args > fields.len() {
                 return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                     "{} constructor takes at most {} positional argument{}",
                     zelf.class().name(),
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _ast {
             }
             for (key, value) in args.kwargs {
                 if let Some(pos) = fields.iter().position(|f| f.as_str() == key) {
-                    if pos < numargs {
+                    if pos < n_args {
                         return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                             "{} got multiple values for argument '{}'",
                             zelf.class().name(),
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 6f13e0878d..3e1979e3d0 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -1360,7 +1360,7 @@ mod _io {
         })
     }
 
-    pub fn repr_fileobj_name(obj: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<PyStrRef>> {
+    pub fn repr_file_obj_name(obj: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<PyStrRef>> {
         let name = match obj.get_attr("name", vm) {
             Ok(name) => Some(name),
             Err(e)
@@ -1549,7 +1549,7 @@ mod _io {
 
         #[pyslot]
         fn slot_repr(zelf: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyStrRef> {
-            let name_repr = repr_fileobj_name(zelf, vm)?;
+            let name_repr = repr_file_obj_name(zelf, vm)?;
             let cls = zelf.class();
             let slot_name = cls.slot_name();
             let repr = if let Some(name_repr) = name_repr {
@@ -4293,7 +4293,7 @@ mod fileio {
             if fd < 0 {
                 return Ok("<_io.FileIO [closed]>".to_owned());
             }
-            let name_repr = repr_fileobj_name(zelf.as_object(), vm)?;
+            let name_repr = repr_file_obj_name(zelf.as_object(), vm)?;
             let mode = zelf.mode();
             let closefd = if zelf.closefd.load() { "True" } else { "False" };
             let repr = if let Some(name_repr) = name_repr {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
index 18641ac3b6..addfc991ff 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/itertools.rs
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ mod decl {
         fn setstate(zelf: PyRef<Self>, state: PyTupleRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
             let args = state.as_slice();
             if args.is_empty() {
-                let msg = String::from("function takes at leat 1 arguments (0 given)");
+                let msg = String::from("function takes at least 1 arguments (0 given)");
                 return Err(vm.new_type_error(msg));
             }
             if args.len() > 2 {
@@ -1892,14 +1892,14 @@ mod decl {
                 return Ok(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(None));
             }
             let mut result: Vec<PyObjectRef> = Vec::new();
-            let mut numactive = zelf.iterators.len();
+            let mut num_active = zelf.iterators.len();
 
             for idx in 0..zelf.iterators.len() {
                 let next_obj = match zelf.iterators[idx].next(vm)? {
                     PyIterReturn::Return(obj) => obj,
                     PyIterReturn::StopIteration(v) => {
-                        numactive -= 1;
-                        if numactive == 0 {
+                        num_active -= 1;
+                        if num_active == 0 {
                             return Ok(PyIterReturn::StopIteration(v));
                         }
                         zelf.fillvalue.read().clone()
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
index 564ee5bf6c..17d8ccd3e1 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/marshal.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:ignore pyfrozen pycomplex
 pub(crate) use decl::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule(name = "marshal")]
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
index 38f931b0e7..fbb8147e9f 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
@@ -532,9 +532,9 @@ mod _operator {
         fn reduce(zelf: PyRef<Self>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyTupleRef> {
             // With no kwargs, return (type(obj), (name, *args)) tuple.
             if zelf.args.kwargs.is_empty() {
-                let mut pargs = vec![zelf.name.as_object().to_owned()];
-                pargs.append(&mut zelf.args.args.clone());
-                Ok(vm.new_tuple((zelf.class().to_owned(), vm.ctx.new_tuple(pargs))))
+                let mut py_args = vec![zelf.name.as_object().to_owned()];
+                py_args.append(&mut zelf.args.args.clone());
+                Ok(vm.new_tuple((zelf.class().to_owned(), vm.ctx.new_tuple(py_args))))
             } else {
                 // If we have kwargs, create a partial function that contains them and pass back that
                 // along with the args.
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
index 48e16ad41f..08a5051fe7 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/os.rs
@@ -120,8 +120,8 @@ pub(super) struct FollowSymlinks(
     #[pyarg(named, name = "follow_symlinks", default = true)] pub bool,
 );
 
-fn bytes_as_osstr<'a>(b: &'a [u8], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&'a ffi::OsStr> {
-    rustpython_common::os::bytes_as_osstr(b)
+fn bytes_as_os_str<'a>(b: &'a [u8], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&'a ffi::OsStr> {
+    rustpython_common::os::bytes_as_os_str(b)
         .map_err(|_| vm.new_unicode_decode_error("can't decode path for utf-8".to_owned()))
 }
 
@@ -393,8 +393,8 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
         if key.is_empty() || key.contains(&b'=') {
             return Err(vm.new_value_error("illegal environment variable name".to_string()));
         }
-        let key = super::bytes_as_osstr(key, vm)?;
-        let value = super::bytes_as_osstr(value, vm)?;
+        let key = super::bytes_as_os_str(key, vm)?;
+        let value = super::bytes_as_os_str(value, vm)?;
         // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from the caller
         unsafe { env::set_var(key, value) };
         Ok(())
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@ pub(super) mod _os {
                 ),
             ));
         }
-        let key = super::bytes_as_osstr(key, vm)?;
+        let key = super::bytes_as_os_str(key, vm)?;
         // SAFETY: requirements forwarded from the caller
         unsafe { env::remove_var(key) };
         Ok(())
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
index fd41aa2b7d..fdb48c7524 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sre.rs
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ mod _sre {
         }
 
         #[pymethod(name = "match")]
-        fn pymatch(
+        fn py_match(
             zelf: PyRef<Pattern>,
             string_args: StringArgs,
             vm: &VirtualMachine,
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ mod _sre {
                 let req = x.create_request(&zelf, pos, endpos);
                 let mut state = State::default();
                 Ok(state
-                    .pymatch(&req)
+                    .py_match(&req)
                     .then(|| Match::new(&mut state, zelf.clone(), string).into_ref(&vm.ctx)))
             })
         }
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ mod _sre {
                 let mut req = x.create_request(&zelf, string_args.pos, string_args.endpos);
                 req.match_all = true;
                 let mut state = State::default();
-                Ok(state.pymatch(&req).then(|| {
+                Ok(state.py_match(&req).then(|| {
                     Match::new(&mut state, zelf.clone(), string_args.string).into_ref(&vm.ctx)
                 }))
             })
@@ -346,11 +346,11 @@ mod _sre {
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn sub(zelf: PyRef<Pattern>, sub_args: SubArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            Self::subx(zelf, sub_args, false, vm)
+            Self::sub_impl(zelf, sub_args, false, vm)
         }
         #[pymethod]
         fn subn(zelf: PyRef<Pattern>, sub_args: SubArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            Self::subx(zelf, sub_args, true, vm)
+            Self::sub_impl(zelf, sub_args, true, vm)
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ mod _sre {
             self.pattern.clone()
         }
 
-        fn subx(
+        fn sub_impl(
             zelf: PyRef<Pattern>,
             sub_args: SubArgs,
             subn: bool,
@@ -860,12 +860,12 @@ mod _sre {
         }
 
         #[pymethod(name = "match")]
-        fn pymatch(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<PyRef<Match>>> {
+        fn py_match(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Option<PyRef<Match>>> {
             with_sre_str!(self.pattern, &self.string.clone(), vm, |s| {
                 let mut req = s.create_request(&self.pattern, self.start.load(), self.end);
                 let mut state = State::default();
                 req.must_advance = self.must_advance.load();
-                let has_matched = state.pymatch(&req);
+                let has_matched = state.py_match(&req);
 
                 self.must_advance
                     .store(state.cursor.position == state.start);
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index fdfe2faf69..befa0f8dff 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -513,19 +513,19 @@ mod sys {
             }
 
             // Get the size of the version information block
-            let verblock_size =
+            let ver_block_size =
                 GetFileVersionInfoSizeW(kernel32_path.as_ptr(), std::ptr::null_mut());
-            if verblock_size == 0 {
+            if ver_block_size == 0 {
                 return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
             }
 
             // Allocate a buffer to hold the version information
-            let mut verblock = vec![0u8; verblock_size as usize];
+            let mut ver_block = vec![0u8; ver_block_size as usize];
             if GetFileVersionInfoW(
                 kernel32_path.as_ptr(),
                 0,
-                verblock_size,
-                verblock.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _,
+                ver_block_size,
+                ver_block.as_mut_ptr() as *mut _,
             ) == 0
             {
                 return Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error());
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ mod sys {
             let mut ffi_ptr: *mut VS_FIXEDFILEINFO = std::ptr::null_mut();
             let mut ffi_len: u32 = 0;
             if VerQueryValueW(
-                verblock.as_ptr() as *const _,
+                ver_block.as_ptr() as *const _,
                 sub_block.as_ptr(),
                 &mut ffi_ptr as *mut *mut VS_FIXEDFILEINFO as *mut *mut _,
                 &mut ffi_len as *mut u32,
@@ -572,10 +572,10 @@ mod sys {
         let mut version: OSVERSIONINFOEXW = unsafe { std::mem::zeroed() };
         version.dwOSVersionInfoSize = std::mem::size_of::<OSVERSIONINFOEXW>() as u32;
         let result = unsafe {
-            let osvi = &mut version as *mut OSVERSIONINFOEXW as *mut OSVERSIONINFOW;
+            let os_vi = &mut version as *mut OSVERSIONINFOEXW as *mut OSVERSIONINFOW;
             // SAFETY: GetVersionExW accepts a pointer of OSVERSIONINFOW, but windows-sys crate's type currently doesn't allow to do so.
             // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/sysinfoapi/nf-sysinfoapi-getversionexw#parameters
-            GetVersionExW(osvi)
+            GetVersionExW(os_vi)
         };
 
         if result == 0 {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
index ad80f1f1e1..0ee087e5e4 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
@@ -334,8 +334,8 @@ pub(crate) mod _thread {
                 );
             }
         }
-        SENTINELS.with(|sents| {
-            for lock in sents.replace(Default::default()) {
+        SENTINELS.with(|sentinels| {
+            for lock in sentinels.replace(Default::default()) {
                 if lock.mu.is_locked() {
                     unsafe { lock.mu.unlock() };
                 }
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _thread {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn _set_sentinel(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Lock> {
         let lock = Lock { mu: RawMutex::INIT }.into_ref(&vm.ctx);
-        SENTINELS.with(|sents| sents.borrow_mut().push(lock.clone()));
+        SENTINELS.with(|sentinels| sentinels.borrow_mut().push(lock.clone()));
         lock
     }
 
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _thread {
 
     #[pyclass(with(GetAttr, SetAttr), flags(BASETYPE))]
     impl Local {
-        fn ldict(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictRef {
+        fn l_dict(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyDictRef {
             self.data.get_or(|| vm.ctx.new_dict()).clone()
         }
 
@@ -401,12 +401,12 @@ pub(crate) mod _thread {
 
     impl GetAttr for Local {
         fn getattro(zelf: &Py<Self>, attr: &Py<PyStr>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
-            let ldict = zelf.ldict(vm);
+            let l_dict = zelf.l_dict(vm);
             if attr.as_str() == "__dict__" {
-                Ok(ldict.into())
+                Ok(l_dict.into())
             } else {
                 zelf.as_object()
-                    .generic_getattr_opt(attr, Some(ldict), vm)?
+                    .generic_getattr_opt(attr, Some(l_dict), vm)?
                     .ok_or_else(|| {
                         vm.new_attribute_error(format!(
                             "{} has no attribute '{}'",
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _thread {
                     zelf.class().name()
                 )))
             } else {
-                let dict = zelf.ldict(vm);
+                let dict = zelf.l_dict(vm);
                 if let PySetterValue::Assign(value) = value {
                     dict.set_item(attr, value, vm)?;
                 } else {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
index 5f41304c19..cc543e9249 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/time.rs
@@ -243,8 +243,8 @@ mod decl {
         let timestamp = match value {
             Either::A(float) => {
                 let secs = float.trunc() as i64;
-                let nsecs = (float.fract() * 1e9) as u32;
-                DateTime::<chrono::offset::Utc>::from_timestamp(secs, nsecs)
+                let nano_secs = (float.fract() * 1e9) as u32;
+                DateTime::<chrono::offset::Utc>::from_timestamp(secs, nano_secs)
             }
             Either::B(int) => DateTime::<chrono::offset::Utc>::from_timestamp(int, 0),
         };
diff --git a/vm/src/types/slot.rs b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
index 2d8c825817..e2121973ec 100644
--- a/vm/src/types/slot.rs
+++ b/vm/src/types/slot.rs
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ impl PyType {
             }};
         }
 
-        macro_rules! toggle_subslot {
+        macro_rules! toggle_sub_slot {
             ($group:ident, $name:ident, $func:expr) => {
                 self.slots
                     .$group
@@ -520,90 +520,90 @@ impl PyType {
                 toggle_slot!(del, del_wrapper);
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __int__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, int, number_unary_op_wrapper!(__int__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, int, number_unary_op_wrapper!(__int__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __index__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, index, number_unary_op_wrapper!(__index__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, index, number_unary_op_wrapper!(__index__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __float__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, float, number_unary_op_wrapper!(__float__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, float, number_unary_op_wrapper!(__float__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __add__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, add, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__add__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, add, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__add__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __radd__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_add,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__radd__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __iadd__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, inplace_add, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__iadd__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, inplace_add, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__iadd__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __sub__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, subtract, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__sub__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, subtract, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__sub__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rsub__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_subtract,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rsub__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __isub__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     inplace_subtract,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__isub__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __mul__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, multiply, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__mul__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, multiply, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__mul__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rmul__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_multiply,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rmul__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __imul__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     inplace_multiply,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__imul__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __mod__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, remainder, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__mod__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, remainder, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__mod__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rmod__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_remainder,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rmod__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __imod__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     inplace_remainder,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__imod__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __divmod__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, divmod, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__divmod__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, divmod, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__divmod__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rdivmod__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_divmod,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rdivmod__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __pow__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, power, |a, b, c, vm| {
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, power, |a, b, c, vm| {
                     let args = if vm.is_none(c) {
                         vec![b.to_owned()]
                     } else {
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ impl PyType {
                 });
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rpow__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, right_power, |a, b, c, vm| {
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, right_power, |a, b, c, vm| {
                     let args = if vm.is_none(c) {
                         vec![a.to_owned()]
                     } else {
@@ -623,141 +623,141 @@ impl PyType {
                 });
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __ipow__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, inplace_power, |a, b, _, vm| {
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, inplace_power, |a, b, _, vm| {
                     vm.call_special_method(a, identifier!(vm, __ipow__), (b.to_owned(),))
                 });
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __lshift__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, lshift, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__lshift__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, lshift, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__lshift__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rlshift__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_lshift,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rlshift__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __ilshift__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     inplace_lshift,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__ilshift__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rshift__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, rshift, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__rshift__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, rshift, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__rshift__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rrshift__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_rshift,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rrshift__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __irshift__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     inplace_rshift,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__irshift__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __and__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, and, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__and__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, and, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__and__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rand__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_and,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rand__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __iand__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, inplace_and, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__iand__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, inplace_and, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__iand__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __xor__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, xor, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__xor__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, xor, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__xor__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rxor__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_xor,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rxor__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __ixor__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, inplace_xor, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__ixor__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, inplace_xor, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__ixor__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __or__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, or, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__or__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, or, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__or__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __ror__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_or,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__ror__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __ior__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(as_number, inplace_or, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__ior__));
+                toggle_sub_slot!(as_number, inplace_or, number_binary_op_wrapper!(__ior__));
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __floordiv__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     floor_divide,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__floordiv__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rfloordiv__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_floor_divide,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rfloordiv__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __ifloordiv__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     inplace_floor_divide,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__ifloordiv__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __truediv__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     true_divide,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__truediv__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rtruediv__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_true_divide,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rtruediv__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __itruediv__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     inplace_true_divide,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__itruediv__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __matmul__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     matrix_multiply,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__matmul__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __rmatmul__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     right_matrix_multiply,
                     number_binary_right_op_wrapper!(__rmatmul__)
                 );
             }
             _ if name == identifier!(ctx, __imatmul__) => {
-                toggle_subslot!(
+                toggle_sub_slot!(
                     as_number,
                     inplace_matrix_multiply,
                     number_binary_op_wrapper!(__imatmul__)
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 752943319d..4b1cece8c5 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             list_borrow = value.payload::<PyList>().unwrap().borrow_vec();
             &list_borrow
         } else {
-            return self.map_pyiter(value, func);
+            return self.map_py_iter(value, func);
         };
         slice.iter().map(|obj| func(obj.clone())).collect()
     }
@@ -682,12 +682,12 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             ref t @ PyTuple => Ok(t.iter().cloned().map(f).collect()),
             // TODO: put internal iterable type
             obj => {
-                Ok(self.map_pyiter(obj, f))
+                Ok(self.map_py_iter(obj, f))
             }
         })
     }
 
-    fn map_pyiter<F, R>(&self, value: &PyObject, mut f: F) -> PyResult<Vec<R>>
+    fn map_py_iter<F, R>(&self, value: &PyObject, mut f: F) -> PyResult<Vec<R>>
     where
         F: FnMut(PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<R>,
     {
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs b/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
index ee49b036de..e2372d783e 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/benches/benches.rs
@@ -92,20 +92,20 @@ fn basic(c: &mut Criterion) {
                 let (req, mut state) = p.state(s);
                 assert!(state.search(req));
                 let (req, mut state) = p.state(s);
-                assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+                assert!(state.py_match(&req));
                 let (mut req, mut state) = p.state(s);
                 req.match_all = true;
-                assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+                assert!(state.py_match(&req));
                 let s2 = format!("{}{}{}", " ".repeat(10000), s, " ".repeat(10000));
                 let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 0..usize::MAX);
                 assert!(state.search(req));
                 let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..usize::MAX);
-                assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+                assert!(state.py_match(&req));
                 let (req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
-                assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+                assert!(state.py_match(&req));
                 let (mut req, mut state) = p.state_range(s2.as_str(), 10000..10000 + s.len());
                 req.match_all = true;
-                assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+                assert!(state.py_match(&req));
             });
         });
     }
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
index 9b27f55031..1e0b15fd01 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/src/engine.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ impl State {
         req.string.adjust_cursor(&mut self.cursor, start);
     }
 
-    pub fn pymatch<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<'_, S>) -> bool {
+    pub fn py_match<S: StrDrive>(&mut self, req: &Request<'_, S>) -> bool {
         self.start = req.start;
         req.string.adjust_cursor(&mut self.cursor, self.start);
 
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs b/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
index 5499afa281..0ada32e5db 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/tests/tests.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:disable
 use rustpython_sre_engine::{Request, State, StrDrive};
 
 struct Pattern {
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ fn test_2427() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let lookbehind = Pattern { pattern: "(?<!\\.)x\\b", code: &[14, 4, 0, 1, 1, 5, 5, 1, 16, 46, 1, 16, 120, 6, 10, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = lookbehind.state("x");
-    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+    assert!(state.py_match(&req));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ fn test_repeat_context_panic() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "(?:a*?(xx)??z)*", code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 23, 25, 0, 4294967295, 26, 6, 0, 4294967295, 16, 97, 1, 23, 11, 0, 1, 17, 0, 16, 120, 16, 120, 17, 1, 19, 16, 122, 18, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("axxzaz");
-    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+    assert!(state.py_match(&req));
     assert_eq!(
         *state.marks.raw(),
         vec![Optioned::some(1), Optioned::some(3)]
@@ -78,7 +79,7 @@ fn test_double_max_until() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "((1)?)*", code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 23, 18, 0, 4294967295, 17, 0, 23, 9, 0, 1, 17, 2, 16, 49, 17, 3, 18, 17, 1, 18, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("1111");
-    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+    assert!(state.py_match(&req));
     assert_eq!(state.cursor.position, 4);
 }
 
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ fn test_possessive_quantifier() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "e++a", code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 29, 6, 1, 4294967295, 16, 101, 1, 16, 97, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("eeea");
-    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+    assert!(state.py_match(&req));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -151,7 +152,7 @@ fn test_possessive_atomic_group() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "(?>x)++x", code: &[14, 4, 0, 2, 4294967295, 28, 8, 1, 4294967295, 27, 4, 16, 120, 1, 1, 16, 120, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("xxx");
-    assert!(!state.pymatch(&req));
+    assert!(!state.py_match(&req));
 }
 
 #[test]
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ fn test_bug_20998() {
     // END GENERATED
     let (mut req, mut state) = p.state("ABC");
     req.match_all = true;
-    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+    assert!(state.py_match(&req));
     assert_eq!(state.cursor.position, 3);
 }
 
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ fn test_bigcharset() {
     #[rustfmt::skip] let p = Pattern { pattern: "[a-z]*", code: &[14, 4, 0, 0, 4294967295, 24, 97, 0, 4294967295, 39, 92, 10, 3, 33685760, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 33686018, 0, 0, 0, 134217726, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 131072, 0, 2147483648, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1] };
     // END GENERATED
     let (req, mut state) = p.state("x ");
-    assert!(state.pymatch(&req));
+    assert!(state.py_match(&req));
     assert_eq!(state.cursor.position, 1);
 }
 
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
index 4f6e4db35c..bccf5564fa 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/convert.rs
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ extern "C" {
 }
 
 pub fn py_err_to_js_err(vm: &VirtualMachine, py_err: &PyBaseExceptionRef) -> JsValue {
-    let jserr = vm.try_class("_js", "JSError").ok();
-    let js_arg = if jserr.is_some_and(|jserr| py_err.fast_isinstance(&jserr)) {
+    let js_err = vm.try_class("_js", "JSError").ok();
+    let js_arg = if js_err.is_some_and(|js_err| py_err.fast_isinstance(&js_err)) {
         py_err.get_arg(0)
     } else {
         None
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn py_to_js(vm: &VirtualMachine, py_obj: PyObjectRef) -> JsValue {
                         }
                     }
                     let result = py_obj.call(py_func_args, vm);
-                    pyresult_to_jsresult(vm, result)
+                    pyresult_to_js_result(vm, result)
                 })
             };
             let closure = Closure::wrap(Box::new(closure)
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ pub fn object_entries(obj: &Object) -> impl Iterator<Item = Result<(JsValue, JsV
     })
 }
 
-pub fn pyresult_to_jsresult(vm: &VirtualMachine, result: PyResult) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
+pub fn pyresult_to_js_result(vm: &VirtualMachine, result: PyResult) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
     result
         .map(|value| py_to_js(vm, value))
         .map_err(|err| py_err_to_js_err(vm, &err))
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs b/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
index a5b7281481..f159c467d0 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ mod _js {
                             .map(|arg| PyJsValue::new(arg).into_pyobject(vm)),
                     );
                     let res = py_obj.call(pyargs, vm);
-                    convert::pyresult_to_jsresult(vm, res)
+                    convert::pyresult_to_js_result(vm, res)
                 })
             };
             let closure: ClosureType = if once {
@@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ mod _js {
                                 Some(on_fulfill) => stored_vm.interp.enter(move |vm| {
                                     let val = convert::js_to_py(vm, val);
                                     let res = on_fulfill.invoke((val,), vm);
-                                    convert::pyresult_to_jsresult(vm, res)
+                                    convert::pyresult_to_js_result(vm, res)
                                 }),
                                 None => Ok(val),
                             },
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ mod _js {
                                 Some(on_reject) => stored_vm.interp.enter(move |vm| {
                                     let err = new_js_error(vm, err);
                                     let res = on_reject.invoke((err,), vm);
-                                    convert::pyresult_to_jsresult(vm, res)
+                                    convert::pyresult_to_js_result(vm, res)
                                 }),
                                 None => Err(err),
                             },
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs b/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
index c04877f7e3..d84603e986 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ impl WASMVirtualMachine {
             let code = vm.compile(source, mode, source_path);
             let code = code.map_err(convert::syntax_err)?;
             let result = vm.run_code_obj(code, scope.clone());
-            convert::pyresult_to_jsresult(vm, result)
+            convert::pyresult_to_js_result(vm, result)
         })?
     }
 

From 883e0cab292383a6e70db7a3150f36c62e478988 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 2025 09:23:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 583/705] build docs on CI and deny warnings

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 05516c9270..b728c81bc2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -325,6 +325,8 @@ jobs:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
       - name: install ruff
         run: python -m pip install ruff==0.0.291 # astral-sh/ruff#7778
+      - name: Ensure docs generate no warnings
+        run: cargo doc -- -Dwarnings
       - name: run python lint
         run: ruff extra_tests wasm examples  --exclude='./.*',./Lib,./vm/Lib,./benches/ --select=E9,F63,F7,F82 --show-source
       - name: install prettier

From 5c854fc6902177f81dc8bb662b36b713d67615ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 3 Apr 2025 09:23:22 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 584/705] clear out warnings

---
 common/src/linked_list.rs  |  2 +-
 src/lib.rs                 |  4 ++--
 src/settings.rs            |  4 ++++
 src/shell.rs               |  2 ++
 stdlib/src/pystruct.rs     |  4 ++--
 vm/src/builtins/mod.rs     |  4 ++--
 vm/src/dict_inner.rs       |  6 +++---
 vm/src/function/builtin.rs |  2 +-
 vm/src/import.rs           |  5 ++---
 vm/src/lib.rs              |  7 ++++---
 vm/src/object/core.rs      | 16 ++++++++--------
 vm/src/object/traverse.rs  |  6 +++---
 vm/src/prelude.rs          |  4 ++++
 vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs  |  2 +-
 vm/src/protocol/object.rs  |  2 +-
 vm/src/readline.rs         |  5 +++++
 vm/src/suggestion.rs       |  3 +++
 vm/src/version.rs          |  3 +--
 vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs   | 13 ++++++-------
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs           |  4 ++--
 vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs        |  4 ++--
 wtf8/src/lib.rs            |  2 +-
 22 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/linked_list.rs b/common/src/linked_list.rs
index 7f55d727fb..83577b71d1 100644
--- a/common/src/linked_list.rs
+++ b/common/src/linked_list.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-//! This module is modified from tokio::util::linked_list: https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio/blob/master/tokio/src/util/linked_list.rs
+//! This module is modified from tokio::util::linked_list: <https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio/blob/master/tokio/src/util/linked_list.rs>
 //! Tokio is licensed under the MIT license:
 //!
 //! Copyright (c) 2021 Tokio Contributors
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index e415d847cf..98de3de5c6 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 //! This is the `rustpython` binary. If you're looking to embed RustPython into your application,
-//! you're likely looking for the [`rustpython-vm`](https://docs.rs/rustpython-vm) crate.
+//! you're likely looking for the [`rustpython_vm`] crate.
 //!
 //! You can install `rustpython` with `cargo install rustpython`, or if you'd like to inject your
 //! own native modules you can make a binary crate that depends on the `rustpython` crate (and
-//! probably `rustpython-vm`, too), and make a `main.rs` that looks like:
+//! probably [`rustpython_vm`], too), and make a `main.rs` that looks like:
 //!
 //! ```no_run
 //! use rustpython_vm::{pymodule, py_freeze};
diff --git a/src/settings.rs b/src/settings.rs
index 76c46ac43a..00ee55bddd 100644
--- a/src/settings.rs
+++ b/src/settings.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ pub enum RunMode {
 }
 
 pub enum InstallPipMode {
+    /// Install pip using the ensurepip pip module. This has a higher chance of
+    /// success, but may not install the latest version of pip.
     Ensurepip,
+    /// Install pip using the get-pip.py script, which retrieves the latest pip version.
+    /// This can be broken due to incompatibilities with cpython.
     GetPip,
 }
 
diff --git a/src/shell.rs b/src/shell.rs
index 98ee6eee21..04090a49fc 100644
--- a/src/shell.rs
+++ b/src/shell.rs
@@ -71,6 +71,8 @@ fn shell_exec(
     }
 }
 
+
+/// Enter a repl loop
 pub fn run_shell(vm: &VirtualMachine, scope: Scope) -> PyResult<()> {
     let mut repl = Readline::new(helper::ShellHelper::new(vm, scope.globals.clone()));
     let mut full_input = String::new();
diff --git a/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs b/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
index 220970dd20..9426470911 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/pystruct.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 //! Python struct module.
 //!
-//! Docs: https://docs.python.org/3/library/struct.html
+//! Docs: <https://docs.python.org/3/library/struct.html>
 //!
 //! Use this rust module to do byte packing:
-//! https://docs.rs/byteorder/1.2.6/byteorder/
+//! <https://docs.rs/byteorder/1.2.6/byteorder/>
 
 pub(crate) use _struct::make_module;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/mod.rs b/vm/src/builtins/mod.rs
index ae3b7eea2a..8540e6887c 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/mod.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 //! This package contains the python basic/builtin types
-//! 7 common PyRef type aliases are exposed - PyBytesRef, PyDictRef, PyIntRef, PyListRef, PyStrRef, PyTypeRef, PyTupleRef
-//! Do not add more PyRef type aliases. They will be rare enough to use directly PyRef<T>.
+//! 7 common PyRef type aliases are exposed - [`PyBytesRef`], [`PyDictRef`], [`PyIntRef`], [`PyListRef`], [`PyStrRef`], [`PyTypeRef`], [`PyTupleRef`]
+//! Do not add more PyRef type aliases. They will be rare enough to use directly `PyRef<T>`.
 
 pub(crate) mod asyncgenerator;
 pub use asyncgenerator::PyAsyncGen;
diff --git a/vm/src/dict_inner.rs b/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
index c49ab752de..56ebc5ebaf 100644
--- a/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 //! Ordered dictionary implementation.
-//! Inspired by: https://morepypy.blogspot.com/2015/01/faster-more-memory-efficient-and-more.html
-//! And: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p33CVV29OG8
-//! And: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/578375/
+//! Inspired by: <https://morepypy.blogspot.com/2015/01/faster-more-memory-efficient-and-more.html>
+//! And: <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p33CVV29OG8>
+//! And: <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/578375/>
 
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Py, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyRefExact, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
diff --git a/vm/src/function/builtin.rs b/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
index b8a408453d..186dc7aeb8 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/builtin.rs
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ const fn zst_ref_out_of_thin_air<T: 'static>(x: T) -> &'static T {
     }
 }
 
-/// Get the [`STATIC_FUNC`](IntoPyNativeFn::STATIC_FUNC) of the passed function. The same
+/// Get the STATIC_FUNC of the passed function. The same
 /// requirements of zero-sizedness apply, see that documentation for details.
 ///
 /// Equivalent to [`IntoPyNativeFn::into_func()`], but usable in a const context. This is only
diff --git a/vm/src/import.rs b/vm/src/import.rs
index 416c40a844..90aadbdbf2 100644
--- a/vm/src/import.rs
+++ b/vm/src/import.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-/*
- * Import mechanics
- */
+//! Import mechanics
+
 use crate::{
     AsObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject,
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyCode, list, traceback::PyTraceback},
diff --git a/vm/src/lib.rs b/vm/src/lib.rs
index 9561a9cc23..8ae5ff15db 100644
--- a/vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-//! This crate contains most python logic.
+//! This crate contains most of the python logic.
 //!
-//! - Compilation
-//! - Bytecode
+//! - Interpreter
 //! - Import mechanics
 //! - Base objects
+//! 
+//! Some stdlib modules are implemented here, but most of them are in the `rustpython-stdlib` module. The
 
 // to allow `mod foo {}` in foo.rs; clippy thinks this is a mistake/misunderstanding of
 // how `mod` works, but we want this sometimes for pymodule declarations
diff --git a/vm/src/object/core.rs b/vm/src/object/core.rs
index a6049884d8..8edcb4dfd6 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/core.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/core.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 //! Essential types for object models
 //!
-//! +-------------------------+--------------+---------------+
-//! |       Management        |    Typed     |    Untyped    |
-//! +-------------------------+--------------+---------------+
-//! | Interpreter-independent | Py<T>        | PyObject      |
-//! | Reference-counted       | PyRef<T>     | PyObjectRef   |
-//! | Weak                    | PyWeakRef<T> | PyRef<PyWeak> |
-//! +-------------------------+--------------+---------------+
+//! +-------------------------+--------------+-----------------------+
+//! |       Management        |       Typed      |      Untyped      |
+//! +-------------------------+------------------+-------------------+
+//! | Interpreter-independent | [`Py<T>`]        | [`PyObject`]      |
+//! | Reference-counted       | [`PyRef<T>`]     | [`PyObjectRef`]   |
+//! | Weak                    | [`PyWeakRef<T>`] | [`PyRef<PyWeak>`] |
+//! +-------------------------+--------------+-----------------------+
 //!
-//! PyRef<PyWeak> may looking like to be called as PyObjectWeak by the rule,
+//! [`PyRef<PyWeak>`] may looking like to be called as PyObjectWeak by the rule,
 //! but not to do to remember it is a PyRef object.
 use super::{
     PyAtomicRef,
diff --git a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
index c105d23feb..46e5daff05 100644
--- a/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
+++ b/vm/src/object/traverse.rs
@@ -17,16 +17,16 @@ pub trait MaybeTraverse {
     fn try_traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>);
 }
 
-/// Type that need traverse it's children should impl `Traverse`(Not `MaybeTraverse`)
+/// Type that need traverse it's children should impl [`Traverse`] (not [`MaybeTraverse`])
 /// # Safety
-/// Please carefully read [`traverse()`] and follow the guideline
+/// Please carefully read [`Traverse::traverse()`] and follow the guideline
 pub unsafe trait Traverse {
     /// impl `traverse()` with caution! Following those guideline so traverse doesn't cause memory error!:
     /// - Make sure that every owned object(Every PyObjectRef/PyRef) is called with traverse_fn **at most once**.
     ///   If some field is not called, the worst results is just memory leak,
     ///   but if some field is called repeatedly, panic and deadlock can happen.
     ///
-    /// - _**DO NOT**_ clone a `PyObjectRef` or `PyRef<T>` in `traverse()`
+    /// - _**DO NOT**_ clone a [`PyObjectRef`] or [`PyRef<T>`] in [`Traverse::traverse()`]
     fn traverse(&self, traverse_fn: &mut TraverseFn<'_>);
 }
 
diff --git a/vm/src/prelude.rs b/vm/src/prelude.rs
index 0bd0fe88be..b277f1468a 100644
--- a/vm/src/prelude.rs
+++ b/vm/src/prelude.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
+//! The prelude imports the various objects and traits.
+//!
+//! The intention is that one can include `use rustpython_vm::prelude::*`.
+
 pub use crate::{
     object::{
         AsObject, Py, PyExact, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyRefExact, PyResult,
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
index a3b7f125f5..fcd44c11d3 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/buffer.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Buffer protocol
-//! https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/buffer.html
+//! <https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/buffer.html>
 
 use crate::{
     Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromBorrowedObject, VirtualMachine,
diff --git a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
index 1e972eb540..eab24f82d0 100644
--- a/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
+++ b/vm/src/protocol/object.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 //! Object Protocol
-//! https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/object.html
+//! <https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/object.html>
 
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
diff --git a/vm/src/readline.rs b/vm/src/readline.rs
index 53647270e1..54a77f1289 100644
--- a/vm/src/readline.rs
+++ b/vm/src/readline.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+//! Readline interface for REPLs
+//!
+//! This module provides a common interface for reading lines from the console, with support for history and completion.
+//! It uses the [`rustyline`] crate on non-WASM platforms and a custom implementation on WASM platforms.
+
 use std::{io, path::Path};
 
 type OtherError = Box<dyn std::error::Error>;
diff --git a/vm/src/suggestion.rs b/vm/src/suggestion.rs
index 2bc9992d43..01f53d70ca 100644
--- a/vm/src/suggestion.rs
+++ b/vm/src/suggestion.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+//! This module provides functionality to suggest similar names for attributes or variables.
+//! This is used during tracebacks.
+
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{PyStr, PyStrRef},
diff --git a/vm/src/version.rs b/vm/src/version.rs
index 7413f8f139..9d472e8be0 100644
--- a/vm/src/version.rs
+++ b/vm/src/version.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-/* Several function to retrieve version information.
- */
+//! Several function to retrieve version information.
 
 use chrono::{Local, prelude::DateTime};
 use std::time::{Duration, UNIX_EPOCH};
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
index cc669e0661..02c71bf136 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/interpreter.rs
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ impl Interpreter {
     ///
     /// To finalize the vm once all desired `enter`s are called, calling `finalize` will be helpful.
     ///
-    /// See also [`run`] for managed way to run the interpreter.
+    /// See also [`Interpreter::run`] for managed way to run the interpreter.
     pub fn enter<F, R>(&self, f: F) -> R
     where
         F: FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> R,
@@ -72,13 +72,12 @@ impl Interpreter {
         thread::enter_vm(&self.vm, || f(&self.vm))
     }
 
-    /// Run [`enter`] and call `expect_pyresult` for the result.
+    /// Run [`Interpreter::enter`] and call [`VirtualMachine::expect_pyresult`] for the result.
     ///
     /// This function is useful when you want to expect a result from the function,
     /// but also print useful panic information when exception raised.
     ///
-    /// See [`enter`] for more information.
-    /// See [`expect_pyresult`] for more information.
+    /// See also [`Interpreter::enter`] and [`VirtualMachine::expect_pyresult`] for more information.
     pub fn enter_and_expect<F, R>(&self, f: F, msg: &str) -> R
     where
         F: FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<R>,
@@ -92,11 +91,11 @@ impl Interpreter {
     /// Run a function with the main virtual machine and return exit code.
     ///
     /// To enter vm context only once and safely terminate the vm, this function is preferred.
-    /// Unlike [`enter`], `run` calls finalize and returns exit code.
+    /// Unlike [`Interpreter::enter`], `run` calls finalize and returns exit code.
     /// You will not be able to obtain Python exception in this way.
     ///
-    /// See [`finalize`] for the finalization steps.
-    /// See also [`enter`] for pure function call to obtain Python exception.
+    /// See [`Interpreter::finalize`] for the finalization steps.
+    /// See also [`Interpreter::enter`] for pure function call to obtain Python exception.
     pub fn run<F>(self, f: F) -> u8
     where
         F: FnOnce(&VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()>,
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 4b1cece8c5..7baaae7770 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ pub const MAX_MEMORY_SIZE: usize = isize::MAX as usize;
 /// Top level container of a python virtual machine. In theory you could
 /// create more instances of this struct and have them operate fully isolated.
 ///
-/// To construct this, please refer to the [`Interpreter`](Interpreter)
+/// To construct this, please refer to the [`Interpreter`]
 pub struct VirtualMachine {
     pub builtins: PyRef<PyModule>,
     pub sys_module: PyRef<PyModule>,
@@ -564,7 +564,7 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     /// Call Python __import__ function without from_list.
     /// Roughly equivalent to `import module_name` or `import top.submodule`.
     ///
-    /// See also [`import_from`] for more advanced import.
+    /// See also [`VirtualMachine::import_from`] for more advanced import.
     /// See also [`rustpython_vm::import::import_source`] and other primitive import functions.
     #[inline]
     pub fn import<'a>(&self, module_name: impl AsPyStr<'a>, level: usize) -> PyResult {
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
index c6be959a60..df33e822aa 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/vm_ops.rs
@@ -152,9 +152,9 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
     /// Calling scheme used for binary operations:
     ///
     /// Order operations are tried until either a valid result or error:
-    ///   b.rop(b,a)[*], a.op(a,b), b.rop(b,a)
+    ///   `b.rop(b,a)[*], a.op(a,b), b.rop(b,a)`
     ///
-    /// [*] only when Py_TYPE(a) != Py_TYPE(b) && Py_TYPE(b) is a subclass of Py_TYPE(a)
+    /// `[*]` - only when Py_TYPE(a) != Py_TYPE(b) && Py_TYPE(b) is a subclass of Py_TYPE(a)
     pub fn binary_op1(&self, a: &PyObject, b: &PyObject, op_slot: PyNumberBinaryOp) -> PyResult {
         let class_a = a.class();
         let class_b = b.class();
diff --git a/wtf8/src/lib.rs b/wtf8/src/lib.rs
index 64ea42d06e..3ba28a5146 100644
--- a/wtf8/src/lib.rs
+++ b/wtf8/src/lib.rs
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 //!
 //! We use WTF-8 over something more similar to CPython's string implementation
 //! because of its compatibility with UTF-8, meaning that in the case where a
-//! string has no surrogates, it can be viewed as a UTF-8 Rust [`str`] without
+//! string has no surrogates, it can be viewed as a UTF-8 Rust [`prim@str`] without
 //! needing any copies or re-encoding.
 //!
 //! This implementation is mostly copied from the WTF-8 implementation in the

From 36cce6b17464bb7744daf5e0d44eb24b223174ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sat, 5 Apr 2025 00:14:03 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 585/705] run fmt

---
 src/shell.rs  | 1 -
 vm/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/shell.rs b/src/shell.rs
index 04090a49fc..f733e03ddc 100644
--- a/src/shell.rs
+++ b/src/shell.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,6 @@ fn shell_exec(
     }
 }
 
-
 /// Enter a repl loop
 pub fn run_shell(vm: &VirtualMachine, scope: Scope) -> PyResult<()> {
     let mut repl = Readline::new(helper::ShellHelper::new(vm, scope.globals.clone()));
diff --git a/vm/src/lib.rs b/vm/src/lib.rs
index 8ae5ff15db..de0042c619 100644
--- a/vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 //! - Interpreter
 //! - Import mechanics
 //! - Base objects
-//! 
+//!
 //! Some stdlib modules are implemented here, but most of them are in the `rustpython-stdlib` module. The
 
 // to allow `mod foo {}` in foo.rs; clippy thinks this is a mistake/misunderstanding of

From ab4dffb53ce2bb80a37efc000328c6d596296b18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Apr 2025 11:37:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 586/705] this should just fail if warnings happen because of
 RUSTFLAGS

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index b728c81bc2..afd3201e28 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: install ruff
         run: python -m pip install ruff==0.0.291 # astral-sh/ruff#7778
       - name: Ensure docs generate no warnings
-        run: cargo doc -- -Dwarnings
+        run: cargo doc
       - name: run python lint
         run: ruff extra_tests wasm examples  --exclude='./.*',./Lib,./vm/Lib,./benches/ --select=E9,F63,F7,F82 --show-source
       - name: install prettier

From c2665e38ba636919d8deff103eef2d5215f5c05d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 4 Apr 2025 20:54:25 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 587/705] Bump openssl from 0.10.71 to 0.10.72

Bumps [openssl](https://github.com/sfackler/rust-openssl) from 0.10.71 to 0.10.72.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/sfackler/rust-openssl/releases)
- [Commits](https://github.com/sfackler/rust-openssl/compare/openssl-v0.10.71...openssl-v0.10.72)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: openssl
  dependency-version: 0.10.72
  dependency-type: direct:production
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 Cargo.lock        | 10 +++++-----
 stdlib/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 577ef516bc..706f70f2d9 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1336,7 +1336,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fc2f4eb4bc735547cfed7c0a4922cbd04a4655978c09b54f1f7b228750664c34"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "windows-targets 0.48.5",
+ "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1659,9 +1659,9 @@ checksum = "b410bbe7e14ab526a0e86877eb47c6996a2bd7746f027ba551028c925390e4e9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl"
-version = "0.10.71"
+version = "0.10.72"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5e14130c6a98cd258fdcb0fb6d744152343ff729cbfcb28c656a9d12b999fbcd"
+checksum = "fedfea7d58a1f73118430a55da6a286e7b044961736ce96a16a17068ea25e5da"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.8.0",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -1700,9 +1700,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-sys"
-version = "0.9.106"
+version = "0.9.107"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8bb61ea9811cc39e3c2069f40b8b8e2e70d8569b361f879786cc7ed48b777cdd"
+checksum = "8288979acd84749c744a9014b4382d42b8f7b2592847b5afb2ed29e5d16ede07"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 0ec23bf132..a8393206d6 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ rustix = { workspace = true }
 gethostname = "1.0.0"
 socket2 = { version = "0.5.8", features = ["all"] }
 dns-lookup = "2"
-openssl = { version = "0.10.66", optional = true }
+openssl = { version = "0.10.72", optional = true }
 openssl-sys = { version = "0.9.80", optional = true }
 openssl-probe = { version = "0.1.5", optional = true }
 foreign-types-shared = { version = "0.1.1", optional = true }

From d800a6bb9852bdf5c8cadd291d7a8969a9a81301 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Apr 2025 13:53:40 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 588/705] Update test_math from CPython 3.13.2 (#5610)

Implemnted fma in math module.
---
 Lib/test/{ => mathdata}/cmath_testcases.txt |   3 +
 Lib/test/{ => mathdata}/ieee754.txt         |   0
 Lib/test/{ => mathdata}/math_testcases.txt  |   0
 Lib/test/test_math.py                       | 244 +++++++++++++++++++-
 stdlib/src/math.rs                          |  24 ++
 5 files changed, 268 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 rename Lib/test/{ => mathdata}/cmath_testcases.txt (99%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => mathdata}/ieee754.txt (100%)
 rename Lib/test/{ => mathdata}/math_testcases.txt (100%)

diff --git a/Lib/test/cmath_testcases.txt b/Lib/test/mathdata/cmath_testcases.txt
similarity index 99%
rename from Lib/test/cmath_testcases.txt
rename to Lib/test/mathdata/cmath_testcases.txt
index dd7e458ddc..0165e17634 100644
--- a/Lib/test/cmath_testcases.txt
+++ b/Lib/test/mathdata/cmath_testcases.txt
@@ -1536,6 +1536,7 @@ sqrt0141 sqrt -1.797e+308 -9.9999999999999999e+306 -> 3.7284476432057307e+152 -1
 sqrt0150 sqrt 1.7976931348623157e+308 0.0 -> 1.3407807929942596355e+154 0.0
 sqrt0151 sqrt 2.2250738585072014e-308 0.0 -> 1.4916681462400413487e-154 0.0
 sqrt0152 sqrt 5e-324 0.0 -> 2.2227587494850774834e-162 0.0
+sqrt0153 sqrt 5e-324 1.0 -> 0.7071067811865476 0.7071067811865476
 
 -- special values
 sqrt1000 sqrt 0.0 0.0 -> 0.0 0.0
@@ -1744,6 +1745,7 @@ cosh0023 cosh 2.218885944363501 2.0015727395883687 -> -1.94294321081968 4.129026
 -- large real part
 cosh0030 cosh 710.5 2.3519999999999999 -> -1.2967465239355998e+308 1.3076707908857333e+308
 cosh0031 cosh -710.5 0.69999999999999996 -> 1.4085466381392499e+308 -1.1864024666450239e+308
+cosh0032 cosh 720.0 0.0 -> inf 0.0 overflow
 
 -- Additional real values (mpmath)
 cosh0050 cosh 1e-150 0.0 -> 1.0 0.0
@@ -1853,6 +1855,7 @@ sinh0023 sinh 0.043713693678420068 0.22512549887532657 -> 0.042624198673416713 0
 -- large real part
 sinh0030 sinh 710.5 -2.3999999999999999 -> -1.3579970564885919e+308 -1.24394470907798e+308
 sinh0031 sinh -710.5 0.80000000000000004 -> -1.2830671601735164e+308 1.3210954193997678e+308
+sinh0032 sinh 720.0 0.0 -> inf 0.0 overflow
 
 -- Additional real values (mpmath)
 sinh0050 sinh 1e-100 0.0 -> 1.00000000000000002e-100 0.0
diff --git a/Lib/test/ieee754.txt b/Lib/test/mathdata/ieee754.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/ieee754.txt
rename to Lib/test/mathdata/ieee754.txt
diff --git a/Lib/test/math_testcases.txt b/Lib/test/mathdata/math_testcases.txt
similarity index 100%
rename from Lib/test/math_testcases.txt
rename to Lib/test/mathdata/math_testcases.txt
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_math.py b/Lib/test/test_math.py
index fa79456ed4..bb02041644 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_math.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_math.py
@@ -33,8 +33,8 @@
 else:
     file = __file__
 test_dir = os.path.dirname(file) or os.curdir
-math_testcases = os.path.join(test_dir, 'math_testcases.txt')
-test_file = os.path.join(test_dir, 'cmath_testcases.txt')
+math_testcases = os.path.join(test_dir, 'mathdata', 'math_testcases.txt')
+test_file = os.path.join(test_dir, 'mathdata', 'cmath_testcases.txt')
 
 
 def to_ulps(x):
@@ -2628,9 +2628,247 @@ def test_fractions(self):
         self.assertAllNotClose(fraction_examples, rel_tol=1e-9)
 
 
+class FMATests(unittest.TestCase):
+    """ Tests for math.fma. """
+
+    def test_fma_nan_results(self):
+        # Selected representative values.
+        values = [
+            -math.inf, -1e300, -2.3, -1e-300, -0.0,
+            0.0, 1e-300, 2.3, 1e300, math.inf, math.nan
+        ]
+
+        # If any input is a NaN, the result should be a NaN, too.
+        for a, b in itertools.product(values, repeat=2):
+            self.assertIsNaN(math.fma(math.nan, a, b))
+            self.assertIsNaN(math.fma(a, math.nan, b))
+            self.assertIsNaN(math.fma(a, b, math.nan))
+
+    def test_fma_infinities(self):
+        # Cases involving infinite inputs or results.
+        positives = [1e-300, 2.3, 1e300, math.inf]
+        finites = [-1e300, -2.3, -1e-300, -0.0, 0.0, 1e-300, 2.3, 1e300]
+        non_nans = [-math.inf, -2.3, -0.0, 0.0, 2.3, math.inf]
+
+        # ValueError due to inf * 0 computation.
+        for c in non_nans:
+            for infinity in [math.inf, -math.inf]:
+                for zero in [0.0, -0.0]:
+                    with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                        math.fma(infinity, zero, c)
+                    with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                        math.fma(zero, infinity, c)
+
+        # ValueError when a*b and c both infinite of opposite signs.
+        for b in positives:
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                math.fma(math.inf, b, -math.inf)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                math.fma(math.inf, -b, math.inf)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                math.fma(-math.inf, -b, -math.inf)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                math.fma(-math.inf, b, math.inf)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                math.fma(b, math.inf, -math.inf)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                math.fma(-b, math.inf, math.inf)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                math.fma(-b, -math.inf, -math.inf)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                math.fma(b, -math.inf, math.inf)
+
+        # Infinite result when a*b and c both infinite of the same sign.
+        for b in positives:
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(math.inf, b, math.inf), math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(math.inf, -b, -math.inf), -math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(-math.inf, -b, math.inf), math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(-math.inf, b, -math.inf), -math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(b, math.inf, math.inf), math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(-b, math.inf, -math.inf), -math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(-b, -math.inf, math.inf), math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(b, -math.inf, -math.inf), -math.inf)
+
+        # Infinite result when a*b finite, c infinite.
+        for a, b in itertools.product(finites, finites):
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(a, b, math.inf), math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(a, b, -math.inf), -math.inf)
+
+        # Infinite result when a*b infinite, c finite.
+        for b, c in itertools.product(positives, finites):
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(math.inf, b, c), math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(-math.inf, b, c), -math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(-math.inf, -b, c), math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(math.inf, -b, c), -math.inf)
+
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(b, math.inf, c), math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(b, -math.inf, c), -math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(-b, -math.inf, c), math.inf)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(-b, math.inf, c), -math.inf)
+
+    # gh-73468: On some platforms, libc fma() doesn't implement IEE 754-2008
+    # properly: it doesn't use the right sign when the result is zero.
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        sys.platform.startswith(("freebsd", "wasi", "netbsd"))
+        or (sys.platform == "android" and platform.machine() == "x86_64"),
+        f"this platform doesn't implement IEE 754-2008 properly")
+    def test_fma_zero_result(self):
+        nonnegative_finites = [0.0, 1e-300, 2.3, 1e300]
+
+        # Zero results from exact zero inputs.
+        for b in nonnegative_finites:
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(0.0, b, 0.0))
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(0.0, b, -0.0))
+            self.assertIsNegativeZero(math.fma(0.0, -b, -0.0))
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(0.0, -b, 0.0))
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(-0.0, -b, 0.0))
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(-0.0, -b, -0.0))
+            self.assertIsNegativeZero(math.fma(-0.0, b, -0.0))
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(-0.0, b, 0.0))
+
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(b, 0.0, 0.0))
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(b, 0.0, -0.0))
+            self.assertIsNegativeZero(math.fma(-b, 0.0, -0.0))
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(-b, 0.0, 0.0))
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(-b, -0.0, 0.0))
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(-b, -0.0, -0.0))
+            self.assertIsNegativeZero(math.fma(b, -0.0, -0.0))
+            self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(b, -0.0, 0.0))
+
+        # Exact zero result from nonzero inputs.
+        self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(2.0, 2.0, -4.0))
+        self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(2.0, -2.0, 4.0))
+        self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(-2.0, -2.0, -4.0))
+        self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(-2.0, 2.0, 4.0))
+
+        # Underflow to zero.
+        tiny = 1e-300
+        self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(tiny, tiny, 0.0))
+        self.assertIsNegativeZero(math.fma(tiny, -tiny, 0.0))
+        self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(-tiny, -tiny, 0.0))
+        self.assertIsNegativeZero(math.fma(-tiny, tiny, 0.0))
+        self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(tiny, tiny, -0.0))
+        self.assertIsNegativeZero(math.fma(tiny, -tiny, -0.0))
+        self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(-tiny, -tiny, -0.0))
+        self.assertIsNegativeZero(math.fma(-tiny, tiny, -0.0))
+
+        # Corner case where rounding the multiplication would
+        # give the wrong result.
+        x = float.fromhex('0x1p-500')
+        y = float.fromhex('0x1p-550')
+        z = float.fromhex('0x1p-1000')
+        self.assertIsNegativeZero(math.fma(x-y, x+y, -z))
+        self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(y-x, x+y, z))
+        self.assertIsNegativeZero(math.fma(y-x, -(x+y), -z))
+        self.assertIsPositiveZero(math.fma(x-y, -(x+y), z))
+
+    def test_fma_overflow(self):
+        a = b = float.fromhex('0x1p512')
+        c = float.fromhex('0x1p1023')
+        # Overflow from multiplication.
+        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+            math.fma(a, b, 0.0)
+        self.assertEqual(math.fma(a, b/2.0, 0.0), c)
+        # Overflow from the addition.
+        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+            math.fma(a, b/2.0, c)
+        # No overflow, even though a*b overflows a float.
+        self.assertEqual(math.fma(a, b, -c), c)
+
+        # Extreme case: a * b is exactly at the overflow boundary, so the
+        # tiniest offset makes a difference between overflow and a finite
+        # result.
+        a = float.fromhex('0x1.ffffffc000000p+511')
+        b = float.fromhex('0x1.0000002000000p+512')
+        c = float.fromhex('0x0.0000000000001p-1022')
+        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+            math.fma(a, b, 0.0)
+        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+            math.fma(a, b, c)
+        self.assertEqual(math.fma(a, b, -c),
+                         float.fromhex('0x1.fffffffffffffp+1023'))
+
+        # Another extreme case: here a*b is about as large as possible subject
+        # to math.fma(a, b, c) being finite.
+        a = float.fromhex('0x1.ae565943785f9p+512')
+        b = float.fromhex('0x1.3094665de9db8p+512')
+        c = float.fromhex('0x1.fffffffffffffp+1023')
+        self.assertEqual(math.fma(a, b, -c), c)
+
+    def test_fma_single_round(self):
+        a = float.fromhex('0x1p-50')
+        self.assertEqual(math.fma(a - 1.0, a + 1.0, 1.0), a*a)
+
+    def test_random(self):
+        # A collection of randomly generated inputs for which the naive FMA
+        # (with two rounds) gives a different result from a singly-rounded FMA.
+
+        # tuples (a, b, c, expected)
+        test_values = [
+            ('0x1.694adde428b44p-1', '0x1.371b0d64caed7p-1',
+             '0x1.f347e7b8deab8p-4', '0x1.19f10da56c8adp-1'),
+            ('0x1.605401ccc6ad6p-2', '0x1.ce3a40bf56640p-2',
+             '0x1.96e3bf7bf2e20p-2', '0x1.1af6d8aa83101p-1'),
+            ('0x1.e5abd653a67d4p-2', '0x1.a2e400209b3e6p-1',
+             '0x1.a90051422ce13p-1', '0x1.37d68cc8c0fbbp+0'),
+            ('0x1.f94e8efd54700p-2', '0x1.123065c812cebp-1',
+             '0x1.458f86fb6ccd0p-1', '0x1.ccdcee26a3ff3p-1'),
+            ('0x1.bd926f1eedc96p-1', '0x1.eee9ca68c5740p-1',
+             '0x1.960c703eb3298p-2', '0x1.3cdcfb4fdb007p+0'),
+            ('0x1.27348350fbccdp-1', '0x1.3b073914a53f1p-1',
+             '0x1.e300da5c2b4cbp-1', '0x1.4c51e9a3c4e29p+0'),
+            ('0x1.2774f00b3497bp-1', '0x1.7038ec336bff0p-2',
+             '0x1.2f6f2ccc3576bp-1', '0x1.99ad9f9c2688bp-1'),
+            ('0x1.51d5a99300e5cp-1', '0x1.5cd74abd445a1p-1',
+             '0x1.8880ab0bbe530p-1', '0x1.3756f96b91129p+0'),
+            ('0x1.73cb965b821b8p-2', '0x1.218fd3d8d5371p-1',
+             '0x1.d1ea966a1f758p-2', '0x1.5217b8fd90119p-1'),
+            ('0x1.4aa98e890b046p-1', '0x1.954d85dff1041p-1',
+             '0x1.122b59317ebdfp-1', '0x1.0bf644b340cc5p+0'),
+            ('0x1.e28f29e44750fp-1', '0x1.4bcc4fdcd18fep-1',
+             '0x1.fd47f81298259p-1', '0x1.9b000afbc9995p+0'),
+            ('0x1.d2e850717fe78p-3', '0x1.1dd7531c303afp-1',
+             '0x1.e0869746a2fc2p-2', '0x1.316df6eb26439p-1'),
+            ('0x1.cf89c75ee6fbap-2', '0x1.b23decdc66825p-1',
+             '0x1.3d1fe76ac6168p-1', '0x1.00d8ea4c12abbp+0'),
+            ('0x1.3265ae6f05572p-2', '0x1.16d7ec285f7a2p-1',
+             '0x1.0b8405b3827fbp-1', '0x1.5ef33c118a001p-1'),
+            ('0x1.c4d1bf55ec1a5p-1', '0x1.bc59618459e12p-2',
+             '0x1.ce5b73dc1773dp-1', '0x1.496cf6164f99bp+0'),
+            ('0x1.d350026ac3946p-1', '0x1.9a234e149a68cp-2',
+             '0x1.f5467b1911fd6p-2', '0x1.b5cee3225caa5p-1'),
+        ]
+        for a_hex, b_hex, c_hex, expected_hex in test_values:
+            a = float.fromhex(a_hex)
+            b = float.fromhex(b_hex)
+            c = float.fromhex(c_hex)
+            expected = float.fromhex(expected_hex)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(a, b, c), expected)
+            self.assertEqual(math.fma(b, a, c), expected)
+
+    # Custom assertions.
+    def assertIsNaN(self, value):
+        self.assertTrue(
+            math.isnan(value),
+            msg="Expected a NaN, got {!r}".format(value)
+        )
+
+    def assertIsPositiveZero(self, value):
+        self.assertTrue(
+            value == 0 and math.copysign(1, value) > 0,
+            msg="Expected a positive zero, got {!r}".format(value)
+        )
+
+    def assertIsNegativeZero(self, value):
+        self.assertTrue(
+            value == 0 and math.copysign(1, value) < 0,
+            msg="Expected a negative zero, got {!r}".format(value)
+        )
+
+
 def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
     from doctest import DocFileSuite
-    tests.addTest(DocFileSuite("ieee754.txt"))
+    tests.addTest(DocFileSuite(os.path.join("mathdata", "ieee754.txt")))
     return tests
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index 6665ee8b49..a7da60949c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -975,4 +975,28 @@ mod math {
 
         Ok(result)
     }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn fma(
+        x: ArgIntoFloat,
+        y: ArgIntoFloat,
+        z: ArgIntoFloat,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<f64> {
+        let result = (*x).mul_add(*y, *z);
+
+        if result.is_finite() {
+            return Ok(result);
+        }
+
+        if result.is_nan() {
+            if !x.is_nan() && !y.is_nan() && !z.is_nan() {
+                return Err(vm.new_value_error("invalid operation in fma".to_string()));
+            }
+        } else if x.is_finite() && y.is_finite() && z.is_finite() {
+            return Err(vm.new_overflow_error("overflow in fma".to_string()));
+        }
+
+        Ok(result)
+    }
 }

From 2230d6c751eb8fdd2d7554df529574ea53b906b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 5 Apr 2025 14:33:33 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 589/705] Fix not throwing the same error as CPython in
 test_pathlib.test_expanduser (#5578)

* Fix not throwing the same error as CPython when trying to expanduser of a non-existent user

Signed-off-by: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>

* add pwd test

* Skip pwd test on windows

---------

Signed-off-by: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_pwd.py | 12 ++++++++++++
 vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs               |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_pwd.py

diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_pwd.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_pwd.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6ef3a64d02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_pwd.py
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+import sys
+# windows doesn't support pwd
+if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+    exit(0)
+
+from testutils import assert_raises
+import pwd
+
+with assert_raises(KeyError):
+    fake_name = 'fake_user'
+    while pwd.getpwnam(fake_name):
+        fake_name += '1'
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
index b95910c73f..20b4edb448 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/pwd.rs
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ mod pwd {
         if pw_name.contains('\0') {
             return Err(exceptions::cstring_error(vm));
         }
-        let user = User::from_name(name.as_str()).map_err(|err| err.into_pyexception(vm))?;
+        let user = User::from_name(name.as_str()).ok().flatten();
         let user = user.ok_or_else(|| {
             vm.new_key_error(
                 vm.ctx

From 98137eb79c8813ad3b6de3e583d05572a0c89b35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Aug 2022 15:10:50 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 590/705] Switch to const-initialized thread_local variables
 where appropriate

---
 common/src/static_cell.rs | 4 +++-
 common/src/str.rs         | 5 ++++-
 vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs   | 4 +++-
 wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs  | 4 +++-
 4 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/static_cell.rs b/common/src/static_cell.rs
index 30e34f187f..a8beee0820 100644
--- a/common/src/static_cell.rs
+++ b/common/src/static_cell.rs
@@ -56,7 +56,9 @@ mod non_threading {
             $($(#[$attr])*
             $vis static $name: $crate::static_cell::StaticCell<$t> = {
                 ::std::thread_local! {
-                     $vis static $name: $crate::lock::OnceCell<&'static $t> = $crate::lock::OnceCell::new();
+                     $vis static $name: $crate::lock::OnceCell<&'static $t> = const {
+                         $crate::lock::OnceCell::new()
+                     };
                 }
                 $crate::static_cell::StaticCell::_from_local_key(&$name)
             };)+
diff --git a/common/src/str.rs b/common/src/str.rs
index fa26959e0b..ca5e0d117f 100644
--- a/common/src/str.rs
+++ b/common/src/str.rs
@@ -486,7 +486,10 @@ pub mod levenshtein {
 
     pub fn levenshtein_distance(a: &str, b: &str, max_cost: usize) -> usize {
         thread_local! {
-            static BUFFER: RefCell<[usize; MAX_STRING_SIZE]> = const { RefCell::new([0usize; MAX_STRING_SIZE]) };
+            #[allow(clippy::declare_interior_mutable_const)]
+            static BUFFER: RefCell<[usize; MAX_STRING_SIZE]> = const {
+                RefCell::new([0usize; MAX_STRING_SIZE])
+            };
         }
 
         if a == b {
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
index 0ee087e5e4..b3e345b20a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/thread.rs
@@ -355,7 +355,9 @@ pub(crate) mod _thread {
         Err(vm.new_exception_empty(vm.ctx.exceptions.system_exit.to_owned()))
     }
 
-    thread_local!(static SENTINELS: RefCell<Vec<PyRef<Lock>>> = RefCell::default());
+    thread_local! {
+        static SENTINELS: RefCell<Vec<PyRef<Lock>>> = const { RefCell::new(Vec::new()) };
+    }
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn _set_sentinel(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyRef<Lock> {
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs b/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
index d84603e986..bbd895c989 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/vm_class.rs
@@ -86,7 +86,9 @@ pub fn add_init_func(f: fn(&mut VirtualMachine)) {
 // https://rustwasm.github.io/2018/10/24/multithreading-rust-and-wasm.html#atomic-instructions
 thread_local! {
     static STORED_VMS: RefCell<HashMap<String, Rc<StoredVirtualMachine>>> = RefCell::default();
-    static VM_INIT_FUNCS: RefCell<Vec<fn(&mut VirtualMachine)>> = RefCell::default();
+    static VM_INIT_FUNCS: RefCell<Vec<fn(&mut VirtualMachine)>> = const {
+        RefCell::new(Vec::new())
+    };
 }
 
 pub fn get_vm_id(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> &str {

From be56911598b2cbe0719b655a6861bf317ca2aa8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 6 Apr 2025 01:21:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 591/705] _tkinter pt. 2 (#5640)

---
 .cspell.dict/python-more.txt |   1 +
 Cargo.lock                   | 791 +++++++++++++----------------------
 Lib/tkinter/__init__.py      |   4 +-
 flamegraph.svg               |   1 +
 stdlib/Cargo.toml            |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/tkinter.rs        | 487 +++++++++++++++++++--
 6 files changed, 745 insertions(+), 545 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 flamegraph.svg

diff --git a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
index 2edfe95bdf..32d13f59b9 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
@@ -224,6 +224,7 @@ sysvars
 teedata
 thisclass
 titlecased
+tkapp
 tobytes
 tolist
 toreadonly
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 706f70f2d9..f3a8f59af3 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
-version = "1.0.96"
+version = "1.0.97"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6b964d184e89d9b6b67dd2715bc8e74cf3107fb2b529990c90cf517326150bf4"
+checksum = "dcfed56ad506cb2c684a14971b8861fdc3baaaae314b9e5f9bb532cbe3ba7a4f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "approx"
@@ -116,37 +116,24 @@ version = "0.13.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9e1b586273c5702936fe7b7d6896644d8be71e6314cfe09d3167c95f712589e8"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bind_syn"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7d6608ba072b4bc847774fac76963956592b5cdfa3751afcefa252fb61cb85b9"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bindgen"
-version = "0.64.0"
+version = "0.71.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c4243e6031260db77ede97ad86c27e501d646a27ab57b59a574f725d98ab1fb4"
+checksum = "5f58bf3d7db68cfbac37cfc485a8d711e87e064c3d0fe0435b92f7a407f9d6b3"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "cexpr",
  "clang-sys",
- "lazy_static 1.5.0",
- "lazycell",
+ "itertools 0.11.0",
  "log",
- "peeking_take_while",
+ "prettyplease",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "regex",
- "rustc-hash 1.1.0",
+ "rustc-hash",
  "shlex",
- "syn 1.0.109",
- "which 4.4.2",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -157,9 +144,9 @@ checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
-version = "2.8.0"
+version = "2.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8f68f53c83ab957f72c32642f3868eec03eb974d1fb82e453128456482613d36"
+checksum = "5c8214115b7bf84099f1309324e63141d4c5d7cc26862f97a0a857dbefe165bd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "blake2"
@@ -201,15 +188,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytemuck"
-version = "1.21.0"
+version = "1.22.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ef657dfab802224e671f5818e9a4935f9b1957ed18e58292690cc39e7a4092a3"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "byteorder"
-version = "1.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
+checksum = "b6b1fc10dbac614ebc03540c9dbd60e83887fda27794998c6528f1782047d540"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bzip2"
@@ -223,12 +204,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bzip2-sys"
-version = "0.1.12+1.0.8"
+version = "0.1.13+1.0.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "72ebc2f1a417f01e1da30ef264ee86ae31d2dcd2d603ea283d3c244a883ca2a9"
+checksum = "225bff33b2141874fe80d71e07d6eec4f85c5c216453dd96388240f96e1acc14"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
- "libc",
  "pkg-config",
 ]
 
@@ -258,35 +238,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.14"
+version = "1.2.17"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c3d1b2e905a3a7b00a6141adb0e4c0bb941d11caf55349d863942a1cc44e3c9"
+checksum = "1fcb57c740ae1daf453ae85f16e37396f672b039e00d9d866e07ddb24e328e3a"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "cex"
-version = "0.5.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b0114a3f232423fadbbdbb692688e3e68c3b58b4b063ac3a7d0190d561080da"
-dependencies = [
- "cex_derive",
- "enumx",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "cex_derive"
-version = "0.5.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5b5048cd656d7d2e739960fa33d9f95693005792dc8aad0af8b8f0b7d76c938d"
-dependencies = [
- "indexmap 1.9.3",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "cexpr"
 version = "0.6.0"
@@ -310,16 +268,16 @@ checksum = "613afe47fcd5fac7ccf1db93babcb082c5994d996f20b8b159f2ad1658eb5724"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.39"
+version = "0.4.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7e36cc9d416881d2e24f9a963be5fb1cd90966419ac844274161d10488b3e825"
+checksum = "1a7964611d71df112cb1730f2ee67324fcf4d0fc6606acbbe9bfe06df124637c"
 dependencies = [
  "android-tzdata",
  "iana-time-zone",
  "js-sys",
  "num-traits",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
+ "windows-link",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -344,19 +302,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-width 0.1.14",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "clib"
-version = "0.2.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fda1a698cd341f055d3ae1fdbfb1cc441e7f9bacce795356ecc685e69134e957"
-dependencies = [
- "anyhow",
- "bindgen",
- "inwelling",
- "pkg-config",
- "toml",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "clipboard-win"
 version = "5.4.0"
@@ -382,9 +327,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "console"
-version = "0.15.10"
+version = "0.15.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ea3c6ecd8059b57859df5c69830340ed3c41d30e3da0c1cbed90a96ac853041b"
+checksum = "054ccb5b10f9f2cbf51eb355ca1d05c2d279ce1804688d0db74b4733a5aeafd8"
 dependencies = [
  "encode_unicode",
  "libc",
@@ -484,10 +429,10 @@ dependencies = [
  "cranelift-entity",
  "cranelift-isle",
  "gimli",
- "hashbrown 0.15.2",
+ "hashbrown",
  "log",
  "regalloc2",
- "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
+ "rustc-hash",
  "serde",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
@@ -711,7 +656,7 @@ checksum = "cb7330aeadfbe296029522e6c40f315320aba36fc43a5b3632f3795348f3bd22"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
  "unicode-xid",
 ]
 
@@ -761,15 +706,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "dyn-clone"
-version = "1.0.18"
+version = "1.0.19"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "feeef44e73baff3a26d371801df019877a9866a8c493d315ab00177843314f35"
+checksum = "1c7a8fb8a9fbf66c1f703fe16184d10ca0ee9d23be5b4436400408ba54a95005"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "either"
-version = "1.13.0"
+version = "1.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "60b1af1c220855b6ceac025d3f6ecdd2b7c4894bfe9cd9bda4fbb4bc7c0d4cf0"
+checksum = "48c757948c5ede0e46177b7add2e67155f70e33c07fea8284df6576da70b3719"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "encode_unicode"
@@ -783,27 +728,6 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c34f04666d835ff5d62e058c3995147c06f42fe86ff053337632bca83e42702d"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "enumx"
-version = "0.4.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "32875abeb14f7fe2c2b8ad15e58f41701f455d124d0a03bc88132d5face2663f"
-dependencies = [
- "enumx_derive",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "enumx_derive"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fa5d66efdd1eab6ea85ba31bdb58bed1e4ce218c1361061384ece88f40ebeb49"
-dependencies = [
- "indexmap 1.9.3",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "env_logger"
 version = "0.9.3"
@@ -851,13 +775,13 @@ checksum = "2acce4a10f12dc2fb14a218589d4f1f62ef011b2d0cc4b3cb1bba8e94da14649"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "fd-lock"
-version = "4.0.2"
+version = "4.0.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7e5768da2206272c81ef0b5e951a41862938a6070da63bcea197899942d3b947"
+checksum = "0ce92ff622d6dadf7349484f42c93271a0d49b7cc4d466a936405bacbe10aa78"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "rustix",
- "windows-sys 0.52.0",
+ "rustix 1.0.3",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -891,7 +815,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8168cbad48fdda10be94de9c6319f9e8ac5d3cf0a1abda1864269dfcca3d302a"
 dependencies = [
  "flame",
- "indexmap 2.7.1",
+ "indexmap",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
 ]
@@ -946,11 +870,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "gethostname"
-version = "1.0.0"
+version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4fd4b8790c0792e3b11895efdf5f289ebe8b59107a6624f1cce68f24ff8c7035"
+checksum = "ed7131e57abbde63513e0e6636f76668a1ca9798dcae2df4e283cae9ee83859e"
 dependencies = [
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 1.0.3",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
@@ -978,16 +902,16 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.3.1"
+version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "43a49c392881ce6d5c3b8cb70f98717b7c07aabbdff06687b9030dbfbe2725f8"
+checksum = "73fea8450eea4bac3940448fb7ae50d91f034f941199fcd9d909a5a07aa455f0"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
  "libc",
- "wasi 0.13.3+wasi-0.2.2",
+ "r-efi",
+ "wasi 0.14.2+wasi-0.2.4",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -997,7 +921,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "07e28edb80900c19c28f1072f2e8aeca7fa06b23cd4169cefe1af5aa3260783f"
 dependencies = [
  "fallible-iterator",
- "indexmap 2.7.1",
+ "indexmap",
  "stable_deref_trait",
 ]
 
@@ -1015,20 +939,14 @@ checksum = "1b43ede17f21864e81be2fa654110bf1e793774238d86ef8555c37e6519c0403"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "half"
-version = "2.4.1"
+version = "2.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6dd08c532ae367adf81c312a4580bc67f1d0fe8bc9c460520283f4c0ff277888"
+checksum = "7db2ff139bba50379da6aa0766b52fdcb62cb5b263009b09ed58ba604e14bbd1"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "crunchy",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.12.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
 version = "0.15.2"
@@ -1038,30 +956,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "foldhash",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "heck"
-version = "0.3.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6d621efb26863f0e9924c6ac577e8275e5e6b77455db64ffa6c65c904e9e132c"
-dependencies = [
- "unicode-segmentation",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "heck"
 version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "heredom"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a7a4d76fa670b51cfb56e908ad8bfd44a14fee853ea764790e46634d3fcdf4d"
-dependencies = [
- "tuplex",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
 version = "0.1.19"
@@ -1100,16 +1000,17 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "iana-time-zone"
-version = "0.1.61"
+version = "0.1.63"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "235e081f3925a06703c2d0117ea8b91f042756fd6e7a6e5d901e8ca1a996b220"
+checksum = "b0c919e5debc312ad217002b8048a17b7d83f80703865bbfcfebb0458b0b27d8"
 dependencies = [
  "android_system_properties",
  "core-foundation-sys",
  "iana-time-zone-haiku",
  "js-sys",
+ "log",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "windows-core",
+ "windows-core 0.61.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1123,35 +1024,25 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "1.9.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bd070e393353796e801d209ad339e89596eb4c8d430d18ede6a1cced8fafbd99"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
- "hashbrown 0.12.3",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.7.1"
+version = "2.8.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8c9c992b02b5b4c94ea26e32fe5bccb7aa7d9f390ab5c1221ff895bc7ea8b652"
+checksum = "3954d50fe15b02142bf25d3b8bdadb634ec3948f103d04ffe3031bc8fe9d7058"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
- "hashbrown 0.15.2",
+ "hashbrown",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indoc"
-version = "2.0.5"
+version = "2.0.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b248f5224d1d606005e02c97f5aa4e88eeb230488bcc03bc9ca4d7991399f2b5"
+checksum = "f4c7245a08504955605670dbf141fceab975f15ca21570696aebe9d2e71576bd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "insta"
-version = "1.42.1"
+version = "1.42.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "71c1b125e30d93896b365e156c33dadfffab45ee8400afcbba4752f59de08a86"
+checksum = "50259abbaa67d11d2bcafc7ba1d094ed7a0c70e3ce893f0d0997f73558cb3084"
 dependencies = [
  "console",
  "linked-hash-map",
@@ -1160,26 +1051,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "similar",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "inwelling"
-version = "0.5.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2f6292c68ffca1fa94ca8f95ca5ad2885d79d96377f1d37ced6a47cd26cfaf8c"
-dependencies = [
- "toml",
- "walkdir",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "is-macro"
 version = "0.3.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1d57a3e447e24c22647738e4607f1df1e0ec6f72e16182c4cd199f647cdfb0e4"
 dependencies = [
- "heck 0.5.0",
+ "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1211,9 +1092,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "itoa"
-version = "1.0.14"
+version = "1.0.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d75a2a4b1b190afb6f5425f10f6a8f959d2ea0b9c2b1d79553551850539e4674"
+checksum = "4a5f13b858c8d314ee3e8f639011f7ccefe71f97f96e50151fb991f267928e2c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
@@ -1246,9 +1127,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lambert_w"
-version = "1.0.17"
+version = "1.2.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "45bf98425154bfe790a47b72ac452914f6df9ebfb202bc59e089e29db00258cf"
+checksum = "0eeec1be8d026f51b1cf70ed28442b9f0ece61ff196cd3a99d8b4492a83a864b"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-complex",
+ "num-traits",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
@@ -1262,12 +1147,6 @@ version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lazycell"
-version = "1.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "830d08ce1d1d941e6b30645f1a0eb5643013d835ce3779a5fc208261dbe10f55"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lexical-parse-float"
 version = "1.0.5"
@@ -1300,15 +1179,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lexopt"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "baff4b617f7df3d896f97fe922b64817f6cd9a756bb81d40f8883f2f66dcb401"
+checksum = "9fa0e2a1fcbe2f6be6c42e342259976206b383122fc152e872795338b5a3f3a7"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.169"
+version = "0.2.171"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b5aba8db14291edd000dfcc4d620c7ebfb122c613afb886ca8803fa4e128a20a"
+checksum = "c19937216e9d3aa9956d9bb8dfc0b0c8beb6058fc4f7a4dc4d850edf86a237d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libffi"
@@ -1351,7 +1230,7 @@ version = "0.1.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c0ff37bd590ca25063e35af745c343cb7a0271906fb7b37e4813e8f79f00268d"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "libc",
 ]
 
@@ -1387,6 +1266,12 @@ version = "0.4.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d26c52dbd32dccf2d10cac7725f8eae5296885fb5703b261f7d0a0739ec807ab"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "linux-raw-sys"
+version = "0.9.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "fe7db12097d22ec582439daf8618b8fdd1a7bef6270e9af3b1ebcd30893cf413"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
 version = "0.4.12"
@@ -1399,9 +1284,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "log"
-version = "0.4.25"
+version = "0.4.27"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "04cbf5b083de1c7e0222a7a51dbfdba1cbe1c6ab0b15e29fff3f6c077fd9cd9f"
+checksum = "13dc2df351e3202783a1fe0d44375f7295ffb4049267b0f3018346dc122a1d94"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lz4_flex"
@@ -1437,7 +1322,7 @@ version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5063891d2cec8fd20cabccbd3fc277bf8d5666f481fb3f79d999559b39a62713"
 dependencies = [
- "hashbrown 0.15.2",
+ "hashbrown",
  "itertools 0.11.0",
  "libm",
  "ryu",
@@ -1533,9 +1418,9 @@ checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
-version = "0.8.4"
+version = "0.8.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b3b1c9bd4fe1f0f8b387f6eb9eb3b4a1aa26185e5750efb9140301703f62cd1b"
+checksum = "8e3e04debbb59698c15bacbb6d93584a8c0ca9cc3213cb423d31f760d8843ce5"
 dependencies = [
  "adler2",
 ]
@@ -1549,12 +1434,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rand_core 0.9.3",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "mutf8"
-version = "0.2.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "97b444426a4c188e9ad33560853ebd52309ab72811f536a9e6f37907fd12cf45"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "nibble_vec"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1570,7 +1449,7 @@ version = "0.29.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "71e2746dc3a24dd78b3cfcb7be93368c6de9963d30f43a6a73998a9cf4b17b46"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "cfg_aliases",
  "libc",
@@ -1639,23 +1518,22 @@ version = "0.7.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "af1844ef2428cc3e1cb900be36181049ef3d3193c63e43026cfe202983b27a56"
 dependencies = [
- "proc-macro-crate",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.20.3"
+version = "1.21.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "945462a4b81e43c4e3ba96bd7b49d834c6f61198356aa858733bc4acf3cbe62e"
+checksum = "42f5e15c9953c5e4ccceeb2e7382a716482c34515315f7b03532b8b4e8393d2d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "oorandom"
-version = "11.1.4"
+version = "11.1.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b410bbe7e14ab526a0e86877eb47c6996a2bd7746f027ba551028c925390e4e9"
+checksum = "d6790f58c7ff633d8771f42965289203411a5e5c68388703c06e14f24770b41e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl"
@@ -1663,7 +1541,7 @@ version = "0.10.72"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fedfea7d58a1f73118430a55da6a286e7b044961736ce96a16a17068ea25e5da"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "foreign-types",
  "libc",
@@ -1680,7 +1558,7 @@ checksum = "a948666b637a0f465e8564c73e89d4dde00d72d4d473cc972f390fc3dcee7d9c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1745,7 +1623,7 @@ checksum = "1e401f977ab385c9e4e3ab30627d6f26d00e2c73eef317493c4ec6d468726cf8"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
- "redox_syscall 0.5.8",
+ "redox_syscall 0.5.10",
  "smallvec",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
@@ -1756,12 +1634,6 @@ version = "1.0.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "57c0d7b74b563b49d38dae00a0c37d4d6de9b432382b2892f0574ddcae73fd0a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "peeking_take_while"
-version = "0.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19b17cddbe7ec3f8bc800887bab5e717348c95ea2ca0b1bf0837fb964dc67099"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "phf"
 version = "0.11.3"
@@ -1802,29 +1674,29 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pin-project"
-version = "1.1.9"
+version = "1.1.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dfe2e71e1471fe07709406bf725f710b02927c9c54b2b5b2ec0e8087d97c327d"
+checksum = "677f1add503faace112b9f1373e43e9e054bfdd22ff1a63c1bc485eaec6a6a8a"
 dependencies = [
  "pin-project-internal",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pin-project-internal"
-version = "1.1.9"
+version = "1.1.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f6e859e6e5bd50440ab63c47e3ebabc90f26251f7c73c3d3e837b74a1cc3fa67"
+checksum = "6e918e4ff8c4549eb882f14b3a4bc8c8bc93de829416eacf579f1207a8fbf861"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pkg-config"
-version = "0.3.31"
+version = "0.3.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "953ec861398dccce10c670dfeaf3ec4911ca479e9c02154b3a215178c5f566f2"
+checksum = "7edddbd0b52d732b21ad9a5fab5c704c14cd949e5e9a1ec5929a24fded1b904c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "plotters"
@@ -1862,38 +1734,39 @@ checksum = "52a40bc70c2c58040d2d8b167ba9a5ff59fc9dab7ad44771cfde3dcfde7a09c6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "portable-atomic"
-version = "1.10.0"
+version = "1.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "280dc24453071f1b63954171985a0b0d30058d287960968b9b2aca264c8d4ee6"
+checksum = "350e9b48cbc6b0e028b0473b114454c6316e57336ee184ceab6e53f72c178b3e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ppv-lite86"
-version = "0.2.20"
+version = "0.2.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "77957b295656769bb8ad2b6a6b09d897d94f05c41b069aede1fcdaa675eaea04"
+checksum = "85eae3c4ed2f50dcfe72643da4befc30deadb458a9b590d720cde2f2b1e97da9"
 dependencies = [
- "zerocopy 0.7.35",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.24",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "proc-macro-crate"
-version = "3.3.0"
+name = "prettyplease"
+version = "0.2.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "edce586971a4dfaa28950c6f18ed55e0406c1ab88bbce2c6f6293a7aaba73d35"
+checksum = "5316f57387668042f561aae71480de936257848f9c43ce528e311d89a07cadeb"
 dependencies = [
- "toml_edit 0.22.24",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.93"
+version = "1.0.94"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "60946a68e5f9d28b0dc1c21bb8a97ee7d018a8b322fa57838ba31cc878e22d99"
+checksum = "a31971752e70b8b2686d7e46ec17fb38dad4051d94024c88df49b667caea9c84"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -1955,7 +1828,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1964,22 +1837,28 @@ version = "0.22.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "36c011a03ba1e50152b4b394b479826cad97e7a21eb52df179cd91ac411cbfbe"
 dependencies = [
- "heck 0.5.0",
+ "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "quote"
-version = "1.0.38"
+version = "1.0.40"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0e4dccaaaf89514f546c693ddc140f729f958c247918a13380cccc6078391acc"
+checksum = "1885c039570dc00dcb4ff087a89e185fd56bae234ddc7f056a945bf36467248d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "r-efi"
+version = "5.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "74765f6d916ee2faa39bc8e68e4f3ed8949b48cccdac59983d287a7cb71ce9c5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "radium"
 version = "0.7.0"
@@ -2015,7 +1894,7 @@ checksum = "3779b94aeb87e8bd4e834cee3650289ee9e0d5677f976ecdb6d219e5f4f6cd94"
 dependencies = [
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
  "rand_core 0.9.3",
- "zerocopy 0.8.20",
+ "zerocopy 0.8.24",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2053,7 +1932,7 @@ version = "0.9.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "99d9a13982dcf210057a8a78572b2217b667c3beacbf3a0d8b454f6f82837d38"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.3.1",
+ "getrandom 0.3.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2084,11 +1963,11 @@ checksum = "41cc0f7e4d5d4544e8861606a285bb08d3e70712ccc7d2b84d7c0ccfaf4b05ce"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.5.8"
+version = "0.5.10"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "03a862b389f93e68874fbf580b9de08dd02facb9a788ebadaf4a3fd33cf58834"
+checksum = "0b8c0c260b63a8219631167be35e6a988e9554dbd323f8bd08439c8ed1302bd1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2110,9 +1989,9 @@ checksum = "145c1c267e14f20fb0f88aa76a1c5ffec42d592c1d28b3cd9148ae35916158d3"
 dependencies = [
  "allocator-api2",
  "bumpalo",
- "hashbrown 0.15.2",
+ "hashbrown",
  "log",
- "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
+ "rustc-hash",
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
@@ -2175,7 +2054,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pmutil",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2184,7 +2063,7 @@ version = "0.0.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 dependencies = [
  "aho-corasick",
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "compact_str",
  "is-macro",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
@@ -2192,7 +2071,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_python_trivia",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
- "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
+ "rustc-hash",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2200,14 +2079,14 @@ name = "ruff_python_parser"
 version = "0.0.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "bstr",
  "compact_str",
  "memchr",
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_trivia",
  "ruff_text_size",
- "rustc-hash 2.1.1",
+ "rustc-hash",
  "static_assertions",
  "unicode-ident",
  "unicode-normalization",
@@ -2239,12 +2118,6 @@ name = "ruff_text_size"
 version = "0.0.0"
 source = "git+https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff.git?tag=0.11.0#2cd25ef6410fb5fca96af1578728a3d828d2d53a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustc-hash"
-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "2.1.1"
@@ -2257,10 +2130,23 @@ version = "0.38.44"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fdb5bc1ae2baa591800df16c9ca78619bf65c0488b41b96ccec5d11220d8c154"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "errno",
  "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys",
+ "linux-raw-sys 0.4.15",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rustix"
+version = "1.0.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e56a18552996ac8d29ecc3b190b4fdbb2d91ca4ec396de7bbffaf43f3d637e96"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
+ "errno",
+ "libc",
+ "linux-raw-sys 0.9.3",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -2291,8 +2177,8 @@ name = "rustpython-codegen"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
- "indexmap 2.7.1",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
+ "indexmap",
  "insta",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "log",
@@ -2307,7 +2193,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-compiler-source",
  "rustpython-literal",
  "rustpython-wtf8",
- "thiserror 2.0.11",
+ "thiserror 2.0.12",
  "unicode_names2",
 ]
 
@@ -2316,10 +2202,10 @@ name = "rustpython-common"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ascii",
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "bstr",
  "cfg-if",
- "getrandom 0.3.1",
+ "getrandom 0.3.2",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "libc",
  "lock_api",
@@ -2352,14 +2238,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-codegen",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-compiler-source",
- "thiserror 2.0.11",
+ "thiserror 2.0.12",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustpython-compiler-core"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "lz4_flex",
  "malachite-bigint",
@@ -2384,7 +2270,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "rustpython-compiler",
  "rustpython-derive-impl",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2397,9 +2283,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-doc",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
  "syn-ext",
- "textwrap 0.16.1",
+ "textwrap 0.16.2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2422,7 +2308,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-traits",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-derive",
- "thiserror 2.0.11",
+ "thiserror 2.0.12",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2451,7 +2337,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-sre_engine"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "criterion",
  "num_enum",
  "optional",
@@ -2479,7 +2365,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "foreign-types-shared",
  "gethostname",
  "hex",
- "indexmap 2.7.1",
+ "indexmap",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "junction",
  "libc",
@@ -2504,7 +2390,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "paste",
  "puruspe",
  "rand_core 0.9.3",
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 0.38.44",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-derive",
  "rustpython-vm",
@@ -2514,9 +2400,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "sha3",
  "socket2",
  "system-configuration",
- "tcl",
+ "tcl-sys",
  "termios",
- "tk",
+ "tk-sys",
  "ucd",
  "unic-char-property",
  "unic-normal",
@@ -2538,7 +2424,7 @@ version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "ahash",
  "ascii",
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "bstr",
  "caseless",
  "cfg-if",
@@ -2548,11 +2434,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "exitcode",
  "flame",
  "flamer",
- "getrandom 0.3.1",
+ "getrandom 0.3.2",
  "glob",
- "half 2.4.1",
+ "half 2.5.0",
  "hex",
- "indexmap 2.7.1",
+ "indexmap",
  "is-macro",
  "itertools 0.14.0",
  "junction",
@@ -2578,7 +2464,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 0.38.44",
  "rustpython-codegen",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-compiler",
@@ -2592,9 +2478,9 @@ dependencies = [
  "schannel",
  "serde",
  "static_assertions",
- "strum 0.27.1",
- "strum_macros 0.27.1",
- "thiserror 2.0.11",
+ "strum",
+ "strum_macros",
+ "thiserror 2.0.12",
  "thread_local",
  "timsort",
  "uname",
@@ -2604,7 +2490,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "unicode-casing",
  "unicode_names2",
  "wasm-bindgen",
- "which 6.0.3",
+ "which",
  "widestring",
  "windows",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
@@ -2642,9 +2528,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustversion"
-version = "1.0.19"
+version = "1.0.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f7c45b9784283f1b2e7fb61b42047c2fd678ef0960d4f6f1eba131594cc369d4"
+checksum = "eded382c5f5f786b989652c49544c4877d9f015cc22e145a5ea8ea66c2921cd2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustyline"
@@ -2652,7 +2538,7 @@ version = "15.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "2ee1e066dc922e513bda599c6ccb5f3bb2b0ea5870a579448f2622993f0a9a2f"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "cfg-if",
  "clipboard-win",
  "fd-lock",
@@ -2670,9 +2556,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ryu"
-version = "1.0.19"
+version = "1.0.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6ea1a2d0a644769cc99faa24c3ad26b379b786fe7c36fd3c546254801650e6dd"
+checksum = "28d3b2b1366ec20994f1fd18c3c594f05c5dd4bc44d8bb0c1c632c8d6829481f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "same-file"
@@ -2700,9 +2586,9 @@ checksum = "94143f37725109f92c262ed2cf5e59bce7498c01bcc1502d7b9afe439a4e9f49"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde"
-version = "1.0.218"
+version = "1.0.219"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e8dfc9d19bdbf6d17e22319da49161d5d0108e4188e8b680aef6299eed22df60"
+checksum = "5f0e2c6ed6606019b4e29e69dbaba95b11854410e5347d525002456dbbb786b6"
 dependencies = [
  "serde_derive",
 ]
@@ -2731,20 +2617,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
-version = "1.0.218"
+version = "1.0.219"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f09503e191f4e797cb8aac08e9a4a4695c5edf6a2e70e376d961ddd5c969f82b"
+checksum = "5b0276cf7f2c73365f7157c8123c21cd9a50fbbd844757af28ca1f5925fc2a00"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_json"
-version = "1.0.139"
+version = "1.0.140"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "44f86c3acccc9c65b153fe1b85a3be07fe5515274ec9f0653b4a0875731c72a6"
+checksum = "20068b6e96dc6c9bd23e01df8827e6c7e1f2fddd43c21810382803c136b99373"
 dependencies = [
  "itoa",
  "memchr",
@@ -2752,15 +2638,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "serde_spanned"
-version = "0.6.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87607cb1398ed59d48732e575a4c28a7a8ebf2454b964fe3f224f2afc07909e1"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "sha-1"
 version = "0.10.1"
@@ -2819,9 +2696,9 @@ checksum = "7fcf8323ef1faaee30a44a340193b1ac6814fd9b7b4e88e9d4519a3e4abe1cfd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
-version = "0.5.8"
+version = "0.5.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c970269d99b64e60ec3bd6ad27270092a5394c4e309314b18ae3fe575695fbe8"
+checksum = "4f5fd57c80058a56cf5c777ab8a126398ece8e442983605d280a44ce79d0edef"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
@@ -2839,41 +2716,23 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a2eb9349b6444b326872e140eb1cf5e7c522154d69e7a0ffb0fb81c06b37543f"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "strum"
-version = "0.19.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b89a286a7e3b5720b9a477b23253bc50debac207c8d21505f8e70b36792f11b5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "strum"
 version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "f64def088c51c9510a8579e3c5d67c65349dcf755e5479ad3d010aa6454e2c32"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "strum_macros"
-version = "0.19.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e61bb0be289045cb80bfce000512e32d09f8337e54c186725da381377ad1f8d5"
-dependencies = [
- "heck 0.3.3",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 1.0.109",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "strum_macros"
 version = "0.27.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c77a8c5abcaf0f9ce05d62342b7d298c346515365c36b673df4ebe3ced01fde8"
 dependencies = [
- "heck 0.5.0",
+ "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2895,9 +2754,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.98"
+version = "2.0.100"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "36147f1a48ae0ec2b5b3bc5b537d267457555a10dc06f3dbc8cb11ba3006d3b1"
+checksum = "b09a44accad81e1ba1cd74a32461ba89dee89095ba17b32f5d03683b1b1fc2a0"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2912,7 +2771,7 @@ checksum = "b126de4ef6c2a628a68609dd00733766c3b015894698a438ebdf374933fc31d1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2949,33 +2808,12 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e502f78cdbb8ba4718f566c418c52bc729126ffd16baee5baa718cf25dd5a69a"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "tcl"
-version = "0.1.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4e0d0928e8b4dca8ebd485f687f725bb34e454c7a28c1d353bf7d1b8060581bf"
-dependencies = [
- "cex",
- "clib",
- "enumx",
- "inwelling",
- "mutf8",
- "serde",
- "serde_derive",
- "tcl_derive",
- "tuplex",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "tcl_derive"
-version = "0.1.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "625d95e672231bbf31dead6861b0ad72bcb71a2891b26b0c4924cd1cc9687b93"
+name = "tcl-sys"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git?tag=v0.1.0#09a4f62e894df64692b34e6c7f81af1e1ae376dd"
 dependencies = [
- "bind_syn",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
- "uuid",
+ "bindgen",
+ "pkg-config",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3007,9 +2845,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "textwrap"
-version = "0.16.1"
+version = "0.16.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "23d434d3f8967a09480fb04132ebe0a3e088c173e6d0ee7897abbdf4eab0f8b9"
+checksum = "c13547615a44dc9c452a8a534638acdf07120d4b6847c8178705da06306a3057"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
@@ -3022,11 +2860,11 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
-version = "2.0.11"
+version = "2.0.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d452f284b73e6d76dd36758a0c8684b1d5be31f92b89d07fd5822175732206fc"
+checksum = "567b8a2dae586314f7be2a752ec7474332959c6460e02bde30d702a66d488708"
 dependencies = [
- "thiserror-impl 2.0.11",
+ "thiserror-impl 2.0.12",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3037,18 +2875,18 @@ checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror-impl"
-version = "2.0.11"
+version = "2.0.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26afc1baea8a989337eeb52b6e72a039780ce45c3edfcc9c5b9d112feeb173c2"
+checksum = "7f7cf42b4507d8ea322120659672cf1b9dbb93f8f2d4ecfd6e51350ff5b17a1d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3090,9 +2928,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tinyvec"
-version = "1.8.1"
+version = "1.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "022db8904dfa342efe721985167e9fcd16c29b226db4397ed752a761cfce81e8"
+checksum = "09b3661f17e86524eccd4371ab0429194e0d7c008abb45f7a7495b1719463c71"
 dependencies = [
  "tinyvec_macros",
 ]
@@ -3104,78 +2942,14 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
 
 [[package]]
-name = "tk"
-version = "0.1.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c6fbe29c813c9eee5e0d4d996a4a615f6538220f0ad181269a413f21c13eb077"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "cex",
- "clib",
- "enumx",
- "heredom",
- "inwelling",
- "num_enum",
- "once_cell",
- "serde",
- "strum 0.19.5",
- "strum_macros 0.19.4",
- "tcl",
- "tcl_derive",
- "tuplex",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "toml"
-version = "0.7.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dd79e69d3b627db300ff956027cc6c3798cef26d22526befdfcd12feeb6d2257"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
- "serde_spanned",
- "toml_datetime",
- "toml_edit 0.19.15",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "toml_datetime"
-version = "0.6.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0dd7358ecb8fc2f8d014bf86f6f638ce72ba252a2c3a2572f2a795f1d23efb41"
-dependencies = [
- "serde",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.19.15"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1b5bb770da30e5cbfde35a2d7b9b8a2c4b8ef89548a7a6aeab5c9a576e3e7421"
-dependencies = [
- "indexmap 2.7.1",
- "serde",
- "serde_spanned",
- "toml_datetime",
- "winnow 0.5.40",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "toml_edit"
-version = "0.22.24"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "17b4795ff5edd201c7cd6dca065ae59972ce77d1b80fa0a84d94950ece7d1474"
+name = "tk-sys"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git?tag=v0.1.0#09a4f62e894df64692b34e6c7f81af1e1ae376dd"
 dependencies = [
- "indexmap 2.7.1",
- "toml_datetime",
- "winnow 0.7.4",
+ "bindgen",
+ "pkg-config",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "tuplex"
-version = "0.1.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "676ac81d5454c4dcf37955d34fa8626ede3490f744b86ca14a7b90168d2a08aa"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "twox-hash"
 version = "1.6.3"
@@ -3320,9 +3094,9 @@ checksum = "623f59e6af2a98bdafeb93fa277ac8e1e40440973001ca15cf4ae1541cd16d56"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-ident"
-version = "1.0.17"
+version = "1.0.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "00e2473a93778eb0bad35909dff6a10d28e63f792f16ed15e404fca9d5eeedbe"
+checksum = "5a5f39404a5da50712a4c1eecf25e90dd62b613502b7e925fd4e4d19b5c96512"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode-normalization"
@@ -3381,9 +3155,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "unindent"
-version = "0.2.3"
+version = "0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c7de7d73e1754487cb58364ee906a499937a0dfabd86bcb980fa99ec8c8fa2ce"
+checksum = "7264e107f553ccae879d21fbea1d6724ac785e8c3bfc762137959b5802826ef3"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "utf8parse"
@@ -3393,12 +3167,11 @@ checksum = "06abde3611657adf66d383f00b093d7faecc7fa57071cce2578660c9f1010821"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "uuid"
-version = "1.13.2"
+version = "1.16.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8c1f41ffb7cf259f1ecc2876861a17e7142e63ead296f671f81f6ae85903e0d6"
+checksum = "458f7a779bf54acc9f347480ac654f68407d3aab21269a6e3c9f922acd9e2da9"
 dependencies = [
  "atomic",
- "getrandom 0.3.1",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3437,9 +3210,9 @@ checksum = "9c8d87e72b64a3b4db28d11ce29237c246188f4f51057d65a7eab63b7987e423"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasi"
-version = "0.13.3+wasi-0.2.2"
+version = "0.14.2+wasi-0.2.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "26816d2e1a4a36a2940b96c5296ce403917633dff8f3440e9b236ed6f6bacad2"
+checksum = "9683f9a5a998d873c0d21fcbe3c083009670149a8fab228644b8bd36b2c48cb3"
 dependencies = [
  "wit-bindgen-rt",
 ]
@@ -3466,7 +3239,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
@@ -3501,7 +3274,7 @@ checksum = "8ae87ea40c9f689fc23f209965b6fb8a99ad69aeeb0231408be24920604395de"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
@@ -3537,18 +3310,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "which"
-version = "4.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "87ba24419a2078cd2b0f2ede2691b6c66d8e47836da3b6db8265ebad47afbfc7"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
- "home",
- "once_cell",
- "rustix",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "which"
 version = "6.0.3"
@@ -3557,15 +3318,15 @@ checksum = "b4ee928febd44d98f2f459a4a79bd4d928591333a494a10a868418ac1b39cf1f"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
  "home",
- "rustix",
+ "rustix 0.38.44",
  "winsafe",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "widestring"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7219d36b6eac893fa81e84ebe06485e7dcbb616177469b142df14f1f4deb1311"
+checksum = "dd7cf3379ca1aac9eea11fba24fd7e315d621f8dfe35c8d7d2be8b793726e07d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "winapi"
@@ -3604,7 +3365,7 @@ version = "0.52.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e48a53791691ab099e5e2ad123536d0fff50652600abaf43bbf952894110d0be"
 dependencies = [
- "windows-core",
+ "windows-core 0.52.0",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
@@ -3617,6 +3378,65 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-core"
+version = "0.61.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4763c1de310c86d75a878046489e2e5ba02c649d185f21c67d4cf8a56d098980"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-implement",
+ "windows-interface",
+ "windows-link",
+ "windows-result",
+ "windows-strings",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-implement"
+version = "0.60.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a47fddd13af08290e67f4acabf4b459f647552718f683a7b415d290ac744a836"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-interface"
+version = "0.59.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bd9211b69f8dcdfa817bfd14bf1c97c9188afa36f4750130fcdf3f400eca9fa8"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-link"
+version = "0.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "76840935b766e1b0a05c0066835fb9ec80071d4c09a16f6bd5f7e655e3c14c38"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-result"
+version = "0.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c64fd11a4fd95df68efcfee5f44a294fe71b8bc6a91993e2791938abcc712252"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "windows-strings"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7a2ba9642430ee452d5a7aa78d72907ebe8cfda358e8cb7918a2050581322f97"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-link",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "windows-sys"
 version = "0.48.0"
@@ -3765,24 +3585,6 @@ version = "0.52.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "589f6da84c646204747d1270a2a5661ea66ed1cced2631d546fdfb155959f9ec"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "winnow"
-version = "0.5.40"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f593a95398737aeed53e489c785df13f3618e41dbcd6718c6addbf1395aa6876"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "winnow"
-version = "0.7.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0e97b544156e9bebe1a0ffbc03484fc1ffe3100cbce3ffb17eac35f7cdd7ab36"
-dependencies = [
- "memchr",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "winreg"
 version = "0.55.0"
@@ -3801,11 +3603,11 @@ checksum = "d135d17ab770252ad95e9a872d365cf3090e3be864a34ab46f48555993efc904"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wit-bindgen-rt"
-version = "0.33.0"
+version = "0.39.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3268f3d866458b787f390cf61f4bbb563b922d091359f9608842999eaee3943c"
+checksum = "6f42320e61fe2cfd34354ecb597f86f413484a798ba44a8ca1165c58d42da6c1"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.8.0",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3820,17 +3622,16 @@ version = "0.7.35"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1b9b4fd18abc82b8136838da5d50bae7bdea537c574d8dc1a34ed098d6c166f0"
 dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
  "zerocopy-derive 0.7.35",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.20"
+version = "0.8.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dde3bb8c68a8f3f1ed4ac9221aad6b10cece3e60a8e2ea54a6a2dec806d0084c"
+checksum = "2586fea28e186957ef732a5f8b3be2da217d65c5969d4b1e17f973ebbe876879"
 dependencies = [
- "zerocopy-derive 0.8.20",
+ "zerocopy-derive 0.8.24",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3841,18 +3642,18 @@ checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.20"
+version = "0.8.24"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eea57037071898bf96a6da35fd626f4f27e9cee3ead2a6c703cf09d472b2e700"
+checksum = "a996a8f63c5c4448cd959ac1bab0aaa3306ccfd060472f85943ee0750f0169be"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.98",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Lib/tkinter/__init__.py b/Lib/tkinter/__init__.py
index 8b2502b4c0..df3b936ccd 100644
--- a/Lib/tkinter/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/tkinter/__init__.py
@@ -2451,7 +2451,9 @@ def __init__(self, screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk',
         self.tk = None
         if baseName is None:
             import os
-            baseName = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
+            # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+            # baseName = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
+            baseName = "" # sys.argv[0]
             baseName, ext = os.path.splitext(baseName)
             if ext not in ('.py', '.pyc'):
                 baseName = baseName + ext
diff --git a/flamegraph.svg b/flamegraph.svg
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a196068928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/flamegraph.svg
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg version="1.1" width="1200" height="60" onload="init(evt)" viewBox="0 0 1200 60" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:fg="http://github.com/jonhoo/inferno"><!--Flame graph stack visualization. See https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph for latest version, and http://www.brendangregg.com/flamegraphs.html for examples.--><!--NOTES: --><text x="50.0000%" y="24.00">ERROR: No valid input provided to flamegraph</text></svg>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index a8393206d6..26c85103e5 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ bz2 = ["bzip2"]
 sqlite = ["dep:libsqlite3-sys"]
 ssl = ["openssl", "openssl-sys", "foreign-types-shared", "openssl-probe"]
 ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "openssl/vendored"]
-tkinter = ["dep:tk", "dep:tcl"]
+tkinter = ["dep:tk-sys", "dep:tcl-sys"]
 
 [dependencies]
 # rustpython crates
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ libz-sys = { package = "libz-rs-sys", version = "0.4" }
 bzip2 = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 
 # tkinter
-tk = { version = "0.1.10", optional = true }
-tcl = { version = "0.1.9", optional = true }
+tk-sys = { git = "https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git", tag = "v0.1.0", optional = true }
+tcl-sys = { git = "https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git", tag = "v0.1.0", optional = true }
 
 # uuid
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "android", target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "redox")))'.dependencies]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs b/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs
index 907dc55002..242570b410 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/tkinter.rs
@@ -4,83 +4,478 @@ pub(crate) use self::_tkinter::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _tkinter {
-    use crate::builtins::PyTypeRef;
-    use rustpython_vm::function::{Either, FuncArgs};
-    use rustpython_vm::{PyResult, VirtualMachine, function::OptionalArg};
+    use rustpython_vm::types::Constructor;
+    use rustpython_vm::{PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
 
-    use crate::common::lock::PyRwLock;
-    use std::sync::Arc;
-    use tk::cmd::*;
-    use tk::*;
+    use rustpython_vm::builtins::{PyInt, PyStr, PyType};
+    use std::{ffi, ptr};
 
-    #[pyattr]
-    const TK_VERSION: &str = "8.6";
-    #[pyattr]
-    const TCL_VERSION: &str = "8.6";
-    #[pyattr]
-    const READABLE: i32 = 2;
-    #[pyattr]
-    const WRITABLE: i32 = 4;
-    #[pyattr]
-    const EXCEPTION: i32 = 8;
-
-    fn demo() -> tk::TkResult<()> {
-        let tk = make_tk!()?;
-        let root = tk.root();
-        root.add_label(-text("constructs widgets and layout step by step"))?
-            .pack(())?;
-        let f = root.add_frame(())?.pack(())?;
-        let _btn = f
-            .add_button("btn" - text("quit") - command("destroy ."))?
-            .pack(())?;
-        Ok(main_loop())
+    use crate::builtins::PyTypeRef;
+    use rustpython_common::atomic::AtomicBool;
+    use rustpython_common::atomic::Ordering;
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    fn _get_tcl_lib_path() -> String {
+        // TODO: fix packaging
+        String::from(r"C:\ActiveTcl\lib")
     }
 
-    #[pyattr(once, name = "TclError")]
+    #[pyattr(name = "TclError", once)]
     fn tcl_error(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
         vm.ctx.new_exception_type(
-            "zlib",
+            "_tkinter",
             "TclError",
             Some(vec![vm.ctx.exceptions.exception_type.to_owned()]),
         )
     }
 
-    #[pyfunction]
-    fn create(args: FuncArgs, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<TkApp> {
-        // TODO: handle arguments
-        // TODO: this means creating 2 tk instances is not possible.
-        let tk = Tk::new(()).unwrap();
-        Ok(TkApp {
-            tk: Arc::new(PyRwLock::new(tk)),
-        })
+    #[pyattr(name = "TkError", once)]
+    fn tk_error(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_exception_type(
+            "_tkinter",
+            "TkError",
+            Some(vec![vm.ctx.exceptions.exception_type.to_owned()]),
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr(once, name = "TK_VERSION")]
+    fn tk_version(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+        format!("{}.{}", 8, 6)
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr(once, name = "TCL_VERSION")]
+    fn tcl_version(_vm: &VirtualMachine) -> String {
+        format!(
+            "{}.{}",
+            tk_sys::TCL_MAJOR_VERSION,
+            tk_sys::TCL_MINOR_VERSION
+        )
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "TclObject")]
+    #[derive(PyPayload)]
+    struct TclObject {
+        value: *mut tk_sys::Tcl_Obj,
     }
 
+    impl std::fmt::Debug for TclObject {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+            write!(f, "TclObject")
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe impl Send for TclObject {}
+    unsafe impl Sync for TclObject {}
+
+    #[pyclass]
+    impl TclObject {}
+
+    static QUIT_MAIN_LOOP: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
+
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "tkapp")]
     #[derive(PyPayload)]
     struct TkApp {
-        tk: Arc<PyRwLock<tk::Tk<()>>>,
+        // Tcl_Interp *interp;
+        interpreter: *mut tk_sys::Tcl_Interp,
+        // int wantobjects;
+        want_objects: bool,
+        // int threaded; /* True if tcl_platform[threaded] */
+        threaded: bool,
+        // Tcl_ThreadId thread_id;
+        thread_id: Option<tk_sys::Tcl_ThreadId>,
+        // int dispatching;
+        dispatching: bool,
+        // PyObject *trace;
+        trace: Option<()>,
+        // /* We cannot include tclInt.h, as this is internal.
+        //    So we cache interesting types here. */
+        old_boolean_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
+        boolean_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
+        byte_array_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
+        double_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
+        int_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
+        wide_int_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
+        bignum_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
+        list_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
+        string_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
+        utf32_string_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
+        pixel_type: *const tk_sys::Tcl_ObjType,
     }
 
     unsafe impl Send for TkApp {}
-
     unsafe impl Sync for TkApp {}
 
     impl std::fmt::Debug for TkApp {
         fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
-            f.debug_struct("TkApp").finish()
+            write!(f, "TkApp")
         }
     }
 
-    #[pyclass]
+    #[derive(FromArgs, Debug)]
+    struct TkAppConstructorArgs {
+        #[pyarg(any)]
+        screen_name: Option<String>,
+        #[pyarg(any)]
+        _base_name: Option<String>,
+        #[pyarg(any)]
+        class_name: String,
+        #[pyarg(any)]
+        interactive: i32,
+        #[pyarg(any)]
+        wantobjects: i32,
+        #[pyarg(any, default = "true")]
+        want_tk: bool,
+        #[pyarg(any)]
+        sync: i32,
+        #[pyarg(any)]
+        use_: Option<String>,
+    }
+
+    impl Constructor for TkApp {
+        type Args = TkAppConstructorArgs;
+
+        fn py_new(
+            _zelf: PyRef<PyType>,
+            args: Self::Args,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+            create(args, vm)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn varname_converter(obj: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+        // if let Ok(bytes) = obj.bytes(vm) {
+        //     todo!()
+        // }
+
+        // str
+        if let Some(str) = obj.downcast_ref::<PyStr>() {
+            return Ok(str.as_str().to_string());
+        }
+
+        if let Some(_tcl_obj) = obj.downcast_ref::<TclObject>() {
+            // Assume that the Tcl object has a method to retrieve a string.
+            // return tcl_obj.
+            todo!();
+        }
+
+        // Construct an error message using the type name (truncated to 50 characters).
+        Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
+            "must be str, bytes or Tcl_Obj, not {:.50}",
+            obj.obj_type().str(vm)?.as_str()
+        )))
+    }
+
+    // TODO: DISALLOW_INSTANTIATION
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor))]
     impl TkApp {
+        fn from_bool(&self, obj: *mut tk_sys::Tcl_Obj) -> bool {
+            let mut res = -1;
+            unsafe {
+                if tk_sys::Tcl_GetBooleanFromObj(self.interpreter, obj, &mut res)
+                    != tk_sys::TCL_OK as i32
+                {
+                    panic!("Tcl_GetBooleanFromObj failed");
+                }
+            }
+            assert!(res == 0 || res == 1);
+            res != 0
+        }
+
+        fn from_object(
+            &self,
+            obj: *mut tk_sys::Tcl_Obj,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+            let type_ptr = unsafe { (*obj).typePtr };
+            if type_ptr == ptr::null() {
+                return self.unicode_from_object(obj, vm);
+            } else if type_ptr == self.old_boolean_type || type_ptr == self.boolean_type {
+                return Ok(vm.ctx.new_bool(self.from_bool(obj)).into());
+            } else if type_ptr == self.string_type
+                || type_ptr == self.utf32_string_type
+                || type_ptr == self.pixel_type
+            {
+                return self.unicode_from_object(obj, vm);
+            }
+            // TODO: handle other types
+
+            return Ok(TclObject { value: obj }.into_pyobject(vm));
+        }
+
+        fn unicode_from_string(
+            s: *mut ffi::c_char,
+            size: usize,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+            // terribly unsafe
+            let s = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(s, size) }
+                .to_vec()
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|c| c as u8)
+                .collect::<Vec<u8>>();
+            let s = String::from_utf8(s).unwrap();
+            Ok(PyObjectRef::from(vm.ctx.new_str(s)))
+        }
+
+        fn unicode_from_object(
+            &self,
+            obj: *mut tk_sys::Tcl_Obj,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+            let type_ptr = unsafe { (*obj).typePtr };
+            if type_ptr != ptr::null()
+                && self.interpreter != ptr::null_mut()
+                && (type_ptr == self.string_type || type_ptr == self.utf32_string_type)
+            {
+                let len = ptr::null_mut();
+                let data = unsafe { tk_sys::Tcl_GetUnicodeFromObj(obj, len) };
+                return if size_of::<tk_sys::Tcl_UniChar>() == 2 {
+                    let v = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(data as *const u16, len as usize) };
+                    let s = String::from_utf16(v).unwrap();
+                    Ok(PyObjectRef::from(vm.ctx.new_str(s)))
+                } else {
+                    let v = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(data as *const u32, len as usize) };
+                    let s = widestring::U32String::from_vec(v).to_string_lossy();
+                    Ok(PyObjectRef::from(vm.ctx.new_str(s)))
+                };
+            }
+            let len = ptr::null_mut();
+            let s = unsafe { tk_sys::Tcl_GetStringFromObj(obj, len) };
+            Self::unicode_from_string(s, len as _, vm)
+        }
+
         #[pymethod]
-        fn getvar(&self, name: &str) -> PyResult<String> {
-            let tk = self.tk.read().unwrap();
-            Ok(tk.getvar(name).unwrap())
+        fn getvar(&self, arg: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+            // TODO: technically not thread safe
+            let name = varname_converter(arg, vm)?;
+
+            let res = unsafe {
+                tk_sys::Tcl_GetVar2Ex(
+                    self.interpreter,
+                    ptr::null(),
+                    name.as_ptr() as _,
+                    tk_sys::TCL_LEAVE_ERR_MSG as _,
+                )
+            };
+            if res == ptr::null_mut() {
+                todo!();
+            }
+            let res = if self.want_objects {
+                self.from_object(res, vm)
+            } else {
+                self.unicode_from_object(res, vm)
+            }?;
+            Ok(res)
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn getint(&self, arg: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+            if let Some(int) = arg.downcast_ref::<PyInt>() {
+                return Ok(PyObjectRef::from(vm.ctx.new_int(int.as_bigint().clone())));
+            }
+
+            if let Some(obj) = arg.downcast_ref::<TclObject>() {
+                let value = obj.value;
+                unsafe { tk_sys::Tcl_IncrRefCount(value) };
+            } else {
+                todo!();
+            }
+            todo!();
+        }
+        // TODO: Fix arguments
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn mainloop(&self, threshold: Option<i32>) -> PyResult<()> {
+            let threshold = threshold.unwrap_or(0);
+            todo!();
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
-        fn createcommand(&self, name: String, callback: PyObjectRef) {}
+        fn quit(&self) {
+            QUIT_MAIN_LOOP.store(true, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        }
     }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn create(args: TkAppConstructorArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObjectRef> {
+        unsafe {
+            let interp = tk_sys::Tcl_CreateInterp();
+            let want_objects = args.wantobjects != 0;
+            let threaded = {
+                let part1 = String::from("tcl_platform");
+                let part2 = String::from("threaded");
+                let part1_ptr = part1.as_ptr();
+                let part2_ptr = part2.as_ptr();
+                tk_sys::Tcl_GetVar2Ex(
+                    interp,
+                    part1_ptr as _,
+                    part2_ptr as _,
+                    tk_sys::TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY as ffi::c_int,
+                )
+            } != ptr::null_mut();
+            let thread_id = tk_sys::Tcl_GetCurrentThread();
+            let dispatching = false;
+            let trace = None;
+            // TODO: Handle threaded build
+            let bool_str = String::from("oldBoolean");
+            let old_boolean_type = tk_sys::Tcl_GetObjType(bool_str.as_ptr() as _);
+            let (boolean_type, byte_array_type) = {
+                let true_str = String::from("true");
+                let mut value = *tk_sys::Tcl_NewStringObj(true_str.as_ptr() as _, -1);
+                let mut bool_value = 0;
+                tk_sys::Tcl_GetBooleanFromObj(interp, &mut value, &mut bool_value);
+                let boolean_type = value.typePtr;
+                tk_sys::Tcl_DecrRefCount(&mut value);
+
+                let mut value =
+                    *tk_sys::Tcl_NewByteArrayObj(&bool_value as *const i32 as *const u8, 1);
+                let byte_array_type = value.typePtr;
+                tk_sys::Tcl_DecrRefCount(&mut value);
+                (boolean_type, byte_array_type)
+            };
+            let double_str = String::from("double");
+            let double_type = tk_sys::Tcl_GetObjType(double_str.as_ptr() as _);
+            let int_str = String::from("int");
+            let int_type = tk_sys::Tcl_GetObjType(int_str.as_ptr() as _);
+            let int_type = if int_type == ptr::null() {
+                let mut value = *tk_sys::Tcl_NewIntObj(0);
+                let res = value.typePtr;
+                tk_sys::Tcl_DecrRefCount(&mut value);
+                res
+            } else {
+                int_type
+            };
+            let wide_int_str = String::from("wideInt");
+            let wide_int_type = tk_sys::Tcl_GetObjType(wide_int_str.as_ptr() as _);
+            let bignum_str = String::from("bignum");
+            let bignum_type = tk_sys::Tcl_GetObjType(bignum_str.as_ptr() as _);
+            let list_str = String::from("list");
+            let list_type = tk_sys::Tcl_GetObjType(list_str.as_ptr() as _);
+            let string_str = String::from("string");
+            let string_type = tk_sys::Tcl_GetObjType(string_str.as_ptr() as _);
+            let utf32_str = String::from("utf32");
+            let utf32_string_type = tk_sys::Tcl_GetObjType(utf32_str.as_ptr() as _);
+            let pixel_str = String::from("pixel");
+            let pixel_type = tk_sys::Tcl_GetObjType(pixel_str.as_ptr() as _);
+
+            let exit_str = String::from("exit");
+            tk_sys::Tcl_DeleteCommand(interp, exit_str.as_ptr() as _);
+
+            if let Some(name) = args.screen_name {
+                tk_sys::Tcl_SetVar2(
+                    interp,
+                    "env".as_ptr() as _,
+                    "DISPLAY".as_ptr() as _,
+                    name.as_ptr() as _,
+                    tk_sys::TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY as i32,
+                );
+            }
+
+            if args.interactive != 0 {
+                tk_sys::Tcl_SetVar(
+                    interp,
+                    "tcl_interactive".as_ptr() as _,
+                    "1".as_ptr() as _,
+                    tk_sys::TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY as i32,
+                );
+            } else {
+                tk_sys::Tcl_SetVar(
+                    interp,
+                    "tcl_interactive".as_ptr() as _,
+                    "0".as_ptr() as _,
+                    tk_sys::TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY as i32,
+                );
+            }
+
+            let argv0 = args.class_name.clone().to_lowercase();
+            tk_sys::Tcl_SetVar(
+                interp,
+                "argv0".as_ptr() as _,
+                argv0.as_ptr() as _,
+                tk_sys::TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY as i32,
+            );
+
+            if !args.want_tk {
+                tk_sys::Tcl_SetVar(
+                    interp,
+                    "_tkinter_skip_tk_init".as_ptr() as _,
+                    "1".as_ptr() as _,
+                    tk_sys::TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY as i32,
+                );
+            }
+
+            if args.sync != 0 || args.use_.is_some() {
+                let mut argv = String::with_capacity(4);
+                if args.sync != 0 {
+                    argv.push_str("-sync");
+                }
+                if args.use_.is_some() {
+                    if args.sync != 0 {
+                        argv.push(' ');
+                    }
+                    argv.push_str("-use ");
+                    argv.push_str(&args.use_.unwrap());
+                }
+                argv.push_str("\0");
+                let argv_ptr = argv.as_ptr() as *mut *mut i8;
+                tk_sys::Tcl_SetVar(
+                    interp,
+                    "argv".as_ptr() as _,
+                    argv_ptr as *const i8,
+                    tk_sys::TCL_GLOBAL_ONLY as i32,
+                );
+            }
+
+            #[cfg(windows)]
+            {
+                let ret = std::env::var("TCL_LIBRARY");
+                if ret.is_err() {
+                    let loc = _get_tcl_lib_path();
+                    std::env::set_var("TCL_LIBRARY", loc);
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Bindgen cannot handle Tcl_AppInit
+            if tk_sys::Tcl_Init(interp) != tk_sys::TCL_OK as ffi::c_int {
+                todo!("Tcl_Init failed");
+            }
+
+            Ok(TkApp {
+                interpreter: interp,
+                want_objects,
+                threaded,
+                thread_id: Some(thread_id),
+                dispatching,
+                trace,
+                old_boolean_type,
+                boolean_type,
+                byte_array_type,
+                double_type,
+                int_type,
+                wide_int_type,
+                bignum_type,
+                list_type,
+                string_type,
+                utf32_string_type,
+                pixel_type,
+            }
+            .into_pyobject(vm))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    const READABLE: i32 = tk_sys::TCL_READABLE as i32;
+    #[pyattr]
+    const WRITABLE: i32 = tk_sys::TCL_WRITABLE as i32;
+    #[pyattr]
+    const EXCEPTION: i32 = tk_sys::TCL_EXCEPTION as i32;
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    const TIMER_EVENTS: i32 = tk_sys::TCL_TIMER_EVENTS as i32;
+    #[pyattr]
+    const IDLE_EVENTS: i32 = tk_sys::TCL_IDLE_EVENTS as i32;
+    #[pyattr]
+    const DONT_WAIT: i32 = tk_sys::TCL_DONT_WAIT as i32;
 }

From 3c6bc2cf9f83a77cdeeb850799bc19f160bdf145 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 6 Apr 2025 01:22:26 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 592/705] Add _suggestions module (#5675)

---
 stdlib/src/lib.rs         |  2 ++
 stdlib/src/suggestions.rs | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 vm/src/suggestion.rs      |  2 +-
 3 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 stdlib/src/suggestions.rs

diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 9ee8e3e81d..e9d10dfde4 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ mod pyexpat;
 mod pystruct;
 mod random;
 mod statistics;
+mod suggestions;
 // TODO: maybe make this an extension module, if we ever get those
 // mod re;
 #[cfg(feature = "bz2")]
@@ -133,6 +134,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "unicodedata" => unicodedata::make_module,
             "zlib" => zlib::make_module,
             "_statistics" => statistics::make_module,
+            "suggestions" => suggestions::make_module,
             // crate::vm::sysmodule::sysconfigdata_name() => sysconfigdata::make_module,
         }
         #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/suggestions.rs b/stdlib/src/suggestions.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e49e9dd4a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/src/suggestions.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+pub(crate) use _suggestions::make_module;
+
+#[pymodule]
+mod _suggestions {
+    use rustpython_vm::VirtualMachine;
+
+    use crate::vm::PyObjectRef;
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn _generate_suggestions(
+        candidates: Vec<PyObjectRef>,
+        name: PyObjectRef,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyObjectRef {
+        match crate::vm::suggestion::calculate_suggestions(candidates.iter(), &name) {
+            Some(suggestion) => suggestion.into(),
+            None => vm.ctx.none(),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/vm/src/suggestion.rs b/vm/src/suggestion.rs
index 01f53d70ca..3d075ee3bb 100644
--- a/vm/src/suggestion.rs
+++ b/vm/src/suggestion.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use std::iter::ExactSizeIterator;
 
 const MAX_CANDIDATE_ITEMS: usize = 750;
 
-fn calculate_suggestions<'a>(
+pub fn calculate_suggestions<'a>(
     dir_iter: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = &'a PyObjectRef>,
     name: &PyObjectRef,
 ) -> Option<PyStrRef> {

From 861055f558779e307fae56a09274e7e482c5f770 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 6 Apr 2025 01:23:56 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 593/705] Add nt constants (#5676)

---
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs | 8 +++++++-
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 428d3421fd..083824bcd0 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -37,7 +37,13 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
     use libc::{O_BINARY, O_TEMPORARY};
 
     #[pyattr]
-    const _LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DEFAULT_DIRS: i32 = 4096;
+    use windows_sys::Win32::System::LibraryLoader::{
+        LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_APPLICATION_DIR as _LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_APPLICATION_DIR,
+        LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DEFAULT_DIRS as _LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DEFAULT_DIRS,
+        LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DLL_LOAD_DIR as _LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DLL_LOAD_DIR,
+        LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32 as _LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32,
+        LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_USER_DIRS as _LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_USER_DIRS,
+    };
 
     #[pyfunction]
     pub(super) fn access(path: OsPath, mode: u8, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<bool> {

From ad5ffb648f2c0cb73152bdb75befa6e4b4e6ab52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 7 Apr 2025 21:37:47 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 594/705] Remove packaging from release (#5680)

---
 .github/workflows/release.yml | 14 --------------
 1 file changed, 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 3b0a797e0c..f6a1ad3209 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -80,20 +80,6 @@ jobs:
         run: cp target/${{ matrix.platform.target }}/release/rustpython.exe target/rustpython-release-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}.exe
         if: runner.os == 'Windows'
 
-      - name: Install cargo-packager
-        run: cargo binstall cargo-packager
-
-      - name: Generate MSI
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        run: cargo packager -f wix --release -o installer
-
-      - name: Upload MSI
-        if: runner.os == 'Windows'
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
-        with:
-          name: rustpython-installer-msi-${{ runner.os }}-${{ matrix.platform.target }}
-          path: installer/*.msi
-
       - name: Upload Binary Artifacts
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:

From 8dc17180029337676395154fc33b513678ea4a8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Apr 2025 22:00:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 595/705] Match statements rewrite (#5628)

---
 Cargo.lock                                    |    1 +
 compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml                   |    3 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs               | 1022 +++++++++++++++--
 compiler/codegen/src/error.rs                 |   27 +-
 ...python_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap |   53 +
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs                 |   41 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/syntax_match.py          |   50 +
 vm/src/frame.rs                               |  109 ++
 8 files changed, 1192 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
 create mode 100644 extra_tests/snippets/syntax_match.py

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index f3a8f59af3..60f0c44ce1 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -2187,6 +2187,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "num-complex",
  "num-traits",
  "ruff_python_ast",
+ "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
index 53469b9f6e..479b0b29f6 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
+++ b/compiler/codegen/Cargo.toml
@@ -33,8 +33,7 @@ memchr = { workspace = true }
 unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
-# rustpython-parser = { workspace = true }
-
+ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
 insta = { workspace = true }
 
 [lints]
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 83e2f5cf44..c8474a537f 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 
 use crate::{
     IndexSet, ToPythonName,
-    error::{CodegenError, CodegenErrorType},
-    ir,
+    error::{CodegenError, CodegenErrorType, PatternUnreachableReason},
+    ir::{self, BlockIdx},
     symboltable::{self, SymbolFlags, SymbolScope, SymbolTable},
     unparse::unparse_expr,
 };
@@ -22,10 +22,11 @@ use ruff_python_ast::{
     Alias, Arguments, BoolOp, CmpOp, Comprehension, ConversionFlag, DebugText, Decorator, DictItem,
     ExceptHandler, ExceptHandlerExceptHandler, Expr, ExprAttribute, ExprBoolOp, ExprFString,
     ExprList, ExprName, ExprStarred, ExprSubscript, ExprTuple, ExprUnaryOp, FString,
-    FStringElement, FStringElements, FStringFlags, FStringPart, Int, Keyword, MatchCase,
-    ModExpression, ModModule, Operator, Parameters, Pattern, PatternMatchAs, PatternMatchValue,
-    Stmt, StmtExpr, TypeParam, TypeParamParamSpec, TypeParamTypeVar, TypeParamTypeVarTuple,
-    TypeParams, UnaryOp, WithItem,
+    FStringElement, FStringElements, FStringFlags, FStringPart, Identifier, Int, Keyword,
+    MatchCase, ModExpression, ModModule, Operator, Parameters, Pattern, PatternMatchAs,
+    PatternMatchClass, PatternMatchOr, PatternMatchSequence, PatternMatchSingleton,
+    PatternMatchStar, PatternMatchValue, Singleton, Stmt, StmtExpr, TypeParam, TypeParamParamSpec,
+    TypeParamTypeVar, TypeParamTypeVarTuple, TypeParams, UnaryOp, WithItem,
 };
 use ruff_source_file::OneIndexed;
 use ruff_text_size::{Ranged, TextRange};
@@ -33,7 +34,10 @@ use rustpython_wtf8::Wtf8Buf;
 // use rustpython_ast::located::{self as located_ast, Located};
 use rustpython_compiler_core::{
     Mode,
-    bytecode::{self, Arg as OpArgMarker, CodeObject, ConstantData, Instruction, OpArg, OpArgType},
+    bytecode::{
+        self, Arg as OpArgMarker, BinaryOperator, CodeObject, ComparisonOperator, ConstantData,
+        Instruction, OpArg, OpArgType, UnpackExArgs,
+    },
 };
 use rustpython_compiler_source::SourceCode;
 // use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
@@ -206,10 +210,43 @@ macro_rules! emit {
     };
 }
 
-struct PatternContext {
-    current_block: usize,
-    blocks: Vec<ir::BlockIdx>,
-    allow_irrefutable: bool,
+/// The pattern context holds information about captured names and jump targets.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct PatternContext {
+    /// A list of names captured by the pattern.
+    pub stores: Vec<String>,
+    /// If false, then any name captures against our subject will raise.
+    pub allow_irrefutable: bool,
+    /// A list of jump target labels used on pattern failure.
+    pub fail_pop: Vec<BlockIdx>,
+    /// The number of items on top of the stack that should remain.
+    pub on_top: usize,
+}
+
+impl Default for PatternContext {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PatternContext {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        PatternContext {
+            stores: Vec::new(),
+            allow_irrefutable: false,
+            fail_pop: Vec::new(),
+            on_top: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn fail_pop_size(&self) -> usize {
+        self.fail_pop.len()
+    }
+}
+
+enum JumpOp {
+    Jump,
+    PopJumpIfFalse,
 }
 
 impl<'src> Compiler<'src> {
@@ -1800,73 +1837,824 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_pattern_value(
+    fn forbidden_name(&mut self, name: &str, ctx: NameUsage) -> CompileResult<bool> {
+        if ctx == NameUsage::Store && name == "__debug__" {
+            return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::Assign("__debug__")));
+            // return Ok(true);
+        }
+        if ctx == NameUsage::Delete && name == "__debug__" {
+            return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::Delete("__debug__")));
+            // return Ok(true);
+        }
+        Ok(false)
+    }
+
+    fn compile_error_forbidden_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> CodegenError {
+        // TODO: make into error (fine for now since it realistically errors out earlier)
+        panic!("Failing due to forbidden name {:?}", name);
+    }
+
+    /// Ensures that `pc.fail_pop` has at least `n + 1` entries.
+    /// If not, new labels are generated and pushed until the required size is reached.
+    fn ensure_fail_pop(&mut self, pc: &mut PatternContext, n: usize) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        let required_size = n + 1;
+        if required_size <= pc.fail_pop.len() {
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        while pc.fail_pop.len() < required_size {
+            let new_block = self.new_block();
+            pc.fail_pop.push(new_block);
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn jump_to_fail_pop(&mut self, pc: &mut PatternContext, op: JumpOp) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        // Compute the total number of items to pop:
+        // items on top plus the captured objects.
+        let pops = pc.on_top + pc.stores.len();
+        // Ensure that the fail_pop vector has at least `pops + 1` elements.
+        self.ensure_fail_pop(pc, pops)?;
+        // Emit a jump using the jump target stored at index `pops`.
+        match op {
+            JumpOp::Jump => {
+                emit!(
+                    self,
+                    Instruction::Jump {
+                        target: pc.fail_pop[pops]
+                    }
+                );
+            }
+            JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse => {
+                emit!(
+                    self,
+                    Instruction::JumpIfFalse {
+                        target: pc.fail_pop[pops]
+                    }
+                );
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Emits the necessary POP instructions for all failure targets in the pattern context,
+    /// then resets the fail_pop vector.
+    fn emit_and_reset_fail_pop(&mut self, pc: &mut PatternContext) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        // If the fail_pop vector is empty, nothing needs to be done.
+        if pc.fail_pop.is_empty() {
+            debug_assert!(pc.fail_pop.is_empty());
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        // Iterate over the fail_pop vector in reverse order, skipping the first label.
+        for &label in pc.fail_pop.iter().skip(1).rev() {
+            self.switch_to_block(label);
+            // Emit the POP instruction.
+            emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+        }
+        // Finally, use the first label.
+        self.switch_to_block(pc.fail_pop[0]);
+        pc.fail_pop.clear();
+        // Free the memory used by the vector.
+        pc.fail_pop.shrink_to_fit();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Duplicate the effect of Python 3.10's ROT_* instructions using SWAPs.
+    fn pattern_helper_rotate(&mut self, mut count: usize) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        while count > 1 {
+            // Emit a SWAP instruction with the current count.
+            emit!(
+                self,
+                Instruction::Swap {
+                    index: u32::try_from(count).unwrap()
+                }
+            );
+            count -= 1;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Helper to store a captured name for a star pattern.
+    ///
+    /// If `n` is `None`, it emits a POP_TOP instruction. Otherwise, it first
+    /// checks that the name is allowed and not already stored. Then it rotates
+    /// the object on the stack beneath any preserved items and appends the name
+    /// to the list of captured names.
+    fn pattern_helper_store_name(
+        &mut self,
+        n: Option<&Identifier>,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        // If no name is provided, simply pop the top of the stack.
+        if n.is_none() {
+            emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        let name = n.unwrap();
+
+        // Check if the name is forbidden for storing.
+        if self.forbidden_name(name.as_str(), NameUsage::Store)? {
+            return Err(self.compile_error_forbidden_name(name.as_str()));
+        }
+
+        // Ensure we don't store the same name twice.
+        if pc.stores.contains(&name.to_string()) {
+            return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::DuplicateStore(name.as_str().to_string())));
+        }
+
+        // Calculate how many items to rotate:
+        // the count is the number of items to preserve on top plus the current stored names,
+        // plus one for the new value.
+        let rotations = pc.on_top + pc.stores.len() + 1;
+        self.pattern_helper_rotate(rotations)?;
+
+        // Append the name to the captured stores.
+        pc.stores.push(name.to_string());
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn pattern_unpack_helper(&mut self, elts: &[Pattern]) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        let n = elts.len();
+        let mut seen_star = false;
+        for (i, elt) in elts.iter().enumerate() {
+            if elt.is_match_star() {
+                if !seen_star {
+                    if i >= (1 << 8) || (n - i - 1) >= ((i32::MAX as usize) >> 8) {
+                        todo!();
+                        // return self.compiler_error(loc, "too many expressions in star-unpacking sequence pattern");
+                    }
+                    let args = UnpackExArgs {
+                        before: u8::try_from(i).unwrap(),
+                        after: u8::try_from(n - i - 1).unwrap(),
+                    };
+                    emit!(self, Instruction::UnpackEx { args });
+                    seen_star = true;
+                } else {
+                    // TODO: Fix error msg
+                    return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::MultipleStarArgs));
+                    // return self.compiler_error(loc, "multiple starred expressions in sequence pattern");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if !seen_star {
+            emit!(
+                self,
+                Instruction::UnpackSequence {
+                    size: u32::try_from(n).unwrap()
+                }
+            );
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn pattern_helper_sequence_unpack(
         &mut self,
-        value: &PatternMatchValue,
-        _pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
+        patterns: &[Pattern],
+        _star: Option<usize>,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        use crate::compile::bytecode::ComparisonOperator::*;
+        // Unpack the sequence into individual subjects.
+        self.pattern_unpack_helper(patterns)?;
+        let size = patterns.len();
+        // Increase the on_top counter for the newly unpacked subjects.
+        pc.on_top += size;
+        // For each unpacked subject, compile its subpattern.
+        for pattern in patterns {
+            // Decrement on_top for each subject as it is consumed.
+            pc.on_top -= 1;
+            self.compile_pattern_subpattern(pattern, pc)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 
-        self.compile_expression(&value.value)?;
-        emit!(self, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: Equal });
+    fn pattern_helper_sequence_subscr(
+        &mut self,
+        patterns: &[Pattern],
+        star: usize,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        // Keep the subject around for extracting elements.
+        pc.on_top += 1;
+        for (i, pattern) in patterns.iter().enumerate() {
+            // if pattern.is_wildcard() {
+            // continue;
+            // }
+            if i == star {
+                // This must be a starred wildcard.
+                // assert!(pattern.is_star_wildcard());
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Duplicate the subject.
+            emit!(self, Instruction::CopyItem { index: 1_u32 });
+            if i < star {
+                // For indices before the star, use a nonnegative index equal to i.
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Integer { value: i.into() });
+            } else {
+                // For indices after the star, compute a nonnegative index:
+                // index = len(subject) - (size - i)
+                emit!(self, Instruction::GetLen);
+                self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Integer {
+                    value: (patterns.len() - 1).into(),
+                });
+                // Subtract to compute the correct index.
+                emit!(
+                    self,
+                    Instruction::BinaryOperation {
+                        op: BinaryOperator::Subtract
+                    }
+                );
+            }
+            // Use BINARY_OP/NB_SUBSCR to extract the element.
+            emit!(self, Instruction::BinarySubscript);
+            // Compile the subpattern in irrefutable mode.
+            self.compile_pattern_subpattern(pattern, pc)?;
+        }
+        // Pop the subject off the stack.
+        pc.on_top -= 1;
+        emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compile_pattern_subpattern(
+        &mut self,
+        p: &Pattern,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        // Save the current allow_irrefutable state.
+        let old_allow_irrefutable = pc.allow_irrefutable;
+        // Temporarily allow irrefutable patterns.
+        pc.allow_irrefutable = true;
+        // Compile the pattern.
+        self.compile_pattern(p, pc)?;
+        // Restore the original state.
+        pc.allow_irrefutable = old_allow_irrefutable;
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn compile_pattern_as(
         &mut self,
-        as_pattern: &PatternMatchAs,
-        pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
+        p: &PatternMatchAs,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        if as_pattern.pattern.is_none() && !pattern_context.allow_irrefutable {
-            // TODO: better error message
-            if let Some(_name) = as_pattern.name.as_ref() {
-                return Err(self.error_ranged(CodegenErrorType::InvalidMatchCase, as_pattern.range));
+        // If there is no sub-pattern, then it's an irrefutable match.
+        if p.pattern.is_none() {
+            if !pc.allow_irrefutable {
+                if let Some(_name) = p.name.as_ref() {
+                    // TODO: This error message does not match cpython exactly
+                    // A name capture makes subsequent patterns unreachable.
+                    return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::UnreachablePattern(
+                        PatternUnreachableReason::NameCapture,
+                    )));
+                } else {
+                    // A wildcard makes remaining patterns unreachable.
+                    return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::UnreachablePattern(
+                        PatternUnreachableReason::Wildcard,
+                    )));
+                }
             }
-            return Err(self.error_ranged(CodegenErrorType::InvalidMatchCase, as_pattern.range));
+            // If irrefutable matches are allowed, store the name (if any).
+            return self.pattern_helper_store_name(p.name.as_ref(), pc);
         }
-        // Need to make a copy for (possibly) storing later:
-        emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
-        if let Some(pattern) = &as_pattern.pattern {
-            self.compile_pattern_inner(pattern, pattern_context)?;
+
+        // Otherwise, there is a sub-pattern. Duplicate the object on top of the stack.
+        pc.on_top += 1;
+        emit!(self, Instruction::CopyItem { index: 1_u32 });
+        // Compile the sub-pattern.
+        self.compile_pattern(p.pattern.as_ref().unwrap(), pc)?;
+        // After success, decrement the on_top counter.
+        pc.on_top -= 1;
+        // Store the captured name (if any).
+        self.pattern_helper_store_name(p.name.as_ref(), pc)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compile_pattern_star(
+        &mut self,
+        p: &PatternMatchStar,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        self.pattern_helper_store_name(p.name.as_ref(), pc)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    /// Validates that keyword attributes in a class pattern are allowed
+    /// and not duplicated.
+    fn validate_kwd_attrs(
+        &mut self,
+        attrs: &[Identifier],
+        _patterns: &[Pattern],
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        let nattrs = attrs.len();
+        for i in 0..nattrs {
+            let attr = attrs[i].as_str();
+            // Check if the attribute name is forbidden in a Store context.
+            if self.forbidden_name(attr, NameUsage::Store)? {
+                // Return an error if the name is forbidden.
+                return Err(self.compile_error_forbidden_name(attr));
+            }
+            // Check for duplicates: compare with every subsequent attribute.
+            for ident in attrs.iter().take(nattrs).skip(i + 1) {
+                let other = ident.as_str();
+                if attr == other {
+                    todo!();
+                    // return Err(self.compiler_error(
+                    //     &format!("attribute name repeated in class pattern: {}", attr),
+                    // ));
+                }
+            }
         }
-        if let Some(name) = as_pattern.name.as_ref() {
-            self.store_name(name.as_str())?;
-        } else {
-            emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compile_pattern_class(
+        &mut self,
+        p: &PatternMatchClass,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        // Extract components from the MatchClass pattern.
+        let match_class = p;
+        let patterns = &match_class.arguments.patterns;
+
+        // Extract keyword attributes and patterns.
+        // Capacity is pre-allocated based on the number of keyword arguments.
+        let mut kwd_attrs = Vec::with_capacity(match_class.arguments.keywords.len());
+        let mut kwd_patterns = Vec::with_capacity(match_class.arguments.keywords.len());
+        for kwd in &match_class.arguments.keywords {
+            kwd_attrs.push(kwd.attr.clone());
+            kwd_patterns.push(kwd.pattern.clone());
+        }
+
+        let nargs = patterns.len();
+        let nattrs = kwd_attrs.len();
+        let nkwd_patterns = kwd_patterns.len();
+
+        // Validate that keyword attribute names and patterns match in length.
+        if nattrs != nkwd_patterns {
+            let msg = format!(
+                "kwd_attrs ({}) / kwd_patterns ({}) length mismatch in class pattern",
+                nattrs, nkwd_patterns
+            );
+            unreachable!("{}", msg);
+        }
+
+        // Check for too many sub-patterns.
+        if nargs > u32::MAX as usize || (nargs + nattrs).saturating_sub(1) > i32::MAX as usize {
+            let msg = format!(
+                "too many sub-patterns in class pattern {:?}",
+                match_class.cls
+            );
+            panic!("{}", msg);
+            // return self.compiler_error(&msg);
+        }
+
+        // Validate keyword attributes if any.
+        if nattrs != 0 {
+            self.validate_kwd_attrs(&kwd_attrs, &kwd_patterns)?;
+        }
+
+        // Compile the class expression.
+        self.compile_expression(&match_class.cls)?;
+
+        // Create a new tuple of attribute names.
+        let mut attr_names = vec![];
+        for name in kwd_attrs.iter() {
+            // Py_NewRef(name) is emulated by cloning the name into a PyObject.
+            attr_names.push(ConstantData::Str {
+                value: name.as_str().to_string().into(),
+            });
+        }
+
+        // Emit instructions:
+        // 1. Load the new tuple of attribute names.
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Tuple {
+            elements: attr_names,
+        });
+        // 2. Emit MATCH_CLASS with nargs.
+        emit!(self, Instruction::MatchClass(u32::try_from(nargs).unwrap()));
+        // 3. Duplicate the top of the stack.
+        emit!(self, Instruction::CopyItem { index: 1_u32 });
+        // 4. Load None.
+        self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
+        // 5. Compare with IS_OP 1.
+        emit!(self, Instruction::IsOperation(true));
+
+        // At this point the TOS is a tuple of (nargs + nattrs) attributes (or None).
+        pc.on_top += 1;
+        self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
+
+        // Unpack the tuple into (nargs + nattrs) items.
+        let total = nargs + nattrs;
+        emit!(
+            self,
+            Instruction::UnpackSequence {
+                size: u32::try_from(total).unwrap()
+            }
+        );
+        pc.on_top += total;
+        pc.on_top -= 1;
+
+        // Process each sub-pattern.
+        for i in 0..total {
+            // Decrement the on_top counter as each sub-pattern is processed.
+            pc.on_top -= 1;
+            let subpattern = if i < nargs {
+                // Positional sub-pattern.
+                &patterns[i]
+            } else {
+                // Keyword sub-pattern.
+                &kwd_patterns[i - nargs]
+            };
+            if subpattern.is_wildcard() {
+                // For wildcard patterns, simply pop the top of the stack.
+                emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // Compile the subpattern without irrefutability checks.
+            self.compile_pattern_subpattern(subpattern, pc)?;
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_pattern_inner(
+    // fn compile_pattern_mapping(&mut self, p: &PatternMatchMapping, pc: &mut PatternContext) -> CompileResult<()> {
+    //     // Ensure the pattern is a mapping pattern.
+    //     let mapping = p; // Extract MatchMapping-specific data.
+    //     let keys = &mapping.keys;
+    //     let patterns = &mapping.patterns;
+    //     let size = keys.len();
+    //     let npatterns = patterns.len();
+
+    //     if size != npatterns {
+    //         panic!("keys ({}) / patterns ({}) length mismatch in mapping pattern", size, npatterns);
+    //         // return self.compiler_error(
+    //             // &format!("keys ({}) / patterns ({}) length mismatch in mapping pattern", size, npatterns)
+    //         // );
+    //     }
+
+    //     // A double-star target is present if `rest` is set.
+    //     let star_target = mapping.rest;
+
+    //     // Keep the subject on top during the mapping and length checks.
+    //     pc.on_top += 1;
+    //     emit!(self, Instruction::MatchMapping);
+    //     self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
+
+    //     // If the pattern is just "{}" (empty mapping) and there's no star target,
+    //     // we're done—pop the subject.
+    //     if size == 0 && star_target.is_none() {
+    //         pc.on_top -= 1;
+    //         emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+    //         return Ok(());
+    //     }
+
+    //     // If there are any keys, perform a length check.
+    //     if size != 0 {
+    //         emit!(self, Instruction::GetLen);
+    //         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Integer { value: size.into() });
+    //         emit!(self, Instruction::CompareOperation { op: ComparisonOperator::GreaterOrEqual });
+    //         self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
+    //     }
+
+    //     // Check that the number of subpatterns is not absurd.
+    //     if size.saturating_sub(1) > (i32::MAX as usize) {
+    //         panic!("too many sub-patterns in mapping pattern");
+    //         // return self.compiler_error("too many sub-patterns in mapping pattern");
+    //     }
+
+    //     // Collect all keys into a set for duplicate checking.
+    //     let mut seen = HashSet::new();
+
+    //     // For each key, validate it and check for duplicates.
+    //     for (i, key) in keys.iter().enumerate() {
+    //         if let Some(key_val) = key.as_literal_expr() {
+    //             let in_seen = seen.contains(&key_val);
+    //             if in_seen {
+    //                 panic!("mapping pattern checks duplicate key: {:?}", key_val);
+    //                 // return self.compiler_error(format!("mapping pattern checks duplicate key: {:?}", key_val));
+    //             }
+    //             seen.insert(key_val);
+    //         } else if !key.is_attribute_expr() {
+    //             panic!("mapping pattern keys may only match literals and attribute lookups");
+    //             // return self.compiler_error("mapping pattern keys may only match literals and attribute lookups");
+    //         }
+
+    //         // Visit the key expression.
+    //         self.compile_expression(key)?;
+    //     }
+    //     // Drop the set (its resources will be freed automatically).
+
+    //     // Build a tuple of keys and emit MATCH_KEYS.
+    //     emit!(self, Instruction::BuildTuple { size: size as u32 });
+    //     emit!(self, Instruction::MatchKeys);
+    //     // Now, on top of the subject there are two new tuples: one of keys and one of values.
+    //     pc.on_top += 2;
+
+    //     // Prepare for matching the values.
+    //     emit!(self, Instruction::CopyItem { index: 1_u32 });
+    //     self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
+    //     // TODO: should be is
+    //     emit!(self, Instruction::IsOperation(true));
+    //     self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
+
+    //     // Unpack the tuple of values.
+    //     emit!(self, Instruction::UnpackSequence { size: size as u32 });
+    //     pc.on_top += size.saturating_sub(1);
+
+    //     // Compile each subpattern in "subpattern" mode.
+    //     for pattern in patterns {
+    //         pc.on_top = pc.on_top.saturating_sub(1);
+    //         self.compile_pattern_subpattern(pattern, pc)?;
+    //     }
+
+    //     // Consume the tuple of keys and the subject.
+    //     pc.on_top = pc.on_top.saturating_sub(2);
+    //     if let Some(star_target) = star_target {
+    //         // If we have a starred name, bind a dict of remaining items to it.
+    //         // This sequence of instructions performs:
+    //         //   rest = dict(subject)
+    //         //   for key in keys: del rest[key]
+    //         emit!(self, Instruction::BuildMap { size: 0 });           // Build an empty dict.
+    //         emit!(self, Instruction::Swap(3));                        // Rearrange stack: [empty, keys, subject]
+    //         emit!(self, Instruction::DictUpdate { size: 2 });         // Update dict with subject.
+    //         emit!(self, Instruction::UnpackSequence { size: size as u32 }); // Unpack keys.
+    //         let mut remaining = size;
+    //         while remaining > 0 {
+    //             emit!(self, Instruction::CopyItem { index: 1 + remaining as u32 }); // Duplicate subject copy.
+    //             emit!(self, Instruction::Swap { index: 2_u32 });                    // Bring key to top.
+    //             emit!(self, Instruction::DeleteSubscript);              // Delete key from dict.
+    //             remaining -= 1;
+    //         }
+    //         // Bind the dict to the starred target.
+    //         self.pattern_helper_store_name(Some(&star_target), pc)?;
+    //     } else {
+    //         // No starred target: just pop the tuple of keys and the subject.
+    //         emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+    //         emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+    //     }
+    //     Ok(())
+    // }
+
+    fn compile_pattern_or(
         &mut self,
-        pattern_type: &Pattern,
-        pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
+        p: &PatternMatchOr,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        match &pattern_type {
-            Pattern::MatchValue(value) => self.compile_pattern_value(value, pattern_context),
-            Pattern::MatchAs(as_pattern) => self.compile_pattern_as(as_pattern, pattern_context),
-            _ => {
-                eprintln!("not implemented pattern type: {pattern_type:?}");
-                Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::NotImplementedYet))
+        // Ensure the pattern is a MatchOr.
+        let end = self.new_block(); // Create a new jump target label.
+        let size = p.patterns.len();
+        assert!(size > 1, "MatchOr must have more than one alternative");
+
+        // Save the current pattern context.
+        let old_pc = pc.clone();
+        // Simulate Py_INCREF on pc.stores by cloning it.
+        pc.stores = pc.stores.clone();
+        let mut control: Option<Vec<String>> = None; // Will hold the capture list of the first alternative.
+
+        // Process each alternative.
+        for (i, alt) in p.patterns.iter().enumerate() {
+            // Create a fresh empty store for this alternative.
+            pc.stores = Vec::new();
+            // An irrefutable subpattern must be last (if allowed).
+            pc.allow_irrefutable = (i == size - 1) && old_pc.allow_irrefutable;
+            // Reset failure targets and the on_top counter.
+            pc.fail_pop.clear();
+            pc.on_top = 0;
+            // Emit a COPY(1) instruction before compiling the alternative.
+            emit!(self, Instruction::CopyItem { index: 1_u32 });
+            self.compile_pattern(alt, pc)?;
+
+            let nstores = pc.stores.len();
+            if i == 0 {
+                // Save the captured names from the first alternative.
+                control = Some(pc.stores.clone());
+            } else {
+                let control_vec = control.as_ref().unwrap();
+                if nstores != control_vec.len() {
+                    todo!();
+                    // return self.compiler_error("alternative patterns bind different names");
+                } else if nstores > 0 {
+                    // Check that the names occur in the same order.
+                    for icontrol in (0..nstores).rev() {
+                        let name = &control_vec[icontrol];
+                        // Find the index of `name` in the current stores.
+                        let istores = pc.stores.iter().position(|n| n == name).unwrap();
+                        // .ok_or_else(|| self.compiler_error("alternative patterns bind different names"))?;
+                        if icontrol != istores {
+                            // The orders differ; we must reorder.
+                            assert!(istores < icontrol, "expected istores < icontrol");
+                            let rotations = istores + 1;
+                            // Rotate pc.stores: take a slice of the first `rotations` items...
+                            let rotated = pc.stores[0..rotations].to_vec();
+                            // Remove those elements.
+                            for _ in 0..rotations {
+                                pc.stores.remove(0);
+                            }
+                            // Insert the rotated slice at the appropriate index.
+                            let insert_pos = icontrol - istores;
+                            for (j, elem) in rotated.into_iter().enumerate() {
+                                pc.stores.insert(insert_pos + j, elem);
+                            }
+                            // Also perform the same rotation on the evaluation stack.
+                            for _ in 0..(istores + 1) {
+                                self.pattern_helper_rotate(icontrol + 1)?;
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Emit a jump to the common end label and reset any failure jump targets.
+            emit!(self, Instruction::Jump { target: end });
+            self.emit_and_reset_fail_pop(pc)?;
+        }
+
+        // Restore the original pattern context.
+        *pc = old_pc.clone();
+        // Simulate Py_INCREF on pc.stores.
+        pc.stores = pc.stores.clone();
+        // In C, old_pc.fail_pop is set to NULL to avoid freeing it later.
+        // In Rust, old_pc is a local clone, so we need not worry about that.
+
+        // No alternative matched: pop the subject and fail.
+        emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+        self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::Jump)?;
+
+        // Use the label "end".
+        self.switch_to_block(end);
+
+        // Adjust the final captures.
+        let nstores = control.as_ref().unwrap().len();
+        let nrots = nstores + 1 + pc.on_top + pc.stores.len();
+        for i in 0..nstores {
+            // Rotate the capture to its proper place.
+            self.pattern_helper_rotate(nrots)?;
+            let name = &control.as_ref().unwrap()[i];
+            // Check for duplicate binding.
+            if pc.stores.iter().any(|n| n == name) {
+                return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::DuplicateStore(name.to_string())));
             }
+            pc.stores.push(name.clone());
         }
+
+        // Old context and control will be dropped automatically.
+        // Finally, pop the copy of the subject.
+        emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn compile_pattern(
+    fn compile_pattern_sequence(
         &mut self,
-        pattern_type: &Pattern,
-        pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
+        p: &PatternMatchSequence,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        self.compile_pattern_inner(pattern_type, pattern_context)?;
+        // Ensure the pattern is a MatchSequence.
+        let patterns = &p.patterns; // a slice of Pattern
+        let size = patterns.len();
+        let mut star: Option<usize> = None;
+        let mut only_wildcard = true;
+        let mut star_wildcard = false;
+
+        // Find a starred pattern, if it exists. There may be at most one.
+        for (i, pattern) in patterns.iter().enumerate() {
+            if pattern.is_match_star() {
+                if star.is_some() {
+                    // TODO: Fix error msg
+                    return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::MultipleStarArgs));
+                }
+                // star wildcard check
+                star_wildcard = pattern
+                    .as_match_star()
+                    .map(|m| m.name.is_none())
+                    .unwrap_or(false);
+                only_wildcard &= star_wildcard;
+                star = Some(i);
+                continue;
+            }
+            // wildcard check
+            only_wildcard &= pattern
+                .as_match_as()
+                .map(|m| m.name.is_none())
+                .unwrap_or(false);
+        }
+
+        // Keep the subject on top during the sequence and length checks.
+        pc.on_top += 1;
+        emit!(self, Instruction::MatchSequence);
+        self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
+
+        if star.is_none() {
+            // No star: len(subject) == size
+            emit!(self, Instruction::GetLen);
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Integer { value: size.into() });
+            emit!(
+                self,
+                Instruction::CompareOperation {
+                    op: ComparisonOperator::Equal
+                }
+            );
+            self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
+        } else if size > 1 {
+            // Star exists: len(subject) >= size - 1
+            emit!(self, Instruction::GetLen);
+            self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Integer {
+                value: (size - 1).into(),
+            });
+            emit!(
+                self,
+                Instruction::CompareOperation {
+                    op: ComparisonOperator::GreaterOrEqual
+                }
+            );
+            self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
+        }
+
+        // Whatever comes next should consume the subject.
+        pc.on_top -= 1;
+        if only_wildcard {
+            // Patterns like: [] / [_] / [_, _] / [*_] / [_, *_] / [_, _, *_] / etc.
+            emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+        } else if star_wildcard {
+            self.pattern_helper_sequence_subscr(patterns, star.unwrap(), pc)?;
+        } else {
+            self.pattern_helper_sequence_unpack(patterns, star, pc)?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compile_pattern_value(
+        &mut self,
+        p: &PatternMatchValue,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        // TODO: ensure literal or attribute lookup
+        self.compile_expression(&p.value)?;
         emit!(
             self,
-            Instruction::JumpIfFalse {
-                target: pattern_context.blocks[pattern_context.current_block + 1]
+            Instruction::CompareOperation {
+                op: bytecode::ComparisonOperator::Equal
             }
         );
+        // emit!(self, Instruction::ToBool);
+        self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    fn compile_pattern_singleton(
+        &mut self,
+        p: &PatternMatchSingleton,
+        pc: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        // Load the singleton constant value.
+        self.emit_load_const(match p.value {
+            Singleton::None => ConstantData::None,
+            Singleton::False => ConstantData::Boolean { value: false },
+            Singleton::True => ConstantData::Boolean { value: true },
+        });
+        // Compare using the "Is" operator.
+        emit!(
+            self,
+            Instruction::CompareOperation {
+                op: bytecode::ComparisonOperator::Equal
+            }
+        );
+        // Jump to the failure label if the comparison is false.
+        self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn compile_pattern(
+        &mut self,
+        pattern_type: &Pattern,
+        pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
+    ) -> CompileResult<()> {
+        match &pattern_type {
+            Pattern::MatchValue(pattern_type) => {
+                self.compile_pattern_value(pattern_type, pattern_context)
+            }
+            Pattern::MatchSingleton(pattern_type) => {
+                self.compile_pattern_singleton(pattern_type, pattern_context)
+            }
+            Pattern::MatchSequence(pattern_type) => {
+                self.compile_pattern_sequence(pattern_type, pattern_context)
+            }
+            // Pattern::MatchMapping(pattern_type) => self.compile_pattern_mapping(pattern_type, pattern_context),
+            Pattern::MatchClass(pattern_type) => {
+                self.compile_pattern_class(pattern_type, pattern_context)
+            }
+            Pattern::MatchStar(pattern_type) => {
+                self.compile_pattern_star(pattern_type, pattern_context)
+            }
+            Pattern::MatchAs(pattern_type) => {
+                self.compile_pattern_as(pattern_type, pattern_context)
+            }
+            Pattern::MatchOr(pattern_type) => {
+                self.compile_pattern_or(pattern_type, pattern_context)
+            }
+            _ => {
+                // The eprintln gives context as to which pattern type is not implemented.
+                eprintln!("not implemented pattern type: {pattern_type:?}");
+                Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::NotImplementedYet))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     fn compile_match_inner(
         &mut self,
         subject: &Expr,
@@ -1874,63 +2662,67 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         pattern_context: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
         self.compile_expression(subject)?;
-        pattern_context.blocks = std::iter::repeat_with(|| self.new_block())
-            .take(cases.len() + 1)
-            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
-        let end_block = *pattern_context.blocks.last().unwrap();
-
-        let _match_case_type = cases.last().expect("cases is not empty");
-        // TODO: get proper check for default case
-        // let has_default = match_case_type.pattern.is_match_as() && 1 < cases.len();
-        let has_default = false;
-        for i in 0..cases.len() - (has_default as usize) {
-            self.switch_to_block(pattern_context.blocks[i]);
-            pattern_context.current_block = i;
-            pattern_context.allow_irrefutable = cases[i].guard.is_some() || i == cases.len() - 1;
-            let m = &cases[i];
-            // Only copy the subject if we're *not* on the last case:
-            if i != cases.len() - has_default as usize - 1 {
-                emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
+        let end = self.new_block();
+
+        let num_cases = cases.len();
+        assert!(num_cases > 0);
+        let has_default = cases.iter().last().unwrap().pattern.is_match_star() && num_cases > 1;
+
+        let case_count = num_cases - if has_default { 1 } else { 0 };
+        for (i, m) in cases.iter().enumerate().take(case_count) {
+            // Only copy the subject if not on the last case
+            if i != case_count - 1 {
+                emit!(self, Instruction::CopyItem { index: 1_u32 });
             }
+
+            pattern_context.stores = Vec::with_capacity(1);
+            pattern_context.allow_irrefutable = m.guard.is_some() || i == case_count - 1;
+            pattern_context.fail_pop.clear();
+            pattern_context.on_top = 0;
+
             self.compile_pattern(&m.pattern, pattern_context)?;
+            assert_eq!(pattern_context.on_top, 0);
+
+            for name in &pattern_context.stores {
+                self.compile_name(name, NameUsage::Store)?;
+            }
+
+            if let Some(ref _guard) = m.guard {
+                self.ensure_fail_pop(pattern_context, 0)?;
+                // TODO: Fix compile jump if call
+                return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::NotImplementedYet));
+                // Jump if the guard fails. We assume that patter_context.fail_pop[0] is the jump target.
+                // self.compile_jump_if(&m.pattern, &guard, pattern_context.fail_pop[0])?;
+            }
+
+            if i != case_count - 1 {
+                emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+            }
+
             self.compile_statements(&m.body)?;
-            emit!(self, Instruction::Jump { target: end_block });
+            emit!(self, Instruction::Jump { target: end });
+            self.emit_and_reset_fail_pop(pattern_context)?;
         }
-        // TODO: below code is not called and does not work
+
         if has_default {
-            // A trailing "case _" is common, and lets us save a bit of redundant
-            // pushing and popping in the loop above:
-            let m = &cases.last().unwrap();
-            self.switch_to_block(*pattern_context.blocks.last().unwrap());
-            if cases.len() == 1 {
-                // No matches. Done with the subject:
+            let m = &cases[num_cases - 1];
+            if num_cases == 1 {
                 emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
             } else {
-                // Show line coverage for default case (it doesn't create bytecode)
-                // emit!(self, Instruction::Nop);
+                emit!(self, Instruction::Nop);
+            }
+            if let Some(ref _guard) = m.guard {
+                // TODO: Fix compile jump if call
+                return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::NotImplementedYet));
             }
             self.compile_statements(&m.body)?;
         }
-
-        self.switch_to_block(end_block);
-
-        let code = self.current_code_info();
-        pattern_context
-            .blocks
-            .iter()
-            .zip(pattern_context.blocks.iter().skip(1))
-            .for_each(|(a, b)| {
-                code.blocks[a.0 as usize].next = *b;
-            });
+        self.switch_to_block(end);
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn compile_match(&mut self, subject: &Expr, cases: &[MatchCase]) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        let mut pattern_context = PatternContext {
-            current_block: usize::MAX,
-            blocks: Vec::new(),
-            allow_irrefutable: false,
-        };
+        let mut pattern_context = PatternContext::new();
         self.compile_match_inner(subject, cases, &mut pattern_context)?;
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -3637,7 +4429,7 @@ impl ToU32 for usize {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
+mod ruff_tests {
     use super::*;
     use ruff_python_ast::name::Name;
     use ruff_python_ast::*;
@@ -3740,26 +4532,26 @@ mod tests {
     }
 }
 
-/*
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
-    use rustpython_parser::Parse;
-    use rustpython_parser::ast::Suite;
-    use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::LinearLocator;
 
     fn compile_exec(source: &str) -> CodeObject {
-        let mut locator: LinearLocator<'_> = LinearLocator::new(source);
-        use rustpython_parser::ast::fold::Fold;
-        let mut compiler: Compiler = Compiler::new(
-            CompileOpts::default(),
-            "source_path".to_owned(),
-            "<module>".to_owned(),
-        );
-        let ast = Suite::parse(source, "<test>").unwrap();
-        let ast = locator.fold(ast).unwrap();
-        let symbol_scope = SymbolTable::scan_program(&ast).unwrap();
-        compiler.compile_program(&ast, symbol_scope).unwrap();
+        let opts = CompileOpts::default();
+        let source_code = SourceCode::new("source_path", source);
+        let parsed =
+            ruff_python_parser::parse(source_code.text, ruff_python_parser::Mode::Module.into())
+                .unwrap();
+        let ast = parsed.into_syntax();
+        let ast = match ast {
+            ruff_python_ast::Mod::Module(stmts) => stmts,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        let symbol_table = SymbolTable::scan_program(&ast, source_code.clone())
+            .map_err(|e| e.into_codegen_error(source_code.path.to_owned()))
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut compiler = Compiler::new(opts, source_code, "<module>".to_owned());
+        compiler.compile_program(&ast, symbol_table).unwrap();
         compiler.pop_code_object()
     }
 
@@ -3816,8 +4608,24 @@ for stop_exc in (StopIteration('spam'), StopAsyncIteration('ham')):
             self.assertIs(ex, stop_exc)
         else:
             self.fail(f'{stop_exc} was suppressed')
+"
+        ));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_match() {
+        assert_dis_snapshot!(compile_exec(
+            "\
+class Test:
+    pass
+
+t = Test()
+match t:
+    case Test():
+        assert True
+    case _:
+        assert False
 "
         ));
     }
 }
-*/
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
index 8f38680de0..b1b4f9379f 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,22 @@
 use ruff_source_file::SourceLocation;
-use std::fmt;
+use std::fmt::{self, Display};
 use thiserror::Error;
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum PatternUnreachableReason {
+    NameCapture,
+    Wildcard,
+}
+
+impl Display for PatternUnreachableReason {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::NameCapture => write!(f, "name capture"),
+            Self::Wildcard => write!(f, "wildcard"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 // pub type CodegenError = rustpython_parser_core::source_code::LocatedError<CodegenErrorType>;
 
 #[derive(Error, Debug)]
@@ -47,8 +62,9 @@ pub enum CodegenErrorType {
     TooManyStarUnpack,
     EmptyWithItems,
     EmptyWithBody,
+    ForbiddenName,
     DuplicateStore(String),
-    InvalidMatchCase,
+    UnreachablePattern(PatternUnreachableReason),
     NotImplementedYet, // RustPython marker for unimplemented features
 }
 
@@ -94,11 +110,14 @@ impl fmt::Display for CodegenErrorType {
             EmptyWithBody => {
                 write!(f, "empty body on With")
             }
+            ForbiddenName => {
+                write!(f, "forbidden attribute name")
+            }
             DuplicateStore(s) => {
                 write!(f, "duplicate store {s}")
             }
-            InvalidMatchCase => {
-                write!(f, "invalid match case")
+            UnreachablePattern(reason) => {
+                write!(f, "{reason} makes remaining patterns unreachable")
             }
             NotImplementedYet => {
                 write!(f, "RustPython does not implement this feature yet")
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f09f0f5eaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+---
+source: compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+expression: "compile_exec(\"\\\nclass Test:\n    pass\n\nt = Test()\nmatch t:\n    case Test():\n        assert True\n    case _:\n        assert False\n\")"
+---
+  2           0 LoadBuildClass
+              1 LoadConst            (<code object Test at ??? file "source_path", line 1>):  1               0 LoadGlobal           (0, __name__)
+                  1 StoreLocal           (1, __module__)
+                  2 LoadConst            ("Test")
+                  3 StoreLocal           (2, __qualname__)
+                  4 LoadConst            (None)
+                  5 StoreLocal           (3, __doc__)
+
+  2               6 ReturnConst          (None)
+
+              2 LoadConst            ("Test")
+              3 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
+              4 LoadConst            ("Test")
+              5 CallFunctionPositional(2)
+              6 StoreLocal           (0, Test)
+
+  4           7 LoadNameAny          (0, Test)
+              8 CallFunctionPositional(0)
+              9 StoreLocal           (1, t)
+
+  5          10 LoadNameAny          (1, t)
+             11 CopyItem             (1)
+
+  6          12 LoadNameAny          (0, Test)
+             13 LoadConst            (())
+             14 MatchClass           (0)
+             15 CopyItem             (1)
+             16 LoadConst            (None)
+             17 IsOperation          (true)
+             18 JumpIfFalse          (27)
+             19 UnpackSequence       (0)
+             20 Pop
+
+  7          21 LoadConst            (True)
+             22 JumpIfTrue           (26)
+             23 LoadGlobal           (2, AssertionError)
+             24 CallFunctionPositional(0)
+             25 Raise                (Raise)
+        >>   26 Jump                 (35)
+        >>   27 Pop
+             28 Pop
+
+  9          29 LoadConst            (False)
+             30 JumpIfTrue           (34)
+             31 LoadGlobal           (2, AssertionError)
+             32 CallFunctionPositional(0)
+             33 Raise                (Raise)
+        >>   34 Jump                 (35)
+        >>   35 ReturnConst          (None)
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 94d080ace4..81dd591ad1 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -381,6 +381,7 @@ pub type NameIdx = u32;
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 #[repr(u8)]
 pub enum Instruction {
+    Nop,
     /// Importing by name
     ImportName {
         idx: Arg<NameIdx>,
@@ -429,21 +430,33 @@ pub enum Instruction {
     BinaryOperationInplace {
         op: Arg<BinaryOperator>,
     },
+    BinarySubscript,
     LoadAttr {
         idx: Arg<NameIdx>,
     },
     TestOperation {
         op: Arg<TestOperator>,
     },
+    /// If the argument is true, perform IS NOT. Otherwise perform the IS operation.
+    // TODO: duplication of TestOperator::{Is,IsNot}. Fix later.
+    IsOperation(Arg<bool>),
     CompareOperation {
         op: Arg<ComparisonOperator>,
     },
+    CopyItem {
+        index: Arg<u32>,
+    },
     Pop,
+    Swap {
+        index: Arg<u32>,
+    },
+    // ToBool,
     Rotate2,
     Rotate3,
     Duplicate,
     Duplicate2,
     GetIter,
+    GetLen,
     Continue {
         target: Arg<Label>,
     },
@@ -602,6 +615,10 @@ pub enum Instruction {
     GetAIter,
     GetANext,
     EndAsyncFor,
+    MatchMapping,
+    MatchSequence,
+    MatchKeys,
+    MatchClass(Arg<u32>),
     ExtendedArg,
     TypeVar,
     TypeVarWithBound,
@@ -1191,6 +1208,7 @@ impl Instruction {
     ///
     pub fn stack_effect(&self, arg: OpArg, jump: bool) -> i32 {
         match self {
+            Nop => 0,
             ImportName { .. } | ImportNameless => -1,
             ImportStar => -1,
             ImportFrom { .. } => 1,
@@ -1209,12 +1227,18 @@ impl Instruction {
             BinaryOperation { .. }
             | BinaryOperationInplace { .. }
             | TestOperation { .. }
-            | CompareOperation { .. } => -1,
+            | CompareOperation { .. }
+            | IsOperation(..) => -1,
+            BinarySubscript => -1,
+            CopyItem { .. } => 1,
             Pop => -1,
+            Swap { .. } => 0,
+            // ToBool => 0,
             Rotate2 | Rotate3 => 0,
             Duplicate => 1,
             Duplicate2 => 2,
             GetIter => 0,
+            GetLen => 1,
             Continue { .. } => 0,
             Break { .. } => 0,
             Jump { .. } => 0,
@@ -1301,6 +1325,9 @@ impl Instruction {
             GetAIter => 0,
             GetANext => 1,
             EndAsyncFor => -2,
+            MatchMapping | MatchSequence => 0,
+            MatchKeys => -1,
+            MatchClass(_) => -2,
             ExtendedArg => 0,
             TypeVar => 0,
             TypeVarWithBound => -1,
@@ -1378,6 +1405,7 @@ impl Instruction {
             };
 
         match self {
+            Nop => w!(Nop),
             ImportName { idx } => w!(ImportName, name = idx),
             ImportNameless => w!(ImportNameless),
             ImportStar => w!(ImportStar),
@@ -1405,15 +1433,22 @@ impl Instruction {
             UnaryOperation { op } => w!(UnaryOperation, ?op),
             BinaryOperation { op } => w!(BinaryOperation, ?op),
             BinaryOperationInplace { op } => w!(BinaryOperationInplace, ?op),
+            BinarySubscript => w!(BinarySubscript),
             LoadAttr { idx } => w!(LoadAttr, name = idx),
             TestOperation { op } => w!(TestOperation, ?op),
+            IsOperation(neg) => w!(IsOperation, neg),
             CompareOperation { op } => w!(CompareOperation, ?op),
+            CopyItem { index } => w!(CopyItem, index),
             Pop => w!(Pop),
+            Swap { index } => w!(Swap, index),
+            // ToBool => w!(ToBool),
             Rotate2 => w!(Rotate2),
             Rotate3 => w!(Rotate3),
             Duplicate => w!(Duplicate),
             Duplicate2 => w!(Duplicate2),
             GetIter => w!(GetIter),
+            // GET_LEN
+            GetLen => w!(GetLen),
             Continue { target } => w!(Continue, target),
             Break { target } => w!(Break, target),
             Jump { target } => w!(Jump, target),
@@ -1473,6 +1508,10 @@ impl Instruction {
             GetAIter => w!(GetAIter),
             GetANext => w!(GetANext),
             EndAsyncFor => w!(EndAsyncFor),
+            MatchMapping => w!(MatchMapping),
+            MatchSequence => w!(MatchSequence),
+            MatchKeys => w!(MatchKeys),
+            MatchClass(arg) => w!(MatchClass, arg),
             ExtendedArg => w!(ExtendedArg, Arg::<u32>::marker()),
             TypeVar => w!(TypeVar),
             TypeVarWithBound => w!(TypeVarWithBound),
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_match.py b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_match.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e6cd0a962
--- /dev/null
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/syntax_match.py
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+i = 0
+z = 1
+match i:
+    case 0:
+        z = 0
+    case 1:
+        z = 2
+    case _:
+        z = 3
+
+assert z == 0
+# Test enum
+from enum import Enum
+
+class Color(Enum):
+    RED = 1
+    GREEN = 2
+    BLUE = 3
+
+def test_color(color):
+    z = -1
+    match color:
+        case Color.RED:
+            z = 1
+        case Color.GREEN:
+            z = 2
+        case Color.BLUE:
+            z = 3
+    assert z == color.value
+
+for color in Color:
+    test_color(color)
+
+# test or
+def test_or(i):
+    z = -1
+    match i:
+        case 0 | 1:
+            z = 0
+        case 2 | 3:
+            z = 1
+        case _:
+            z = 2
+    return z
+
+assert test_or(0) == 0
+assert test_or(1) == 0
+assert test_or(2) == 1
+assert test_or(3) == 1
+assert test_or(4) == 2
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 7976a5254f..6ffb454f54 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 use crate::common::{boxvec::BoxVec, lock::PyMutex};
+use crate::protocol::PyMapping;
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, TryFromObject, VirtualMachine,
     builtins::{
@@ -520,6 +521,7 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
         }
 
         match instruction {
+            bytecode::Instruction::Nop => Ok(None),
             bytecode::Instruction::LoadConst { idx } => {
                 self.push_value(self.code.constants[idx.get(arg) as usize].clone().into());
                 Ok(None)
@@ -670,11 +672,37 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             bytecode::Instruction::Subscript => self.execute_subscript(vm),
             bytecode::Instruction::StoreSubscript => self.execute_store_subscript(vm),
             bytecode::Instruction::DeleteSubscript => self.execute_delete_subscript(vm),
+            bytecode::Instruction::CopyItem { index } => {
+                let value = self
+                    .state
+                    .stack
+                    .len()
+                    .checked_sub(index.get(arg) as usize)
+                    .map(|i| &self.state.stack[i])
+                    .unwrap();
+                self.push_value(value.clone());
+                Ok(None)
+            }
             bytecode::Instruction::Pop => {
                 // Pop value from stack and ignore.
                 self.pop_value();
                 Ok(None)
             }
+            bytecode::Instruction::Swap { index } => {
+                let len = self.state.stack.len();
+                let i = len - 1;
+                let j = len - 1 - index.get(arg) as usize;
+                self.state.stack.swap(i, j);
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+            // bytecode::Instruction::ToBool => {
+            //     dbg!("Shouldn't be called outside of match statements for now")
+            //     let value = self.pop_value();
+            //     // call __bool__
+            //     let result = value.try_to_bool(vm)?;
+            //     self.push_value(vm.ctx.new_bool(result).into());
+            //     Ok(None)
+            // }
             bytecode::Instruction::Duplicate => {
                 // Duplicate top of stack
                 let value = self.top_value();
@@ -809,12 +837,28 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             bytecode::Instruction::BinaryOperationInplace { op } => {
                 self.execute_bin_op_inplace(vm, op.get(arg))
             }
+            bytecode::Instruction::BinarySubscript => {
+                let key = self.pop_value();
+                let container = self.pop_value();
+                self.state
+                    .stack
+                    .push(container.get_item(key.as_object(), vm)?);
+                Ok(None)
+            }
             bytecode::Instruction::LoadAttr { idx } => self.load_attr(vm, idx.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::StoreAttr { idx } => self.store_attr(vm, idx.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::DeleteAttr { idx } => self.delete_attr(vm, idx.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::UnaryOperation { op } => self.execute_unary_op(vm, op.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::TestOperation { op } => self.execute_test(vm, op.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::CompareOperation { op } => self.execute_compare(vm, op.get(arg)),
+            bytecode::Instruction::IsOperation(neg) => {
+                let a = self.pop_value();
+                let b = self.pop_value();
+                // xor with neg to invert the result if needed
+                let result = vm.ctx.new_bool(a.is(b.as_ref()) ^ neg.get(arg));
+                self.push_value(result.into());
+                Ok(None)
+            }
             bytecode::Instruction::ReturnValue => {
                 let value = self.pop_value();
                 self.unwind_blocks(vm, UnwindReason::Returning { value })
@@ -987,6 +1031,13 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 self.push_value(iter_obj.into());
                 Ok(None)
             }
+            bytecode::Instruction::GetLen => {
+                // STACK.append(len(STACK[-1]))
+                let obj = self.top_value();
+                let len = obj.length(vm)?;
+                self.push_value(vm.ctx.new_int(len).into());
+                Ok(None)
+            }
             bytecode::Instruction::GetAwaitable => {
                 let awaited_obj = self.pop_value();
                 let awaitable = if awaited_obj.payload_is::<PyCoroutine>() {
@@ -1232,6 +1283,64 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
                 self.push_value(type_var_tuple);
                 Ok(None)
             }
+            bytecode::Instruction::MatchMapping => {
+                // Pop the subject from stack
+                let subject = self.pop_value();
+
+                // Decide if it's a mapping, push True/False or handle error
+                let is_mapping = PyMapping::check(&subject);
+                self.push_value(vm.ctx.new_bool(is_mapping).into());
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+            bytecode::Instruction::MatchSequence => {
+                // Pop the subject from stack
+                let subject = self.pop_value();
+
+                // Decide if it's a sequence (but not a mapping)
+                let is_sequence = subject.to_sequence().check();
+                self.push_value(vm.ctx.new_bool(is_sequence).into());
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+            bytecode::Instruction::MatchKeys => {
+                // Typically we pop a sequence of keys first
+                let _keys = self.pop_value();
+                let subject = self.pop_value();
+
+                // Check if subject is a dict (or mapping) and all keys match
+                if let Ok(_dict) = subject.downcast::<PyDict>() {
+                    // Example: gather the values corresponding to keys
+                    // If keys match, push the matched values & success
+                    self.push_value(vm.ctx.new_bool(true).into());
+                } else {
+                    // Push a placeholder to indicate no match
+                    self.push_value(vm.ctx.new_bool(false).into());
+                }
+                Ok(None)
+            }
+            bytecode::Instruction::MatchClass(_arg) => {
+                // STACK[-1] is a tuple of keyword attribute names, STACK[-2] is the class being matched against, and STACK[-3] is the match subject.
+                // count is the number of positional sub-patterns.
+                // Pop STACK[-1], STACK[-2], and STACK[-3].
+                let names = self.pop_value();
+                let names = names.downcast_ref::<PyTuple>().unwrap();
+                let cls = self.pop_value();
+                let subject = self.pop_value();
+                // If STACK[-3] is an instance of STACK[-2] and has the positional and keyword attributes required by count and STACK[-1],
+                // push a tuple of extracted attributes.
+                if subject.is_instance(cls.as_ref(), vm)? {
+                    let mut extracted = vec![];
+                    for name in names.iter() {
+                        let name_str = name.downcast_ref::<PyStr>().unwrap();
+                        let value = subject.get_attr(name_str, vm)?;
+                        extracted.push(value);
+                    }
+                    self.push_value(vm.ctx.new_tuple(extracted).into());
+                } else {
+                    // Otherwise, push None.
+                    self.push_value(vm.ctx.none());
+                }
+                Ok(None)
+            }
         }
     }
 

From 22333e755b37b19e5fffa679ee8d602cf92b39d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 2025 10:35:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 596/705] remove svg

---
 flamegraph.svg | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)
 delete mode 100644 flamegraph.svg

diff --git a/flamegraph.svg b/flamegraph.svg
deleted file mode 100644
index a196068928..0000000000
--- a/flamegraph.svg
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?><!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"><svg version="1.1" width="1200" height="60" onload="init(evt)" viewBox="0 0 1200 60" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:fg="http://github.com/jonhoo/inferno"><!--Flame graph stack visualization. See https://github.com/brendangregg/FlameGraph for latest version, and http://www.brendangregg.com/flamegraphs.html for examples.--><!--NOTES: --><text x="50.0000%" y="24.00">ERROR: No valid input provided to flamegraph</text></svg>
\ No newline at end of file

From 02533ace819f5b085a56d4f54223ff70166ef0ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 2025 09:49:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 597/705] remove nntplib

---
 Lib/nntplib.py                    | 1093 -----------------------------
 Lib/test/support/socket_helper.py |   10 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 1101 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/nntplib.py

diff --git a/Lib/nntplib.py b/Lib/nntplib.py
deleted file mode 100644
index dddea05998..0000000000
--- a/Lib/nntplib.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1093 +0,0 @@
-"""An NNTP client class based on:
-- RFC 977: Network News Transfer Protocol
-- RFC 2980: Common NNTP Extensions
-- RFC 3977: Network News Transfer Protocol (version 2)
-
-Example:
-
->>> from nntplib import NNTP
->>> s = NNTP('news')
->>> resp, count, first, last, name = s.group('comp.lang.python')
->>> print('Group', name, 'has', count, 'articles, range', first, 'to', last)
-Group comp.lang.python has 51 articles, range 5770 to 5821
->>> resp, subs = s.xhdr('subject', '{0}-{1}'.format(first, last))
->>> resp = s.quit()
->>>
-
-Here 'resp' is the server response line.
-Error responses are turned into exceptions.
-
-To post an article from a file:
->>> f = open(filename, 'rb') # file containing article, including header
->>> resp = s.post(f)
->>>
-
-For descriptions of all methods, read the comments in the code below.
-Note that all arguments and return values representing article numbers
-are strings, not numbers, since they are rarely used for calculations.
-"""
-
-# RFC 977 by Brian Kantor and Phil Lapsley.
-# xover, xgtitle, xpath, date methods by Kevan Heydon
-
-# Incompatible changes from the 2.x nntplib:
-# - all commands are encoded as UTF-8 data (using the "surrogateescape"
-#   error handler), except for raw message data (POST, IHAVE)
-# - all responses are decoded as UTF-8 data (using the "surrogateescape"
-#   error handler), except for raw message data (ARTICLE, HEAD, BODY)
-# - the `file` argument to various methods is keyword-only
-#
-# - NNTP.date() returns a datetime object
-# - NNTP.newgroups() and NNTP.newnews() take a datetime (or date) object,
-#   rather than a pair of (date, time) strings.
-# - NNTP.newgroups() and NNTP.list() return a list of GroupInfo named tuples
-# - NNTP.descriptions() returns a dict mapping group names to descriptions
-# - NNTP.xover() returns a list of dicts mapping field names (header or metadata)
-#   to field values; each dict representing a message overview.
-# - NNTP.article(), NNTP.head() and NNTP.body() return a (response, ArticleInfo)
-#   tuple.
-# - the "internal" methods have been marked private (they now start with
-#   an underscore)
-
-# Other changes from the 2.x/3.1 nntplib:
-# - automatic querying of capabilities at connect
-# - New method NNTP.getcapabilities()
-# - New method NNTP.over()
-# - New helper function decode_header()
-# - NNTP.post() and NNTP.ihave() accept file objects, bytes-like objects and
-#   arbitrary iterables yielding lines.
-# - An extensive test suite :-)
-
-# TODO:
-# - return structured data (GroupInfo etc.) everywhere
-# - support HDR
-
-# Imports
-import re
-import socket
-import collections
-import datetime
-import sys
-import warnings
-
-try:
-    import ssl
-except ImportError:
-    _have_ssl = False
-else:
-    _have_ssl = True
-
-from email.header import decode_header as _email_decode_header
-from socket import _GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT
-
-__all__ = ["NNTP",
-           "NNTPError", "NNTPReplyError", "NNTPTemporaryError",
-           "NNTPPermanentError", "NNTPProtocolError", "NNTPDataError",
-           "decode_header",
-           ]
-
-warnings._deprecated(__name__, remove=(3, 13))
-
-# maximal line length when calling readline(). This is to prevent
-# reading arbitrary length lines. RFC 3977 limits NNTP line length to
-# 512 characters, including CRLF. We have selected 2048 just to be on
-# the safe side.
-_MAXLINE = 2048
-
-
-# Exceptions raised when an error or invalid response is received
-class NNTPError(Exception):
-    """Base class for all nntplib exceptions"""
-    def __init__(self, *args):
-        Exception.__init__(self, *args)
-        try:
-            self.response = args[0]
-        except IndexError:
-            self.response = 'No response given'
-
-class NNTPReplyError(NNTPError):
-    """Unexpected [123]xx reply"""
-    pass
-
-class NNTPTemporaryError(NNTPError):
-    """4xx errors"""
-    pass
-
-class NNTPPermanentError(NNTPError):
-    """5xx errors"""
-    pass
-
-class NNTPProtocolError(NNTPError):
-    """Response does not begin with [1-5]"""
-    pass
-
-class NNTPDataError(NNTPError):
-    """Error in response data"""
-    pass
-
-
-# Standard port used by NNTP servers
-NNTP_PORT = 119
-NNTP_SSL_PORT = 563
-
-# Response numbers that are followed by additional text (e.g. article)
-_LONGRESP = {
-    '100',   # HELP
-    '101',   # CAPABILITIES
-    '211',   # LISTGROUP   (also not multi-line with GROUP)
-    '215',   # LIST
-    '220',   # ARTICLE
-    '221',   # HEAD, XHDR
-    '222',   # BODY
-    '224',   # OVER, XOVER
-    '225',   # HDR
-    '230',   # NEWNEWS
-    '231',   # NEWGROUPS
-    '282',   # XGTITLE
-}
-
-# Default decoded value for LIST OVERVIEW.FMT if not supported
-_DEFAULT_OVERVIEW_FMT = [
-    "subject", "from", "date", "message-id", "references", ":bytes", ":lines"]
-
-# Alternative names allowed in LIST OVERVIEW.FMT response
-_OVERVIEW_FMT_ALTERNATIVES = {
-    'bytes': ':bytes',
-    'lines': ':lines',
-}
-
-# Line terminators (we always output CRLF, but accept any of CRLF, CR, LF)
-_CRLF = b'\r\n'
-
-GroupInfo = collections.namedtuple('GroupInfo',
-                                   ['group', 'last', 'first', 'flag'])
-
-ArticleInfo = collections.namedtuple('ArticleInfo',
-                                     ['number', 'message_id', 'lines'])
-
-
-# Helper function(s)
-def decode_header(header_str):
-    """Takes a unicode string representing a munged header value
-    and decodes it as a (possibly non-ASCII) readable value."""
-    parts = []
-    for v, enc in _email_decode_header(header_str):
-        if isinstance(v, bytes):
-            parts.append(v.decode(enc or 'ascii'))
-        else:
-            parts.append(v)
-    return ''.join(parts)
-
-def _parse_overview_fmt(lines):
-    """Parse a list of string representing the response to LIST OVERVIEW.FMT
-    and return a list of header/metadata names.
-    Raises NNTPDataError if the response is not compliant
-    (cf. RFC 3977, section 8.4)."""
-    fmt = []
-    for line in lines:
-        if line[0] == ':':
-            # Metadata name (e.g. ":bytes")
-            name, _, suffix = line[1:].partition(':')
-            name = ':' + name
-        else:
-            # Header name (e.g. "Subject:" or "Xref:full")
-            name, _, suffix = line.partition(':')
-        name = name.lower()
-        name = _OVERVIEW_FMT_ALTERNATIVES.get(name, name)
-        # Should we do something with the suffix?
-        fmt.append(name)
-    defaults = _DEFAULT_OVERVIEW_FMT
-    if len(fmt) < len(defaults):
-        raise NNTPDataError("LIST OVERVIEW.FMT response too short")
-    if fmt[:len(defaults)] != defaults:
-        raise NNTPDataError("LIST OVERVIEW.FMT redefines default fields")
-    return fmt
-
-def _parse_overview(lines, fmt, data_process_func=None):
-    """Parse the response to an OVER or XOVER command according to the
-    overview format `fmt`."""
-    n_defaults = len(_DEFAULT_OVERVIEW_FMT)
-    overview = []
-    for line in lines:
-        fields = {}
-        article_number, *tokens = line.split('\t')
-        article_number = int(article_number)
-        for i, token in enumerate(tokens):
-            if i >= len(fmt):
-                # XXX should we raise an error? Some servers might not
-                # support LIST OVERVIEW.FMT and still return additional
-                # headers.
-                continue
-            field_name = fmt[i]
-            is_metadata = field_name.startswith(':')
-            if i >= n_defaults and not is_metadata:
-                # Non-default header names are included in full in the response
-                # (unless the field is totally empty)
-                h = field_name + ": "
-                if token and token[:len(h)].lower() != h:
-                    raise NNTPDataError("OVER/XOVER response doesn't include "
-                                        "names of additional headers")
-                token = token[len(h):] if token else None
-            fields[fmt[i]] = token
-        overview.append((article_number, fields))
-    return overview
-
-def _parse_datetime(date_str, time_str=None):
-    """Parse a pair of (date, time) strings, and return a datetime object.
-    If only the date is given, it is assumed to be date and time
-    concatenated together (e.g. response to the DATE command).
-    """
-    if time_str is None:
-        time_str = date_str[-6:]
-        date_str = date_str[:-6]
-    hours = int(time_str[:2])
-    minutes = int(time_str[2:4])
-    seconds = int(time_str[4:])
-    year = int(date_str[:-4])
-    month = int(date_str[-4:-2])
-    day = int(date_str[-2:])
-    # RFC 3977 doesn't say how to interpret 2-char years.  Assume that
-    # there are no dates before 1970 on Usenet.
-    if year < 70:
-        year += 2000
-    elif year < 100:
-        year += 1900
-    return datetime.datetime(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds)
-
-def _unparse_datetime(dt, legacy=False):
-    """Format a date or datetime object as a pair of (date, time) strings
-    in the format required by the NEWNEWS and NEWGROUPS commands.  If a
-    date object is passed, the time is assumed to be midnight (00h00).
-
-    The returned representation depends on the legacy flag:
-    * if legacy is False (the default):
-      date has the YYYYMMDD format and time the HHMMSS format
-    * if legacy is True:
-      date has the YYMMDD format and time the HHMMSS format.
-    RFC 3977 compliant servers should understand both formats; therefore,
-    legacy is only needed when talking to old servers.
-    """
-    if not isinstance(dt, datetime.datetime):
-        time_str = "000000"
-    else:
-        time_str = "{0.hour:02d}{0.minute:02d}{0.second:02d}".format(dt)
-    y = dt.year
-    if legacy:
-        y = y % 100
-        date_str = "{0:02d}{1.month:02d}{1.day:02d}".format(y, dt)
-    else:
-        date_str = "{0:04d}{1.month:02d}{1.day:02d}".format(y, dt)
-    return date_str, time_str
-
-
-if _have_ssl:
-
-    def _encrypt_on(sock, context, hostname):
-        """Wrap a socket in SSL/TLS. Arguments:
-        - sock: Socket to wrap
-        - context: SSL context to use for the encrypted connection
-        Returns:
-        - sock: New, encrypted socket.
-        """
-        # Generate a default SSL context if none was passed.
-        if context is None:
-            context = ssl._create_stdlib_context()
-        return context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=hostname)
-
-
-# The classes themselves
-class NNTP:
-    # UTF-8 is the character set for all NNTP commands and responses: they
-    # are automatically encoded (when sending) and decoded (and receiving)
-    # by this class.
-    # However, some multi-line data blocks can contain arbitrary bytes (for
-    # example, latin-1 or utf-16 data in the body of a message). Commands
-    # taking (POST, IHAVE) or returning (HEAD, BODY, ARTICLE) raw message
-    # data will therefore only accept and produce bytes objects.
-    # Furthermore, since there could be non-compliant servers out there,
-    # we use 'surrogateescape' as the error handler for fault tolerance
-    # and easy round-tripping. This could be useful for some applications
-    # (e.g. NNTP gateways).
-
-    encoding = 'utf-8'
-    errors = 'surrogateescape'
-
-    def __init__(self, host, port=NNTP_PORT, user=None, password=None,
-                 readermode=None, usenetrc=False,
-                 timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
-        """Initialize an instance.  Arguments:
-        - host: hostname to connect to
-        - port: port to connect to (default the standard NNTP port)
-        - user: username to authenticate with
-        - password: password to use with username
-        - readermode: if true, send 'mode reader' command after
-                      connecting.
-        - usenetrc: allow loading username and password from ~/.netrc file
-                    if not specified explicitly
-        - timeout: timeout (in seconds) used for socket connections
-
-        readermode is sometimes necessary if you are connecting to an
-        NNTP server on the local machine and intend to call
-        reader-specific commands, such as `group'.  If you get
-        unexpected NNTPPermanentErrors, you might need to set
-        readermode.
-        """
-        self.host = host
-        self.port = port
-        self.sock = self._create_socket(timeout)
-        self.file = None
-        try:
-            self.file = self.sock.makefile("rwb")
-            self._base_init(readermode)
-            if user or usenetrc:
-                self.login(user, password, usenetrc)
-        except:
-            if self.file:
-                self.file.close()
-            self.sock.close()
-            raise
-
-    def _base_init(self, readermode):
-        """Partial initialization for the NNTP protocol.
-        This instance method is extracted for supporting the test code.
-        """
-        self.debugging = 0
-        self.welcome = self._getresp()
-
-        # Inquire about capabilities (RFC 3977).
-        self._caps = None
-        self.getcapabilities()
-
-        # 'MODE READER' is sometimes necessary to enable 'reader' mode.
-        # However, the order in which 'MODE READER' and 'AUTHINFO' need to
-        # arrive differs between some NNTP servers. If _setreadermode() fails
-        # with an authorization failed error, it will set this to True;
-        # the login() routine will interpret that as a request to try again
-        # after performing its normal function.
-        # Enable only if we're not already in READER mode anyway.
-        self.readermode_afterauth = False
-        if readermode and 'READER' not in self._caps:
-            self._setreadermode()
-            if not self.readermode_afterauth:
-                # Capabilities might have changed after MODE READER
-                self._caps = None
-                self.getcapabilities()
-
-        # RFC 4642 2.2.2: Both the client and the server MUST know if there is
-        # a TLS session active.  A client MUST NOT attempt to start a TLS
-        # session if a TLS session is already active.
-        self.tls_on = False
-
-        # Log in and encryption setup order is left to subclasses.
-        self.authenticated = False
-
-    def __enter__(self):
-        return self
-
-    def __exit__(self, *args):
-        is_connected = lambda: hasattr(self, "file")
-        if is_connected():
-            try:
-                self.quit()
-            except (OSError, EOFError):
-                pass
-            finally:
-                if is_connected():
-                    self._close()
-
-    def _create_socket(self, timeout):
-        if timeout is not None and not timeout:
-            raise ValueError('Non-blocking socket (timeout=0) is not supported')
-        sys.audit("nntplib.connect", self, self.host, self.port)
-        return socket.create_connection((self.host, self.port), timeout)
-
-    def getwelcome(self):
-        """Get the welcome message from the server
-        (this is read and squirreled away by __init__()).
-        If the response code is 200, posting is allowed;
-        if it 201, posting is not allowed."""
-
-        if self.debugging: print('*welcome*', repr(self.welcome))
-        return self.welcome
-
-    def getcapabilities(self):
-        """Get the server capabilities, as read by __init__().
-        If the CAPABILITIES command is not supported, an empty dict is
-        returned."""
-        if self._caps is None:
-            self.nntp_version = 1
-            self.nntp_implementation = None
-            try:
-                resp, caps = self.capabilities()
-            except (NNTPPermanentError, NNTPTemporaryError):
-                # Server doesn't support capabilities
-                self._caps = {}
-            else:
-                self._caps = caps
-                if 'VERSION' in caps:
-                    # The server can advertise several supported versions,
-                    # choose the highest.
-                    self.nntp_version = max(map(int, caps['VERSION']))
-                if 'IMPLEMENTATION' in caps:
-                    self.nntp_implementation = ' '.join(caps['IMPLEMENTATION'])
-        return self._caps
-
-    def set_debuglevel(self, level):
-        """Set the debugging level.  Argument 'level' means:
-        0: no debugging output (default)
-        1: print commands and responses but not body text etc.
-        2: also print raw lines read and sent before stripping CR/LF"""
-
-        self.debugging = level
-    debug = set_debuglevel
-
-    def _putline(self, line):
-        """Internal: send one line to the server, appending CRLF.
-        The `line` must be a bytes-like object."""
-        sys.audit("nntplib.putline", self, line)
-        line = line + _CRLF
-        if self.debugging > 1: print('*put*', repr(line))
-        self.file.write(line)
-        self.file.flush()
-
-    def _putcmd(self, line):
-        """Internal: send one command to the server (through _putline()).
-        The `line` must be a unicode string."""
-        if self.debugging: print('*cmd*', repr(line))
-        line = line.encode(self.encoding, self.errors)
-        self._putline(line)
-
-    def _getline(self, strip_crlf=True):
-        """Internal: return one line from the server, stripping _CRLF.
-        Raise EOFError if the connection is closed.
-        Returns a bytes object."""
-        line = self.file.readline(_MAXLINE +1)
-        if len(line) > _MAXLINE:
-            raise NNTPDataError('line too long')
-        if self.debugging > 1:
-            print('*get*', repr(line))
-        if not line: raise EOFError
-        if strip_crlf:
-            if line[-2:] == _CRLF:
-                line = line[:-2]
-            elif line[-1:] in _CRLF:
-                line = line[:-1]
-        return line
-
-    def _getresp(self):
-        """Internal: get a response from the server.
-        Raise various errors if the response indicates an error.
-        Returns a unicode string."""
-        resp = self._getline()
-        if self.debugging: print('*resp*', repr(resp))
-        resp = resp.decode(self.encoding, self.errors)
-        c = resp[:1]
-        if c == '4':
-            raise NNTPTemporaryError(resp)
-        if c == '5':
-            raise NNTPPermanentError(resp)
-        if c not in '123':
-            raise NNTPProtocolError(resp)
-        return resp
-
-    def _getlongresp(self, file=None):
-        """Internal: get a response plus following text from the server.
-        Raise various errors if the response indicates an error.
-
-        Returns a (response, lines) tuple where `response` is a unicode
-        string and `lines` is a list of bytes objects.
-        If `file` is a file-like object, it must be open in binary mode.
-        """
-
-        openedFile = None
-        try:
-            # If a string was passed then open a file with that name
-            if isinstance(file, (str, bytes)):
-                openedFile = file = open(file, "wb")
-
-            resp = self._getresp()
-            if resp[:3] not in _LONGRESP:
-                raise NNTPReplyError(resp)
-
-            lines = []
-            if file is not None:
-                # XXX lines = None instead?
-                terminators = (b'.' + _CRLF, b'.\n')
-                while 1:
-                    line = self._getline(False)
-                    if line in terminators:
-                        break
-                    if line.startswith(b'..'):
-                        line = line[1:]
-                    file.write(line)
-            else:
-                terminator = b'.'
-                while 1:
-                    line = self._getline()
-                    if line == terminator:
-                        break
-                    if line.startswith(b'..'):
-                        line = line[1:]
-                    lines.append(line)
-        finally:
-            # If this method created the file, then it must close it
-            if openedFile:
-                openedFile.close()
-
-        return resp, lines
-
-    def _shortcmd(self, line):
-        """Internal: send a command and get the response.
-        Same return value as _getresp()."""
-        self._putcmd(line)
-        return self._getresp()
-
-    def _longcmd(self, line, file=None):
-        """Internal: send a command and get the response plus following text.
-        Same return value as _getlongresp()."""
-        self._putcmd(line)
-        return self._getlongresp(file)
-
-    def _longcmdstring(self, line, file=None):
-        """Internal: send a command and get the response plus following text.
-        Same as _longcmd() and _getlongresp(), except that the returned `lines`
-        are unicode strings rather than bytes objects.
-        """
-        self._putcmd(line)
-        resp, list = self._getlongresp(file)
-        return resp, [line.decode(self.encoding, self.errors)
-                      for line in list]
-
-    def _getoverviewfmt(self):
-        """Internal: get the overview format. Queries the server if not
-        already done, else returns the cached value."""
-        try:
-            return self._cachedoverviewfmt
-        except AttributeError:
-            pass
-        try:
-            resp, lines = self._longcmdstring("LIST OVERVIEW.FMT")
-        except NNTPPermanentError:
-            # Not supported by server?
-            fmt = _DEFAULT_OVERVIEW_FMT[:]
-        else:
-            fmt = _parse_overview_fmt(lines)
-        self._cachedoverviewfmt = fmt
-        return fmt
-
-    def _grouplist(self, lines):
-        # Parse lines into "group last first flag"
-        return [GroupInfo(*line.split()) for line in lines]
-
-    def capabilities(self):
-        """Process a CAPABILITIES command.  Not supported by all servers.
-        Return:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - caps: a dictionary mapping capability names to lists of tokens
-        (for example {'VERSION': ['2'], 'OVER': [], LIST: ['ACTIVE', 'HEADERS'] })
-        """
-        caps = {}
-        resp, lines = self._longcmdstring("CAPABILITIES")
-        for line in lines:
-            name, *tokens = line.split()
-            caps[name] = tokens
-        return resp, caps
-
-    def newgroups(self, date, *, file=None):
-        """Process a NEWGROUPS command.  Arguments:
-        - date: a date or datetime object
-        Return:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - list: list of newsgroup names
-        """
-        if not isinstance(date, (datetime.date, datetime.date)):
-            raise TypeError(
-                "the date parameter must be a date or datetime object, "
-                "not '{:40}'".format(date.__class__.__name__))
-        date_str, time_str = _unparse_datetime(date, self.nntp_version < 2)
-        cmd = 'NEWGROUPS {0} {1}'.format(date_str, time_str)
-        resp, lines = self._longcmdstring(cmd, file)
-        return resp, self._grouplist(lines)
-
-    def newnews(self, group, date, *, file=None):
-        """Process a NEWNEWS command.  Arguments:
-        - group: group name or '*'
-        - date: a date or datetime object
-        Return:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - list: list of message ids
-        """
-        if not isinstance(date, (datetime.date, datetime.date)):
-            raise TypeError(
-                "the date parameter must be a date or datetime object, "
-                "not '{:40}'".format(date.__class__.__name__))
-        date_str, time_str = _unparse_datetime(date, self.nntp_version < 2)
-        cmd = 'NEWNEWS {0} {1} {2}'.format(group, date_str, time_str)
-        return self._longcmdstring(cmd, file)
-
-    def list(self, group_pattern=None, *, file=None):
-        """Process a LIST or LIST ACTIVE command. Arguments:
-        - group_pattern: a pattern indicating which groups to query
-        - file: Filename string or file object to store the result in
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - list: list of (group, last, first, flag) (strings)
-        """
-        if group_pattern is not None:
-            command = 'LIST ACTIVE ' + group_pattern
-        else:
-            command = 'LIST'
-        resp, lines = self._longcmdstring(command, file)
-        return resp, self._grouplist(lines)
-
-    def _getdescriptions(self, group_pattern, return_all):
-        line_pat = re.compile('^(?P<group>[^ \t]+)[ \t]+(.*)$')
-        # Try the more std (acc. to RFC2980) LIST NEWSGROUPS first
-        resp, lines = self._longcmdstring('LIST NEWSGROUPS ' + group_pattern)
-        if not resp.startswith('215'):
-            # Now the deprecated XGTITLE.  This either raises an error
-            # or succeeds with the same output structure as LIST
-            # NEWSGROUPS.
-            resp, lines = self._longcmdstring('XGTITLE ' + group_pattern)
-        groups = {}
-        for raw_line in lines:
-            match = line_pat.search(raw_line.strip())
-            if match:
-                name, desc = match.group(1, 2)
-                if not return_all:
-                    return desc
-                groups[name] = desc
-        if return_all:
-            return resp, groups
-        else:
-            # Nothing found
-            return ''
-
-    def description(self, group):
-        """Get a description for a single group.  If more than one
-        group matches ('group' is a pattern), return the first.  If no
-        group matches, return an empty string.
-
-        This elides the response code from the server, since it can
-        only be '215' or '285' (for xgtitle) anyway.  If the response
-        code is needed, use the 'descriptions' method.
-
-        NOTE: This neither checks for a wildcard in 'group' nor does
-        it check whether the group actually exists."""
-        return self._getdescriptions(group, False)
-
-    def descriptions(self, group_pattern):
-        """Get descriptions for a range of groups."""
-        return self._getdescriptions(group_pattern, True)
-
-    def group(self, name):
-        """Process a GROUP command.  Argument:
-        - group: the group name
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - count: number of articles
-        - first: first article number
-        - last: last article number
-        - name: the group name
-        """
-        resp = self._shortcmd('GROUP ' + name)
-        if not resp.startswith('211'):
-            raise NNTPReplyError(resp)
-        words = resp.split()
-        count = first = last = 0
-        n = len(words)
-        if n > 1:
-            count = words[1]
-            if n > 2:
-                first = words[2]
-                if n > 3:
-                    last = words[3]
-                    if n > 4:
-                        name = words[4].lower()
-        return resp, int(count), int(first), int(last), name
-
-    def help(self, *, file=None):
-        """Process a HELP command. Argument:
-        - file: Filename string or file object to store the result in
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - list: list of strings returned by the server in response to the
-                HELP command
-        """
-        return self._longcmdstring('HELP', file)
-
-    def _statparse(self, resp):
-        """Internal: parse the response line of a STAT, NEXT, LAST,
-        ARTICLE, HEAD or BODY command."""
-        if not resp.startswith('22'):
-            raise NNTPReplyError(resp)
-        words = resp.split()
-        art_num = int(words[1])
-        message_id = words[2]
-        return resp, art_num, message_id
-
-    def _statcmd(self, line):
-        """Internal: process a STAT, NEXT or LAST command."""
-        resp = self._shortcmd(line)
-        return self._statparse(resp)
-
-    def stat(self, message_spec=None):
-        """Process a STAT command.  Argument:
-        - message_spec: article number or message id (if not specified,
-          the current article is selected)
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - art_num: the article number
-        - message_id: the message id
-        """
-        if message_spec:
-            return self._statcmd('STAT {0}'.format(message_spec))
-        else:
-            return self._statcmd('STAT')
-
-    def next(self):
-        """Process a NEXT command.  No arguments.  Return as for STAT."""
-        return self._statcmd('NEXT')
-
-    def last(self):
-        """Process a LAST command.  No arguments.  Return as for STAT."""
-        return self._statcmd('LAST')
-
-    def _artcmd(self, line, file=None):
-        """Internal: process a HEAD, BODY or ARTICLE command."""
-        resp, lines = self._longcmd(line, file)
-        resp, art_num, message_id = self._statparse(resp)
-        return resp, ArticleInfo(art_num, message_id, lines)
-
-    def head(self, message_spec=None, *, file=None):
-        """Process a HEAD command.  Argument:
-        - message_spec: article number or message id
-        - file: filename string or file object to store the headers in
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - ArticleInfo: (article number, message id, list of header lines)
-        """
-        if message_spec is not None:
-            cmd = 'HEAD {0}'.format(message_spec)
-        else:
-            cmd = 'HEAD'
-        return self._artcmd(cmd, file)
-
-    def body(self, message_spec=None, *, file=None):
-        """Process a BODY command.  Argument:
-        - message_spec: article number or message id
-        - file: filename string or file object to store the body in
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - ArticleInfo: (article number, message id, list of body lines)
-        """
-        if message_spec is not None:
-            cmd = 'BODY {0}'.format(message_spec)
-        else:
-            cmd = 'BODY'
-        return self._artcmd(cmd, file)
-
-    def article(self, message_spec=None, *, file=None):
-        """Process an ARTICLE command.  Argument:
-        - message_spec: article number or message id
-        - file: filename string or file object to store the article in
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - ArticleInfo: (article number, message id, list of article lines)
-        """
-        if message_spec is not None:
-            cmd = 'ARTICLE {0}'.format(message_spec)
-        else:
-            cmd = 'ARTICLE'
-        return self._artcmd(cmd, file)
-
-    def slave(self):
-        """Process a SLAVE command.  Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        """
-        return self._shortcmd('SLAVE')
-
-    def xhdr(self, hdr, str, *, file=None):
-        """Process an XHDR command (optional server extension).  Arguments:
-        - hdr: the header type (e.g. 'subject')
-        - str: an article nr, a message id, or a range nr1-nr2
-        - file: Filename string or file object to store the result in
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - list: list of (nr, value) strings
-        """
-        pat = re.compile('^([0-9]+) ?(.*)\n?')
-        resp, lines = self._longcmdstring('XHDR {0} {1}'.format(hdr, str), file)
-        def remove_number(line):
-            m = pat.match(line)
-            return m.group(1, 2) if m else line
-        return resp, [remove_number(line) for line in lines]
-
-    def xover(self, start, end, *, file=None):
-        """Process an XOVER command (optional server extension) Arguments:
-        - start: start of range
-        - end: end of range
-        - file: Filename string or file object to store the result in
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - list: list of dicts containing the response fields
-        """
-        resp, lines = self._longcmdstring('XOVER {0}-{1}'.format(start, end),
-                                          file)
-        fmt = self._getoverviewfmt()
-        return resp, _parse_overview(lines, fmt)
-
-    def over(self, message_spec, *, file=None):
-        """Process an OVER command.  If the command isn't supported, fall
-        back to XOVER. Arguments:
-        - message_spec:
-            - either a message id, indicating the article to fetch
-              information about
-            - or a (start, end) tuple, indicating a range of article numbers;
-              if end is None, information up to the newest message will be
-              retrieved
-            - or None, indicating the current article number must be used
-        - file: Filename string or file object to store the result in
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - list: list of dicts containing the response fields
-
-        NOTE: the "message id" form isn't supported by XOVER
-        """
-        cmd = 'OVER' if 'OVER' in self._caps else 'XOVER'
-        if isinstance(message_spec, (tuple, list)):
-            start, end = message_spec
-            cmd += ' {0}-{1}'.format(start, end or '')
-        elif message_spec is not None:
-            cmd = cmd + ' ' + message_spec
-        resp, lines = self._longcmdstring(cmd, file)
-        fmt = self._getoverviewfmt()
-        return resp, _parse_overview(lines, fmt)
-
-    def date(self):
-        """Process the DATE command.
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        - date: datetime object
-        """
-        resp = self._shortcmd("DATE")
-        if not resp.startswith('111'):
-            raise NNTPReplyError(resp)
-        elem = resp.split()
-        if len(elem) != 2:
-            raise NNTPDataError(resp)
-        date = elem[1]
-        if len(date) != 14:
-            raise NNTPDataError(resp)
-        return resp, _parse_datetime(date, None)
-
-    def _post(self, command, f):
-        resp = self._shortcmd(command)
-        # Raises a specific exception if posting is not allowed
-        if not resp.startswith('3'):
-            raise NNTPReplyError(resp)
-        if isinstance(f, (bytes, bytearray)):
-            f = f.splitlines()
-        # We don't use _putline() because:
-        # - we don't want additional CRLF if the file or iterable is already
-        #   in the right format
-        # - we don't want a spurious flush() after each line is written
-        for line in f:
-            if not line.endswith(_CRLF):
-                line = line.rstrip(b"\r\n") + _CRLF
-            if line.startswith(b'.'):
-                line = b'.' + line
-            self.file.write(line)
-        self.file.write(b".\r\n")
-        self.file.flush()
-        return self._getresp()
-
-    def post(self, data):
-        """Process a POST command.  Arguments:
-        - data: bytes object, iterable or file containing the article
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful"""
-        return self._post('POST', data)
-
-    def ihave(self, message_id, data):
-        """Process an IHAVE command.  Arguments:
-        - message_id: message-id of the article
-        - data: file containing the article
-        Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful
-        Note that if the server refuses the article an exception is raised."""
-        return self._post('IHAVE {0}'.format(message_id), data)
-
-    def _close(self):
-        try:
-            if self.file:
-                self.file.close()
-                del self.file
-        finally:
-            self.sock.close()
-
-    def quit(self):
-        """Process a QUIT command and close the socket.  Returns:
-        - resp: server response if successful"""
-        try:
-            resp = self._shortcmd('QUIT')
-        finally:
-            self._close()
-        return resp
-
-    def login(self, user=None, password=None, usenetrc=True):
-        if self.authenticated:
-            raise ValueError("Already logged in.")
-        if not user and not usenetrc:
-            raise ValueError(
-                "At least one of `user` and `usenetrc` must be specified")
-        # If no login/password was specified but netrc was requested,
-        # try to get them from ~/.netrc
-        # Presume that if .netrc has an entry, NNRP authentication is required.
-        try:
-            if usenetrc and not user:
-                import netrc
-                credentials = netrc.netrc()
-                auth = credentials.authenticators(self.host)
-                if auth:
-                    user = auth[0]
-                    password = auth[2]
-        except OSError:
-            pass
-        # Perform NNTP authentication if needed.
-        if not user:
-            return
-        resp = self._shortcmd('authinfo user ' + user)
-        if resp.startswith('381'):
-            if not password:
-                raise NNTPReplyError(resp)
-            else:
-                resp = self._shortcmd('authinfo pass ' + password)
-                if not resp.startswith('281'):
-                    raise NNTPPermanentError(resp)
-        # Capabilities might have changed after login
-        self._caps = None
-        self.getcapabilities()
-        # Attempt to send mode reader if it was requested after login.
-        # Only do so if we're not in reader mode already.
-        if self.readermode_afterauth and 'READER' not in self._caps:
-            self._setreadermode()
-            # Capabilities might have changed after MODE READER
-            self._caps = None
-            self.getcapabilities()
-
-    def _setreadermode(self):
-        try:
-            self.welcome = self._shortcmd('mode reader')
-        except NNTPPermanentError:
-            # Error 5xx, probably 'not implemented'
-            pass
-        except NNTPTemporaryError as e:
-            if e.response.startswith('480'):
-                # Need authorization before 'mode reader'
-                self.readermode_afterauth = True
-            else:
-                raise
-
-    if _have_ssl:
-        def starttls(self, context=None):
-            """Process a STARTTLS command. Arguments:
-            - context: SSL context to use for the encrypted connection
-            """
-            # Per RFC 4642, STARTTLS MUST NOT be sent after authentication or if
-            # a TLS session already exists.
-            if self.tls_on:
-                raise ValueError("TLS is already enabled.")
-            if self.authenticated:
-                raise ValueError("TLS cannot be started after authentication.")
-            resp = self._shortcmd('STARTTLS')
-            if resp.startswith('382'):
-                self.file.close()
-                self.sock = _encrypt_on(self.sock, context, self.host)
-                self.file = self.sock.makefile("rwb")
-                self.tls_on = True
-                # Capabilities may change after TLS starts up, so ask for them
-                # again.
-                self._caps = None
-                self.getcapabilities()
-            else:
-                raise NNTPError("TLS failed to start.")
-
-
-if _have_ssl:
-    class NNTP_SSL(NNTP):
-
-        def __init__(self, host, port=NNTP_SSL_PORT,
-                    user=None, password=None, ssl_context=None,
-                    readermode=None, usenetrc=False,
-                    timeout=_GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT):
-            """This works identically to NNTP.__init__, except for the change
-            in default port and the `ssl_context` argument for SSL connections.
-            """
-            self.ssl_context = ssl_context
-            super().__init__(host, port, user, password, readermode,
-                             usenetrc, timeout)
-
-        def _create_socket(self, timeout):
-            sock = super()._create_socket(timeout)
-            try:
-                sock = _encrypt_on(sock, self.ssl_context, self.host)
-            except:
-                sock.close()
-                raise
-            else:
-                return sock
-
-    __all__.append("NNTP_SSL")
-
-
-# Test retrieval when run as a script.
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    import argparse
-
-    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="""\
-        nntplib built-in demo - display the latest articles in a newsgroup""")
-    parser.add_argument('-g', '--group', default='gmane.comp.python.general',
-                        help='group to fetch messages from (default: %(default)s)')
-    parser.add_argument('-s', '--server', default='news.gmane.io',
-                        help='NNTP server hostname (default: %(default)s)')
-    parser.add_argument('-p', '--port', default=-1, type=int,
-                        help='NNTP port number (default: %s / %s)' % (NNTP_PORT, NNTP_SSL_PORT))
-    parser.add_argument('-n', '--nb-articles', default=10, type=int,
-                        help='number of articles to fetch (default: %(default)s)')
-    parser.add_argument('-S', '--ssl', action='store_true', default=False,
-                        help='use NNTP over SSL')
-    args = parser.parse_args()
-
-    port = args.port
-    if not args.ssl:
-        if port == -1:
-            port = NNTP_PORT
-        s = NNTP(host=args.server, port=port)
-    else:
-        if port == -1:
-            port = NNTP_SSL_PORT
-        s = NNTP_SSL(host=args.server, port=port)
-
-    caps = s.getcapabilities()
-    if 'STARTTLS' in caps:
-        s.starttls()
-    resp, count, first, last, name = s.group(args.group)
-    print('Group', name, 'has', count, 'articles, range', first, 'to', last)
-
-    def cut(s, lim):
-        if len(s) > lim:
-            s = s[:lim - 4] + "..."
-        return s
-
-    first = str(int(last) - args.nb_articles + 1)
-    resp, overviews = s.xover(first, last)
-    for artnum, over in overviews:
-        author = decode_header(over['from']).split('<', 1)[0]
-        subject = decode_header(over['subject'])
-        lines = int(over[':lines'])
-        print("{:7} {:20} {:42} ({})".format(
-              artnum, cut(author, 20), cut(subject, 42), lines)
-              )
-
-    s.quit()
diff --git a/Lib/test/support/socket_helper.py b/Lib/test/support/socket_helper.py
index d9c087c251..87941ee179 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/socket_helper.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/socket_helper.py
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@
 import unittest
 
 from .. import support
-from . import warnings_helper
 
 HOST = "localhost"
 HOSTv4 = "127.0.0.1"
@@ -196,7 +195,6 @@ def get_socket_conn_refused_errs():
 def transient_internet(resource_name, *, timeout=_NOT_SET, errnos=()):
     """Return a context manager that raises ResourceDenied when various issues
     with the internet connection manifest themselves as exceptions."""
-    nntplib = warnings_helper.import_deprecated("nntplib")
     import urllib.error
     if timeout is _NOT_SET:
         timeout = support.INTERNET_TIMEOUT
@@ -249,10 +247,6 @@ def filter_error(err):
         if timeout is not None:
             socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
         yield
-    except nntplib.NNTPTemporaryError as err:
-        if support.verbose:
-            sys.stderr.write(denied.args[0] + "\n")
-        raise denied from err
     except OSError as err:
         # urllib can wrap original socket errors multiple times (!), we must
         # unwrap to get at the original error.
@@ -303,7 +297,7 @@ def _get_sysctl(name):
                           stderr=subprocess.STDOUT,
                           text=True)
     if proc.returncode:
-        support.print_warning(f'{" ".join(cmd)!r} command failed with '
+        support.print_warning(f'{' '.join(cmd)!r} command failed with '
                               f'exit code {proc.returncode}')
         # cache the error to only log the warning once
         _sysctl_cache[name] = None
@@ -314,7 +308,7 @@ def _get_sysctl(name):
     try:
         value = int(output.strip())
     except Exception as exc:
-        support.print_warning(f'Failed to parse {" ".join(cmd)!r} '
+        support.print_warning(f'Failed to parse {' '.join(cmd)!r} '
                               f'command output {output!r}: {exc!r}')
         # cache the error to only log the warning once
         _sysctl_cache[name] = None

From d96374faba885816dadd3298e5a0467cd27066bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 2025 17:30:58 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 598/705] Add _pyrepl (#5540)

---------

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 .cspell.dict/python-more.txt      |   1 +
 Lib/_pyrepl/__init__.py           |  19 +
 Lib/_pyrepl/__main__.py           |   6 +
 Lib/_pyrepl/_minimal_curses.py    |  68 +++
 Lib/_pyrepl/_threading_handler.py |  74 +++
 Lib/_pyrepl/commands.py           | 489 ++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/completing_reader.py  | 295 +++++++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/console.py            | 213 ++++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/curses.py             |  33 ++
 Lib/_pyrepl/fancy_termios.py      |  76 +++
 Lib/_pyrepl/historical_reader.py  | 419 +++++++++++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/input.py              | 114 +++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/keymap.py             | 213 ++++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/main.py               |  59 +++
 Lib/_pyrepl/mypy.ini              |  24 +
 Lib/_pyrepl/pager.py              | 175 +++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/reader.py             | 816 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/readline.py           | 598 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/simple_interact.py    | 167 ++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/trace.py              |  21 +
 Lib/_pyrepl/types.py              |   8 +
 Lib/_pyrepl/unix_console.py       | 810 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/unix_eventqueue.py    | 152 ++++++
 Lib/_pyrepl/utils.py              |  25 +
 Lib/_pyrepl/windows_console.py    | 618 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/site.py                       |  12 +
 vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs              |  16 +
 27 files changed, 5521 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/__main__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/_minimal_curses.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/_threading_handler.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/commands.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/completing_reader.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/console.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/curses.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/fancy_termios.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/historical_reader.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/input.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/keymap.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/main.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/mypy.ini
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/pager.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/reader.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/readline.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/simple_interact.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/trace.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/types.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/unix_console.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/unix_eventqueue.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/utils.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/_pyrepl/windows_console.py

diff --git a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
index 32d13f59b9..0be3c0f45a 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ asend
 asyncgen
 athrow
 backslashreplace
+baserepl
 basicsize
 bdfl
 bigcharset
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/__init__.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1693cbd0b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2008 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#                       Armin Rigo
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/__main__.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fa992eee8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Important: don't add things to this module, as they will end up in the REPL's
+# default globals.  Use _pyrepl.main instead.
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    from .main import interactive_console as __pyrepl_interactive_console
+    __pyrepl_interactive_console()
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/_minimal_curses.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/_minimal_curses.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d884f880f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/_minimal_curses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+"""Minimal '_curses' module, the low-level interface for curses module
+which is not meant to be used directly.
+
+Based on ctypes.  It's too incomplete to be really called '_curses', so
+to use it, you have to import it and stick it in sys.modules['_curses']
+manually.
+
+Note that there is also a built-in module _minimal_curses which will
+hide this one if compiled in.
+"""
+
+import ctypes
+import ctypes.util
+
+
+class error(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def _find_clib() -> str:
+    trylibs = ["ncursesw", "ncurses", "curses"]
+
+    for lib in trylibs:
+        path = ctypes.util.find_library(lib)
+        if path:
+            return path
+    raise ModuleNotFoundError("curses library not found", name="_pyrepl._minimal_curses")
+
+
+_clibpath = _find_clib()
+clib = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary(_clibpath)
+
+clib.setupterm.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p, ctypes.c_int, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_int)]
+clib.setupterm.restype = ctypes.c_int
+
+clib.tigetstr.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p]
+clib.tigetstr.restype = ctypes.c_ssize_t
+
+clib.tparm.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p] + 9 * [ctypes.c_int]  # type: ignore[operator]
+clib.tparm.restype = ctypes.c_char_p
+
+OK = 0
+ERR = -1
+
+# ____________________________________________________________
+
+
+def setupterm(termstr, fd):
+    err = ctypes.c_int(0)
+    result = clib.setupterm(termstr, fd, ctypes.byref(err))
+    if result == ERR:
+        raise error("setupterm() failed (err=%d)" % err.value)
+
+
+def tigetstr(cap):
+    if not isinstance(cap, bytes):
+        cap = cap.encode("ascii")
+    result = clib.tigetstr(cap)
+    if result == ERR:
+        return None
+    return ctypes.cast(result, ctypes.c_char_p).value
+
+
+def tparm(str, i1=0, i2=0, i3=0, i4=0, i5=0, i6=0, i7=0, i8=0, i9=0):
+    result = clib.tparm(str, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9)
+    if result is None:
+        raise error("tparm() returned NULL")
+    return result
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/_threading_handler.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/_threading_handler.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82f5e8650a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/_threading_handler.py
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+import traceback
+
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from threading import Thread
+    from types import TracebackType
+    from typing import Protocol
+
+    class ExceptHookArgs(Protocol):
+        @property
+        def exc_type(self) -> type[BaseException]: ...
+        @property
+        def exc_value(self) -> BaseException | None: ...
+        @property
+        def exc_traceback(self) -> TracebackType | None: ...
+        @property
+        def thread(self) -> Thread | None: ...
+
+    class ShowExceptions(Protocol):
+        def __call__(self) -> int: ...
+        def add(self, s: str) -> None: ...
+
+    from .reader import Reader
+
+
+def install_threading_hook(reader: Reader) -> None:
+    import threading
+
+    @dataclass
+    class ExceptHookHandler:
+        lock: threading.Lock = field(default_factory=threading.Lock)
+        messages: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+
+        def show(self) -> int:
+            count = 0
+            with self.lock:
+                if not self.messages:
+                    return 0
+                reader.restore()
+                for tb in self.messages:
+                    count += 1
+                    if tb:
+                        print(tb)
+                self.messages.clear()
+                reader.scheduled_commands.append("ctrl-c")
+                reader.prepare()
+            return count
+
+        def add(self, s: str) -> None:
+            with self.lock:
+                self.messages.append(s)
+
+        def exception(self, args: ExceptHookArgs) -> None:
+            lines = traceback.format_exception(
+                args.exc_type,
+                args.exc_value,
+                args.exc_traceback,
+                colorize=reader.can_colorize,
+            )  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+            pre = f"\nException in {args.thread.name}:\n" if args.thread else "\n"
+            tb = pre + "".join(lines)
+            self.add(tb)
+
+        def __call__(self) -> int:
+            return self.show()
+
+
+    handler = ExceptHookHandler()
+    reader.threading_hook = handler
+    threading.excepthook = handler.exception
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/commands.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/commands.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..503ca1da32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/commands.py
@@ -0,0 +1,489 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2010 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#                       Antonio Cuni
+#                       Armin Rigo
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+import os
+
+# Categories of actions:
+#  killing
+#  yanking
+#  motion
+#  editing
+#  history
+#  finishing
+# [completion]
+
+
+# types
+if False:
+    from .historical_reader import HistoricalReader
+
+
+class Command:
+    finish: bool = False
+    kills_digit_arg: bool = True
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, reader: HistoricalReader, event_name: str, event: list[str]
+    ) -> None:
+        # Reader should really be "any reader" but there's too much usage of
+        # HistoricalReader methods and fields in the code below for us to
+        # refactor at the moment.
+
+        self.reader = reader
+        self.event = event
+        self.event_name = event_name
+
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class KillCommand(Command):
+    def kill_range(self, start: int, end: int) -> None:
+        if start == end:
+            return
+        r = self.reader
+        b = r.buffer
+        text = b[start:end]
+        del b[start:end]
+        if is_kill(r.last_command):
+            if start < r.pos:
+                r.kill_ring[-1] = text + r.kill_ring[-1]
+            else:
+                r.kill_ring[-1] = r.kill_ring[-1] + text
+        else:
+            r.kill_ring.append(text)
+        r.pos = start
+        r.dirty = True
+
+
+class YankCommand(Command):
+    pass
+
+
+class MotionCommand(Command):
+    pass
+
+
+class EditCommand(Command):
+    pass
+
+
+class FinishCommand(Command):
+    finish = True
+    pass
+
+
+def is_kill(command: type[Command] | None) -> bool:
+    return command is not None and issubclass(command, KillCommand)
+
+
+def is_yank(command: type[Command] | None) -> bool:
+    return command is not None and issubclass(command, YankCommand)
+
+
+# etc
+
+
+class digit_arg(Command):
+    kills_digit_arg = False
+
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        c = self.event[-1]
+        if c == "-":
+            if r.arg is not None:
+                r.arg = -r.arg
+            else:
+                r.arg = -1
+        else:
+            d = int(c)
+            if r.arg is None:
+                r.arg = d
+            else:
+                if r.arg < 0:
+                    r.arg = 10 * r.arg - d
+                else:
+                    r.arg = 10 * r.arg + d
+        r.dirty = True
+
+
+class clear_screen(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        r.console.clear()
+        r.dirty = True
+
+
+class refresh(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.dirty = True
+
+
+class repaint(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.dirty = True
+        self.reader.console.repaint()
+
+
+class kill_line(KillCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        b = r.buffer
+        eol = r.eol()
+        for c in b[r.pos : eol]:
+            if not c.isspace():
+                self.kill_range(r.pos, eol)
+                return
+        else:
+            self.kill_range(r.pos, eol + 1)
+
+
+class unix_line_discard(KillCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        self.kill_range(r.bol(), r.pos)
+
+
+class unix_word_rubout(KillCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        for i in range(r.get_arg()):
+            self.kill_range(r.bow(), r.pos)
+
+
+class kill_word(KillCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        for i in range(r.get_arg()):
+            self.kill_range(r.pos, r.eow())
+
+
+class backward_kill_word(KillCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        for i in range(r.get_arg()):
+            self.kill_range(r.bow(), r.pos)
+
+
+class yank(YankCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        if not r.kill_ring:
+            r.error("nothing to yank")
+            return
+        r.insert(r.kill_ring[-1])
+
+
+class yank_pop(YankCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        b = r.buffer
+        if not r.kill_ring:
+            r.error("nothing to yank")
+            return
+        if not is_yank(r.last_command):
+            r.error("previous command was not a yank")
+            return
+        repl = len(r.kill_ring[-1])
+        r.kill_ring.insert(0, r.kill_ring.pop())
+        t = r.kill_ring[-1]
+        b[r.pos - repl : r.pos] = t
+        r.pos = r.pos - repl + len(t)
+        r.dirty = True
+
+
+class interrupt(FinishCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        import signal
+
+        self.reader.console.finish()
+        self.reader.finish()
+        os.kill(os.getpid(), signal.SIGINT)
+
+
+class ctrl_c(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.console.finish()
+        self.reader.finish()
+        raise KeyboardInterrupt
+
+
+class suspend(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        import signal
+
+        r = self.reader
+        p = r.pos
+        r.console.finish()
+        os.kill(os.getpid(), signal.SIGSTOP)
+        ## this should probably be done
+        ## in a handler for SIGCONT?
+        r.console.prepare()
+        r.pos = p
+        # r.posxy = 0, 0  # XXX this is invalid
+        r.dirty = True
+        r.console.screen = []
+
+
+class up(MotionCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        for _ in range(r.get_arg()):
+            x, y = r.pos2xy()
+            new_y = y - 1
+
+            if r.bol() == 0:
+                if r.historyi > 0:
+                    r.select_item(r.historyi - 1)
+                    return
+                r.pos = 0
+                r.error("start of buffer")
+                return
+
+            if (
+                x
+                > (
+                    new_x := r.max_column(new_y)
+                )  # we're past the end of the previous line
+                or x == r.max_column(y)
+                and any(
+                    not i.isspace() for i in r.buffer[r.bol() :]
+                )  # move between eols
+            ):
+                x = new_x
+
+            r.setpos_from_xy(x, new_y)
+
+
+class down(MotionCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        b = r.buffer
+        for _ in range(r.get_arg()):
+            x, y = r.pos2xy()
+            new_y = y + 1
+
+            if r.eol() == len(b):
+                if r.historyi < len(r.history):
+                    r.select_item(r.historyi + 1)
+                    r.pos = r.eol(0)
+                    return
+                r.pos = len(b)
+                r.error("end of buffer")
+                return
+
+            if (
+                x
+                > (
+                    new_x := r.max_column(new_y)
+                )  # we're past the end of the previous line
+                or x == r.max_column(y)
+                and any(
+                    not i.isspace() for i in r.buffer[r.bol() :]
+                )  # move between eols
+            ):
+                x = new_x
+
+            r.setpos_from_xy(x, new_y)
+
+
+class left(MotionCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        for _ in range(r.get_arg()):
+            p = r.pos - 1
+            if p >= 0:
+                r.pos = p
+            else:
+                self.reader.error("start of buffer")
+
+
+class right(MotionCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        b = r.buffer
+        for _ in range(r.get_arg()):
+            p = r.pos + 1
+            if p <= len(b):
+                r.pos = p
+            else:
+                self.reader.error("end of buffer")
+
+
+class beginning_of_line(MotionCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.pos = self.reader.bol()
+
+
+class end_of_line(MotionCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.pos = self.reader.eol()
+
+
+class home(MotionCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.pos = 0
+
+
+class end(MotionCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.pos = len(self.reader.buffer)
+
+
+class forward_word(MotionCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        for i in range(r.get_arg()):
+            r.pos = r.eow()
+
+
+class backward_word(MotionCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        for i in range(r.get_arg()):
+            r.pos = r.bow()
+
+
+class self_insert(EditCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        text = self.event * r.get_arg()
+        r.insert(text)
+
+
+class insert_nl(EditCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        r.insert("\n" * r.get_arg())
+
+
+class transpose_characters(EditCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        b = r.buffer
+        s = r.pos - 1
+        if s < 0:
+            r.error("cannot transpose at start of buffer")
+        else:
+            if s == len(b):
+                s -= 1
+            t = min(s + r.get_arg(), len(b) - 1)
+            c = b[s]
+            del b[s]
+            b.insert(t, c)
+            r.pos = t
+            r.dirty = True
+
+
+class backspace(EditCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        b = r.buffer
+        for i in range(r.get_arg()):
+            if r.pos > 0:
+                r.pos -= 1
+                del b[r.pos]
+                r.dirty = True
+            else:
+                self.reader.error("can't backspace at start")
+
+
+class delete(EditCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        b = r.buffer
+        if (
+            r.pos == 0
+            and len(b) == 0  # this is something of a hack
+            and self.event[-1] == "\004"
+        ):
+            r.update_screen()
+            r.console.finish()
+            raise EOFError
+        for i in range(r.get_arg()):
+            if r.pos != len(b):
+                del b[r.pos]
+                r.dirty = True
+            else:
+                self.reader.error("end of buffer")
+
+
+class accept(FinishCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+
+class help(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        import _sitebuiltins
+
+        with self.reader.suspend():
+            self.reader.msg = _sitebuiltins._Helper()()  # type: ignore[assignment, call-arg]
+
+
+class invalid_key(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        pending = self.reader.console.getpending()
+        s = "".join(self.event) + pending.data
+        self.reader.error("`%r' not bound" % s)
+
+
+class invalid_command(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        s = self.event_name
+        self.reader.error("command `%s' not known" % s)
+
+
+class show_history(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        from .pager import get_pager
+        from site import gethistoryfile  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+        history = os.linesep.join(self.reader.history[:])
+        self.reader.console.restore()
+        pager = get_pager()
+        pager(history, gethistoryfile())
+        self.reader.console.prepare()
+
+        # We need to copy over the state so that it's consistent between
+        # console and reader, and console does not overwrite/append stuff
+        self.reader.console.screen = self.reader.screen.copy()
+        self.reader.console.posxy = self.reader.cxy
+
+
+class paste_mode(Command):
+
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.paste_mode = not self.reader.paste_mode
+        self.reader.dirty = True
+
+
+class enable_bracketed_paste(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.paste_mode = True
+        self.reader.in_bracketed_paste = True
+
+class disable_bracketed_paste(Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.paste_mode = False
+        self.reader.in_bracketed_paste = False
+        self.reader.dirty = True
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/completing_reader.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/completing_reader.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9a005281da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/completing_reader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2010 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#                       Antonio Cuni
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+import re
+from . import commands, console, reader
+from .reader import Reader
+
+
+# types
+Command = commands.Command
+if False:
+    from .types import KeySpec, CommandName
+
+
+def prefix(wordlist: list[str], j: int = 0) -> str:
+    d = {}
+    i = j
+    try:
+        while 1:
+            for word in wordlist:
+                d[word[i]] = 1
+            if len(d) > 1:
+                return wordlist[0][j:i]
+            i += 1
+            d = {}
+    except IndexError:
+        return wordlist[0][j:i]
+    return ""
+
+
+STRIPCOLOR_REGEX = re.compile(r"\x1B\[([0-9]{1,3}(;[0-9]{1,2})?)?[m|K]")
+
+def stripcolor(s: str) -> str:
+    return STRIPCOLOR_REGEX.sub('', s)
+
+
+def real_len(s: str) -> int:
+    return len(stripcolor(s))
+
+
+def left_align(s: str, maxlen: int) -> str:
+    stripped = stripcolor(s)
+    if len(stripped) > maxlen:
+        # too bad, we remove the color
+        return stripped[:maxlen]
+    padding = maxlen - len(stripped)
+    return s + ' '*padding
+
+
+def build_menu(
+        cons: console.Console,
+        wordlist: list[str],
+        start: int,
+        use_brackets: bool,
+        sort_in_column: bool,
+) -> tuple[list[str], int]:
+    if use_brackets:
+        item = "[ %s ]"
+        padding = 4
+    else:
+        item = "%s  "
+        padding = 2
+    maxlen = min(max(map(real_len, wordlist)), cons.width - padding)
+    cols = int(cons.width / (maxlen + padding))
+    rows = int((len(wordlist) - 1)/cols + 1)
+
+    if sort_in_column:
+        # sort_in_column=False (default)     sort_in_column=True
+        #          A B C                       A D G
+        #          D E F                       B E
+        #          G                           C F
+        #
+        # "fill" the table with empty words, so we always have the same amout
+        # of rows for each column
+        missing = cols*rows - len(wordlist)
+        wordlist = wordlist + ['']*missing
+        indexes = [(i % cols) * rows + i // cols for i in range(len(wordlist))]
+        wordlist = [wordlist[i] for i in indexes]
+    menu = []
+    i = start
+    for r in range(rows):
+        row = []
+        for col in range(cols):
+            row.append(item % left_align(wordlist[i], maxlen))
+            i += 1
+            if i >= len(wordlist):
+                break
+        menu.append(''.join(row))
+        if i >= len(wordlist):
+            i = 0
+            break
+        if r + 5 > cons.height:
+            menu.append("   %d more... " % (len(wordlist) - i))
+            break
+    return menu, i
+
+# this gets somewhat user interface-y, and as a result the logic gets
+# very convoluted.
+#
+#  To summarise the summary of the summary:- people are a problem.
+#                  -- The Hitch-Hikers Guide to the Galaxy, Episode 12
+
+#### Desired behaviour of the completions commands.
+# the considerations are:
+# (1) how many completions are possible
+# (2) whether the last command was a completion
+# (3) if we can assume that the completer is going to return the same set of
+#     completions: this is controlled by the ``assume_immutable_completions``
+#     variable on the reader, which is True by default to match the historical
+#     behaviour of pyrepl, but e.g. False in the ReadlineAlikeReader to match
+#     more closely readline's semantics (this is needed e.g. by
+#     fancycompleter)
+#
+# if there's no possible completion, beep at the user and point this out.
+# this is easy.
+#
+# if there's only one possible completion, stick it in.  if the last thing
+# user did was a completion, point out that he isn't getting anywhere, but
+# only if the ``assume_immutable_completions`` is True.
+#
+# now it gets complicated.
+#
+# for the first press of a completion key:
+#  if there's a common prefix, stick it in.
+
+#  irrespective of whether anything got stuck in, if the word is now
+#  complete, show the "complete but not unique" message
+
+#  if there's no common prefix and if the word is not now complete,
+#  beep.
+
+#        common prefix ->    yes          no
+#        word complete \/
+#            yes           "cbnu"      "cbnu"
+#            no              -          beep
+
+# for the second bang on the completion key
+#  there will necessarily be no common prefix
+#  show a menu of the choices.
+
+# for subsequent bangs, rotate the menu around (if there are sufficient
+# choices).
+
+
+class complete(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r: CompletingReader
+        r = self.reader  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        last_is_completer = r.last_command_is(self.__class__)
+        immutable_completions = r.assume_immutable_completions
+        completions_unchangable = last_is_completer and immutable_completions
+        stem = r.get_stem()
+        if not completions_unchangable:
+            r.cmpltn_menu_choices = r.get_completions(stem)
+
+        completions = r.cmpltn_menu_choices
+        if not completions:
+            r.error("no matches")
+        elif len(completions) == 1:
+            if completions_unchangable and len(completions[0]) == len(stem):
+                r.msg = "[ sole completion ]"
+                r.dirty = True
+            r.insert(completions[0][len(stem):])
+        else:
+            p = prefix(completions, len(stem))
+            if p:
+                r.insert(p)
+            if last_is_completer:
+                r.cmpltn_menu_visible = True
+                r.cmpltn_message_visible = False
+                r.cmpltn_menu, r.cmpltn_menu_end = build_menu(
+                    r.console, completions, r.cmpltn_menu_end,
+                    r.use_brackets, r.sort_in_column)
+                r.dirty = True
+            elif not r.cmpltn_menu_visible:
+                r.cmpltn_message_visible = True
+                if stem + p in completions:
+                    r.msg = "[ complete but not unique ]"
+                    r.dirty = True
+                else:
+                    r.msg = "[ not unique ]"
+                    r.dirty = True
+
+
+class self_insert(commands.self_insert):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r: CompletingReader
+        r = self.reader  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+        commands.self_insert.do(self)
+        if r.cmpltn_menu_visible:
+            stem = r.get_stem()
+            if len(stem) < 1:
+                r.cmpltn_reset()
+            else:
+                completions = [w for w in r.cmpltn_menu_choices
+                               if w.startswith(stem)]
+                if completions:
+                    r.cmpltn_menu, r.cmpltn_menu_end = build_menu(
+                        r.console, completions, 0,
+                        r.use_brackets, r.sort_in_column)
+                else:
+                    r.cmpltn_reset()
+
+
+@dataclass
+class CompletingReader(Reader):
+    """Adds completion support"""
+
+    ### Class variables
+    # see the comment for the complete command
+    assume_immutable_completions = True
+    use_brackets = True  # display completions inside []
+    sort_in_column = False
+
+    ### Instance variables
+    cmpltn_menu: list[str] = field(init=False)
+    cmpltn_menu_visible: bool = field(init=False)
+    cmpltn_message_visible: bool = field(init=False)
+    cmpltn_menu_end: int = field(init=False)
+    cmpltn_menu_choices: list[str] = field(init=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__post_init__()
+        self.cmpltn_reset()
+        for c in (complete, self_insert):
+            self.commands[c.__name__] = c
+            self.commands[c.__name__.replace('_', '-')] = c
+
+    def collect_keymap(self) -> tuple[tuple[KeySpec, CommandName], ...]:
+        return super().collect_keymap() + (
+            (r'\t', 'complete'),)
+
+    def after_command(self, cmd: Command) -> None:
+        super().after_command(cmd)
+        if not isinstance(cmd, (complete, self_insert)):
+            self.cmpltn_reset()
+
+    def calc_screen(self) -> list[str]:
+        screen = super().calc_screen()
+        if self.cmpltn_menu_visible:
+            # We display the completions menu below the current prompt
+            ly = self.lxy[1] + 1
+            screen[ly:ly] = self.cmpltn_menu
+            # If we're not in the middle of multiline edit, don't append to screeninfo
+            # since that screws up the position calculation in pos2xy function.
+            # This is a hack to prevent the cursor jumping
+            # into the completions menu when pressing left or down arrow.
+            if self.pos != len(self.buffer):
+                self.screeninfo[ly:ly] = [(0, [])]*len(self.cmpltn_menu)
+        return screen
+
+    def finish(self) -> None:
+        super().finish()
+        self.cmpltn_reset()
+
+    def cmpltn_reset(self) -> None:
+        self.cmpltn_menu = []
+        self.cmpltn_menu_visible = False
+        self.cmpltn_message_visible = False
+        self.cmpltn_menu_end = 0
+        self.cmpltn_menu_choices = []
+
+    def get_stem(self) -> str:
+        st = self.syntax_table
+        SW = reader.SYNTAX_WORD
+        b = self.buffer
+        p = self.pos - 1
+        while p >= 0 and st.get(b[p], SW) == SW:
+            p -= 1
+        return ''.join(b[p+1:self.pos])
+
+    def get_completions(self, stem: str) -> list[str]:
+        return []
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/console.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/console.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d78890b4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/console.py
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2004 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import _colorize  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+import ast
+import code
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+import os.path
+import sys
+
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO
+    from typing import Callable
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Event:
+    evt: str
+    data: str
+    raw: bytes = b""
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Console(ABC):
+    posxy: tuple[int, int]
+    screen: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    height: int = 25
+    width: int = 80
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        f_in: IO[bytes] | int = 0,
+        f_out: IO[bytes] | int = 1,
+        term: str = "",
+        encoding: str = "",
+    ):
+        self.encoding = encoding or sys.getdefaultencoding()
+
+        if isinstance(f_in, int):
+            self.input_fd = f_in
+        else:
+            self.input_fd = f_in.fileno()
+
+        if isinstance(f_out, int):
+            self.output_fd = f_out
+        else:
+            self.output_fd = f_out.fileno()
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def refresh(self, screen: list[str], xy: tuple[int, int]) -> None: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def prepare(self) -> None: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def restore(self) -> None: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def move_cursor(self, x: int, y: int) -> None: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def set_cursor_vis(self, visible: bool) -> None: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def getheightwidth(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        """Return (height, width) where height and width are the height
+        and width of the terminal window in characters."""
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_event(self, block: bool = True) -> Event | None:
+        """Return an Event instance.  Returns None if |block| is false
+        and there is no event pending, otherwise waits for the
+        completion of an event."""
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def push_char(self, char: int | bytes) -> None:
+        """
+        Push a character to the console event queue.
+        """
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def beep(self) -> None: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Wipe the screen"""
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def finish(self) -> None:
+        """Move the cursor to the end of the display and otherwise get
+        ready for end.  XXX could be merged with restore?  Hmm."""
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def flushoutput(self) -> None:
+        """Flush all output to the screen (assuming there's some
+        buffering going on somewhere)."""
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def forgetinput(self) -> None:
+        """Forget all pending, but not yet processed input."""
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def getpending(self) -> Event:
+        """Return the characters that have been typed but not yet
+        processed."""
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def wait(self, timeout: float | None) -> bool:
+        """Wait for an event. The return value is True if an event is
+        available, False if the timeout has been reached. If timeout is
+        None, wait forever. The timeout is in milliseconds."""
+        ...
+
+    @property
+    def input_hook(self) -> Callable[[], int] | None:
+        """Returns the current input hook."""
+        ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def repaint(self) -> None: ...
+
+
+class InteractiveColoredConsole(code.InteractiveConsole):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        locals: dict[str, object] | None = None,
+        filename: str = "<console>",
+        *,
+        local_exit: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(locals=locals, filename=filename, local_exit=local_exit)  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+        self.can_colorize = _colorize.can_colorize()
+
+    def showsyntaxerror(self, filename=None, **kwargs):
+        super().showsyntaxerror(filename=filename, **kwargs)
+
+    def _excepthook(self, typ, value, tb):
+        import traceback
+        lines = traceback.format_exception(
+                typ, value, tb,
+                colorize=self.can_colorize,
+                limit=traceback.BUILTIN_EXCEPTION_LIMIT)
+        self.write(''.join(lines))
+
+    def runsource(self, source, filename="<input>", symbol="single"):
+        try:
+            tree = self.compile.compiler(
+                source,
+                filename,
+                "exec",
+                ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST,
+                incomplete_input=False,
+            )
+        except (SyntaxError, OverflowError, ValueError):
+            self.showsyntaxerror(filename, source=source)
+            return False
+        if tree.body:
+            *_, last_stmt = tree.body
+        for stmt in tree.body:
+            wrapper = ast.Interactive if stmt is last_stmt else ast.Module
+            the_symbol = symbol if stmt is last_stmt else "exec"
+            item = wrapper([stmt])
+            try:
+                code = self.compile.compiler(item, filename, the_symbol)
+            except SyntaxError as e:
+                if e.args[0] == "'await' outside function":
+                    python = os.path.basename(sys.executable)
+                    e.add_note(
+                        f"Try the asyncio REPL ({python} -m asyncio) to use"
+                        f" top-level 'await' and run background asyncio tasks."
+                    )
+                self.showsyntaxerror(filename, source=source)
+                return False
+            except (OverflowError, ValueError):
+                self.showsyntaxerror(filename, source=source)
+                return False
+
+            if code is None:
+                return True
+
+            self.runcode(code)
+        return False
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/curses.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/curses.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a624d9f68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/curses.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2010 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#                       Armin Rigo
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+
+try:
+    import _curses
+except ImportError:
+    try:
+        import curses as _curses  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+    except ImportError:
+        from . import _minimal_curses as _curses  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+
+setupterm = _curses.setupterm
+tigetstr = _curses.tigetstr
+tparm = _curses.tparm
+error = _curses.error
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/fancy_termios.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/fancy_termios.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0468b9a267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/fancy_termios.py
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2004 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+import termios
+
+
+class TermState:
+    def __init__(self, tuples):
+        (
+            self.iflag,
+            self.oflag,
+            self.cflag,
+            self.lflag,
+            self.ispeed,
+            self.ospeed,
+            self.cc,
+        ) = tuples
+
+    def as_list(self):
+        return [
+            self.iflag,
+            self.oflag,
+            self.cflag,
+            self.lflag,
+            self.ispeed,
+            self.ospeed,
+            # Always return a copy of the control characters list to ensure
+            # there are not any additional references to self.cc
+            self.cc[:],
+        ]
+
+    def copy(self):
+        return self.__class__(self.as_list())
+
+
+def tcgetattr(fd):
+    return TermState(termios.tcgetattr(fd))
+
+
+def tcsetattr(fd, when, attrs):
+    termios.tcsetattr(fd, when, attrs.as_list())
+
+
+class Term(TermState):
+    TS__init__ = TermState.__init__
+
+    def __init__(self, fd=0):
+        self.TS__init__(termios.tcgetattr(fd))
+        self.fd = fd
+        self.stack = []
+
+    def save(self):
+        self.stack.append(self.as_list())
+
+    def set(self, when=termios.TCSANOW):
+        termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, when, self.as_list())
+
+    def restore(self):
+        self.TS__init__(self.stack.pop())
+        self.set()
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/historical_reader.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/historical_reader.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4b95fa2e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/historical_reader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,419 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2004 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+from . import commands, input
+from .reader import Reader
+
+
+if False:
+    from .types import SimpleContextManager, KeySpec, CommandName
+
+
+isearch_keymap: tuple[tuple[KeySpec, CommandName], ...] = tuple(
+    [("\\%03o" % c, "isearch-end") for c in range(256) if chr(c) != "\\"]
+    + [(c, "isearch-add-character") for c in map(chr, range(32, 127)) if c != "\\"]
+    + [
+        ("\\%03o" % c, "isearch-add-character")
+        for c in range(256)
+        if chr(c).isalpha() and chr(c) != "\\"
+    ]
+    + [
+        ("\\\\", "self-insert"),
+        (r"\C-r", "isearch-backwards"),
+        (r"\C-s", "isearch-forwards"),
+        (r"\C-c", "isearch-cancel"),
+        (r"\C-g", "isearch-cancel"),
+        (r"\<backspace>", "isearch-backspace"),
+    ]
+)
+
+ISEARCH_DIRECTION_NONE = ""
+ISEARCH_DIRECTION_BACKWARDS = "r"
+ISEARCH_DIRECTION_FORWARDS = "f"
+
+
+class next_history(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        if r.historyi == len(r.history):
+            r.error("end of history list")
+            return
+        r.select_item(r.historyi + 1)
+
+
+class previous_history(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        if r.historyi == 0:
+            r.error("start of history list")
+            return
+        r.select_item(r.historyi - 1)
+
+
+class history_search_backward(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        r.search_next(forwards=False)
+
+
+class history_search_forward(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        r.search_next(forwards=True)
+
+
+class restore_history(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        if r.historyi != len(r.history):
+            if r.get_unicode() != r.history[r.historyi]:
+                r.buffer = list(r.history[r.historyi])
+                r.pos = len(r.buffer)
+                r.dirty = True
+
+
+class first_history(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.select_item(0)
+
+
+class last_history(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.select_item(len(self.reader.history))
+
+
+class operate_and_get_next(commands.FinishCommand):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        self.reader.next_history = self.reader.historyi + 1
+
+
+class yank_arg(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        if r.last_command is self.__class__:
+            r.yank_arg_i += 1
+        else:
+            r.yank_arg_i = 0
+        if r.historyi < r.yank_arg_i:
+            r.error("beginning of history list")
+            return
+        a = r.get_arg(-1)
+        # XXX how to split?
+        words = r.get_item(r.historyi - r.yank_arg_i - 1).split()
+        if a < -len(words) or a >= len(words):
+            r.error("no such arg")
+            return
+        w = words[a]
+        b = r.buffer
+        if r.yank_arg_i > 0:
+            o = len(r.yank_arg_yanked)
+        else:
+            o = 0
+        b[r.pos - o : r.pos] = list(w)
+        r.yank_arg_yanked = w
+        r.pos += len(w) - o
+        r.dirty = True
+
+
+class forward_history_isearch(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        r.isearch_direction = ISEARCH_DIRECTION_FORWARDS
+        r.isearch_start = r.historyi, r.pos
+        r.isearch_term = ""
+        r.dirty = True
+        r.push_input_trans(r.isearch_trans)
+
+
+class reverse_history_isearch(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        r.isearch_direction = ISEARCH_DIRECTION_BACKWARDS
+        r.dirty = True
+        r.isearch_term = ""
+        r.push_input_trans(r.isearch_trans)
+        r.isearch_start = r.historyi, r.pos
+
+
+class isearch_cancel(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        r.isearch_direction = ISEARCH_DIRECTION_NONE
+        r.pop_input_trans()
+        r.select_item(r.isearch_start[0])
+        r.pos = r.isearch_start[1]
+        r.dirty = True
+
+
+class isearch_add_character(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        b = r.buffer
+        r.isearch_term += self.event[-1]
+        r.dirty = True
+        p = r.pos + len(r.isearch_term) - 1
+        if b[p : p + 1] != [r.isearch_term[-1]]:
+            r.isearch_next()
+
+
+class isearch_backspace(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        if len(r.isearch_term) > 0:
+            r.isearch_term = r.isearch_term[:-1]
+            r.dirty = True
+        else:
+            r.error("nothing to rubout")
+
+
+class isearch_forwards(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        r.isearch_direction = ISEARCH_DIRECTION_FORWARDS
+        r.isearch_next()
+
+
+class isearch_backwards(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        r.isearch_direction = ISEARCH_DIRECTION_BACKWARDS
+        r.isearch_next()
+
+
+class isearch_end(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        r.isearch_direction = ISEARCH_DIRECTION_NONE
+        r.console.forgetinput()
+        r.pop_input_trans()
+        r.dirty = True
+
+
+@dataclass
+class HistoricalReader(Reader):
+    """Adds history support (with incremental history searching) to the
+    Reader class.
+    """
+
+    history: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    historyi: int = 0
+    next_history: int | None = None
+    transient_history: dict[int, str] = field(default_factory=dict)
+    isearch_term: str = ""
+    isearch_direction: str = ISEARCH_DIRECTION_NONE
+    isearch_start: tuple[int, int] = field(init=False)
+    isearch_trans: input.KeymapTranslator = field(init=False)
+    yank_arg_i: int = 0
+    yank_arg_yanked: str = ""
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__post_init__()
+        for c in [
+            next_history,
+            previous_history,
+            restore_history,
+            first_history,
+            last_history,
+            yank_arg,
+            forward_history_isearch,
+            reverse_history_isearch,
+            isearch_end,
+            isearch_add_character,
+            isearch_cancel,
+            isearch_add_character,
+            isearch_backspace,
+            isearch_forwards,
+            isearch_backwards,
+            operate_and_get_next,
+            history_search_backward,
+            history_search_forward,
+        ]:
+            self.commands[c.__name__] = c
+            self.commands[c.__name__.replace("_", "-")] = c
+        self.isearch_start = self.historyi, self.pos
+        self.isearch_trans = input.KeymapTranslator(
+            isearch_keymap, invalid_cls=isearch_end, character_cls=isearch_add_character
+        )
+
+    def collect_keymap(self) -> tuple[tuple[KeySpec, CommandName], ...]:
+        return super().collect_keymap() + (
+            (r"\C-n", "next-history"),
+            (r"\C-p", "previous-history"),
+            (r"\C-o", "operate-and-get-next"),
+            (r"\C-r", "reverse-history-isearch"),
+            (r"\C-s", "forward-history-isearch"),
+            (r"\M-r", "restore-history"),
+            (r"\M-.", "yank-arg"),
+            (r"\<page down>", "history-search-forward"),
+            (r"\x1b[6~", "history-search-forward"),
+            (r"\<page up>", "history-search-backward"),
+            (r"\x1b[5~", "history-search-backward"),
+        )
+
+    def select_item(self, i: int) -> None:
+        self.transient_history[self.historyi] = self.get_unicode()
+        buf = self.transient_history.get(i)
+        if buf is None:
+            buf = self.history[i].rstrip()
+        self.buffer = list(buf)
+        self.historyi = i
+        self.pos = len(self.buffer)
+        self.dirty = True
+        self.last_refresh_cache.invalidated = True
+
+    def get_item(self, i: int) -> str:
+        if i != len(self.history):
+            return self.transient_history.get(i, self.history[i])
+        else:
+            return self.transient_history.get(i, self.get_unicode())
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def suspend(self) -> SimpleContextManager:
+        with super().suspend(), self.suspend_history():
+            yield
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def suspend_history(self) -> SimpleContextManager:
+        try:
+            old_history = self.history[:]
+            del self.history[:]
+            yield
+        finally:
+            self.history[:] = old_history
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        super().prepare()
+        try:
+            self.transient_history = {}
+            if self.next_history is not None and self.next_history < len(self.history):
+                self.historyi = self.next_history
+                self.buffer[:] = list(self.history[self.next_history])
+                self.pos = len(self.buffer)
+                self.transient_history[len(self.history)] = ""
+            else:
+                self.historyi = len(self.history)
+            self.next_history = None
+        except:
+            self.restore()
+            raise
+
+    def get_prompt(self, lineno: int, cursor_on_line: bool) -> str:
+        if cursor_on_line and self.isearch_direction != ISEARCH_DIRECTION_NONE:
+            d = "rf"[self.isearch_direction == ISEARCH_DIRECTION_FORWARDS]
+            return "(%s-search `%s') " % (d, self.isearch_term)
+        else:
+            return super().get_prompt(lineno, cursor_on_line)
+
+    def search_next(self, *, forwards: bool) -> None:
+        """Search history for the current line contents up to the cursor.
+
+        Selects the first item found. If nothing is under the cursor, any next
+        item in history is selected.
+        """
+        pos = self.pos
+        s = self.get_unicode()
+        history_index = self.historyi
+
+        # In multiline contexts, we're only interested in the current line.
+        nl_index = s.rfind('\n', 0, pos)
+        prefix = s[nl_index + 1:pos]
+        pos = len(prefix)
+
+        match_prefix = len(prefix)
+        len_item = 0
+        if history_index < len(self.history):
+            len_item = len(self.get_item(history_index))
+        if len_item and pos == len_item:
+            match_prefix = False
+        elif not pos:
+            match_prefix = False
+
+        while 1:
+            if forwards:
+                out_of_bounds = history_index >= len(self.history) - 1
+            else:
+                out_of_bounds = history_index == 0
+            if out_of_bounds:
+                if forwards and not match_prefix:
+                    self.pos = 0
+                    self.buffer = []
+                    self.dirty = True
+                else:
+                    self.error("not found")
+                return
+
+            history_index += 1 if forwards else -1
+            s = self.get_item(history_index)
+
+            if not match_prefix:
+                self.select_item(history_index)
+                return
+
+            len_acc = 0
+            for i, line in enumerate(s.splitlines(keepends=True)):
+                if line.startswith(prefix):
+                    self.select_item(history_index)
+                    self.pos = pos + len_acc
+                    return
+                len_acc += len(line)
+
+    def isearch_next(self) -> None:
+        st = self.isearch_term
+        p = self.pos
+        i = self.historyi
+        s = self.get_unicode()
+        forwards = self.isearch_direction == ISEARCH_DIRECTION_FORWARDS
+        while 1:
+            if forwards:
+                p = s.find(st, p + 1)
+            else:
+                p = s.rfind(st, 0, p + len(st) - 1)
+            if p != -1:
+                self.select_item(i)
+                self.pos = p
+                return
+            elif (forwards and i >= len(self.history) - 1) or (not forwards and i == 0):
+                self.error("not found")
+                return
+            else:
+                if forwards:
+                    i += 1
+                    s = self.get_item(i)
+                    p = -1
+                else:
+                    i -= 1
+                    s = self.get_item(i)
+                    p = len(s)
+
+    def finish(self) -> None:
+        super().finish()
+        ret = self.get_unicode()
+        for i, t in self.transient_history.items():
+            if i < len(self.history) and i != self.historyi:
+                self.history[i] = t
+        if ret and should_auto_add_history:
+            self.history.append(ret)
+
+
+should_auto_add_history = True
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/input.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/input.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21c24eb5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/input.py
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2004 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+# (naming modules after builtin functions is not such a hot idea...)
+
+# an KeyTrans instance translates Event objects into Command objects
+
+# hmm, at what level do we want [C-i] and [tab] to be equivalent?
+# [meta-a] and [esc a]?  obviously, these are going to be equivalent
+# for the UnixConsole, but should they be for PygameConsole?
+
+# it would in any situation seem to be a bad idea to bind, say, [tab]
+# and [C-i] to *different* things... but should binding one bind the
+# other?
+
+# executive, temporary decision: [tab] and [C-i] are distinct, but
+# [meta-key] is identified with [esc key].  We demand that any console
+# class does quite a lot towards emulating a unix terminal.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+import unicodedata
+from collections import deque
+
+
+# types
+if False:
+    from .types import EventTuple
+
+
+class InputTranslator(ABC):
+    @abstractmethod
+    def push(self, evt: EventTuple) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get(self) -> EventTuple | None:
+        return None
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        return True
+
+
+class KeymapTranslator(InputTranslator):
+    def __init__(self, keymap, verbose=False, invalid_cls=None, character_cls=None):
+        self.verbose = verbose
+        from .keymap import compile_keymap, parse_keys
+
+        self.keymap = keymap
+        self.invalid_cls = invalid_cls
+        self.character_cls = character_cls
+        d = {}
+        for keyspec, command in keymap:
+            keyseq = tuple(parse_keys(keyspec))
+            d[keyseq] = command
+        if self.verbose:
+            print(d)
+        self.k = self.ck = compile_keymap(d, ())
+        self.results = deque()
+        self.stack = []
+
+    def push(self, evt):
+        if self.verbose:
+            print("pushed", evt.data, end="")
+        key = evt.data
+        d = self.k.get(key)
+        if isinstance(d, dict):
+            if self.verbose:
+                print("transition")
+            self.stack.append(key)
+            self.k = d
+        else:
+            if d is None:
+                if self.verbose:
+                    print("invalid")
+                if self.stack or len(key) > 1 or unicodedata.category(key) == "C":
+                    self.results.append((self.invalid_cls, self.stack + [key]))
+                else:
+                    # small optimization:
+                    self.k[key] = self.character_cls
+                    self.results.append((self.character_cls, [key]))
+            else:
+                if self.verbose:
+                    print("matched", d)
+                self.results.append((d, self.stack + [key]))
+            self.stack = []
+            self.k = self.ck
+
+    def get(self):
+        if self.results:
+            return self.results.popleft()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        return not self.results
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/keymap.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/keymap.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2fb03d1952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/keymap.py
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2008 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#                       Armin Rigo
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+"""
+Keymap contains functions for parsing keyspecs and turning keyspecs into
+appropriate sequences.
+
+A keyspec is a string representing a sequence of key presses that can
+be bound to a command. All characters other than the backslash represent
+themselves. In the traditional manner, a backslash introduces an escape
+sequence.
+
+pyrepl uses its own keyspec format that is meant to be a strict superset of
+readline's KEYSEQ format. This means that if a spec is found that readline
+accepts that this doesn't, it should be logged as a bug. Note that this means
+we're using the `\\C-o' style of readline's keyspec, not the `Control-o' sort.
+
+The extension to readline is that the sequence \\<KEY> denotes the
+sequence of characters produced by hitting KEY.
+
+Examples:
+`a'      - what you get when you hit the `a' key
+`\\EOA'  - Escape - O - A (up, on my terminal)
+`\\<UP>' - the up arrow key
+`\\<up>' - ditto (keynames are case-insensitive)
+`\\C-o', `\\c-o'  - control-o
+`\\M-.'  - meta-period
+`\\E.'   - ditto (that's how meta works for pyrepl)
+`\\<tab>', `\\<TAB>', `\\t', `\\011', '\\x09', '\\X09', '\\C-i', '\\C-I'
+   - all of these are the tab character.
+"""
+
+_escapes = {
+    "\\": "\\",
+    "'": "'",
+    '"': '"',
+    "a": "\a",
+    "b": "\b",
+    "e": "\033",
+    "f": "\f",
+    "n": "\n",
+    "r": "\r",
+    "t": "\t",
+    "v": "\v",
+}
+
+_keynames = {
+    "backspace": "backspace",
+    "delete": "delete",
+    "down": "down",
+    "end": "end",
+    "enter": "\r",
+    "escape": "\033",
+    "f1": "f1",
+    "f2": "f2",
+    "f3": "f3",
+    "f4": "f4",
+    "f5": "f5",
+    "f6": "f6",
+    "f7": "f7",
+    "f8": "f8",
+    "f9": "f9",
+    "f10": "f10",
+    "f11": "f11",
+    "f12": "f12",
+    "f13": "f13",
+    "f14": "f14",
+    "f15": "f15",
+    "f16": "f16",
+    "f17": "f17",
+    "f18": "f18",
+    "f19": "f19",
+    "f20": "f20",
+    "home": "home",
+    "insert": "insert",
+    "left": "left",
+    "page down": "page down",
+    "page up": "page up",
+    "return": "\r",
+    "right": "right",
+    "space": " ",
+    "tab": "\t",
+    "up": "up",
+}
+
+
+class KeySpecError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def parse_keys(keys: str) -> list[str]:
+    """Parse keys in keyspec format to a sequence of keys."""
+    s = 0
+    r: list[str] = []
+    while s < len(keys):
+        k, s = _parse_single_key_sequence(keys, s)
+        r.extend(k)
+    return r
+
+
+def _parse_single_key_sequence(key: str, s: int) -> tuple[list[str], int]:
+    ctrl = 0
+    meta = 0
+    ret = ""
+    while not ret and s < len(key):
+        if key[s] == "\\":
+            c = key[s + 1].lower()
+            if c in _escapes:
+                ret = _escapes[c]
+                s += 2
+            elif c == "c":
+                if key[s + 2] != "-":
+                    raise KeySpecError(
+                        "\\C must be followed by `-' (char %d of %s)"
+                        % (s + 2, repr(key))
+                    )
+                if ctrl:
+                    raise KeySpecError(
+                        "doubled \\C- (char %d of %s)" % (s + 1, repr(key))
+                    )
+                ctrl = 1
+                s += 3
+            elif c == "m":
+                if key[s + 2] != "-":
+                    raise KeySpecError(
+                        "\\M must be followed by `-' (char %d of %s)"
+                        % (s + 2, repr(key))
+                    )
+                if meta:
+                    raise KeySpecError(
+                        "doubled \\M- (char %d of %s)" % (s + 1, repr(key))
+                    )
+                meta = 1
+                s += 3
+            elif c.isdigit():
+                n = key[s + 1 : s + 4]
+                ret = chr(int(n, 8))
+                s += 4
+            elif c == "x":
+                n = key[s + 2 : s + 4]
+                ret = chr(int(n, 16))
+                s += 4
+            elif c == "<":
+                t = key.find(">", s)
+                if t == -1:
+                    raise KeySpecError(
+                        "unterminated \\< starting at char %d of %s"
+                        % (s + 1, repr(key))
+                    )
+                ret = key[s + 2 : t].lower()
+                if ret not in _keynames:
+                    raise KeySpecError(
+                        "unrecognised keyname `%s' at char %d of %s"
+                        % (ret, s + 2, repr(key))
+                    )
+                ret = _keynames[ret]
+                s = t + 1
+            else:
+                raise KeySpecError(
+                    "unknown backslash escape %s at char %d of %s"
+                    % (repr(c), s + 2, repr(key))
+                )
+        else:
+            ret = key[s]
+            s += 1
+    if ctrl:
+        if len(ret) == 1:
+            ret = chr(ord(ret) & 0x1F)  # curses.ascii.ctrl()
+        elif ret in {"left", "right"}:
+            ret = f"ctrl {ret}"
+        else:
+            raise KeySpecError("\\C- followed by invalid key")
+
+    result = [ret], s
+    if meta:
+        result[0].insert(0, "\033")
+    return result
+
+
+def compile_keymap(keymap, empty=b""):
+    r = {}
+    for key, value in keymap.items():
+        if isinstance(key, bytes):
+            first = key[:1]
+        else:
+            first = key[0]
+        r.setdefault(first, {})[key[1:]] = value
+    for key, value in r.items():
+        if empty in value:
+            if len(value) != 1:
+                raise KeySpecError("key definitions for %s clash" % (value.values(),))
+            else:
+                r[key] = value[empty]
+        else:
+            r[key] = compile_keymap(value, empty)
+    return r
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/main.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a6f824dcc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+import errno
+import os
+import sys
+
+
+CAN_USE_PYREPL: bool
+FAIL_REASON: str
+try:
+    if sys.platform == "win32" and sys.getwindowsversion().build < 10586:
+        raise RuntimeError("Windows 10 TH2 or later required")
+    if not os.isatty(sys.stdin.fileno()):
+        raise OSError(errno.ENOTTY, "tty required", "stdin")
+    from .simple_interact import check
+    if err := check():
+        raise RuntimeError(err)
+except Exception as e:
+    CAN_USE_PYREPL = False
+    FAIL_REASON = f"warning: can't use pyrepl: {e}"
+else:
+    CAN_USE_PYREPL = True
+    FAIL_REASON = ""
+
+
+def interactive_console(mainmodule=None, quiet=False, pythonstartup=False):
+    if not CAN_USE_PYREPL:
+        if not os.getenv('PYTHON_BASIC_REPL') and FAIL_REASON:
+            from .trace import trace
+            trace(FAIL_REASON)
+            print(FAIL_REASON, file=sys.stderr)
+        return sys._baserepl()
+
+    if mainmodule:
+        namespace = mainmodule.__dict__
+    else:
+        import __main__
+        namespace = __main__.__dict__
+        namespace.pop("__pyrepl_interactive_console", None)
+
+    # sys._baserepl() above does this internally, we do it here
+    startup_path = os.getenv("PYTHONSTARTUP")
+    if pythonstartup and startup_path:
+        sys.audit("cpython.run_startup", startup_path)
+
+        import tokenize
+        with tokenize.open(startup_path) as f:
+            startup_code = compile(f.read(), startup_path, "exec")
+            exec(startup_code, namespace)
+
+    # set sys.{ps1,ps2} just before invoking the interactive interpreter. This
+    # mimics what CPython does in pythonrun.c
+    if not hasattr(sys, "ps1"):
+        sys.ps1 = ">>> "
+    if not hasattr(sys, "ps2"):
+        sys.ps2 = "... "
+
+    from .console import InteractiveColoredConsole
+    from .simple_interact import run_multiline_interactive_console
+    console = InteractiveColoredConsole(namespace, filename="<stdin>")
+    run_multiline_interactive_console(console)
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/mypy.ini b/Lib/_pyrepl/mypy.ini
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..395f5945ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/mypy.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Config file for running mypy on _pyrepl.
+# Run mypy by invoking `mypy --config-file Lib/_pyrepl/mypy.ini`
+# on the command-line from the repo root
+
+[mypy]
+files = Lib/_pyrepl
+explicit_package_bases = True
+python_version = 3.12
+platform = linux
+pretty = True
+
+# Enable most stricter settings
+enable_error_code = ignore-without-code,redundant-expr
+strict = True
+
+# Various stricter settings that we can't yet enable
+# Try to enable these in the following order:
+disallow_untyped_calls = False
+disallow_untyped_defs = False
+check_untyped_defs = False
+
+# Various internal modules that typeshed deliberately doesn't have stubs for:
+[mypy-_abc.*,_opcode.*,_overlapped.*,_testcapi.*,_testinternalcapi.*,test.*]
+ignore_missing_imports = True
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/pager.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/pager.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1fddc63e3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/pager.py
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+
+
+# types
+if False:
+    from typing import Protocol
+    class Pager(Protocol):
+        def __call__(self, text: str, title: str = "") -> None:
+            ...
+
+
+def get_pager() -> Pager:
+    """Decide what method to use for paging through text."""
+    if not hasattr(sys.stdin, "isatty"):
+        return plain_pager
+    if not hasattr(sys.stdout, "isatty"):
+        return plain_pager
+    if not sys.stdin.isatty() or not sys.stdout.isatty():
+        return plain_pager
+    if sys.platform == "emscripten":
+        return plain_pager
+    use_pager = os.environ.get('MANPAGER') or os.environ.get('PAGER')
+    if use_pager:
+        if sys.platform == 'win32': # pipes completely broken in Windows
+            return lambda text, title='': tempfile_pager(plain(text), use_pager)
+        elif os.environ.get('TERM') in ('dumb', 'emacs'):
+            return lambda text, title='': pipe_pager(plain(text), use_pager, title)
+        else:
+            return lambda text, title='': pipe_pager(text, use_pager, title)
+    if os.environ.get('TERM') in ('dumb', 'emacs'):
+        return plain_pager
+    if sys.platform == 'win32':
+        return lambda text, title='': tempfile_pager(plain(text), 'more <')
+    if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('(pager) 2>/dev/null') == 0:
+        return lambda text, title='': pipe_pager(text, 'pager', title)
+    if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('(less) 2>/dev/null') == 0:
+        return lambda text, title='': pipe_pager(text, 'less', title)
+
+    import tempfile
+    (fd, filename) = tempfile.mkstemp()
+    os.close(fd)
+    try:
+        if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('more "%s"' % filename) == 0:
+            return lambda text, title='': pipe_pager(text, 'more', title)
+        else:
+            return tty_pager
+    finally:
+        os.unlink(filename)
+
+
+def escape_stdout(text: str) -> str:
+    # Escape non-encodable characters to avoid encoding errors later
+    encoding = getattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding', None) or 'utf-8'
+    return text.encode(encoding, 'backslashreplace').decode(encoding)
+
+
+def escape_less(s: str) -> str:
+    return re.sub(r'([?:.%\\])', r'\\\1', s)
+
+
+def plain(text: str) -> str:
+    """Remove boldface formatting from text."""
+    return re.sub('.\b', '', text)
+
+
+def tty_pager(text: str, title: str = '') -> None:
+    """Page through text on a text terminal."""
+    lines = plain(escape_stdout(text)).split('\n')
+    has_tty = False
+    try:
+        import tty
+        import termios
+        fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
+        old = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
+        tty.setcbreak(fd)
+        has_tty = True
+
+        def getchar() -> str:
+            return sys.stdin.read(1)
+
+    except (ImportError, AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation):
+        def getchar() -> str:
+            return sys.stdin.readline()[:-1][:1]
+
+    try:
+        try:
+            h = int(os.environ.get('LINES', 0))
+        except ValueError:
+            h = 0
+        if h <= 1:
+            h = 25
+        r = inc = h - 1
+        sys.stdout.write('\n'.join(lines[:inc]) + '\n')
+        while lines[r:]:
+            sys.stdout.write('-- more --')
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            c = getchar()
+
+            if c in ('q', 'Q'):
+                sys.stdout.write('\r          \r')
+                break
+            elif c in ('\r', '\n'):
+                sys.stdout.write('\r          \r' + lines[r] + '\n')
+                r = r + 1
+                continue
+            if c in ('b', 'B', '\x1b'):
+                r = r - inc - inc
+                if r < 0: r = 0
+            sys.stdout.write('\n' + '\n'.join(lines[r:r+inc]) + '\n')
+            r = r + inc
+
+    finally:
+        if has_tty:
+            termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, old)
+
+
+def plain_pager(text: str, title: str = '') -> None:
+    """Simply print unformatted text.  This is the ultimate fallback."""
+    sys.stdout.write(plain(escape_stdout(text)))
+
+
+def pipe_pager(text: str, cmd: str, title: str = '') -> None:
+    """Page through text by feeding it to another program."""
+    import subprocess
+    env = os.environ.copy()
+    if title:
+        title += ' '
+    esc_title = escape_less(title)
+    prompt_string = (
+        f' {esc_title}' +
+        '?ltline %lt?L/%L.'
+        ':byte %bB?s/%s.'
+        '.'
+        '?e (END):?pB %pB\\%..'
+        ' (press h for help or q to quit)')
+    env['LESS'] = '-RmPm{0}$PM{0}$'.format(prompt_string)
+    proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                            errors='backslashreplace', env=env)
+    assert proc.stdin is not None
+    try:
+        with proc.stdin as pipe:
+            try:
+                pipe.write(text)
+            except KeyboardInterrupt:
+                # We've hereby abandoned whatever text hasn't been written,
+                # but the pager is still in control of the terminal.
+                pass
+    except OSError:
+        pass # Ignore broken pipes caused by quitting the pager program.
+    while True:
+        try:
+            proc.wait()
+            break
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            # Ignore ctl-c like the pager itself does.  Otherwise the pager is
+            # left running and the terminal is in raw mode and unusable.
+            pass
+
+
+def tempfile_pager(text: str, cmd: str, title: str = '') -> None:
+    """Page through text by invoking a program on a temporary file."""
+    import tempfile
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tempdir:
+        filename = os.path.join(tempdir, 'pydoc.out')
+        with open(filename, 'w', errors='backslashreplace',
+                  encoding=os.device_encoding(0) if
+                  sys.platform == 'win32' else None
+                  ) as file:
+            file.write(text)
+        os.system(cmd + ' "' + filename + '"')
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/reader.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/reader.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dc26bfd3a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/reader.py
@@ -0,0 +1,816 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2010 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#                       Antonio Cuni
+#                       Armin Rigo
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sys
+
+from contextlib import contextmanager
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field, fields
+import unicodedata
+from _colorize import can_colorize, ANSIColors  # type: ignore[import-not-found]
+
+
+from . import commands, console, input
+from .utils import ANSI_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE, wlen, str_width
+from .trace import trace
+
+
+# types
+Command = commands.Command
+from .types import Callback, SimpleContextManager, KeySpec, CommandName
+
+
+def disp_str(buffer: str) -> tuple[str, list[int]]:
+    """disp_str(buffer:string) -> (string, [int])
+
+    Return the string that should be the printed representation of
+    |buffer| and a list detailing where the characters of |buffer|
+    get used up.  E.g.:
+
+    >>> disp_str(chr(3))
+    ('^C', [1, 0])
+
+    """
+    b: list[int] = []
+    s: list[str] = []
+    for c in buffer:
+        if c == '\x1a':
+            s.append(c)
+            b.append(2)
+        elif ord(c) < 128:
+            s.append(c)
+            b.append(1)
+        elif unicodedata.category(c).startswith("C"):
+            c = r"\u%04x" % ord(c)
+            s.append(c)
+            b.extend([0] * (len(c) - 1))
+        else:
+            s.append(c)
+            b.append(str_width(c))
+    return "".join(s), b
+
+
+# syntax classes:
+
+SYNTAX_WHITESPACE, SYNTAX_WORD, SYNTAX_SYMBOL = range(3)
+
+
+def make_default_syntax_table() -> dict[str, int]:
+    # XXX perhaps should use some unicodedata here?
+    st: dict[str, int] = {}
+    for c in map(chr, range(256)):
+        st[c] = SYNTAX_SYMBOL
+    for c in [a for a in map(chr, range(256)) if a.isalnum()]:
+        st[c] = SYNTAX_WORD
+    st["\n"] = st[" "] = SYNTAX_WHITESPACE
+    return st
+
+
+def make_default_commands() -> dict[CommandName, type[Command]]:
+    result: dict[CommandName, type[Command]] = {}
+    for v in vars(commands).values():
+        if isinstance(v, type) and issubclass(v, Command) and v.__name__[0].islower():
+            result[v.__name__] = v
+            result[v.__name__.replace("_", "-")] = v
+    return result
+
+
+default_keymap: tuple[tuple[KeySpec, CommandName], ...] = tuple(
+    [
+        (r"\C-a", "beginning-of-line"),
+        (r"\C-b", "left"),
+        (r"\C-c", "interrupt"),
+        (r"\C-d", "delete"),
+        (r"\C-e", "end-of-line"),
+        (r"\C-f", "right"),
+        (r"\C-g", "cancel"),
+        (r"\C-h", "backspace"),
+        (r"\C-j", "accept"),
+        (r"\<return>", "accept"),
+        (r"\C-k", "kill-line"),
+        (r"\C-l", "clear-screen"),
+        (r"\C-m", "accept"),
+        (r"\C-t", "transpose-characters"),
+        (r"\C-u", "unix-line-discard"),
+        (r"\C-w", "unix-word-rubout"),
+        (r"\C-x\C-u", "upcase-region"),
+        (r"\C-y", "yank"),
+        *(() if sys.platform == "win32" else ((r"\C-z", "suspend"), )),
+        (r"\M-b", "backward-word"),
+        (r"\M-c", "capitalize-word"),
+        (r"\M-d", "kill-word"),
+        (r"\M-f", "forward-word"),
+        (r"\M-l", "downcase-word"),
+        (r"\M-t", "transpose-words"),
+        (r"\M-u", "upcase-word"),
+        (r"\M-y", "yank-pop"),
+        (r"\M--", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-0", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-1", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-2", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-3", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-4", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-5", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-6", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-7", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-8", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-9", "digit-arg"),
+        (r"\M-\n", "accept"),
+        ("\\\\", "self-insert"),
+        (r"\x1b[200~", "enable_bracketed_paste"),
+        (r"\x1b[201~", "disable_bracketed_paste"),
+        (r"\x03", "ctrl-c"),
+    ]
+    + [(c, "self-insert") for c in map(chr, range(32, 127)) if c != "\\"]
+    + [(c, "self-insert") for c in map(chr, range(128, 256)) if c.isalpha()]
+    + [
+        (r"\<up>", "up"),
+        (r"\<down>", "down"),
+        (r"\<left>", "left"),
+        (r"\C-\<left>", "backward-word"),
+        (r"\<right>", "right"),
+        (r"\C-\<right>", "forward-word"),
+        (r"\<delete>", "delete"),
+        (r"\x1b[3~", "delete"),
+        (r"\<backspace>", "backspace"),
+        (r"\M-\<backspace>", "backward-kill-word"),
+        (r"\<end>", "end-of-line"),  # was 'end'
+        (r"\<home>", "beginning-of-line"),  # was 'home'
+        (r"\<f1>", "help"),
+        (r"\<f2>", "show-history"),
+        (r"\<f3>", "paste-mode"),
+        (r"\EOF", "end"),  # the entries in the terminfo database for xterms
+        (r"\EOH", "home"),  # seem to be wrong.  this is a less than ideal
+        # workaround
+    ]
+)
+
+
+@dataclass(slots=True)
+class Reader:
+    """The Reader class implements the bare bones of a command reader,
+    handling such details as editing and cursor motion.  What it does
+    not support are such things as completion or history support -
+    these are implemented elsewhere.
+
+    Instance variables of note include:
+
+      * buffer:
+        A *list* (*not* a string at the moment :-) containing all the
+        characters that have been entered.
+      * console:
+        Hopefully encapsulates the OS dependent stuff.
+      * pos:
+        A 0-based index into `buffer' for where the insertion point
+        is.
+      * screeninfo:
+        Ahem.  This list contains some info needed to move the
+        insertion point around reasonably efficiently.
+      * cxy, lxy:
+        the position of the insertion point in screen ...
+      * syntax_table:
+        Dictionary mapping characters to `syntax class'; read the
+        emacs docs to see what this means :-)
+      * commands:
+        Dictionary mapping command names to command classes.
+      * arg:
+        The emacs-style prefix argument.  It will be None if no such
+        argument has been provided.
+      * dirty:
+        True if we need to refresh the display.
+      * kill_ring:
+        The emacs-style kill-ring; manipulated with yank & yank-pop
+      * ps1, ps2, ps3, ps4:
+        prompts.  ps1 is the prompt for a one-line input; for a
+        multiline input it looks like:
+            ps2> first line of input goes here
+            ps3> second and further
+            ps3> lines get ps3
+            ...
+            ps4> and the last one gets ps4
+        As with the usual top-level, you can set these to instances if
+        you like; str() will be called on them (once) at the beginning
+        of each command.  Don't put really long or newline containing
+        strings here, please!
+        This is just the default policy; you can change it freely by
+        overriding get_prompt() (and indeed some standard subclasses
+        do).
+      * finished:
+        handle1 will set this to a true value if a command signals
+        that we're done.
+    """
+
+    console: console.Console
+
+    ## state
+    buffer: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    pos: int = 0
+    ps1: str = "->> "
+    ps2: str = "/>> "
+    ps3: str = "|.. "
+    ps4: str = R"\__ "
+    kill_ring: list[list[str]] = field(default_factory=list)
+    msg: str = ""
+    arg: int | None = None
+    dirty: bool = False
+    finished: bool = False
+    paste_mode: bool = False
+    in_bracketed_paste: bool = False
+    commands: dict[str, type[Command]] = field(default_factory=make_default_commands)
+    last_command: type[Command] | None = None
+    syntax_table: dict[str, int] = field(default_factory=make_default_syntax_table)
+    keymap: tuple[tuple[str, str], ...] = ()
+    input_trans: input.KeymapTranslator = field(init=False)
+    input_trans_stack: list[input.KeymapTranslator] = field(default_factory=list)
+    screen: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    screeninfo: list[tuple[int, list[int]]] = field(init=False)
+    cxy: tuple[int, int] = field(init=False)
+    lxy: tuple[int, int] = field(init=False)
+    scheduled_commands: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+    can_colorize: bool = False
+    threading_hook: Callback | None = None
+
+    ## cached metadata to speed up screen refreshes
+    @dataclass
+    class RefreshCache:
+        in_bracketed_paste: bool = False
+        screen: list[str] = field(default_factory=list)
+        screeninfo: list[tuple[int, list[int]]] = field(init=False)
+        line_end_offsets: list[int] = field(default_factory=list)
+        pos: int = field(init=False)
+        cxy: tuple[int, int] = field(init=False)
+        dimensions: tuple[int, int] = field(init=False)
+        invalidated: bool = False
+
+        def update_cache(self,
+                         reader: Reader,
+                         screen: list[str],
+                         screeninfo: list[tuple[int, list[int]]],
+            ) -> None:
+            self.in_bracketed_paste = reader.in_bracketed_paste
+            self.screen = screen.copy()
+            self.screeninfo = screeninfo.copy()
+            self.pos = reader.pos
+            self.cxy = reader.cxy
+            self.dimensions = reader.console.width, reader.console.height
+            self.invalidated = False
+
+        def valid(self, reader: Reader) -> bool:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                return False
+            dimensions = reader.console.width, reader.console.height
+            dimensions_changed = dimensions != self.dimensions
+            paste_changed = reader.in_bracketed_paste != self.in_bracketed_paste
+            return not (dimensions_changed or paste_changed)
+
+        def get_cached_location(self, reader: Reader) -> tuple[int, int]:
+            if self.invalidated:
+                raise ValueError("Cache is invalidated")
+            offset = 0
+            earliest_common_pos = min(reader.pos, self.pos)
+            num_common_lines = len(self.line_end_offsets)
+            while num_common_lines > 0:
+                offset = self.line_end_offsets[num_common_lines - 1]
+                if earliest_common_pos > offset:
+                    break
+                num_common_lines -= 1
+            else:
+                offset = 0
+            return offset, num_common_lines
+
+    last_refresh_cache: RefreshCache = field(default_factory=RefreshCache)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        # Enable the use of `insert` without a `prepare` call - necessary to
+        # facilitate the tab completion hack implemented for
+        # <https://bugs.python.org/issue25660>.
+        self.keymap = self.collect_keymap()
+        self.input_trans = input.KeymapTranslator(
+            self.keymap, invalid_cls="invalid-key", character_cls="self-insert"
+        )
+        self.screeninfo = [(0, [])]
+        self.cxy = self.pos2xy()
+        self.lxy = (self.pos, 0)
+        self.can_colorize = can_colorize()
+
+        self.last_refresh_cache.screeninfo = self.screeninfo
+        self.last_refresh_cache.pos = self.pos
+        self.last_refresh_cache.cxy = self.cxy
+        self.last_refresh_cache.dimensions = (0, 0)
+
+    def collect_keymap(self) -> tuple[tuple[KeySpec, CommandName], ...]:
+        return default_keymap
+
+    def calc_screen(self) -> list[str]:
+        """Translate changes in self.buffer into changes in self.console.screen."""
+        # Since the last call to calc_screen:
+        # screen and screeninfo may differ due to a completion menu being shown
+        # pos and cxy may differ due to edits, cursor movements, or completion menus
+
+        # Lines that are above both the old and new cursor position can't have changed,
+        # unless the terminal has been resized (which might cause reflowing) or we've
+        # entered or left paste mode (which changes prompts, causing reflowing).
+        num_common_lines = 0
+        offset = 0
+        if self.last_refresh_cache.valid(self):
+            offset, num_common_lines = self.last_refresh_cache.get_cached_location(self)
+
+        screen = self.last_refresh_cache.screen
+        del screen[num_common_lines:]
+
+        screeninfo = self.last_refresh_cache.screeninfo
+        del screeninfo[num_common_lines:]
+
+        last_refresh_line_end_offsets = self.last_refresh_cache.line_end_offsets
+        del last_refresh_line_end_offsets[num_common_lines:]
+
+        pos = self.pos
+        pos -= offset
+
+        prompt_from_cache = (offset and self.buffer[offset - 1] != "\n")
+
+        lines = "".join(self.buffer[offset:]).split("\n")
+
+        cursor_found = False
+        lines_beyond_cursor = 0
+        for ln, line in enumerate(lines, num_common_lines):
+            ll = len(line)
+            if 0 <= pos <= ll:
+                self.lxy = pos, ln
+                cursor_found = True
+            elif cursor_found:
+                lines_beyond_cursor += 1
+                if lines_beyond_cursor > self.console.height:
+                    # No need to keep formatting lines.
+                    # The console can't show them.
+                    break
+            if prompt_from_cache:
+                # Only the first line's prompt can come from the cache
+                prompt_from_cache = False
+                prompt = ""
+            else:
+                prompt = self.get_prompt(ln, ll >= pos >= 0)
+            while "\n" in prompt:
+                pre_prompt, _, prompt = prompt.partition("\n")
+                last_refresh_line_end_offsets.append(offset)
+                screen.append(pre_prompt)
+                screeninfo.append((0, []))
+            pos -= ll + 1
+            prompt, lp = self.process_prompt(prompt)
+            l, l2 = disp_str(line)
+            wrapcount = (wlen(l) + lp) // self.console.width
+            if wrapcount == 0:
+                offset += ll + 1  # Takes all of the line plus the newline
+                last_refresh_line_end_offsets.append(offset)
+                screen.append(prompt + l)
+                screeninfo.append((lp, l2))
+            else:
+                i = 0
+                while l:
+                    prelen = lp if i == 0 else 0
+                    index_to_wrap_before = 0
+                    column = 0
+                    for character_width in l2:
+                        if column + character_width >= self.console.width - prelen:
+                            break
+                        index_to_wrap_before += 1
+                        column += character_width
+                    pre = prompt if i == 0 else ""
+                    if len(l) > index_to_wrap_before:
+                        offset += index_to_wrap_before
+                        post = "\\"
+                        after = [1]
+                    else:
+                        offset += index_to_wrap_before + 1  # Takes the newline
+                        post = ""
+                        after = []
+                    last_refresh_line_end_offsets.append(offset)
+                    screen.append(pre + l[:index_to_wrap_before] + post)
+                    screeninfo.append((prelen, l2[:index_to_wrap_before] + after))
+                    l = l[index_to_wrap_before:]
+                    l2 = l2[index_to_wrap_before:]
+                    i += 1
+        self.screeninfo = screeninfo
+        self.cxy = self.pos2xy()
+        if self.msg:
+            for mline in self.msg.split("\n"):
+                screen.append(mline)
+                screeninfo.append((0, []))
+
+        self.last_refresh_cache.update_cache(self, screen, screeninfo)
+        return screen
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def process_prompt(prompt: str) -> tuple[str, int]:
+        """Process the prompt.
+
+        This means calculate the length of the prompt. The character \x01
+        and \x02 are used to bracket ANSI control sequences and need to be
+        excluded from the length calculation.  So also a copy of the prompt
+        is returned with these control characters removed."""
+
+        # The logic below also ignores the length of common escape
+        # sequences if they were not explicitly within \x01...\x02.
+        # They are CSI (or ANSI) sequences  ( ESC [ ... LETTER )
+
+        # wlen from utils already excludes ANSI_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE chars,
+        # which breaks the logic below so we redefine it here.
+        def wlen(s: str) -> int:
+            return sum(str_width(i) for i in s)
+
+        out_prompt = ""
+        l = wlen(prompt)
+        pos = 0
+        while True:
+            s = prompt.find("\x01", pos)
+            if s == -1:
+                break
+            e = prompt.find("\x02", s)
+            if e == -1:
+                break
+            # Found start and end brackets, subtract from string length
+            l = l - (e - s + 1)
+            keep = prompt[pos:s]
+            l -= sum(map(wlen, ANSI_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE.findall(keep)))
+            out_prompt += keep + prompt[s + 1 : e]
+            pos = e + 1
+        keep = prompt[pos:]
+        l -= sum(map(wlen, ANSI_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE.findall(keep)))
+        out_prompt += keep
+        return out_prompt, l
+
+    def bow(self, p: int | None = None) -> int:
+        """Return the 0-based index of the word break preceding p most
+        immediately.
+
+        p defaults to self.pos; word boundaries are determined using
+        self.syntax_table."""
+        if p is None:
+            p = self.pos
+        st = self.syntax_table
+        b = self.buffer
+        p -= 1
+        while p >= 0 and st.get(b[p], SYNTAX_WORD) != SYNTAX_WORD:
+            p -= 1
+        while p >= 0 and st.get(b[p], SYNTAX_WORD) == SYNTAX_WORD:
+            p -= 1
+        return p + 1
+
+    def eow(self, p: int | None = None) -> int:
+        """Return the 0-based index of the word break following p most
+        immediately.
+
+        p defaults to self.pos; word boundaries are determined using
+        self.syntax_table."""
+        if p is None:
+            p = self.pos
+        st = self.syntax_table
+        b = self.buffer
+        while p < len(b) and st.get(b[p], SYNTAX_WORD) != SYNTAX_WORD:
+            p += 1
+        while p < len(b) and st.get(b[p], SYNTAX_WORD) == SYNTAX_WORD:
+            p += 1
+        return p
+
+    def bol(self, p: int | None = None) -> int:
+        """Return the 0-based index of the line break preceding p most
+        immediately.
+
+        p defaults to self.pos."""
+        if p is None:
+            p = self.pos
+        b = self.buffer
+        p -= 1
+        while p >= 0 and b[p] != "\n":
+            p -= 1
+        return p + 1
+
+    def eol(self, p: int | None = None) -> int:
+        """Return the 0-based index of the line break following p most
+        immediately.
+
+        p defaults to self.pos."""
+        if p is None:
+            p = self.pos
+        b = self.buffer
+        while p < len(b) and b[p] != "\n":
+            p += 1
+        return p
+
+    def max_column(self, y: int) -> int:
+        """Return the last x-offset for line y"""
+        return self.screeninfo[y][0] + sum(self.screeninfo[y][1])
+
+    def max_row(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.screeninfo) - 1
+
+    def get_arg(self, default: int = 1) -> int:
+        """Return any prefix argument that the user has supplied,
+        returning `default' if there is None.  Defaults to 1.
+        """
+        if self.arg is None:
+            return default
+        return self.arg
+
+    def get_prompt(self, lineno: int, cursor_on_line: bool) -> str:
+        """Return what should be in the left-hand margin for line
+        `lineno'."""
+        if self.arg is not None and cursor_on_line:
+            prompt = f"(arg: {self.arg}) "
+        elif self.paste_mode and not self.in_bracketed_paste:
+            prompt = "(paste) "
+        elif "\n" in self.buffer:
+            if lineno == 0:
+                prompt = self.ps2
+            elif self.ps4 and lineno == self.buffer.count("\n"):
+                prompt = self.ps4
+            else:
+                prompt = self.ps3
+        else:
+            prompt = self.ps1
+
+        if self.can_colorize:
+            prompt = f"{ANSIColors.BOLD_MAGENTA}{prompt}{ANSIColors.RESET}"
+        return prompt
+
+    def push_input_trans(self, itrans: input.KeymapTranslator) -> None:
+        self.input_trans_stack.append(self.input_trans)
+        self.input_trans = itrans
+
+    def pop_input_trans(self) -> None:
+        self.input_trans = self.input_trans_stack.pop()
+
+    def setpos_from_xy(self, x: int, y: int) -> None:
+        """Set pos according to coordinates x, y"""
+        pos = 0
+        i = 0
+        while i < y:
+            prompt_len, character_widths = self.screeninfo[i]
+            offset = len(character_widths) - character_widths.count(0)
+            in_wrapped_line = prompt_len + sum(character_widths) >= self.console.width
+            if in_wrapped_line:
+                pos += offset - 1  # -1 cause backslash is not in buffer
+            else:
+                pos += offset + 1  # +1 cause newline is in buffer
+            i += 1
+
+        j = 0
+        cur_x = self.screeninfo[i][0]
+        while cur_x < x:
+            if self.screeninfo[i][1][j] == 0:
+                continue
+            cur_x += self.screeninfo[i][1][j]
+            j += 1
+            pos += 1
+
+        self.pos = pos
+
+    def pos2xy(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        """Return the x, y coordinates of position 'pos'."""
+        # this *is* incomprehensible, yes.
+        p, y = 0, 0
+        l2: list[int] = []
+        pos = self.pos
+        assert 0 <= pos <= len(self.buffer)
+        if pos == len(self.buffer) and len(self.screeninfo) > 0:
+            y = len(self.screeninfo) - 1
+            p, l2 = self.screeninfo[y]
+            return p + sum(l2) + l2.count(0), y
+
+        for p, l2 in self.screeninfo:
+            l = len(l2) - l2.count(0)
+            in_wrapped_line = p + sum(l2) >= self.console.width
+            offset = l - 1 if in_wrapped_line else l  # need to remove backslash
+            if offset >= pos:
+                break
+
+            if p + sum(l2) >= self.console.width:
+                pos -= l - 1  # -1 cause backslash is not in buffer
+            else:
+                pos -= l + 1  # +1 cause newline is in buffer
+            y += 1
+        return p + sum(l2[:pos]), y
+
+    def insert(self, text: str | list[str]) -> None:
+        """Insert 'text' at the insertion point."""
+        self.buffer[self.pos : self.pos] = list(text)
+        self.pos += len(text)
+        self.dirty = True
+
+    def update_cursor(self) -> None:
+        """Move the cursor to reflect changes in self.pos"""
+        self.cxy = self.pos2xy()
+        self.console.move_cursor(*self.cxy)
+
+    def after_command(self, cmd: Command) -> None:
+        """This function is called to allow post command cleanup."""
+        if getattr(cmd, "kills_digit_arg", True):
+            if self.arg is not None:
+                self.dirty = True
+            self.arg = None
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        """Get ready to run.  Call restore when finished.  You must not
+        write to the console in between the calls to prepare and
+        restore."""
+        try:
+            self.console.prepare()
+            self.arg = None
+            self.finished = False
+            del self.buffer[:]
+            self.pos = 0
+            self.dirty = True
+            self.last_command = None
+            self.calc_screen()
+        except BaseException:
+            self.restore()
+            raise
+
+        while self.scheduled_commands:
+            cmd = self.scheduled_commands.pop()
+            self.do_cmd((cmd, []))
+
+    def last_command_is(self, cls: type) -> bool:
+        if not self.last_command:
+            return False
+        return issubclass(cls, self.last_command)
+
+    def restore(self) -> None:
+        """Clean up after a run."""
+        self.console.restore()
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def suspend(self) -> SimpleContextManager:
+        """A context manager to delegate to another reader."""
+        prev_state = {f.name: getattr(self, f.name) for f in fields(self)}
+        try:
+            self.restore()
+            yield
+        finally:
+            for arg in ("msg", "ps1", "ps2", "ps3", "ps4", "paste_mode"):
+                setattr(self, arg, prev_state[arg])
+            self.prepare()
+
+    def finish(self) -> None:
+        """Called when a command signals that we're finished."""
+        pass
+
+    def error(self, msg: str = "none") -> None:
+        self.msg = "! " + msg + " "
+        self.dirty = True
+        self.console.beep()
+
+    def update_screen(self) -> None:
+        if self.dirty:
+            self.refresh()
+
+    def refresh(self) -> None:
+        """Recalculate and refresh the screen."""
+        if self.in_bracketed_paste and self.buffer and not self.buffer[-1] == "\n":
+            return
+
+        # this call sets up self.cxy, so call it first.
+        self.screen = self.calc_screen()
+        self.console.refresh(self.screen, self.cxy)
+        self.dirty = False
+
+    def do_cmd(self, cmd: tuple[str, list[str]]) -> None:
+        """`cmd` is a tuple of "event_name" and "event", which in the current
+        implementation is always just the "buffer" which happens to be a list
+        of single-character strings."""
+
+        trace("received command {cmd}", cmd=cmd)
+        if isinstance(cmd[0], str):
+            command_type = self.commands.get(cmd[0], commands.invalid_command)
+        elif isinstance(cmd[0], type):
+            command_type = cmd[0]
+        else:
+            return  # nothing to do
+
+        command = command_type(self, *cmd)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        command.do()
+
+        self.after_command(command)
+
+        if self.dirty:
+            self.refresh()
+        else:
+            self.update_cursor()
+
+        if not isinstance(cmd, commands.digit_arg):
+            self.last_command = command_type
+
+        self.finished = bool(command.finish)
+        if self.finished:
+            self.console.finish()
+            self.finish()
+
+    def run_hooks(self) -> None:
+        threading_hook = self.threading_hook
+        if threading_hook is None and 'threading' in sys.modules:
+            from ._threading_handler import install_threading_hook
+            install_threading_hook(self)
+        if threading_hook is not None:
+            try:
+                threading_hook()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        input_hook = self.console.input_hook
+        if input_hook:
+            try:
+                input_hook()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+    def handle1(self, block: bool = True) -> bool:
+        """Handle a single event.  Wait as long as it takes if block
+        is true (the default), otherwise return False if no event is
+        pending."""
+
+        if self.msg:
+            self.msg = ""
+            self.dirty = True
+
+        while True:
+            # We use the same timeout as in readline.c: 100ms
+            self.run_hooks()
+            self.console.wait(100)
+            event = self.console.get_event(block=False)
+            if not event:
+                if block:
+                    continue
+                return False
+
+            translate = True
+
+            if event.evt == "key":
+                self.input_trans.push(event)
+            elif event.evt == "scroll":
+                self.refresh()
+            elif event.evt == "resize":
+                self.refresh()
+            else:
+                translate = False
+
+            if translate:
+                cmd = self.input_trans.get()
+            else:
+                cmd = [event.evt, event.data]
+
+            if cmd is None:
+                if block:
+                    continue
+                return False
+
+            self.do_cmd(cmd)
+            return True
+
+    def push_char(self, char: int | bytes) -> None:
+        self.console.push_char(char)
+        self.handle1(block=False)
+
+    def readline(self, startup_hook: Callback | None = None) -> str:
+        """Read a line.  The implementation of this method also shows
+        how to drive Reader if you want more control over the event
+        loop."""
+        self.prepare()
+        try:
+            if startup_hook is not None:
+                startup_hook()
+            self.refresh()
+            while not self.finished:
+                self.handle1()
+            return self.get_unicode()
+
+        finally:
+            self.restore()
+
+    def bind(self, spec: KeySpec, command: CommandName) -> None:
+        self.keymap = self.keymap + ((spec, command),)
+        self.input_trans = input.KeymapTranslator(
+            self.keymap, invalid_cls="invalid-key", character_cls="self-insert"
+        )
+
+    def get_unicode(self) -> str:
+        """Return the current buffer as a unicode string."""
+        return "".join(self.buffer)
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/readline.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/readline.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..888185eb03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/readline.py
@@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2010 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#                       Alex Gaynor
+#                       Antonio Cuni
+#                       Armin Rigo
+#                       Holger Krekel
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+"""A compatibility wrapper reimplementing the 'readline' standard module
+on top of pyrepl.  Not all functionalities are supported.  Contains
+extensions for multiline input.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import warnings
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+import os
+from site import gethistoryfile   # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+import sys
+from rlcompleter import Completer as RLCompleter
+
+from . import commands, historical_reader
+from .completing_reader import CompletingReader
+from .console import Console as ConsoleType
+
+Console: type[ConsoleType]
+_error: tuple[type[Exception], ...] | type[Exception]
+try:
+    from .unix_console import UnixConsole as Console, _error
+except ImportError:
+    from .windows_console import WindowsConsole as Console, _error
+
+ENCODING = sys.getdefaultencoding() or "latin1"
+
+
+# types
+Command = commands.Command
+from collections.abc import Callable, Collection
+from .types import Callback, Completer, KeySpec, CommandName
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Any, Mapping
+
+
+MoreLinesCallable = Callable[[str], bool]
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    "add_history",
+    "clear_history",
+    "get_begidx",
+    "get_completer",
+    "get_completer_delims",
+    "get_current_history_length",
+    "get_endidx",
+    "get_history_item",
+    "get_history_length",
+    "get_line_buffer",
+    "insert_text",
+    "parse_and_bind",
+    "read_history_file",
+    # "read_init_file",
+    # "redisplay",
+    "remove_history_item",
+    "replace_history_item",
+    "set_auto_history",
+    "set_completer",
+    "set_completer_delims",
+    "set_history_length",
+    # "set_pre_input_hook",
+    "set_startup_hook",
+    "write_history_file",
+    # ---- multiline extensions ----
+    "multiline_input",
+]
+
+# ____________________________________________________________
+
+@dataclass
+class ReadlineConfig:
+    readline_completer: Completer | None = None
+    completer_delims: frozenset[str] = frozenset(" \t\n`~!@#$%^&*()-=+[{]}\\|;:'\",<>/?")
+
+
+@dataclass(kw_only=True)
+class ReadlineAlikeReader(historical_reader.HistoricalReader, CompletingReader):
+    # Class fields
+    assume_immutable_completions = False
+    use_brackets = False
+    sort_in_column = True
+
+    # Instance fields
+    config: ReadlineConfig
+    more_lines: MoreLinesCallable | None = None
+    last_used_indentation: str | None = None
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        super().__post_init__()
+        self.commands["maybe_accept"] = maybe_accept
+        self.commands["maybe-accept"] = maybe_accept
+        self.commands["backspace_dedent"] = backspace_dedent
+        self.commands["backspace-dedent"] = backspace_dedent
+
+    def error(self, msg: str = "none") -> None:
+        pass  # don't show error messages by default
+
+    def get_stem(self) -> str:
+        b = self.buffer
+        p = self.pos - 1
+        completer_delims = self.config.completer_delims
+        while p >= 0 and b[p] not in completer_delims:
+            p -= 1
+        return "".join(b[p + 1 : self.pos])
+
+    def get_completions(self, stem: str) -> list[str]:
+        if len(stem) == 0 and self.more_lines is not None:
+            b = self.buffer
+            p = self.pos
+            while p > 0 and b[p - 1] != "\n":
+                p -= 1
+            num_spaces = 4 - ((self.pos - p) % 4)
+            return [" " * num_spaces]
+        result = []
+        function = self.config.readline_completer
+        if function is not None:
+            try:
+                stem = str(stem)  # rlcompleter.py seems to not like unicode
+            except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                pass  # but feed unicode anyway if we have no choice
+            state = 0
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    next = function(stem, state)
+                except Exception:
+                    break
+                if not isinstance(next, str):
+                    break
+                result.append(next)
+                state += 1
+            # emulate the behavior of the standard readline that sorts
+            # the completions before displaying them.
+            result.sort()
+        return result
+
+    def get_trimmed_history(self, maxlength: int) -> list[str]:
+        if maxlength >= 0:
+            cut = len(self.history) - maxlength
+            if cut < 0:
+                cut = 0
+        else:
+            cut = 0
+        return self.history[cut:]
+
+    def update_last_used_indentation(self) -> None:
+        indentation = _get_first_indentation(self.buffer)
+        if indentation is not None:
+            self.last_used_indentation = indentation
+
+    # --- simplified support for reading multiline Python statements ---
+
+    def collect_keymap(self) -> tuple[tuple[KeySpec, CommandName], ...]:
+        return super().collect_keymap() + (
+            (r"\n", "maybe-accept"),
+            (r"\<backspace>", "backspace-dedent"),
+        )
+
+    def after_command(self, cmd: Command) -> None:
+        super().after_command(cmd)
+        if self.more_lines is None:
+            # Force single-line input if we are in raw_input() mode.
+            # Although there is no direct way to add a \n in this mode,
+            # multiline buffers can still show up using various
+            # commands, e.g. navigating the history.
+            try:
+                index = self.buffer.index("\n")
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                self.buffer = self.buffer[:index]
+                if self.pos > len(self.buffer):
+                    self.pos = len(self.buffer)
+
+
+def set_auto_history(_should_auto_add_history: bool) -> None:
+    """Enable or disable automatic history"""
+    historical_reader.should_auto_add_history = bool(_should_auto_add_history)
+
+
+def _get_this_line_indent(buffer: list[str], pos: int) -> int:
+    indent = 0
+    while pos > 0 and buffer[pos - 1] in " \t":
+        indent += 1
+        pos -= 1
+    if pos > 0 and buffer[pos - 1] == "\n":
+        return indent
+    return 0
+
+
+def _get_previous_line_indent(buffer: list[str], pos: int) -> tuple[int, int | None]:
+    prevlinestart = pos
+    while prevlinestart > 0 and buffer[prevlinestart - 1] != "\n":
+        prevlinestart -= 1
+    prevlinetext = prevlinestart
+    while prevlinetext < pos and buffer[prevlinetext] in " \t":
+        prevlinetext += 1
+    if prevlinetext == pos:
+        indent = None
+    else:
+        indent = prevlinetext - prevlinestart
+    return prevlinestart, indent
+
+
+def _get_first_indentation(buffer: list[str]) -> str | None:
+    indented_line_start = None
+    for i in range(len(buffer)):
+        if (i < len(buffer) - 1
+            and buffer[i] == "\n"
+            and buffer[i + 1] in " \t"
+        ):
+            indented_line_start = i + 1
+        elif indented_line_start is not None and buffer[i] not in " \t\n":
+            return ''.join(buffer[indented_line_start : i])
+    return None
+
+
+def _should_auto_indent(buffer: list[str], pos: int) -> bool:
+    # check if last character before "pos" is a colon, ignoring
+    # whitespaces and comments.
+    last_char = None
+    while pos > 0:
+        pos -= 1
+        if last_char is None:
+            if buffer[pos] not in " \t\n#":  # ignore whitespaces and comments
+                last_char = buffer[pos]
+        else:
+            # even if we found a non-whitespace character before
+            # original pos, we keep going back until newline is reached
+            # to make sure we ignore comments
+            if buffer[pos] == "\n":
+                break
+            if buffer[pos] == "#":
+                last_char = None
+    return last_char == ":"
+
+
+class maybe_accept(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r: ReadlineAlikeReader
+        r = self.reader  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        r.dirty = True  # this is needed to hide the completion menu, if visible
+
+        if self.reader.in_bracketed_paste:
+            r.insert("\n")
+            return
+
+        # if there are already several lines and the cursor
+        # is not on the last one, always insert a new \n.
+        text = r.get_unicode()
+
+        if "\n" in r.buffer[r.pos :] or (
+            r.more_lines is not None and r.more_lines(text)
+        ):
+            def _newline_before_pos():
+                before_idx = r.pos - 1
+                while before_idx > 0 and text[before_idx].isspace():
+                    before_idx -= 1
+                return text[before_idx : r.pos].count("\n") > 0
+
+            # if there's already a new line before the cursor then
+            # even if the cursor is followed by whitespace, we assume
+            # the user is trying to terminate the block
+            if _newline_before_pos() and text[r.pos:].isspace():
+                self.finish = True
+                return
+
+            # auto-indent the next line like the previous line
+            prevlinestart, indent = _get_previous_line_indent(r.buffer, r.pos)
+            r.insert("\n")
+            if not self.reader.paste_mode:
+                if indent:
+                    for i in range(prevlinestart, prevlinestart + indent):
+                        r.insert(r.buffer[i])
+                r.update_last_used_indentation()
+                if _should_auto_indent(r.buffer, r.pos):
+                    if r.last_used_indentation is not None:
+                        indentation = r.last_used_indentation
+                    else:
+                        # default
+                        indentation = " " * 4
+                    r.insert(indentation)
+        elif not self.reader.paste_mode:
+            self.finish = True
+        else:
+            r.insert("\n")
+
+
+class backspace_dedent(commands.Command):
+    def do(self) -> None:
+        r = self.reader
+        b = r.buffer
+        if r.pos > 0:
+            repeat = 1
+            if b[r.pos - 1] != "\n":
+                indent = _get_this_line_indent(b, r.pos)
+                if indent > 0:
+                    ls = r.pos - indent
+                    while ls > 0:
+                        ls, pi = _get_previous_line_indent(b, ls - 1)
+                        if pi is not None and pi < indent:
+                            repeat = indent - pi
+                            break
+            r.pos -= repeat
+            del b[r.pos : r.pos + repeat]
+            r.dirty = True
+        else:
+            self.reader.error("can't backspace at start")
+
+
+# ____________________________________________________________
+
+
+@dataclass(slots=True)
+class _ReadlineWrapper:
+    f_in: int = -1
+    f_out: int = -1
+    reader: ReadlineAlikeReader | None = field(default=None, repr=False)
+    saved_history_length: int = -1
+    startup_hook: Callback | None = None
+    config: ReadlineConfig = field(default_factory=ReadlineConfig, repr=False)
+
+    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
+        if self.f_in == -1:
+            self.f_in = os.dup(0)
+        if self.f_out == -1:
+            self.f_out = os.dup(1)
+
+    def get_reader(self) -> ReadlineAlikeReader:
+        if self.reader is None:
+            console = Console(self.f_in, self.f_out, encoding=ENCODING)
+            self.reader = ReadlineAlikeReader(console=console, config=self.config)
+        return self.reader
+
+    def input(self, prompt: object = "") -> str:
+        try:
+            reader = self.get_reader()
+        except _error:
+            assert raw_input is not None
+            return raw_input(prompt)
+        prompt_str = str(prompt)
+        reader.ps1 = prompt_str
+        sys.audit("builtins.input", prompt_str)
+        result = reader.readline(startup_hook=self.startup_hook)
+        sys.audit("builtins.input/result", result)
+        return result
+
+    def multiline_input(self, more_lines: MoreLinesCallable, ps1: str, ps2: str) -> str:
+        """Read an input on possibly multiple lines, asking for more
+        lines as long as 'more_lines(unicodetext)' returns an object whose
+        boolean value is true.
+        """
+        reader = self.get_reader()
+        saved = reader.more_lines
+        try:
+            reader.more_lines = more_lines
+            reader.ps1 = ps1
+            reader.ps2 = ps1
+            reader.ps3 = ps2
+            reader.ps4 = ""
+            with warnings.catch_warnings(action="ignore"):
+                return reader.readline()
+        finally:
+            reader.more_lines = saved
+            reader.paste_mode = False
+
+    def parse_and_bind(self, string: str) -> None:
+        pass  # XXX we don't support parsing GNU-readline-style init files
+
+    def set_completer(self, function: Completer | None = None) -> None:
+        self.config.readline_completer = function
+
+    def get_completer(self) -> Completer | None:
+        return self.config.readline_completer
+
+    def set_completer_delims(self, delimiters: Collection[str]) -> None:
+        self.config.completer_delims = frozenset(delimiters)
+
+    def get_completer_delims(self) -> str:
+        return "".join(sorted(self.config.completer_delims))
+
+    def _histline(self, line: str) -> str:
+        line = line.rstrip("\n")
+        return line
+
+    def get_history_length(self) -> int:
+        return self.saved_history_length
+
+    def set_history_length(self, length: int) -> None:
+        self.saved_history_length = length
+
+    def get_current_history_length(self) -> int:
+        return len(self.get_reader().history)
+
+    def read_history_file(self, filename: str = gethistoryfile()) -> None:
+        # multiline extension (really a hack) for the end of lines that
+        # are actually continuations inside a single multiline_input()
+        # history item: we use \r\n instead of just \n.  If the history
+        # file is passed to GNU readline, the extra \r are just ignored.
+        history = self.get_reader().history
+
+        with open(os.path.expanduser(filename), 'rb') as f:
+            is_editline = f.readline().startswith(b"_HiStOrY_V2_")
+            if is_editline:
+                encoding = "unicode-escape"
+            else:
+                f.seek(0)
+                encoding = "utf-8"
+
+            lines = [line.decode(encoding, errors='replace') for line in f.read().split(b'\n')]
+            buffer = []
+            for line in lines:
+                if line.endswith("\r"):
+                    buffer.append(line+'\n')
+                else:
+                    line = self._histline(line)
+                    if buffer:
+                        line = self._histline("".join(buffer).replace("\r", "") + line)
+                        del buffer[:]
+                    if line:
+                        history.append(line)
+
+    def write_history_file(self, filename: str = gethistoryfile()) -> None:
+        maxlength = self.saved_history_length
+        history = self.get_reader().get_trimmed_history(maxlength)
+        f = open(os.path.expanduser(filename), "w",
+                 encoding="utf-8", newline="\n")
+        with f:
+            for entry in history:
+                entry = entry.replace("\n", "\r\n")  # multiline history support
+                f.write(entry + "\n")
+
+    def clear_history(self) -> None:
+        del self.get_reader().history[:]
+
+    def get_history_item(self, index: int) -> str | None:
+        history = self.get_reader().history
+        if 1 <= index <= len(history):
+            return history[index - 1]
+        else:
+            return None  # like readline.c
+
+    def remove_history_item(self, index: int) -> None:
+        history = self.get_reader().history
+        if 0 <= index < len(history):
+            del history[index]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("No history item at position %d" % index)
+            # like readline.c
+
+    def replace_history_item(self, index: int, line: str) -> None:
+        history = self.get_reader().history
+        if 0 <= index < len(history):
+            history[index] = self._histline(line)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("No history item at position %d" % index)
+            # like readline.c
+
+    def add_history(self, line: str) -> None:
+        self.get_reader().history.append(self._histline(line))
+
+    def set_startup_hook(self, function: Callback | None = None) -> None:
+        self.startup_hook = function
+
+    def get_line_buffer(self) -> str:
+        return self.get_reader().get_unicode()
+
+    def _get_idxs(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        start = cursor = self.get_reader().pos
+        buf = self.get_line_buffer()
+        for i in range(cursor - 1, -1, -1):
+            if buf[i] in self.get_completer_delims():
+                break
+            start = i
+        return start, cursor
+
+    def get_begidx(self) -> int:
+        return self._get_idxs()[0]
+
+    def get_endidx(self) -> int:
+        return self._get_idxs()[1]
+
+    def insert_text(self, text: str) -> None:
+        self.get_reader().insert(text)
+
+
+_wrapper = _ReadlineWrapper()
+
+# ____________________________________________________________
+# Public API
+
+parse_and_bind = _wrapper.parse_and_bind
+set_completer = _wrapper.set_completer
+get_completer = _wrapper.get_completer
+set_completer_delims = _wrapper.set_completer_delims
+get_completer_delims = _wrapper.get_completer_delims
+get_history_length = _wrapper.get_history_length
+set_history_length = _wrapper.set_history_length
+get_current_history_length = _wrapper.get_current_history_length
+read_history_file = _wrapper.read_history_file
+write_history_file = _wrapper.write_history_file
+clear_history = _wrapper.clear_history
+get_history_item = _wrapper.get_history_item
+remove_history_item = _wrapper.remove_history_item
+replace_history_item = _wrapper.replace_history_item
+add_history = _wrapper.add_history
+set_startup_hook = _wrapper.set_startup_hook
+get_line_buffer = _wrapper.get_line_buffer
+get_begidx = _wrapper.get_begidx
+get_endidx = _wrapper.get_endidx
+insert_text = _wrapper.insert_text
+
+# Extension
+multiline_input = _wrapper.multiline_input
+
+# Internal hook
+_get_reader = _wrapper.get_reader
+
+# ____________________________________________________________
+# Stubs
+
+
+def _make_stub(_name: str, _ret: object) -> None:
+    def stub(*args: object, **kwds: object) -> None:
+        import warnings
+
+        warnings.warn("readline.%s() not implemented" % _name, stacklevel=2)
+
+    stub.__name__ = _name
+    globals()[_name] = stub
+
+
+for _name, _ret in [
+    ("read_init_file", None),
+    ("redisplay", None),
+    ("set_pre_input_hook", None),
+]:
+    assert _name not in globals(), _name
+    _make_stub(_name, _ret)
+
+# ____________________________________________________________
+
+
+def _setup(namespace: Mapping[str, Any]) -> None:
+    global raw_input
+    if raw_input is not None:
+        return  # don't run _setup twice
+
+    try:
+        f_in = sys.stdin.fileno()
+        f_out = sys.stdout.fileno()
+    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
+        return
+    if not os.isatty(f_in) or not os.isatty(f_out):
+        return
+
+    _wrapper.f_in = f_in
+    _wrapper.f_out = f_out
+
+    # set up namespace in rlcompleter, which requires it to be a bona fide dict
+    if not isinstance(namespace, dict):
+        namespace = dict(namespace)
+    _wrapper.config.readline_completer = RLCompleter(namespace).complete
+
+    # this is not really what readline.c does.  Better than nothing I guess
+    import builtins
+    raw_input = builtins.input
+    builtins.input = _wrapper.input
+
+
+raw_input: Callable[[object], str] | None = None
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/simple_interact.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/simple_interact.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..66e66eae7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/simple_interact.py
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2010 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#                       Armin Rigo
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+"""This is an alternative to python_reader which tries to emulate
+the CPython prompt as closely as possible, with the exception of
+allowing multiline input and multiline history entries.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import _sitebuiltins
+import linecache
+import functools
+import os
+import sys
+import code
+
+from .readline import _get_reader, multiline_input
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import Any
+
+
+_error: tuple[type[Exception], ...] | type[Exception]
+try:
+    from .unix_console import _error
+except ModuleNotFoundError:
+    from .windows_console import _error
+
+def check() -> str:
+    """Returns the error message if there is a problem initializing the state."""
+    try:
+        _get_reader()
+    except _error as e:
+        if term := os.environ.get("TERM", ""):
+            term = f"; TERM={term}"
+        return str(str(e) or repr(e) or "unknown error") + term
+    return ""
+
+
+def _strip_final_indent(text: str) -> str:
+    # kill spaces and tabs at the end, but only if they follow '\n'.
+    # meant to remove the auto-indentation only (although it would of
+    # course also remove explicitly-added indentation).
+    short = text.rstrip(" \t")
+    n = len(short)
+    if n > 0 and text[n - 1] == "\n":
+        return short
+    return text
+
+
+def _clear_screen():
+    reader = _get_reader()
+    reader.scheduled_commands.append("clear_screen")
+
+
+REPL_COMMANDS = {
+    "exit": _sitebuiltins.Quitter('exit', ''),
+    "quit": _sitebuiltins.Quitter('quit' ,''),
+    "copyright": _sitebuiltins._Printer('copyright', sys.copyright),
+    "help": _sitebuiltins._Helper(),
+    "clear": _clear_screen,
+    "\x1a": _sitebuiltins.Quitter('\x1a', ''),
+}
+
+
+def _more_lines(console: code.InteractiveConsole, unicodetext: str) -> bool:
+    # ooh, look at the hack:
+    src = _strip_final_indent(unicodetext)
+    try:
+        code = console.compile(src, "<stdin>", "single")
+    except (OverflowError, SyntaxError, ValueError):
+        lines = src.splitlines(keepends=True)
+        if len(lines) == 1:
+            return False
+
+        last_line = lines[-1]
+        was_indented = last_line.startswith((" ", "\t"))
+        not_empty = last_line.strip() != ""
+        incomplete = not last_line.endswith("\n")
+        return (was_indented or not_empty) and incomplete
+    else:
+        return code is None
+
+
+def run_multiline_interactive_console(
+    console: code.InteractiveConsole,
+    *,
+    future_flags: int = 0,
+) -> None:
+    from .readline import _setup
+    _setup(console.locals)
+    if future_flags:
+        console.compile.compiler.flags |= future_flags
+
+    more_lines = functools.partial(_more_lines, console)
+    input_n = 0
+
+    def maybe_run_command(statement: str) -> bool:
+        statement = statement.strip()
+        if statement in console.locals or statement not in REPL_COMMANDS:
+            return False
+
+        reader = _get_reader()
+        reader.history.pop()  # skip internal commands in history
+        command = REPL_COMMANDS[statement]
+        if callable(command):
+            # Make sure that history does not change because of commands
+            with reader.suspend_history():
+                command()
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    while 1:
+        try:
+            try:
+                sys.stdout.flush()
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+            ps1 = getattr(sys, "ps1", ">>> ")
+            ps2 = getattr(sys, "ps2", "... ")
+            try:
+                statement = multiline_input(more_lines, ps1, ps2)
+            except EOFError:
+                break
+
+            if maybe_run_command(statement):
+                continue
+
+            input_name = f"<python-input-{input_n}>"
+            linecache._register_code(input_name, statement, "<stdin>")  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+            more = console.push(_strip_final_indent(statement), filename=input_name, _symbol="single")  # type: ignore[call-arg]
+            assert not more
+            input_n += 1
+        except KeyboardInterrupt:
+            r = _get_reader()
+            if r.input_trans is r.isearch_trans:
+                r.do_cmd(("isearch-end", [""]))
+            r.pos = len(r.get_unicode())
+            r.dirty = True
+            r.refresh()
+            r.in_bracketed_paste = False
+            console.write("\nKeyboardInterrupt\n")
+            console.resetbuffer()
+        except MemoryError:
+            console.write("\nMemoryError\n")
+            console.resetbuffer()
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/trace.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/trace.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8eb2433cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/trace.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import os
+
+# types
+if False:
+    from typing import IO
+
+
+trace_file: IO[str] | None = None
+if trace_filename := os.environ.get("PYREPL_TRACE"):
+    trace_file = open(trace_filename, "a")
+
+
+def trace(line: str, *k: object, **kw: object) -> None:
+    if trace_file is None:
+        return
+    if k or kw:
+        line = line.format(*k, **kw)
+    trace_file.write(line + "\n")
+    trace_file.flush()
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/types.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9d48b828c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator
+
+Callback = Callable[[], object]
+SimpleContextManager = Iterator[None]
+KeySpec = str  # like r"\C-c"
+CommandName = str  # like "interrupt"
+EventTuple = tuple[CommandName, str]
+Completer = Callable[[str, int], str | None]
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/unix_console.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/unix_console.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69c96b115
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/unix_console.py
@@ -0,0 +1,810 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2010 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#                       Antonio Cuni
+#                       Armin Rigo
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import errno
+import os
+import re
+import select
+import signal
+import struct
+import termios
+import time
+import platform
+from fcntl import ioctl
+
+from . import curses
+from .console import Console, Event
+from .fancy_termios import tcgetattr, tcsetattr
+from .trace import trace
+from .unix_eventqueue import EventQueue
+from .utils import wlen
+
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+
+# types
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO, Literal, overload
+else:
+    overload = lambda func: None
+
+
+class InvalidTerminal(RuntimeError):
+    pass
+
+
+_error = (termios.error, curses.error, InvalidTerminal)
+
+SIGWINCH_EVENT = "repaint"
+
+FIONREAD = getattr(termios, "FIONREAD", None)
+TIOCGWINSZ = getattr(termios, "TIOCGWINSZ", None)
+
+# ------------ start of baudrate definitions ------------
+
+# Add (possibly) missing baudrates (check termios man page) to termios
+
+
+def add_baudrate_if_supported(dictionary: dict[int, int], rate: int) -> None:
+    baudrate_name = "B%d" % rate
+    if hasattr(termios, baudrate_name):
+        dictionary[getattr(termios, baudrate_name)] = rate
+
+
+# Check the termios man page (Line speed) to know where these
+# values come from.
+potential_baudrates = [
+    0,
+    110,
+    115200,
+    1200,
+    134,
+    150,
+    1800,
+    19200,
+    200,
+    230400,
+    2400,
+    300,
+    38400,
+    460800,
+    4800,
+    50,
+    57600,
+    600,
+    75,
+    9600,
+]
+
+ratedict: dict[int, int] = {}
+for rate in potential_baudrates:
+    add_baudrate_if_supported(ratedict, rate)
+
+# Clean up variables to avoid unintended usage
+del rate, add_baudrate_if_supported
+
+# ------------ end of baudrate definitions ------------
+
+delayprog = re.compile(b"\\$<([0-9]+)((?:/|\\*){0,2})>")
+
+try:
+    poll: type[select.poll] = select.poll
+except AttributeError:
+    # this is exactly the minumum necessary to support what we
+    # do with poll objects
+    class MinimalPoll:
+        def __init__(self):
+            pass
+
+        def register(self, fd, flag):
+            self.fd = fd
+        # note: The 'timeout' argument is received as *milliseconds*
+        def poll(self, timeout: float | None = None) -> list[int]:
+            if timeout is None:
+                r, w, e = select.select([self.fd], [], [])
+            else:
+                r, w, e = select.select([self.fd], [], [], timeout/1000)
+            return r
+
+    poll = MinimalPoll  # type: ignore[assignment]
+
+
+class UnixConsole(Console):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        f_in: IO[bytes] | int = 0,
+        f_out: IO[bytes] | int = 1,
+        term: str = "",
+        encoding: str = "",
+    ):
+        """
+        Initialize the UnixConsole.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - f_in (int or file-like object): Input file descriptor or object.
+        - f_out (int or file-like object): Output file descriptor or object.
+        - term (str): Terminal name.
+        - encoding (str): Encoding to use for I/O operations.
+        """
+        super().__init__(f_in, f_out, term, encoding)
+
+        self.pollob = poll()
+        self.pollob.register(self.input_fd, select.POLLIN)
+        self.input_buffer = b""
+        self.input_buffer_pos = 0
+        curses.setupterm(term or None, self.output_fd)
+        self.term = term
+
+        @overload
+        def _my_getstr(cap: str, optional: Literal[False] = False) -> bytes: ...
+
+        @overload
+        def _my_getstr(cap: str, optional: bool) -> bytes | None: ...
+
+        def _my_getstr(cap: str, optional: bool = False) -> bytes | None:
+            r = curses.tigetstr(cap)
+            if not optional and r is None:
+                raise InvalidTerminal(
+                    f"terminal doesn't have the required {cap} capability"
+                )
+            return r
+
+        self._bel = _my_getstr("bel")
+        self._civis = _my_getstr("civis", optional=True)
+        self._clear = _my_getstr("clear")
+        self._cnorm = _my_getstr("cnorm", optional=True)
+        self._cub = _my_getstr("cub", optional=True)
+        self._cub1 = _my_getstr("cub1", optional=True)
+        self._cud = _my_getstr("cud", optional=True)
+        self._cud1 = _my_getstr("cud1", optional=True)
+        self._cuf = _my_getstr("cuf", optional=True)
+        self._cuf1 = _my_getstr("cuf1", optional=True)
+        self._cup = _my_getstr("cup")
+        self._cuu = _my_getstr("cuu", optional=True)
+        self._cuu1 = _my_getstr("cuu1", optional=True)
+        self._dch1 = _my_getstr("dch1", optional=True)
+        self._dch = _my_getstr("dch", optional=True)
+        self._el = _my_getstr("el")
+        self._hpa = _my_getstr("hpa", optional=True)
+        self._ich = _my_getstr("ich", optional=True)
+        self._ich1 = _my_getstr("ich1", optional=True)
+        self._ind = _my_getstr("ind", optional=True)
+        self._pad = _my_getstr("pad", optional=True)
+        self._ri = _my_getstr("ri", optional=True)
+        self._rmkx = _my_getstr("rmkx", optional=True)
+        self._smkx = _my_getstr("smkx", optional=True)
+
+        self.__setup_movement()
+
+        self.event_queue = EventQueue(self.input_fd, self.encoding)
+        self.cursor_visible = 1
+
+    def more_in_buffer(self) -> bool:
+        return bool(
+            self.input_buffer
+            and self.input_buffer_pos < len(self.input_buffer)
+        )
+
+    def __read(self, n: int) -> bytes:
+        if not self.more_in_buffer():
+            self.input_buffer = os.read(self.input_fd, 10000)
+
+        ret = self.input_buffer[self.input_buffer_pos : self.input_buffer_pos + n]
+        self.input_buffer_pos += len(ret)
+        if self.input_buffer_pos >= len(self.input_buffer):
+            self.input_buffer = b""
+            self.input_buffer_pos = 0
+        return ret
+
+
+    def change_encoding(self, encoding: str) -> None:
+        """
+        Change the encoding used for I/O operations.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - encoding (str): New encoding to use.
+        """
+        self.encoding = encoding
+
+    def refresh(self, screen, c_xy):
+        """
+        Refresh the console screen.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - screen (list): List of strings representing the screen contents.
+        - c_xy (tuple): Cursor position (x, y) on the screen.
+        """
+        cx, cy = c_xy
+        if not self.__gone_tall:
+            while len(self.screen) < min(len(screen), self.height):
+                self.__hide_cursor()
+                self.__move(0, len(self.screen) - 1)
+                self.__write("\n")
+                self.posxy = 0, len(self.screen)
+                self.screen.append("")
+        else:
+            while len(self.screen) < len(screen):
+                self.screen.append("")
+
+        if len(screen) > self.height:
+            self.__gone_tall = 1
+            self.__move = self.__move_tall
+
+        px, py = self.posxy
+        old_offset = offset = self.__offset
+        height = self.height
+
+        # we make sure the cursor is on the screen, and that we're
+        # using all of the screen if we can
+        if cy < offset:
+            offset = cy
+        elif cy >= offset + height:
+            offset = cy - height + 1
+        elif offset > 0 and len(screen) < offset + height:
+            offset = max(len(screen) - height, 0)
+            screen.append("")
+
+        oldscr = self.screen[old_offset : old_offset + height]
+        newscr = screen[offset : offset + height]
+
+        # use hardware scrolling if we have it.
+        if old_offset > offset and self._ri:
+            self.__hide_cursor()
+            self.__write_code(self._cup, 0, 0)
+            self.posxy = 0, old_offset
+            for i in range(old_offset - offset):
+                self.__write_code(self._ri)
+                oldscr.pop(-1)
+                oldscr.insert(0, "")
+        elif old_offset < offset and self._ind:
+            self.__hide_cursor()
+            self.__write_code(self._cup, self.height - 1, 0)
+            self.posxy = 0, old_offset + self.height - 1
+            for i in range(offset - old_offset):
+                self.__write_code(self._ind)
+                oldscr.pop(0)
+                oldscr.append("")
+
+        self.__offset = offset
+
+        for (
+            y,
+            oldline,
+            newline,
+        ) in zip(range(offset, offset + height), oldscr, newscr):
+            if oldline != newline:
+                self.__write_changed_line(y, oldline, newline, px)
+
+        y = len(newscr)
+        while y < len(oldscr):
+            self.__hide_cursor()
+            self.__move(0, y)
+            self.posxy = 0, y
+            self.__write_code(self._el)
+            y += 1
+
+        self.__show_cursor()
+
+        self.screen = screen.copy()
+        self.move_cursor(cx, cy)
+        self.flushoutput()
+
+    def move_cursor(self, x, y):
+        """
+        Move the cursor to the specified position on the screen.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - x (int): X coordinate.
+        - y (int): Y coordinate.
+        """
+        if y < self.__offset or y >= self.__offset + self.height:
+            self.event_queue.insert(Event("scroll", None))
+        else:
+            self.__move(x, y)
+            self.posxy = x, y
+            self.flushoutput()
+
+    def prepare(self):
+        """
+        Prepare the console for input/output operations.
+        """
+        self.__svtermstate = tcgetattr(self.input_fd)
+        raw = self.__svtermstate.copy()
+        raw.iflag &= ~(termios.INPCK | termios.ISTRIP | termios.IXON)
+        raw.oflag &= ~(termios.OPOST)
+        raw.cflag &= ~(termios.CSIZE | termios.PARENB)
+        raw.cflag |= termios.CS8
+        raw.iflag |= termios.BRKINT
+        raw.lflag &= ~(termios.ICANON | termios.ECHO | termios.IEXTEN)
+        raw.lflag |= termios.ISIG
+        raw.cc[termios.VMIN] = 1
+        raw.cc[termios.VTIME] = 0
+        tcsetattr(self.input_fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, raw)
+
+        # In macOS terminal we need to deactivate line wrap via ANSI escape code
+        if platform.system() == "Darwin" and os.getenv("TERM_PROGRAM") == "Apple_Terminal":
+            os.write(self.output_fd, b"\033[?7l")
+
+        self.screen = []
+        self.height, self.width = self.getheightwidth()
+
+        self.__buffer = []
+
+        self.posxy = 0, 0
+        self.__gone_tall = 0
+        self.__move = self.__move_short
+        self.__offset = 0
+
+        self.__maybe_write_code(self._smkx)
+
+        try:
+            self.old_sigwinch = signal.signal(signal.SIGWINCH, self.__sigwinch)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+        self.__enable_bracketed_paste()
+
+    def restore(self):
+        """
+        Restore the console to the default state
+        """
+        self.__disable_bracketed_paste()
+        self.__maybe_write_code(self._rmkx)
+        self.flushoutput()
+        tcsetattr(self.input_fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, self.__svtermstate)
+
+        if platform.system() == "Darwin" and os.getenv("TERM_PROGRAM") == "Apple_Terminal":
+            os.write(self.output_fd, b"\033[?7h")
+
+        if hasattr(self, "old_sigwinch"):
+            signal.signal(signal.SIGWINCH, self.old_sigwinch)
+            del self.old_sigwinch
+
+    def push_char(self, char: int | bytes) -> None:
+        """
+        Push a character to the console event queue.
+        """
+        trace("push char {char!r}", char=char)
+        self.event_queue.push(char)
+
+    def get_event(self, block: bool = True) -> Event | None:
+        """
+        Get an event from the console event queue.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - block (bool): Whether to block until an event is available.
+
+        Returns:
+        - Event: Event object from the event queue.
+        """
+        if not block and not self.wait(timeout=0):
+            return None
+
+        while self.event_queue.empty():
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    self.push_char(self.__read(1))
+                except OSError as err:
+                    if err.errno == errno.EINTR:
+                        if not self.event_queue.empty():
+                            return self.event_queue.get()
+                        else:
+                            continue
+                    else:
+                        raise
+                else:
+                    break
+        return self.event_queue.get()
+
+    def wait(self, timeout: float | None = None) -> bool:
+        """
+        Wait for events on the console.
+        """
+        return (
+            not self.event_queue.empty()
+            or self.more_in_buffer()
+            or bool(self.pollob.poll(timeout))
+        )
+
+    def set_cursor_vis(self, visible):
+        """
+        Set the visibility of the cursor.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - visible (bool): Visibility flag.
+        """
+        if visible:
+            self.__show_cursor()
+        else:
+            self.__hide_cursor()
+
+    if TIOCGWINSZ:
+
+        def getheightwidth(self):
+            """
+            Get the height and width of the console.
+
+            Returns:
+            - tuple: Height and width of the console.
+            """
+            try:
+                return int(os.environ["LINES"]), int(os.environ["COLUMNS"])
+            except (KeyError, TypeError, ValueError):
+                try:
+                    size = ioctl(self.input_fd, TIOCGWINSZ, b"\000" * 8)
+                except OSError:
+                    return 25, 80
+                height, width = struct.unpack("hhhh", size)[0:2]
+                if not height:
+                    return 25, 80
+                return height, width
+
+    else:
+
+        def getheightwidth(self):
+            """
+            Get the height and width of the console.
+
+            Returns:
+            - tuple: Height and width of the console.
+            """
+            try:
+                return int(os.environ["LINES"]), int(os.environ["COLUMNS"])
+            except (KeyError, TypeError, ValueError):
+                return 25, 80
+
+    def forgetinput(self):
+        """
+        Discard any pending input on the console.
+        """
+        termios.tcflush(self.input_fd, termios.TCIFLUSH)
+
+    def flushoutput(self):
+        """
+        Flush the output buffer.
+        """
+        for text, iscode in self.__buffer:
+            if iscode:
+                self.__tputs(text)
+            else:
+                os.write(self.output_fd, text.encode(self.encoding, "replace"))
+        del self.__buffer[:]
+
+    def finish(self):
+        """
+        Finish console operations and flush the output buffer.
+        """
+        y = len(self.screen) - 1
+        while y >= 0 and not self.screen[y]:
+            y -= 1
+        self.__move(0, min(y, self.height + self.__offset - 1))
+        self.__write("\n\r")
+        self.flushoutput()
+
+    def beep(self):
+        """
+        Emit a beep sound.
+        """
+        self.__maybe_write_code(self._bel)
+        self.flushoutput()
+
+    if FIONREAD:
+
+        def getpending(self):
+            """
+            Get pending events from the console event queue.
+
+            Returns:
+            - Event: Pending event from the event queue.
+            """
+            e = Event("key", "", b"")
+
+            while not self.event_queue.empty():
+                e2 = self.event_queue.get()
+                e.data += e2.data
+                e.raw += e.raw
+
+            amount = struct.unpack("i", ioctl(self.input_fd, FIONREAD, b"\0\0\0\0"))[0]
+            raw = self.__read(amount)
+            data = str(raw, self.encoding, "replace")
+            e.data += data
+            e.raw += raw
+            return e
+
+    else:
+
+        def getpending(self):
+            """
+            Get pending events from the console event queue.
+
+            Returns:
+            - Event: Pending event from the event queue.
+            """
+            e = Event("key", "", b"")
+
+            while not self.event_queue.empty():
+                e2 = self.event_queue.get()
+                e.data += e2.data
+                e.raw += e.raw
+
+            amount = 10000
+            raw = self.__read(amount)
+            data = str(raw, self.encoding, "replace")
+            e.data += data
+            e.raw += raw
+            return e
+
+    def clear(self):
+        """
+        Clear the console screen.
+        """
+        self.__write_code(self._clear)
+        self.__gone_tall = 1
+        self.__move = self.__move_tall
+        self.posxy = 0, 0
+        self.screen = []
+
+    @property
+    def input_hook(self):
+        try:
+            import posix
+        except ImportError:
+            return None
+        if posix._is_inputhook_installed():
+            return posix._inputhook
+
+    def __enable_bracketed_paste(self) -> None:
+        os.write(self.output_fd, b"\x1b[?2004h")
+
+    def __disable_bracketed_paste(self) -> None:
+        os.write(self.output_fd, b"\x1b[?2004l")
+
+    def __setup_movement(self):
+        """
+        Set up the movement functions based on the terminal capabilities.
+        """
+        if 0 and self._hpa:  # hpa don't work in windows telnet :-(
+            self.__move_x = self.__move_x_hpa
+        elif self._cub and self._cuf:
+            self.__move_x = self.__move_x_cub_cuf
+        elif self._cub1 and self._cuf1:
+            self.__move_x = self.__move_x_cub1_cuf1
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("insufficient terminal (horizontal)")
+
+        if self._cuu and self._cud:
+            self.__move_y = self.__move_y_cuu_cud
+        elif self._cuu1 and self._cud1:
+            self.__move_y = self.__move_y_cuu1_cud1
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("insufficient terminal (vertical)")
+
+        if self._dch1:
+            self.dch1 = self._dch1
+        elif self._dch:
+            self.dch1 = curses.tparm(self._dch, 1)
+        else:
+            self.dch1 = None
+
+        if self._ich1:
+            self.ich1 = self._ich1
+        elif self._ich:
+            self.ich1 = curses.tparm(self._ich, 1)
+        else:
+            self.ich1 = None
+
+        self.__move = self.__move_short
+
+    def __write_changed_line(self, y, oldline, newline, px_coord):
+        # this is frustrating; there's no reason to test (say)
+        # self.dch1 inside the loop -- but alternative ways of
+        # structuring this function are equally painful (I'm trying to
+        # avoid writing code generators these days...)
+        minlen = min(wlen(oldline), wlen(newline))
+        x_pos = 0
+        x_coord = 0
+
+        px_pos = 0
+        j = 0
+        for c in oldline:
+            if j >= px_coord:
+                break
+            j += wlen(c)
+            px_pos += 1
+
+        # reuse the oldline as much as possible, but stop as soon as we
+        # encounter an ESCAPE, because it might be the start of an escape
+        # sequene
+        while (
+            x_coord < minlen
+            and oldline[x_pos] == newline[x_pos]
+            and newline[x_pos] != "\x1b"
+        ):
+            x_coord += wlen(newline[x_pos])
+            x_pos += 1
+
+        # if we need to insert a single character right after the first detected change
+        if oldline[x_pos:] == newline[x_pos + 1 :] and self.ich1:
+            if (
+                y == self.posxy[1]
+                and x_coord > self.posxy[0]
+                and oldline[px_pos:x_pos] == newline[px_pos + 1 : x_pos + 1]
+            ):
+                x_pos = px_pos
+                x_coord = px_coord
+            character_width = wlen(newline[x_pos])
+            self.__move(x_coord, y)
+            self.__write_code(self.ich1)
+            self.__write(newline[x_pos])
+            self.posxy = x_coord + character_width, y
+
+        # if it's a single character change in the middle of the line
+        elif (
+            x_coord < minlen
+            and oldline[x_pos + 1 :] == newline[x_pos + 1 :]
+            and wlen(oldline[x_pos]) == wlen(newline[x_pos])
+        ):
+            character_width = wlen(newline[x_pos])
+            self.__move(x_coord, y)
+            self.__write(newline[x_pos])
+            self.posxy = x_coord + character_width, y
+
+        # if this is the last character to fit in the line and we edit in the middle of the line
+        elif (
+            self.dch1
+            and self.ich1
+            and wlen(newline) == self.width
+            and x_coord < wlen(newline) - 2
+            and newline[x_pos + 1 : -1] == oldline[x_pos:-2]
+        ):
+            self.__hide_cursor()
+            self.__move(self.width - 2, y)
+            self.posxy = self.width - 2, y
+            self.__write_code(self.dch1)
+
+            character_width = wlen(newline[x_pos])
+            self.__move(x_coord, y)
+            self.__write_code(self.ich1)
+            self.__write(newline[x_pos])
+            self.posxy = character_width + 1, y
+
+        else:
+            self.__hide_cursor()
+            self.__move(x_coord, y)
+            if wlen(oldline) > wlen(newline):
+                self.__write_code(self._el)
+            self.__write(newline[x_pos:])
+            self.posxy = wlen(newline), y
+
+        if "\x1b" in newline:
+            # ANSI escape characters are present, so we can't assume
+            # anything about the position of the cursor.  Moving the cursor
+            # to the left margin should work to get to a known position.
+            self.move_cursor(0, y)
+
+    def __write(self, text):
+        self.__buffer.append((text, 0))
+
+    def __write_code(self, fmt, *args):
+        self.__buffer.append((curses.tparm(fmt, *args), 1))
+
+    def __maybe_write_code(self, fmt, *args):
+        if fmt:
+            self.__write_code(fmt, *args)
+
+    def __move_y_cuu1_cud1(self, y):
+        assert self._cud1 is not None
+        assert self._cuu1 is not None
+        dy = y - self.posxy[1]
+        if dy > 0:
+            self.__write_code(dy * self._cud1)
+        elif dy < 0:
+            self.__write_code((-dy) * self._cuu1)
+
+    def __move_y_cuu_cud(self, y):
+        dy = y - self.posxy[1]
+        if dy > 0:
+            self.__write_code(self._cud, dy)
+        elif dy < 0:
+            self.__write_code(self._cuu, -dy)
+
+    def __move_x_hpa(self, x: int) -> None:
+        if x != self.posxy[0]:
+            self.__write_code(self._hpa, x)
+
+    def __move_x_cub1_cuf1(self, x: int) -> None:
+        assert self._cuf1 is not None
+        assert self._cub1 is not None
+        dx = x - self.posxy[0]
+        if dx > 0:
+            self.__write_code(self._cuf1 * dx)
+        elif dx < 0:
+            self.__write_code(self._cub1 * (-dx))
+
+    def __move_x_cub_cuf(self, x: int) -> None:
+        dx = x - self.posxy[0]
+        if dx > 0:
+            self.__write_code(self._cuf, dx)
+        elif dx < 0:
+            self.__write_code(self._cub, -dx)
+
+    def __move_short(self, x, y):
+        self.__move_x(x)
+        self.__move_y(y)
+
+    def __move_tall(self, x, y):
+        assert 0 <= y - self.__offset < self.height, y - self.__offset
+        self.__write_code(self._cup, y - self.__offset, x)
+
+    def __sigwinch(self, signum, frame):
+        self.height, self.width = self.getheightwidth()
+        self.event_queue.insert(Event("resize", None))
+
+    def __hide_cursor(self):
+        if self.cursor_visible:
+            self.__maybe_write_code(self._civis)
+            self.cursor_visible = 0
+
+    def __show_cursor(self):
+        if not self.cursor_visible:
+            self.__maybe_write_code(self._cnorm)
+            self.cursor_visible = 1
+
+    def repaint(self):
+        if not self.__gone_tall:
+            self.posxy = 0, self.posxy[1]
+            self.__write("\r")
+            ns = len(self.screen) * ["\000" * self.width]
+            self.screen = ns
+        else:
+            self.posxy = 0, self.__offset
+            self.__move(0, self.__offset)
+            ns = self.height * ["\000" * self.width]
+            self.screen = ns
+
+    def __tputs(self, fmt, prog=delayprog):
+        """A Python implementation of the curses tputs function; the
+        curses one can't really be wrapped in a sane manner.
+
+        I have the strong suspicion that this is complexity that
+        will never do anyone any good."""
+        # using .get() means that things will blow up
+        # only if the bps is actually needed (which I'm
+        # betting is pretty unlkely)
+        bps = ratedict.get(self.__svtermstate.ospeed)
+        while 1:
+            m = prog.search(fmt)
+            if not m:
+                os.write(self.output_fd, fmt)
+                break
+            x, y = m.span()
+            os.write(self.output_fd, fmt[:x])
+            fmt = fmt[y:]
+            delay = int(m.group(1))
+            if b"*" in m.group(2):
+                delay *= self.height
+            if self._pad and bps is not None:
+                nchars = (bps * delay) / 1000
+                os.write(self.output_fd, self._pad * nchars)
+            else:
+                time.sleep(float(delay) / 1000.0)
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/unix_eventqueue.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/unix_eventqueue.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70cfade26e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/unix_eventqueue.py
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2008 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#                       Armin Rigo
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from collections import deque
+
+from . import keymap
+from .console import Event
+from . import curses
+from .trace import trace
+from termios import tcgetattr, VERASE
+import os
+
+
+# Mapping of human-readable key names to their terminal-specific codes
+TERMINAL_KEYNAMES = {
+    "delete": "kdch1",
+    "down": "kcud1",
+    "end": "kend",
+    "enter": "kent",
+    "home": "khome",
+    "insert": "kich1",
+    "left": "kcub1",
+    "page down": "knp",
+    "page up": "kpp",
+    "right": "kcuf1",
+    "up": "kcuu1",
+}
+
+
+# Function keys F1-F20 mapping
+TERMINAL_KEYNAMES.update(("f%d" % i, "kf%d" % i) for i in range(1, 21))
+
+# Known CTRL-arrow keycodes
+CTRL_ARROW_KEYCODES= {
+    # for xterm, gnome-terminal, xfce terminal, etc.
+    b'\033[1;5D': 'ctrl left',
+    b'\033[1;5C': 'ctrl right',
+    # for rxvt
+    b'\033Od': 'ctrl left',
+    b'\033Oc': 'ctrl right',
+}
+
+def get_terminal_keycodes() -> dict[bytes, str]:
+    """
+    Generates a dictionary mapping terminal keycodes to human-readable names.
+    """
+    keycodes = {}
+    for key, terminal_code in TERMINAL_KEYNAMES.items():
+        keycode = curses.tigetstr(terminal_code)
+        trace('key {key} tiname {terminal_code} keycode {keycode!r}', **locals())
+        if keycode:
+            keycodes[keycode] = key
+    keycodes.update(CTRL_ARROW_KEYCODES)
+    return keycodes
+
+class EventQueue:
+    def __init__(self, fd: int, encoding: str) -> None:
+        self.keycodes = get_terminal_keycodes()
+        if os.isatty(fd):
+            backspace = tcgetattr(fd)[6][VERASE]
+            self.keycodes[backspace] = "backspace"
+        self.compiled_keymap = keymap.compile_keymap(self.keycodes)
+        self.keymap = self.compiled_keymap
+        trace("keymap {k!r}", k=self.keymap)
+        self.encoding = encoding
+        self.events: deque[Event] = deque()
+        self.buf = bytearray()
+
+    def get(self) -> Event | None:
+        """
+        Retrieves the next event from the queue.
+        """
+        if self.events:
+            return self.events.popleft()
+        else:
+            return None
+
+    def empty(self) -> bool:
+        """
+        Checks if the queue is empty.
+        """
+        return not self.events
+
+    def flush_buf(self) -> bytearray:
+        """
+        Flushes the buffer and returns its contents.
+        """
+        old = self.buf
+        self.buf = bytearray()
+        return old
+
+    def insert(self, event: Event) -> None:
+        """
+        Inserts an event into the queue.
+        """
+        trace('added event {event}', event=event)
+        self.events.append(event)
+
+    def push(self, char: int | bytes) -> None:
+        """
+        Processes a character by updating the buffer and handling special key mappings.
+        """
+        ord_char = char if isinstance(char, int) else ord(char)
+        char = bytes(bytearray((ord_char,)))
+        self.buf.append(ord_char)
+        if char in self.keymap:
+            if self.keymap is self.compiled_keymap:
+                #sanity check, buffer is empty when a special key comes
+                assert len(self.buf) == 1
+            k = self.keymap[char]
+            trace('found map {k!r}', k=k)
+            if isinstance(k, dict):
+                self.keymap = k
+            else:
+                self.insert(Event('key', k, self.flush_buf()))
+                self.keymap = self.compiled_keymap
+
+        elif self.buf and self.buf[0] == 27:  # escape
+            # escape sequence not recognized by our keymap: propagate it
+            # outside so that i can be recognized as an M-... key (see also
+            # the docstring in keymap.py
+            trace('unrecognized escape sequence, propagating...')
+            self.keymap = self.compiled_keymap
+            self.insert(Event('key', '\033', bytearray(b'\033')))
+            for _c in self.flush_buf()[1:]:
+                self.push(_c)
+
+        else:
+            try:
+                decoded = bytes(self.buf).decode(self.encoding)
+            except UnicodeError:
+                return
+            else:
+                self.insert(Event('key', decoded, self.flush_buf()))
+            self.keymap = self.compiled_keymap
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/utils.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4651717bd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+import re
+import unicodedata
+import functools
+
+ANSI_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE = re.compile(r"\x1b\[[ -@]*[A-~]")
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def str_width(c: str) -> int:
+    if ord(c) < 128:
+        return 1
+    w = unicodedata.east_asian_width(c)
+    if w in ('N', 'Na', 'H', 'A'):
+        return 1
+    return 2
+
+
+def wlen(s: str) -> int:
+    if len(s) == 1 and s != '\x1a':
+        return str_width(s)
+    length = sum(str_width(i) for i in s)
+    # remove lengths of any escape sequences
+    sequence = ANSI_ESCAPE_SEQUENCE.findall(s)
+    ctrl_z_cnt = s.count('\x1a')
+    return length - sum(len(i) for i in sequence) + ctrl_z_cnt
diff --git a/Lib/_pyrepl/windows_console.py b/Lib/_pyrepl/windows_console.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fffadd5e2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/_pyrepl/windows_console.py
@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+#   Copyright 2000-2004 Michael Hudson-Doyle <micahel@gmail.com>
+#
+#                        All Rights Reserved
+#
+#
+# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
+# its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
+# provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and
+# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
+# supporting documentation.
+#
+# THE AUTHOR MICHAEL HUDSON DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
+# THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
+# AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL,
+# INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER
+# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
+# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
+# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import io
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import msvcrt
+
+from collections import deque
+import ctypes
+from ctypes.wintypes import (
+    _COORD,
+    WORD,
+    SMALL_RECT,
+    BOOL,
+    HANDLE,
+    CHAR,
+    DWORD,
+    WCHAR,
+    SHORT,
+)
+from ctypes import Structure, POINTER, Union
+from .console import Event, Console
+from .trace import trace
+from .utils import wlen
+
+try:
+    from ctypes import GetLastError, WinDLL, windll, WinError  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+except:
+    # Keep MyPy happy off Windows
+    from ctypes import CDLL as WinDLL, cdll as windll
+
+    def GetLastError() -> int:
+        return 42
+
+    class WinError(OSError):  # type: ignore[no-redef]
+        def __init__(self, err: int | None, descr: str | None = None) -> None:
+            self.err = err
+            self.descr = descr
+
+
+TYPE_CHECKING = False
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing import IO
+
+# Virtual-Key Codes: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/inputdev/virtual-key-codes
+VK_MAP: dict[int, str] = {
+    0x23: "end",  # VK_END
+    0x24: "home",  # VK_HOME
+    0x25: "left",  # VK_LEFT
+    0x26: "up",  # VK_UP
+    0x27: "right",  # VK_RIGHT
+    0x28: "down",  # VK_DOWN
+    0x2E: "delete",  # VK_DELETE
+    0x70: "f1",  # VK_F1
+    0x71: "f2",  # VK_F2
+    0x72: "f3",  # VK_F3
+    0x73: "f4",  # VK_F4
+    0x74: "f5",  # VK_F5
+    0x75: "f6",  # VK_F6
+    0x76: "f7",  # VK_F7
+    0x77: "f8",  # VK_F8
+    0x78: "f9",  # VK_F9
+    0x79: "f10",  # VK_F10
+    0x7A: "f11",  # VK_F11
+    0x7B: "f12",  # VK_F12
+    0x7C: "f13",  # VK_F13
+    0x7D: "f14",  # VK_F14
+    0x7E: "f15",  # VK_F15
+    0x7F: "f16",  # VK_F16
+    0x80: "f17",  # VK_F17
+    0x81: "f18",  # VK_F18
+    0x82: "f19",  # VK_F19
+    0x83: "f20",  # VK_F20
+}
+
+# Console escape codes: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/console/console-virtual-terminal-sequences
+ERASE_IN_LINE = "\x1b[K"
+MOVE_LEFT = "\x1b[{}D"
+MOVE_RIGHT = "\x1b[{}C"
+MOVE_UP = "\x1b[{}A"
+MOVE_DOWN = "\x1b[{}B"
+CLEAR = "\x1b[H\x1b[J"
+
+
+class _error(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class WindowsConsole(Console):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        f_in: IO[bytes] | int = 0,
+        f_out: IO[bytes] | int = 1,
+        term: str = "",
+        encoding: str = "",
+    ):
+        super().__init__(f_in, f_out, term, encoding)
+
+        SetConsoleMode(
+            OutHandle,
+            ENABLE_WRAP_AT_EOL_OUTPUT
+            | ENABLE_PROCESSED_OUTPUT
+            | ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING,
+        )
+        self.screen: list[str] = []
+        self.width = 80
+        self.height = 25
+        self.__offset = 0
+        self.event_queue: deque[Event] = deque()
+        try:
+            self.out = io._WindowsConsoleIO(self.output_fd, "w")  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+        except ValueError:
+            # Console I/O is redirected, fallback...
+            self.out = None
+
+    def refresh(self, screen: list[str], c_xy: tuple[int, int]) -> None:
+        """
+        Refresh the console screen.
+
+        Parameters:
+        - screen (list): List of strings representing the screen contents.
+        - c_xy (tuple): Cursor position (x, y) on the screen.
+        """
+        cx, cy = c_xy
+
+        while len(self.screen) < min(len(screen), self.height):
+            self._hide_cursor()
+            self._move_relative(0, len(self.screen) - 1)
+            self.__write("\n")
+            self.posxy = 0, len(self.screen)
+            self.screen.append("")
+
+        px, py = self.posxy
+        old_offset = offset = self.__offset
+        height = self.height
+
+        # we make sure the cursor is on the screen, and that we're
+        # using all of the screen if we can
+        if cy < offset:
+            offset = cy
+        elif cy >= offset + height:
+            offset = cy - height + 1
+            scroll_lines = offset - old_offset
+
+            # Scrolling the buffer as the current input is greater than the visible
+            # portion of the window.  We need to scroll the visible portion and the
+            # entire history
+            self._scroll(scroll_lines, self._getscrollbacksize())
+            self.posxy = self.posxy[0], self.posxy[1] + scroll_lines
+            self.__offset += scroll_lines
+
+            for i in range(scroll_lines):
+                self.screen.append("")
+        elif offset > 0 and len(screen) < offset + height:
+            offset = max(len(screen) - height, 0)
+            screen.append("")
+
+        oldscr = self.screen[old_offset : old_offset + height]
+        newscr = screen[offset : offset + height]
+
+        self.__offset = offset
+
+        self._hide_cursor()
+        for (
+            y,
+            oldline,
+            newline,
+        ) in zip(range(offset, offset + height), oldscr, newscr):
+            if oldline != newline:
+                self.__write_changed_line(y, oldline, newline, px)
+
+        y = len(newscr)
+        while y < len(oldscr):
+            self._move_relative(0, y)
+            self.posxy = 0, y
+            self._erase_to_end()
+            y += 1
+
+        self._show_cursor()
+
+        self.screen = screen
+        self.move_cursor(cx, cy)
+
+    @property
+    def input_hook(self):
+        try:
+            import nt
+        except ImportError:
+            return None
+        if nt._is_inputhook_installed():
+            return nt._inputhook
+
+    def __write_changed_line(
+        self, y: int, oldline: str, newline: str, px_coord: int
+    ) -> None:
+        # this is frustrating; there's no reason to test (say)
+        # self.dch1 inside the loop -- but alternative ways of
+        # structuring this function are equally painful (I'm trying to
+        # avoid writing code generators these days...)
+        minlen = min(wlen(oldline), wlen(newline))
+        x_pos = 0
+        x_coord = 0
+
+        px_pos = 0
+        j = 0
+        for c in oldline:
+            if j >= px_coord:
+                break
+            j += wlen(c)
+            px_pos += 1
+
+        # reuse the oldline as much as possible, but stop as soon as we
+        # encounter an ESCAPE, because it might be the start of an escape
+        # sequene
+        while (
+            x_coord < minlen
+            and oldline[x_pos] == newline[x_pos]
+            and newline[x_pos] != "\x1b"
+        ):
+            x_coord += wlen(newline[x_pos])
+            x_pos += 1
+
+        self._hide_cursor()
+        self._move_relative(x_coord, y)
+        if wlen(oldline) > wlen(newline):
+            self._erase_to_end()
+
+        self.__write(newline[x_pos:])
+        if wlen(newline) == self.width:
+            # If we wrapped we want to start at the next line
+            self._move_relative(0, y + 1)
+            self.posxy = 0, y + 1
+        else:
+            self.posxy = wlen(newline), y
+
+            if "\x1b" in newline or y != self.posxy[1] or '\x1a' in newline:
+                # ANSI escape characters are present, so we can't assume
+                # anything about the position of the cursor.  Moving the cursor
+                # to the left margin should work to get to a known position.
+                self.move_cursor(0, y)
+
+    def _scroll(
+        self, top: int, bottom: int, left: int | None = None, right: int | None = None
+    ) -> None:
+        scroll_rect = SMALL_RECT()
+        scroll_rect.Top = SHORT(top)
+        scroll_rect.Bottom = SHORT(bottom)
+        scroll_rect.Left = SHORT(0 if left is None else left)
+        scroll_rect.Right = SHORT(
+            self.getheightwidth()[1] - 1 if right is None else right
+        )
+        destination_origin = _COORD()
+        fill_info = CHAR_INFO()
+        fill_info.UnicodeChar = " "
+
+        if not ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer(
+            OutHandle, scroll_rect, None, destination_origin, fill_info
+        ):
+            raise WinError(GetLastError())
+
+    def _hide_cursor(self):
+        self.__write("\x1b[?25l")
+
+    def _show_cursor(self):
+        self.__write("\x1b[?25h")
+
+    def _enable_blinking(self):
+        self.__write("\x1b[?12h")
+
+    def _disable_blinking(self):
+        self.__write("\x1b[?12l")
+
+    def __write(self, text: str) -> None:
+        if "\x1a" in text:
+            text = ''.join(["^Z" if x == '\x1a' else x for x in text])
+
+        if self.out is not None:
+            self.out.write(text.encode(self.encoding, "replace"))
+            self.out.flush()
+        else:
+            os.write(self.output_fd, text.encode(self.encoding, "replace"))
+
+    @property
+    def screen_xy(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        info = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        if not GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(OutHandle, info):
+            raise WinError(GetLastError())
+        return info.dwCursorPosition.X, info.dwCursorPosition.Y
+
+    def _erase_to_end(self) -> None:
+        self.__write(ERASE_IN_LINE)
+
+    def prepare(self) -> None:
+        trace("prepare")
+        self.screen = []
+        self.height, self.width = self.getheightwidth()
+
+        self.posxy = 0, 0
+        self.__gone_tall = 0
+        self.__offset = 0
+
+    def restore(self) -> None:
+        pass
+
+    def _move_relative(self, x: int, y: int) -> None:
+        """Moves relative to the current posxy"""
+        dx = x - self.posxy[0]
+        dy = y - self.posxy[1]
+        if dx < 0:
+            self.__write(MOVE_LEFT.format(-dx))
+        elif dx > 0:
+            self.__write(MOVE_RIGHT.format(dx))
+
+        if dy < 0:
+            self.__write(MOVE_UP.format(-dy))
+        elif dy > 0:
+            self.__write(MOVE_DOWN.format(dy))
+
+    def move_cursor(self, x: int, y: int) -> None:
+        if x < 0 or y < 0:
+            raise ValueError(f"Bad cursor position {x}, {y}")
+
+        if y < self.__offset or y >= self.__offset + self.height:
+            self.event_queue.insert(0, Event("scroll", ""))
+        else:
+            self._move_relative(x, y)
+            self.posxy = x, y
+
+    def set_cursor_vis(self, visible: bool) -> None:
+        if visible:
+            self._show_cursor()
+        else:
+            self._hide_cursor()
+
+    def getheightwidth(self) -> tuple[int, int]:
+        """Return (height, width) where height and width are the height
+        and width of the terminal window in characters."""
+        info = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        if not GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(OutHandle, info):
+            raise WinError(GetLastError())
+        return (
+            info.srWindow.Bottom - info.srWindow.Top + 1,
+            info.srWindow.Right - info.srWindow.Left + 1,
+        )
+
+    def _getscrollbacksize(self) -> int:
+        info = CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO()
+        if not GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo(OutHandle, info):
+            raise WinError(GetLastError())
+
+        return info.srWindow.Bottom  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
+
+    def _read_input(self, block: bool = True) -> INPUT_RECORD | None:
+        if not block:
+            events = DWORD()
+            if not GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents(InHandle, events):
+                raise WinError(GetLastError())
+            if not events.value:
+                return None
+
+        rec = INPUT_RECORD()
+        read = DWORD()
+        if not ReadConsoleInput(InHandle, rec, 1, read):
+            raise WinError(GetLastError())
+
+        return rec
+
+    def get_event(self, block: bool = True) -> Event | None:
+        """Return an Event instance.  Returns None if |block| is false
+        and there is no event pending, otherwise waits for the
+        completion of an event."""
+        if self.event_queue:
+            return self.event_queue.pop()
+
+        while True:
+            rec = self._read_input(block)
+            if rec is None:
+                return None
+
+            if rec.EventType == WINDOW_BUFFER_SIZE_EVENT:
+                return Event("resize", "")
+
+            if rec.EventType != KEY_EVENT or not rec.Event.KeyEvent.bKeyDown:
+                # Only process keys and keydown events
+                if block:
+                    continue
+                return None
+
+            key = rec.Event.KeyEvent.uChar.UnicodeChar
+
+            if rec.Event.KeyEvent.uChar.UnicodeChar == "\r":
+                # Make enter make unix-like
+                return Event(evt="key", data="\n", raw=b"\n")
+            elif rec.Event.KeyEvent.wVirtualKeyCode == 8:
+                # Turn backspace directly into the command
+                return Event(
+                    evt="key",
+                    data="backspace",
+                    raw=rec.Event.KeyEvent.uChar.UnicodeChar,
+                )
+            elif rec.Event.KeyEvent.uChar.UnicodeChar == "\x00":
+                # Handle special keys like arrow keys and translate them into the appropriate command
+                code = VK_MAP.get(rec.Event.KeyEvent.wVirtualKeyCode)
+                if code:
+                    return Event(
+                        evt="key", data=code, raw=rec.Event.KeyEvent.uChar.UnicodeChar
+                    )
+                if block:
+                    continue
+
+                return None
+
+            return Event(evt="key", data=key, raw=rec.Event.KeyEvent.uChar.UnicodeChar)
+
+    def push_char(self, char: int | bytes) -> None:
+        """
+        Push a character to the console event queue.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError("push_char not supported on Windows")
+
+    def beep(self) -> None:
+        self.__write("\x07")
+
+    def clear(self) -> None:
+        """Wipe the screen"""
+        self.__write(CLEAR)
+        self.posxy = 0, 0
+        self.screen = [""]
+
+    def finish(self) -> None:
+        """Move the cursor to the end of the display and otherwise get
+        ready for end.  XXX could be merged with restore?  Hmm."""
+        y = len(self.screen) - 1
+        while y >= 0 and not self.screen[y]:
+            y -= 1
+        self._move_relative(0, min(y, self.height + self.__offset - 1))
+        self.__write("\r\n")
+
+    def flushoutput(self) -> None:
+        """Flush all output to the screen (assuming there's some
+        buffering going on somewhere).
+
+        All output on Windows is unbuffered so this is a nop"""
+        pass
+
+    def forgetinput(self) -> None:
+        """Forget all pending, but not yet processed input."""
+        if not FlushConsoleInputBuffer(InHandle):
+            raise WinError(GetLastError())
+
+    def getpending(self) -> Event:
+        """Return the characters that have been typed but not yet
+        processed."""
+        return Event("key", "", b"")
+
+    def wait(self, timeout: float | None) -> bool:
+        """Wait for an event."""
+        # Poor man's Windows select loop
+        start_time = time.time()
+        while True:
+            if msvcrt.kbhit(): # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+                return True
+            if timeout and time.time() - start_time > timeout / 1000:
+                return False
+            time.sleep(0.01)
+
+    def repaint(self) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError("No repaint support")
+
+
+# Windows interop
+class CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("dwSize", _COORD),
+        ("dwCursorPosition", _COORD),
+        ("wAttributes", WORD),
+        ("srWindow", SMALL_RECT),
+        ("dwMaximumWindowSize", _COORD),
+    ]
+
+
+class CONSOLE_CURSOR_INFO(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("dwSize", DWORD),
+        ("bVisible", BOOL),
+    ]
+
+
+class CHAR_INFO(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("UnicodeChar", WCHAR),
+        ("Attributes", WORD),
+    ]
+
+
+class Char(Union):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("UnicodeChar", WCHAR),
+        ("Char", CHAR),
+    ]
+
+
+class KeyEvent(ctypes.Structure):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("bKeyDown", BOOL),
+        ("wRepeatCount", WORD),
+        ("wVirtualKeyCode", WORD),
+        ("wVirtualScanCode", WORD),
+        ("uChar", Char),
+        ("dwControlKeyState", DWORD),
+    ]
+
+
+class WindowsBufferSizeEvent(ctypes.Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("dwSize", _COORD)]
+
+
+class ConsoleEvent(ctypes.Union):
+    _fields_ = [
+        ("KeyEvent", KeyEvent),
+        ("WindowsBufferSizeEvent", WindowsBufferSizeEvent),
+    ]
+
+
+class INPUT_RECORD(Structure):
+    _fields_ = [("EventType", WORD), ("Event", ConsoleEvent)]
+
+
+KEY_EVENT = 0x01
+FOCUS_EVENT = 0x10
+MENU_EVENT = 0x08
+MOUSE_EVENT = 0x02
+WINDOW_BUFFER_SIZE_EVENT = 0x04
+
+ENABLE_PROCESSED_OUTPUT = 0x01
+ENABLE_WRAP_AT_EOL_OUTPUT = 0x02
+ENABLE_VIRTUAL_TERMINAL_PROCESSING = 0x04
+
+STD_INPUT_HANDLE = -10
+STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE = -11
+
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    _KERNEL32 = WinDLL("kernel32", use_last_error=True)
+
+    GetStdHandle = windll.kernel32.GetStdHandle
+    GetStdHandle.argtypes = [DWORD]
+    GetStdHandle.restype = HANDLE
+
+    GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo = _KERNEL32.GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo
+    GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.argtypes = [
+        HANDLE,
+        ctypes.POINTER(CONSOLE_SCREEN_BUFFER_INFO),
+    ]
+    GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo.restype = BOOL
+
+    ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer = _KERNEL32.ScrollConsoleScreenBufferW
+    ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer.argtypes = [
+        HANDLE,
+        POINTER(SMALL_RECT),
+        POINTER(SMALL_RECT),
+        _COORD,
+        POINTER(CHAR_INFO),
+    ]
+    ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer.restype = BOOL
+
+    SetConsoleMode = _KERNEL32.SetConsoleMode
+    SetConsoleMode.argtypes = [HANDLE, DWORD]
+    SetConsoleMode.restype = BOOL
+
+    ReadConsoleInput = _KERNEL32.ReadConsoleInputW
+    ReadConsoleInput.argtypes = [HANDLE, POINTER(INPUT_RECORD), DWORD, POINTER(DWORD)]
+    ReadConsoleInput.restype = BOOL
+
+    GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents = _KERNEL32.GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents
+    GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents.argtypes = [HANDLE, POINTER(DWORD)]
+    GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents.restype = BOOL
+
+    FlushConsoleInputBuffer = _KERNEL32.FlushConsoleInputBuffer
+    FlushConsoleInputBuffer.argtypes = [HANDLE]
+    FlushConsoleInputBuffer.restype = BOOL
+
+    OutHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE)
+    InHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
+else:
+
+    def _win_only(*args, **kwargs):
+        raise NotImplementedError("Windows only")
+
+    GetStdHandle = _win_only
+    GetConsoleScreenBufferInfo = _win_only
+    ScrollConsoleScreenBuffer = _win_only
+    SetConsoleMode = _win_only
+    ReadConsoleInput = _win_only
+    GetNumberOfConsoleInputEvents = _win_only
+    FlushConsoleInputBuffer = _win_only
+    OutHandle = 0
+    InHandle = 0
diff --git a/Lib/site.py b/Lib/site.py
index 271524c0cf..acc8481b13 100644
--- a/Lib/site.py
+++ b/Lib/site.py
@@ -679,5 +679,17 @@ def exists(path):
         print(textwrap.dedent(help % (sys.argv[0], os.pathsep)))
         sys.exit(10)
 
+def gethistoryfile():
+    """Check if the PYTHON_HISTORY environment variable is set and define
+    it as the .python_history file.  If PYTHON_HISTORY is not set, use the
+    default .python_history file.
+    """
+    if not sys.flags.ignore_environment:
+        history = os.environ.get("PYTHON_HISTORY")
+        if history:
+            return history
+    return os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'),
+        '.python_history')
+
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     _script()
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
index befa0f8dff..3a66f7f80d 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/sys.rs
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ mod sys {
     use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
     use std::{
         env::{self, VarError},
+        io::Read,
         path,
         sync::atomic::Ordering,
     };
@@ -307,6 +308,21 @@ mod sys {
             .collect()
     }
 
+    #[cfg(feature = "rustpython-compiler")]
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn _baserepl(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        // read stdin to end
+        let stdin = std::io::stdin();
+        let mut handle = stdin.lock();
+        let mut source = String::new();
+        handle
+            .read_to_string(&mut source)
+            .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(format!("Error reading from stdin: {}", e)))?;
+        vm.compile(&source, crate::compiler::Mode::Single, "<stdin>".to_owned())
+            .map_err(|e| vm.new_os_error(format!("Error running stdin: {}", e)))?;
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
     #[pyfunction]
     fn audit(_args: FuncArgs) {
         // TODO: sys.audit implementation

From b81ae9b954079d07b8112422572e08f99939f311 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 2025 17:37:20 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 599/705] More cspell fixes (#5670)

---
 .cspell.dict/rust-more.txt          | 1 +
 .cspell.json                        | 9 +++++++--
 Lib/test/test_bytes.py              | 4 ++--
 Lib/test/test_sqlite3/test_dbapi.py | 2 +-
 benches/execution.rs                | 6 +++---
 benches/microbenchmarks.rs          | 4 ++--
 common/src/float_ops.rs             | 2 +-
 common/src/hash.rs                  | 2 +-
 stdlib/src/math.rs                  | 2 +-
 wasm/demo/src/index.js              | 6 +++---
 wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs           | 2 +-
 wasm/notebook/src/index.js          | 6 +++---
 wtf8/src/lib.rs                     | 2 +-
 13 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
index 99e87e532c..e92f1ff8c1 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ modpow
 msvc
 muldiv
 nanos
+nonoverlapping
 objclass
 peekable
 powc
diff --git a/.cspell.json b/.cspell.json
index caa53a2879..69ace83483 100644
--- a/.cspell.json
+++ b/.cspell.json
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
   // words - list of words to be always considered correct
   "words": [
     "RUSTPYTHONPATH",
-    // RustPython
+    // RustPython terms
     "aiterable",
     "alnum",
     "baseclass",
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
     "GetSet",
     "groupref",
     "internable",
+    "lossily",
     "makeunicodedata",
     "miri",
     "notrace",
@@ -96,6 +97,7 @@
     "PyResult",
     "pyslot",
     "PyStaticMethod",
+    "pystone",
     "pystr",
     "pystruct",
     "pystructseq",
@@ -104,13 +106,16 @@
     "richcompare",
     "RustPython",
     "struc",
+    // plural of summand
+    "summands",
     "sysmodule",
     "tracebacks",
     "typealiases",
-    "Unconstructible",
+    "unconstructible",
     "unhashable",
     "uninit",
     "unraisable",
+    "unresizable",
     "wasi",
     "zelf",
     // unix
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_bytes.py b/Lib/test/test_bytes.py
index baf84642ee..cc1affc669 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_bytes.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_bytes.py
@@ -1992,7 +1992,7 @@ def test_join(self):
         s3 = s1.join([b"abcd"])
         self.assertIs(type(s3), self.basetype)
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYHON, Fails on ByteArraySubclassWithSlotsTest")
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, Fails on ByteArraySubclassWithSlotsTest")
     def test_pickle(self):
         a = self.type2test(b"abcd")
         a.x = 10
@@ -2007,7 +2007,7 @@ def test_pickle(self):
             self.assertEqual(type(a.z), type(b.z))
             self.assertFalse(hasattr(b, 'y'))
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYHON, Fails on ByteArraySubclassWithSlotsTest")
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, Fails on ByteArraySubclassWithSlotsTest")
     def test_copy(self):
         a = self.type2test(b"abcd")
         a.x = 10
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_sqlite3/test_dbapi.py b/Lib/test/test_sqlite3/test_dbapi.py
index bbc151fcb7..56cd8f8a68 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_sqlite3/test_dbapi.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_sqlite3/test_dbapi.py
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@ def test_connection_bad_reinit(self):
                                    ((v,) for v in range(3)))
 
 
-@unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYHON")
+@unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
 class UninitialisedConnectionTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.cx = sqlite.Connection.__new__(sqlite.Connection)
diff --git a/benches/execution.rs b/benches/execution.rs
index d38dab0890..88e5e3650b 100644
--- a/benches/execution.rs
+++ b/benches/execution.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ fn bench_cpython_code(b: &mut Bencher, source: &str) {
     })
 }
 
-fn bench_rustpy_code(b: &mut Bencher, name: &str, source: &str) {
+fn bench_rustpython_code(b: &mut Bencher, name: &str, source: &str) {
     // NOTE: Take long time.
     let mut settings = Settings::default();
     settings.path_list.push("Lib/".to_string());
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub fn benchmark_file_execution(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, name: &str
         bench_cpython_code(b, contents)
     });
     group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new(name, "rustpython"), |b| {
-        bench_rustpy_code(b, name, contents)
+        bench_rustpython_code(b, name, contents)
     });
 }
 
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ pub fn benchmark_pystone(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, contents: String)
             bench_cpython_code(b, code_str)
         });
         group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("rustpython", idx), |b| {
-            bench_rustpy_code(b, "pystone", code_str)
+            bench_rustpython_code(b, "pystone", code_str)
         });
     }
 }
diff --git a/benches/microbenchmarks.rs b/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
index 6f41f00d6c..c62ecf239a 100644
--- a/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
+++ b/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ fn cpy_compile_code<'a>(
     compile.call1((code, name, "exec"))?.extract()
 }
 
-fn bench_rustpy_code(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, bench: &MicroBenchmark) {
+fn bench_rustpython_code(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, bench: &MicroBenchmark) {
     let mut settings = Settings::default();
     settings.path_list.push("Lib/".to_string());
     settings.write_bytecode = false;
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ pub fn run_micro_benchmark(c: &mut Criterion, benchmark: MicroBenchmark) {
     let mut group = c.benchmark_group("microbenchmarks");
 
     bench_cpython_code(&mut group, &benchmark);
-    bench_rustpy_code(&mut group, &benchmark);
+    bench_rustpython_code(&mut group, &benchmark);
 
     group.finish();
 }
diff --git a/common/src/float_ops.rs b/common/src/float_ops.rs
index 46e2d57067..b3c90d0ac6 100644
--- a/common/src/float_ops.rs
+++ b/common/src/float_ops.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use malachite_bigint::{BigInt, ToBigInt};
 use num_traits::{Float, Signed, ToPrimitive, Zero};
 use std::f64;
 
-pub fn ufrexp(value: f64) -> (f64, i32) {
+pub fn decompose_float(value: f64) -> (f64, i32) {
     if 0.0 == value {
         (0.0, 0i32)
     } else {
diff --git a/common/src/hash.rs b/common/src/hash.rs
index 1ae561650c..88af9b6f56 100644
--- a/common/src/hash.rs
+++ b/common/src/hash.rs
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ pub fn hash_float(value: f64) -> Option<PyHash> {
         };
     }
 
-    let frexp = super::float_ops::ufrexp(value);
+    let frexp = super::float_ops::decompose_float(value);
 
     // process 28 bits at a time;  this should work well both for binary
     // and hexadecimal floating point.
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index a7da60949c..4854bdd75e 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ mod math {
     fn frexp(x: ArgIntoFloat) -> (f64, i32) {
         let value = *x;
         if value.is_finite() {
-            let (m, exp) = float_ops::ufrexp(value);
+            let (m, exp) = float_ops::decompose_float(value);
             (m * value.signum(), exp)
         } else {
             (value, 0)
diff --git a/wasm/demo/src/index.js b/wasm/demo/src/index.js
index 1af847d59d..0b568fa1d9 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/src/index.js
+++ b/wasm/demo/src/index.js
@@ -13,10 +13,10 @@ let rp;
 
 // A dependency graph that contains any wasm must be imported asynchronously.
 import('rustpython')
-    .then((rustpy) => {
-        rp = rustpy;
+    .then((rustpython) => {
+        rp = rustpython;
         // so people can play around with it
-        window.rp = rustpy;
+        window.rp = rustpython;
         onReady();
     })
     .catch((e) => {
diff --git a/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs b/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
index f159c467d0..5a3ac4025b 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
+++ b/wasm/lib/src/js_module.rs
@@ -575,7 +575,7 @@ mod _js {
                 Some(prom) => {
                     if val.is_some() {
                         Err(vm.new_type_error(
-                            "can't send non-None value to an awaitpromise".to_owned(),
+                            "can't send non-None value to an AwaitPromise".to_owned(),
                         ))
                     } else {
                         Ok(PyIterReturn::Return(prom))
diff --git a/wasm/notebook/src/index.js b/wasm/notebook/src/index.js
index 422bc4d0d6..64b058a9ac 100644
--- a/wasm/notebook/src/index.js
+++ b/wasm/notebook/src/index.js
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@ let rp;
 
 // A dependency graph that contains any wasm must be imported asynchronously.
 import('rustpython')
-    .then((rustpy) => {
-        rp = rustpy;
+    .then((rustpython) => {
+        rp = rustpython;
         // so people can play around with it
-        window.rp = rustpy;
+        window.rp = rustpython;
         onReady();
     })
     .catch((e) => {
diff --git a/wtf8/src/lib.rs b/wtf8/src/lib.rs
index 3ba28a5146..73b5168453 100644
--- a/wtf8/src/lib.rs
+++ b/wtf8/src/lib.rs
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ impl Wtf8 {
 
     /// Create a WTF-8 slice from a WTF-8 byte slice.
     //
-    // whooops! using WTF-8 for interchange!
+    // whoops! using WTF-8 for interchange!
     #[inline]
     pub fn from_bytes(b: &[u8]) -> Option<&Self> {
         let mut rest = b;

From fd2764c7c7fc0f4ff4ec6fb89d38f807fe3c6c0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 10 Apr 2025 19:11:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 600/705] Remove asynchat and asyncore (#5688)

* try to remove asynchat and asyncore

* remove associated tests

* temp patch of test_ftplib
---
 Lib/asynchat.py           | 307 --------------
 Lib/asyncore.py           | 642 -----------------------------
 Lib/test/test_asynchat.py | 290 -------------
 Lib/test/test_asyncore.py | 838 --------------------------------------
 Lib/test/test_ftplib.py   |   9 -
 5 files changed, 2086 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/asynchat.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/asyncore.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/test/test_asynchat.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/test/test_asyncore.py

diff --git a/Lib/asynchat.py b/Lib/asynchat.py
deleted file mode 100644
index fc1146adbb..0000000000
--- a/Lib/asynchat.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,307 +0,0 @@
-# -*- Mode: Python; tab-width: 4 -*-
-#       Id: asynchat.py,v 2.26 2000/09/07 22:29:26 rushing Exp
-#       Author: Sam Rushing <rushing@nightmare.com>
-
-# ======================================================================
-# Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing
-#
-#                         All Rights Reserved
-#
-# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
-# its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
-# granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
-# copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission
-# notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam
-# Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
-# distribution of the software without specific, written prior
-# permission.
-#
-# SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
-# INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN
-# NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR
-# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS
-# OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
-# NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
-# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-# ======================================================================
-
-r"""A class supporting chat-style (command/response) protocols.
-
-This class adds support for 'chat' style protocols - where one side
-sends a 'command', and the other sends a response (examples would be
-the common internet protocols - smtp, nntp, ftp, etc..).
-
-The handle_read() method looks at the input stream for the current
-'terminator' (usually '\r\n' for single-line responses, '\r\n.\r\n'
-for multi-line output), calling self.found_terminator() on its
-receipt.
-
-for example:
-Say you build an async nntp client using this class.  At the start
-of the connection, you'll have self.terminator set to '\r\n', in
-order to process the single-line greeting.  Just before issuing a
-'LIST' command you'll set it to '\r\n.\r\n'.  The output of the LIST
-command will be accumulated (using your own 'collect_incoming_data'
-method) up to the terminator, and then control will be returned to
-you - by calling your self.found_terminator() method.
-"""
-import asyncore
-from collections import deque
-
-
-class async_chat(asyncore.dispatcher):
-    """This is an abstract class.  You must derive from this class, and add
-    the two methods collect_incoming_data() and found_terminator()"""
-
-    # these are overridable defaults
-
-    ac_in_buffer_size = 65536
-    ac_out_buffer_size = 65536
-
-    # we don't want to enable the use of encoding by default, because that is a
-    # sign of an application bug that we don't want to pass silently
-
-    use_encoding = 0
-    encoding = 'latin-1'
-
-    def __init__(self, sock=None, map=None):
-        # for string terminator matching
-        self.ac_in_buffer = b''
-
-        # we use a list here rather than io.BytesIO for a few reasons...
-        # del lst[:] is faster than bio.truncate(0)
-        # lst = [] is faster than bio.truncate(0)
-        self.incoming = []
-
-        # we toss the use of the "simple producer" and replace it with
-        # a pure deque, which the original fifo was a wrapping of
-        self.producer_fifo = deque()
-        asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self, sock, map)
-
-    def collect_incoming_data(self, data):
-        raise NotImplementedError("must be implemented in subclass")
-
-    def _collect_incoming_data(self, data):
-        self.incoming.append(data)
-
-    def _get_data(self):
-        d = b''.join(self.incoming)
-        del self.incoming[:]
-        return d
-
-    def found_terminator(self):
-        raise NotImplementedError("must be implemented in subclass")
-
-    def set_terminator(self, term):
-        """Set the input delimiter.
-
-        Can be a fixed string of any length, an integer, or None.
-        """
-        if isinstance(term, str) and self.use_encoding:
-            term = bytes(term, self.encoding)
-        elif isinstance(term, int) and term < 0:
-            raise ValueError('the number of received bytes must be positive')
-        self.terminator = term
-
-    def get_terminator(self):
-        return self.terminator
-
-    # grab some more data from the socket,
-    # throw it to the collector method,
-    # check for the terminator,
-    # if found, transition to the next state.
-
-    def handle_read(self):
-
-        try:
-            data = self.recv(self.ac_in_buffer_size)
-        except BlockingIOError:
-            return
-        except OSError as why:
-            self.handle_error()
-            return
-
-        if isinstance(data, str) and self.use_encoding:
-            data = bytes(str, self.encoding)
-        self.ac_in_buffer = self.ac_in_buffer + data
-
-        # Continue to search for self.terminator in self.ac_in_buffer,
-        # while calling self.collect_incoming_data.  The while loop
-        # is necessary because we might read several data+terminator
-        # combos with a single recv(4096).
-
-        while self.ac_in_buffer:
-            lb = len(self.ac_in_buffer)
-            terminator = self.get_terminator()
-            if not terminator:
-                # no terminator, collect it all
-                self.collect_incoming_data(self.ac_in_buffer)
-                self.ac_in_buffer = b''
-            elif isinstance(terminator, int):
-                # numeric terminator
-                n = terminator
-                if lb < n:
-                    self.collect_incoming_data(self.ac_in_buffer)
-                    self.ac_in_buffer = b''
-                    self.terminator = self.terminator - lb
-                else:
-                    self.collect_incoming_data(self.ac_in_buffer[:n])
-                    self.ac_in_buffer = self.ac_in_buffer[n:]
-                    self.terminator = 0
-                    self.found_terminator()
-            else:
-                # 3 cases:
-                # 1) end of buffer matches terminator exactly:
-                #    collect data, transition
-                # 2) end of buffer matches some prefix:
-                #    collect data to the prefix
-                # 3) end of buffer does not match any prefix:
-                #    collect data
-                terminator_len = len(terminator)
-                index = self.ac_in_buffer.find(terminator)
-                if index != -1:
-                    # we found the terminator
-                    if index > 0:
-                        # don't bother reporting the empty string
-                        # (source of subtle bugs)
-                        self.collect_incoming_data(self.ac_in_buffer[:index])
-                    self.ac_in_buffer = self.ac_in_buffer[index+terminator_len:]
-                    # This does the Right Thing if the terminator
-                    # is changed here.
-                    self.found_terminator()
-                else:
-                    # check for a prefix of the terminator
-                    index = find_prefix_at_end(self.ac_in_buffer, terminator)
-                    if index:
-                        if index != lb:
-                            # we found a prefix, collect up to the prefix
-                            self.collect_incoming_data(self.ac_in_buffer[:-index])
-                            self.ac_in_buffer = self.ac_in_buffer[-index:]
-                        break
-                    else:
-                        # no prefix, collect it all
-                        self.collect_incoming_data(self.ac_in_buffer)
-                        self.ac_in_buffer = b''
-
-    def handle_write(self):
-        self.initiate_send()
-
-    def handle_close(self):
-        self.close()
-
-    def push(self, data):
-        if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray, memoryview)):
-            raise TypeError('data argument must be byte-ish (%r)',
-                            type(data))
-        sabs = self.ac_out_buffer_size
-        if len(data) > sabs:
-            for i in range(0, len(data), sabs):
-                self.producer_fifo.append(data[i:i+sabs])
-        else:
-            self.producer_fifo.append(data)
-        self.initiate_send()
-
-    def push_with_producer(self, producer):
-        self.producer_fifo.append(producer)
-        self.initiate_send()
-
-    def readable(self):
-        "predicate for inclusion in the readable for select()"
-        # cannot use the old predicate, it violates the claim of the
-        # set_terminator method.
-
-        # return (len(self.ac_in_buffer) <= self.ac_in_buffer_size)
-        return 1
-
-    def writable(self):
-        "predicate for inclusion in the writable for select()"
-        return self.producer_fifo or (not self.connected)
-
-    def close_when_done(self):
-        "automatically close this channel once the outgoing queue is empty"
-        self.producer_fifo.append(None)
-
-    def initiate_send(self):
-        while self.producer_fifo and self.connected:
-            first = self.producer_fifo[0]
-            # handle empty string/buffer or None entry
-            if not first:
-                del self.producer_fifo[0]
-                if first is None:
-                    self.handle_close()
-                    return
-
-            # handle classic producer behavior
-            obs = self.ac_out_buffer_size
-            try:
-                data = first[:obs]
-            except TypeError:
-                data = first.more()
-                if data:
-                    self.producer_fifo.appendleft(data)
-                else:
-                    del self.producer_fifo[0]
-                continue
-
-            if isinstance(data, str) and self.use_encoding:
-                data = bytes(data, self.encoding)
-
-            # send the data
-            try:
-                num_sent = self.send(data)
-            except OSError:
-                self.handle_error()
-                return
-
-            if num_sent:
-                if num_sent < len(data) or obs < len(first):
-                    self.producer_fifo[0] = first[num_sent:]
-                else:
-                    del self.producer_fifo[0]
-            # we tried to send some actual data
-            return
-
-    def discard_buffers(self):
-        # Emergencies only!
-        self.ac_in_buffer = b''
-        del self.incoming[:]
-        self.producer_fifo.clear()
-
-
-class simple_producer:
-
-    def __init__(self, data, buffer_size=512):
-        self.data = data
-        self.buffer_size = buffer_size
-
-    def more(self):
-        if len(self.data) > self.buffer_size:
-            result = self.data[:self.buffer_size]
-            self.data = self.data[self.buffer_size:]
-            return result
-        else:
-            result = self.data
-            self.data = b''
-            return result
-
-
-# Given 'haystack', see if any prefix of 'needle' is at its end.  This
-# assumes an exact match has already been checked.  Return the number of
-# characters matched.
-# for example:
-# f_p_a_e("qwerty\r", "\r\n") => 1
-# f_p_a_e("qwertydkjf", "\r\n") => 0
-# f_p_a_e("qwerty\r\n", "\r\n") => <undefined>
-
-# this could maybe be made faster with a computed regex?
-# [answer: no; circa Python-2.0, Jan 2001]
-# new python:   28961/s
-# old python:   18307/s
-# re:        12820/s
-# regex:     14035/s
-
-def find_prefix_at_end(haystack, needle):
-    l = len(needle) - 1
-    while l and not haystack.endswith(needle[:l]):
-        l -= 1
-    return l
diff --git a/Lib/asyncore.py b/Lib/asyncore.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 0e92be3ad1..0000000000
--- a/Lib/asyncore.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,642 +0,0 @@
-# -*- Mode: Python -*-
-#   Id: asyncore.py,v 2.51 2000/09/07 22:29:26 rushing Exp
-#   Author: Sam Rushing <rushing@nightmare.com>
-
-# ======================================================================
-# Copyright 1996 by Sam Rushing
-#
-#                         All Rights Reserved
-#
-# Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and
-# its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby
-# granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all
-# copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission
-# notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of Sam
-# Rushing not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
-# distribution of the software without specific, written prior
-# permission.
-#
-# SAM RUSHING DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
-# INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN
-# NO EVENT SHALL SAM RUSHING BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR
-# CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS
-# OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT,
-# NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN
-# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-# ======================================================================
-
-"""Basic infrastructure for asynchronous socket service clients and servers.
-
-There are only two ways to have a program on a single processor do "more
-than one thing at a time".  Multi-threaded programming is the simplest and
-most popular way to do it, but there is another very different technique,
-that lets you have nearly all the advantages of multi-threading, without
-actually using multiple threads. it's really only practical if your program
-is largely I/O bound. If your program is CPU bound, then pre-emptive
-scheduled threads are probably what you really need. Network servers are
-rarely CPU-bound, however.
-
-If your operating system supports the select() system call in its I/O
-library (and nearly all do), then you can use it to juggle multiple
-communication channels at once; doing other work while your I/O is taking
-place in the "background."  Although this strategy can seem strange and
-complex, especially at first, it is in many ways easier to understand and
-control than multi-threaded programming. The module documented here solves
-many of the difficult problems for you, making the task of building
-sophisticated high-performance network servers and clients a snap.
-"""
-
-import select
-import socket
-import sys
-import time
-import warnings
-
-import os
-from errno import EALREADY, EINPROGRESS, EWOULDBLOCK, ECONNRESET, EINVAL, \
-     ENOTCONN, ESHUTDOWN, EISCONN, EBADF, ECONNABORTED, EPIPE, EAGAIN, \
-     errorcode
-
-_DISCONNECTED = frozenset({ECONNRESET, ENOTCONN, ESHUTDOWN, ECONNABORTED, EPIPE,
-                           EBADF})
-
-try:
-    socket_map
-except NameError:
-    socket_map = {}
-
-def _strerror(err):
-    try:
-        return os.strerror(err)
-    except (ValueError, OverflowError, NameError):
-        if err in errorcode:
-            return errorcode[err]
-        return "Unknown error %s" %err
-
-class ExitNow(Exception):
-    pass
-
-_reraised_exceptions = (ExitNow, KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit)
-
-def read(obj):
-    try:
-        obj.handle_read_event()
-    except _reraised_exceptions:
-        raise
-    except:
-        obj.handle_error()
-
-def write(obj):
-    try:
-        obj.handle_write_event()
-    except _reraised_exceptions:
-        raise
-    except:
-        obj.handle_error()
-
-def _exception(obj):
-    try:
-        obj.handle_expt_event()
-    except _reraised_exceptions:
-        raise
-    except:
-        obj.handle_error()
-
-def readwrite(obj, flags):
-    try:
-        if flags & select.POLLIN:
-            obj.handle_read_event()
-        if flags & select.POLLOUT:
-            obj.handle_write_event()
-        if flags & select.POLLPRI:
-            obj.handle_expt_event()
-        if flags & (select.POLLHUP | select.POLLERR | select.POLLNVAL):
-            obj.handle_close()
-    except OSError as e:
-        if e.args[0] not in _DISCONNECTED:
-            obj.handle_error()
-        else:
-            obj.handle_close()
-    except _reraised_exceptions:
-        raise
-    except:
-        obj.handle_error()
-
-def poll(timeout=0.0, map=None):
-    if map is None:
-        map = socket_map
-    if map:
-        r = []; w = []; e = []
-        for fd, obj in list(map.items()):
-            is_r = obj.readable()
-            is_w = obj.writable()
-            if is_r:
-                r.append(fd)
-            # accepting sockets should not be writable
-            if is_w and not obj.accepting:
-                w.append(fd)
-            if is_r or is_w:
-                e.append(fd)
-        if [] == r == w == e:
-            time.sleep(timeout)
-            return
-
-        r, w, e = select.select(r, w, e, timeout)
-
-        for fd in r:
-            obj = map.get(fd)
-            if obj is None:
-                continue
-            read(obj)
-
-        for fd in w:
-            obj = map.get(fd)
-            if obj is None:
-                continue
-            write(obj)
-
-        for fd in e:
-            obj = map.get(fd)
-            if obj is None:
-                continue
-            _exception(obj)
-
-def poll2(timeout=0.0, map=None):
-    # Use the poll() support added to the select module in Python 2.0
-    if map is None:
-        map = socket_map
-    if timeout is not None:
-        # timeout is in milliseconds
-        timeout = int(timeout*1000)
-    pollster = select.poll()
-    if map:
-        for fd, obj in list(map.items()):
-            flags = 0
-            if obj.readable():
-                flags |= select.POLLIN | select.POLLPRI
-            # accepting sockets should not be writable
-            if obj.writable() and not obj.accepting:
-                flags |= select.POLLOUT
-            if flags:
-                pollster.register(fd, flags)
-
-        r = pollster.poll(timeout)
-        for fd, flags in r:
-            obj = map.get(fd)
-            if obj is None:
-                continue
-            readwrite(obj, flags)
-
-poll3 = poll2                           # Alias for backward compatibility
-
-def loop(timeout=30.0, use_poll=False, map=None, count=None):
-    if map is None:
-        map = socket_map
-
-    if use_poll and hasattr(select, 'poll'):
-        poll_fun = poll2
-    else:
-        poll_fun = poll
-
-    if count is None:
-        while map:
-            poll_fun(timeout, map)
-
-    else:
-        while map and count > 0:
-            poll_fun(timeout, map)
-            count = count - 1
-
-class dispatcher:
-
-    debug = False
-    connected = False
-    accepting = False
-    connecting = False
-    closing = False
-    addr = None
-    ignore_log_types = frozenset({'warning'})
-
-    def __init__(self, sock=None, map=None):
-        if map is None:
-            self._map = socket_map
-        else:
-            self._map = map
-
-        self._fileno = None
-
-        if sock:
-            # Set to nonblocking just to make sure for cases where we
-            # get a socket from a blocking source.
-            sock.setblocking(0)
-            self.set_socket(sock, map)
-            self.connected = True
-            # The constructor no longer requires that the socket
-            # passed be connected.
-            try:
-                self.addr = sock.getpeername()
-            except OSError as err:
-                if err.args[0] in (ENOTCONN, EINVAL):
-                    # To handle the case where we got an unconnected
-                    # socket.
-                    self.connected = False
-                else:
-                    # The socket is broken in some unknown way, alert
-                    # the user and remove it from the map (to prevent
-                    # polling of broken sockets).
-                    self.del_channel(map)
-                    raise
-        else:
-            self.socket = None
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        status = [self.__class__.__module__+"."+self.__class__.__qualname__]
-        if self.accepting and self.addr:
-            status.append('listening')
-        elif self.connected:
-            status.append('connected')
-        if self.addr is not None:
-            try:
-                status.append('%s:%d' % self.addr)
-            except TypeError:
-                status.append(repr(self.addr))
-        return '<%s at %#x>' % (' '.join(status), id(self))
-
-    def add_channel(self, map=None):
-        #self.log_info('adding channel %s' % self)
-        if map is None:
-            map = self._map
-        map[self._fileno] = self
-
-    def del_channel(self, map=None):
-        fd = self._fileno
-        if map is None:
-            map = self._map
-        if fd in map:
-            #self.log_info('closing channel %d:%s' % (fd, self))
-            del map[fd]
-        self._fileno = None
-
-    def create_socket(self, family=socket.AF_INET, type=socket.SOCK_STREAM):
-        self.family_and_type = family, type
-        sock = socket.socket(family, type)
-        sock.setblocking(0)
-        self.set_socket(sock)
-
-    def set_socket(self, sock, map=None):
-        self.socket = sock
-        self._fileno = sock.fileno()
-        self.add_channel(map)
-
-    def set_reuse_addr(self):
-        # try to re-use a server port if possible
-        try:
-            self.socket.setsockopt(
-                socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR,
-                self.socket.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,
-                                       socket.SO_REUSEADDR) | 1
-                )
-        except OSError:
-            pass
-
-    # ==================================================
-    # predicates for select()
-    # these are used as filters for the lists of sockets
-    # to pass to select().
-    # ==================================================
-
-    def readable(self):
-        return True
-
-    def writable(self):
-        return True
-
-    # ==================================================
-    # socket object methods.
-    # ==================================================
-
-    def listen(self, num):
-        self.accepting = True
-        if os.name == 'nt' and num > 5:
-            num = 5
-        return self.socket.listen(num)
-
-    def bind(self, addr):
-        self.addr = addr
-        return self.socket.bind(addr)
-
-    def connect(self, address):
-        self.connected = False
-        self.connecting = True
-        err = self.socket.connect_ex(address)
-        if err in (EINPROGRESS, EALREADY, EWOULDBLOCK) \
-        or err == EINVAL and os.name == 'nt':
-            self.addr = address
-            return
-        if err in (0, EISCONN):
-            self.addr = address
-            self.handle_connect_event()
-        else:
-            raise OSError(err, errorcode[err])
-
-    def accept(self):
-        # XXX can return either an address pair or None
-        try:
-            conn, addr = self.socket.accept()
-        except TypeError:
-            return None
-        except OSError as why:
-            if why.args[0] in (EWOULDBLOCK, ECONNABORTED, EAGAIN):
-                return None
-            else:
-                raise
-        else:
-            return conn, addr
-
-    def send(self, data):
-        try:
-            result = self.socket.send(data)
-            return result
-        except OSError as why:
-            if why.args[0] == EWOULDBLOCK:
-                return 0
-            elif why.args[0] in _DISCONNECTED:
-                self.handle_close()
-                return 0
-            else:
-                raise
-
-    def recv(self, buffer_size):
-        try:
-            data = self.socket.recv(buffer_size)
-            if not data:
-                # a closed connection is indicated by signaling
-                # a read condition, and having recv() return 0.
-                self.handle_close()
-                return b''
-            else:
-                return data
-        except OSError as why:
-            # winsock sometimes raises ENOTCONN
-            if why.args[0] in _DISCONNECTED:
-                self.handle_close()
-                return b''
-            else:
-                raise
-
-    def close(self):
-        self.connected = False
-        self.accepting = False
-        self.connecting = False
-        self.del_channel()
-        if self.socket is not None:
-            try:
-                self.socket.close()
-            except OSError as why:
-                if why.args[0] not in (ENOTCONN, EBADF):
-                    raise
-
-    # log and log_info may be overridden to provide more sophisticated
-    # logging and warning methods. In general, log is for 'hit' logging
-    # and 'log_info' is for informational, warning and error logging.
-
-    def log(self, message):
-        sys.stderr.write('log: %s\n' % str(message))
-
-    def log_info(self, message, type='info'):
-        if type not in self.ignore_log_types:
-            print('%s: %s' % (type, message))
-
-    def handle_read_event(self):
-        if self.accepting:
-            # accepting sockets are never connected, they "spawn" new
-            # sockets that are connected
-            self.handle_accept()
-        elif not self.connected:
-            if self.connecting:
-                self.handle_connect_event()
-            self.handle_read()
-        else:
-            self.handle_read()
-
-    def handle_connect_event(self):
-        err = self.socket.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_ERROR)
-        if err != 0:
-            raise OSError(err, _strerror(err))
-        self.handle_connect()
-        self.connected = True
-        self.connecting = False
-
-    def handle_write_event(self):
-        if self.accepting:
-            # Accepting sockets shouldn't get a write event.
-            # We will pretend it didn't happen.
-            return
-
-        if not self.connected:
-            if self.connecting:
-                self.handle_connect_event()
-        self.handle_write()
-
-    def handle_expt_event(self):
-        # handle_expt_event() is called if there might be an error on the
-        # socket, or if there is OOB data
-        # check for the error condition first
-        err = self.socket.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_ERROR)
-        if err != 0:
-            # we can get here when select.select() says that there is an
-            # exceptional condition on the socket
-            # since there is an error, we'll go ahead and close the socket
-            # like we would in a subclassed handle_read() that received no
-            # data
-            self.handle_close()
-        else:
-            self.handle_expt()
-
-    def handle_error(self):
-        nil, t, v, tbinfo = compact_traceback()
-
-        # sometimes a user repr method will crash.
-        try:
-            self_repr = repr(self)
-        except:
-            self_repr = '<__repr__(self) failed for object at %0x>' % id(self)
-
-        self.log_info(
-            'uncaptured python exception, closing channel %s (%s:%s %s)' % (
-                self_repr,
-                t,
-                v,
-                tbinfo
-                ),
-            'error'
-            )
-        self.handle_close()
-
-    def handle_expt(self):
-        self.log_info('unhandled incoming priority event', 'warning')
-
-    def handle_read(self):
-        self.log_info('unhandled read event', 'warning')
-
-    def handle_write(self):
-        self.log_info('unhandled write event', 'warning')
-
-    def handle_connect(self):
-        self.log_info('unhandled connect event', 'warning')
-
-    def handle_accept(self):
-        pair = self.accept()
-        if pair is not None:
-            self.handle_accepted(*pair)
-
-    def handle_accepted(self, sock, addr):
-        sock.close()
-        self.log_info('unhandled accepted event', 'warning')
-
-    def handle_close(self):
-        self.log_info('unhandled close event', 'warning')
-        self.close()
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# adds simple buffered output capability, useful for simple clients.
-# [for more sophisticated usage use asynchat.async_chat]
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-class dispatcher_with_send(dispatcher):
-
-    def __init__(self, sock=None, map=None):
-        dispatcher.__init__(self, sock, map)
-        self.out_buffer = b''
-
-    def initiate_send(self):
-        num_sent = 0
-        num_sent = dispatcher.send(self, self.out_buffer[:65536])
-        self.out_buffer = self.out_buffer[num_sent:]
-
-    def handle_write(self):
-        self.initiate_send()
-
-    def writable(self):
-        return (not self.connected) or len(self.out_buffer)
-
-    def send(self, data):
-        if self.debug:
-            self.log_info('sending %s' % repr(data))
-        self.out_buffer = self.out_buffer + data
-        self.initiate_send()
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# used for debugging.
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-def compact_traceback():
-    t, v, tb = sys.exc_info()
-    tbinfo = []
-    if not tb: # Must have a traceback
-        raise AssertionError("traceback does not exist")
-    while tb:
-        tbinfo.append((
-            tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename,
-            tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_name,
-            str(tb.tb_lineno)
-            ))
-        tb = tb.tb_next
-
-    # just to be safe
-    del tb
-
-    file, function, line = tbinfo[-1]
-    info = ' '.join(['[%s|%s|%s]' % x for x in tbinfo])
-    return (file, function, line), t, v, info
-
-def close_all(map=None, ignore_all=False):
-    if map is None:
-        map = socket_map
-    for x in list(map.values()):
-        try:
-            x.close()
-        except OSError as x:
-            if x.args[0] == EBADF:
-                pass
-            elif not ignore_all:
-                raise
-        except _reraised_exceptions:
-            raise
-        except:
-            if not ignore_all:
-                raise
-    map.clear()
-
-# Asynchronous File I/O:
-#
-# After a little research (reading man pages on various unixen, and
-# digging through the linux kernel), I've determined that select()
-# isn't meant for doing asynchronous file i/o.
-# Heartening, though - reading linux/mm/filemap.c shows that linux
-# supports asynchronous read-ahead.  So _MOST_ of the time, the data
-# will be sitting in memory for us already when we go to read it.
-#
-# What other OS's (besides NT) support async file i/o?  [VMS?]
-#
-# Regardless, this is useful for pipes, and stdin/stdout...
-
-if os.name == 'posix':
-    class file_wrapper:
-        # Here we override just enough to make a file
-        # look like a socket for the purposes of asyncore.
-        # The passed fd is automatically os.dup()'d
-
-        def __init__(self, fd):
-            self.fd = os.dup(fd)
-
-        def __del__(self):
-            if self.fd >= 0:
-                warnings.warn("unclosed file %r" % self, ResourceWarning,
-                              source=self)
-            self.close()
-
-        def recv(self, *args):
-            return os.read(self.fd, *args)
-
-        def send(self, *args):
-            return os.write(self.fd, *args)
-
-        def getsockopt(self, level, optname, buflen=None):
-            if (level == socket.SOL_SOCKET and
-                optname == socket.SO_ERROR and
-                not buflen):
-                return 0
-            raise NotImplementedError("Only asyncore specific behaviour "
-                                      "implemented.")
-
-        read = recv
-        write = send
-
-        def close(self):
-            if self.fd < 0:
-                return
-            fd = self.fd
-            self.fd = -1
-            os.close(fd)
-
-        def fileno(self):
-            return self.fd
-
-    class file_dispatcher(dispatcher):
-
-        def __init__(self, fd, map=None):
-            dispatcher.__init__(self, None, map)
-            self.connected = True
-            try:
-                fd = fd.fileno()
-            except AttributeError:
-                pass
-            self.set_file(fd)
-            # set it to non-blocking mode
-            os.set_blocking(fd, False)
-
-        def set_file(self, fd):
-            self.socket = file_wrapper(fd)
-            self._fileno = self.socket.fileno()
-            self.add_channel()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_asynchat.py b/Lib/test/test_asynchat.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 1fcc882ce6..0000000000
--- a/Lib/test/test_asynchat.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,290 +0,0 @@
-# test asynchat
-
-from test import support
-from test.support import socket_helper
-from test.support import threading_helper
-
-
-import asynchat
-import asyncore
-import errno
-import socket
-import sys
-import threading
-import time
-import unittest
-import unittest.mock
-
-HOST = socket_helper.HOST
-SERVER_QUIT = b'QUIT\n'
-TIMEOUT = 3.0
-
-
-class echo_server(threading.Thread):
-    # parameter to determine the number of bytes passed back to the
-    # client each send
-    chunk_size = 1
-
-    def __init__(self, event):
-        threading.Thread.__init__(self)
-        self.event = event
-        self.sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-        self.port = socket_helper.bind_port(self.sock)
-        # This will be set if the client wants us to wait before echoing
-        # data back.
-        self.start_resend_event = None
-
-    def run(self):
-        self.sock.listen()
-        self.event.set()
-        conn, client = self.sock.accept()
-        self.buffer = b""
-        # collect data until quit message is seen
-        while SERVER_QUIT not in self.buffer:
-            data = conn.recv(1)
-            if not data:
-                break
-            self.buffer = self.buffer + data
-
-        # remove the SERVER_QUIT message
-        self.buffer = self.buffer.replace(SERVER_QUIT, b'')
-
-        if self.start_resend_event:
-            self.start_resend_event.wait()
-
-        # re-send entire set of collected data
-        try:
-            # this may fail on some tests, such as test_close_when_done,
-            # since the client closes the channel when it's done sending
-            while self.buffer:
-                n = conn.send(self.buffer[:self.chunk_size])
-                time.sleep(0.001)
-                self.buffer = self.buffer[n:]
-        except:
-            pass
-
-        conn.close()
-        self.sock.close()
-
-class echo_client(asynchat.async_chat):
-
-    def __init__(self, terminator, server_port):
-        asynchat.async_chat.__init__(self)
-        self.contents = []
-        self.create_socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-        self.connect((HOST, server_port))
-        self.set_terminator(terminator)
-        self.buffer = b""
-
-        def handle_connect(self):
-            pass
-
-        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
-            # select.poll returns a select.POLLHUP at the end of the tests
-            # on darwin, so just ignore it
-            def handle_expt(self):
-                pass
-
-    def collect_incoming_data(self, data):
-        self.buffer += data
-
-    def found_terminator(self):
-        self.contents.append(self.buffer)
-        self.buffer = b""
-
-def start_echo_server():
-    event = threading.Event()
-    s = echo_server(event)
-    s.start()
-    event.wait()
-    event.clear()
-    time.sleep(0.01)   # Give server time to start accepting.
-    return s, event
-
-
-class TestAsynchat(unittest.TestCase):
-    usepoll = False
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self._threads = threading_helper.threading_setup()
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        threading_helper.threading_cleanup(*self._threads)
-
-    def line_terminator_check(self, term, server_chunk):
-        event = threading.Event()
-        s = echo_server(event)
-        s.chunk_size = server_chunk
-        s.start()
-        event.wait()
-        event.clear()
-        time.sleep(0.01)   # Give server time to start accepting.
-        c = echo_client(term, s.port)
-        c.push(b"hello ")
-        c.push(b"world" + term)
-        c.push(b"I'm not dead yet!" + term)
-        c.push(SERVER_QUIT)
-        asyncore.loop(use_poll=self.usepoll, count=300, timeout=.01)
-        threading_helper.join_thread(s)
-
-        self.assertEqual(c.contents, [b"hello world", b"I'm not dead yet!"])
-
-    # the line terminator tests below check receiving variously-sized
-    # chunks back from the server in order to exercise all branches of
-    # async_chat.handle_read
-
-    def test_line_terminator1(self):
-        # test one-character terminator
-        for l in (1, 2, 3):
-            self.line_terminator_check(b'\n', l)
-
-    def test_line_terminator2(self):
-        # test two-character terminator
-        for l in (1, 2, 3):
-            self.line_terminator_check(b'\r\n', l)
-
-    def test_line_terminator3(self):
-        # test three-character terminator
-        for l in (1, 2, 3):
-            self.line_terminator_check(b'qqq', l)
-
-    def numeric_terminator_check(self, termlen):
-        # Try reading a fixed number of bytes
-        s, event = start_echo_server()
-        c = echo_client(termlen, s.port)
-        data = b"hello world, I'm not dead yet!\n"
-        c.push(data)
-        c.push(SERVER_QUIT)
-        asyncore.loop(use_poll=self.usepoll, count=300, timeout=.01)
-        threading_helper.join_thread(s)
-
-        self.assertEqual(c.contents, [data[:termlen]])
-
-    def test_numeric_terminator1(self):
-        # check that ints & longs both work (since type is
-        # explicitly checked in async_chat.handle_read)
-        self.numeric_terminator_check(1)
-
-    def test_numeric_terminator2(self):
-        self.numeric_terminator_check(6)
-
-    def test_none_terminator(self):
-        # Try reading a fixed number of bytes
-        s, event = start_echo_server()
-        c = echo_client(None, s.port)
-        data = b"hello world, I'm not dead yet!\n"
-        c.push(data)
-        c.push(SERVER_QUIT)
-        asyncore.loop(use_poll=self.usepoll, count=300, timeout=.01)
-        threading_helper.join_thread(s)
-
-        self.assertEqual(c.contents, [])
-        self.assertEqual(c.buffer, data)
-
-    def test_simple_producer(self):
-        s, event = start_echo_server()
-        c = echo_client(b'\n', s.port)
-        data = b"hello world\nI'm not dead yet!\n"
-        p = asynchat.simple_producer(data+SERVER_QUIT, buffer_size=8)
-        c.push_with_producer(p)
-        asyncore.loop(use_poll=self.usepoll, count=300, timeout=.01)
-        threading_helper.join_thread(s)
-
-        self.assertEqual(c.contents, [b"hello world", b"I'm not dead yet!"])
-
-    def test_string_producer(self):
-        s, event = start_echo_server()
-        c = echo_client(b'\n', s.port)
-        data = b"hello world\nI'm not dead yet!\n"
-        c.push_with_producer(data+SERVER_QUIT)
-        asyncore.loop(use_poll=self.usepoll, count=300, timeout=.01)
-        threading_helper.join_thread(s)
-
-        self.assertEqual(c.contents, [b"hello world", b"I'm not dead yet!"])
-
-    def test_empty_line(self):
-        # checks that empty lines are handled correctly
-        s, event = start_echo_server()
-        c = echo_client(b'\n', s.port)
-        c.push(b"hello world\n\nI'm not dead yet!\n")
-        c.push(SERVER_QUIT)
-        asyncore.loop(use_poll=self.usepoll, count=300, timeout=.01)
-        threading_helper.join_thread(s)
-
-        self.assertEqual(c.contents,
-                         [b"hello world", b"", b"I'm not dead yet!"])
-
-    def test_close_when_done(self):
-        s, event = start_echo_server()
-        s.start_resend_event = threading.Event()
-        c = echo_client(b'\n', s.port)
-        c.push(b"hello world\nI'm not dead yet!\n")
-        c.push(SERVER_QUIT)
-        c.close_when_done()
-        asyncore.loop(use_poll=self.usepoll, count=300, timeout=.01)
-
-        # Only allow the server to start echoing data back to the client after
-        # the client has closed its connection.  This prevents a race condition
-        # where the server echoes all of its data before we can check that it
-        # got any down below.
-        s.start_resend_event.set()
-        threading_helper.join_thread(s)
-
-        self.assertEqual(c.contents, [])
-        # the server might have been able to send a byte or two back, but this
-        # at least checks that it received something and didn't just fail
-        # (which could still result in the client not having received anything)
-        self.assertGreater(len(s.buffer), 0)
-
-    def test_push(self):
-        # Issue #12523: push() should raise a TypeError if it doesn't get
-        # a bytes string
-        s, event = start_echo_server()
-        c = echo_client(b'\n', s.port)
-        data = b'bytes\n'
-        c.push(data)
-        c.push(bytearray(data))
-        c.push(memoryview(data))
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.push, 10)
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, c.push, 'unicode')
-        c.push(SERVER_QUIT)
-        asyncore.loop(use_poll=self.usepoll, count=300, timeout=.01)
-        threading_helper.join_thread(s)
-        self.assertEqual(c.contents, [b'bytes', b'bytes', b'bytes'])
-
-
-class TestAsynchat_WithPoll(TestAsynchat):
-    usepoll = True
-
-
-class TestAsynchatMocked(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_blockingioerror(self):
-        # Issue #16133: handle_read() must ignore BlockingIOError
-        sock = unittest.mock.Mock()
-        sock.recv.side_effect = BlockingIOError(errno.EAGAIN)
-
-        dispatcher = asynchat.async_chat()
-        dispatcher.set_socket(sock)
-        self.addCleanup(dispatcher.del_channel)
-
-        with unittest.mock.patch.object(dispatcher, 'handle_error') as error:
-            dispatcher.handle_read()
-        self.assertFalse(error.called)
-
-
-class TestHelperFunctions(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_find_prefix_at_end(self):
-        self.assertEqual(asynchat.find_prefix_at_end("qwerty\r", "\r\n"), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(asynchat.find_prefix_at_end("qwertydkjf", "\r\n"), 0)
-
-
-class TestNotConnected(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_disallow_negative_terminator(self):
-        # Issue #11259
-        client = asynchat.async_chat()
-        self.assertRaises(ValueError, client.set_terminator, -1)
-
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_asyncore.py b/Lib/test/test_asyncore.py
deleted file mode 100644
index bd43463da3..0000000000
--- a/Lib/test/test_asyncore.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,838 +0,0 @@
-import asyncore
-import unittest
-import select
-import os
-import socket
-import sys
-import time
-import errno
-import struct
-import threading
-
-from test import support
-from test.support import os_helper
-from test.support import socket_helper
-from test.support import threading_helper
-from test.support import warnings_helper
-from io import BytesIO
-
-if support.PGO:
-    raise unittest.SkipTest("test is not helpful for PGO")
-
-
-TIMEOUT = 3
-HAS_UNIX_SOCKETS = hasattr(socket, 'AF_UNIX')
-
-class dummysocket:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.closed = False
-
-    def close(self):
-        self.closed = True
-
-    def fileno(self):
-        return 42
-
-class dummychannel:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.socket = dummysocket()
-
-    def close(self):
-        self.socket.close()
-
-class exitingdummy:
-    def __init__(self):
-        pass
-
-    def handle_read_event(self):
-        raise asyncore.ExitNow()
-
-    handle_write_event = handle_read_event
-    handle_close = handle_read_event
-    handle_expt_event = handle_read_event
-
-class crashingdummy:
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.error_handled = False
-
-    def handle_read_event(self):
-        raise Exception()
-
-    handle_write_event = handle_read_event
-    handle_close = handle_read_event
-    handle_expt_event = handle_read_event
-
-    def handle_error(self):
-        self.error_handled = True
-
-# used when testing senders; just collects what it gets until newline is sent
-def capture_server(evt, buf, serv):
-    try:
-        serv.listen()
-        conn, addr = serv.accept()
-    except socket.timeout:
-        pass
-    else:
-        n = 200
-        start = time.monotonic()
-        while n > 0 and time.monotonic() - start < 3.0:
-            r, w, e = select.select([conn], [], [], 0.1)
-            if r:
-                n -= 1
-                data = conn.recv(10)
-                # keep everything except for the newline terminator
-                buf.write(data.replace(b'\n', b''))
-                if b'\n' in data:
-                    break
-            time.sleep(0.01)
-
-        conn.close()
-    finally:
-        serv.close()
-        evt.set()
-
-def bind_af_aware(sock, addr):
-    """Helper function to bind a socket according to its family."""
-    if HAS_UNIX_SOCKETS and sock.family == socket.AF_UNIX:
-        # Make sure the path doesn't exist.
-        os_helper.unlink(addr)
-        socket_helper.bind_unix_socket(sock, addr)
-    else:
-        sock.bind(addr)
-
-
-class HelperFunctionTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    def test_readwriteexc(self):
-        # Check exception handling behavior of read, write and _exception
-
-        # check that ExitNow exceptions in the object handler method
-        # bubbles all the way up through asyncore read/write/_exception calls
-        tr1 = exitingdummy()
-        self.assertRaises(asyncore.ExitNow, asyncore.read, tr1)
-        self.assertRaises(asyncore.ExitNow, asyncore.write, tr1)
-        self.assertRaises(asyncore.ExitNow, asyncore._exception, tr1)
-
-        # check that an exception other than ExitNow in the object handler
-        # method causes the handle_error method to get called
-        tr2 = crashingdummy()
-        asyncore.read(tr2)
-        self.assertEqual(tr2.error_handled, True)
-
-        tr2 = crashingdummy()
-        asyncore.write(tr2)
-        self.assertEqual(tr2.error_handled, True)
-
-        tr2 = crashingdummy()
-        asyncore._exception(tr2)
-        self.assertEqual(tr2.error_handled, True)
-
-    # asyncore.readwrite uses constants in the select module that
-    # are not present in Windows systems (see this thread:
-    # http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-list/2001-October/109973.html)
-    # These constants should be present as long as poll is available
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(select, 'poll'), 'select.poll required')
-    def test_readwrite(self):
-        # Check that correct methods are called by readwrite()
-
-        attributes = ('read', 'expt', 'write', 'closed', 'error_handled')
-
-        expected = (
-            (select.POLLIN, 'read'),
-            (select.POLLPRI, 'expt'),
-            (select.POLLOUT, 'write'),
-            (select.POLLERR, 'closed'),
-            (select.POLLHUP, 'closed'),
-            (select.POLLNVAL, 'closed'),
-            )
-
-        class testobj:
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.read = False
-                self.write = False
-                self.closed = False
-                self.expt = False
-                self.error_handled = False
-
-            def handle_read_event(self):
-                self.read = True
-
-            def handle_write_event(self):
-                self.write = True
-
-            def handle_close(self):
-                self.closed = True
-
-            def handle_expt_event(self):
-                self.expt = True
-
-            def handle_error(self):
-                self.error_handled = True
-
-        for flag, expectedattr in expected:
-            tobj = testobj()
-            self.assertEqual(getattr(tobj, expectedattr), False)
-            asyncore.readwrite(tobj, flag)
-
-            # Only the attribute modified by the routine we expect to be
-            # called should be True.
-            for attr in attributes:
-                self.assertEqual(getattr(tobj, attr), attr==expectedattr)
-
-            # check that ExitNow exceptions in the object handler method
-            # bubbles all the way up through asyncore readwrite call
-            tr1 = exitingdummy()
-            self.assertRaises(asyncore.ExitNow, asyncore.readwrite, tr1, flag)
-
-            # check that an exception other than ExitNow in the object handler
-            # method causes the handle_error method to get called
-            tr2 = crashingdummy()
-            self.assertEqual(tr2.error_handled, False)
-            asyncore.readwrite(tr2, flag)
-            self.assertEqual(tr2.error_handled, True)
-
-    def test_closeall(self):
-        self.closeall_check(False)
-
-    def test_closeall_default(self):
-        self.closeall_check(True)
-
-    def closeall_check(self, usedefault):
-        # Check that close_all() closes everything in a given map
-
-        l = []
-        testmap = {}
-        for i in range(10):
-            c = dummychannel()
-            l.append(c)
-            self.assertEqual(c.socket.closed, False)
-            testmap[i] = c
-
-        if usedefault:
-            socketmap = asyncore.socket_map
-            try:
-                asyncore.socket_map = testmap
-                asyncore.close_all()
-            finally:
-                testmap, asyncore.socket_map = asyncore.socket_map, socketmap
-        else:
-            asyncore.close_all(testmap)
-
-        self.assertEqual(len(testmap), 0)
-
-        for c in l:
-            self.assertEqual(c.socket.closed, True)
-
-    def test_compact_traceback(self):
-        try:
-            raise Exception("I don't like spam!")
-        except:
-            real_t, real_v, real_tb = sys.exc_info()
-            r = asyncore.compact_traceback()
-        else:
-            self.fail("Expected exception")
-
-        (f, function, line), t, v, info = r
-        self.assertEqual(os.path.split(f)[-1], 'test_asyncore.py')
-        self.assertEqual(function, 'test_compact_traceback')
-        self.assertEqual(t, real_t)
-        self.assertEqual(v, real_v)
-        self.assertEqual(info, '[%s|%s|%s]' % (f, function, line))
-
-
-class DispatcherTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        pass
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-
-    def test_basic(self):
-        d = asyncore.dispatcher()
-        self.assertEqual(d.readable(), True)
-        self.assertEqual(d.writable(), True)
-
-    def test_repr(self):
-        d = asyncore.dispatcher()
-        self.assertEqual(repr(d), '<asyncore.dispatcher at %#x>' % id(d))
-
-    def test_log(self):
-        d = asyncore.dispatcher()
-
-        # capture output of dispatcher.log() (to stderr)
-        l1 = "Lovely spam! Wonderful spam!"
-        l2 = "I don't like spam!"
-        with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
-            d.log(l1)
-            d.log(l2)
-
-        lines = stderr.getvalue().splitlines()
-        self.assertEqual(lines, ['log: %s' % l1, 'log: %s' % l2])
-
-    def test_log_info(self):
-        d = asyncore.dispatcher()
-
-        # capture output of dispatcher.log_info() (to stdout via print)
-        l1 = "Have you got anything without spam?"
-        l2 = "Why can't she have egg bacon spam and sausage?"
-        l3 = "THAT'S got spam in it!"
-        with support.captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            d.log_info(l1, 'EGGS')
-            d.log_info(l2)
-            d.log_info(l3, 'SPAM')
-
-        lines = stdout.getvalue().splitlines()
-        expected = ['EGGS: %s' % l1, 'info: %s' % l2, 'SPAM: %s' % l3]
-        self.assertEqual(lines, expected)
-
-    def test_unhandled(self):
-        d = asyncore.dispatcher()
-        d.ignore_log_types = ()
-
-        # capture output of dispatcher.log_info() (to stdout via print)
-        with support.captured_stdout() as stdout:
-            d.handle_expt()
-            d.handle_read()
-            d.handle_write()
-            d.handle_connect()
-
-        lines = stdout.getvalue().splitlines()
-        expected = ['warning: unhandled incoming priority event',
-                    'warning: unhandled read event',
-                    'warning: unhandled write event',
-                    'warning: unhandled connect event']
-        self.assertEqual(lines, expected)
-
-    def test_strerror(self):
-        # refers to bug #8573
-        err = asyncore._strerror(errno.EPERM)
-        if hasattr(os, 'strerror'):
-            self.assertEqual(err, os.strerror(errno.EPERM))
-        err = asyncore._strerror(-1)
-        self.assertTrue(err != "")
-
-
-class dispatcherwithsend_noread(asyncore.dispatcher_with_send):
-    def readable(self):
-        return False
-
-    def handle_connect(self):
-        pass
-
-
-class DispatcherWithSendTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        pass
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all()
-
-    @threading_helper.reap_threads
-    def test_send(self):
-        evt = threading.Event()
-        sock = socket.socket()
-        sock.settimeout(3)
-        port = socket_helper.bind_port(sock)
-
-        cap = BytesIO()
-        args = (evt, cap, sock)
-        t = threading.Thread(target=capture_server, args=args)
-        t.start()
-        try:
-            # wait a little longer for the server to initialize (it sometimes
-            # refuses connections on slow machines without this wait)
-            time.sleep(0.2)
-
-            data = b"Suppose there isn't a 16-ton weight?"
-            d = dispatcherwithsend_noread()
-            d.create_socket()
-            d.connect((socket_helper.HOST, port))
-
-            # give time for socket to connect
-            time.sleep(0.1)
-
-            d.send(data)
-            d.send(data)
-            d.send(b'\n')
-
-            n = 1000
-            while d.out_buffer and n > 0:
-                asyncore.poll()
-                n -= 1
-
-            evt.wait()
-
-            self.assertEqual(cap.getvalue(), data*2)
-        finally:
-            threading_helper.join_thread(t)
-
-
-@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(asyncore, 'file_wrapper'),
-                     'asyncore.file_wrapper required')
-class FileWrapperTest(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.d = b"It's not dead, it's sleeping!"
-        with open(os_helper.TESTFN, 'wb') as file:
-            file.write(self.d)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        os_helper.unlink(os_helper.TESTFN)
-
-    def test_recv(self):
-        fd = os.open(os_helper.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY)
-        w = asyncore.file_wrapper(fd)
-        os.close(fd)
-
-        self.assertNotEqual(w.fd, fd)
-        self.assertNotEqual(w.fileno(), fd)
-        self.assertEqual(w.recv(13), b"It's not dead")
-        self.assertEqual(w.read(6), b", it's")
-        w.close()
-        self.assertRaises(OSError, w.read, 1)
-
-    def test_send(self):
-        d1 = b"Come again?"
-        d2 = b"I want to buy some cheese."
-        fd = os.open(os_helper.TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_APPEND)
-        w = asyncore.file_wrapper(fd)
-        os.close(fd)
-
-        w.write(d1)
-        w.send(d2)
-        w.close()
-        with open(os_helper.TESTFN, 'rb') as file:
-            self.assertEqual(file.read(), self.d + d1 + d2)
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(asyncore, 'file_dispatcher'),
-                         'asyncore.file_dispatcher required')
-    def test_dispatcher(self):
-        fd = os.open(os_helper.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY)
-        data = []
-        class FileDispatcher(asyncore.file_dispatcher):
-            def handle_read(self):
-                data.append(self.recv(29))
-        s = FileDispatcher(fd)
-        os.close(fd)
-        asyncore.loop(timeout=0.01, use_poll=True, count=2)
-        self.assertEqual(b"".join(data), self.d)
-
-    def test_resource_warning(self):
-        # Issue #11453
-        fd = os.open(os_helper.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY)
-        f = asyncore.file_wrapper(fd)
-
-        os.close(fd)
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings(('', ResourceWarning)):
-            f = None
-            support.gc_collect()
-
-    def test_close_twice(self):
-        fd = os.open(os_helper.TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY)
-        f = asyncore.file_wrapper(fd)
-        os.close(fd)
-
-        os.close(f.fd)  # file_wrapper dupped fd
-        with self.assertRaises(OSError):
-            f.close()
-
-        self.assertEqual(f.fd, -1)
-        # calling close twice should not fail
-        f.close()
-
-
-class BaseTestHandler(asyncore.dispatcher):
-
-    def __init__(self, sock=None):
-        asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self, sock)
-        self.flag = False
-
-    def handle_accept(self):
-        raise Exception("handle_accept not supposed to be called")
-
-    def handle_accepted(self):
-        raise Exception("handle_accepted not supposed to be called")
-
-    def handle_connect(self):
-        raise Exception("handle_connect not supposed to be called")
-
-    def handle_expt(self):
-        raise Exception("handle_expt not supposed to be called")
-
-    def handle_close(self):
-        raise Exception("handle_close not supposed to be called")
-
-    def handle_error(self):
-        raise
-
-
-class BaseServer(asyncore.dispatcher):
-    """A server which listens on an address and dispatches the
-    connection to a handler.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, family, addr, handler=BaseTestHandler):
-        asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self)
-        self.create_socket(family)
-        self.set_reuse_addr()
-        bind_af_aware(self.socket, addr)
-        self.listen(5)
-        self.handler = handler
-
-    @property
-    def address(self):
-        return self.socket.getsockname()
-
-    def handle_accepted(self, sock, addr):
-        self.handler(sock)
-
-    def handle_error(self):
-        raise
-
-
-class BaseClient(BaseTestHandler):
-
-    def __init__(self, family, address):
-        BaseTestHandler.__init__(self)
-        self.create_socket(family)
-        self.connect(address)
-
-    def handle_connect(self):
-        pass
-
-
-class BaseTestAPI:
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        asyncore.close_all(ignore_all=True)
-
-    def loop_waiting_for_flag(self, instance, timeout=5):
-        timeout = float(timeout) / 100
-        count = 100
-        while asyncore.socket_map and count > 0:
-            asyncore.loop(timeout=0.01, count=1, use_poll=self.use_poll)
-            if instance.flag:
-                return
-            count -= 1
-            time.sleep(timeout)
-        self.fail("flag not set")
-
-    def test_handle_connect(self):
-        # make sure handle_connect is called on connect()
-
-        class TestClient(BaseClient):
-            def handle_connect(self):
-                self.flag = True
-
-        server = BaseServer(self.family, self.addr)
-        client = TestClient(self.family, server.address)
-        self.loop_waiting_for_flag(client)
-
-    def test_handle_accept(self):
-        # make sure handle_accept() is called when a client connects
-
-        class TestListener(BaseTestHandler):
-
-            def __init__(self, family, addr):
-                BaseTestHandler.__init__(self)
-                self.create_socket(family)
-                bind_af_aware(self.socket, addr)
-                self.listen(5)
-                self.address = self.socket.getsockname()
-
-            def handle_accept(self):
-                self.flag = True
-
-        server = TestListener(self.family, self.addr)
-        client = BaseClient(self.family, server.address)
-        self.loop_waiting_for_flag(server)
-
-    def test_handle_accepted(self):
-        # make sure handle_accepted() is called when a client connects
-
-        class TestListener(BaseTestHandler):
-
-            def __init__(self, family, addr):
-                BaseTestHandler.__init__(self)
-                self.create_socket(family)
-                bind_af_aware(self.socket, addr)
-                self.listen(5)
-                self.address = self.socket.getsockname()
-
-            def handle_accept(self):
-                asyncore.dispatcher.handle_accept(self)
-
-            def handle_accepted(self, sock, addr):
-                sock.close()
-                self.flag = True
-
-        server = TestListener(self.family, self.addr)
-        client = BaseClient(self.family, server.address)
-        self.loop_waiting_for_flag(server)
-
-
-    def test_handle_read(self):
-        # make sure handle_read is called on data received
-
-        class TestClient(BaseClient):
-            def handle_read(self):
-                self.flag = True
-
-        class TestHandler(BaseTestHandler):
-            def __init__(self, conn):
-                BaseTestHandler.__init__(self, conn)
-                self.send(b'x' * 1024)
-
-        server = BaseServer(self.family, self.addr, TestHandler)
-        client = TestClient(self.family, server.address)
-        self.loop_waiting_for_flag(client)
-
-    def test_handle_write(self):
-        # make sure handle_write is called
-
-        class TestClient(BaseClient):
-            def handle_write(self):
-                self.flag = True
-
-        server = BaseServer(self.family, self.addr)
-        client = TestClient(self.family, server.address)
-        self.loop_waiting_for_flag(client)
-
-    def test_handle_close(self):
-        # make sure handle_close is called when the other end closes
-        # the connection
-
-        class TestClient(BaseClient):
-
-            def handle_read(self):
-                # in order to make handle_close be called we are supposed
-                # to make at least one recv() call
-                self.recv(1024)
-
-            def handle_close(self):
-                self.flag = True
-                self.close()
-
-        class TestHandler(BaseTestHandler):
-            def __init__(self, conn):
-                BaseTestHandler.__init__(self, conn)
-                self.close()
-
-        server = BaseServer(self.family, self.addr, TestHandler)
-        client = TestClient(self.family, server.address)
-        self.loop_waiting_for_flag(client)
-
-    def test_handle_close_after_conn_broken(self):
-        # Check that ECONNRESET/EPIPE is correctly handled (issues #5661 and
-        # #11265).
-
-        data = b'\0' * 128
-
-        class TestClient(BaseClient):
-
-            def handle_write(self):
-                self.send(data)
-
-            def handle_close(self):
-                self.flag = True
-                self.close()
-
-            def handle_expt(self):
-                self.flag = True
-                self.close()
-
-        class TestHandler(BaseTestHandler):
-
-            def handle_read(self):
-                self.recv(len(data))
-                self.close()
-
-            def writable(self):
-                return False
-
-        server = BaseServer(self.family, self.addr, TestHandler)
-        client = TestClient(self.family, server.address)
-        self.loop_waiting_for_flag(client)
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith("sunos"),
-                     "OOB support is broken on Solaris")
-    def test_handle_expt(self):
-        # Make sure handle_expt is called on OOB data received.
-        # Note: this might fail on some platforms as OOB data is
-        # tenuously supported and rarely used.
-        if HAS_UNIX_SOCKETS and self.family == socket.AF_UNIX:
-            self.skipTest("Not applicable to AF_UNIX sockets.")
-
-        if sys.platform == "darwin" and self.use_poll:
-            self.skipTest("poll may fail on macOS; see issue #28087")
-
-        class TestClient(BaseClient):
-            def handle_expt(self):
-                self.socket.recv(1024, socket.MSG_OOB)
-                self.flag = True
-
-        class TestHandler(BaseTestHandler):
-            def __init__(self, conn):
-                BaseTestHandler.__init__(self, conn)
-                self.socket.send(bytes(chr(244), 'latin-1'), socket.MSG_OOB)
-
-        server = BaseServer(self.family, self.addr, TestHandler)
-        client = TestClient(self.family, server.address)
-        self.loop_waiting_for_flag(client)
-
-    def test_handle_error(self):
-
-        class TestClient(BaseClient):
-            def handle_write(self):
-                1.0 / 0
-            def handle_error(self):
-                self.flag = True
-                try:
-                    raise
-                except ZeroDivisionError:
-                    pass
-                else:
-                    raise Exception("exception not raised")
-
-        server = BaseServer(self.family, self.addr)
-        client = TestClient(self.family, server.address)
-        self.loop_waiting_for_flag(client)
-
-    def test_connection_attributes(self):
-        server = BaseServer(self.family, self.addr)
-        client = BaseClient(self.family, server.address)
-
-        # we start disconnected
-        self.assertFalse(server.connected)
-        self.assertTrue(server.accepting)
-        # this can't be taken for granted across all platforms
-        #self.assertFalse(client.connected)
-        self.assertFalse(client.accepting)
-
-        # execute some loops so that client connects to server
-        asyncore.loop(timeout=0.01, use_poll=self.use_poll, count=100)
-        self.assertFalse(server.connected)
-        self.assertTrue(server.accepting)
-        self.assertTrue(client.connected)
-        self.assertFalse(client.accepting)
-
-        # disconnect the client
-        client.close()
-        self.assertFalse(server.connected)
-        self.assertTrue(server.accepting)
-        self.assertFalse(client.connected)
-        self.assertFalse(client.accepting)
-
-        # stop serving
-        server.close()
-        self.assertFalse(server.connected)
-        self.assertFalse(server.accepting)
-
-    def test_create_socket(self):
-        s = asyncore.dispatcher()
-        s.create_socket(self.family)
-        self.assertEqual(s.socket.type, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-        self.assertEqual(s.socket.family, self.family)
-        self.assertEqual(s.socket.gettimeout(), 0)
-        self.assertFalse(s.socket.get_inheritable())
-
-    def test_bind(self):
-        if HAS_UNIX_SOCKETS and self.family == socket.AF_UNIX:
-            self.skipTest("Not applicable to AF_UNIX sockets.")
-        s1 = asyncore.dispatcher()
-        s1.create_socket(self.family)
-        s1.bind(self.addr)
-        s1.listen(5)
-        port = s1.socket.getsockname()[1]
-
-        s2 = asyncore.dispatcher()
-        s2.create_socket(self.family)
-        # EADDRINUSE indicates the socket was correctly bound
-        self.assertRaises(OSError, s2.bind, (self.addr[0], port))
-
-    def test_set_reuse_addr(self):
-        if HAS_UNIX_SOCKETS and self.family == socket.AF_UNIX:
-            self.skipTest("Not applicable to AF_UNIX sockets.")
-
-        with socket.socket(self.family) as sock:
-            try:
-                sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
-            except OSError:
-                unittest.skip("SO_REUSEADDR not supported on this platform")
-            else:
-                # if SO_REUSEADDR succeeded for sock we expect asyncore
-                # to do the same
-                s = asyncore.dispatcher(socket.socket(self.family))
-                self.assertFalse(s.socket.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,
-                                                     socket.SO_REUSEADDR))
-                s.socket.close()
-                s.create_socket(self.family)
-                s.set_reuse_addr()
-                self.assertTrue(s.socket.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET,
-                                                     socket.SO_REUSEADDR))
-
-    @threading_helper.reap_threads
-    def test_quick_connect(self):
-        # see: http://bugs.python.org/issue10340
-        if self.family not in (socket.AF_INET, getattr(socket, "AF_INET6", object())):
-            self.skipTest("test specific to AF_INET and AF_INET6")
-
-        server = BaseServer(self.family, self.addr)
-        # run the thread 500 ms: the socket should be connected in 200 ms
-        t = threading.Thread(target=lambda: asyncore.loop(timeout=0.1,
-                                                          count=5))
-        t.start()
-        try:
-            with socket.socket(self.family, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
-                s.settimeout(.2)
-                s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_LINGER,
-                             struct.pack('ii', 1, 0))
-
-                try:
-                    s.connect(server.address)
-                except OSError:
-                    pass
-        finally:
-            threading_helper.join_thread(t)
-
-class TestAPI_UseIPv4Sockets(BaseTestAPI):
-    family = socket.AF_INET
-    addr = (socket_helper.HOST, 0)
-
-@unittest.skipUnless(socket_helper.IPV6_ENABLED, 'IPv6 support required')
-class TestAPI_UseIPv6Sockets(BaseTestAPI):
-    family = socket.AF_INET6
-    addr = (socket_helper.HOSTv6, 0)
-
-@unittest.skipUnless(HAS_UNIX_SOCKETS, 'Unix sockets required')
-class TestAPI_UseUnixSockets(BaseTestAPI):
-    if HAS_UNIX_SOCKETS:
-        family = socket.AF_UNIX
-    addr = os_helper.TESTFN
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        os_helper.unlink(self.addr)
-        BaseTestAPI.tearDown(self)
-
-class TestAPI_UseIPv4Select(TestAPI_UseIPv4Sockets, unittest.TestCase):
-    use_poll = False
-
-@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(select, 'poll'), 'select.poll required')
-class TestAPI_UseIPv4Poll(TestAPI_UseIPv4Sockets, unittest.TestCase):
-    use_poll = True
-
-class TestAPI_UseIPv6Select(TestAPI_UseIPv6Sockets, unittest.TestCase):
-    use_poll = False
-
-@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(select, 'poll'), 'select.poll required')
-class TestAPI_UseIPv6Poll(TestAPI_UseIPv6Sockets, unittest.TestCase):
-    use_poll = True
-
-class TestAPI_UseUnixSocketsSelect(TestAPI_UseUnixSockets, unittest.TestCase):
-    use_poll = False
-
-@unittest.skipUnless(hasattr(select, 'poll'), 'select.poll required')
-class TestAPI_UseUnixSocketsPoll(TestAPI_UseUnixSockets, unittest.TestCase):
-    use_poll = True
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_ftplib.py b/Lib/test/test_ftplib.py
index 7e632efa4c..b3e4e776a4 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_ftplib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_ftplib.py
@@ -25,15 +25,6 @@
 from test.support import asyncore
 from test.support.socket_helper import HOST, HOSTv6
 
-import sys
-if sys.platform == 'win32':
-    raise unittest.SkipTest("test_ftplib not working on windows")
-if getattr(sys, '_rustpython_debugbuild', False):
-    raise unittest.SkipTest("something's weird on debug builds")
-
-asynchat = warnings_helper.import_deprecated('asynchat')
-asyncore = warnings_helper.import_deprecated('asyncore')
-
 
 support.requires_working_socket(module=True)
 

From 4ae2936a455b4f9c04928ad778daebdbe745d6af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Fri, 11 Apr 2025 12:08:07 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 601/705] fix more cspell warnings (#5689)

---
 .cspell.dict/cpython.txt        |   6 +
 .cspell.dict/python-more.txt    |   2 +
 .cspell.json                    |   4 +-
 common/src/boxvec.rs            |   2 +-
 common/src/linked_list.rs       |   2 +
 common/src/lock.rs              |   2 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs |  30 ++--
 src/lib.rs                      |   8 +-
 stdlib/src/binascii.rs          | 235 ++++++++++++++++----------------
 stdlib/src/syslog.rs            |   2 +-
 vm/src/buffer.rs                |  22 +--
 vm/src/builtins/type.rs         |   2 +-
 vm/src/exceptions.rs            |   6 +-
 wtf8/src/core_char.rs           |   1 +
 wtf8/src/core_str_count.rs      |   1 +
 wtf8/src/lib.rs                 |   2 +
 16 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 156 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt b/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
index 1840918a4d..d28a4bb8c5 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/cpython.txt
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ elts
 excepthandler
 fileutils
 finalbody
+formatfloat
 freevar
 freevars
 fromlist
@@ -25,10 +26,12 @@ HIGHRES
 IMMUTABLETYPE
 kwonlyarg
 kwonlyargs
+lasti
 linearise
 maxdepth
 mult
 nkwargs
+noraise
 numer
 orelse
 pathconfig
@@ -36,9 +39,12 @@ patma
 posonlyarg
 posonlyargs
 prec
+preinitialized
 PYTHREAD_NAME
 SA_ONSTACK
 stackdepth
+stringlib
+structseq
 tok_oldval
 unaryop
 unparse
diff --git a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
index 0be3c0f45a..0404428324 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/python-more.txt
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ baserepl
 basicsize
 bdfl
 bigcharset
+bignum
 breakpointhook
 cformat
 chunksize
@@ -153,6 +154,7 @@ ospath
 pendingcr
 phello
 platlibdir
+popleft
 posixsubprocess
 posonly
 posonlyargcount
diff --git a/.cspell.json b/.cspell.json
index 69ace83483..98a03180fe 100644
--- a/.cspell.json
+++ b/.cspell.json
@@ -105,9 +105,9 @@
     "reducelib",
     "richcompare",
     "RustPython",
+    "significand",
     "struc",
-    // plural of summand
-    "summands",
+    "summands", // plural of summand
     "sysmodule",
     "tracebacks",
     "typealiases",
diff --git a/common/src/boxvec.rs b/common/src/boxvec.rs
index 4501835477..f5dd622f58 100644
--- a/common/src/boxvec.rs
+++ b/common/src/boxvec.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// cspell:ignore
+// cspell:disable
 //! An unresizable vector backed by a `Box<[T]>`
 
 #![allow(clippy::needless_lifetimes)]
diff --git a/common/src/linked_list.rs b/common/src/linked_list.rs
index 83577b71d1..4e6e1b7000 100644
--- a/common/src/linked_list.rs
+++ b/common/src/linked_list.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 //! This module is modified from tokio::util::linked_list: <https://github.com/tokio-rs/tokio/blob/master/tokio/src/util/linked_list.rs>
 //! Tokio is licensed under the MIT license:
 //!
diff --git a/common/src/lock.rs b/common/src/lock.rs
index 811c461112..ca5ffe8de3 100644
--- a/common/src/lock.rs
+++ b/common/src/lock.rs
@@ -39,4 +39,4 @@ pub type PyMappedRwLockReadGuard<'a, T> = MappedRwLockReadGuard<'a, RawRwLock, T
 pub type PyRwLockWriteGuard<'a, T> = RwLockWriteGuard<'a, RawRwLock, T>;
 pub type PyMappedRwLockWriteGuard<'a, T> = MappedRwLockWriteGuard<'a, RawRwLock, T>;
 
-// can add fn const_{mutex,rwlock}() if necessary, but we probably won't need to
+// can add fn const_{mutex,rw_lock}() if necessary, but we probably won't need to
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index c8474a537f..3c92146c13 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2143,8 +2143,8 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         attrs: &[Identifier],
         _patterns: &[Pattern],
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        let nattrs = attrs.len();
-        for i in 0..nattrs {
+        let n_attrs = attrs.len();
+        for i in 0..n_attrs {
             let attr = attrs[i].as_str();
             // Check if the attribute name is forbidden in a Store context.
             if self.forbidden_name(attr, NameUsage::Store)? {
@@ -2152,7 +2152,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                 return Err(self.compile_error_forbidden_name(attr));
             }
             // Check for duplicates: compare with every subsequent attribute.
-            for ident in attrs.iter().take(nattrs).skip(i + 1) {
+            for ident in attrs.iter().take(n_attrs).skip(i + 1) {
                 let other = ident.as_str();
                 if attr == other {
                     todo!();
@@ -2184,20 +2184,20 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         }
 
         let nargs = patterns.len();
-        let nattrs = kwd_attrs.len();
+        let n_attrs = kwd_attrs.len();
         let nkwd_patterns = kwd_patterns.len();
 
         // Validate that keyword attribute names and patterns match in length.
-        if nattrs != nkwd_patterns {
+        if n_attrs != nkwd_patterns {
             let msg = format!(
                 "kwd_attrs ({}) / kwd_patterns ({}) length mismatch in class pattern",
-                nattrs, nkwd_patterns
+                n_attrs, nkwd_patterns
             );
             unreachable!("{}", msg);
         }
 
         // Check for too many sub-patterns.
-        if nargs > u32::MAX as usize || (nargs + nattrs).saturating_sub(1) > i32::MAX as usize {
+        if nargs > u32::MAX as usize || (nargs + n_attrs).saturating_sub(1) > i32::MAX as usize {
             let msg = format!(
                 "too many sub-patterns in class pattern {:?}",
                 match_class.cls
@@ -2207,7 +2207,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         }
 
         // Validate keyword attributes if any.
-        if nattrs != 0 {
+        if n_attrs != 0 {
             self.validate_kwd_attrs(&kwd_attrs, &kwd_patterns)?;
         }
 
@@ -2237,12 +2237,12 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         // 5. Compare with IS_OP 1.
         emit!(self, Instruction::IsOperation(true));
 
-        // At this point the TOS is a tuple of (nargs + nattrs) attributes (or None).
+        // At this point the TOS is a tuple of (nargs + n_attrs) attributes (or None).
         pc.on_top += 1;
         self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
 
-        // Unpack the tuple into (nargs + nattrs) items.
-        let total = nargs + nattrs;
+        // Unpack the tuple into (nargs + n_attrs) items.
+        let total = nargs + n_attrs;
         emit!(
             self,
             Instruction::UnpackSequence {
@@ -2280,12 +2280,12 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
     //     let keys = &mapping.keys;
     //     let patterns = &mapping.patterns;
     //     let size = keys.len();
-    //     let npatterns = patterns.len();
+    //     let n_patterns = patterns.len();
 
-    //     if size != npatterns {
-    //         panic!("keys ({}) / patterns ({}) length mismatch in mapping pattern", size, npatterns);
+    //     if size != n_patterns {
+    //         panic!("keys ({}) / patterns ({}) length mismatch in mapping pattern", size, n_patterns);
     //         // return self.compiler_error(
-    //             // &format!("keys ({}) / patterns ({}) length mismatch in mapping pattern", size, npatterns)
+    //             // &format!("keys ({}) / patterns ({}) length mismatch in mapping pattern", size, n_patterns)
     //         // );
     //     }
 
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index 98de3de5c6..e9c9c91294 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -233,14 +233,14 @@ fn write_profile(settings: &Settings) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
     enum ProfileFormat {
         Html,
         Text,
-        SpeedScore,
+        SpeedScope,
     }
     let profile_output = settings.profile_output.as_deref();
     let profile_format = match settings.profile_format.as_deref() {
         Some("html") => ProfileFormat::Html,
         Some("text") => ProfileFormat::Text,
         None if profile_output == Some("-".as_ref()) => ProfileFormat::Text,
-        Some("speedscope") | None => ProfileFormat::SpeedScore,
+        Some("speedscope") | None => ProfileFormat::SpeedScope,
         Some(other) => {
             error!("Unknown profile format {}", other);
             // TODO: Need to change to ExitCode or Termination
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ fn write_profile(settings: &Settings) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
     let profile_output = profile_output.unwrap_or_else(|| match profile_format {
         ProfileFormat::Html => "flame-graph.html".as_ref(),
         ProfileFormat::Text => "flame.txt".as_ref(),
-        ProfileFormat::SpeedScore => "flamescope.json".as_ref(),
+        ProfileFormat::SpeedScope => "flamescope.json".as_ref(),
     });
 
     let profile_output: Box<dyn io::Write> = if profile_output == "-" {
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ fn write_profile(settings: &Settings) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>
     match profile_format {
         ProfileFormat::Html => flame::dump_html(profile_output)?,
         ProfileFormat::Text => flame::dump_text_to_writer(profile_output)?,
-        ProfileFormat::SpeedScore => flamescope::dump(profile_output)?,
+        ProfileFormat::SpeedScope => flamescope::dump(profile_output)?,
     }
 
     Ok(())
diff --git a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
index a8df1fb60b..2510325b4e 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore hexlify unhexlify uuencodes CRCTAB
+// spell-checker:ignore hexlify unhexlify uuencodes CRCTAB rlecode rledecode
 
 pub(super) use decl::crc32;
 pub(crate) use decl::make_module;
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ mod decl {
                             idx += 1;
                         }
                     } else if buffer[idx] == b'=' {
-                        // roken case from broken python qp
+                        // broken case from broken python qp
                         out_data.push(b'=');
                         idx += 1;
                     } else if idx + 1 < len
@@ -382,183 +382,184 @@ mod decl {
         let header = args.header;
         s.with_ref(|buf| {
             let buflen = buf.len();
-            let mut linelen = 0;
-            let mut odatalen = 0;
+            let mut line_len = 0;
+            let mut out_data_len = 0;
             let mut crlf = false;
             let mut ch;
 
-            let mut inidx;
-            let mut outidx;
+            let mut in_idx;
+            let mut out_idx;
 
-            inidx = 0;
-            while inidx < buflen {
-                if buf[inidx] == b'\n' {
+            in_idx = 0;
+            while in_idx < buflen {
+                if buf[in_idx] == b'\n' {
                     break;
                 }
-                inidx += 1;
+                in_idx += 1;
             }
-            if buflen > 0 && inidx < buflen && buf[inidx - 1] == b'\r' {
+            if buflen > 0 && in_idx < buflen && buf[in_idx - 1] == b'\r' {
                 crlf = true;
             }
 
-            inidx = 0;
-            while inidx < buflen {
+            in_idx = 0;
+            while in_idx < buflen {
                 let mut delta = 0;
-                if (buf[inidx] > 126)
-                    || (buf[inidx] == b'=')
-                    || (header && buf[inidx] == b'_')
-                    || (buf[inidx] == b'.'
-                        && linelen == 0
-                        && (inidx + 1 == buflen
-                            || buf[inidx + 1] == b'\n'
-                            || buf[inidx + 1] == b'\r'
-                            || buf[inidx + 1] == 0))
-                    || (!istext && ((buf[inidx] == b'\r') || (buf[inidx] == b'\n')))
-                    || ((buf[inidx] == b'\t' || buf[inidx] == b' ') && (inidx + 1 == buflen))
-                    || ((buf[inidx] < 33)
-                        && (buf[inidx] != b'\r')
-                        && (buf[inidx] != b'\n')
-                        && (quotetabs || ((buf[inidx] != b'\t') && (buf[inidx] != b' '))))
+                if (buf[in_idx] > 126)
+                    || (buf[in_idx] == b'=')
+                    || (header && buf[in_idx] == b'_')
+                    || (buf[in_idx] == b'.'
+                        && line_len == 0
+                        && (in_idx + 1 == buflen
+                            || buf[in_idx + 1] == b'\n'
+                            || buf[in_idx + 1] == b'\r'
+                            || buf[in_idx + 1] == 0))
+                    || (!istext && ((buf[in_idx] == b'\r') || (buf[in_idx] == b'\n')))
+                    || ((buf[in_idx] == b'\t' || buf[in_idx] == b' ') && (in_idx + 1 == buflen))
+                    || ((buf[in_idx] < 33)
+                        && (buf[in_idx] != b'\r')
+                        && (buf[in_idx] != b'\n')
+                        && (quotetabs || ((buf[in_idx] != b'\t') && (buf[in_idx] != b' '))))
                 {
-                    if (linelen + 3) >= MAXLINESIZE {
-                        linelen = 0;
+                    if (line_len + 3) >= MAXLINESIZE {
+                        line_len = 0;
                         delta += if crlf { 3 } else { 2 };
                     }
-                    linelen += 3;
+                    line_len += 3;
                     delta += 3;
-                    inidx += 1;
+                    in_idx += 1;
                 } else if istext
-                    && ((buf[inidx] == b'\n')
-                        || ((inidx + 1 < buflen)
-                            && (buf[inidx] == b'\r')
-                            && (buf[inidx + 1] == b'\n')))
+                    && ((buf[in_idx] == b'\n')
+                        || ((in_idx + 1 < buflen)
+                            && (buf[in_idx] == b'\r')
+                            && (buf[in_idx + 1] == b'\n')))
                 {
-                    linelen = 0;
+                    line_len = 0;
                     // Protect against whitespace on end of line
-                    if (inidx != 0) && ((buf[inidx - 1] == b' ') || (buf[inidx - 1] == b'\t')) {
+                    if (in_idx != 0) && ((buf[in_idx - 1] == b' ') || (buf[in_idx - 1] == b'\t')) {
                         delta += 2;
                     }
                     delta += if crlf { 2 } else { 1 };
-                    inidx += if buf[inidx] == b'\r' { 2 } else { 1 };
+                    in_idx += if buf[in_idx] == b'\r' { 2 } else { 1 };
                 } else {
-                    if (inidx + 1 != buflen)
-                        && (buf[inidx + 1] != b'\n')
-                        && (linelen + 1) >= MAXLINESIZE
+                    if (in_idx + 1 != buflen)
+                        && (buf[in_idx + 1] != b'\n')
+                        && (line_len + 1) >= MAXLINESIZE
                     {
-                        linelen = 0;
+                        line_len = 0;
                         delta += if crlf { 3 } else { 2 };
                     }
-                    linelen += 1;
+                    line_len += 1;
                     delta += 1;
-                    inidx += 1;
+                    in_idx += 1;
                 }
-                odatalen += delta;
+                out_data_len += delta;
             }
 
-            let mut out_data = Vec::with_capacity(odatalen);
-            inidx = 0;
-            outidx = 0;
-            linelen = 0;
-
-            while inidx < buflen {
-                if (buf[inidx] > 126)
-                    || (buf[inidx] == b'=')
-                    || (header && buf[inidx] == b'_')
-                    || ((buf[inidx] == b'.')
-                        && (linelen == 0)
-                        && (inidx + 1 == buflen
-                            || buf[inidx + 1] == b'\n'
-                            || buf[inidx + 1] == b'\r'
-                            || buf[inidx + 1] == 0))
-                    || (!istext && ((buf[inidx] == b'\r') || (buf[inidx] == b'\n')))
-                    || ((buf[inidx] == b'\t' || buf[inidx] == b' ') && (inidx + 1 == buflen))
-                    || ((buf[inidx] < 33)
-                        && (buf[inidx] != b'\r')
-                        && (buf[inidx] != b'\n')
-                        && (quotetabs || ((buf[inidx] != b'\t') && (buf[inidx] != b' '))))
+            let mut out_data = Vec::with_capacity(out_data_len);
+            in_idx = 0;
+            out_idx = 0;
+            line_len = 0;
+
+            while in_idx < buflen {
+                if (buf[in_idx] > 126)
+                    || (buf[in_idx] == b'=')
+                    || (header && buf[in_idx] == b'_')
+                    || ((buf[in_idx] == b'.')
+                        && (line_len == 0)
+                        && (in_idx + 1 == buflen
+                            || buf[in_idx + 1] == b'\n'
+                            || buf[in_idx + 1] == b'\r'
+                            || buf[in_idx + 1] == 0))
+                    || (!istext && ((buf[in_idx] == b'\r') || (buf[in_idx] == b'\n')))
+                    || ((buf[in_idx] == b'\t' || buf[in_idx] == b' ') && (in_idx + 1 == buflen))
+                    || ((buf[in_idx] < 33)
+                        && (buf[in_idx] != b'\r')
+                        && (buf[in_idx] != b'\n')
+                        && (quotetabs || ((buf[in_idx] != b'\t') && (buf[in_idx] != b' '))))
                 {
-                    if (linelen + 3) >= MAXLINESIZE {
+                    if (line_len + 3) >= MAXLINESIZE {
                         // MAXLINESIZE = 76
                         out_data.push(b'=');
-                        outidx += 1;
+                        out_idx += 1;
                         if crlf {
                             out_data.push(b'\r');
-                            outidx += 1;
+                            out_idx += 1;
                         }
                         out_data.push(b'\n');
-                        outidx += 1;
-                        linelen = 0;
+                        out_idx += 1;
+                        line_len = 0;
                     }
                     out_data.push(b'=');
-                    outidx += 1;
+                    out_idx += 1;
 
-                    ch = hex_nibble(buf[inidx] >> 4);
+                    ch = hex_nibble(buf[in_idx] >> 4);
                     if (b'a'..=b'f').contains(&ch) {
                         ch -= b' ';
                     }
                     out_data.push(ch);
-                    ch = hex_nibble(buf[inidx] & 0xf);
+                    ch = hex_nibble(buf[in_idx] & 0xf);
                     if (b'a'..=b'f').contains(&ch) {
                         ch -= b' ';
                     }
                     out_data.push(ch);
 
-                    outidx += 2;
-                    inidx += 1;
-                    linelen += 3;
+                    out_idx += 2;
+                    in_idx += 1;
+                    line_len += 3;
                 } else if istext
-                    && ((buf[inidx] == b'\n')
-                        || ((inidx + 1 < buflen)
-                            && (buf[inidx] == b'\r')
-                            && (buf[inidx + 1] == b'\n')))
+                    && ((buf[in_idx] == b'\n')
+                        || ((in_idx + 1 < buflen)
+                            && (buf[in_idx] == b'\r')
+                            && (buf[in_idx + 1] == b'\n')))
                 {
-                    linelen = 0;
-                    if (outidx != 0)
-                        && ((out_data[outidx - 1] == b' ') || (out_data[outidx - 1] == b'\t'))
+                    line_len = 0;
+                    if (out_idx != 0)
+                        && ((out_data[out_idx - 1] == b' ') || (out_data[out_idx - 1] == b'\t'))
                     {
-                        ch = hex_nibble(out_data[outidx - 1] >> 4);
+                        ch = hex_nibble(out_data[out_idx - 1] >> 4);
                         if (b'a'..=b'f').contains(&ch) {
                             ch -= b' ';
                         }
                         out_data.push(ch);
-                        ch = hex_nibble(out_data[outidx - 1] & 0xf);
+                        ch = hex_nibble(out_data[out_idx - 1] & 0xf);
                         if (b'a'..=b'f').contains(&ch) {
                             ch -= b' ';
                         }
                         out_data.push(ch);
-                        out_data[outidx - 1] = b'=';
-                        outidx += 2;
+                        out_data[out_idx - 1] = b'=';
+                        out_idx += 2;
                     }
 
                     if crlf {
                         out_data.push(b'\r');
-                        outidx += 1;
+                        out_idx += 1;
                     }
                     out_data.push(b'\n');
-                    outidx += 1;
-                    inidx += if buf[inidx] == b'\r' { 2 } else { 1 };
+                    out_idx += 1;
+                    in_idx += if buf[in_idx] == b'\r' { 2 } else { 1 };
                 } else {
-                    if (inidx + 1 != buflen) && (buf[inidx + 1] != b'\n') && (linelen + 1) >= 76 {
+                    if (in_idx + 1 != buflen) && (buf[in_idx + 1] != b'\n') && (line_len + 1) >= 76
+                    {
                         // MAXLINESIZE = 76
                         out_data.push(b'=');
-                        outidx += 1;
+                        out_idx += 1;
                         if crlf {
                             out_data.push(b'\r');
-                            outidx += 1;
+                            out_idx += 1;
                         }
                         out_data.push(b'\n');
-                        outidx += 1;
-                        linelen = 0;
+                        out_idx += 1;
+                        line_len = 0;
                     }
-                    linelen += 1;
-                    if header && buf[inidx] == b' ' {
+                    line_len += 1;
+                    if header && buf[in_idx] == b' ' {
                         out_data.push(b'_');
-                        outidx += 1;
-                        inidx += 1;
+                        out_idx += 1;
+                        in_idx += 1;
                     } else {
-                        out_data.push(buf[inidx]);
-                        outidx += 1;
-                        inidx += 1;
+                        out_data.push(buf[in_idx]);
+                        out_idx += 1;
+                        in_idx += 1;
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -568,7 +569,7 @@ mod decl {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn rlecode_hqx(s: ArgAsciiBuffer) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-        const RUNCHAR: u8 = 0x90; // b'\x90'
+        const RUN_CHAR: u8 = 0x90; // b'\x90'
         s.with_ref(|buffer| {
             let len = buffer.len();
             let mut out_data = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity((len * 2) + 2);
@@ -577,20 +578,20 @@ mod decl {
             while idx < len {
                 let ch = buffer[idx];
 
-                if ch == RUNCHAR {
-                    out_data.push(RUNCHAR);
+                if ch == RUN_CHAR {
+                    out_data.push(RUN_CHAR);
                     out_data.push(0);
                     return Ok(out_data);
                 } else {
-                    let mut inend = idx + 1;
-                    while inend < len && buffer[inend] == ch && inend < idx + 255 {
-                        inend += 1;
+                    let mut in_end = idx + 1;
+                    while in_end < len && buffer[in_end] == ch && in_end < idx + 255 {
+                        in_end += 1;
                     }
-                    if inend - idx > 3 {
+                    if in_end - idx > 3 {
                         out_data.push(ch);
-                        out_data.push(RUNCHAR);
-                        out_data.push(((inend - idx) % 256) as u8);
-                        idx = inend - 1;
+                        out_data.push(RUN_CHAR);
+                        out_data.push(((in_end - idx) % 256) as u8);
+                        idx = in_end - 1;
                     } else {
                         out_data.push(ch);
                     }
@@ -603,7 +604,7 @@ mod decl {
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn rledecode_hqx(s: ArgAsciiBuffer) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-        const RUNCHAR: u8 = 0x90; //b'\x90'
+        const RUN_CHAR: u8 = 0x90; //b'\x90'
         s.with_ref(|buffer| {
             let len = buffer.len();
             let mut out_data = Vec::<u8>::with_capacity(len);
@@ -613,9 +614,9 @@ mod decl {
             idx += 1;
 
             while idx < len {
-                if buffer[idx] == RUNCHAR {
+                if buffer[idx] == RUN_CHAR {
                     if buffer[idx + 1] == 0 {
-                        out_data.push(RUNCHAR);
+                        out_data.push(RUN_CHAR);
                     } else {
                         let ch = buffer[idx - 1];
                         let range = buffer[idx + 1];
diff --git a/stdlib/src/syslog.rs b/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
index 69e9d1cb9e..dcdf317b02 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/syslog.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore logoption openlog setlogmask upto NDELAY
+// spell-checker:ignore logoption openlog setlogmask upto NDELAY ODELAY
 
 pub(crate) use syslog::make_module;
 
diff --git a/vm/src/buffer.rs b/vm/src/buffer.rs
index 3b76002d04..a07048757a 100644
--- a/vm/src/buffer.rs
+++ b/vm/src/buffer.rs
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ trait PackInt: PrimInt {
     fn unpack_int<E: ByteOrder>(data: &[u8]) -> Self;
 }
 
-macro_rules! make_pack_primint {
+macro_rules! make_pack_prim_int {
     ($T:ty) => {
         impl PackInt for $T {
             fn pack_int<E: ByteOrder>(self, data: &mut [u8]) {
@@ -502,16 +502,16 @@ where
         .map_err(|_| new_struct_error(vm, "argument out of range".to_owned()))
 }
 
-make_pack_primint!(i8);
-make_pack_primint!(u8);
-make_pack_primint!(i16);
-make_pack_primint!(u16);
-make_pack_primint!(i32);
-make_pack_primint!(u32);
-make_pack_primint!(i64);
-make_pack_primint!(u64);
-make_pack_primint!(usize);
-make_pack_primint!(isize);
+make_pack_prim_int!(i8);
+make_pack_prim_int!(u8);
+make_pack_prim_int!(i16);
+make_pack_prim_int!(u16);
+make_pack_prim_int!(i32);
+make_pack_prim_int!(u32);
+make_pack_prim_int!(i64);
+make_pack_prim_int!(u64);
+make_pack_prim_int!(usize);
+make_pack_prim_int!(isize);
 
 macro_rules! make_pack_float {
     ($T:ty) => {
diff --git a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
index a0c7ee58ff..7351797dec 100644
--- a/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
+++ b/vm/src/builtins/type.rs
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ impl PyType {
     #[pygetset(setter, name = "__bases__")]
     fn set_bases(zelf: &Py<Self>, bases: Vec<PyTypeRef>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
         // TODO: Assigning to __bases__ is only used in typing.NamedTupleMeta.__new__
-        // Rather than correctly reinitializing the class, we are skipping a few steps for now
+        // Rather than correctly re-initializing the class, we are skipping a few steps for now
         if zelf.slots.flags.has_feature(PyTypeFlags::IMMUTABLETYPE) {
             return Err(vm.new_type_error(format!(
                 "cannot set '__bases__' attribute of immutable type '{}'",
diff --git a/vm/src/exceptions.rs b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
index 708a93fe61..6c4f97fe38 100644
--- a/vm/src/exceptions.rs
+++ b/vm/src/exceptions.rs
@@ -211,9 +211,9 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
 
         if let Some(text) = maybe_text {
             // if text ends with \n, remove it
-            let rtext = text.as_str().trim_end_matches('\n');
-            let l_text = rtext.trim_start_matches([' ', '\n', '\x0c']); // \x0c is \f
-            let spaces = (rtext.len() - l_text.len()) as isize;
+            let r_text = text.as_str().trim_end_matches('\n');
+            let l_text = r_text.trim_start_matches([' ', '\n', '\x0c']); // \x0c is \f
+            let spaces = (r_text.len() - l_text.len()) as isize;
 
             writeln!(output, "    {}", l_text)?;
 
diff --git a/wtf8/src/core_char.rs b/wtf8/src/core_char.rs
index 1444e8e130..e2400430cd 100644
--- a/wtf8/src/core_char.rs
+++ b/wtf8/src/core_char.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:disable
 //! Unstable functions from [`core::char`]
 
 use core::slice;
diff --git a/wtf8/src/core_str_count.rs b/wtf8/src/core_str_count.rs
index cff5a4b076..30fcd4645f 100644
--- a/wtf8/src/core_str_count.rs
+++ b/wtf8/src/core_str_count.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// cspell:disable
 //! Modified from core::str::count
 
 use super::Wtf8;
diff --git a/wtf8/src/lib.rs b/wtf8/src/lib.rs
index 73b5168453..635ddf353b 100644
--- a/wtf8/src/lib.rs
+++ b/wtf8/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+// cspell:disable
+
 //! An implementation of [WTF-8], a utf8-compatible encoding that allows for
 //! unpaired surrogate codepoints. This implementation additionally allows for
 //! paired surrogates that are nonetheless treated as two separate codepoints.

From 4094c5bfc904b7c726d7aca879fa8d731f089d45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 13 Apr 2025 19:41:57 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 602/705] minor mark

---
 Lib/test/test_os.py | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_os.py b/Lib/test/test_os.py
index f10de0b7af..3b19d3d3cd 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_os.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_os.py
@@ -1980,7 +1980,6 @@ def get_urandom_subprocess(self, count):
         self.assertEqual(len(stdout), count)
         return stdout
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailureIfWindows("TODO: RUSTPYTHON (ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'os'")
     def test_urandom_subprocess(self):
         data1 = self.get_urandom_subprocess(16)
         data2 = self.get_urandom_subprocess(16)

From c7df3448052507c3c35c5696d86c14656abbbcdf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 13 Apr 2025 23:39:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 603/705] update calendar and test_calendar to 3.13.2

---
 Lib/calendar.py           |  45 ++++---
 Lib/test/test_calendar.py | 255 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 238 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/calendar.py b/Lib/calendar.py
index baab52a157..8c1c646da4 100644
--- a/Lib/calendar.py
+++ b/Lib/calendar.py
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@
 from enum import IntEnum, global_enum
 import locale as _locale
 from itertools import repeat
-import warnings
 
 __all__ = ["IllegalMonthError", "IllegalWeekdayError", "setfirstweekday",
            "firstweekday", "isleap", "leapdays", "weekday", "monthrange",
@@ -28,7 +27,9 @@
 error = ValueError
 
 # Exceptions raised for bad input
-class IllegalMonthError(ValueError):
+# This is trick for backward compatibility. Since 3.13, we will raise IllegalMonthError instead of
+# IndexError for bad month number(out of 1-12). But we can't remove IndexError for backward compatibility.
+class IllegalMonthError(ValueError, IndexError):
     def __init__(self, month):
         self.month = month
     def __str__(self):
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ def __str__(self):
 
 def __getattr__(name):
     if name in ('January', 'February'):
+        import warnings
         warnings.warn(f"The '{name}' attribute is deprecated, use '{name.upper()}' instead",
                       DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
         if name == 'January':
@@ -158,11 +160,14 @@ def weekday(year, month, day):
     return Day(datetime.date(year, month, day).weekday())
 
 
-def monthrange(year, month):
-    """Return weekday (0-6 ~ Mon-Sun) and number of days (28-31) for
-       year, month."""
+def _validate_month(month):
     if not 1 <= month <= 12:
         raise IllegalMonthError(month)
+
+def monthrange(year, month):
+    """Return weekday of first day of month (0-6 ~ Mon-Sun)
+       and number of days (28-31) for year, month."""
+    _validate_month(month)
     day1 = weekday(year, month, 1)
     ndays = mdays[month] + (month == FEBRUARY and isleap(year))
     return day1, ndays
@@ -370,6 +375,8 @@ def formatmonthname(self, theyear, themonth, width, withyear=True):
         """
         Return a formatted month name.
         """
+        _validate_month(themonth)
+
         s = month_name[themonth]
         if withyear:
             s = "%s %r" % (s, theyear)
@@ -500,6 +507,7 @@ def formatmonthname(self, theyear, themonth, withyear=True):
         """
         Return a month name as a table row.
         """
+        _validate_month(themonth)
         if withyear:
             s = '%s %s' % (month_name[themonth], theyear)
         else:
@@ -585,8 +593,6 @@ def __enter__(self):
         _locale.setlocale(_locale.LC_TIME, self.locale)
 
     def __exit__(self, *args):
-        if self.oldlocale is None:
-            return
         _locale.setlocale(_locale.LC_TIME, self.oldlocale)
 
 
@@ -690,7 +696,7 @@ def timegm(tuple):
     return seconds
 
 
-def main(args):
+def main(args=None):
     import argparse
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
     textgroup = parser.add_argument_group('text only arguments')
@@ -736,10 +742,15 @@ def main(args):
         choices=("text", "html"),
         help="output type (text or html)"
     )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "-f", "--first-weekday",
+        type=int, default=0,
+        help="weekday (0 is Monday, 6 is Sunday) to start each week (default 0)"
+    )
     parser.add_argument(
         "year",
         nargs='?', type=int,
-        help="year number (1-9999)"
+        help="year number"
     )
     parser.add_argument(
         "month",
@@ -747,7 +758,7 @@ def main(args):
         help="month number (1-12, text only)"
     )
 
-    options = parser.parse_args(args[1:])
+    options = parser.parse_args(args)
 
     if options.locale and not options.encoding:
         parser.error("if --locale is specified --encoding is required")
@@ -756,10 +767,14 @@ def main(args):
     locale = options.locale, options.encoding
 
     if options.type == "html":
+        if options.month:
+            parser.error("incorrect number of arguments")
+            sys.exit(1)
         if options.locale:
             cal = LocaleHTMLCalendar(locale=locale)
         else:
             cal = HTMLCalendar()
+        cal.setfirstweekday(options.first_weekday)
         encoding = options.encoding
         if encoding is None:
             encoding = sys.getdefaultencoding()
@@ -767,20 +782,20 @@ def main(args):
         write = sys.stdout.buffer.write
         if options.year is None:
             write(cal.formatyearpage(datetime.date.today().year, **optdict))
-        elif options.month is None:
-            write(cal.formatyearpage(options.year, **optdict))
         else:
-            parser.error("incorrect number of arguments")
-            sys.exit(1)
+            write(cal.formatyearpage(options.year, **optdict))
     else:
         if options.locale:
             cal = LocaleTextCalendar(locale=locale)
         else:
             cal = TextCalendar()
+        cal.setfirstweekday(options.first_weekday)
         optdict = dict(w=options.width, l=options.lines)
         if options.month is None:
             optdict["c"] = options.spacing
             optdict["m"] = options.months
+        if options.month is not None:
+            _validate_month(options.month)
         if options.year is None:
             result = cal.formatyear(datetime.date.today().year, **optdict)
         elif options.month is None:
@@ -795,4 +810,4 @@ def main(args):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main(sys.argv)
+    main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_calendar.py b/Lib/test/test_calendar.py
index 24e472b5fe..df102fe198 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_calendar.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_calendar.py
@@ -3,12 +3,13 @@
 
 from test import support
 from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok, assert_python_failure
-import time
-import locale
-import sys
+import contextlib
 import datetime
+import io
+import locale
 import os
-import warnings
+import sys
+import time
 
 # From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year_starting_on_Saturday
 result_0_02_text = """\
@@ -456,6 +457,11 @@ def test_formatmonth(self):
             calendar.TextCalendar().formatmonth(0, 2),
             result_0_02_text
         )
+    def test_formatmonth_with_invalid_month(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(calendar.IllegalMonthError):
+            calendar.TextCalendar().formatmonth(2017, 13)
+        with self.assertRaises(calendar.IllegalMonthError):
+            calendar.TextCalendar().formatmonth(2017, -1)
 
     def test_formatmonthname_with_year(self):
         self.assertEqual(
@@ -550,26 +556,92 @@ def test_months(self):
             # verify it "acts like a sequence" in two forms of iteration
             self.assertEqual(value[::-1], list(reversed(value)))
 
-    def test_locale_calendars(self):
+    def test_locale_text_calendar(self):
+        try:
+            cal = calendar.LocaleTextCalendar(locale='')
+            local_weekday = cal.formatweekday(1, 10)
+            local_weekday_abbr = cal.formatweekday(1, 3)
+            local_month = cal.formatmonthname(2010, 10, 10)
+        except locale.Error:
+            # cannot set the system default locale -- skip rest of test
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('cannot set the system default locale')
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday, str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday_abbr, str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_month, str)
+        self.assertEqual(len(local_weekday), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len(local_weekday_abbr), 3)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(local_month), 10)
+
+        cal = calendar.LocaleTextCalendar(locale=None)
+        local_weekday = cal.formatweekday(1, 10)
+        local_weekday_abbr = cal.formatweekday(1, 3)
+        local_month = cal.formatmonthname(2010, 10, 10)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday, str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday_abbr, str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_month, str)
+        self.assertEqual(len(local_weekday), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len(local_weekday_abbr), 3)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(local_month), 10)
+
+        cal = calendar.LocaleTextCalendar(locale='C')
+        local_weekday = cal.formatweekday(1, 10)
+        local_weekday_abbr = cal.formatweekday(1, 3)
+        local_month = cal.formatmonthname(2010, 10, 10)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday, str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday_abbr, str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_month, str)
+        self.assertEqual(len(local_weekday), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len(local_weekday_abbr), 3)
+        self.assertGreaterEqual(len(local_month), 10)
+
+    def test_locale_html_calendar(self):
+        try:
+            cal = calendar.LocaleHTMLCalendar(locale='')
+            local_weekday = cal.formatweekday(1)
+            local_month = cal.formatmonthname(2010, 10)
+        except locale.Error:
+            # cannot set the system default locale -- skip rest of test
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('cannot set the system default locale')
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday, str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_month, str)
+
+        cal = calendar.LocaleHTMLCalendar(locale=None)
+        local_weekday = cal.formatweekday(1)
+        local_month = cal.formatmonthname(2010, 10)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday, str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_month, str)
+
+        cal = calendar.LocaleHTMLCalendar(locale='C')
+        local_weekday = cal.formatweekday(1)
+        local_month = cal.formatmonthname(2010, 10)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday, str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_month, str)
+
+    def test_locale_calendars_reset_locale_properly(self):
         # ensure that Locale{Text,HTML}Calendar resets the locale properly
         # (it is still not thread-safe though)
         old_october = calendar.TextCalendar().formatmonthname(2010, 10, 10)
         try:
             cal = calendar.LocaleTextCalendar(locale='')
             local_weekday = cal.formatweekday(1, 10)
+            local_weekday_abbr = cal.formatweekday(1, 3)
             local_month = cal.formatmonthname(2010, 10, 10)
         except locale.Error:
             # cannot set the system default locale -- skip rest of test
             raise unittest.SkipTest('cannot set the system default locale')
         self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday, str)
+        self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday_abbr, str)
         self.assertIsInstance(local_month, str)
         self.assertEqual(len(local_weekday), 10)
+        self.assertEqual(len(local_weekday_abbr), 3)
         self.assertGreaterEqual(len(local_month), 10)
+
         cal = calendar.LocaleHTMLCalendar(locale='')
         local_weekday = cal.formatweekday(1)
         local_month = cal.formatmonthname(2010, 10)
         self.assertIsInstance(local_weekday, str)
         self.assertIsInstance(local_month, str)
+
         new_october = calendar.TextCalendar().formatmonthname(2010, 10, 10)
         self.assertEqual(old_october, new_october)
 
@@ -590,6 +662,21 @@ def test_locale_calendar_formatweekday(self):
         except locale.Error:
             raise unittest.SkipTest('cannot set the en_US locale')
 
+    def test_locale_calendar_formatmonthname(self):
+        try:
+            # formatmonthname uses the same month names regardless of the width argument.
+            cal = calendar.LocaleTextCalendar(locale='en_US')
+            # For too short widths, a full name (with year) is used.
+            self.assertEqual(cal.formatmonthname(2022, 6, 2, withyear=False), "June")
+            self.assertEqual(cal.formatmonthname(2022, 6, 2, withyear=True), "June 2022")
+            self.assertEqual(cal.formatmonthname(2022, 6, 3, withyear=False), "June")
+            self.assertEqual(cal.formatmonthname(2022, 6, 3, withyear=True), "June 2022")
+            # For long widths, a centered name is used.
+            self.assertEqual(cal.formatmonthname(2022, 6, 10, withyear=False), "   June   ")
+            self.assertEqual(cal.formatmonthname(2022, 6, 15, withyear=True), "   June 2022   ")
+        except locale.Error:
+            raise unittest.SkipTest('cannot set the en_US locale')
+
     def test_locale_html_calendar_custom_css_class_month_name(self):
         try:
             cal = calendar.LocaleHTMLCalendar(locale='')
@@ -848,46 +935,104 @@ def conv(s):
     return s.replace('\n', os.linesep).encode()
 
 class CommandLineTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
-    def run_ok(self, *args):
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.runners = [self.run_cli_ok, self.run_cmd_ok]
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def captured_stdout_with_buffer(self):
+        orig_stdout = sys.stdout
+        buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        sys.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(buffer)
+        try:
+            yield sys.stdout
+        finally:
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            sys.stdout.buffer.seek(0)
+            sys.stdout = orig_stdout
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def captured_stderr_with_buffer(self):
+        orig_stderr = sys.stderr
+        buffer = io.BytesIO()
+        sys.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(buffer)
+        try:
+            yield sys.stderr
+        finally:
+            sys.stderr.flush()
+            sys.stderr.buffer.seek(0)
+            sys.stderr = orig_stderr
+
+    def run_cli_ok(self, *args):
+        with self.captured_stdout_with_buffer() as stdout:
+            calendar.main(args)
+        return stdout.buffer.read()
+
+    def run_cmd_ok(self, *args):
         return assert_python_ok('-m', 'calendar', *args)[1]
 
-    def assertFailure(self, *args):
+    def assertCLIFails(self, *args):
+        with self.captured_stderr_with_buffer() as stderr:
+            self.assertRaises(SystemExit, calendar.main, args)
+        stderr = stderr.buffer.read()
+        self.assertIn(b'usage:', stderr)
+        return stderr
+
+    def assertCmdFails(self, *args):
         rc, stdout, stderr = assert_python_failure('-m', 'calendar', *args)
         self.assertIn(b'usage:', stderr)
         self.assertEqual(rc, 2)
+        return rc, stdout, stderr
+
+    def assertFailure(self, *args):
+        self.assertCLIFails(*args)
+        self.assertCmdFails(*args)
 
     def test_help(self):
-        stdout = self.run_ok('-h')
+        stdout = self.run_cmd_ok('-h')
         self.assertIn(b'usage:', stdout)
         self.assertIn(b'calendar.py', stdout)
         self.assertIn(b'--help', stdout)
 
+        # special case: stdout but sys.exit()
+        with self.captured_stdout_with_buffer() as output:
+            self.assertRaises(SystemExit, calendar.main, ['-h'])
+        output = output.buffer.read()
+        self.assertIn(b'usage:', output)
+        self.assertIn(b'--help', output)
+
     def test_illegal_arguments(self):
         self.assertFailure('-z')
         self.assertFailure('spam')
         self.assertFailure('2004', 'spam')
+        self.assertFailure('2004', '1', 'spam')
+        self.assertFailure('2004', '1', '1')
+        self.assertFailure('2004', '1', '1', 'spam')
         self.assertFailure('-t', 'html', '2004', '1')
 
     def test_output_current_year(self):
-        stdout = self.run_ok()
-        year = datetime.datetime.now().year
-        self.assertIn((' %s' % year).encode(), stdout)
-        self.assertIn(b'January', stdout)
-        self.assertIn(b'Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su', stdout)
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run()
+            year = datetime.datetime.now().year
+            self.assertIn(conv(' %s' % year), output)
+            self.assertIn(b'January', output)
+            self.assertIn(b'Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su', output)
 
     def test_output_year(self):
-        stdout = self.run_ok('2004')
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, conv(result_2004_text))
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('2004')
+            self.assertEqual(output, conv(result_2004_text))
 
     def test_output_month(self):
-        stdout = self.run_ok('2004', '1')
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, conv(result_2004_01_text))
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('2004', '1')
+            self.assertEqual(output, conv(result_2004_01_text))
 
     def test_option_encoding(self):
         self.assertFailure('-e')
         self.assertFailure('--encoding')
-        stdout = self.run_ok('--encoding', 'utf-16-le', '2004')
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, result_2004_text.encode('utf-16-le'))
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('--encoding', 'utf-16-le', '2004')
+            self.assertEqual(output, result_2004_text.encode('utf-16-le'))
 
     def test_option_locale(self):
         self.assertFailure('-L')
@@ -905,66 +1050,75 @@ def test_option_locale(self):
                 locale.setlocale(locale.LC_TIME, oldlocale)
         except (locale.Error, ValueError):
             self.skipTest('cannot set the system default locale')
-        stdout = self.run_ok('--locale', lang, '--encoding', enc, '2004')
-        self.assertIn('2004'.encode(enc), stdout)
+        for run in self.runners:
+            for type in ('text', 'html'):
+                output = run(
+                    '--type', type, '--locale', lang, '--encoding', enc, '2004'
+                )
+                self.assertIn('2004'.encode(enc), output)
 
     def test_option_width(self):
         self.assertFailure('-w')
         self.assertFailure('--width')
         self.assertFailure('-w', 'spam')
-        stdout = self.run_ok('--width', '3', '2004')
-        self.assertIn(b'Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun', stdout)
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('--width', '3', '2004')
+            self.assertIn(b'Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun', output)
 
     def test_option_lines(self):
         self.assertFailure('-l')
         self.assertFailure('--lines')
         self.assertFailure('-l', 'spam')
-        stdout = self.run_ok('--lines', '2', '2004')
-        self.assertIn(conv('December\n\nMo Tu We'), stdout)
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('--lines', '2', '2004')
+            self.assertIn(conv('December\n\nMo Tu We'), output)
 
     def test_option_spacing(self):
         self.assertFailure('-s')
         self.assertFailure('--spacing')
         self.assertFailure('-s', 'spam')
-        stdout = self.run_ok('--spacing', '8', '2004')
-        self.assertIn(b'Su        Mo', stdout)
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('--spacing', '8', '2004')
+            self.assertIn(b'Su        Mo', output)
 
     def test_option_months(self):
         self.assertFailure('-m')
         self.assertFailure('--month')
         self.assertFailure('-m', 'spam')
-        stdout = self.run_ok('--months', '1', '2004')
-        self.assertIn(conv('\nMo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su\n'), stdout)
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('--months', '1', '2004')
+            self.assertIn(conv('\nMo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su\n'), output)
 
     def test_option_type(self):
         self.assertFailure('-t')
         self.assertFailure('--type')
         self.assertFailure('-t', 'spam')
-        stdout = self.run_ok('--type', 'text', '2004')
-        self.assertEqual(stdout, conv(result_2004_text))
-        stdout = self.run_ok('--type', 'html', '2004')
-        self.assertEqual(stdout[:6], b'<?xml ')
-        self.assertIn(b'<title>Calendar for 2004</title>', stdout)
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('--type', 'text', '2004')
+            self.assertEqual(output, conv(result_2004_text))
+            output = run('--type', 'html', '2004')
+            self.assertEqual(output[:6], b'<?xml ')
+            self.assertIn(b'<title>Calendar for 2004</title>', output)
 
     def test_html_output_current_year(self):
-        stdout = self.run_ok('--type', 'html')
-        year = datetime.datetime.now().year
-        self.assertIn(('<title>Calendar for %s</title>' % year).encode(),
-                      stdout)
-        self.assertIn(b'<tr><th colspan="7" class="month">January</th></tr>',
-                      stdout)
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('--type', 'html')
+            year = datetime.datetime.now().year
+            self.assertIn(('<title>Calendar for %s</title>' % year).encode(), output)
+            self.assertIn(b'<tr><th colspan="7" class="month">January</th></tr>', output)
 
     def test_html_output_year_encoding(self):
-        stdout = self.run_ok('-t', 'html', '--encoding', 'ascii', '2004')
-        self.assertEqual(stdout,
-                         result_2004_html.format(**default_format).encode('ascii'))
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('-t', 'html', '--encoding', 'ascii', '2004')
+            self.assertEqual(output, result_2004_html.format(**default_format).encode('ascii'))
 
     def test_html_output_year_css(self):
         self.assertFailure('-t', 'html', '-c')
         self.assertFailure('-t', 'html', '--css')
-        stdout = self.run_ok('-t', 'html', '--css', 'custom.css', '2004')
-        self.assertIn(b'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" '
-                      b'href="custom.css" />', stdout)
+        for run in self.runners:
+            output = run('-t', 'html', '--css', 'custom.css', '2004')
+            self.assertIn(b'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" '
+                          b'href="custom.css" />', output)
 
 
 class MiscTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -972,7 +1126,7 @@ def test__all__(self):
         not_exported = {
             'mdays', 'January', 'February', 'EPOCH',
             'different_locale', 'c', 'prweek', 'week', 'format',
-            'formatstring', 'main', 'monthlen', 'prevmonth', 'nextmonth'}
+            'formatstring', 'main', 'monthlen', 'prevmonth', 'nextmonth', ""}
         support.check__all__(self, calendar, not_exported=not_exported)
 
 
@@ -1000,6 +1154,13 @@ def test_formatmonth(self):
         self.assertIn('class="text-center month"',
                       self.cal.formatmonth(2017, 5))
 
+    def test_formatmonth_with_invalid_month(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(calendar.IllegalMonthError):
+            self.cal.formatmonth(2017, 13)
+        with self.assertRaises(calendar.IllegalMonthError):
+            self.cal.formatmonth(2017, -1)
+
+
     def test_formatweek(self):
         weeks = self.cal.monthdays2calendar(2017, 5)
         self.assertIn('class="wed text-nowrap"', self.cal.formatweek(weeks[0]))

From c2c20758c93e2046b419594ba25d36be9cd8d995 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Apr 2025 00:56:22 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 604/705] Remove imp (#5693)

---
 Lib/imp.py               | 346 ---------------------------
 Lib/pkgutil.py           | 182 --------------
 Lib/test/test_imp.py     | 498 ---------------------------------------
 Lib/test/test_pkgutil.py |  27 ---
 4 files changed, 1053 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 Lib/imp.py
 delete mode 100644 Lib/test/test_imp.py

diff --git a/Lib/imp.py b/Lib/imp.py
deleted file mode 100644
index fc42c15765..0000000000
--- a/Lib/imp.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,346 +0,0 @@
-"""This module provides the components needed to build your own __import__
-function.  Undocumented functions are obsolete.
-
-In most cases it is preferred you consider using the importlib module's
-functionality over this module.
-
-"""
-# (Probably) need to stay in _imp
-from _imp import (lock_held, acquire_lock, release_lock,
-                  get_frozen_object, is_frozen_package,
-                  init_frozen, is_builtin, is_frozen,
-                  _fix_co_filename, _frozen_module_names)
-try:
-    from _imp import create_dynamic
-except ImportError:
-    # Platform doesn't support dynamic loading.
-    create_dynamic = None
-
-from importlib._bootstrap import _ERR_MSG, _exec, _load, _builtin_from_name
-from importlib._bootstrap_external import SourcelessFileLoader
-
-from importlib import machinery
-from importlib import util
-import importlib
-import os
-import sys
-import tokenize
-import types
-import warnings
-
-warnings.warn("the imp module is deprecated in favour of importlib and slated "
-              "for removal in Python 3.12; "
-              "see the module's documentation for alternative uses",
-              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
-
-# DEPRECATED
-SEARCH_ERROR = 0
-PY_SOURCE = 1
-PY_COMPILED = 2
-C_EXTENSION = 3
-PY_RESOURCE = 4
-PKG_DIRECTORY = 5
-C_BUILTIN = 6
-PY_FROZEN = 7
-PY_CODERESOURCE = 8
-IMP_HOOK = 9
-
-
-def new_module(name):
-    """**DEPRECATED**
-
-    Create a new module.
-
-    The module is not entered into sys.modules.
-
-    """
-    return types.ModuleType(name)
-
-
-def get_magic():
-    """**DEPRECATED**
-
-    Return the magic number for .pyc files.
-    """
-    return util.MAGIC_NUMBER
-
-
-def get_tag():
-    """Return the magic tag for .pyc files."""
-    return sys.implementation.cache_tag
-
-
-def cache_from_source(path, debug_override=None):
-    """**DEPRECATED**
-
-    Given the path to a .py file, return the path to its .pyc file.
-
-    The .py file does not need to exist; this simply returns the path to the
-    .pyc file calculated as if the .py file were imported.
-
-    If debug_override is not None, then it must be a boolean and is used in
-    place of sys.flags.optimize.
-
-    If sys.implementation.cache_tag is None then NotImplementedError is raised.
-
-    """
-    with warnings.catch_warnings():
-        warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
-        return util.cache_from_source(path, debug_override)
-
-
-def source_from_cache(path):
-    """**DEPRECATED**
-
-    Given the path to a .pyc. file, return the path to its .py file.
-
-    The .pyc file does not need to exist; this simply returns the path to
-    the .py file calculated to correspond to the .pyc file.  If path does
-    not conform to PEP 3147 format, ValueError will be raised. If
-    sys.implementation.cache_tag is None then NotImplementedError is raised.
-
-    """
-    return util.source_from_cache(path)
-
-
-def get_suffixes():
-    """**DEPRECATED**"""
-    extensions = [(s, 'rb', C_EXTENSION) for s in machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES]
-    source = [(s, 'r', PY_SOURCE) for s in machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES]
-    bytecode = [(s, 'rb', PY_COMPILED) for s in machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES]
-
-    return extensions + source + bytecode
-
-
-class NullImporter:
-
-    """**DEPRECATED**
-
-    Null import object.
-
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, path):
-        if path == '':
-            raise ImportError('empty pathname', path='')
-        elif os.path.isdir(path):
-            raise ImportError('existing directory', path=path)
-
-    def find_module(self, fullname):
-        """Always returns None."""
-        return None
-
-
-class _HackedGetData:
-
-    """Compatibility support for 'file' arguments of various load_*()
-    functions."""
-
-    def __init__(self, fullname, path, file=None):
-        super().__init__(fullname, path)
-        self.file = file
-
-    def get_data(self, path):
-        """Gross hack to contort loader to deal w/ load_*()'s bad API."""
-        if self.file and path == self.path:
-            # The contract of get_data() requires us to return bytes. Reopen the
-            # file in binary mode if needed.
-            if not self.file.closed:
-                file = self.file
-                if 'b' not in file.mode:
-                    file.close()
-            if self.file.closed:
-                self.file = file = open(self.path, 'rb')
-
-            with file:
-                return file.read()
-        else:
-            return super().get_data(path)
-
-
-class _LoadSourceCompatibility(_HackedGetData, machinery.SourceFileLoader):
-
-    """Compatibility support for implementing load_source()."""
-
-
-def load_source(name, pathname, file=None):
-    loader = _LoadSourceCompatibility(name, pathname, file)
-    spec = util.spec_from_file_location(name, pathname, loader=loader)
-    if name in sys.modules:
-        module = _exec(spec, sys.modules[name])
-    else:
-        module = _load(spec)
-    # To allow reloading to potentially work, use a non-hacked loader which
-    # won't rely on a now-closed file object.
-    module.__loader__ = machinery.SourceFileLoader(name, pathname)
-    module.__spec__.loader = module.__loader__
-    return module
-
-
-class _LoadCompiledCompatibility(_HackedGetData, SourcelessFileLoader):
-
-    """Compatibility support for implementing load_compiled()."""
-
-
-def load_compiled(name, pathname, file=None):
-    """**DEPRECATED**"""
-    loader = _LoadCompiledCompatibility(name, pathname, file)
-    spec = util.spec_from_file_location(name, pathname, loader=loader)
-    if name in sys.modules:
-        module = _exec(spec, sys.modules[name])
-    else:
-        module = _load(spec)
-    # To allow reloading to potentially work, use a non-hacked loader which
-    # won't rely on a now-closed file object.
-    module.__loader__ = SourcelessFileLoader(name, pathname)
-    module.__spec__.loader = module.__loader__
-    return module
-
-
-def load_package(name, path):
-    """**DEPRECATED**"""
-    if os.path.isdir(path):
-        extensions = (machinery.SOURCE_SUFFIXES[:] +
-                      machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES[:])
-        for extension in extensions:
-            init_path = os.path.join(path, '__init__' + extension)
-            if os.path.exists(init_path):
-                path = init_path
-                break
-        else:
-            raise ValueError('{!r} is not a package'.format(path))
-    spec = util.spec_from_file_location(name, path,
-                                        submodule_search_locations=[])
-    if name in sys.modules:
-        return _exec(spec, sys.modules[name])
-    else:
-        return _load(spec)
-
-
-def load_module(name, file, filename, details):
-    """**DEPRECATED**
-
-    Load a module, given information returned by find_module().
-
-    The module name must include the full package name, if any.
-
-    """
-    suffix, mode, type_ = details
-    if mode and (not mode.startswith('r') or '+' in mode):
-        raise ValueError('invalid file open mode {!r}'.format(mode))
-    elif file is None and type_ in {PY_SOURCE, PY_COMPILED}:
-        msg = 'file object required for import (type code {})'.format(type_)
-        raise ValueError(msg)
-    elif type_ == PY_SOURCE:
-        return load_source(name, filename, file)
-    elif type_ == PY_COMPILED:
-        return load_compiled(name, filename, file)
-    elif type_ == C_EXTENSION and load_dynamic is not None:
-        if file is None:
-            with open(filename, 'rb') as opened_file:
-                return load_dynamic(name, filename, opened_file)
-        else:
-            return load_dynamic(name, filename, file)
-    elif type_ == PKG_DIRECTORY:
-        return load_package(name, filename)
-    elif type_ == C_BUILTIN:
-        return init_builtin(name)
-    elif type_ == PY_FROZEN:
-        return init_frozen(name)
-    else:
-        msg =  "Don't know how to import {} (type code {})".format(name, type_)
-        raise ImportError(msg, name=name)
-
-
-def find_module(name, path=None):
-    """**DEPRECATED**
-
-    Search for a module.
-
-    If path is omitted or None, search for a built-in, frozen or special
-    module and continue search in sys.path. The module name cannot
-    contain '.'; to search for a submodule of a package, pass the
-    submodule name and the package's __path__.
-
-    """
-    if not isinstance(name, str):
-        raise TypeError("'name' must be a str, not {}".format(type(name)))
-    elif not isinstance(path, (type(None), list)):
-        # Backwards-compatibility
-        raise RuntimeError("'path' must be None or a list, "
-                           "not {}".format(type(path)))
-
-    if path is None:
-        if is_builtin(name):
-            return None, None, ('', '', C_BUILTIN)
-        elif is_frozen(name):
-            return None, None, ('', '', PY_FROZEN)
-        else:
-            path = sys.path
-
-    for entry in path:
-        package_directory = os.path.join(entry, name)
-        for suffix in ['.py', machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES[0]]:
-            package_file_name = '__init__' + suffix
-            file_path = os.path.join(package_directory, package_file_name)
-            if os.path.isfile(file_path):
-                return None, package_directory, ('', '', PKG_DIRECTORY)
-        for suffix, mode, type_ in get_suffixes():
-            file_name = name + suffix
-            file_path = os.path.join(entry, file_name)
-            if os.path.isfile(file_path):
-                break
-        else:
-            continue
-        break  # Break out of outer loop when breaking out of inner loop.
-    else:
-        raise ImportError(_ERR_MSG.format(name), name=name)
-
-    encoding = None
-    if 'b' not in mode:
-        with open(file_path, 'rb') as file:
-            encoding = tokenize.detect_encoding(file.readline)[0]
-    file = open(file_path, mode, encoding=encoding)
-    return file, file_path, (suffix, mode, type_)
-
-
-def reload(module):
-    """**DEPRECATED**
-
-    Reload the module and return it.
-
-    The module must have been successfully imported before.
-
-    """
-    return importlib.reload(module)
-
-
-def init_builtin(name):
-    """**DEPRECATED**
-
-    Load and return a built-in module by name, or None is such module doesn't
-    exist
-    """
-    try:
-        return _builtin_from_name(name)
-    except ImportError:
-        return None
-
-
-if create_dynamic:
-    def load_dynamic(name, path, file=None):
-        """**DEPRECATED**
-
-        Load an extension module.
-        """
-        import importlib.machinery
-        loader = importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader(name, path)
-
-        # Issue #24748: Skip the sys.modules check in _load_module_shim;
-        # always load new extension
-        spec = importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec(
-            name=name, loader=loader, origin=path)
-        return _load(spec)
-
-else:
-    load_dynamic = None
diff --git a/Lib/pkgutil.py b/Lib/pkgutil.py
index 8e010c79c1..a4c474006b 100644
--- a/Lib/pkgutil.py
+++ b/Lib/pkgutil.py
@@ -184,188 +184,6 @@ def _iter_file_finder_modules(importer, prefix=''):
 iter_importer_modules.register(
     importlib.machinery.FileFinder, _iter_file_finder_modules)
 
-
-def _import_imp():
-    global imp
-    with warnings.catch_warnings():
-        warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
-        imp = importlib.import_module('imp')
-
-class ImpImporter:
-    """PEP 302 Finder that wraps Python's "classic" import algorithm
-
-    ImpImporter(dirname) produces a PEP 302 finder that searches that
-    directory.  ImpImporter(None) produces a PEP 302 finder that searches
-    the current sys.path, plus any modules that are frozen or built-in.
-
-    Note that ImpImporter does not currently support being used by placement
-    on sys.meta_path.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, path=None):
-        global imp
-        warnings.warn("This emulation is deprecated and slated for removal "
-                      "in Python 3.12; use 'importlib' instead",
-             DeprecationWarning)
-        _import_imp()
-        self.path = path
-
-    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
-        # Note: we ignore 'path' argument since it is only used via meta_path
-        subname = fullname.split(".")[-1]
-        if subname != fullname and self.path is None:
-            return None
-        if self.path is None:
-            path = None
-        else:
-            path = [os.path.realpath(self.path)]
-        try:
-            file, filename, etc = imp.find_module(subname, path)
-        except ImportError:
-            return None
-        return ImpLoader(fullname, file, filename, etc)
-
-    def iter_modules(self, prefix=''):
-        if self.path is None or not os.path.isdir(self.path):
-            return
-
-        yielded = {}
-        import inspect
-        try:
-            filenames = os.listdir(self.path)
-        except OSError:
-            # ignore unreadable directories like import does
-            filenames = []
-        filenames.sort()  # handle packages before same-named modules
-
-        for fn in filenames:
-            modname = inspect.getmodulename(fn)
-            if modname=='__init__' or modname in yielded:
-                continue
-
-            path = os.path.join(self.path, fn)
-            ispkg = False
-
-            if not modname and os.path.isdir(path) and '.' not in fn:
-                modname = fn
-                try:
-                    dircontents = os.listdir(path)
-                except OSError:
-                    # ignore unreadable directories like import does
-                    dircontents = []
-                for fn in dircontents:
-                    subname = inspect.getmodulename(fn)
-                    if subname=='__init__':
-                        ispkg = True
-                        break
-                else:
-                    continue    # not a package
-
-            if modname and '.' not in modname:
-                yielded[modname] = 1
-                yield prefix + modname, ispkg
-
-
-class ImpLoader:
-    """PEP 302 Loader that wraps Python's "classic" import algorithm
-    """
-    code = source = None
-
-    def __init__(self, fullname, file, filename, etc):
-        warnings.warn("This emulation is deprecated and slated for removal in "
-                      "Python 3.12; use 'importlib' instead",
-                      DeprecationWarning)
-        _import_imp()
-        self.file = file
-        self.filename = filename
-        self.fullname = fullname
-        self.etc = etc
-
-    def load_module(self, fullname):
-        self._reopen()
-        try:
-            mod = imp.load_module(fullname, self.file, self.filename, self.etc)
-        finally:
-            if self.file:
-                self.file.close()
-        # Note: we don't set __loader__ because we want the module to look
-        # normal; i.e. this is just a wrapper for standard import machinery
-        return mod
-
-    def get_data(self, pathname):
-        with open(pathname, "rb") as file:
-            return file.read()
-
-    def _reopen(self):
-        if self.file and self.file.closed:
-            mod_type = self.etc[2]
-            if mod_type==imp.PY_SOURCE:
-                self.file = open(self.filename, 'r')
-            elif mod_type in (imp.PY_COMPILED, imp.C_EXTENSION):
-                self.file = open(self.filename, 'rb')
-
-    def _fix_name(self, fullname):
-        if fullname is None:
-            fullname = self.fullname
-        elif fullname != self.fullname:
-            raise ImportError("Loader for module %s cannot handle "
-                              "module %s" % (self.fullname, fullname))
-        return fullname
-
-    def is_package(self, fullname):
-        fullname = self._fix_name(fullname)
-        return self.etc[2]==imp.PKG_DIRECTORY
-
-    def get_code(self, fullname=None):
-        fullname = self._fix_name(fullname)
-        if self.code is None:
-            mod_type = self.etc[2]
-            if mod_type==imp.PY_SOURCE:
-                source = self.get_source(fullname)
-                self.code = compile(source, self.filename, 'exec')
-            elif mod_type==imp.PY_COMPILED:
-                self._reopen()
-                try:
-                    self.code = read_code(self.file)
-                finally:
-                    self.file.close()
-            elif mod_type==imp.PKG_DIRECTORY:
-                self.code = self._get_delegate().get_code()
-        return self.code
-
-    def get_source(self, fullname=None):
-        fullname = self._fix_name(fullname)
-        if self.source is None:
-            mod_type = self.etc[2]
-            if mod_type==imp.PY_SOURCE:
-                self._reopen()
-                try:
-                    self.source = self.file.read()
-                finally:
-                    self.file.close()
-            elif mod_type==imp.PY_COMPILED:
-                if os.path.exists(self.filename[:-1]):
-                    with open(self.filename[:-1], 'r') as f:
-                        self.source = f.read()
-            elif mod_type==imp.PKG_DIRECTORY:
-                self.source = self._get_delegate().get_source()
-        return self.source
-
-    def _get_delegate(self):
-        finder = ImpImporter(self.filename)
-        spec = _get_spec(finder, '__init__')
-        return spec.loader
-
-    def get_filename(self, fullname=None):
-        fullname = self._fix_name(fullname)
-        mod_type = self.etc[2]
-        if mod_type==imp.PKG_DIRECTORY:
-            return self._get_delegate().get_filename()
-        elif mod_type in (imp.PY_SOURCE, imp.PY_COMPILED, imp.C_EXTENSION):
-            return self.filename
-        return None
-
-
 try:
     import zipimport
     from zipimport import zipimporter
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_imp.py b/Lib/test/test_imp.py
deleted file mode 100644
index c4aba69197..0000000000
--- a/Lib/test/test_imp.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,498 +0,0 @@
-import gc
-import importlib
-import importlib.util
-import os
-import os.path
-import py_compile
-import sys
-from test import support
-from test.support import import_helper
-from test.support import os_helper
-from test.support import script_helper
-from test.support import warnings_helper
-import unittest
-import warnings
-imp = warnings_helper.import_deprecated('imp')
-import _imp
-
-
-OS_PATH_NAME = os.path.__name__
-
-
-def requires_load_dynamic(meth):
-    """Decorator to skip a test if not running under CPython or lacking
-    imp.load_dynamic()."""
-    meth = support.cpython_only(meth)
-    return unittest.skipIf(getattr(imp, 'load_dynamic', None) is None,
-                           'imp.load_dynamic() required')(meth)
-
-
-class LockTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    """Very basic test of import lock functions."""
-
-    def verify_lock_state(self, expected):
-        self.assertEqual(imp.lock_held(), expected,
-                             "expected imp.lock_held() to be %r" % expected)
-    def testLock(self):
-        LOOPS = 50
-
-        # The import lock may already be held, e.g. if the test suite is run
-        # via "import test.autotest".
-        lock_held_at_start = imp.lock_held()
-        self.verify_lock_state(lock_held_at_start)
-
-        for i in range(LOOPS):
-            imp.acquire_lock()
-            self.verify_lock_state(True)
-
-        for i in range(LOOPS):
-            imp.release_lock()
-
-        # The original state should be restored now.
-        self.verify_lock_state(lock_held_at_start)
-
-        if not lock_held_at_start:
-            try:
-                imp.release_lock()
-            except RuntimeError:
-                pass
-            else:
-                self.fail("release_lock() without lock should raise "
-                            "RuntimeError")
-
-class ImportTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    def setUp(self):
-        mod = importlib.import_module('test.encoded_modules')
-        self.test_strings = mod.test_strings
-        self.test_path = mod.__path__
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_import_encoded_module(self):
-        for modname, encoding, teststr in self.test_strings:
-            mod = importlib.import_module('test.encoded_modules.'
-                                          'module_' + modname)
-            self.assertEqual(teststr, mod.test)
-
-    def test_find_module_encoding(self):
-        for mod, encoding, _ in self.test_strings:
-            with imp.find_module('module_' + mod, self.test_path)[0] as fd:
-                self.assertEqual(fd.encoding, encoding)
-
-        path = [os.path.dirname(__file__)]
-        with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
-            imp.find_module('badsyntax_pep3120', path)
-
-    def test_issue1267(self):
-        for mod, encoding, _ in self.test_strings:
-            fp, filename, info  = imp.find_module('module_' + mod,
-                                                  self.test_path)
-            with fp:
-                self.assertNotEqual(fp, None)
-                self.assertEqual(fp.encoding, encoding)
-                self.assertEqual(fp.tell(), 0)
-                self.assertEqual(fp.readline(), '# test %s encoding\n'
-                                 % encoding)
-
-        fp, filename, info = imp.find_module("tokenize")
-        with fp:
-            self.assertNotEqual(fp, None)
-            self.assertEqual(fp.encoding, "utf-8")
-            self.assertEqual(fp.tell(), 0)
-            self.assertEqual(fp.readline(),
-                             '"""Tokenization help for Python programs.\n')
-
-    def test_issue3594(self):
-        temp_mod_name = 'test_imp_helper'
-        sys.path.insert(0, '.')
-        try:
-            with open(temp_mod_name + '.py', 'w', encoding="latin-1") as file:
-                file.write("# coding: cp1252\nu = 'test.test_imp'\n")
-            file, filename, info = imp.find_module(temp_mod_name)
-            file.close()
-            self.assertEqual(file.encoding, 'cp1252')
-        finally:
-            del sys.path[0]
-            os_helper.unlink(temp_mod_name + '.py')
-            os_helper.unlink(temp_mod_name + '.pyc')
-
-    def test_issue5604(self):
-        # Test cannot cover imp.load_compiled function.
-        # Martin von Loewis note what shared library cannot have non-ascii
-        # character because init_xxx function cannot be compiled
-        # and issue never happens for dynamic modules.
-        # But sources modified to follow generic way for processing paths.
-
-        # the return encoding could be uppercase or None
-        fs_encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
-
-        # covers utf-8 and Windows ANSI code pages
-        # one non-space symbol from every page
-        # (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page)
-        known_locales = {
-            'utf-8' : b'\xc3\xa4',
-            'cp1250' : b'\x8C',
-            'cp1251' : b'\xc0',
-            'cp1252' : b'\xc0',
-            'cp1253' : b'\xc1',
-            'cp1254' : b'\xc0',
-            'cp1255' : b'\xe0',
-            'cp1256' : b'\xe0',
-            'cp1257' : b'\xc0',
-            'cp1258' : b'\xc0',
-            }
-
-        if sys.platform == 'darwin':
-            self.assertEqual(fs_encoding, 'utf-8')
-            # Mac OS X uses the Normal Form D decomposition
-            # http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/qa/qa2001/qa1173.html
-            special_char = b'a\xcc\x88'
-        else:
-            special_char = known_locales.get(fs_encoding)
-
-        if not special_char:
-            self.skipTest("can't run this test with %s as filesystem encoding"
-                          % fs_encoding)
-        decoded_char = special_char.decode(fs_encoding)
-        temp_mod_name = 'test_imp_helper_' + decoded_char
-        test_package_name = 'test_imp_helper_package_' + decoded_char
-        init_file_name = os.path.join(test_package_name, '__init__.py')
-        try:
-            # if the curdir is not in sys.path the test fails when run with
-            # ./python ./Lib/test/regrtest.py test_imp
-            sys.path.insert(0, os.curdir)
-            with open(temp_mod_name + '.py', 'w', encoding="utf-8") as file:
-                file.write('a = 1\n')
-            file, filename, info = imp.find_module(temp_mod_name)
-            with file:
-                self.assertIsNotNone(file)
-                self.assertTrue(filename[:-3].endswith(temp_mod_name))
-                self.assertEqual(info[0], '.py')
-                self.assertEqual(info[1], 'r')
-                self.assertEqual(info[2], imp.PY_SOURCE)
-
-                mod = imp.load_module(temp_mod_name, file, filename, info)
-                self.assertEqual(mod.a, 1)
-
-            with warnings.catch_warnings():
-                warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
-                mod = imp.load_source(temp_mod_name, temp_mod_name + '.py')
-            self.assertEqual(mod.a, 1)
-
-            with warnings.catch_warnings():
-                warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
-                if not sys.dont_write_bytecode:
-                    mod = imp.load_compiled(
-                        temp_mod_name,
-                        imp.cache_from_source(temp_mod_name + '.py'))
-            self.assertEqual(mod.a, 1)
-
-            if not os.path.exists(test_package_name):
-                os.mkdir(test_package_name)
-            with open(init_file_name, 'w', encoding="utf-8") as file:
-                file.write('b = 2\n')
-            with warnings.catch_warnings():
-                warnings.simplefilter('ignore')
-                package = imp.load_package(test_package_name, test_package_name)
-            self.assertEqual(package.b, 2)
-        finally:
-            del sys.path[0]
-            for ext in ('.py', '.pyc'):
-                os_helper.unlink(temp_mod_name + ext)
-                os_helper.unlink(init_file_name + ext)
-            os_helper.rmtree(test_package_name)
-            os_helper.rmtree('__pycache__')
-
-    def test_issue9319(self):
-        path = os.path.dirname(__file__)
-        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError,
-                          imp.find_module, "badsyntax_pep3120", [path])
-
-    def test_load_from_source(self):
-        # Verify that the imp module can correctly load and find .py files
-        # XXX (ncoghlan): It would be nice to use import_helper.CleanImport
-        # here, but that breaks because the os module registers some
-        # handlers in copy_reg on import. Since CleanImport doesn't
-        # revert that registration, the module is left in a broken
-        # state after reversion. Reinitialising the module contents
-        # and just reverting os.environ to its previous state is an OK
-        # workaround
-        with import_helper.CleanImport('os', 'os.path', OS_PATH_NAME):
-            import os
-            orig_path = os.path
-            orig_getenv = os.getenv
-            with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard():
-                x = imp.find_module("os")
-                self.addCleanup(x[0].close)
-                new_os = imp.load_module("os", *x)
-                self.assertIs(os, new_os)
-                self.assertIs(orig_path, new_os.path)
-                self.assertIsNot(orig_getenv, new_os.getenv)
-
-    @requires_load_dynamic
-    def test_issue15828_load_extensions(self):
-        # Issue 15828 picked up that the adapter between the old imp API
-        # and importlib couldn't handle C extensions
-        example = "_heapq"
-        x = imp.find_module(example)
-        file_ = x[0]
-        if file_ is not None:
-            self.addCleanup(file_.close)
-        mod = imp.load_module(example, *x)
-        self.assertEqual(mod.__name__, example)
-
-    @requires_load_dynamic
-    def test_issue16421_multiple_modules_in_one_dll(self):
-        # Issue 16421: loading several modules from the same compiled file fails
-        m = '_testimportmultiple'
-        fileobj, pathname, description = imp.find_module(m)
-        fileobj.close()
-        mod0 = imp.load_dynamic(m, pathname)
-        mod1 = imp.load_dynamic('_testimportmultiple_foo', pathname)
-        mod2 = imp.load_dynamic('_testimportmultiple_bar', pathname)
-        self.assertEqual(mod0.__name__, m)
-        self.assertEqual(mod1.__name__, '_testimportmultiple_foo')
-        self.assertEqual(mod2.__name__, '_testimportmultiple_bar')
-        with self.assertRaises(ImportError):
-            imp.load_dynamic('nonexistent', pathname)
-
-    @requires_load_dynamic
-    def test_load_dynamic_ImportError_path(self):
-        # Issue #1559549 added `name` and `path` attributes to ImportError
-        # in order to provide better detail. Issue #10854 implemented those
-        # attributes on import failures of extensions on Windows.
-        path = 'bogus file path'
-        name = 'extension'
-        with self.assertRaises(ImportError) as err:
-            imp.load_dynamic(name, path)
-        self.assertIn(path, err.exception.path)
-        self.assertEqual(name, err.exception.name)
-
-    @requires_load_dynamic
-    def test_load_module_extension_file_is_None(self):
-        # When loading an extension module and the file is None, open one
-        # on the behalf of imp.load_dynamic().
-        # Issue #15902
-        name = '_testimportmultiple'
-        found = imp.find_module(name)
-        if found[0] is not None:
-            found[0].close()
-        if found[2][2] != imp.C_EXTENSION:
-            self.skipTest("found module doesn't appear to be a C extension")
-        imp.load_module(name, None, *found[1:])
-
-    @requires_load_dynamic
-    def test_issue24748_load_module_skips_sys_modules_check(self):
-        name = 'test.imp_dummy'
-        try:
-            del sys.modules[name]
-        except KeyError:
-            pass
-        try:
-            module = importlib.import_module(name)
-            spec = importlib.util.find_spec('_testmultiphase')
-            module = imp.load_dynamic(name, spec.origin)
-            self.assertEqual(module.__name__, name)
-            self.assertEqual(module.__spec__.name, name)
-            self.assertEqual(module.__spec__.origin, spec.origin)
-            self.assertRaises(AttributeError, getattr, module, 'dummy_name')
-            self.assertEqual(module.int_const, 1969)
-            self.assertIs(sys.modules[name], module)
-        finally:
-            try:
-                del sys.modules[name]
-            except KeyError:
-                pass
-
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.dont_write_bytecode,
-        "test meaningful only when writing bytecode")
-    def test_bug7732(self):
-        with os_helper.temp_cwd():
-            source = os_helper.TESTFN + '.py'
-            os.mkdir(source)
-            self.assertRaisesRegex(ImportError, '^No module',
-                imp.find_module, os_helper.TESTFN, ["."])
-
-    def test_multiple_calls_to_get_data(self):
-        # Issue #18755: make sure multiple calls to get_data() can succeed.
-        loader = imp._LoadSourceCompatibility('imp', imp.__file__,
-                                              open(imp.__file__, encoding="utf-8"))
-        loader.get_data(imp.__file__)  # File should be closed
-        loader.get_data(imp.__file__)  # Will need to create a newly opened file
-
-    def test_load_source(self):
-        # Create a temporary module since load_source(name) modifies
-        # sys.modules[name] attributes like __loader___
-        modname = f"tmp{__name__}"
-        mod = type(sys.modules[__name__])(modname)
-        with support.swap_item(sys.modules, modname, mod):
-            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, 'embedded null'):
-                imp.load_source(modname, __file__ + "\0")
-
-    @support.cpython_only
-    def test_issue31315(self):
-        # There shouldn't be an assertion failure in imp.create_dynamic(),
-        # when spec.name is not a string.
-        create_dynamic = support.get_attribute(imp, 'create_dynamic')
-        class BadSpec:
-            name = None
-            origin = 'foo'
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            create_dynamic(BadSpec())
-
-    def test_issue_35321(self):
-        # Both _frozen_importlib and _frozen_importlib_external
-        # should have a spec origin of "frozen" and
-        # no need to clean up imports in this case.
-
-        import _frozen_importlib_external
-        self.assertEqual(_frozen_importlib_external.__spec__.origin, "frozen")
-
-        import _frozen_importlib
-        self.assertEqual(_frozen_importlib.__spec__.origin, "frozen")
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_source_hash(self):
-        self.assertEqual(_imp.source_hash(42, b'hi'), b'\xfb\xd9G\x05\xaf$\x9b~')
-        self.assertEqual(_imp.source_hash(43, b'hi'), b'\xd0/\x87C\xccC\xff\xe2')
-
-    def test_pyc_invalidation_mode_from_cmdline(self):
-        cases = [
-            ([], "default"),
-            (["--check-hash-based-pycs", "default"], "default"),
-            (["--check-hash-based-pycs", "always"], "always"),
-            (["--check-hash-based-pycs", "never"], "never"),
-        ]
-        for interp_args, expected in cases:
-            args = interp_args + [
-                "-c",
-                "import _imp; print(_imp.check_hash_based_pycs)",
-            ]
-            res = script_helper.assert_python_ok(*args)
-            self.assertEqual(res.out.strip().decode('utf-8'), expected)
-
-    def test_find_and_load_checked_pyc(self):
-        # issue 34056
-        with os_helper.temp_cwd():
-            with open('mymod.py', 'wb') as fp:
-                fp.write(b'x = 42\n')
-            py_compile.compile(
-                'mymod.py',
-                doraise=True,
-                invalidation_mode=py_compile.PycInvalidationMode.CHECKED_HASH,
-            )
-            file, path, description = imp.find_module('mymod', path=['.'])
-            mod = imp.load_module('mymod', file, path, description)
-        self.assertEqual(mod.x, 42)
-
-
-    @support.cpython_only
-    def test_create_builtin_subinterp(self):
-        # gh-99578: create_builtin() behavior changes after the creation of the
-        # first sub-interpreter. Test both code paths, before and after the
-        # creation of a sub-interpreter. Previously, create_builtin() had
-        # a reference leak after the creation of the first sub-interpreter.
-
-        import builtins
-        create_builtin = support.get_attribute(_imp, "create_builtin")
-        class Spec:
-            name = "builtins"
-        spec = Spec()
-
-        def check_get_builtins():
-            refcnt = sys.getrefcount(builtins)
-            mod = _imp.create_builtin(spec)
-            self.assertIs(mod, builtins)
-            self.assertEqual(sys.getrefcount(builtins), refcnt + 1)
-            # Check that a GC collection doesn't crash
-            gc.collect()
-
-        check_get_builtins()
-
-        ret = support.run_in_subinterp("import builtins")
-        self.assertEqual(ret, 0)
-
-        check_get_builtins()
-
-
-class ReloadTests(unittest.TestCase):
-
-    """Very basic tests to make sure that imp.reload() operates just like
-    reload()."""
-
-    def test_source(self):
-        # XXX (ncoghlan): It would be nice to use test.import_helper.CleanImport
-        # here, but that breaks because the os module registers some
-        # handlers in copy_reg on import. Since CleanImport doesn't
-        # revert that registration, the module is left in a broken
-        # state after reversion. Reinitialising the module contents
-        # and just reverting os.environ to its previous state is an OK
-        # workaround
-        with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard():
-            import os
-            imp.reload(os)
-
-    def test_extension(self):
-        with import_helper.CleanImport('time'):
-            import time
-            imp.reload(time)
-
-    def test_builtin(self):
-        with import_helper.CleanImport('marshal'):
-            import marshal
-            imp.reload(marshal)
-
-    def test_with_deleted_parent(self):
-        # see #18681
-        from html import parser
-        html = sys.modules.pop('html')
-        def cleanup():
-            sys.modules['html'] = html
-        self.addCleanup(cleanup)
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ImportError, 'html'):
-            imp.reload(parser)
-
-
-class PEP3147Tests(unittest.TestCase):
-    """Tests of PEP 3147."""
-
-    tag = imp.get_tag()
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.implementation.cache_tag is not None,
-                         'requires sys.implementation.cache_tag not be None')
-    def test_cache_from_source(self):
-        # Given the path to a .py file, return the path to its PEP 3147
-        # defined .pyc file (i.e. under __pycache__).
-        path = os.path.join('foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'qux.py')
-        expect = os.path.join('foo', 'bar', 'baz', '__pycache__',
-                              'qux.{}.pyc'.format(self.tag))
-        self.assertEqual(imp.cache_from_source(path, True), expect)
-
-    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.implementation.cache_tag is not None,
-                         'requires sys.implementation.cache_tag to not be '
-                         'None')
-    def test_source_from_cache(self):
-        # Given the path to a PEP 3147 defined .pyc file, return the path to
-        # its source.  This tests the good path.
-        path = os.path.join('foo', 'bar', 'baz', '__pycache__',
-                            'qux.{}.pyc'.format(self.tag))
-        expect = os.path.join('foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'qux.py')
-        self.assertEqual(imp.source_from_cache(path), expect)
-
-
-class NullImporterTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    @unittest.skipIf(os_helper.TESTFN_UNENCODABLE is None,
-                     "Need an undecodeable filename")
-    def test_unencodeable(self):
-        name = os_helper.TESTFN_UNENCODABLE
-        os.mkdir(name)
-        try:
-            self.assertRaises(ImportError, imp.NullImporter, name)
-        finally:
-            os.rmdir(name)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pkgutil.py b/Lib/test/test_pkgutil.py
index 3a10ec8fc3..ece4cf2d05 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_pkgutil.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_pkgutil.py
@@ -491,33 +491,6 @@ def test_nested(self):
         self.assertEqual(c, 1)
         self.assertEqual(d, 2)
 
-
-class ImportlibMigrationTests(unittest.TestCase):
-    # With full PEP 302 support in the standard import machinery, the
-    # PEP 302 emulation in this module is in the process of being
-    # deprecated in favour of importlib proper
-
-    def check_deprecated(self):
-        return check_warnings(
-            ("This emulation is deprecated and slated for removal in "
-             "Python 3.12; use 'importlib' instead",
-             DeprecationWarning))
-
-    def test_importer_deprecated(self):
-        with self.check_deprecated():
-            pkgutil.ImpImporter("")
-
-    def test_loader_deprecated(self):
-        with self.check_deprecated():
-            pkgutil.ImpLoader("", "", "", "")
-
-    def test_get_loader_avoids_emulation(self):
-        with check_warnings() as w:
-            self.assertIsNotNone(pkgutil.get_loader("sys"))
-            self.assertIsNotNone(pkgutil.get_loader("os"))
-            self.assertIsNotNone(pkgutil.get_loader("test.support"))
-            self.assertEqual(len(w.warnings), 0)
-
     @unittest.skipIf(__name__ == '__main__', 'not compatible with __main__')
     def test_get_loader_handles_missing_loader_attribute(self):
         global __loader__

From a7ad84827023508684fd57de1f18781082b57060 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Apr 2025 16:50:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 605/705] Rust dependency updates (#5651)

---
 Cargo.lock                 | 246 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 Cargo.toml                 |  10 +-
 benches/execution.rs       |   8 +-
 benches/microbenchmarks.rs |   8 +-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml          |   2 +-
 stdlib/src/binascii.rs     |  13 +-
 6 files changed, 205 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 60f0c44ce1..9ffadb13f6 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -57,6 +57,56 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "anstream"
+version = "0.6.18"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8acc5369981196006228e28809f761875c0327210a891e941f4c683b3a99529b"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "anstyle-parse",
+ "anstyle-query",
+ "anstyle-wincon",
+ "colorchoice",
+ "is_terminal_polyfill",
+ "utf8parse",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle"
+version = "1.0.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "55cc3b69f167a1ef2e161439aa98aed94e6028e5f9a59be9a6ffb47aef1651f9"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-parse"
+version = "0.2.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3b2d16507662817a6a20a9ea92df6652ee4f94f914589377d69f3b21bc5798a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "utf8parse",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-query"
+version = "1.1.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "79947af37f4177cfead1110013d678905c37501914fba0efea834c3fe9a8d60c"
+dependencies = [
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anstyle-wincon"
+version = "3.0.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ca3534e77181a9cc07539ad51f2141fe32f6c3ffd4df76db8ad92346b003ae4e"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "once_cell",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
 version = "1.0.97"
@@ -112,9 +162,9 @@ checksum = "ace50bade8e6234aa140d9a2f552bbee1db4d353f69b8217bc503490fc1a9f26"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "base64"
-version = "0.13.1"
+version = "0.22.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9e1b586273c5702936fe7b7d6896644d8be71e6314cfe09d3167c95f712589e8"
+checksum = "72b3254f16251a8381aa12e40e3c4d2f0199f8c6508fbecb9d91f575e0fbb8c6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bindgen"
@@ -125,7 +175,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "cexpr",
  "clang-sys",
- "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "itertools 0.13.0",
  "log",
  "prettyplease",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -238,9 +288,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.17"
+version = "1.2.18"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1fcb57c740ae1daf453ae85f16e37396f672b039e00d9d866e07ddb24e328e3a"
+checksum = "525046617d8376e3db1deffb079e91cef90a89fc3ca5c185bbf8c9ecdd15cd5c"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
@@ -311,6 +361,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "error-code",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "colorchoice"
+version = "1.0.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5b63caa9aa9397e2d9480a9b13673856c78d8ac123288526c37d7839f2a86990"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "compact_str"
 version = "0.8.1"
@@ -435,7 +491,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustc-hash",
  "serde",
  "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
+ "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -481,7 +537,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
  "smallvec",
- "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
+ "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -505,7 +561,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "log",
  "region",
- "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
+ "target-lexicon",
  "wasmtime-jit-icache-coherence",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
@@ -529,7 +585,7 @@ checksum = "e5b09bdd6407bf5d89661b80cf926ce731c9e8cc184bf49102267a2369a8358e"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "libc",
- "target-lexicon 0.13.2",
+ "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -728,15 +784,27 @@ version = "0.1.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c34f04666d835ff5d62e058c3995147c06f42fe86ff053337632bca83e42702d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "env_filter"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "186e05a59d4c50738528153b83b0b0194d3a29507dfec16eccd4b342903397d0"
+dependencies = [
+ "log",
+ "regex",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "env_logger"
-version = "0.9.3"
+version = "0.11.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a12e6657c4c97ebab115a42dcee77225f7f482cdd841cf7088c657a42e9e00e7"
+checksum = "13c863f0904021b108aa8b2f55046443e6b1ebde8fd4a15c399893aae4fa069f"
 dependencies = [
- "atty",
+ "anstream",
+ "anstyle",
+ "env_filter",
+ "jiff",
  "log",
- "termcolor",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -747,9 +815,9 @@ checksum = "877a4ace8713b0bcf2a4e7eec82529c029f1d0619886d18145fea96c3ffe5c0f"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "errno"
-version = "0.3.10"
+version = "0.3.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "33d852cb9b869c2a9b3df2f71a3074817f01e1844f839a144f5fcef059a4eb5d"
+checksum = "976dd42dc7e85965fe702eb8164f21f450704bdde31faefd6471dba214cb594e"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
@@ -780,7 +848,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0ce92ff622d6dadf7349484f42c93271a0d49b7cc4d466a936405bacbe10aa78"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "rustix 1.0.3",
+ "rustix 1.0.5",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -822,12 +890,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "flate2"
-version = "1.1.0"
+version = "1.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "11faaf5a5236997af9848be0bef4db95824b1d534ebc64d0f0c6cf3e67bd38dc"
+checksum = "7ced92e76e966ca2fd84c8f7aa01a4aea65b0eb6648d72f7c8f3e2764a67fece"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
- "libz-rs-sys",
+ "libz-rs-sys 0.5.0",
  "miniz_oxide",
 ]
 
@@ -874,7 +942,7 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed7131e57abbde63513e0e6636f76668a1ca9798dcae2df4e283cae9ee83859e"
 dependencies = [
- "rustix 1.0.3",
+ "rustix 1.0.5",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
@@ -1024,9 +1092,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
-version = "2.8.0"
+version = "2.9.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3954d50fe15b02142bf25d3b8bdadb634ec3948f103d04ffe3031bc8fe9d7058"
+checksum = "cea70ddb795996207ad57735b50c5982d8844f38ba9ee5f1aedcfb708a2aa11e"
 dependencies = [
  "equivalent",
  "hashbrown",
@@ -1063,6 +1131,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
+version = "1.70.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7943c866cc5cd64cbc25b2e01621d07fa8eb2a1a23160ee81ce38704e97b8ecf"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.10.5"
@@ -1081,6 +1155,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.13.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "413ee7dfc52ee1a4949ceeb7dbc8a33f2d6c088194d9f922fb8318faf1f01186"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.14.0"
@@ -1096,6 +1179,30 @@ version = "1.0.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "4a5f13b858c8d314ee3e8f639011f7ccefe71f97f96e50151fb991f267928e2c"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "jiff"
+version = "0.2.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c102670231191d07d37a35af3eb77f1f0dbf7a71be51a962dcd57ea607be7260"
+dependencies = [
+ "jiff-static",
+ "log",
+ "portable-atomic",
+ "portable-atomic-util",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "jiff-static"
+version = "0.2.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4cdde31a9d349f1b1f51a0b3714a5940ac022976f4b49485fc04be052b183b4c"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn 2.0.100",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "js-sys"
 version = "0.3.77"
@@ -1127,9 +1234,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lambert_w"
-version = "1.2.5"
+version = "1.2.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0eeec1be8d026f51b1cf70ed28442b9f0ece61ff196cd3a99d8b4492a83a864b"
+checksum = "fd4d9b9fa6582f5d77f954729c91c32a7c85834332e470b014d12e1678fd1793"
 dependencies = [
  "num-complex",
  "num-traits",
@@ -1251,7 +1358,16 @@ version = "0.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "902bc563b5d65ad9bba616b490842ef0651066a1a1dc3ce1087113ffcb873c8d"
 dependencies = [
- "zlib-rs",
+ "zlib-rs 0.4.2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libz-rs-sys"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6489ca9bd760fe9642d7644e827b0c9add07df89857b0416ee15c1cc1a3b8c5a"
+dependencies = [
+ "zlib-rs 0.5.0",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1418,9 +1534,9 @@ checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
-version = "0.8.5"
+version = "0.8.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8e3e04debbb59698c15bacbb6d93584a8c0ca9cc3213cb423d31f760d8843ce5"
+checksum = "ff70ce3e48ae43fa075863cef62e8b43b71a4f2382229920e0df362592919430"
 dependencies = [
  "adler2",
 ]
@@ -1623,7 +1739,7 @@ checksum = "1e401f977ab385c9e4e3ab30627d6f26d00e2c73eef317493c4ec6d468726cf8"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
- "redox_syscall 0.5.10",
+ "redox_syscall 0.5.11",
  "smallvec",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
@@ -1743,6 +1859,15 @@ version = "1.11.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "350e9b48cbc6b0e028b0473b114454c6316e57336ee184ceab6e53f72c178b3e"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "portable-atomic-util"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d8a2f0d8d040d7848a709caf78912debcc3f33ee4b3cac47d73d1e1069e83507"
+dependencies = [
+ "portable-atomic",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ppv-lite86"
 version = "0.2.21"
@@ -1754,9 +1879,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "prettyplease"
-version = "0.2.31"
+version = "0.2.32"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5316f57387668042f561aae71480de936257848f9c43ce528e311d89a07cadeb"
+checksum = "664ec5419c51e34154eec046ebcba56312d5a2fc3b09a06da188e1ad21afadf6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "syn 2.0.100",
@@ -1783,9 +1908,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
-version = "0.22.6"
+version = "0.24.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f402062616ab18202ae8319da13fa4279883a2b8a9d9f83f20dbade813ce1884"
+checksum = "17da310086b068fbdcefbba30aeb3721d5bb9af8db4987d6735b2183ca567229"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "indoc",
@@ -1801,19 +1926,19 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-build-config"
-version = "0.22.6"
+version = "0.24.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b14b5775b5ff446dd1056212d778012cbe8a0fbffd368029fd9e25b514479c38"
+checksum = "e27165889bd793000a098bb966adc4300c312497ea25cf7a690a9f0ac5aa5fc1"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
- "target-lexicon 0.12.16",
+ "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-ffi"
-version = "0.22.6"
+version = "0.24.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9ab5bcf04a2cdcbb50c7d6105de943f543f9ed92af55818fd17b660390fc8636"
+checksum = "05280526e1dbf6b420062f3ef228b78c0c54ba94e157f5cb724a609d0f2faabc"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "pyo3-build-config",
@@ -1821,9 +1946,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros"
-version = "0.22.6"
+version = "0.24.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0fd24d897903a9e6d80b968368a34e1525aeb719d568dba8b3d4bfa5dc67d453"
+checksum = "5c3ce5686aa4d3f63359a5100c62a127c9f15e8398e5fdeb5deef1fed5cd5f44"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
@@ -1833,9 +1958,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros-backend"
-version = "0.22.6"
+version = "0.24.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "36c011a03ba1e50152b4b394b479826cad97e7a21eb52df179cd91ac411cbfbe"
+checksum = "f4cf6faa0cbfb0ed08e89beb8103ae9724eb4750e3a78084ba4017cbe94f3855"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
@@ -1963,9 +2088,9 @@ checksum = "41cc0f7e4d5d4544e8861606a285bb08d3e70712ccc7d2b84d7c0ccfaf4b05ce"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.5.10"
+version = "0.5.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0b8c0c260b63a8219631167be35e6a988e9554dbd323f8bd08439c8ed1302bd1"
+checksum = "d2f103c6d277498fbceb16e84d317e2a400f160f46904d5f5410848c829511a3"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.9.0",
 ]
@@ -1983,9 +2108,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "regalloc2"
-version = "0.11.1"
+version = "0.11.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "145c1c267e14f20fb0f88aa76a1c5ffec42d592c1d28b3cd9148ae35916158d3"
+checksum = "dc06e6b318142614e4a48bc725abbf08ff166694835c43c9dae5a9009704639a"
 dependencies = [
  "allocator-api2",
  "bumpalo",
@@ -2139,9 +2264,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "1.0.3"
+version = "1.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e56a18552996ac8d29ecc3b190b4fdbb2d91ca4ec396de7bbffaf43f3d637e96"
+checksum = "d97817398dd4bb2e6da002002db259209759911da105da92bec29ccb12cf58bf"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "errno",
@@ -2371,7 +2496,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "junction",
  "libc",
  "libsqlite3-sys",
- "libz-rs-sys",
+ "libz-rs-sys 0.4.2",
  "mac_address",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "md-5",
@@ -2691,9 +2816,9 @@ checksum = "56199f7ddabf13fe5074ce809e7d3f42b42ae711800501b5b16ea82ad029c39d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.14.0"
+version = "1.15.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7fcf8323ef1faaee30a44a340193b1ac6814fd9b7b4e88e9d4519a3e4abe1cfd"
+checksum = "8917285742e9f3e1683f0a9c4e6b57960b7314d0b08d30d1ecd426713ee2eee9"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "socket2"
@@ -2796,12 +2921,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "target-lexicon"
-version = "0.12.16"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "61c41af27dd6d1e27b1b16b489db798443478cef1f06a660c96db617ba5de3b1"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "target-lexicon"
 version = "0.13.2"
@@ -2817,15 +2936,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "pkg-config",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "termcolor"
-version = "1.4.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "06794f8f6c5c898b3275aebefa6b8a1cb24cd2c6c79397ab15774837a0bc5755"
-dependencies = [
- "winapi-util",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "termios"
 version = "0.3.3"
@@ -3662,3 +3772,9 @@ name = "zlib-rs"
 version = "0.4.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "8b20717f0917c908dc63de2e44e97f1e6b126ca58d0e391cee86d504eb8fbd05"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zlib-rs"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "868b928d7949e09af2f6086dfc1e01936064cc7a819253bce650d4e2a2d63ba8"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 271c11e782..74fdf7464e 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -36,8 +36,8 @@ log = { workspace = true }
 flame = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 
 lexopt = "0.3"
-dirs = { package = "dirs-next", version = "2.0.0" }
-env_logger = { version = "0.9.0", default-features = false, features = ["atty", "termcolor"] }
+dirs = { package = "dirs-next", version = "2.0" }
+env_logger = "0.11"
 flamescope = { version = "0.1.2", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ rustyline = { workspace = true }
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 criterion = { workspace = true }
-pyo3 = { version = "0.22", features = ["auto-initialize"] }
+pyo3 = { version = "0.24", features = ["auto-initialize"] }
 
 [[bench]]
 name = "execution"
@@ -162,13 +162,13 @@ getrandom = { version = "0.3", features = ["std"] }
 glob = "0.3"
 hex = "0.4.3"
 indexmap = { version = "2.2.6", features = ["std"] }
-insta = "1.38.0"
+insta = "1.42"
 itertools = "0.14.0"
 is-macro = "0.3.7"
 junction = "1.2.0"
 libc = "0.2.169"
 libffi = "3.2"
-log = "0.4.25"
+log = "0.4.27"
 nix = { version = "0.29", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
 malachite-bigint = "0.5"
 malachite-q = "0.5"
diff --git a/benches/execution.rs b/benches/execution.rs
index 88e5e3650b..956975c22f 100644
--- a/benches/execution.rs
+++ b/benches/execution.rs
@@ -9,9 +9,11 @@ use std::collections::HashMap;
 use std::path::Path;
 
 fn bench_cpython_code(b: &mut Bencher, source: &str) {
+    let c_str_source_head = std::ffi::CString::new(source).unwrap();
+    let c_str_source = c_str_source_head.as_c_str();
     pyo3::Python::with_gil(|py| {
         b.iter(|| {
-            let module = pyo3::types::PyModule::from_code_bound(py, source, "", "")
+            let module = pyo3::types::PyModule::from_code(py, c_str_source, c"", c"")
                 .expect("Error running source");
             black_box(module);
         })
@@ -53,8 +55,8 @@ pub fn benchmark_file_parsing(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, name: &str,
     group.bench_function(BenchmarkId::new("cpython", name), |b| {
         use pyo3::types::PyAnyMethods;
         pyo3::Python::with_gil(|py| {
-            let builtins = pyo3::types::PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins")
-                .expect("Failed to import builtins");
+            let builtins =
+                pyo3::types::PyModule::import(py, "builtins").expect("Failed to import builtins");
             let compile = builtins.getattr("compile").expect("no compile in builtins");
             b.iter(|| {
                 let x = compile
diff --git a/benches/microbenchmarks.rs b/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
index c62ecf239a..5f04f4bbf8 100644
--- a/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
+++ b/benches/microbenchmarks.rs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ fn bench_cpython_code(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, bench: &MicroBenchma
 
         // Grab the exec function in advance so we don't have lookups in the hot code
         let builtins =
-            pyo3::types::PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins").expect("Failed to import builtins");
+            pyo3::types::PyModule::import(py, "builtins").expect("Failed to import builtins");
         let exec = builtins.getattr("exec").expect("no exec in builtins");
 
         let bench_func = |(globals, locals): &mut (
@@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ fn bench_cpython_code(group: &mut BenchmarkGroup<WallTime>, bench: &MicroBenchma
         };
 
         let bench_setup = |iterations| {
-            let globals = pyo3::types::PyDict::new_bound(py);
-            let locals = pyo3::types::PyDict::new_bound(py);
+            let globals = pyo3::types::PyDict::new(py);
+            let locals = pyo3::types::PyDict::new(py);
             if let Some(idx) = iterations {
                 globals.set_item("ITERATIONS", idx).unwrap();
             }
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ fn cpy_compile_code<'a>(
     name: &str,
 ) -> pyo3::PyResult<pyo3::Bound<'a, pyo3::types::PyCode>> {
     let builtins =
-        pyo3::types::PyModule::import_bound(py, "builtins").expect("Failed to import builtins");
+        pyo3::types::PyModule::import(py, "builtins").expect("Failed to import builtins");
     let compile = builtins.getattr("compile").expect("no compile in builtins");
     compile.call1((code, name, "exec"))?.extract()
 }
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 26c85103e5..d4b99ebc92 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ num_enum = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true }
 
 memchr = { workspace = true }
-base64 = "0.13.0"
+base64 = "0.22"
 csv-core = "0.1.11"
 dyn-clone = "1.0.10"
 puruspe = "0.4.0"
diff --git a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
index 2510325b4e..1c88477035 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/binascii.rs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ mod decl {
         convert::ToPyException,
         function::{ArgAsciiBuffer, ArgBytesLike, OptionalArg},
     };
+    use base64::Engine;
     use itertools::Itertools;
 
     #[pyattr(name = "Error", once)]
@@ -263,7 +264,7 @@ mod decl {
                     decoded.len() / 3 * 4 + 1,
                     0,
                 )),
-                _ => Err(base64::DecodeError::InvalidLength),
+                _ => Err(base64::DecodeError::InvalidLength(quad_pos)),
             }
         })
         .map_err(|err| super::Base64DecodeError(err).to_pyexception(vm))
@@ -272,7 +273,9 @@ mod decl {
     #[pyfunction]
     fn b2a_base64(data: ArgBytesLike, NewlineArg { newline }: NewlineArg) -> Vec<u8> {
         // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63916821
-        let mut encoded = data.with_ref(|b| base64::encode(b)).into_bytes();
+        let mut encoded = data
+            .with_ref(|b| base64::engine::general_purpose::STANDARD.encode(b))
+            .into_bytes();
         if newline {
             encoded.push(b'\n');
         }
@@ -746,7 +749,7 @@ fn new_binascii_error(msg: String, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
 impl ToPyException for Base64DecodeError {
     fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
         use base64::DecodeError::*;
-        let message = match self.0 {
+        let message = match &self.0 {
             InvalidByte(0, PAD) => "Leading padding not allowed".to_owned(),
             InvalidByte(_, PAD) => "Discontinuous padding not allowed".to_owned(),
             InvalidByte(_, _) => "Only base64 data is allowed".to_owned(),
@@ -757,7 +760,9 @@ impl ToPyException for Base64DecodeError {
                     length
                 )
             }
-            InvalidLength => "Incorrect padding".to_owned(),
+            // TODO: clean up errors
+            InvalidLength(_) => "Incorrect padding".to_owned(),
+            InvalidPadding => "Incorrect padding".to_owned(),
         };
         new_binascii_error(format!("error decoding base64: {message}"), vm)
     }

From 49b348cc7e6291c1e982183a8c76294024b26eca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Apr 2025 22:33:55 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 606/705] Remove Instruction::IsOperation

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs                           | 6 ++++--
 .../rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap        | 2 +-
 compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs                             | 7 +------
 vm/src/frame.rs                                           | 8 --------
 4 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 3c92146c13..8aa968b51a 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2223,6 +2223,8 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             });
         }
 
+        use bytecode::TestOperator::*;
+
         // Emit instructions:
         // 1. Load the new tuple of attribute names.
         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::Tuple {
@@ -2235,7 +2237,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         // 4. Load None.
         self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
         // 5. Compare with IS_OP 1.
-        emit!(self, Instruction::IsOperation(true));
+        emit!(self, Instruction::TestOperation { op: IsNot });
 
         // At this point the TOS is a tuple of (nargs + n_attrs) attributes (or None).
         pc.on_top += 1;
@@ -2351,7 +2353,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
     //     emit!(self, Instruction::CopyItem { index: 1_u32 });
     //     self.emit_load_const(ConstantData::None);
     //     // TODO: should be is
-    //     emit!(self, Instruction::IsOperation(true));
+    //     emit!(self, Instruction::TestOperation::IsNot);
     //     self.jump_to_fail_pop(pc, JumpOp::PopJumpIfFalse)?;
 
     //     // Unpack the tuple of values.
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
index f09f0f5eaf..3f6f4495d7 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ expression: "compile_exec(\"\\\nclass Test:\n    pass\n\nt = Test()\nmatch t:\n
              14 MatchClass           (0)
              15 CopyItem             (1)
              16 LoadConst            (None)
-             17 IsOperation          (true)
+             17 TestOperation        (IsNot)
              18 JumpIfFalse          (27)
              19 UnpackSequence       (0)
              20 Pop
diff --git a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
index 81dd591ad1..e00ca28a58 100644
--- a/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
+++ b/compiler/core/src/bytecode.rs
@@ -437,9 +437,6 @@ pub enum Instruction {
     TestOperation {
         op: Arg<TestOperator>,
     },
-    /// If the argument is true, perform IS NOT. Otherwise perform the IS operation.
-    // TODO: duplication of TestOperator::{Is,IsNot}. Fix later.
-    IsOperation(Arg<bool>),
     CompareOperation {
         op: Arg<ComparisonOperator>,
     },
@@ -1227,8 +1224,7 @@ impl Instruction {
             BinaryOperation { .. }
             | BinaryOperationInplace { .. }
             | TestOperation { .. }
-            | CompareOperation { .. }
-            | IsOperation(..) => -1,
+            | CompareOperation { .. } => -1,
             BinarySubscript => -1,
             CopyItem { .. } => 1,
             Pop => -1,
@@ -1436,7 +1432,6 @@ impl Instruction {
             BinarySubscript => w!(BinarySubscript),
             LoadAttr { idx } => w!(LoadAttr, name = idx),
             TestOperation { op } => w!(TestOperation, ?op),
-            IsOperation(neg) => w!(IsOperation, neg),
             CompareOperation { op } => w!(CompareOperation, ?op),
             CopyItem { index } => w!(CopyItem, index),
             Pop => w!(Pop),
diff --git a/vm/src/frame.rs b/vm/src/frame.rs
index 6ffb454f54..dbe5cb077a 100644
--- a/vm/src/frame.rs
+++ b/vm/src/frame.rs
@@ -851,14 +851,6 @@ impl ExecutingFrame<'_> {
             bytecode::Instruction::UnaryOperation { op } => self.execute_unary_op(vm, op.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::TestOperation { op } => self.execute_test(vm, op.get(arg)),
             bytecode::Instruction::CompareOperation { op } => self.execute_compare(vm, op.get(arg)),
-            bytecode::Instruction::IsOperation(neg) => {
-                let a = self.pop_value();
-                let b = self.pop_value();
-                // xor with neg to invert the result if needed
-                let result = vm.ctx.new_bool(a.is(b.as_ref()) ^ neg.get(arg));
-                self.push_value(result.into());
-                Ok(None)
-            }
             bytecode::Instruction::ReturnValue => {
                 let value = self.pop_value();
                 self.unwind_blocks(vm, UnwindReason::Returning { value })

From fb0c4b6b3c53da9a6852f79b102ed5348c48a682 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Apr 2025 21:18:19 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 607/705] add test_winapi

---
 Lib/test/test_winapi.py | 179 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 179 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_winapi.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_winapi.py b/Lib/test/test_winapi.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7a33f90698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_winapi.py
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+# Test the Windows-only _winapi module
+
+import os
+import pathlib
+import random
+import re
+import threading
+import time
+import unittest
+from test.support import import_helper, os_helper
+
+_winapi = import_helper.import_module('_winapi', required_on=['win'])
+
+MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS = 64
+MAXIMUM_BATCHED_WAIT_OBJECTS = (MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS - 1) ** 2
+
+class WinAPIBatchedWaitForMultipleObjectsTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _events_waitall_test(self, n):
+        evts = [_winapi.CreateEventW(0, False, False, None) for _ in range(n)]
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TimeoutError):
+            _winapi.BatchedWaitForMultipleObjects(evts, True, 100)
+
+        # Ensure no errors raised when all are triggered
+        for e in evts:
+            _winapi.SetEvent(e)
+        try:
+            _winapi.BatchedWaitForMultipleObjects(evts, True, 100)
+        except TimeoutError:
+            self.fail("expected wait to complete immediately")
+
+        # Choose 8 events to set, distributed throughout the list, to make sure
+        # we don't always have them in the first chunk
+        chosen = [i * (len(evts) // 8) for i in range(8)]
+
+        # Replace events with invalid handles to make sure we fail
+        for i in chosen:
+            old_evt = evts[i]
+            evts[i] = -1
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+                _winapi.BatchedWaitForMultipleObjects(evts, True, 100)
+            evts[i] = old_evt
+
+
+    def _events_waitany_test(self, n):
+        evts = [_winapi.CreateEventW(0, False, False, None) for _ in range(n)]
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TimeoutError):
+            _winapi.BatchedWaitForMultipleObjects(evts, False, 100)
+
+        # Choose 8 events to set, distributed throughout the list, to make sure
+        # we don't always have them in the first chunk
+        chosen = [i * (len(evts) // 8) for i in range(8)]
+
+        # Trigger one by one. They are auto-reset events, so will only trigger once
+        for i in chosen:
+            with self.subTest(f"trigger event {i} of {len(evts)}"):
+                _winapi.SetEvent(evts[i])
+                triggered = _winapi.BatchedWaitForMultipleObjects(evts, False, 10000)
+                self.assertSetEqual(set(triggered), {i})
+
+        # Trigger all at once. This may require multiple calls
+        for i in chosen:
+            _winapi.SetEvent(evts[i])
+        triggered = set()
+        while len(triggered) < len(chosen):
+            triggered.update(_winapi.BatchedWaitForMultipleObjects(evts, False, 10000))
+        self.assertSetEqual(triggered, set(chosen))
+
+        # Replace events with invalid handles to make sure we fail
+        for i in chosen:
+            with self.subTest(f"corrupt event {i} of {len(evts)}"):
+                old_evt = evts[i]
+                evts[i] = -1
+                with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+                    _winapi.BatchedWaitForMultipleObjects(evts, False, 100)
+                evts[i] = old_evt
+
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_few_events_waitall(self):
+        self._events_waitall_test(16)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_many_events_waitall(self):
+        self._events_waitall_test(256)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_max_events_waitall(self):
+        self._events_waitall_test(MAXIMUM_BATCHED_WAIT_OBJECTS)
+
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_few_events_waitany(self):
+        self._events_waitany_test(16)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_many_events_waitany(self):
+        self._events_waitany_test(256)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_max_events_waitany(self):
+        self._events_waitany_test(MAXIMUM_BATCHED_WAIT_OBJECTS)
+
+
+class WinAPITests(unittest.TestCase):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_getlongpathname(self):
+        testfn = pathlib.Path(os.getenv("ProgramFiles")).parents[-1] / "PROGRA~1"
+        if not os.path.isdir(testfn):
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("require x:\\PROGRA~1 to test")
+
+        # pathlib.Path will be rejected - only str is accepted
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            _winapi.GetLongPathName(testfn)
+
+        actual = _winapi.GetLongPathName(os.fsdecode(testfn))
+
+        # Can't assume that PROGRA~1 expands to any particular variation, so
+        # ensure it matches any one of them.
+        candidates = set(testfn.parent.glob("Progra*"))
+        self.assertIn(pathlib.Path(actual), candidates)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_getshortpathname(self):
+        testfn = pathlib.Path(os.getenv("ProgramFiles"))
+        if not os.path.isdir(testfn):
+            raise unittest.SkipTest("require '%ProgramFiles%' to test")
+
+        # pathlib.Path will be rejected - only str is accepted
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            _winapi.GetShortPathName(testfn)
+
+        actual = _winapi.GetShortPathName(os.fsdecode(testfn))
+
+        # Should contain "PROGRA~" but we can't predict the number
+        self.assertIsNotNone(re.match(r".\:\\PROGRA~\d", actual.upper()), actual)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_namedpipe(self):
+        pipe_name = rf"\\.\pipe\LOCAL\{os_helper.TESTFN}"
+
+        # Pipe does not exist, so this raises
+        with self.assertRaises(FileNotFoundError):
+            _winapi.WaitNamedPipe(pipe_name, 0)
+
+        pipe = _winapi.CreateNamedPipe(
+            pipe_name,
+            _winapi.PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX,
+            8, # 8=PIPE_REJECT_REMOTE_CLIENTS
+            2, # two instances available
+            32, 32, 0, 0)
+        self.addCleanup(_winapi.CloseHandle, pipe)
+
+        # Pipe instance is available, so this passes
+        _winapi.WaitNamedPipe(pipe_name, 0)
+
+        with open(pipe_name, 'w+b') as pipe2:
+            # No instances available, so this times out
+            # (WinError 121 does not get mapped to TimeoutError)
+            with self.assertRaises(OSError):
+                _winapi.WaitNamedPipe(pipe_name, 0)
+
+            _winapi.WriteFile(pipe, b'testdata')
+            self.assertEqual(b'testdata', pipe2.read(8))
+
+            self.assertEqual((b'', 0), _winapi.PeekNamedPipe(pipe, 8)[:2])
+            pipe2.write(b'testdata')
+            pipe2.flush()
+            self.assertEqual((b'testdata', 8), _winapi.PeekNamedPipe(pipe, 8)[:2])
\ No newline at end of file

From a917da3b1a0b025f4d82708eb11e802377128dd0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 14 Apr 2025 21:29:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 608/705] update test_float to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/test/test_float.py | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_float.py b/Lib/test/test_float.py
index 30d27072fb..f65eb55ca5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_float.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_float.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 #locate file with float format test values
 test_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__) or os.curdir
-format_testfile = os.path.join(test_dir, 'formatfloat_testcases.txt')
+format_testfile = os.path.join(test_dir, 'mathdata', 'formatfloat_testcases.txt')
 
 class FloatSubclass(float):
     pass
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def check(s):
             with self.assertRaises(ValueError, msg='float(%r)' % (s,)) as cm:
                 float(s)
             self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
-                             'could not convert string to float: %r' % (s,))
+                'could not convert string to float: %r' % (s,))
 
         check('\xbd')
         check('123\xbd')
@@ -290,11 +290,11 @@ def test_is_integer(self):
 
     def test_floatasratio(self):
         for f, ratio in [
-            (0.875, (7, 8)),
-            (-0.875, (-7, 8)),
-            (0.0, (0, 1)),
-            (11.5, (23, 2)),
-        ]:
+                (0.875, (7, 8)),
+                (-0.875, (-7, 8)),
+                (0.0, (0, 1)),
+                (11.5, (23, 2)),
+            ]:
             self.assertEqual(f.as_integer_ratio(), ratio)
 
         for i in range(10000):
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ def test_float_containment(self):
             self.assertTrue((f,) == (f,), "(%r,) != (%r,)" % (f, f))
             self.assertTrue({f} == {f}, "{%r} != {%r}" % (f, f))
             self.assertTrue({f : None} == {f: None}, "{%r : None} != "
-                                                     "{%r : None}" % (f, f))
+                                                   "{%r : None}" % (f, f))
 
             # identical containers
             l, t, s, d = [f], (f,), {f}, {f: None}
@@ -400,9 +400,9 @@ def test_float_mod(self):
         self.assertEqualAndEqualSign(mod(1e-100, -1.0), -1.0)
         self.assertEqualAndEqualSign(mod(1.0, -1.0), -0.0)
 
+    @support.requires_IEEE_754
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
-    @support.requires_IEEE_754
     def test_float_pow(self):
         # test builtin pow and ** operator for IEEE 754 special cases.
         # Special cases taken from section F.9.4.4 of the C99 specification
@@ -728,6 +728,8 @@ def test_format(self):
         self.assertEqual(format(INF, 'F'), 'INF')
 
     @support.requires_IEEE_754
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_format_testfile(self):
         with open(format_testfile, encoding="utf-8") as testfile:
             for line in testfile:
@@ -772,9 +774,12 @@ def test_issue35560(self):
         self.assertEqual(format(-123.34, '00.10g'), '-123.34')
 
 class ReprTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_repr(self):
         with open(os.path.join(os.path.split(__file__)[0],
-                               'floating_points.txt'), encoding="utf-8") as floats_file:
+                  'mathdata',
+                  'floating_points.txt'), encoding="utf-8") as floats_file:
             for line in floats_file:
                 line = line.strip()
                 if not line or line.startswith('#'):
@@ -824,7 +829,7 @@ def test_short_repr(self):
             '2.86438000439698e+28',
             '8.89142905246179e+28',
             '3.08578087079232e+35',
-        ]
+            ]
 
         for s in test_strings:
             negs = '-'+s
@@ -874,14 +879,14 @@ def test_overflow(self):
         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, round, 1.6e308, -308)
         self.assertRaises(OverflowError, round, -1.7e308, -308)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(getattr(sys, 'float_repr_style', '') == 'short',
                          "applies only when using short float repr style")
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_previous_round_bugs(self):
         # particular cases that have occurred in bug reports
         self.assertEqual(round(562949953421312.5, 1),
-                         562949953421312.5)
+                          562949953421312.5)
         self.assertEqual(round(56294995342131.5, 3),
                          56294995342131.5)
         # round-half-even
@@ -894,10 +899,10 @@ def test_previous_round_bugs(self):
         self.assertEqual(round(85.0, -1), 80.0)
         self.assertEqual(round(95.0, -1), 100.0)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @unittest.skipUnless(getattr(sys, 'float_repr_style', '') == 'short',
                          "applies only when using short float repr style")
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_matches_float_format(self):
         # round should give the same results as float formatting
         for i in range(500):
@@ -1131,7 +1136,7 @@ def test_invalid_inputs(self):
             '0x1.\uff10p0',
             '0x1p0 \n 0x2p0',
             '0x1p0\0 0x1p0',  # embedded null byte is not end of string
-        ]
+            ]
         for x in invalid_inputs:
             try:
                 result = fromHex(x)
@@ -1150,7 +1155,7 @@ def test_whitespace(self):
             ('1.0', 1.0),
             ('-0x.2', -0.125),
             ('-0.0', -0.0)
-        ]
+            ]
         whitespace = [
             '',
             ' ',
@@ -1160,7 +1165,7 @@ def test_whitespace(self):
             '\f',
             '\v',
             '\r'
-        ]
+            ]
         for inp, expected in value_pairs:
             for lead in whitespace:
                 for trail in whitespace:
@@ -1510,4 +1515,4 @@ def __init__(self, value):
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
+    unittest.main()
\ No newline at end of file

From c7042fd8470ad8d9ca4c33246d6b390b74855b85 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 08:39:58 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 609/705] remove unneeded validation

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 10 ----------
 1 file changed, 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 8aa968b51a..052bd1b290 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2185,16 +2185,6 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
 
         let nargs = patterns.len();
         let n_attrs = kwd_attrs.len();
-        let nkwd_patterns = kwd_patterns.len();
-
-        // Validate that keyword attribute names and patterns match in length.
-        if n_attrs != nkwd_patterns {
-            let msg = format!(
-                "kwd_attrs ({}) / kwd_patterns ({}) length mismatch in class pattern",
-                n_attrs, nkwd_patterns
-            );
-            unreachable!("{}", msg);
-        }
 
         // Check for too many sub-patterns.
         if nargs > u32::MAX as usize || (nargs + n_attrs).saturating_sub(1) > i32::MAX as usize {

From 456e555e8b173cde5ed16f2d784ee56a4601843c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 09:25:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 610/705] better error

---
 compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
index 39857e6fc5..9106d3fdff 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
@@ -244,7 +244,8 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                     let instr_display = instr.display(display_arg, self);
                     eprint!("{instr_display}: {depth} {effect:+} => ");
                 }
-                let new_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).unwrap();
+                // Either it's less than 0 or more than u32. Option 1 is far more likely unless something is seriously wrong.
+                let new_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).expect("The stack is detected to have likely been reduced to less than 0 elements, this is a bug.");
                 if DEBUG {
                     eprintln!("{new_depth}");
                 }

From d47944b2fd74db8da80e8965273df2fabcf2ec36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 10:02:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 611/705] error handling

---
 compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs | 6 ++++--
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
index 9106d3fdff..662ba81dbe 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
@@ -244,8 +244,10 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                     let instr_display = instr.display(display_arg, self);
                     eprint!("{instr_display}: {depth} {effect:+} => ");
                 }
-                // Either it's less than 0 or more than u32. Option 1 is far more likely unless something is seriously wrong.
-                let new_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).expect("The stack is detected to have likely been reduced to less than 0 elements, this is a bug.");
+                if effect < 0 && depth < effect.abs() as u32 {
+                    panic!("The stack will underflow at {depth} with {effect} effect on {instr:?}");
+                }
+                let new_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).unwrap();
                 if DEBUG {
                     eprintln!("{new_depth}");
                 }

From 09c199a1bab2a292fe4370fcde255d89dbefef51 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 10:03:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 612/705] match cleanup

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 99 ++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 55 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 052bd1b290..297feef67a 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -1944,32 +1944,35 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         n: Option<&Identifier>,
         pc: &mut PatternContext,
     ) -> CompileResult<()> {
-        // If no name is provided, simply pop the top of the stack.
-        if n.is_none() {
-            emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
-            return Ok(());
-        }
-        let name = n.unwrap();
-
-        // Check if the name is forbidden for storing.
-        if self.forbidden_name(name.as_str(), NameUsage::Store)? {
-            return Err(self.compile_error_forbidden_name(name.as_str()));
-        }
+        match n {
+            // If no name is provided, simply pop the top of the stack.
+            None => {
+                emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            Some(name) => {
+                // Check if the name is forbidden for storing.
+                if self.forbidden_name(name.as_str(), NameUsage::Store)? {
+                    return Err(self.compile_error_forbidden_name(name.as_str()));
+                }
 
-        // Ensure we don't store the same name twice.
-        if pc.stores.contains(&name.to_string()) {
-            return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::DuplicateStore(name.as_str().to_string())));
-        }
+                // Ensure we don't store the same name twice.
+                // TODO: maybe pc.stores should be a set?
+                if pc.stores.contains(&name.to_string()) {
+                    return Err(
+                        self.error(CodegenErrorType::DuplicateStore(name.as_str().to_string()))
+                    );
+                }
 
-        // Calculate how many items to rotate:
-        // the count is the number of items to preserve on top plus the current stored names,
-        // plus one for the new value.
-        let rotations = pc.on_top + pc.stores.len() + 1;
-        self.pattern_helper_rotate(rotations)?;
+                // Calculate how many items to rotate:
+                let rotations = pc.on_top + pc.stores.len() + 1;
+                self.pattern_helper_rotate(rotations)?;
 
-        // Append the name to the captured stores.
-        pc.stores.push(name.to_string());
-        Ok(())
+                // Append the name to the captured stores.
+                pc.stores.push(name.to_string());
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     fn pattern_unpack_helper(&mut self, elts: &[Pattern]) -> CompileResult<()> {
@@ -2245,20 +2248,12 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         pc.on_top -= 1;
 
         // Process each sub-pattern.
-        for i in 0..total {
-            // Decrement the on_top counter as each sub-pattern is processed.
+        for subpattern in patterns.iter().chain(kwd_patterns.iter()) {
+            // Decrement the on_top counter as each sub-pattern is processed
+            // (on_top should be zero at the end of the algorithm as a sanity check).
             pc.on_top -= 1;
-            let subpattern = if i < nargs {
-                // Positional sub-pattern.
-                &patterns[i]
-            } else {
-                // Keyword sub-pattern.
-                &kwd_patterns[i - nargs]
-            };
             if subpattern.is_wildcard() {
-                // For wildcard patterns, simply pop the top of the stack.
                 emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
-                continue;
             }
             // Compile the subpattern without irrefutability checks.
             self.compile_pattern_subpattern(subpattern, pc)?;
@@ -2479,7 +2474,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             self.pattern_helper_rotate(nrots)?;
             let name = &control.as_ref().unwrap()[i];
             // Check for duplicate binding.
-            if pc.stores.iter().any(|n| n == name) {
+            if pc.stores.contains(name) {
                 return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::DuplicateStore(name.to_string())));
             }
             pc.stores.push(name.clone());
@@ -4607,17 +4602,33 @@ for stop_exc in (StopIteration('spam'), StopAsyncIteration('ham')):
     #[test]
     fn test_match() {
         assert_dis_snapshot!(compile_exec(
-            "\
-class Test:
+            r#"\
+class Shape:
     pass
 
-t = Test()
-match t:
-    case Test():
-        assert True
-    case _:
-        assert False
-"
+class Circle(Shape):
+    def __init__(self, radius):
+        self.radius = radius
+
+class Rectangle(Shape):
+    def __init__(self, width, height):
+        self.width = width
+        self.height = height
+
+def describe_shape(shape):
+    match shape:
+        case Circle(radius=r):
+            return f"A circle with radius {r}"
+        case Rectangle(width=w, height=h):
+            return f"A rectangle {w} by {h}"
+        case _:
+            return "Unknown shape"
+
+# Test it out
+shapes = [Circle(5), Rectangle(4, 6), "not a shape"]
+for s in shapes:
+    print(describe_shape(s))
+"#
         ));
     }
 }

From e949c9aa3f070b4909f81d1ac68ad3442aa9fba5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 11:41:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 613/705] rename

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 8 ++++----
 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 297feef67a..286f318ccb 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2467,11 +2467,11 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         self.switch_to_block(end);
 
         // Adjust the final captures.
-        let nstores = control.as_ref().unwrap().len();
-        let nrots = nstores + 1 + pc.on_top + pc.stores.len();
-        for i in 0..nstores {
+        let n_stores = control.as_ref().unwrap().len();
+        let n_rots = n_stores + 1 + pc.on_top + pc.stores.len();
+        for i in 0..n_stores {
             // Rotate the capture to its proper place.
-            self.pattern_helper_rotate(nrots)?;
+            self.pattern_helper_rotate(n_rots)?;
             let name = &control.as_ref().unwrap()[i];
             // Check for duplicate binding.
             if pc.stores.contains(name) {

From 628287c14e293224d5c1890bb343cbe3f763a1a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 11:42:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 614/705] update snapshot

---
 ...python_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap | 191 ++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 149 insertions(+), 42 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
index 3f6f4495d7..379d42f18b 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
@@ -1,53 +1,160 @@
 ---
 source: compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
-expression: "compile_exec(\"\\\nclass Test:\n    pass\n\nt = Test()\nmatch t:\n    case Test():\n        assert True\n    case _:\n        assert False\n\")"
+expression: "compile_exec(r#\"\\\nclass Shape:\n    pass\n\nclass Circle(Shape):\n    def __init__(self, radius):\n        self.radius = radius\n\nclass Rectangle(Shape):\n    def __init__(self, width, height):\n        self.width = width\n        self.height = height\n\ndef describe_shape(shape):\n    match shape:\n        case Circle(radius=r):\n            return f\"A circle with radius {r}\"\n        case Rectangle(width=w, height=h):\n            return f\"A rectangle {w} by {h}\"\n        case _:\n            return \"Unknown shape\"\n\n# Test it out\nshapes = [Circle(5), Rectangle(4, 6), \"not a shape\"]\nfor s in shapes:\n    print(describe_shape(s))\n\"#)"
 ---
-  2           0 LoadBuildClass
-              1 LoadConst            (<code object Test at ??? file "source_path", line 1>):  1               0 LoadGlobal           (0, __name__)
+  3           0 LoadBuildClass
+              1 LoadConst            (<code object Shape at ??? file "source_path", line 2>):  2               0 LoadGlobal           (0, __name__)
                   1 StoreLocal           (1, __module__)
-                  2 LoadConst            ("Test")
+                  2 LoadConst            ("Shape")
                   3 StoreLocal           (2, __qualname__)
                   4 LoadConst            (None)
                   5 StoreLocal           (3, __doc__)
 
-  2               6 ReturnConst          (None)
+  3               6 ReturnConst          (None)
 
-              2 LoadConst            ("Test")
+              2 LoadConst            ("Shape")
               3 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
-              4 LoadConst            ("Test")
+              4 LoadConst            ("Shape")
               5 CallFunctionPositional(2)
-              6 StoreLocal           (0, Test)
-
-  4           7 LoadNameAny          (0, Test)
-              8 CallFunctionPositional(0)
-              9 StoreLocal           (1, t)
-
-  5          10 LoadNameAny          (1, t)
-             11 CopyItem             (1)
-
-  6          12 LoadNameAny          (0, Test)
-             13 LoadConst            (())
-             14 MatchClass           (0)
-             15 CopyItem             (1)
-             16 LoadConst            (None)
-             17 TestOperation        (IsNot)
-             18 JumpIfFalse          (27)
-             19 UnpackSequence       (0)
-             20 Pop
-
-  7          21 LoadConst            (True)
-             22 JumpIfTrue           (26)
-             23 LoadGlobal           (2, AssertionError)
-             24 CallFunctionPositional(0)
-             25 Raise                (Raise)
-        >>   26 Jump                 (35)
-        >>   27 Pop
-             28 Pop
-
-  9          29 LoadConst            (False)
-             30 JumpIfTrue           (34)
-             31 LoadGlobal           (2, AssertionError)
-             32 CallFunctionPositional(0)
-             33 Raise                (Raise)
-        >>   34 Jump                 (35)
-        >>   35 ReturnConst          (None)
+              6 StoreLocal           (0, Shape)
+
+  7           7 LoadBuildClass
+              8 LoadConst            (<code object Circle at ??? file "source_path", line 5>):  5               0 LoadGlobal           (0, __name__)
+                  1 StoreLocal           (1, __module__)
+                  2 LoadConst            ("Circle")
+                  3 StoreLocal           (2, __qualname__)
+                  4 LoadConst            (None)
+                  5 StoreLocal           (3, __doc__)
+
+  7               6 LoadConst            (<code object __init__ at ??? file "source_path", line 6>):  7                   0 LoadFast             (1, radius)
+                      1 LoadFast             (0, self)
+                      2 StoreAttr            (0, radius)
+                      3 ReturnConst          (None)
+
+                  7 LoadConst            ("Circle.__init__")
+                  8 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
+                  9 StoreLocal           (4, __init__)
+                 10 ReturnConst          (None)
+
+              9 LoadConst            ("Circle")
+             10 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
+             11 LoadConst            ("Circle")
+
+  5          12 LoadNameAny          (0, Shape)
+             13 CallFunctionPositional(3)
+             14 StoreLocal           (1, Circle)
+
+ 12          15 LoadBuildClass
+             16 LoadConst            (<code object Rectangle at ??? file "source_path", line 9>):  9               0 LoadGlobal           (0, __name__)
+                  1 StoreLocal           (1, __module__)
+                  2 LoadConst            ("Rectangle")
+                  3 StoreLocal           (2, __qualname__)
+                  4 LoadConst            (None)
+                  5 StoreLocal           (3, __doc__)
+
+ 12               6 LoadConst            (<code object __init__ at ??? file "source_path", line 10>): 11                   0 LoadFast             (1, width)
+                      1 LoadFast             (0, self)
+                      2 StoreAttr            (0, width)
+
+ 12                   3 LoadFast             (2, height)
+                      4 LoadFast             (0, self)
+                      5 StoreAttr            (1, height)
+                      6 ReturnConst          (None)
+
+                  7 LoadConst            ("Rectangle.__init__")
+                  8 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
+                  9 StoreLocal           (4, __init__)
+                 10 ReturnConst          (None)
+
+             17 LoadConst            ("Rectangle")
+             18 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
+             19 LoadConst            ("Rectangle")
+
+  9          20 LoadNameAny          (0, Shape)
+             21 CallFunctionPositional(3)
+             22 StoreLocal           (2, Rectangle)
+
+ 21          23 LoadConst            (<code object describe_shape at ??? file "source_path", line 14>): 15               0 LoadFast             (0, shape)
+                  1 CopyItem             (1)
+
+ 16               2 LoadGlobal           (0, Circle)
+                  3 LoadConst            (("radius"))
+                  4 MatchClass           (0)
+                  5 CopyItem             (1)
+                  6 LoadConst            (None)
+                  7 TestOperation        (IsNot)
+                  8 JumpIfFalse          (19)
+                  9 UnpackSequence       (1)
+                 10 Pop
+                 11 Pop
+
+ 17              12 LoadConst            ("A circle with radius ")
+                 13 LoadConst            ("")
+                 14 LoadFast             (1, r)
+                 15 FormatValue          (None)
+                 16 BuildString          (2)
+                 17 ReturnValue
+                 18 Jump                 (47)
+            >>   19 Pop
+                 20 CopyItem             (1)
+
+ 18              21 LoadGlobal           (1, Rectangle)
+                 22 LoadConst            (("width", "height"))
+                 23 MatchClass           (0)
+                 24 CopyItem             (1)
+                 25 LoadConst            (None)
+                 26 TestOperation        (IsNot)
+                 27 JumpIfFalse          (43)
+                 28 UnpackSequence       (2)
+                 29 Pop
+                 30 Pop
+                 31 Pop
+
+ 19              32 LoadConst            ("A rectangle ")
+                 33 LoadConst            ("")
+                 34 LoadFast             (2, w)
+                 35 FormatValue          (None)
+                 36 LoadConst            (" by ")
+                 37 LoadConst            ("")
+                 38 LoadFast             (3, h)
+                 39 FormatValue          (None)
+                 40 BuildString          (4)
+                 41 ReturnValue
+                 42 Jump                 (47)
+            >>   43 Pop
+                 44 Pop
+
+ 21              45 ReturnConst          ("Unknown shape")
+                 46 Jump                 (47)
+            >>   47 ReturnConst          (None)
+
+             24 LoadConst            ("describe_shape")
+             25 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
+             26 StoreLocal           (3, describe_shape)
+
+ 24          27 LoadNameAny          (1, Circle)
+             28 LoadConst            (5)
+             29 CallFunctionPositional(1)
+             30 LoadNameAny          (2, Rectangle)
+             31 LoadConst            (4)
+             32 LoadConst            (6)
+             33 CallFunctionPositional(2)
+             34 LoadConst            ("not a shape")
+             35 BuildList            (3)
+             36 StoreLocal           (4, shapes)
+
+ 25          37 SetupLoop
+             38 LoadNameAny          (4, shapes)
+             39 GetIter
+        >>   40 ForIter              (49)
+             41 StoreLocal           (5, s)
+
+ 26          42 LoadNameAny          (6, print)
+             43 LoadNameAny          (3, describe_shape)
+             44 LoadNameAny          (5, s)
+             45 CallFunctionPositional(1)
+             46 CallFunctionPositional(1)
+             47 Pop
+             48 Jump                 (40)
+        >>   49 PopBlock
+             50 ReturnConst          (None)

From d44324d4d0d522df8e6b77151b996c50bdd8d348 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 11:44:04 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 615/705] clippy

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 2 +-
 compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs      | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 286f318ccb..d32c3f2691 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -1948,7 +1948,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             // If no name is provided, simply pop the top of the stack.
             None => {
                 emit!(self, Instruction::Pop);
-                return Ok(());
+                Ok(())
             }
             Some(name) => {
                 // Check if the name is forbidden for storing.
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
index 662ba81dbe..ee29c65a16 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                     let instr_display = instr.display(display_arg, self);
                     eprint!("{instr_display}: {depth} {effect:+} => ");
                 }
-                if effect < 0 && depth < effect.abs() as u32 {
+                if effect < 0 && depth < effect.unsigned_abs() {
                     panic!("The stack will underflow at {depth} with {effect} effect on {instr:?}");
                 }
                 let new_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).unwrap();

From 21272025c29f17b640016c78faf640212e26a4c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 11:54:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 616/705] improve error handling

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 14 ++++++--------
 compiler/codegen/src/error.rs   |  8 ++++++++
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index d32c3f2691..0a355c4a40 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -2158,10 +2158,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             for ident in attrs.iter().take(n_attrs).skip(i + 1) {
                 let other = ident.as_str();
                 if attr == other {
-                    todo!();
-                    // return Err(self.compiler_error(
-                    //     &format!("attribute name repeated in class pattern: {}", attr),
-                    // ));
+                    return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::RepeatedAttributePattern));
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -2415,15 +2412,16 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
             } else {
                 let control_vec = control.as_ref().unwrap();
                 if nstores != control_vec.len() {
-                    todo!();
-                    // return self.compiler_error("alternative patterns bind different names");
+                    return Err(self.error(CodegenErrorType::ConflictingNameBindPattern));
                 } else if nstores > 0 {
                     // Check that the names occur in the same order.
                     for icontrol in (0..nstores).rev() {
                         let name = &control_vec[icontrol];
                         // Find the index of `name` in the current stores.
-                        let istores = pc.stores.iter().position(|n| n == name).unwrap();
-                        // .ok_or_else(|| self.compiler_error("alternative patterns bind different names"))?;
+                        let istores =
+                            pc.stores.iter().position(|n| n == name).ok_or_else(|| {
+                                self.error(CodegenErrorType::ConflictingNameBindPattern)
+                            })?;
                         if icontrol != istores {
                             // The orders differ; we must reorder.
                             assert!(istores < icontrol, "expected istores < icontrol");
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
index b1b4f9379f..4394b936d2 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ pub enum CodegenErrorType {
     ForbiddenName,
     DuplicateStore(String),
     UnreachablePattern(PatternUnreachableReason),
+    RepeatedAttributePattern,
+    ConflictingNameBindPattern,
     NotImplementedYet, // RustPython marker for unimplemented features
 }
 
@@ -119,6 +121,12 @@ impl fmt::Display for CodegenErrorType {
             UnreachablePattern(reason) => {
                 write!(f, "{reason} makes remaining patterns unreachable")
             }
+            RepeatedAttributePattern => {
+                write!(f, "attribute name repeated in class pattern")
+            }
+            ConflictingNameBindPattern => {
+                write!(f, "alternative patterns bind different names")
+            }
             NotImplementedYet => {
                 write!(f, "RustPython does not implement this feature yet")
             }

From 4d53f5925cea220701312a1851783abb992f8c45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 11:56:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 617/705] remove match test

---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs               |  33 ----
 ...python_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap | 160 ------------------
 2 files changed, 193 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 0a355c4a40..762585783c 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -4596,37 +4596,4 @@ for stop_exc in (StopIteration('spam'), StopAsyncIteration('ham')):
 "
         ));
     }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn test_match() {
-        assert_dis_snapshot!(compile_exec(
-            r#"\
-class Shape:
-    pass
-
-class Circle(Shape):
-    def __init__(self, radius):
-        self.radius = radius
-
-class Rectangle(Shape):
-    def __init__(self, width, height):
-        self.width = width
-        self.height = height
-
-def describe_shape(shape):
-    match shape:
-        case Circle(radius=r):
-            return f"A circle with radius {r}"
-        case Rectangle(width=w, height=h):
-            return f"A rectangle {w} by {h}"
-        case _:
-            return "Unknown shape"
-
-# Test it out
-shapes = [Circle(5), Rectangle(4, 6), "not a shape"]
-for s in shapes:
-    print(describe_shape(s))
-"#
-        ));
-    }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap b/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
deleted file mode 100644
index 379d42f18b..0000000000
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/snapshots/rustpython_codegen__compile__tests__match.snap
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
----
-source: compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
-expression: "compile_exec(r#\"\\\nclass Shape:\n    pass\n\nclass Circle(Shape):\n    def __init__(self, radius):\n        self.radius = radius\n\nclass Rectangle(Shape):\n    def __init__(self, width, height):\n        self.width = width\n        self.height = height\n\ndef describe_shape(shape):\n    match shape:\n        case Circle(radius=r):\n            return f\"A circle with radius {r}\"\n        case Rectangle(width=w, height=h):\n            return f\"A rectangle {w} by {h}\"\n        case _:\n            return \"Unknown shape\"\n\n# Test it out\nshapes = [Circle(5), Rectangle(4, 6), \"not a shape\"]\nfor s in shapes:\n    print(describe_shape(s))\n\"#)"
----
-  3           0 LoadBuildClass
-              1 LoadConst            (<code object Shape at ??? file "source_path", line 2>):  2               0 LoadGlobal           (0, __name__)
-                  1 StoreLocal           (1, __module__)
-                  2 LoadConst            ("Shape")
-                  3 StoreLocal           (2, __qualname__)
-                  4 LoadConst            (None)
-                  5 StoreLocal           (3, __doc__)
-
-  3               6 ReturnConst          (None)
-
-              2 LoadConst            ("Shape")
-              3 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
-              4 LoadConst            ("Shape")
-              5 CallFunctionPositional(2)
-              6 StoreLocal           (0, Shape)
-
-  7           7 LoadBuildClass
-              8 LoadConst            (<code object Circle at ??? file "source_path", line 5>):  5               0 LoadGlobal           (0, __name__)
-                  1 StoreLocal           (1, __module__)
-                  2 LoadConst            ("Circle")
-                  3 StoreLocal           (2, __qualname__)
-                  4 LoadConst            (None)
-                  5 StoreLocal           (3, __doc__)
-
-  7               6 LoadConst            (<code object __init__ at ??? file "source_path", line 6>):  7                   0 LoadFast             (1, radius)
-                      1 LoadFast             (0, self)
-                      2 StoreAttr            (0, radius)
-                      3 ReturnConst          (None)
-
-                  7 LoadConst            ("Circle.__init__")
-                  8 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
-                  9 StoreLocal           (4, __init__)
-                 10 ReturnConst          (None)
-
-              9 LoadConst            ("Circle")
-             10 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
-             11 LoadConst            ("Circle")
-
-  5          12 LoadNameAny          (0, Shape)
-             13 CallFunctionPositional(3)
-             14 StoreLocal           (1, Circle)
-
- 12          15 LoadBuildClass
-             16 LoadConst            (<code object Rectangle at ??? file "source_path", line 9>):  9               0 LoadGlobal           (0, __name__)
-                  1 StoreLocal           (1, __module__)
-                  2 LoadConst            ("Rectangle")
-                  3 StoreLocal           (2, __qualname__)
-                  4 LoadConst            (None)
-                  5 StoreLocal           (3, __doc__)
-
- 12               6 LoadConst            (<code object __init__ at ??? file "source_path", line 10>): 11                   0 LoadFast             (1, width)
-                      1 LoadFast             (0, self)
-                      2 StoreAttr            (0, width)
-
- 12                   3 LoadFast             (2, height)
-                      4 LoadFast             (0, self)
-                      5 StoreAttr            (1, height)
-                      6 ReturnConst          (None)
-
-                  7 LoadConst            ("Rectangle.__init__")
-                  8 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
-                  9 StoreLocal           (4, __init__)
-                 10 ReturnConst          (None)
-
-             17 LoadConst            ("Rectangle")
-             18 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
-             19 LoadConst            ("Rectangle")
-
-  9          20 LoadNameAny          (0, Shape)
-             21 CallFunctionPositional(3)
-             22 StoreLocal           (2, Rectangle)
-
- 21          23 LoadConst            (<code object describe_shape at ??? file "source_path", line 14>): 15               0 LoadFast             (0, shape)
-                  1 CopyItem             (1)
-
- 16               2 LoadGlobal           (0, Circle)
-                  3 LoadConst            (("radius"))
-                  4 MatchClass           (0)
-                  5 CopyItem             (1)
-                  6 LoadConst            (None)
-                  7 TestOperation        (IsNot)
-                  8 JumpIfFalse          (19)
-                  9 UnpackSequence       (1)
-                 10 Pop
-                 11 Pop
-
- 17              12 LoadConst            ("A circle with radius ")
-                 13 LoadConst            ("")
-                 14 LoadFast             (1, r)
-                 15 FormatValue          (None)
-                 16 BuildString          (2)
-                 17 ReturnValue
-                 18 Jump                 (47)
-            >>   19 Pop
-                 20 CopyItem             (1)
-
- 18              21 LoadGlobal           (1, Rectangle)
-                 22 LoadConst            (("width", "height"))
-                 23 MatchClass           (0)
-                 24 CopyItem             (1)
-                 25 LoadConst            (None)
-                 26 TestOperation        (IsNot)
-                 27 JumpIfFalse          (43)
-                 28 UnpackSequence       (2)
-                 29 Pop
-                 30 Pop
-                 31 Pop
-
- 19              32 LoadConst            ("A rectangle ")
-                 33 LoadConst            ("")
-                 34 LoadFast             (2, w)
-                 35 FormatValue          (None)
-                 36 LoadConst            (" by ")
-                 37 LoadConst            ("")
-                 38 LoadFast             (3, h)
-                 39 FormatValue          (None)
-                 40 BuildString          (4)
-                 41 ReturnValue
-                 42 Jump                 (47)
-            >>   43 Pop
-                 44 Pop
-
- 21              45 ReturnConst          ("Unknown shape")
-                 46 Jump                 (47)
-            >>   47 ReturnConst          (None)
-
-             24 LoadConst            ("describe_shape")
-             25 MakeFunction         (MakeFunctionFlags(0x0))
-             26 StoreLocal           (3, describe_shape)
-
- 24          27 LoadNameAny          (1, Circle)
-             28 LoadConst            (5)
-             29 CallFunctionPositional(1)
-             30 LoadNameAny          (2, Rectangle)
-             31 LoadConst            (4)
-             32 LoadConst            (6)
-             33 CallFunctionPositional(2)
-             34 LoadConst            ("not a shape")
-             35 BuildList            (3)
-             36 StoreLocal           (4, shapes)
-
- 25          37 SetupLoop
-             38 LoadNameAny          (4, shapes)
-             39 GetIter
-        >>   40 ForIter              (49)
-             41 StoreLocal           (5, s)
-
- 26          42 LoadNameAny          (6, print)
-             43 LoadNameAny          (3, describe_shape)
-             44 LoadNameAny          (5, s)
-             45 CallFunctionPositional(1)
-             46 CallFunctionPositional(1)
-             47 Pop
-             48 Jump                 (40)
-        >>   49 PopBlock
-             50 ReturnConst          (None)

From 213506d9aea0143e0da5c92b332fd5b20f729304 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 14:48:09 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 618/705] update part of test.support.__init__ to 3.13.2

---
 Lib/test/support/__init__.py | 143 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 93 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
index 1efe5bddb1..a05ef26631 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
@@ -74,13 +74,7 @@
 #
 # The timeout should be long enough for connect(), recv() and send() methods
 # of socket.socket.
-LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT = 5.0
-if sys.platform == 'win32' and ' 32 bit (ARM)' in sys.version:
-    # bpo-37553: test_socket.SendfileUsingSendTest is taking longer than 2
-    # seconds on Windows ARM32 buildbot
-    LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT = 10
-elif sys.platform == 'vxworks':
-    LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT = 10
+LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT = 10.0
 
 # Timeout in seconds for network requests going to the internet. The timeout is
 # short enough to prevent a test to wait for too long if the internet request
@@ -113,7 +107,6 @@
 STDLIB_DIR = os.path.dirname(TEST_HOME_DIR)
 REPO_ROOT = os.path.dirname(STDLIB_DIR)
 
-
 class Error(Exception):
     """Base class for regression test exceptions."""
 
@@ -259,22 +252,16 @@ class USEROBJECTFLAGS(ctypes.Structure):
         # process not running under the same user id as the current console
         # user.  To avoid that, raise an exception if the window manager
         # connection is not available.
-        from ctypes import cdll, c_int, pointer, Structure
-        from ctypes.util import find_library
-
-        app_services = cdll.LoadLibrary(find_library("ApplicationServices"))
-
-        if app_services.CGMainDisplayID() == 0:
-            reason = "gui tests cannot run without OS X window manager"
+        import subprocess
+        try:
+            rc = subprocess.run(["launchctl", "managername"],
+                                capture_output=True, check=True)
+            managername = rc.stdout.decode("utf-8").strip()
+        except subprocess.CalledProcessError:
+            reason = "unable to detect macOS launchd job manager"
         else:
-            class ProcessSerialNumber(Structure):
-                _fields_ = [("highLongOfPSN", c_int),
-                            ("lowLongOfPSN", c_int)]
-            psn = ProcessSerialNumber()
-            psn_p = pointer(psn)
-            if (  (app_services.GetCurrentProcess(psn_p) < 0) or
-                  (app_services.SetFrontProcess(psn_p) < 0) ):
-                reason = "cannot run without OS X gui process"
+            if managername != "Aqua":
+                reason = f"{managername=} -- can only run in a macOS GUI session"
 
     # check on every platform whether tkinter can actually do anything
     if not reason:
@@ -391,11 +378,12 @@ def wrapper(*args, **kw):
 
 def skip_if_buildbot(reason=None):
     """Decorator raising SkipTest if running on a buildbot."""
+    import getpass
     if not reason:
         reason = 'not suitable for buildbots'
     try:
         isbuildbot = getpass.getuser().lower() == 'buildbot'
-    except (KeyError, EnvironmentError) as err:
+    except (KeyError, OSError) as err:
         warnings.warn(f'getpass.getuser() failed {err}.', RuntimeWarning)
         isbuildbot = False
     return unittest.skipIf(isbuildbot, reason)
@@ -409,35 +397,48 @@ def check_sanitizer(*, address=False, memory=False, ub=False, thread=False):
     cflags = sysconfig.get_config_var('CFLAGS') or ''
     config_args = sysconfig.get_config_var('CONFIG_ARGS') or ''
     memory_sanitizer = (
-            '-fsanitize=memory' in cflags or
-            '--with-memory-sanitizer' in config_args
+        '-fsanitize=memory' in cflags or
+        '--with-memory-sanitizer' in config_args
     )
     address_sanitizer = (
-            '-fsanitize=address' in cflags or
-            '--with-address-sanitizer' in config_args
+        '-fsanitize=address' in cflags or
+        '--with-address-sanitizer' in config_args
     )
     ub_sanitizer = (
-            '-fsanitize=undefined' in cflags or
-            '--with-undefined-behavior-sanitizer' in config_args
+        '-fsanitize=undefined' in cflags or
+        '--with-undefined-behavior-sanitizer' in config_args
     )
     thread_sanitizer = (
-            '-fsanitize=thread' in cflags or
-            '--with-thread-sanitizer' in config_args
+        '-fsanitize=thread' in cflags or
+        '--with-thread-sanitizer' in config_args
     )
     return (
-            (memory and memory_sanitizer) or
-            (address and address_sanitizer) or
-            (ub and ub_sanitizer) or
-            (thread and thread_sanitizer)
+        (memory and memory_sanitizer) or
+        (address and address_sanitizer) or
+        (ub and ub_sanitizer) or
+        (thread and thread_sanitizer)
     )
 
+
 def skip_if_sanitizer(reason=None, *, address=False, memory=False, ub=False, thread=False):
     """Decorator raising SkipTest if running with a sanitizer active."""
     if not reason:
         reason = 'not working with sanitizers active'
-    skip = check_sanitizer(address=address, memory=memory, ub=ub)
+    skip = check_sanitizer(address=address, memory=memory, ub=ub, thread=thread)
     return unittest.skipIf(skip, reason)
 
+# gh-89363: True if fork() can hang if Python is built with Address Sanitizer
+# (ASAN): libasan race condition, dead lock in pthread_create().
+HAVE_ASAN_FORK_BUG = check_sanitizer(address=True)
+
+
+def set_sanitizer_env_var(env, option):
+    for name in ('ASAN_OPTIONS', 'MSAN_OPTIONS', 'UBSAN_OPTIONS', 'TSAN_OPTIONS'):
+        if name in env:
+            env[name] += f':{option}'
+        else:
+            env[name] = option
+
 
 def system_must_validate_cert(f):
     """Skip the test on TLS certificate validation failures."""
@@ -510,21 +511,42 @@ def has_no_debug_ranges():
 def requires_debug_ranges(reason='requires co_positions / debug_ranges'):
     return unittest.skipIf(has_no_debug_ranges(), reason)
 
-def requires_legacy_unicode_capi():
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def suppress_immortalization(suppress=True):
+    """Suppress immortalization of deferred objects."""
+    try:
+        import _testinternalcapi
+    except ImportError:
+        yield
+        return
+
+    if not suppress:
+        yield
+        return
+
+    _testinternalcapi.suppress_immortalization(True)
     try:
-        from _testcapi import unicode_legacy_string
+        yield
+    finally:
+        _testinternalcapi.suppress_immortalization(False)
+
+def skip_if_suppress_immortalization():
+    try:
+        import _testinternalcapi
     except ImportError:
-        unicode_legacy_string = None
+        return
+    return unittest.skipUnless(_testinternalcapi.get_immortalize_deferred(),
+                                "requires immortalization of deferred objects")
 
-    return unittest.skipUnless(unicode_legacy_string,
-                               'requires legacy Unicode C API')
+
+MS_WINDOWS = (sys.platform == 'win32')
 
 # Is not actually used in tests, but is kept for compatibility.
 is_jython = sys.platform.startswith('java')
 
-is_android = hasattr(sys, 'getandroidapilevel')
+is_android = sys.platform == "android"
 
-if sys.platform not in ('win32', 'vxworks'):
+if sys.platform not in {"win32", "vxworks", "ios", "tvos", "watchos"}:
     unix_shell = '/system/bin/sh' if is_android else '/bin/sh'
 else:
     unix_shell = None
@@ -534,23 +556,44 @@ def requires_legacy_unicode_capi():
 is_emscripten = sys.platform == "emscripten"
 is_wasi = sys.platform == "wasi"
 
-has_fork_support = hasattr(os, "fork") and not is_emscripten and not is_wasi
+is_apple_mobile = sys.platform in {"ios", "tvos", "watchos"}
+is_apple = is_apple_mobile or sys.platform == "darwin"
+
+has_fork_support = hasattr(os, "fork") and not (
+    # WASM and Apple mobile platforms do not support subprocesses.
+    is_emscripten
+    or is_wasi
+    or is_apple_mobile
 
-# From python 3.12.6
-is_s390x = hasattr(os, 'uname') and os.uname().machine == 's390x'
-skip_on_s390x = unittest.skipIf(is_s390x, 'skipped on s390x')
+    # Although Android supports fork, it's unsafe to call it from Python because
+    # all Android apps are multi-threaded.
+    or is_android
+)
 
 def requires_fork():
     return unittest.skipUnless(has_fork_support, "requires working os.fork()")
 
-has_subprocess_support = not is_emscripten and not is_wasi
+has_subprocess_support = not (
+    # WASM and Apple mobile platforms do not support subprocesses.
+    is_emscripten
+    or is_wasi
+    or is_apple_mobile
+
+    # Although Android supports subproceses, they're almost never useful in
+    # practice (see PEP 738). And most of the tests that use them are calling
+    # sys.executable, which won't work when Python is embedded in an Android app.
+    or is_android
+)
 
 def requires_subprocess():
     """Used for subprocess, os.spawn calls, fd inheritance"""
     return unittest.skipUnless(has_subprocess_support, "requires subprocess support")
 
 # Emscripten's socket emulation and WASI sockets have limitations.
-has_socket_support = not is_emscripten and not is_wasi
+has_socket_support = not (
+    is_emscripten
+    or is_wasi
+)
 
 def requires_working_socket(*, module=False):
     """Skip tests or modules that require working sockets

From 844090b0b8413d25d94a80be0c683e23d347f33a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 14:48:20 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 619/705] update test_struct to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/test/test_struct.py | 85 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 83 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_struct.py b/Lib/test/test_struct.py
index 6cb7b610e5..bc801a08d6 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_struct.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_struct.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 import weakref
 
 from test import support
-from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support import import_helper, suppress_immortalization
 from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok
 
 ISBIGENDIAN = sys.byteorder == "big"
@@ -96,6 +96,13 @@ def test_new_features(self):
             ('10s', b'helloworld', b'helloworld', b'helloworld', 0),
             ('11s', b'helloworld', b'helloworld\0', b'helloworld\0', 1),
             ('20s', b'helloworld', b'helloworld'+10*b'\0', b'helloworld'+10*b'\0', 1),
+            ('0p', b'helloworld', b'', b'', 1),
+            ('1p', b'helloworld', b'\x00', b'\x00', 1),
+            ('2p', b'helloworld', b'\x01h', b'\x01h', 1),
+            ('10p', b'helloworld', b'\x09helloworl', b'\x09helloworl', 1),
+            ('11p', b'helloworld', b'\x0Ahelloworld', b'\x0Ahelloworld', 0),
+            ('12p', b'helloworld', b'\x0Ahelloworld\0', b'\x0Ahelloworld\0', 1),
+            ('20p', b'helloworld', b'\x0Ahelloworld'+9*b'\0', b'\x0Ahelloworld'+9*b'\0', 1),
             ('b', 7, b'\7', b'\7', 0),
             ('b', -7, b'\371', b'\371', 0),
             ('B', 7, b'\7', b'\7', 0),
@@ -339,6 +346,7 @@ def assertStructError(func, *args, **kwargs):
     def test_p_code(self):
         # Test p ("Pascal string") code.
         for code, input, expected, expectedback in [
+                ('0p', b'abc', b'',                b''),
                 ('p',  b'abc', b'\x00',            b''),
                 ('1p', b'abc', b'\x00',            b''),
                 ('2p', b'abc', b'\x01a',           b'a'),
@@ -523,6 +531,9 @@ def __bool__(self):
 
         for c in [b'\x01', b'\x7f', b'\xff', b'\x0f', b'\xf0']:
             self.assertTrue(struct.unpack('>?', c)[0])
+            self.assertTrue(struct.unpack('<?', c)[0])
+            self.assertTrue(struct.unpack('=?', c)[0])
+            self.assertTrue(struct.unpack('@?', c)[0])
 
     def test_count_overflow(self):
         hugecount = '{}b'.format(sys.maxsize+1)
@@ -582,6 +593,7 @@ def test__sizeof__(self):
         self.check_sizeof('187s', 1)
         self.check_sizeof('20p', 1)
         self.check_sizeof('0s', 1)
+        self.check_sizeof('0p', 1)
         self.check_sizeof('0c', 0)
 
     def test_boundary_error_message(self):
@@ -678,6 +690,7 @@ def __del__(self):
         self.assertIn(b"Exception ignored in:", stderr)
         self.assertIn(b"C.__del__", stderr)
 
+    @suppress_immortalization()
     def test__struct_reference_cycle_cleaned_up(self):
         # Regression test for python/cpython#94207.
 
@@ -714,6 +727,74 @@ def test_issue35714(self):
                                         'embedded null character'):
                 struct.calcsize(s)
 
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_issue98248(self):
+        def test_error_msg(prefix, int_type, is_unsigned):
+            fmt_str = prefix + int_type
+            size = struct.calcsize(fmt_str)
+            if is_unsigned:
+                max_ = 2 ** (size * 8) - 1
+                min_ = 0
+            else:
+                max_ = 2 ** (size * 8 - 1) - 1
+                min_ = -2 ** (size * 8 - 1)
+            error_msg = f"'{int_type}' format requires {min_} <= number <= {max_}"
+            for number in [int(-1e50), min_ - 1, max_ + 1, int(1e50)]:
+                with self.subTest(format_str=fmt_str, number=number):
+                    with self.assertRaisesRegex(struct.error, error_msg):
+                        struct.pack(fmt_str, number)
+            error_msg = "required argument is not an integer"
+            not_number = ""
+            with self.subTest(format_str=fmt_str, number=not_number):
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(struct.error, error_msg):
+                    struct.pack(fmt_str, not_number)
+
+        for prefix in '@=<>':
+            for int_type in 'BHILQ':
+                test_error_msg(prefix, int_type, True)
+            for int_type in 'bhilq':
+                test_error_msg(prefix, int_type, False)
+
+        int_type = 'N'
+        test_error_msg('@', int_type, True)
+
+        int_type = 'n'
+        test_error_msg('@', int_type, False)
+
+    @support.cpython_only
+    def test_issue98248_error_propagation(self):
+        class Div0:
+            def __index__(self):
+                1 / 0
+
+        def test_error_propagation(fmt_str):
+            with self.subTest(format_str=fmt_str, exception="ZeroDivisionError"):
+                with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
+                    struct.pack(fmt_str, Div0())
+
+        for prefix in '@=<>':
+            for int_type in 'BHILQbhilq':
+                test_error_propagation(prefix + int_type)
+
+        test_error_propagation('N')
+        test_error_propagation('n')
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_struct_subclass_instantiation(self):
+        # Regression test for https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/112358
+        class MyStruct(struct.Struct):
+            def __init__(self):
+                super().__init__('>h')
+
+        my_struct = MyStruct()
+        self.assertEqual(my_struct.pack(12345), b'\x30\x39')
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_repr(self):
+        s = struct.Struct('=i2H')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(s), f'Struct({s.format!r})')
 
 class UnpackIteratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
     """
@@ -895,4 +976,4 @@ def test_half_float(self):
 
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
-    unittest.main()
+    unittest.main()
\ No newline at end of file

From 4336b9e787cc88c48d79e1714c706e75d86aa450 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 15:55:09 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 620/705] fix test_decimal

---
 Lib/test/test_decimal.py | 75 ++--------------------------------------
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_decimal.py b/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
index 04f4fc4a01..0493d6a41d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_decimal.py
@@ -34,10 +34,10 @@
 import locale
 from test.support import (is_resource_enabled,
                           requires_IEEE_754, requires_docstrings,
-                          requires_legacy_unicode_capi, check_sanitizer)
+                          check_disallow_instantiation)
 from test.support import (TestFailed,
                           run_with_locale, cpython_only,
-                          darwin_malloc_err_warning, is_emscripten)
+                          darwin_malloc_err_warning)
 from test.support.import_helper import import_fresh_module
 from test.support import threading_helper
 from test.support import warnings_helper
@@ -586,18 +586,6 @@ def test_explicit_from_string(self):
             # underscores don't prevent errors
             self.assertRaises(InvalidOperation, Decimal, "1_2_\u00003")
 
-    @cpython_only
-    @requires_legacy_unicode_capi()
-    @warnings_helper.ignore_warnings(category=DeprecationWarning)
-    def test_from_legacy_strings(self):
-        import _testcapi
-        Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
-        context = self.decimal.Context()
-
-        s = _testcapi.unicode_legacy_string('9.999999')
-        self.assertEqual(str(Decimal(s)), '9.999999')
-        self.assertEqual(str(context.create_decimal(s)), '9.999999')
-
     def test_explicit_from_tuples(self):
         Decimal = self.decimal.Decimal
 
@@ -2928,23 +2916,6 @@ def test_none_args(self):
             assert_signals(self, c, 'traps', [InvalidOperation, DivisionByZero,
                                               Overflow])
 
-    @cpython_only
-    @requires_legacy_unicode_capi()
-    @warnings_helper.ignore_warnings(category=DeprecationWarning)
-    def test_from_legacy_strings(self):
-        import _testcapi
-        c = self.decimal.Context()
-
-        for rnd in RoundingModes:
-            c.rounding = _testcapi.unicode_legacy_string(rnd)
-            self.assertEqual(c.rounding, rnd)
-
-        s = _testcapi.unicode_legacy_string('')
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'rounding', s)
-
-        s = _testcapi.unicode_legacy_string('ROUND_\x00UP')
-        self.assertRaises(TypeError, setattr, c, 'rounding', s)
-
     def test_pickle(self):
 
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
@@ -5654,48 +5625,6 @@ def __abs__(self):
             self.assertEqual(Decimal.from_float(cls(101.1)),
                              Decimal.from_float(101.1))
 
-    # Issue 41540:
-    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith("aix"),
-                     "AIX: default ulimit: test is flaky because of extreme over-allocation")
-    @unittest.skipIf(is_emscripten, "Test is unstable on Emscripten")
-    @unittest.skipIf(check_sanitizer(address=True, memory=True),
-                     "ASAN/MSAN sanitizer defaults to crashing "
-                     "instead of returning NULL for malloc failure.")
-    def test_maxcontext_exact_arith(self):
-
-        # Make sure that exact operations do not raise MemoryError due
-        # to huge intermediate values when the context precision is very
-        # large.
-
-        # The following functions fill the available precision and are
-        # therefore not suitable for large precisions (by design of the
-        # specification).
-        MaxContextSkip = ['logical_invert', 'next_minus', 'next_plus',
-                          'logical_and', 'logical_or', 'logical_xor',
-                          'next_toward', 'rotate', 'shift']
-
-        Decimal = C.Decimal
-        Context = C.Context
-        localcontext = C.localcontext
-
-        # Here only some functions that are likely candidates for triggering a
-        # MemoryError are tested.  deccheck.py has an exhaustive test.
-        maxcontext = Context(prec=C.MAX_PREC, Emin=C.MIN_EMIN, Emax=C.MAX_EMAX)
-        with localcontext(maxcontext):
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(0).exp(), 1)
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(1).ln(), 0)
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(1).log10(), 0)
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(10**2).log10(), 2)
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(10**223).log10(), 223)
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(10**19).logb(), 19)
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(4).sqrt(), 2)
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal("40E9").sqrt(), Decimal('2.0E+5'))
-            self.assertEqual(divmod(Decimal(10), 3), (3, 1))
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(10) // 3, 3)
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(4) / 2, 2)
-            self.assertEqual(Decimal(400) ** -1, Decimal('0.0025'))
-
-
     def test_c_signaldict_segfault(self):
         # See gh-106263 for details.
         SignalDict = type(C.Context().flags)

From a0226df16628bf801c6058de013bb43142d108cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 16:11:32 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 621/705] fix test_csv

---
 Lib/test/test_csv.py | 12 ------------
 1 file changed, 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_csv.py b/Lib/test/test_csv.py
index 2646be086c..9a1743da6d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_csv.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_csv.py
@@ -291,18 +291,6 @@ def test_writerows_errors(self):
             self.assertRaises(TypeError, writer.writerows, None)
             self.assertRaises(OSError, writer.writerows, BadIterable())
 
-    @support.cpython_only
-    @support.requires_legacy_unicode_capi()
-    @warnings_helper.ignore_warnings(category=DeprecationWarning)
-    def test_writerows_legacy_strings(self):
-        import _testcapi
-        c = _testcapi.unicode_legacy_string('a')
-        with TemporaryFile("w+", encoding="utf-8", newline='') as fileobj:
-            writer = csv.writer(fileobj)
-            writer.writerows([[c]])
-            fileobj.seek(0)
-            self.assertEqual(fileobj.read(), "a\r\n")
-
     def _read_test(self, input, expect, **kwargs):
         reader = csv.reader(input, **kwargs)
         result = list(reader)

From 3a1a5d3cd02ed6c10f00e6c4f4d84524c955ff31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 16:12:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 622/705] fix test_unicode

---
 Lib/test/test_unicode.py | 30 ------------------------------
 1 file changed, 30 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_unicode.py b/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
index 4da63c54d4..0eeb1ae936 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_unicode.py
@@ -818,16 +818,6 @@ def test_isidentifier(self):
         self.assertFalse("©".isidentifier())
         self.assertFalse("0".isidentifier())
 
-    @support.cpython_only
-    @support.requires_legacy_unicode_capi()
-    @unittest.skipIf(_testcapi is None, 'need _testcapi module')
-    def test_isidentifier_legacy(self):
-        u = '𝖀𝖓𝖎𝖈𝖔𝖉𝖊'
-        self.assertTrue(u.isidentifier())
-        with warnings_helper.check_warnings():
-            warnings.simplefilter('ignore', DeprecationWarning)
-            self.assertTrue(_testcapi.unicode_legacy_string(u).isidentifier())
-
     def test_isprintable(self):
         self.assertTrue("".isprintable())
         self.assertTrue(" ".isprintable())
@@ -2522,26 +2512,6 @@ def test_getnewargs(self):
         self.assertEqual(args[0], text)
         self.assertEqual(len(args), 1)
 
-    @support.cpython_only
-    @support.requires_legacy_unicode_capi()
-    @unittest.skipIf(_testcapi is None, 'need _testcapi module')
-    def test_resize(self):
-        for length in range(1, 100, 7):
-            # generate a fresh string (refcount=1)
-            text = 'a' * length + 'b'
-
-            # fill wstr internal field
-            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-                abc = _testcapi.getargs_u(text)
-            self.assertEqual(abc, text)
-
-            # resize text: wstr field must be cleared and then recomputed
-            text += 'c'
-            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
-                abcdef = _testcapi.getargs_u(text)
-            self.assertNotEqual(abc, abcdef)
-            self.assertEqual(abcdef, text)
-
     def test_compare(self):
         # Issue #17615
         N = 10

From 662d3a1b4ad0e6a33f8cc52be9e8a420ae1b778f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 15 Apr 2025 16:16:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 623/705] fix test_zlib

---
 Lib/test/support/__init__.py | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
index a05ef26631..106265ab2f 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
@@ -2594,7 +2594,8 @@ def adjust_int_max_str_digits(max_digits):
 # The default C recursion limit (from Include/cpython/pystate.h).
 C_RECURSION_LIMIT = 1500
 
-#Windows doesn't have os.uname() but it doesn't support s390x.
+# Windows doesn't have os.uname() but it doesn't support s390x.
+is_s390x = hasattr(os, 'uname') and os.uname().machine == 's390x'
 skip_on_s390x = unittest.skipIf(hasattr(os, 'uname') and os.uname().machine == 's390x',
                                 'skipped on s390x')
 HAVE_ASAN_FORK_BUG = check_sanitizer(address=True)

From 99a384a3c7f4f580eef406d0cdca16fe3ff6b7ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Apr 2025 13:35:30 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 624/705] Upgrade radium

---
 Cargo.lock        | 7 +++++--
 common/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 9ffadb13f6..95e1c19256 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1986,9 +1986,12 @@ checksum = "74765f6d916ee2faa39bc8e68e4f3ed8949b48cccdac59983d287a7cb71ce9c5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "radium"
-version = "0.7.0"
+version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dc33ff2d4973d518d823d61aa239014831e521c75da58e3df4840d3f47749d09"
+checksum = "db0b76288902db304c864a12046b73d2d895cc34a4bb8137baaeebe9978a072c"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "radix_trie"
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 299c2875b2..87e1ee118d 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ parking_lot = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
 
 lock_api = "0.4"
-radium = "0.7"
+radium = "1.1"
 siphasher = "1"
 volatile = "0.3"
 

From 2e260761ae9cc6e3d1bd6c2ec3336cf1e2505c26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Apr 2025 13:43:58 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 625/705] Upgrade criterion

---
 Cargo.lock | 155 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------------
 Cargo.toml |   2 +-
 2 files changed, 79 insertions(+), 78 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 95e1c19256..d66e1bb33b 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -57,6 +57,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "anes"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4b46cbb362ab8752921c97e041f5e366ee6297bd428a31275b9fcf1e380f7299"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "anstream"
 version = "0.6.18"
@@ -143,17 +149,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "atty"
-version = "0.2.14"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d9b39be18770d11421cdb1b9947a45dd3f37e93092cbf377614828a319d5fee8"
-dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi 0.1.19",
- "libc",
- "winapi",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "autocfg"
 version = "1.4.0"
@@ -330,6 +325,33 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-link",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "42e69ffd6f0917f5c029256a24d0161db17cea3997d185db0d35926308770f0e"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "ciborium-ll",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-io"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "05afea1e0a06c9be33d539b876f1ce3692f4afea2cb41f740e7743225ed1c757"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-ll"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "57663b653d948a338bfb3eeba9bb2fd5fcfaecb9e199e87e1eda4d9e8b240fd9"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "half",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clang-sys"
 version = "1.8.1"
@@ -343,15 +365,29 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "2.34.0"
+version = "4.5.36"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a0610544180c38b88101fecf2dd634b174a62eef6946f84dfc6a7127512b381c"
+checksum = "2df961d8c8a0d08aa9945718ccf584145eee3f3aa06cddbeac12933781102e04"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
- "textwrap 0.11.0",
- "unicode-width 0.1.14",
+ "clap_builder",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_builder"
+version = "4.5.36"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "132dbda40fb6753878316a489d5a1242a8ef2f0d9e47ba01c951ea8aa7d013a5"
+dependencies = [
+ "anstyle",
+ "clap_lex",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_lex"
+version = "0.7.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f46ad14479a25103f283c0f10005961cf086d8dc42205bb44c46ac563475dca6"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "clipboard-win"
 version = "5.4.0"
@@ -599,24 +635,24 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion"
-version = "0.3.6"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b01d6de93b2b6c65e17c634a26653a29d107b3c98c607c765bf38d041531cd8f"
+checksum = "f2b12d017a929603d80db1831cd3a24082f8137ce19c69e6447f54f5fc8d692f"
 dependencies = [
- "atty",
+ "anes",
  "cast",
+ "ciborium",
  "clap",
  "criterion-plot",
- "csv",
+ "is-terminal",
  "itertools 0.10.5",
- "lazy_static 1.5.0",
  "num-traits",
+ "once_cell",
  "oorandom",
  "plotters",
  "rayon",
  "regex",
  "serde",
- "serde_cbor",
  "serde_derive",
  "serde_json",
  "tinytemplate",
@@ -625,9 +661,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "criterion-plot"
-version = "0.4.5"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2673cc8207403546f45f5fd319a974b1e6983ad1a3ee7e6041650013be041876"
+checksum = "6b50826342786a51a89e2da3a28f1c32b06e387201bc2d19791f622c673706b1"
 dependencies = [
  "cast",
  "itertools 0.10.5",
@@ -674,18 +710,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "typenum",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "csv"
-version = "1.3.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "acdc4883a9c96732e4733212c01447ebd805833b7275a73ca3ee080fd77afdaf"
-dependencies = [
- "csv-core",
- "itoa",
- "ryu",
- "serde",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "csv-core"
 version = "0.1.12"
@@ -858,7 +882,7 @@ version = "0.2.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1fc2706461e1ee94f55cab2ed2e3d34ae9536cfa830358ef80acff1a3dacab30"
 dependencies = [
- "lazy_static 0.2.11",
+ "lazy_static",
  "serde",
  "serde_derive",
  "serde_json",
@@ -999,12 +1023,6 @@ version = "0.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "a8d1add55171497b4705a648c6b583acafb01d58050a51727785f0b2c8e0a2b2"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "half"
-version = "1.8.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1b43ede17f21864e81be2fa654110bf1e793774238d86ef8555c37e6519c0403"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "half"
 version = "2.5.0"
@@ -1032,18 +1050,15 @@ checksum = "2304e00983f87ffb38b55b444b5e3b60a884b5d30c0fca7d82fe33449bbe55ea"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
-version = "0.1.19"
+version = "0.3.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62b467343b94ba476dcb2500d242dadbb39557df889310ac77c5d99100aaac33"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
-]
+checksum = "d231dfb89cfffdbc30e7fc41579ed6066ad03abda9e567ccafae602b97ec5024"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
-version = "0.3.9"
+version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d231dfb89cfffdbc30e7fc41579ed6066ad03abda9e567ccafae602b97ec5024"
+checksum = "fbd780fe5cc30f81464441920d82ac8740e2e46b29a6fad543ddd075229ce37e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hex"
@@ -1131,6 +1146,17 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "is-terminal"
+version = "0.4.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e04d7f318608d35d4b61ddd75cbdaee86b023ebe2bd5a66ee0915f0bf93095a9"
+dependencies = [
+ "hermit-abi 0.5.0",
+ "libc",
+ "windows-sys 0.59.0",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "is_terminal_polyfill"
 version = "1.70.1"
@@ -1248,12 +1274,6 @@ version = "0.2.11"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "76f033c7ad61445c5b347c7382dd1237847eb1bce590fe50365dcb33d546be73"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lazy_static"
-version = "1.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lexical-parse-float"
 version = "1.0.5"
@@ -2414,7 +2434,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-doc",
  "syn 2.0.100",
  "syn-ext",
- "textwrap 0.16.2",
+ "textwrap",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2565,7 +2585,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "flamer",
  "getrandom 0.3.2",
  "glob",
- "half 2.5.0",
+ "half",
  "hex",
  "indexmap",
  "is-macro",
@@ -2734,16 +2754,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "serde_cbor"
-version = "0.11.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2bef2ebfde456fb76bbcf9f59315333decc4fda0b2b44b420243c11e0f5ec1f5"
-dependencies = [
- "half 1.8.3",
- "serde",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "serde_derive"
 version = "1.0.219"
@@ -2948,15 +2958,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "textwrap"
-version = "0.11.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d326610f408c7a4eb6f51c37c330e496b08506c9457c9d34287ecc38809fb060"
-dependencies = [
- "unicode-width 0.1.14",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "textwrap"
 version = "0.16.2"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 74fdf7464e..fe444b1963 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ bitflags = "2.4.2"
 bstr = "1"
 cfg-if = "1.0"
 chrono = "0.4.39"
-criterion = { version = "0.3.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
+criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
 crossbeam-utils = "0.8.21"
 flame = "0.2.2"
 getrandom = { version = "0.3", features = ["std"] }

From 7eb361c92fabd1e2a5c5405c0d551cd9eca676ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Apr 2025 13:48:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 626/705] Upgrade which and rustix

---
 Cargo.lock           | 43 +++++++++++++++----------------------------
 Cargo.toml           |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/select.rs | 26 +++++++++++++++-----------
 vm/Cargo.toml        |  2 +-
 4 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index d66e1bb33b..ccd224f4f7 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -818,6 +818,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "env_home"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c7f84e12ccf0a7ddc17a6c41c93326024c42920d7ee630d04950e6926645c0fe"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "env_logger"
 version = "0.11.8"
@@ -872,7 +878,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0ce92ff622d6dadf7349484f42c93271a0d49b7cc4d466a936405bacbe10aa78"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "rustix 1.0.5",
+ "rustix",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -966,7 +972,7 @@ version = "1.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ed7131e57abbde63513e0e6636f76668a1ca9798dcae2df4e283cae9ee83859e"
 dependencies = [
- "rustix 1.0.5",
+ "rustix",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
 
@@ -1396,12 +1402,6 @@ version = "0.5.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0717cef1bc8b636c6e1c1bbdefc09e6322da8a9321966e8928ef80d20f7f770f"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.4.15"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d26c52dbd32dccf2d10cac7725f8eae5296885fb5703b261f7d0a0739ec807ab"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
 version = "0.9.3"
@@ -2272,19 +2272,6 @@ version = "2.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "357703d41365b4b27c590e3ed91eabb1b663f07c4c084095e60cbed4362dff0d"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "rustix"
-version = "0.38.44"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fdb5bc1ae2baa591800df16c9ca78619bf65c0488b41b96ccec5d11220d8c154"
-dependencies = [
- "bitflags 2.9.0",
- "errno",
- "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys 0.4.15",
- "windows-sys 0.59.0",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
 version = "1.0.5"
@@ -2294,7 +2281,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "errno",
  "libc",
- "linux-raw-sys 0.9.3",
+ "linux-raw-sys",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
@@ -2539,7 +2526,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "paste",
  "puruspe",
  "rand_core 0.9.3",
- "rustix 0.38.44",
+ "rustix",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-derive",
  "rustpython-vm",
@@ -2613,7 +2600,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
  "ruff_text_size",
- "rustix 0.38.44",
+ "rustix",
  "rustpython-codegen",
  "rustpython-common",
  "rustpython-compiler",
@@ -3427,13 +3414,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "which"
-version = "6.0.3"
+version = "7.0.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b4ee928febd44d98f2f459a4a79bd4d928591333a494a10a868418ac1b39cf1f"
+checksum = "24d643ce3fd3e5b54854602a080f34fb10ab75e0b813ee32d00ca2b44fa74762"
 dependencies = [
  "either",
- "home",
- "rustix 0.38.44",
+ "env_home",
+ "rustix",
  "winsafe",
 ]
 
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index fe444b1963..621c255175 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ proc-macro2 = "1.0.93"
 quote = "1.0.38"
 rand = "0.9"
 rand_core = { version = "0.9", features = ["os_rng"] }
-rustix = { version = "0.38", features = ["event"] }
+rustix = { version = "1.0", features = ["event"] }
 rustyline = "15.0.0"
 serde = { version = "1.0.133", default-features = false }
 schannel = "0.1.27"
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index f89a6c4f03..f600d60ede 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@ mod decl {
         use rustix::event::epoll::{self, EventData, EventFlags};
         use std::ops::Deref;
         use std::os::fd::{AsRawFd, IntoRawFd, OwnedFd};
-        use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+        use std::time::Instant;
 
         #[pyclass(module = "select", name = "epoll")]
         #[derive(Debug, rustpython_vm::PyPayload)]
@@ -636,12 +636,11 @@ mod decl {
                 let poll::TimeoutArg(timeout) = args.timeout;
                 let maxevents = args.maxevents;
 
-                let make_poll_timeout = |d: Duration| i32::try_from(d.as_millis());
-                let mut poll_timeout = match timeout {
-                    Some(d) => make_poll_timeout(d)
-                        .map_err(|_| vm.new_overflow_error("timeout is too large".to_owned()))?,
-                    None => -1,
-                };
+                let mut poll_timeout =
+                    timeout
+                        .map(rustix::event::Timespec::try_from)
+                        .transpose()
+                        .map_err(|_| vm.new_overflow_error("timeout is too large".to_owned()))?;
 
                 let deadline = timeout.map(|d| Instant::now() + d);
                 let maxevents = match maxevents {
@@ -654,19 +653,24 @@ mod decl {
                     _ => maxevents as usize,
                 };
 
-                let mut events = epoll::EventVec::with_capacity(maxevents);
+                let mut events = Vec::<epoll::Event>::with_capacity(maxevents);
 
                 let epoll = &*self.get_epoll(vm)?;
 
                 loop {
-                    match epoll::wait(epoll, &mut events, poll_timeout) {
-                        Ok(()) => break,
+                    events.clear();
+                    match epoll::wait(
+                        epoll,
+                        rustix::buffer::spare_capacity(&mut events),
+                        poll_timeout.as_ref(),
+                    ) {
+                        Ok(_) => break,
                         Err(rustix::io::Errno::INTR) => vm.check_signals()?,
                         Err(e) => return Err(e.into_pyexception(vm)),
                     }
                     if let Some(deadline) = deadline {
                         if let Some(new_timeout) = deadline.checked_duration_since(Instant::now()) {
-                            poll_timeout = make_poll_timeout(new_timeout).unwrap();
+                            poll_timeout = Some(new_timeout.try_into().unwrap());
                         } else {
                             break;
                         }
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 125c263da9..1fdd700b75 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ uname = "0.1.1"
 
 [target.'cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))'.dependencies]
 rustyline = { workspace = true }
-which = "6"
+which = "7"
 errno = "0.3"
 widestring = { workspace = true }
 

From 2e14b7b5e8c9e4a16bd9e2a60356927e709d6d2b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Apr 2025 13:52:23 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 627/705] Upgrade system-configuration and libz-rs-sys

---
 Cargo.lock        | 31 ++++++++-----------------------
 stdlib/Cargo.toml |  4 ++--
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ccd224f4f7..941b1f97fe 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -925,7 +925,7 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "7ced92e76e966ca2fd84c8f7aa01a4aea65b0eb6648d72f7c8f3e2764a67fece"
 dependencies = [
  "crc32fast",
- "libz-rs-sys 0.5.0",
+ "libz-rs-sys",
  "miniz_oxide",
 ]
 
@@ -1378,22 +1378,13 @@ dependencies = [
  "vcpkg",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "libz-rs-sys"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "902bc563b5d65ad9bba616b490842ef0651066a1a1dc3ce1087113ffcb873c8d"
-dependencies = [
- "zlib-rs 0.4.2",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "libz-rs-sys"
 version = "0.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "6489ca9bd760fe9642d7644e827b0c9add07df89857b0416ee15c1cc1a3b8c5a"
 dependencies = [
- "zlib-rs 0.5.0",
+ "zlib-rs",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2506,7 +2497,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "junction",
  "libc",
  "libsqlite3-sys",
- "libz-rs-sys 0.4.2",
+ "libz-rs-sys",
  "mac_address",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "md-5",
@@ -2902,20 +2893,20 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "system-configuration"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ba3a3adc5c275d719af8cb4272ea1c4a6d668a777f37e115f6d11ddbc1c8e0e7"
+checksum = "3c879d448e9d986b661742763247d3693ed13609438cf3d006f51f5368a5ba6b"
 dependencies = [
- "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "core-foundation",
  "system-configuration-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "system-configuration-sys"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a75fb188eb626b924683e3b95e3a48e63551fcfb51949de2f06a9d91dbee93c9"
+checksum = "8e1d1b10ced5ca923a1fcb8d03e96b8d3268065d724548c0211415ff6ac6bac4"
 dependencies = [
  "core-foundation-sys",
  "libc",
@@ -3758,12 +3749,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "syn 2.0.100",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "zlib-rs"
-version = "0.4.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8b20717f0917c908dc63de2e44e97f1e6b126ca58d0e391cee86d504eb8fbd05"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "zlib-rs"
 version = "0.5.0"
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index d4b99ebc92..eb6b9fe4dd 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ ucd = "0.1.1"
 adler32 = "1.2.0"
 crc32fast = "1.3.2"
 flate2 = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, features = ["zlib-rs"] }
-libz-sys = { package = "libz-rs-sys", version = "0.4" }
+libz-sys = { package = "libz-rs-sys", version = "0.5" }
 bzip2 = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 
 # tkinter
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ features = [
 ]
 
 [target.'cfg(target_os = "macos")'.dependencies]
-system-configuration = "0.5.1"
+system-configuration = "0.6.1"
 
 [lints]
 workspace = true

From 55998c9e3b53407461cfbae87b31a7f43c6e0b0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 04:01:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 628/705] Merge pull request #5701 from arihant2math/more-tests

Add more independent tests at 3.13.3
---
 Lib/test/test___all__.py |  54 ++---
 Lib/test/test_android.py | 448 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 476 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_android.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/test___all__.py b/Lib/test/test___all__.py
index a620dd5b4c..7b5356ea02 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test___all__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test___all__.py
@@ -5,17 +5,21 @@
 import sys
 import types
 
-try:
-    import _multiprocessing
-except ModuleNotFoundError:
-    _multiprocessing = None
-
 
 if support.check_sanitizer(address=True, memory=True):
-    # bpo-46633: test___all__ is skipped because importing some modules
-    # directly can trigger known problems with ASAN (like tk or crypt).
-    raise unittest.SkipTest("workaround ASAN build issues on loading tests "
-                            "like tk or crypt")
+    SKIP_MODULES = frozenset((
+        # gh-90791: Tests involving libX11 can SEGFAULT on ASAN/MSAN builds.
+        # Skip modules, packages and tests using '_tkinter'.
+        '_tkinter',
+        'tkinter',
+        'test_tkinter',
+        'test_ttk',
+        'test_ttk_textonly',
+        'idlelib',
+        'test_idle',
+    ))
+else:
+    SKIP_MODULES = ()
 
 
 class NoAll(RuntimeError):
@@ -27,17 +31,6 @@ class FailedImport(RuntimeError):
 
 class AllTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
-    def setUp(self):
-        # concurrent.futures uses a __getattr__ hook. Its __all__ triggers
-        # import of a submodule, which fails when _multiprocessing is not
-        # available.
-        if _multiprocessing is None:
-            sys.modules["_multiprocessing"] = types.ModuleType("_multiprocessing")
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        if _multiprocessing is None:
-            sys.modules.pop("_multiprocessing")
-
     def check_all(self, modname):
         names = {}
         with warnings_helper.check_warnings(
@@ -83,16 +76,24 @@ def walk_modules(self, basedir, modpath):
         for fn in sorted(os.listdir(basedir)):
             path = os.path.join(basedir, fn)
             if os.path.isdir(path):
+                if fn in SKIP_MODULES:
+                    continue
                 pkg_init = os.path.join(path, '__init__.py')
                 if os.path.exists(pkg_init):
                     yield pkg_init, modpath + fn
                     for p, m in self.walk_modules(path, modpath + fn + "."):
                         yield p, m
                 continue
-            if not fn.endswith('.py') or fn == '__init__.py':
+
+            if fn == '__init__.py':
                 continue
-            yield path, modpath + fn[:-3]
-            
+            if not fn.endswith('.py'):
+                continue
+            modname = fn.removesuffix('.py')
+            if modname in SKIP_MODULES:
+                continue
+            yield path, modpath + modname
+
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_all(self):
@@ -103,7 +104,8 @@ def test_all(self):
         ])
 
         # In case _socket fails to build, make this test fail more gracefully
-        # than an AttributeError somewhere deep in CGIHTTPServer.
+        # than an AttributeError somewhere deep in concurrent.futures, email
+        # or unittest.
         import _socket
 
         ignored = []
@@ -120,14 +122,14 @@ def test_all(self):
             if denied:
                 continue
             if support.verbose:
-                print(modname)
+                print(f"Check {modname}", flush=True)
             try:
                 # This heuristic speeds up the process by removing, de facto,
                 # most test modules (and avoiding the auto-executing ones).
                 with open(path, "rb") as f:
                     if b"__all__" not in f.read():
                         raise NoAll(modname)
-                    self.check_all(modname)
+                self.check_all(modname)
             except NoAll:
                 ignored.append(modname)
             except FailedImport:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_android.py b/Lib/test/test_android.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..076190f757
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_android.py
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+import io
+import platform
+import queue
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import unittest
+from _android_support import TextLogStream
+from array import array
+from contextlib import ExitStack, contextmanager
+from threading import Thread
+from test.support import LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT
+from time import time
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+
+if sys.platform != "android":
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("Android-specific")
+
+api_level = platform.android_ver().api_level
+
+# (name, level, fileno)
+STREAM_INFO = [("stdout", "I", 1), ("stderr", "W", 2)]
+
+
+# Test redirection of stdout and stderr to the Android log.
+@unittest.skipIf(
+    api_level < 23 and platform.machine() == "aarch64",
+    "SELinux blocks reading logs on older ARM64 emulators"
+)
+class TestAndroidOutput(unittest.TestCase):
+    maxDiff = None
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.logcat_process = subprocess.Popen(
+            ["logcat", "-v", "tag"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+            errors="backslashreplace"
+        )
+        self.logcat_queue = queue.Queue()
+
+        def logcat_thread():
+            for line in self.logcat_process.stdout:
+                self.logcat_queue.put(line.rstrip("\n"))
+            self.logcat_process.stdout.close()
+        self.logcat_thread = Thread(target=logcat_thread)
+        self.logcat_thread.start()
+
+        from ctypes import CDLL, c_char_p, c_int
+        android_log_write = getattr(CDLL("liblog.so"), "__android_log_write")
+        android_log_write.argtypes = (c_int, c_char_p, c_char_p)
+        ANDROID_LOG_INFO = 4
+
+        # Separate tests using a marker line with a different tag.
+        tag, message = "python.test", f"{self.id()} {time()}"
+        android_log_write(
+            ANDROID_LOG_INFO, tag.encode("UTF-8"), message.encode("UTF-8"))
+        self.assert_log("I", tag, message, skip=True, timeout=5)
+
+    def assert_logs(self, level, tag, expected, **kwargs):
+        for line in expected:
+            self.assert_log(level, tag, line, **kwargs)
+
+    def assert_log(self, level, tag, expected, *, skip=False, timeout=0.5):
+        deadline = time() + timeout
+        while True:
+            try:
+                line = self.logcat_queue.get(timeout=(deadline - time()))
+            except queue.Empty:
+                self.fail(f"line not found: {expected!r}")
+            if match := re.fullmatch(fr"(.)/{tag}: (.*)", line):
+                try:
+                    self.assertEqual(level, match[1])
+                    self.assertEqual(expected, match[2])
+                    break
+                except AssertionError:
+                    if not skip:
+                        raise
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.logcat_process.terminate()
+        self.logcat_process.wait(LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+        self.logcat_thread.join(LOOPBACK_TIMEOUT)
+
+    @contextmanager
+    def unbuffered(self, stream):
+        stream.reconfigure(write_through=True)
+        try:
+            yield
+        finally:
+            stream.reconfigure(write_through=False)
+
+    # In --verbose3 mode, sys.stdout and sys.stderr are captured, so we can't
+    # test them directly. Detect this mode and use some temporary streams with
+    # the same properties.
+    def stream_context(self, stream_name, level):
+        # https://developer.android.com/ndk/reference/group/logging
+        prio = {"I": 4, "W": 5}[level]
+
+        stack = ExitStack()
+        stack.enter_context(self.subTest(stream_name))
+        stream = getattr(sys, stream_name)
+        native_stream = getattr(sys, f"__{stream_name}__")
+        if isinstance(stream, io.StringIO):
+            stack.enter_context(
+                patch(
+                    f"sys.{stream_name}",
+                    TextLogStream(
+                        prio, f"python.{stream_name}", native_stream.fileno(),
+                        errors="backslashreplace"
+                    ),
+                )
+            )
+        return stack
+
+    def test_str(self):
+        for stream_name, level, fileno in STREAM_INFO:
+            with self.stream_context(stream_name, level):
+                stream = getattr(sys, stream_name)
+                tag = f"python.{stream_name}"
+                self.assertEqual(f"<TextLogStream '{tag}'>", repr(stream))
+
+                self.assertIs(stream.writable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(stream.readable(), False)
+                self.assertEqual(stream.fileno(), fileno)
+                self.assertEqual("UTF-8", stream.encoding)
+                self.assertEqual("backslashreplace", stream.errors)
+                self.assertIs(stream.line_buffering, True)
+                self.assertIs(stream.write_through, False)
+
+                def write(s, lines=None, *, write_len=None):
+                    if write_len is None:
+                        write_len = len(s)
+                    self.assertEqual(write_len, stream.write(s))
+                    if lines is None:
+                        lines = [s]
+                    self.assert_logs(level, tag, lines)
+
+                # Single-line messages,
+                with self.unbuffered(stream):
+                    write("", [])
+
+                    write("a")
+                    write("Hello")
+                    write("Hello world")
+                    write(" ")
+                    write("  ")
+
+                    # Non-ASCII text
+                    write("ol\u00e9")  # Spanish
+                    write("\u4e2d\u6587")  # Chinese
+
+                    # Non-BMP emoji
+                    write("\U0001f600")
+
+                    # Non-encodable surrogates
+                    write("\ud800\udc00", [r"\ud800\udc00"])
+
+                    # Code used by surrogateescape (which isn't enabled here)
+                    write("\udc80", [r"\udc80"])
+
+                    # Null characters are logged using "modified UTF-8".
+                    write("\u0000", [r"\xc0\x80"])
+                    write("a\u0000", [r"a\xc0\x80"])
+                    write("\u0000b", [r"\xc0\x80b"])
+                    write("a\u0000b", [r"a\xc0\x80b"])
+
+                # Multi-line messages. Avoid identical consecutive lines, as
+                # they may activate "chatty" filtering and break the tests.
+                write("\nx", [""])
+                write("\na\n", ["x", "a"])
+                write("\n", [""])
+                write("b\n", ["b"])
+                write("c\n\n", ["c", ""])
+                write("d\ne", ["d"])
+                write("xx", [])
+                write("f\n\ng", ["exxf", ""])
+                write("\n", ["g"])
+
+                # Since this is a line-based logging system, line buffering
+                # cannot be turned off, i.e. a newline always causes a flush.
+                stream.reconfigure(line_buffering=False)
+                self.assertIs(stream.line_buffering, True)
+
+                # However, buffering can be turned off completely if you want a
+                # flush after every write.
+                with self.unbuffered(stream):
+                    write("\nx", ["", "x"])
+                    write("\na\n", ["", "a"])
+                    write("\n", [""])
+                    write("b\n", ["b"])
+                    write("c\n\n", ["c", ""])
+                    write("d\ne", ["d", "e"])
+                    write("xx", ["xx"])
+                    write("f\n\ng", ["f", "", "g"])
+                    write("\n", [""])
+
+                # "\r\n" should be translated into "\n".
+                write("hello\r\n", ["hello"])
+                write("hello\r\nworld\r\n", ["hello", "world"])
+                write("\r\n", [""])
+
+                # Non-standard line separators should be preserved.
+                write("before form feed\x0cafter form feed\n",
+                      ["before form feed\x0cafter form feed"])
+                write("before line separator\u2028after line separator\n",
+                      ["before line separator\u2028after line separator"])
+
+                # String subclasses are accepted, but they should be converted
+                # to a standard str without calling any of their methods.
+                class CustomStr(str):
+                    def splitlines(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                        raise AssertionError()
+
+                    def __len__(self):
+                        raise AssertionError()
+
+                    def __str__(self):
+                        raise AssertionError()
+
+                write(CustomStr("custom\n"), ["custom"], write_len=7)
+
+                # Non-string classes are not accepted.
+                for obj in [b"", b"hello", None, 42]:
+                    with self.subTest(obj=obj):
+                        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+                            TypeError,
+                            fr"write\(\) argument must be str, not "
+                            fr"{type(obj).__name__}"
+                        ):
+                            stream.write(obj)
+
+                # Manual flushing is supported.
+                write("hello", [])
+                stream.flush()
+                self.assert_log(level, tag, "hello")
+                write("hello", [])
+                write("world", [])
+                stream.flush()
+                self.assert_log(level, tag, "helloworld")
+
+                # Long lines are split into blocks of 1000 characters
+                # (MAX_CHARS_PER_WRITE in _android_support.py), but
+                # TextIOWrapper should then join them back together as much as
+                # possible without exceeding 4000 UTF-8 bytes
+                # (MAX_BYTES_PER_WRITE).
+                #
+                # ASCII (1 byte per character)
+                write(("foobar" * 700) + "\n",  # 4200 bytes in
+                      [("foobar" * 666) + "foob",  # 4000 bytes out
+                       "ar" + ("foobar" * 33)])  # 200 bytes out
+
+                # "Full-width" digits 0-9 (3 bytes per character)
+                s = "\uff10\uff11\uff12\uff13\uff14\uff15\uff16\uff17\uff18\uff19"
+                write((s * 150) + "\n",  # 4500 bytes in
+                      [s * 100,  # 3000 bytes out
+                       s * 50])  # 1500 bytes out
+
+                s = "0123456789"
+                write(s * 200, [])  # 2000 bytes in
+                write(s * 150, [])  # 1500 bytes in
+                write(s * 51, [s * 350])  # 510 bytes in, 3500 bytes out
+                write("\n", [s * 51])  # 0 bytes in, 510 bytes out
+
+    def test_bytes(self):
+        for stream_name, level, fileno in STREAM_INFO:
+            with self.stream_context(stream_name, level):
+                stream = getattr(sys, stream_name).buffer
+                tag = f"python.{stream_name}"
+                self.assertEqual(f"<BinaryLogStream '{tag}'>", repr(stream))
+                self.assertIs(stream.writable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(stream.readable(), False)
+                self.assertEqual(stream.fileno(), fileno)
+
+                def write(b, lines=None, *, write_len=None):
+                    if write_len is None:
+                        write_len = len(b)
+                    self.assertEqual(write_len, stream.write(b))
+                    if lines is None:
+                        lines = [b.decode()]
+                    self.assert_logs(level, tag, lines)
+
+                # Single-line messages,
+                write(b"", [])
+
+                write(b"a")
+                write(b"Hello")
+                write(b"Hello world")
+                write(b" ")
+                write(b"  ")
+
+                # Non-ASCII text
+                write(b"ol\xc3\xa9")  # Spanish
+                write(b"\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87")  # Chinese
+
+                # Non-BMP emoji
+                write(b"\xf0\x9f\x98\x80")
+
+                # Null bytes are logged using "modified UTF-8".
+                write(b"\x00", [r"\xc0\x80"])
+                write(b"a\x00", [r"a\xc0\x80"])
+                write(b"\x00b", [r"\xc0\x80b"])
+                write(b"a\x00b", [r"a\xc0\x80b"])
+
+                # Invalid UTF-8
+                write(b"\xff", [r"\xff"])
+                write(b"a\xff", [r"a\xff"])
+                write(b"\xffb", [r"\xffb"])
+                write(b"a\xffb", [r"a\xffb"])
+
+                # Log entries containing newlines are shown differently by
+                # `logcat -v tag`, `logcat -v long`, and Android Studio. We
+                # currently use `logcat -v tag`, which shows each line as if it
+                # was a separate log entry, but strips a single trailing
+                # newline.
+                #
+                # On newer versions of Android, all three of the above tools (or
+                # maybe Logcat itself) will also strip any number of leading
+                # newlines.
+                write(b"\nx", ["", "x"] if api_level < 30 else ["x"])
+                write(b"\na\n", ["", "a"] if api_level < 30 else ["a"])
+                write(b"\n", [""])
+                write(b"b\n", ["b"])
+                write(b"c\n\n", ["c", ""])
+                write(b"d\ne", ["d", "e"])
+                write(b"xx", ["xx"])
+                write(b"f\n\ng", ["f", "", "g"])
+                write(b"\n", [""])
+
+                # "\r\n" should be translated into "\n".
+                write(b"hello\r\n", ["hello"])
+                write(b"hello\r\nworld\r\n", ["hello", "world"])
+                write(b"\r\n", [""])
+
+                # Other bytes-like objects are accepted.
+                write(bytearray(b"bytearray"))
+
+                mv = memoryview(b"memoryview")
+                write(mv, ["memoryview"])  # Continuous
+                write(mv[::2], ["mmrve"])  # Discontinuous
+
+                write(
+                    # Android only supports little-endian architectures, so the
+                    # bytes representation is as follows:
+                    array("H", [
+                        0,      # 00 00
+                        1,      # 01 00
+                        65534,  # FE FF
+                        65535,  # FF FF
+                    ]),
+
+                    # After encoding null bytes with modified UTF-8, the only
+                    # valid UTF-8 sequence is \x01. All other bytes are handled
+                    # by backslashreplace.
+                    ["\\xc0\\x80\\xc0\\x80"
+                     "\x01\\xc0\\x80"
+                     "\\xfe\\xff"
+                     "\\xff\\xff"],
+                    write_len=8,
+                )
+
+                # Non-bytes-like classes are not accepted.
+                for obj in ["", "hello", None, 42]:
+                    with self.subTest(obj=obj):
+                        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+                            TypeError,
+                            fr"write\(\) argument must be bytes-like, not "
+                            fr"{type(obj).__name__}"
+                        ):
+                            stream.write(obj)
+
+
+class TestAndroidRateLimit(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_rate_limit(self):
+        # https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/android-14.0.0_r1:system/logging/liblog/include/log/log_read.h;l=39
+        PER_MESSAGE_OVERHEAD = 28
+
+        # https://developer.android.com/ndk/reference/group/logging
+        ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG = 3
+
+        # To avoid flooding the test script output, use a different tag rather
+        # than stdout or stderr.
+        tag = "python.rate_limit"
+        stream = TextLogStream(ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG, tag)
+
+        # Make a test message which consumes 1 KB of the logcat buffer.
+        message = "Line {:03d} "
+        message += "." * (
+            1024 - PER_MESSAGE_OVERHEAD - len(tag) - len(message.format(0))
+        ) + "\n"
+
+        # To avoid depending on the performance of the test device, we mock the
+        # passage of time.
+        mock_now = time()
+
+        def mock_time():
+            # Avoid division by zero by simulating a small delay.
+            mock_sleep(0.0001)
+            return mock_now
+
+        def mock_sleep(duration):
+            nonlocal mock_now
+            mock_now += duration
+
+        # See _android_support.py. The default values of these parameters work
+        # well across a wide range of devices, but we'll use smaller values to
+        # ensure a quick and reliable test that doesn't flood the log too much.
+        MAX_KB_PER_SECOND = 100
+        BUCKET_KB = 10
+        with (
+            patch("_android_support.MAX_BYTES_PER_SECOND", MAX_KB_PER_SECOND * 1024),
+            patch("_android_support.BUCKET_SIZE", BUCKET_KB * 1024),
+            patch("_android_support.sleep", mock_sleep),
+            patch("_android_support.time", mock_time),
+        ):
+            # Make sure the token bucket is full.
+            stream.write("Initial message to reset _prev_write_time")
+            mock_sleep(BUCKET_KB / MAX_KB_PER_SECOND)
+            line_num = 0
+
+            # Write BUCKET_KB messages, and return the rate at which they were
+            # accepted in KB per second.
+            def write_bucketful():
+                nonlocal line_num
+                start = mock_time()
+                max_line_num = line_num + BUCKET_KB
+                while line_num < max_line_num:
+                    stream.write(message.format(line_num))
+                    line_num += 1
+                return BUCKET_KB / (mock_time() - start)
+
+            # The first bucketful should be written with minimal delay. The
+            # factor of 2 here is not arbitrary: it verifies that the system can
+            # write fast enough to empty the bucket within two bucketfuls, which
+            # the next part of the test depends on.
+            self.assertGreater(write_bucketful(), MAX_KB_PER_SECOND * 2)
+
+            # Write another bucketful to empty the token bucket completely.
+            write_bucketful()
+
+            # The next bucketful should be written at the rate limit.
+            self.assertAlmostEqual(
+                write_bucketful(), MAX_KB_PER_SECOND,
+                delta=MAX_KB_PER_SECOND * 0.1
+            )
+
+            # Once the token bucket refills, we should go back to full speed.
+            mock_sleep(BUCKET_KB / MAX_KB_PER_SECOND)
+            self.assertGreater(write_bucketful(), MAX_KB_PER_SECOND * 2)

From b72f3a4928746d66f1d5d67d9a13abb03064ce82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 20:23:32 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 629/705] Bump http-proxy-middleware from 2.0.7 to 2.0.9 in
 /wasm/demo (#5708)

Bumps [http-proxy-middleware](https://github.com/chimurai/http-proxy-middleware) from 2.0.7 to 2.0.9.
- [Release notes](https://github.com/chimurai/http-proxy-middleware/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/chimurai/http-proxy-middleware/blob/v2.0.9/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/chimurai/http-proxy-middleware/compare/v2.0.7...v2.0.9)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: http-proxy-middleware
  dependency-version: 2.0.9
  dependency-type: indirect
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
Co-authored-by: dependabot[bot] <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 wasm/demo/package-lock.json | 6 +++---
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/wasm/demo/package-lock.json b/wasm/demo/package-lock.json
index 01753cf48f..7bbb974322 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/package-lock.json
+++ b/wasm/demo/package-lock.json
@@ -2733,9 +2733,9 @@
             }
         },
         "node_modules/http-proxy-middleware": {
-            "version": "2.0.7",
-            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/http-proxy-middleware/-/http-proxy-middleware-2.0.7.tgz",
-            "integrity": "sha512-fgVY8AV7qU7z/MmXJ/rxwbrtQH4jBQ9m7kp3llF0liB7glmFeVZFBepQb32T3y8n8k2+AEYuMPCpinYW+/CuRA==",
+            "version": "2.0.9",
+            "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/http-proxy-middleware/-/http-proxy-middleware-2.0.9.tgz",
+            "integrity": "sha512-c1IyJYLYppU574+YI7R4QyX2ystMtVXZwIdzazUIPIJsHuWNd+mho2j+bKoHftndicGj9yh+xjd+l0yj7VeT1Q==",
             "dev": true,
             "license": "MIT",
             "dependencies": {

From 10fd02e42e7bbae6574cf2d66e8d273c6ffaba58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 16 Apr 2025 17:01:21 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 630/705] Use constant_time_eq instead of our bespoke
 implementation

---
 Cargo.lock                | 14 ++++++------
 Cargo.toml                |  1 +
 common/Cargo.toml         |  1 -
 common/src/cmp.rs         | 48 ---------------------------------------
 common/src/lib.rs         |  1 -
 vm/Cargo.toml             |  1 +
 vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs |  8 +++----
 7 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 common/src/cmp.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 941b1f97fe..87cfb55109 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -439,6 +439,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "constant_time_eq"
+version = "0.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3d52eff69cd5e647efe296129160853a42795992097e8af39800e1060caeea9b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "core-foundation"
 version = "0.9.4"
@@ -2348,7 +2354,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "rustpython-wtf8",
  "siphasher",
  "unicode_names2",
- "volatile",
  "widestring",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
@@ -2556,6 +2561,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "caseless",
  "cfg-if",
  "chrono",
+ "constant_time_eq",
  "crossbeam-utils",
  "errno",
  "exitcode",
@@ -3279,12 +3285,6 @@ version = "0.9.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0b928f33d975fc6ad9f86c8f283853ad26bdd5b10b7f1542aa2fa15e2289105a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "volatile"
-version = "0.3.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f8e76fae08f03f96e166d2dfda232190638c10e0383841252416f9cfe2ae60e6"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "walkdir"
 version = "2.5.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 621c255175..21fb9de990 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -155,6 +155,7 @@ bitflags = "2.4.2"
 bstr = "1"
 cfg-if = "1.0"
 chrono = "0.4.39"
+constant_time_eq = "0.4"
 criterion = { version = "0.5", features = ["html_reports"] }
 crossbeam-utils = "0.8.21"
 flame = "0.2.2"
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 87e1ee118d..0649c2a509 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
 lock_api = "0.4"
 radium = "1.1"
 siphasher = "1"
-volatile = "0.3"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 widestring = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/common/src/cmp.rs b/common/src/cmp.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d182340a98..0000000000
--- a/common/src/cmp.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-use volatile::Volatile;
-
-/// Compare 2 byte slices in a way that ensures that the timing of the operation can't be used to
-/// glean any information about the data.
-#[inline(never)]
-#[cold]
-pub fn timing_safe_cmp(a: &[u8], b: &[u8]) -> bool {
-    // we use raw pointers here to keep faithful to the C implementation and
-    // to try to avoid any optimizations rustc might do with slices
-    let len_a = a.len();
-    let a = a.as_ptr();
-    let len_b = b.len();
-    let b = b.as_ptr();
-    /* The volatile type declarations make sure that the compiler has no
-     * chance to optimize and fold the code in any way that may change
-     * the timing.
-     */
-    let mut result: u8 = 0;
-    /* loop count depends on length of b */
-    let length: Volatile<usize> = Volatile::new(len_b);
-    let mut left: Volatile<*const u8> = Volatile::new(std::ptr::null());
-    let mut right: Volatile<*const u8> = Volatile::new(b);
-
-    /* don't use else here to keep the amount of CPU instructions constant,
-     * volatile forces re-evaluation
-     *  */
-    if len_a == length.read() {
-        left.write(Volatile::new(a).read());
-        result = 0;
-    }
-    if len_a != length.read() {
-        left.write(b);
-        result = 1;
-    }
-
-    for _ in 0..length.read() {
-        let l = left.read();
-        left.write(l.wrapping_add(1));
-        let r = right.read();
-        right.write(r.wrapping_add(1));
-        // safety: the 0..length range will always be either:
-        // * as long as the length of both a and b, if len_a and len_b are equal
-        // * as long as b, and both `left` and `right` are b
-        result |= unsafe { l.read_volatile() ^ r.read_volatile() };
-    }
-
-    result == 0
-}
diff --git a/common/src/lib.rs b/common/src/lib.rs
index c75451802a..a62c9517b4 100644
--- a/common/src/lib.rs
+++ b/common/src/lib.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ pub mod atomic;
 pub mod borrow;
 pub mod boxvec;
 pub mod cformat;
-pub mod cmp;
 #[cfg(any(unix, windows, target_os = "wasi"))]
 pub mod crt_fd;
 pub mod encodings;
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 1fdd700b75..9c85c4cc1a 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@ bstr = { workspace = true }
 cfg-if = { workspace = true }
 crossbeam-utils = { workspace = true }
 chrono = { workspace = true, features = ["wasmbind"] }
+constant_time_eq = { workspace = true }
 flame = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 getrandom = { workspace = true }
 hex = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
index fbb8147e9f..2404b0c337 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/operator.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ pub(crate) use _operator::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _operator {
-    use crate::common::cmp;
     use crate::{
         AsObject, Py, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyInt, PyIntRef, PyStr, PyStrRef, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef},
@@ -13,6 +12,7 @@ mod _operator {
         recursion::ReprGuard,
         types::{Callable, Constructor, PyComparisonOp, Representable},
     };
+    use constant_time_eq::constant_time_eq;
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn lt(a: PyObjectRef, b: PyObjectRef, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
@@ -328,11 +328,9 @@ mod _operator {
                         "comparing strings with non-ASCII characters is not supported".to_owned(),
                     ));
                 }
-                cmp::timing_safe_cmp(a.as_bytes(), b.as_bytes())
-            }
-            (Either::B(a), Either::B(b)) => {
-                a.with_ref(|a| b.with_ref(|b| cmp::timing_safe_cmp(a, b)))
+                constant_time_eq(a.as_bytes(), b.as_bytes())
             }
+            (Either::B(a), Either::B(b)) => a.with_ref(|a| b.with_ref(|b| constant_time_eq(a, b))),
             _ => {
                 return Err(vm.new_type_error(
                     "unsupported operand types(s) or combination of types".to_owned(),

From fd665f6bb254004299d6bcde6aa3c1f140a5e1fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 19:31:42 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 631/705] fix _suggestions module init renames the module init
 from suggestions to _suggestions

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 stdlib/src/lib.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index e9d10dfde4..1e81606f3c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "unicodedata" => unicodedata::make_module,
             "zlib" => zlib::make_module,
             "_statistics" => statistics::make_module,
-            "suggestions" => suggestions::make_module,
+            "_suggestions" => suggestions::make_module,
             // crate::vm::sysmodule::sysconfigdata_name() => sysconfigdata::make_module,
         }
         #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]

From dabd93c255ba325d742c748e3f6e90c7aa4bfb38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Stuart <daniel.stuart@localiza.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Apr 2025 14:10:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 632/705] Make stdio a feature (#5420)

---
 Cargo.toml       |  3 ++-
 vm/Cargo.toml    |  3 ++-
 vm/src/vm/mod.rs | 11 ++++++++++-
 3 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 21fb9de990..0a3e3b89ff 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ repository.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
 
 [features]
-default = ["threading", "stdlib", "importlib"]
+default = ["threading", "stdlib", "stdio", "importlib"]
 importlib = ["rustpython-vm/importlib"]
 encodings = ["rustpython-vm/encodings"]
+stdio = ["rustpython-vm/stdio"]
 stdlib = ["rustpython-stdlib", "rustpython-pylib", "encodings"]
 flame-it = ["rustpython-vm/flame-it", "flame", "flamescope"]
 freeze-stdlib = ["stdlib", "rustpython-vm/freeze-stdlib", "rustpython-pylib?/freeze-stdlib"]
diff --git a/vm/Cargo.toml b/vm/Cargo.toml
index 9c85c4cc1a..5a4b0df2a1 100644
--- a/vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ repository.workspace = true
 license.workspace = true
 
 [features]
-default = ["compiler", "wasmbind"]
+default = ["compiler", "wasmbind", "stdio"]
+stdio = []
 importlib = []
 encodings = ["importlib"]
 vm-tracing-logging = []
diff --git a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
index 7baaae7770..08fbff94f9 100644
--- a/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
+++ b/vm/src/vm/mod.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ mod vm_new;
 mod vm_object;
 mod vm_ops;
 
+#[cfg(not(feature = "stdio"))]
+use crate::builtins::PyNone;
 use crate::{
     AsObject, Py, PyObject, PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyRef, PyResult,
     builtins::{
@@ -301,7 +303,8 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
             #[cfg(any(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), target_os = "wasi"))]
             {
                 let io = import::import_builtin(self, "_io")?;
-                let set_stdio = |name, fd, write| {
+                #[cfg(feature = "stdio")]
+                let make_stdio = |name, fd, write| {
                     let buffered_stdio = self.state.settings.buffered_stdio;
                     let unbuffered = write && !buffered_stdio;
                     let buf = crate::stdlib::io::open(
@@ -332,7 +335,13 @@ impl VirtualMachine {
                     )?;
                     let mode = if write { "w" } else { "r" };
                     stdio.set_attr("mode", self.ctx.new_str(mode), self)?;
+                    Ok(stdio)
+                };
+                #[cfg(not(feature = "stdio"))]
+                let make_stdio = |_name, _fd, _write| Ok(PyNone.into_pyobject(self));
 
+                let set_stdio = |name, fd, write| {
+                    let stdio = make_stdio(name, fd, write)?;
                     let dunder_name = self.ctx.intern_str(format!("__{name}__"));
                     self.sys_module.set_attr(
                         dunder_name, // e.g. __stdin__

From 960954eba57ccc1321a53a7f76e27c2e708c07b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Apr 2025 14:15:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 633/705] Fix CI

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index afd3201e28..4e51d48953 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ concurrency:
   cancel-in-progress: true
 
 env:
-  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,importlib,encodings,sqlite,ssl
+  CARGO_ARGS: --no-default-features --features stdlib,importlib,stdio,encodings,sqlite,ssl
   # Skip additional tests on Windows. They are checked on Linux and MacOS.
   # test_glob: many failing tests
   # test_io: many failing tests

From a4d1bba74e555bfb3fc17cfd541cbbd315bbe6f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Apr 2025 21:03:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 634/705] Update tarfile to 3.12.3 (#5714)

* Update tarfile to 3.12.3

* Unmark tests
---
 Lib/tarfile.py          | 436 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------
 Lib/test/test_shutil.py |   4 -
 2 files changed, 361 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/tarfile.py b/Lib/tarfile.py
index dea150e8db..3bbbcaa621 100755
--- a/Lib/tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/tarfile.py
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 import struct
 import copy
 import re
+import warnings
 
 try:
     import pwd
@@ -57,19 +58,19 @@
     grp = None
 
 # os.symlink on Windows prior to 6.0 raises NotImplementedError
-symlink_exception = (AttributeError, NotImplementedError)
-try:
-    # OSError (winerror=1314) will be raised if the caller does not hold the
-    # SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege privilege
-    symlink_exception += (OSError,)
-except NameError:
-    pass
+# OSError (winerror=1314) will be raised if the caller does not hold the
+# SeCreateSymbolicLinkPrivilege privilege
+symlink_exception = (AttributeError, NotImplementedError, OSError)
 
 # from tarfile import *
 __all__ = ["TarFile", "TarInfo", "is_tarfile", "TarError", "ReadError",
            "CompressionError", "StreamError", "ExtractError", "HeaderError",
            "ENCODING", "USTAR_FORMAT", "GNU_FORMAT", "PAX_FORMAT",
-           "DEFAULT_FORMAT", "open"]
+           "DEFAULT_FORMAT", "open","fully_trusted_filter", "data_filter",
+           "tar_filter", "FilterError", "AbsoluteLinkError",
+           "OutsideDestinationError", "SpecialFileError", "AbsolutePathError",
+           "LinkOutsideDestinationError"]
+
 
 #---------------------------------------------------------
 # tar constants
@@ -158,6 +159,8 @@
 def stn(s, length, encoding, errors):
     """Convert a string to a null-terminated bytes object.
     """
+    if s is None:
+        raise ValueError("metadata cannot contain None")
     s = s.encode(encoding, errors)
     return s[:length] + (length - len(s)) * NUL
 
@@ -328,15 +331,17 @@ def write(self, s):
 class _Stream:
     """Class that serves as an adapter between TarFile and
        a stream-like object.  The stream-like object only
-       needs to have a read() or write() method and is accessed
-       blockwise.  Use of gzip or bzip2 compression is possible.
-       A stream-like object could be for example: sys.stdin,
-       sys.stdout, a socket, a tape device etc.
+       needs to have a read() or write() method that works with bytes,
+       and the method is accessed blockwise.
+       Use of gzip or bzip2 compression is possible.
+       A stream-like object could be for example: sys.stdin.buffer,
+       sys.stdout.buffer, a socket, a tape device etc.
 
        _Stream is intended to be used only internally.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, name, mode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize):
+    def __init__(self, name, mode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize,
+                 compresslevel):
         """Construct a _Stream object.
         """
         self._extfileobj = True
@@ -368,10 +373,10 @@ def __init__(self, name, mode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize):
                 self.zlib = zlib
                 self.crc = zlib.crc32(b"")
                 if mode == "r":
-                    self._init_read_gz()
                     self.exception = zlib.error
+                    self._init_read_gz()
                 else:
-                    self._init_write_gz()
+                    self._init_write_gz(compresslevel)
 
             elif comptype == "bz2":
                 try:
@@ -383,7 +388,7 @@ def __init__(self, name, mode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize):
                     self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Decompressor()
                     self.exception = OSError
                 else:
-                    self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Compressor()
+                    self.cmp = bz2.BZ2Compressor(compresslevel)
 
             elif comptype == "xz":
                 try:
@@ -410,13 +415,14 @@ def __del__(self):
         if hasattr(self, "closed") and not self.closed:
             self.close()
 
-    def _init_write_gz(self):
+    def _init_write_gz(self, compresslevel):
         """Initialize for writing with gzip compression.
         """
-        self.cmp = self.zlib.compressobj(9, self.zlib.DEFLATED,
-                                            -self.zlib.MAX_WBITS,
-                                            self.zlib.DEF_MEM_LEVEL,
-                                            0)
+        self.cmp = self.zlib.compressobj(compresslevel,
+                                         self.zlib.DEFLATED,
+                                         -self.zlib.MAX_WBITS,
+                                         self.zlib.DEF_MEM_LEVEL,
+                                         0)
         timestamp = struct.pack("<L", int(time.time()))
         self.__write(b"\037\213\010\010" + timestamp + b"\002\377")
         if self.name.endswith(".gz"):
@@ -603,12 +609,12 @@ class _FileInFile(object):
        object.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, fileobj, offset, size, blockinfo=None):
+    def __init__(self, fileobj, offset, size, name, blockinfo=None):
         self.fileobj = fileobj
         self.offset = offset
         self.size = size
         self.position = 0
-        self.name = getattr(fileobj, "name", None)
+        self.name = name
         self.closed = False
 
         if blockinfo is None:
@@ -705,13 +711,138 @@ class ExFileObject(io.BufferedReader):
 
     def __init__(self, tarfile, tarinfo):
         fileobj = _FileInFile(tarfile.fileobj, tarinfo.offset_data,
-                tarinfo.size, tarinfo.sparse)
+                tarinfo.size, tarinfo.name, tarinfo.sparse)
         super().__init__(fileobj)
 #class ExFileObject
 
+
+#-----------------------------
+# extraction filters (PEP 706)
+#-----------------------------
+
+class FilterError(TarError):
+    pass
+
+class AbsolutePathError(FilterError):
+    def __init__(self, tarinfo):
+        self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        super().__init__(f'member {tarinfo.name!r} has an absolute path')
+
+class OutsideDestinationError(FilterError):
+    def __init__(self, tarinfo, path):
+        self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        self._path = path
+        super().__init__(f'{tarinfo.name!r} would be extracted to {path!r}, '
+                         + 'which is outside the destination')
+
+class SpecialFileError(FilterError):
+    def __init__(self, tarinfo):
+        self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        super().__init__(f'{tarinfo.name!r} is a special file')
+
+class AbsoluteLinkError(FilterError):
+    def __init__(self, tarinfo):
+        self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        super().__init__(f'{tarinfo.name!r} is a link to an absolute path')
+
+class LinkOutsideDestinationError(FilterError):
+    def __init__(self, tarinfo, path):
+        self.tarinfo = tarinfo
+        self._path = path
+        super().__init__(f'{tarinfo.name!r} would link to {path!r}, '
+                         + 'which is outside the destination')
+
+def _get_filtered_attrs(member, dest_path, for_data=True):
+    new_attrs = {}
+    name = member.name
+    dest_path = os.path.realpath(dest_path)
+    # Strip leading / (tar's directory separator) from filenames.
+    # Include os.sep (target OS directory separator) as well.
+    if name.startswith(('/', os.sep)):
+        name = new_attrs['name'] = member.path.lstrip('/' + os.sep)
+    if os.path.isabs(name):
+        # Path is absolute even after stripping.
+        # For example, 'C:/foo' on Windows.
+        raise AbsolutePathError(member)
+    # Ensure we stay in the destination
+    target_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(dest_path, name))
+    if os.path.commonpath([target_path, dest_path]) != dest_path:
+        raise OutsideDestinationError(member, target_path)
+    # Limit permissions (no high bits, and go-w)
+    mode = member.mode
+    if mode is not None:
+        # Strip high bits & group/other write bits
+        mode = mode & 0o755
+        if for_data:
+            # For data, handle permissions & file types
+            if member.isreg() or member.islnk():
+                if not mode & 0o100:
+                    # Clear executable bits if not executable by user
+                    mode &= ~0o111
+                # Ensure owner can read & write
+                mode |= 0o600
+            elif member.isdir() or member.issym():
+                # Ignore mode for directories & symlinks
+                mode = None
+            else:
+                # Reject special files
+                raise SpecialFileError(member)
+        if mode != member.mode:
+            new_attrs['mode'] = mode
+    if for_data:
+        # Ignore ownership for 'data'
+        if member.uid is not None:
+            new_attrs['uid'] = None
+        if member.gid is not None:
+            new_attrs['gid'] = None
+        if member.uname is not None:
+            new_attrs['uname'] = None
+        if member.gname is not None:
+            new_attrs['gname'] = None
+        # Check link destination for 'data'
+        if member.islnk() or member.issym():
+            if os.path.isabs(member.linkname):
+                raise AbsoluteLinkError(member)
+            if member.issym():
+                target_path = os.path.join(dest_path,
+                                           os.path.dirname(name),
+                                           member.linkname)
+            else:
+                target_path = os.path.join(dest_path,
+                                           member.linkname)
+            target_path = os.path.realpath(target_path)
+            if os.path.commonpath([target_path, dest_path]) != dest_path:
+                raise LinkOutsideDestinationError(member, target_path)
+    return new_attrs
+
+def fully_trusted_filter(member, dest_path):
+    return member
+
+def tar_filter(member, dest_path):
+    new_attrs = _get_filtered_attrs(member, dest_path, False)
+    if new_attrs:
+        return member.replace(**new_attrs, deep=False)
+    return member
+
+def data_filter(member, dest_path):
+    new_attrs = _get_filtered_attrs(member, dest_path, True)
+    if new_attrs:
+        return member.replace(**new_attrs, deep=False)
+    return member
+
+_NAMED_FILTERS = {
+    "fully_trusted": fully_trusted_filter,
+    "tar": tar_filter,
+    "data": data_filter,
+}
+
 #------------------
 # Exported Classes
 #------------------
+
+# Sentinel for replace() defaults, meaning "don't change the attribute"
+_KEEP = object()
+
 class TarInfo(object):
     """Informational class which holds the details about an
        archive member given by a tar header block.
@@ -792,12 +923,44 @@ def linkpath(self, linkname):
     def __repr__(self):
         return "<%s %r at %#x>" % (self.__class__.__name__,self.name,id(self))
 
+    def replace(self, *,
+                name=_KEEP, mtime=_KEEP, mode=_KEEP, linkname=_KEEP,
+                uid=_KEEP, gid=_KEEP, uname=_KEEP, gname=_KEEP,
+                deep=True, _KEEP=_KEEP):
+        """Return a deep copy of self with the given attributes replaced.
+        """
+        if deep:
+            result = copy.deepcopy(self)
+        else:
+            result = copy.copy(self)
+        if name is not _KEEP:
+            result.name = name
+        if mtime is not _KEEP:
+            result.mtime = mtime
+        if mode is not _KEEP:
+            result.mode = mode
+        if linkname is not _KEEP:
+            result.linkname = linkname
+        if uid is not _KEEP:
+            result.uid = uid
+        if gid is not _KEEP:
+            result.gid = gid
+        if uname is not _KEEP:
+            result.uname = uname
+        if gname is not _KEEP:
+            result.gname = gname
+        return result
+
     def get_info(self):
         """Return the TarInfo's attributes as a dictionary.
         """
+        if self.mode is None:
+            mode = None
+        else:
+            mode = self.mode & 0o7777
         info = {
             "name":     self.name,
-            "mode":     self.mode & 0o7777,
+            "mode":     mode,
             "uid":      self.uid,
             "gid":      self.gid,
             "size":     self.size,
@@ -820,6 +983,9 @@ def tobuf(self, format=DEFAULT_FORMAT, encoding=ENCODING, errors="surrogateescap
         """Return a tar header as a string of 512 byte blocks.
         """
         info = self.get_info()
+        for name, value in info.items():
+            if value is None:
+                raise ValueError("%s may not be None" % name)
 
         if format == USTAR_FORMAT:
             return self.create_ustar_header(info, encoding, errors)
@@ -950,6 +1116,12 @@ def _create_header(info, format, encoding, errors):
             devmajor = stn("", 8, encoding, errors)
             devminor = stn("", 8, encoding, errors)
 
+        # None values in metadata should cause ValueError.
+        # itn()/stn() do this for all fields except type.
+        filetype = info.get("type", REGTYPE)
+        if filetype is None:
+            raise ValueError("TarInfo.type must not be None")
+
         parts = [
             stn(info.get("name", ""), 100, encoding, errors),
             itn(info.get("mode", 0) & 0o7777, 8, format),
@@ -958,7 +1130,7 @@ def _create_header(info, format, encoding, errors):
             itn(info.get("size", 0), 12, format),
             itn(info.get("mtime", 0), 12, format),
             b"        ", # checksum field
-            info.get("type", REGTYPE),
+            filetype,
             stn(info.get("linkname", ""), 100, encoding, errors),
             info.get("magic", POSIX_MAGIC),
             stn(info.get("uname", ""), 32, encoding, errors),
@@ -1264,11 +1436,7 @@ def _proc_pax(self, tarfile):
         # the newline. keyword and value are both UTF-8 encoded strings.
         regex = re.compile(br"(\d+) ([^=]+)=")
         pos = 0
-        while True:
-            match = regex.match(buf, pos)
-            if not match:
-                break
-
+        while match := regex.match(buf, pos):
             length, keyword = match.groups()
             length = int(length)
             if length == 0:
@@ -1468,6 +1636,8 @@ class TarFile(object):
 
     fileobject = ExFileObject   # The file-object for extractfile().
 
+    extraction_filter = None    # The default filter for extraction.
+
     def __init__(self, name=None, mode="r", fileobj=None, format=None,
             tarinfo=None, dereference=None, ignore_zeros=None, encoding=None,
             errors="surrogateescape", pax_headers=None, debug=None,
@@ -1659,7 +1829,9 @@ def not_compressed(comptype):
             if filemode not in ("r", "w"):
                 raise ValueError("mode must be 'r' or 'w'")
 
-            stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize)
+            compresslevel = kwargs.pop("compresslevel", 9)
+            stream = _Stream(name, filemode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize,
+                             compresslevel)
             try:
                 t = cls(name, filemode, stream, **kwargs)
             except:
@@ -1940,7 +2112,10 @@ def list(self, verbose=True, *, members=None):
             members = self
         for tarinfo in members:
             if verbose:
-                _safe_print(stat.filemode(tarinfo.mode))
+                if tarinfo.mode is None:
+                    _safe_print("??????????")
+                else:
+                    _safe_print(stat.filemode(tarinfo.mode))
                 _safe_print("%s/%s" % (tarinfo.uname or tarinfo.uid,
                                        tarinfo.gname or tarinfo.gid))
                 if tarinfo.ischr() or tarinfo.isblk():
@@ -1948,8 +2123,11 @@ def list(self, verbose=True, *, members=None):
                             ("%d,%d" % (tarinfo.devmajor, tarinfo.devminor)))
                 else:
                     _safe_print("%10d" % tarinfo.size)
-                _safe_print("%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \
-                            % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6])
+                if tarinfo.mtime is None:
+                    _safe_print("????-??-?? ??:??:??")
+                else:
+                    _safe_print("%d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d:%02d" \
+                                % time.localtime(tarinfo.mtime)[:6])
 
             _safe_print(tarinfo.name + ("/" if tarinfo.isdir() else ""))
 
@@ -2036,32 +2214,63 @@ def addfile(self, tarinfo, fileobj=None):
 
         self.members.append(tarinfo)
 
-    def extractall(self, path=".", members=None, *, numeric_owner=False):
+    def _get_filter_function(self, filter):
+        if filter is None:
+            filter = self.extraction_filter
+            if filter is None:
+                warnings.warn(
+                    'Python 3.14 will, by default, filter extracted tar '
+                    + 'archives and reject files or modify their metadata. '
+                    + 'Use the filter argument to control this behavior.',
+                    DeprecationWarning)
+                return fully_trusted_filter
+            if isinstance(filter, str):
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'String names are not supported for '
+                    + 'TarFile.extraction_filter. Use a function such as '
+                    + 'tarfile.data_filter directly.')
+            return filter
+        if callable(filter):
+            return filter
+        try:
+            return _NAMED_FILTERS[filter]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ValueError(f"filter {filter!r} not found") from None
+
+    def extractall(self, path=".", members=None, *, numeric_owner=False,
+                   filter=None):
         """Extract all members from the archive to the current working
            directory and set owner, modification time and permissions on
            directories afterwards. `path' specifies a different directory
            to extract to. `members' is optional and must be a subset of the
            list returned by getmembers(). If `numeric_owner` is True, only
            the numbers for user/group names are used and not the names.
+
+           The `filter` function will be called on each member just
+           before extraction.
+           It can return a changed TarInfo or None to skip the member.
+           String names of common filters are accepted.
         """
         directories = []
 
+        filter_function = self._get_filter_function(filter)
         if members is None:
             members = self
 
-        for tarinfo in members:
+        for member in members:
+            tarinfo = self._get_extract_tarinfo(member, filter_function, path)
+            if tarinfo is None:
+                continue
             if tarinfo.isdir():
-                # Extract directories with a safe mode.
+                # For directories, delay setting attributes until later,
+                # since permissions can interfere with extraction and
+                # extracting contents can reset mtime.
                 directories.append(tarinfo)
-                tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
-                tarinfo.mode = 0o700
-            # Do not set_attrs directories, as we will do that further down
-            self.extract(tarinfo, path, set_attrs=not tarinfo.isdir(),
-                         numeric_owner=numeric_owner)
+            self._extract_one(tarinfo, path, set_attrs=not tarinfo.isdir(),
+                              numeric_owner=numeric_owner)
 
         # Reverse sort directories.
-        directories.sort(key=lambda a: a.name)
-        directories.reverse()
+        directories.sort(key=lambda a: a.name, reverse=True)
 
         # Set correct owner, mtime and filemode on directories.
         for tarinfo in directories:
@@ -2071,12 +2280,10 @@ def extractall(self, path=".", members=None, *, numeric_owner=False):
                 self.utime(tarinfo, dirpath)
                 self.chmod(tarinfo, dirpath)
             except ExtractError as e:
-                if self.errorlevel > 1:
-                    raise
-                else:
-                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
+                self._handle_nonfatal_error(e)
 
-    def extract(self, member, path="", set_attrs=True, *, numeric_owner=False):
+    def extract(self, member, path="", set_attrs=True, *, numeric_owner=False,
+                filter=None):
         """Extract a member from the archive to the current working directory,
            using its full name. Its file information is extracted as accurately
            as possible. `member' may be a filename or a TarInfo object. You can
@@ -2084,35 +2291,70 @@ def extract(self, member, path="", set_attrs=True, *, numeric_owner=False):
            mtime, mode) are set unless `set_attrs' is False. If `numeric_owner`
            is True, only the numbers for user/group names are used and not
            the names.
+
+           The `filter` function will be called before extraction.
+           It can return a changed TarInfo or None to skip the member.
+           String names of common filters are accepted.
         """
-        self._check("r")
+        filter_function = self._get_filter_function(filter)
+        tarinfo = self._get_extract_tarinfo(member, filter_function, path)
+        if tarinfo is not None:
+            self._extract_one(tarinfo, path, set_attrs, numeric_owner)
 
+    def _get_extract_tarinfo(self, member, filter_function, path):
+        """Get filtered TarInfo (or None) from member, which might be a str"""
         if isinstance(member, str):
             tarinfo = self.getmember(member)
         else:
             tarinfo = member
 
+        unfiltered = tarinfo
+        try:
+            tarinfo = filter_function(tarinfo, path)
+        except (OSError, FilterError) as e:
+            self._handle_fatal_error(e)
+        except ExtractError as e:
+            self._handle_nonfatal_error(e)
+        if tarinfo is None:
+            self._dbg(2, "tarfile: Excluded %r" % unfiltered.name)
+            return None
         # Prepare the link target for makelink().
         if tarinfo.islnk():
+            tarinfo = copy.copy(tarinfo)
             tarinfo._link_target = os.path.join(path, tarinfo.linkname)
+        return tarinfo
+
+    def _extract_one(self, tarinfo, path, set_attrs, numeric_owner):
+        """Extract from filtered tarinfo to disk"""
+        self._check("r")
 
         try:
             self._extract_member(tarinfo, os.path.join(path, tarinfo.name),
                                  set_attrs=set_attrs,
                                  numeric_owner=numeric_owner)
         except OSError as e:
-            if self.errorlevel > 0:
-                raise
-            else:
-                if e.filename is None:
-                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)
-                else:
-                    self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))
+            self._handle_fatal_error(e)
         except ExtractError as e:
-            if self.errorlevel > 1:
-                raise
+            self._handle_nonfatal_error(e)
+
+    def _handle_nonfatal_error(self, e):
+        """Handle non-fatal error (ExtractError) according to errorlevel"""
+        if self.errorlevel > 1:
+            raise
+        else:
+            self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
+
+    def _handle_fatal_error(self, e):
+        """Handle "fatal" error according to self.errorlevel"""
+        if self.errorlevel > 0:
+            raise
+        elif isinstance(e, OSError):
+            if e.filename is None:
+                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e.strerror)
             else:
-                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s" % e)
+                self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %r" % (e.strerror, e.filename))
+        else:
+            self._dbg(1, "tarfile: %s %s" % (type(e).__name__, e))
 
     def extractfile(self, member):
         """Extract a member from the archive as a file object. `member' may be
@@ -2199,11 +2441,16 @@ def makedir(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
         """Make a directory called targetpath.
         """
         try:
-            # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set
-            # later in _extract_member().
-            os.mkdir(targetpath, 0o700)
+            if tarinfo.mode is None:
+                # Use the system's default mode
+                os.mkdir(targetpath)
+            else:
+                # Use a safe mode for the directory, the real mode is set
+                # later in _extract_member().
+                os.mkdir(targetpath, 0o700)
         except FileExistsError:
-            pass
+            if not os.path.isdir(targetpath):
+                raise
 
     def makefile(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
         """Make a file called targetpath.
@@ -2244,6 +2491,9 @@ def makedev(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
             raise ExtractError("special devices not supported by system")
 
         mode = tarinfo.mode
+        if mode is None:
+            # Use mknod's default
+            mode = 0o600
         if tarinfo.isblk():
             mode |= stat.S_IFBLK
         else:
@@ -2265,7 +2515,6 @@ def makelink(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
                     os.unlink(targetpath)
                 os.symlink(tarinfo.linkname, targetpath)
             else:
-                # See extract().
                 if os.path.exists(tarinfo._link_target):
                     os.link(tarinfo._link_target, targetpath)
                 else:
@@ -2290,15 +2539,19 @@ def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath, numeric_owner):
             u = tarinfo.uid
             if not numeric_owner:
                 try:
-                    if grp:
+                    if grp and tarinfo.gname:
                         g = grp.getgrnam(tarinfo.gname)[2]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
                 try:
-                    if pwd:
+                    if pwd and tarinfo.uname:
                         u = pwd.getpwnam(tarinfo.uname)[2]
                 except KeyError:
                     pass
+            if g is None:
+                g = -1
+            if u is None:
+                u = -1
             try:
                 if tarinfo.issym() and hasattr(os, "lchown"):
                     os.lchown(targetpath, u, g)
@@ -2310,6 +2563,8 @@ def chown(self, tarinfo, targetpath, numeric_owner):
     def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
         """Set file permissions of targetpath according to tarinfo.
         """
+        if tarinfo.mode is None:
+            return
         try:
             os.chmod(targetpath, tarinfo.mode)
         except OSError as e:
@@ -2318,10 +2573,13 @@ def chmod(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
     def utime(self, tarinfo, targetpath):
         """Set modification time of targetpath according to tarinfo.
         """
+        mtime = tarinfo.mtime
+        if mtime is None:
+            return
         if not hasattr(os, 'utime'):
             return
         try:
-            os.utime(targetpath, (tarinfo.mtime, tarinfo.mtime))
+            os.utime(targetpath, (mtime, mtime))
         except OSError as e:
             raise ExtractError("could not change modification time") from e
 
@@ -2339,6 +2597,8 @@ def next(self):
 
         # Advance the file pointer.
         if self.offset != self.fileobj.tell():
+            if self.offset == 0:
+                return None
             self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
             if not self.fileobj.read(1):
                 raise ReadError("unexpected end of data")
@@ -2397,13 +2657,26 @@ def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):
         members = self.getmembers()
 
         # Limit the member search list up to tarinfo.
+        skipping = False
         if tarinfo is not None:
-            members = members[:members.index(tarinfo)]
+            try:
+                index = members.index(tarinfo)
+            except ValueError:
+                # The given starting point might be a (modified) copy.
+                # We'll later skip members until we find an equivalent.
+                skipping = True
+            else:
+                # Happy fast path
+                members = members[:index]
 
         if normalize:
             name = os.path.normpath(name)
 
         for member in reversed(members):
+            if skipping:
+                if tarinfo.offset == member.offset:
+                    skipping = False
+                continue
             if normalize:
                 member_name = os.path.normpath(member.name)
             else:
@@ -2412,14 +2685,16 @@ def _getmember(self, name, tarinfo=None, normalize=False):
             if name == member_name:
                 return member
 
+        if skipping:
+            # Starting point was not found
+            raise ValueError(tarinfo)
+
     def _load(self):
         """Read through the entire archive file and look for readable
            members.
         """
-        while True:
-            tarinfo = self.next()
-            if tarinfo is None:
-                break
+        while self.next() is not None:
+            pass
         self._loaded = True
 
     def _check(self, mode=None):
@@ -2504,6 +2779,7 @@ def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
 #--------------------
 # exported functions
 #--------------------
+
 def is_tarfile(name):
     """Return True if name points to a tar archive that we
        are able to handle, else return False.
@@ -2512,7 +2788,9 @@ def is_tarfile(name):
     """
     try:
         if hasattr(name, "read"):
+            pos = name.tell()
             t = open(fileobj=name)
+            name.seek(pos)
         else:
             t = open(name)
         t.close()
@@ -2530,6 +2808,10 @@ def main():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description=description)
     parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='store_true', default=False,
                         help='Verbose output')
+    parser.add_argument('--filter', metavar='<filtername>',
+                        choices=_NAMED_FILTERS,
+                        help='Filter for extraction')
+
     group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=True)
     group.add_argument('-l', '--list', metavar='<tarfile>',
                        help='Show listing of a tarfile')
@@ -2541,8 +2823,12 @@ def main():
                        help='Create tarfile from sources')
     group.add_argument('-t', '--test', metavar='<tarfile>',
                        help='Test if a tarfile is valid')
+
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
+    if args.filter and args.extract is None:
+        parser.exit(1, '--filter is only valid for extraction\n')
+
     if args.test is not None:
         src = args.test
         if is_tarfile(src):
@@ -2573,7 +2859,7 @@ def main():
 
         if is_tarfile(src):
             with TarFile.open(src, 'r:*') as tf:
-                tf.extractall(path=curdir)
+                tf.extractall(path=curdir, filter=args.filter)
             if args.verbose:
                 if curdir == '.':
                     msg = '{!r} file is extracted.'.format(src)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
index 16416547c1..b64ccb37a5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_shutil.py
@@ -2000,13 +2000,9 @@ def check_unpack_tarball(self, format):
                 ('Python 3.14', DeprecationWarning)):
             self.check_unpack_archive(format)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_unpack_archive_tar(self):
         self.check_unpack_tarball('tar')
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     @support.requires_zlib()
     def test_unpack_archive_gztar(self):
         self.check_unpack_tarball('gztar')

From 974c54ede2682b22f539ddc1cecf3f1341b12af9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 19 Apr 2025 10:08:50 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 635/705] Updated test_baseexception from 3.13.2 (#5638)

Signed-off-by: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
---
 Lib/test/test_baseexception.py | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py b/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py
index a73711c416..e19162a6ab 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_baseexception.py
@@ -79,9 +79,10 @@ def test_inheritance(self):
         finally:
             inheritance_tree.close()
 
+        # Underscore-prefixed (private) exceptions don't need to be documented
+        exc_set = set(e for e in exc_set if not e.startswith('_'))
         # RUSTPYTHON specific
         exc_set.discard("JitError")
-
         self.assertEqual(len(exc_set), 0, "%s not accounted for" % exc_set)
 
     interface_tests = ("length", "args", "str", "repr")
@@ -135,7 +136,7 @@ class Value(str):
 
         d[HashThisKeyWillClearTheDict()] = Value()  # refcount of Value() is 1 now
 
-        # Exception.__setstate__ should aquire a strong reference of key and
+        # Exception.__setstate__ should acquire a strong reference of key and
         # value in the dict. Otherwise, Value()'s refcount would go below
         # zero in the tp_hash call in PyObject_SetAttr(), and it would cause
         # crash in GC.

From 12ceb9695c553047eadab5be47ffcfd4be81a8e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Apr 2025 22:31:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 636/705] cleaner panic output

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 65 +++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 compiler/codegen/src/error.rs   | 18 +++++++++
 compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs      | 25 ++++++++++---
 compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs     |  2 +
 4 files changed, 88 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 762585783c..67b5d3b67e 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,9 @@ use rustpython_compiler_core::{
 use rustpython_compiler_source::SourceCode;
 // use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
 use std::borrow::Cow;
+use crate::error::InternalError;
 
+pub(crate) type InternalResult<T> = Result<T, InternalError>;
 type CompileResult<T> = Result<T, CodegenError>;
 
 #[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -210,6 +212,43 @@ macro_rules! emit {
     };
 }
 
+fn print_location(zelf: &mut Compiler) {
+    let start = zelf.source_code.source_location(zelf.current_source_range.start());
+    let end = zelf.source_code.source_location(zelf.current_source_range.end());
+    eprintln!("LOCATION: {} from {}:{} to {}:{}", zelf.source_code.path.to_owned(), start.row, start.column, end.row, end.column);
+}
+
+/// Better traceback for internal error
+fn unwrap_internal<T>(zelf: &mut Compiler, r: InternalResult<T>) -> T {
+    if let Err(r_err) = r {
+        eprintln!("=== CODEGEN PANIC INFO ===");
+        eprintln!("This IS an internal error: {}", r_err);
+        print_location(zelf);
+        eprintln!("=== END PANIC INFO ===");
+    }
+    r.unwrap()
+}
+
+fn compiler_unwrap_option<T>(zelf: &mut Compiler, o: Option<T>) -> T {
+    if let None = o {
+        eprintln!("=== CODEGEN PANIC INFO ===");
+        eprintln!("This IS an internal error, an option was unwrapped during codegen");
+        print_location(zelf);
+        eprintln!("=== END PANIC INFO ===");
+    }
+    o.unwrap()
+}
+
+fn compiler_result_unwrap<T, E>(zelf: &mut Compiler, result: Result<T, E>) -> T {
+    if let Err(r_err) = r {
+        eprintln!("=== CODEGEN PANIC INFO ===");
+        eprintln!("This IS an internal error, an result was unwrapped during codegen");
+        print_location(zelf);
+        eprintln!("=== END PANIC INFO ===");
+    }
+    r.unwrap()
+}
+
 /// The pattern context holds information about captured names and jump targets.
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct PatternContext {
@@ -372,9 +411,8 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
     fn pop_code_object(&mut self) -> CodeObject {
         let table = self.pop_symbol_table();
         assert!(table.sub_tables.is_empty());
-        self.code_stack
-            .pop()
-            .unwrap()
+        unwrap_internal(self, self.code_stack
+            .pop())
             .finalize_code(self.opts.optimize)
     }
 
@@ -482,7 +520,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                     self.current_block().instructions.pop(); // pop Instruction::Pop
                 }
                 Stmt::FunctionDef(_) | Stmt::ClassDef(_) => {
-                    let store_inst = self.current_block().instructions.pop().unwrap(); // pop Instruction::Store
+                    let store_inst = compiler_unwrap_option(zelf, self.current_block().instructions.pop()); // pop Instruction::Store
                     emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
                     self.current_block().instructions.push(store_inst);
                 }
@@ -540,9 +578,9 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         self.check_forbidden_name(&name, usage)?;
 
         let symbol_table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
-        let symbol = symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).unwrap_or_else(||
-            unreachable!("the symbol '{name}' should be present in the symbol table, even when it is undefined in python."),
-        );
+        let symbol = unwrap_internal(symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).ok_or_else(||
+            InternalError::MissingSymbol(name.to_owned())
+        ));
         let info = self.code_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
         let mut cache = &mut info.name_cache;
         enum NameOpType {
@@ -1476,12 +1514,9 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         }
         for var in &*code.freevars {
             let table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
-            let symbol = table.lookup(var).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-                panic!(
-                    "couldn't look up var {} in {} in {}",
-                    var, code.obj_name, self.source_code.path
-                )
-            });
+            let symbol = unwrap_internal(table.lookup(var).ok_or_else(|| {
+                InternalError::MissingSymbol(var)
+            }));
             let parent_code = self.code_stack.last().unwrap();
             let vars = match symbol.scope {
                 SymbolScope::Free => &parent_code.freevar_cache,
@@ -1564,9 +1599,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
 
         // Check if the class is declared global
         let symbol_table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
-        let symbol = symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).expect(
-            "The symbol must be present in the symbol table, even when it is undefined in python.",
-        );
+        let symbol = unwrap_internal(symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).ok_or_else(|| Err(InternalError::MissingSymbol(name.to_owned()))));
         let mut global_path_prefix = Vec::new();
         if symbol.scope == SymbolScope::GlobalExplicit {
             global_path_prefix.append(&mut self.qualified_path);
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
index 4394b936d2..69eab61183 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
@@ -34,6 +34,24 @@ impl fmt::Display for CodegenError {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum InternalError {
+    StackOverflow,
+    StackUnderflow,
+    MissingSymbol(String),
+}
+
+impl Display for InternalError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::StackOverflow => write!(f, "stack overflow"),
+            Self::StackUnderflow => write!(f, "stack underflow"),
+            Self::MissingSymbol(s) => write!(f, "The symbol '{s}' must be present in the symbol table, even when it is undefined in python.")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub enum CodegenErrorType {
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
index ee29c65a16..00a74954ae 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use ruff_source_file::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
 use rustpython_compiler_core::bytecode::{
     CodeFlags, CodeObject, CodeUnit, ConstantData, InstrDisplayContext, Instruction, Label, OpArg,
 };
+use crate::error::InternalError;
 // use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
@@ -82,12 +83,12 @@ pub struct CodeInfo {
     pub freevar_cache: IndexSet<String>,
 }
 impl CodeInfo {
-    pub fn finalize_code(mut self, optimize: u8) -> CodeObject {
+    pub fn finalize_code(mut self, optimize: u8) -> crate::InternalResult<CodeObject> {
         if optimize > 0 {
             self.dce();
         }
 
-        let max_stackdepth = self.max_stackdepth();
+        let max_stackdepth = self.max_stackdepth()?;
         let cell2arg = self.cell2arg();
 
         let CodeInfo {
@@ -219,7 +220,7 @@ impl CodeInfo {
         }
     }
 
-    fn max_stackdepth(&self) -> u32 {
+    fn max_stackdepth(&self) -> crate::InternalResult<u32> {
         let mut maxdepth = 0u32;
         let mut stack = Vec::with_capacity(self.blocks.len());
         let mut start_depths = vec![u32::MAX; self.blocks.len()];
@@ -247,7 +248,13 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                 if effect < 0 && depth < effect.unsigned_abs() {
                     panic!("The stack will underflow at {depth} with {effect} effect on {instr:?}");
                 }
-                let new_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).unwrap();
+                let new_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).ok_or_else(|| {
+                    if effect < 0 {
+                        InternalError::StackUnderflow
+                    } else {
+                        InternalError::StackOverflow
+                    }
+                })?;
                 if DEBUG {
                     eprintln!("{new_depth}");
                 }
@@ -264,7 +271,13 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                     )
                 {
                     let effect = instr.stack_effect(ins.arg, true);
-                    let target_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).unwrap();
+                    let target_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).ok_or_else(|| {
+                        if effect < 0 {
+                            InternalError::StackUnderflow
+                        } else {
+                            InternalError::StackOverflow
+                        }
+                    })?;
                     if target_depth > maxdepth {
                         maxdepth = target_depth
                     }
@@ -280,7 +293,7 @@ impl CodeInfo {
         if DEBUG {
             eprintln!("DONE: {maxdepth}");
         }
-        maxdepth
+        Ok(maxdepth)
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
index 90e11c5b84..3ef6a7456f 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/lib.rs
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ mod unparse;
 pub use compile::CompileOpts;
 use ruff_python_ast::Expr;
 
+pub(crate) use compile::InternalResult;
+
 pub trait ToPythonName {
     /// Returns a short name for the node suitable for use in error messages.
     fn python_name(&self) -> &'static str;

From fc331a154fdc8a08650773e4a621fbccdde9efac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 18 Apr 2025 22:41:48 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 637/705] fix errors and formatting

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 45 +++++++++++++++++----------------
 compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs      |  4 +--
 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 67b5d3b67e..b8cf205316 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -212,15 +212,15 @@ macro_rules! emit {
     };
 }
 
-fn print_location(zelf: &mut Compiler) {
+fn print_location(zelf: &Compiler<'_>) {
     let start = zelf.source_code.source_location(zelf.current_source_range.start());
     let end = zelf.source_code.source_location(zelf.current_source_range.end());
     eprintln!("LOCATION: {} from {}:{} to {}:{}", zelf.source_code.path.to_owned(), start.row, start.column, end.row, end.column);
 }
 
 /// Better traceback for internal error
-fn unwrap_internal<T>(zelf: &mut Compiler, r: InternalResult<T>) -> T {
-    if let Err(r_err) = r {
+fn unwrap_internal<T>(zelf: &Compiler<'_>, r: InternalResult<T>) -> T {
+    if let Err(ref r_err) = r {
         eprintln!("=== CODEGEN PANIC INFO ===");
         eprintln!("This IS an internal error: {}", r_err);
         print_location(zelf);
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ fn unwrap_internal<T>(zelf: &mut Compiler, r: InternalResult<T>) -> T {
     r.unwrap()
 }
 
-fn compiler_unwrap_option<T>(zelf: &mut Compiler, o: Option<T>) -> T {
+fn compiler_unwrap_option<T>(zelf: &Compiler<'_>, o: Option<T>) -> T {
     if let None = o {
         eprintln!("=== CODEGEN PANIC INFO ===");
         eprintln!("This IS an internal error, an option was unwrapped during codegen");
@@ -239,15 +239,15 @@ fn compiler_unwrap_option<T>(zelf: &mut Compiler, o: Option<T>) -> T {
     o.unwrap()
 }
 
-fn compiler_result_unwrap<T, E>(zelf: &mut Compiler, result: Result<T, E>) -> T {
-    if let Err(r_err) = r {
-        eprintln!("=== CODEGEN PANIC INFO ===");
-        eprintln!("This IS an internal error, an result was unwrapped during codegen");
-        print_location(zelf);
-        eprintln!("=== END PANIC INFO ===");
-    }
-    r.unwrap()
-}
+// fn compiler_result_unwrap<T, E: std::fmt::Debug>(zelf: &Compiler<'_>, result: Result<T, E>) -> T {
+//     if result.is_err() {
+//         eprintln!("=== CODEGEN PANIC INFO ===");
+//         eprintln!("This IS an internal error, an result was unwrapped during codegen");
+//         print_location(zelf);
+//         eprintln!("=== END PANIC INFO ===");
+//     }
+//     result.unwrap()
+// }
 
 /// The pattern context holds information about captured names and jump targets.
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -411,9 +411,9 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
     fn pop_code_object(&mut self) -> CodeObject {
         let table = self.pop_symbol_table();
         assert!(table.sub_tables.is_empty());
-        unwrap_internal(self, self.code_stack
-            .pop())
-            .finalize_code(self.opts.optimize)
+        let pop = self.code_stack.pop();
+        let stack_top = compiler_unwrap_option(self, pop);
+        unwrap_internal(self, stack_top.finalize_code(self.opts.optimize))
     }
 
     // could take impl Into<Cow<str>>, but everything is borrowed from ast structs; we never
@@ -520,7 +520,8 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
                     self.current_block().instructions.pop(); // pop Instruction::Pop
                 }
                 Stmt::FunctionDef(_) | Stmt::ClassDef(_) => {
-                    let store_inst = compiler_unwrap_option(zelf, self.current_block().instructions.pop()); // pop Instruction::Store
+                    let pop_instructions = self.current_block().instructions.pop();
+                    let store_inst = compiler_unwrap_option(self, pop_instructions); // pop Instruction::Store
                     emit!(self, Instruction::Duplicate);
                     self.current_block().instructions.push(store_inst);
                 }
@@ -578,8 +579,8 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         self.check_forbidden_name(&name, usage)?;
 
         let symbol_table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
-        let symbol = unwrap_internal(symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).ok_or_else(||
-            InternalError::MissingSymbol(name.to_owned())
+        let symbol = unwrap_internal(self, symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).ok_or_else(||
+            InternalError::MissingSymbol(name.to_string())
         ));
         let info = self.code_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
         let mut cache = &mut info.name_cache;
@@ -1514,8 +1515,8 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         }
         for var in &*code.freevars {
             let table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
-            let symbol = unwrap_internal(table.lookup(var).ok_or_else(|| {
-                InternalError::MissingSymbol(var)
+            let symbol = unwrap_internal(self, table.lookup(var).ok_or_else(|| {
+                InternalError::MissingSymbol(var.to_owned())
             }));
             let parent_code = self.code_stack.last().unwrap();
             let vars = match symbol.scope {
@@ -1599,7 +1600,7 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
 
         // Check if the class is declared global
         let symbol_table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
-        let symbol = unwrap_internal(symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).ok_or_else(|| Err(InternalError::MissingSymbol(name.to_owned()))));
+        let symbol = unwrap_internal(self, symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).ok_or_else(|| InternalError::MissingSymbol(name.to_owned())));
         let mut global_path_prefix = Vec::new();
         if symbol.scope == SymbolScope::GlobalExplicit {
             global_path_prefix.append(&mut self.qualified_path);
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
index 00a74954ae..915de373b1 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ impl CodeInfo {
             locations.clear()
         }
 
-        CodeObject {
+        Ok(CodeObject {
             flags,
             posonlyarg_count,
             arg_count,
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ impl CodeInfo {
             cellvars: cellvar_cache.into_iter().collect(),
             freevars: freevar_cache.into_iter().collect(),
             cell2arg,
-        }
+        })
     }
 
     fn cell2arg(&self) -> Option<Box<[i32]>> {

From 783e45f8acb29277a50d6c8416649c2894b16af7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 19 Apr 2025 09:48:20 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 638/705] Apply review

Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index b8cf205316..52710eca01 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ macro_rules! emit {
     };
 }
 
-fn print_location(zelf: &Compiler<'_>) {
+fn eprint_location(zelf: &Compiler<'_>) {
     let start = zelf.source_code.source_location(zelf.current_source_range.start());
     let end = zelf.source_code.source_location(zelf.current_source_range.end());
     eprintln!("LOCATION: {} from {}:{} to {}:{}", zelf.source_code.path.to_owned(), start.row, start.column, end.row, end.column);

From 397a1968c8a31fba3c3f3b979f123a8d263de215 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 19 Apr 2025 11:15:01 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 639/705] fix clippy

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs | 52 +++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 compiler/codegen/src/error.rs   |  5 +++-
 compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs      |  9 ++----
 3 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
index 52710eca01..18215003ee 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/compile.rs
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@ use rustpython_compiler_core::{
 };
 use rustpython_compiler_source::SourceCode;
 // use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
-use std::borrow::Cow;
 use crate::error::InternalError;
+use std::borrow::Cow;
 
 pub(crate) type InternalResult<T> = Result<T, InternalError>;
 type CompileResult<T> = Result<T, CodegenError>;
@@ -213,9 +213,20 @@ macro_rules! emit {
 }
 
 fn eprint_location(zelf: &Compiler<'_>) {
-    let start = zelf.source_code.source_location(zelf.current_source_range.start());
-    let end = zelf.source_code.source_location(zelf.current_source_range.end());
-    eprintln!("LOCATION: {} from {}:{} to {}:{}", zelf.source_code.path.to_owned(), start.row, start.column, end.row, end.column);
+    let start = zelf
+        .source_code
+        .source_location(zelf.current_source_range.start());
+    let end = zelf
+        .source_code
+        .source_location(zelf.current_source_range.end());
+    eprintln!(
+        "LOCATION: {} from {}:{} to {}:{}",
+        zelf.source_code.path.to_owned(),
+        start.row,
+        start.column,
+        end.row,
+        end.column
+    );
 }
 
 /// Better traceback for internal error
@@ -223,17 +234,17 @@ fn unwrap_internal<T>(zelf: &Compiler<'_>, r: InternalResult<T>) -> T {
     if let Err(ref r_err) = r {
         eprintln!("=== CODEGEN PANIC INFO ===");
         eprintln!("This IS an internal error: {}", r_err);
-        print_location(zelf);
+        eprint_location(zelf);
         eprintln!("=== END PANIC INFO ===");
     }
     r.unwrap()
 }
 
 fn compiler_unwrap_option<T>(zelf: &Compiler<'_>, o: Option<T>) -> T {
-    if let None = o {
+    if o.is_none() {
         eprintln!("=== CODEGEN PANIC INFO ===");
         eprintln!("This IS an internal error, an option was unwrapped during codegen");
-        print_location(zelf);
+        eprint_location(zelf);
         eprintln!("=== END PANIC INFO ===");
     }
     o.unwrap()
@@ -243,7 +254,7 @@ fn compiler_unwrap_option<T>(zelf: &Compiler<'_>, o: Option<T>) -> T {
 //     if result.is_err() {
 //         eprintln!("=== CODEGEN PANIC INFO ===");
 //         eprintln!("This IS an internal error, an result was unwrapped during codegen");
-//         print_location(zelf);
+//         eprint_location(zelf);
 //         eprintln!("=== END PANIC INFO ===");
 //     }
 //     result.unwrap()
@@ -579,9 +590,12 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         self.check_forbidden_name(&name, usage)?;
 
         let symbol_table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
-        let symbol = unwrap_internal(self, symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).ok_or_else(||
-            InternalError::MissingSymbol(name.to_string())
-        ));
+        let symbol = unwrap_internal(
+            self,
+            symbol_table
+                .lookup(name.as_ref())
+                .ok_or_else(|| InternalError::MissingSymbol(name.to_string())),
+        );
         let info = self.code_stack.last_mut().unwrap();
         let mut cache = &mut info.name_cache;
         enum NameOpType {
@@ -1515,9 +1529,12 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
         }
         for var in &*code.freevars {
             let table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
-            let symbol = unwrap_internal(self, table.lookup(var).ok_or_else(|| {
-                InternalError::MissingSymbol(var.to_owned())
-            }));
+            let symbol = unwrap_internal(
+                self,
+                table
+                    .lookup(var)
+                    .ok_or_else(|| InternalError::MissingSymbol(var.to_owned())),
+            );
             let parent_code = self.code_stack.last().unwrap();
             let vars = match symbol.scope {
                 SymbolScope::Free => &parent_code.freevar_cache,
@@ -1600,7 +1617,12 @@ impl Compiler<'_> {
 
         // Check if the class is declared global
         let symbol_table = self.symbol_table_stack.last().unwrap();
-        let symbol = unwrap_internal(self, symbol_table.lookup(name.as_ref()).ok_or_else(|| InternalError::MissingSymbol(name.to_owned())));
+        let symbol = unwrap_internal(
+            self,
+            symbol_table
+                .lookup(name.as_ref())
+                .ok_or_else(|| InternalError::MissingSymbol(name.to_owned())),
+        );
         let mut global_path_prefix = Vec::new();
         if symbol.scope == SymbolScope::GlobalExplicit {
             global_path_prefix.append(&mut self.qualified_path);
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
index 69eab61183..5e0ac12934 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/error.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,10 @@ impl Display for InternalError {
         match self {
             Self::StackOverflow => write!(f, "stack overflow"),
             Self::StackUnderflow => write!(f, "stack underflow"),
-            Self::MissingSymbol(s) => write!(f, "The symbol '{s}' must be present in the symbol table, even when it is undefined in python.")
+            Self::MissingSymbol(s) => write!(
+                f,
+                "The symbol '{s}' must be present in the symbol table, even when it is undefined in python."
+            ),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
index 915de373b1..bb1f8b7564 100644
--- a/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
+++ b/compiler/codegen/src/ir.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 use std::ops;
 
 use crate::IndexSet;
+use crate::error::InternalError;
 use ruff_source_file::{OneIndexed, SourceLocation};
 use rustpython_compiler_core::bytecode::{
     CodeFlags, CodeObject, CodeUnit, ConstantData, InstrDisplayContext, Instruction, Label, OpArg,
 };
-use crate::error::InternalError;
 // use rustpython_parser_core::source_code::{LineNumber, SourceLocation};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
@@ -245,10 +245,7 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                     let instr_display = instr.display(display_arg, self);
                     eprint!("{instr_display}: {depth} {effect:+} => ");
                 }
-                if effect < 0 && depth < effect.unsigned_abs() {
-                    panic!("The stack will underflow at {depth} with {effect} effect on {instr:?}");
-                }
-                let new_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).ok_or_else(|| {
+                let new_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).ok_or({
                     if effect < 0 {
                         InternalError::StackUnderflow
                     } else {
@@ -271,7 +268,7 @@ impl CodeInfo {
                     )
                 {
                     let effect = instr.stack_effect(ins.arg, true);
-                    let target_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).ok_or_else(|| {
+                    let target_depth = depth.checked_add_signed(effect).ok_or({
                         if effect < 0 {
                             InternalError::StackUnderflow
                         } else {

From e6404875726549f28eec66e9f42538dba8c8028b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 12:10:17 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 640/705] Use libbz2-rs-sys for bzip2 implementation

Co-authored-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock        | 12 +++++++++---
 stdlib/Cargo.toml |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/bz2.rs |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 12 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 87cfb55109..0255535c1b 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -239,12 +239,12 @@ checksum = "b6b1fc10dbac614ebc03540c9dbd60e83887fda27794998c6528f1782047d540"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bzip2"
-version = "0.4.4"
+version = "0.5.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bdb116a6ef3f6c3698828873ad02c3014b3c85cadb88496095628e3ef1e347f8"
+checksum = "49ecfb22d906f800d4fe833b6282cf4dc1c298f5057ca0b5445e5c209735ca47"
 dependencies = [
  "bzip2-sys",
- "libc",
+ "libbz2-rs-sys",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1322,6 +1322,12 @@ version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9fa0e2a1fcbe2f6be6c42e342259976206b383122fc152e872795338b5a3f3a7"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "libbz2-rs-sys"
+version = "0.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0864a00c8d019e36216b69c2c4ce50b83b7bd966add3cf5ba554ec44f8bebcf5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
 version = "0.2.171"
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index eb6b9fe4dd..ac1a6c41ee 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ adler32 = "1.2.0"
 crc32fast = "1.3.2"
 flate2 = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, features = ["zlib-rs"] }
 libz-sys = { package = "libz-rs-sys", version = "0.5" }
-bzip2 = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
+bzip2 = { version = "0.5", optional = true, features = ["libbz2-rs-sys"] }
 
 # tkinter
 tk-sys = { git = "https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git", tag = "v0.1.0", optional = true }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/bz2.rs b/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
index ba74a38db1..e580cbd713 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ mod _bz2 {
     }
 
     impl fmt::Debug for BZ2Decompressor {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
             write!(f, "_bz2.BZ2Decompressor")
         }
     }
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ mod _bz2 {
     }
 
     impl fmt::Debug for BZ2Compressor {
-        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
             write!(f, "_bz2.BZ2Compressor")
         }
     }

From e377e43f057ae26f1390ab399879c081208854b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 12:10:56 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 641/705] Remove bz2 feature

---
 Cargo.toml        | 1 -
 stdlib/Cargo.toml | 3 +--
 stdlib/src/lib.rs | 6 +-----
 3 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 0a3e3b89ff..fb066e5dfd 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ flame-it = ["rustpython-vm/flame-it", "flame", "flamescope"]
 freeze-stdlib = ["stdlib", "rustpython-vm/freeze-stdlib", "rustpython-pylib?/freeze-stdlib"]
 jit = ["rustpython-vm/jit"]
 threading = ["rustpython-vm/threading", "rustpython-stdlib/threading"]
-bz2 = ["stdlib", "rustpython-stdlib/bz2"]
 sqlite = ["rustpython-stdlib/sqlite"]
 ssl = ["rustpython-stdlib/ssl"]
 ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "rustpython-stdlib/ssl-vendor"]
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index ac1a6c41ee..d29bd3b21e 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ license.workspace = true
 default = ["compiler"]
 compiler = ["rustpython-vm/compiler"]
 threading = ["rustpython-common/threading", "rustpython-vm/threading"]
-bz2 = ["bzip2"]
 sqlite = ["dep:libsqlite3-sys"]
 ssl = ["openssl", "openssl-sys", "foreign-types-shared", "openssl-probe"]
 ssl-vendor = ["ssl", "openssl/vendored"]
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ adler32 = "1.2.0"
 crc32fast = "1.3.2"
 flate2 = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, features = ["zlib-rs"] }
 libz-sys = { package = "libz-rs-sys", version = "0.5" }
-bzip2 = { version = "0.5", optional = true, features = ["libbz2-rs-sys"] }
+bzip2 = { version = "0.5", features = ["libbz2-rs-sys"] }
 
 # tkinter
 tk-sys = { git = "https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git", tag = "v0.1.0", optional = true }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 1e81606f3c..254aa39322 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ mod statistics;
 mod suggestions;
 // TODO: maybe make this an extension module, if we ever get those
 // mod re;
-#[cfg(feature = "bz2")]
 mod bz2;
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub mod socket;
@@ -112,6 +111,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "array" => array::make_module,
             "binascii" => binascii::make_module,
             "_bisect" => bisect::make_module,
+            "_bz2" => bz2::make_module,
             "cmath" => cmath::make_module,
             "_contextvars" => contextvars::make_module,
             "_csv" => csv::make_module,
@@ -158,10 +158,6 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
         {
             "_ssl" => ssl::make_module,
         }
-        #[cfg(feature = "bz2")]
-        {
-            "_bz2" => bz2::make_module,
-        }
         #[cfg(windows)]
         {
             "_overlapped" => overlapped::make_module,

From f0d46bfeaa8188ab4cdf939adc771b035fc3be93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 17 Apr 2025 14:00:15 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 642/705] Finish _bz2 implementation

---
 Lib/test/test_bz2.py      |   6 +
 stdlib/src/bz2.rs         | 147 +++++-----------
 stdlib/src/zlib.rs        | 347 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 vm/src/function/number.rs |   2 +-
 4 files changed, 301 insertions(+), 201 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_bz2.py b/Lib/test/test_bz2.py
index 1f0b9adc36..b716d6016b 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_bz2.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_bz2.py
@@ -676,6 +676,8 @@ def testCompress4G(self, size):
         finally:
             data = None
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testPickle(self):
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -734,6 +736,8 @@ def testDecompress4G(self, size):
             compressed = None
             decompressed = None
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def testPickle(self):
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -1001,6 +1005,8 @@ def test_encoding_error_handler(self):
                 as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), "foobar")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_newline(self):
         # Test with explicit newline (universal newline mode disabled).
         text = self.TEXT.decode("ascii")
diff --git a/stdlib/src/bz2.rs b/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
index e580cbd713..6339a44a24 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
@@ -12,24 +12,44 @@ mod _bz2 {
         object::{PyPayload, PyResult},
         types::Constructor,
     };
+    use crate::zlib::{
+        DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor,
+    };
     use bzip2::{Decompress, Status, write::BzEncoder};
+    use rustpython_vm::convert::ToPyException;
     use std::{fmt, io::Write};
 
-    // const BUFSIZ: i32 = 8192;
-
-    struct DecompressorState {
-        decoder: Decompress,
-        eof: bool,
-        needs_input: bool,
-        // input_buffer: Vec<u8>,
-        // output_buffer: Vec<u8>,
-    }
+    const BUFSIZ: usize = 8192;
 
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "BZ2Decompressor")]
     #[derive(PyPayload)]
     struct BZ2Decompressor {
-        state: PyMutex<DecompressorState>,
+        state: PyMutex<DecompressState<Decompress>>,
+    }
+
+    impl Decompressor for Decompress {
+        type Flush = ();
+        type Status = Status;
+        type Error = bzip2::Error;
+
+        fn total_in(&self) -> u64 {
+            self.total_in()
+        }
+        fn decompress_vec(
+            &mut self,
+            input: &[u8],
+            output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+            (): Self::Flush,
+        ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error> {
+            self.decompress_vec(input, output)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl DecompressStatus for Status {
+        fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool {
+            *self == Status::StreamEnd
+        }
     }
 
     impl fmt::Debug for BZ2Decompressor {
@@ -43,13 +63,7 @@ mod _bz2 {
 
         fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, _: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
             Self {
-                state: PyMutex::new(DecompressorState {
-                    decoder: Decompress::new(false),
-                    eof: false,
-                    needs_input: true,
-                    // input_buffer: Vec::new(),
-                    // output_buffer: Vec::new(),
-                }),
+                state: PyMutex::new(DecompressState::new(Decompress::new(false), vm)),
             }
             .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
             .map(Into::into)
@@ -59,107 +73,34 @@ mod _bz2 {
     #[pyclass(with(Constructor))]
     impl BZ2Decompressor {
         #[pymethod]
-        fn decompress(
-            &self,
-            data: ArgBytesLike,
-            // TODO: PyIntRef
-            max_length: OptionalArg<i32>,
-            vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> PyResult<PyBytesRef> {
-            let max_length = max_length.unwrap_or(-1);
-            if max_length >= 0 {
-                return Err(vm.new_not_implemented_error(
-                    "the max_value argument is not implemented yet".to_owned(),
-                ));
-            }
-            // let max_length = if max_length < 0 || max_length >= BUFSIZ {
-            //     BUFSIZ
-            // } else {
-            //     max_length
-            // };
+        fn decompress(&self, args: DecompressArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            let max_length = args.max_length();
+            let data = &*args.data();
 
             let mut state = self.state.lock();
-            let DecompressorState {
-                decoder,
-                eof,
-                ..
-                // needs_input,
-                // input_buffer,
-                // output_buffer,
-            } = &mut *state;
-
-            if *eof {
-                return Err(vm.new_exception_msg(
-                    vm.ctx.exceptions.eof_error.to_owned(),
-                    "End of stream already reached".to_owned(),
-                ));
-            }
-
-            // data.with_ref(|data| input_buffer.extend(data));
-
-            // If max_length is negative:
-            // read the input X bytes at a time, compress it and append it to output.
-            // Once you're out of input, setting needs_input to true and return the
-            // output as bytes.
-            //
-            // TODO:
-            // If max_length is non-negative:
-            // Read the input X bytes at a time, compress it and append it to
-            // the output. If output reaches `max_length` in size, return
-            // it (up to max_length), and store the rest of the output
-            // for later.
-
-            // TODO: arbitrary choice, not the right way to do it.
-            let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(data.len() * 32);
-
-            let before = decoder.total_in();
-            let res = data.with_ref(|data| decoder.decompress_vec(data, &mut buf));
-            let _written = (decoder.total_in() - before) as usize;
-
-            let res = match res {
-                Ok(x) => x,
-                // TODO: error message
-                _ => return Err(vm.new_os_error("Invalid data stream".to_owned())),
-            };
-
-            if res == Status::StreamEnd {
-                *eof = true;
-            }
-            Ok(vm.ctx.new_bytes(buf.to_vec()))
+            state
+                .decompress(data, max_length, BUFSIZ, vm)
+                .map_err(|e| match e {
+                    DecompressError::Decompress(err) => vm.new_os_error(err.to_string()),
+                    DecompressError::Eof(err) => err.to_pyexception(vm),
+                })
         }
 
         #[pygetset]
         fn eof(&self) -> bool {
-            let state = self.state.lock();
-            state.eof
+            self.state.lock().eof()
         }
 
         #[pygetset]
-        fn unused_data(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBytesRef {
-            // Data found after the end of the compressed stream.
-            // If this attribute is accessed before the end of the stream
-            // has been reached, its value will be b''.
-            vm.ctx.new_bytes(b"".to_vec())
-            // alternatively, be more honest:
-            // Err(vm.new_not_implemented_error(
-            //     "unused_data isn't implemented yet".to_owned(),
-            // ))
-            //
-            // TODO
-            // let state = self.state.lock();
-            // if state.eof {
-            //     vm.ctx.new_bytes(state.input_buffer.to_vec())
-            // else {
-            //     vm.ctx.new_bytes(b"".to_vec())
-            // }
+        fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
+            self.state.lock().unused_data()
         }
 
         #[pygetset]
         fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
             // False if the decompress() method can provide more
             // decompressed data before requiring new uncompressed input.
-            let state = self.state.lock();
-            state.needs_input
+            self.state.lock().needs_input()
         }
 
         // TODO: mro()?
diff --git a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
index 9c19b74066..0578f20c86 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 // spell-checker:ignore compressobj decompressobj zdict chunksize zlibmodule miniz chunker
 
-pub(crate) use zlib::make_module;
+pub(crate) use zlib::{DecompressArgs, make_module};
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod zlib {
+    use super::generic::{
+        DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor, FlushKind, flush_sync,
+    };
     use crate::vm::{
         PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyIntRef, PyTypeRef},
         common::lock::PyMutex,
-        convert::TryFromBorrowedObject,
+        convert::{ToPyException, TryFromBorrowedObject},
         function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgPrimitiveIndex, ArgSize, OptionalArg},
         types::Constructor,
     };
@@ -142,18 +145,18 @@ mod zlib {
     }
 
     #[derive(Clone)]
-    struct Chunker<'a> {
+    pub(crate) struct Chunker<'a> {
         data1: &'a [u8],
         data2: &'a [u8],
     }
     impl<'a> Chunker<'a> {
-        fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+        pub(crate) fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
             Self {
                 data1: data,
                 data2: &[],
             }
         }
-        fn chain(data1: &'a [u8], data2: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+        pub(crate) fn chain(data1: &'a [u8], data2: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
             if data1.is_empty() {
                 Self {
                     data1: data2,
@@ -163,19 +166,19 @@ mod zlib {
                 Self { data1, data2 }
             }
         }
-        fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
             self.data1.len() + self.data2.len()
         }
-        fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
             self.data1.is_empty()
         }
-        fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        pub(crate) fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
             [self.data1, self.data2].concat()
         }
-        fn chunk(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
+        pub(crate) fn chunk(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
             self.data1.get(..CHUNKSIZE).unwrap_or(self.data1)
         }
-        fn advance(&mut self, consumed: usize) {
+        pub(crate) fn advance(&mut self, consumed: usize) {
             self.data1 = &self.data1[consumed..];
             if self.data1.is_empty() {
                 self.data1 = std::mem::take(&mut self.data2);
@@ -183,28 +186,24 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
-    fn _decompress(
+    fn _decompress<D: Decompressor>(
         data: &[u8],
-        d: &mut Decompress,
+        d: &mut D,
         bufsize: usize,
         max_length: Option<usize>,
-        is_flush: bool,
-        zdict: Option<&ArgBytesLike>,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<(Vec<u8>, bool)> {
+        calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
+    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
         let mut data = Chunker::new(data);
-        _decompress_chunks(&mut data, d, bufsize, max_length, is_flush, zdict, vm)
+        _decompress_chunks(&mut data, d, bufsize, max_length, calc_flush)
     }
 
-    fn _decompress_chunks(
+    pub(super) fn _decompress_chunks<D: Decompressor>(
         data: &mut Chunker<'_>,
-        d: &mut Decompress,
+        d: &mut D,
         bufsize: usize,
         max_length: Option<usize>,
-        is_flush: bool,
-        zdict: Option<&ArgBytesLike>,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> PyResult<(Vec<u8>, bool)> {
+        calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
+    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
         if data.is_empty() {
             return Ok((Vec::new(), true));
         }
@@ -213,16 +212,7 @@ mod zlib {
 
         'outer: loop {
             let chunk = data.chunk();
-            let flush = if is_flush {
-                // if this is the final chunk, finish it
-                if chunk.len() == data.len() {
-                    FlushDecompress::Finish
-                } else {
-                    FlushDecompress::None
-                }
-            } else {
-                FlushDecompress::Sync
-            };
+            let flush = calc_flush(chunk.len() == data.len());
             loop {
                 let additional = std::cmp::min(bufsize, max_length - buf.capacity());
                 if additional == 0 {
@@ -238,7 +228,7 @@ mod zlib {
 
                 match res {
                     Ok(status) => {
-                        let stream_end = status == Status::StreamEnd;
+                        let stream_end = status.is_stream_end();
                         if stream_end || data.is_empty() {
                             // we've reached the end of the stream, we're done
                             buf.shrink_to_fit();
@@ -252,11 +242,7 @@ mod zlib {
                         }
                     }
                     Err(e) => {
-                        let Some(zdict) = e.needs_dictionary().and(zdict) else {
-                            return Err(new_zlib_error(&e.to_string(), vm));
-                        };
-                        d.set_dictionary(&zdict.borrow_buf())
-                            .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("failed to set dictionary", vm))?;
+                        d.maybe_set_dict(e)?;
                         // now try the next chunk
                         continue 'outer;
                     }
@@ -285,8 +271,8 @@ mod zlib {
         } = args;
         data.with_ref(|data| {
             let mut d = InitOptions::new(wbits.value, vm)?.decompress();
-            let (buf, stream_end) =
-                _decompress(data, &mut d, bufsize.value, None, false, None, vm)?;
+            let (buf, stream_end) = _decompress(data, &mut d, bufsize.value, None, flush_sync)
+                .map_err(|e| new_zlib_error(e.to_string(), vm))?;
             if !stream_end {
                 return Err(new_zlib_error(
                     "Error -5 while decompressing data: incomplete or truncated stream",
@@ -316,9 +302,8 @@ mod zlib {
             }
         }
         let inner = PyDecompressInner {
-            decompress: Some(decompress),
+            decompress: Some(DecompressWithDict { decompress, zdict }),
             eof: false,
-            zdict,
             unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
             unconsumed_tail: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
         };
@@ -329,8 +314,7 @@ mod zlib {
 
     #[derive(Debug)]
     struct PyDecompressInner {
-        decompress: Option<Decompress>,
-        zdict: Option<ArgBytesLike>,
+        decompress: Option<DecompressWithDict>,
         eof: bool,
         unused_data: PyBytesRef,
         unconsumed_tail: PyBytesRef,
@@ -370,14 +354,25 @@ mod zlib {
                 return Err(new_zlib_error(USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR, vm));
             };
 
-            let zdict = if is_flush { None } else { inner.zdict.as_ref() };
-
             let prev_in = d.total_in();
-            let (ret, stream_end) =
-                match _decompress(data, d, bufsize, max_length, is_flush, zdict, vm) {
-                    Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
-                    Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
+            let res = if is_flush {
+                // if is_flush: ignore zdict, finish if final chunk
+                let calc_flush = |final_chunk| {
+                    if final_chunk {
+                        FlushDecompress::Finish
+                    } else {
+                        FlushDecompress::None
+                    }
                 };
+                _decompress(data, &mut d.decompress, bufsize, max_length, calc_flush)
+            } else {
+                _decompress(data, d, bufsize, max_length, flush_sync)
+            }
+            .map_err(|e| new_zlib_error(e.to_string(), vm));
+            let (ret, stream_end) = match res {
+                Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
+                Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
+            };
             let consumed = (d.total_in() - prev_in) as usize;
 
             // save unused input
@@ -404,7 +399,7 @@ mod zlib {
                 .try_into()
                 .map_err(|_| vm.new_value_error("must be non-negative".to_owned()))?;
             let max_length = (max_length != 0).then_some(max_length);
-            let data = &*args.data.borrow_buf();
+            let data = &*args.data();
 
             let inner = &mut *self.inner.lock();
 
@@ -440,13 +435,24 @@ mod zlib {
     }
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
-    struct DecompressArgs {
+    pub(crate) struct DecompressArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional)]
         data: ArgBytesLike,
         #[pyarg(any, optional)]
         max_length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>,
     }
 
+    impl DecompressArgs {
+        pub(crate) fn data(&self) -> crate::common::borrow::BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
+            self.data.borrow_buf()
+        }
+        pub(crate) fn max_length(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+            self.max_length
+                .into_option()
+                .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok())
+        }
+    }
+
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     #[allow(dead_code)] // FIXME: use args
     struct CompressobjArgs {
@@ -588,8 +594,8 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
-    fn new_zlib_error(message: &str, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-        vm.new_exception_msg(vm.class("zlib", "error"), message.to_owned())
+    fn new_zlib_error(message: impl Into<String>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        vm.new_exception_msg(vm.class("zlib", "error"), message.into())
     }
 
     const USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR: &str = "Error -2: inconsistent stream state";
@@ -626,19 +632,68 @@ mod zlib {
     #[pyclass(name = "_ZlibDecompressor")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
     struct ZlibDecompressor {
-        inner: PyMutex<ZlibDecompressorInner>,
+        inner: PyMutex<DecompressState<DecompressWithDict>>,
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug)]
-    struct ZlibDecompressorInner {
+    struct DecompressWithDict {
         decompress: Decompress,
-        unused_data: PyBytesRef,
-        input_buffer: Vec<u8>,
         zdict: Option<ArgBytesLike>,
-        eof: bool,
-        needs_input: bool,
     }
 
+    impl DecompressStatus for Status {
+        fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool {
+            *self == Status::StreamEnd
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl FlushKind for FlushDecompress {
+        const SYNC: Self = FlushDecompress::Sync;
+    }
+
+    impl Decompressor for Decompress {
+        type Flush = FlushDecompress;
+        type Status = Status;
+        type Error = flate2::DecompressError;
+
+        fn total_in(&self) -> u64 {
+            self.total_in()
+        }
+        fn decompress_vec(
+            &mut self,
+            input: &[u8],
+            output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+            flush: Self::Flush,
+        ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error> {
+            self.decompress_vec(input, output, flush)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Decompressor for DecompressWithDict {
+        type Flush = FlushDecompress;
+        type Status = Status;
+        type Error = flate2::DecompressError;
+
+        fn total_in(&self) -> u64 {
+            self.decompress.total_in()
+        }
+        fn decompress_vec(
+            &mut self,
+            input: &[u8],
+            output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+            flush: Self::Flush,
+        ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error> {
+            self.decompress.decompress_vec(input, output, flush)
+        }
+        fn maybe_set_dict(&mut self, err: Self::Error) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+            let zdict = err.needs_dictionary().and(self.zdict.as_ref()).ok_or(err)?;
+            self.decompress.set_dictionary(&zdict.borrow_buf())?;
+            Ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    // impl Deconstruct
+
     impl Constructor for ZlibDecompressor {
         type Args = DecompressobjArgs;
 
@@ -651,14 +706,7 @@ mod zlib {
                         .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("failed to set dictionary", vm))?;
                 }
             }
-            let inner = ZlibDecompressorInner {
-                decompress,
-                unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
-                input_buffer: Vec::new(),
-                zdict,
-                eof: false,
-                needs_input: true,
-            };
+            let inner = DecompressState::new(DecompressWithDict { decompress, zdict }, vm);
             Self {
                 inner: PyMutex::new(inner),
             }
@@ -671,61 +719,151 @@ mod zlib {
     impl ZlibDecompressor {
         #[pygetset]
         fn eof(&self) -> bool {
-            self.inner.lock().eof
+            self.inner.lock().eof()
         }
 
         #[pygetset]
         fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
-            self.inner.lock().unused_data.clone()
+            self.inner.lock().unused_data()
         }
 
         #[pygetset]
         fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
-            self.inner.lock().needs_input
+            self.inner.lock().needs_input()
         }
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn decompress(&self, args: DecompressArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let max_length = args
-                .max_length
-                .into_option()
-                .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok());
-            let data = &*args.data.borrow_buf();
+            let max_length = args.max_length();
+            let data = &*args.data();
 
             let inner = &mut *self.inner.lock();
 
-            if inner.eof {
-                return Err(vm.new_eof_error("End of stream already reached".to_owned()));
+            inner
+                .decompress(data, max_length, DEF_BUF_SIZE, vm)
+                .map_err(|e| match e {
+                    DecompressError::Decompress(err) => new_zlib_error(err.to_string(), vm),
+                    DecompressError::Eof(err) => err.to_pyexception(vm),
+                })
+        }
+
+        // TODO: Wait for getstate pyslot to be fixed
+        // #[pyslot]
+        // fn getstate(zelf: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
+        //     Err(vm.new_type_error("cannot serialize '_ZlibDecompressor' object".to_owned()))
+        // }
+    }
+}
+
+mod generic {
+    use super::zlib::{_decompress_chunks, Chunker};
+    use crate::vm::{
+        VirtualMachine,
+        builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef},
+        convert::ToPyException,
+    };
+
+    pub(crate) trait Decompressor {
+        type Flush: FlushKind;
+        type Status: DecompressStatus;
+        type Error;
+
+        fn total_in(&self) -> u64;
+        fn decompress_vec(
+            &mut self,
+            input: &[u8],
+            output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+            flush: Self::Flush,
+        ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error>;
+        fn maybe_set_dict(&mut self, err: Self::Error) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+            Err(err)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) trait DecompressStatus {
+        fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) trait FlushKind: Copy {
+        const SYNC: Self;
+    }
+
+    impl FlushKind for () {
+        const SYNC: Self = ();
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn flush_sync<T: FlushKind>(_final_chunk: bool) -> T {
+        T::SYNC
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub(crate) struct DecompressState<D> {
+        decompress: D,
+        unused_data: PyBytesRef,
+        input_buffer: Vec<u8>,
+        eof: bool,
+        needs_input: bool,
+    }
+
+    impl<D: Decompressor> DecompressState<D> {
+        pub(crate) fn new(decompress: D, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                decompress,
+                unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
+                input_buffer: Vec::new(),
+                eof: false,
+                needs_input: true,
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn eof(&self) -> bool {
+            self.eof
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
+            self.unused_data.clone()
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
+            self.needs_input
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn decompress(
+            &mut self,
+            data: &[u8],
+            max_length: Option<usize>,
+            bufsize: usize,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DecompressError<D::Error>> {
+            if self.eof {
+                return Err(DecompressError::Eof(EofError));
             }
 
-            let input_buffer = &mut inner.input_buffer;
-            let d = &mut inner.decompress;
+            let input_buffer = &mut self.input_buffer;
+            let d = &mut self.decompress;
 
             let mut chunks = Chunker::chain(input_buffer, data);
 
-            let zdict = inner.zdict.as_ref();
-            let bufsize = DEF_BUF_SIZE;
-
             let prev_len = chunks.len();
             let (ret, stream_end) =
-                match _decompress_chunks(&mut chunks, d, bufsize, max_length, false, zdict, vm) {
+                match _decompress_chunks(&mut chunks, d, bufsize, max_length, flush_sync) {
                     Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
                     Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
                 };
             let consumed = prev_len - chunks.len();
 
-            inner.eof |= stream_end;
+            self.eof |= stream_end;
 
-            if inner.eof {
-                inner.needs_input = false;
+            if self.eof {
+                self.needs_input = false;
                 if !chunks.is_empty() {
-                    inner.unused_data = vm.ctx.new_bytes(chunks.to_vec());
+                    self.unused_data = vm.ctx.new_bytes(chunks.to_vec());
                 }
             } else if chunks.is_empty() {
                 input_buffer.clear();
-                inner.needs_input = true;
+                self.needs_input = true;
             } else {
-                inner.needs_input = false;
+                self.needs_input = false;
                 if let Some(n_consumed_from_data) = consumed.checked_sub(input_buffer.len()) {
                     input_buffer.clear();
                     input_buffer.extend_from_slice(&data[n_consumed_from_data..]);
@@ -735,13 +873,28 @@ mod zlib {
                 }
             }
 
-            ret
+            ret.map_err(DecompressError::Decompress)
         }
+    }
 
-        // TODO: Wait for getstate pyslot to be fixed
-        // #[pyslot]
-        // fn getstate(zelf: &PyObject, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<PyObject> {
-        //     Err(vm.new_type_error("cannot serialize '_ZlibDecompressor' object".to_owned()))
-        // }
+    pub(crate) enum DecompressError<E> {
+        Decompress(E),
+        Eof(EofError),
+    }
+
+    impl<E> From<E> for DecompressError<E> {
+        fn from(err: E) -> Self {
+            Self::Decompress(err)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) struct EofError;
+
+    impl ToPyException for EofError {
+        fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+            vm.new_eof_error("End of stream already reached".to_owned())
+        }
     }
 }
+
+pub(crate) use generic::{DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor};
diff --git a/vm/src/function/number.rs b/vm/src/function/number.rs
index 0e36f57ad1..bead82123e 100644
--- a/vm/src/function/number.rs
+++ b/vm/src/function/number.rs
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ impl TryFromObject for ArgIndex {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Debug)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 #[repr(transparent)]
 pub struct ArgPrimitiveIndex<T> {
     pub value: T,

From e434ff5f6ecefc9d0653beadac20bd412d5cc3aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2025 19:23:35 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 643/705] basic wasip2 support

---
 .cspell.dict/rust-more.txt | 2 ++
 common/src/lib.rs          | 1 +
 src/lib.rs                 | 2 ++
 stdlib/src/lib.rs          | 2 ++
 4 files changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
index e92f1ff8c1..e5d5ac86c4 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
@@ -74,6 +74,8 @@ unic
 unistd
 unraw
 unsync
+wasip1
+wasip2
 wasmbind
 wasmtime
 widestring
diff --git a/common/src/lib.rs b/common/src/lib.rs
index a62c9517b4..a66d3ad9c5 100644
--- a/common/src/lib.rs
+++ b/common/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 //! A crate to hold types and functions common to all rustpython components.
 
+#![cfg_attr(all(target_os = "wasi", target_env = "p2"), feature(wasip2))]
 #![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", feature(byte_slice_trim_ascii, new_uninit))]
 
 #[macro_use]
diff --git a/src/lib.rs b/src/lib.rs
index e9c9c91294..262904c1cb 100644
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@
 //!
 //! The binary will have all the standard arguments of a python interpreter (including a REPL!) but
 //! it will have your modules loaded into the vm.
+
+#![cfg_attr(all(target_os = "wasi", target_env = "p2"), feature(wasip2))]
 #![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
 
 #[macro_use]
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 1e81606f3c..ed35b4db7c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // to allow `mod foo {}` in foo.rs; clippy thinks this is a mistake/misunderstanding of
 // how `mod` works, but we want this sometimes for pymodule declarations
+
 #![allow(clippy::module_inception)]
+#![cfg_attr(all(target_os = "wasi", target_env = "p2"), feature(wasip2))]
 #![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", feature(raw_ref_op))]
 
 #[macro_use]

From 82a62382d0e3fc24934c40536d741c55ffc4e21d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2025 16:05:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 644/705] add wave at 3.13.2

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Lib/test/test_wave.py | 227 +++++++++++++++
 Lib/wave.py           | 663 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 890 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_wave.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/wave.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_wave.py b/Lib/test/test_wave.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e771c8de9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_wave.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+import unittest
+from test import audiotests
+from test import support
+import io
+import struct
+import sys
+import wave
+
+
+class WaveTest(audiotests.AudioWriteTests,
+               audiotests.AudioTestsWithSourceFile):
+    module = wave
+
+
+class WavePCM8Test(WaveTest, unittest.TestCase):
+    sndfilename = 'pluck-pcm8.wav'
+    sndfilenframes = 3307
+    nchannels = 2
+    sampwidth = 1
+    framerate = 11025
+    nframes = 48
+    comptype = 'NONE'
+    compname = 'not compressed'
+    frames = bytes.fromhex("""\
+      827F CB80 B184 0088 4B86 C883 3F81 837E 387A 3473 A96B 9A66 \
+      6D64 4662 8E60 6F60 D762 7B68 936F 5877 177B 757C 887B 5F7B \
+      917A BE7B 3C7C E67F 4F84 C389 418E D192 6E97 0296 FF94 0092 \
+      C98E D28D 6F8F 4E8F 648C E38A 888A AB8B D18E 0B91 368E C48A \
+      """)
+
+
+class WavePCM16Test(WaveTest, unittest.TestCase):
+    sndfilename = 'pluck-pcm16.wav'
+    sndfilenframes = 3307
+    nchannels = 2
+    sampwidth = 2
+    framerate = 11025
+    nframes = 48
+    comptype = 'NONE'
+    compname = 'not compressed'
+    frames = bytes.fromhex("""\
+      022EFFEA 4B5C00F9 311404EF 80DC0843 CBDF06B2 48AA03F3 BFE701B2 036BFE7C \
+      B857FA3E B4B2F34F 2999EBCA 1A5FE6D7 EDFCE491 C626E279 0E05E0B8 EF27E02D \
+      5754E275 FB31E843 1373EF89 D827F72C 978BFB7A F5F7FC11 0866FB9C DF30FB42 \
+      117FFA36 3EE4FB5D BC75FCB6 66D5FF5F CF16040E 43220978 C1BC0EC8 511F12A4 \
+      EEDF1755 82061666 7FFF1446 80001296 499C0EB2 52BA0DB9 EFB70F5C CE400FBC \
+      E4B50CEB 63440A5A 08CA0A1F 2BBA0B0B 51460E47 8BCB113C B6F50EEA 44150A59 \
+      """)
+    if sys.byteorder != 'big':
+        frames = wave._byteswap(frames, 2)
+
+
+class WavePCM24Test(WaveTest, unittest.TestCase):
+    sndfilename = 'pluck-pcm24.wav'
+    sndfilenframes = 3307
+    nchannels = 2
+    sampwidth = 3
+    framerate = 11025
+    nframes = 48
+    comptype = 'NONE'
+    compname = 'not compressed'
+    frames = bytes.fromhex("""\
+      022D65FFEB9D 4B5A0F00FA54 3113C304EE2B 80DCD6084303 \
+      CBDEC006B261 48A99803F2F8 BFE82401B07D 036BFBFE7B5D \
+      B85756FA3EC9 B4B055F3502B 299830EBCB62 1A5CA7E6D99A \
+      EDFA3EE491BD C625EBE27884 0E05A9E0B6CF EF2929E02922 \
+      5758D8E27067 FB3557E83E16 1377BFEF8402 D82C5BF7272A \
+      978F16FB7745 F5F865FC1013 086635FB9C4E DF30FCFB40EE \
+      117FE0FA3438 3EE6B8FB5AC3 BC77A3FCB2F4 66D6DAFF5F32 \
+      CF13B9041275 431D69097A8C C1BB600EC74E 5120B912A2BA \
+      EEDF641754C0 8207001664B7 7FFFFF14453F 8000001294E6 \
+      499C1B0EB3B2 52B73E0DBCA0 EFB2B20F5FD8 CE3CDB0FBE12 \
+      E4B49C0CEA2D 6344A80A5A7C 08C8FE0A1FFE 2BB9860B0A0E \
+      51486F0E44E1 8BCC64113B05 B6F4EC0EEB36 4413170A5B48 \
+      """)
+    if sys.byteorder != 'big':
+        frames = wave._byteswap(frames, 3)
+
+
+class WavePCM24ExtTest(WaveTest, unittest.TestCase):
+    sndfilename = 'pluck-pcm24-ext.wav'
+    sndfilenframes = 3307
+    nchannels = 2
+    sampwidth = 3
+    framerate = 11025
+    nframes = 48
+    comptype = 'NONE'
+    compname = 'not compressed'
+    frames = bytes.fromhex("""\
+      022D65FFEB9D 4B5A0F00FA54 3113C304EE2B 80DCD6084303 \
+      CBDEC006B261 48A99803F2F8 BFE82401B07D 036BFBFE7B5D \
+      B85756FA3EC9 B4B055F3502B 299830EBCB62 1A5CA7E6D99A \
+      EDFA3EE491BD C625EBE27884 0E05A9E0B6CF EF2929E02922 \
+      5758D8E27067 FB3557E83E16 1377BFEF8402 D82C5BF7272A \
+      978F16FB7745 F5F865FC1013 086635FB9C4E DF30FCFB40EE \
+      117FE0FA3438 3EE6B8FB5AC3 BC77A3FCB2F4 66D6DAFF5F32 \
+      CF13B9041275 431D69097A8C C1BB600EC74E 5120B912A2BA \
+      EEDF641754C0 8207001664B7 7FFFFF14453F 8000001294E6 \
+      499C1B0EB3B2 52B73E0DBCA0 EFB2B20F5FD8 CE3CDB0FBE12 \
+      E4B49C0CEA2D 6344A80A5A7C 08C8FE0A1FFE 2BB9860B0A0E \
+      51486F0E44E1 8BCC64113B05 B6F4EC0EEB36 4413170A5B48 \
+      """)
+    if sys.byteorder != 'big':
+        frames = wave._byteswap(frames, 3)
+
+
+class WavePCM32Test(WaveTest, unittest.TestCase):
+    sndfilename = 'pluck-pcm32.wav'
+    sndfilenframes = 3307
+    nchannels = 2
+    sampwidth = 4
+    framerate = 11025
+    nframes = 48
+    comptype = 'NONE'
+    compname = 'not compressed'
+    frames = bytes.fromhex("""\
+      022D65BCFFEB9D92 4B5A0F8000FA549C 3113C34004EE2BC0 80DCD680084303E0 \
+      CBDEC0C006B26140 48A9980003F2F8FC BFE8248001B07D92 036BFB60FE7B5D34 \
+      B8575600FA3EC920 B4B05500F3502BC0 29983000EBCB6240 1A5CA7A0E6D99A60 \
+      EDFA3E80E491BD40 C625EB80E27884A0 0E05A9A0E0B6CFE0 EF292940E0292280 \
+      5758D800E2706700 FB3557D8E83E1640 1377BF00EF840280 D82C5B80F7272A80 \
+      978F1600FB774560 F5F86510FC101364 086635A0FB9C4E20 DF30FC40FB40EE28 \
+      117FE0A0FA3438B0 3EE6B840FB5AC3F0 BC77A380FCB2F454 66D6DA80FF5F32B4 \
+      CF13B980041275B0 431D6980097A8C00 C1BB60000EC74E00 5120B98012A2BAA0 \
+      EEDF64C01754C060 820700001664B780 7FFFFFFF14453F40 800000001294E6E0 \
+      499C1B000EB3B270 52B73E000DBCA020 EFB2B2E00F5FD880 CE3CDB400FBE1270 \
+      E4B49CC00CEA2D90 6344A8800A5A7CA0 08C8FE800A1FFEE0 2BB986C00B0A0E00 \
+      51486F800E44E190 8BCC6480113B0580 B6F4EC000EEB3630 441317800A5B48A0 \
+      """)
+    if sys.byteorder != 'big':
+        frames = wave._byteswap(frames, 4)
+
+
+class MiscTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test__all__(self):
+        not_exported = {'WAVE_FORMAT_PCM', 'WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE', 'KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM'}
+        support.check__all__(self, wave, not_exported=not_exported)
+
+    def test_read_deprecations(self):
+        filename = support.findfile('pluck-pcm8.wav', subdir='audiodata')
+        with wave.open(filename) as reader:
+            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                with self.assertRaises(wave.Error):
+                    reader.getmark('mark')
+            with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                self.assertIsNone(reader.getmarkers())
+
+    def test_write_deprecations(self):
+        with io.BytesIO(b'') as tmpfile:
+            with wave.open(tmpfile, 'wb') as writer:
+                writer.setnchannels(1)
+                writer.setsampwidth(1)
+                writer.setframerate(1)
+                writer.setcomptype('NONE', 'not compressed')
+
+                with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    with self.assertRaises(wave.Error):
+                        writer.setmark(0, 0, 'mark')
+                with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    with self.assertRaises(wave.Error):
+                        writer.getmark('mark')
+                with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+                    self.assertIsNone(writer.getmarkers())
+
+
+class WaveLowLevelTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_read_no_chunks(self):
+        b = b'SPAM'
+        with self.assertRaises(EOFError):
+            wave.open(io.BytesIO(b))
+
+    def test_read_no_riff_chunk(self):
+        b = b'SPAM' + struct.pack('<L', 0)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(wave.Error,
+                                    'file does not start with RIFF id'):
+            wave.open(io.BytesIO(b))
+
+    def test_read_not_wave(self):
+        b = b'RIFF' + struct.pack('<L', 4) + b'SPAM'
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(wave.Error,
+                                    'not a WAVE file'):
+            wave.open(io.BytesIO(b))
+
+    def test_read_no_fmt_no_data_chunk(self):
+        b = b'RIFF' + struct.pack('<L', 4) + b'WAVE'
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(wave.Error,
+                                    'fmt chunk and/or data chunk missing'):
+            wave.open(io.BytesIO(b))
+
+    def test_read_no_data_chunk(self):
+        b = b'RIFF' + struct.pack('<L', 28) + b'WAVE'
+        b += b'fmt ' + struct.pack('<LHHLLHH', 16, 1, 1, 11025, 11025, 1, 8)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(wave.Error,
+                                    'fmt chunk and/or data chunk missing'):
+            wave.open(io.BytesIO(b))
+
+    def test_read_no_fmt_chunk(self):
+        b = b'RIFF' + struct.pack('<L', 12) + b'WAVE'
+        b += b'data' + struct.pack('<L', 0)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(wave.Error, 'data chunk before fmt chunk'):
+            wave.open(io.BytesIO(b))
+
+    def test_read_wrong_form(self):
+        b = b'RIFF' + struct.pack('<L', 36) + b'WAVE'
+        b += b'fmt ' + struct.pack('<LHHLLHH', 16, 2, 1, 11025, 11025, 1, 1)
+        b += b'data' + struct.pack('<L', 0)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(wave.Error, 'unknown format: 2'):
+            wave.open(io.BytesIO(b))
+
+    def test_read_wrong_number_of_channels(self):
+        b = b'RIFF' + struct.pack('<L', 36) + b'WAVE'
+        b += b'fmt ' + struct.pack('<LHHLLHH', 16, 1, 0, 11025, 11025, 1, 8)
+        b += b'data' + struct.pack('<L', 0)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(wave.Error, 'bad # of channels'):
+            wave.open(io.BytesIO(b))
+
+    def test_read_wrong_sample_width(self):
+        b = b'RIFF' + struct.pack('<L', 36) + b'WAVE'
+        b += b'fmt ' + struct.pack('<LHHLLHH', 16, 1, 1, 11025, 11025, 1, 0)
+        b += b'data' + struct.pack('<L', 0)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(wave.Error, 'bad sample width'):
+            wave.open(io.BytesIO(b))
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/wave.py b/Lib/wave.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a34af244c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/wave.py
@@ -0,0 +1,663 @@
+"""Stuff to parse WAVE files.
+
+Usage.
+
+Reading WAVE files:
+      f = wave.open(file, 'r')
+where file is either the name of a file or an open file pointer.
+The open file pointer must have methods read(), seek(), and close().
+When the setpos() and rewind() methods are not used, the seek()
+method is not  necessary.
+
+This returns an instance of a class with the following public methods:
+      getnchannels()  -- returns number of audio channels (1 for
+                         mono, 2 for stereo)
+      getsampwidth()  -- returns sample width in bytes
+      getframerate()  -- returns sampling frequency
+      getnframes()    -- returns number of audio frames
+      getcomptype()   -- returns compression type ('NONE' for linear samples)
+      getcompname()   -- returns human-readable version of
+                         compression type ('not compressed' linear samples)
+      getparams()     -- returns a namedtuple consisting of all of the
+                         above in the above order
+      getmarkers()    -- returns None (for compatibility with the
+                         old aifc module)
+      getmark(id)     -- raises an error since the mark does not
+                         exist (for compatibility with the old aifc module)
+      readframes(n)   -- returns at most n frames of audio
+      rewind()        -- rewind to the beginning of the audio stream
+      setpos(pos)     -- seek to the specified position
+      tell()          -- return the current position
+      close()         -- close the instance (make it unusable)
+The position returned by tell() and the position given to setpos()
+are compatible and have nothing to do with the actual position in the
+file.
+The close() method is called automatically when the class instance
+is destroyed.
+
+Writing WAVE files:
+      f = wave.open(file, 'w')
+where file is either the name of a file or an open file pointer.
+The open file pointer must have methods write(), tell(), seek(), and
+close().
+
+This returns an instance of a class with the following public methods:
+      setnchannels(n) -- set the number of channels
+      setsampwidth(n) -- set the sample width
+      setframerate(n) -- set the frame rate
+      setnframes(n)   -- set the number of frames
+      setcomptype(type, name)
+                      -- set the compression type and the
+                         human-readable compression type
+      setparams(tuple)
+                      -- set all parameters at once
+      tell()          -- return current position in output file
+      writeframesraw(data)
+                      -- write audio frames without patching up the
+                         file header
+      writeframes(data)
+                      -- write audio frames and patch up the file header
+      close()         -- patch up the file header and close the
+                         output file
+You should set the parameters before the first writeframesraw or
+writeframes.  The total number of frames does not need to be set,
+but when it is set to the correct value, the header does not have to
+be patched up.
+It is best to first set all parameters, perhaps possibly the
+compression type, and then write audio frames using writeframesraw.
+When all frames have been written, either call writeframes(b'') or
+close() to patch up the sizes in the header.
+The close() method is called automatically when the class instance
+is destroyed.
+"""
+
+from collections import namedtuple
+import builtins
+import struct
+import sys
+
+
+__all__ = ["open", "Error", "Wave_read", "Wave_write"]
+
+class Error(Exception):
+    pass
+
+WAVE_FORMAT_PCM = 0x0001
+WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE = 0xFFFE
+# Derived from uuid.UUID("00000001-0000-0010-8000-00aa00389b71").bytes_le
+KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM = b'\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x00\x80\x00\x00\xaa\x008\x9bq'
+
+_array_fmts = None, 'b', 'h', None, 'i'
+
+_wave_params = namedtuple('_wave_params',
+                     'nchannels sampwidth framerate nframes comptype compname')
+
+
+def _byteswap(data, width):
+    swapped_data = bytearray(len(data))
+
+    for i in range(0, len(data), width):
+        for j in range(width):
+            swapped_data[i + width - 1 - j] = data[i + j]
+
+    return bytes(swapped_data)
+
+
+class _Chunk:
+    def __init__(self, file, align=True, bigendian=True, inclheader=False):
+        self.closed = False
+        self.align = align      # whether to align to word (2-byte) boundaries
+        if bigendian:
+            strflag = '>'
+        else:
+            strflag = '<'
+        self.file = file
+        self.chunkname = file.read(4)
+        if len(self.chunkname) < 4:
+            raise EOFError
+        try:
+            self.chunksize = struct.unpack_from(strflag+'L', file.read(4))[0]
+        except struct.error:
+            raise EOFError from None
+        if inclheader:
+            self.chunksize = self.chunksize - 8 # subtract header
+        self.size_read = 0
+        try:
+            self.offset = self.file.tell()
+        except (AttributeError, OSError):
+            self.seekable = False
+        else:
+            self.seekable = True
+
+    def getname(self):
+        """Return the name (ID) of the current chunk."""
+        return self.chunkname
+
+    def close(self):
+        if not self.closed:
+            try:
+                self.skip()
+            finally:
+                self.closed = True
+
+    def seek(self, pos, whence=0):
+        """Seek to specified position into the chunk.
+        Default position is 0 (start of chunk).
+        If the file is not seekable, this will result in an error.
+        """
+
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+        if not self.seekable:
+            raise OSError("cannot seek")
+        if whence == 1:
+            pos = pos + self.size_read
+        elif whence == 2:
+            pos = pos + self.chunksize
+        if pos < 0 or pos > self.chunksize:
+            raise RuntimeError
+        self.file.seek(self.offset + pos, 0)
+        self.size_read = pos
+
+    def tell(self):
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+        return self.size_read
+
+    def read(self, size=-1):
+        """Read at most size bytes from the chunk.
+        If size is omitted or negative, read until the end
+        of the chunk.
+        """
+
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+        if self.size_read >= self.chunksize:
+            return b''
+        if size < 0:
+            size = self.chunksize - self.size_read
+        if size > self.chunksize - self.size_read:
+            size = self.chunksize - self.size_read
+        data = self.file.read(size)
+        self.size_read = self.size_read + len(data)
+        if self.size_read == self.chunksize and \
+           self.align and \
+           (self.chunksize & 1):
+            dummy = self.file.read(1)
+            self.size_read = self.size_read + len(dummy)
+        return data
+
+    def skip(self):
+        """Skip the rest of the chunk.
+        If you are not interested in the contents of the chunk,
+        this method should be called so that the file points to
+        the start of the next chunk.
+        """
+
+        if self.closed:
+            raise ValueError("I/O operation on closed file")
+        if self.seekable:
+            try:
+                n = self.chunksize - self.size_read
+                # maybe fix alignment
+                if self.align and (self.chunksize & 1):
+                    n = n + 1
+                self.file.seek(n, 1)
+                self.size_read = self.size_read + n
+                return
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+        while self.size_read < self.chunksize:
+            n = min(8192, self.chunksize - self.size_read)
+            dummy = self.read(n)
+            if not dummy:
+                raise EOFError
+
+
+class Wave_read:
+    """Variables used in this class:
+
+    These variables are available to the user though appropriate
+    methods of this class:
+    _file -- the open file with methods read(), close(), and seek()
+              set through the __init__() method
+    _nchannels -- the number of audio channels
+              available through the getnchannels() method
+    _nframes -- the number of audio frames
+              available through the getnframes() method
+    _sampwidth -- the number of bytes per audio sample
+              available through the getsampwidth() method
+    _framerate -- the sampling frequency
+              available through the getframerate() method
+    _comptype -- the AIFF-C compression type ('NONE' if AIFF)
+              available through the getcomptype() method
+    _compname -- the human-readable AIFF-C compression type
+              available through the getcomptype() method
+    _soundpos -- the position in the audio stream
+              available through the tell() method, set through the
+              setpos() method
+
+    These variables are used internally only:
+    _fmt_chunk_read -- 1 iff the FMT chunk has been read
+    _data_seek_needed -- 1 iff positioned correctly in audio
+              file for readframes()
+    _data_chunk -- instantiation of a chunk class for the DATA chunk
+    _framesize -- size of one frame in the file
+    """
+
+    def initfp(self, file):
+        self._convert = None
+        self._soundpos = 0
+        self._file = _Chunk(file, bigendian = 0)
+        if self._file.getname() != b'RIFF':
+            raise Error('file does not start with RIFF id')
+        if self._file.read(4) != b'WAVE':
+            raise Error('not a WAVE file')
+        self._fmt_chunk_read = 0
+        self._data_chunk = None
+        while 1:
+            self._data_seek_needed = 1
+            try:
+                chunk = _Chunk(self._file, bigendian = 0)
+            except EOFError:
+                break
+            chunkname = chunk.getname()
+            if chunkname == b'fmt ':
+                self._read_fmt_chunk(chunk)
+                self._fmt_chunk_read = 1
+            elif chunkname == b'data':
+                if not self._fmt_chunk_read:
+                    raise Error('data chunk before fmt chunk')
+                self._data_chunk = chunk
+                self._nframes = chunk.chunksize // self._framesize
+                self._data_seek_needed = 0
+                break
+            chunk.skip()
+        if not self._fmt_chunk_read or not self._data_chunk:
+            raise Error('fmt chunk and/or data chunk missing')
+
+    def __init__(self, f):
+        self._i_opened_the_file = None
+        if isinstance(f, str):
+            f = builtins.open(f, 'rb')
+            self._i_opened_the_file = f
+        # else, assume it is an open file object already
+        try:
+            self.initfp(f)
+        except:
+            if self._i_opened_the_file:
+                f.close()
+            raise
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.close()
+
+    #
+    # User visible methods.
+    #
+    def getfp(self):
+        return self._file
+
+    def rewind(self):
+        self._data_seek_needed = 1
+        self._soundpos = 0
+
+    def close(self):
+        self._file = None
+        file = self._i_opened_the_file
+        if file:
+            self._i_opened_the_file = None
+            file.close()
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self._soundpos
+
+    def getnchannels(self):
+        return self._nchannels
+
+    def getnframes(self):
+        return self._nframes
+
+    def getsampwidth(self):
+        return self._sampwidth
+
+    def getframerate(self):
+        return self._framerate
+
+    def getcomptype(self):
+        return self._comptype
+
+    def getcompname(self):
+        return self._compname
+
+    def getparams(self):
+        return _wave_params(self.getnchannels(), self.getsampwidth(),
+                       self.getframerate(), self.getnframes(),
+                       self.getcomptype(), self.getcompname())
+
+    def getmarkers(self):
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated("Wave_read.getmarkers", remove=(3, 15))
+        return None
+
+    def getmark(self, id):
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated("Wave_read.getmark", remove=(3, 15))
+        raise Error('no marks')
+
+    def setpos(self, pos):
+        if pos < 0 or pos > self._nframes:
+            raise Error('position not in range')
+        self._soundpos = pos
+        self._data_seek_needed = 1
+
+    def readframes(self, nframes):
+        if self._data_seek_needed:
+            self._data_chunk.seek(0, 0)
+            pos = self._soundpos * self._framesize
+            if pos:
+                self._data_chunk.seek(pos, 0)
+            self._data_seek_needed = 0
+        if nframes == 0:
+            return b''
+        data = self._data_chunk.read(nframes * self._framesize)
+        if self._sampwidth != 1 and sys.byteorder == 'big':
+            data = _byteswap(data, self._sampwidth)
+        if self._convert and data:
+            data = self._convert(data)
+        self._soundpos = self._soundpos + len(data) // (self._nchannels * self._sampwidth)
+        return data
+
+    #
+    # Internal methods.
+    #
+
+    def _read_fmt_chunk(self, chunk):
+        try:
+            wFormatTag, self._nchannels, self._framerate, dwAvgBytesPerSec, wBlockAlign = struct.unpack_from('<HHLLH', chunk.read(14))
+        except struct.error:
+            raise EOFError from None
+        if wFormatTag != WAVE_FORMAT_PCM and wFormatTag != WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE:
+            raise Error('unknown format: %r' % (wFormatTag,))
+        try:
+            sampwidth = struct.unpack_from('<H', chunk.read(2))[0]
+        except struct.error:
+            raise EOFError from None
+        if wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE:
+            try:
+                cbSize, wValidBitsPerSample, dwChannelMask = struct.unpack_from('<HHL', chunk.read(8))
+                # Read the entire UUID from the chunk
+                SubFormat = chunk.read(16)
+                if len(SubFormat) < 16:
+                    raise EOFError
+            except struct.error:
+                raise EOFError from None
+            if SubFormat != KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM:
+                try:
+                    import uuid
+                    subformat_msg = f'unknown extended format: {uuid.UUID(bytes_le=SubFormat)}'
+                except Exception:
+                    subformat_msg = 'unknown extended format'
+                raise Error(subformat_msg)
+        self._sampwidth = (sampwidth + 7) // 8
+        if not self._sampwidth:
+            raise Error('bad sample width')
+        if not self._nchannels:
+            raise Error('bad # of channels')
+        self._framesize = self._nchannels * self._sampwidth
+        self._comptype = 'NONE'
+        self._compname = 'not compressed'
+
+
+class Wave_write:
+    """Variables used in this class:
+
+    These variables are user settable through appropriate methods
+    of this class:
+    _file -- the open file with methods write(), close(), tell(), seek()
+              set through the __init__() method
+    _comptype -- the AIFF-C compression type ('NONE' in AIFF)
+              set through the setcomptype() or setparams() method
+    _compname -- the human-readable AIFF-C compression type
+              set through the setcomptype() or setparams() method
+    _nchannels -- the number of audio channels
+              set through the setnchannels() or setparams() method
+    _sampwidth -- the number of bytes per audio sample
+              set through the setsampwidth() or setparams() method
+    _framerate -- the sampling frequency
+              set through the setframerate() or setparams() method
+    _nframes -- the number of audio frames written to the header
+              set through the setnframes() or setparams() method
+
+    These variables are used internally only:
+    _datalength -- the size of the audio samples written to the header
+    _nframeswritten -- the number of frames actually written
+    _datawritten -- the size of the audio samples actually written
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, f):
+        self._i_opened_the_file = None
+        if isinstance(f, str):
+            f = builtins.open(f, 'wb')
+            self._i_opened_the_file = f
+        try:
+            self.initfp(f)
+        except:
+            if self._i_opened_the_file:
+                f.close()
+            raise
+
+    def initfp(self, file):
+        self._file = file
+        self._convert = None
+        self._nchannels = 0
+        self._sampwidth = 0
+        self._framerate = 0
+        self._nframes = 0
+        self._nframeswritten = 0
+        self._datawritten = 0
+        self._datalength = 0
+        self._headerwritten = False
+
+    def __del__(self):
+        self.close()
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.close()
+
+    #
+    # User visible methods.
+    #
+    def setnchannels(self, nchannels):
+        if self._datawritten:
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
+        if nchannels < 1:
+            raise Error('bad # of channels')
+        self._nchannels = nchannels
+
+    def getnchannels(self):
+        if not self._nchannels:
+            raise Error('number of channels not set')
+        return self._nchannels
+
+    def setsampwidth(self, sampwidth):
+        if self._datawritten:
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
+        if sampwidth < 1 or sampwidth > 4:
+            raise Error('bad sample width')
+        self._sampwidth = sampwidth
+
+    def getsampwidth(self):
+        if not self._sampwidth:
+            raise Error('sample width not set')
+        return self._sampwidth
+
+    def setframerate(self, framerate):
+        if self._datawritten:
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
+        if framerate <= 0:
+            raise Error('bad frame rate')
+        self._framerate = int(round(framerate))
+
+    def getframerate(self):
+        if not self._framerate:
+            raise Error('frame rate not set')
+        return self._framerate
+
+    def setnframes(self, nframes):
+        if self._datawritten:
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
+        self._nframes = nframes
+
+    def getnframes(self):
+        return self._nframeswritten
+
+    def setcomptype(self, comptype, compname):
+        if self._datawritten:
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
+        if comptype not in ('NONE',):
+            raise Error('unsupported compression type')
+        self._comptype = comptype
+        self._compname = compname
+
+    def getcomptype(self):
+        return self._comptype
+
+    def getcompname(self):
+        return self._compname
+
+    def setparams(self, params):
+        nchannels, sampwidth, framerate, nframes, comptype, compname = params
+        if self._datawritten:
+            raise Error('cannot change parameters after starting to write')
+        self.setnchannels(nchannels)
+        self.setsampwidth(sampwidth)
+        self.setframerate(framerate)
+        self.setnframes(nframes)
+        self.setcomptype(comptype, compname)
+
+    def getparams(self):
+        if not self._nchannels or not self._sampwidth or not self._framerate:
+            raise Error('not all parameters set')
+        return _wave_params(self._nchannels, self._sampwidth, self._framerate,
+              self._nframes, self._comptype, self._compname)
+
+    def setmark(self, id, pos, name):
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated("Wave_write.setmark", remove=(3, 15))
+        raise Error('setmark() not supported')
+
+    def getmark(self, id):
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated("Wave_write.getmark", remove=(3, 15))
+        raise Error('no marks')
+
+    def getmarkers(self):
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated("Wave_write.getmarkers", remove=(3, 15))
+        return None
+
+    def tell(self):
+        return self._nframeswritten
+
+    def writeframesraw(self, data):
+        if not isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            data = memoryview(data).cast('B')
+        self._ensure_header_written(len(data))
+        nframes = len(data) // (self._sampwidth * self._nchannels)
+        if self._convert:
+            data = self._convert(data)
+        if self._sampwidth != 1 and sys.byteorder == 'big':
+            data = _byteswap(data, self._sampwidth)
+        self._file.write(data)
+        self._datawritten += len(data)
+        self._nframeswritten = self._nframeswritten + nframes
+
+    def writeframes(self, data):
+        self.writeframesraw(data)
+        if self._datalength != self._datawritten:
+            self._patchheader()
+
+    def close(self):
+        try:
+            if self._file:
+                self._ensure_header_written(0)
+                if self._datalength != self._datawritten:
+                    self._patchheader()
+                self._file.flush()
+        finally:
+            self._file = None
+            file = self._i_opened_the_file
+            if file:
+                self._i_opened_the_file = None
+                file.close()
+
+    #
+    # Internal methods.
+    #
+
+    def _ensure_header_written(self, datasize):
+        if not self._headerwritten:
+            if not self._nchannels:
+                raise Error('# channels not specified')
+            if not self._sampwidth:
+                raise Error('sample width not specified')
+            if not self._framerate:
+                raise Error('sampling rate not specified')
+            self._write_header(datasize)
+
+    def _write_header(self, initlength):
+        assert not self._headerwritten
+        self._file.write(b'RIFF')
+        if not self._nframes:
+            self._nframes = initlength // (self._nchannels * self._sampwidth)
+        self._datalength = self._nframes * self._nchannels * self._sampwidth
+        try:
+            self._form_length_pos = self._file.tell()
+        except (AttributeError, OSError):
+            self._form_length_pos = None
+        self._file.write(struct.pack('<L4s4sLHHLLHH4s',
+            36 + self._datalength, b'WAVE', b'fmt ', 16,
+            WAVE_FORMAT_PCM, self._nchannels, self._framerate,
+            self._nchannels * self._framerate * self._sampwidth,
+            self._nchannels * self._sampwidth,
+            self._sampwidth * 8, b'data'))
+        if self._form_length_pos is not None:
+            self._data_length_pos = self._file.tell()
+        self._file.write(struct.pack('<L', self._datalength))
+        self._headerwritten = True
+
+    def _patchheader(self):
+        assert self._headerwritten
+        if self._datawritten == self._datalength:
+            return
+        curpos = self._file.tell()
+        self._file.seek(self._form_length_pos, 0)
+        self._file.write(struct.pack('<L', 36 + self._datawritten))
+        self._file.seek(self._data_length_pos, 0)
+        self._file.write(struct.pack('<L', self._datawritten))
+        self._file.seek(curpos, 0)
+        self._datalength = self._datawritten
+
+
+def open(f, mode=None):
+    if mode is None:
+        if hasattr(f, 'mode'):
+            mode = f.mode
+        else:
+            mode = 'rb'
+    if mode in ('r', 'rb'):
+        return Wave_read(f)
+    elif mode in ('w', 'wb'):
+        return Wave_write(f)
+    else:
+        raise Error("mode must be 'r', 'rb', 'w', or 'wb'")

From 320d74527f636a428047c25a874c142cae1298ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2025 21:15:29 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 645/705] update webbrowser and test_webbrowser to 3.13.3

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Lib/test/test_webbrowser.py | 230 ++++++++++++++++++++---
 Lib/webbrowser.py           | 357 ++++++++++++++++++------------------
 2 files changed, 376 insertions(+), 211 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_webbrowser.py b/Lib/test/test_webbrowser.py
index 673cc995d3..4fcbc5c2e5 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_webbrowser.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_webbrowser.py
@@ -1,15 +1,22 @@
-import webbrowser
-import unittest
 import os
-import sys
+import re
+import shlex
 import subprocess
-from unittest import mock
+import sys
+import unittest
+import webbrowser
 from test import support
 from test.support import import_helper
+from test.support import is_apple_mobile
 from test.support import os_helper
+from test.support import requires_subprocess
+from test.support import threading_helper
+from unittest import mock
 
+# The webbrowser module uses threading locks
+threading_helper.requires_working_threading(module=True)
 
-URL = 'http://www.example.com'
+URL = 'https://www.example.com'
 CMD_NAME = 'test'
 
 
@@ -22,6 +29,7 @@ def wait(self, seconds=None):
         return 0
 
 
+@requires_subprocess()
 class CommandTestMixin:
 
     def _test(self, meth, *, args=[URL], kw={}, options, arguments):
@@ -92,10 +100,19 @@ def test_open_new_tab(self):
                    options=[],
                    arguments=[URL])
 
+    def test_open_bad_new_parameter(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(webbrowser.Error,
+                                    re.escape("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); "
+                                              "expected 0, 1, or 2, got 999")):
+            self._test('open',
+                       options=[],
+                       arguments=[URL],
+                       kw=dict(new=999))
 
-class MozillaCommandTest(CommandTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
 
-    browser_class = webbrowser.Mozilla
+class EdgeCommandTest(CommandTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
+
+    browser_class = webbrowser.Edge
 
     def test_open(self):
         self._test('open',
@@ -109,43 +126,43 @@ def test_open_with_autoraise_false(self):
 
     def test_open_new(self):
         self._test('open_new',
-                   options=[],
-                   arguments=['-new-window', URL])
+                   options=['--new-window'],
+                   arguments=[URL])
 
     def test_open_new_tab(self):
         self._test('open_new_tab',
                    options=[],
-                   arguments=['-new-tab', URL])
+                   arguments=[URL])
 
 
-class NetscapeCommandTest(CommandTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
+class MozillaCommandTest(CommandTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
 
-    browser_class = webbrowser.Netscape
+    browser_class = webbrowser.Mozilla
 
     def test_open(self):
         self._test('open',
-                   options=['-raise', '-remote'],
-                   arguments=['openURL({})'.format(URL)])
+                   options=[],
+                   arguments=[URL])
 
     def test_open_with_autoraise_false(self):
         self._test('open', kw=dict(autoraise=False),
-                   options=['-noraise', '-remote'],
-                   arguments=['openURL({})'.format(URL)])
+                   options=[],
+                   arguments=[URL])
 
     def test_open_new(self):
         self._test('open_new',
-                   options=['-raise', '-remote'],
-                   arguments=['openURL({},new-window)'.format(URL)])
+                   options=[],
+                   arguments=['-new-window', URL])
 
     def test_open_new_tab(self):
         self._test('open_new_tab',
-                   options=['-raise', '-remote'],
-                   arguments=['openURL({},new-tab)'.format(URL)])
+                   options=[],
+                   arguments=['-new-tab', URL])
 
 
-class GaleonCommandTest(CommandTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
+class EpiphanyCommandTest(CommandTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
 
-    browser_class = webbrowser.Galeon
+    browser_class = webbrowser.Epiphany
 
     def test_open(self):
         self._test('open',
@@ -199,22 +216,89 @@ class ELinksCommandTest(CommandTestMixin, unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_open(self):
         self._test('open', options=['-remote'],
-                           arguments=['openURL({})'.format(URL)])
+                   arguments=[f'openURL({URL})'])
 
     def test_open_with_autoraise_false(self):
         self._test('open',
                    options=['-remote'],
-                   arguments=['openURL({})'.format(URL)])
+                   arguments=[f'openURL({URL})'])
 
     def test_open_new(self):
         self._test('open_new',
                    options=['-remote'],
-                   arguments=['openURL({},new-window)'.format(URL)])
+                   arguments=[f'openURL({URL},new-window)'])
 
     def test_open_new_tab(self):
         self._test('open_new_tab',
                    options=['-remote'],
-                   arguments=['openURL({},new-tab)'.format(URL)])
+                   arguments=[f'openURL({URL},new-tab)'])
+
+
+@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "ios", "Test only applicable to iOS")
+class IOSBrowserTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def _obj_ref(self, *args):
+        # Construct a string representation of the arguments that can be used
+        # as a proxy for object instance references
+        return "|".join(str(a) for a in args)
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(getattr(webbrowser, "objc", None) is None,
+                     "iOS Webbrowser tests require ctypes")
+    def setUp(self):
+        # Intercept the objc library. Wrap the calls to get the
+        # references to classes and selectors to return strings, and
+        # wrap msgSend to return stringified object references
+        self.orig_objc = webbrowser.objc
+
+        webbrowser.objc = mock.Mock()
+        webbrowser.objc.objc_getClass = lambda cls: f"C#{cls.decode()}"
+        webbrowser.objc.sel_registerName = lambda sel: f"S#{sel.decode()}"
+        webbrowser.objc.objc_msgSend.side_effect = self._obj_ref
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        webbrowser.objc = self.orig_objc
+
+    def _test(self, meth, **kwargs):
+        # The browser always gets focus, there's no concept of separate browser
+        # windows, and there's no API-level control over creating a new tab.
+        # Therefore, all calls to webbrowser are effectively the same.
+        getattr(webbrowser, meth)(URL, **kwargs)
+
+        # The ObjC String version of the URL is created with UTF-8 encoding
+        url_string_args = [
+            "C#NSString",
+            "S#stringWithCString:encoding:",
+            b'https://www.example.com',
+            4,
+        ]
+        # The NSURL version of the URL is created from that string
+        url_obj_args = [
+            "C#NSURL",
+            "S#URLWithString:",
+            self._obj_ref(*url_string_args),
+        ]
+        # The openURL call is invoked on the shared application
+        shared_app_args = ["C#UIApplication", "S#sharedApplication"]
+
+        # Verify that the last call is the one that opens the URL.
+        webbrowser.objc.objc_msgSend.assert_called_with(
+            self._obj_ref(*shared_app_args),
+            "S#openURL:options:completionHandler:",
+            self._obj_ref(*url_obj_args),
+            None,
+            None
+        )
+
+    def test_open(self):
+        self._test('open')
+
+    def test_open_with_autoraise_false(self):
+        self._test('open', autoraise=False)
+
+    def test_open_new(self):
+        self._test('open_new')
+
+    def test_open_new_tab(self):
+        self._test('open_new_tab')
 
 
 class BrowserRegistrationTest(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -269,6 +353,16 @@ def test_register_default(self):
     def test_register_preferred(self):
         self._check_registration(preferred=True)
 
+    @unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform == "darwin", "macOS specific test")
+    def test_no_xdg_settings_on_macOS(self):
+        # On macOS webbrowser should not use xdg-settings to
+        # look for X11 based browsers (for those users with
+        # XQuartz installed)
+        with mock.patch("subprocess.check_output") as ck_o:
+            webbrowser.register_standard_browsers()
+
+        ck_o.assert_not_called()
+
 
 class ImportTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_register(self):
@@ -294,29 +388,38 @@ def test_get(self):
             webbrowser.get('fakebrowser')
         self.assertIsNotNone(webbrowser._tryorder)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(" " in sys.executable, "test assumes no space in path (GH-114452)")
     def test_synthesize(self):
         webbrowser = import_helper.import_fresh_module('webbrowser')
         name = os.path.basename(sys.executable).lower()
         webbrowser.register(name, None, webbrowser.GenericBrowser(name))
         webbrowser.get(sys.executable)
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        is_apple_mobile,
+        "Apple mobile doesn't allow modifying browser with environment"
+    )
     def test_environment(self):
         webbrowser = import_helper.import_fresh_module('webbrowser')
         try:
             browser = webbrowser.get().name
-        except (webbrowser.Error, AttributeError) as err:
+        except webbrowser.Error as err:
             self.skipTest(str(err))
         with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
             env["BROWSER"] = browser
             webbrowser = import_helper.import_fresh_module('webbrowser')
             webbrowser.get()
 
+    @unittest.skipIf(
+        is_apple_mobile,
+        "Apple mobile doesn't allow modifying browser with environment"
+    )
     def test_environment_preferred(self):
         webbrowser = import_helper.import_fresh_module('webbrowser')
         try:
             webbrowser.get()
             least_preferred_browser = webbrowser.get(webbrowser._tryorder[-1]).name
-        except (webbrowser.Error, AttributeError, IndexError) as err:
+        except (webbrowser.Error, IndexError) as err:
             self.skipTest(str(err))
 
         with os_helper.EnvironmentVarGuard() as env:
@@ -330,5 +433,74 @@ def test_environment_preferred(self):
             self.assertEqual(webbrowser.get().name, sys.executable)
 
 
-if __name__=='__main__':
+class CliTest(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_parse_args(self):
+        for command, url, new_win in [
+            # No optional arguments
+            ("https://example.com", "https://example.com", 0),
+            # Each optional argument
+            ("https://example.com -n", "https://example.com", 1),
+            ("-n https://example.com", "https://example.com", 1),
+            ("https://example.com -t", "https://example.com", 2),
+            ("-t https://example.com", "https://example.com", 2),
+            # Long form
+            ("https://example.com --new-window", "https://example.com", 1),
+            ("--new-window https://example.com", "https://example.com", 1),
+            ("https://example.com --new-tab", "https://example.com", 2),
+            ("--new-tab https://example.com", "https://example.com", 2),
+        ]:
+            args = webbrowser.parse_args(shlex.split(command))
+
+            self.assertEqual(args.url, url)
+            self.assertEqual(args.new_win, new_win)
+
+    def test_parse_args_error(self):
+        for command in [
+            # Arguments must not both be given
+            "https://example.com -n -t",
+            "https://example.com --new-window --new-tab",
+            "https://example.com -n --new-tab",
+            "https://example.com --new-window -t",
+        ]:
+            with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+                with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
+                    webbrowser.parse_args(shlex.split(command))
+                self.assertIn(
+                    'error: argument -t/--new-tab: not allowed with argument -n/--new-window',
+                    stderr.getvalue(),
+                )
+
+        # Ensure ambiguous shortening fails
+        with support.captured_stderr() as stderr:
+            with self.assertRaises(SystemExit):
+                webbrowser.parse_args(shlex.split("https://example.com --new"))
+            self.assertIn(
+                'error: ambiguous option: --new could match --new-window, --new-tab',
+                stderr.getvalue()
+            )
+
+    def test_main(self):
+        for command, expected_url, expected_new_win in [
+            # No optional arguments
+            ("https://example.com", "https://example.com", 0),
+            # Each optional argument
+            ("https://example.com -n", "https://example.com", 1),
+            ("-n https://example.com", "https://example.com", 1),
+            ("https://example.com -t", "https://example.com", 2),
+            ("-t https://example.com", "https://example.com", 2),
+            # Long form
+            ("https://example.com --new-window", "https://example.com", 1),
+            ("--new-window https://example.com", "https://example.com", 1),
+            ("https://example.com --new-tab", "https://example.com", 2),
+            ("--new-tab https://example.com", "https://example.com", 2),
+        ]:
+            with (
+                mock.patch("webbrowser.open", return_value=None) as mock_open,
+                mock.patch("builtins.print", return_value=None),
+            ):
+                webbrowser.main(shlex.split(command))
+                mock_open.assert_called_once_with(expected_url, expected_new_win)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/webbrowser.py b/Lib/webbrowser.py
index ec3cece48c..2f9555ad60 100755
--- a/Lib/webbrowser.py
+++ b/Lib/webbrowser.py
@@ -11,14 +11,17 @@
 
 __all__ = ["Error", "open", "open_new", "open_new_tab", "get", "register"]
 
+
 class Error(Exception):
     pass
 
+
 _lock = threading.RLock()
 _browsers = {}                  # Dictionary of available browser controllers
 _tryorder = None                # Preference order of available browsers
 _os_preferred_browser = None    # The preferred browser
 
+
 def register(name, klass, instance=None, *, preferred=False):
     """Register a browser connector."""
     with _lock:
@@ -29,11 +32,12 @@ def register(name, klass, instance=None, *, preferred=False):
         # Preferred browsers go to the front of the list.
         # Need to match to the default browser returned by xdg-settings, which
         # may be of the form e.g. "firefox.desktop".
-        if preferred or (_os_preferred_browser and name in _os_preferred_browser):
+        if preferred or (_os_preferred_browser and f'{name}.desktop' == _os_preferred_browser):
             _tryorder.insert(0, name)
         else:
             _tryorder.append(name)
 
+
 def get(using=None):
     """Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment."""
     if _tryorder is None:
@@ -64,6 +68,7 @@ def get(using=None):
                 return command[0]()
     raise Error("could not locate runnable browser")
 
+
 # Please note: the following definition hides a builtin function.
 # It is recommended one does "import webbrowser" and uses webbrowser.open(url)
 # instead of "from webbrowser import *".
@@ -76,6 +81,9 @@ def open(url, new=0, autoraise=True):
     - 1: a new browser window.
     - 2: a new browser page ("tab").
     If possible, autoraise raises the window (the default) or not.
+
+    If opening the browser succeeds, return True.
+    If there is a problem, return False.
     """
     if _tryorder is None:
         with _lock:
@@ -87,6 +95,7 @@ def open(url, new=0, autoraise=True):
             return True
     return False
 
+
 def open_new(url):
     """Open url in a new window of the default browser.
 
@@ -94,6 +103,7 @@ def open_new(url):
     """
     return open(url, 1)
 
+
 def open_new_tab(url):
     """Open url in a new page ("tab") of the default browser.
 
@@ -136,7 +146,7 @@ def _synthesize(browser, *, preferred=False):
 
 # General parent classes
 
-class BaseBrowser(object):
+class BaseBrowser:
     """Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly."""
 
     args = ['%s']
@@ -197,7 +207,7 @@ def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
             else:
                 p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True,
                                      start_new_session=True)
-            return (p.poll() is None)
+            return p.poll() is None
         except OSError:
             return False
 
@@ -225,7 +235,8 @@ def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise, url=None):
             # use autoraise argument only for remote invocation
             autoraise = int(autoraise)
             opt = self.raise_opts[autoraise]
-            if opt: raise_opt = [opt]
+            if opt:
+                raise_opt = [opt]
 
         cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args
 
@@ -266,8 +277,8 @@ def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
             else:
                 action = self.remote_action_newtab
         else:
-            raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); " +
-                        "expected 0, 1, or 2, got %s" % new)
+            raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); "
+                        f"expected 0, 1, or 2, got {new}")
 
         args = [arg.replace("%s", url).replace("%action", action)
                 for arg in self.remote_args]
@@ -291,19 +302,8 @@ class Mozilla(UnixBrowser):
     background = True
 
 
-class Netscape(UnixBrowser):
-    """Launcher class for Netscape browser."""
-
-    raise_opts = ["-noraise", "-raise"]
-    remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
-    remote_action = ""
-    remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
-    remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
-    background = True
-
-
-class Galeon(UnixBrowser):
-    """Launcher class for Galeon/Epiphany browsers."""
+class Epiphany(UnixBrowser):
+    """Launcher class for Epiphany browser."""
 
     raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
     remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ class Galeon(UnixBrowser):
 
 
 class Chrome(UnixBrowser):
-    "Launcher class for Google Chrome browser."
+    """Launcher class for Google Chrome browser."""
 
     remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
     remote_action = ""
@@ -321,11 +321,12 @@ class Chrome(UnixBrowser):
     remote_action_newtab = ""
     background = True
 
+
 Chromium = Chrome
 
 
 class Opera(UnixBrowser):
-    "Launcher class for Opera browser."
+    """Launcher class for Opera browser."""
 
     remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
     remote_action = ""
@@ -335,7 +336,7 @@ class Opera(UnixBrowser):
 
 
 class Elinks(UnixBrowser):
-    "Launcher class for Elinks browsers."
+    """Launcher class for Elinks browsers."""
 
     remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
     remote_action = ""
@@ -398,54 +399,17 @@ def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
         except OSError:
             return False
         else:
-            return (p.poll() is None)
-
-
-class Grail(BaseBrowser):
-    # There should be a way to maintain a connection to Grail, but the
-    # Grail remote control protocol doesn't really allow that at this
-    # point.  It probably never will!
-    def _find_grail_rc(self):
-        import glob
-        import pwd
-        import socket
-        import tempfile
-        tempdir = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(),
-                               ".grail-unix")
-        user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
-        filename = os.path.join(glob.escape(tempdir), glob.escape(user) + "-*")
-        maybes = glob.glob(filename)
-        if not maybes:
-            return None
-        s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-        for fn in maybes:
-            # need to PING each one until we find one that's live
-            try:
-                s.connect(fn)
-            except OSError:
-                # no good; attempt to clean it out, but don't fail:
-                try:
-                    os.unlink(fn)
-                except OSError:
-                    pass
-            else:
-                return s
+            return p.poll() is None
 
-    def _remote(self, action):
-        s = self._find_grail_rc()
-        if not s:
-            return 0
-        s.send(action)
-        s.close()
-        return 1
 
-    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
-        sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
-        if new:
-            ok = self._remote("LOADNEW " + url)
-        else:
-            ok = self._remote("LOAD " + url)
-        return ok
+class Edge(UnixBrowser):
+    """Launcher class for Microsoft Edge browser."""
+
+    remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
+    remote_action = ""
+    remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
+    remote_action_newtab = ""
+    background = True
 
 
 #
@@ -461,47 +425,44 @@ def register_X_browsers():
     if shutil.which("xdg-open"):
         register("xdg-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("xdg-open"))
 
+    # Opens an appropriate browser for the URL scheme according to
+    # freedesktop.org settings (GNOME, KDE, XFCE, etc.)
+    if shutil.which("gio"):
+        register("gio", None, BackgroundBrowser(["gio", "open", "--", "%s"]))
+
+    xdg_desktop = os.getenv("XDG_CURRENT_DESKTOP", "").split(":")
+
     # The default GNOME3 browser
-    if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and shutil.which("gvfs-open"):
+    if (("GNOME" in xdg_desktop or
+         "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ) and
+            shutil.which("gvfs-open")):
         register("gvfs-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gvfs-open"))
 
-    # The default GNOME browser
-    if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and shutil.which("gnome-open"):
-        register("gnome-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gnome-open"))
-
     # The default KDE browser
-    if "KDE_FULL_SESSION" in os.environ and shutil.which("kfmclient"):
+    if (("KDE" in xdg_desktop or
+         "KDE_FULL_SESSION" in os.environ) and
+            shutil.which("kfmclient")):
         register("kfmclient", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfmclient"))
 
+    # Common symbolic link for the default X11 browser
     if shutil.which("x-www-browser"):
         register("x-www-browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("x-www-browser"))
 
     # The Mozilla browsers
-    for browser in ("firefox", "iceweasel", "iceape", "seamonkey"):
+    for browser in ("firefox", "iceweasel", "seamonkey", "mozilla-firefox",
+                    "mozilla"):
         if shutil.which(browser):
             register(browser, None, Mozilla(browser))
 
-    # The Netscape and old Mozilla browsers
-    for browser in ("mozilla-firefox",
-                    "mozilla-firebird", "firebird",
-                    "mozilla", "netscape"):
-        if shutil.which(browser):
-            register(browser, None, Netscape(browser))
-
     # Konqueror/kfm, the KDE browser.
     if shutil.which("kfm"):
         register("kfm", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfm"))
     elif shutil.which("konqueror"):
         register("konqueror", Konqueror, Konqueror("konqueror"))
 
-    # Gnome's Galeon and Epiphany
-    for browser in ("galeon", "epiphany"):
-        if shutil.which(browser):
-            register(browser, None, Galeon(browser))
-
-    # Skipstone, another Gtk/Mozilla based browser
-    if shutil.which("skipstone"):
-        register("skipstone", None, BackgroundBrowser("skipstone"))
+    # Gnome's Epiphany
+    if shutil.which("epiphany"):
+        register("epiphany", None, Epiphany("epiphany"))
 
     # Google Chrome/Chromium browsers
     for browser in ("google-chrome", "chrome", "chromium", "chromium-browser"):
@@ -512,13 +473,9 @@ def register_X_browsers():
     if shutil.which("opera"):
         register("opera", None, Opera("opera"))
 
-    # Next, Mosaic -- old but still in use.
-    if shutil.which("mosaic"):
-        register("mosaic", None, BackgroundBrowser("mosaic"))
+    if shutil.which("microsoft-edge"):
+        register("microsoft-edge", None, Edge("microsoft-edge"))
 
-    # Grail, the Python browser. Does anybody still use it?
-    if shutil.which("grail"):
-        register("grail", Grail, None)
 
 def register_standard_browsers():
     global _tryorder
@@ -532,6 +489,9 @@ def register_standard_browsers():
         # OS X can use below Unix support (but we prefer using the OS X
         # specific stuff)
 
+    if sys.platform == "ios":
+        register("iosbrowser", None, IOSBrowser(), preferred=True)
+
     if sys.platform == "serenityos":
         # SerenityOS webbrowser, simply called "Browser".
         register("Browser", None, BackgroundBrowser("Browser"))
@@ -540,21 +500,33 @@ def register_standard_browsers():
         # First try to use the default Windows browser
         register("windows-default", WindowsDefault)
 
-        # Detect some common Windows browsers, fallback to IE
-        iexplore = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES", "C:\\Program Files"),
-                                "Internet Explorer\\IEXPLORE.EXE")
-        for browser in ("firefox", "firebird", "seamonkey", "mozilla",
-                        "netscape", "opera", iexplore):
+        # Detect some common Windows browsers, fallback to Microsoft Edge
+        # location in 64-bit Windows
+        edge64 = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES(x86)", "C:\\Program Files (x86)"),
+                              "Microsoft\\Edge\\Application\\msedge.exe")
+        # location in 32-bit Windows
+        edge32 = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES", "C:\\Program Files"),
+                              "Microsoft\\Edge\\Application\\msedge.exe")
+        for browser in ("firefox", "seamonkey", "mozilla", "chrome",
+                        "opera", edge64, edge32):
             if shutil.which(browser):
                 register(browser, None, BackgroundBrowser(browser))
+        if shutil.which("MicrosoftEdge.exe"):
+            register("microsoft-edge", None, Edge("MicrosoftEdge.exe"))
     else:
         # Prefer X browsers if present
-        if os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY"):
+        #
+        # NOTE: Do not check for X11 browser on macOS,
+        # XQuartz installation sets a DISPLAY environment variable and will
+        # autostart when someone tries to access the display. Mac users in
+        # general don't need an X11 browser.
+        if sys.platform != "darwin" and (os.environ.get("DISPLAY") or os.environ.get("WAYLAND_DISPLAY")):
             try:
                 cmd = "xdg-settings get default-web-browser".split()
                 raw_result = subprocess.check_output(cmd, stderr=subprocess.DEVNULL)
                 result = raw_result.decode().strip()
-            except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.CalledProcessError, PermissionError, NotADirectoryError) :
+            except (FileNotFoundError, subprocess.CalledProcessError,
+                    PermissionError, NotADirectoryError):
                 pass
             else:
                 global _os_preferred_browser
@@ -564,14 +536,15 @@ def register_standard_browsers():
 
         # Also try console browsers
         if os.environ.get("TERM"):
+            # Common symbolic link for the default text-based browser
             if shutil.which("www-browser"):
                 register("www-browser", None, GenericBrowser("www-browser"))
-            # The Links/elinks browsers <http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/links/>
+            # The Links/elinks browsers <http://links.twibright.com/>
             if shutil.which("links"):
                 register("links", None, GenericBrowser("links"))
             if shutil.which("elinks"):
                 register("elinks", None, Elinks("elinks"))
-            # The Lynx browser <http://lynx.isc.org/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/>
+            # The Lynx browser <https://lynx.invisible-island.net/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/>
             if shutil.which("lynx"):
                 register("lynx", None, GenericBrowser("lynx"))
             # The w3m browser <http://w3m.sourceforge.net/>
@@ -613,105 +586,125 @@ def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
                 return True
 
 #
-# Platform support for MacOS
+# Platform support for macOS
 #
 
 if sys.platform == 'darwin':
-    # Adapted from patch submitted to SourceForge by Steven J. Burr
-    class MacOSX(BaseBrowser):
-        """Launcher class for Aqua browsers on Mac OS X
-
-        Optionally specify a browser name on instantiation.  Note that this
-        will not work for Aqua browsers if the user has moved the application
-        package after installation.
-
-        If no browser is specified, the default browser, as specified in the
-        Internet System Preferences panel, will be used.
-        """
-        def __init__(self, name):
-            self.name = name
+    class MacOSXOSAScript(BaseBrowser):
+        def __init__(self, name='default'):
+            super().__init__(name)
 
         def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
             sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
-            assert "'" not in url
-            # hack for local urls
-            if not ':' in url:
-                url = 'file:'+url
-
-            # new must be 0 or 1
-            new = int(bool(new))
-            if self.name == "default":
-                # User called open, open_new or get without a browser parameter
-                script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
+            url = url.replace('"', '%22')
+            if self.name == 'default':
+                script = f'open location "{url}"'  # opens in default browser
             else:
-                # User called get and chose a browser
-                if self.name == "OmniWeb":
-                    toWindow = ""
-                else:
-                    # Include toWindow parameter of OpenURL command for browsers
-                    # that support it.  0 == new window; -1 == existing
-                    toWindow = "toWindow %d" % (new - 1)
-                cmd = 'OpenURL "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22')
-                script = '''tell application "%s"
-                                activate
-                                %s %s
-                            end tell''' % (self.name, cmd, toWindow)
-            # Open pipe to AppleScript through osascript command
+                script = f'''
+                   tell application "{self.name}"
+                       activate
+                       open location "{url}"
+                   end
+                   '''
+
             osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
             if osapipe is None:
                 return False
-            # Write script to osascript's stdin
+
             osapipe.write(script)
             rc = osapipe.close()
             return not rc
 
-    class MacOSXOSAScript(BaseBrowser):
-        def __init__(self, name):
-            self._name = name
+#
+# Platform support for iOS
+#
+if sys.platform == "ios":
+    from _ios_support import objc
+    if objc:
+        # If objc exists, we know ctypes is also importable.
+        from ctypes import c_void_p, c_char_p, c_ulong
 
+    class IOSBrowser(BaseBrowser):
         def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
-            if self._name == 'default':
-                script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
-            else:
-                script = '''
-                   tell application "%s"
-                       activate
-                       open location "%s"
-                   end
-                   '''%(self._name, url.replace('"', '%22'))
-
-            osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
-            if osapipe is None:
+            sys.audit("webbrowser.open", url)
+            # If ctypes isn't available, we can't open a browser
+            if objc is None:
                 return False
 
-            osapipe.write(script)
-            rc = osapipe.close()
-            return not rc
+            # All the messages in this call return object references.
+            objc.objc_msgSend.restype = c_void_p
+
+            # This is the equivalent of:
+            #    NSString url_string =
+            #        [NSString stringWithCString:url.encode("utf-8")
+            #                           encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
+            NSString = objc.objc_getClass(b"NSString")
+            constructor = objc.sel_registerName(b"stringWithCString:encoding:")
+            objc.objc_msgSend.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_char_p, c_ulong]
+            url_string = objc.objc_msgSend(
+                NSString,
+                constructor,
+                url.encode("utf-8"),
+                4,  # NSUTF8StringEncoding = 4
+            )
+
+            # Create an NSURL object representing the URL
+            # This is the equivalent of:
+            #   NSURL *nsurl = [NSURL URLWithString:url];
+            NSURL = objc.objc_getClass(b"NSURL")
+            urlWithString_ = objc.sel_registerName(b"URLWithString:")
+            objc.objc_msgSend.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p]
+            ns_url = objc.objc_msgSend(NSURL, urlWithString_, url_string)
+
+            # Get the shared UIApplication instance
+            # This code is the equivalent of:
+            # UIApplication shared_app = [UIApplication sharedApplication]
+            UIApplication = objc.objc_getClass(b"UIApplication")
+            sharedApplication = objc.sel_registerName(b"sharedApplication")
+            objc.objc_msgSend.argtypes = [c_void_p, c_void_p]
+            shared_app = objc.objc_msgSend(UIApplication, sharedApplication)
+
+            # Open the URL on the shared application
+            # This code is the equivalent of:
+            #   [shared_app openURL:ns_url
+            #               options:NIL
+            #     completionHandler:NIL];
+            openURL_ = objc.sel_registerName(b"openURL:options:completionHandler:")
+            objc.objc_msgSend.argtypes = [
+                c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p, c_void_p
+            ]
+            # Method returns void
+            objc.objc_msgSend.restype = None
+            objc.objc_msgSend(shared_app, openURL_, ns_url, None, None)
 
+            return True
 
-def main():
-    import getopt
-    usage = """Usage: %s [-n | -t] url
-    -n: open new window
-    -t: open new tab""" % sys.argv[0]
-    try:
-        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'ntd')
-    except getopt.error as msg:
-        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
-        print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(1)
-    new_win = 0
-    for o, a in opts:
-        if o == '-n': new_win = 1
-        elif o == '-t': new_win = 2
-    if len(args) != 1:
-        print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    url = args[0]
-    open(url, new_win)
+
+def parse_args(arg_list: list[str] | None):
+    import argparse
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Open URL in a web browser.")
+    parser.add_argument("url", help="URL to open")
+
+    group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group()
+    group.add_argument("-n", "--new-window", action="store_const",
+                       const=1, default=0, dest="new_win",
+                       help="open new window")
+    group.add_argument("-t", "--new-tab", action="store_const",
+                       const=2, default=0, dest="new_win",
+                       help="open new tab")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args(arg_list)
+
+    return args
+
+
+def main(arg_list: list[str] | None = None):
+    args = parse_args(arg_list)
+
+    open(args.url, args.new_win)
 
     print("\a")
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     main()

From 5ce860443c064fa70c2294458548a77d4f0b6775 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2025 23:14:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 646/705] implement nt.getlogin

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
index 083824bcd0..cdab9e2f71 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/nt.rs
@@ -388,6 +388,27 @@ pub(crate) mod module {
         }
     }
 
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn getlogin(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<String> {
+        let mut buffer = [0u16; 257];
+        let mut size = buffer.len() as u32;
+
+        let success = unsafe {
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::WindowsProgramming::GetUserNameW(
+                buffer.as_mut_ptr(),
+                &mut size,
+            )
+        };
+
+        if success != 0 {
+            // Convert the buffer (which is UTF-16) to a Rust String
+            let username = std::ffi::OsString::from_wide(&buffer[..(size - 1) as usize]);
+            Ok(username.to_str().unwrap().to_string())
+        } else {
+            Err(vm.new_os_error(format!("Error code: {success}")))
+        }
+    }
+
     pub fn raw_set_handle_inheritable(handle: intptr_t, inheritable: bool) -> std::io::Result<()> {
         let flags = if inheritable {
             Foundation::HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT

From ecbc6f70441ca54065a254f87023720ae40b29a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Reagan Bohan <xbjfk.github@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2025 08:44:43 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 647/705] Fix mmap aborting with invalid fd in debug mode

---
 stdlib/src/mmap.rs | 18 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
index bca367ae4d..9319bab64c 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/mmap.rs
@@ -23,13 +23,15 @@ mod mmap {
     };
     use crossbeam_utils::atomic::AtomicCell;
     use memmap2::{Advice, Mmap, MmapMut, MmapOptions};
+    #[cfg(unix)]
+    use nix::sys::stat::fstat;
     use nix::unistd;
     use num_traits::Signed;
     use std::fs::File;
-    use std::io::Write;
+    use std::io::{self, Write};
     use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
     #[cfg(unix)]
-    use std::os::unix::io::{FromRawFd, IntoRawFd, RawFd};
+    use std::os::unix::io::{FromRawFd, RawFd};
 
     fn advice_try_from_i32(vm: &VirtualMachine, i: i32) -> PyResult<Advice> {
         Ok(match i {
@@ -299,7 +301,7 @@ mod mmap {
         fn py_new(
             cls: PyTypeRef,
             MmapNewArgs {
-                fileno: mut fd,
+                fileno: fd,
                 length,
                 flags,
                 prot,
@@ -348,12 +350,10 @@ mod mmap {
             };
 
             if fd != -1 {
-                let file = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(fd) };
-                let metadata = file.metadata().map_err(|err| err.to_pyexception(vm))?;
-                let file_len: libc::off_t = metadata.len().try_into().expect("file size overflow");
-                // File::from_raw_fd will consume the fd, so we
-                // have to  get it again.
-                fd = file.into_raw_fd();
+                let metadata = fstat(fd)
+                    .map_err(|err| io::Error::from_raw_os_error(err as i32).to_pyexception(vm))?;
+                let file_len = metadata.st_size;
+
                 if map_size == 0 {
                     if file_len == 0 {
                         return Err(vm.new_value_error("cannot mmap an empty file".to_owned()));

From 494918d9fe6dd519b50a1e0e5a8d8ed498c9b619 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2025 13:41:48 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 648/705] Remove cfg_attr features for redox

---
 common/src/lib.rs | 1 -
 stdlib/src/lib.rs | 1 -
 vm/src/lib.rs     | 1 -
 3 files changed, 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/common/src/lib.rs b/common/src/lib.rs
index a66d3ad9c5..c99ba0286a 100644
--- a/common/src/lib.rs
+++ b/common/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 //! A crate to hold types and functions common to all rustpython components.
 
 #![cfg_attr(all(target_os = "wasi", target_env = "p2"), feature(wasip2))]
-#![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", feature(byte_slice_trim_ascii, new_uninit))]
 
 #[macro_use]
 mod macros;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 149ee97853..7b3124c50d 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 #![allow(clippy::module_inception)]
 #![cfg_attr(all(target_os = "wasi", target_env = "p2"), feature(wasip2))]
-#![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", feature(raw_ref_op))]
 
 #[macro_use]
 extern crate rustpython_derive;
diff --git a/vm/src/lib.rs b/vm/src/lib.rs
index de0042c619..e854518dc2 100644
--- a/vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 #![allow(clippy::upper_case_acronyms)]
 #![doc(html_logo_url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/RustPython/RustPython/main/logo.png")]
 #![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/rustpython-vm/")]
-#![cfg_attr(target_os = "redox", feature(raw_ref_op))]
 
 #[cfg(feature = "flame-it")]
 #[macro_use]

From a85a84330faf68c47477679ecef2427f951c9704 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2025 20:43:43 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 649/705] update pprint to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/pprint.py           |   3 +
 Lib/test/test_pprint.py | 298 ++++++++++++++--------------------------
 2 files changed, 103 insertions(+), 198 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/pprint.py b/Lib/pprint.py
index 34ed12637e..9314701db3 100644
--- a/Lib/pprint.py
+++ b/Lib/pprint.py
@@ -128,6 +128,9 @@ def __init__(self, indent=1, width=80, depth=None, stream=None, *,
         sort_dicts
             If true, dict keys are sorted.
 
+        underscore_numbers
+            If true, digit groups are separated with underscores.
+
         """
         indent = int(indent)
         width = int(width)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pprint.py b/Lib/test/test_pprint.py
index 6ea7e7db2c..4e6fed1ab9 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_pprint.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_pprint.py
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 import itertools
 import pprint
 import random
+import re
 import test.support
-import test.test_set
 import types
 import unittest
 
@@ -535,7 +535,10 @@ def test_dataclass_with_repr(self):
     def test_dataclass_no_repr(self):
         dc = dataclass3()
         formatted = pprint.pformat(dc, width=10)
-        self.assertRegex(formatted, r"<test.test_pprint.dataclass3 object at \w+>")
+        self.assertRegex(
+            formatted,
+            fr"<{re.escape(__name__)}.dataclass3 object at \w+>",
+        )
 
     def test_recursive_dataclass(self):
         dc = dataclass4(None)
@@ -619,9 +622,6 @@ def test_set_reprs(self):
         self.assertEqual(pprint.pformat(frozenset3(range(7)), width=20),
                          'frozenset3({0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6})')
 
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    #See http://bugs.python.org/issue13907
-    @test.support.cpython_only
     def test_set_of_sets_reprs(self):
         # This test creates a complex arrangement of frozensets and
         # compares the pretty-printed repr against a string hard-coded in
@@ -632,204 +632,106 @@ def test_set_of_sets_reprs(self):
         # partial ordering (subset relationships), the output of the
         # list.sort() method is undefined for lists of sets."
         #
-        # In a nutshell, the test assumes frozenset({0}) will always
-        # sort before frozenset({1}), but:
-        #
         # >>> frozenset({0}) < frozenset({1})
         # False
         # >>> frozenset({1}) < frozenset({0})
         # False
         #
-        # Consequently, this test is fragile and
-        # implementation-dependent.  Small changes to Python's sort
-        # algorithm cause the test to fail when it should pass.
-        # XXX Or changes to the dictionary implementation...
-
-        cube_repr_tgt = """\
-{frozenset(): frozenset({frozenset({2}), frozenset({0}), frozenset({1})}),
- frozenset({0}): frozenset({frozenset(),
-                            frozenset({0, 2}),
-                            frozenset({0, 1})}),
- frozenset({1}): frozenset({frozenset(),
-                            frozenset({1, 2}),
-                            frozenset({0, 1})}),
- frozenset({2}): frozenset({frozenset(),
-                            frozenset({1, 2}),
-                            frozenset({0, 2})}),
- frozenset({1, 2}): frozenset({frozenset({2}),
-                               frozenset({1}),
-                               frozenset({0, 1, 2})}),
- frozenset({0, 2}): frozenset({frozenset({2}),
-                               frozenset({0}),
-                               frozenset({0, 1, 2})}),
- frozenset({0, 1}): frozenset({frozenset({0}),
-                               frozenset({1}),
-                               frozenset({0, 1, 2})}),
- frozenset({0, 1, 2}): frozenset({frozenset({1, 2}),
-                                  frozenset({0, 2}),
-                                  frozenset({0, 1})})}"""
-        cube = test.test_set.cube(3)
-        self.assertEqual(pprint.pformat(cube), cube_repr_tgt)
-        cubo_repr_tgt = """\
-{frozenset({frozenset({0, 2}), frozenset({0})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  2}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({0}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                       frozenset({0})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({2}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  2})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset({0, 1}), frozenset({1})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({0}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({1}),
-                                                                       frozenset({1,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                       frozenset({1})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset({1, 2}), frozenset({1})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset({1,
-                                                                                  2}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({2}),
-                                                                       frozenset({1,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                       frozenset({1})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({1}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset({1, 2}), frozenset({2})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset({1,
-                                                                                  2}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({1}),
-                                                                       frozenset({1,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({2}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                       frozenset({2})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset(), frozenset({0})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset({0}),
-                                                                 frozenset({0,
-                                                                            1})}),
-                                                      frozenset({frozenset({0}),
-                                                                 frozenset({0,
-                                                                            2})}),
-                                                      frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                 frozenset({1})}),
-                                                      frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                 frozenset({2})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset(), frozenset({1})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                 frozenset({0})}),
-                                                      frozenset({frozenset({1}),
-                                                                 frozenset({1,
-                                                                            2})}),
-                                                      frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                 frozenset({2})}),
-                                                      frozenset({frozenset({1}),
-                                                                 frozenset({0,
-                                                                            1})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset({2}), frozenset()}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset({2}),
-                                                                 frozenset({1,
-                                                                            2})}),
-                                                      frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                 frozenset({0})}),
-                                                      frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                 frozenset({1})}),
-                                                      frozenset({frozenset({2}),
-                                                                 frozenset({0,
-                                                                            2})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset({0, 1, 2}), frozenset({0, 1})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset({1,
-                                                                                        2}),
-                                                                             frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        1,
-                                                                                        2})}),
-                                                                  frozenset({frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        2}),
-                                                                             frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        1,
-                                                                                        2})}),
-                                                                  frozenset({frozenset({0}),
-                                                                             frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        1})}),
-                                                                  frozenset({frozenset({1}),
-                                                                             frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        1})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset({0}), frozenset({0, 1})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                       frozenset({0})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({0}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({1}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset({2}), frozenset({0, 2})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  2}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  1,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({2}),
-                                                                       frozenset({1,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset({0}),
-                                                                       frozenset({0,
-                                                                                  2})}),
-                                                            frozenset({frozenset(),
-                                                                       frozenset({2})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset({0, 1, 2}), frozenset({0, 2})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset({1,
-                                                                                        2}),
-                                                                             frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        1,
-                                                                                        2})}),
-                                                                  frozenset({frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        1}),
-                                                                             frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        1,
-                                                                                        2})}),
-                                                                  frozenset({frozenset({0}),
-                                                                             frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        2})}),
-                                                                  frozenset({frozenset({2}),
-                                                                             frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        2})})}),
- frozenset({frozenset({1, 2}), frozenset({0, 1, 2})}): frozenset({frozenset({frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        2}),
-                                                                             frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        1,
-                                                                                        2})}),
-                                                                  frozenset({frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        1}),
-                                                                             frozenset({0,
-                                                                                        1,
-                                                                                        2})}),
-                                                                  frozenset({frozenset({2}),
-                                                                             frozenset({1,
-                                                                                        2})}),
-                                                                  frozenset({frozenset({1}),
-                                                                             frozenset({1,
-                                                                                        2})})})}"""
-
-        cubo = test.test_set.linegraph(cube)
-        self.assertEqual(pprint.pformat(cubo), cubo_repr_tgt)
+        # In this test we list all possible invariants of the result
+        # for unordered frozensets.
+        #
+        # This test has a long history, see:
+        # - https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/969fe57baa0eb80332990f9cda936a33e13fabef
+        # - https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/58115
+        # - https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/111147
+
+        import textwrap
+
+        # Single-line, always ordered:
+        fs0 = frozenset()
+        fs1 = frozenset(('abc', 'xyz'))
+        data = frozenset((fs0, fs1))
+        self.assertEqual(pprint.pformat(data),
+                         'frozenset({%r, %r})' % (fs0, fs1))
+        self.assertEqual(pprint.pformat(data), repr(data))
+
+        fs2 = frozenset(('one', 'two'))
+        data = {fs2: frozenset((fs0, fs1))}
+        self.assertEqual(pprint.pformat(data),
+                         "{%r: frozenset({%r, %r})}" % (fs2, fs0, fs1))
+        self.assertEqual(pprint.pformat(data), repr(data))
+
+        # Single-line, unordered:
+        fs1 = frozenset(("xyz", "qwerty"))
+        fs2 = frozenset(("abcd", "spam"))
+        fs = frozenset((fs1, fs2))
+        self.assertEqual(pprint.pformat(fs), repr(fs))
+
+        # Multiline, unordered:
+        def check(res, invariants):
+            self.assertIn(res, [textwrap.dedent(i).strip() for i in invariants])
+
+        # Inner-most frozensets are singleline, result is multiline, unordered:
+        fs1 = frozenset(('regular string', 'other string'))
+        fs2 = frozenset(('third string', 'one more string'))
+        check(
+            pprint.pformat(frozenset((fs1, fs2))),
+            [
+                """
+                frozenset({%r,
+                           %r})
+                """ % (fs1, fs2),
+                """
+                frozenset({%r,
+                           %r})
+                """ % (fs2, fs1),
+            ],
+        )
+
+        # Everything is multiline, unordered:
+        check(
+            pprint.pformat(
+                frozenset((
+                    frozenset((
+                        "xyz very-very long string",
+                        "qwerty is also absurdly long",
+                    )),
+                    frozenset((
+                        "abcd is even longer that before",
+                        "spam is not so long",
+                    )),
+                )),
+            ),
+            [
+                """
+                frozenset({frozenset({'abcd is even longer that before',
+                                      'spam is not so long'}),
+                           frozenset({'qwerty is also absurdly long',
+                                      'xyz very-very long string'})})
+                """,
+
+                """
+                frozenset({frozenset({'abcd is even longer that before',
+                                      'spam is not so long'}),
+                           frozenset({'xyz very-very long string',
+                                      'qwerty is also absurdly long'})})
+                """,
+
+                """
+                frozenset({frozenset({'qwerty is also absurdly long',
+                                      'xyz very-very long string'}),
+                           frozenset({'abcd is even longer that before',
+                                      'spam is not so long'})})
+                """,
+
+                """
+                frozenset({frozenset({'qwerty is also absurdly long',
+                                      'xyz very-very long string'}),
+                           frozenset({'spam is not so long',
+                                      'abcd is even longer that before'})})
+                """,
+            ],
+        )
 
     def test_depth(self):
         nested_tuple = (1, (2, (3, (4, (5, 6)))))

From a5214a0de75182fa802669f53946d0be2f8950d4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2025 20:45:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 650/705] update colorsys to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/colorsys.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/colorsys.py b/Lib/colorsys.py
index bc897bd0f9..e97f91718a 100644
--- a/Lib/colorsys.py
+++ b/Lib/colorsys.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 __all__ = ["rgb_to_yiq","yiq_to_rgb","rgb_to_hls","hls_to_rgb",
            "rgb_to_hsv","hsv_to_rgb"]
 
-# Some floating point constants
+# Some floating-point constants
 
 ONE_THIRD = 1.0/3.0
 ONE_SIXTH = 1.0/6.0

From 6567d1d6ec50b3e63ebde4d45297d9c5736bacbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2025 20:48:13 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 651/705] update queue to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/queue.py           |  60 +++++-
 Lib/test/test_queue.py | 416 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 475 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/queue.py b/Lib/queue.py
index 55f5008846..25beb46e30 100644
--- a/Lib/queue.py
+++ b/Lib/queue.py
@@ -10,7 +10,15 @@
 except ImportError:
     SimpleQueue = None
 
-__all__ = ['Empty', 'Full', 'Queue', 'PriorityQueue', 'LifoQueue', 'SimpleQueue']
+__all__ = [
+    'Empty',
+    'Full',
+    'ShutDown',
+    'Queue',
+    'PriorityQueue',
+    'LifoQueue',
+    'SimpleQueue',
+]
 
 
 try:
@@ -25,6 +33,10 @@ class Full(Exception):
     pass
 
 
+class ShutDown(Exception):
+    '''Raised when put/get with shut-down queue.'''
+
+
 class Queue:
     '''Create a queue object with a given maximum size.
 
@@ -54,6 +66,9 @@ def __init__(self, maxsize=0):
         self.all_tasks_done = threading.Condition(self.mutex)
         self.unfinished_tasks = 0
 
+        # Queue shutdown state
+        self.is_shutdown = False
+
     def task_done(self):
         '''Indicate that a formerly enqueued task is complete.
 
@@ -65,6 +80,9 @@ def task_done(self):
         have been processed (meaning that a task_done() call was received
         for every item that had been put() into the queue).
 
+        shutdown(immediate=True) calls task_done() for each remaining item in
+        the queue.
+
         Raises a ValueError if called more times than there were items
         placed in the queue.
         '''
@@ -129,8 +147,12 @@ def put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None):
         Otherwise ('block' is false), put an item on the queue if a free slot
         is immediately available, else raise the Full exception ('timeout'
         is ignored in that case).
+
+        Raises ShutDown if the queue has been shut down.
         '''
         with self.not_full:
+            if self.is_shutdown:
+                raise ShutDown
             if self.maxsize > 0:
                 if not block:
                     if self._qsize() >= self.maxsize:
@@ -138,6 +160,8 @@ def put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None):
                 elif timeout is None:
                     while self._qsize() >= self.maxsize:
                         self.not_full.wait()
+                        if self.is_shutdown:
+                            raise ShutDown
                 elif timeout < 0:
                     raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number")
                 else:
@@ -147,6 +171,8 @@ def put(self, item, block=True, timeout=None):
                         if remaining <= 0.0:
                             raise Full
                         self.not_full.wait(remaining)
+                        if self.is_shutdown:
+                            raise ShutDown
             self._put(item)
             self.unfinished_tasks += 1
             self.not_empty.notify()
@@ -161,14 +187,21 @@ def get(self, block=True, timeout=None):
         Otherwise ('block' is false), return an item if one is immediately
         available, else raise the Empty exception ('timeout' is ignored
         in that case).
+
+        Raises ShutDown if the queue has been shut down and is empty,
+        or if the queue has been shut down immediately.
         '''
         with self.not_empty:
+            if self.is_shutdown and not self._qsize():
+                raise ShutDown
             if not block:
                 if not self._qsize():
                     raise Empty
             elif timeout is None:
                 while not self._qsize():
                     self.not_empty.wait()
+                    if self.is_shutdown and not self._qsize():
+                        raise ShutDown
             elif timeout < 0:
                 raise ValueError("'timeout' must be a non-negative number")
             else:
@@ -178,6 +211,8 @@ def get(self, block=True, timeout=None):
                     if remaining <= 0.0:
                         raise Empty
                     self.not_empty.wait(remaining)
+                    if self.is_shutdown and not self._qsize():
+                        raise ShutDown
             item = self._get()
             self.not_full.notify()
             return item
@@ -198,6 +233,29 @@ def get_nowait(self):
         '''
         return self.get(block=False)
 
+    def shutdown(self, immediate=False):
+        '''Shut-down the queue, making queue gets and puts raise ShutDown.
+
+        By default, gets will only raise once the queue is empty. Set
+        'immediate' to True to make gets raise immediately instead.
+
+        All blocked callers of put() and get() will be unblocked. If
+        'immediate', a task is marked as done for each item remaining in
+        the queue, which may unblock callers of join().
+        '''
+        with self.mutex:
+            self.is_shutdown = True
+            if immediate:
+                while self._qsize():
+                    self._get()
+                    if self.unfinished_tasks > 0:
+                        self.unfinished_tasks -= 1
+                # release all blocked threads in `join()`
+                self.all_tasks_done.notify_all()
+            # All getters need to re-check queue-empty to raise ShutDown
+            self.not_empty.notify_all()
+            self.not_full.notify_all()
+
     # Override these methods to implement other queue organizations
     # (e.g. stack or priority queue).
     # These will only be called with appropriate locks held
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_queue.py b/Lib/test/test_queue.py
index cfa6003a86..93cbe1fe23 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_queue.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_queue.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # to ensure the Queue locks remain stable.
 import itertools
 import random
+import sys
 import threading
 import time
 import unittest
@@ -10,6 +11,8 @@
 from test.support import import_helper
 from test.support import threading_helper
 
+# queue module depends on threading primitives
+threading_helper.requires_working_threading(module=True)
 
 py_queue = import_helper.import_fresh_module('queue', blocked=['_queue'])
 c_queue = import_helper.import_fresh_module('queue', fresh=['_queue'])
@@ -239,6 +242,418 @@ def test_shrinking_queue(self):
         with self.assertRaises(self.queue.Full):
             q.put_nowait(4)
 
+    def test_shutdown_empty(self):
+        q = self.type2test()
+        q.shutdown()
+        with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+            q.put("data")
+        with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+            q.get()
+
+    def test_shutdown_nonempty(self):
+        q = self.type2test()
+        q.put("data")
+        q.shutdown()
+        q.get()
+        with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+            q.get()
+
+    def test_shutdown_immediate(self):
+        q = self.type2test()
+        q.put("data")
+        q.shutdown(immediate=True)
+        with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+            q.get()
+
+    def test_shutdown_allowed_transitions(self):
+        # allowed transitions would be from alive via shutdown to immediate
+        q = self.type2test()
+        self.assertFalse(q.is_shutdown)
+
+        q.shutdown()
+        self.assertTrue(q.is_shutdown)
+
+        q.shutdown(immediate=True)
+        self.assertTrue(q.is_shutdown)
+
+        q.shutdown(immediate=False)
+
+    def _shutdown_all_methods_in_one_thread(self, immediate):
+        q = self.type2test(2)
+        q.put("L")
+        q.put_nowait("O")
+        q.shutdown(immediate)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+            q.put("E")
+        with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+            q.put_nowait("W")
+        if immediate:
+            with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+                q.get()
+            with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+                q.get_nowait()
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                q.task_done()
+            q.join()
+        else:
+            self.assertIn(q.get(), "LO")
+            q.task_done()
+            self.assertIn(q.get(), "LO")
+            q.task_done()
+            q.join()
+            # on shutdown(immediate=False)
+            # when queue is empty, should raise ShutDown Exception
+            with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+                q.get() # p.get(True)
+            with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+                q.get_nowait() # p.get(False)
+            with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+                q.get(True, 1.0)
+
+    def test_shutdown_all_methods_in_one_thread(self):
+        return self._shutdown_all_methods_in_one_thread(False)
+
+    def test_shutdown_immediate_all_methods_in_one_thread(self):
+        return self._shutdown_all_methods_in_one_thread(True)
+
+    def _write_msg_thread(self, q, n, results,
+                            i_when_exec_shutdown, event_shutdown,
+                            barrier_start):
+        # All `write_msg_threads`
+        # put several items into the queue.
+        for i in range(0, i_when_exec_shutdown//2):
+            q.put((i, 'LOYD'))
+        # Wait for the barrier to be complete.
+        barrier_start.wait()
+
+        for i in range(i_when_exec_shutdown//2, n):
+            try:
+                q.put((i, "YDLO"))
+            except self.queue.ShutDown:
+                results.append(False)
+                break
+
+            # Trigger queue shutdown.
+            if i == i_when_exec_shutdown:
+                # Only one thread should call shutdown().
+                if not event_shutdown.is_set():
+                    event_shutdown.set()
+                    results.append(True)
+
+    def _read_msg_thread(self, q, results, barrier_start):
+        # Get at least one item.
+        q.get(True)
+        q.task_done()
+        # Wait for the barrier to be complete.
+        barrier_start.wait()
+        while True:
+            try:
+                q.get(False)
+                q.task_done()
+            except self.queue.ShutDown:
+                results.append(True)
+                break
+            except self.queue.Empty:
+                pass
+
+    def _shutdown_thread(self, q, results, event_end, immediate):
+        event_end.wait()
+        q.shutdown(immediate)
+        results.append(q.qsize() == 0)
+
+    def _join_thread(self, q, barrier_start):
+        # Wait for the barrier to be complete.
+        barrier_start.wait()
+        q.join()
+
+    def _shutdown_all_methods_in_many_threads(self, immediate):
+        # Run a 'multi-producers/consumers queue' use case,
+        # with enough items into the queue.
+        # When shutdown, all running threads will be joined.
+        q = self.type2test()
+        ps = []
+        res_puts = []
+        res_gets = []
+        res_shutdown = []
+        write_threads = 4
+        read_threads = 6
+        join_threads = 2
+        nb_msgs = 1024*64
+        nb_msgs_w = nb_msgs // write_threads
+        when_exec_shutdown = nb_msgs_w // 2
+        # Use of a Barrier to ensure that
+        # - all write threads put all their items into the queue,
+        # - all read thread get at least one item from the queue,
+        #   and keep on running until shutdown.
+        # The join thread is started only when shutdown is immediate.
+        nparties = write_threads + read_threads
+        if immediate:
+            nparties += join_threads
+        barrier_start = threading.Barrier(nparties)
+        ev_exec_shutdown = threading.Event()
+        lprocs = [
+            (self._write_msg_thread, write_threads, (q, nb_msgs_w, res_puts,
+                                            when_exec_shutdown, ev_exec_shutdown,
+                                            barrier_start)),
+            (self._read_msg_thread, read_threads, (q, res_gets, barrier_start)),
+            (self._shutdown_thread, 1, (q, res_shutdown, ev_exec_shutdown, immediate)),
+            ]
+        if immediate:
+            lprocs.append((self._join_thread, join_threads, (q, barrier_start)))
+        # start all threads.
+        for func, n, args in lprocs:
+            for i in range(n):
+                ps.append(threading.Thread(target=func, args=args))
+                ps[-1].start()
+        for thread in ps:
+            thread.join()
+
+        self.assertTrue(True in res_puts)
+        self.assertEqual(res_gets.count(True), read_threads)
+        if immediate:
+            self.assertListEqual(res_shutdown, [True])
+            self.assertTrue(q.empty())
+
+    def test_shutdown_all_methods_in_many_threads(self):
+        return self._shutdown_all_methods_in_many_threads(False)
+
+    def test_shutdown_immediate_all_methods_in_many_threads(self):
+        return self._shutdown_all_methods_in_many_threads(True)
+
+    def _get(self, q, go, results, shutdown=False):
+        go.wait()
+        try:
+            msg = q.get()
+            results.append(not shutdown)
+            return not shutdown
+        except self.queue.ShutDown:
+            results.append(shutdown)
+            return shutdown
+
+    def _get_shutdown(self, q, go, results):
+        return self._get(q, go, results, True)
+
+    def _get_task_done(self, q, go, results):
+        go.wait()
+        try:
+            msg = q.get()
+            q.task_done()
+            results.append(True)
+            return msg
+        except self.queue.ShutDown:
+            results.append(False)
+            return False
+
+    def _put(self, q, msg, go, results, shutdown=False):
+        go.wait()
+        try:
+            q.put(msg)
+            results.append(not shutdown)
+            return not shutdown
+        except self.queue.ShutDown:
+            results.append(shutdown)
+            return shutdown
+
+    def _put_shutdown(self, q, msg, go, results):
+        return self._put(q, msg, go, results, True)
+
+    def _join(self, q, results, shutdown=False):
+        try:
+            q.join()
+            results.append(not shutdown)
+            return not shutdown
+        except self.queue.ShutDown:
+            results.append(shutdown)
+            return shutdown
+
+    def _join_shutdown(self, q, results):
+        return self._join(q, results, True)
+
+    def _shutdown_get(self, immediate):
+        q = self.type2test(2)
+        results = []
+        go = threading.Event()
+        q.put("Y")
+        q.put("D")
+        # queue full
+
+        if immediate:
+            thrds = (
+                (self._get_shutdown, (q, go, results)),
+                (self._get_shutdown, (q, go, results)),
+            )
+        else:
+            thrds = (
+                # on shutdown(immediate=False)
+                # one of these threads should raise Shutdown
+                (self._get, (q, go, results)),
+                (self._get, (q, go, results)),
+                (self._get, (q, go, results)),
+            )
+        threads = []
+        for func, params in thrds:
+            threads.append(threading.Thread(target=func, args=params))
+            threads[-1].start()
+        q.shutdown(immediate)
+        go.set()
+        for t in threads:
+            t.join()
+        if immediate:
+            self.assertListEqual(results, [True, True])
+        else:
+            self.assertListEqual(sorted(results), [False] + [True]*(len(thrds)-1))
+
+    def test_shutdown_get(self):
+        return self._shutdown_get(False)
+
+    def test_shutdown_immediate_get(self):
+        return self._shutdown_get(True)
+
+    def _shutdown_put(self, immediate):
+        q = self.type2test(2)
+        results = []
+        go = threading.Event()
+        q.put("Y")
+        q.put("D")
+        # queue fulled
+
+        thrds = (
+            (self._put_shutdown, (q, "E", go, results)),
+            (self._put_shutdown, (q, "W", go, results)),
+        )
+        threads = []
+        for func, params in thrds:
+            threads.append(threading.Thread(target=func, args=params))
+            threads[-1].start()
+        q.shutdown()
+        go.set()
+        for t in threads:
+            t.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(results, [True]*len(thrds))
+
+    def test_shutdown_put(self):
+        return self._shutdown_put(False)
+
+    def test_shutdown_immediate_put(self):
+        return self._shutdown_put(True)
+
+    def _shutdown_join(self, immediate):
+        q = self.type2test()
+        results = []
+        q.put("Y")
+        go = threading.Event()
+        nb = q.qsize()
+
+        thrds = (
+            (self._join, (q, results)),
+            (self._join, (q, results)),
+        )
+        threads = []
+        for func, params in thrds:
+            threads.append(threading.Thread(target=func, args=params))
+            threads[-1].start()
+        if not immediate:
+            res = []
+            for i in range(nb):
+                threads.append(threading.Thread(target=self._get_task_done, args=(q, go, res)))
+                threads[-1].start()
+        q.shutdown(immediate)
+        go.set()
+        for t in threads:
+            t.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(results, [True]*len(thrds))
+
+    def test_shutdown_immediate_join(self):
+        return self._shutdown_join(True)
+
+    def test_shutdown_join(self):
+        return self._shutdown_join(False)
+
+    def _shutdown_put_join(self, immediate):
+        q = self.type2test(2)
+        results = []
+        go = threading.Event()
+        q.put("Y")
+        # queue not fulled
+
+        thrds = (
+            (self._put_shutdown, (q, "E", go, results)),
+            (self._join, (q, results)),
+        )
+        threads = []
+        for func, params in thrds:
+            threads.append(threading.Thread(target=func, args=params))
+            threads[-1].start()
+        self.assertEqual(q.unfinished_tasks, 1)
+
+        q.shutdown(immediate)
+        go.set()
+
+        if immediate:
+            with self.assertRaises(self.queue.ShutDown):
+                q.get_nowait()
+        else:
+            result = q.get()
+            self.assertEqual(result, "Y")
+            q.task_done()
+
+        for t in threads:
+            t.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(results, [True]*len(thrds))
+
+    def test_shutdown_immediate_put_join(self):
+        return self._shutdown_put_join(True)
+
+    def test_shutdown_put_join(self):
+        return self._shutdown_put_join(False)
+
+    def test_shutdown_get_task_done_join(self):
+        q = self.type2test(2)
+        results = []
+        go = threading.Event()
+        q.put("Y")
+        q.put("D")
+        self.assertEqual(q.unfinished_tasks, q.qsize())
+
+        thrds = (
+            (self._get_task_done, (q, go, results)),
+            (self._get_task_done, (q, go, results)),
+            (self._join, (q, results)),
+            (self._join, (q, results)),
+        )
+        threads = []
+        for func, params in thrds:
+            threads.append(threading.Thread(target=func, args=params))
+            threads[-1].start()
+        go.set()
+        q.shutdown(False)
+        for t in threads:
+            t.join()
+
+        self.assertEqual(results, [True]*len(thrds))
+
+    def test_shutdown_pending_get(self):
+        def get():
+            try:
+                results.append(q.get())
+            except Exception as e:
+                results.append(e)
+
+        q = self.type2test()
+        results = []
+        get_thread = threading.Thread(target=get)
+        get_thread.start()
+        q.shutdown(immediate=False)
+        get_thread.join(timeout=10.0)
+        self.assertFalse(get_thread.is_alive())
+        self.assertEqual(len(results), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(results[0], self.queue.ShutDown)
+
+
 class QueueTest(BaseQueueTestMixin):
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -289,6 +704,7 @@ class CPriorityQueueTest(PriorityQueueTest, unittest.TestCase):
 # A Queue subclass that can provoke failure at a moment's notice :)
 class FailingQueueException(Exception): pass
 
+
 class FailingQueueTest(BlockingTestMixin):
 
     def setUp(self):

From 70f3aec5527a8e3dfb672d033eb98f55b352391f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2025 21:08:15 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 652/705] update linecache to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/linecache.py           | 91 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
 Lib/test/test_linecache.py | 80 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 150 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/linecache.py b/Lib/linecache.py
index 97644a8e37..dc02de19eb 100644
--- a/Lib/linecache.py
+++ b/Lib/linecache.py
@@ -5,17 +5,13 @@
 that name.
 """
 
-import functools
-import sys
-import os
-import tokenize
-
 __all__ = ["getline", "clearcache", "checkcache", "lazycache"]
 
 
 # The cache. Maps filenames to either a thunk which will provide source code,
 # or a tuple (size, mtime, lines, fullname) once loaded.
 cache = {}
+_interactive_cache = {}
 
 
 def clearcache():
@@ -49,28 +45,54 @@ def getlines(filename, module_globals=None):
         return []
 
 
+def _getline_from_code(filename, lineno):
+    lines = _getlines_from_code(filename)
+    if 1 <= lineno <= len(lines):
+        return lines[lineno - 1]
+    return ''
+
+def _make_key(code):
+    return (code.co_filename, code.co_qualname, code.co_firstlineno)
+
+def _getlines_from_code(code):
+    code_id = _make_key(code)
+    if code_id in _interactive_cache:
+        entry = _interactive_cache[code_id]
+        if len(entry) != 1:
+            return _interactive_cache[code_id][2]
+    return []
+
+
 def checkcache(filename=None):
     """Discard cache entries that are out of date.
     (This is not checked upon each call!)"""
 
     if filename is None:
-        filenames = list(cache.keys())
-    elif filename in cache:
-        filenames = [filename]
+        # get keys atomically
+        filenames = cache.copy().keys()
     else:
-        return
+        filenames = [filename]
 
     for filename in filenames:
-        entry = cache[filename]
+        try:
+            entry = cache[filename]
+        except KeyError:
+            continue
+
         if len(entry) == 1:
             # lazy cache entry, leave it lazy.
             continue
         size, mtime, lines, fullname = entry
         if mtime is None:
             continue   # no-op for files loaded via a __loader__
+        try:
+            # This import can fail if the interpreter is shutting down
+            import os
+        except ImportError:
+            return
         try:
             stat = os.stat(fullname)
-        except OSError:
+        except (OSError, ValueError):
             cache.pop(filename, None)
             continue
         if size != stat.st_size or mtime != stat.st_mtime:
@@ -82,6 +104,17 @@ def updatecache(filename, module_globals=None):
     If something's wrong, print a message, discard the cache entry,
     and return an empty list."""
 
+    # These imports are not at top level because linecache is in the critical
+    # path of the interpreter startup and importing os and sys take a lot of time
+    # and slows down the startup sequence.
+    try:
+        import os
+        import sys
+        import tokenize
+    except ImportError:
+        # These import can fail if the interpreter is shutting down
+        return []
+
     if filename in cache:
         if len(cache[filename]) != 1:
             cache.pop(filename, None)
@@ -128,16 +161,20 @@ def updatecache(filename, module_globals=None):
             try:
                 stat = os.stat(fullname)
                 break
-            except OSError:
+            except (OSError, ValueError):
                 pass
         else:
             return []
+    except ValueError:  # may be raised by os.stat()
+        return []
     try:
         with tokenize.open(fullname) as fp:
             lines = fp.readlines()
     except (OSError, UnicodeDecodeError, SyntaxError):
         return []
-    if lines and not lines[-1].endswith('\n'):
+    if not lines:
+        lines = ['\n']
+    elif not lines[-1].endswith('\n'):
         lines[-1] += '\n'
     size, mtime = stat.st_size, stat.st_mtime
     cache[filename] = size, mtime, lines, fullname
@@ -166,17 +203,29 @@ def lazycache(filename, module_globals):
         return False
     # Try for a __loader__, if available
     if module_globals and '__name__' in module_globals:
-        name = module_globals['__name__']
-        if (loader := module_globals.get('__loader__')) is None:
-            if spec := module_globals.get('__spec__'):
-                try:
-                    loader = spec.loader
-                except AttributeError:
-                    pass
+        spec = module_globals.get('__spec__')
+        name = getattr(spec, 'name', None) or module_globals['__name__']
+        loader = getattr(spec, 'loader', None)
+        if loader is None:
+            loader = module_globals.get('__loader__')
         get_source = getattr(loader, 'get_source', None)
 
         if name and get_source:
-            get_lines = functools.partial(get_source, name)
+            def get_lines(name=name, *args, **kwargs):
+                return get_source(name, *args, **kwargs)
             cache[filename] = (get_lines,)
             return True
     return False
+
+def _register_code(code, string, name):
+    entry = (len(string),
+             None,
+             [line + '\n' for line in string.splitlines()],
+             name)
+    stack = [code]
+    while stack:
+        code = stack.pop()
+        for const in code.co_consts:
+            if isinstance(const, type(code)):
+                stack.append(const)
+        _interactive_cache[_make_key(code)] = entry
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_linecache.py b/Lib/test/test_linecache.py
index 72dd40136c..e23e1cc942 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_linecache.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_linecache.py
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@
 import os.path
 import tempfile
 import tokenize
+from importlib.machinery import ModuleSpec
 from test import support
 from test.support import os_helper
+from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok
 
 
 FILENAME = linecache.__file__
@@ -82,6 +84,10 @@ def test_getlines(self):
 class EmptyFile(GetLineTestsGoodData, unittest.TestCase):
     file_list = []
 
+    def test_getlines(self):
+        lines = linecache.getlines(self.file_name)
+        self.assertEqual(lines, ['\n'])
+
 
 class SingleEmptyLine(GetLineTestsGoodData, unittest.TestCase):
     file_list = ['\n']
@@ -97,6 +103,16 @@ class BadUnicode_WithDeclaration(GetLineTestsBadData, unittest.TestCase):
     file_byte_string = b'# coding=utf-8\n\x80abc'
 
 
+class FakeLoader:
+    def get_source(self, fullname):
+        return f'source for {fullname}'
+
+
+class NoSourceLoader:
+    def get_source(self, fullname):
+        return None
+
+
 class LineCacheTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_getline(self):
@@ -238,6 +254,70 @@ def raise_memoryerror(*args, **kwargs):
         self.assertEqual(lines3, [])
         self.assertEqual(linecache.getlines(FILENAME), lines)
 
+    def test_loader(self):
+        filename = 'scheme://path'
+
+        for loader in (None, object(), NoSourceLoader()):
+            linecache.clearcache()
+            module_globals = {'__name__': 'a.b.c', '__loader__': loader}
+            self.assertEqual(linecache.getlines(filename, module_globals), [])
+
+        linecache.clearcache()
+        module_globals = {'__name__': 'a.b.c', '__loader__': FakeLoader()}
+        self.assertEqual(linecache.getlines(filename, module_globals),
+                         ['source for a.b.c\n'])
+
+        for spec in (None, object(), ModuleSpec('', FakeLoader())):
+            linecache.clearcache()
+            module_globals = {'__name__': 'a.b.c', '__loader__': FakeLoader(),
+                              '__spec__': spec}
+            self.assertEqual(linecache.getlines(filename, module_globals),
+                             ['source for a.b.c\n'])
+
+        linecache.clearcache()
+        spec = ModuleSpec('x.y.z', FakeLoader())
+        module_globals = {'__name__': 'a.b.c', '__loader__': spec.loader,
+                          '__spec__': spec}
+        self.assertEqual(linecache.getlines(filename, module_globals),
+                         ['source for x.y.z\n'])
+
+    def test_invalid_names(self):
+        for name, desc in [
+            ('\x00', 'NUL bytes filename'),
+            (__file__ + '\x00', 'filename with embedded NUL bytes'),
+            # A filename with surrogate codes. A UnicodeEncodeError is raised
+            # by os.stat() upon querying, which is a subclass of ValueError.
+            ("\uD834\uDD1E.py", 'surrogate codes (MUSICAL SYMBOL G CLEF)'),
+            # For POSIX platforms, an OSError will be raised but for Windows
+            # platforms, a ValueError is raised due to the path_t converter.
+            # See: https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/122170
+            ('a' * 1_000_000, 'very long filename'),
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(f'updatecache: {desc}'):
+                linecache.clearcache()
+                lines = linecache.updatecache(name)
+                self.assertListEqual(lines, [])
+                self.assertNotIn(name, linecache.cache)
+
+            # hack into the cache (it shouldn't be allowed
+            # but we never know what people do...)
+            for key, fullname in [(name, 'ok'), ('key', name), (name, name)]:
+                with self.subTest(f'checkcache: {desc}',
+                                  key=key, fullname=fullname):
+                    linecache.clearcache()
+                    linecache.cache[key] = (0, 1234, [], fullname)
+                    linecache.checkcache(key)
+                    self.assertNotIn(key, linecache.cache)
+
+        # just to be sure that we did not mess with cache
+        linecache.clearcache()
+
+    def test_linecache_python_string(self):
+        cmdline = "import linecache;assert len(linecache.cache) == 0"
+        retcode, stdout, stderr = assert_python_ok('-c', cmdline)
+        self.assertEqual(retcode, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(stdout, b'')
+        self.assertEqual(stderr, b'')
 
 class LineCacheInvalidationTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):

From 1c64bde0ee11e3f457425565d87c88b9f048197d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2025 21:09:52 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 653/705] update sched to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/sched.py           |  2 +-
 Lib/test/test_sched.py | 23 +++++++++++++++++++----
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/sched.py b/Lib/sched.py
index 14613cf298..fb20639d45 100644
--- a/Lib/sched.py
+++ b/Lib/sched.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 implement simulated time by writing your own functions.  This can
 also be used to integrate scheduling with STDWIN events; the delay
 function is allowed to modify the queue.  Time can be expressed as
-integers or floating point numbers, as long as it is consistent.
+integers or floating-point numbers, as long as it is consistent.
 
 Events are specified by tuples (time, priority, action, argument, kwargs).
 As in UNIX, lower priority numbers mean higher priority; in this
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_sched.py b/Lib/test/test_sched.py
index 7ae7baae85..eb52ac7983 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_sched.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_sched.py
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ def test_enterabs(self):
         scheduler.run()
         self.assertEqual(l, [0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05])
 
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_enter_concurrent(self):
         q = queue.Queue()
         fun = q.put
@@ -91,10 +92,23 @@ def test_priority(self):
         l = []
         fun = lambda x: l.append(x)
         scheduler = sched.scheduler(time.time, time.sleep)
-        for priority in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]:
-            z = scheduler.enterabs(0.01, priority, fun, (priority,))
-        scheduler.run()
-        self.assertEqual(l, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+        cases = [
+            ([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]),
+            ([5, 4, 3, 2, 1], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]),
+            ([2, 5, 3, 1, 4], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]),
+            ([1, 2, 3, 2, 1], [1, 1, 2, 2, 3]),
+        ]
+        for priorities, expected in cases:
+            with self.subTest(priorities=priorities, expected=expected):
+                for priority in priorities:
+                    scheduler.enterabs(0.01, priority, fun, (priority,))
+                scheduler.run()
+                self.assertEqual(l, expected)
+
+                # Cleanup:
+                self.assertTrue(scheduler.empty())
+                l.clear()
 
     def test_cancel(self):
         l = []
@@ -111,6 +125,7 @@ def test_cancel(self):
         scheduler.run()
         self.assertEqual(l, [0.02, 0.03, 0.04])
 
+    @threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
     def test_cancel_concurrent(self):
         q = queue.Queue()
         fun = q.put

From 8603cd93871f7fa0c934e27b411f0599a2dc09f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2025 21:12:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 654/705] update heapq to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/test/test_heapq.py | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_heapq.py b/Lib/test/test_heapq.py
index cb1e4505b0..1aa8e4e289 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_heapq.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_heapq.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 import unittest
 import doctest
 
-from test import support
 from test.support import import_helper
 from unittest import TestCase, skipUnless
 from operator import itemgetter

From 92e72aabdcb458217b0cf8ca353520d9b5e356d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 21 Apr 2025 21:21:10 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 655/705] update graphlib to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/graphlib.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/graphlib.py b/Lib/graphlib.py
index 636545648e..9512865a8e 100644
--- a/Lib/graphlib.py
+++ b/Lib/graphlib.py
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ def done(self, *nodes):
         This method unblocks any successor of each node in *nodes* for being returned
         in the future by a call to "get_ready".
 
-        Raises :exec:`ValueError` if any node in *nodes* has already been marked as
+        Raises ValueError if any node in *nodes* has already been marked as
         processed by a previous call to this method, if a node was not added to the
         graph by using "add" or if called without calling "prepare" previously or if
         node has not yet been returned by "get_ready".

From c97f4d1daf02fe08d73f8571787377ca28a0cdaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Apr 2025 21:28:38 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 656/705] Failure marker (#5695)

* initial auto-upgrader

* platform support

* use ast walking

* detect testname automatically

* handle classes properly

* add instructions to fix_test.py
---
 scripts/fix_test.py | 137 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 137 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 scripts/fix_test.py

diff --git a/scripts/fix_test.py b/scripts/fix_test.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99dfa2699a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scripts/fix_test.py
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+"""
+An automated script to mark failures in python test suite.
+It adds @unittest.expectedFailure to the test functions that are failing in RustPython, but not in CPython.
+As well as marking the test with a TODO comment.
+
+How to use:
+1. Copy a specific test from the CPython repository to the RustPython repository.
+2. Remove all unexpected failures from the test and skip the tests that hang
+3. Run python ./scripts/fix_test.py --test test_venv --path ./Lib/test/test_venv.py or equivalent for the test from the project root.
+4. Ensure that there are no unexpected successes in the test.
+5. Actually fix the test.
+"""
+import argparse
+import ast
+import itertools
+import platform
+from pathlib import Path
+
+def parse_args():
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Fix test.")
+    parser.add_argument("--path", type=Path, help="Path to test file")
+    parser.add_argument("--force", action="store_true", help="Force modification")
+    parser.add_argument("--platform", action="store_true", help="Platform specific failure")
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    return args
+
+class Test:
+    name: str = ""
+    path: str = ""
+    result: str = ""
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"Test(name={self.name}, path={self.path}, result={self.result})"
+
+class TestResult:
+    tests_result: str = ""
+    tests = []
+    stdout = ""
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return f"TestResult(tests_result={self.tests_result},tests={len(self.tests)})"
+
+
+def parse_results(result):
+    lines = result.stdout.splitlines()
+    test_results = TestResult()
+    test_results.stdout = result.stdout
+    in_test_results = False
+    for line in lines:
+        if line == "Run tests sequentially":
+            in_test_results = True
+        elif line.startswith("-----------"):
+            in_test_results = False
+        if in_test_results and not line.startswith("tests") and not line.startswith("["):
+            line = line.split(" ")
+            if line != [] and len(line) > 3:
+                test = Test()
+                test.name = line[0]
+                test.path = line[1].strip("(").strip(")")
+                test.result = " ".join(line[3:]).lower()
+                test_results.tests.append(test)
+        else:
+            if "== Tests result: " in line:
+                res = line.split("== Tests result: ")[1]
+                res = res.split(" ")[0]
+                test_results.tests_result = res
+    return test_results
+
+def path_to_test(path) -> list[str]:
+    return path.split(".")[2:]
+
+def modify_test(file: str, test: list[str], for_platform: bool = False) -> str:
+    a = ast.parse(file)
+    lines = file.splitlines()
+    fixture = "@unittest.expectedFailure"
+    for node in ast.walk(a):
+        if isinstance(node, ast.FunctionDef):
+            if node.name == test[-1]:
+                assert not for_platform
+                indent = " " * node.col_offset
+                lines.insert(node.lineno - 1, indent + fixture)
+                lines.insert(node.lineno - 1, indent + "# TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+                break
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+def modify_test_v2(file: str, test: list[str], for_platform: bool = False) -> str:
+    a = ast.parse(file)
+    lines = file.splitlines()
+    fixture = "@unittest.expectedFailure"
+    for key, node in ast.iter_fields(a):
+        if key == "body":
+            for i, n in enumerate(node):
+                match n:
+                    case ast.ClassDef():
+                        if len(test) == 2 and test[0] == n.name:
+                            # look through body for function def
+                            for i, fn in enumerate(n.body):
+                                match fn:
+                                    case ast.FunctionDef():
+                                        if fn.name == test[-1]:
+                                            assert not for_platform
+                                            indent = " " * fn.col_offset
+                                            lines.insert(fn.lineno - 1, indent + fixture)
+                                            lines.insert(fn.lineno - 1, indent + "# TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+                                            break
+                    case ast.FunctionDef():
+                        if n.name == test[0] and len(test) == 1:
+                            assert not for_platform
+                            indent = " " * n.col_offset
+                            lines.insert(n.lineno - 1, indent + fixture)
+                            lines.insert(n.lineno - 1, indent + "# TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+                            break
+                if i > 500:
+                    exit()
+    return "\n".join(lines)
+
+def run_test(test_name):
+    print(f"Running test: {test_name}")
+    rustpython_location = "./target/release/rustpython"
+    import subprocess
+    result = subprocess.run([rustpython_location, "-m", "test", "-v", test_name], capture_output=True, text=True)
+    return parse_results(result)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    args = parse_args()
+    test_name = args.path.stem
+    tests = run_test(test_name)
+    f = open(args.path).read()
+    for test in tests.tests:
+        if test.result == "fail" or test.result == "error":
+            print("Modifying test:", test.name)
+            f = modify_test_v2(f, path_to_test(test.path), args.platform)
+    with open(args.path, "w") as file:
+        # TODO: Find validation method, and make --force override it
+        file.write(f)

From 7aad6e03e31cca9cb7208fa6ddfc30f19c588ed8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 25 Apr 2025 00:22:26 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 657/705] Update to malachite 0.6

---
 Cargo.lock | 59 ++++++++++--------------------------------------------
 Cargo.toml |  6 +++---
 2 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 0255535c1b..ffb31bfcbb 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -725,27 +725,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "memchr",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "derive_more"
-version = "1.0.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4a9b99b9cbbe49445b21764dc0625032a89b145a2642e67603e1c936f5458d05"
-dependencies = [
- "derive_more-impl",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "derive_more-impl"
-version = "1.0.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "cb7330aeadfbe296029522e6c40f315320aba36fc43a5b3632f3795348f3bd22"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
- "unicode-xid",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "digest"
 version = "0.10.7"
@@ -1184,15 +1163,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "either",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "itertools"
-version = "0.11.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b1c173a5686ce8bfa551b3563d0c2170bf24ca44da99c7ca4bfdab5418c3fe57"
-dependencies = [
- "either",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "itertools"
 version = "0.13.0"
@@ -1457,23 +1427,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-base"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5063891d2cec8fd20cabccbd3fc277bf8d5666f481fb3f79d999559b39a62713"
+checksum = "554bcf7f816ff3c1eae8f2b95c4375156884c79988596a6d01b7b070710fa9e5"
 dependencies = [
  "hashbrown",
- "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "libm",
  "ryu",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-bigint"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7b1b1fec8b370139968919a5b77071c94b282eaba3da1cf179ae5299060d4e75"
+checksum = "df1acde414186498b2a6a1e271f8ce5d65eaa5c492e95271121f30718fe2f925"
 dependencies = [
- "derive_more",
  "malachite-base",
  "malachite-nz",
  "num-integer",
@@ -1483,22 +1452,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-nz"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "175263cd5b846c552b9afb9d4b03ca465b4ad10717d789cad7dac24441c4fcbe"
+checksum = "f43d406336c42a59e07813b57efd651db00118af84c640a221d666964b2ec71f"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "libm",
  "malachite-base",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "malachite-q"
-version = "0.5.1"
+version = "0.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5261ba8feb1ad20cddab3d625af28206c663c08014b2e5c5f9bd54b0f230234f"
+checksum = "25911a58ea0426e0b7bb1dffc8324e82711c82abff868b8523ae69d8a47e8062"
 dependencies = [
- "itertools 0.11.0",
+ "itertools 0.14.0",
  "malachite-base",
  "malachite-nz",
 ]
@@ -3230,12 +3199,6 @@ version = "0.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1fc81956842c57dac11422a97c3b8195a1ff727f06e85c84ed2e8aa277c9a0fd"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "unicode-xid"
-version = "0.2.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ebc1c04c71510c7f702b52b7c350734c9ff1295c464a03335b00bb84fc54f853"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "unicode_names2"
 version = "1.3.0"
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index fb066e5dfd..c59344d2d5 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -171,9 +171,9 @@ libc = "0.2.169"
 libffi = "3.2"
 log = "0.4.27"
 nix = { version = "0.29", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
-malachite-bigint = "0.5"
-malachite-q = "0.5"
-malachite-base = "0.5"
+malachite-bigint = "0.6"
+malachite-q = "0.6"
+malachite-base = "0.6"
 memchr = "2.7.4"
 num-complex = "0.4.6"
 num-integer = "0.1.46"

From ca496fb3b1bc405658c1d9d02124cac3e323cdfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Apr 2025 22:59:31 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 658/705] Collect whats_left data with sqlite feature

This fixes the output on the website, and correctly shows `_sqlite3` as implemented
---
 .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
index 4e88d749fb..e7d14298cd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Collect what is left data
         run: |
           chmod +x ./whats_left.py
-          ./whats_left.py > whats_left.temp
+          ./whats_left.py --features "sqlite" > whats_left.temp
         env:
           RUSTPYTHONPATH: ${{ github.workspace }}/Lib
       - name: Upload data to the website

From d46bcd9291e3e371df6825f6316faac73111e2ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 26 Apr 2025 23:26:37 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 659/705] typing upgrade to 3.13.2 (#5590)

---
 Lib/_py_abc.py                               |    6 +-
 Lib/test/support/testcase.py                 |   57 +
 Lib/test/test_dataclasses.py                 |    4 +
 Lib/test/test_exception_group.py             |    2 -
 Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py     |    2 -
 Lib/test/test_genericalias.py                |   10 +
 Lib/test/test_types.py                       |   16 +
 Lib/test/test_typing.py                      | 6637 +++++++++++++++---
 Lib/test/typinganndata/_typed_dict_helper.py |   30 +
 Lib/test/typinganndata/ann_module695.py      |   72 +
 Lib/test/typinganndata/mod_generics_cache.py |   26 +
 Lib/typing.py                                | 2822 +++++---
 vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs                      |  105 +-
 13 files changed, 7817 insertions(+), 1972 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/typinganndata/_typed_dict_helper.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/typinganndata/ann_module695.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/typinganndata/mod_generics_cache.py

diff --git a/Lib/_py_abc.py b/Lib/_py_abc.py
index c870ae9048..4780f9a619 100644
--- a/Lib/_py_abc.py
+++ b/Lib/_py_abc.py
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ class ABCMeta(type):
     _abc_invalidation_counter = 0
 
     def __new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, /, **kwargs):
+        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON remove this line (prevents duplicate bases)
+        bases = tuple(dict.fromkeys(bases))
         cls = super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)
         # Compute set of abstract method names
         abstracts = {name
@@ -98,8 +100,8 @@ def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
         subtype = type(instance)
         if subtype is subclass:
             if (cls._abc_negative_cache_version ==
-                ABCMeta._abc_invalidation_counter and
-                subclass in cls._abc_negative_cache):
+                    ABCMeta._abc_invalidation_counter and
+                    subclass in cls._abc_negative_cache):
                 return False
             # Fall back to the subclass check.
             return cls.__subclasscheck__(subclass)
diff --git a/Lib/test/support/testcase.py b/Lib/test/support/testcase.py
index fad1e4cb34..fd32457d14 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/testcase.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/testcase.py
@@ -1,6 +1,63 @@
 from math import copysign, isnan
 
 
+class ExtraAssertions:
+
+    def assertIsSubclass(self, cls, superclass, msg=None):
+        if issubclass(cls, superclass):
+            return
+        standardMsg = f'{cls!r} is not a subclass of {superclass!r}'
+        self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
+
+    def assertNotIsSubclass(self, cls, superclass, msg=None):
+        if not issubclass(cls, superclass):
+            return
+        standardMsg = f'{cls!r} is a subclass of {superclass!r}'
+        self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
+
+    def assertHasAttr(self, obj, name, msg=None):
+        if not hasattr(obj, name):
+            if isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType):
+                standardMsg = f'module {obj.__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}'
+            elif isinstance(obj, type):
+                standardMsg = f'type object {obj.__name__!r} has no attribute {name!r}'
+            else:
+                standardMsg = f'{type(obj).__name__!r} object has no attribute {name!r}'
+            self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
+
+    def assertNotHasAttr(self, obj, name, msg=None):
+        if hasattr(obj, name):
+            if isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType):
+                standardMsg = f'module {obj.__name__!r} has unexpected attribute {name!r}'
+            elif isinstance(obj, type):
+                standardMsg = f'type object {obj.__name__!r} has unexpected attribute {name!r}'
+            else:
+                standardMsg = f'{type(obj).__name__!r} object has unexpected attribute {name!r}'
+            self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
+
+    def assertStartsWith(self, s, prefix, msg=None):
+        if s.startswith(prefix):
+            return
+        standardMsg = f"{s!r} doesn't start with {prefix!r}"
+        self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
+
+    def assertNotStartsWith(self, s, prefix, msg=None):
+        if not s.startswith(prefix):
+            return
+        self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, f"{s!r} starts with {prefix!r}"))
+
+    def assertEndsWith(self, s, suffix, msg=None):
+        if s.endswith(suffix):
+            return
+        standardMsg = f"{s!r} doesn't end with {suffix!r}"
+        self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, standardMsg))
+
+    def assertNotEndsWith(self, s, suffix, msg=None):
+        if not s.endswith(suffix):
+            return
+        self.fail(self._formatMessage(msg, f"{s!r} ends with {suffix!r}"))
+
+
 class ExceptionIsLikeMixin:
     def assertExceptionIsLike(self, exc, template):
         """
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_dataclasses.py b/Lib/test/test_dataclasses.py
index 62ae5622a8..8094962ccf 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_dataclasses.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_dataclasses.py
@@ -1906,6 +1906,8 @@ def new_method(self):
         c = Alias(10, 1.0)
         self.assertEqual(c.new_method(), 1.0)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_generic_dynamic(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
 
@@ -3250,6 +3252,8 @@ def test_classvar_module_level_import(self):
                     # won't exist on the instance.
                     self.assertNotIn('not_iv4', c.__dict__)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_text_annotations(self):
         from test import dataclass_textanno
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py b/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
index d0d81490df..9d156a160c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_exception_group.py
@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@ def test_exception_is_not_generic_type(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'Exception'):
             Exception[OSError]
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_exception_group_is_generic_type(self):
         E = OSError
         self.assertIsInstance(ExceptionGroup[E], types.GenericAlias)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
index 0e08051038..9c30054963 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_future_stmt/test_future.py
@@ -442,8 +442,6 @@ def foo():
                 def bar(arg: (yield)): pass
             """))
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_type_hints_on_func_with_variadic_arg(self):
         # `typing.get_type_hints` might break on a function with a variadic
         # annotation (e.g. `f(*args: *Ts)`) if `from __future__ import
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_genericalias.py b/Lib/test/test_genericalias.py
index 560b96f7e3..4d630ed166 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_genericalias.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_genericalias.py
@@ -173,6 +173,8 @@ def test_exposed_type(self):
         self.assertEqual(a.__args__, (int,))
         self.assertEqual(a.__parameters__, ())
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_parameters(self):
         from typing import List, Dict, Callable
         D0 = dict[str, int]
@@ -212,6 +214,8 @@ def test_parameters(self):
         self.assertEqual(L5.__args__, (Callable[[K, V], K],))
         self.assertEqual(L5.__parameters__, (K, V))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_parameter_chaining(self):
         from typing import List, Dict, Union, Callable
         self.assertEqual(list[T][int], list[int])
@@ -271,6 +275,8 @@ class MyType(type):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             MyType[int]
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_pickle(self):
         alias = GenericAlias(list, T)
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
@@ -280,6 +286,8 @@ def test_pickle(self):
             self.assertEqual(loaded.__args__, alias.__args__)
             self.assertEqual(loaded.__parameters__, alias.__parameters__)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_copy(self):
         class X(list):
             def __copy__(self):
@@ -303,6 +311,8 @@ def test_union(self):
         self.assertEqual(a.__args__, (list[int], list[str]))
         self.assertEqual(a.__parameters__, ())
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_generic(self):
         a = typing.Union[list[T], tuple[T, ...]]
         self.assertEqual(a.__args__, (list[T], tuple[T, ...]))
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_types.py b/Lib/test/test_types.py
index 59dc9814fb..c62bf61181 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_types.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_types.py
@@ -742,6 +742,8 @@ def test_instancecheck_and_subclasscheck(self):
                 self.assertTrue(issubclass(dict, x))
                 self.assertFalse(issubclass(list, x))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_instancecheck_and_subclasscheck_order(self):
         T = typing.TypeVar('T')
 
@@ -788,6 +790,8 @@ def __subclasscheck__(cls, sub):
         self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, x))
         self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError, issubclass, list, x)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_or_type_operator_with_TypeVar(self):
         TV = typing.TypeVar('T')
         assert TV | str == typing.Union[TV, str]
@@ -795,6 +799,8 @@ def test_or_type_operator_with_TypeVar(self):
         self.assertIs((int | TV)[int], int)
         self.assertIs((TV | int)[int], int)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_args(self):
         def check(arg, expected):
             clear_typing_caches()
@@ -825,6 +831,8 @@ def check(arg, expected):
                 check(x | None, (x, type(None)))
                 check(None | x, (type(None), x))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_parameter_chaining(self):
         T = typing.TypeVar("T")
         S = typing.TypeVar("S")
@@ -869,6 +877,8 @@ def eq(actual, expected, typed=True):
         eq(x[NT], int | NT | bytes)
         eq(x[S], int | S | bytes)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_pickle(self):
         orig = list[T] | int
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
@@ -878,6 +888,8 @@ def test_union_pickle(self):
             self.assertEqual(loaded.__args__, orig.__args__)
             self.assertEqual(loaded.__parameters__, orig.__parameters__)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_copy(self):
         orig = list[T] | int
         for copied in (copy.copy(orig), copy.deepcopy(orig)):
@@ -885,12 +897,16 @@ def test_union_copy(self):
             self.assertEqual(copied.__args__, orig.__args__)
             self.assertEqual(copied.__parameters__, orig.__parameters__)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_parameter_substitution_errors(self):
         T = typing.TypeVar("T")
         x = int | T
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             x[int, str]
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_or_type_operator_with_forward(self):
         T = typing.TypeVar('T')
         ForwardAfter = T | 'Forward'
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_typing.py b/Lib/test/test_typing.py
index b6a167f998..70397e2649 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_typing.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_typing.py
@@ -1,64 +1,80 @@
 import contextlib
 import collections
+import collections.abc
+from collections import defaultdict
+from functools import lru_cache, wraps, reduce
+import gc
+import inspect
+import itertools
+import operator
 import pickle
 import re
 import sys
-from unittest import TestCase, main, skipUnless, skip
-# TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-import unittest
+from unittest import TestCase, main, skip
+from unittest.mock import patch
 from copy import copy, deepcopy
 
-from typing import Any, NoReturn
-from typing import TypeVar, AnyStr
+from typing import Any, NoReturn, Never, assert_never
+from typing import overload, get_overloads, clear_overloads
+from typing import TypeVar, TypeVarTuple, Unpack, AnyStr
 from typing import T, KT, VT  # Not in __all__.
 from typing import Union, Optional, Literal
 from typing import Tuple, List, Dict, MutableMapping
 from typing import Callable
 from typing import Generic, ClassVar, Final, final, Protocol
-from typing import cast, runtime_checkable
+from typing import assert_type, cast, runtime_checkable
 from typing import get_type_hints
-from typing import get_origin, get_args
-from typing import is_typeddict
+from typing import get_origin, get_args, get_protocol_members
+from typing import is_typeddict, is_protocol
+from typing import reveal_type
+from typing import dataclass_transform
 from typing import no_type_check, no_type_check_decorator
 from typing import Type
-from typing import NewType
-from typing import NamedTuple, TypedDict
+from typing import NamedTuple, NotRequired, Required, ReadOnly, TypedDict
 from typing import IO, TextIO, BinaryIO
 from typing import Pattern, Match
 from typing import Annotated, ForwardRef
+from typing import Self, LiteralString
 from typing import TypeAlias
 from typing import ParamSpec, Concatenate, ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs
-from typing import TypeGuard
+from typing import TypeGuard, TypeIs, NoDefault
 import abc
+import textwrap
 import typing
 import weakref
 import types
 
-from test import mod_generics_cache
-from test import _typed_dict_helper
+from test.support import captured_stderr, cpython_only, infinite_recursion, requires_docstrings, import_helper
+from test.support.testcase import ExtraAssertions
+from test.typinganndata import ann_module695, mod_generics_cache, _typed_dict_helper
 
+# TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+import unittest
 
-class BaseTestCase(TestCase):
+CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE = 'Cannot subclass special typing classes'
+NOT_A_BASE_TYPE = "type 'typing.%s' is not an acceptable base type"
+CANNOT_SUBCLASS_INSTANCE = 'Cannot subclass an instance of %s'
 
-    def assertIsSubclass(self, cls, class_or_tuple, msg=None):
-        if not issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple):
-            message = '%r is not a subclass of %r' % (cls, class_or_tuple)
-            if msg is not None:
-                message += ' : %s' % msg
-            raise self.failureException(message)
 
-    def assertNotIsSubclass(self, cls, class_or_tuple, msg=None):
-        if issubclass(cls, class_or_tuple):
-            message = '%r is a subclass of %r' % (cls, class_or_tuple)
-            if msg is not None:
-                message += ' : %s' % msg
-            raise self.failureException(message)
+class BaseTestCase(TestCase, ExtraAssertions):
 
     def clear_caches(self):
         for f in typing._cleanups:
             f()
 
 
+def all_pickle_protocols(test_func):
+    """Runs `test_func` with various values for `proto` argument."""
+
+    @wraps(test_func)
+    def wrapper(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.subTest(pickle_proto=proto):
+                test_func(self, proto=proto)
+
+    return wrapper
+
+
 class Employee:
     pass
 
@@ -81,28 +97,59 @@ def test_any_instance_type_error(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             isinstance(42, Any)
 
-    def test_any_subclass_type_error(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(Employee, Any)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(Any, Employee)
-
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(Any), 'typing.Any')
 
+        class Sub(Any): pass
+        self.assertEqual(
+            repr(Sub),
+            f"<class '{__name__}.AnyTests.test_repr.<locals>.Sub'>",
+        )
+
     def test_errors(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(42, Any)
+            isinstance(42, Any)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             Any[int]  # Any is not a generic type.
 
-    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class A(Any):
-                pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class A(type(Any)):
-                pass
+    def test_can_subclass(self):
+        class Mock(Any): pass
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(Mock, Any))
+        self.assertIsInstance(Mock(), Mock)
+
+        class Something: pass
+        self.assertFalse(issubclass(Something, Any))
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(Something(), Mock)
+
+        class MockSomething(Something, Mock): pass
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(MockSomething, Any))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(MockSomething, MockSomething))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(MockSomething, Something))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(MockSomething, Mock))
+        ms = MockSomething()
+        self.assertIsInstance(ms, MockSomething)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ms, Something)
+        self.assertIsInstance(ms, Mock)
+
+    def test_subclassing_with_custom_constructor(self):
+        class Sub(Any):
+            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): pass
+        # The instantiation must not fail.
+        Sub(0, s="")
+
+    def test_multiple_inheritance_with_custom_constructors(self):
+        class Foo:
+            def __init__(self, x):
+                self.x = x
+
+        class Bar(Any, Foo):
+            def __init__(self, x, y):
+                self.y = y
+                super().__init__(x)
+
+        b = Bar(1, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(b.x, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(b.y, 2)
 
     def test_cannot_instantiate(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -117,48 +164,276 @@ def test_any_works_with_alias(self):
         typing.IO[Any]
 
 
-class NoReturnTests(BaseTestCase):
+class BottomTypeTestsMixin:
+    bottom_type: ClassVar[Any]
+
+    def test_equality(self):
+        self.assertEqual(self.bottom_type, self.bottom_type)
+        self.assertIs(self.bottom_type, self.bottom_type)
+        self.assertNotEqual(self.bottom_type, None)
+
+    def test_get_origin(self):
+        self.assertIs(get_origin(self.bottom_type), None)
+
+    def test_instance_type_error(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(42, self.bottom_type)
+
+    def test_subclass_type_error(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(Employee, self.bottom_type)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(NoReturn, self.bottom_type)
 
-    def test_noreturn_instance_type_error(self):
+    def test_not_generic(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            isinstance(42, NoReturn)
+            self.bottom_type[int]
+
+    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                'Cannot subclass ' + re.escape(str(self.bottom_type))):
+            class A(self.bottom_type):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class B(type(self.bottom_type)):
+                pass
 
-    def test_noreturn_subclass_type_error(self):
+    def test_cannot_instantiate(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(Employee, NoReturn)
+            self.bottom_type()
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(NoReturn, Employee)
+            type(self.bottom_type)()
+
+
+class NoReturnTests(BottomTypeTestsMixin, BaseTestCase):
+    bottom_type = NoReturn
 
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(NoReturn), 'typing.NoReturn')
 
-    def test_not_generic(self):
+    def test_get_type_hints(self):
+        def some(arg: NoReturn) -> NoReturn: ...
+        def some_str(arg: 'NoReturn') -> 'typing.NoReturn': ...
+
+        expected = {'arg': NoReturn, 'return': NoReturn}
+        for target in [some, some_str]:
+            with self.subTest(target=target):
+                self.assertEqual(gth(target), expected)
+
+    def test_not_equality(self):
+        self.assertNotEqual(NoReturn, Never)
+        self.assertNotEqual(Never, NoReturn)
+
+
+class NeverTests(BottomTypeTestsMixin, BaseTestCase):
+    bottom_type = Never
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Never), 'typing.Never')
+
+    def test_get_type_hints(self):
+        def some(arg: Never) -> Never: ...
+        def some_str(arg: 'Never') -> 'typing.Never': ...
+
+        expected = {'arg': Never, 'return': Never}
+        for target in [some, some_str]:
+            with self.subTest(target=target):
+                self.assertEqual(gth(target), expected)
+
+
+class AssertNeverTests(BaseTestCase):
+    def test_exception(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
+            assert_never(None)
+
+        value = "some value"
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(AssertionError, value):
+            assert_never(value)
+
+        # Make sure a huge value doesn't get printed in its entirety
+        huge_value = "a" * 10000
+        with self.assertRaises(AssertionError) as cm:
+            assert_never(huge_value)
+        self.assertLess(
+            len(cm.exception.args[0]),
+            typing._ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH * 2,
+        )
+
+
+class SelfTests(BaseTestCase):
+    def test_equality(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Self, Self)
+        self.assertIs(Self, Self)
+        self.assertNotEqual(Self, None)
+
+    def test_basics(self):
+        class Foo:
+            def bar(self) -> Self: ...
+        class FooStr:
+            def bar(self) -> 'Self': ...
+        class FooStrTyping:
+            def bar(self) -> 'typing.Self': ...
+
+        for target in [Foo, FooStr, FooStrTyping]:
+            with self.subTest(target=target):
+                self.assertEqual(gth(target.bar), {'return': Self})
+        self.assertIs(get_origin(Self), None)
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Self), 'typing.Self')
+
+    def test_cannot_subscript(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            NoReturn[int]
+            Self[int]
 
     def test_cannot_subclass(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class A(NoReturn):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class C(type(Self)):
                 pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.Self'):
+            class D(Self):
+                pass
+
+    def test_cannot_init(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Self()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(Self)()
+
+    def test_no_isinstance(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(1, Self)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(int, Self)
+
+    def test_alias(self):
+        # TypeAliases are not actually part of the spec
+        alias_1 = Tuple[Self, Self]
+        alias_2 = List[Self]
+        alias_3 = ClassVar[Self]
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(alias_1), (Self, Self))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(alias_2), (Self,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(alias_3), (Self,))
+
+
+class LiteralStringTests(BaseTestCase):
+    def test_equality(self):
+        self.assertEqual(LiteralString, LiteralString)
+        self.assertIs(LiteralString, LiteralString)
+        self.assertNotEqual(LiteralString, None)
+
+    def test_basics(self):
+        class Foo:
+            def bar(self) -> LiteralString: ...
+        class FooStr:
+            def bar(self) -> 'LiteralString': ...
+        class FooStrTyping:
+            def bar(self) -> 'typing.LiteralString': ...
+
+        for target in [Foo, FooStr, FooStrTyping]:
+            with self.subTest(target=target):
+                self.assertEqual(gth(target.bar), {'return': LiteralString})
+        self.assertIs(get_origin(LiteralString), None)
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(LiteralString), 'typing.LiteralString')
+
+    def test_cannot_subscript(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class A(type(NoReturn)):
+            LiteralString[int]
+
+    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class C(type(LiteralString)):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.LiteralString'):
+            class D(LiteralString):
                 pass
 
-    def test_cannot_instantiate(self):
+    def test_cannot_init(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            LiteralString()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(LiteralString)()
+
+    def test_no_isinstance(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            NoReturn()
+            isinstance(1, LiteralString)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            type(NoReturn)()
+            issubclass(int, LiteralString)
 
+    def test_alias(self):
+        alias_1 = Tuple[LiteralString, LiteralString]
+        alias_2 = List[LiteralString]
+        alias_3 = ClassVar[LiteralString]
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(alias_1), (LiteralString, LiteralString))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(alias_2), (LiteralString,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(alias_3), (LiteralString,))
 
 class TypeVarTests(BaseTestCase):
-
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_basic_plain(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         # T equals itself.
         self.assertEqual(T, T)
         # T is an instance of TypeVar
         self.assertIsInstance(T, TypeVar)
+        self.assertEqual(T.__name__, 'T')
+        self.assertEqual(T.__constraints__, ())
+        self.assertIs(T.__bound__, None)
+        self.assertIs(T.__covariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__contravariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__infer_variance__, False)
+        self.assertEqual(T.__module__, __name__)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_basic_with_exec(self):
+        ns = {}
+        exec('from typing import TypeVar; T = TypeVar("T", bound=float)', ns, ns)
+        T = ns['T']
+        self.assertIsInstance(T, TypeVar)
+        self.assertEqual(T.__name__, 'T')
+        self.assertEqual(T.__constraints__, ())
+        self.assertIs(T.__bound__, float)
+        self.assertIs(T.__covariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__contravariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__infer_variance__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__module__, None)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_attributes(self):
+        T_bound = TypeVar('T_bound', bound=int)
+        self.assertEqual(T_bound.__name__, 'T_bound')
+        self.assertEqual(T_bound.__constraints__, ())
+        self.assertIs(T_bound.__bound__, int)
+
+        T_constraints = TypeVar('T_constraints', int, str)
+        self.assertEqual(T_constraints.__name__, 'T_constraints')
+        self.assertEqual(T_constraints.__constraints__, (int, str))
+        self.assertIs(T_constraints.__bound__, None)
+
+        T_co = TypeVar('T_co', covariant=True)
+        self.assertEqual(T_co.__name__, 'T_co')
+        self.assertIs(T_co.__covariant__, True)
+        self.assertIs(T_co.__contravariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T_co.__infer_variance__, False)
+
+        T_contra = TypeVar('T_contra', contravariant=True)
+        self.assertEqual(T_contra.__name__, 'T_contra')
+        self.assertIs(T_contra.__covariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T_contra.__contravariant__, True)
+        self.assertIs(T_contra.__infer_variance__, False)
+
+        T_infer = TypeVar('T_infer', infer_variance=True)
+        self.assertEqual(T_infer.__name__, 'T_infer')
+        self.assertIs(T_infer.__covariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T_infer.__contravariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T_infer.__infer_variance__, True)
 
     def test_typevar_instance_type_error(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
@@ -172,11 +447,15 @@ def test_typevar_subclass_type_error(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             issubclass(T, int)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_constrained_error(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             X = TypeVar('X', int)
             X
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_unique(self):
         X = TypeVar('X')
         Y = TypeVar('Y')
@@ -190,6 +469,8 @@ def test_union_unique(self):
         self.assertEqual(Union[X, int].__parameters__, (X,))
         self.assertIs(Union[X, int].__origin__, Union)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_or(self):
         X = TypeVar('X')
         # use a string because str doesn't implement
@@ -204,6 +485,8 @@ def test_union_constrained(self):
         A = TypeVar('A', str, bytes)
         self.assertNotEqual(Union[A, str], Union[A])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(T), '~T')
         self.assertEqual(repr(KT), '~KT')
@@ -218,25 +501,30 @@ def test_no_redefinition(self):
         self.assertNotEqual(TypeVar('T'), TypeVar('T'))
         self.assertNotEqual(TypeVar('T', int, str), TypeVar('T', int, str))
 
-    def test_cannot_subclass_vars(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class V(TypeVar('T')):
-                pass
-
-    def test_cannot_subclass_var_itself(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class V(TypeVar):
-                pass
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, NOT_A_BASE_TYPE % 'TypeVar'):
+            class V(TypeVar): pass
+        T = TypeVar("T")
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                CANNOT_SUBCLASS_INSTANCE % 'TypeVar'):
+            class W(T): pass
 
     def test_cannot_instantiate_vars(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             TypeVar('A')()
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bound_errors(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            TypeVar('X', bound=42)
+            TypeVar('X', bound=Union)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             TypeVar('X', str, float, bound=Employee)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                                    r"Bound must be a type\. Got \(1, 2\)\."):
+            TypeVar('X', bound=(1, 2))
 
     def test_missing__name__(self):
         # See bpo-39942
@@ -245,116 +533,1789 @@ def test_missing__name__(self):
                 )
         exec(code, {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_no_bivariant(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             TypeVar('T', covariant=True, contravariant=True)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_cannot_combine_explicit_and_infer(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            TypeVar('T', covariant=True, infer_variance=True)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            TypeVar('T', contravariant=True, infer_variance=True)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_var_substitution(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        subst = T.__typing_subst__
+        self.assertIs(subst(int), int)
+        self.assertEqual(subst(list[int]), list[int])
+        self.assertEqual(subst(List[int]), List[int])
+        self.assertEqual(subst(List), List)
+        self.assertIs(subst(Any), Any)
+        self.assertIs(subst(None), type(None))
+        self.assertIs(subst(T), T)
+        self.assertEqual(subst(int|str), int|str)
+        self.assertEqual(subst(Union[int, str]), Union[int, str])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bad_var_substitution(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
-        for arg in (), (int, str):
+        bad_args = (
+            (), (int, str), Union,
+            Generic, Generic[T], Protocol, Protocol[T],
+            Final, Final[int], ClassVar, ClassVar[int],
+        )
+        for arg in bad_args:
             with self.subTest(arg=arg):
+                with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                    T.__typing_subst__(arg)
                 with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                     List[T][arg]
                 with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                     list[T][arg]
 
+    def test_many_weakrefs(self):
+        # gh-108295: this used to segfault
+        for cls in (ParamSpec, TypeVarTuple, TypeVar):
+            with self.subTest(cls=cls):
+                vals = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
 
-class UnionTests(BaseTestCase):
+                for x in range(10):
+                    vals[x] = cls(str(x))
+                del vals
 
-    def test_basics(self):
-        u = Union[int, float]
-        self.assertNotEqual(u, Union)
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        T = TypeVar(name="T")
+        self.assertEqual(T.__name__, "T")
+        self.assertEqual(T.__constraints__, ())
+        self.assertIs(T.__bound__, None)
+        self.assertIs(T.__default__, typing.NoDefault)
+        self.assertIs(T.__covariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__contravariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__infer_variance__, False)
+
+        T = TypeVar(name="T", bound=type)
+        self.assertEqual(T.__name__, "T")
+        self.assertEqual(T.__constraints__, ())
+        self.assertIs(T.__bound__, type)
+        self.assertIs(T.__default__, typing.NoDefault)
+        self.assertIs(T.__covariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__contravariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__infer_variance__, False)
+
+        T = TypeVar(name="T", default=())
+        self.assertEqual(T.__name__, "T")
+        self.assertEqual(T.__constraints__, ())
+        self.assertIs(T.__bound__, None)
+        self.assertIs(T.__default__, ())
+        self.assertIs(T.__covariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__contravariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__infer_variance__, False)
+
+        T = TypeVar(name="T", covariant=True)
+        self.assertEqual(T.__name__, "T")
+        self.assertEqual(T.__constraints__, ())
+        self.assertIs(T.__bound__, None)
+        self.assertIs(T.__default__, typing.NoDefault)
+        self.assertIs(T.__covariant__, True)
+        self.assertIs(T.__contravariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__infer_variance__, False)
+
+        T = TypeVar(name="T", contravariant=True)
+        self.assertEqual(T.__name__, "T")
+        self.assertEqual(T.__constraints__, ())
+        self.assertIs(T.__bound__, None)
+        self.assertIs(T.__default__, typing.NoDefault)
+        self.assertIs(T.__covariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__contravariant__, True)
+        self.assertIs(T.__infer_variance__, False)
+
+        T = TypeVar(name="T", infer_variance=True)
+        self.assertEqual(T.__name__, "T")
+        self.assertEqual(T.__constraints__, ())
+        self.assertIs(T.__bound__, None)
+        self.assertIs(T.__default__, typing.NoDefault)
+        self.assertIs(T.__covariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__contravariant__, False)
+        self.assertIs(T.__infer_variance__, True)
+
+class TypeParameterDefaultsTests(BaseTestCase):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_typevar(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T', default=int)
+        self.assertEqual(T.__default__, int)
+        self.assertTrue(T.has_default())
+        self.assertIsInstance(T, TypeVar)
 
-    def test_subclass_error(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(int, Union)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(Union, int)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(Union[int, str], int)
+        class A(Generic[T]): ...
+        Alias = Optional[T]
 
-    def test_union_any(self):
-        u = Union[Any]
-        self.assertEqual(u, Any)
-        u1 = Union[int, Any]
-        u2 = Union[Any, int]
-        u3 = Union[Any, object]
-        self.assertEqual(u1, u2)
-        self.assertNotEqual(u1, Any)
-        self.assertNotEqual(u2, Any)
-        self.assertNotEqual(u3, Any)
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_typevar_none(self):
+        U = TypeVar('U')
+        U_None = TypeVar('U_None', default=None)
+        self.assertIs(U.__default__, NoDefault)
+        self.assertFalse(U.has_default())
+        self.assertIs(U_None.__default__, None)
+        self.assertTrue(U_None.has_default())
 
-    def test_union_object(self):
-        u = Union[object]
-        self.assertEqual(u, object)
-        u1 = Union[int, object]
-        u2 = Union[object, int]
-        self.assertEqual(u1, u2)
-        self.assertNotEqual(u1, object)
-        self.assertNotEqual(u2, object)
+        class X[T]: ...
+        T, = X.__type_params__
+        self.assertIs(T.__default__, NoDefault)
+        self.assertFalse(T.has_default())
 
-    def test_unordered(self):
-        u1 = Union[int, float]
-        u2 = Union[float, int]
-        self.assertEqual(u1, u2)
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_paramspec(self):
+        P = ParamSpec('P', default=(str, int))
+        self.assertEqual(P.__default__, (str, int))
+        self.assertTrue(P.has_default())
+        self.assertIsInstance(P, ParamSpec)
 
-    def test_single_class_disappears(self):
-        t = Union[Employee]
-        self.assertIs(t, Employee)
+        class A(Generic[P]): ...
+        Alias = typing.Callable[P, None]
 
-    def test_base_class_kept(self):
-        u = Union[Employee, Manager]
-        self.assertNotEqual(u, Employee)
-        self.assertIn(Employee, u.__args__)
-        self.assertIn(Manager, u.__args__)
+        P_default = ParamSpec('P_default', default=...)
+        self.assertIs(P_default.__default__, ...)
 
-    def test_union_union(self):
-        u = Union[int, float]
-        v = Union[u, Employee]
-        self.assertEqual(v, Union[int, float, Employee])
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_paramspec_none(self):
+        U = ParamSpec('U')
+        U_None = ParamSpec('U_None', default=None)
+        self.assertIs(U.__default__, NoDefault)
+        self.assertFalse(U.has_default())
+        self.assertIs(U_None.__default__, None)
+        self.assertTrue(U_None.has_default())
+
+        class X[**P]: ...
+        P, = X.__type_params__
+        self.assertIs(P.__default__, NoDefault)
+        self.assertFalse(P.has_default())
 
-    def test_repr(self):
-        self.assertEqual(repr(Union), 'typing.Union')
-        u = Union[Employee, int]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[%s.Employee, int]' % __name__)
-        u = Union[int, Employee]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[int, %s.Employee]' % __name__)
-        T = TypeVar('T')
-        u = Union[T, int][int]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), repr(int))
-        u = Union[List[int], int]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[typing.List[int], int]')
-        u = Union[list[int], dict[str, float]]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[list[int], dict[str, float]]')
-        u = Union[int | float]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[int, float]')
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_typevartuple(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts', default=Unpack[Tuple[str, int]])
+        self.assertEqual(Ts.__default__, Unpack[Tuple[str, int]])
+        self.assertTrue(Ts.has_default())
+        self.assertIsInstance(Ts, TypeVarTuple)
 
-        u = Union[None, str]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Optional[str]')
-        u = Union[str, None]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Optional[str]')
-        u = Union[None, str, int]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[NoneType, str, int]')
-        u = Optional[str]
-        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Optional[str]')
+        class A(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): ...
+        Alias = Optional[Unpack[Ts]]
 
-    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class C(Union):
-                pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class C(type(Union)):
-                pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class C(Union[int, str]):
-                pass
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_typevartuple_specialization(self):
+        T = TypeVar("T")
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts', default=Unpack[Tuple[str, int]])
+        self.assertEqual(Ts.__default__, Unpack[Tuple[str, int]])
+        class A(Generic[T, Unpack[Ts]]): ...
+        self.assertEqual(A[float].__args__, (float, str, int))
+        self.assertEqual(A[float, range].__args__, (float, range))
+        self.assertEqual(A[float, *tuple[int, ...]].__args__, (float, *tuple[int, ...]))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_typevar_and_typevartuple_specialization(self):
+        T = TypeVar("T")
+        U = TypeVar("U", default=float)
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts', default=Unpack[Tuple[str, int]])
+        self.assertEqual(Ts.__default__, Unpack[Tuple[str, int]])
+        class A(Generic[T, U, Unpack[Ts]]): ...
+        self.assertEqual(A[int].__args__, (int, float, str, int))
+        self.assertEqual(A[int, str].__args__, (int, str, str, int))
+        self.assertEqual(A[int, str, range].__args__, (int, str, range))
+        self.assertEqual(A[int, str, *tuple[int, ...]].__args__, (int, str, *tuple[int, ...]))
+
+    def test_no_default_after_typevar_tuple(self):
+        T = TypeVar("T", default=int)
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple("Ts")
+        Ts_default = TypeVarTuple("Ts_default", default=Unpack[Tuple[str, int]])
 
-    def test_cannot_instantiate(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Union()
+            class X(Generic[*Ts, T]): ...
+
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            type(Union)()
-        u = Union[int, float]
+            class Y(Generic[*Ts_default, T]): ...
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_allow_default_after_non_default_in_alias(self):
+        T_default = TypeVar('T_default', default=int)
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        a1 = Callable[[T_default], T]
+        self.assertEqual(a1.__args__, (T_default, T))
+
+        a2 = dict[T_default, T]
+        self.assertEqual(a2.__args__, (T_default, T))
+
+        a3 = typing.Dict[T_default, T]
+        self.assertEqual(a3.__args__, (T_default, T))
+
+        a4 = Callable[*Ts, T]
+        self.assertEqual(a4.__args__, (*Ts, T))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_paramspec_specialization(self):
+        T = TypeVar("T")
+        P = ParamSpec('P', default=[str, int])
+        self.assertEqual(P.__default__, [str, int])
+        class A(Generic[T, P]): ...
+        self.assertEqual(A[float].__args__, (float, (str, int)))
+        self.assertEqual(A[float, [range]].__args__, (float, (range,)))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_typevar_and_paramspec_specialization(self):
+        T = TypeVar("T")
+        U = TypeVar("U", default=float)
+        P = ParamSpec('P', default=[str, int])
+        self.assertEqual(P.__default__, [str, int])
+        class A(Generic[T, U, P]): ...
+        self.assertEqual(A[float].__args__, (float, float, (str, int)))
+        self.assertEqual(A[float, int].__args__, (float, int, (str, int)))
+        self.assertEqual(A[float, int, [range]].__args__, (float, int, (range,)))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_paramspec_and_typevar_specialization(self):
+        T = TypeVar("T")
+        P = ParamSpec('P', default=[str, int])
+        U = TypeVar("U", default=float)
+        self.assertEqual(P.__default__, [str, int])
+        class A(Generic[T, P, U]): ...
+        self.assertEqual(A[float].__args__, (float, (str, int), float))
+        self.assertEqual(A[float, [range]].__args__, (float, (range,), float))
+        self.assertEqual(A[float, [range], int].__args__, (float, (range,), int))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_typevartuple_none(self):
+        U = TypeVarTuple('U')
+        U_None = TypeVarTuple('U_None', default=None)
+        self.assertIs(U.__default__, NoDefault)
+        self.assertFalse(U.has_default())
+        self.assertIs(U_None.__default__, None)
+        self.assertTrue(U_None.has_default())
+
+        class X[**Ts]: ...
+        Ts, = X.__type_params__
+        self.assertIs(Ts.__default__, NoDefault)
+        self.assertFalse(Ts.has_default())
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_no_default_after_non_default(self):
+        DefaultStrT = TypeVar('DefaultStrT', default=str)
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, r"Type parameter ~T without a default follows type parameter with a default"
+        ):
+            Test = Generic[DefaultStrT, T]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_need_more_params(self):
+        DefaultStrT = TypeVar('DefaultStrT', default=str)
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        U = TypeVar('U')
+
+        class A(Generic[T, U, DefaultStrT]): ...
+        A[int, bool]
+        A[int, bool, str]
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError, r"Too few arguments for .+; actual 1, expected at least 2"
+        ):
+            Test = A[int]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        global U, U_co, U_contra, U_default  # pickle wants to reference the class by name
+        U = TypeVar('U')
+        U_co = TypeVar('U_co', covariant=True)
+        U_contra = TypeVar('U_contra', contravariant=True)
+        U_default = TypeVar('U_default', default=int)
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL):
+            for typevar in (U, U_co, U_contra, U_default):
+                z = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(typevar, proto))
+                self.assertEqual(z.__name__, typevar.__name__)
+                self.assertEqual(z.__covariant__, typevar.__covariant__)
+                self.assertEqual(z.__contravariant__, typevar.__contravariant__)
+                self.assertEqual(z.__bound__, typevar.__bound__)
+                self.assertEqual(z.__default__, typevar.__default__)
+
+
+
+def template_replace(templates: list[str], replacements: dict[str, list[str]]) -> list[tuple[str]]:
+    """Renders templates with possible combinations of replacements.
+
+    Example 1: Suppose that:
+      templates = ["dog_breed are awesome", "dog_breed are cool"]
+      replacements = ["dog_breed": ["Huskies", "Beagles"]]
+    Then we would return:
+      [
+          ("Huskies are awesome", "Huskies are cool"),
+          ("Beagles are awesome", "Beagles are cool")
+      ]
+
+    Example 2: Suppose that:
+      templates = ["Huskies are word1 but also word2"]
+      replacements = {"word1": ["playful", "cute"],
+                      "word2": ["feisty", "tiring"]}
+    Then we would return:
+      [
+          ("Huskies are playful but also feisty"),
+          ("Huskies are playful but also tiring"),
+          ("Huskies are cute but also feisty"),
+          ("Huskies are cute but also tiring")
+      ]
+
+    Note that if any of the replacements do not occur in any template:
+      templates = ["Huskies are word1", "Beagles!"]
+      replacements = {"word1": ["playful", "cute"],
+                      "word2": ["feisty", "tiring"]}
+    Then we do not generate duplicates, returning:
+      [
+          ("Huskies are playful", "Beagles!"),
+          ("Huskies are cute", "Beagles!")
+      ]
+    """
+    # First, build a structure like:
+    #   [
+    #     [("word1", "playful"), ("word1", "cute")],
+    #     [("word2", "feisty"), ("word2", "tiring")]
+    #   ]
+    replacement_combos = []
+    for original, possible_replacements in replacements.items():
+        original_replacement_tuples = []
+        for replacement in possible_replacements:
+            original_replacement_tuples.append((original, replacement))
+        replacement_combos.append(original_replacement_tuples)
+
+    # Second, generate rendered templates, including possible duplicates.
+    rendered_templates = []
+    for replacement_combo in itertools.product(*replacement_combos):
+        # replacement_combo would be e.g.
+        #   [("word1", "playful"), ("word2", "feisty")]
+        templates_with_replacements = []
+        for template in templates:
+            for original, replacement in replacement_combo:
+                template = template.replace(original, replacement)
+            templates_with_replacements.append(template)
+        rendered_templates.append(tuple(templates_with_replacements))
+
+    # Finally, remove the duplicates (but keep the order).
+    rendered_templates_no_duplicates = []
+    for x in rendered_templates:
+        # Inefficient, but should be fine for our purposes.
+        if x not in rendered_templates_no_duplicates:
+            rendered_templates_no_duplicates.append(x)
+
+    return rendered_templates_no_duplicates
+
+
+class TemplateReplacementTests(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def test_two_templates_two_replacements_yields_correct_renders(self):
+        actual = template_replace(
+                templates=["Cats are word1", "Dogs are word2"],
+                replacements={
+                    "word1": ["small", "cute"],
+                    "word2": ["big", "fluffy"],
+                },
+        )
+        expected = [
+            ("Cats are small", "Dogs are big"),
+            ("Cats are small", "Dogs are fluffy"),
+            ("Cats are cute", "Dogs are big"),
+            ("Cats are cute", "Dogs are fluffy"),
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+    def test_no_duplicates_if_replacement_not_in_templates(self):
+        actual = template_replace(
+                templates=["Cats are word1", "Dogs!"],
+                replacements={
+                    "word1": ["small", "cute"],
+                    "word2": ["big", "fluffy"],
+                },
+        )
+        expected = [
+            ("Cats are small", "Dogs!"),
+            ("Cats are cute", "Dogs!"),
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)
+
+
+
+class GenericAliasSubstitutionTests(BaseTestCase):
+    """Tests for type variable substitution in generic aliases.
+
+    For variadic cases, these tests should be regarded as the source of truth,
+    since we hadn't realised the full complexity of variadic substitution
+    at the time of finalizing PEP 646. For full discussion, see
+    https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/91162.
+    """
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_one_parameter(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        Ts2 = TypeVarTuple('Ts2')
+
+        class C(Generic[T]): pass
+
+        generics = ['C', 'list', 'List']
+        tuple_types = ['tuple', 'Tuple']
+
+        tests = [
+            # Alias                               # Args                     # Expected result
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[()]',                    'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[int]',                   'generic[int]'),
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[int, str]',              'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[tuple_type[int, ...]]',  'generic[tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[*tuple_type[int]]',      'generic[int]'),
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[*tuple_type[()]]',       'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, str]]', 'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, ...]]', 'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[*Ts]',                   'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[T, *Ts]',                'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T]',                        '[*Ts, T]',                'TypeError'),
+            # Raises TypeError because C is not variadic.
+            # (If C _were_ variadic, it'd be fine.)
+            ('C[T, *tuple_type[int, ...]]',       '[int]',                   'TypeError'),
+            # Should definitely raise TypeError: list only takes one argument.
+            ('list[T, *tuple_type[int, ...]]',    '[int]',                   'list[int, *tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+            ('List[T, *tuple_type[int, ...]]',    '[int]',                   'TypeError'),
+            # Should raise, because more than one `TypeVarTuple` is not supported.
+            ('generic[*Ts, *Ts2]',                '[int]',                   'TypeError'),
+        ]
+
+        for alias_template, args_template, expected_template in tests:
+            rendered_templates = template_replace(
+                    templates=[alias_template, args_template, expected_template],
+                    replacements={'generic': generics, 'tuple_type': tuple_types}
+            )
+            for alias_str, args_str, expected_str in rendered_templates:
+                with self.subTest(alias=alias_str, args=args_str, expected=expected_str):
+                    if expected_str == 'TypeError':
+                        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                            eval(alias_str + args_str)
+                    else:
+                        self.assertEqual(
+                            eval(alias_str + args_str),
+                            eval(expected_str)
+                        )
+
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_two_parameters(self):
+        T1 = TypeVar('T1')
+        T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        class C(Generic[T1, T2]): pass
+
+        generics = ['C', 'dict', 'Dict']
+        tuple_types = ['tuple', 'Tuple']
+
+        tests = [
+            # Alias                                    # Args                                               # Expected result
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[()]',                                              'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[int]',                                             'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[int, str]',                                        'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[int, str, bool]',                                  'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int]]',                                'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, str]]',                           'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, str, bool]]',                     'TypeError'),
+
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[int, *tuple_type[str]]',                           'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int], str]',                           'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int], *tuple_type[str]]',              'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, str], *tuple_type[()]]',          'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[()], *tuple_type[int, str]]',          'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int], *tuple_type[()]]',               'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[()], *tuple_type[int]]',               'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, str], *tuple_type[float]]',       'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int], *tuple_type[str, float]]',       'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, str], *tuple_type[float, bool]]', 'TypeError'),
+
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[tuple_type[int, ...]]',                            'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[tuple_type[int, ...], tuple_type[str, ...]]',      'generic[tuple_type[int, ...], tuple_type[str, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, ...]]',                           'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[int, *tuple_type[str, ...]]',                      'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, ...], str]',                      'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, ...], *tuple_type[str, ...]]',    'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*Ts]',                                             'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[T, *Ts]',                                          'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2]',                        '[*Ts, T]',                                          'TypeError'),
+            # This one isn't technically valid - none of the things that
+            # `generic` can be (defined in `generics` above) are variadic, so we
+            # shouldn't really be able to do `generic[T1, *tuple_type[int, ...]]`.
+            # So even if type checkers shouldn't allow it, we allow it at
+            # runtime, in accordance with a general philosophy of "Keep the
+            # runtime lenient so people can experiment with typing constructs".
+            ('generic[T1, *tuple_type[int, ...]]',     '[str]',                                             'generic[str, *tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+        ]
+
+        for alias_template, args_template, expected_template in tests:
+            rendered_templates = template_replace(
+                    templates=[alias_template, args_template, expected_template],
+                    replacements={'generic': generics, 'tuple_type': tuple_types}
+            )
+            for alias_str, args_str, expected_str in rendered_templates:
+                with self.subTest(alias=alias_str, args=args_str, expected=expected_str):
+                    if expected_str == 'TypeError':
+                        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                            eval(alias_str + args_str)
+                    else:
+                        self.assertEqual(
+                            eval(alias_str + args_str),
+                            eval(expected_str)
+                        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_three_parameters(self):
+        T1 = TypeVar('T1')
+        T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        T3 = TypeVar('T3')
+
+        class C(Generic[T1, T2, T3]): pass
+
+        generics = ['C']
+        tuple_types = ['tuple', 'Tuple']
+
+        tests = [
+            # Alias                                    # Args                                               # Expected result
+            ('generic[T1, bool, T2]',                  '[int, str]',                                        'generic[int, bool, str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, bool, T2]',                  '[*tuple_type[int, str]]',                           'generic[int, bool, str]'),
+        ]
+
+        for alias_template, args_template, expected_template in tests:
+            rendered_templates = template_replace(
+                templates=[alias_template, args_template, expected_template],
+                replacements={'generic': generics, 'tuple_type': tuple_types}
+            )
+            for alias_str, args_str, expected_str in rendered_templates:
+                with self.subTest(alias=alias_str, args=args_str, expected=expected_str):
+                    if expected_str == 'TypeError':
+                        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                            eval(alias_str + args_str)
+                    else:
+                        self.assertEqual(
+                            eval(alias_str + args_str),
+                            eval(expected_str)
+                        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_variadic_parameters(self):
+        T1 = TypeVar('T1')
+        T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        generics = ['C', 'tuple', 'Tuple']
+        tuple_types = ['tuple', 'Tuple']
+
+        tests = [
+            # Alias                                    # Args                                            # Expected result
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[()]',                                           'generic[()]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[int]',                                          'generic[int]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[int, str]',                                     'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[*tuple_type[int]]',                             'generic[int]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[*tuple_type[*Ts]]',                             'generic[*Ts]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[*tuple_type[int, str]]',                        'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[str, *tuple_type[int, ...], bool]',             'generic[str, *tuple_type[int, ...], bool]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[tuple_type[int, ...]]',                         'generic[tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[tuple_type[int, ...], tuple_type[str, ...]]',   'generic[tuple_type[int, ...], tuple_type[str, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[*tuple_type[int, ...]]',                        'generic[*tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[*tuple_type[int, ...], *tuple_type[str, ...]]', 'TypeError'),
+
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[*Ts]',                                          'generic[*Ts]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[T, *Ts]',                                       'generic[T, *Ts]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts]',                           '[*Ts, T]',                                       'generic[*Ts, T]'),
+            ('generic[T, *Ts]',                        '[()]',                                           'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T, *Ts]',                        '[int]',                                          'generic[int]'),
+            ('generic[T, *Ts]',                        '[int, str]',                                     'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[T, *Ts]',                        '[int, str, bool]',                               'generic[int, str, bool]'),
+            ('generic[list[T], *Ts]',                  '[()]',                                           'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[list[T], *Ts]',                  '[int]',                                          'generic[list[int]]'),
+            ('generic[list[T], *Ts]',                  '[int, str]',                                     'generic[list[int], str]'),
+            ('generic[list[T], *Ts]',                  '[int, str, bool]',                               'generic[list[int], str, bool]'),
+
+            ('generic[*Ts, T]',                        '[()]',                                           'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, T]',                        '[int]',                                          'generic[int]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, T]',                        '[int, str]',                                     'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, T]',                        '[int, str, bool]',                               'generic[int, str, bool]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, list[T]]',                  '[()]',                                           'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, list[T]]',                  '[int]',                                          'generic[list[int]]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, list[T]]',                  '[int, str]',                                     'generic[int, list[str]]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, list[T]]',                  '[int, str, bool]',                               'generic[int, str, list[bool]]'),
+
+            ('generic[T1, T2, *Ts]',                   '[()]',                                           'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2, *Ts]',                   '[int]',                                          'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2, *Ts]',                   '[int, str]',                                     'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2, *Ts]',                   '[int, str, bool]',                               'generic[int, str, bool]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2, *Ts]',                   '[int, str, bool, bytes]',                        'generic[int, str, bool, bytes]'),
+
+            ('generic[*Ts, T1, T2]',                   '[()]',                                           'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, T1, T2]',                   '[int]',                                          'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, T1, T2]',                   '[int, str]',                                     'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, T1, T2]',                   '[int, str, bool]',                               'generic[int, str, bool]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, T1, T2]',                   '[int, str, bool, bytes]',                        'generic[int, str, bool, bytes]'),
+
+            ('generic[T1, *Ts, T2]',                   '[()]',                                           'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, *Ts, T2]',                   '[int]',                                          'TypeError'),
+            ('generic[T1, *Ts, T2]',                   '[int, str]',                                     'generic[int, str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, *Ts, T2]',                   '[int, str, bool]',                               'generic[int, str, bool]'),
+            ('generic[T1, *Ts, T2]',                   '[int, str, bool, bytes]',                        'generic[int, str, bool, bytes]'),
+
+            ('generic[T, *Ts]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, ...]]',                        'generic[int, *tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[T, *Ts]',                        '[str, *tuple_type[int, ...]]',                   'generic[str, *tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[T, *Ts]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, ...], str]',                   'generic[int, *tuple_type[int, ...], str]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, T]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, ...]]',                        'generic[*tuple_type[int, ...], int]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, T]',                        '[str, *tuple_type[int, ...]]',                   'generic[str, *tuple_type[int, ...], int]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, T]',                        '[*tuple_type[int, ...], str]',                   'generic[*tuple_type[int, ...], str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, *Ts, T2]',                   '[*tuple_type[int, ...]]',                        'generic[int, *tuple_type[int, ...], int]'),
+            ('generic[T, str, *Ts]',                   '[*tuple_type[int, ...]]',                        'generic[int, str, *tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, str, T]',                   '[*tuple_type[int, ...]]',                        'generic[*tuple_type[int, ...], str, int]'),
+            ('generic[list[T], *Ts]',                  '[*tuple_type[int, ...]]',                        'generic[list[int], *tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[*Ts, list[T]]',                  '[*tuple_type[int, ...]]',                        'generic[*tuple_type[int, ...], list[int]]'),
+
+            ('generic[T, *tuple_type[int, ...]]',      '[str]',                                          'generic[str, *tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[T1, T2, *tuple_type[int, ...]]', '[str, bool]',                                    'generic[str, bool, *tuple_type[int, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[T1, *tuple_type[int, ...], T2]', '[str, bool]',                                    'generic[str, *tuple_type[int, ...], bool]'),
+            ('generic[T1, *tuple_type[int, ...], T2]', '[str, bool, float]',                             'TypeError'),
+
+            ('generic[T1, *tuple_type[T2, ...]]',      '[int, str]',                                     'generic[int, *tuple_type[str, ...]]'),
+            ('generic[*tuple_type[T1, ...], T2]',      '[int, str]',                                     'generic[*tuple_type[int, ...], str]'),
+            ('generic[T1, *tuple_type[generic[*Ts], ...]]', '[int, str, bool]',                          'generic[int, *tuple_type[generic[str, bool], ...]]'),
+            ('generic[*tuple_type[generic[*Ts], ...], T1]', '[int, str, bool]',                          'generic[*tuple_type[generic[int, str], ...], bool]'),
+        ]
+
+        for alias_template, args_template, expected_template in tests:
+            rendered_templates = template_replace(
+                    templates=[alias_template, args_template, expected_template],
+                    replacements={'generic': generics, 'tuple_type': tuple_types}
+            )
+            for alias_str, args_str, expected_str in rendered_templates:
+                with self.subTest(alias=alias_str, args=args_str, expected=expected_str):
+                    if expected_str == 'TypeError':
+                        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                            eval(alias_str + args_str)
+                    else:
+                        self.assertEqual(
+                            eval(alias_str + args_str),
+                            eval(expected_str)
+                        )
+
+
+
+
+
+class UnpackTests(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def test_accepts_single_type(self):
+        # (*tuple[int],)
+        Unpack[Tuple[int]]
+
+    def test_dir(self):
+        dir_items = set(dir(Unpack[Tuple[int]]))
+        for required_item in [
+            '__args__', '__parameters__', '__origin__',
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(required_item=required_item):
+                self.assertIn(required_item, dir_items)
+
+    def test_rejects_multiple_types(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Unpack[Tuple[int], Tuple[str]]
+        # We can't do the equivalent for `*` here -
+        # *(Tuple[int], Tuple[str]) is just plain tuple unpacking,
+        # which is valid.
+
+    def test_rejects_multiple_parameterization(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            (*tuple[int],)[0][tuple[int]]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Unpack[Tuple[int]][Tuple[int]]
+
+    def test_cannot_be_called(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Unpack()
+
+    def test_usage_with_kwargs(self):
+        Movie = TypedDict('Movie', {'name': str, 'year': int})
+        def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...
+        self.assertEqual(repr(foo.__annotations__['kwargs']),
+                         f"typing.Unpack[{__name__}.Movie]")
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_builtin_tuple(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple("Ts")
+
+        # TODO: RUSTPYTHON 
+        # class Old(Generic[*Ts]): ...
+        # class New[*Ts]: ...
+
+        PartOld = Old[int, *Ts]
+        self.assertEqual(PartOld[str].__args__, (int, str))
+        # self.assertEqual(PartOld[*tuple[str]].__args__, (int, str))
+        # self.assertEqual(PartOld[*Tuple[str]].__args__, (int, str))
+        self.assertEqual(PartOld[Unpack[tuple[str]]].__args__, (int, str))
+        self.assertEqual(PartOld[Unpack[Tuple[str]]].__args__, (int, str))
+
+        PartNew = New[int, *Ts]
+        self.assertEqual(PartNew[str].__args__, (int, str))
+        # self.assertEqual(PartNew[*tuple[str]].__args__, (int, str))
+        # self.assertEqual(PartNew[*Tuple[str]].__args__, (int, str))
+        self.assertEqual(PartNew[Unpack[tuple[str]]].__args__, (int, str))
+        self.assertEqual(PartNew[Unpack[Tuple[str]]].__args__, (int, str))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_unpack_wrong_type(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple("Ts")
+        class Gen[*Ts]: ...
+        # PartGen = Gen[int, *Ts]
+
+        bad_unpack_param = re.escape("Unpack[...] must be used with a tuple type")
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, bad_unpack_param):
+            PartGen[Unpack[list[int]]]
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, bad_unpack_param):
+            PartGen[Unpack[List[int]]]
+
+class TypeVarTupleTests(BaseTestCase):
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_name(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        self.assertEqual(Ts.__name__, 'Ts')
+        Ts2 = TypeVarTuple('Ts2')
+        self.assertEqual(Ts2.__name__, 'Ts2')
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_module(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        self.assertEqual(Ts.__module__, __name__)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_exec(self):
+        ns = {}
+        exec('from typing import TypeVarTuple; Ts = TypeVarTuple("Ts")', ns)
+        Ts = ns['Ts']
+        self.assertEqual(Ts.__name__, 'Ts')
+        self.assertIs(Ts.__module__, None)
+
+    def test_instance_is_equal_to_itself(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        self.assertEqual(Ts, Ts)
+
+    def test_different_instances_are_different(self):
+        self.assertNotEqual(TypeVarTuple('Ts'), TypeVarTuple('Ts'))
+
+    def test_instance_isinstance_of_typevartuple(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        self.assertIsInstance(Ts, TypeVarTuple)
+
+    def test_cannot_call_instance(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Ts()
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_unpacked_typevartuple_is_equal_to_itself(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        self.assertEqual((*Ts,)[0], (*Ts,)[0])
+        self.assertEqual(Unpack[Ts], Unpack[Ts])
+
+    def test_parameterised_tuple_is_equal_to_itself(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        # self.assertEqual(tuple[*Ts], tuple[*Ts])
+        self.assertEqual(Tuple[Unpack[Ts]], Tuple[Unpack[Ts]])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def tests_tuple_arg_ordering_matters(self):
+        Ts1 = TypeVarTuple('Ts1')
+        Ts2 = TypeVarTuple('Ts2')
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            tuple[*Ts1, *Ts2],
+            tuple[*Ts2, *Ts1],
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            Tuple[Unpack[Ts1], Unpack[Ts2]],
+            Tuple[Unpack[Ts2], Unpack[Ts1]],
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_tuple_args_and_parameters_are_correct(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        # t1 = tuple[*Ts]
+        self.assertEqual(t1.__args__, (*Ts,))
+        self.assertEqual(t1.__parameters__, (Ts,))
+        t2 = Tuple[Unpack[Ts]]
+        self.assertEqual(t2.__args__, (Unpack[Ts],))
+        self.assertEqual(t2.__parameters__, (Ts,))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_var_substitution(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        # class G1(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+        class G2(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+
+        for A in G1, G2, Tuple, tuple:
+            # B = A[*Ts]
+            self.assertEqual(B[()], A[()])
+            self.assertEqual(B[float], A[float])
+            self.assertEqual(B[float, str], A[float, str])
+
+            C = A[Unpack[Ts]]
+            self.assertEqual(C[()], A[()])
+            self.assertEqual(C[float], A[float])
+            self.assertEqual(C[float, str], A[float, str])
+
+            # D = list[A[*Ts]]
+            self.assertEqual(D[()], list[A[()]])
+            self.assertEqual(D[float], list[A[float]])
+            self.assertEqual(D[float, str], list[A[float, str]])
+
+            E = List[A[Unpack[Ts]]]
+            self.assertEqual(E[()], List[A[()]])
+            self.assertEqual(E[float], List[A[float]])
+            self.assertEqual(E[float, str], List[A[float, str]])
+
+            F = A[T, *Ts, T2]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                F[()]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                F[float]
+            self.assertEqual(F[float, str], A[float, str])
+            self.assertEqual(F[float, str, int], A[float, str, int])
+            self.assertEqual(F[float, str, int, bytes], A[float, str, int, bytes])
+
+            G = A[T, Unpack[Ts], T2]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                G[()]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                G[float]
+            self.assertEqual(G[float, str], A[float, str])
+            self.assertEqual(G[float, str, int], A[float, str, int])
+            self.assertEqual(G[float, str, int, bytes], A[float, str, int, bytes])
+
+            # H = tuple[list[T], A[*Ts], list[T2]]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                H[()]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                H[float]
+            if A != Tuple:
+                self.assertEqual(H[float, str],
+                                 tuple[list[float], A[()], list[str]])
+            self.assertEqual(H[float, str, int],
+                             tuple[list[float], A[str], list[int]])
+            self.assertEqual(H[float, str, int, bytes],
+                             tuple[list[float], A[str, int], list[bytes]])
+
+            I = Tuple[List[T], A[Unpack[Ts]], List[T2]]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                I[()]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                I[float]
+            if A != Tuple:
+                self.assertEqual(I[float, str],
+                                 Tuple[List[float], A[()], List[str]])
+            self.assertEqual(I[float, str, int],
+                             Tuple[List[float], A[str], List[int]])
+            self.assertEqual(I[float, str, int, bytes],
+                             Tuple[List[float], A[str, int], List[bytes]])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_bad_var_substitution(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        # class G1(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+        class G2(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+
+        for A in G1, G2, Tuple, tuple:
+            B = A[Ts]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                B[int, str]
+
+            C = A[T, T2]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                # C[*Ts]
+                pass
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                C[Unpack[Ts]]
+
+            B = A[T, *Ts, str, T2]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                B[int, *Ts]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                B[int, *Ts, *Ts]
+
+            C = A[T, Unpack[Ts], str, T2]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                C[int, Unpack[Ts]]
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                C[int, Unpack[Ts], Unpack[Ts]]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_repr_is_correct(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        # class G1(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+        class G2(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Ts), 'Ts')
+
+        self.assertEqual(repr((*Ts,)[0]), 'typing.Unpack[Ts]')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Unpack[Ts]), 'typing.Unpack[Ts]')
+
+        # self.assertEqual(repr(tuple[*Ts]), 'tuple[typing.Unpack[Ts]]')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Tuple[Unpack[Ts]]), 'typing.Tuple[typing.Unpack[Ts]]')
+
+        # self.assertEqual(repr(*tuple[*Ts]), '*tuple[typing.Unpack[Ts]]')
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Unpack[Tuple[Unpack[Ts]]]), 'typing.Unpack[typing.Tuple[typing.Unpack[Ts]]]')
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_variadic_class_repr_is_correct(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        # class A(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+        class B(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(A[()]), 'A[()]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(B[()]), 'B[()]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(A[float]), 'A[float]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(B[float]), 'B[float]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(A[float, str]), 'A[float, str]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(B[float, str]), 'B[float, str]')
+
+        # self.assertEndsWith(repr(A[*tuple[int, ...]]),
+                            # 'A[*tuple[int, ...]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(B[Unpack[Tuple[int, ...]]]),
+                            'B[typing.Unpack[typing.Tuple[int, ...]]]')
+
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(A[float, *tuple[int, ...]]),
+                            'A[float, *tuple[int, ...]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(A[float, Unpack[Tuple[int, ...]]]),
+                            'A[float, typing.Unpack[typing.Tuple[int, ...]]]')
+
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(A[*tuple[int, ...], str]),
+                            'A[*tuple[int, ...], str]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(B[Unpack[Tuple[int, ...]], str]),
+                            'B[typing.Unpack[typing.Tuple[int, ...]], str]')
+
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(A[float, *tuple[int, ...], str]),
+                            'A[float, *tuple[int, ...], str]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(B[float, Unpack[Tuple[int, ...]], str]),
+                            'B[float, typing.Unpack[typing.Tuple[int, ...]], str]')
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_variadic_class_alias_repr_is_correct(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        class A(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+
+        # B = A[*Ts]
+        # self.assertEndsWith(repr(B), 'A[typing.Unpack[Ts]]')
+        # self.assertEndsWith(repr(B[()]), 'A[()]')
+        # self.assertEndsWith(repr(B[float]), 'A[float]')
+        # self.assertEndsWith(repr(B[float, str]), 'A[float, str]')
+
+        C = A[Unpack[Ts]]
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(C), 'A[typing.Unpack[Ts]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(C[()]), 'A[()]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(C[float]), 'A[float]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(C[float, str]), 'A[float, str]')
+
+        D = A[*Ts, int]
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(D), 'A[typing.Unpack[Ts], int]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(D[()]), 'A[int]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(D[float]), 'A[float, int]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(D[float, str]), 'A[float, str, int]')
+
+        E = A[Unpack[Ts], int]
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(E), 'A[typing.Unpack[Ts], int]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(E[()]), 'A[int]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(E[float]), 'A[float, int]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(E[float, str]), 'A[float, str, int]')
+
+        F = A[int, *Ts]
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(F), 'A[int, typing.Unpack[Ts]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(F[()]), 'A[int]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(F[float]), 'A[int, float]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(F[float, str]), 'A[int, float, str]')
+
+        G = A[int, Unpack[Ts]]
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(G), 'A[int, typing.Unpack[Ts]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(G[()]), 'A[int]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(G[float]), 'A[int, float]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(G[float, str]), 'A[int, float, str]')
+
+        H = A[int, *Ts, str]
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(H), 'A[int, typing.Unpack[Ts], str]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(H[()]), 'A[int, str]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(H[float]), 'A[int, float, str]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(H[float, str]), 'A[int, float, str, str]')
+
+        I = A[int, Unpack[Ts], str]
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(I), 'A[int, typing.Unpack[Ts], str]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(I[()]), 'A[int, str]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(I[float]), 'A[int, float, str]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(I[float, str]), 'A[int, float, str, str]')
+
+        J = A[*Ts, *tuple[str, ...]]
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(J), 'A[typing.Unpack[Ts], *tuple[str, ...]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(J[()]), 'A[*tuple[str, ...]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(J[float]), 'A[float, *tuple[str, ...]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(J[float, str]), 'A[float, str, *tuple[str, ...]]')
+
+        K = A[Unpack[Ts], Unpack[Tuple[str, ...]]]
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(K), 'A[typing.Unpack[Ts], typing.Unpack[typing.Tuple[str, ...]]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(K[()]), 'A[typing.Unpack[typing.Tuple[str, ...]]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(K[float]), 'A[float, typing.Unpack[typing.Tuple[str, ...]]]')
+        self.assertEndsWith(repr(K[float, str]), 'A[float, str, typing.Unpack[typing.Tuple[str, ...]]]')
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, NOT_A_BASE_TYPE % 'TypeVarTuple'):
+            class C(TypeVarTuple): pass
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                CANNOT_SUBCLASS_INSTANCE % 'TypeVarTuple'):
+            class D(Ts): pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class E(type(Unpack)): pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class F(type(*Ts)): pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class G(type(Unpack[Ts])): pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                                    r'Cannot subclass typing\.Unpack'):
+            class H(Unpack): pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'Cannot subclass typing.Unpack\[Ts\]'):
+            class I(*Ts): pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'Cannot subclass typing.Unpack\[Ts\]'):
+            class J(Unpack[Ts]): pass
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_variadic_class_args_are_correct(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        # class A(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+        class B(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+
+        C = A[()]
+        D = B[()]
+        self.assertEqual(C.__args__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(D.__args__, ())
+
+        E = A[int]
+        F = B[int]
+        self.assertEqual(E.__args__, (int,))
+        self.assertEqual(F.__args__, (int,))
+
+        G = A[int, str]
+        H = B[int, str]
+        self.assertEqual(G.__args__, (int, str))
+        self.assertEqual(H.__args__, (int, str))
+
+        I = A[T]
+        J = B[T]
+        self.assertEqual(I.__args__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(J.__args__, (T,))
+
+        # K = A[*Ts]
+        # L = B[Unpack[Ts]]
+        # self.assertEqual(K.__args__, (*Ts,))
+        # self.assertEqual(L.__args__, (Unpack[Ts],))
+
+        M = A[T, *Ts]
+        N = B[T, Unpack[Ts]]
+        self.assertEqual(M.__args__, (T, *Ts))
+        self.assertEqual(N.__args__, (T, Unpack[Ts]))
+
+        O = A[*Ts, T]
+        P = B[Unpack[Ts], T]
+        self.assertEqual(O.__args__, (*Ts, T))
+        self.assertEqual(P.__args__, (Unpack[Ts], T))
+
+    def test_variadic_class_origin_is_correct(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        # class C(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+        self.assertIs(C[int].__origin__, C)
+        self.assertIs(C[T].__origin__, C)
+        self.assertIs(C[Unpack[Ts]].__origin__, C)
+
+        class D(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+        self.assertIs(D[int].__origin__, D)
+        self.assertIs(D[T].__origin__, D)
+        self.assertIs(D[Unpack[Ts]].__origin__, D)
+
+    def test_get_type_hints_on_unpack_args(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        # def func1(*args: *Ts): pass
+        # self.assertEqual(gth(func1), {'args': Unpack[Ts]})
+
+        # def func2(*args: *tuple[int, str]): pass
+        # self.assertEqual(gth(func2), {'args': Unpack[tuple[int, str]]})
+
+        # class CustomVariadic(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+
+        # def func3(*args: *CustomVariadic[int, str]): pass
+        # self.assertEqual(gth(func3), {'args': Unpack[CustomVariadic[int, str]]})
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_get_type_hints_on_unpack_args_string(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        def func1(*args: '*Ts'): pass
+        self.assertEqual(gth(func1, localns={'Ts': Ts}),
+                        {'args': Unpack[Ts]})
+
+        def func2(*args: '*tuple[int, str]'): pass
+        self.assertEqual(gth(func2), {'args': Unpack[tuple[int, str]]})
+
+        # class CustomVariadic(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+
+        # def func3(*args: '*CustomVariadic[int, str]'): pass
+        # self.assertEqual(gth(func3, localns={'CustomVariadic': CustomVariadic}),
+        #                  {'args': Unpack[CustomVariadic[int, str]]})
+
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_tuple_args_are_correct(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        # self.assertEqual(tuple[*Ts].__args__, (*Ts,))
+        self.assertEqual(Tuple[Unpack[Ts]].__args__, (Unpack[Ts],))
+
+        self.assertEqual(tuple[*Ts, int].__args__, (*Ts, int))
+        self.assertEqual(Tuple[Unpack[Ts], int].__args__, (Unpack[Ts], int))
+
+        self.assertEqual(tuple[int, *Ts].__args__, (int, *Ts))
+        self.assertEqual(Tuple[int, Unpack[Ts]].__args__, (int, Unpack[Ts]))
+
+        self.assertEqual(tuple[int, *Ts, str].__args__,
+                         (int, *Ts, str))
+        self.assertEqual(Tuple[int, Unpack[Ts], str].__args__,
+                         (int, Unpack[Ts], str))
+
+        self.assertEqual(tuple[*Ts, int].__args__, (*Ts, int))
+        self.assertEqual(Tuple[Unpack[Ts]].__args__, (Unpack[Ts],))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_callable_args_are_correct(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        Ts1 = TypeVarTuple('Ts1')
+        Ts2 = TypeVarTuple('Ts2')
+
+        # TypeVarTuple in the arguments
+
+        a = Callable[[*Ts], None]
+        b = Callable[[Unpack[Ts]], None]
+        self.assertEqual(a.__args__, (*Ts, type(None)))
+        self.assertEqual(b.__args__, (Unpack[Ts], type(None)))
+
+        c = Callable[[int, *Ts], None]
+        d = Callable[[int, Unpack[Ts]], None]
+        self.assertEqual(c.__args__, (int, *Ts, type(None)))
+        self.assertEqual(d.__args__, (int, Unpack[Ts], type(None)))
+
+        e = Callable[[*Ts, int], None]
+        f = Callable[[Unpack[Ts], int], None]
+        self.assertEqual(e.__args__, (*Ts, int, type(None)))
+        self.assertEqual(f.__args__, (Unpack[Ts], int, type(None)))
+
+        g = Callable[[str, *Ts, int], None]
+        h = Callable[[str, Unpack[Ts], int], None]
+        self.assertEqual(g.__args__, (str, *Ts, int, type(None)))
+        self.assertEqual(h.__args__, (str, Unpack[Ts], int, type(None)))
+
+        # TypeVarTuple as the return
+
+        i = Callable[[None], *Ts]
+        j = Callable[[None], Unpack[Ts]]
+        self.assertEqual(i.__args__, (type(None), *Ts))
+        self.assertEqual(j.__args__, (type(None), Unpack[Ts]))
+
+        k = Callable[[None], tuple[int, *Ts]]
+        l = Callable[[None], Tuple[int, Unpack[Ts]]]
+        self.assertEqual(k.__args__, (type(None), tuple[int, *Ts]))
+        self.assertEqual(l.__args__, (type(None), Tuple[int, Unpack[Ts]]))
+
+        m = Callable[[None], tuple[*Ts, int]]
+        n = Callable[[None], Tuple[Unpack[Ts], int]]
+        self.assertEqual(m.__args__, (type(None), tuple[*Ts, int]))
+        self.assertEqual(n.__args__, (type(None), Tuple[Unpack[Ts], int]))
+
+        o = Callable[[None], tuple[str, *Ts, int]]
+        p = Callable[[None], Tuple[str, Unpack[Ts], int]]
+        self.assertEqual(o.__args__, (type(None), tuple[str, *Ts, int]))
+        self.assertEqual(p.__args__, (type(None), Tuple[str, Unpack[Ts], int]))
+
+        # TypeVarTuple in both
+
+        q = Callable[[*Ts], *Ts]
+        r = Callable[[Unpack[Ts]], Unpack[Ts]]
+        self.assertEqual(q.__args__, (*Ts, *Ts))
+        self.assertEqual(r.__args__, (Unpack[Ts], Unpack[Ts]))
+
+        s = Callable[[*Ts1], *Ts2]
+        u = Callable[[Unpack[Ts1]], Unpack[Ts2]]
+        self.assertEqual(s.__args__, (*Ts1, *Ts2))
+        self.assertEqual(u.__args__, (Unpack[Ts1], Unpack[Ts2]))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_variadic_class_with_duplicate_typevartuples_fails(self):
+        Ts1 = TypeVarTuple('Ts1')
+        Ts2 = TypeVarTuple('Ts2')
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class C(Generic[*Ts1, *Ts1]): pass
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class D(Generic[Unpack[Ts1], Unpack[Ts1]]): pass
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class E(Generic[*Ts1, *Ts2, *Ts1]): pass
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class F(Generic[Unpack[Ts1], Unpack[Ts2], Unpack[Ts1]]): pass
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_type_concatenation_in_variadic_class_argument_list_succeeds(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        class C(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+
+        C[int, *Ts]
+        C[int, Unpack[Ts]]
+
+        C[*Ts, int]
+        C[Unpack[Ts], int]
+
+        C[int, *Ts, str]
+        C[int, Unpack[Ts], str]
+
+        C[int, bool, *Ts, float, str]
+        C[int, bool, Unpack[Ts], float, str]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_type_concatenation_in_tuple_argument_list_succeeds(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        tuple[int, *Ts]
+        tuple[*Ts, int]
+        tuple[int, *Ts, str]
+        tuple[int, bool, *Ts, float, str]
+
+        Tuple[int, Unpack[Ts]]
+        Tuple[Unpack[Ts], int]
+        Tuple[int, Unpack[Ts], str]
+        Tuple[int, bool, Unpack[Ts], float, str]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_variadic_class_definition_using_packed_typevartuple_fails(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class C(Generic[Ts]): pass
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_variadic_class_definition_using_concrete_types_fails(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class F(Generic[*Ts, int]): pass
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class E(Generic[Unpack[Ts], int]): pass
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_variadic_class_with_2_typevars_accepts_2_or_more_args(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        T1 = TypeVar('T1')
+        T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+
+        class A(Generic[T1, T2, *Ts]): pass
+        A[int, str]
+        A[int, str, float]
+        A[int, str, float, bool]
+
+        class B(Generic[T1, T2, Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+        B[int, str]
+        B[int, str, float]
+        B[int, str, float, bool]
+
+        class C(Generic[T1, *Ts, T2]): pass
+        C[int, str]
+        C[int, str, float]
+        C[int, str, float, bool]
+
+        class D(Generic[T1, Unpack[Ts], T2]): pass
+        D[int, str]
+        D[int, str, float]
+        D[int, str, float, bool]
+
+        class E(Generic[*Ts, T1, T2]): pass
+        E[int, str]
+        E[int, str, float]
+        E[int, str, float, bool]
+
+        class F(Generic[Unpack[Ts], T1, T2]): pass
+        F[int, str]
+        F[int, str, float]
+        F[int, str, float, bool]
+
+
+    def test_variadic_args_annotations_are_correct(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        def f(*args: Unpack[Ts]): pass
+        # def g(*args: *Ts): pass
+        self.assertEqual(f.__annotations__, {'args': Unpack[Ts]})
+        # self.assertEqual(g.__annotations__, {'args': (*Ts,)[0]})
+
+
+    def test_variadic_args_with_ellipsis_annotations_are_correct(self):
+        # def a(*args: *tuple[int, ...]): pass
+        # self.assertEqual(a.__annotations__,
+                        #  {'args': (*tuple[int, ...],)[0]})
+
+        def b(*args: Unpack[Tuple[int, ...]]): pass
+        self.assertEqual(b.__annotations__,
+                         {'args': Unpack[Tuple[int, ...]]})
+
+
+    def test_concatenation_in_variadic_args_annotations_are_correct(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        # Unpacking using `*`, native `tuple` type
+
+        # def a(*args: *tuple[int, *Ts]): pass
+        # self.assertEqual(
+            # a.__annotations__,
+            # {'args': (*tuple[int, *Ts],)[0]},
+        # )
+
+        # def b(*args: *tuple[*Ts, int]): pass
+        # self.assertEqual(
+        #     b.__annotations__,
+        #     {'args': (*tuple[*Ts, int],)[0]},
+        # )
+
+        # def c(*args: *tuple[str, *Ts, int]): pass
+        # self.assertEqual(
+        #     c.__annotations__,
+        #     {'args': (*tuple[str, *Ts, int],)[0]},
+        # )
+
+        # def d(*args: *tuple[int, bool, *Ts, float, str]): pass
+        # self.assertEqual(
+        #     d.__annotations__,
+        #     {'args': (*tuple[int, bool, *Ts, float, str],)[0]},
+        # )
+
+        # Unpacking using `Unpack`, `Tuple` type from typing.py
+
+        def e(*args: Unpack[Tuple[int, Unpack[Ts]]]): pass
+        self.assertEqual(
+            e.__annotations__,
+            {'args': Unpack[Tuple[int, Unpack[Ts]]]},
+        )
+
+        def f(*args: Unpack[Tuple[Unpack[Ts], int]]): pass
+        self.assertEqual(
+            f.__annotations__,
+            {'args': Unpack[Tuple[Unpack[Ts], int]]},
+        )
+
+        def g(*args: Unpack[Tuple[str, Unpack[Ts], int]]): pass
+        self.assertEqual(
+            g.__annotations__,
+            {'args': Unpack[Tuple[str, Unpack[Ts], int]]},
+        )
+
+        def h(*args: Unpack[Tuple[int, bool, Unpack[Ts], float, str]]): pass
+        self.assertEqual(
+            h.__annotations__,
+            {'args': Unpack[Tuple[int, bool, Unpack[Ts], float, str]]},
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_variadic_class_same_args_results_in_equalty(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        # class C(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+        class D(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(C[int], C[int])
+        self.assertEqual(D[int], D[int])
+
+        Ts1 = TypeVarTuple('Ts1')
+        Ts2 = TypeVarTuple('Ts2')
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            # C[*Ts1],
+            # C[*Ts1],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            D[Unpack[Ts1]],
+            D[Unpack[Ts1]],
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            C[*Ts1, *Ts2],
+            C[*Ts1, *Ts2],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            D[Unpack[Ts1], Unpack[Ts2]],
+            D[Unpack[Ts1], Unpack[Ts2]],
+        )
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            C[int, *Ts1, *Ts2],
+            C[int, *Ts1, *Ts2],
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            D[int, Unpack[Ts1], Unpack[Ts2]],
+            D[int, Unpack[Ts1], Unpack[Ts2]],
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_variadic_class_arg_ordering_matters(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        # class C(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+        class D(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            C[int, str],
+            C[str, int],
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            D[int, str],
+            D[str, int],
+        )
+
+        Ts1 = TypeVarTuple('Ts1')
+        Ts2 = TypeVarTuple('Ts2')
+
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            C[*Ts1, *Ts2],
+            C[*Ts2, *Ts1],
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            D[Unpack[Ts1], Unpack[Ts2]],
+            D[Unpack[Ts2], Unpack[Ts1]],
+        )
+
+    def test_variadic_class_arg_typevartuple_identity_matters(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        Ts1 = TypeVarTuple('Ts1')
+        Ts2 = TypeVarTuple('Ts2')
+
+        # class C(Generic[*Ts]): pass
+        class D(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): pass
+
+        # self.assertNotEqual(C[*Ts1], C[*Ts2])
+        self.assertNotEqual(D[Unpack[Ts1]], D[Unpack[Ts2]])
+
+class TypeVarTuplePicklingTests(BaseTestCase):
+    # These are slightly awkward tests to run, because TypeVarTuples are only
+    # picklable if defined in the global scope. We therefore need to push
+    # various things defined in these tests into the global scope with `global`
+    # statements at the start of each test.
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @all_pickle_protocols
+    def test_pickling_then_unpickling_results_in_same_identity(self, proto):
+        global global_Ts1  # See explanation at start of class.
+        global_Ts1 = TypeVarTuple('global_Ts1')
+        global_Ts2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(global_Ts1, proto))
+        self.assertIs(global_Ts1, global_Ts2)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @all_pickle_protocols
+    def test_pickling_then_unpickling_unpacked_results_in_same_identity(self, proto):
+        global global_Ts  # See explanation at start of class.
+        global_Ts = TypeVarTuple('global_Ts')
+
+        unpacked1 = (*global_Ts,)[0]
+        unpacked2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(unpacked1, proto))
+        self.assertIs(unpacked1, unpacked2)
+
+        unpacked3 = Unpack[global_Ts]
+        unpacked4 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(unpacked3, proto))
+        self.assertIs(unpacked3, unpacked4)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    @all_pickle_protocols
+    def test_pickling_then_unpickling_tuple_with_typevartuple_equality(
+            self, proto
+    ):
+        global global_T, global_Ts  # See explanation at start of class.
+        global_T = TypeVar('global_T')
+        global_Ts = TypeVarTuple('global_Ts')
+
+        tuples = [
+            # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+            # tuple[*global_Ts],
+            Tuple[Unpack[global_Ts]],
+
+            tuple[T, *global_Ts],
+            Tuple[T, Unpack[global_Ts]],
+
+            tuple[int, *global_Ts],
+            Tuple[int, Unpack[global_Ts]],
+        ]
+        for t in tuples:
+            t2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(t, proto))
+            self.assertEqual(t, t2)
+
+
+
+class UnionTests(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def test_basics(self):
+        u = Union[int, float]
+        self.assertNotEqual(u, Union)
+
+    def test_union_isinstance(self):
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(42, Union[int, str]))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance('abc', Union[int, str]))
+        self.assertFalse(isinstance(3.14, Union[int, str]))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(42, Union[int, list[int]]))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(42, Union[int, Any]))
+
+    def test_union_isinstance_type_error(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(42, Union[str, list[int]])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(42, Union[list[int], int])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(42, Union[list[int], str])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(42, Union[str, Any])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(42, Union[Any, int])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(42, Union[Any, str])
+
+    def test_optional_isinstance(self):
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(42, Optional[int]))
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(None, Optional[int]))
+        self.assertFalse(isinstance('abc', Optional[int]))
+
+    def test_optional_isinstance_type_error(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(42, Optional[list[int]])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(None, Optional[list[int]])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(42, Optional[Any])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(None, Optional[Any])
+
+    def test_union_issubclass(self):
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, Union[int, str]))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(str, Union[int, str]))
+        self.assertFalse(issubclass(float, Union[int, str]))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, Union[int, list[int]]))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, Union[int, Any]))
+        self.assertFalse(issubclass(int, Union[str, Any]))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, Union[Any, int]))
+        self.assertFalse(issubclass(int, Union[Any, str]))
+
+    def test_union_issubclass_type_error(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(int, Union)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(Union, int)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(Union[int, str], int)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(int, Union[str, list[int]])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(int, Union[list[int], int])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(int, Union[list[int], str])
+
+    def test_optional_issubclass(self):
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(int, Optional[int]))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(type(None), Optional[int]))
+        self.assertFalse(issubclass(str, Optional[int]))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(Any, Optional[Any]))
+        self.assertTrue(issubclass(type(None), Optional[Any]))
+        self.assertFalse(issubclass(int, Optional[Any]))
+
+    def test_optional_issubclass_type_error(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(list[int], Optional[list[int]])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(type(None), Optional[list[int]])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(int, Optional[list[int]])
+
+    def test_union_any(self):
+        u = Union[Any]
+        self.assertEqual(u, Any)
+        u1 = Union[int, Any]
+        u2 = Union[Any, int]
+        u3 = Union[Any, object]
+        self.assertEqual(u1, u2)
+        self.assertNotEqual(u1, Any)
+        self.assertNotEqual(u2, Any)
+        self.assertNotEqual(u3, Any)
+
+    def test_union_object(self):
+        u = Union[object]
+        self.assertEqual(u, object)
+        u1 = Union[int, object]
+        u2 = Union[object, int]
+        self.assertEqual(u1, u2)
+        self.assertNotEqual(u1, object)
+        self.assertNotEqual(u2, object)
+
+    def test_unordered(self):
+        u1 = Union[int, float]
+        u2 = Union[float, int]
+        self.assertEqual(u1, u2)
+
+    def test_single_class_disappears(self):
+        t = Union[Employee]
+        self.assertIs(t, Employee)
+
+    def test_base_class_kept(self):
+        u = Union[Employee, Manager]
+        self.assertNotEqual(u, Employee)
+        self.assertIn(Employee, u.__args__)
+        self.assertIn(Manager, u.__args__)
+
+    def test_union_union(self):
+        u = Union[int, float]
+        v = Union[u, Employee]
+        self.assertEqual(v, Union[int, float, Employee])
+
+    def test_union_of_unhashable(self):
+        class UnhashableMeta(type):
+            __hash__ = None
+
+        class A(metaclass=UnhashableMeta): ...
+        class B(metaclass=UnhashableMeta): ...
+
+        self.assertEqual(Union[A, B].__args__, (A, B))
+        union1 = Union[A, B]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            hash(union1)
+
+        union2 = Union[int, B]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            hash(union2)
+
+        union3 = Union[A, int]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            hash(union3)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Union), 'typing.Union')
+        u = Union[Employee, int]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[%s.Employee, int]' % __name__)
+        u = Union[int, Employee]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[int, %s.Employee]' % __name__)
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        u = Union[T, int][int]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), repr(int))
+        u = Union[List[int], int]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[typing.List[int], int]')
+        u = Union[list[int], dict[str, float]]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[list[int], dict[str, float]]')
+        u = Union[int | float]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[int, float]')
+
+        u = Union[None, str]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Optional[str]')
+        u = Union[str, None]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Optional[str]')
+        u = Union[None, str, int]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Union[NoneType, str, int]')
+        u = Optional[str]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(u), 'typing.Optional[str]')
+
+    def test_dir(self):
+        dir_items = set(dir(Union[str, int]))
+        for required_item in [
+            '__args__', '__parameters__', '__origin__',
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(required_item=required_item):
+                self.assertIn(required_item, dir_items)
+
+    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.Union'):
+            class C(Union):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class D(type(Union)):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.Union\[int, str\]'):
+            class E(Union[int, str]):
+                pass
+
+    def test_cannot_instantiate(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Union()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(Union)()
+        u = Union[int, float]
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             u()
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -410,6 +2371,35 @@ def Elem(*args):
 
         Union[Elem, str]  # Nor should this
 
+    def test_union_of_literals(self):
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Literal[1], Literal[2]].__args__,
+                         (Literal[1], Literal[2]))
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Literal[1], Literal[1]],
+                         Literal[1])
+
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Literal[False], Literal[0]].__args__,
+                         (Literal[False], Literal[0]))
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Literal[True], Literal[1]].__args__,
+                         (Literal[True], Literal[1]))
+
+        import enum
+        class Ints(enum.IntEnum):
+            A = 0
+            B = 1
+
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Literal[Ints.A], Literal[Ints.A]],
+                         Literal[Ints.A])
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Literal[Ints.B], Literal[Ints.B]],
+                         Literal[Ints.B])
+
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Literal[Ints.A], Literal[Ints.B]].__args__,
+                         (Literal[Ints.A], Literal[Ints.B]))
+
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Literal[0], Literal[Ints.A], Literal[False]].__args__,
+                         (Literal[0], Literal[Ints.A], Literal[False]))
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Literal[1], Literal[Ints.B], Literal[True]].__args__,
+                         (Literal[1], Literal[Ints.B], Literal[True]))
+
 
 class TupleTests(BaseTestCase):
 
@@ -441,6 +2431,8 @@ def test_tuple_instance_type_error(self):
             isinstance((0, 0), Tuple[int, int])
         self.assertIsInstance((0, 0), Tuple)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(Tuple), 'typing.Tuple')
         self.assertEqual(repr(Tuple[()]), 'typing.Tuple[()]')
@@ -476,6 +2468,15 @@ def test_eq_hash(self):
         self.assertNotEqual(C, Callable[..., int])
         self.assertNotEqual(C, Callable)
 
+    def test_dir(self):
+        Callable = self.Callable
+        dir_items = set(dir(Callable[..., int]))
+        for required_item in [
+            '__args__', '__parameters__', '__origin__',
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(required_item=required_item):
+                self.assertIn(required_item, dir_items)
+
     def test_cannot_instantiate(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -505,14 +2506,16 @@ def test_callable_instance_type_error(self):
         def f():
             pass
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            self.assertIsInstance(f, Callable[[], None])
+            isinstance(f, Callable[[], None])
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            self.assertIsInstance(f, Callable[[], Any])
+            isinstance(f, Callable[[], Any])
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            self.assertNotIsInstance(None, Callable[[], None])
+            isinstance(None, Callable[[], None])
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            self.assertNotIsInstance(None, Callable[[], Any])
+            isinstance(None, Callable[[], Any])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_repr(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
         fullname = f'{Callable.__module__}.Callable'
@@ -525,6 +2528,7 @@ def test_repr(self):
         ct3 = Callable[[str, float], list[int]]
         self.assertEqual(repr(ct3), f'{fullname}[[str, float], list[int]]')
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
     def test_callable_with_ellipsis(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
         def foo(a: Callable[..., T]):
@@ -557,16 +2561,35 @@ def test_weakref(self):
         alias = Callable[[int, str], float]
         self.assertEqual(weakref.ref(alias)(), alias)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_pickle(self):
+        global T_pickle, P_pickle, TS_pickle  # needed for pickling
         Callable = self.Callable
-        alias = Callable[[int, str], float]
-        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
-            s = pickle.dumps(alias, proto)
-            loaded = pickle.loads(s)
-            self.assertEqual(alias.__origin__, loaded.__origin__)
-            self.assertEqual(alias.__args__, loaded.__args__)
-            self.assertEqual(alias.__parameters__, loaded.__parameters__)
+        T_pickle = TypeVar('T_pickle')
+        P_pickle = ParamSpec('P_pickle')
+        TS_pickle = TypeVarTuple('TS_pickle')
+
+        samples = [
+            Callable[[int, str], float],
+            Callable[P_pickle, int],
+            Callable[P_pickle, T_pickle],
+            Callable[Concatenate[int, P_pickle], int],
+            Callable[Concatenate[*TS_pickle, P_pickle], int],
+        ]
+        for alias in samples:
+            for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+                with self.subTest(alias=alias, proto=proto):
+                    s = pickle.dumps(alias, proto)
+                    loaded = pickle.loads(s)
+                    self.assertEqual(alias.__origin__, loaded.__origin__)
+                    self.assertEqual(alias.__args__, loaded.__args__)
+                    self.assertEqual(alias.__parameters__, loaded.__parameters__)
 
+        del T_pickle, P_pickle, TS_pickle  # cleaning up global state
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_var_substitution(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
         fullname = f"{Callable.__module__}.Callable"
@@ -574,8 +2597,7 @@ def test_var_substitution(self):
         C2 = Callable[[KT, T], VT]
         C3 = Callable[..., T]
         self.assertEqual(C1[str], Callable[[int, str], str])
-        if Callable is typing.Callable:
-            self.assertEqual(C1[None], Callable[[int, type(None)], type(None)])
+        self.assertEqual(C1[None], Callable[[int, type(None)], type(None)])
         self.assertEqual(C2[int, float, str], Callable[[int, float], str])
         self.assertEqual(C3[int], Callable[..., int])
         self.assertEqual(C3[NoReturn], Callable[..., NoReturn])
@@ -592,6 +2614,17 @@ def test_var_substitution(self):
         self.assertEqual(C5[int, str, float],
                          Callable[[typing.List[int], tuple[str, int], float], int])
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+    def test_type_subst_error(self):
+        Callable = self.Callable
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+
+        pat = "Expected a list of types, an ellipsis, ParamSpec, or Concatenate."
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, pat):
+            Callable[P, T][0, int]
+
     def test_type_erasure(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
         class C1(Callable):
@@ -601,6 +2634,8 @@ def __call__(self):
         self.assertIs(a().__class__, C1)
         self.assertEqual(a().__orig_class__, C1[[int], T])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_paramspec(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
         fullname = f"{Callable.__module__}.Callable"
@@ -635,6 +2670,8 @@ def test_paramspec(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(C2), f"{fullname}[~P, int]")
         self.assertEqual(repr(C2[int, str]), f"{fullname}[[int, str], int]")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_concatenate(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
         fullname = f"{Callable.__module__}.Callable"
@@ -649,8 +2686,7 @@ def test_concatenate(self):
         self.assertEqual(C[[], int], Callable[[int], int])
         self.assertEqual(C[Concatenate[str, P2], int],
                          Callable[Concatenate[int, str, P2], int])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            C[..., int]
+        self.assertEqual(C[..., int], Callable[Concatenate[int, ...], int])
 
         C = Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
         self.assertEqual(repr(C),
@@ -661,9 +2697,54 @@ def test_concatenate(self):
         self.assertEqual(C[[]], Callable[[int], int])
         self.assertEqual(C[Concatenate[str, P2]],
                          Callable[Concatenate[int, str, P2], int])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            C[...]
+        self.assertEqual(C[...], Callable[Concatenate[int, ...], int])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_nested_paramspec(self):
+        # Since Callable has some special treatment, we want to be sure
+        # that substituion works correctly, see gh-103054
+        Callable = self.Callable
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        P2 = ParamSpec('P2')
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        class My(Generic[P, T]):
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(My.__parameters__, (P, T))
+
+        C1 = My[[int, T2], Callable[P2, T2]]
+        self.assertEqual(C1.__args__, ((int, T2), Callable[P2, T2]))
+        self.assertEqual(C1.__parameters__, (T2, P2))
+        self.assertEqual(C1[str, [list[int], bytes]],
+                         My[[int, str], Callable[[list[int], bytes], str]])
+
+        C2 = My[[Callable[[T2], int], list[T2]], str]
+        self.assertEqual(C2.__args__, ((Callable[[T2], int], list[T2]), str))
+        self.assertEqual(C2.__parameters__, (T2,))
+        self.assertEqual(C2[list[str]],
+                         My[[Callable[[list[str]], int], list[list[str]]], str])
+
+        C3 = My[[Callable[P2, T2], T2], T2]
+        self.assertEqual(C3.__args__, ((Callable[P2, T2], T2), T2))
+        self.assertEqual(C3.__parameters__, (P2, T2))
+        self.assertEqual(C3[[], int],
+                         My[[Callable[[], int], int], int])
+        self.assertEqual(C3[[str, bool], int],
+                         My[[Callable[[str, bool], int], int], int])
+        self.assertEqual(C3[[str, bool], T][int],
+                         My[[Callable[[str, bool], int], int], int])
+
+        C4 = My[[Callable[[int, *Ts, str], T2], T2], T2]
+        self.assertEqual(C4.__args__, ((Callable[[int, *Ts, str], T2], T2), T2))
+        self.assertEqual(C4.__parameters__, (Ts, T2))
+        self.assertEqual(C4[bool, bytes, float],
+                         My[[Callable[[int, bool, bytes, str], float], float], float])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_errors(self):
         Callable = self.Callable
         alias = Callable[[int, str], float]
@@ -676,6 +2757,7 @@ def test_errors(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "few arguments for"):
             C1[int]
 
+
 class TypingCallableTests(BaseCallableTests, BaseTestCase):
     Callable = typing.Callable
 
@@ -690,25 +2772,6 @@ def test_consistency(self):
 
 class CollectionsCallableTests(BaseCallableTests, BaseTestCase):
     Callable = collections.abc.Callable
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_errors(self): # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
-        super().test_errors() # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, AssertionError: 'collections.abc.Callable[__main__.ParamSpec, typing.TypeVar]' != 'collections.abc.Callable[~P, ~T]'
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_paramspec(self): # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
-        super().test_paramspec() # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_concatenate(self):  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
-        super().test_concatenate()  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON might be fixed by updating typing to 3.12
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_repr(self):  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
-        super().test_repr()  # TODO: RUSTPYTHON, remove when this passes
 
 
 class LiteralTests(BaseTestCase):
@@ -723,9 +2786,16 @@ def test_basics(self):
         Literal[Literal[1, 2], Literal[4, 5]]
         Literal[b"foo", u"bar"]
 
+    def test_enum(self):
+        import enum
+        class My(enum.Enum):
+            A = 'A'
+
+        self.assertEqual(Literal[My.A].__args__, (My.A,))
+
     def test_illegal_parameters_do_not_raise_runtime_errors(self):
         # Type checkers should reject these types, but we do not
-        # raise errors at runtime to maintain maximium flexibility.
+        # raise errors at runtime to maintain maximum flexibility.
         Literal[int]
         Literal[3j + 2, ..., ()]
         Literal[{"foo": 3, "bar": 4}]
@@ -743,6 +2813,14 @@ def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(Literal[None]), "typing.Literal[None]")
         self.assertEqual(repr(Literal[1, 2, 3, 3]), "typing.Literal[1, 2, 3]")
 
+    def test_dir(self):
+        dir_items = set(dir(Literal[1, 2, 3]))
+        for required_item in [
+            '__args__', '__parameters__', '__origin__',
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(required_item=required_item):
+                self.assertIn(required_item, dir_items)
+
     def test_cannot_init(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             Literal()
@@ -804,6 +2882,20 @@ def test_flatten(self):
             self.assertEqual(l, Literal[1, 2, 3])
             self.assertEqual(l.__args__, (1, 2, 3))
 
+    def test_does_not_flatten_enum(self):
+        import enum
+        class Ints(enum.IntEnum):
+            A = 1
+            B = 2
+
+        l = Literal[
+            Literal[Ints.A],
+            Literal[Ints.B],
+            Literal[1],
+            Literal[2],
+        ]
+        self.assertEqual(l.__args__, (Ints.A, Ints.B, 1, 2))
+
 
 XK = TypeVar('XK', str, bytes)
 XV = TypeVar('XV')
@@ -888,29 +2980,75 @@ class HasCallProtocol(Protocol):
 
 
 class ProtocolTests(BaseTestCase):
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_basic_protocol(self):
         @runtime_checkable
         class P(Protocol):
             def meth(self):
                 pass
 
-        class C: pass
+        class C: pass
+
+        class D:
+            def meth(self):
+                pass
+
+        def f():
+            pass
+
+        self.assertIsSubclass(D, P)
+        self.assertIsInstance(D(), P)
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(C, P)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(C(), P)
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(types.FunctionType, P)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(f, P)
+
+    def test_runtime_checkable_generic_non_protocol(self):
+        # Make sure this doesn't raise AttributeError
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes",
+        ):
+            @runtime_checkable
+            class Foo[T]: ...
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_runtime_checkable_generic(self):
+        # @runtime_checkable
+        # class Foo[T](Protocol):
+        #     def meth(self) -> T: ...
+        # pass
+
+        class Impl:
+            def meth(self) -> int: ...
+
+        self.assertIsSubclass(Impl, Foo)
+
+        class NotImpl:
+            def method(self) -> int: ...
+
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(NotImpl, Foo)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_pep695_generics_can_be_runtime_checkable(self):
+        # @runtime_checkable
+        # class HasX(Protocol):
+        #     x: int
+
+        class Bar[T]:
+            x: T
+            def __init__(self, x):
+                self.x = x
 
-        class D:
-            def meth(self):
-                pass
+        class Capybara[T]:
+            y: str
+            def __init__(self, y):
+                self.y = y
 
-        def f():
-            pass
+        self.assertIsInstance(Bar(1), HasX)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(Capybara('a'), HasX)
 
-        self.assertIsSubclass(D, P)
-        self.assertIsInstance(D(), P)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(C, P)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(C(), P)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(types.FunctionType, P)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(f, P)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
@@ -936,20 +3074,22 @@ def f():
 
         self.assertIsInstance(f, HasCallProtocol)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_no_inheritance_from_nominal(self):
         class C: pass
 
-        class BP(Protocol): pass
+        # class BP(Protocol): pass
 
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class P(C, Protocol):
-                pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class P(Protocol, C):
-                pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class P(BP, C, Protocol):
-                pass
+        # with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        #     class P(C, Protocol):
+        #         pass
+        # with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        #     class Q(Protocol, C):
+        #         pass
+        # with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        #     class R(BP, C, Protocol):
+        #         pass
 
         class D(BP, C): pass
 
@@ -961,7 +3101,7 @@ class E(C, BP): pass
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_no_instantiation(self):
-        class P(Protocol): pass
+        # class P(Protocol): pass
 
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             P()
@@ -989,6 +3129,35 @@ class CG(PG[T]): pass
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             CG[int](42)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_protocol_defining_init_does_not_get_overridden(self):
+        # check that P.__init__ doesn't get clobbered
+        # see https://bugs.python.org/issue44807
+
+        # class P(Protocol):
+        #     x: int
+        #     def __init__(self, x: int) -> None:
+        #         self.x = x
+        class C: pass
+
+        c = C()
+        P.__init__(c, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(c.x, 1)
+
+
+    def test_concrete_class_inheriting_init_from_protocol(self):
+        class P(Protocol):
+            x: int
+            def __init__(self, x: int) -> None:
+                self.x = x
+
+        class C(P): pass
+
+        c = C(1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(c, C)
+        self.assertEqual(c.x, 1)
+
     def test_cannot_instantiate_abstract(self):
         @runtime_checkable
         class P(Protocol):
@@ -1007,8 +3176,6 @@ def ameth(self) -> int:
             B()
         self.assertIsInstance(C(), P)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_subprotocols_extending(self):
         class P1(Protocol):
             def meth1(self):
@@ -1041,8 +3208,6 @@ def meth2(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(C(), P2)
         self.assertIsSubclass(C, P2)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_subprotocols_merging(self):
         class P1(Protocol):
             def meth1(self):
@@ -1104,643 +3269,332 @@ def x(self): ...
         self.assertIsSubclass(C, PG)
         self.assertIsSubclass(BadP, PG)
 
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        no_subscripted_generics = (
+            "Subscripted generics cannot be used with class and instance checks"
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, no_subscripted_generics):
             issubclass(C, PG[T])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, no_subscripted_generics):
             issubclass(C, PG[C])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+
+        only_runtime_checkable_protocols = (
+            "Instance and class checks can only be used with "
+            "@runtime_checkable protocols"
+        )
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, only_runtime_checkable_protocols):
             issubclass(C, BadP)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, only_runtime_checkable_protocols):
             issubclass(C, BadPG)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, no_subscripted_generics):
             issubclass(P, PG[T])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, no_subscripted_generics):
             issubclass(PG, PG[int])
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_protocols_issubclass_non_callable(self):
-        class C:
-            x = 1
-
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class PNonCall(Protocol):
-            x = 1
-
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(C, PNonCall)
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(), PNonCall)
-        PNonCall.register(C)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(C, PNonCall)
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(), PNonCall)
-
-        # check that non-protocol subclasses are not affected
-        class D(PNonCall): ...
-
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(C, D)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(C(), D)
-        D.register(C)
-        self.assertIsSubclass(C, D)
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(), D)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(D, PNonCall)
-
-    def test_protocols_isinstance(self):
-        T = TypeVar('T')
-
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class P(Protocol):
-            def meth(x): ...
-
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class PG(Protocol[T]):
-            def meth(x): ...
-
-        class BadP(Protocol):
-            def meth(x): ...
-
-        class BadPG(Protocol[T]):
-            def meth(x): ...
-
-        class C:
-            def meth(x): ...
-
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(), P)
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(), PG)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            isinstance(C(), PG[T])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            isinstance(C(), PG[C])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            isinstance(C(), BadP)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            isinstance(C(), BadPG)
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_protocols_isinstance_py36(self):
-        class APoint:
-            def __init__(self, x, y, label):
-                self.x = x
-                self.y = y
-                self.label = label
-
-        class BPoint:
-            label = 'B'
-
-            def __init__(self, x, y):
-                self.x = x
-                self.y = y
-
-        class C:
-            def __init__(self, attr):
-                self.attr = attr
-
-            def meth(self, arg):
-                return 0
-
-        class Bad: pass
-
-        self.assertIsInstance(APoint(1, 2, 'A'), Point)
-        self.assertIsInstance(BPoint(1, 2), Point)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(MyPoint(), Point)
-        self.assertIsInstance(BPoint(1, 2), Position)
-        self.assertIsInstance(Other(), Proto)
-        self.assertIsInstance(Concrete(), Proto)
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(42), Proto)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(Bad(), Proto)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(Bad(), Point)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(Bad(), Position)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(Bad(), Concrete)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(Other(), Concrete)
-        self.assertIsInstance(NT(1, 2), Position)
-
-    def test_protocols_isinstance_init(self):
-        T = TypeVar('T')
-
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class P(Protocol):
-            x = 1
-
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class PG(Protocol[T]):
-            x = 1
-
-        class C:
-            def __init__(self, x):
-                self.x = x
-
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(1), P)
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(1), PG)
-
-    def test_protocol_checks_after_subscript(self):
-        class P(Protocol[T]): pass
-        class C(P[T]): pass
-        class Other1: pass
-        class Other2: pass
-        CA = C[Any]
-
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(Other1(), C)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(Other2, C)
-
-        class D1(C[Any]): pass
-        class D2(C[Any]): pass
-        CI = C[int]
-
-        self.assertIsInstance(D1(), C)
-        self.assertIsSubclass(D2, C)
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_protocols_support_register(self):
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class P(Protocol):
-            x = 1
-
-        class PM(Protocol):
-            def meth(self): pass
-
-        class D(PM): pass
-
-        class C: pass
-
-        D.register(C)
-        P.register(C)
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(), P)
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(), D)
-
-    def test_none_on_non_callable_doesnt_block_implementation(self):
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class P(Protocol):
-            x = 1
-
-        class A:
-            x = 1
-
-        class B(A):
-            x = None
-
-        class C:
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.x = None
-
-        self.assertIsInstance(B(), P)
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(), P)
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_none_on_callable_blocks_implementation(self):
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class P(Protocol):
-            def x(self): ...
-
-        class A:
-            def x(self): ...
-
-        class B(A):
-            x = None
-
-        class C:
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.x = None
-
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(B(), P)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(C(), P)
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_non_protocol_subclasses(self):
-        class P(Protocol):
-            x = 1
-
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class PR(Protocol):
-            def meth(self): pass
-
-        class NonP(P):
-            x = 1
-
-        class NonPR(PR): pass
-
-        class C:
-            x = 1
-
-        class D:
-            def meth(self): pass
-
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(C(), NonP)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(D(), NonPR)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(C, NonP)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(D, NonPR)
-        self.assertIsInstance(NonPR(), PR)
-        self.assertIsSubclass(NonPR, PR)
-
-    def test_custom_subclasshook(self):
-        class P(Protocol):
-            x = 1
-
-        class OKClass: pass
-
-        class BadClass:
-            x = 1
-
-        class C(P):
-            @classmethod
-            def __subclasshook__(cls, other):
-                return other.__name__.startswith("OK")
-
-        self.assertIsInstance(OKClass(), C)
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(BadClass(), C)
-        self.assertIsSubclass(OKClass, C)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(BadClass, C)
-
-    def test_issubclass_fails_correctly(self):
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class P(Protocol):
-            x = 1
-
-        class C: pass
-
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(C(), P)
-
-    def test_defining_generic_protocols(self):
-        T = TypeVar('T')
-        S = TypeVar('S')
-
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class PR(Protocol[T, S]):
-            def meth(self): pass
-
-        class P(PR[int, T], Protocol[T]):
-            y = 1
-
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            PR[int]
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            P[int, str]
-
-        class C(PR[int, T]): pass
-
-        self.assertIsInstance(C[str](), C)
-
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_defining_generic_protocols_old_style(self):
-        T = TypeVar('T')
-        S = TypeVar('S')
-
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class PR(Protocol, Generic[T, S]):
-            def meth(self): pass
-
-        class P(PR[int, str], Protocol):
-            y = 1
-
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            issubclass(PR[int, str], PR)
-        self.assertIsSubclass(P, PR)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            PR[int]
-
-        class P1(Protocol, Generic[T]):
-            def bar(self, x: T) -> str: ...
-
-        class P2(Generic[T], Protocol):
-            def bar(self, x: T) -> str: ...
-
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class PSub(P1[str], Protocol):
-            x = 1
-
-        class Test:
-            x = 1
-
-            def bar(self, x: str) -> str:
-                return x
-
-        self.assertIsInstance(Test(), PSub)
-
-    def test_init_called(self):
-        T = TypeVar('T')
-
-        class P(Protocol[T]): pass
-
-        class C(P[T]):
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.test = 'OK'
-
-        self.assertEqual(C[int]().test, 'OK')
-
-        class B:
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.test = 'OK'
-
-        class D1(B, P[T]):
-            pass
+        only_classes_allowed = r"issubclass\(\) arg 1 must be a class"
 
-        self.assertEqual(D1[int]().test, 'OK')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, only_classes_allowed):
+            issubclass(1, P)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, only_classes_allowed):
+            issubclass(1, PG)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, only_classes_allowed):
+            issubclass(1, BadP)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, only_classes_allowed):
+            issubclass(1, BadPG)
 
-        class D2(P[T], B):
-            pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(D2[int]().test, 'OK')
+    def test_implicit_issubclass_between_two_protocols(self):
+        @runtime_checkable
+        class CallableMembersProto(Protocol):
+            def meth(self): ...
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_new_called(self):
-        T = TypeVar('T')
+        # All the below protocols should be considered "subclasses"
+        # of CallableMembersProto at runtime,
+        # even though none of them explicitly subclass CallableMembersProto
 
-        class P(Protocol[T]): pass
+        class IdenticalProto(Protocol):
+            def meth(self): ...
 
-        class C(P[T]):
-            def __new__(cls, *args):
-                self = super().__new__(cls, *args)
-                self.test = 'OK'
-                return self
+        class SupersetProto(Protocol):
+            def meth(self): ...
+            def meth2(self): ...
 
-        self.assertEqual(C[int]().test, 'OK')
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            C[int](42)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            C[int](a=42)
+        class NonCallableMembersProto(Protocol):
+            meth: Callable[[], None]
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON the last line breaks any tests that use unittest.mock
-    # See https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/5190#issuecomment-2010535802
-    # It's possible that updating typing to 3.12 will resolve this
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON this test breaks other tests that use unittest.mock")
-    def test_protocols_bad_subscripts(self):
-        T = TypeVar('T')
-        S = TypeVar('S')
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class P(Protocol[T, T]): pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class P(Protocol[int]): pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class P(Protocol[T], Protocol[S]): pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class P(typing.Mapping[T, S], Protocol[T]): pass
+        class NonCallableMembersSupersetProto(Protocol):
+            meth: Callable[[], None]
+            meth2: Callable[[str, int], bool]
 
-    def test_generic_protocols_repr(self):
-        T = TypeVar('T')
-        S = TypeVar('S')
+        class MixedMembersProto1(Protocol):
+            meth: Callable[[], None]
+            def meth2(self): ...
 
-        class P(Protocol[T, S]): pass
+        class MixedMembersProto2(Protocol):
+            def meth(self): ...
+            meth2: Callable[[str, int], bool]
 
-        self.assertTrue(repr(P[T, S]).endswith('P[~T, ~S]'))
-        self.assertTrue(repr(P[int, str]).endswith('P[int, str]'))
+        for proto in (
+            IdenticalProto, SupersetProto, NonCallableMembersProto,
+            NonCallableMembersSupersetProto, MixedMembersProto1, MixedMembersProto2
+        ):
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto.__name__):
+                self.assertIsSubclass(proto, CallableMembersProto)
 
-    def test_generic_protocols_eq(self):
-        T = TypeVar('T')
-        S = TypeVar('S')
+        # These two shouldn't be considered subclasses of CallableMembersProto, however,
+        # since they don't have the `meth` protocol member
 
-        class P(Protocol[T, S]): pass
+        class EmptyProtocol(Protocol): ...
+        class UnrelatedProtocol(Protocol):
+            def wut(self): ...
 
-        self.assertEqual(P, P)
-        self.assertEqual(P[int, T], P[int, T])
-        self.assertEqual(P[T, T][Tuple[T, S]][int, str],
-                         P[Tuple[int, str], Tuple[int, str]])
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(EmptyProtocol, CallableMembersProto)
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(UnrelatedProtocol, CallableMembersProto)
 
-    def test_generic_protocols_special_from_generic(self):
-        T = TypeVar('T')
+        # These aren't protocols at all (despite having annotations),
+        # so they should only be considered subclasses of CallableMembersProto
+        # if they *actually have an attribute* matching the `meth` member
+        # (just having an annotation is insufficient)
 
-        class P(Protocol[T]): pass
+        class AnnotatedButNotAProtocol:
+            meth: Callable[[], None]
 
-        self.assertEqual(P.__parameters__, (T,))
-        self.assertEqual(P[int].__parameters__, ())
-        self.assertEqual(P[int].__args__, (int,))
-        self.assertIs(P[int].__origin__, P)
+        class NotAProtocolButAnImplicitSubclass:
+            def meth(self): pass
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_generic_protocols_special_from_protocol(self):
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class PR(Protocol):
-            x = 1
+        class NotAProtocolButAnImplicitSubclass2:
+            meth: Callable[[], None]
+            def meth(self): pass
 
-        class P(Protocol):
-            def meth(self):
-                pass
+        class NotAProtocolButAnImplicitSubclass3:
+            meth: Callable[[], None]
+            meth2: Callable[[int, str], bool]
+            def meth(self): pass
+            def meth2(self, x, y): return True
 
-        T = TypeVar('T')
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(AnnotatedButNotAProtocol, CallableMembersProto)
+        self.assertIsSubclass(NotAProtocolButAnImplicitSubclass, CallableMembersProto)
+        self.assertIsSubclass(NotAProtocolButAnImplicitSubclass2, CallableMembersProto)
+        self.assertIsSubclass(NotAProtocolButAnImplicitSubclass3, CallableMembersProto)
 
-        class PG(Protocol[T]):
-            x = 1
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON (no gc)")
+    def test_isinstance_checks_not_at_whim_of_gc(self):
+        self.addCleanup(gc.enable)
+        gc.disable()
 
-            def meth(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "Protocols can only inherit from other protocols"
+        ):
+            class Foo(collections.abc.Mapping, Protocol):
                 pass
 
-        self.assertTrue(P._is_protocol)
-        self.assertTrue(PR._is_protocol)
-        self.assertTrue(PG._is_protocol)
-        self.assertFalse(P._is_runtime_protocol)
-        self.assertTrue(PR._is_runtime_protocol)
-        self.assertTrue(PG[int]._is_protocol)
-        self.assertEqual(typing._get_protocol_attrs(P), {'meth'})
-        self.assertEqual(typing._get_protocol_attrs(PR), {'x'})
-        self.assertEqual(frozenset(typing._get_protocol_attrs(PG)),
-                         frozenset({'x', 'meth'}))
+        self.assertNotIsInstance([], collections.abc.Mapping)
 
-    def test_no_runtime_deco_on_nominal(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            @runtime_checkable
-            class C: pass
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_issubclass_and_isinstance_on_Protocol_itself(self):
+        class C:
+            def x(self): pass
 
-        class Proto(Protocol):
-            x = 1
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(object, Protocol)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(object(), Protocol)
 
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            @runtime_checkable
-            class Concrete(Proto):
-                pass
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(str, Protocol)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance('foo', Protocol)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_none_treated_correctly(self):
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class P(Protocol):
-            x = None  # type: int
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(C, Protocol)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(C(), Protocol)
 
-        class B(object): pass
+        only_classes_allowed = r"issubclass\(\) arg 1 must be a class"
 
-        self.assertNotIsInstance(B(), P)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, only_classes_allowed):
+            issubclass(1, Protocol)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, only_classes_allowed):
+            issubclass('foo', Protocol)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, only_classes_allowed):
+            issubclass(C(), Protocol)
 
-        class C:
-            x = 1
+        T = TypeVar('T')
 
-        class D:
-            x = None
+        @runtime_checkable
+        class EmptyProtocol(Protocol): pass
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(), P)
-        self.assertIsInstance(D(), P)
+        @runtime_checkable
+        class SupportsStartsWith(Protocol):
+            def startswith(self, x: str) -> bool: ...
 
-        class CI:
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.x = 1
+        @runtime_checkable
+        class SupportsX(Protocol[T]):
+            def x(self): ...
 
-        class DI:
-            def __init__(self):
-                self.x = None
+        for proto in EmptyProtocol, SupportsStartsWith, SupportsX:
+            with self.subTest(proto=proto.__name__):
+                self.assertIsSubclass(proto, Protocol)
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(C(), P)
-        self.assertIsInstance(D(), P)
+        # gh-105237 / PR #105239:
+        # check that the presence of Protocol subclasses
+        # where `issubclass(X, <subclass>)` evaluates to True
+        # doesn't influence the result of `issubclass(X, Protocol)`
 
-    def test_protocols_in_unions(self):
-        class P(Protocol):
-            x = None  # type: int
+        self.assertIsSubclass(object, EmptyProtocol)
+        self.assertIsInstance(object(), EmptyProtocol)
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(object, Protocol)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(object(), Protocol)
 
-        Alias = typing.Union[typing.Iterable, P]
-        Alias2 = typing.Union[P, typing.Iterable]
-        self.assertEqual(Alias, Alias2)
+        self.assertIsSubclass(str, SupportsStartsWith)
+        self.assertIsInstance('foo', SupportsStartsWith)
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(str, Protocol)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance('foo', Protocol)
 
-    def test_protocols_pickleable(self):
-        global P, CP  # pickle wants to reference the class by name
-        T = TypeVar('T')
+        self.assertIsSubclass(C, SupportsX)
+        self.assertIsInstance(C(), SupportsX)
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(C, Protocol)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(C(), Protocol)
 
-        @runtime_checkable
-        class P(Protocol[T]):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_protocols_issubclass_non_callable(self):
+        class C:
             x = 1
 
-        class CP(P[int]):
-            pass
+        @runtime_checkable
+        class PNonCall(Protocol):
+            x = 1
 
-        c = CP()
-        c.foo = 42
-        c.bar = 'abc'
-        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
-            z = pickle.dumps(c, proto)
-            x = pickle.loads(z)
-            self.assertEqual(x.foo, 42)
-            self.assertEqual(x.bar, 'abc')
-            self.assertEqual(x.x, 1)
-            self.assertEqual(x.__dict__, {'foo': 42, 'bar': 'abc'})
-            s = pickle.dumps(P)
-            D = pickle.loads(s)
+        non_callable_members_illegal = (
+            "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()"
+        )
 
-            class E:
-                x = 1
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, non_callable_members_illegal):
+            issubclass(C, PNonCall)
 
-            self.assertIsInstance(E(), D)
+        self.assertIsInstance(C(), PNonCall)
+        PNonCall.register(C)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_supports_int(self):
-        self.assertIsSubclass(int, typing.SupportsInt)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(str, typing.SupportsInt)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, non_callable_members_illegal):
+            issubclass(C, PNonCall)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_supports_float(self):
-        self.assertIsSubclass(float, typing.SupportsFloat)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(str, typing.SupportsFloat)
+        self.assertIsInstance(C(), PNonCall)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_supports_complex(self):
+        # check that non-protocol subclasses are not affected
+        class D(PNonCall): ...
 
-        # Note: complex itself doesn't have __complex__.
-        class C:
-            def __complex__(self):
-                return 0j
+        self.assertNotIsSubclass(C, D)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(C(), D)
+        D.register(C)
+        self.assertIsSubclass(C, D)
+        self.assertIsInstance(C(), D)
 
-        self.assertIsSubclass(C, typing.SupportsComplex)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(str, typing.SupportsComplex)
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, non_callable_members_illegal):
+            issubclass(D, PNonCall)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_supports_bytes(self):
+    def test_no_weird_caching_with_issubclass_after_isinstance(self):
+        @runtime_checkable
+        class Spam(Protocol):
+            x: int
 
-        # Note: bytes itself doesn't have __bytes__.
-        class B:
-            def __bytes__(self):
-                return b''
+        class Eggs:
+            def __init__(self) -> None:
+                self.x = 42
 
-        self.assertIsSubclass(B, typing.SupportsBytes)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(str, typing.SupportsBytes)
+        self.assertIsInstance(Eggs(), Spam)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_supports_abs(self):
-        self.assertIsSubclass(float, typing.SupportsAbs)
-        self.assertIsSubclass(int, typing.SupportsAbs)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(str, typing.SupportsAbs)
+        # gh-104555: If we didn't override ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__ in _ProtocolMeta,
+        # TypeError wouldn't be raised here,
+        # as the cached result of the isinstance() check immediately above
+        # would mean the issubclass() call would short-circuit
+        # before we got to the "raise TypeError" line
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()"
+        ):
+            issubclass(Eggs, Spam)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_supports_round(self):
-        issubclass(float, typing.SupportsRound)
-        self.assertIsSubclass(float, typing.SupportsRound)
-        self.assertIsSubclass(int, typing.SupportsRound)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(str, typing.SupportsRound)
+    def test_no_weird_caching_with_issubclass_after_isinstance_2(self):
+        @runtime_checkable
+        class Spam(Protocol):
+            x: int
 
-    def test_reversible(self):
-        self.assertIsSubclass(list, typing.Reversible)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(int, typing.Reversible)
+        class Eggs: ...
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_supports_index(self):
-        self.assertIsSubclass(int, typing.SupportsIndex)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(str, typing.SupportsIndex)
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(Eggs(), Spam)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_bundled_protocol_instance_works(self):
-        self.assertIsInstance(0, typing.SupportsAbs)
-        class C1(typing.SupportsInt):
-            def __int__(self) -> int:
-                return 42
-        class C2(C1):
-            pass
-        c = C2()
-        self.assertIsInstance(c, C1)
+        # gh-104555: If we didn't override ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__ in _ProtocolMeta,
+        # TypeError wouldn't be raised here,
+        # as the cached result of the isinstance() check immediately above
+        # would mean the issubclass() call would short-circuit
+        # before we got to the "raise TypeError" line
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()"
+        ):
+            issubclass(Eggs, Spam)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_collections_protocols_allowed(self):
+    def test_no_weird_caching_with_issubclass_after_isinstance_3(self):
         @runtime_checkable
-        class Custom(collections.abc.Iterable, Protocol):
-            def close(self): ...
-
-        class A: pass
-        class B:
-            def __iter__(self):
-                return []
-            def close(self):
-                return 0
-
-        self.assertIsSubclass(B, Custom)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(A, Custom)
+        class Spam(Protocol):
+            x: int
 
-    def test_builtin_protocol_allowlist(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class CustomProtocol(TestCase, Protocol):
-                pass
+        class Eggs:
+            def __getattr__(self, attr):
+                if attr == "x":
+                    return 42
+                raise AttributeError(attr)
 
-        class CustomContextManager(typing.ContextManager, Protocol):
-            pass
+        self.assertNotIsInstance(Eggs(), Spam)
 
-    def test_non_runtime_protocol_isinstance_check(self):
-        class P(Protocol):
-            x: int
+        # gh-104555: If we didn't override ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__ in _ProtocolMeta,
+        # TypeError wouldn't be raised here,
+        # as the cached result of the isinstance() check immediately above
+        # would mean the issubclass() call would short-circuit
+        # before we got to the "raise TypeError" line
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()"
+        ):
+            issubclass(Eggs, Spam)
 
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "@runtime_checkable"):
-            isinstance(1, P)
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_no_weird_caching_with_issubclass_after_isinstance_pep695(self):
+        # @runtime_checkable
+        # class Spam[T](Protocol):
+            # x: T
 
-    def test_super_call_init(self):
-        class P(Protocol):
-            x: int
+        class Eggs[T]:
+            def __init__(self, x: T) -> None:
+                self.x = x
 
-        class Foo(P):
-            def __init__(self):
-                super().__init__()
+        self.assertIsInstance(Eggs(42), Spam)
 
-        Foo()  # Previously triggered RecursionError
+        # gh-104555: If we didn't override ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__ in _ProtocolMeta,
+        # TypeError wouldn't be raised here,
+        # as the cached result of the isinstance() check immediately above
+        # would mean the issubclass() call would short-circuit
+        # before we got to the "raise TypeError" line
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()"
+        ):
+            issubclass(Eggs, Spam)
+    
+    # FIXME(arihant2math): start more porting from test_protocols_isinstance
 
 
 class GenericTests(BaseTestCase):
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_basics(self):
         X = SimpleMapping[str, Any]
         self.assertEqual(X.__parameters__, ())
@@ -1760,6 +3614,8 @@ def test_basics(self):
         T = TypeVar("T")
         self.assertEqual(List[list[T] | float].__parameters__, (T,))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_generic_errors(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         S = TypeVar('S')
@@ -1778,8 +3634,33 @@ class NewGeneric(Generic): ...
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             class MyGeneric(Generic[T], Generic[S]): ...
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class MyGeneric(List[T], Generic[S]): ...
+            class MyGeneric2(List[T], Generic[S]): ...
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Generic[()]
+        class D(Generic[T]): pass
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            D[()]
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_generic_subclass_checks(self):
+        for typ in [list[int], List[int],
+                    tuple[int, str], Tuple[int, str],
+                    typing.Callable[..., None],
+                    collections.abc.Callable[..., None]]:
+            with self.subTest(typ=typ):
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, issubclass, typ, object)
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, issubclass, typ, type)
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, issubclass, typ, typ)
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, issubclass, object, typ)
+
+                # isinstance is fine:
+                self.assertTrue(isinstance(typ, object))
+                # but, not when the right arg is also a generic:
+                self.assertRaises(TypeError, isinstance, typ, typ)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_init(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         S = TypeVar('S')
@@ -1814,6 +3695,8 @@ def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(MySimpleMapping),
                          f"<class '{__name__}.MySimpleMapping'>")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_chain_repr(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         S = TypeVar('S')
@@ -1838,6 +3721,8 @@ class C(Generic[T]):
         self.assertTrue(str(Z).endswith(
             '.C[typing.Tuple[str, int]]'))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_new_repr(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         U = TypeVar('U', covariant=True)
@@ -1849,6 +3734,8 @@ def test_new_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(List[S][T][int]), 'typing.List[int]')
         self.assertEqual(repr(List[int]), 'typing.List[int]')
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_new_repr_complex(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         TS = TypeVar('TS')
@@ -1861,6 +3748,8 @@ def test_new_repr_complex(self):
             'typing.List[typing.Tuple[typing.List[int], typing.List[int]]]'
         )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_new_repr_bare(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         self.assertEqual(repr(Generic[T]), 'typing.Generic[~T]')
@@ -1886,6 +3775,20 @@ class C(B[int]):
         c.bar = 'abc'
         self.assertEqual(c.__dict__, {'bar': 'abc'})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_setattr_exceptions(self):
+        class Immutable[T]:
+            def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+                raise RuntimeError("immutable")
+
+        # gh-115165: This used to cause RuntimeError to be raised
+        # when we tried to set `__orig_class__` on the `Immutable` instance
+        # returned by the `Immutable[int]()` call
+        self.assertIsInstance(Immutable[int](), Immutable)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_subscripted_generics_as_proxies(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         class C(Generic[T]):
@@ -1959,6 +3862,8 @@ def test_orig_bases(self):
         class C(typing.Dict[str, T]): ...
         self.assertEqual(C.__orig_bases__, (typing.Dict[str, T],))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_naive_runtime_checks(self):
         def naive_dict_check(obj, tp):
             # Check if a dictionary conforms to Dict type
@@ -1995,6 +3900,8 @@ class C(List[int]): ...
         self.assertTrue(naive_list_base_check([1, 2, 3], C))
         self.assertFalse(naive_list_base_check(['a', 'b'], C))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_multi_subscr_base(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         U = TypeVar('U')
@@ -2012,6 +3919,8 @@ class D(C, List[T][U][V]): ...
         self.assertEqual(C.__orig_bases__, (List[T][U][V],))
         self.assertEqual(D.__orig_bases__, (C, List[T][U][V]))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_subscript_meta(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         class Meta(type): ...
@@ -2019,6 +3928,8 @@ class Meta(type): ...
         self.assertEqual(Union[T, int][Meta], Union[Meta, int])
         self.assertEqual(Callable[..., Meta].__args__, (Ellipsis, Meta))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_generic_hashes(self):
         class A(Generic[T]):
             ...
@@ -2054,14 +3965,15 @@ class A(Generic[T]):
         self.assertNotEqual(typing.FrozenSet[A[str]],
                             typing.FrozenSet[mod_generics_cache.B.A[str]])
 
-        if sys.version_info[:2] > (3, 2):
-            self.assertTrue(repr(Tuple[A[str]]).endswith('<locals>.A[str]]'))
-            self.assertTrue(repr(Tuple[B.A[str]]).endswith('<locals>.B.A[str]]'))
-            self.assertTrue(repr(Tuple[mod_generics_cache.A[str]])
-                            .endswith('mod_generics_cache.A[str]]'))
-            self.assertTrue(repr(Tuple[mod_generics_cache.B.A[str]])
-                            .endswith('mod_generics_cache.B.A[str]]'))
+        self.assertTrue(repr(Tuple[A[str]]).endswith('<locals>.A[str]]'))
+        self.assertTrue(repr(Tuple[B.A[str]]).endswith('<locals>.B.A[str]]'))
+        self.assertTrue(repr(Tuple[mod_generics_cache.A[str]])
+                        .endswith('mod_generics_cache.A[str]]'))
+        self.assertTrue(repr(Tuple[mod_generics_cache.B.A[str]])
+                        .endswith('mod_generics_cache.B.A[str]]'))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_extended_generic_rules_eq(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         U = TypeVar('U')
@@ -2075,12 +3987,11 @@ def test_extended_generic_rules_eq(self):
         class Base: ...
         class Derived(Base): ...
         self.assertEqual(Union[T, Base][Union[Base, Derived]], Union[Base, Derived])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Union[T, int][1]
-
         self.assertEqual(Callable[[T], T][KT], Callable[[KT], KT])
         self.assertEqual(Callable[..., List[T]][int], Callable[..., List[int]])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_extended_generic_rules_repr(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         self.assertEqual(repr(Union[Tuple, Callable]).replace('typing.', ''),
@@ -2092,32 +4003,169 @@ def test_extended_generic_rules_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(Callable[[], List[T]][int]).replace('typing.', ''),
                          'Callable[[], List[int]]')
 
-    def test_generic_forward_ref(self):
-        def foobar(x: List[List['CC']]): ...
-        def foobar2(x: list[list[ForwardRef('CC')]]): ...
-        def foobar3(x: list[ForwardRef('CC | int')] | int): ...
-        class CC: ...
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_generic_forward_ref(self):
+        def foobar(x: List[List['CC']]): ...
+        def foobar2(x: list[list[ForwardRef('CC')]]): ...
+        def foobar3(x: list[ForwardRef('CC | int')] | int): ...
+        class CC: ...
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(foobar, globals(), locals()),
+            {'x': List[List[CC]]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(foobar2, globals(), locals()),
+            {'x': list[list[CC]]}
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(foobar3, globals(), locals()),
+            {'x': list[CC | int] | int}
+        )
+
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        AT = Tuple[T, ...]
+        def barfoo(x: AT): ...
+        self.assertIs(get_type_hints(barfoo, globals(), locals())['x'], AT)
+        CT = Callable[..., List[T]]
+        def barfoo2(x: CT): ...
+        self.assertIs(get_type_hints(barfoo2, globals(), locals())['x'], CT)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_generic_pep585_forward_ref(self):
+        # See https://bugs.python.org/issue41370
+
+        class C1:
+            a: list['C1']
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(C1, globals(), locals()),
+            {'a': list[C1]}
+        )
+
+        class C2:
+            a: dict['C1', list[List[list['C2']]]]
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(C2, globals(), locals()),
+            {'a': dict[C1, list[List[list[C2]]]]}
+        )
+
+        # Test stringified annotations
+        scope = {}
+        exec(textwrap.dedent('''
+        from __future__ import annotations
+        class C3:
+            a: List[list["C2"]]
+        '''), scope)
+        C3 = scope['C3']
+        self.assertEqual(C3.__annotations__['a'], "List[list['C2']]")
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(C3, globals(), locals()),
+            {'a': List[list[C2]]}
+        )
+
+        # Test recursive types
+        X = list["X"]
+        def f(x: X): ...
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(f, globals(), locals()),
+            {'x': list[list[ForwardRef('X')]]}
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_pep695_generic_class_with_future_annotations(self):
+        original_globals = dict(ann_module695.__dict__)
+
+        hints_for_A = get_type_hints(ann_module695.A)
+        A_type_params = ann_module695.A.__type_params__
+        self.assertIs(hints_for_A["x"], A_type_params[0])
+        self.assertEqual(hints_for_A["y"].__args__[0], Unpack[A_type_params[1]])
+        self.assertIs(hints_for_A["z"].__args__[0], A_type_params[2])
+
+        # should not have changed as a result of the get_type_hints() calls!
+        self.assertEqual(ann_module695.__dict__, original_globals)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_pep695_generic_class_with_future_annotations_and_local_shadowing(self):
+        hints_for_B = get_type_hints(ann_module695.B)
+        self.assertEqual(hints_for_B, {"x": int, "y": str, "z": bytes})
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_pep695_generic_class_with_future_annotations_name_clash_with_global_vars(self):
+        hints_for_C = get_type_hints(ann_module695.C)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(hints_for_C.values()),
+            set(ann_module695.C.__type_params__)
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_pep_695_generic_function_with_future_annotations(self):
+        hints_for_generic_function = get_type_hints(ann_module695.generic_function)
+        func_t_params = ann_module695.generic_function.__type_params__
+        self.assertEqual(
+            hints_for_generic_function.keys(), {"x", "y", "z", "zz", "return"}
+        )
+        self.assertIs(hints_for_generic_function["x"], func_t_params[0])
+        self.assertEqual(hints_for_generic_function["y"], Unpack[func_t_params[1]])
+        self.assertIs(hints_for_generic_function["z"].__origin__, func_t_params[2])
+        self.assertIs(hints_for_generic_function["zz"].__origin__, func_t_params[2])
+
+    def test_pep_695_generic_function_with_future_annotations_name_clash_with_global_vars(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(get_type_hints(ann_module695.generic_function_2).values()),
+            set(ann_module695.generic_function_2.__type_params__)
+        )
+
+    def test_pep_695_generic_method_with_future_annotations(self):
+        hints_for_generic_method = get_type_hints(ann_module695.D.generic_method)
+        params = {
+            param.__name__: param
+            for param in ann_module695.D.generic_method.__type_params__
+        }
+        self.assertEqual(
+            hints_for_generic_method,
+            {"x": params["Foo"], "y": params["Bar"], "return": types.NoneType}
+        )
+
+    def test_pep_695_generic_method_with_future_annotations_name_clash_with_global_vars(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(get_type_hints(ann_module695.D.generic_method_2).values()),
+            set(ann_module695.D.generic_method_2.__type_params__)
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_pep_695_generics_with_future_annotations_nested_in_function(self):
+        results = ann_module695.nested()
+
         self.assertEqual(
-            get_type_hints(foobar, globals(), locals()),
-            {'x': List[List[CC]]}
+            set(results.hints_for_E.values()),
+            set(results.E.__type_params__)
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            get_type_hints(foobar2, globals(), locals()),
-            {'x': list[list[CC]]}
+            set(results.hints_for_E_meth.values()),
+            set(results.E.generic_method.__type_params__)
+        )
+        self.assertNotEqual(
+            set(results.hints_for_E_meth.values()),
+            set(results.E.__type_params__)
         )
         self.assertEqual(
-            get_type_hints(foobar3, globals(), locals()),
-            {'x': list[CC | int] | int}
+            set(results.hints_for_E_meth.values()).intersection(results.E.__type_params__),
+            set()
         )
 
-        T = TypeVar('T')
-        AT = Tuple[T, ...]
-        def barfoo(x: AT): ...
-        self.assertIs(get_type_hints(barfoo, globals(), locals())['x'], AT)
-        CT = Callable[..., List[T]]
-        def barfoo2(x: CT): ...
-        self.assertIs(get_type_hints(barfoo2, globals(), locals())['x'], CT)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            set(results.hints_for_generic_func.values()),
+            set(results.generic_func.__type_params__)
+        )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_extended_generic_rules_subclassing(self):
         class T1(Tuple[T, KT]): ...
         class T2(Tuple[T, ...]): ...
@@ -2152,11 +4200,11 @@ def test_fail_with_bare_union(self):
             List[Union]
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             Tuple[Optional]
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            ClassVar[ClassVar]
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             List[ClassVar[int]]
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_fail_with_bare_generic(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -2179,24 +4227,29 @@ class MyDict(typing.Dict[T, T]): ...
         class MyDef(typing.DefaultDict[str, T]): ...
         self.assertIs(MyDef[int]().__class__, MyDef)
         self.assertEqual(MyDef[int]().__orig_class__, MyDef[int])
-        # ChainMap was added in 3.3
-        if sys.version_info >= (3, 3):
-            class MyChain(typing.ChainMap[str, T]): ...
-            self.assertIs(MyChain[int]().__class__, MyChain)
-            self.assertEqual(MyChain[int]().__orig_class__, MyChain[int])
+        class MyChain(typing.ChainMap[str, T]): ...
+        self.assertIs(MyChain[int]().__class__, MyChain)
+        self.assertEqual(MyChain[int]().__orig_class__, MyChain[int])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_all_repr_eq_any(self):
         objs = (getattr(typing, el) for el in typing.__all__)
         for obj in objs:
             self.assertNotEqual(repr(obj), '')
             self.assertEqual(obj, obj)
-            if getattr(obj, '__parameters__', None) and len(obj.__parameters__) == 1:
+            if (getattr(obj, '__parameters__', None)
+                    and not isinstance(obj, typing.TypeVar)
+                    and isinstance(obj.__parameters__, tuple)
+                    and len(obj.__parameters__) == 1):
                 self.assertEqual(obj[Any].__args__, (Any,))
             if isinstance(obj, type):
                 for base in obj.__mro__:
                     self.assertNotEqual(repr(base), '')
                     self.assertEqual(base, base)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_pickle(self):
         global C  # pickle wants to reference the class by name
         T = TypeVar('T')
@@ -2217,7 +4270,8 @@ class C(B[int]):
             self.assertEqual(x.bar, 'abc')
             self.assertEqual(x.__dict__, {'foo': 42, 'bar': 'abc'})
         samples = [Any, Union, Tuple, Callable, ClassVar,
-                   Union[int, str], ClassVar[List], Tuple[int, ...], Callable[[str], bytes],
+                   Union[int, str], ClassVar[List], Tuple[int, ...], Tuple[()],
+                   Callable[[str], bytes],
                    typing.DefaultDict, typing.FrozenSet[int]]
         for s in samples:
             for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
@@ -2232,10 +4286,25 @@ class C(B[int]):
                 x = pickle.loads(z)
                 self.assertEqual(s, x)
 
+        # Test ParamSpec args and kwargs
+        global PP
+        PP = ParamSpec('PP')
+        for thing in [PP.args, PP.kwargs]:
+            for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+                with self.subTest(thing=thing, proto=proto):
+                    self.assertEqual(
+                        pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(thing, proto)),
+                        thing,
+                    )
+        del PP
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_copy_and_deepcopy(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         class Node(Generic[T]): ...
-        things = [Union[T, int], Tuple[T, int], Callable[..., T], Callable[[int], int],
+        things = [Union[T, int], Tuple[T, int], Tuple[()],
+                  Callable[..., T], Callable[[int], int],
                   Tuple[Any, Any], Node[T], Node[int], Node[Any], typing.Iterable[T],
                   typing.Iterable[Any], typing.Iterable[int], typing.Dict[int, str],
                   typing.Dict[T, Any], ClassVar[int], ClassVar[List[T]], Tuple['T', 'T'],
@@ -2244,25 +4313,35 @@ class Node(Generic[T]): ...
             self.assertEqual(t, copy(t))
             self.assertEqual(t, deepcopy(t))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_immutability_by_copy_and_pickle(self):
         # Special forms like Union, Any, etc., generic aliases to containers like List,
         # Mapping, etc., and type variabcles are considered immutable by copy and pickle.
-        global TP, TPB, TPV  # for pickle
+        global TP, TPB, TPV, PP  # for pickle
         TP = TypeVar('TP')
         TPB = TypeVar('TPB', bound=int)
         TPV = TypeVar('TPV', bytes, str)
-        for X in [TP, TPB, TPV, List, typing.Mapping, ClassVar, typing.Iterable,
+        PP = ParamSpec('PP')
+        for X in [TP, TPB, TPV, PP,
+                  List, typing.Mapping, ClassVar, typing.Iterable,
                   Union, Any, Tuple, Callable]:
-            self.assertIs(copy(X), X)
-            self.assertIs(deepcopy(X), X)
-            self.assertIs(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(X)), X)
+            with self.subTest(thing=X):
+                self.assertIs(copy(X), X)
+                self.assertIs(deepcopy(X), X)
+                for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+                    self.assertIs(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(X, proto)), X)
+        del TP, TPB, TPV, PP
+
         # Check that local type variables are copyable.
         TL = TypeVar('TL')
         TLB = TypeVar('TLB', bound=int)
         TLV = TypeVar('TLV', bytes, str)
-        for X in [TL, TLB, TLV]:
-            self.assertIs(copy(X), X)
-            self.assertIs(deepcopy(X), X)
+        PL = ParamSpec('PL')
+        for X in [TL, TLB, TLV, PL]:
+            with self.subTest(thing=X):
+                self.assertIs(copy(X), X)
+                self.assertIs(deepcopy(X), X)
 
     def test_copy_generic_instances(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
@@ -2292,7 +4371,7 @@ def test_weakref_all(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         things = [Any, Union[T, int], Callable[..., T], Tuple[Any, Any],
                   Optional[List[int]], typing.Mapping[int, str],
-                  typing.re.Match[bytes], typing.Iterable['whatever']]
+                  typing.Match[bytes], typing.Iterable['whatever']]
         for t in things:
             self.assertEqual(weakref.ref(t)(), t)
 
@@ -2334,6 +4413,8 @@ class D(Generic[T]):
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             d_int.foobar = 'no'
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_errors(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             B = SimpleMapping[XK, Any]
@@ -2359,6 +4440,53 @@ class Y(C[int]):
         self.assertEqual(Y.__qualname__,
                          'GenericTests.test_repr_2.<locals>.Y')
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_repr_3(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        T1 = TypeVar('T1')
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        P2 = ParamSpec('P2')
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        class MyCallable(Generic[P, T]):
+            pass
+
+        class DoubleSpec(Generic[P, P2, T]):
+            pass
+
+        class TsP(Generic[*Ts, P]):
+            pass
+
+        object_to_expected_repr = {
+            MyCallable[P, T]:                         "MyCallable[~P, ~T]",
+            MyCallable[Concatenate[T1, P], T]:        "MyCallable[typing.Concatenate[~T1, ~P], ~T]",
+            MyCallable[[], bool]:                     "MyCallable[[], bool]",
+            MyCallable[[int], bool]:                  "MyCallable[[int], bool]",
+            MyCallable[[int, str], bool]:             "MyCallable[[int, str], bool]",
+            MyCallable[[int, list[int]], bool]:       "MyCallable[[int, list[int]], bool]",
+            MyCallable[Concatenate[*Ts, P], T]:       "MyCallable[typing.Concatenate[typing.Unpack[Ts], ~P], ~T]",
+
+            DoubleSpec[P2, P, T]:                     "DoubleSpec[~P2, ~P, ~T]",
+            DoubleSpec[[int], [str], bool]:           "DoubleSpec[[int], [str], bool]",
+            DoubleSpec[[int, int], [str, str], bool]: "DoubleSpec[[int, int], [str, str], bool]",
+
+            TsP[*Ts, P]:                              "TsP[typing.Unpack[Ts], ~P]",
+            TsP[int, str, list[int], []]:             "TsP[int, str, list[int], []]",
+            TsP[int, [str, list[int]]]:               "TsP[int, [str, list[int]]]",
+
+            # These lines are just too long to fit:
+            MyCallable[Concatenate[*Ts, P], int][int, str, [bool, float]]:
+                                                      "MyCallable[[int, str, bool, float], int]",
+        }
+
+        for obj, expected_repr in object_to_expected_repr.items():
+            with self.subTest(obj=obj, expected_repr=expected_repr):
+                self.assertRegex(
+                    repr(obj),
+                    fr"^{re.escape(MyCallable.__module__)}.*\.{re.escape(expected_repr)}$",
+                )
+
     def test_eq_1(self):
         self.assertEqual(Generic, Generic)
         self.assertEqual(Generic[T], Generic[T])
@@ -2377,6 +4505,8 @@ class B(Generic[T]):
         self.assertEqual(A[T], A[T])
         self.assertNotEqual(A[T], B[T])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_multiple_inheritance(self):
 
         class A(Generic[T, VT]):
@@ -2396,6 +4526,77 @@ class B(Generic[S]): ...
         class C(List[int], B): ...
         self.assertEqual(C.__mro__, (C, list, B, Generic, object))
 
+    def test_multiple_inheritance_non_type_with___mro_entries__(self):
+        class GoodEntries:
+            def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+                return (object,)
+
+        class A(List[int], GoodEntries()): ...
+
+        self.assertEqual(A.__mro__, (A, list, Generic, object))
+
+    def test_multiple_inheritance_non_type_without___mro_entries__(self):
+        # Error should be from the type machinery, not from typing.py
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r"^bases must be types"):
+            class A(List[int], object()): ...
+
+    def test_multiple_inheritance_non_type_bad___mro_entries__(self):
+        class BadEntries:
+            def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+                return None
+
+        # Error should be from the type machinery, not from typing.py
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            r"^__mro_entries__ must return a tuple",
+        ):
+            class A(List[int], BadEntries()): ...
+
+    def test_multiple_inheritance___mro_entries___returns_non_type(self):
+        class BadEntries:
+            def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+                return (object(),)
+
+        # Error should be from the type machinery, not from typing.py
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            r"^bases must be types",
+        ):
+            class A(List[int], BadEntries()): ...
+
+    def test_multiple_inheritance_with_genericalias(self):
+        class A(typing.Sized, list[int]): ...
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            A.__mro__,
+            (A, collections.abc.Sized, Generic, list, object),
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_multiple_inheritance_with_genericalias_2(self):
+        T = TypeVar("T")
+
+        class BaseSeq(typing.Sequence[T]): ...
+        class MySeq(List[T], BaseSeq[T]): ...
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            MySeq.__mro__,
+            (
+                MySeq,
+                list,
+                BaseSeq,
+                collections.abc.Sequence,
+                collections.abc.Reversible,
+                collections.abc.Collection,
+                collections.abc.Sized,
+                collections.abc.Iterable,
+                collections.abc.Container,
+                Generic,
+                object,
+            ),
+        )
+
     def test_init_subclass_super_called(self):
         class FinalException(Exception):
             pass
@@ -2412,7 +4613,7 @@ class Test(Generic[T], Final):
             class Subclass(Test):
                 pass
         with self.assertRaises(FinalException):
-            class Subclass(Test[int]):
+            class Subclass2(Test[int]):
                 pass
 
     def test_nested(self):
@@ -2469,6 +4670,8 @@ def foo(x: T):
 
         foo(42)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_implicit_any(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
 
@@ -2480,11 +4683,11 @@ class D(C):
 
         self.assertEqual(D.__parameters__, ())
 
-        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             D[int]
-        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             D[Any]
-        with self.assertRaises(Exception):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             D[T]
 
     def test_new_with_args(self):
@@ -2567,6 +4770,7 @@ def test_subclass_special_form(self):
             Literal[1, 2],
             Concatenate[int, ParamSpec("P")],
             TypeGuard[int],
+            TypeIs[range],
         ):
             with self.subTest(msg=obj):
                 with self.assertRaisesRegex(
@@ -2575,11 +4779,70 @@ def test_subclass_special_form(self):
                     class Foo(obj):
                         pass
 
+    def test_complex_subclasses(self):
+        T_co = TypeVar("T_co", covariant=True)
+
+        class Base(Generic[T_co]):
+            ...
+
+        T = TypeVar("T")
+
+        # see gh-94607: this fails in that bug
+        class Sub(Base, Generic[T]):
+            ...
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_parameter_detection(self):
+        self.assertEqual(List[T].__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(List[List[T]].__parameters__, (T,))
+        class A:
+            __parameters__ = (T,)
+        # Bare classes should be skipped
+        for a in (List, list):
+            for b in (A, int, TypeVar, TypeVarTuple, ParamSpec, types.GenericAlias, types.UnionType):
+                with self.subTest(generic=a, sub=b):
+                    with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, '.* is not a generic class'):
+                        a[b][str]
+        # Duck-typing anything that looks like it has __parameters__.
+        # These tests are optional and failure is okay.
+        self.assertEqual(List[A()].__parameters__, (T,))
+        # C version of GenericAlias
+        self.assertEqual(list[A()].__parameters__, (T,))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_non_generic_subscript(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        class G(Generic[T]):
+            pass
+        class A:
+            __parameters__ = (T,)
+
+        for s in (int, G, A, List, list,
+                  TypeVar, TypeVarTuple, ParamSpec,
+                  types.GenericAlias, types.UnionType):
+
+            for t in Tuple, tuple:
+                with self.subTest(tuple=t, sub=s):
+                    self.assertEqual(t[s, T][int], t[s, int])
+                    self.assertEqual(t[T, s][int], t[int, s])
+                    a = t[s]
+                    with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                        a[int]
+
+            for c in Callable, collections.abc.Callable:
+                with self.subTest(callable=c, sub=s):
+                    self.assertEqual(c[[s], T][int], c[[s], int])
+                    self.assertEqual(c[[T], s][int], c[[int], s])
+                    a = c[[s], s]
+                    with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                        a[int]
+
+
 class ClassVarTests(BaseTestCase):
 
     def test_basics(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            ClassVar[1]
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             ClassVar[int, str]
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -2593,11 +4856,19 @@ def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(cv), 'typing.ClassVar[%s.Employee]' % __name__)
 
     def test_cannot_subclass(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
             class C(type(ClassVar)):
                 pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class C(type(ClassVar[int])):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class D(type(ClassVar[int])):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                                    r'Cannot subclass typing\.ClassVar'):
+            class E(ClassVar):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                                    r'Cannot subclass typing\.ClassVar\[int\]'):
+            class F(ClassVar[int]):
                 pass
 
     def test_cannot_init(self):
@@ -2614,12 +4885,11 @@ def test_no_isinstance(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             issubclass(int, ClassVar)
 
+
 class FinalTests(BaseTestCase):
 
     def test_basics(self):
         Final[int]  # OK
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            Final[1]
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             Final[int, str]
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -2627,6 +4897,8 @@ def test_basics(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             Optional[Final[int]]
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(Final), 'typing.Final')
         cv = Final[int]
@@ -2637,11 +4909,19 @@ def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(cv), 'typing.Final[tuple[int]]')
 
     def test_cannot_subclass(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
             class C(type(Final)):
                 pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class C(type(Final[int])):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class D(type(Final[int])):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.Final'):
+            class E(Final):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.Final\[int\]'):
+            class F(Final[int]):
                 pass
 
     def test_cannot_init(self):
@@ -2658,10 +4938,216 @@ def test_no_isinstance(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             issubclass(int, Final)
 
+
+class FinalDecoratorTests(BaseTestCase):
     def test_final_unmodified(self):
         def func(x): ...
         self.assertIs(func, final(func))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_dunder_final(self):
+        @final
+        def func(): ...
+        @final
+        class Cls: ...
+        self.assertIs(True, func.__final__)
+        self.assertIs(True, Cls.__final__)
+
+        class Wrapper:
+            __slots__ = ("func",)
+            def __init__(self, func):
+                self.func = func
+            def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                return self.func(*args, **kwargs)
+
+        # Check that no error is thrown if the attribute
+        # is not writable.
+        @final
+        @Wrapper
+        def wrapped(): ...
+        self.assertIsInstance(wrapped, Wrapper)
+        self.assertIs(False, hasattr(wrapped, "__final__"))
+
+        class Meta(type):
+            @property
+            def __final__(self): return "can't set me"
+        @final
+        class WithMeta(metaclass=Meta): ...
+        self.assertEqual(WithMeta.__final__, "can't set me")
+
+        # Builtin classes throw TypeError if you try to set an
+        # attribute.
+        final(int)
+        self.assertIs(False, hasattr(int, "__final__"))
+
+        # Make sure it works with common builtin decorators
+        class Methods:
+            @final
+            @classmethod
+            def clsmethod(cls): ...
+
+            @final
+            @staticmethod
+            def stmethod(): ...
+
+            # The other order doesn't work because property objects
+            # don't allow attribute assignment.
+            @property
+            @final
+            def prop(self): ...
+
+            @final
+            @lru_cache()
+            def cached(self): ...
+
+        # Use getattr_static because the descriptor returns the
+        # underlying function, which doesn't have __final__.
+        self.assertIs(
+            True,
+            inspect.getattr_static(Methods, "clsmethod").__final__
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            True,
+            inspect.getattr_static(Methods, "stmethod").__final__
+        )
+        self.assertIs(True, Methods.prop.fget.__final__)
+        self.assertIs(True, Methods.cached.__final__)
+
+
+class OverrideDecoratorTests(BaseTestCase):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_override(self):
+        class Base:
+            def normal_method(self): ...
+            @classmethod
+            def class_method_good_order(cls): ...
+            @classmethod
+            def class_method_bad_order(cls): ...
+            @staticmethod
+            def static_method_good_order(): ...
+            @staticmethod
+            def static_method_bad_order(): ...
+
+        class Derived(Base):
+            @override
+            def normal_method(self):
+                return 42
+
+            @classmethod
+            @override
+            def class_method_good_order(cls):
+                return 42
+            @override
+            @classmethod
+            def class_method_bad_order(cls):
+                return 42
+
+            @staticmethod
+            @override
+            def static_method_good_order():
+                return 42
+            @override
+            @staticmethod
+            def static_method_bad_order():
+                return 42
+
+        self.assertIsSubclass(Derived, Base)
+        instance = Derived()
+        self.assertEqual(instance.normal_method(), 42)
+        self.assertIs(True, Derived.normal_method.__override__)
+        self.assertIs(True, instance.normal_method.__override__)
+
+        self.assertEqual(Derived.class_method_good_order(), 42)
+        self.assertIs(True, Derived.class_method_good_order.__override__)
+        self.assertEqual(Derived.class_method_bad_order(), 42)
+        self.assertIs(False, hasattr(Derived.class_method_bad_order, "__override__"))
+
+        self.assertEqual(Derived.static_method_good_order(), 42)
+        self.assertIs(True, Derived.static_method_good_order.__override__)
+        self.assertEqual(Derived.static_method_bad_order(), 42)
+        self.assertIs(False, hasattr(Derived.static_method_bad_order, "__override__"))
+
+        # Base object is not changed:
+        self.assertIs(False, hasattr(Base.normal_method, "__override__"))
+        self.assertIs(False, hasattr(Base.class_method_good_order, "__override__"))
+        self.assertIs(False, hasattr(Base.class_method_bad_order, "__override__"))
+        self.assertIs(False, hasattr(Base.static_method_good_order, "__override__"))
+        self.assertIs(False, hasattr(Base.static_method_bad_order, "__override__"))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_property(self):
+        class Base:
+            @property
+            def correct(self) -> int:
+                return 1
+            @property
+            def wrong(self) -> int:
+                return 1
+
+        class Child(Base):
+            @property
+            @override
+            def correct(self) -> int:
+                return 2
+            @override
+            @property
+            def wrong(self) -> int:
+                return 2
+
+        instance = Child()
+        self.assertEqual(instance.correct, 2)
+        self.assertTrue(Child.correct.fget.__override__)
+        self.assertEqual(instance.wrong, 2)
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Child.wrong, "__override__"))
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(Child.wrong.fset, "__override__"))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_silent_failure(self):
+        class CustomProp:
+            __slots__ = ('fget',)
+            def __init__(self, fget):
+                self.fget = fget
+            def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None):
+                return self.fget(obj)
+
+        class WithOverride:
+            @override  # must not fail on object with `__slots__`
+            @CustomProp
+            def some(self):
+                return 1
+
+        self.assertEqual(WithOverride.some, 1)
+        self.assertFalse(hasattr(WithOverride.some, "__override__"))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_multiple_decorators(self):
+        def with_wraps(f):  # similar to `lru_cache` definition
+            @wraps(f)
+            def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
+                return f(*args, **kwargs)
+            return wrapper
+
+        class WithOverride:
+            @override
+            @with_wraps
+            def on_top(self, a: int) -> int:
+                return a + 1
+            @with_wraps
+            @override
+            def on_bottom(self, a: int) -> int:
+                return a + 2
+
+        instance = WithOverride()
+        self.assertEqual(instance.on_top(1), 2)
+        self.assertTrue(instance.on_top.__override__)
+        self.assertEqual(instance.on_bottom(1), 3)
+        self.assertTrue(instance.on_bottom.__override__)
+
 
 class CastTests(BaseTestCase):
 
@@ -2681,8 +5167,38 @@ def test_errors(self):
         cast('hello', 42)
 
 
-class ForwardRefTests(BaseTestCase):
+class AssertTypeTests(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def test_basics(self):
+        arg = 42
+        self.assertIs(assert_type(arg, int), arg)
+        self.assertIs(assert_type(arg, str | float), arg)
+        self.assertIs(assert_type(arg, AnyStr), arg)
+        self.assertIs(assert_type(arg, None), arg)
+
+    def test_errors(self):
+        # Bogus calls are not expected to fail.
+        arg = 42
+        self.assertIs(assert_type(arg, 42), arg)
+        self.assertIs(assert_type(arg, 'hello'), arg)
+
+
 
+# We need this to make sure that `@no_type_check` respects `__module__` attr:
+from test.typinganndata import ann_module8
+
+@no_type_check
+class NoTypeCheck_Outer:
+    Inner = ann_module8.NoTypeCheck_Outer.Inner
+
+@no_type_check
+class NoTypeCheck_WithFunction:
+    NoTypeCheck_function = ann_module8.NoTypeCheck_function
+
+
+class ForwardRefTests(BaseTestCase):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_basics(self):
 
         class Node(Generic[T]):
@@ -2708,16 +5224,15 @@ def add_right(self, node: 'Node[T]' = None):
         t = Node[int]
         both_hints = get_type_hints(t.add_both, globals(), locals())
         self.assertEqual(both_hints['left'], Optional[Node[T]])
-        self.assertEqual(both_hints['right'], Optional[Node[T]])
-        self.assertEqual(both_hints['left'], both_hints['right'])
-        self.assertEqual(both_hints['stuff'], Optional[int])
+        self.assertEqual(both_hints['right'], Node[T])
+        self.assertEqual(both_hints['stuff'], int)
         self.assertNotIn('blah', both_hints)
 
         left_hints = get_type_hints(t.add_left, globals(), locals())
         self.assertEqual(left_hints['node'], Optional[Node[T]])
 
         right_hints = get_type_hints(t.add_right, globals(), locals())
-        self.assertEqual(right_hints['node'], Optional[Node[T]])
+        self.assertEqual(right_hints['node'], Node[T])
 
     def test_forwardref_instance_type_error(self):
         fr = typing.ForwardRef('int')
@@ -2811,7 +5326,11 @@ def fun(x: a):
 
     def test_forward_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(List['int']), "typing.List[ForwardRef('int')]")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(List[ForwardRef('int', module='mod')]),
+                         "typing.List[ForwardRef('int', module='mod')]")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_forward(self):
 
         def foo(a: Union['T']):
@@ -2826,6 +5345,8 @@ def foo(a: tuple[ForwardRef('T')] | int):
         self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(foo, globals(), locals()),
                          {'a': tuple[T] | int})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_tuple_forward(self):
 
         def foo(a: Tuple['T']):
@@ -2866,11 +5387,14 @@ def fun(x: a): pass
         def cmp(o1, o2):
             return o1 == o2
 
-        r1 = namespace1()
-        r2 = namespace2()
-        self.assertIsNot(r1, r2)
-        self.assertRaises(RecursionError, cmp, r1, r2)
+        with infinite_recursion(25):
+            r1 = namespace1()
+            r2 = namespace2()
+            self.assertIsNot(r1, r2)
+            self.assertRaises(RecursionError, cmp, r1, r2)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_union_forward_recursion(self):
         ValueList = List['Value']
         Value = Union[str, ValueList]
@@ -2919,20 +5443,28 @@ def foo(a: 'Callable[..., T]'):
         self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(foo, globals(), locals()),
                          {'a': Callable[..., T]})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_special_forms_forward(self):
 
         class C:
             a: Annotated['ClassVar[int]', (3, 5)] = 4
             b: Annotated['Final[int]', "const"] = 4
+            x: 'ClassVar' = 4
+            y: 'Final' = 4
 
         class CF:
             b: List['Final[int]'] = 4
 
         self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['a'], ClassVar[int])
         self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['b'], Final[int])
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['x'], ClassVar)
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['y'], Final)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             get_type_hints(CF, globals()),
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_syntax_error(self):
 
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
@@ -2946,13 +5478,11 @@ def foo(a: 'Node[T'):
         with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
             get_type_hints(foo)
 
-    def test_type_error(self):
-
-        def foo(a: Tuple['42']):
-            pass
-
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            get_type_hints(foo)
+    def test_syntax_error_empty_string(self):
+        for form in [typing.List, typing.Set, typing.Type, typing.Deque]:
+            with self.subTest(form=form):
+                with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
+                    form['']
 
     def test_name_error(self):
 
@@ -2989,9 +5519,104 @@ def meth(self, x: int): ...
         @no_type_check
         class D(C):
             c = C
+
         # verify that @no_type_check never affects bases
         self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C.meth), {'x': int})
 
+        # and never child classes:
+        class Child(D):
+            def foo(self, x: int): ...
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(Child.foo), {'x': int})
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_no_type_check_nested_types(self):
+        # See https://bugs.python.org/issue46571
+        class Other:
+            o: int
+        class B:  # Has the same `__name__`` as `A.B` and different `__qualname__`
+            o: int
+        @no_type_check
+        class A:
+            a: int
+            class B:
+                b: int
+                class C:
+                    c: int
+            class D:
+                d: int
+
+            Other = Other
+
+        for klass in [A, A.B, A.B.C, A.D]:
+            with self.subTest(klass=klass):
+                self.assertTrue(klass.__no_type_check__)
+                self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(klass), {})
+
+        for not_modified in [Other, B]:
+            with self.subTest(not_modified=not_modified):
+                with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+                    not_modified.__no_type_check__
+                self.assertNotEqual(get_type_hints(not_modified), {})
+
+    def test_no_type_check_class_and_static_methods(self):
+        @no_type_check
+        class Some:
+            @staticmethod
+            def st(x: int) -> int: ...
+            @classmethod
+            def cl(cls, y: int) -> int: ...
+
+        self.assertTrue(Some.st.__no_type_check__)
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(Some.st), {})
+        self.assertTrue(Some.cl.__no_type_check__)
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(Some.cl), {})
+
+    def test_no_type_check_other_module(self):
+        self.assertTrue(NoTypeCheck_Outer.__no_type_check__)
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            ann_module8.NoTypeCheck_Outer.__no_type_check__
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            ann_module8.NoTypeCheck_Outer.Inner.__no_type_check__
+
+        self.assertTrue(NoTypeCheck_WithFunction.__no_type_check__)
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            ann_module8.NoTypeCheck_function.__no_type_check__
+
+    def test_no_type_check_foreign_functions(self):
+        # We should not modify this function:
+        def some(*args: int) -> int:
+            ...
+
+        @no_type_check
+        class A:
+            some_alias = some
+            some_class = classmethod(some)
+            some_static = staticmethod(some)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            some.__no_type_check__
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(some), {'args': int, 'return': int})
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_no_type_check_lambda(self):
+        @no_type_check
+        class A:
+            # Corner case: `lambda` is both an assignment and a function:
+            bar: Callable[[int], int] = lambda arg: arg
+
+        self.assertTrue(A.bar.__no_type_check__)
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(A.bar), {})
+
+    def test_no_type_check_TypeError(self):
+        # This simply should not fail with
+        # `TypeError: can't set attributes of built-in/extension type 'dict'`
+        no_type_check(dict)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_no_type_check_forward_ref_as_string(self):
         class C:
             foo: typing.ClassVar[int] = 7
@@ -3006,21 +5631,15 @@ class F:
         for clazz in [C, D, E, F]:
             self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(clazz), expected_result)
 
-    def test_nested_classvar_fails_forward_ref_check(self):
-        class E:
-            foo: 'typing.ClassVar[typing.ClassVar[int]]' = 7
-        class F:
-            foo: ClassVar['ClassVar[int]'] = 7
-
-        for clazz in [E, F]:
-            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-                get_type_hints(clazz)
-
     def test_meta_no_type_check(self):
-
-        @no_type_check_decorator
-        def magic_decorator(func):
-            return func
+        depr_msg = (
+            "'typing.no_type_check_decorator' is deprecated "
+            "and slated for removal in Python 3.15"
+        )
+        with self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, depr_msg):
+            @no_type_check_decorator
+            def magic_decorator(func):
+                return func
 
         self.assertEqual(magic_decorator.__name__, 'magic_decorator')
 
@@ -3052,18 +5671,75 @@ def test_default_globals(self):
         hints = get_type_hints(ns['C'].foo)
         self.assertEqual(hints, {'a': ns['C'], 'return': ns['D']})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_final_forward_ref(self):
         self.assertEqual(gth(Loop, globals())['attr'], Final[Loop])
         self.assertNotEqual(gth(Loop, globals())['attr'], Final[int])
         self.assertNotEqual(gth(Loop, globals())['attr'], Final)
 
+    def test_or(self):
+        X = ForwardRef('X')
+        # __or__/__ror__ itself
+        self.assertEqual(X | "x", Union[X, "x"])
+        self.assertEqual("x" | X, Union["x", X])
+
+
+class InternalsTests(BaseTestCase):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_deprecation_for_no_type_params_passed_to__evaluate(self):
+        with self.assertWarnsRegex(
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            (
+                "Failing to pass a value to the 'type_params' parameter "
+                "of 'typing._eval_type' is deprecated"
+            )
+        ) as cm:
+            self.assertEqual(typing._eval_type(list["int"], globals(), {}), list[int])
+
+        self.assertEqual(cm.filename, __file__)
+
+        f = ForwardRef("int")
+
+        with self.assertWarnsRegex(
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            (
+                "Failing to pass a value to the 'type_params' parameter "
+                "of 'typing.ForwardRef._evaluate' is deprecated"
+            )
+        ) as cm:
+            self.assertIs(f._evaluate(globals(), {}, recursive_guard=frozenset()), int)
+
+        self.assertEqual(cm.filename, __file__)
+
+    def test_collect_parameters(self):
+        typing = import_helper.import_fresh_module("typing")
+        with self.assertWarnsRegex(
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            "The private _collect_parameters function is deprecated"
+        ) as cm:
+            typing._collect_parameters
+        self.assertEqual(cm.filename, __file__)
+
+
+@lru_cache()
+def cached_func(x, y):
+    return 3 * x + y
+
+
+class MethodHolder:
+    @classmethod
+    def clsmethod(cls): ...
+    @staticmethod
+    def stmethod(): ...
+    def method(self): ...
+
 
 class OverloadTests(BaseTestCase):
 
     def test_overload_fails(self):
-        from typing import overload
-
-        with self.assertRaises(RuntimeError):
+        with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
 
             @overload
             def blah():
@@ -3072,8 +5748,6 @@ def blah():
             blah()
 
     def test_overload_succeeds(self):
-        from typing import overload
-
         @overload
         def blah():
             pass
@@ -3083,9 +5757,80 @@ def blah():
 
         blah()
 
+    @cpython_only  # gh-98713
+    def test_overload_on_compiled_functions(self):
+        with patch("typing._overload_registry",
+                   defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict))):
+            # The registry starts out empty:
+            self.assertEqual(typing._overload_registry, {})
+
+            # This should just not fail:
+            overload(sum)
+            overload(print)
+
+            # No overloads are recorded (but, it still has a side-effect):
+            self.assertEqual(typing.get_overloads(sum), [])
+            self.assertEqual(typing.get_overloads(print), [])
+
+    def set_up_overloads(self):
+        def blah():
+            pass
+
+        overload1 = blah
+        overload(blah)
+
+        def blah():
+            pass
+
+        overload2 = blah
+        overload(blah)
+
+        def blah():
+            pass
+
+        return blah, [overload1, overload2]
+
+    # Make sure we don't clear the global overload registry
+    @patch("typing._overload_registry",
+        defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(dict)))
+    def test_overload_registry(self):
+        # The registry starts out empty
+        self.assertEqual(typing._overload_registry, {})
+
+        impl, overloads = self.set_up_overloads()
+        self.assertNotEqual(typing._overload_registry, {})
+        self.assertEqual(list(get_overloads(impl)), overloads)
+
+        def some_other_func(): pass
+        overload(some_other_func)
+        other_overload = some_other_func
+        def some_other_func(): pass
+        self.assertEqual(list(get_overloads(some_other_func)), [other_overload])
+        # Unrelated function still has no overloads:
+        def not_overloaded(): pass
+        self.assertEqual(list(get_overloads(not_overloaded)), [])
+
+        # Make sure that after we clear all overloads, the registry is
+        # completely empty.
+        clear_overloads()
+        self.assertEqual(typing._overload_registry, {})
+        self.assertEqual(get_overloads(impl), [])
+
+        # Querying a function with no overloads shouldn't change the registry.
+        def the_only_one(): pass
+        self.assertEqual(get_overloads(the_only_one), [])
+        self.assertEqual(typing._overload_registry, {})
+
+    def test_overload_registry_repeated(self):
+        for _ in range(2):
+            impl, overloads = self.set_up_overloads()
+
+            self.assertEqual(list(get_overloads(impl)), overloads)
+
+from test.typinganndata import (
+    ann_module, ann_module2, ann_module3, ann_module5, ann_module6,
+)
 
-ASYNCIO_TESTS = """
-import asyncio
 
 T_a = TypeVar('T_a')
 
@@ -3118,19 +5863,7 @@ async def __aenter__(self) -> int:
         return 42
     async def __aexit__(self, etype, eval, tb):
         return None
-"""
-
-try:
-    exec(ASYNCIO_TESTS)
-except ImportError:
-    ASYNCIO = False  # multithreading is not enabled
-else:
-    ASYNCIO = True
-
-# Definitions needed for features introduced in Python 3.6
 
-from test import ann_module, ann_module2, ann_module3, ann_module5, ann_module6
-from typing import AsyncContextManager
 
 class A:
     y: float
@@ -3177,20 +5910,60 @@ class Point2D(TypedDict):
     x: int
     y: int
 
+class Point2DGeneric(Generic[T], TypedDict):
+    a: T
+    b: T
+
 class Bar(_typed_dict_helper.Foo, total=False):
     b: int
 
+class BarGeneric(_typed_dict_helper.FooGeneric[T], total=False):
+    b: int
+
 class LabelPoint2D(Point2D, Label): ...
 
 class Options(TypedDict, total=False):
     log_level: int
     log_path: str
 
-class HasForeignBaseClass(mod_generics_cache.A):
-    some_xrepr: 'XRepr'
-    other_a: 'mod_generics_cache.A'
+class TotalMovie(TypedDict):
+    title: str
+    year: NotRequired[int]
+
+class NontotalMovie(TypedDict, total=False):
+    title: Required[str]
+    year: int
+
+class ParentNontotalMovie(TypedDict, total=False):
+    title: Required[str]
+
+class ChildTotalMovie(ParentNontotalMovie):
+    year: NotRequired[int]
+
+class ParentDeeplyAnnotatedMovie(TypedDict):
+    title: Annotated[Annotated[Required[str], "foobar"], "another level"]
+
+class ChildDeeplyAnnotatedMovie(ParentDeeplyAnnotatedMovie):
+    year: NotRequired[Annotated[int, 2000]]
 
-async def g_with(am: AsyncContextManager[int]):
+class AnnotatedMovie(TypedDict):
+    title: Annotated[Required[str], "foobar"]
+    year: NotRequired[Annotated[int, 2000]]
+
+class DeeplyAnnotatedMovie(TypedDict):
+    title: Annotated[Annotated[Required[str], "foobar"], "another level"]
+    year: NotRequired[Annotated[int, 2000]]
+
+class WeirdlyQuotedMovie(TypedDict):
+    title: Annotated['Annotated[Required[str], "foobar"]', "another level"]
+    year: NotRequired['Annotated[int, 2000]']
+
+# TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+# class HasForeignBaseClass(mod_generics_cache.A):
+#     some_xrepr: 'XRepr'
+#     other_a: 'mod_generics_cache.A'
+
+async def g_with(am: typing.AsyncContextManager[int]):
     x: int
     async with am as x:
         return x
@@ -3202,6 +5975,7 @@ async def g_with(am: AsyncContextManager[int]):
 
 gth = get_type_hints
 
+
 class ForRefExample:
     @ann_module.dec
     def func(self: 'ForRefExample'):
@@ -3240,6 +6014,8 @@ def test_get_type_hints_modules_forwardref(self):
                      'default_b': Optional[mod_generics_cache.B]}
         self.assertEqual(gth(mod_generics_cache), mgc_hints)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_type_hints_classes(self):
         self.assertEqual(gth(ann_module.C),  # gth will find the right globalns
                          {'y': Optional[ann_module.C]})
@@ -3264,6 +6040,8 @@ def test_get_type_hints_classes(self):
                           'my_inner_a2': mod_generics_cache.B.A,
                           'my_outer_a': mod_generics_cache.A})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_type_hints_classes_no_implicit_optional(self):
         class WithNoneDefault:
             field: int = None  # most type-checkers won't be happy with it
@@ -3308,6 +6086,8 @@ class B: ...
         b.__annotations__ = {'x': 'A'}
         self.assertEqual(gth(b, locals()), {'x': A})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_type_hints_ClassVar(self):
         self.assertEqual(gth(ann_module2.CV, ann_module2.__dict__),
                          {'var': typing.ClassVar[ann_module2.CV]})
@@ -3323,6 +6103,8 @@ def test_get_type_hints_wrapped_decoratored_func(self):
         self.assertEqual(gth(ForRefExample.func), expects)
         self.assertEqual(gth(ForRefExample.nested), expects)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_type_hints_annotated(self):
         def foobar(x: List['X']): ...
         X = Annotated[int, (1, 10)]
@@ -3349,7 +6131,7 @@ def foobar(x: list[ForwardRef('X')]): ...
         BA = Tuple[Annotated[T, (1, 0)], ...]
         def barfoo(x: BA): ...
         self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(barfoo, globals(), locals())['x'], Tuple[T, ...])
-        self.assertIs(
+        self.assertEqual(
             get_type_hints(barfoo, globals(), locals(), include_extras=True)['x'],
             BA
         )
@@ -3357,7 +6139,7 @@ def barfoo(x: BA): ...
         BA = tuple[Annotated[T, (1, 0)], ...]
         def barfoo(x: BA): ...
         self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(barfoo, globals(), locals())['x'], tuple[T, ...])
-        self.assertIs(
+        self.assertEqual(
             get_type_hints(barfoo, globals(), locals(), include_extras=True)['x'],
             BA
         )
@@ -3386,6 +6168,8 @@ def barfoo4(x: BA3): ...
             {"x": typing.Annotated[int | float, "const"]}
         )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_type_hints_annotated_in_union(self):  # bpo-46603
         def with_union(x: int | list[Annotated[str, 'meta']]): ...
 
@@ -3395,6 +6179,8 @@ def with_union(x: int | list[Annotated[str, 'meta']]): ...
             {'x': int | list[Annotated[str, 'meta']]},
         )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_type_hints_annotated_refs(self):
 
         Const = Annotated[T, "Const"]
@@ -3422,6 +6208,20 @@ def __iand__(self, other: Const["MySet[T]"]) -> "MySet[T]":
             {'other': MySet[T], 'return': MySet[T]}
         )
 
+    def test_get_type_hints_annotated_with_none_default(self):
+        # See: https://bugs.python.org/issue46195
+        def annotated_with_none_default(x: Annotated[int, 'data'] = None): ...
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(annotated_with_none_default),
+            {'x': int},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(annotated_with_none_default, include_extras=True),
+            {'x': Annotated[int, 'data']},
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_type_hints_classes_str_annotations(self):
         class Foo:
             y = str
@@ -3437,6 +6237,8 @@ class BadModule:
         self.assertNotIn('bad', sys.modules)
         self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(BadModule), {})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_type_hints_annotated_bad_module(self):
         # See https://bugs.python.org/issue44468
         class BadBase:
@@ -3447,10 +6249,88 @@ class BadType(BadBase):
         self.assertNotIn('bad', sys.modules)
         self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(BadType), {'foo': tuple, 'bar': list})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_forward_ref_and_final(self):
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue45166
+        hints = get_type_hints(ann_module5)
+        self.assertEqual(hints, {'name': Final[str]})
+
+        hints = get_type_hints(ann_module5.MyClass)
+        self.assertEqual(hints, {'value': Final})
+
+    def test_top_level_class_var(self):
+        # https://bugs.python.org/issue45166
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            r'typing.ClassVar\[int\] is not valid as type argument',
+        ):
+            get_type_hints(ann_module6)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_get_type_hints_typeddict(self):
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(TotalMovie), {'title': str, 'year': int})
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(TotalMovie, include_extras=True), {
+            'title': str,
+            'year': NotRequired[int],
+        })
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(AnnotatedMovie), {'title': str, 'year': int})
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(AnnotatedMovie, include_extras=True), {
+            'title': Annotated[Required[str], "foobar"],
+            'year': NotRequired[Annotated[int, 2000]],
+        })
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(DeeplyAnnotatedMovie), {'title': str, 'year': int})
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(DeeplyAnnotatedMovie, include_extras=True), {
+            'title': Annotated[Required[str], "foobar", "another level"],
+            'year': NotRequired[Annotated[int, 2000]],
+        })
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(WeirdlyQuotedMovie), {'title': str, 'year': int})
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(WeirdlyQuotedMovie, include_extras=True), {
+            'title': Annotated[Required[str], "foobar", "another level"],
+            'year': NotRequired[Annotated[int, 2000]],
+        })
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(_typed_dict_helper.VeryAnnotated), {'a': int})
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(_typed_dict_helper.VeryAnnotated, include_extras=True), {
+            'a': Annotated[Required[int], "a", "b", "c"]
+        })
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(ChildTotalMovie), {"title": str, "year": int})
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(ChildTotalMovie, include_extras=True), {
+            "title": Required[str], "year": NotRequired[int]
+        })
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(ChildDeeplyAnnotatedMovie), {"title": str, "year": int})
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(ChildDeeplyAnnotatedMovie, include_extras=True), {
+            "title": Annotated[Required[str], "foobar", "another level"],
+            "year": NotRequired[Annotated[int, 2000]]
+        })
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_get_type_hints_collections_abc_callable(self):
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/91621
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        def f(x: collections.abc.Callable[[int], int]): ...
+        def g(x: collections.abc.Callable[..., int]): ...
+        def h(x: collections.abc.Callable[P, int]): ...
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(f), {'x': collections.abc.Callable[[int], int]})
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(g), {'x': collections.abc.Callable[..., int]})
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(h), {'x': collections.abc.Callable[P, int]})
+
+
 
 class GetUtilitiesTestCase(TestCase):
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_origin(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
         P = ParamSpec('P')
         class C(Generic[T]): pass
         self.assertIs(get_origin(C[int]), C)
@@ -3472,27 +6352,46 @@ class C(Generic[T]): pass
         self.assertIs(get_origin(list | str), types.UnionType)
         self.assertIs(get_origin(P.args), P)
         self.assertIs(get_origin(P.kwargs), P)
+        self.assertIs(get_origin(Required[int]), Required)
+        self.assertIs(get_origin(NotRequired[int]), NotRequired)
+        self.assertIs(get_origin((*Ts,)[0]), Unpack)
+        self.assertIs(get_origin(Unpack[Ts]), Unpack)
+        # self.assertIs(get_origin((*tuple[*Ts],)[0]), tuple)
+        self.assertIs(get_origin(Unpack[Tuple[Unpack[Ts]]]), Unpack)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_args(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         class C(Generic[T]): pass
         self.assertEqual(get_args(C[int]), (int,))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(C[T]), (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(typing.SupportsAbs[int]), (int,))  # Protocol
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(typing.SupportsAbs[T]), (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Point2DGeneric[int]), (int,))  # TypedDict
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Point2DGeneric[T]), (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(T), ())
         self.assertEqual(get_args(int), ())
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Any), ())
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Self), ())
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(LiteralString), ())
         self.assertEqual(get_args(ClassVar[int]), (int,))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[int, str]), (int, str))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Literal[42, 43]), (42, 43))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Final[List[int]]), (List[int],))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Optional[int]), (int, type(None)))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[int, None]), (int, type(None)))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]),
                          (int, Tuple[str, int]))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(typing.Dict[int, Tuple[T, T]][Optional[int]]),
                          (int, Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int]]))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Callable[[], T][int]), ([], int))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Callable[..., int]), (..., int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Callable[[int], str]), ([int], str))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[int, Callable[[Tuple[T, ...]], str]]),
                          (int, Callable[[Tuple[T, ...]], str]))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Tuple[int, ...]), (int, ...))
-        self.assertEqual(get_args(Tuple[()]), ((),))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Tuple[()]), ())
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Annotated[T, 'one', 2, ['three']]), (T, 'one', 2, ['three']))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(List), ())
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Tuple), ())
@@ -3505,26 +6404,31 @@ class C(Generic[T]): pass
         self.assertEqual(get_args(collections.abc.Callable[[int], str]),
                          get_args(Callable[[int], str]))
         P = ParamSpec('P')
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(P), ())
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(P.args), ())
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(P.kwargs), ())
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Callable[P, int]), (P, int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(collections.abc.Callable[P, int]), (P, int))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]),
                          (Concatenate[int, P], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(collections.abc.Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]),
+                         (Concatenate[int, P], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Concatenate[int, str, P]), (int, str, P))
         self.assertEqual(get_args(list | str), (list, str))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Required[int]), (int,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(NotRequired[int]), (int,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(TypeAlias), ())
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(TypeGuard[int]), (int,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(TypeIs[range]), (range,))
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Ts), ())
+        self.assertEqual(get_args((*Ts,)[0]), (Ts,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Unpack[Ts]), (Ts,))
+        # self.assertEqual(get_args(tuple[*Ts]), (*Ts,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(tuple[Unpack[Ts]]), (Unpack[Ts],))
+        # self.assertEqual(get_args((*tuple[*Ts],)[0]), (*Ts,))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Unpack[tuple[Unpack[Ts]]]), (tuple[Unpack[Ts]],))
 
-    def test_forward_ref_and_final(self):
-        # https://bugs.python.org/issue45166
-        hints = get_type_hints(ann_module5)
-        self.assertEqual(hints, {'name': Final[str]})
-
-        hints = get_type_hints(ann_module5.MyClass)
-        self.assertEqual(hints, {'value': Final})
-
-    def test_top_level_class_var(self):
-        # https://bugs.python.org/issue45166
-        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
-            TypeError,
-            r'typing.ClassVar\[int\] is not valid as type argument',
-        ):
-            get_type_hints(ann_module6)
 
 
 class CollectionsAbcTests(BaseTestCase):
@@ -3549,27 +6453,17 @@ def test_iterator(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(it, typing.Iterator)
         self.assertNotIsInstance(42, typing.Iterator)
 
-    @skipUnless(ASYNCIO, 'Python 3.5 and multithreading required')
     def test_awaitable(self):
-        ns = {}
-        exec(
-            "async def foo() -> typing.Awaitable[int]:\n"
-            "    return await AwaitableWrapper(42)\n",
-            globals(), ns)
-        foo = ns['foo']
+        async def foo() -> typing.Awaitable[int]:
+            return await AwaitableWrapper(42)
         g = foo()
         self.assertIsInstance(g, typing.Awaitable)
         self.assertNotIsInstance(foo, typing.Awaitable)
         g.send(None)  # Run foo() till completion, to avoid warning.
 
-    @skipUnless(ASYNCIO, 'Python 3.5 and multithreading required')
     def test_coroutine(self):
-        ns = {}
-        exec(
-            "async def foo():\n"
-            "    return\n",
-            globals(), ns)
-        foo = ns['foo']
+        async def foo():
+            return
         g = foo()
         self.assertIsInstance(g, typing.Coroutine)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -3580,7 +6474,6 @@ def test_coroutine(self):
         except StopIteration:
             pass
 
-    @skipUnless(ASYNCIO, 'Python 3.5 and multithreading required')
     def test_async_iterable(self):
         base_it = range(10)  # type: Iterator[int]
         it = AsyncIteratorWrapper(base_it)
@@ -3588,7 +6481,6 @@ def test_async_iterable(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(it, typing.AsyncIterable)
         self.assertNotIsInstance(42, typing.AsyncIterable)
 
-    @skipUnless(ASYNCIO, 'Python 3.5 and multithreading required')
     def test_async_iterator(self):
         base_it = range(10)  # type: Iterator[int]
         it = AsyncIteratorWrapper(base_it)
@@ -3634,8 +6526,14 @@ def test_mutablesequence(self):
         self.assertNotIsInstance((), typing.MutableSequence)
 
     def test_bytestring(self):
-        self.assertIsInstance(b'', typing.ByteString)
-        self.assertIsInstance(bytearray(b''), typing.ByteString)
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            self.assertIsInstance(b'', typing.ByteString)
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            self.assertIsInstance(bytearray(b''), typing.ByteString)
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            class Foo(typing.ByteString): ...
+        with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
+            class Bar(typing.ByteString, typing.Awaitable): ...
 
     def test_list(self):
         self.assertIsSubclass(list, typing.List)
@@ -3659,6 +6557,8 @@ def test_frozenset(self):
     def test_dict(self):
         self.assertIsSubclass(dict, typing.Dict)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_dict_subscribe(self):
         K = TypeVar('K')
         V = TypeVar('V')
@@ -3742,7 +6642,6 @@ class MyOrdDict(typing.OrderedDict[str, int]):
         self.assertIsSubclass(MyOrdDict, collections.OrderedDict)
         self.assertNotIsSubclass(collections.OrderedDict, MyOrdDict)
 
-    @skipUnless(sys.version_info >= (3, 3), 'ChainMap was added in 3.3')
     def test_chainmap_instantiation(self):
         self.assertIs(type(typing.ChainMap()), collections.ChainMap)
         self.assertIs(type(typing.ChainMap[KT, VT]()), collections.ChainMap)
@@ -3750,7 +6649,6 @@ def test_chainmap_instantiation(self):
         class CM(typing.ChainMap[KT, VT]): ...
         self.assertIs(type(CM[int, str]()), CM)
 
-    @skipUnless(sys.version_info >= (3, 3), 'ChainMap was added in 3.3')
     def test_chainmap_subclass(self):
 
         class MyChainMap(typing.ChainMap[str, int]):
@@ -3832,6 +6730,17 @@ def foo():
         g = foo()
         self.assertIsSubclass(type(g), typing.Generator)
 
+    def test_generator_default(self):
+        g1 = typing.Generator[int]
+        g2 = typing.Generator[int, None, None]
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(g1), (int, type(None), type(None)))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(g1), get_args(g2))
+
+        g3 = typing.Generator[int, float]
+        g4 = typing.Generator[int, float, None]
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(g3), (int, float, type(None)))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(g3), get_args(g4))
+
     def test_no_generator_instantiation(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             typing.Generator()
@@ -3841,10 +6750,9 @@ def test_no_generator_instantiation(self):
             typing.Generator[int, int, int]()
 
     def test_async_generator(self):
-        ns = {}
-        exec("async def f():\n"
-             "    yield 42\n", globals(), ns)
-        g = ns['f']()
+        async def f():
+             yield 42
+        g = f()
         self.assertIsSubclass(type(g), typing.AsyncGenerator)
 
     def test_no_async_generator_instantiation(self):
@@ -3878,7 +6786,7 @@ def __len__(self):
                 return 0
 
         self.assertEqual(len(MMC()), 0)
-        assert callable(MMC.update)
+        self.assertTrue(callable(MMC.update))
         self.assertIsInstance(MMC(), typing.Mapping)
 
         class MMB(typing.MutableMapping[KT, VT]):
@@ -3933,9 +6841,8 @@ def asend(self, value):
             def athrow(self, typ, val=None, tb=None):
                 pass
 
-        ns = {}
-        exec('async def g(): yield 0', globals(), ns)
-        g = ns['g']
+        async def g(): yield 0
+
         self.assertIsSubclass(G, typing.AsyncGenerator)
         self.assertIsSubclass(G, typing.AsyncIterable)
         self.assertIsSubclass(G, collections.abc.AsyncGenerator)
@@ -4020,7 +6927,17 @@ def manager():
         self.assertIsInstance(cm, typing.ContextManager)
         self.assertNotIsInstance(42, typing.ContextManager)
 
-    @skipUnless(ASYNCIO, 'Python 3.5 required')
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_contextmanager_type_params(self):
+        cm1 = typing.ContextManager[int]
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(cm1), (int, bool | None))
+        cm2 = typing.ContextManager[int, None]
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(cm2), (int, types.NoneType))
+
+        type gen_cm[T1, T2] = typing.ContextManager[T1, T2]
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(gen_cm.__value__[int, None]), (int, types.NoneType))
+
     def test_async_contextmanager(self):
         class NotACM:
             pass
@@ -4032,11 +6949,17 @@ def manager():
 
         cm = manager()
         self.assertNotIsInstance(cm, typing.AsyncContextManager)
-        self.assertEqual(typing.AsyncContextManager[int].__args__, (int,))
+        self.assertEqual(typing.AsyncContextManager[int].__args__, (int, bool | None))
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             isinstance(42, typing.AsyncContextManager[int])
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            typing.AsyncContextManager[int, str]
+            typing.AsyncContextManager[int, str, float]
+
+    def test_asynccontextmanager_type_params(self):
+        cm1 = typing.AsyncContextManager[int]
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(cm1), (int, bool | None))
+        cm2 = typing.AsyncContextManager[int, None]
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(cm2), (int, types.NoneType))
 
 
 class TypeTests(BaseTestCase):
@@ -4074,16 +6997,24 @@ def foo(a: A) -> Optional[BaseException]:
             else:
                 return a()
 
-        assert isinstance(foo(KeyboardInterrupt), KeyboardInterrupt)
-        assert foo(None) is None
+        self.assertIsInstance(foo(KeyboardInterrupt), KeyboardInterrupt)
+        self.assertIsNone(foo(None))
+
+
+class TestModules(TestCase):
+    func_names = ['_idfunc']
+
+    def test_c_functions(self):
+        for fname in self.func_names:
+            self.assertEqual(getattr(typing, fname).__module__, '_typing')
 
 
 class NewTypeTests(BaseTestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         global UserId
-        UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
-        cls.UserName = NewType(cls.__qualname__ + '.UserName', str)
+        UserId = typing.NewType('UserId', int)
+        cls.UserName = typing.NewType(cls.__qualname__ + '.UserName', str)
 
     @classmethod
     def tearDownClass(cls):
@@ -4091,9 +7022,6 @@ def tearDownClass(cls):
         del UserId
         del cls.UserName
 
-    def tearDown(self):
-        self.clear_caches()
-
     def test_basic(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(UserId(5), int)
         self.assertIsInstance(self.UserName('Joe'), str)
@@ -4109,11 +7037,11 @@ class D(UserId):
     def test_or(self):
         for cls in (int, self.UserName):
             with self.subTest(cls=cls):
-                self.assertEqual(UserId | cls, Union[UserId, cls])
-                self.assertEqual(cls | UserId, Union[cls, UserId])
+                self.assertEqual(UserId | cls, typing.Union[UserId, cls])
+                self.assertEqual(cls | UserId, typing.Union[cls, UserId])
 
-                self.assertEqual(get_args(UserId | cls), (UserId, cls))
-                self.assertEqual(get_args(cls | UserId), (cls, UserId))
+                self.assertEqual(typing.get_args(UserId | cls), (UserId, cls))
+                self.assertEqual(typing.get_args(cls | UserId), (cls, UserId))
 
     def test_special_attrs(self):
         self.assertEqual(UserId.__name__, 'UserId')
@@ -4134,7 +7062,7 @@ def test_repr(self):
                          f'{__name__}.{self.__class__.__qualname__}.UserName')
 
     def test_pickle(self):
-        UserAge = NewType('UserAge', float)
+        UserAge = typing.NewType('UserAge', float)
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             with self.subTest(proto=proto):
                 pickled = pickle.dumps(UserId, proto)
@@ -4154,6 +7082,18 @@ def test_missing__name__(self):
                 )
         exec(code, {})
 
+    def test_error_message_when_subclassing(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            re.escape(
+                "Cannot subclass an instance of NewType. Perhaps you were looking for: "
+                "`ProUserId = NewType('ProUserId', UserId)`"
+            )
+        ):
+            class ProUserId(UserId):
+                ...
+
+
 
 class NamedTupleTests(BaseTestCase):
     class NestedEmployee(NamedTuple):
@@ -4176,14 +7116,6 @@ def test_basics(self):
         self.assertEqual(Emp.__annotations__,
                          collections.OrderedDict([('name', str), ('id', int)]))
 
-    def test_namedtuple_pyversion(self):
-        if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 6):
-            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-                NamedTuple('Name', one=int, other=str)
-            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-                class NotYet(NamedTuple):
-                    whatever = 0
-
     def test_annotation_usage(self):
         tim = CoolEmployee('Tim', 9000)
         self.assertIsInstance(tim, CoolEmployee)
@@ -4239,22 +7171,122 @@ class A:
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             class X(NamedTuple, A):
                 x: int
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class Y(NamedTuple, tuple):
+                x: int
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class Z(NamedTuple, NamedTuple):
+                x: int
+        class B(NamedTuple):
+            x: int
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class C(NamedTuple, B):
+                y: str
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_generic(self):
+        class X(NamedTuple, Generic[T]):
+            x: T
+        self.assertEqual(X.__bases__, (tuple, Generic))
+        self.assertEqual(X.__orig_bases__, (NamedTuple, Generic[T]))
+        self.assertEqual(X.__mro__, (X, tuple, Generic, object))
+
+        class Y(Generic[T], NamedTuple):
+            x: T
+        self.assertEqual(Y.__bases__, (Generic, tuple))
+        self.assertEqual(Y.__orig_bases__, (Generic[T], NamedTuple))
+        self.assertEqual(Y.__mro__, (Y, Generic, tuple, object))
+
+        for G in X, Y:
+            with self.subTest(type=G):
+                self.assertEqual(G.__parameters__, (T,))
+                self.assertEqual(G[T].__args__, (T,))
+                self.assertEqual(get_args(G[T]), (T,))
+                A = G[int]
+                self.assertIs(A.__origin__, G)
+                self.assertEqual(A.__args__, (int,))
+                self.assertEqual(get_args(A), (int,))
+                self.assertEqual(A.__parameters__, ())
+
+                a = A(3)
+                self.assertIs(type(a), G)
+                self.assertEqual(a.x, 3)
+
+                with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                    G[int, str]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_generic_pep695(self):
+        class X[T](NamedTuple):
+            x: T
+        T, = X.__type_params__
+        self.assertIsInstance(T, TypeVar)
+        self.assertEqual(T.__name__, 'T')
+        self.assertEqual(X.__bases__, (tuple, Generic))
+        self.assertEqual(X.__orig_bases__, (NamedTuple, Generic[T]))
+        self.assertEqual(X.__mro__, (X, tuple, Generic, object))
+        self.assertEqual(X.__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(X[str].__args__, (str,))
+        self.assertEqual(X[str].__parameters__, ())
+
+    def test_non_generic_subscript(self):
+        # For backward compatibility, subscription works
+        # on arbitrary NamedTuple types.
+        class Group(NamedTuple):
+            key: T
+            group: list[T]
+        A = Group[int]
+        self.assertEqual(A.__origin__, Group)
+        self.assertEqual(A.__parameters__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(A.__args__, (int,))
+        a = A(1, [2])
+        self.assertIs(type(a), Group)
+        self.assertEqual(a, (1, [2]))
 
     def test_namedtuple_keyword_usage(self):
-        LocalEmployee = NamedTuple("LocalEmployee", name=str, age=int)
+        with self.assertWarnsRegex(
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            "Creating NamedTuple classes using keyword arguments is deprecated"
+        ):
+            LocalEmployee = NamedTuple("LocalEmployee", name=str, age=int)
+
         nick = LocalEmployee('Nick', 25)
         self.assertIsInstance(nick, tuple)
         self.assertEqual(nick.name, 'Nick')
         self.assertEqual(LocalEmployee.__name__, 'LocalEmployee')
         self.assertEqual(LocalEmployee._fields, ('name', 'age'))
         self.assertEqual(LocalEmployee.__annotations__, dict(name=str, age=int))
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "Either list of fields or keywords can be provided to NamedTuple, not both"
+        ):
             NamedTuple('Name', [('x', int)], y=str)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            NamedTuple('Name', x=1, y='a')
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "Either list of fields or keywords can be provided to NamedTuple, not both"
+        ):
+            NamedTuple('Name', [], y=str)
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            (
+                r"Cannot pass `None` as the 'fields' parameter "
+                r"and also specify fields using keyword arguments"
+            )
+        ):
+            NamedTuple('Name', None, x=int)
 
     def test_namedtuple_special_keyword_names(self):
-        NT = NamedTuple("NT", cls=type, self=object, typename=str, fields=list)
+        with self.assertWarnsRegex(
+            DeprecationWarning,
+            "Creating NamedTuple classes using keyword arguments is deprecated"
+        ):
+            NT = NamedTuple("NT", cls=type, self=object, typename=str, fields=list)
+
         self.assertEqual(NT.__name__, 'NT')
         self.assertEqual(NT._fields, ('cls', 'self', 'typename', 'fields'))
         a = NT(cls=str, self=42, typename='foo', fields=[('bar', tuple)])
@@ -4264,51 +7296,182 @@ def test_namedtuple_special_keyword_names(self):
         self.assertEqual(a.fields, [('bar', tuple)])
 
     def test_empty_namedtuple(self):
-        NT = NamedTuple('NT')
+        expected_warning = re.escape(
+            "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter is deprecated "
+            "and will be disallowed in Python 3.15. "
+            "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
+            "using the functional syntax, "
+            "pass an empty list, e.g. `NT1 = NamedTuple('NT1', [])`."
+        )
+        with self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, fr"^{expected_warning}$"):
+            NT1 = NamedTuple('NT1')
+
+        expected_warning = re.escape(
+            "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter is deprecated "
+            "and will be disallowed in Python 3.15. "
+            "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
+            "using the functional syntax, "
+            "pass an empty list, e.g. `NT2 = NamedTuple('NT2', [])`."
+        )
+        with self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, fr"^{expected_warning}$"):
+            NT2 = NamedTuple('NT2', None)
+
+        NT3 = NamedTuple('NT2', [])
 
         class CNT(NamedTuple):
             pass  # empty body
 
-        for struct in [NT, CNT]:
+        for struct in NT1, NT2, NT3, CNT:
             with self.subTest(struct=struct):
                 self.assertEqual(struct._fields, ())
                 self.assertEqual(struct._field_defaults, {})
                 self.assertEqual(struct.__annotations__, {})
                 self.assertIsInstance(struct(), struct)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_namedtuple_errors(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             NamedTuple.__new__()
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "missing 1 required positional argument"
+        ):
             NamedTuple()
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "takes from 1 to 2 positional arguments but 3 were given"
+        ):
             NamedTuple('Emp', [('name', str)], None)
-        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            ValueError,
+            "Field names cannot start with an underscore"
+        ):
             NamedTuple('Emp', [('_name', str)])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            "missing 1 required positional argument: 'typename'"
+        ):
             NamedTuple(typename='Emp', name=str, id=int)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            NamedTuple('Emp', fields=[('name', str), ('id', int)])
 
-    def test_copy_and_pickle(self):
-        global Emp  # pickle wants to reference the class by name
-        Emp = NamedTuple('Emp', [('name', str), ('cool', int)])
-        for cls in Emp, CoolEmployee, self.NestedEmployee:
-            with self.subTest(cls=cls):
-                jane = cls('jane', 37)
-                for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
-                    z = pickle.dumps(jane, proto)
-                    jane2 = pickle.loads(z)
-                    self.assertEqual(jane2, jane)
-                    self.assertIsInstance(jane2, cls)
+    def test_copy_and_pickle(self):
+        global Emp  # pickle wants to reference the class by name
+        Emp = NamedTuple('Emp', [('name', str), ('cool', int)])
+        for cls in Emp, CoolEmployee, self.NestedEmployee:
+            with self.subTest(cls=cls):
+                jane = cls('jane', 37)
+                for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+                    z = pickle.dumps(jane, proto)
+                    jane2 = pickle.loads(z)
+                    self.assertEqual(jane2, jane)
+                    self.assertIsInstance(jane2, cls)
+
+                jane2 = copy(jane)
+                self.assertEqual(jane2, jane)
+                self.assertIsInstance(jane2, cls)
+
+                jane2 = deepcopy(jane)
+                self.assertEqual(jane2, jane)
+                self.assertIsInstance(jane2, cls)
+
+    def test_orig_bases(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+
+        class SimpleNamedTuple(NamedTuple):
+            pass
+
+        class GenericNamedTuple(NamedTuple, Generic[T]):
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(SimpleNamedTuple.__orig_bases__, (NamedTuple,))
+        self.assertEqual(GenericNamedTuple.__orig_bases__, (NamedTuple, Generic[T]))
+
+        CallNamedTuple = NamedTuple('CallNamedTuple', [])
+
+        self.assertEqual(CallNamedTuple.__orig_bases__, (NamedTuple,))
+
+    def test_setname_called_on_values_in_class_dictionary(self):
+        class Vanilla:
+            def __set_name__(self, owner, name):
+                self.name = name
+
+        class Foo(NamedTuple):
+            attr = Vanilla()
+
+        foo = Foo()
+        self.assertEqual(len(foo), 0)
+        self.assertNotIn('attr', Foo._fields)
+        self.assertIsInstance(foo.attr, Vanilla)
+        self.assertEqual(foo.attr.name, "attr")
+
+        class Bar(NamedTuple):
+            attr: Vanilla = Vanilla()
+
+        bar = Bar()
+        self.assertEqual(len(bar), 1)
+        self.assertIn('attr', Bar._fields)
+        self.assertIsInstance(bar.attr, Vanilla)
+        self.assertEqual(bar.attr.name, "attr")
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_setname_raises_the_same_as_on_other_classes(self):
+        class CustomException(BaseException): pass
+
+        class Annoying:
+            def __set_name__(self, owner, name):
+                raise CustomException
+
+        annoying = Annoying()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(CustomException) as cm:
+            class NormalClass:
+                attr = annoying
+        normal_exception = cm.exception
+
+        with self.assertRaises(CustomException) as cm:
+            class NamedTupleClass(NamedTuple):
+                attr = annoying
+        namedtuple_exception = cm.exception
 
-                jane2 = copy(jane)
-                self.assertEqual(jane2, jane)
-                self.assertIsInstance(jane2, cls)
+        self.assertIs(type(namedtuple_exception), CustomException)
+        self.assertIs(type(namedtuple_exception), type(normal_exception))
 
-                jane2 = deepcopy(jane)
-                self.assertEqual(jane2, jane)
-                self.assertIsInstance(jane2, cls)
+        self.assertEqual(len(namedtuple_exception.__notes__), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            len(namedtuple_exception.__notes__), len(normal_exception.__notes__)
+        )
+
+        expected_note = (
+            "Error calling __set_name__ on 'Annoying' instance "
+            "'attr' in 'NamedTupleClass'"
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(namedtuple_exception.__notes__[0], expected_note)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            namedtuple_exception.__notes__[0],
+            normal_exception.__notes__[0].replace("NormalClass", "NamedTupleClass")
+        )
+
+    def test_strange_errors_when_accessing_set_name_itself(self):
+        class CustomException(Exception): pass
+
+        class Meta(type):
+            def __getattribute__(self, attr):
+                if attr == "__set_name__":
+                    raise CustomException
+                return object.__getattribute__(self, attr)
+
+        class VeryAnnoying(metaclass=Meta): pass
+
+        very_annoying = VeryAnnoying()
+
+        with self.assertRaises(CustomException):
+            class Foo(NamedTuple):
+                attr = very_annoying
 
 
 class TypedDictTests(BaseTestCase):
@@ -4326,33 +7489,10 @@ def test_basics_functional_syntax(self):
         self.assertEqual(Emp.__bases__, (dict,))
         self.assertEqual(Emp.__annotations__, {'name': str, 'id': int})
         self.assertEqual(Emp.__total__, True)
-
-    def test_basics_keywords_syntax(self):
-        Emp = TypedDict('Emp', name=str, id=int)
-        self.assertIsSubclass(Emp, dict)
-        self.assertIsSubclass(Emp, typing.MutableMapping)
-        self.assertNotIsSubclass(Emp, collections.abc.Sequence)
-        jim = Emp(name='Jim', id=1)
-        self.assertIs(type(jim), dict)
-        self.assertEqual(jim['name'], 'Jim')
-        self.assertEqual(jim['id'], 1)
-        self.assertEqual(Emp.__name__, 'Emp')
-        self.assertEqual(Emp.__module__, __name__)
-        self.assertEqual(Emp.__bases__, (dict,))
-        self.assertEqual(Emp.__annotations__, {'name': str, 'id': int})
-        self.assertEqual(Emp.__total__, True)
-
-    def test_typeddict_special_keyword_names(self):
-        TD = TypedDict("TD", cls=type, self=object, typename=str, _typename=int, fields=list, _fields=dict)
-        self.assertEqual(TD.__name__, 'TD')
-        self.assertEqual(TD.__annotations__, {'cls': type, 'self': object, 'typename': str, '_typename': int, 'fields': list, '_fields': dict})
-        a = TD(cls=str, self=42, typename='foo', _typename=53, fields=[('bar', tuple)], _fields={'baz', set})
-        self.assertEqual(a['cls'], str)
-        self.assertEqual(a['self'], 42)
-        self.assertEqual(a['typename'], 'foo')
-        self.assertEqual(a['_typename'], 53)
-        self.assertEqual(a['fields'], [('bar', tuple)])
-        self.assertEqual(a['_fields'], {'baz', set})
+        self.assertEqual(Emp.__required_keys__, {'name', 'id'})
+        self.assertIsInstance(Emp.__required_keys__, frozenset)
+        self.assertEqual(Emp.__optional_keys__, set())
+        self.assertIsInstance(Emp.__optional_keys__, frozenset)
 
     def test_typeddict_create_errors(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -4361,11 +7501,10 @@ def test_typeddict_create_errors(self):
             TypedDict()
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             TypedDict('Emp', [('name', str)], None)
-
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            TypedDict(_typename='Emp', name=str, id=int)
+            TypedDict(_typename='Emp')
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            TypedDict('Emp', _fields={'name': str, 'id': int})
+            TypedDict('Emp', name=str, id=int)
 
     def test_typeddict_errors(self):
         Emp = TypedDict('Emp', {'name': str, 'id': int})
@@ -4377,10 +7516,6 @@ def test_typeddict_errors(self):
             isinstance(jim, Emp)
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             issubclass(dict, Emp)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            TypedDict('Hi', x=1)
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            TypedDict('Hi', [('x', int), ('y', 1)])
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             TypedDict('Hi', [('x', int)], y=int)
 
@@ -4399,7 +7534,7 @@ def test_py36_class_syntax_usage(self):
 
     def test_pickle(self):
         global EmpD  # pickle wants to reference the class by name
-        EmpD = TypedDict('EmpD', name=str, id=int)
+        EmpD = TypedDict('EmpD', {'name': str, 'id': int})
         jane = EmpD({'name': 'jane', 'id': 37})
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             z = pickle.dumps(jane, proto)
@@ -4410,8 +7545,19 @@ def test_pickle(self):
             EmpDnew = pickle.loads(ZZ)
             self.assertEqual(EmpDnew({'name': 'jane', 'id': 37}), jane)
 
+    def test_pickle_generic(self):
+        point = Point2DGeneric(a=5.0, b=3.0)
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            z = pickle.dumps(point, proto)
+            point2 = pickle.loads(z)
+            self.assertEqual(point2, point)
+            self.assertEqual(point2, {'a': 5.0, 'b': 3.0})
+            ZZ = pickle.dumps(Point2DGeneric, proto)
+            Point2DGenericNew = pickle.loads(ZZ)
+            self.assertEqual(Point2DGenericNew({'a': 5.0, 'b': 3.0}), point)
+
     def test_optional(self):
-        EmpD = TypedDict('EmpD', name=str, id=int)
+        EmpD = TypedDict('EmpD', {'name': str, 'id': int})
 
         self.assertEqual(typing.Optional[EmpD], typing.Union[None, EmpD])
         self.assertNotEqual(typing.List[EmpD], typing.Tuple[EmpD])
@@ -4422,7 +7568,9 @@ def test_total(self):
         self.assertEqual(D(x=1), {'x': 1})
         self.assertEqual(D.__total__, False)
         self.assertEqual(D.__required_keys__, frozenset())
+        self.assertIsInstance(D.__required_keys__, frozenset)
         self.assertEqual(D.__optional_keys__, {'x'})
+        self.assertIsInstance(D.__optional_keys__, frozenset)
 
         self.assertEqual(Options(), {})
         self.assertEqual(Options(log_level=2), {'log_level': 2})
@@ -4430,12 +7578,25 @@ def test_total(self):
         self.assertEqual(Options.__required_keys__, frozenset())
         self.assertEqual(Options.__optional_keys__, {'log_level', 'log_path'})
 
+    def test_total_inherits_non_total(self):
+        class TD1(TypedDict, total=False):
+            a: int
+
+        self.assertIs(TD1.__total__, False)
+
+        class TD2(TD1):
+            b: str
+
+        self.assertIs(TD2.__total__, True)
+
     def test_optional_keys(self):
         class Point2Dor3D(Point2D, total=False):
             z: int
 
-        assert Point2Dor3D.__required_keys__ == frozenset(['x', 'y'])
-        assert Point2Dor3D.__optional_keys__ == frozenset(['z'])
+        self.assertEqual(Point2Dor3D.__required_keys__, frozenset(['x', 'y']))
+        self.assertIsInstance(Point2Dor3D.__required_keys__, frozenset)
+        self.assertEqual(Point2Dor3D.__optional_keys__, frozenset(['z']))
+        self.assertIsInstance(Point2Dor3D.__optional_keys__, frozenset)
 
     def test_keys_inheritance(self):
         class BaseAnimal(TypedDict):
@@ -4448,26 +7609,102 @@ class Animal(BaseAnimal, total=False):
         class Cat(Animal):
             fur_color: str
 
-        assert BaseAnimal.__required_keys__ == frozenset(['name'])
-        assert BaseAnimal.__optional_keys__ == frozenset([])
-        assert BaseAnimal.__annotations__ == {'name': str}
+        self.assertEqual(BaseAnimal.__required_keys__, frozenset(['name']))
+        self.assertEqual(BaseAnimal.__optional_keys__, frozenset([]))
+        self.assertEqual(BaseAnimal.__annotations__, {'name': str})
 
-        assert Animal.__required_keys__ == frozenset(['name'])
-        assert Animal.__optional_keys__ == frozenset(['tail', 'voice'])
-        assert Animal.__annotations__ == {
+        self.assertEqual(Animal.__required_keys__, frozenset(['name']))
+        self.assertEqual(Animal.__optional_keys__, frozenset(['tail', 'voice']))
+        self.assertEqual(Animal.__annotations__, {
             'name': str,
             'tail': bool,
             'voice': str,
-        }
+        })
 
-        assert Cat.__required_keys__ == frozenset(['name', 'fur_color'])
-        assert Cat.__optional_keys__ == frozenset(['tail', 'voice'])
-        assert Cat.__annotations__ == {
+        self.assertEqual(Cat.__required_keys__, frozenset(['name', 'fur_color']))
+        self.assertEqual(Cat.__optional_keys__, frozenset(['tail', 'voice']))
+        self.assertEqual(Cat.__annotations__, {
             'fur_color': str,
             'name': str,
             'tail': bool,
             'voice': str,
-        }
+        })
+
+    def test_keys_inheritance_with_same_name(self):
+        class NotTotal(TypedDict, total=False):
+            a: int
+
+        class Total(NotTotal):
+            a: int
+
+        self.assertEqual(NotTotal.__required_keys__, frozenset())
+        self.assertEqual(NotTotal.__optional_keys__, frozenset(['a']))
+        self.assertEqual(Total.__required_keys__, frozenset(['a']))
+        self.assertEqual(Total.__optional_keys__, frozenset())
+
+        class Base(TypedDict):
+            a: NotRequired[int]
+            b: Required[int]
+
+        class Child(Base):
+            a: Required[int]
+            b: NotRequired[int]
+
+        self.assertEqual(Base.__required_keys__, frozenset(['b']))
+        self.assertEqual(Base.__optional_keys__, frozenset(['a']))
+        self.assertEqual(Child.__required_keys__, frozenset(['a']))
+        self.assertEqual(Child.__optional_keys__, frozenset(['b']))
+
+    def test_multiple_inheritance_with_same_key(self):
+        class Base1(TypedDict):
+            a: NotRequired[int]
+
+        class Base2(TypedDict):
+            a: Required[str]
+
+        class Child(Base1, Base2):
+            pass
+
+        # Last base wins
+        self.assertEqual(Child.__annotations__, {'a': Required[str]})
+        self.assertEqual(Child.__required_keys__, frozenset(['a']))
+        self.assertEqual(Child.__optional_keys__, frozenset())
+
+    def test_required_notrequired_keys(self):
+        self.assertEqual(NontotalMovie.__required_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"title"}))
+        self.assertEqual(NontotalMovie.__optional_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"year"}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(TotalMovie.__required_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"title"}))
+        self.assertEqual(TotalMovie.__optional_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"year"}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(_typed_dict_helper.VeryAnnotated.__required_keys__,
+                         frozenset())
+        self.assertEqual(_typed_dict_helper.VeryAnnotated.__optional_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"a"}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(AnnotatedMovie.__required_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"title"}))
+        self.assertEqual(AnnotatedMovie.__optional_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"year"}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(WeirdlyQuotedMovie.__required_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"title"}))
+        self.assertEqual(WeirdlyQuotedMovie.__optional_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"year"}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(ChildTotalMovie.__required_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"title"}))
+        self.assertEqual(ChildTotalMovie.__optional_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"year"}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(ChildDeeplyAnnotatedMovie.__required_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"title"}))
+        self.assertEqual(ChildDeeplyAnnotatedMovie.__optional_keys__,
+                         frozenset({"year"}))
 
     def test_multiple_inheritance(self):
         class One(TypedDict):
@@ -4556,18 +7793,181 @@ class ChildWithInlineAndOptional(Untotal, Inline):
                     class Wrong(*bases):
                         pass
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_is_typeddict(self):
-        assert is_typeddict(Point2D) is True
-        assert is_typeddict(Union[str, int]) is False
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(Point2D), True)
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(Union[str, int]), False)
         # classes, not instances
-        assert is_typeddict(Point2D()) is False
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(Point2D()), False)
+        call_based = TypedDict('call_based', {'a': int})
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(call_based), True)
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(call_based()), False)
+
+        T = TypeVar("T")
+        class BarGeneric(TypedDict, Generic[T]):
+            a: T
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(BarGeneric), True)
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(BarGeneric[int]), False)
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(BarGeneric()), False)
+
+        class NewGeneric[T](TypedDict):
+            a: T
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(NewGeneric), True)
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(NewGeneric[int]), False)
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(NewGeneric()), False)
+
+        # The TypedDict constructor is not itself a TypedDict
+        self.assertIs(is_typeddict(TypedDict), False)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_get_type_hints(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             get_type_hints(Bar),
             {'a': typing.Optional[int], 'b': int}
         )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_get_type_hints_generic(self):
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(BarGeneric),
+            {'a': typing.Optional[T], 'b': int}
+        )
+
+        class FooBarGeneric(BarGeneric[int]):
+            c: str
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(FooBarGeneric),
+            {'a': typing.Optional[T], 'b': int, 'c': str}
+        )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_pep695_generic_typeddict(self):
+        class A[T](TypedDict):
+            a: T
+
+        T, = A.__type_params__
+        self.assertIsInstance(T, TypeVar)
+        self.assertEqual(T.__name__, 'T')
+        self.assertEqual(A.__bases__, (Generic, dict))
+        self.assertEqual(A.__orig_bases__, (TypedDict, Generic[T]))
+        self.assertEqual(A.__mro__, (A, Generic, dict, object))
+        self.assertEqual(A.__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(A[str].__parameters__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(A[str].__args__, (str,))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_generic_inheritance(self):
+        class A(TypedDict, Generic[T]):
+            a: T
+
+        self.assertEqual(A.__bases__, (Generic, dict))
+        self.assertEqual(A.__orig_bases__, (TypedDict, Generic[T]))
+        self.assertEqual(A.__mro__, (A, Generic, dict, object))
+        self.assertEqual(A.__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(A[str].__parameters__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(A[str].__args__, (str,))
+
+        class A2(Generic[T], TypedDict):
+            a: T
+
+        self.assertEqual(A2.__bases__, (Generic, dict))
+        self.assertEqual(A2.__orig_bases__, (Generic[T], TypedDict))
+        self.assertEqual(A2.__mro__, (A2, Generic, dict, object))
+        self.assertEqual(A2.__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(A2[str].__parameters__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(A2[str].__args__, (str,))
+
+        class B(A[KT], total=False):
+            b: KT
+
+        self.assertEqual(B.__bases__, (Generic, dict))
+        self.assertEqual(B.__orig_bases__, (A[KT],))
+        self.assertEqual(B.__mro__, (B, Generic, dict, object))
+        self.assertEqual(B.__parameters__, (KT,))
+        self.assertEqual(B.__total__, False)
+        self.assertEqual(B.__optional_keys__, frozenset(['b']))
+        self.assertEqual(B.__required_keys__, frozenset(['a']))
+
+        self.assertEqual(B[str].__parameters__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(B[str].__args__, (str,))
+        self.assertEqual(B[str].__origin__, B)
+
+        class C(B[int]):
+            c: int
+
+        self.assertEqual(C.__bases__, (Generic, dict))
+        self.assertEqual(C.__orig_bases__, (B[int],))
+        self.assertEqual(C.__mro__, (C, Generic, dict, object))
+        self.assertEqual(C.__parameters__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(C.__total__, True)
+        self.assertEqual(C.__optional_keys__, frozenset(['b']))
+        self.assertEqual(C.__required_keys__, frozenset(['a', 'c']))
+        self.assertEqual(C.__annotations__, {
+            'a': T,
+            'b': KT,
+            'c': int,
+        })
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            C[str]
+
+
+        class Point3D(Point2DGeneric[T], Generic[T, KT]):
+            c: KT
+
+        self.assertEqual(Point3D.__bases__, (Generic, dict))
+        self.assertEqual(Point3D.__orig_bases__, (Point2DGeneric[T], Generic[T, KT]))
+        self.assertEqual(Point3D.__mro__, (Point3D, Generic, dict, object))
+        self.assertEqual(Point3D.__parameters__, (T, KT))
+        self.assertEqual(Point3D.__total__, True)
+        self.assertEqual(Point3D.__optional_keys__, frozenset())
+        self.assertEqual(Point3D.__required_keys__, frozenset(['a', 'b', 'c']))
+        self.assertEqual(Point3D.__annotations__, {
+            'a': T,
+            'b': T,
+            'c': KT,
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(Point3D[int, str].__origin__, Point3D)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Point3D[int]
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class Point3D(Point2DGeneric[T], Generic[KT]):
+                c: KT
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_implicit_any_inheritance(self):
+        class A(TypedDict, Generic[T]):
+            a: T
+
+        class B(A[KT], total=False):
+            b: KT
+
+        class WithImplicitAny(B):
+            c: int
+
+        self.assertEqual(WithImplicitAny.__bases__, (Generic, dict,))
+        self.assertEqual(WithImplicitAny.__mro__, (WithImplicitAny, Generic, dict, object))
+        # Consistent with GenericTests.test_implicit_any
+        self.assertEqual(WithImplicitAny.__parameters__, ())
+        self.assertEqual(WithImplicitAny.__total__, True)
+        self.assertEqual(WithImplicitAny.__optional_keys__, frozenset(['b']))
+        self.assertEqual(WithImplicitAny.__required_keys__, frozenset(['a', 'c']))
+        self.assertEqual(WithImplicitAny.__annotations__, {
+            'a': T,
+            'b': KT,
+            'c': int,
+        })
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            WithImplicitAny[str]
+
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_non_generic_subscript(self):
@@ -4583,9 +7983,249 @@ class TD(TypedDict):
         self.assertIs(type(a), dict)
         self.assertEqual(a, {'a': 1})
 
+    def test_orig_bases(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+
+        class Parent(TypedDict):
+            pass
+
+        class Child(Parent):
+            pass
+
+        class OtherChild(Parent):
+            pass
+
+        class MixedChild(Child, OtherChild, Parent):
+            pass
+
+        class GenericParent(TypedDict, Generic[T]):
+            pass
+
+        class GenericChild(GenericParent[int]):
+            pass
+
+        class OtherGenericChild(GenericParent[str]):
+            pass
+
+        class MixedGenericChild(GenericChild, OtherGenericChild, GenericParent[float]):
+            pass
+
+        class MultipleGenericBases(GenericParent[int], GenericParent[float]):
+            pass
+
+        CallTypedDict = TypedDict('CallTypedDict', {})
+
+        self.assertEqual(Parent.__orig_bases__, (TypedDict,))
+        self.assertEqual(Child.__orig_bases__, (Parent,))
+        self.assertEqual(OtherChild.__orig_bases__, (Parent,))
+        self.assertEqual(MixedChild.__orig_bases__, (Child, OtherChild, Parent,))
+        self.assertEqual(GenericParent.__orig_bases__, (TypedDict, Generic[T]))
+        self.assertEqual(GenericChild.__orig_bases__, (GenericParent[int],))
+        self.assertEqual(OtherGenericChild.__orig_bases__, (GenericParent[str],))
+        self.assertEqual(MixedGenericChild.__orig_bases__, (GenericChild, OtherGenericChild, GenericParent[float]))
+        self.assertEqual(MultipleGenericBases.__orig_bases__, (GenericParent[int], GenericParent[float]))
+        self.assertEqual(CallTypedDict.__orig_bases__, (TypedDict,))
+
+    def test_zero_fields_typeddicts(self):
+        T1 = TypedDict("T1", {})
+        class T2(TypedDict): pass
+        class T3[tvar](TypedDict): pass
+        S = TypeVar("S")
+        class T4(TypedDict, Generic[S]): pass
+
+        expected_warning = re.escape(
+            "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter is deprecated "
+            "and will be disallowed in Python 3.15. "
+            "To create a TypedDict class with 0 fields "
+            "using the functional syntax, "
+            "pass an empty dictionary, e.g. `T5 = TypedDict('T5', {})`."
+        )
+        with self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, fr"^{expected_warning}$"):
+            T5 = TypedDict('T5')
+
+        expected_warning = re.escape(
+            "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter is deprecated "
+            "and will be disallowed in Python 3.15. "
+            "To create a TypedDict class with 0 fields "
+            "using the functional syntax, "
+            "pass an empty dictionary, e.g. `T6 = TypedDict('T6', {})`."
+        )
+        with self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, fr"^{expected_warning}$"):
+            T6 = TypedDict('T6', None)
+
+        for klass in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6:
+            with self.subTest(klass=klass.__name__):
+                self.assertEqual(klass.__annotations__, {})
+                self.assertEqual(klass.__required_keys__, set())
+                self.assertEqual(klass.__optional_keys__, set())
+                self.assertIsInstance(klass(), dict)
+
+    def test_readonly_inheritance(self):
+        class Base1(TypedDict):
+            a: ReadOnly[int]
+
+        class Child1(Base1):
+            b: str
+
+        self.assertEqual(Child1.__readonly_keys__, frozenset({'a'}))
+        self.assertEqual(Child1.__mutable_keys__, frozenset({'b'}))
+
+        class Base2(TypedDict):
+            a: int
+
+        class Child2(Base2):
+            b: ReadOnly[str]
+
+        self.assertEqual(Child2.__readonly_keys__, frozenset({'b'}))
+        self.assertEqual(Child2.__mutable_keys__, frozenset({'a'}))
+
+    def test_cannot_make_mutable_key_readonly(self):
+        class Base(TypedDict):
+            a: int
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            class Child(Base):
+                a: ReadOnly[int]
+
+    def test_can_make_readonly_key_mutable(self):
+        class Base(TypedDict):
+            a: ReadOnly[int]
+
+        class Child(Base):
+            a: int
+
+        self.assertEqual(Child.__readonly_keys__, frozenset())
+        self.assertEqual(Child.__mutable_keys__, frozenset({'a'}))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_combine_qualifiers(self):
+        class AllTheThings(TypedDict):
+            a: Annotated[Required[ReadOnly[int]], "why not"]
+            b: Required[Annotated[ReadOnly[int], "why not"]]
+            c: ReadOnly[NotRequired[Annotated[int, "why not"]]]
+            d: NotRequired[Annotated[int, "why not"]]
+
+        self.assertEqual(AllTheThings.__required_keys__, frozenset({'a', 'b'}))
+        self.assertEqual(AllTheThings.__optional_keys__, frozenset({'c', 'd'}))
+        self.assertEqual(AllTheThings.__readonly_keys__, frozenset({'a', 'b', 'c'}))
+        self.assertEqual(AllTheThings.__mutable_keys__, frozenset({'d'}))
+
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(AllTheThings, include_extras=False),
+            {'a': int, 'b': int, 'c': int, 'd': int},
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            get_type_hints(AllTheThings, include_extras=True),
+            {
+                'a': Annotated[Required[ReadOnly[int]], 'why not'],
+                'b': Required[Annotated[ReadOnly[int], 'why not']],
+                'c': ReadOnly[NotRequired[Annotated[int, 'why not']]],
+                'd': NotRequired[Annotated[int, 'why not']],
+            },
+        )
+
+
+class RequiredTests(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def test_basics(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Required[NotRequired]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Required[int, str]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Required[int][str]
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(Required), 'typing.Required')
+        cv = Required[int]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(cv), 'typing.Required[int]')
+        cv = Required[Employee]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(cv), f'typing.Required[{__name__}.Employee]')
+
+    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class C(type(Required)):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class D(type(Required[int])):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.Required'):
+            class E(Required):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.Required\[int\]'):
+            class F(Required[int]):
+                pass
+
+    def test_cannot_init(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Required()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(Required)()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(Required[Optional[int]])()
+
+    def test_no_isinstance(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(1, Required[int])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(int, Required)
+
+
+class NotRequiredTests(BaseTestCase):
+
+    def test_basics(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            NotRequired[Required]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            NotRequired[int, str]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            NotRequired[int][str]
+
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(NotRequired), 'typing.NotRequired')
+        cv = NotRequired[int]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(cv), 'typing.NotRequired[int]')
+        cv = NotRequired[Employee]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(cv), f'typing.NotRequired[{__name__}.Employee]')
+
+    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class C(type(NotRequired)):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class D(type(NotRequired[int])):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.NotRequired'):
+            class E(NotRequired):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.NotRequired\[int\]'):
+            class F(NotRequired[int]):
+                pass
+
+    def test_cannot_init(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            NotRequired()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(NotRequired)()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(NotRequired[Optional[int]])()
+
+    def test_no_isinstance(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(1, NotRequired[int])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(int, NotRequired)
+
 
 class IOTests(BaseTestCase):
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_io(self):
 
         def stuff(a: IO) -> AnyStr:
@@ -4594,6 +8234,8 @@ def stuff(a: IO) -> AnyStr:
         a = stuff.__annotations__['a']
         self.assertEqual(a.__parameters__, (AnyStr,))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_textio(self):
 
         def stuff(a: TextIO) -> str:
@@ -4602,6 +8244,8 @@ def stuff(a: TextIO) -> str:
         a = stuff.__annotations__['a']
         self.assertEqual(a.__parameters__, ())
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_binaryio(self):
 
         def stuff(a: BinaryIO) -> bytes:
@@ -4610,14 +8254,6 @@ def stuff(a: BinaryIO) -> bytes:
         a = stuff.__annotations__['a']
         self.assertEqual(a.__parameters__, ())
 
-    def test_io_submodule(self):
-        from typing.io import IO, TextIO, BinaryIO, __all__, __name__
-        self.assertIs(IO, typing.IO)
-        self.assertIs(TextIO, typing.TextIO)
-        self.assertIs(BinaryIO, typing.BinaryIO)
-        self.assertEqual(set(__all__), set(['IO', 'TextIO', 'BinaryIO']))
-        self.assertEqual(__name__, 'typing.io')
-
 
 class RETests(BaseTestCase):
     # Much of this is really testing _TypeAlias.
@@ -4662,31 +8298,29 @@ def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(Match[str]), 'typing.Match[str]')
         self.assertEqual(repr(Match[bytes]), 'typing.Match[bytes]')
 
-    def test_re_submodule(self):
-        from typing.re import Match, Pattern, __all__, __name__
-        self.assertIs(Match, typing.Match)
-        self.assertIs(Pattern, typing.Pattern)
-        self.assertEqual(set(__all__), set(['Match', 'Pattern']))
-        self.assertEqual(__name__, 'typing.re')
-
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_cannot_subclass(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as ex:
-
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            r"type 're\.Match' is not an acceptable base type",
+        ):
             class A(typing.Match):
                 pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            r"type 're\.Pattern' is not an acceptable base type",
+        ):
+            class B(typing.Pattern):
+                pass
 
-        self.assertEqual(str(ex.exception),
-                         "type 're.Match' is not an acceptable base type")
 
 
 class AnnotatedTests(BaseTestCase):
 
     def test_new(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(
-            TypeError,
-            'Type Annotated cannot be instantiated',
+            TypeError, 'Cannot instantiate typing.Annotated',
         ):
             Annotated()
 
@@ -4700,12 +8334,93 @@ def test_repr(self):
             "typing.Annotated[typing.List[int], 4, 5]"
         )
 
+    def test_dir(self):
+        dir_items = set(dir(Annotated[int, 4]))
+        for required_item in [
+            '__args__', '__parameters__', '__origin__',
+            '__metadata__',
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(required_item=required_item):
+                self.assertIn(required_item, dir_items)
+
     def test_flatten(self):
         A = Annotated[Annotated[int, 4], 5]
         self.assertEqual(A, Annotated[int, 4, 5])
         self.assertEqual(A.__metadata__, (4, 5))
         self.assertEqual(A.__origin__, int)
 
+    def test_deduplicate_from_union(self):
+        # Regular:
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Annotated[int, 1] | int),
+                         (Annotated[int, 1], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[Annotated[int, 1], int]),
+                         (Annotated[int, 1], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Annotated[int, 1] | Annotated[int, 2] | int),
+                         (Annotated[int, 1], Annotated[int, 2], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[Annotated[int, 1], Annotated[int, 2], int]),
+                         (Annotated[int, 1], Annotated[int, 2], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Annotated[int, 1] | Annotated[str, 1] | int),
+                         (Annotated[int, 1], Annotated[str, 1], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[Annotated[int, 1], Annotated[str, 1], int]),
+                         (Annotated[int, 1], Annotated[str, 1], int))
+
+        # Duplicates:
+        self.assertEqual(Annotated[int, 1] | Annotated[int, 1] | int,
+                         Annotated[int, 1] | int)
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Annotated[int, 1], Annotated[int, 1], int],
+                         Union[Annotated[int, 1], int])
+
+        # Unhashable metadata:
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(str | Annotated[int, {}] | Annotated[int, set()] | int),
+                         (str, Annotated[int, {}], Annotated[int, set()], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[str, Annotated[int, {}], Annotated[int, set()], int]),
+                         (str, Annotated[int, {}], Annotated[int, set()], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(str | Annotated[int, {}] | Annotated[str, {}] | int),
+                         (str, Annotated[int, {}], Annotated[str, {}], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[str, Annotated[int, {}], Annotated[str, {}], int]),
+                         (str, Annotated[int, {}], Annotated[str, {}], int))
+
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Annotated[int, 1] | str | Annotated[str, {}] | int),
+                         (Annotated[int, 1], str, Annotated[str, {}], int))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[Annotated[int, 1], str, Annotated[str, {}], int]),
+                         (Annotated[int, 1], str, Annotated[str, {}], int))
+
+        import dataclasses
+        @dataclasses.dataclass
+        class ValueRange:
+            lo: int
+            hi: int
+        v = ValueRange(1, 2)
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Annotated[int, v] | None),
+                         (Annotated[int, v], types.NoneType))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Union[Annotated[int, v], None]),
+                         (Annotated[int, v], types.NoneType))
+        self.assertEqual(get_args(Optional[Annotated[int, v]]),
+                         (Annotated[int, v], types.NoneType))
+
+        # Unhashable metadata duplicated:
+        self.assertEqual(Annotated[int, {}] | Annotated[int, {}] | int,
+                         Annotated[int, {}] | int)
+        self.assertEqual(Annotated[int, {}] | Annotated[int, {}] | int,
+                         int | Annotated[int, {}])
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Annotated[int, {}], Annotated[int, {}], int],
+                         Union[Annotated[int, {}], int])
+        self.assertEqual(Union[Annotated[int, {}], Annotated[int, {}], int],
+                         Union[int, Annotated[int, {}]])
+
+    def test_order_in_union(self):
+        expr1 = Annotated[int, 1] | str | Annotated[str, {}] | int
+        for args in itertools.permutations(get_args(expr1)):
+            with self.subTest(args=args):
+                self.assertEqual(expr1, reduce(operator.or_, args))
+
+        expr2 = Union[Annotated[int, 1], str, Annotated[str, {}], int]
+        for args in itertools.permutations(get_args(expr2)):
+            with self.subTest(args=args):
+                self.assertEqual(expr2, Union[args])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_specialize(self):
         L = Annotated[List[T], "my decoration"]
         LI = Annotated[List[int], "my decoration"]
@@ -4726,6 +8441,16 @@ def test_hash_eq(self):
             {Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[T, 4, 5]},
             {Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[T, 4, 5]}
         )
+        # Unhashable `metadata` raises `TypeError`:
+        a1 = Annotated[int, []]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            hash(a1)
+
+        class A:
+            __hash__ = None
+        a2 = Annotated[int, A()]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            hash(a2)
 
     def test_instantiate(self):
         class C:
@@ -4746,11 +8471,24 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
         self.assertEqual(a.x, c.x)
         self.assertEqual(a.classvar, c.classvar)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_instantiate_generic(self):
         MyCount = Annotated[typing.Counter[T], "my decoration"]
         self.assertEqual(MyCount([4, 4, 5]), {4: 2, 5: 1})
         self.assertEqual(MyCount[int]([4, 4, 5]), {4: 2, 5: 1})
 
+    def test_instantiate_immutable(self):
+        class C:
+            def __setattr__(self, key, value):
+                raise Exception("should be ignored")
+
+        A = Annotated[C, "a decoration"]
+        # gh-115165: This used to cause RuntimeError to be raised
+        # when we tried to set `__orig_class__` on the `C` instance
+        # returned by the `A()` call
+        self.assertIsInstance(A(), C)
+
     def test_cannot_instantiate_forward(self):
         A = Annotated["int", (5, 6)]
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -4774,23 +8512,45 @@ class C:
         A.x = 5
         self.assertEqual(C.x, 5)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_special_form_containment(self):
         class C:
             classvar: Annotated[ClassVar[int], "a decoration"] = 4
             const: Annotated[Final[int], "Const"] = 4
 
-        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['classvar'], ClassVar[int])
-        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['const'], Final[int])
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['classvar'], ClassVar[int])
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(C, globals())['const'], Final[int])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_special_forms_nesting(self):
+        # These are uncommon types and are to ensure runtime
+        # is lax on validation. See gh-89547 for more context.
+        class CF:
+            x: ClassVar[Final[int]]
+
+        class FC:
+            x: Final[ClassVar[int]]
+
+        class ACF:
+            x: Annotated[ClassVar[Final[int]], "a decoration"]
+
+        class CAF:
+            x: ClassVar[Annotated[Final[int], "a decoration"]]
+
+        class AFC:
+            x: Annotated[Final[ClassVar[int]], "a decoration"]
+
+        class FAC:
+            x: Final[Annotated[ClassVar[int], "a decoration"]]
 
-    def test_hash_eq(self):
-        self.assertEqual(len({Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[int, 4, 5]}), 1)
-        self.assertNotEqual(Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[int, 5, 4])
-        self.assertNotEqual(Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[str, 4, 5])
-        self.assertNotEqual(Annotated[int, 4], Annotated[int, 4, 4])
-        self.assertEqual(
-            {Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[T, 4, 5]},
-            {Annotated[int, 4, 5], Annotated[T, 4, 5]}
-        )
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(CF, globals())['x'], ClassVar[Final[int]])
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(FC, globals())['x'], Final[ClassVar[int]])
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(ACF, globals())['x'], ClassVar[Final[int]])
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(CAF, globals())['x'], ClassVar[Final[int]])
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(AFC, globals())['x'], Final[ClassVar[int]])
+        self.assertEqual(get_type_hints(FAC, globals())['x'], Final[ClassVar[int]])
 
     def test_cannot_subclass(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Cannot subclass .*Annotated"):
@@ -4809,6 +8569,8 @@ def test_too_few_type_args(self):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'at least two arguments'):
             Annotated[int]
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_pickle(self):
         samples = [typing.Any, typing.Union[int, str],
                    typing.Optional[str], Tuple[int, ...],
@@ -4839,6 +8601,8 @@ class _Annotated_test_G(Generic[T]):
             self.assertEqual(x.bar, 'abc')
             self.assertEqual(x.x, 1)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_subst(self):
         dec = "a decoration"
         dec2 = "another decoration"
@@ -4868,6 +8632,124 @@ def test_subst(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             LI[None]
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_typevar_subst(self):
+        dec = "a decoration"
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        T1 = TypeVar('T1')
+        T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+
+        # A = Annotated[tuple[*Ts], dec]
+        self.assertEqual(A[int], Annotated[tuple[int], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(A[str, int], Annotated[tuple[str, int], dec])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Annotated[*Ts, dec]
+
+        B = Annotated[Tuple[Unpack[Ts]], dec]
+        self.assertEqual(B[int], Annotated[Tuple[int], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(B[str, int], Annotated[Tuple[str, int], dec])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Annotated[Unpack[Ts], dec]
+
+        C = Annotated[tuple[T, *Ts], dec]
+        self.assertEqual(C[int], Annotated[tuple[int], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(C[int, str], Annotated[tuple[int, str], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            C[int, str, float],
+            Annotated[tuple[int, str, float], dec]
+        )
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            C[()]
+
+        D = Annotated[Tuple[T, Unpack[Ts]], dec]
+        self.assertEqual(D[int], Annotated[Tuple[int], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(D[int, str], Annotated[Tuple[int, str], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            D[int, str, float],
+            Annotated[Tuple[int, str, float], dec]
+        )
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            D[()]
+
+        E = Annotated[tuple[*Ts, T], dec]
+        self.assertEqual(E[int], Annotated[tuple[int], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(E[int, str], Annotated[tuple[int, str], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            E[int, str, float],
+            Annotated[tuple[int, str, float], dec]
+        )
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            E[()]
+
+        F = Annotated[Tuple[Unpack[Ts], T], dec]
+        self.assertEqual(F[int], Annotated[Tuple[int], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(F[int, str], Annotated[Tuple[int, str], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            F[int, str, float],
+            Annotated[Tuple[int, str, float], dec]
+        )
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            F[()]
+
+        G = Annotated[tuple[T1, *Ts, T2], dec]
+        self.assertEqual(G[int, str], Annotated[tuple[int, str], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            G[int, str, float],
+            Annotated[tuple[int, str, float], dec]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            G[int, str, bool, float],
+            Annotated[tuple[int, str, bool, float], dec]
+        )
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            G[int]
+
+        H = Annotated[Tuple[T1, Unpack[Ts], T2], dec]
+        self.assertEqual(H[int, str], Annotated[Tuple[int, str], dec])
+        self.assertEqual(
+            H[int, str, float],
+            Annotated[Tuple[int, str, float], dec]
+        )
+        self.assertEqual(
+            H[int, str, bool, float],
+            Annotated[Tuple[int, str, bool, float], dec]
+        )
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            H[int]
+
+        # Now let's try creating an alias from an alias.
+
+        Ts2 = TypeVarTuple('Ts2')
+        T3 = TypeVar('T3')
+        T4 = TypeVar('T4')
+
+        # G is Annotated[tuple[T1, *Ts, T2], dec].
+        I = G[T3, *Ts2, T4]
+        J = G[T3, Unpack[Ts2], T4]
+
+        for x, y in [
+            (I,                  Annotated[tuple[T3, *Ts2, T4], dec]),
+            (J,                  Annotated[tuple[T3, Unpack[Ts2], T4], dec]),
+            (I[int, str],        Annotated[tuple[int, str], dec]),
+            (J[int, str],        Annotated[tuple[int, str], dec]),
+            (I[int, str, float], Annotated[tuple[int, str, float], dec]),
+            (J[int, str, float], Annotated[tuple[int, str, float], dec]),
+            (I[int, str, bool, float],
+                                 Annotated[tuple[int, str, bool, float], dec]),
+            (J[int, str, bool, float],
+                                 Annotated[tuple[int, str, bool, float], dec]),
+        ]:
+            self.assertEqual(x, y)
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            I[int]
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            J[int]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_annotated_in_other_types(self):
         X = List[Annotated[T, 5]]
         self.assertEqual(X[int], List[Annotated[int, 5]])
@@ -4877,6 +8759,40 @@ class X(Annotated[int, (1, 10)]): ...
         self.assertEqual(X.__mro__, (X, int, object),
                          "Annotated should be transparent.")
 
+    def test_annotated_cached_with_types(self):
+        class A(str): ...
+        class B(str): ...
+
+        field_a1 = Annotated[str, A("X")]
+        field_a2 = Annotated[str, B("X")]
+        a1_metadata = field_a1.__metadata__[0]
+        a2_metadata = field_a2.__metadata__[0]
+
+        self.assertIs(type(a1_metadata), A)
+        self.assertEqual(a1_metadata, A("X"))
+        self.assertIs(type(a2_metadata), B)
+        self.assertEqual(a2_metadata, B("X"))
+        self.assertIsNot(type(a1_metadata), type(a2_metadata))
+
+        field_b1 = Annotated[str, A("Y")]
+        field_b2 = Annotated[str, B("Y")]
+        b1_metadata = field_b1.__metadata__[0]
+        b2_metadata = field_b2.__metadata__[0]
+
+        self.assertIs(type(b1_metadata), A)
+        self.assertEqual(b1_metadata, A("Y"))
+        self.assertIs(type(b2_metadata), B)
+        self.assertEqual(b2_metadata, B("Y"))
+        self.assertIsNot(type(b1_metadata), type(b2_metadata))
+
+        field_c1 = Annotated[int, 1]
+        field_c2 = Annotated[int, 1.0]
+        field_c3 = Annotated[int, True]
+
+        self.assertIs(type(field_c1.__metadata__[0]), int)
+        self.assertIs(type(field_c2.__metadata__[0]), float)
+        self.assertIs(type(field_c3.__metadata__[0]), bool)
+
 
 class TypeAliasTests(BaseTestCase):
     def test_canonical_usage_with_variable_annotation(self):
@@ -4893,6 +8809,8 @@ def test_no_isinstance(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             isinstance(42, TypeAlias)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_stringized_usage(self):
         class A:
             a: "TypeAlias"
@@ -4906,12 +8824,13 @@ def test_no_issubclass(self):
             issubclass(TypeAlias, Employee)
 
     def test_cannot_subclass(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                r'Cannot subclass typing\.TypeAlias'):
             class C(TypeAlias):
                 pass
 
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class C(type(TypeAlias)):
+            class D(type(TypeAlias)):
                 pass
 
     def test_repr(self):
@@ -4922,12 +8841,27 @@ def test_cannot_subscript(self):
             TypeAlias[int]
 
 
+
 class ParamSpecTests(BaseTestCase):
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_basic_plain(self):
         P = ParamSpec('P')
         self.assertEqual(P, P)
         self.assertIsInstance(P, ParamSpec)
+        self.assertEqual(P.__name__, 'P')
+        self.assertEqual(P.__module__, __name__)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_basic_with_exec(self):
+        ns = {}
+        exec('from typing import ParamSpec; P = ParamSpec("P")', ns, ns)
+        P = ns['P']
+        self.assertIsInstance(P, ParamSpec)
+        self.assertEqual(P.__name__, 'P')
+        self.assertIs(P.__module__, None)
 
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
@@ -4948,6 +8882,8 @@ def test_valid_uses(self):
         self.assertEqual(C4.__args__, (P, T))
         self.assertEqual(C4.__parameters__, (P, T))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_args_kwargs(self):
         P = ParamSpec('P')
         P_2 = ParamSpec('P_2')
@@ -4967,6 +8903,9 @@ def test_args_kwargs(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(P.args), "P.args")
         self.assertEqual(repr(P.kwargs), "P.kwargs")
 
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_stringized(self):
         P = ParamSpec('P')
         class C(Generic[P]):
@@ -4979,6 +8918,8 @@ def foo(self, *args: "P.args", **kwargs: "P.kwargs"):
             gth(C.foo, globals(), locals()), {"args": P.args, "kwargs": P.kwargs}
         )
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_user_generics(self):
         T = TypeVar("T")
         P = ParamSpec("P")
@@ -5033,6 +8974,8 @@ class Z(Generic[P]):
         with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "many arguments for"):
             Z[P_2, bool]
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_multiple_paramspecs_in_user_generics(self):
         P = ParamSpec("P")
         P2 = ParamSpec("P2")
@@ -5047,33 +8990,221 @@ class X(Generic[P, P2]):
         self.assertEqual(G1.__args__, ((int, str), (bytes,)))
         self.assertEqual(G2.__args__, ((int,), (str, bytes)))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_typevartuple_and_paramspecs_in_user_generics(self):
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple("Ts")
+        P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+        # class X(Generic[*Ts, P]):
+        #     f: Callable[P, int]
+        #     g: Tuple[*Ts]
+
+        G1 = X[int, [bytes]]
+        self.assertEqual(G1.__args__, (int, (bytes,)))
+        G2 = X[int, str, [bytes]]
+        self.assertEqual(G2.__args__, (int, str, (bytes,)))
+        G3 = X[[bytes]]
+        self.assertEqual(G3.__args__, ((bytes,),))
+        G4 = X[[]]
+        self.assertEqual(G4.__args__, ((),))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            X[()]
+
+        # class Y(Generic[P, *Ts]):
+        #     f: Callable[P, int]
+        #     g: Tuple[*Ts]
+
+        G1 = Y[[bytes], int]
+        self.assertEqual(G1.__args__, ((bytes,), int))
+        G2 = Y[[bytes], int, str]
+        self.assertEqual(G2.__args__, ((bytes,), int, str))
+        G3 = Y[[bytes]]
+        self.assertEqual(G3.__args__, ((bytes,),))
+        G4 = Y[[]]
+        self.assertEqual(G4.__args__, ((),))
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            Y[()]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_typevartuple_and_paramspecs_in_generic_aliases(self):
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        for C in Callable, collections.abc.Callable:
+            with self.subTest(generic=C):
+                # A = C[P, Tuple[*Ts]]
+                B = A[[int, str], bytes, float]
+                self.assertEqual(B.__args__, (int, str, Tuple[bytes, float]))
+
+        class X(Generic[T, P]):
+            pass
+
+        # A = X[Tuple[*Ts], P]
+        B = A[bytes, float, [int, str]]
+        self.assertEqual(B.__args__, (Tuple[bytes, float], (int, str,)))
+
+        class Y(Generic[P, T]):
+            pass
+
+        # A = Y[P, Tuple[*Ts]]
+        B = A[[int, str], bytes, float]
+        self.assertEqual(B.__args__, ((int, str,), Tuple[bytes, float]))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_var_substitution(self):
+        P = ParamSpec("P")
+        subst = P.__typing_subst__
+        self.assertEqual(subst((int, str)), (int, str))
+        self.assertEqual(subst([int, str]), (int, str))
+        self.assertEqual(subst([None]), (type(None),))
+        self.assertIs(subst(...), ...)
+        self.assertIs(subst(P), P)
+        self.assertEqual(subst(Concatenate[int, P]), Concatenate[int, P])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bad_var_substitution(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         P = ParamSpec('P')
         bad_args = (42, int, None, T, int|str, Union[int, str])
         for arg in bad_args:
             with self.subTest(arg=arg):
+                with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                    P.__typing_subst__(arg)
                 with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                     typing.Callable[P, T][arg, str]
                 with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                     collections.abc.Callable[P, T][arg, str]
 
-    def test_no_paramspec_in__parameters__(self):
-        # ParamSpec should not be found in __parameters__
-        # of generics. Usages outside Callable, Concatenate
-        # and Generic are invalid.
-        T = TypeVar("T")
-        P = ParamSpec("P")
-        self.assertNotIn(P, List[P].__parameters__)
-        self.assertIn(T, Tuple[T, P].__parameters__)
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_type_var_subst_for_other_type_vars(self):
+        T = TypeVar('T')
+        T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        P2 = ParamSpec('P2')
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+
+        class Base(Generic[P]):
+            pass
 
-        # Test for consistency with builtin generics.
-        self.assertNotIn(P, list[P].__parameters__)
-        self.assertIn(T, tuple[T, P].__parameters__)
+        A1 = Base[T]
+        self.assertEqual(A1.__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(A1.__args__, ((T,),))
+        self.assertEqual(A1[int], Base[int])
+
+        A2 = Base[[T]]
+        self.assertEqual(A2.__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(A2.__args__, ((T,),))
+        self.assertEqual(A2[int], Base[int])
+
+        A3 = Base[[int, T]]
+        self.assertEqual(A3.__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(A3.__args__, ((int, T),))
+        self.assertEqual(A3[str], Base[[int, str]])
+
+        A4 = Base[[T, int, T2]]
+        self.assertEqual(A4.__parameters__, (T, T2))
+        self.assertEqual(A4.__args__, ((T, int, T2),))
+        self.assertEqual(A4[str, bool], Base[[str, int, bool]])
+
+        A5 = Base[[*Ts, int]]
+        self.assertEqual(A5.__parameters__, (Ts,))
+        self.assertEqual(A5.__args__, ((*Ts, int),))
+        self.assertEqual(A5[str, bool], Base[[str, bool, int]])
+
+        A5_2 = Base[[int, *Ts]]
+        self.assertEqual(A5_2.__parameters__, (Ts,))
+        self.assertEqual(A5_2.__args__, ((int, *Ts),))
+        self.assertEqual(A5_2[str, bool], Base[[int, str, bool]])
+
+        A6 = Base[[T, *Ts]]
+        self.assertEqual(A6.__parameters__, (T, Ts))
+        self.assertEqual(A6.__args__, ((T, *Ts),))
+        self.assertEqual(A6[int, str, bool], Base[[int, str, bool]])
+
+        A7 = Base[[T, T]]
+        self.assertEqual(A7.__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(A7.__args__, ((T, T),))
+        self.assertEqual(A7[int], Base[[int, int]])
+
+        A8 = Base[[T, list[T]]]
+        self.assertEqual(A8.__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(A8.__args__, ((T, list[T]),))
+        self.assertEqual(A8[int], Base[[int, list[int]]])
+
+        # A9 = Base[[Tuple[*Ts], *Ts]]
+        # self.assertEqual(A9.__parameters__, (Ts,))
+        # self.assertEqual(A9.__args__, ((Tuple[*Ts], *Ts),))
+        # self.assertEqual(A9[int, str], Base[Tuple[int, str], int, str])
+
+        A10 = Base[P2]
+        self.assertEqual(A10.__parameters__, (P2,))
+        self.assertEqual(A10.__args__, (P2,))
+        self.assertEqual(A10[[int, str]], Base[[int, str]])
+
+        class DoubleP(Generic[P, P2]):
+            pass
+
+        B1 = DoubleP[P, P2]
+        self.assertEqual(B1.__parameters__, (P, P2))
+        self.assertEqual(B1.__args__, (P, P2))
+        self.assertEqual(B1[[int, str], [bool]], DoubleP[[int,  str], [bool]])
+        self.assertEqual(B1[[], []], DoubleP[[], []])
+
+        B2 = DoubleP[[int, str], P2]
+        self.assertEqual(B2.__parameters__, (P2,))
+        self.assertEqual(B2.__args__, ((int, str), P2))
+        self.assertEqual(B2[[bool, bool]], DoubleP[[int,  str], [bool, bool]])
+        self.assertEqual(B2[[]], DoubleP[[int,  str], []])
+
+        B3 = DoubleP[P, [bool, bool]]
+        self.assertEqual(B3.__parameters__, (P,))
+        self.assertEqual(B3.__args__, (P, (bool, bool)))
+        self.assertEqual(B3[[int, str]], DoubleP[[int,  str], [bool, bool]])
+        self.assertEqual(B3[[]], DoubleP[[], [bool, bool]])
+
+        B4 = DoubleP[[T, int], [bool, T2]]
+        self.assertEqual(B4.__parameters__, (T, T2))
+        self.assertEqual(B4.__args__, ((T, int), (bool, T2)))
+        self.assertEqual(B4[str, float], DoubleP[[str, int], [bool, float]])
+
+        B5 = DoubleP[[*Ts, int], [bool, T2]]
+        self.assertEqual(B5.__parameters__, (Ts, T2))
+        self.assertEqual(B5.__args__, ((*Ts, int), (bool, T2)))
+        self.assertEqual(B5[str, bytes, float],
+                         DoubleP[[str, bytes, int], [bool, float]])
+
+        B6 = DoubleP[[T, int], [bool, *Ts]]
+        self.assertEqual(B6.__parameters__, (T, Ts))
+        self.assertEqual(B6.__args__, ((T, int), (bool, *Ts)))
+        self.assertEqual(B6[str, bytes, float],
+                         DoubleP[[str, int], [bool, bytes, float]])
+
+        class PandT(Generic[P, T]):
+            pass
+
+        C1 = PandT[P, T]
+        self.assertEqual(C1.__parameters__, (P, T))
+        self.assertEqual(C1.__args__, (P, T))
+        self.assertEqual(C1[[int, str], bool], PandT[[int, str], bool])
 
-        self.assertNotIn(P, (list[P] | int).__parameters__)
-        self.assertIn(T, (tuple[T, P] | int).__parameters__)
+        C2 = PandT[[int, T], T]
+        self.assertEqual(C2.__parameters__, (T,))
+        self.assertEqual(C2.__args__, ((int, T), T))
+        self.assertEqual(C2[str], PandT[[int, str], str])
 
+        C3 = PandT[[int, *Ts], T]
+        self.assertEqual(C3.__parameters__, (Ts, T))
+        self.assertEqual(C3.__args__, ((int, *Ts), T))
+        self.assertEqual(C3[str, bool, bytes], PandT[[int, str, bool], bytes])
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_paramspec_in_nested_generics(self):
         # Although ParamSpec should not be found in __parameters__ of most
         # generics, they probably should be found when nested in
@@ -5092,6 +9223,8 @@ def test_paramspec_in_nested_generics(self):
         self.assertEqual(G2[[int, str], float], list[C])
         self.assertEqual(G3[[int, str], float], list[C] | int)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_paramspec_gets_copied(self):
         # bpo-46581
         P = ParamSpec('P')
@@ -5113,6 +9246,27 @@ def test_paramspec_gets_copied(self):
         self.assertEqual(C2[Concatenate[str, P2]].__parameters__, (P2,))
         self.assertEqual(C2[Concatenate[T, P2]].__parameters__, (T, P2))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, NOT_A_BASE_TYPE % 'ParamSpec'):
+            class C(ParamSpec): pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, NOT_A_BASE_TYPE % 'ParamSpecArgs'):
+            class D(ParamSpecArgs): pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, NOT_A_BASE_TYPE % 'ParamSpecKwargs'):
+            class E(ParamSpecKwargs): pass
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                CANNOT_SUBCLASS_INSTANCE % 'ParamSpec'):
+            class F(P): pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                CANNOT_SUBCLASS_INSTANCE % 'ParamSpecArgs'):
+            class G(P.args): pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                CANNOT_SUBCLASS_INSTANCE % 'ParamSpecKwargs'):
+            class H(P.kwargs): pass
+
+
 
 class ConcatenateTests(BaseTestCase):
     def test_basics(self):
@@ -5121,6 +9275,17 @@ class MyClass: ...
         c = Concatenate[MyClass, P]
         self.assertNotEqual(c, Concatenate)
 
+    def test_dir(self):
+        P = ParamSpec('P')
+        dir_items = set(dir(Concatenate[int, P]))
+        for required_item in [
+            '__args__', '__parameters__', '__origin__',
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(required_item=required_item):
+                self.assertIn(required_item, dir_items)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_valid_uses(self):
         P = ParamSpec('P')
         T = TypeVar('T')
@@ -5139,6 +9304,20 @@ def test_valid_uses(self):
         self.assertEqual(C4.__args__, (Concatenate[int, T, P], T))
         self.assertEqual(C4.__parameters__, (T, P))
 
+    def test_invalid_uses(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, 'Concatenate of no types'):
+            Concatenate[()]
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(
+            TypeError,
+            (
+                'The last parameter to Concatenate should be a '
+                'ParamSpec variable or ellipsis'
+            ),
+        ):
+            Concatenate[int]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_var_substitution(self):
         T = TypeVar('T')
         P = ParamSpec('P')
@@ -5149,8 +9328,7 @@ def test_var_substitution(self):
         self.assertEqual(C[int, []], (int,))
         self.assertEqual(C[int, Concatenate[str, P2]],
                          Concatenate[int, str, P2])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            C[int, ...]
+        self.assertEqual(C[int, ...], Concatenate[int, ...])
 
         C = Concatenate[int, P]
         self.assertEqual(C[P2], Concatenate[int, P2])
@@ -5158,8 +9336,8 @@ def test_var_substitution(self):
         self.assertEqual(C[str, float], (int, str, float))
         self.assertEqual(C[[]], (int,))
         self.assertEqual(C[Concatenate[str, P2]], Concatenate[int, str, P2])
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            C[...]
+        self.assertEqual(C[...], Concatenate[int, ...])
+
 
 class TypeGuardTests(BaseTestCase):
     def test_basics(self):
@@ -5168,6 +9346,11 @@ def test_basics(self):
         def foo(arg) -> TypeGuard[int]: ...
         self.assertEqual(gth(foo), {'return': TypeGuard[int]})
 
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            TypeGuard[int, str]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(TypeGuard), 'typing.TypeGuard')
         cv = TypeGuard[int]
@@ -5178,11 +9361,19 @@ def test_repr(self):
         self.assertEqual(repr(cv), 'typing.TypeGuard[tuple[int]]')
 
     def test_cannot_subclass(self):
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
             class C(type(TypeGuard)):
                 pass
-        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
-            class C(type(TypeGuard[int])):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class D(type(TypeGuard[int])):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                                    r'Cannot subclass typing\.TypeGuard'):
+            class E(TypeGuard):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                                    r'Cannot subclass typing\.TypeGuard\[int\]'):
+            class F(TypeGuard[int]):
                 pass
 
     def test_cannot_init(self):
@@ -5200,12 +9391,63 @@ def test_no_isinstance(self):
             issubclass(int, TypeGuard)
 
 
+class TypeIsTests(BaseTestCase):
+    def test_basics(self):
+        TypeIs[int]  # OK
+
+        def foo(arg) -> TypeIs[int]: ...
+        self.assertEqual(gth(foo), {'return': TypeIs[int]})
+
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            TypeIs[int, str]
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(TypeIs), 'typing.TypeIs')
+        cv = TypeIs[int]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(cv), 'typing.TypeIs[int]')
+        cv = TypeIs[Employee]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(cv), 'typing.TypeIs[%s.Employee]' % __name__)
+        cv = TypeIs[tuple[int]]
+        self.assertEqual(repr(cv), 'typing.TypeIs[tuple[int]]')
+
+    def test_cannot_subclass(self):
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class C(type(TypeIs)):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, CANNOT_SUBCLASS_TYPE):
+            class D(type(TypeIs[int])):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                                    r'Cannot subclass typing\.TypeIs'):
+            class E(TypeIs):
+                pass
+        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError,
+                                    r'Cannot subclass typing\.TypeIs\[int\]'):
+            class F(TypeIs[int]):
+                pass
+
+    def test_cannot_init(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            TypeIs()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(TypeIs)()
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(TypeIs[Optional[int]])()
+
+    def test_no_isinstance(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            isinstance(1, TypeIs[int])
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            issubclass(int, TypeIs)
+
+
 SpecialAttrsP = typing.ParamSpec('SpecialAttrsP')
 SpecialAttrsT = typing.TypeVar('SpecialAttrsT', int, float, complex)
 
 
 class SpecialAttrsTests(BaseTestCase):
-
     # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
     @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_special_attrs(self):
@@ -5251,7 +9493,7 @@ def test_special_attrs(self):
             typing.ValuesView: 'ValuesView',
             # Subscribed ABC classes
             typing.AbstractSet[Any]: 'AbstractSet',
-            typing.AsyncContextManager[Any]: 'AsyncContextManager',
+            typing.AsyncContextManager[Any, Any]: 'AsyncContextManager',
             typing.AsyncGenerator[Any, Any]: 'AsyncGenerator',
             typing.AsyncIterable[Any]: 'AsyncIterable',
             typing.AsyncIterator[Any]: 'AsyncIterator',
@@ -5261,7 +9503,7 @@ def test_special_attrs(self):
             typing.ChainMap[Any, Any]: 'ChainMap',
             typing.Collection[Any]: 'Collection',
             typing.Container[Any]: 'Container',
-            typing.ContextManager[Any]: 'ContextManager',
+            typing.ContextManager[Any, Any]: 'ContextManager',
             typing.Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]: 'Coroutine',
             typing.Counter[Any]: 'Counter',
             typing.DefaultDict[Any, Any]: 'DefaultDict',
@@ -5297,13 +9539,17 @@ def test_special_attrs(self):
             typing.Literal: 'Literal',
             typing.NewType: 'NewType',
             typing.NoReturn: 'NoReturn',
+            typing.Never: 'Never',
             typing.Optional: 'Optional',
             typing.TypeAlias: 'TypeAlias',
             typing.TypeGuard: 'TypeGuard',
+            typing.TypeIs: 'TypeIs',
             typing.TypeVar: 'TypeVar',
             typing.Union: 'Union',
+            typing.Self: 'Self',
             # Subscribed special forms
             typing.Annotated[Any, "Annotation"]: 'Annotated',
+            typing.Annotated[int, 'Annotation']: 'Annotated',
             typing.ClassVar[Any]: 'ClassVar',
             typing.Concatenate[Any, SpecialAttrsP]: 'Concatenate',
             typing.Final[Any]: 'Final',
@@ -5312,6 +9558,7 @@ def test_special_attrs(self):
             typing.Literal[True, 2]: 'Literal',
             typing.Optional[Any]: 'Optional',
             typing.TypeGuard[Any]: 'TypeGuard',
+            typing.TypeIs[Any]: 'TypeIs',
             typing.Union[Any]: 'Any',
             typing.Union[int, float]: 'Union',
             # Incompatible special forms (tested in test_special_attrs2)
@@ -5345,7 +9592,7 @@ def test_special_attrs2(self):
         self.assertEqual(fr.__module__, 'typing')
         # Forward refs are currently unpicklable.
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
-            with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as exc:
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
                 pickle.dumps(fr, proto)
 
         self.assertEqual(SpecialAttrsTests.TypeName.__name__, 'TypeName')
@@ -5385,15 +9632,168 @@ def test_special_attrs2(self):
             loaded = pickle.loads(s)
             self.assertIs(SpecialAttrsP, loaded)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_genericalias_dir(self):
         class Foo(Generic[T]):
             def bar(self):
                 pass
             baz = 3
+            __magic__ = 4
+
         # The class attributes of the original class should be visible even
         # in dir() of the GenericAlias. See bpo-45755.
-        self.assertIn('bar', dir(Foo[int]))
-        self.assertIn('baz', dir(Foo[int]))
+        dir_items = set(dir(Foo[int]))
+        for required_item in [
+            'bar', 'baz',
+            '__args__', '__parameters__', '__origin__',
+        ]:
+            with self.subTest(required_item=required_item):
+                self.assertIn(required_item, dir_items)
+        self.assertNotIn('__magic__', dir_items)
+
+
+class RevealTypeTests(BaseTestCase):
+    def test_reveal_type(self):
+        obj = object()
+        with captured_stderr() as stderr:
+            self.assertIs(obj, reveal_type(obj))
+        self.assertEqual(stderr.getvalue(), "Runtime type is 'object'\n")
+
+
+class DataclassTransformTests(BaseTestCase):
+    def test_decorator(self):
+        def create_model(*, frozen: bool = False, kw_only: bool = True):
+            return lambda cls: cls
+
+        decorated = dataclass_transform(kw_only_default=True, order_default=False)(create_model)
+
+        class CustomerModel:
+            id: int
+
+        self.assertIs(decorated, create_model)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            decorated.__dataclass_transform__,
+            {
+                "eq_default": True,
+                "order_default": False,
+                "kw_only_default": True,
+                "frozen_default": False,
+                "field_specifiers": (),
+                "kwargs": {},
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertIs(
+            decorated(frozen=True, kw_only=False)(CustomerModel),
+            CustomerModel
+        )
+
+    def test_base_class(self):
+        class ModelBase:
+            def __init_subclass__(cls, *, frozen: bool = False): ...
+
+        Decorated = dataclass_transform(
+            eq_default=True,
+            order_default=True,
+            # Arbitrary unrecognized kwargs are accepted at runtime.
+            make_everything_awesome=True,
+        )(ModelBase)
+
+        class CustomerModel(Decorated, frozen=True):
+            id: int
+
+        self.assertIs(Decorated, ModelBase)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Decorated.__dataclass_transform__,
+            {
+                "eq_default": True,
+                "order_default": True,
+                "kw_only_default": False,
+                "frozen_default": False,
+                "field_specifiers": (),
+                "kwargs": {"make_everything_awesome": True},
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertIsSubclass(CustomerModel, Decorated)
+
+    def test_metaclass(self):
+        class Field: ...
+
+        class ModelMeta(type):
+            def __new__(
+                cls, name, bases, namespace, *, init: bool = True,
+            ):
+                return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, namespace)
+
+        Decorated = dataclass_transform(
+            order_default=True, frozen_default=True, field_specifiers=(Field,)
+        )(ModelMeta)
+
+        class ModelBase(metaclass=Decorated): ...
+
+        class CustomerModel(ModelBase, init=False):
+            id: int
+
+        self.assertIs(Decorated, ModelMeta)
+        self.assertEqual(
+            Decorated.__dataclass_transform__,
+            {
+                "eq_default": True,
+                "order_default": True,
+                "kw_only_default": False,
+                "frozen_default": True,
+                "field_specifiers": (Field,),
+                "kwargs": {},
+            }
+        )
+        self.assertIsInstance(CustomerModel, Decorated)
+
+
+class NoDefaultTests(BaseTestCase):
+    def test_pickling(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            s = pickle.dumps(NoDefault, proto)
+            loaded = pickle.loads(s)
+            self.assertIs(NoDefault, loaded)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_constructor(self):
+        self.assertIs(NoDefault, type(NoDefault)())
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(NoDefault)(1)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_repr(self):
+        self.assertEqual(repr(NoDefault), 'typing.NoDefault')
+
+    @requires_docstrings
+    def test_doc(self):
+        self.assertIsInstance(NoDefault.__doc__, str)
+
+    def test_class(self):
+        self.assertIs(NoDefault.__class__, type(NoDefault))
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_no_call(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            NoDefault()
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_no_attributes(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            NoDefault.foo = 3
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            NoDefault.foo
+
+        # TypeError is consistent with the behavior of NoneType
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            type(NoDefault).foo = 3
+        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+            type(NoDefault).foo
 
 
 class AllTests(BaseTestCase):
@@ -5409,7 +9809,7 @@ def test_all(self):
         # Context managers.
         self.assertIn('ContextManager', a)
         self.assertIn('AsyncContextManager', a)
-        # Check that io and re are not exported.
+        # Check that former namespaces io and re are not exported.
         self.assertNotIn('io', a)
         self.assertNotIn('re', a)
         # Spot-check that stdlib modules aren't exported.
@@ -5421,7 +9821,13 @@ def test_all(self):
         self.assertIn('SupportsBytes', a)
         self.assertIn('SupportsComplex', a)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_all_exported_names(self):
+        # ensure all dynamically created objects are actualised
+        for name in typing.__all__:
+            getattr(typing, name)
+
         actual_all = set(typing.__all__)
         computed_all = {
             k for k, v in vars(typing).items()
@@ -5429,10 +9835,6 @@ def test_all_exported_names(self):
             if k in actual_all or (
                 # avoid private names
                 not k.startswith('_') and
-                # avoid things in the io / re typing submodules
-                k not in typing.io.__all__ and
-                k not in typing.re.__all__ and
-                k not in {'io', 're'} and
                 # there's a few types and metaclasses that aren't exported
                 not k.endswith(('Meta', '_contra', '_co')) and
                 not k.upper() == k and
@@ -5443,6 +9845,45 @@ def test_all_exported_names(self):
         self.assertSetEqual(computed_all, actual_all)
 
 
+class TypeIterationTests(BaseTestCase):
+    _UNITERABLE_TYPES = (
+        Any,
+        Union,
+        Union[str, int],
+        Union[str, T],
+        List,
+        Tuple,
+        Callable,
+        Callable[..., T],
+        Callable[[T], str],
+        Annotated,
+        Annotated[T, ''],
+    )
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test_cannot_iterate(self):
+        expected_error_regex = "object is not iterable"
+        for test_type in self._UNITERABLE_TYPES:
+            with self.subTest(type=test_type):
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, expected_error_regex):
+                    iter(test_type)
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, expected_error_regex):
+                    list(test_type)
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, expected_error_regex):
+                    for _ in test_type:
+                        pass
+
+    def test_is_not_instance_of_iterable(self):
+        for type_to_test in self._UNITERABLE_TYPES:
+            self.assertNotIsInstance(type_to_test, collections.abc.Iterable)
+
+
+def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
+    import doctest
+    tests.addTests(doctest.DocTestSuite(typing))
+    return tests
+
 
 if __name__ == '__main__':
     main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/typinganndata/_typed_dict_helper.py b/Lib/test/typinganndata/_typed_dict_helper.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9df0ede7d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/typinganndata/_typed_dict_helper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+"""Used to test `get_type_hints()` on a cross-module inherited `TypedDict` class
+
+This script uses future annotations to postpone a type that won't be available
+on the module inheriting from to `Foo`. The subclass in the other module should
+look something like this:
+
+    class Bar(_typed_dict_helper.Foo, total=False):
+        b: int
+
+In addition, it uses multiple levels of Annotated to test the interaction
+between the __future__ import, Annotated, and Required.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Annotated, Generic, Optional, Required, TypedDict, TypeVar
+
+
+OptionalIntType = Optional[int]
+
+class Foo(TypedDict):
+    a: OptionalIntType
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+
+class FooGeneric(TypedDict, Generic[T]):
+    a: Optional[T]
+
+class VeryAnnotated(TypedDict, total=False):
+    a: Annotated[Annotated[Annotated[Required[int], "a"], "b"], "c"]
diff --git a/Lib/test/typinganndata/ann_module695.py b/Lib/test/typinganndata/ann_module695.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6f3b06bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/typinganndata/ann_module695.py
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import Callable
+
+
+class A[T, *Ts, **P]:
+    x: T
+    y: tuple[*Ts]
+    z: Callable[P, str]
+
+
+class B[T, *Ts, **P]:
+    T = int
+    Ts = str
+    P = bytes
+    x: T
+    y: Ts
+    z: P
+
+
+Eggs = int
+Spam = str
+
+
+class C[Eggs, **Spam]:
+    x: Eggs
+    y: Spam
+
+
+def generic_function[T, *Ts, **P](
+    x: T, *y: *Ts, z: P.args, zz: P.kwargs
+) -> None: ...
+
+
+def generic_function_2[Eggs, **Spam](x: Eggs, y: Spam): pass
+
+
+class D:
+    Foo = int
+    Bar = str
+
+    def generic_method[Foo, **Bar](
+        self, x: Foo, y: Bar
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+    def generic_method_2[Eggs, **Spam](self, x: Eggs, y: Spam): pass
+
+
+def nested():
+    from types import SimpleNamespace
+    from typing import get_type_hints
+
+    Eggs = bytes
+    Spam = memoryview
+
+
+    class E[Eggs, **Spam]:
+        x: Eggs
+        y: Spam
+
+        def generic_method[Eggs, **Spam](self, x: Eggs, y: Spam): pass
+
+
+    def generic_function[Eggs, **Spam](x: Eggs, y: Spam): pass
+
+
+    return SimpleNamespace(
+        E=E,
+        hints_for_E=get_type_hints(E),
+        hints_for_E_meth=get_type_hints(E.generic_method),
+        generic_func=generic_function,
+        hints_for_generic_func=get_type_hints(generic_function)
+    )
diff --git a/Lib/test/typinganndata/mod_generics_cache.py b/Lib/test/typinganndata/mod_generics_cache.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..62deea9859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/typinganndata/mod_generics_cache.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""Module for testing the behavior of generics across different modules."""
+
+from typing import TypeVar, Generic, Optional, TypeAliasType
+
+# TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+
+# default_a: Optional['A'] = None
+# default_b: Optional['B'] = None
+
+# T = TypeVar('T')
+
+
+# class A(Generic[T]):
+#     some_b: 'B'
+
+
+# class B(Generic[T]):
+#     class A(Generic[T]):
+#         pass
+
+#     my_inner_a1: 'B.A'
+#     my_inner_a2: A
+#     my_outer_a: 'A'  # unless somebody calls get_type_hints with localns=B.__dict__
+
+# type Alias = int
+# OldStyle = TypeAliasType("OldStyle", int)
diff --git a/Lib/typing.py b/Lib/typing.py
index 75ec2a6a2e..b64a6b6714 100644
--- a/Lib/typing.py
+++ b/Lib/typing.py
@@ -1,34 +1,46 @@
 """
-The typing module: Support for gradual typing as defined by PEP 484.
-
-At large scale, the structure of the module is following:
-* Imports and exports, all public names should be explicitly added to __all__.
-* Internal helper functions: these should never be used in code outside this module.
-* _SpecialForm and its instances (special forms):
-  Any, NoReturn, ClassVar, Union, Optional, Concatenate
-* Classes whose instances can be type arguments in addition to types:
-  ForwardRef, TypeVar and ParamSpec
-* The core of internal generics API: _GenericAlias and _VariadicGenericAlias, the latter is
-  currently only used by Tuple and Callable. All subscripted types like X[int], Union[int, str],
-  etc., are instances of either of these classes.
-* The public counterpart of the generics API consists of two classes: Generic and Protocol.
-* Public helper functions: get_type_hints, overload, cast, no_type_check,
-  no_type_check_decorator.
-* Generic aliases for collections.abc ABCs and few additional protocols.
+The typing module: Support for gradual typing as defined by PEP 484 and subsequent PEPs.
+
+Among other things, the module includes the following:
+* Generic, Protocol, and internal machinery to support generic aliases.
+  All subscripted types like X[int], Union[int, str] are generic aliases.
+* Various "special forms" that have unique meanings in type annotations:
+  NoReturn, Never, ClassVar, Self, Concatenate, Unpack, and others.
+* Classes whose instances can be type arguments to generic classes and functions:
+  TypeVar, ParamSpec, TypeVarTuple.
+* Public helper functions: get_type_hints, overload, cast, final, and others.
+* Several protocols to support duck-typing:
+  SupportsFloat, SupportsIndex, SupportsAbs, and others.
 * Special types: NewType, NamedTuple, TypedDict.
-* Wrapper submodules for re and io related types.
+* Deprecated aliases for builtin types and collections.abc ABCs.
+
+Any name not present in __all__ is an implementation detail
+that may be changed without notice. Use at your own risk!
 """
 
 from abc import abstractmethod, ABCMeta
 import collections
+from collections import defaultdict
 import collections.abc
+import copyreg
 import functools
 import operator
-import re as stdlib_re  # Avoid confusion with the re we export.
 import sys
 import types
 from types import WrapperDescriptorType, MethodWrapperType, MethodDescriptorType, GenericAlias
 
+from _typing import (
+    _idfunc,
+    TypeVar,
+    ParamSpec,
+    TypeVarTuple,
+    ParamSpecArgs,
+    ParamSpecKwargs,
+    TypeAliasType,
+    Generic,
+    NoDefault,
+)
+
 # Please keep __all__ alphabetized within each category.
 __all__ = [
     # Super-special typing primitives.
@@ -47,6 +59,7 @@
     'Tuple',
     'Type',
     'TypeVar',
+    'TypeVarTuple',
     'Union',
 
     # ABCs (from collections.abc).
@@ -108,30 +121,45 @@
 
     # One-off things.
     'AnyStr',
+    'assert_type',
+    'assert_never',
     'cast',
+    'clear_overloads',
+    'dataclass_transform',
     'final',
     'get_args',
     'get_origin',
+    'get_overloads',
+    'get_protocol_members',
     'get_type_hints',
+    'is_protocol',
     'is_typeddict',
+    'LiteralString',
+    'Never',
     'NewType',
     'no_type_check',
     'no_type_check_decorator',
+    'NoDefault',
     'NoReturn',
+    'NotRequired',
     'overload',
+    'override',
     'ParamSpecArgs',
     'ParamSpecKwargs',
+    'ReadOnly',
+    'Required',
+    'reveal_type',
     'runtime_checkable',
+    'Self',
     'Text',
     'TYPE_CHECKING',
     'TypeAlias',
     'TypeGuard',
+    'TypeIs',
+    'TypeAliasType',
+    'Unpack',
 ]
 
-# The pseudo-submodules 're' and 'io' are part of the public
-# namespace, but excluded from __all__ because they might stomp on
-# legitimate imports of those modules.
-
 
 def _type_convert(arg, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=False):
     """For converting None to type(None), and strings to ForwardRef."""
@@ -148,7 +176,7 @@ def _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=
     As a special case, accept None and return type(None) instead. Also wrap strings
     into ForwardRef instances. Consider several corner cases, for example plain
     special forms like Union are not valid, while Union[int, str] is OK, etc.
-    The msg argument is a human-readable error message, e.g::
+    The msg argument is a human-readable error message, e.g.::
 
         "Union[arg, ...]: arg should be a type."
 
@@ -164,14 +192,13 @@ def _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, allow_special_forms=
     if (isinstance(arg, _GenericAlias) and
             arg.__origin__ in invalid_generic_forms):
         raise TypeError(f"{arg} is not valid as type argument")
-    if arg in (Any, NoReturn, Final, TypeAlias):
+    if arg in (Any, LiteralString, NoReturn, Never, Self, TypeAlias):
+        return arg
+    if allow_special_forms and arg in (ClassVar, Final):
         return arg
     if isinstance(arg, _SpecialForm) or arg in (Generic, Protocol):
         raise TypeError(f"Plain {arg} is not valid as type argument")
-    if isinstance(arg, (type, TypeVar, ForwardRef, types.UnionType, ParamSpec,
-                        ParamSpecArgs, ParamSpecKwargs)):
-        return arg
-    if not callable(arg):
+    if type(arg) is tuple:
         raise TypeError(f"{msg} Got {arg!r:.100}.")
     return arg
 
@@ -181,6 +208,28 @@ def _is_param_expr(arg):
             (tuple, list, ParamSpec, _ConcatenateGenericAlias))
 
 
+def _should_unflatten_callable_args(typ, args):
+    """Internal helper for munging collections.abc.Callable's __args__.
+
+    The canonical representation for a Callable's __args__ flattens the
+    argument types, see https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/86361.
+
+    For example::
+
+        >>> import collections.abc
+        >>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+        >>> collections.abc.Callable[[int, int], str].__args__ == (int, int, str)
+        True
+
+    As a result, if we need to reconstruct the Callable from its __args__,
+    we need to unflatten it.
+    """
+    return (
+        typ.__origin__ is collections.abc.Callable
+        and not (len(args) == 2 and _is_param_expr(args[0]))
+    )
+
+
 def _type_repr(obj):
     """Return the repr() of an object, special-casing types (internal helper).
 
@@ -189,99 +238,158 @@ def _type_repr(obj):
     typically enough to uniquely identify a type.  For everything
     else, we fall back on repr(obj).
     """
-    if isinstance(obj, types.GenericAlias):
-        return repr(obj)
+    # When changing this function, don't forget about
+    # `_collections_abc._type_repr`, which does the same thing
+    # and must be consistent with this one.
     if isinstance(obj, type):
         if obj.__module__ == 'builtins':
             return obj.__qualname__
         return f'{obj.__module__}.{obj.__qualname__}'
     if obj is ...:
-        return('...')
+        return '...'
     if isinstance(obj, types.FunctionType):
         return obj.__name__
+    if isinstance(obj, tuple):
+        # Special case for `repr` of types with `ParamSpec`:
+        return '[' + ', '.join(_type_repr(t) for t in obj) + ']'
     return repr(obj)
 
 
-def _collect_type_vars(types_, typevar_types=None):
-    """Collect all type variable contained
-    in types in order of first appearance (lexicographic order). For example::
+def _collect_type_parameters(args, *, enforce_default_ordering: bool = True):
+    """Collect all type parameters in args
+    in order of first appearance (lexicographic order).
+
+    For example::
 
-        _collect_type_vars((T, List[S, T])) == (T, S)
+        >>> P = ParamSpec('P')
+        >>> T = TypeVar('T')
     """
-    if typevar_types is None:
-        typevar_types = TypeVar
-    tvars = []
-    for t in types_:
-        if isinstance(t, typevar_types) and t not in tvars:
-            tvars.append(t)
-        if isinstance(t, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias, types.UnionType)):
-            tvars.extend([t for t in t.__parameters__ if t not in tvars])
-    return tuple(tvars)
+    # required type parameter cannot appear after parameter with default
+    default_encountered = False
+    # or after TypeVarTuple
+    type_var_tuple_encountered = False
+    parameters = []
+    for t in args:
+        if isinstance(t, type):
+            # We don't want __parameters__ descriptor of a bare Python class.
+            pass
+        elif isinstance(t, tuple):
+            # `t` might be a tuple, when `ParamSpec` is substituted with
+            # `[T, int]`, or `[int, *Ts]`, etc.
+            for x in t:
+                for collected in _collect_type_parameters([x]):
+                    if collected not in parameters:
+                        parameters.append(collected)
+        elif hasattr(t, '__typing_subst__'):
+            if t not in parameters:
+                if enforce_default_ordering:
+                    if type_var_tuple_encountered and t.has_default():
+                        raise TypeError('Type parameter with a default'
+                                        ' follows TypeVarTuple')
+
+                    if t.has_default():
+                        default_encountered = True
+                    elif default_encountered:
+                        raise TypeError(f'Type parameter {t!r} without a default'
+                                        ' follows type parameter with a default')
+
+                parameters.append(t)
+        else:
+            if _is_unpacked_typevartuple(t):
+                type_var_tuple_encountered = True
+            for x in getattr(t, '__parameters__', ()):
+                if x not in parameters:
+                    parameters.append(x)
+    return tuple(parameters)
 
 
-def _check_generic(cls, parameters, elen):
+def _check_generic_specialization(cls, arguments):
     """Check correct count for parameters of a generic cls (internal helper).
+
     This gives a nice error message in case of count mismatch.
     """
-    if not elen:
+    expected_len = len(cls.__parameters__)
+    if not expected_len:
         raise TypeError(f"{cls} is not a generic class")
-    alen = len(parameters)
-    if alen != elen:
-        raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > elen else 'few'} arguments for {cls};"
-                        f" actual {alen}, expected {elen}")
-
-def _prepare_paramspec_params(cls, params):
-    """Prepares the parameters for a Generic containing ParamSpec
-    variables (internal helper).
-    """
-    # Special case where Z[[int, str, bool]] == Z[int, str, bool] in PEP 612.
-    if (len(cls.__parameters__) == 1
-            and params and not _is_param_expr(params[0])):
-        assert isinstance(cls.__parameters__[0], ParamSpec)
-        return (params,)
-    else:
-        _check_generic(cls, params, len(cls.__parameters__))
-        _params = []
-        # Convert lists to tuples to help other libraries cache the results.
-        for p, tvar in zip(params, cls.__parameters__):
-            if isinstance(tvar, ParamSpec) and isinstance(p, list):
-                p = tuple(p)
-            _params.append(p)
-        return tuple(_params)
-
-def _deduplicate(params):
-    # Weed out strict duplicates, preserving the first of each occurrence.
-    all_params = set(params)
-    if len(all_params) < len(params):
-        new_params = []
-        for t in params:
-            if t in all_params:
-                new_params.append(t)
-                all_params.remove(t)
-        params = new_params
-        assert not all_params, all_params
-    return params
+    actual_len = len(arguments)
+    if actual_len != expected_len:
+        # deal with defaults
+        if actual_len < expected_len:
+            # If the parameter at index `actual_len` in the parameters list
+            # has a default, then all parameters after it must also have
+            # one, because we validated as much in _collect_type_parameters().
+            # That means that no error needs to be raised here, despite
+            # the number of arguments being passed not matching the number
+            # of parameters: all parameters that aren't explicitly
+            # specialized in this call are parameters with default values.
+            if cls.__parameters__[actual_len].has_default():
+                return
+
+            expected_len -= sum(p.has_default() for p in cls.__parameters__)
+            expect_val = f"at least {expected_len}"
+        else:
+            expect_val = expected_len
+
+        raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if actual_len > expected_len else 'few'} arguments"
+                        f" for {cls}; actual {actual_len}, expected {expect_val}")
 
 
+def _unpack_args(*args):
+    newargs = []
+    for arg in args:
+        subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None)
+        if subargs is not None and not (subargs and subargs[-1] is ...):
+            newargs.extend(subargs)
+        else:
+            newargs.append(arg)
+    return newargs
+
+def _deduplicate(params, *, unhashable_fallback=False):
+    # Weed out strict duplicates, preserving the first of each occurrence.
+    try:
+        return dict.fromkeys(params)
+    except TypeError:
+        if not unhashable_fallback:
+            raise
+        # Happens for cases like `Annotated[dict, {'x': IntValidator()}]`
+        return _deduplicate_unhashable(params)
+
+def _deduplicate_unhashable(unhashable_params):
+    new_unhashable = []
+    for t in unhashable_params:
+        if t not in new_unhashable:
+            new_unhashable.append(t)
+    return new_unhashable
+
+def _compare_args_orderless(first_args, second_args):
+    first_unhashable = _deduplicate_unhashable(first_args)
+    second_unhashable = _deduplicate_unhashable(second_args)
+    t = list(second_unhashable)
+    try:
+        for elem in first_unhashable:
+            t.remove(elem)
+    except ValueError:
+        return False
+    return not t
+
 def _remove_dups_flatten(parameters):
-    """An internal helper for Union creation and substitution: flatten Unions
-    among parameters, then remove duplicates.
+    """Internal helper for Union creation and substitution.
+
+    Flatten Unions among parameters, then remove duplicates.
     """
     # Flatten out Union[Union[...], ...].
     params = []
     for p in parameters:
         if isinstance(p, (_UnionGenericAlias, types.UnionType)):
             params.extend(p.__args__)
-        elif isinstance(p, tuple) and len(p) > 0 and p[0] is Union:
-            params.extend(p[1:])
         else:
             params.append(p)
 
-    return tuple(_deduplicate(params))
+    return tuple(_deduplicate(params, unhashable_fallback=True))
 
 
 def _flatten_literal_params(parameters):
-    """An internal helper for Literal creation: flatten Literals among parameters"""
+    """Internal helper for Literal creation: flatten Literals among parameters."""
     params = []
     for p in parameters:
         if isinstance(p, _LiteralGenericAlias):
@@ -292,20 +400,29 @@ def _flatten_literal_params(parameters):
 
 
 _cleanups = []
+_caches = {}
 
 
 def _tp_cache(func=None, /, *, typed=False):
-    """Internal wrapper caching __getitem__ of generic types with a fallback to
-    original function for non-hashable arguments.
+    """Internal wrapper caching __getitem__ of generic types.
+
+    For non-hashable arguments, the original function is used as a fallback.
     """
     def decorator(func):
-        cached = functools.lru_cache(typed=typed)(func)
-        _cleanups.append(cached.cache_clear)
+        # The callback 'inner' references the newly created lru_cache
+        # indirectly by performing a lookup in the global '_caches' dictionary.
+        # This breaks a reference that can be problematic when combined with
+        # C API extensions that leak references to types. See GH-98253.
+
+        cache = functools.lru_cache(typed=typed)(func)
+        _caches[func] = cache
+        _cleanups.append(cache.cache_clear)
+        del cache
 
         @functools.wraps(func)
         def inner(*args, **kwds):
             try:
-                return cached(*args, **kwds)
+                return _caches[func](*args, **kwds)
             except TypeError:
                 pass  # All real errors (not unhashable args) are raised below.
             return func(*args, **kwds)
@@ -316,16 +433,61 @@ def inner(*args, **kwds):
 
     return decorator
 
-def _eval_type(t, globalns, localns, recursive_guard=frozenset()):
+
+def _deprecation_warning_for_no_type_params_passed(funcname: str) -> None:
+    import warnings
+
+    depr_message = (
+        f"Failing to pass a value to the 'type_params' parameter "
+        f"of {funcname!r} is deprecated, as it leads to incorrect behaviour "
+        f"when calling {funcname} on a stringified annotation "
+        f"that references a PEP 695 type parameter. "
+        f"It will be disallowed in Python 3.15."
+    )
+    warnings.warn(depr_message, category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3)
+
+
+class _Sentinel:
+    __slots__ = ()
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return '<sentinel>'
+
+
+_sentinel = _Sentinel()
+
+
+def _eval_type(t, globalns, localns, type_params=_sentinel, *, recursive_guard=frozenset()):
     """Evaluate all forward references in the given type t.
+
     For use of globalns and localns see the docstring for get_type_hints().
     recursive_guard is used to prevent infinite recursion with a recursive
     ForwardRef.
     """
+    if type_params is _sentinel:
+        _deprecation_warning_for_no_type_params_passed("typing._eval_type")
+        type_params = ()
     if isinstance(t, ForwardRef):
-        return t._evaluate(globalns, localns, recursive_guard)
+        return t._evaluate(globalns, localns, type_params, recursive_guard=recursive_guard)
     if isinstance(t, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias, types.UnionType)):
-        ev_args = tuple(_eval_type(a, globalns, localns, recursive_guard) for a in t.__args__)
+        if isinstance(t, GenericAlias):
+            args = tuple(
+                ForwardRef(arg) if isinstance(arg, str) else arg
+                for arg in t.__args__
+            )
+            is_unpacked = t.__unpacked__
+            if _should_unflatten_callable_args(t, args):
+                t = t.__origin__[(args[:-1], args[-1])]
+            else:
+                t = t.__origin__[args]
+            if is_unpacked:
+                t = Unpack[t]
+
+        ev_args = tuple(
+            _eval_type(
+                a, globalns, localns, type_params, recursive_guard=recursive_guard
+            )
+            for a in t.__args__
+        )
         if ev_args == t.__args__:
             return t
         if isinstance(t, GenericAlias):
@@ -338,28 +500,36 @@ def _eval_type(t, globalns, localns, recursive_guard=frozenset()):
 
 
 class _Final:
-    """Mixin to prohibit subclassing"""
+    """Mixin to prohibit subclassing."""
 
     __slots__ = ('__weakref__',)
 
-    def __init_subclass__(self, /, *args, **kwds):
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, /, *args, **kwds):
         if '_root' not in kwds:
             raise TypeError("Cannot subclass special typing classes")
 
-class _Immutable:
-    """Mixin to indicate that object should not be copied."""
-    __slots__ = ()
 
-    def __copy__(self):
-        return self
+class _NotIterable:
+    """Mixin to prevent iteration, without being compatible with Iterable.
+
+    That is, we could do::
+
+        def __iter__(self): raise TypeError()
+
+    But this would make users of this mixin duck type-compatible with
+    collections.abc.Iterable - isinstance(foo, Iterable) would be True.
 
-    def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
-        return self
+    Luckily, we can instead prevent iteration by setting __iter__ to None, which
+    is treated specially.
+    """
+
+    __slots__ = ()
+    __iter__ = None
 
 
 # Internal indicator of special typing constructs.
 # See __doc__ instance attribute for specific docs.
-class _SpecialForm(_Final, _root=True):
+class _SpecialForm(_Final, _NotIterable, _root=True):
     __slots__ = ('_name', '__doc__', '_getitem')
 
     def __init__(self, getitem):
@@ -402,15 +572,26 @@ def __getitem__(self, parameters):
         return self._getitem(self, parameters)
 
 
-class _LiteralSpecialForm(_SpecialForm, _root=True):
+class _TypedCacheSpecialForm(_SpecialForm, _root=True):
     def __getitem__(self, parameters):
         if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
             parameters = (parameters,)
         return self._getitem(self, *parameters)
 
 
-@_SpecialForm
-def Any(self, parameters):
+class _AnyMeta(type):
+    def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
+        if self is Any:
+            raise TypeError("typing.Any cannot be used with isinstance()")
+        return super().__instancecheck__(obj)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        if self is Any:
+            return "typing.Any"
+        return super().__repr__()  # respect to subclasses
+
+
+class Any(metaclass=_AnyMeta):
     """Special type indicating an unconstrained type.
 
     - Any is compatible with every type.
@@ -419,43 +600,128 @@ def Any(self, parameters):
 
     Note that all the above statements are true from the point of view of
     static type checkers. At runtime, Any should not be used with instance
-    or class checks.
+    checks.
     """
-    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        if cls is Any:
+            raise TypeError("Any cannot be instantiated")
+        return super().__new__(cls)
+
 
 @_SpecialForm
 def NoReturn(self, parameters):
     """Special type indicating functions that never return.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from typing import NoReturn
+
+        def stop() -> NoReturn:
+            raise Exception('no way')
+
+    NoReturn can also be used as a bottom type, a type that
+    has no values. Starting in Python 3.11, the Never type should
+    be used for this concept instead. Type checkers should treat the two
+    equivalently.
+    """
+    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+# This is semantically identical to NoReturn, but it is implemented
+# separately so that type checkers can distinguish between the two
+# if they want.
+@_SpecialForm
+def Never(self, parameters):
+    """The bottom type, a type that has no members.
+
+    This can be used to define a function that should never be
+    called, or a function that never returns::
+
+        from typing import Never
+
+        def never_call_me(arg: Never) -> None:
+            pass
+
+        def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
+            never_call_me(arg)  # type checker error
+            match arg:
+                case int():
+                    print("It's an int")
+                case str():
+                    print("It's a str")
+                case _:
+                    never_call_me(arg)  # OK, arg is of type Never
+    """
+    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def Self(self, parameters):
+    """Used to spell the type of "self" in classes.
+
+    Example::
+
+        from typing import Self
+
+        class Foo:
+            def return_self(self) -> Self:
+                ...
+                return self
+
+    This is especially useful for:
+        - classmethods that are used as alternative constructors
+        - annotating an `__enter__` method which returns self
+    """
+    raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def LiteralString(self, parameters):
+    """Represents an arbitrary literal string.
+
     Example::
 
-      from typing import NoReturn
+        from typing import LiteralString
+
+        def run_query(sql: LiteralString) -> None:
+            ...
 
-      def stop() -> NoReturn:
-          raise Exception('no way')
+        def caller(arbitrary_string: str, literal_string: LiteralString) -> None:
+            run_query("SELECT * FROM students")  # OK
+            run_query(literal_string)  # OK
+            run_query("SELECT * FROM " + literal_string)  # OK
+            run_query(arbitrary_string)  # type checker error
+            run_query(  # type checker error
+                f"SELECT * FROM students WHERE name = {arbitrary_string}"
+            )
 
-    This type is invalid in other positions, e.g., ``List[NoReturn]``
-    will fail in static type checkers.
+    Only string literals and other LiteralStrings are compatible
+    with LiteralString. This provides a tool to help prevent
+    security issues such as SQL injection.
     """
     raise TypeError(f"{self} is not subscriptable")
 
+
 @_SpecialForm
 def ClassVar(self, parameters):
     """Special type construct to mark class variables.
 
     An annotation wrapped in ClassVar indicates that a given
     attribute is intended to be used as a class variable and
-    should not be set on instances of that class. Usage::
+    should not be set on instances of that class.
+
+    Usage::
 
-      class Starship:
-          stats: ClassVar[Dict[str, int]] = {} # class variable
-          damage: int = 10                     # instance variable
+        class Starship:
+            stats: ClassVar[dict[str, int]] = {} # class variable
+            damage: int = 10                     # instance variable
 
     ClassVar accepts only types and cannot be further subscribed.
 
     Note that ClassVar is not a class itself, and should not
     be used with isinstance() or issubclass().
     """
-    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.', allow_special_forms=True)
     return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
 
 @_SpecialForm
@@ -463,45 +729,50 @@ def Final(self, parameters):
     """Special typing construct to indicate final names to type checkers.
 
     A final name cannot be re-assigned or overridden in a subclass.
-    For example:
 
-      MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
-      MAX_SIZE += 1  # Error reported by type checker
+    For example::
+
+        MAX_SIZE: Final = 9000
+        MAX_SIZE += 1  # Error reported by type checker
 
-      class Connection:
-          TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10
+        class Connection:
+            TIMEOUT: Final[int] = 10
 
-      class FastConnector(Connection):
-          TIMEOUT = 1  # Error reported by type checker
+        class FastConnector(Connection):
+            TIMEOUT = 1  # Error reported by type checker
 
     There is no runtime checking of these properties.
     """
-    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.', allow_special_forms=True)
     return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
 
 @_SpecialForm
 def Union(self, parameters):
     """Union type; Union[X, Y] means either X or Y.
 
-    To define a union, use e.g. Union[int, str].  Details:
+    On Python 3.10 and higher, the | operator
+    can also be used to denote unions;
+    X | Y means the same thing to the type checker as Union[X, Y].
+
+    To define a union, use e.g. Union[int, str]. Details:
     - The arguments must be types and there must be at least one.
     - None as an argument is a special case and is replaced by
       type(None).
     - Unions of unions are flattened, e.g.::
 
-        Union[Union[int, str], float] == Union[int, str, float]
+        assert Union[Union[int, str], float] == Union[int, str, float]
 
     - Unions of a single argument vanish, e.g.::
 
-        Union[int] == int  # The constructor actually returns int
+        assert Union[int] == int  # The constructor actually returns int
 
     - Redundant arguments are skipped, e.g.::
 
-        Union[int, str, int] == Union[int, str]
+        assert Union[int, str, int] == Union[int, str]
 
     - When comparing unions, the argument order is ignored, e.g.::
 
-        Union[int, str] == Union[str, int]
+        assert Union[int, str] == Union[str, int]
 
     - You cannot subclass or instantiate a union.
     - You can use Optional[X] as a shorthand for Union[X, None].
@@ -519,33 +790,39 @@ def Union(self, parameters):
         return _UnionGenericAlias(self, parameters, name="Optional")
     return _UnionGenericAlias(self, parameters)
 
-@_SpecialForm
-def Optional(self, parameters):
-    """Optional type.
+def _make_union(left, right):
+    """Used from the C implementation of TypeVar.
 
-    Optional[X] is equivalent to Union[X, None].
+    TypeVar.__or__ calls this instead of returning types.UnionType
+    because we want to allow unions between TypeVars and strings
+    (forward references).
     """
+    return Union[left, right]
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def Optional(self, parameters):
+    """Optional[X] is equivalent to Union[X, None]."""
     arg = _type_check(parameters, f"{self} requires a single type.")
     return Union[arg, type(None)]
 
-@_LiteralSpecialForm
+@_TypedCacheSpecialForm
 @_tp_cache(typed=True)
 def Literal(self, *parameters):
     """Special typing form to define literal types (a.k.a. value types).
 
     This form can be used to indicate to type checkers that the corresponding
     variable or function parameter has a value equivalent to the provided
-    literal (or one of several literals):
+    literal (or one of several literals)::
 
-      def validate_simple(data: Any) -> Literal[True]:  # always returns True
-          ...
+        def validate_simple(data: Any) -> Literal[True]:  # always returns True
+            ...
 
-      MODE = Literal['r', 'rb', 'w', 'wb']
-      def open_helper(file: str, mode: MODE) -> str:
-          ...
+        MODE = Literal['r', 'rb', 'w', 'wb']
+        def open_helper(file: str, mode: MODE) -> str:
+            ...
 
-      open_helper('/some/path', 'r')  # Passes type check
-      open_helper('/other/path', 'typo')  # Error in type checker
+        open_helper('/some/path', 'r')  # Passes type check
+        open_helper('/other/path', 'typo')  # Error in type checker
 
     Literal[...] cannot be subclassed. At runtime, an arbitrary value
     is allowed as type argument to Literal[...], but type checkers may
@@ -565,7 +842,9 @@ def open_helper(file: str, mode: MODE) -> str:
 
 @_SpecialForm
 def TypeAlias(self, parameters):
-    """Special marker indicating that an assignment should
+    """Special form for marking type aliases.
+
+    Use TypeAlias to indicate that an assignment should
     be recognized as a proper type alias definition by type
     checkers.
 
@@ -580,13 +859,15 @@ def TypeAlias(self, parameters):
 
 @_SpecialForm
 def Concatenate(self, parameters):
-    """Used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and ``Callable`` to represent a
-    higher order function which adds, removes or transforms parameters of a
-    callable.
+    """Special form for annotating higher-order functions.
+
+    ``Concatenate`` can be used in conjunction with ``ParamSpec`` and
+    ``Callable`` to represent a higher-order function which adds, removes or
+    transforms the parameters of a callable.
 
     For example::
 
-       Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
+        Callable[Concatenate[int, P], int]
 
     See PEP 612 for detailed information.
     """
@@ -594,56 +875,62 @@ def Concatenate(self, parameters):
         raise TypeError("Cannot take a Concatenate of no types.")
     if not isinstance(parameters, tuple):
         parameters = (parameters,)
-    if not isinstance(parameters[-1], ParamSpec):
+    if not (parameters[-1] is ... or isinstance(parameters[-1], ParamSpec)):
         raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
-                        "ParamSpec variable.")
+                        "ParamSpec variable or ellipsis.")
     msg = "Concatenate[arg, ...]: each arg must be a type."
     parameters = (*(_type_check(p, msg) for p in parameters[:-1]), parameters[-1])
-    return _ConcatenateGenericAlias(self, parameters,
-                                    _typevar_types=(TypeVar, ParamSpec),
-                                    _paramspec_tvars=True)
+    return _ConcatenateGenericAlias(self, parameters)
 
 
 @_SpecialForm
 def TypeGuard(self, parameters):
-    """Special typing form used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
-    type guard function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
+    """Special typing construct for marking user-defined type predicate functions.
+
+    ``TypeGuard`` can be used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+    type predicate function.  ``TypeGuard`` only accepts a single type argument.
     At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean.
 
     ``TypeGuard`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
     type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
     program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
     conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
-    conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type guard".
+    conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type predicate".
 
     Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
-    as a type guard.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its
-    return type to alert static type checkers to this intention.
+    as a type predicate.  Such a function should use ``TypeGuard[...]`` or
+    ``TypeIs[...]`` as its return type to alert static type checkers to
+    this intention. ``TypeGuard`` should be used over ``TypeIs`` when narrowing
+    from an incompatible type (e.g., ``list[object]`` to ``list[int]``) or when
+    the function does not return ``True`` for all instances of the narrowed type.
 
-    Using  ``-> TypeGuard`` tells the static type checker that for a given
-    function:
+    Using  ``-> TypeGuard[NarrowedType]`` tells the static type checker that
+    for a given function:
 
     1. The return value is a boolean.
     2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
-       is the type inside ``TypeGuard``.
+       is ``NarrowedType``.
 
-       For example::
+    For example::
+
+         def is_str_list(val: list[object]) -> TypeGuard[list[str]]:
+             '''Determines whether all objects in the list are strings'''
+             return all(isinstance(x, str) for x in val)
 
-          def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
-              # "isinstance" type guard
-              if isinstance(val, str):
-                  # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``str``
-                  ...
-              else:
-                  # Else, type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``float``.
-                  ...
+         def func1(val: list[object]):
+             if is_str_list(val):
+                 # Type of ``val`` is narrowed to ``list[str]``.
+                 print(" ".join(val))
+             else:
+                 # Type of ``val`` remains as ``list[object]``.
+                 print("Not a list of strings!")
 
     Strict type narrowing is not enforced -- ``TypeB`` need not be a narrower
     form of ``TypeA`` (it can even be a wider form) and this may lead to
     type-unsafe results.  The main reason is to allow for things like
-    narrowing ``List[object]`` to ``List[str]`` even though the latter is not
-    a subtype of the former, since ``List`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
-    writing type-safe type guards is left to the user.
+    narrowing ``list[object]`` to ``list[str]`` even though the latter is not
+    a subtype of the former, since ``list`` is invariant.  The responsibility of
+    writing type-safe type predicates is left to the user.
 
     ``TypeGuard`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
     PEP 647 (User-Defined Type Guards).
@@ -652,6 +939,75 @@ def is_str(val: Union[str, float]):
     return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
 
 
+@_SpecialForm
+def TypeIs(self, parameters):
+    """Special typing construct for marking user-defined type predicate functions.
+
+    ``TypeIs`` can be used to annotate the return type of a user-defined
+    type predicate function.  ``TypeIs`` only accepts a single type argument.
+    At runtime, functions marked this way should return a boolean and accept
+    at least one argument.
+
+    ``TypeIs`` aims to benefit *type narrowing* -- a technique used by static
+    type checkers to determine a more precise type of an expression within a
+    program's code flow.  Usually type narrowing is done by analyzing
+    conditional code flow and applying the narrowing to a block of code.  The
+    conditional expression here is sometimes referred to as a "type predicate".
+
+    Sometimes it would be convenient to use a user-defined boolean function
+    as a type predicate.  Such a function should use ``TypeIs[...]`` or
+    ``TypeGuard[...]`` as its return type to alert static type checkers to
+    this intention.  ``TypeIs`` usually has more intuitive behavior than
+    ``TypeGuard``, but it cannot be used when the input and output types
+    are incompatible (e.g., ``list[object]`` to ``list[int]``) or when the
+    function does not return ``True`` for all instances of the narrowed type.
+
+    Using  ``-> TypeIs[NarrowedType]`` tells the static type checker that for
+    a given function:
+
+    1. The return value is a boolean.
+    2. If the return value is ``True``, the type of its argument
+       is the intersection of the argument's original type and
+       ``NarrowedType``.
+    3. If the return value is ``False``, the type of its argument
+       is narrowed to exclude ``NarrowedType``.
+
+    For example::
+
+        from typing import assert_type, final, TypeIs
+
+        class Parent: pass
+        class Child(Parent): pass
+        @final
+        class Unrelated: pass
+
+        def is_parent(val: object) -> TypeIs[Parent]:
+            return isinstance(val, Parent)
+
+        def run(arg: Child | Unrelated):
+            if is_parent(arg):
+                # Type of ``arg`` is narrowed to the intersection
+                # of ``Parent`` and ``Child``, which is equivalent to
+                # ``Child``.
+                assert_type(arg, Child)
+            else:
+                # Type of ``arg`` is narrowed to exclude ``Parent``,
+                # so only ``Unrelated`` is left.
+                assert_type(arg, Unrelated)
+
+    The type inside ``TypeIs`` must be consistent with the type of the
+    function's argument; if it is not, static type checkers will raise
+    an error.  An incorrectly written ``TypeIs`` function can lead to
+    unsound behavior in the type system; it is the user's responsibility
+    to write such functions in a type-safe manner.
+
+    ``TypeIs`` also works with type variables.  For more information, see
+    PEP 742 (Narrowing types with ``TypeIs``).
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+
 class ForwardRef(_Final, _root=True):
     """Internal wrapper to hold a forward reference."""
 
@@ -663,10 +1019,19 @@ class ForwardRef(_Final, _root=True):
     def __init__(self, arg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, is_class=False):
         if not isinstance(arg, str):
             raise TypeError(f"Forward reference must be a string -- got {arg!r}")
+
+        # If we do `def f(*args: *Ts)`, then we'll have `arg = '*Ts'`.
+        # Unfortunately, this isn't a valid expression on its own, so we
+        # do the unpacking manually.
+        if arg.startswith('*'):
+            arg_to_compile = f'({arg},)[0]'  # E.g. (*Ts,)[0] or (*tuple[int, int],)[0]
+        else:
+            arg_to_compile = arg
         try:
-            code = compile(arg, '<string>', 'eval')
+            code = compile(arg_to_compile, '<string>', 'eval')
         except SyntaxError:
             raise SyntaxError(f"Forward reference must be an expression -- got {arg!r}")
+
         self.__forward_arg__ = arg
         self.__forward_code__ = code
         self.__forward_evaluated__ = False
@@ -675,7 +1040,10 @@ def __init__(self, arg, is_argument=True, module=None, *, is_class=False):
         self.__forward_is_class__ = is_class
         self.__forward_module__ = module
 
-    def _evaluate(self, globalns, localns, recursive_guard):
+    def _evaluate(self, globalns, localns, type_params=_sentinel, *, recursive_guard):
+        if type_params is _sentinel:
+            _deprecation_warning_for_no_type_params_passed("typing.ForwardRef._evaluate")
+            type_params = ()
         if self.__forward_arg__ in recursive_guard:
             return self
         if not self.__forward_evaluated__ or localns is not globalns:
@@ -689,6 +1057,22 @@ def _evaluate(self, globalns, localns, recursive_guard):
                 globalns = getattr(
                     sys.modules.get(self.__forward_module__, None), '__dict__', globalns
                 )
+
+            # type parameters require some special handling,
+            # as they exist in their own scope
+            # but `eval()` does not have a dedicated parameter for that scope.
+            # For classes, names in type parameter scopes should override
+            # names in the global scope (which here are called `localns`!),
+            # but should in turn be overridden by names in the class scope
+            # (which here are called `globalns`!)
+            if type_params:
+                globalns, localns = dict(globalns), dict(localns)
+                for param in type_params:
+                    param_name = param.__name__
+                    if not self.__forward_is_class__ or param_name not in globalns:
+                        globalns[param_name] = param
+                        localns.pop(param_name, None)
+
             type_ = _type_check(
                 eval(self.__forward_code__, globalns, localns),
                 "Forward references must evaluate to types.",
@@ -696,7 +1080,11 @@ def _evaluate(self, globalns, localns, recursive_guard):
                 allow_special_forms=self.__forward_is_class__,
             )
             self.__forward_value__ = _eval_type(
-                type_, globalns, localns, recursive_guard | {self.__forward_arg__}
+                type_,
+                globalns,
+                localns,
+                type_params,
+                recursive_guard=(recursive_guard | {self.__forward_arg__}),
             )
             self.__forward_evaluated__ = True
         return self.__forward_value__
@@ -713,236 +1101,205 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash((self.__forward_arg__, self.__forward_module__))
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return f'ForwardRef({self.__forward_arg__!r})'
-
-class _TypeVarLike:
-    """Mixin for TypeVar-like types (TypeVar and ParamSpec)."""
-    def __init__(self, bound, covariant, contravariant):
-        """Used to setup TypeVars and ParamSpec's bound, covariant and
-        contravariant attributes.
-        """
-        if covariant and contravariant:
-            raise ValueError("Bivariant types are not supported.")
-        self.__covariant__ = bool(covariant)
-        self.__contravariant__ = bool(contravariant)
-        if bound:
-            self.__bound__ = _type_check(bound, "Bound must be a type.")
-        else:
-            self.__bound__ = None
-
-    def __or__(self, right):
-        return Union[self, right]
+    def __or__(self, other):
+        return Union[self, other]
 
-    def __ror__(self, left):
-        return Union[left, self]
+    def __ror__(self, other):
+        return Union[other, self]
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        if self.__covariant__:
-            prefix = '+'
-        elif self.__contravariant__:
-            prefix = '-'
+        if self.__forward_module__ is None:
+            module_repr = ''
         else:
-            prefix = '~'
-        return prefix + self.__name__
-
-    def __reduce__(self):
-        return self.__name__
-
-
-class TypeVar( _Final, _Immutable, _TypeVarLike, _root=True):
-    """Type variable.
-
-    Usage::
-
-      T = TypeVar('T')  # Can be anything
-      A = TypeVar('A', str, bytes)  # Must be str or bytes
-
-    Type variables exist primarily for the benefit of static type
-    checkers.  They serve as the parameters for generic types as well
-    as for generic function definitions.  See class Generic for more
-    information on generic types.  Generic functions work as follows:
-
-      def repeat(x: T, n: int) -> List[T]:
-          '''Return a list containing n references to x.'''
-          return [x]*n
-
-      def longest(x: A, y: A) -> A:
-          '''Return the longest of two strings.'''
-          return x if len(x) >= len(y) else y
-
-    The latter example's signature is essentially the overloading
-    of (str, str) -> str and (bytes, bytes) -> bytes.  Also note
-    that if the arguments are instances of some subclass of str,
-    the return type is still plain str.
-
-    At runtime, isinstance(x, T) and issubclass(C, T) will raise TypeError.
-
-    Type variables defined with covariant=True or contravariant=True
-    can be used to declare covariant or contravariant generic types.
-    See PEP 484 for more details. By default generic types are invariant
-    in all type variables.
-
-    Type variables can be introspected. e.g.:
-
-      T.__name__ == 'T'
-      T.__constraints__ == ()
-      T.__covariant__ == False
-      T.__contravariant__ = False
-      A.__constraints__ == (str, bytes)
-
-    Note that only type variables defined in global scope can be pickled.
-    """
-
-    __slots__ = ('__name__', '__bound__', '__constraints__',
-                 '__covariant__', '__contravariant__', '__dict__')
-
-    def __init__(self, name, *constraints, bound=None,
-                 covariant=False, contravariant=False):
-        self.__name__ = name
-        super().__init__(bound, covariant, contravariant)
-        if constraints and bound is not None:
-            raise TypeError("Constraints cannot be combined with bound=...")
-        if constraints and len(constraints) == 1:
-            raise TypeError("A single constraint is not allowed")
-        msg = "TypeVar(name, constraint, ...): constraints must be types."
-        self.__constraints__ = tuple(_type_check(t, msg) for t in constraints)
-        try:
-            def_mod = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')  # for pickling
-        except (AttributeError, ValueError):
-            def_mod = None
-        if def_mod != 'typing':
-            self.__module__ = def_mod
+            module_repr = f', module={self.__forward_module__!r}'
+        return f'ForwardRef({self.__forward_arg__!r}{module_repr})'
 
 
-class ParamSpecArgs(_Final, _Immutable, _root=True):
-    """The args for a ParamSpec object.
+def _is_unpacked_typevartuple(x: Any) -> bool:
+    return ((not isinstance(x, type)) and
+            getattr(x, '__typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__', False))
 
-    Given a ParamSpec object P, P.args is an instance of ParamSpecArgs.
 
-    ParamSpecArgs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
+def _is_typevar_like(x: Any) -> bool:
+    return isinstance(x, (TypeVar, ParamSpec)) or _is_unpacked_typevartuple(x)
 
-       P.args.__origin__ is P
 
-    This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
-    static type checkers.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, origin):
-        self.__origin__ = origin
+def _typevar_subst(self, arg):
+    msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
+    arg = _type_check(arg, msg, is_argument=True)
+    if ((isinstance(arg, _GenericAlias) and arg.__origin__ is Unpack) or
+        (isinstance(arg, GenericAlias) and getattr(arg, '__unpacked__', False))):
+        raise TypeError(f"{arg} is not valid as type argument")
+    return arg
 
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.args"
 
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecArgs):
-            return NotImplemented
-        return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
+def _typevartuple_prepare_subst(self, alias, args):
+    params = alias.__parameters__
+    typevartuple_index = params.index(self)
+    for param in params[typevartuple_index + 1:]:
+        if isinstance(param, TypeVarTuple):
+            raise TypeError(f"More than one TypeVarTuple parameter in {alias}")
+
+    alen = len(args)
+    plen = len(params)
+    left = typevartuple_index
+    right = plen - typevartuple_index - 1
+    var_tuple_index = None
+    fillarg = None
+    for k, arg in enumerate(args):
+        if not isinstance(arg, type):
+            subargs = getattr(arg, '__typing_unpacked_tuple_args__', None)
+            if subargs and len(subargs) == 2 and subargs[-1] is ...:
+                if var_tuple_index is not None:
+                    raise TypeError("More than one unpacked arbitrary-length tuple argument")
+                var_tuple_index = k
+                fillarg = subargs[0]
+    if var_tuple_index is not None:
+        left = min(left, var_tuple_index)
+        right = min(right, alen - var_tuple_index - 1)
+    elif left + right > alen:
+        raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {alias};"
+                        f" actual {alen}, expected at least {plen-1}")
+    if left == alen - right and self.has_default():
+        replacement = _unpack_args(self.__default__)
+    else:
+        replacement = args[left: alen - right]
+
+    return (
+        *args[:left],
+        *([fillarg]*(typevartuple_index - left)),
+        replacement,
+        *([fillarg]*(plen - right - left - typevartuple_index - 1)),
+        *args[alen - right:],
+    )
+
+
+def _paramspec_subst(self, arg):
+    if isinstance(arg, (list, tuple)):
+        arg = tuple(_type_check(a, "Expected a type.") for a in arg)
+    elif not _is_param_expr(arg):
+        raise TypeError(f"Expected a list of types, an ellipsis, "
+                        f"ParamSpec, or Concatenate. Got {arg}")
+    return arg
 
 
-class ParamSpecKwargs(_Final, _Immutable, _root=True):
-    """The kwargs for a ParamSpec object.
+def _paramspec_prepare_subst(self, alias, args):
+    params = alias.__parameters__
+    i = params.index(self)
+    if i == len(args) and self.has_default():
+        args = [*args, self.__default__]
+    if i >= len(args):
+        raise TypeError(f"Too few arguments for {alias}")
+    # Special case where Z[[int, str, bool]] == Z[int, str, bool] in PEP 612.
+    if len(params) == 1 and not _is_param_expr(args[0]):
+        assert i == 0
+        args = (args,)
+    # Convert lists to tuples to help other libraries cache the results.
+    elif isinstance(args[i], list):
+        args = (*args[:i], tuple(args[i]), *args[i+1:])
+    return args
 
-    Given a ParamSpec object P, P.kwargs is an instance of ParamSpecKwargs.
 
-    ParamSpecKwargs objects have a reference back to their ParamSpec:
+@_tp_cache
+def _generic_class_getitem(cls, args):
+    """Parameterizes a generic class.
 
-       P.kwargs.__origin__ is P
+    At least, parameterizing a generic class is the *main* thing this method
+    does. For example, for some generic class `Foo`, this is called when we
+    do `Foo[int]` - there, with `cls=Foo` and `args=int`.
 
-    This type is meant for runtime introspection and has no special meaning to
-    static type checkers.
+    However, note that this method is also called when defining generic
+    classes in the first place with `class Foo(Generic[T]): ...`.
     """
-    def __init__(self, origin):
-        self.__origin__ = origin
-
-    def __repr__(self):
-        return f"{self.__origin__.__name__}.kwargs"
+    if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+        args = (args,)
 
-    def __eq__(self, other):
-        if not isinstance(other, ParamSpecKwargs):
-            return NotImplemented
-        return self.__origin__ == other.__origin__
-
-
-class ParamSpec(_Final, _Immutable, _TypeVarLike, _root=True):
-    """Parameter specification variable.
-
-    Usage::
+    args = tuple(_type_convert(p) for p in args)
+    is_generic_or_protocol = cls in (Generic, Protocol)
 
-       P = ParamSpec('P')
-
-    Parameter specification variables exist primarily for the benefit of static
-    type checkers.  They are used to forward the parameter types of one
-    callable to another callable, a pattern commonly found in higher order
-    functions and decorators.  They are only valid when used in ``Concatenate``,
-    or as the first argument to ``Callable``, or as parameters for user-defined
-    Generics.  See class Generic for more information on generic types.  An
-    example for annotating a decorator::
-
-       T = TypeVar('T')
-       P = ParamSpec('P')
-
-       def add_logging(f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]:
-           '''A type-safe decorator to add logging to a function.'''
-           def inner(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
-               logging.info(f'{f.__name__} was called')
-               return f(*args, **kwargs)
-           return inner
-
-       @add_logging
-       def add_two(x: float, y: float) -> float:
-           '''Add two numbers together.'''
-           return x + y
-
-    Parameter specification variables defined with covariant=True or
-    contravariant=True can be used to declare covariant or contravariant
-    generic types.  These keyword arguments are valid, but their actual semantics
-    are yet to be decided.  See PEP 612 for details.
-
-    Parameter specification variables can be introspected. e.g.:
-
-       P.__name__ == 'T'
-       P.__bound__ == None
-       P.__covariant__ == False
-       P.__contravariant__ == False
-
-    Note that only parameter specification variables defined in global scope can
-    be pickled.
-    """
+    if is_generic_or_protocol:
+        # Generic and Protocol can only be subscripted with unique type variables.
+        if not args:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Parameter list to {cls.__qualname__}[...] cannot be empty"
+            )
+        if not all(_is_typevar_like(p) for p in args):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Parameters to {cls.__name__}[...] must all be type variables "
+                f"or parameter specification variables.")
+        if len(set(args)) != len(args):
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Parameters to {cls.__name__}[...] must all be unique")
+    else:
+        # Subscripting a regular Generic subclass.
+        for param in cls.__parameters__:
+            prepare = getattr(param, '__typing_prepare_subst__', None)
+            if prepare is not None:
+                args = prepare(cls, args)
+        _check_generic_specialization(cls, args)
 
-    __slots__ = ('__name__', '__bound__', '__covariant__', '__contravariant__',
-                 '__dict__')
+        new_args = []
+        for param, new_arg in zip(cls.__parameters__, args):
+            if isinstance(param, TypeVarTuple):
+                new_args.extend(new_arg)
+            else:
+                new_args.append(new_arg)
+        args = tuple(new_args)
 
-    @property
-    def args(self):
-        return ParamSpecArgs(self)
+    return _GenericAlias(cls, args)
 
-    @property
-    def kwargs(self):
-        return ParamSpecKwargs(self)
 
-    def __init__(self, name, *, bound=None, covariant=False, contravariant=False):
-        self.__name__ = name
-        super().__init__(bound, covariant, contravariant)
-        try:
-            def_mod = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
-        except (AttributeError, ValueError):
-            def_mod = None
-        if def_mod != 'typing':
-            self.__module__ = def_mod
+def _generic_init_subclass(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+    super(Generic, cls).__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs)
+    tvars = []
+    if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
+        error = Generic in cls.__orig_bases__
+    else:
+        error = (Generic in cls.__bases__ and
+                    cls.__name__ != 'Protocol' and
+                    type(cls) != _TypedDictMeta)
+    if error:
+        raise TypeError("Cannot inherit from plain Generic")
+    if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
+        tvars = _collect_type_parameters(cls.__orig_bases__)
+        # Look for Generic[T1, ..., Tn].
+        # If found, tvars must be a subset of it.
+        # If not found, tvars is it.
+        # Also check for and reject plain Generic,
+        # and reject multiple Generic[...].
+        gvars = None
+        for base in cls.__orig_bases__:
+            if (isinstance(base, _GenericAlias) and
+                    base.__origin__ is Generic):
+                if gvars is not None:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Cannot inherit from Generic[...] multiple times.")
+                gvars = base.__parameters__
+        if gvars is not None:
+            tvarset = set(tvars)
+            gvarset = set(gvars)
+            if not tvarset <= gvarset:
+                s_vars = ', '.join(str(t) for t in tvars if t not in gvarset)
+                s_args = ', '.join(str(g) for g in gvars)
+                raise TypeError(f"Some type variables ({s_vars}) are"
+                                f" not listed in Generic[{s_args}]")
+            tvars = gvars
+    cls.__parameters__ = tuple(tvars)
 
 
 def _is_dunder(attr):
     return attr.startswith('__') and attr.endswith('__')
 
 class _BaseGenericAlias(_Final, _root=True):
-    """The central part of internal API.
+    """The central part of the internal API.
 
     This represents a generic version of type 'origin' with type arguments 'params'.
     There are two kind of these aliases: user defined and special. The special ones
     are wrappers around builtin collections and ABCs in collections.abc. These must
-    have 'name' always set. If 'inst' is False, then the alias can't be instantiated,
+    have 'name' always set. If 'inst' is False, then the alias can't be instantiated;
     this is used by e.g. typing.List and typing.Dict.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, origin, *, inst=True, name=None):
         self._inst = inst
         self._name = name
@@ -956,7 +1313,9 @@ def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         result = self.__origin__(*args, **kwargs)
         try:
             result.__orig_class__ = self
-        except AttributeError:
+        # Some objects raise TypeError (or something even more exotic)
+        # if you try to set attributes on them; we guard against that here
+        except Exception:
             pass
         return result
 
@@ -964,9 +1323,29 @@ def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
         res = []
         if self.__origin__ not in bases:
             res.append(self.__origin__)
+
+        # Check if any base that occurs after us in `bases` is either itself a
+        # subclass of Generic, or something which will add a subclass of Generic
+        # to `__bases__` via its `__mro_entries__`. If not, add Generic
+        # ourselves. The goal is to ensure that Generic (or a subclass) will
+        # appear exactly once in the final bases tuple. If we let it appear
+        # multiple times, we risk "can't form a consistent MRO" errors.
         i = bases.index(self)
         for b in bases[i+1:]:
-            if isinstance(b, _BaseGenericAlias) or issubclass(b, Generic):
+            if isinstance(b, _BaseGenericAlias):
+                break
+            if not isinstance(b, type):
+                meth = getattr(b, "__mro_entries__", None)
+                new_bases = meth(bases) if meth else None
+                if (
+                    isinstance(new_bases, tuple) and
+                    any(
+                        isinstance(b2, type) and issubclass(b2, Generic)
+                        for b2 in new_bases
+                    )
+                ):
+                    break
+            elif issubclass(b, Generic):
                 break
         else:
             res.append(Generic)
@@ -983,8 +1362,7 @@ def __getattr__(self, attr):
         raise AttributeError(attr)
 
     def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
-        if _is_dunder(attr) or attr in {'_name', '_inst', '_nparams',
-                                        '_typevar_types', '_paramspec_tvars'}:
+        if _is_dunder(attr) or attr in {'_name', '_inst', '_nparams', '_defaults'}:
             super().__setattr__(attr, val)
         else:
             setattr(self.__origin__, attr, val)
@@ -1000,6 +1378,7 @@ def __dir__(self):
         return list(set(super().__dir__()
                 + [attr for attr in dir(self.__origin__) if not _is_dunder(attr)]))
 
+
 # Special typing constructs Union, Optional, Generic, Callable and Tuple
 # use three special attributes for internal bookkeeping of generic types:
 # * __parameters__ is a tuple of unique free type parameters of a generic
@@ -1012,18 +1391,42 @@ def __dir__(self):
 
 
 class _GenericAlias(_BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):
-    def __init__(self, origin, params, *, inst=True, name=None,
-                 _typevar_types=TypeVar,
-                 _paramspec_tvars=False):
+    # The type of parameterized generics.
+    #
+    # That is, for example, `type(List[int])` is `_GenericAlias`.
+    #
+    # Objects which are instances of this class include:
+    # * Parameterized container types, e.g. `Tuple[int]`, `List[int]`.
+    #  * Note that native container types, e.g. `tuple`, `list`, use
+    #    `types.GenericAlias` instead.
+    # * Parameterized classes:
+    #     class C[T]: pass
+    #     # C[int] is a _GenericAlias
+    # * `Callable` aliases, generic `Callable` aliases, and
+    #   parameterized `Callable` aliases:
+    #     T = TypeVar('T')
+    #     # _CallableGenericAlias inherits from _GenericAlias.
+    #     A = Callable[[], None]  # _CallableGenericAlias
+    #     B = Callable[[T], None]  # _CallableGenericAlias
+    #     C = B[int]  # _CallableGenericAlias
+    # * Parameterized `Final`, `ClassVar`, `TypeGuard`, and `TypeIs`:
+    #     # All _GenericAlias
+    #     Final[int]
+    #     ClassVar[float]
+    #     TypeGuard[bool]
+    #     TypeIs[range]
+
+    def __init__(self, origin, args, *, inst=True, name=None):
         super().__init__(origin, inst=inst, name=name)
-        if not isinstance(params, tuple):
-            params = (params,)
+        if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+            args = (args,)
         self.__args__ = tuple(... if a is _TypingEllipsis else
-                              () if a is _TypingEmpty else
-                              a for a in params)
-        self.__parameters__ = _collect_type_vars(params, typevar_types=_typevar_types)
-        self._typevar_types = _typevar_types
-        self._paramspec_tvars = _paramspec_tvars
+                              a for a in args)
+        enforce_default_ordering = origin in (Generic, Protocol)
+        self.__parameters__ = _collect_type_parameters(
+            args,
+            enforce_default_ordering=enforce_default_ordering,
+        )
         if not name:
             self.__module__ = origin.__module__
 
@@ -1043,53 +1446,140 @@ def __ror__(self, left):
         return Union[left, self]
 
     @_tp_cache
-    def __getitem__(self, params):
+    def __getitem__(self, args):
+        # Parameterizes an already-parameterized object.
+        #
+        # For example, we arrive here doing something like:
+        #   T1 = TypeVar('T1')
+        #   T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        #   T3 = TypeVar('T3')
+        #   class A(Generic[T1]): pass
+        #   B = A[T2]  # B is a _GenericAlias
+        #   C = B[T3]  # Invokes _GenericAlias.__getitem__
+        #
+        # We also arrive here when parameterizing a generic `Callable` alias:
+        #   T = TypeVar('T')
+        #   C = Callable[[T], None]
+        #   C[int]  # Invokes _GenericAlias.__getitem__
+
         if self.__origin__ in (Generic, Protocol):
             # Can't subscript Generic[...] or Protocol[...].
             raise TypeError(f"Cannot subscript already-subscripted {self}")
-        if not isinstance(params, tuple):
-            params = (params,)
-        params = tuple(_type_convert(p) for p in params)
-        if (self._paramspec_tvars
-                and any(isinstance(t, ParamSpec) for t in self.__parameters__)):
-            params = _prepare_paramspec_params(self, params)
-        else:
-            _check_generic(self, params, len(self.__parameters__))
+        if not self.__parameters__:
+            raise TypeError(f"{self} is not a generic class")
 
-        subst = dict(zip(self.__parameters__, params))
+        # Preprocess `args`.
+        if not isinstance(args, tuple):
+            args = (args,)
+        args = _unpack_args(*(_type_convert(p) for p in args))
+        new_args = self._determine_new_args(args)
+        r = self.copy_with(new_args)
+        return r
+
+    def _determine_new_args(self, args):
+        # Determines new __args__ for __getitem__.
+        #
+        # For example, suppose we had:
+        #   T1 = TypeVar('T1')
+        #   T2 = TypeVar('T2')
+        #   class A(Generic[T1, T2]): pass
+        #   T3 = TypeVar('T3')
+        #   B = A[int, T3]
+        #   C = B[str]
+        # `B.__args__` is `(int, T3)`, so `C.__args__` should be `(int, str)`.
+        # Unfortunately, this is harder than it looks, because if `T3` is
+        # anything more exotic than a plain `TypeVar`, we need to consider
+        # edge cases.
+
+        params = self.__parameters__
+        # In the example above, this would be {T3: str}
+        for param in params:
+            prepare = getattr(param, '__typing_prepare_subst__', None)
+            if prepare is not None:
+                args = prepare(self, args)
+        alen = len(args)
+        plen = len(params)
+        if alen != plen:
+            raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if alen > plen else 'few'} arguments for {self};"
+                            f" actual {alen}, expected {plen}")
+        new_arg_by_param = dict(zip(params, args))
+        return tuple(self._make_substitution(self.__args__, new_arg_by_param))
+
+    def _make_substitution(self, args, new_arg_by_param):
+        """Create a list of new type arguments."""
         new_args = []
-        for arg in self.__args__:
-            if isinstance(arg, self._typevar_types):
-                if isinstance(arg, ParamSpec):
-                    arg = subst[arg]
-                    if not _is_param_expr(arg):
-                        raise TypeError(f"Expected a list of types, an ellipsis, "
-                                        f"ParamSpec, or Concatenate. Got {arg}")
+        for old_arg in args:
+            if isinstance(old_arg, type):
+                new_args.append(old_arg)
+                continue
+
+            substfunc = getattr(old_arg, '__typing_subst__', None)
+            if substfunc:
+                new_arg = substfunc(new_arg_by_param[old_arg])
+            else:
+                subparams = getattr(old_arg, '__parameters__', ())
+                if not subparams:
+                    new_arg = old_arg
                 else:
-                    arg = subst[arg]
-            elif isinstance(arg, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias, types.UnionType)):
-                subparams = arg.__parameters__
-                if subparams:
-                    subargs = tuple(subst[x] for x in subparams)
-                    arg = arg[subargs]
-            # Required to flatten out the args for CallableGenericAlias
-            if self.__origin__ == collections.abc.Callable and isinstance(arg, tuple):
-                new_args.extend(arg)
+                    subargs = []
+                    for x in subparams:
+                        if isinstance(x, TypeVarTuple):
+                            subargs.extend(new_arg_by_param[x])
+                        else:
+                            subargs.append(new_arg_by_param[x])
+                    new_arg = old_arg[tuple(subargs)]
+
+            if self.__origin__ == collections.abc.Callable and isinstance(new_arg, tuple):
+                # Consider the following `Callable`.
+                #   C = Callable[[int], str]
+                # Here, `C.__args__` should be (int, str) - NOT ([int], str).
+                # That means that if we had something like...
+                #   P = ParamSpec('P')
+                #   T = TypeVar('T')
+                #   C = Callable[P, T]
+                #   D = C[[int, str], float]
+                # ...we need to be careful; `new_args` should end up as
+                # `(int, str, float)` rather than `([int, str], float)`.
+                new_args.extend(new_arg)
+            elif _is_unpacked_typevartuple(old_arg):
+                # Consider the following `_GenericAlias`, `B`:
+                #   class A(Generic[*Ts]): ...
+                #   B = A[T, *Ts]
+                # If we then do:
+                #   B[float, int, str]
+                # The `new_arg` corresponding to `T` will be `float`, and the
+                # `new_arg` corresponding to `*Ts` will be `(int, str)`. We
+                # should join all these types together in a flat list
+                # `(float, int, str)` - so again, we should `extend`.
+                new_args.extend(new_arg)
+            elif isinstance(old_arg, tuple):
+                # Corner case:
+                #    P = ParamSpec('P')
+                #    T = TypeVar('T')
+                #    class Base(Generic[P]): ...
+                # Can be substituted like this:
+                #    X = Base[[int, T]]
+                # In this case, `old_arg` will be a tuple:
+                new_args.append(
+                    tuple(self._make_substitution(old_arg, new_arg_by_param)),
+                )
             else:
-                new_args.append(arg)
-        return self.copy_with(tuple(new_args))
+                new_args.append(new_arg)
+        return new_args
 
-    def copy_with(self, params):
-        return self.__class__(self.__origin__, params, name=self._name, inst=self._inst,
-                              _typevar_types=self._typevar_types,
-                              _paramspec_tvars=self._paramspec_tvars)
+    def copy_with(self, args):
+        return self.__class__(self.__origin__, args, name=self._name, inst=self._inst)
 
     def __repr__(self):
         if self._name:
             name = 'typing.' + self._name
         else:
             name = _type_repr(self.__origin__)
-        args = ", ".join([_type_repr(a) for a in self.__args__])
+        if self.__args__:
+            args = ", ".join([_type_repr(a) for a in self.__args__])
+        else:
+            # To ensure the repr is eval-able.
+            args = "()"
         return f'{name}[{args}]'
 
     def __reduce__(self):
@@ -1117,17 +1607,21 @@ def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
                     return ()
         return (self.__origin__,)
 
+    def __iter__(self):
+        yield Unpack[self]
+
 
 # _nparams is the number of accepted parameters, e.g. 0 for Hashable,
 # 1 for List and 2 for Dict.  It may be -1 if variable number of
 # parameters are accepted (needs custom __getitem__).
 
-class _SpecialGenericAlias(_BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):
-    def __init__(self, origin, nparams, *, inst=True, name=None):
+class _SpecialGenericAlias(_NotIterable, _BaseGenericAlias, _root=True):
+    def __init__(self, origin, nparams, *, inst=True, name=None, defaults=()):
         if name is None:
             name = origin.__name__
         super().__init__(origin, inst=inst, name=name)
         self._nparams = nparams
+        self._defaults = defaults
         if origin.__module__ == 'builtins':
             self.__doc__ = f'A generic version of {origin.__qualname__}.'
         else:
@@ -1139,7 +1633,22 @@ def __getitem__(self, params):
             params = (params,)
         msg = "Parameters to generic types must be types."
         params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
-        _check_generic(self, params, self._nparams)
+        if (self._defaults
+            and len(params) < self._nparams
+            and len(params) + len(self._defaults) >= self._nparams
+        ):
+            params = (*params, *self._defaults[len(params) - self._nparams:])
+        actual_len = len(params)
+
+        if actual_len != self._nparams:
+            if self._defaults:
+                expected = f"at least {self._nparams - len(self._defaults)}"
+            else:
+                expected = str(self._nparams)
+            if not self._nparams:
+                raise TypeError(f"{self} is not a generic class")
+            raise TypeError(f"Too {'many' if actual_len > self._nparams else 'few'} arguments for {self};"
+                            f" actual {actual_len}, expected {expected}")
         return self.copy_with(params)
 
     def copy_with(self, params):
@@ -1165,7 +1674,23 @@ def __or__(self, right):
     def __ror__(self, left):
         return Union[left, self]
 
-class _CallableGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
+
+class _DeprecatedGenericAlias(_SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self, origin, nparams, *, removal_version, inst=True, name=None
+    ):
+        super().__init__(origin, nparams, inst=inst, name=name)
+        self._removal_version = removal_version
+
+    def __instancecheck__(self, inst):
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated(
+            f"{self.__module__}.{self._name}", remove=self._removal_version
+        )
+        return super().__instancecheck__(inst)
+
+
+class _CallableGenericAlias(_NotIterable, _GenericAlias, _root=True):
     def __repr__(self):
         assert self._name == 'Callable'
         args = self.__args__
@@ -1185,9 +1710,7 @@ def __reduce__(self):
 class _CallableType(_SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True):
     def copy_with(self, params):
         return _CallableGenericAlias(self.__origin__, params,
-                                     name=self._name, inst=self._inst,
-                                     _typevar_types=(TypeVar, ParamSpec),
-                                     _paramspec_tvars=True)
+                                     name=self._name, inst=self._inst)
 
     def __getitem__(self, params):
         if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) != 2:
@@ -1220,27 +1743,28 @@ def __getitem_inner__(self, params):
 class _TupleType(_SpecialGenericAlias, _root=True):
     @_tp_cache
     def __getitem__(self, params):
-        if params == ():
-            return self.copy_with((_TypingEmpty,))
         if not isinstance(params, tuple):
             params = (params,)
-        if len(params) == 2 and params[1] is ...:
+        if len(params) >= 2 and params[-1] is ...:
             msg = "Tuple[t, ...]: t must be a type."
-            p = _type_check(params[0], msg)
-            return self.copy_with((p, _TypingEllipsis))
+            params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params[:-1])
+            return self.copy_with((*params, _TypingEllipsis))
         msg = "Tuple[t0, t1, ...]: each t must be a type."
         params = tuple(_type_check(p, msg) for p in params)
         return self.copy_with(params)
 
 
-class _UnionGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
+class _UnionGenericAlias(_NotIterable, _GenericAlias, _root=True):
     def copy_with(self, params):
         return Union[params]
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, (_UnionGenericAlias, types.UnionType)):
             return NotImplemented
-        return set(self.__args__) == set(other.__args__)
+        try:  # fast path
+            return set(self.__args__) == set(other.__args__)
+        except TypeError:  # not hashable, slow path
+            return _compare_args_orderless(self.__args__, other.__args__)
 
     def __hash__(self):
         return hash(frozenset(self.__args__))
@@ -1255,12 +1779,16 @@ def __repr__(self):
         return super().__repr__()
 
     def __instancecheck__(self, obj):
-        return self.__subclasscheck__(type(obj))
+        for arg in self.__args__:
+            if isinstance(obj, arg):
+                return True
+        return False
 
     def __subclasscheck__(self, cls):
         for arg in self.__args__:
             if issubclass(cls, arg):
                 return True
+        return False
 
     def __reduce__(self):
         func, (origin, args) = super().__reduce__()
@@ -1272,7 +1800,6 @@ def _value_and_type_iter(parameters):
 
 
 class _LiteralGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
-
     def __eq__(self, other):
         if not isinstance(other, _LiteralGenericAlias):
             return NotImplemented
@@ -1289,118 +1816,108 @@ def copy_with(self, params):
             return (*params[:-1], *params[-1])
         if isinstance(params[-1], _ConcatenateGenericAlias):
             params = (*params[:-1], *params[-1].__args__)
-        elif not isinstance(params[-1], ParamSpec):
-            raise TypeError("The last parameter to Concatenate should be a "
-                            "ParamSpec variable.")
         return super().copy_with(params)
 
 
-class Generic:
-    """Abstract base class for generic types.
+@_SpecialForm
+def Unpack(self, parameters):
+    """Type unpack operator.
 
-    A generic type is typically declared by inheriting from
-    this class parameterized with one or more type variables.
-    For example, a generic mapping type might be defined as::
+    The type unpack operator takes the child types from some container type,
+    such as `tuple[int, str]` or a `TypeVarTuple`, and 'pulls them out'.
 
-      class Mapping(Generic[KT, VT]):
-          def __getitem__(self, key: KT) -> VT:
-              ...
-          # Etc.
+    For example::
 
-    This class can then be used as follows::
+        # For some generic class `Foo`:
+        Foo[Unpack[tuple[int, str]]]  # Equivalent to Foo[int, str]
 
-      def lookup_name(mapping: Mapping[KT, VT], key: KT, default: VT) -> VT:
-          try:
-              return mapping[key]
-          except KeyError:
-              return default
-    """
-    __slots__ = ()
-    _is_protocol = False
+        Ts = TypeVarTuple('Ts')
+        # Specifies that `Bar` is generic in an arbitrary number of types.
+        # (Think of `Ts` as a tuple of an arbitrary number of individual
+        #  `TypeVar`s, which the `Unpack` is 'pulling out' directly into the
+        #  `Generic[]`.)
+        class Bar(Generic[Unpack[Ts]]): ...
+        Bar[int]  # Valid
+        Bar[int, str]  # Also valid
 
-    @_tp_cache
-    def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
-        if not isinstance(params, tuple):
-            params = (params,)
-        if not params and cls is not Tuple:
-            raise TypeError(
-                f"Parameter list to {cls.__qualname__}[...] cannot be empty")
-        params = tuple(_type_convert(p) for p in params)
-        if cls in (Generic, Protocol):
-            # Generic and Protocol can only be subscripted with unique type variables.
-            if not all(isinstance(p, (TypeVar, ParamSpec)) for p in params):
-                raise TypeError(
-                    f"Parameters to {cls.__name__}[...] must all be type variables "
-                    f"or parameter specification variables.")
-            if len(set(params)) != len(params):
-                raise TypeError(
-                    f"Parameters to {cls.__name__}[...] must all be unique")
-        else:
-            # Subscripting a regular Generic subclass.
-            if any(isinstance(t, ParamSpec) for t in cls.__parameters__):
-                params = _prepare_paramspec_params(cls, params)
-            else:
-                _check_generic(cls, params, len(cls.__parameters__))
-        return _GenericAlias(cls, params,
-                             _typevar_types=(TypeVar, ParamSpec),
-                             _paramspec_tvars=True)
+    From Python 3.11, this can also be done using the `*` operator::
 
-    def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        super().__init_subclass__(*args, **kwargs)
-        tvars = []
-        if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
-            error = Generic in cls.__orig_bases__
-        else:
-            error = Generic in cls.__bases__ and cls.__name__ != 'Protocol'
-        if error:
-            raise TypeError("Cannot inherit from plain Generic")
-        if '__orig_bases__' in cls.__dict__:
-            tvars = _collect_type_vars(cls.__orig_bases__, (TypeVar, ParamSpec))
-            # Look for Generic[T1, ..., Tn].
-            # If found, tvars must be a subset of it.
-            # If not found, tvars is it.
-            # Also check for and reject plain Generic,
-            # and reject multiple Generic[...].
-            gvars = None
-            for base in cls.__orig_bases__:
-                if (isinstance(base, _GenericAlias) and
-                        base.__origin__ is Generic):
-                    if gvars is not None:
-                        raise TypeError(
-                            "Cannot inherit from Generic[...] multiple types.")
-                    gvars = base.__parameters__
-            if gvars is not None:
-                tvarset = set(tvars)
-                gvarset = set(gvars)
-                if not tvarset <= gvarset:
-                    s_vars = ', '.join(str(t) for t in tvars if t not in gvarset)
-                    s_args = ', '.join(str(g) for g in gvars)
-                    raise TypeError(f"Some type variables ({s_vars}) are"
-                                    f" not listed in Generic[{s_args}]")
-                tvars = gvars
-        cls.__parameters__ = tuple(tvars)
-
-
-class _TypingEmpty:
-    """Internal placeholder for () or []. Used by TupleMeta and CallableMeta
-    to allow empty list/tuple in specific places, without allowing them
-    to sneak in where prohibited.
+        Foo[*tuple[int, str]]
+        class Bar(Generic[*Ts]): ...
+
+    And from Python 3.12, it can be done using built-in syntax for generics::
+
+        Foo[*tuple[int, str]]
+        class Bar[*Ts]: ...
+
+    The operator can also be used along with a `TypedDict` to annotate
+    `**kwargs` in a function signature::
+
+        class Movie(TypedDict):
+            name: str
+            year: int
+
+        # This function expects two keyword arguments - *name* of type `str` and
+        # *year* of type `int`.
+        def foo(**kwargs: Unpack[Movie]): ...
+
+    Note that there is only some runtime checking of this operator. Not
+    everything the runtime allows may be accepted by static type checkers.
+
+    For more information, see PEPs 646 and 692.
     """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self} accepts only single type.')
+    return _UnpackGenericAlias(origin=self, args=(item,))
+
+
+class _UnpackGenericAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
+    def __repr__(self):
+        # `Unpack` only takes one argument, so __args__ should contain only
+        # a single item.
+        return f'typing.Unpack[{_type_repr(self.__args__[0])}]'
+
+    def __getitem__(self, args):
+        if self.__typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__:
+            return args
+        return super().__getitem__(args)
+
+    @property
+    def __typing_unpacked_tuple_args__(self):
+        assert self.__origin__ is Unpack
+        assert len(self.__args__) == 1
+        arg, = self.__args__
+        if isinstance(arg, (_GenericAlias, types.GenericAlias)):
+            if arg.__origin__ is not tuple:
+                raise TypeError("Unpack[...] must be used with a tuple type")
+            return arg.__args__
+        return None
+
+    @property
+    def __typing_is_unpacked_typevartuple__(self):
+        assert self.__origin__ is Unpack
+        assert len(self.__args__) == 1
+        return isinstance(self.__args__[0], TypeVarTuple)
 
 
 class _TypingEllipsis:
     """Internal placeholder for ... (ellipsis)."""
 
 
-_TYPING_INTERNALS = ['__parameters__', '__orig_bases__',  '__orig_class__',
-                     '_is_protocol', '_is_runtime_protocol']
+_TYPING_INTERNALS = frozenset({
+    '__parameters__', '__orig_bases__',  '__orig_class__',
+    '_is_protocol', '_is_runtime_protocol', '__protocol_attrs__',
+    '__non_callable_proto_members__', '__type_params__',
+})
 
-_SPECIAL_NAMES = ['__abstractmethods__', '__annotations__', '__dict__', '__doc__',
-                  '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__slots__',
-                  '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '__class_getitem__']
+_SPECIAL_NAMES = frozenset({
+    '__abstractmethods__', '__annotations__', '__dict__', '__doc__',
+    '__init__', '__module__', '__new__', '__slots__',
+    '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '__class_getitem__',
+    '__match_args__', '__static_attributes__', '__firstlineno__',
+})
 
 # These special attributes will be not collected as protocol members.
-EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES = _TYPING_INTERNALS + _SPECIAL_NAMES + ['_MutableMapping__marker']
+EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES = _TYPING_INTERNALS | _SPECIAL_NAMES | {'_MutableMapping__marker'}
 
 
 def _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
@@ -1411,20 +1928,15 @@ def _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
     """
     attrs = set()
     for base in cls.__mro__[:-1]:  # without object
-        if base.__name__ in ('Protocol', 'Generic'):
+        if base.__name__ in {'Protocol', 'Generic'}:
             continue
         annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
-        for attr in list(base.__dict__.keys()) + list(annotations.keys()):
+        for attr in (*base.__dict__, *annotations):
             if not attr.startswith('_abc_') and attr not in EXCLUDED_ATTRIBUTES:
                 attrs.add(attr)
     return attrs
 
 
-def _is_callable_members_only(cls):
-    # PEP 544 prohibits using issubclass() with protocols that have non-method members.
-    return all(callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls))
-
-
 def _no_init_or_replace_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
     cls = type(self)
 
@@ -1455,59 +1967,192 @@ def _no_init_or_replace_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
 
 
 def _caller(depth=1, default='__main__'):
+    try:
+        return sys._getframemodulename(depth + 1) or default
+    except AttributeError:  # For platforms without _getframemodulename()
+        pass
     try:
         return sys._getframe(depth + 1).f_globals.get('__name__', default)
     except (AttributeError, ValueError):  # For platforms without _getframe()
-        return None
-
+        pass
+    return None
 
-def _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=3):
+def _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=2):
     """Allow instance and class checks for special stdlib modules.
 
     The abc and functools modules indiscriminately call isinstance() and
     issubclass() on the whole MRO of a user class, which may contain protocols.
     """
-    try:
-        return sys._getframe(depth).f_globals['__name__'] in ['abc', 'functools']
-    except (AttributeError, ValueError):  # For platforms without _getframe().
-        return True
+    return _caller(depth) in {'abc', 'functools', None}
+
+
+_PROTO_ALLOWLIST = {
+    'collections.abc': [
+        'Callable', 'Awaitable', 'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable',
+        'AsyncIterator', 'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection',
+        'Reversible', 'Buffer',
+    ],
+    'contextlib': ['AbstractContextManager', 'AbstractAsyncContextManager'],
+}
+
+
+@functools.cache
+def _lazy_load_getattr_static():
+    # Import getattr_static lazily so as not to slow down the import of typing.py
+    # Cache the result so we don't slow down _ProtocolMeta.__instancecheck__ unnecessarily
+    from inspect import getattr_static
+    return getattr_static
+
+
+_cleanups.append(_lazy_load_getattr_static.cache_clear)
+
+def _pickle_psargs(psargs):
+    return ParamSpecArgs, (psargs.__origin__,)
+
+copyreg.pickle(ParamSpecArgs, _pickle_psargs)
+
+def _pickle_pskwargs(pskwargs):
+    return ParamSpecKwargs, (pskwargs.__origin__,)
+
+copyreg.pickle(ParamSpecKwargs, _pickle_pskwargs)
+
+del _pickle_psargs, _pickle_pskwargs
+
+
+# Preload these once, as globals, as a micro-optimisation.
+# This makes a significant difference to the time it takes
+# to do `isinstance()`/`issubclass()` checks
+# against runtime-checkable protocols with only one callable member.
+_abc_instancecheck = ABCMeta.__instancecheck__
+_abc_subclasscheck = ABCMeta.__subclasscheck__
+
 
+def _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(arg):
+    """Raise TypeError if `arg` is not an instance of `type`
+    in `issubclass(arg, <protocol>)`.
 
-_PROTO_ALLOWLIST = {
-    'collections.abc': [
-        'Callable', 'Awaitable', 'Iterable', 'Iterator', 'AsyncIterable',
-        'Hashable', 'Sized', 'Container', 'Collection', 'Reversible',
-    ],
-    'contextlib': ['AbstractContextManager', 'AbstractAsyncContextManager'],
-}
+    In most cases, this is verified by type.__subclasscheck__.
+    Checking it again unnecessarily would slow down issubclass() checks,
+    so, we don't perform this check unless we absolutely have to.
+
+    For various error paths, however,
+    we want to ensure that *this* error message is shown to the user
+    where relevant, rather than a typing.py-specific error message.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(arg, type):
+        # Same error message as for issubclass(1, int).
+        raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')
 
 
 class _ProtocolMeta(ABCMeta):
-    # This metaclass is really unfortunate and exists only because of
-    # the lack of __instancehook__.
+    # This metaclass is somewhat unfortunate,
+    # but is necessary for several reasons...
+    def __new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, /, **kwargs):
+        if name == "Protocol" and bases == (Generic,):
+            pass
+        elif Protocol in bases:
+            for base in bases:
+                if not (
+                    base in {object, Generic}
+                    or base.__name__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST.get(base.__module__, [])
+                    or (
+                        issubclass(base, Generic)
+                        and getattr(base, "_is_protocol", False)
+                    )
+                ):
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Protocols can only inherit from other protocols, "
+                        f"got {base!r}"
+                    )
+        return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, namespace, **kwargs)
+
+    def __init__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        if getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
+            cls.__protocol_attrs__ = _get_protocol_attrs(cls)
+
+    def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
+        if cls is Protocol:
+            return type.__subclasscheck__(cls, other)
+        if (
+            getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False)
+            and not _allow_reckless_class_checks()
+        ):
+            if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False):
+                _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(other)
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Instance and class checks can only be used with "
+                    "@runtime_checkable protocols"
+                )
+            if (
+                # this attribute is set by @runtime_checkable:
+                cls.__non_callable_proto_members__
+                and cls.__dict__.get("__subclasshook__") is _proto_hook
+            ):
+                _type_check_issubclass_arg_1(other)
+                # non_method_attrs = sorted(cls.__non_callable_proto_members__)
+                # raise TypeError(
+                #     "Protocols with non-method members don't support issubclass()."
+                #     f" Non-method members: {str(non_method_attrs)[1:-1]}."
+                # )
+        return _abc_subclasscheck(cls, other)
+
     def __instancecheck__(cls, instance):
         # We need this method for situations where attributes are
         # assigned in __init__.
+        if cls is Protocol:
+            return type.__instancecheck__(cls, instance)
+        if not getattr(cls, "_is_protocol", False):
+            # i.e., it's a concrete subclass of a protocol
+            return _abc_instancecheck(cls, instance)
+
         if (
-            getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False) and
             not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False) and
-            not _allow_reckless_class_checks(depth=2)
+            not _allow_reckless_class_checks()
         ):
             raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
                             " @runtime_checkable protocols")
 
-        if ((not getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False) or
-                _is_callable_members_only(cls)) and
-                issubclass(instance.__class__, cls)):
+        if _abc_instancecheck(cls, instance):
             return True
-        if cls._is_protocol:
-            if all(hasattr(instance, attr) and
-                    # All *methods* can be blocked by setting them to None.
-                    (not callable(getattr(cls, attr, None)) or
-                     getattr(instance, attr) is not None)
-                    for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls)):
-                return True
-        return super().__instancecheck__(instance)
+
+        getattr_static = _lazy_load_getattr_static()
+        for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+            try:
+                val = getattr_static(instance, attr)
+            except AttributeError:
+                break
+            # this attribute is set by @runtime_checkable:
+            if val is None and attr not in cls.__non_callable_proto_members__:
+                break
+        else:
+            return True
+
+        return False
+
+
+@classmethod
+def _proto_hook(cls, other):
+    if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
+        return NotImplemented
+
+    for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+        for base in other.__mro__:
+            # Check if the members appears in the class dictionary...
+            if attr in base.__dict__:
+                if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
+                    return NotImplemented
+                break
+
+            # ...or in annotations, if it is a sub-protocol.
+            annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
+            if (isinstance(annotations, collections.abc.Mapping) and
+                    attr in annotations and
+                    issubclass(other, Generic) and getattr(other, '_is_protocol', False)):
+                break
+        else:
+            return NotImplemented
+    return True
 
 
 class Protocol(Generic, metaclass=_ProtocolMeta):
@@ -1520,7 +2165,9 @@ def meth(self) -> int:
                 ...
 
     Such classes are primarily used with static type checkers that recognize
-    structural subtyping (static duck-typing), for example::
+    structural subtyping (static duck-typing).
+
+    For example::
 
         class C:
             def meth(self) -> int:
@@ -1536,10 +2183,11 @@ def func(x: Proto) -> int:
     only the presence of given attributes, ignoring their type signatures.
     Protocol classes can be generic, they are defined as::
 
-        class GenProto(Protocol[T]):
+        class GenProto[T](Protocol):
             def meth(self) -> T:
                 ...
     """
+
     __slots__ = ()
     _is_protocol = True
     _is_runtime_protocol = False
@@ -1552,75 +2200,30 @@ def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
             cls._is_protocol = any(b is Protocol for b in cls.__bases__)
 
         # Set (or override) the protocol subclass hook.
-        def _proto_hook(other):
-            if not cls.__dict__.get('_is_protocol', False):
-                return NotImplemented
-
-            # First, perform various sanity checks.
-            if not getattr(cls, '_is_runtime_protocol', False):
-                if _allow_reckless_class_checks():
-                    return NotImplemented
-                raise TypeError("Instance and class checks can only be used with"
-                                " @runtime_checkable protocols")
-            if not _is_callable_members_only(cls):
-                if _allow_reckless_class_checks():
-                    return NotImplemented
-                raise TypeError("Protocols with non-method members"
-                                " don't support issubclass()")
-            if not isinstance(other, type):
-                # Same error message as for issubclass(1, int).
-                raise TypeError('issubclass() arg 1 must be a class')
-
-            # Second, perform the actual structural compatibility check.
-            for attr in _get_protocol_attrs(cls):
-                for base in other.__mro__:
-                    # Check if the members appears in the class dictionary...
-                    if attr in base.__dict__:
-                        if base.__dict__[attr] is None:
-                            return NotImplemented
-                        break
-
-                    # ...or in annotations, if it is a sub-protocol.
-                    annotations = getattr(base, '__annotations__', {})
-                    if (isinstance(annotations, collections.abc.Mapping) and
-                            attr in annotations and
-                            issubclass(other, Generic) and other._is_protocol):
-                        break
-                else:
-                    return NotImplemented
-            return True
-
         if '__subclasshook__' not in cls.__dict__:
             cls.__subclasshook__ = _proto_hook
 
-        # We have nothing more to do for non-protocols...
-        if not cls._is_protocol:
-            return
+        # Prohibit instantiation for protocol classes
+        if cls._is_protocol and cls.__init__ is Protocol.__init__:
+            cls.__init__ = _no_init_or_replace_init
 
-        # ... otherwise check consistency of bases, and prohibit instantiation.
-        for base in cls.__bases__:
-            if not (base in (object, Generic) or
-                    base.__module__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST and
-                    base.__name__ in _PROTO_ALLOWLIST[base.__module__] or
-                    issubclass(base, Generic) and base._is_protocol):
-                raise TypeError('Protocols can only inherit from other'
-                                ' protocols, got %r' % base)
-        cls.__init__ = _no_init_or_replace_init
 
-
-class _AnnotatedAlias(_GenericAlias, _root=True):
+class _AnnotatedAlias(_NotIterable, _GenericAlias, _root=True):
     """Runtime representation of an annotated type.
 
     At its core 'Annotated[t, dec1, dec2, ...]' is an alias for the type 't'
-    with extra annotations. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias,
-    instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type, binding
+    with extra annotations. The alias behaves like a normal typing alias.
+    Instantiating is the same as instantiating the underlying type; binding
     it to types is also the same.
+
+    The metadata itself is stored in a '__metadata__' attribute as a tuple.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, origin, metadata):
         if isinstance(origin, _AnnotatedAlias):
             metadata = origin.__metadata__ + metadata
             origin = origin.__origin__
-        super().__init__(origin, origin)
+        super().__init__(origin, origin, name='Annotated')
         self.__metadata__ = metadata
 
     def copy_with(self, params):
@@ -1653,9 +2256,14 @@ def __getattr__(self, attr):
             return 'Annotated'
         return super().__getattr__(attr)
 
+    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+        return (self.__origin__,)
+
 
-class Annotated:
-    """Add context specific metadata to a type.
+@_TypedCacheSpecialForm
+@_tp_cache(typed=True)
+def Annotated(self, *params):
+    """Add context-specific metadata to a type.
 
     Example: Annotated[int, runtime_check.Unsigned] indicates to the
     hypothetical runtime_check module that this type is an unsigned int.
@@ -1667,44 +2275,51 @@ class Annotated:
     Details:
 
     - It's an error to call `Annotated` with less than two arguments.
-    - Nested Annotated are flattened::
+    - Access the metadata via the ``__metadata__`` attribute::
+
+        assert Annotated[int, '$'].__metadata__ == ('$',)
 
-        Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
+    - Nested Annotated types are flattened::
+
+        assert Annotated[Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2], Ann3] == Annotated[T, Ann1, Ann2, Ann3]
 
     - Instantiating an annotated type is equivalent to instantiating the
     underlying type::
 
-        Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
+        assert Annotated[C, Ann1](5) == C(5)
 
     - Annotated can be used as a generic type alias::
 
-        Optimized = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
-        Optimized[int] == Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
+        type Optimized[T] = Annotated[T, runtime.Optimize()]
+        # type checker will treat Optimized[int]
+        # as equivalent to Annotated[int, runtime.Optimize()]
 
-        OptimizedList = Annotated[List[T], runtime.Optimize()]
-        OptimizedList[int] == Annotated[List[int], runtime.Optimize()]
-    """
+        type OptimizedList[T] = Annotated[list[T], runtime.Optimize()]
+        # type checker will treat OptimizedList[int]
+        # as equivalent to Annotated[list[int], runtime.Optimize()]
 
-    __slots__ = ()
+    - Annotated cannot be used with an unpacked TypeVarTuple::
 
-    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        raise TypeError("Type Annotated cannot be instantiated.")
+        type Variadic[*Ts] = Annotated[*Ts, Ann1]  # NOT valid
 
-    @_tp_cache
-    def __class_getitem__(cls, params):
-        if not isinstance(params, tuple) or len(params) < 2:
-            raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be used "
-                            "with at least two arguments (a type and an "
-                            "annotation).")
-        msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
-        origin = _type_check(params[0], msg, allow_special_forms=True)
-        metadata = tuple(params[1:])
-        return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)
+      This would be equivalent to::
 
-    def __init_subclass__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        raise TypeError(
-            "Cannot subclass {}.Annotated".format(cls.__module__)
-        )
+        Annotated[T1, T2, T3, ..., Ann1]
+
+      where T1, T2 etc. are TypeVars, which would be invalid, because
+      only one type should be passed to Annotated.
+    """
+    if len(params) < 2:
+        raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should be used "
+                        "with at least two arguments (a type and an "
+                        "annotation).")
+    if _is_unpacked_typevartuple(params[0]):
+        raise TypeError("Annotated[...] should not be used with an "
+                        "unpacked TypeVarTuple")
+    msg = "Annotated[t, ...]: t must be a type."
+    origin = _type_check(params[0], msg, allow_special_forms=True)
+    metadata = tuple(params[1:])
+    return _AnnotatedAlias(origin, metadata)
 
 
 def runtime_checkable(cls):
@@ -1714,6 +2329,7 @@ def runtime_checkable(cls):
     Raise TypeError if applied to a non-protocol class.
     This allows a simple-minded structural check very similar to
     one trick ponies in collections.abc such as Iterable.
+
     For example::
 
         @runtime_checkable
@@ -1725,10 +2341,26 @@ def close(self): ...
     Warning: this will check only the presence of the required methods,
     not their type signatures!
     """
-    if not issubclass(cls, Generic) or not cls._is_protocol:
+    if not issubclass(cls, Generic) or not getattr(cls, '_is_protocol', False):
         raise TypeError('@runtime_checkable can be only applied to protocol classes,'
                         ' got %r' % cls)
     cls._is_runtime_protocol = True
+    # PEP 544 prohibits using issubclass()
+    # with protocols that have non-method members.
+    # See gh-113320 for why we compute this attribute here,
+    # rather than in `_ProtocolMeta.__init__`
+    cls.__non_callable_proto_members__ = set()
+    for attr in cls.__protocol_attrs__:
+        try:
+            is_callable = callable(getattr(cls, attr, None))
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f"Failed to determine whether protocol member {attr!r} "
+                "is a method member"
+            ) from e
+        else:
+            if not is_callable:
+                cls.__non_callable_proto_members__.add(attr)
     return cls
 
 
@@ -1743,24 +2375,20 @@ def cast(typ, val):
     return val
 
 
-def _get_defaults(func):
-    """Internal helper to extract the default arguments, by name."""
-    try:
-        code = func.__code__
-    except AttributeError:
-        # Some built-in functions don't have __code__, __defaults__, etc.
-        return {}
-    pos_count = code.co_argcount
-    arg_names = code.co_varnames
-    arg_names = arg_names[:pos_count]
-    defaults = func.__defaults__ or ()
-    kwdefaults = func.__kwdefaults__
-    res = dict(kwdefaults) if kwdefaults else {}
-    pos_offset = pos_count - len(defaults)
-    for name, value in zip(arg_names[pos_offset:], defaults):
-        assert name not in res
-        res[name] = value
-    return res
+def assert_type(val, typ, /):
+    """Ask a static type checker to confirm that the value is of the given type.
+
+    At runtime this does nothing: it returns the first argument unchanged with no
+    checks or side effects, no matter the actual type of the argument.
+
+    When a static type checker encounters a call to assert_type(), it
+    emits an error if the value is not of the specified type::
+
+        def greet(name: str) -> None:
+            assert_type(name, str)  # OK
+            assert_type(name, int)  # type checker error
+    """
+    return val
 
 
 _allowed_types = (types.FunctionType, types.BuiltinFunctionType,
@@ -1772,8 +2400,7 @@ def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
     """Return type hints for an object.
 
     This is often the same as obj.__annotations__, but it handles
-    forward references encoded as string literals, adds Optional[t] if a
-    default value equal to None is set and recursively replaces all
+    forward references encoded as string literals and recursively replaces all
     'Annotated[T, ...]' with 'T' (unless 'include_extras=True').
 
     The argument may be a module, class, method, or function. The annotations
@@ -1800,7 +2427,6 @@ def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
     - If two dict arguments are passed, they specify globals and
       locals, respectively.
     """
-
     if getattr(obj, '__no_type_check__', None):
         return {}
     # Classes require a special treatment.
@@ -1828,7 +2454,7 @@ def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
                     value = type(None)
                 if isinstance(value, str):
                     value = ForwardRef(value, is_argument=False, is_class=True)
-                value = _eval_type(value, base_globals, base_locals)
+                value = _eval_type(value, base_globals, base_locals, base.__type_params__)
                 hints[name] = value
         return hints if include_extras else {k: _strip_annotations(t) for k, t in hints.items()}
 
@@ -1853,8 +2479,8 @@ def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
         else:
             raise TypeError('{!r} is not a module, class, method, '
                             'or function.'.format(obj))
-    defaults = _get_defaults(obj)
     hints = dict(hints)
+    type_params = getattr(obj, "__type_params__", ())
     for name, value in hints.items():
         if value is None:
             value = type(None)
@@ -1866,18 +2492,16 @@ def get_type_hints(obj, globalns=None, localns=None, include_extras=False):
                 is_argument=not isinstance(obj, types.ModuleType),
                 is_class=False,
             )
-        value = _eval_type(value, globalns, localns)
-        if name in defaults and defaults[name] is None:
-            value = Optional[value]
-        hints[name] = value
+        hints[name] = _eval_type(value, globalns, localns, type_params)
     return hints if include_extras else {k: _strip_annotations(t) for k, t in hints.items()}
 
 
 def _strip_annotations(t):
-    """Strips the annotations from a given type.
-    """
+    """Strip the annotations from a given type."""
     if isinstance(t, _AnnotatedAlias):
         return _strip_annotations(t.__origin__)
+    if hasattr(t, "__origin__") and t.__origin__ in (Required, NotRequired, ReadOnly):
+        return _strip_annotations(t.__args__[0])
     if isinstance(t, _GenericAlias):
         stripped_args = tuple(_strip_annotations(a) for a in t.__args__)
         if stripped_args == t.__args__:
@@ -1900,17 +2524,8 @@ def _strip_annotations(t):
 def get_origin(tp):
     """Get the unsubscripted version of a type.
 
-    This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar
-    and Annotated. Return None for unsupported types. Examples::
-
-        get_origin(Literal[42]) is Literal
-        get_origin(int) is None
-        get_origin(ClassVar[int]) is ClassVar
-        get_origin(Generic) is Generic
-        get_origin(Generic[T]) is Generic
-        get_origin(Union[T, int]) is Union
-        get_origin(List[Tuple[T, T]][int]) == list
-        get_origin(P.args) is P
+    This supports generic types, Callable, Tuple, Union, Literal, Final, ClassVar,
+    Annotated, and others. Return None for unsupported types.
     """
     if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
         return Annotated
@@ -1928,19 +2543,17 @@ def get_args(tp):
     """Get type arguments with all substitutions performed.
 
     For unions, basic simplifications used by Union constructor are performed.
+
     Examples::
-        get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
-        get_args(int) == ()
-        get_args(Union[int, Union[T, int], str][int]) == (int, str)
-        get_args(Union[int, Tuple[T, int]][str]) == (int, Tuple[str, int])
-        get_args(Callable[[], T][int]) == ([], int)
+
+        >>> T = TypeVar('T')
+        >>> assert get_args(Dict[str, int]) == (str, int)
     """
     if isinstance(tp, _AnnotatedAlias):
         return (tp.__origin__,) + tp.__metadata__
     if isinstance(tp, (_GenericAlias, GenericAlias)):
         res = tp.__args__
-        if (tp.__origin__ is collections.abc.Callable
-                and not (len(res) == 2 and _is_param_expr(res[0]))):
+        if _should_unflatten_callable_args(tp, res):
             res = (list(res[:-1]), res[-1])
         return res
     if isinstance(tp, types.UnionType):
@@ -1949,19 +2562,51 @@ def get_args(tp):
 
 
 def is_typeddict(tp):
-    """Check if an annotation is a TypedDict class
+    """Check if an annotation is a TypedDict class.
 
     For example::
-        class Film(TypedDict):
-            title: str
-            year: int
 
-        is_typeddict(Film)  # => True
-        is_typeddict(Union[list, str])  # => False
+        >>> from typing import TypedDict
+        >>> class Film(TypedDict):
+        ...     title: str
+        ...     year: int
+        ...
+        >>> is_typeddict(Film)
+        True
+        >>> is_typeddict(dict)
+        False
     """
     return isinstance(tp, _TypedDictMeta)
 
 
+_ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH = 100
+
+
+def assert_never(arg: Never, /) -> Never:
+    """Statically assert that a line of code is unreachable.
+
+    Example::
+
+        def int_or_str(arg: int | str) -> None:
+            match arg:
+                case int():
+                    print("It's an int")
+                case str():
+                    print("It's a str")
+                case _:
+                    assert_never(arg)
+
+    If a type checker finds that a call to assert_never() is
+    reachable, it will emit an error.
+
+    At runtime, this throws an exception when called.
+    """
+    value = repr(arg)
+    if len(value) > _ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH:
+        value = value[:_ASSERT_NEVER_REPR_MAX_LENGTH] + '...'
+    raise AssertionError(f"Expected code to be unreachable, but got: {value}")
+
+
 def no_type_check(arg):
     """Decorator to indicate that annotations are not type hints.
 
@@ -1972,13 +2617,23 @@ def no_type_check(arg):
     This mutates the function(s) or class(es) in place.
     """
     if isinstance(arg, type):
-        arg_attrs = arg.__dict__.copy()
-        for attr, val in arg.__dict__.items():
-            if val in arg.__bases__ + (arg,):
-                arg_attrs.pop(attr)
-        for obj in arg_attrs.values():
+        for key in dir(arg):
+            obj = getattr(arg, key)
+            if (
+                not hasattr(obj, '__qualname__')
+                or obj.__qualname__ != f'{arg.__qualname__}.{obj.__name__}'
+                or getattr(obj, '__module__', None) != arg.__module__
+            ):
+                # We only modify objects that are defined in this type directly.
+                # If classes / methods are nested in multiple layers,
+                # we will modify them when processing their direct holders.
+                continue
+            # Instance, class, and static methods:
             if isinstance(obj, types.FunctionType):
                 obj.__no_type_check__ = True
+            if isinstance(obj, types.MethodType):
+                obj.__func__.__no_type_check__ = True
+            # Nested types:
             if isinstance(obj, type):
                 no_type_check(obj)
     try:
@@ -1994,7 +2649,8 @@ def no_type_check_decorator(decorator):
     This wraps the decorator with something that wraps the decorated
     function in @no_type_check.
     """
-
+    import warnings
+    warnings._deprecated("typing.no_type_check_decorator", remove=(3, 15))
     @functools.wraps(decorator)
     def wrapped_decorator(*args, **kwds):
         func = decorator(*args, **kwds)
@@ -2013,63 +2669,107 @@ def _overload_dummy(*args, **kwds):
         "by an implementation that is not @overload-ed.")
 
 
+# {module: {qualname: {firstlineno: func}}}
+_overload_registry = defaultdict(functools.partial(defaultdict, dict))
+
+
 def overload(func):
     """Decorator for overloaded functions/methods.
 
     In a stub file, place two or more stub definitions for the same
-    function in a row, each decorated with @overload.  For example:
+    function in a row, each decorated with @overload.
+
+    For example::
 
-      @overload
-      def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
-      @overload
-      def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
-      @overload
-      def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
 
     In a non-stub file (i.e. a regular .py file), do the same but
     follow it with an implementation.  The implementation should *not*
-    be decorated with @overload.  For example:
-
-      @overload
-      def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
-      @overload
-      def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
-      @overload
-      def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
-      def utf8(value):
-          # implementation goes here
+    be decorated with @overload::
+
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: None) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: bytes) -> bytes: ...
+        @overload
+        def utf8(value: str) -> bytes: ...
+        def utf8(value):
+            ...  # implementation goes here
+
+    The overloads for a function can be retrieved at runtime using the
+    get_overloads() function.
     """
+    # classmethod and staticmethod
+    f = getattr(func, "__func__", func)
+    try:
+        _overload_registry[f.__module__][f.__qualname__][f.__code__.co_firstlineno] = func
+    except AttributeError:
+        # Not a normal function; ignore.
+        pass
     return _overload_dummy
 
 
+def get_overloads(func):
+    """Return all defined overloads for *func* as a sequence."""
+    # classmethod and staticmethod
+    f = getattr(func, "__func__", func)
+    if f.__module__ not in _overload_registry:
+        return []
+    mod_dict = _overload_registry[f.__module__]
+    if f.__qualname__ not in mod_dict:
+        return []
+    return list(mod_dict[f.__qualname__].values())
+
+
+def clear_overloads():
+    """Clear all overloads in the registry."""
+    _overload_registry.clear()
+
+
 def final(f):
-    """A decorator to indicate final methods and final classes.
+    """Decorator to indicate final methods and final classes.
 
     Use this decorator to indicate to type checkers that the decorated
     method cannot be overridden, and decorated class cannot be subclassed.
-    For example:
-
-      class Base:
-          @final
-          def done(self) -> None:
-              ...
-      class Sub(Base):
-          def done(self) -> None:  # Error reported by type checker
+
+    For example::
+
+        class Base:
+            @final
+            def done(self) -> None:
+                ...
+        class Sub(Base):
+            def done(self) -> None:  # Error reported by type checker
                 ...
 
-      @final
-      class Leaf:
-          ...
-      class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
-          ...
+        @final
+        class Leaf:
+            ...
+        class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
+            ...
 
-    There is no runtime checking of these properties.
+    There is no runtime checking of these properties. The decorator
+    attempts to set the ``__final__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated
+    object to allow runtime introspection.
     """
+    try:
+        f.__final__ = True
+    except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+        # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable.
+        # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a
+        # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class.
+        pass
     return f
 
 
-# Some unconstrained type variables.  These are used by the container types.
-# (These are not for export.)
+# Some unconstrained type variables.  These were initially used by the container types.
+# They were never meant for export and are now unused, but we keep them around to
+# avoid breaking compatibility with users who import them.
 T = TypeVar('T')  # Any type.
 KT = TypeVar('KT')  # Key type.
 VT = TypeVar('VT')  # Value type.
@@ -2080,6 +2780,7 @@ class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
 # Internal type variable used for Type[].
 CT_co = TypeVar('CT_co', covariant=True, bound=type)
 
+
 # A useful type variable with constraints.  This represents string types.
 # (This one *is* for export!)
 AnyStr = TypeVar('AnyStr', bytes, str)
@@ -2101,13 +2802,17 @@ class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
 Collection = _alias(collections.abc.Collection, 1)
 Callable = _CallableType(collections.abc.Callable, 2)
 Callable.__doc__ = \
-    """Callable type; Callable[[int], str] is a function of (int) -> str.
+    """Deprecated alias to collections.abc.Callable.
+
+    Callable[[int], str] signifies a function that takes a single
+    parameter of type int and returns a str.
 
     The subscription syntax must always be used with exactly two
-    values: the argument list and the return type.  The argument list
-    must be a list of types or ellipsis; the return type must be a single type.
+    values: the argument list and the return type.
+    The argument list must be a list of types, a ParamSpec,
+    Concatenate or ellipsis. The return type must be a single type.
 
-    There is no syntax to indicate optional or keyword arguments,
+    There is no syntax to indicate optional or keyword arguments;
     such function types are rarely used as callback types.
     """
 AbstractSet = _alias(collections.abc.Set, 1, name='AbstractSet')
@@ -2117,11 +2822,15 @@ class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
 MutableMapping = _alias(collections.abc.MutableMapping, 2)
 Sequence = _alias(collections.abc.Sequence, 1)
 MutableSequence = _alias(collections.abc.MutableSequence, 1)
-ByteString = _alias(collections.abc.ByteString, 0)  # Not generic
+ByteString = _DeprecatedGenericAlias(
+    collections.abc.ByteString, 0, removal_version=(3, 14)  # Not generic.
+)
 # Tuple accepts variable number of parameters.
 Tuple = _TupleType(tuple, -1, inst=False, name='Tuple')
 Tuple.__doc__ = \
-    """Tuple type; Tuple[X, Y] is the cross-product type of X and Y.
+    """Deprecated alias to builtins.tuple.
+
+    Tuple[X, Y] is the cross-product type of X and Y.
 
     Example: Tuple[T1, T2] is a tuple of two elements corresponding
     to type variables T1 and T2.  Tuple[int, float, str] is a tuple
@@ -2137,41 +2846,34 @@ class Other(Leaf):  # Error reported by type checker
 KeysView = _alias(collections.abc.KeysView, 1)
 ItemsView = _alias(collections.abc.ItemsView, 2)
 ValuesView = _alias(collections.abc.ValuesView, 1)
-try:
-    # XXX: RUSTPYTHON; contextlib support for wasm
-    import contextlib
-    ContextManager = _alias(contextlib.AbstractContextManager, 1, name='ContextManager')
-    AsyncContextManager = _alias(contextlib.AbstractAsyncContextManager, 1, name='AsyncContextManager')
-except ImportError:
-    pass
 Dict = _alias(dict, 2, inst=False, name='Dict')
 DefaultDict = _alias(collections.defaultdict, 2, name='DefaultDict')
 OrderedDict = _alias(collections.OrderedDict, 2)
 Counter = _alias(collections.Counter, 1)
 ChainMap = _alias(collections.ChainMap, 2)
-Generator = _alias(collections.abc.Generator, 3)
-AsyncGenerator = _alias(collections.abc.AsyncGenerator, 2)
+Generator = _alias(collections.abc.Generator, 3, defaults=(types.NoneType, types.NoneType))
+AsyncGenerator = _alias(collections.abc.AsyncGenerator, 2, defaults=(types.NoneType,))
 Type = _alias(type, 1, inst=False, name='Type')
 Type.__doc__ = \
-    """A special construct usable to annotate class objects.
+    """Deprecated alias to builtins.type.
 
+    builtins.type or typing.Type can be used to annotate class objects.
     For example, suppose we have the following classes::
 
-      class User: ...  # Abstract base for User classes
-      class BasicUser(User): ...
-      class ProUser(User): ...
-      class TeamUser(User): ...
+        class User: ...  # Abstract base for User classes
+        class BasicUser(User): ...
+        class ProUser(User): ...
+        class TeamUser(User): ...
 
     And a function that takes a class argument that's a subclass of
     User and returns an instance of the corresponding class::
 
-      U = TypeVar('U', bound=User)
-      def new_user(user_class: Type[U]) -> U:
-          user = user_class()
-          # (Here we could write the user object to a database)
-          return user
+        def new_user[U](user_class: Type[U]) -> U:
+            user = user_class()
+            # (Here we could write the user object to a database)
+            return user
 
-      joe = new_user(BasicUser)
+        joe = new_user(BasicUser)
 
     At this point the type checker knows that joe has type BasicUser.
     """
@@ -2180,6 +2882,7 @@ def new_user(user_class: Type[U]) -> U:
 @runtime_checkable
 class SupportsInt(Protocol):
     """An ABC with one abstract method __int__."""
+
     __slots__ = ()
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -2190,6 +2893,7 @@ def __int__(self) -> int:
 @runtime_checkable
 class SupportsFloat(Protocol):
     """An ABC with one abstract method __float__."""
+
     __slots__ = ()
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -2200,6 +2904,7 @@ def __float__(self) -> float:
 @runtime_checkable
 class SupportsComplex(Protocol):
     """An ABC with one abstract method __complex__."""
+
     __slots__ = ()
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -2210,6 +2915,7 @@ def __complex__(self) -> complex:
 @runtime_checkable
 class SupportsBytes(Protocol):
     """An ABC with one abstract method __bytes__."""
+
     __slots__ = ()
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -2220,6 +2926,7 @@ def __bytes__(self) -> bytes:
 @runtime_checkable
 class SupportsIndex(Protocol):
     """An ABC with one abstract method __index__."""
+
     __slots__ = ()
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -2228,22 +2935,24 @@ def __index__(self) -> int:
 
 
 @runtime_checkable
-class SupportsAbs(Protocol[T_co]):
+class SupportsAbs[T](Protocol):
     """An ABC with one abstract method __abs__ that is covariant in its return type."""
+
     __slots__ = ()
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def __abs__(self) -> T_co:
+    def __abs__(self) -> T:
         pass
 
 
 @runtime_checkable
-class SupportsRound(Protocol[T_co]):
+class SupportsRound[T](Protocol):
     """An ABC with one abstract method __round__ that is covariant in its return type."""
+
     __slots__ = ()
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def __round__(self, ndigits: int = 0) -> T_co:
+    def __round__(self, ndigits: int = 0) -> T:
         pass
 
 
@@ -2266,9 +2975,13 @@ def _make_nmtuple(name, types, module, defaults = ()):
 
 
 class NamedTupleMeta(type):
-
     def __new__(cls, typename, bases, ns):
-        assert bases[0] is _NamedTuple
+        assert _NamedTuple in bases
+        for base in bases:
+            if base is not _NamedTuple and base is not Generic:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    'can only inherit from a NamedTuple type and Generic')
+        bases = tuple(tuple if base is _NamedTuple else base for base in bases)
         types = ns.get('__annotations__', {})
         default_names = []
         for field_name in types:
@@ -2282,19 +2995,40 @@ def __new__(cls, typename, bases, ns):
         nm_tpl = _make_nmtuple(typename, types.items(),
                                defaults=[ns[n] for n in default_names],
                                module=ns['__module__'])
+        nm_tpl.__bases__ = bases
+        if Generic in bases:
+            class_getitem = _generic_class_getitem
+            nm_tpl.__class_getitem__ = classmethod(class_getitem)
         # update from user namespace without overriding special namedtuple attributes
-        for key in ns:
+        for key, val in ns.items():
             if key in _prohibited:
                 raise AttributeError("Cannot overwrite NamedTuple attribute " + key)
-            elif key not in _special and key not in nm_tpl._fields:
-                setattr(nm_tpl, key, ns[key])
+            elif key not in _special:
+                if key not in nm_tpl._fields:
+                    setattr(nm_tpl, key, val)
+                try:
+                    set_name = type(val).__set_name__
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+                else:
+                    try:
+                        set_name(val, nm_tpl, key)
+                    except BaseException as e:
+                        e.add_note(
+                            f"Error calling __set_name__ on {type(val).__name__!r} "
+                            f"instance {key!r} in {typename!r}"
+                        )
+                        raise
+
+        if Generic in bases:
+            nm_tpl.__init_subclass__()
         return nm_tpl
 
 
-def NamedTuple(typename, fields=None, /, **kwargs):
+def NamedTuple(typename, fields=_sentinel, /, **kwargs):
     """Typed version of namedtuple.
 
-    Usage in Python versions >= 3.6::
+    Usage::
 
         class Employee(NamedTuple):
             name: str
@@ -2307,39 +3041,86 @@ class Employee(NamedTuple):
     The resulting class has an extra __annotations__ attribute, giving a
     dict that maps field names to types.  (The field names are also in
     the _fields attribute, which is part of the namedtuple API.)
-    Alternative equivalent keyword syntax is also accepted::
-
-        Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', name=str, id=int)
-
-    In Python versions <= 3.5 use::
+    An alternative equivalent functional syntax is also accepted::
 
         Employee = NamedTuple('Employee', [('name', str), ('id', int)])
     """
-    if fields is None:
-        fields = kwargs.items()
+    if fields is _sentinel:
+        if kwargs:
+            deprecated_thing = "Creating NamedTuple classes using keyword arguments"
+            deprecation_msg = (
+                "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                "Use the class-based or functional syntax instead."
+            )
+        else:
+            deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter"
+            example = f"`{typename} = NamedTuple({typename!r}, [])`"
+            deprecation_msg = (
+                "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
+                "using the functional syntax, "
+                "pass an empty list, e.g. "
+            ) + example + "."
+    elif fields is None:
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError(
+                "Cannot pass `None` as the 'fields' parameter "
+                "and also specify fields using keyword arguments"
+            )
+        else:
+            deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter"
+            example = f"`{typename} = NamedTuple({typename!r}, [])`"
+            deprecation_msg = (
+                "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+                "To create a NamedTuple class with 0 fields "
+                "using the functional syntax, "
+                "pass an empty list, e.g. "
+            ) + example + "."
     elif kwargs:
         raise TypeError("Either list of fields or keywords"
                         " can be provided to NamedTuple, not both")
-    try:
-        module = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
-    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
-        module = None
-    return _make_nmtuple(typename, fields, module=module)
+    if fields is _sentinel or fields is None:
+        import warnings
+        warnings._deprecated(deprecated_thing, message=deprecation_msg, remove=(3, 15))
+        fields = kwargs.items()
+    nt = _make_nmtuple(typename, fields, module=_caller())
+    nt.__orig_bases__ = (NamedTuple,)
+    return nt
 
 _NamedTuple = type.__new__(NamedTupleMeta, 'NamedTuple', (), {})
 
 def _namedtuple_mro_entries(bases):
-    if len(bases) > 1:
-        raise TypeError("Multiple inheritance with NamedTuple is not supported")
-    assert bases[0] is NamedTuple
+    assert NamedTuple in bases
     return (_NamedTuple,)
 
 NamedTuple.__mro_entries__ = _namedtuple_mro_entries
 
 
+def _get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type):
+    while True:
+        annotation_origin = get_origin(annotation_type)
+        if annotation_origin is Annotated:
+            annotation_args = get_args(annotation_type)
+            if annotation_args:
+                annotation_type = annotation_args[0]
+            else:
+                break
+        elif annotation_origin is Required:
+            yield Required
+            (annotation_type,) = get_args(annotation_type)
+        elif annotation_origin is NotRequired:
+            yield NotRequired
+            (annotation_type,) = get_args(annotation_type)
+        elif annotation_origin is ReadOnly:
+            yield ReadOnly
+            (annotation_type,) = get_args(annotation_type)
+        else:
+            break
+
+
 class _TypedDictMeta(type):
     def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, total=True):
-        """Create new typed dict class object.
+        """Create a new typed dict class object.
 
         This method is called when TypedDict is subclassed,
         or when TypedDict is instantiated. This way
@@ -2347,14 +3128,22 @@ def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, total=True):
         Subclasses and instances of TypedDict return actual dictionaries.
         """
         for base in bases:
-            if type(base) is not _TypedDictMeta:
+            if type(base) is not _TypedDictMeta and base is not Generic:
                 raise TypeError('cannot inherit from both a TypedDict type '
                                 'and a non-TypedDict base class')
-        tp_dict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, name, (dict,), ns)
+
+        if any(issubclass(b, Generic) for b in bases):
+            generic_base = (Generic,)
+        else:
+            generic_base = ()
+
+        tp_dict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, name, (*generic_base, dict), ns)
+
+        if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__orig_bases__'):
+            tp_dict.__orig_bases__ = bases
 
         annotations = {}
         own_annotations = ns.get('__annotations__', {})
-        own_annotation_keys = set(own_annotations.keys())
         msg = "TypedDict('Name', {f0: t0, f1: t1, ...}); each t must be a type"
         own_annotations = {
             n: _type_check(tp, msg, module=tp_dict.__module__)
@@ -2362,23 +3151,61 @@ def __new__(cls, name, bases, ns, total=True):
         }
         required_keys = set()
         optional_keys = set()
+        readonly_keys = set()
+        mutable_keys = set()
 
         for base in bases:
             annotations.update(base.__dict__.get('__annotations__', {}))
-            required_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__required_keys__', ()))
-            optional_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__optional_keys__', ()))
+
+            base_required = base.__dict__.get('__required_keys__', set())
+            required_keys |= base_required
+            optional_keys -= base_required
+
+            base_optional = base.__dict__.get('__optional_keys__', set())
+            required_keys -= base_optional
+            optional_keys |= base_optional
+
+            readonly_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__readonly_keys__', ()))
+            mutable_keys.update(base.__dict__.get('__mutable_keys__', ()))
 
         annotations.update(own_annotations)
-        if total:
-            required_keys.update(own_annotation_keys)
-        else:
-            optional_keys.update(own_annotation_keys)
+        for annotation_key, annotation_type in own_annotations.items():
+            qualifiers = set(_get_typeddict_qualifiers(annotation_type))
+            if Required in qualifiers:
+                is_required = True
+            elif NotRequired in qualifiers:
+                is_required = False
+            else:
+                is_required = total
 
+            if is_required:
+                required_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                optional_keys.discard(annotation_key)
+            else:
+                optional_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                required_keys.discard(annotation_key)
+
+            if ReadOnly in qualifiers:
+                if annotation_key in mutable_keys:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Cannot override mutable key {annotation_key!r}"
+                        " with read-only key"
+                    )
+                readonly_keys.add(annotation_key)
+            else:
+                mutable_keys.add(annotation_key)
+                readonly_keys.discard(annotation_key)
+
+        assert required_keys.isdisjoint(optional_keys), (
+            f"Required keys overlap with optional keys in {name}:"
+            f" {required_keys=}, {optional_keys=}"
+        )
         tp_dict.__annotations__ = annotations
         tp_dict.__required_keys__ = frozenset(required_keys)
         tp_dict.__optional_keys__ = frozenset(optional_keys)
-        if not hasattr(tp_dict, '__total__'):
-            tp_dict.__total__ = total
+        tp_dict.__readonly_keys__ = frozenset(readonly_keys)
+        tp_dict.__mutable_keys__ = frozenset(mutable_keys)
+        tp_dict.__total__ = total
         return tp_dict
 
     __call__ = dict  # static method
@@ -2390,72 +3217,152 @@ def __subclasscheck__(cls, other):
     __instancecheck__ = __subclasscheck__
 
 
-def TypedDict(typename, fields=None, /, *, total=True, **kwargs):
+def TypedDict(typename, fields=_sentinel, /, *, total=True):
     """A simple typed namespace. At runtime it is equivalent to a plain dict.
 
-    TypedDict creates a dictionary type that expects all of its
+    TypedDict creates a dictionary type such that a type checker will expect all
     instances to have a certain set of keys, where each key is
     associated with a value of a consistent type. This expectation
-    is not checked at runtime but is only enforced by type checkers.
-    Usage::
-
-        class Point2D(TypedDict):
-            x: int
-            y: int
-            label: str
-
-        a: Point2D = {'x': 1, 'y': 2, 'label': 'good'}  # OK
-        b: Point2D = {'z': 3, 'label': 'bad'}           # Fails type check
-
-        assert Point2D(x=1, y=2, label='first') == dict(x=1, y=2, label='first')
+    is not checked at runtime.
 
     The type info can be accessed via the Point2D.__annotations__ dict, and
     the Point2D.__required_keys__ and Point2D.__optional_keys__ frozensets.
-    TypedDict supports two additional equivalent forms::
+    TypedDict supports an additional equivalent form::
 
-        Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', x=int, y=int, label=str)
         Point2D = TypedDict('Point2D', {'x': int, 'y': int, 'label': str})
 
     By default, all keys must be present in a TypedDict. It is possible
-    to override this by specifying totality.
-    Usage::
+    to override this by specifying totality::
 
-        class point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
+        class Point2D(TypedDict, total=False):
             x: int
             y: int
 
-    This means that a point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted.A type
+    This means that a Point2D TypedDict can have any of the keys omitted. A type
     checker is only expected to support a literal False or True as the value of
     the total argument. True is the default, and makes all items defined in the
     class body be required.
 
-    The class syntax is only supported in Python 3.6+, while two other
-    syntax forms work for Python 2.7 and 3.2+
+    The Required and NotRequired special forms can also be used to mark
+    individual keys as being required or not required::
+
+        class Point2D(TypedDict):
+            x: int               # the "x" key must always be present (Required is the default)
+            y: NotRequired[int]  # the "y" key can be omitted
+
+    See PEP 655 for more details on Required and NotRequired.
+
+    The ReadOnly special form can be used
+    to mark individual keys as immutable for type checkers::
+
+        class DatabaseUser(TypedDict):
+            id: ReadOnly[int]  # the "id" key must not be modified
+            username: str      # the "username" key can be changed
+
     """
-    if fields is None:
-        fields = kwargs
-    elif kwargs:
-        raise TypeError("TypedDict takes either a dict or keyword arguments,"
-                        " but not both")
+    if fields is _sentinel or fields is None:
+        import warnings
+
+        if fields is _sentinel:
+            deprecated_thing = "Failing to pass a value for the 'fields' parameter"
+        else:
+            deprecated_thing = "Passing `None` as the 'fields' parameter"
+
+        example = f"`{typename} = TypedDict({typename!r}, {{{{}}}})`"
+        deprecation_msg = (
+            "{name} is deprecated and will be disallowed in Python {remove}. "
+            "To create a TypedDict class with 0 fields "
+            "using the functional syntax, "
+            "pass an empty dictionary, e.g. "
+        ) + example + "."
+        warnings._deprecated(deprecated_thing, message=deprecation_msg, remove=(3, 15))
+        fields = {}
 
     ns = {'__annotations__': dict(fields)}
-    try:
+    module = _caller()
+    if module is not None:
         # Setting correct module is necessary to make typed dict classes pickleable.
-        ns['__module__'] = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get('__name__', '__main__')
-    except (AttributeError, ValueError):
-        pass
+        ns['__module__'] = module
 
-    return _TypedDictMeta(typename, (), ns, total=total)
+    td = _TypedDictMeta(typename, (), ns, total=total)
+    td.__orig_bases__ = (TypedDict,)
+    return td
 
 _TypedDict = type.__new__(_TypedDictMeta, 'TypedDict', (), {})
 TypedDict.__mro_entries__ = lambda bases: (_TypedDict,)
 
 
+@_SpecialForm
+def Required(self, parameters):
+    """Special typing construct to mark a TypedDict key as required.
+
+    This is mainly useful for total=False TypedDicts.
+
+    For example::
+
+        class Movie(TypedDict, total=False):
+            title: Required[str]
+            year: int
+
+        m = Movie(
+            title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+            year=1999,
+        )
+
+    There is no runtime checking that a required key is actually provided
+    when instantiating a related TypedDict.
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def NotRequired(self, parameters):
+    """Special typing construct to mark a TypedDict key as potentially missing.
+
+    For example::
+
+        class Movie(TypedDict):
+            title: str
+            year: NotRequired[int]
+
+        m = Movie(
+            title='The Matrix',  # typechecker error if key is omitted
+            year=1999,
+        )
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+
+@_SpecialForm
+def ReadOnly(self, parameters):
+    """A special typing construct to mark an item of a TypedDict as read-only.
+
+    For example::
+
+        class Movie(TypedDict):
+            title: ReadOnly[str]
+            year: int
+
+        def mutate_movie(m: Movie) -> None:
+            m["year"] = 1992  # allowed
+            m["title"] = "The Matrix"  # typechecker error
+
+    There is no runtime checking for this property.
+    """
+    item = _type_check(parameters, f'{self._name} accepts only a single type.')
+    return _GenericAlias(self, (item,))
+
+
 class NewType:
-    """NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero
-    runtime overhead. NewType(name, tp) is considered a subtype of tp
+    """NewType creates simple unique types with almost zero runtime overhead.
+
+    NewType(name, tp) is considered a subtype of tp
     by static type checkers. At runtime, NewType(name, tp) returns
-    a dummy callable that simply returns its argument. Usage::
+    a dummy callable that simply returns its argument.
+
+    Usage::
 
         UserId = NewType('UserId', int)
 
@@ -2470,6 +3377,8 @@ def name_by_id(user_id: UserId) -> str:
         num = UserId(5) + 1     # type: int
     """
 
+    __call__ = _idfunc
+
     def __init__(self, name, tp):
         self.__qualname__ = name
         if '.' in name:
@@ -2480,12 +3389,24 @@ def __init__(self, name, tp):
         if def_mod != 'typing':
             self.__module__ = def_mod
 
+    def __mro_entries__(self, bases):
+        # We defined __mro_entries__ to get a better error message
+        # if a user attempts to subclass a NewType instance. bpo-46170
+        superclass_name = self.__name__
+
+        class Dummy:
+            def __init_subclass__(cls):
+                subclass_name = cls.__name__
+                raise TypeError(
+                    f"Cannot subclass an instance of NewType. Perhaps you were looking for: "
+                    f"`{subclass_name} = NewType({subclass_name!r}, {superclass_name})`"
+                )
+
+        return (Dummy,)
+
     def __repr__(self):
         return f'{self.__module__}.{self.__qualname__}'
 
-    def __call__(self, x):
-        return x
-
     def __reduce__(self):
         return self.__qualname__
 
@@ -2652,28 +3573,205 @@ def __enter__(self) -> 'TextIO':
         pass
 
 
-class io:
-    """Wrapper namespace for IO generic classes."""
+def reveal_type[T](obj: T, /) -> T:
+    """Ask a static type checker to reveal the inferred type of an expression.
+
+    When a static type checker encounters a call to ``reveal_type()``,
+    it will emit the inferred type of the argument::
+
+        x: int = 1
+        reveal_type(x)
+
+    Running a static type checker (e.g., mypy) on this example
+    will produce output similar to 'Revealed type is "builtins.int"'.
 
-    __all__ = ['IO', 'TextIO', 'BinaryIO']
-    IO = IO
-    TextIO = TextIO
-    BinaryIO = BinaryIO
+    At runtime, the function prints the runtime type of the
+    argument and returns the argument unchanged.
+    """
+    print(f"Runtime type is {type(obj).__name__!r}", file=sys.stderr)
+    return obj
+
+
+class _IdentityCallable(Protocol):
+    def __call__[T](self, arg: T, /) -> T:
+        ...
+
+
+def dataclass_transform(
+    *,
+    eq_default: bool = True,
+    order_default: bool = False,
+    kw_only_default: bool = False,
+    frozen_default: bool = False,
+    field_specifiers: tuple[type[Any] | Callable[..., Any], ...] = (),
+    **kwargs: Any,
+) -> _IdentityCallable:
+    """Decorator to mark an object as providing dataclass-like behaviour.
+
+    The decorator can be applied to a function, class, or metaclass.
+
+    Example usage with a decorator function::
+
+        @dataclass_transform()
+        def create_model[T](cls: type[T]) -> type[T]:
+            ...
+            return cls
+
+        @create_model
+        class CustomerModel:
+            id: int
+            name: str
+
+    On a base class::
+
+        @dataclass_transform()
+        class ModelBase: ...
+
+        class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
+            id: int
+            name: str
+
+    On a metaclass::
+
+        @dataclass_transform()
+        class ModelMeta(type): ...
+
+        class ModelBase(metaclass=ModelMeta): ...
 
+        class CustomerModel(ModelBase):
+            id: int
+            name: str
+
+    The ``CustomerModel`` classes defined above will
+    be treated by type checkers similarly to classes created with
+    ``@dataclasses.dataclass``.
+    For example, type checkers will assume these classes have
+    ``__init__`` methods that accept ``id`` and ``name``.
+
+    The arguments to this decorator can be used to customize this behavior:
+    - ``eq_default`` indicates whether the ``eq`` parameter is assumed to be
+        ``True`` or ``False`` if it is omitted by the caller.
+    - ``order_default`` indicates whether the ``order`` parameter is
+        assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+    - ``kw_only_default`` indicates whether the ``kw_only`` parameter is
+        assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+    - ``frozen_default`` indicates whether the ``frozen`` parameter is
+        assumed to be True or False if it is omitted by the caller.
+    - ``field_specifiers`` specifies a static list of supported classes
+        or functions that describe fields, similar to ``dataclasses.field()``.
+    - Arbitrary other keyword arguments are accepted in order to allow for
+        possible future extensions.
+
+    At runtime, this decorator records its arguments in the
+    ``__dataclass_transform__`` attribute on the decorated object.
+    It has no other runtime effect.
+
+    See PEP 681 for more details.
+    """
+    def decorator(cls_or_fn):
+        cls_or_fn.__dataclass_transform__ = {
+            "eq_default": eq_default,
+            "order_default": order_default,
+            "kw_only_default": kw_only_default,
+            "frozen_default": frozen_default,
+            "field_specifiers": field_specifiers,
+            "kwargs": kwargs,
+        }
+        return cls_or_fn
+    return decorator
 
-io.__name__ = __name__ + '.io'
-sys.modules[io.__name__] = io
+# TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+
+# type _Func = Callable[..., Any]
+
+
+# def override[F: _Func](method: F, /) -> F:
+#     """Indicate that a method is intended to override a method in a base class.
+#
+#     Usage::
+#
+#         class Base:
+#             def method(self) -> None:
+#                 pass
+#
+#         class Child(Base):
+#             @override
+#             def method(self) -> None:
+#                 super().method()
+#
+#     When this decorator is applied to a method, the type checker will
+#     validate that it overrides a method or attribute with the same name on a
+#     base class.  This helps prevent bugs that may occur when a base class is
+#     changed without an equivalent change to a child class.
+#
+#     There is no runtime checking of this property. The decorator attempts to
+#     set the ``__override__`` attribute to ``True`` on the decorated object to
+#     allow runtime introspection.
+#
+#     See PEP 698 for details.
+#     """
+#     try:
+#         method.__override__ = True
+#     except (AttributeError, TypeError):
+#         # Skip the attribute silently if it is not writable.
+#         # AttributeError happens if the object has __slots__ or a
+#         # read-only property, TypeError if it's a builtin class.
+#         pass
+#     return method
+
+
+def is_protocol(tp: type, /) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the given type is a Protocol.
 
-Pattern = _alias(stdlib_re.Pattern, 1)
-Match = _alias(stdlib_re.Match, 1)
+    Example::
 
-class re:
-    """Wrapper namespace for re type aliases."""
+        >>> from typing import Protocol, is_protocol
+        >>> class P(Protocol):
+        ...     def a(self) -> str: ...
+        ...     b: int
+        >>> is_protocol(P)
+        True
+        >>> is_protocol(int)
+        False
+    """
+    return (
+        isinstance(tp, type)
+        and getattr(tp, '_is_protocol', False)
+        and tp != Protocol
+    )
+
+def get_protocol_members(tp: type, /) -> frozenset[str]:
+    """Return the set of members defined in a Protocol.
+    Raise a TypeError for arguments that are not Protocols.
+    """
+    if not is_protocol(tp):
+        raise TypeError(f'{tp!r} is not a Protocol')
+    return frozenset(tp.__protocol_attrs__)
 
-    __all__ = ['Pattern', 'Match']
-    Pattern = Pattern
-    Match = Match
 
+def __getattr__(attr):
+    """Improve the import time of the typing module.
 
-re.__name__ = __name__ + '.re'
-sys.modules[re.__name__] = re
+    Soft-deprecated objects which are costly to create
+    are only created on-demand here.
+    """
+    if attr in {"Pattern", "Match"}:
+        import re
+        obj = _alias(getattr(re, attr), 1)
+    elif attr in {"ContextManager", "AsyncContextManager"}:
+        import contextlib
+        obj = _alias(getattr(contextlib, f"Abstract{attr}"), 2, name=attr, defaults=(bool | None,))
+    elif attr == "_collect_parameters":
+        import warnings
+
+        depr_message = (
+            "The private _collect_parameters function is deprecated and will be"
+            " removed in a future version of Python. Any use of private functions"
+            " is discouraged and may break in the future."
+        )
+        warnings.warn(depr_message, category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        obj = _collect_type_parameters
+    else:
+        raise AttributeError(f"module {__name__!r} has no attribute {attr!r}")
+    globals()[attr] = obj
+    return obj
diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
index c266e811ca..d7008ee739 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/typing.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ pub(crate) mod _typing {
     use crate::{
         PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyGenericAlias, PyTupleRef, PyTypeRef, pystr::AsPyStr},
-        function::IntoFuncArgs,
+        function::{FuncArgs, IntoFuncArgs},
     };
 
     pub(crate) fn _call_typing_func_object<'a>(
@@ -20,8 +20,10 @@ pub(crate) mod _typing {
         // func.call(args, vm)
     }
 
-    #[pyattr]
-    pub(crate) fn _idfunc(_vm: &VirtualMachine) {}
+    #[pyfunction]
+    pub(crate) fn _idfunc(args: FuncArgs, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+        args.args[0].clone()
+    }
 
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "TypeVar")]
@@ -51,6 +53,11 @@ pub(crate) mod _typing {
                 Ok(vm.ctx.none())
             }
         }
+
+        #[pygetset(magic)]
+        fn name(&self) -> PyObjectRef {
+            self.name.clone()
+        }
     }
 
     pub(crate) fn make_typevar(
@@ -77,15 +84,102 @@ pub(crate) mod _typing {
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) struct ParamSpec {
         name: PyObjectRef,
+        bound: Option<PyObjectRef>,
+        default_value: Option<PyObjectRef>,
+        evaluate_default: Option<PyObjectRef>,
+        covariant: bool,
+        contravariant: bool,
+        infer_variance: bool,
     }
 
     #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
-    impl ParamSpec {}
+    impl ParamSpec {
+        #[pygetset(magic)]
+        fn name(&self) -> PyObjectRef {
+            self.name.clone()
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset(magic)]
+        fn bound(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+            if let Some(bound) = self.bound.clone() {
+                return bound;
+            }
+            vm.ctx.none()
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset(magic)]
+        fn covariant(&self) -> bool {
+            self.covariant
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset(magic)]
+        fn contravariant(&self) -> bool {
+            self.contravariant
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset(magic)]
+        fn infer_variance(&self) -> bool {
+            self.infer_variance
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset(magic)]
+        fn default(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            if let Some(default_value) = self.default_value.clone() {
+                return Ok(default_value);
+            }
+            // handle evaluate_default
+            if let Some(evaluate_default) = self.evaluate_default.clone() {
+                let default_value = vm.call_method(evaluate_default.as_ref(), "__call__", ())?;
+                return Ok(default_value);
+            }
+            // TODO: this isn't up to spec
+            Ok(vm.ctx.none())
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn evaluate_default(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyObjectRef {
+            if let Some(evaluate_default) = self.evaluate_default.clone() {
+                return evaluate_default;
+            }
+            // TODO: default_value case
+            vm.ctx.none()
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod(magic)]
+        fn reduce(&self) -> PyResult {
+            Ok(self.name.clone())
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn has_default(&self) -> PyResult<bool> {
+            // TODO: fix
+            Ok(self.evaluate_default.is_some() || self.default_value.is_some())
+        }
+    }
 
     pub(crate) fn make_paramspec(name: PyObjectRef) -> ParamSpec {
-        ParamSpec { name }
+        ParamSpec {
+            name,
+            bound: None,
+            default_value: None,
+            evaluate_default: None,
+            covariant: false,
+            contravariant: false,
+            infer_variance: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "NoDefault")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    pub(crate) struct NoDefault {
+        name: PyObjectRef,
     }
 
+    #[pyclass(flags(BASETYPE))]
+    impl NoDefault {}
+
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "TypeVarTuple")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
@@ -161,7 +255,6 @@ pub(crate) mod _typing {
     //     fn as_mapping() -> &'static PyMappingMethods {
     //         static AS_MAPPING: Lazy<PyMappingMethods> = Lazy::new(|| PyMappingMethods {
     //             subscript: atomic_func!(|mapping, needle, vm| {
-    //                 println!("gigity");
     //                 call_typing_func_object(vm, "_GenericAlias", (mapping.obj, needle))
     //             }),
     //             ..PyMappingMethods::NOT_IMPLEMENTED

From 392d1c04f63677ccbe93b88f919c3797fc71f38f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Apr 2025 03:48:06 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 660/705] More overlapped implementation (#5748)

---
 stdlib/src/overlapped.rs | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
index 6fd8a1516d..85a391c753 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/overlapped.rs
@@ -297,6 +297,10 @@ mod _overlapped {
         }
     }
 
+    unsafe fn u64_to_handle(raw_ptr_value: u64) -> HANDLE {
+        raw_ptr_value as HANDLE
+    }
+
     #[pyfunction]
     fn CreateIoCompletionPort(
         handle: isize,
@@ -354,4 +358,56 @@ mod _overlapped {
         ]);
         Ok(value.into())
     }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn CreateEvent(
+        event_attributes: PyObjectRef,
+        manual_reset: bool,
+        initial_state: bool,
+        name: Option<String>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<isize> {
+        if !vm.is_none(&event_attributes) {
+            return Err(vm.new_value_error("EventAttributes must be None".to_owned()));
+        }
+
+        let name = match name {
+            Some(name) => {
+                let name = widestring::WideCString::from_str(&name).unwrap();
+                name.as_ptr()
+            }
+            None => std::ptr::null(),
+        };
+        let event = unsafe {
+            windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::CreateEventW(
+                std::ptr::null(),
+                manual_reset as _,
+                initial_state as _,
+                name,
+            ) as isize
+        };
+        if event == NULL {
+            return Err(errno_err(vm));
+        }
+        Ok(event)
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn SetEvent(handle: u64, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        let ret = unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::SetEvent(u64_to_handle(handle)) };
+        if ret == 0 {
+            return Err(errno_err(vm));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn ResetEvent(handle: u64, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<()> {
+        let ret =
+            unsafe { windows_sys::Win32::System::Threading::ResetEvent(u64_to_handle(handle)) };
+        if ret == 0 {
+            return Err(errno_err(vm));
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }

From 5561b6ead4cd2f761541f85124821751435a0e2a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Apr 2025 20:20:42 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 661/705] Re-add ssl feature to cron-ci.yaml for whats-left
 (#5750)

---
 .github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
index e7d14298cd..6389fee1cb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-ci.yaml
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Collect what is left data
         run: |
           chmod +x ./whats_left.py
-          ./whats_left.py --features "sqlite" > whats_left.temp
+          ./whats_left.py --features "ssl,sqlite" > whats_left.temp
         env:
           RUSTPYTHONPATH: ${{ github.workspace }}/Lib
       - name: Upload data to the website

From ff10a647274ab621df5f014345d4416186116db0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Apr 2025 12:29:21 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 662/705] Fix test_poll::test_poll3 (#5718)

* test_poll3

* Refactor EventMask
---
 Lib/test/test_poll.py |  2 --
 stdlib/src/select.rs  | 60 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_poll.py b/Lib/test/test_poll.py
index 338eb00f0c..a9bfb755c3 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_poll.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_poll.py
@@ -152,8 +152,6 @@ def test_poll2(self):
             else:
                 self.fail('Unexpected return value from select.poll: %s' % fdlist)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON int overflow
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_poll3(self):
         # test int overflow
         pollster = select.poll()
diff --git a/stdlib/src/select.rs b/stdlib/src/select.rs
index f600d60ede..1119f0cd9d 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/select.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/select.rs
@@ -338,7 +338,10 @@ mod decl {
         };
         use libc::pollfd;
         use num_traits::{Signed, ToPrimitive};
-        use std::time::{Duration, Instant};
+        use std::{
+            convert::TryFrom,
+            time::{Duration, Instant},
+        };
 
         #[derive(Default)]
         pub(super) struct TimeoutArg<const MILLIS: bool>(pub Option<Duration>);
@@ -417,25 +420,62 @@ mod decl {
             search(fds, fd).ok().map(|i| fds.remove(i))
         }
 
+        // new EventMask type
+        #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+        #[repr(transparent)]
+        pub struct EventMask(pub i16);
+
+        impl TryFromObject for EventMask {
+            fn try_from_object(vm: &VirtualMachine, obj: PyObjectRef) -> PyResult<Self> {
+                use crate::builtins::PyInt;
+                let int = obj
+                    .downcast::<PyInt>()
+                    .map_err(|_| vm.new_type_error("argument must be an integer".to_owned()))?;
+
+                let val = int.as_bigint();
+                if val.is_negative() {
+                    return Err(vm.new_value_error("negative event mask".to_owned()));
+                }
+
+                // Try converting to i16, should raise OverflowError if too large
+                let mask = i16::try_from(val).map_err(|_| {
+                    vm.new_overflow_error("event mask value out of range".to_owned())
+                })?;
+
+                Ok(EventMask(mask))
+            }
+        }
+
         const DEFAULT_EVENTS: i16 = libc::POLLIN | libc::POLLPRI | libc::POLLOUT;
 
         #[pyclass]
         impl PyPoll {
             #[pymethod]
-            fn register(&self, Fildes(fd): Fildes, eventmask: OptionalArg<u16>) {
-                insert_fd(
-                    &mut self.fds.lock(),
-                    fd,
-                    eventmask.map_or(DEFAULT_EVENTS, |e| e as i16),
-                )
+            fn register(
+                &self,
+                Fildes(fd): Fildes,
+                eventmask: OptionalArg<EventMask>,
+            ) -> PyResult<()> {
+                let mask = match eventmask {
+                    OptionalArg::Present(event_mask) => event_mask.0,
+                    OptionalArg::Missing => DEFAULT_EVENTS,
+                };
+                insert_fd(&mut self.fds.lock(), fd, mask);
+                Ok(())
             }
 
             #[pymethod]
-            fn modify(&self, Fildes(fd): Fildes, eventmask: u16) -> io::Result<()> {
+            fn modify(
+                &self,
+                Fildes(fd): Fildes,
+                eventmask: EventMask,
+                vm: &VirtualMachine,
+            ) -> PyResult<()> {
                 let mut fds = self.fds.lock();
+                // CPython raises KeyError if fd is not registered, match that behavior
                 let pfd = get_fd_mut(&mut fds, fd)
-                    .ok_or_else(|| io::Error::from_raw_os_error(libc::ENOENT))?;
-                pfd.events = eventmask as i16;
+                    .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_key_error(vm.ctx.new_int(fd).into()))?;
+                pfd.events = eventmask.0;
                 Ok(())
             }
 

From f55bf8f83bbe5e28091032014b77b2fa79115880 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 27 Apr 2025 20:30:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 663/705] fix openssl error reasons (#5739)

---
 Lib/test/test_httplib.py | 4 ----
 stdlib/src/ssl.rs        | 8 ++++++--
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_httplib.py b/Lib/test/test_httplib.py
index 8f095d52ac..b73f081bb8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_httplib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_httplib.py
@@ -1695,8 +1695,6 @@ def test_attributes(self):
         h = client.HTTPSConnection(HOST, TimeoutTest.PORT, timeout=30)
         self.assertEqual(h.timeout, 30)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_networked(self):
         # Default settings: requires a valid cert from a trusted CA
         import ssl
@@ -1769,8 +1767,6 @@ def test_networked_good_cert(self):
             h.close()
             self.assertIn('nginx', server_string)
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_networked_bad_cert(self):
         # We feed a "CA" cert that is unrelated to the server's cert
         import ssl
diff --git a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
index 6cc7f3ed32..16e6cf5b34 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/ssl.rs
@@ -1183,8 +1183,12 @@ mod _ssl {
                 let file = file
                     .rsplit_once(&['/', '\\'][..])
                     .map_or(file, |(_, basename)| basename);
-                // TODO: map the error codes to code names, e.g. "CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED", just requires a big hashmap/dict
-                let errstr = e.reason().unwrap_or("unknown error");
+                // TODO: finish map
+                let default_errstr = e.reason().unwrap_or("unknown error");
+                let errstr = match default_errstr {
+                    "certificate verify failed" => "CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED",
+                    _ => default_errstr,
+                };
                 let msg = if let Some(lib) = e.library() {
                     // add `library` attribute
                     let attr_name = vm.ctx.as_ref().intern_str("library");

From b0991e28a25564d4b92f853dafa85b767ef9a237 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 22 Apr 2025 13:46:12 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 664/705] Replace puruspe to pymath

Might be lower quality, but better compatibility
---
 .cspell.dict/rust-more.txt |  1 -
 Cargo.lock                 | 22 ++++++---------------
 Cargo.toml                 |  1 +
 Lib/test/test_math.py      |  3 ++-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml          |  2 +-
 stdlib/src/math.rs         | 39 +++++++++++++++++---------------------
 6 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
index e5d5ac86c4..6a98daa9db 100644
--- a/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
+++ b/.cspell.dict/rust-more.txt
@@ -51,7 +51,6 @@ powf
 powi
 prepended
 punct
-puruspe
 replacen
 rmatch
 rposition
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index ffb31bfcbb..13ad0c4935 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1240,16 +1240,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "cpufeatures",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lambert_w"
-version = "1.2.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fd4d9b9fa6582f5d77f954729c91c32a7c85834332e470b014d12e1678fd1793"
-dependencies = [
- "num-complex",
- "num-traits",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "lazy_static"
 version = "0.2.11"
@@ -1889,13 +1879,13 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "puruspe"
-version = "0.4.0"
+name = "pymath"
+version = "0.0.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d76c522e44709f541a403db419a7e34d6fbbc8e6b208589ae29a030cddeefd96"
+checksum = "c574544c9acbbb7cab157def68e24e7a417c4ff6f7e528a805160c8b6cc3aa9f"
 dependencies = [
- "lambert_w",
- "num-complex",
+ "errno",
+ "libc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2495,7 +2485,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "page_size",
  "parking_lot",
  "paste",
- "puruspe",
+ "pymath",
  "rand_core 0.9.3",
  "rustix",
  "rustpython-common",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index c59344d2d5..2be9db7477 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -184,6 +184,7 @@ once_cell = "1.20.3"
 parking_lot = "0.12.3"
 paste = "1.0.15"
 proc-macro2 = "1.0.93"
+pymath = "0.0.2"
 quote = "1.0.38"
 rand = "0.9"
 rand_core = { version = "0.9", features = ["os_rng"] }
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_math.py b/Lib/test/test_math.py
index bb02041644..0e14fad774 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_math.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_math.py
@@ -1374,6 +1374,7 @@ def test_sumprod_accuracy(self):
         self.assertEqual(sumprod([True, False] * 10, [0.1] * 20), 1.0)
         self.assertEqual(sumprod([1.0, 10E100, 1.0, -10E100], [1.0]*4), 2.0)
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, Taking a few minutes.")
     @support.requires_resource('cpu')
     def test_sumprod_stress(self):
         sumprod = math.sumprod
@@ -2079,7 +2080,7 @@ def test_testfile(self):
             self.fail('Failures in test_testfile:\n  ' +
                       '\n  '.join(failures))
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, Currently hangs. Function never finishes.")
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, Taking a few minutes.")
     @requires_IEEE_754
     def test_mtestfile(self):
         fail_fmt = "{}: {}({!r}): {}"
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index d29bd3b21e..7b6aba0a14 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ memchr = { workspace = true }
 base64 = "0.22"
 csv-core = "0.1.11"
 dyn-clone = "1.0.10"
-puruspe = "0.4.0"
+pymath = { workspace = true }
 xml-rs = "0.8.14"
 
 # random
diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index 4854bdd75e..9ab4bed5ce 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 pub(crate) use math::make_module;
 
+use crate::{builtins::PyBaseExceptionRef, vm::VirtualMachine};
+
 #[pymodule]
 mod math {
     use crate::vm::{
@@ -17,6 +19,8 @@ mod math {
     // Constants
     #[pyattr]
     use std::f64::consts::{E as e, PI as pi, TAU as tau};
+
+    use super::pymath_error_to_exception;
     #[pyattr(name = "inf")]
     const INF: f64 = f64::INFINITY;
     #[pyattr(name = "nan")]
@@ -475,38 +479,22 @@ mod math {
     // Special functions:
     #[pyfunction]
     fn erf(x: ArgIntoFloat) -> f64 {
-        let x = *x;
-        if x.is_nan() { x } else { puruspe::erf(x) }
+        pymath::erf(*x)
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
     fn erfc(x: ArgIntoFloat) -> f64 {
-        let x = *x;
-        if x.is_nan() { x } else { puruspe::erfc(x) }
+        pymath::erfc(*x)
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn gamma(x: ArgIntoFloat) -> f64 {
-        let x = *x;
-        if x.is_finite() {
-            puruspe::gamma(x)
-        } else if x.is_nan() || x.is_sign_positive() {
-            x
-        } else {
-            f64::NAN
-        }
+    fn gamma(x: ArgIntoFloat, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
+        pymath::gamma(*x).map_err(|err| pymath_error_to_exception(err, vm))
     }
 
     #[pyfunction]
-    fn lgamma(x: ArgIntoFloat) -> f64 {
-        let x = *x;
-        if x.is_finite() {
-            puruspe::ln_gamma(x)
-        } else if x.is_nan() {
-            x
-        } else {
-            f64::INFINITY
-        }
+    fn lgamma(x: ArgIntoFloat, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
+        pymath::lgamma(*x).map_err(|err| pymath_error_to_exception(err, vm))
     }
 
     fn try_magic_method(
@@ -1000,3 +988,10 @@ mod math {
         Ok(result)
     }
 }
+
+fn pymath_error_to_exception(err: pymath::Error, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+    match err {
+        pymath::Error::EDOM => vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()),
+        pymath::Error::ERANGE => vm.new_overflow_error("math range error".to_owned()),
+    }
+}

From d1b7dc551cfc07a20b5ed1fa8af2c8d866f01529 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2025 14:12:25 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 665/705] skip flaky test_weakref

---
 Lib/test/test_weakref.py | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_weakref.py b/Lib/test/test_weakref.py
index 751002bfc9..7d204f3c4c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_weakref.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_weakref.py
@@ -1997,6 +1997,7 @@ def test_threaded_weak_key_dict_deepcopy(self):
         # copying should not result in a crash.
         self.check_threaded_weak_dict_copy(weakref.WeakKeyDictionary, True)
 
+    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON; occasionally crash (Exit code -6)")
     def test_threaded_weak_value_dict_copy(self):
         # Issue #35615: Weakref keys or values getting GC'ed during dict
         # copying should not result in a crash.

From 5e770e9c9eb88e5634ef71139ef587894f66bd37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Apr 2025 11:27:23 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 666/705] update getopt to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/test/support/i18n_helper.py               |  63 +++
 Lib/test/test_getopt.py                       |  22 +-
 Lib/test/test_tools/__init__.py               |  43 ++
 Lib/test/test_tools/__main__.py               |   4 +
 .../test_tools/i18n_data/ascii-escapes.pot    |  45 ++
 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/docstrings.pot  |  40 ++
 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/docstrings.py   |  41 ++
 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/escapes.pot     |  45 ++
 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/escapes.py      |  23 +
 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/fileloc.pot     |  35 ++
 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/fileloc.py      |  26 +
 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/messages.pot    |  67 +++
 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/messages.py     |  64 +++
 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.json    |   1 +
 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.mo      | Bin 0 -> 28 bytes
 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.po      |  23 +
 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.json  |  58 +++
 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.mo    | Bin 0 -> 671 bytes
 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.po    |  47 ++
 Lib/test/test_tools/test_freeze.py            |  37 ++
 Lib/test/test_tools/test_i18n.py              | 444 ++++++++++++++++++
 Lib/test/test_tools/test_makefile.py          |  81 ++++
 Lib/test/test_tools/test_makeunicodedata.py   | 122 +++++
 Lib/test/test_tools/test_msgfmt.py            | 159 +++++++
 Lib/test/test_tools/test_reindent.py          |  35 ++
 Lib/test/test_tools/test_sundry.py            |  30 ++
 26 files changed, 1549 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/support/i18n_helper.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/__main__.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/ascii-escapes.pot
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/docstrings.pot
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/docstrings.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/escapes.pot
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/escapes.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/fileloc.pot
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/fileloc.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/messages.pot
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/messages.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.json
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.mo
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.po
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.json
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.mo
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.po
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/test_freeze.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/test_i18n.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/test_makefile.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/test_makeunicodedata.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/test_msgfmt.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/test_reindent.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_tools/test_sundry.py

diff --git a/Lib/test/support/i18n_helper.py b/Lib/test/support/i18n_helper.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e304f29e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/support/i18n_helper.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import re
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import unittest
+from pathlib import Path
+from test.support import REPO_ROOT, TEST_HOME_DIR, requires_subprocess
+from test.test_tools import skip_if_missing
+
+
+pygettext = Path(REPO_ROOT) / 'Tools' / 'i18n' / 'pygettext.py'
+
+msgid_pattern = re.compile(r'msgid(.*?)(?:msgid_plural|msgctxt|msgstr)',
+                           re.DOTALL)
+msgid_string_pattern = re.compile(r'"((?:\\"|[^"])*)"')
+
+
+def _generate_po_file(path, *, stdout_only=True):
+    res = subprocess.run([sys.executable, pygettext,
+                          '--no-location', '-o', '-', path],
+                         stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                         text=True)
+    if stdout_only:
+        return res.stdout
+    return res
+
+
+def _extract_msgids(po):
+    msgids = []
+    for msgid in msgid_pattern.findall(po):
+        msgid_string = ''.join(msgid_string_pattern.findall(msgid))
+        msgid_string = msgid_string.replace(r'\"', '"')
+        if msgid_string:
+            msgids.append(msgid_string)
+    return sorted(msgids)
+
+
+def _get_snapshot_path(module_name):
+    return Path(TEST_HOME_DIR) / 'translationdata' / module_name / 'msgids.txt'
+
+
+@requires_subprocess()
+class TestTranslationsBase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def assertMsgidsEqual(self, module):
+        '''Assert that msgids extracted from a given module match a
+        snapshot.
+
+        '''
+        skip_if_missing('i18n')
+        res = _generate_po_file(module.__file__, stdout_only=False)
+        self.assertEqual(res.returncode, 0)
+        self.assertEqual(res.stderr, '')
+        msgids = _extract_msgids(res.stdout)
+        snapshot_path = _get_snapshot_path(module.__name__)
+        snapshot = snapshot_path.read_text().splitlines()
+        self.assertListEqual(msgids, snapshot)
+
+
+def update_translation_snapshots(module):
+    contents = _generate_po_file(module.__file__)
+    msgids = _extract_msgids(contents)
+    snapshot_path = _get_snapshot_path(module.__name__)
+    snapshot_path.write_text('\n'.join(msgids))
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_getopt.py b/Lib/test/test_getopt.py
index c8b3442de4..295a2c8136 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_getopt.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_getopt.py
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 # test_getopt.py
 # David Goodger <dgoodger@bigfoot.com> 2000-08-19
 
-from test.support.os_helper import EnvironmentVarGuard
 import doctest
-import unittest
-
 import getopt
+import sys
+import unittest
+from test.support.i18n_helper import TestTranslationsBase, update_translation_snapshots
+from test.support.os_helper import EnvironmentVarGuard
 
 sentinel = object()
 
 class GetoptTests(unittest.TestCase):
     def setUp(self):
         self.env = self.enterContext(EnvironmentVarGuard())
-        if "POSIXLY_CORRECT" in self.env:
-            del self.env["POSIXLY_CORRECT"]
+        del self.env["POSIXLY_CORRECT"]
 
     def assertError(self, *args, **kwargs):
         self.assertRaises(getopt.GetoptError, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -173,10 +173,20 @@ def test_libref_examples():
     ['a1', 'a2']
     """
 
+
+class TestTranslations(TestTranslationsBase):
+    def test_translations(self):
+        self.assertMsgidsEqual(getopt)
+
+
 def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
     tests.addTest(doctest.DocTestSuite())
     return tests
 
 
-if __name__ == "__main__":
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # To regenerate translation snapshots
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == '--snapshot-update':
+        update_translation_snapshots(getopt)
+        sys.exit(0)
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/__init__.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4395c7c0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+"""Support functions for testing scripts in the Tools directory."""
+import contextlib
+import importlib
+import os.path
+import unittest
+from test import support
+from test.support import import_helper
+
+
+if not support.has_subprocess_support:
+    raise unittest.SkipTest("test module requires subprocess")
+
+
+basepath = os.path.normpath(
+        os.path.dirname(                 # <src/install dir>
+            os.path.dirname(                # Lib
+                os.path.dirname(                # test
+                    os.path.dirname(__file__)))))    # test_tools
+
+toolsdir = os.path.join(basepath, 'Tools')
+scriptsdir = os.path.join(toolsdir, 'scripts')
+
+def skip_if_missing(tool=None):
+    if tool:
+        tooldir = os.path.join(toolsdir, tool)
+    else:
+        tool = 'scripts'
+        tooldir = scriptsdir
+    if not os.path.isdir(tooldir):
+        raise unittest.SkipTest(f'{tool} directory could not be found')
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def imports_under_tool(name, *subdirs):
+    tooldir = os.path.join(toolsdir, name, *subdirs)
+    with import_helper.DirsOnSysPath(tooldir) as cm:
+        yield cm
+
+def import_tool(toolname):
+    with import_helper.DirsOnSysPath(scriptsdir):
+        return importlib.import_module(toolname)
+
+def load_tests(*args):
+    return support.load_package_tests(os.path.dirname(__file__), *args)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/__main__.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/__main__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6f13e534e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/__main__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+from test.test_tools import load_tests
+import unittest
+
+unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/ascii-escapes.pot b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/ascii-escapes.pot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18d868b6a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/ascii-escapes.pot
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
+# Copyright (C) YEAR ORGANIZATION
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2000-01-01 00:00+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: pygettext.py 1.5\n"
+
+
+#: escapes.py:5
+msgid ""
+"\"\t\n"
+"\r\\"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: escapes.py:8
+msgid ""
+"\000\001\002\003\004\005\006\007\010\t\n"
+"\013\014\r\016\017\020\021\022\023\024\025\026\027\030\031\032\033\034\035\036\037"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: escapes.py:13
+msgid " !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: escapes.py:17
+msgid "\177"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: escapes.py:20
+msgid "€   ÿ"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: escapes.py:23
+msgid "α ㄱ 𓂀"
+msgstr ""
+
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/docstrings.pot b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/docstrings.pot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5af1d41422
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/docstrings.pot
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
+# Copyright (C) YEAR ORGANIZATION
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2000-01-01 00:00+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: pygettext.py 1.5\n"
+
+
+#: docstrings.py:7
+#, docstring
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+
+#: docstrings.py:18
+#, docstring
+msgid ""
+"multiline\n"
+"    docstring\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: docstrings.py:25
+#, docstring
+msgid "docstring1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: docstrings.py:30
+#, docstring
+msgid "Hello, {}!"
+msgstr ""
+
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/docstrings.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/docstrings.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..85d7f159d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/docstrings.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Test docstring extraction
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+
+# Empty docstring
+def test(x):
+    """"""
+
+
+# Leading empty line
+def test2(x):
+
+    """docstring"""  # XXX This should be extracted but isn't.
+
+
+# XXX Multiline docstrings should be cleaned with `inspect.cleandoc`.
+def test3(x):
+    """multiline
+    docstring
+    """
+
+
+# Multiple docstrings - only the first should be extracted
+def test4(x):
+    """docstring1"""
+    """docstring2"""
+
+
+def test5(x):
+    """Hello, {}!""".format("world!")  # XXX This should not be extracted.
+
+
+# Nested docstrings
+def test6(x):
+    def inner(y):
+        """nested docstring"""  # XXX This should be extracted but isn't.
+
+
+class Outer:
+    class Inner:
+        "nested class docstring"  # XXX This should be extracted but isn't.
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/escapes.pot b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/escapes.pot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c7899d59d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/escapes.pot
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
+# Copyright (C) YEAR ORGANIZATION
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2000-01-01 00:00+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: pygettext.py 1.5\n"
+
+
+#: escapes.py:5
+msgid ""
+"\"\t\n"
+"\r\\"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: escapes.py:8
+msgid ""
+"\000\001\002\003\004\005\006\007\010\t\n"
+"\013\014\r\016\017\020\021\022\023\024\025\026\027\030\031\032\033\034\035\036\037"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: escapes.py:13
+msgid " !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: escapes.py:17
+msgid "\177"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: escapes.py:20
+msgid "\302\200 \302\240 \303\277"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: escapes.py:23
+msgid "\316\261 \343\204\261 \360\223\202\200"
+msgstr ""
+
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/escapes.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/escapes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..900bd97a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/escapes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import gettext as _
+
+
+# Special characters that are always escaped in the POT file
+_('"\t\n\r\\')
+
+# All ascii characters 0-31
+_('\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n'
+  '\x0b\x0c\r\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15'
+  '\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f')
+
+# All ascii characters 32-126
+_(' !"#$%&\'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
+  '[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~')
+
+# ascii char 127
+_('\x7f')
+
+# some characters in the 128-255 range
+_('\x80 \xa0 ÿ')
+
+# some characters >= 256 encoded as 2, 3 and 4 bytes, respectively
+_('α ㄱ 𓂀')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/fileloc.pot b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/fileloc.pot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dbd28687a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/fileloc.pot
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
+# Copyright (C) YEAR ORGANIZATION
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2000-01-01 00:00+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: pygettext.py 1.5\n"
+
+
+#: fileloc.py:5 fileloc.py:6
+msgid "foo"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: fileloc.py:9
+msgid "bar"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: fileloc.py:14 fileloc.py:18
+#, docstring
+msgid "docstring"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: fileloc.py:22 fileloc.py:26
+#, docstring
+msgid "baz"
+msgstr ""
+
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/fileloc.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/fileloc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5d4d0595f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/fileloc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# Test file locations
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+# Duplicate strings
+_('foo')
+_('foo')
+
+# Duplicate strings on the same line should only add one location to the output
+_('bar'), _('bar')
+
+
+# Duplicate docstrings
+class A:
+    """docstring"""
+
+
+def f():
+    """docstring"""
+
+
+# Duplicate message and docstring
+_('baz')
+
+
+def g():
+    """baz"""
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/messages.pot b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/messages.pot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ddfbd18349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/messages.pot
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
+# Copyright (C) YEAR ORGANIZATION
+# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2000-01-01 00:00+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Generated-By: pygettext.py 1.5\n"
+
+
+#: messages.py:5
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:8 messages.py:9
+msgid "parentheses"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:12
+msgid "Hello, world!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:15
+msgid ""
+"Hello,\n"
+"    multiline!\n"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:29
+msgid "Hello, {}!"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:33
+msgid "1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:33
+msgid "2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:34 messages.py:35
+msgid "A"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:34 messages.py:35
+msgid "B"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:36
+msgid "set"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:42
+msgid "nested string"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: messages.py:47
+msgid "baz"
+msgstr ""
+
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/messages.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/messages.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f220294b8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/i18n_data/messages.py
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+# Test message extraction
+from gettext import gettext as _
+
+# Empty string
+_("")
+
+# Extra parentheses
+(_("parentheses"))
+((_("parentheses")))
+
+# Multiline strings
+_("Hello, "
+  "world!")
+
+_("""Hello,
+    multiline!
+""")
+
+# Invalid arguments
+_()
+_(None)
+_(1)
+_(False)
+_(x="kwargs are not allowed")
+_("foo", "bar")
+_("something", x="something else")
+
+# .format()
+_("Hello, {}!").format("world")  # valid
+_("Hello, {}!".format("world"))  # invalid
+
+# Nested structures
+_("1"), _("2")
+arr = [_("A"), _("B")]
+obj = {'a': _("A"), 'b': _("B")}
+{{{_('set')}}}
+
+
+# Nested functions and classes
+def test():
+    _("nested string")  # XXX This should be extracted but isn't.
+    [_("nested string")]
+
+
+class Foo:
+    def bar(self):
+        return _("baz")
+
+
+def bar(x=_('default value')):  # XXX This should be extracted but isn't.
+    pass
+
+
+def baz(x=[_('default value')]):  # XXX This should be extracted but isn't.
+    pass
+
+
+# Shadowing _()
+def _(x):
+    pass
+
+
+def _(x="don't extract me"):
+    pass
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.json b/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe51488c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[]
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.mo b/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.mo
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b144831cf5f75c62f6e9446b91ce164bb3c8dee
GIT binary patch
literal 28
Tcmca7#4?ou3S@vZ2*UsXEKdQ#

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.po b/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05e8354948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/fuzzy.po
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Fuzzy translations are not written to the .mo file.
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "foo"
+msgstr "bar"
+
+# comment
+#, fuzzy
+msgctxt "abc"
+msgid "foo"
+msgstr "bar"
+
+#, fuzzy
+# comment
+msgctxt "xyz"
+msgid "foo"
+msgstr "bar"
+
+#, fuzzy
+msgctxt "abc"
+msgid "One email sent."
+msgid_plural "%d emails sent."
+msgstr[0] "One email sent."
+msgstr[1] "%d emails sent."
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.json b/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0586113985
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.json
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+[
+    [
+        "",
+        "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\nPO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\nLast-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\nLanguage-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\nMIME-Version: 1.0\nContent-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\nContent-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+    ],
+    [
+        "\n newlines \n",
+        "\n translated \n"
+    ],
+    [
+        "\"escapes\"",
+        "\"translated\""
+    ],
+    [
+        "Multilinestring",
+        "Multilinetranslation"
+    ],
+    [
+        "abc\u0004foo",
+        "bar"
+    ],
+    [
+        "bar",
+        "baz"
+    ],
+    [
+        "xyz\u0004foo",
+        "bar"
+    ],
+    [
+        [
+            "One email sent.",
+            0
+        ],
+        "One email sent."
+    ],
+    [
+        [
+            "One email sent.",
+            1
+        ],
+        "%d emails sent."
+    ],
+    [
+        [
+            "abc\u0004One email sent.",
+            0
+        ],
+        "One email sent."
+    ],
+    [
+        [
+            "abc\u0004One email sent.",
+            1
+        ],
+        "%d emails sent."
+    ]
+]
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.mo b/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.mo
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee905cbb3ec58db04c2f2fca5f67e15ce7a852c9
GIT binary patch
literal 671
zcma)&&rjPh6vw@-(zIw|(zL@4ld#G-F?ZvJGN_1%3lT|E^#{^+bCX9g3QlDkX!~zW
z(+>O#@DFh2PvE@2V%+ykGqpEn>7$RI^WwaGf4{B$B)DE7ACTM?OY0i<uaO(X_1q$F
zkUL}*xkuKJKgdhu{WC&dpefqbAJGr!Pv{kN{rUX9P4qjgn`n1Wud+eA_kUFWRrv}{
zJgVTbkO~a-NF7Wj#$f6sIWMeyJhob@5lIzLI1{p<29#}(^?Y8Msushn_CGzxWl4rY
zlgV^ebNh}iPa(4`%GnWUBTMDePOx_v>~ng=yS*rFd!3YZ;X=BHEEE=e`i%!&mZU5U
z=t1fy(Z=_*&AnI{%lcX<QwUpXpSA{ZOxr=i={8S-DBcaiu*-YBCbp{4xflWKgE;eP
z9JKcb?vvYbyj#ddsYgvOi4wjTYP0dh+bfmDzi0jF7>BShv7g6<km@VVPJ}jKcLx0y
y+gkLwS&l(7uCg-67=5}ml-9%0Z8aw3F7`#Wl>EO#{Ou>>e=2$x`B2OrqyGyTTCMK@

literal 0
HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.po b/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f84042682
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/msgfmt_data/general.po
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2024-10-26 18:06+0200\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+msgid "foo"
+msgstr ""
+
+msgid "bar"
+msgstr "baz"
+
+msgctxt "abc"
+msgid "foo"
+msgstr "bar"
+
+# comment
+msgctxt "xyz"
+msgid "foo"
+msgstr "bar"
+
+msgid "Multiline"
+"string"
+msgstr "Multiline"
+"translation"
+
+msgid "\"escapes\""
+msgstr "\"translated\""
+
+msgid "\n newlines \n"
+msgstr "\n translated \n"
+
+msgid "One email sent."
+msgid_plural "%d emails sent."
+msgstr[0] "One email sent."
+msgstr[1] "%d emails sent."
+
+msgctxt "abc"
+msgid "One email sent."
+msgid_plural "%d emails sent."
+msgstr[0] "One email sent."
+msgstr[1] "%d emails sent."
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/test_freeze.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_freeze.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e7ed67de7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_freeze.py
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+"""Sanity-check tests for the "freeze" tool."""
+
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import unittest
+
+from test import support
+from test.support import os_helper
+from test.test_tools import imports_under_tool, skip_if_missing
+
+skip_if_missing('freeze')
+with imports_under_tool('freeze', 'test'):
+    import freeze as helper
+
+@support.requires_zlib()
+@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith('win'), 'not supported on Windows')
+@unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == 'darwin' and sys._framework,
+        'not supported for frameworks builds on macOS')
+@support.skip_if_buildbot('not all buildbots have enough space')
+# gh-103053: Skip test if Python is built with Profile Guided Optimization
+# (PGO), since the test is just too slow in this case.
+@unittest.skipIf(support.check_cflags_pgo(),
+                 'test is too slow with PGO')
+class TestFreeze(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    @support.requires_resource('cpu') # Building Python is slow
+    def test_freeze_simple_script(self):
+        script = textwrap.dedent("""
+            import sys
+            print('running...')
+            sys.exit(0)
+            """)
+        with os_helper.temp_dir() as outdir:
+            outdir, scriptfile, python = helper.prepare(script, outdir)
+            executable = helper.freeze(python, scriptfile, outdir)
+            text = helper.run(executable)
+        self.assertEqual(text, 'running...')
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/test_i18n.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_i18n.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ffa1b1178e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_i18n.py
@@ -0,0 +1,444 @@
+"""Tests to cover the Tools/i18n package"""
+
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import unittest
+from textwrap import dedent
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok
+from test.test_tools import skip_if_missing, toolsdir
+from test.support.os_helper import temp_cwd, temp_dir
+
+
+skip_if_missing()
+
+DATA_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent / 'i18n_data'
+
+
+def normalize_POT_file(pot):
+    """Normalize the POT creation timestamp, charset and
+    file locations to make the POT file easier to compare.
+
+    """
+    # Normalize the creation date.
+    date_pattern = re.compile(r'"POT-Creation-Date: .+?\\n"')
+    header = r'"POT-Creation-Date: 2000-01-01 00:00+0000\\n"'
+    pot = re.sub(date_pattern, header, pot)
+
+    # Normalize charset to UTF-8 (currently there's no way to specify the output charset).
+    charset_pattern = re.compile(r'"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=.+?\\n"')
+    charset = r'"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\\n"'
+    pot = re.sub(charset_pattern, charset, pot)
+
+    # Normalize file location path separators in case this test is
+    # running on Windows (which uses '\').
+    fileloc_pattern = re.compile(r'#:.+')
+
+    def replace(match):
+        return match[0].replace(os.sep, "/")
+    pot = re.sub(fileloc_pattern, replace, pot)
+    return pot
+
+
+class Test_pygettext(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for the pygettext.py tool"""
+
+    script = Path(toolsdir, 'i18n', 'pygettext.py')
+
+    def get_header(self, data):
+        """ utility: return the header of a .po file as a dictionary """
+        headers = {}
+        for line in data.split('\n'):
+            if not line or line.startswith(('#', 'msgid', 'msgstr')):
+                continue
+            line = line.strip('"')
+            key, val = line.split(':', 1)
+            headers[key] = val.strip()
+        return headers
+
+    def get_msgids(self, data):
+        """ utility: return all msgids in .po file as a list of strings """
+        msgids = []
+        reading_msgid = False
+        cur_msgid = []
+        for line in data.split('\n'):
+            if reading_msgid:
+                if line.startswith('"'):
+                    cur_msgid.append(line.strip('"'))
+                else:
+                    msgids.append('\n'.join(cur_msgid))
+                    cur_msgid = []
+                    reading_msgid = False
+                    continue
+            if line.startswith('msgid '):
+                line = line[len('msgid '):]
+                cur_msgid.append(line.strip('"'))
+                reading_msgid = True
+        else:
+            if reading_msgid:
+                msgids.append('\n'.join(cur_msgid))
+
+        return msgids
+
+    def assert_POT_equal(self, expected, actual):
+        """Check if two POT files are equal"""
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        self.assertEqual(normalize_POT_file(expected), normalize_POT_file(actual))
+
+    def extract_from_str(self, module_content, *, args=(), strict=True):
+        """Return all msgids extracted from module_content."""
+        filename = 'test.py'
+        with temp_cwd(None):
+            with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+                fp.write(module_content)
+            res = assert_python_ok('-Xutf8', self.script, *args, filename)
+            if strict:
+                self.assertEqual(res.err, b'')
+            with open('messages.pot', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+                data = fp.read()
+        return self.get_msgids(data)
+
+    def extract_docstrings_from_str(self, module_content):
+        """Return all docstrings extracted from module_content."""
+        return self.extract_from_str(module_content, args=('--docstrings',), strict=False)
+
+    def test_header(self):
+        """Make sure the required fields are in the header, according to:
+           http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Header-Entry
+        """
+        with temp_cwd(None) as cwd:
+            assert_python_ok('-Xutf8', self.script)
+            with open('messages.pot', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+                data = fp.read()
+            header = self.get_header(data)
+
+            self.assertIn("Project-Id-Version", header)
+            self.assertIn("POT-Creation-Date", header)
+            self.assertIn("PO-Revision-Date", header)
+            self.assertIn("Last-Translator", header)
+            self.assertIn("Language-Team", header)
+            self.assertIn("MIME-Version", header)
+            self.assertIn("Content-Type", header)
+            self.assertIn("Content-Transfer-Encoding", header)
+            self.assertIn("Generated-By", header)
+
+            # not clear if these should be required in POT (template) files
+            #self.assertIn("Report-Msgid-Bugs-To", header)
+            #self.assertIn("Language", header)
+
+            #"Plural-Forms" is optional
+
+    @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform.startswith('aix'),
+                     'bpo-29972: broken test on AIX')
+    def test_POT_Creation_Date(self):
+        """ Match the date format from xgettext for POT-Creation-Date """
+        from datetime import datetime
+        with temp_cwd(None) as cwd:
+            assert_python_ok('-Xutf8', self.script)
+            with open('messages.pot', encoding='utf-8') as fp:
+                data = fp.read()
+            header = self.get_header(data)
+            creationDate = header['POT-Creation-Date']
+
+            # peel off the escaped newline at the end of string
+            if creationDate.endswith('\\n'):
+                creationDate = creationDate[:-len('\\n')]
+
+            # This will raise if the date format does not exactly match.
+            datetime.strptime(creationDate, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M%z')
+
+    def test_funcdocstring(self):
+        for doc in ('"""doc"""', "r'''doc'''", "R'doc'", 'u"doc"'):
+            with self.subTest(doc):
+                msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+                def foo(bar):
+                    %s
+                ''' % doc))
+                self.assertIn('doc', msgids)
+
+    def test_funcdocstring_bytes(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        def foo(bar):
+            b"""doc"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertFalse([msgid for msgid in msgids if 'doc' in msgid])
+
+    def test_funcdocstring_fstring(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        def foo(bar):
+            f"""doc"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertFalse([msgid for msgid in msgids if 'doc' in msgid])
+
+    def test_classdocstring(self):
+        for doc in ('"""doc"""', "r'''doc'''", "R'doc'", 'u"doc"'):
+            with self.subTest(doc):
+                msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+                class C:
+                    %s
+                ''' % doc))
+                self.assertIn('doc', msgids)
+
+    def test_classdocstring_bytes(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        class C:
+            b"""doc"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertFalse([msgid for msgid in msgids if 'doc' in msgid])
+
+    def test_classdocstring_fstring(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        class C:
+            f"""doc"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertFalse([msgid for msgid in msgids if 'doc' in msgid])
+
+    def test_moduledocstring(self):
+        for doc in ('"""doc"""', "r'''doc'''", "R'doc'", 'u"doc"'):
+            with self.subTest(doc):
+                msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+                %s
+                ''' % doc))
+                self.assertIn('doc', msgids)
+
+    def test_moduledocstring_bytes(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        b"""doc"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertFalse([msgid for msgid in msgids if 'doc' in msgid])
+
+    def test_moduledocstring_fstring(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"""doc"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertFalse([msgid for msgid in msgids if 'doc' in msgid])
+
+    def test_msgid(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(
+                '''_("""doc""" r'str' u"ing")''')
+        self.assertIn('docstring', msgids)
+
+    def test_msgid_bytes(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str('_(b"""doc""")')
+        self.assertFalse([msgid for msgid in msgids if 'doc' in msgid])
+
+    def test_msgid_fstring(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str('_(f"""doc""")')
+        self.assertFalse([msgid for msgid in msgids if 'doc' in msgid])
+
+    def test_funcdocstring_annotated_args(self):
+        """ Test docstrings for functions with annotated args """
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        def foo(bar: str):
+            """doc"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertIn('doc', msgids)
+
+    def test_funcdocstring_annotated_return(self):
+        """ Test docstrings for functions with annotated return type """
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        def foo(bar) -> str:
+            """doc"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertIn('doc', msgids)
+
+    def test_funcdocstring_defvalue_args(self):
+        """ Test docstring for functions with default arg values """
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        def foo(bar=()):
+            """doc"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertIn('doc', msgids)
+
+    def test_funcdocstring_multiple_funcs(self):
+        """ Test docstring extraction for multiple functions combining
+        annotated args, annotated return types and default arg values
+        """
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        def foo1(bar: tuple=()) -> str:
+            """doc1"""
+
+        def foo2(bar: List[1:2]) -> (lambda x: x):
+            """doc2"""
+
+        def foo3(bar: 'func'=lambda x: x) -> {1: 2}:
+            """doc3"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertIn('doc1', msgids)
+        self.assertIn('doc2', msgids)
+        self.assertIn('doc3', msgids)
+
+    def test_classdocstring_early_colon(self):
+        """ Test docstring extraction for a class with colons occurring within
+        the parentheses.
+        """
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        class D(L[1:2], F({1: 2}), metaclass=M(lambda x: x)):
+            """doc"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertIn('doc', msgids)
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstrings(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"{_('foo bar')}"
+        '''))
+        self.assertIn('foo bar', msgids)
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstrings_raw(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        rf"{_('foo bar')}"
+        '''))
+        self.assertIn('foo bar', msgids)
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstrings_nested(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"""{f'{_("foo bar")}'}"""
+        '''))
+        self.assertIn('foo bar', msgids)
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstrings_attribute(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"{obj._('foo bar')}"
+        '''))
+        self.assertIn('foo bar', msgids)
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstrings_with_call_on_call(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"{type(str)('foo bar')}"
+        '''))
+        self.assertNotIn('foo bar', msgids)
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstrings_with_format(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"{_('foo {bar}').format(bar='baz')}"
+        '''))
+        self.assertIn('foo {bar}', msgids)
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstrings_with_wrong_input_1(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"{_(f'foo {bar}')}"
+        '''))
+        self.assertFalse([msgid for msgid in msgids if 'foo {bar}' in msgid])
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstrings_with_wrong_input_2(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"{_(1)}"
+        '''))
+        self.assertNotIn(1, msgids)
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstring_with_multiple_args(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"{_('foo', 'bar')}"
+        '''))
+        self.assertNotIn('foo', msgids)
+        self.assertNotIn('bar', msgids)
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstring_with_keyword_args(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"{_('foo', bar='baz')}"
+        '''))
+        self.assertNotIn('foo', msgids)
+        self.assertNotIn('bar', msgids)
+        self.assertNotIn('baz', msgids)
+
+    def test_calls_in_fstring_with_partially_wrong_expression(self):
+        msgids = self.extract_docstrings_from_str(dedent('''\
+        f"{_(f'foo') + _('bar')}"
+        '''))
+        self.assertNotIn('foo', msgids)
+        self.assertIn('bar', msgids)
+
+    def test_function_and_class_names(self):
+        """Test that function and class names are not mistakenly extracted."""
+        msgids = self.extract_from_str(dedent('''\
+        def _(x):
+            pass
+
+        def _(x="foo"):
+            pass
+
+        async def _(x):
+            pass
+
+        class _(object):
+            pass
+        '''))
+        self.assertEqual(msgids, [''])
+
+    def test_pygettext_output(self):
+        """Test that the pygettext output exactly matches snapshots."""
+        for input_file, output_file, output in extract_from_snapshots():
+            with self.subTest(input_file=input_file):
+                expected = output_file.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+                self.assert_POT_equal(expected, output)
+
+    def test_files_list(self):
+        """Make sure the directories are inspected for source files
+           bpo-31920
+        """
+        text1 = 'Text to translate1'
+        text2 = 'Text to translate2'
+        text3 = 'Text to ignore'
+        with temp_cwd(None), temp_dir(None) as sdir:
+            pymod = Path(sdir, 'pypkg', 'pymod.py')
+            pymod.parent.mkdir()
+            pymod.write_text(f'_({text1!r})', encoding='utf-8')
+
+            pymod2 = Path(sdir, 'pkg.py', 'pymod2.py')
+            pymod2.parent.mkdir()
+            pymod2.write_text(f'_({text2!r})', encoding='utf-8')
+
+            pymod3 = Path(sdir, 'CVS', 'pymod3.py')
+            pymod3.parent.mkdir()
+            pymod3.write_text(f'_({text3!r})', encoding='utf-8')
+
+            assert_python_ok('-Xutf8', self.script, sdir)
+            data = Path('messages.pot').read_text(encoding='utf-8')
+            self.assertIn(f'msgid "{text1}"', data)
+            self.assertIn(f'msgid "{text2}"', data)
+            self.assertNotIn(text3, data)
+
+
+def extract_from_snapshots():
+    snapshots = {
+        'messages.py': ('--docstrings',),
+        'fileloc.py': ('--docstrings',),
+        'docstrings.py': ('--docstrings',),
+        # == Test character escaping
+        # Escape ascii and unicode:
+        'escapes.py': ('--escape',),
+        # Escape only ascii and let unicode pass through:
+        ('escapes.py', 'ascii-escapes.pot'): (),
+    }
+
+    for filename, args in snapshots.items():
+        if isinstance(filename, tuple):
+            filename, output_file = filename
+            output_file = DATA_DIR / output_file
+            input_file = DATA_DIR / filename
+        else:
+            input_file = DATA_DIR / filename
+            output_file = input_file.with_suffix('.pot')
+        contents = input_file.read_bytes()
+        with temp_cwd(None):
+            Path(input_file.name).write_bytes(contents)
+            assert_python_ok('-Xutf8', Test_pygettext.script, *args,
+                             input_file.name)
+            yield (input_file, output_file,
+                   Path('messages.pot').read_text(encoding='utf-8'))
+
+
+def update_POT_snapshots():
+    for _, output_file, output in extract_from_snapshots():
+        output = normalize_POT_file(output)
+        output_file.write_text(output, encoding='utf-8')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    # To regenerate POT files
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == '--snapshot-update':
+        update_POT_snapshots()
+        sys.exit(0)
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/test_makefile.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_makefile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c7588d4d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_makefile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+"""
+Tests for `Makefile`.
+"""
+
+import os
+import unittest
+from test import support
+import sysconfig
+
+MAKEFILE = sysconfig.get_makefile_filename()
+
+if not support.check_impl_detail(cpython=True):
+    raise unittest.SkipTest('cpython only')
+if not os.path.exists(MAKEFILE) or not os.path.isfile(MAKEFILE):
+    raise unittest.SkipTest('Makefile could not be found')
+
+
+class TestMakefile(unittest.TestCase):
+    def list_test_dirs(self):
+        result = []
+        found_testsubdirs = False
+        with open(MAKEFILE, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith('TESTSUBDIRS='):
+                    found_testsubdirs = True
+                    result.append(
+                        line.removeprefix('TESTSUBDIRS=').replace(
+                            '\\', '',
+                        ).strip(),
+                    )
+                    continue
+                if found_testsubdirs:
+                    if '\t' not in line:
+                        break
+                    result.append(line.replace('\\', '').strip())
+        return result
+
+    @unittest.skipUnless(support.TEST_MODULES_ENABLED, "requires test modules")
+    def test_makefile_test_folders(self):
+        test_dirs = self.list_test_dirs()
+        idle_test = 'idlelib/idle_test'
+        self.assertIn(idle_test, test_dirs)
+
+        used = set([idle_test])
+        for dirpath, dirs, files in os.walk(support.TEST_HOME_DIR):
+            dirname = os.path.basename(dirpath)
+            # Skip temporary dirs:
+            if dirname == '__pycache__' or dirname.startswith('.'):
+                dirs.clear()  # do not process subfolders
+                continue
+            # Skip empty dirs:
+            if not dirs and not files:
+                continue
+            # Skip dirs with hidden-only files:
+            if files and all(
+                filename.startswith('.') or filename == '__pycache__'
+                for filename in files
+            ):
+                continue
+
+            relpath = os.path.relpath(dirpath, support.STDLIB_DIR)
+            with self.subTest(relpath=relpath):
+                self.assertIn(
+                    relpath,
+                    test_dirs,
+                    msg=(
+                        f"{relpath!r} is not included in the Makefile's list "
+                        "of test directories to install"
+                    )
+                )
+                used.add(relpath)
+
+        # Don't check the wheel dir when Python is built --with-wheel-pkg-dir
+        if sysconfig.get_config_var('WHEEL_PKG_DIR'):
+            test_dirs.remove('test/wheeldata')
+            used.discard('test/wheeldata')
+
+        # Check that there are no extra entries:
+        unique_test_dirs = set(test_dirs)
+        self.assertSetEqual(unique_test_dirs, used)
+        self.assertEqual(len(test_dirs), len(unique_test_dirs))
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/test_makeunicodedata.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_makeunicodedata.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f31375117e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_makeunicodedata.py
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+import unittest
+from test.test_tools import skip_if_missing, imports_under_tool
+from test import support
+from test.support.hypothesis_helper import hypothesis
+
+st = hypothesis.strategies
+given = hypothesis.given
+example = hypothesis.example
+
+
+skip_if_missing("unicode")
+with imports_under_tool("unicode"):
+    from dawg import Dawg, build_compression_dawg, lookup, inverse_lookup
+
+
+@st.composite
+def char_name_db(draw, min_length=1, max_length=30):
+    m = draw(st.integers(min_value=min_length, max_value=max_length))
+    names = draw(
+        st.sets(st.text("abcd", min_size=1, max_size=10), min_size=m, max_size=m)
+    )
+    characters = draw(st.sets(st.characters(), min_size=m, max_size=m))
+    return list(zip(names, characters))
+
+
+class TestDawg(unittest.TestCase):
+    """Tests for the directed acyclic word graph data structure that is used
+    to store the unicode character names in unicodedata. Tests ported from PyPy
+    """
+
+    def test_dawg_direct_simple(self):
+        dawg = Dawg()
+        dawg.insert("a", -4)
+        dawg.insert("c", -2)
+        dawg.insert("cat", -1)
+        dawg.insert("catarr", 0)
+        dawg.insert("catnip", 1)
+        dawg.insert("zcatnip", 5)
+        packed, data, inverse = dawg.finish()
+
+        self.assertEqual(lookup(packed, data, b"a"), -4)
+        self.assertEqual(lookup(packed, data, b"c"), -2)
+        self.assertEqual(lookup(packed, data, b"cat"), -1)
+        self.assertEqual(lookup(packed, data, b"catarr"), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(lookup(packed, data, b"catnip"), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(lookup(packed, data, b"zcatnip"), 5)
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lookup, packed, data, b"b")
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lookup, packed, data, b"catni")
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, lookup, packed, data, b"catnipp")
+
+        self.assertEqual(inverse_lookup(packed, inverse, -4), b"a")
+        self.assertEqual(inverse_lookup(packed, inverse, -2), b"c")
+        self.assertEqual(inverse_lookup(packed, inverse, -1), b"cat")
+        self.assertEqual(inverse_lookup(packed, inverse, 0), b"catarr")
+        self.assertEqual(inverse_lookup(packed, inverse, 1), b"catnip")
+        self.assertEqual(inverse_lookup(packed, inverse, 5), b"zcatnip")
+        self.assertRaises(KeyError, inverse_lookup, packed, inverse, 12)
+
+    def test_forbid_empty_dawg(self):
+        dawg = Dawg()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, dawg.finish)
+
+    @given(char_name_db())
+    @example([("abc", "a"), ("abd", "b")])
+    @example(
+        [
+            ("bab", "1"),
+            ("a", ":"),
+            ("ad", "@"),
+            ("b", "<"),
+            ("aacc", "?"),
+            ("dab", "D"),
+            ("aa", "0"),
+            ("ab", "F"),
+            ("aaa", "7"),
+            ("cbd", "="),
+            ("abad", ";"),
+            ("ac", "B"),
+            ("abb", "4"),
+            ("bb", "2"),
+            ("aab", "9"),
+            ("caaaaba", "E"),
+            ("ca", ">"),
+            ("bbaaa", "5"),
+            ("d", "3"),
+            ("baac", "8"),
+            ("c", "6"),
+            ("ba", "A"),
+        ]
+    )
+    @example(
+        [
+            ("bcdac", "9"),
+            ("acc", "g"),
+            ("d", "d"),
+            ("daabdda", "0"),
+            ("aba", ";"),
+            ("c", "6"),
+            ("aa", "7"),
+            ("abbd", "c"),
+            ("badbd", "?"),
+            ("bbd", "f"),
+            ("cc", "@"),
+            ("bb", "8"),
+            ("daca", ">"),
+            ("ba", ":"),
+            ("baac", "3"),
+            ("dbdddac", "a"),
+            ("a", "2"),
+            ("cabd", "b"),
+            ("b", "="),
+            ("abd", "4"),
+            ("adcbd", "5"),
+            ("abc", "e"),
+            ("ab", "1"),
+        ]
+    )
+    def test_dawg(self, data):
+        # suppress debug prints
+        with support.captured_stdout() as output:
+            # it's enough to build it, building will also check the result
+            build_compression_dawg(data)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/test_msgfmt.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_msgfmt.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8cd31680f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_msgfmt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+"""Tests for the Tools/i18n/msgfmt.py tool."""
+
+import json
+import sys
+import unittest
+from gettext import GNUTranslations
+from pathlib import Path
+
+from test.support.os_helper import temp_cwd
+from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_failure, assert_python_ok
+from test.test_tools import skip_if_missing, toolsdir
+
+
+skip_if_missing('i18n')
+
+data_dir = (Path(__file__).parent / 'msgfmt_data').resolve()
+script_dir = Path(toolsdir) / 'i18n'
+msgfmt = script_dir / 'msgfmt.py'
+
+
+def compile_messages(po_file, mo_file):
+    assert_python_ok(msgfmt, '-o', mo_file, po_file)
+
+
+class CompilationTest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_compilation(self):
+        self.maxDiff = None
+        with temp_cwd():
+            for po_file in data_dir.glob('*.po'):
+                with self.subTest(po_file=po_file):
+                    mo_file = po_file.with_suffix('.mo')
+                    with open(mo_file, 'rb') as f:
+                        expected = GNUTranslations(f)
+
+                    tmp_mo_file = mo_file.name
+                    compile_messages(po_file, tmp_mo_file)
+                    with open(tmp_mo_file, 'rb') as f:
+                        actual = GNUTranslations(f)
+
+                    self.assertDictEqual(actual._catalog, expected._catalog)
+
+    def test_translations(self):
+        with open(data_dir / 'general.mo', 'rb') as f:
+            t = GNUTranslations(f)
+
+        self.assertEqual(t.gettext('foo'), 'foo')
+        self.assertEqual(t.gettext('bar'), 'baz')
+        self.assertEqual(t.pgettext('abc', 'foo'), 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(t.pgettext('xyz', 'foo'), 'bar')
+        self.assertEqual(t.gettext('Multilinestring'), 'Multilinetranslation')
+        self.assertEqual(t.gettext('"escapes"'), '"translated"')
+        self.assertEqual(t.gettext('\n newlines \n'), '\n translated \n')
+        self.assertEqual(t.ngettext('One email sent.', '%d emails sent.', 1),
+                         'One email sent.')
+        self.assertEqual(t.ngettext('One email sent.', '%d emails sent.', 2),
+                         '%d emails sent.')
+        self.assertEqual(t.npgettext('abc', 'One email sent.',
+                                     '%d emails sent.', 1),
+                         'One email sent.')
+        self.assertEqual(t.npgettext('abc', 'One email sent.',
+                                     '%d emails sent.', 2),
+                         '%d emails sent.')
+
+    def test_invalid_msgid_plural(self):
+        with temp_cwd():
+            Path('invalid.po').write_text('''\
+msgid_plural "plural"
+msgstr[0] "singular"
+''')
+
+            res = assert_python_failure(msgfmt, 'invalid.po')
+            err = res.err.decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertIn('msgid_plural not preceded by msgid', err)
+
+    def test_plural_without_msgid_plural(self):
+        with temp_cwd():
+            Path('invalid.po').write_text('''\
+msgid "foo"
+msgstr[0] "bar"
+''')
+
+            res = assert_python_failure(msgfmt, 'invalid.po')
+            err = res.err.decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertIn('plural without msgid_plural', err)
+
+    def test_indexed_msgstr_without_msgid_plural(self):
+        with temp_cwd():
+            Path('invalid.po').write_text('''\
+msgid "foo"
+msgid_plural "foos"
+msgstr "bar"
+''')
+
+            res = assert_python_failure(msgfmt, 'invalid.po')
+            err = res.err.decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertIn('indexed msgstr required for plural', err)
+
+    def test_generic_syntax_error(self):
+        with temp_cwd():
+            Path('invalid.po').write_text('''\
+"foo"
+''')
+
+            res = assert_python_failure(msgfmt, 'invalid.po')
+            err = res.err.decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertIn('Syntax error', err)
+
+class CLITest(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_help(self):
+        for option in ('--help', '-h'):
+            res = assert_python_ok(msgfmt, option)
+            err = res.err.decode('utf-8')
+            self.assertIn('Generate binary message catalog from textual translation description.', err)
+
+    def test_version(self):
+        for option in ('--version', '-V'):
+            res = assert_python_ok(msgfmt, option)
+            out = res.out.decode('utf-8').strip()
+            self.assertEqual('msgfmt.py 1.2', out)
+
+    def test_invalid_option(self):
+        res = assert_python_failure(msgfmt, '--invalid-option')
+        err = res.err.decode('utf-8')
+        self.assertIn('Generate binary message catalog from textual translation description.', err)
+        self.assertIn('option --invalid-option not recognized', err)
+
+    def test_no_input_file(self):
+        res = assert_python_ok(msgfmt)
+        err = res.err.decode('utf-8').replace('\r\n', '\n')
+        self.assertIn('No input file given\n'
+                      "Try `msgfmt --help' for more information.", err)
+
+    def test_nonexistent_file(self):
+        assert_python_failure(msgfmt, 'nonexistent.po')
+
+
+def update_catalog_snapshots():
+    for po_file in data_dir.glob('*.po'):
+        mo_file = po_file.with_suffix('.mo')
+        compile_messages(po_file, mo_file)
+        # Create a human-readable JSON file which is
+        # easier to review than the binary .mo file.
+        with open(mo_file, 'rb') as f:
+            translations = GNUTranslations(f)
+        catalog_file = po_file.with_suffix('.json')
+        with open(catalog_file, 'w') as f:
+            data = translations._catalog.items()
+            data = sorted(data, key=lambda x: (isinstance(x[0], tuple), x[0]))
+            json.dump(data, f, indent=4)
+            f.write('\n')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1 and sys.argv[1] == '--snapshot-update':
+        update_catalog_snapshots()
+        sys.exit(0)
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/test_reindent.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_reindent.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64e31c2b77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_reindent.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+"""Tests for scripts in the Tools directory.
+
+This file contains regression tests for some of the scripts found in the
+Tools directory of a Python checkout or tarball, such as reindent.py.
+"""
+
+import os
+import unittest
+from test.support.script_helper import assert_python_ok
+from test.support import findfile
+
+from test.test_tools import toolsdir, skip_if_missing
+
+skip_if_missing()
+
+class ReindentTests(unittest.TestCase):
+    script = os.path.join(toolsdir, 'patchcheck', 'reindent.py')
+
+    def test_noargs(self):
+        assert_python_ok(self.script)
+
+    def test_help(self):
+        rc, out, err = assert_python_ok(self.script, '-h')
+        self.assertEqual(out, b'')
+        self.assertGreater(err, b'')
+
+    def test_reindent_file_with_bad_encoding(self):
+        bad_coding_path = findfile('bad_coding.py', subdir='tokenizedata')
+        rc, out, err = assert_python_ok(self.script, '-r', bad_coding_path)
+        self.assertEqual(out, b'')
+        self.assertNotEqual(err, b'')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tools/test_sundry.py b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_sundry.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0b702d392
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tools/test_sundry.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+"""Tests for scripts in the Tools/scripts directory.
+
+This file contains extremely basic regression tests for the scripts found in
+the Tools directory of a Python checkout or tarball which don't have separate
+tests of their own.
+"""
+
+import os
+import unittest
+from test.support import import_helper
+
+from test.test_tools import scriptsdir, import_tool, skip_if_missing
+
+skip_if_missing()
+
+class TestSundryScripts(unittest.TestCase):
+    # import logging registers "atfork" functions which keep indirectly the
+    # logging module dictionary alive. Mock the function to be able to unload
+    # cleanly the logging module.
+    @import_helper.mock_register_at_fork
+    def test_sundry(self, mock_os):
+        for fn in os.listdir(scriptsdir):
+            if not fn.endswith('.py'):
+                continue
+            name = fn[:-3]
+            import_tool(name)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    unittest.main()

From dd40bf7566742e850e5e08276b05f345744adc5e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Apr 2025 11:27:53 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 667/705] update getpass to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/getpass.py           | 15 +++++++++++----
 Lib/test/test_getpass.py |  7 +++++--
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/getpass.py b/Lib/getpass.py
index 6970d8adfb..bd0097ced9 100644
--- a/Lib/getpass.py
+++ b/Lib/getpass.py
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 import io
 import os
 import sys
-import warnings
 
 __all__ = ["getpass","getuser","GetPassWarning"]
 
@@ -118,6 +117,7 @@ def win_getpass(prompt='Password: ', stream=None):
 
 
 def fallback_getpass(prompt='Password: ', stream=None):
+    import warnings
     warnings.warn("Can not control echo on the terminal.", GetPassWarning,
                   stacklevel=2)
     if not stream:
@@ -156,7 +156,11 @@ def getuser():
 
     First try various environment variables, then the password
     database.  This works on Windows as long as USERNAME is set.
+    Any failure to find a username raises OSError.
 
+    .. versionchanged:: 3.13
+        Previously, various exceptions beyond just :exc:`OSError`
+        were raised.
     """
 
     for name in ('LOGNAME', 'USER', 'LNAME', 'USERNAME'):
@@ -164,9 +168,12 @@ def getuser():
         if user:
             return user
 
-    # If this fails, the exception will "explain" why
-    import pwd
-    return pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
+    try:
+        import pwd
+        return pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
+    except (ImportError, KeyError) as e:
+        raise OSError('No username set in the environment') from e
+
 
 # Bind the name getpass to the appropriate function
 try:
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_getpass.py b/Lib/test/test_getpass.py
index 3452e46213..80dda2caaa 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_getpass.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_getpass.py
@@ -26,7 +26,10 @@ def test_username_priorities_of_env_values(self, environ):
         environ.get.return_value = None
         try:
             getpass.getuser()
-        except ImportError: # in case there's no pwd module
+        except OSError:  # in case there's no pwd module
+            pass
+        except KeyError:
+            # current user has no pwd entry
             pass
         self.assertEqual(
             environ.get.call_args_list,
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ def test_username_falls_back_to_pwd(self, environ):
                                  getpass.getuser())
                 getpw.assert_called_once_with(42)
         else:
-            self.assertRaises(ImportError, getpass.getuser)
+            self.assertRaises(OSError, getpass.getuser)
 
 
 class GetpassRawinputTest(unittest.TestCase):

From 1a4b035dacaab8dc37be53aace2532bf433ac803 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Apr 2025 11:29:54 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 668/705] update timeit to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/timeit.py | 23 ++++++++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/timeit.py b/Lib/timeit.py
index f323e65572..258dedccd0 100755
--- a/Lib/timeit.py
+++ b/Lib/timeit.py
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@
 """
 
 import gc
+import itertools
 import sys
 import time
-import itertools
 
 __all__ = ["Timer", "timeit", "repeat", "default_timer"]
 
@@ -77,9 +77,11 @@ def inner(_it, _timer{init}):
     return _t1 - _t0
 """
 
+
 def reindent(src, indent):
     """Helper to reindent a multi-line statement."""
-    return src.replace("\n", "\n" + " "*indent)
+    return src.replace("\n", "\n" + " " * indent)
+
 
 class Timer:
     """Class for timing execution speed of small code snippets.
@@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ def timeit(self, number=default_number):
 
         To be precise, this executes the setup statement once, and
         then returns the time it takes to execute the main statement
-        a number of times, as a float measured in seconds.  The
+        a number of times, as float seconds if using the default timer.   The
         argument is the number of times through the loop, defaulting
         to one million.  The main statement, the setup statement and
         the timer function to be used are passed to the constructor.
@@ -230,16 +232,19 @@ def autorange(self, callback=None):
                     return (number, time_taken)
             i *= 10
 
+
 def timeit(stmt="pass", setup="pass", timer=default_timer,
            number=default_number, globals=None):
     """Convenience function to create Timer object and call timeit method."""
     return Timer(stmt, setup, timer, globals).timeit(number)
 
+
 def repeat(stmt="pass", setup="pass", timer=default_timer,
            repeat=default_repeat, number=default_number, globals=None):
     """Convenience function to create Timer object and call repeat method."""
     return Timer(stmt, setup, timer, globals).repeat(repeat, number)
 
+
 def main(args=None, *, _wrap_timer=None):
     """Main program, used when run as a script.
 
@@ -261,10 +266,9 @@ def main(args=None, *, _wrap_timer=None):
         args = sys.argv[1:]
     import getopt
     try:
-        opts, args = getopt.getopt(args, "n:u:s:r:tcpvh",
+        opts, args = getopt.getopt(args, "n:u:s:r:pvh",
                                    ["number=", "setup=", "repeat=",
-                                    "time", "clock", "process",
-                                    "verbose", "unit=", "help"])
+                                    "process", "verbose", "unit=", "help"])
     except getopt.error as err:
         print(err)
         print("use -h/--help for command line help")
@@ -272,7 +276,7 @@ def main(args=None, *, _wrap_timer=None):
 
     timer = default_timer
     stmt = "\n".join(args) or "pass"
-    number = 0 # auto-determine
+    number = 0  # auto-determine
     setup = []
     repeat = default_repeat
     verbose = 0
@@ -289,7 +293,7 @@ def main(args=None, *, _wrap_timer=None):
                 time_unit = a
             else:
                 print("Unrecognized unit. Please select nsec, usec, msec, or sec.",
-                    file=sys.stderr)
+                      file=sys.stderr)
                 return 2
         if o in ("-r", "--repeat"):
             repeat = int(a)
@@ -323,7 +327,7 @@ def callback(number, time_taken):
                 msg = "{num} loop{s} -> {secs:.{prec}g} secs"
                 plural = (number != 1)
                 print(msg.format(num=number, s='s' if plural else '',
-                                  secs=time_taken, prec=precision))
+                                 secs=time_taken, prec=precision))
         try:
             number, _ = t.autorange(callback)
         except:
@@ -374,5 +378,6 @@ def format_time(dt):
                                UserWarning, '', 0)
     return None
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     sys.exit(main())

From d73f03b9bac9a6fc5763ea8d4a02bf5057411200 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Apr 2025 11:32:20 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 669/705] update reprlib to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/reprlib.py           | 112 +++++++---
 Lib/test/test_reprlib.py | 431 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 514 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/reprlib.py b/Lib/reprlib.py
index 616b3439b5..19dbe3a07e 100644
--- a/Lib/reprlib.py
+++ b/Lib/reprlib.py
@@ -29,49 +29,100 @@ def wrapper(self):
         wrapper.__name__ = getattr(user_function, '__name__')
         wrapper.__qualname__ = getattr(user_function, '__qualname__')
         wrapper.__annotations__ = getattr(user_function, '__annotations__', {})
+        wrapper.__type_params__ = getattr(user_function, '__type_params__', ())
+        wrapper.__wrapped__ = user_function
         return wrapper
 
     return decorating_function
 
 class Repr:
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.maxlevel = 6
-        self.maxtuple = 6
-        self.maxlist = 6
-        self.maxarray = 5
-        self.maxdict = 4
-        self.maxset = 6
-        self.maxfrozenset = 6
-        self.maxdeque = 6
-        self.maxstring = 30
-        self.maxlong = 40
-        self.maxother = 30
+    _lookup = {
+        'tuple': 'builtins',
+        'list': 'builtins',
+        'array': 'array',
+        'set': 'builtins',
+        'frozenset': 'builtins',
+        'deque': 'collections',
+        'dict': 'builtins',
+        'str': 'builtins',
+        'int': 'builtins'
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self, *, maxlevel=6, maxtuple=6, maxlist=6, maxarray=5, maxdict=4,
+        maxset=6, maxfrozenset=6, maxdeque=6, maxstring=30, maxlong=40,
+        maxother=30, fillvalue='...', indent=None,
+    ):
+        self.maxlevel = maxlevel
+        self.maxtuple = maxtuple
+        self.maxlist = maxlist
+        self.maxarray = maxarray
+        self.maxdict = maxdict
+        self.maxset = maxset
+        self.maxfrozenset = maxfrozenset
+        self.maxdeque = maxdeque
+        self.maxstring = maxstring
+        self.maxlong = maxlong
+        self.maxother = maxother
+        self.fillvalue = fillvalue
+        self.indent = indent
 
     def repr(self, x):
         return self.repr1(x, self.maxlevel)
 
     def repr1(self, x, level):
-        typename = type(x).__name__
+        cls = type(x)
+        typename = cls.__name__
+
         if ' ' in typename:
             parts = typename.split()
             typename = '_'.join(parts)
-        if hasattr(self, 'repr_' + typename):
-            return getattr(self, 'repr_' + typename)(x, level)
-        else:
-            return self.repr_instance(x, level)
+
+        method = getattr(self, 'repr_' + typename, None)
+        if method:
+            # not defined in this class
+            if typename not in self._lookup:
+                return method(x, level)
+            module = getattr(cls, '__module__', None)
+            # defined in this class and is the module intended
+            if module == self._lookup[typename]:
+                return method(x, level)
+
+        return self.repr_instance(x, level)
+
+    def _join(self, pieces, level):
+        if self.indent is None:
+            return ', '.join(pieces)
+        if not pieces:
+            return ''
+        indent = self.indent
+        if isinstance(indent, int):
+            if indent < 0:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f'Repr.indent cannot be negative int (was {indent!r})'
+                )
+            indent *= ' '
+        try:
+            sep = ',\n' + (self.maxlevel - level + 1) * indent
+        except TypeError as error:
+            raise TypeError(
+                f'Repr.indent must be a str, int or None, not {type(indent)}'
+            ) from error
+        return sep.join(('', *pieces, ''))[1:-len(indent) or None]
 
     def _repr_iterable(self, x, level, left, right, maxiter, trail=''):
         n = len(x)
         if level <= 0 and n:
-            s = '...'
+            s = self.fillvalue
         else:
             newlevel = level - 1
             repr1 = self.repr1
             pieces = [repr1(elem, newlevel) for elem in islice(x, maxiter)]
-            if n > maxiter:  pieces.append('...')
-            s = ', '.join(pieces)
-            if n == 1 and trail:  right = trail + right
+            if n > maxiter:
+                pieces.append(self.fillvalue)
+            s = self._join(pieces, level)
+            if n == 1 and trail and self.indent is None:
+                right = trail + right
         return '%s%s%s' % (left, s, right)
 
     def repr_tuple(self, x, level):
@@ -104,8 +155,10 @@ def repr_deque(self, x, level):
 
     def repr_dict(self, x, level):
         n = len(x)
-        if n == 0: return '{}'
-        if level <= 0: return '{...}'
+        if n == 0:
+            return '{}'
+        if level <= 0:
+            return '{' + self.fillvalue + '}'
         newlevel = level - 1
         repr1 = self.repr1
         pieces = []
@@ -113,8 +166,9 @@ def repr_dict(self, x, level):
             keyrepr = repr1(key, newlevel)
             valrepr = repr1(x[key], newlevel)
             pieces.append('%s: %s' % (keyrepr, valrepr))
-        if n > self.maxdict: pieces.append('...')
-        s = ', '.join(pieces)
+        if n > self.maxdict:
+            pieces.append(self.fillvalue)
+        s = self._join(pieces, level)
         return '{%s}' % (s,)
 
     def repr_str(self, x, level):
@@ -123,7 +177,7 @@ def repr_str(self, x, level):
             i = max(0, (self.maxstring-3)//2)
             j = max(0, self.maxstring-3-i)
             s = builtins.repr(x[:i] + x[len(x)-j:])
-            s = s[:i] + '...' + s[len(s)-j:]
+            s = s[:i] + self.fillvalue + s[len(s)-j:]
         return s
 
     def repr_int(self, x, level):
@@ -131,7 +185,7 @@ def repr_int(self, x, level):
         if len(s) > self.maxlong:
             i = max(0, (self.maxlong-3)//2)
             j = max(0, self.maxlong-3-i)
-            s = s[:i] + '...' + s[len(s)-j:]
+            s = s[:i] + self.fillvalue + s[len(s)-j:]
         return s
 
     def repr_instance(self, x, level):
@@ -144,7 +198,7 @@ def repr_instance(self, x, level):
         if len(s) > self.maxother:
             i = max(0, (self.maxother-3)//2)
             j = max(0, self.maxother-3-i)
-            s = s[:i] + '...' + s[len(s)-j:]
+            s = s[:i] + self.fillvalue + s[len(s)-j:]
         return s
 
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_reprlib.py b/Lib/test/test_reprlib.py
index 611fb9d1e4..f84dec1ed9 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_reprlib.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_reprlib.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 import importlib
 import importlib.util
 import unittest
+import textwrap
 
 from test.support import verbose
 from test.support.os_helper import create_empty_file
@@ -25,6 +26,29 @@ def nestedTuple(nesting):
 
 class ReprTests(unittest.TestCase):
 
+    def test_init_kwargs(self):
+        example_kwargs = {
+            "maxlevel": 101,
+            "maxtuple": 102,
+            "maxlist": 103,
+            "maxarray": 104,
+            "maxdict": 105,
+            "maxset": 106,
+            "maxfrozenset": 107,
+            "maxdeque": 108,
+            "maxstring": 109,
+            "maxlong": 110,
+            "maxother": 111,
+            "fillvalue": "x" * 112,
+            "indent": "x" * 113,
+        }
+        r1 = Repr()
+        for attr, val in example_kwargs.items():
+            setattr(r1, attr, val)
+        r2 = Repr(**example_kwargs)
+        for attr in example_kwargs:
+            self.assertEqual(getattr(r1, attr), getattr(r2, attr), msg=attr)
+
     def test_string(self):
         eq = self.assertEqual
         eq(r("abc"), "'abc'")
@@ -51,6 +75,15 @@ def test_tuple(self):
         expected = repr(t3)[:-2] + "...)"
         eq(r2.repr(t3), expected)
 
+        # modified fillvalue:
+        r3 = Repr()
+        r3.fillvalue = '+++'
+        r3.maxtuple = 2
+        expected = repr(t3)[:-2] + "+++)"
+        eq(r3.repr(t3), expected)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_container(self):
         from array import array
         from collections import deque
@@ -223,6 +256,382 @@ def test_unsortable(self):
         r(y)
         r(z)
 
+    def test_valid_indent(self):
+        test_cases = [
+            {
+                'object': (),
+                'tests': (
+                    (dict(indent=None), '()'),
+                    (dict(indent=False), '()'),
+                    (dict(indent=True), '()'),
+                    (dict(indent=0), '()'),
+                    (dict(indent=1), '()'),
+                    (dict(indent=4), '()'),
+                    (dict(indent=4, maxlevel=2), '()'),
+                    (dict(indent=''), '()'),
+                    (dict(indent='-->'), '()'),
+                    (dict(indent='....'), '()'),
+                ),
+            },
+            {
+                'object': '',
+                'tests': (
+                    (dict(indent=None), "''"),
+                    (dict(indent=False), "''"),
+                    (dict(indent=True), "''"),
+                    (dict(indent=0), "''"),
+                    (dict(indent=1), "''"),
+                    (dict(indent=4), "''"),
+                    (dict(indent=4, maxlevel=2), "''"),
+                    (dict(indent=''), "''"),
+                    (dict(indent='-->'), "''"),
+                    (dict(indent='....'), "''"),
+                ),
+            },
+            {
+                'object': [1, 'spam', {'eggs': True, 'ham': []}],
+                'tests': (
+                    (dict(indent=None), '''\
+                        [1, 'spam', {'eggs': True, 'ham': []}]'''),
+                    (dict(indent=False), '''\
+                        [
+                        1,
+                        'spam',
+                        {
+                        'eggs': True,
+                        'ham': [],
+                        },
+                        ]'''),
+                    (dict(indent=True), '''\
+                        [
+                         1,
+                         'spam',
+                         {
+                          'eggs': True,
+                          'ham': [],
+                         },
+                        ]'''),
+                    (dict(indent=0), '''\
+                        [
+                        1,
+                        'spam',
+                        {
+                        'eggs': True,
+                        'ham': [],
+                        },
+                        ]'''),
+                    (dict(indent=1), '''\
+                        [
+                         1,
+                         'spam',
+                         {
+                          'eggs': True,
+                          'ham': [],
+                         },
+                        ]'''),
+                    (dict(indent=4), '''\
+                        [
+                            1,
+                            'spam',
+                            {
+                                'eggs': True,
+                                'ham': [],
+                            },
+                        ]'''),
+                    (dict(indent=4, maxlevel=2), '''\
+                        [
+                            1,
+                            'spam',
+                            {
+                                'eggs': True,
+                                'ham': [],
+                            },
+                        ]'''),
+                    (dict(indent=''), '''\
+                        [
+                        1,
+                        'spam',
+                        {
+                        'eggs': True,
+                        'ham': [],
+                        },
+                        ]'''),
+                    (dict(indent='-->'), '''\
+                        [
+                        -->1,
+                        -->'spam',
+                        -->{
+                        -->-->'eggs': True,
+                        -->-->'ham': [],
+                        -->},
+                        ]'''),
+                    (dict(indent='....'), '''\
+                        [
+                        ....1,
+                        ....'spam',
+                        ....{
+                        ........'eggs': True,
+                        ........'ham': [],
+                        ....},
+                        ]'''),
+                ),
+            },
+            {
+                'object': {
+                    1: 'two',
+                    b'three': [
+                        (4.5, 6.7),
+                        [set((8, 9)), frozenset((10, 11))],
+                    ],
+                },
+                'tests': (
+                    (dict(indent=None), '''\
+                        {1: 'two', b'three': [(4.5, 6.7), [{8, 9}, frozenset({10, 11})]]}'''),
+                    (dict(indent=False), '''\
+                        {
+                        1: 'two',
+                        b'three': [
+                        (
+                        4.5,
+                        6.7,
+                        ),
+                        [
+                        {
+                        8,
+                        9,
+                        },
+                        frozenset({
+                        10,
+                        11,
+                        }),
+                        ],
+                        ],
+                        }'''),
+                    (dict(indent=True), '''\
+                        {
+                         1: 'two',
+                         b'three': [
+                          (
+                           4.5,
+                           6.7,
+                          ),
+                          [
+                           {
+                            8,
+                            9,
+                           },
+                           frozenset({
+                            10,
+                            11,
+                           }),
+                          ],
+                         ],
+                        }'''),
+                    (dict(indent=0), '''\
+                        {
+                        1: 'two',
+                        b'three': [
+                        (
+                        4.5,
+                        6.7,
+                        ),
+                        [
+                        {
+                        8,
+                        9,
+                        },
+                        frozenset({
+                        10,
+                        11,
+                        }),
+                        ],
+                        ],
+                        }'''),
+                    (dict(indent=1), '''\
+                        {
+                         1: 'two',
+                         b'three': [
+                          (
+                           4.5,
+                           6.7,
+                          ),
+                          [
+                           {
+                            8,
+                            9,
+                           },
+                           frozenset({
+                            10,
+                            11,
+                           }),
+                          ],
+                         ],
+                        }'''),
+                    (dict(indent=4), '''\
+                        {
+                            1: 'two',
+                            b'three': [
+                                (
+                                    4.5,
+                                    6.7,
+                                ),
+                                [
+                                    {
+                                        8,
+                                        9,
+                                    },
+                                    frozenset({
+                                        10,
+                                        11,
+                                    }),
+                                ],
+                            ],
+                        }'''),
+                    (dict(indent=4, maxlevel=2), '''\
+                        {
+                            1: 'two',
+                            b'three': [
+                                (...),
+                                [...],
+                            ],
+                        }'''),
+                    (dict(indent=''), '''\
+                        {
+                        1: 'two',
+                        b'three': [
+                        (
+                        4.5,
+                        6.7,
+                        ),
+                        [
+                        {
+                        8,
+                        9,
+                        },
+                        frozenset({
+                        10,
+                        11,
+                        }),
+                        ],
+                        ],
+                        }'''),
+                    (dict(indent='-->'), '''\
+                        {
+                        -->1: 'two',
+                        -->b'three': [
+                        -->-->(
+                        -->-->-->4.5,
+                        -->-->-->6.7,
+                        -->-->),
+                        -->-->[
+                        -->-->-->{
+                        -->-->-->-->8,
+                        -->-->-->-->9,
+                        -->-->-->},
+                        -->-->-->frozenset({
+                        -->-->-->-->10,
+                        -->-->-->-->11,
+                        -->-->-->}),
+                        -->-->],
+                        -->],
+                        }'''),
+                    (dict(indent='....'), '''\
+                        {
+                        ....1: 'two',
+                        ....b'three': [
+                        ........(
+                        ............4.5,
+                        ............6.7,
+                        ........),
+                        ........[
+                        ............{
+                        ................8,
+                        ................9,
+                        ............},
+                        ............frozenset({
+                        ................10,
+                        ................11,
+                        ............}),
+                        ........],
+                        ....],
+                        }'''),
+                ),
+            },
+        ]
+        for test_case in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(test_object=test_case['object']):
+                for repr_settings, expected_repr in test_case['tests']:
+                    with self.subTest(repr_settings=repr_settings):
+                        r = Repr()
+                        for attribute, value in repr_settings.items():
+                            setattr(r, attribute, value)
+                        resulting_repr = r.repr(test_case['object'])
+                        expected_repr = textwrap.dedent(expected_repr)
+                        self.assertEqual(resulting_repr, expected_repr)
+
+    def test_invalid_indent(self):
+        test_object = [1, 'spam', {'eggs': True, 'ham': []}]
+        test_cases = [
+            (-1, (ValueError, '[Nn]egative|[Pp]ositive')),
+            (-4, (ValueError, '[Nn]egative|[Pp]ositive')),
+            ((), (TypeError, None)),
+            ([], (TypeError, None)),
+            ((4,), (TypeError, None)),
+            ([4,], (TypeError, None)),
+            (object(), (TypeError, None)),
+        ]
+        for indent, (expected_error, expected_msg) in test_cases:
+            with self.subTest(indent=indent):
+                r = Repr()
+                r.indent = indent
+                expected_msg = expected_msg or f'{type(indent)}'
+                with self.assertRaisesRegex(expected_error, expected_msg):
+                    r.repr(test_object)
+
+    def test_shadowed_stdlib_array(self):
+        # Issue #113570: repr() should not be fooled by an array
+        class array:
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return "not array.array"
+
+        self.assertEqual(r(array()), "not array.array")
+
+    def test_shadowed_builtin(self):
+        # Issue #113570: repr() should not be fooled
+        # by a shadowed builtin function
+        class list:
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return "not builtins.list"
+
+        self.assertEqual(r(list()), "not builtins.list")
+
+    def test_custom_repr(self):
+        class MyRepr(Repr):
+
+            def repr_TextIOWrapper(self, obj, level):
+                if obj.name in {'<stdin>', '<stdout>', '<stderr>'}:
+                    return obj.name
+                return repr(obj)
+
+        aRepr = MyRepr()
+        self.assertEqual(aRepr.repr(sys.stdin), "<stdin>")
+
+    def test_custom_repr_class_with_spaces(self):
+        class TypeWithSpaces:
+            pass
+
+        t = TypeWithSpaces()
+        type(t).__name__ = "type with spaces"
+        self.assertEqual(type(t).__name__, "type with spaces")
+
+        class MyRepr(Repr):
+            def repr_type_with_spaces(self, obj, level):
+                return "Type With Spaces"
+
+
+        aRepr = MyRepr()
+        self.assertEqual(aRepr.repr(t), "Type With Spaces")
+
 def write_file(path, text):
     with open(path, 'w', encoding='ASCII') as fp:
         fp.write(text)
@@ -408,5 +817,27 @@ def test_assigned_attributes(self):
         for name in assigned:
             self.assertIs(getattr(wrapper, name), getattr(wrapped, name))
 
+    def test__wrapped__(self):
+        class X:
+            def __repr__(self):
+                return 'X()'
+            f = __repr__ # save reference to check it later
+            __repr__ = recursive_repr()(__repr__)
+
+        self.assertIs(X.f, X.__repr__.__wrapped__)
+
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON: AttributeError: 'TypeVar' object has no attribute '__name__'
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
+    def test__type_params__(self):
+        class My:
+            @recursive_repr()
+            def __repr__[T: str](self, default: T = '') -> str:
+                return default
+
+        type_params = My().__repr__.__type_params__
+        self.assertEqual(len(type_params), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(type_params[0].__name__, 'T')
+        self.assertEqual(type_params[0].__bound__, str)
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()

From b84d6a36a6f19e72486dd41235af5a73959bb6a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Apr 2025 11:52:00 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 670/705] update fileinput to 3.13.3

---
 Lib/fileinput.py           |  4 +--
 Lib/test/test_fileinput.py | 60 ++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------
 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/fileinput.py b/Lib/fileinput.py
index e234dc9ea6..3dba3d2fbf 100644
--- a/Lib/fileinput.py
+++ b/Lib/fileinput.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
 sequence must be accessed in strictly sequential order; sequence
 access and readline() cannot be mixed.
 
-Optional in-place filtering: if the keyword argument inplace=1 is
+Optional in-place filtering: if the keyword argument inplace=True is
 passed to input() or to the FileInput constructor, the file is moved
 to a backup file and standard output is directed to the input file.
 This makes it possible to write a filter that rewrites its input file
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@ def isstdin(self):
 
 
 def hook_compressed(filename, mode, *, encoding=None, errors=None):
-    if encoding is None:  # EncodingWarning is emitted in FileInput() already.
+    if encoding is None and "b" not in mode:  # EncodingWarning is emitted in FileInput() already.
         encoding = "locale"
     ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1]
     if ext == '.gz':
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_fileinput.py b/Lib/test/test_fileinput.py
index bda6dee6bf..1a6ef3cd27 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_fileinput.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_fileinput.py
@@ -23,10 +23,9 @@
 
 from io import BytesIO, StringIO
 from fileinput import FileInput, hook_encoded
-from pathlib import Path
 
 from test.support import verbose
-from test.support.os_helper import TESTFN
+from test.support.os_helper import TESTFN, FakePath
 from test.support.os_helper import unlink as safe_unlink
 from test.support import os_helper
 from test import support
@@ -151,7 +150,7 @@ def test_buffer_sizes(self):
             print('6. Inplace')
         savestdout = sys.stdout
         try:
-            fi = FileInput(files=(t1, t2, t3, t4), inplace=1, encoding="utf-8")
+            fi = FileInput(files=(t1, t2, t3, t4), inplace=True, encoding="utf-8")
             for line in fi:
                 line = line[:-1].upper()
                 print(line)
@@ -256,7 +255,7 @@ def test_detached_stdin_binary_mode(self):
     def test_file_opening_hook(self):
         try:
             # cannot use openhook and inplace mode
-            fi = FileInput(inplace=1, openhook=lambda f, m: None)
+            fi = FileInput(inplace=True, openhook=lambda f, m: None)
             self.fail("FileInput should raise if both inplace "
                              "and openhook arguments are given")
         except ValueError:
@@ -478,23 +477,23 @@ def test_iteration_buffering(self):
             self.assertRaises(StopIteration, next, fi)
             self.assertEqual(src.linesread, [])
 
-    def test_pathlib_file(self):
-        t1 = Path(self.writeTmp("Pathlib file."))
+    def test_pathlike_file(self):
+        t1 = FakePath(self.writeTmp("Path-like file."))
         with FileInput(t1, encoding="utf-8") as fi:
             line = fi.readline()
-            self.assertEqual(line, 'Pathlib file.')
+            self.assertEqual(line, 'Path-like file.')
             self.assertEqual(fi.lineno(), 1)
             self.assertEqual(fi.filelineno(), 1)
             self.assertEqual(fi.filename(), os.fspath(t1))
 
-    def test_pathlib_file_inplace(self):
-        t1 = Path(self.writeTmp('Pathlib file.'))
+    def test_pathlike_file_inplace(self):
+        t1 = FakePath(self.writeTmp('Path-like file.'))
         with FileInput(t1, inplace=True, encoding="utf-8") as fi:
             line = fi.readline()
-            self.assertEqual(line, 'Pathlib file.')
+            self.assertEqual(line, 'Path-like file.')
             print('Modified %s' % line)
         with open(t1, encoding="utf-8") as f:
-            self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'Modified Pathlib file.\n')
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), 'Modified Path-like file.\n')
 
 
 class MockFileInput:
@@ -855,29 +854,29 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.fake_open = InvocationRecorder()
 
     def test_empty_string(self):
-        self.do_test_use_builtin_open("", 1)
+        self.do_test_use_builtin_open_text("", "r")
 
     def test_no_ext(self):
-        self.do_test_use_builtin_open("abcd", 2)
+        self.do_test_use_builtin_open_text("abcd", "r")
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(gzip, "Requires gzip and zlib")
     def test_gz_ext_fake(self):
         original_open = gzip.open
         gzip.open = self.fake_open
         try:
-            result = fileinput.hook_compressed("test.gz", "3")
+            result = fileinput.hook_compressed("test.gz", "r")
         finally:
             gzip.open = original_open
 
         self.assertEqual(self.fake_open.invocation_count, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(self.fake_open.last_invocation, (("test.gz", "3"), {}))
+        self.assertEqual(self.fake_open.last_invocation, (("test.gz", "r"), {}))
 
     @unittest.skipUnless(gzip, "Requires gzip and zlib")
     def test_gz_with_encoding_fake(self):
         original_open = gzip.open
         gzip.open = lambda filename, mode: io.BytesIO(b'Ex-binary string')
         try:
-            result = fileinput.hook_compressed("test.gz", "3", encoding="utf-8")
+            result = fileinput.hook_compressed("test.gz", "r", encoding="utf-8")
         finally:
             gzip.open = original_open
         self.assertEqual(list(result), ['Ex-binary string'])
@@ -887,23 +886,40 @@ def test_bz2_ext_fake(self):
         original_open = bz2.BZ2File
         bz2.BZ2File = self.fake_open
         try:
-            result = fileinput.hook_compressed("test.bz2", "4")
+            result = fileinput.hook_compressed("test.bz2", "r")
         finally:
             bz2.BZ2File = original_open
 
         self.assertEqual(self.fake_open.invocation_count, 1)
-        self.assertEqual(self.fake_open.last_invocation, (("test.bz2", "4"), {}))
+        self.assertEqual(self.fake_open.last_invocation, (("test.bz2", "r"), {}))
 
     def test_blah_ext(self):
-        self.do_test_use_builtin_open("abcd.blah", "5")
+        self.do_test_use_builtin_open_binary("abcd.blah", "rb")
 
     def test_gz_ext_builtin(self):
-        self.do_test_use_builtin_open("abcd.Gz", "6")
+        self.do_test_use_builtin_open_binary("abcd.Gz", "rb")
 
     def test_bz2_ext_builtin(self):
-        self.do_test_use_builtin_open("abcd.Bz2", "7")
+        self.do_test_use_builtin_open_binary("abcd.Bz2", "rb")
 
-    def do_test_use_builtin_open(self, filename, mode):
+    def test_binary_mode_encoding(self):
+        self.do_test_use_builtin_open_binary("abcd", "rb")
+
+    def test_text_mode_encoding(self):
+        self.do_test_use_builtin_open_text("abcd", "r")
+
+    def do_test_use_builtin_open_binary(self, filename, mode):
+        original_open = self.replace_builtin_open(self.fake_open)
+        try:
+            result = fileinput.hook_compressed(filename, mode)
+        finally:
+            self.replace_builtin_open(original_open)
+
+        self.assertEqual(self.fake_open.invocation_count, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(self.fake_open.last_invocation,
+                         ((filename, mode), {'encoding': None, 'errors': None}))
+
+    def do_test_use_builtin_open_text(self, filename, mode):
         original_open = self.replace_builtin_open(self.fake_open)
         try:
             result = fileinput.hook_compressed(filename, mode)

From 02f120aaf4d6ca5bf8d5c78359eceb3bcdbfaf86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Sun, 20 Apr 2025 18:56:59 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 671/705] copilot-instructions

---
 .github/copilot-instructions.md | 186 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 186 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 .github/copilot-instructions.md

diff --git a/.github/copilot-instructions.md b/.github/copilot-instructions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2991e3c626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/copilot-instructions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# GitHub Copilot Instructions for RustPython
+
+This document provides guidelines for working with GitHub Copilot when contributing to the RustPython project.
+
+## Project Overview
+
+RustPython is a Python 3 interpreter written in Rust, implementing Python 3.13.0+ compatibility. The project aims to provide:
+
+- A complete Python-3 environment entirely in Rust (not CPython bindings)
+- A clean implementation without compatibility hacks
+- Cross-platform support, including WebAssembly compilation
+- The ability to embed Python scripting in Rust applications
+
+## Repository Structure
+
+- `src/` - Top-level code for the RustPython binary
+- `vm/` - The Python virtual machine implementation
+  - `builtins/` - Python built-in types and functions
+  - `stdlib/` - Essential standard library modules implemented in Rust, required to run the Python core
+- `compiler/` - Python compiler components
+  - `parser/` - Parser for converting Python source to AST
+  - `core/` - Bytecode representation in Rust structures
+  - `codegen/` - AST to bytecode compiler
+- `Lib/` - CPython's standard library in Python (copied from CPython)
+- `derive/` - Rust macros for RustPython
+- `common/` - Common utilities
+- `extra_tests/` - Integration tests and snippets
+- `stdlib/` - Non-essential Python standard library modules implemented in Rust (useful but not required for core functionality)
+- `wasm/` - WebAssembly support
+- `jit/` - Experimental JIT compiler implementation
+- `pylib/` - Python standard library packaging (do not modify this directory directly - its contents are generated automatically)
+
+## Important Development Notes
+
+### Running Python Code
+
+When testing Python code, always use RustPython instead of the standard `python` command:
+
+```bash
+# Use this instead of python script.py
+cargo run -- script.py
+
+# For interactive REPL
+cargo run
+
+# With specific features
+cargo run --features ssl
+
+# Release mode (recommended for better performance)
+cargo run --release -- script.py
+```
+
+### Comparing with CPython
+
+When you need to compare behavior with CPython or run test suites:
+
+```bash
+# Use python command to explicitly run CPython
+python my_test_script.py
+
+# Run RustPython
+cargo run -- my_test_script.py
+```
+
+### Working with the Lib Directory
+
+The `Lib/` directory contains Python standard library files copied from the CPython repository. Important notes:
+
+- These files should be edited very conservatively
+- Modifications should be minimal and only to work around RustPython limitations
+- Tests in `Lib/test` often use one of the following markers:
+  - Add a `# TODO: RUSTPYTHON` comment when modifications are made
+  - `unittest.skip("TODO: RustPython <reason>")`
+  - `unittest.expectedFailure` with `# TODO: RUSTPYTHON <reason>` comment
+
+### Testing
+
+```bash
+# Run Rust unit tests
+cargo test --workspace --exclude rustpython_wasm
+
+# Run Python snippets tests
+cd extra_tests
+pytest -v
+
+# Run the Python test module
+cargo run --release -- -m test
+```
+
+### Determining What to Implement
+
+Run `./whats_left.py` to get a list of unimplemented methods, which is helpful when looking for contribution opportunities.
+
+## Coding Guidelines
+
+### Rust Code
+
+- Follow the default rustfmt code style (`cargo fmt` to format)
+- Use clippy to lint code (`cargo clippy`)
+- Follow Rust best practices for error handling and memory management
+- Use the macro system (`pyclass`, `pymodule`, `pyfunction`, etc.) when implementing Python functionality in Rust
+
+### Python Code
+
+- Follow PEP 8 style for custom Python code
+- Use ruff for linting Python code
+- Minimize modifications to CPython standard library files
+
+## Integration Between Rust and Python
+
+The project provides several mechanisms for integration:
+
+- `pymodule` macro for creating Python modules in Rust
+- `pyclass` macro for implementing Python classes in Rust
+- `pyfunction` macro for exposing Rust functions to Python
+- `PyObjectRef` and other types for working with Python objects in Rust
+
+## Common Patterns
+
+### Implementing a Python Module in Rust
+
+```rust
+#[pymodule]
+mod mymodule {
+    use rustpython_vm::prelude::*;
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn my_function(value: i32) -> i32 {
+        value * 2
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "MyClass")]
+    #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
+    struct MyClass {
+        value: usize,
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass]
+    impl MyClass {
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn get_value(&self) -> usize {
+            self.value
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+### Adding a Python Module to the Interpreter
+
+```rust
+vm.add_native_module(
+    "my_module_name".to_owned(),
+    Box::new(my_module::make_module),
+);
+```
+
+## Building for Different Targets
+
+### WebAssembly
+
+```bash
+# Build for WASM
+cargo build --target wasm32-wasip1 --no-default-features --features freeze-stdlib,stdlib --release
+```
+
+### JIT Support
+
+```bash
+# Enable JIT support
+cargo run --features jit
+```
+
+### SSL Support
+
+```bash
+# Enable SSL support
+cargo run --features ssl
+```
+
+## Documentation
+
+- Check the [architecture document](architecture/architecture.md) for a high-level overview
+- Read the [development guide](DEVELOPMENT.md) for detailed setup instructions
+- Generate documentation with `cargo doc --no-deps --all`
+- Online documentation is available at [docs.rs/rustpython](https://docs.rs/rustpython/)
\ No newline at end of file

From e8df06582e9886d469d420a7e8cf78a74a604fd6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 29 Apr 2025 20:05:51 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 672/705] bump dependencies

---
 Cargo.lock        | 28 ++++++++++++++++++----------
 Cargo.toml        |  2 +-
 stdlib/Cargo.toml |  4 ++--
 3 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 13ad0c4935..65fa7952fb 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1296,9 +1296,9 @@ checksum = "c19937216e9d3aa9956d9bb8dfc0b0c8beb6058fc4f7a4dc4d850edf86a237d6"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libffi"
-version = "3.2.0"
+version = "4.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ce826c243048e3d5cec441799724de52e2d42f820468431fc3fceee2341871e2"
+checksum = "4a9434b6fc77375fb624698d5f8c49d7e80b10d59eb1219afda27d1f824d4074"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "libffi-sys",
@@ -1306,9 +1306,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libffi-sys"
-version = "2.3.0"
+version = "3.2.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f36115160c57e8529781b4183c2bb51fdc1f6d6d1ed345591d84be7703befb3c"
+checksum = "ead36a2496acfc8edd6cc32352110e9478ac5b9b5f5b9856ebd3d28019addb84"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
@@ -2758,6 +2758,14 @@ dependencies = [
  "keccak",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "shared-build"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git?tag=v0.2.0#198fc35b1f18f4eda401f97a641908f321b1403a"
+dependencies = [
+ "bindgen",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "shlex"
 version = "1.3.0"
@@ -2891,11 +2899,11 @@ checksum = "e502f78cdbb8ba4718f566c418c52bc729126ffd16baee5baa718cf25dd5a69a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tcl-sys"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git?tag=v0.1.0#09a4f62e894df64692b34e6c7f81af1e1ae376dd"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git?tag=v0.2.0#198fc35b1f18f4eda401f97a641908f321b1403a"
 dependencies = [
- "bindgen",
  "pkg-config",
+ "shared-build",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3007,11 +3015,11 @@ checksum = "1f3ccbac311fea05f86f61904b462b55fb3df8837a366dfc601a0161d0532f20"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "tk-sys"
-version = "0.1.0"
-source = "git+https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git?tag=v0.1.0#09a4f62e894df64692b34e6c7f81af1e1ae376dd"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "git+https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git?tag=v0.2.0#198fc35b1f18f4eda401f97a641908f321b1403a"
 dependencies = [
- "bindgen",
  "pkg-config",
+ "shared-build",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 2be9db7477..b3c5b49e11 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ itertools = "0.14.0"
 is-macro = "0.3.7"
 junction = "1.2.0"
 libc = "0.2.169"
-libffi = "3.2"
+libffi = "4.0"
 log = "0.4.27"
 nix = { version = "0.29", features = ["fs", "user", "process", "term", "time", "signal", "ioctl", "socket", "sched", "zerocopy", "dir", "hostname", "net", "poll"] }
 malachite-bigint = "0.6"
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 7b6aba0a14..8fcaaa24d9 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ libz-sys = { package = "libz-rs-sys", version = "0.5" }
 bzip2 = { version = "0.5", features = ["libbz2-rs-sys"] }
 
 # tkinter
-tk-sys = { git = "https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git", tag = "v0.1.0", optional = true }
-tcl-sys = { git = "https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git", tag = "v0.1.0", optional = true }
+tk-sys = { git = "https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git", tag = "v0.2.0", optional = true }
+tcl-sys = { git = "https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git", tag = "v0.2.0", optional = true }
 
 # uuid
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "android", target_os = "windows", target_arch = "wasm32", target_os = "redox")))'.dependencies]

From e49e7436699f9aa3dd9c3d2deb33de9f8c901a82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Aneesh Durg <aneeshdurg17@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:53:37 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 673/705] Support multiline function/class definitions in REPL
 and InteractiveConsole (#5743)

* Support multiline function/class definitions in REPL and InteractiveConsole
---
 Lib/codeop.py |  7 ++++++-
 src/shell.rs  | 17 ++++++++++-------
 2 files changed, 16 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/codeop.py b/Lib/codeop.py
index 4dd096574b..96868047cb 100644
--- a/Lib/codeop.py
+++ b/Lib/codeop.py
@@ -66,7 +66,12 @@ def _maybe_compile(compiler, source, filename, symbol):
                 compiler(source + "\n", filename, symbol)
                 return None
             except SyntaxError as e:
-                if "incomplete input" in str(e):
+                # XXX: RustPython; support multiline definitions in REPL
+                # See also: https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/pull/5743
+                strerr = str(e)
+                if source.endswith(":") and "expected an indented block" in strerr:
+                    return None
+                elif "incomplete input" in str(e):
                     return None
                 # fallthrough
 
diff --git a/src/shell.rs b/src/shell.rs
index f733e03ddc..cbe2c9efe0 100644
--- a/src/shell.rs
+++ b/src/shell.rs
@@ -49,13 +49,16 @@ fn shell_exec(
 
             let bad_error = match err {
                 CompileError::Parse(ref p) => {
-                    if matches!(
-                        p.error,
-                        ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::IndentationError)
-                    ) {
-                        continuing // && p.location.is_some()
-                    } else {
-                        true // !matches!(p, ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(Tok::Dedent, _))
+                    match &p.error {
+                        ParseErrorType::Lexical(LexicalErrorType::IndentationError) => continuing, // && p.location.is_some()
+                        ParseErrorType::OtherError(msg) => {
+                            if msg.starts_with("Expected an indented block") {
+                                continuing
+                            } else {
+                                true
+                            }
+                        }
+                        _ => true, // !matches!(p, ParseErrorType::UnrecognizedToken(Tok::Dedent, _))
                     }
                 }
                 _ => true, // It is a bad error for everything else

From cd1c9be0e1a3b59c5d49c9edf593d66538c5e530 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2025 15:03:32 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 674/705] Fix Cargo.lock

---
 Cargo.lock | 5 ++---
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 65fa7952fb..38aad89fed 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1880,11 +1880,10 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pymath"
-version = "0.0.1"
+version = "0.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c574544c9acbbb7cab157def68e24e7a417c4ff6f7e528a805160c8b6cc3aa9f"
+checksum = "5b66ab66a8610ce209d8b36cd0fecc3a15c494f715e0cb26f0586057f293abc9"
 dependencies = [
- "errno",
  "libc",
 ]
 

From 301c32dba0902fde35d4482ab550a0f9fea64f52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Karel=20Kr=C3=A1l?= <kralka@iuuk.mff.cuni.cz>
Date: Tue, 29 Apr 2025 22:07:39 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 675/705] Increase numerical precision of log1p

Use Rust native ln_1p to increase numerical precision matching what is
expected by `test_mtestfile`.
---
 stdlib/src/math.rs | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/math.rs b/stdlib/src/math.rs
index 9ab4bed5ce..524660a434 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/math.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/math.rs
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ mod math {
     fn log1p(x: ArgIntoFloat, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<f64> {
         let x = *x;
         if x.is_nan() || x > -1.0_f64 {
-            Ok((x + 1.0_f64).ln())
+            Ok(x.ln_1p())
         } else {
             Err(vm.new_value_error("math domain error".to_owned()))
         }

From 253cc4e8469cbbd158d971fa5965081aa9ad3963 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Hanif Ariffin <hanif.ariffin.4326@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 1 May 2025 13:55:19 +0800
Subject: [PATCH 676/705] =?UTF-8?q?Fix=20usize=20not=20using=20the=20same?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=20hash=20as=20PyInt=20when=20used=20as=20key=20into=20a=20di?=
 =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=A6=20(#5756)?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

* Fix usize not using the same hash as PyInt when used as key into a dictionary

* Fix test that unexpectedly succeed!

* Update extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py
---
 Lib/test/test_fstring.py               | 2 --
 common/src/hash.rs                     | 5 +++++
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py | 7 +++++++
 vm/src/dict_inner.rs                   | 5 +++--
 4 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_fstring.py b/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
index c0c987ca2f..c727b5b22c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_fstring.py
@@ -1631,8 +1631,6 @@ def test_empty_format_specifier(self):
         self.assertEqual(f"{x!s:}", "test")
         self.assertEqual(f"{x!r:}", "'test'")
 
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON d[0] error
-    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_str_format_differences(self):
         d = {
             "a": "string",
diff --git a/common/src/hash.rs b/common/src/hash.rs
index 88af9b6f56..9fea1e717e 100644
--- a/common/src/hash.rs
+++ b/common/src/hash.rs
@@ -139,6 +139,11 @@ pub fn hash_bigint(value: &BigInt) -> PyHash {
     fix_sentinel(ret)
 }
 
+#[inline]
+pub fn hash_usize(data: usize) -> PyHash {
+    fix_sentinel(mod_int(data as i64))
+}
+
 #[inline(always)]
 pub fn fix_sentinel(x: PyHash) -> PyHash {
     if x == SENTINEL { -2 } else { x }
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py
index 5a12afbf45..0cb6f31d66 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py
@@ -24,3 +24,10 @@ class MyObject:
 assert not hasattr(obj, 'a')
 obj.__dict__ = {'a': 1}
 assert obj.a == 1
+
+# Value inside the formatter goes through a different path of resolution.
+# Check that it still works all the same
+d = {
+    0: "ab",
+}
+assert "ab ab" == "{k[0]} {vv}".format(k=d, vv=d[0])
diff --git a/vm/src/dict_inner.rs b/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
index 56ebc5ebaf..a165c7669a 100644
--- a/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::{
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
 };
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
+use rustpython_common::hash::hash_integer;
 use std::{fmt, mem::size_of, ops::ControlFlow};
 
 // HashIndex is intended to be same size with hash::PyHash
@@ -993,8 +994,8 @@ impl DictKey for usize {
         *self
     }
 
-    fn key_hash(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<HashValue> {
-        Ok(vm.state.hash_secret.hash_value(self))
+    fn key_hash(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<HashValue> {
+        Ok(hash_usize(*self))
     }
 
     fn key_is(&self, _other: &PyObject) -> bool {

From 94b38a51c4322d4e54c3f1fd3c7fe38c1ce88831 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "Jeong, YunWon" <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Thu, 1 May 2025 15:38:50 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 677/705] Fix build (#5765)

---
 vm/src/dict_inner.rs | 3 +--
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/vm/src/dict_inner.rs b/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
index a165c7669a..1dd701b0b6 100644
--- a/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
+++ b/vm/src/dict_inner.rs
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ use crate::{
     object::{Traverse, TraverseFn},
 };
 use num_traits::ToPrimitive;
-use rustpython_common::hash::hash_integer;
 use std::{fmt, mem::size_of, ops::ControlFlow};
 
 // HashIndex is intended to be same size with hash::PyHash
@@ -995,7 +994,7 @@ impl DictKey for usize {
     }
 
     fn key_hash(&self, _vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<HashValue> {
-        Ok(hash_usize(*self))
+        Ok(hash::hash_usize(*self))
     }
 
     fn key_is(&self, _other: &PyObject) -> bool {

From 85f7ba51f4f9eb8d46f45b00f2ede5705a77ad9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?Karel=20Kr=C3=A1l?= <kralka@iuuk.mff.cuni.cz>
Date: Thu, 1 May 2025 19:33:28 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 678/705] Enable test_mtestfile

---
 Lib/test/test_math.py | 1 -
 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_math.py b/Lib/test/test_math.py
index 0e14fad774..16d12f9688 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_math.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_math.py
@@ -2080,7 +2080,6 @@ def test_testfile(self):
             self.fail('Failures in test_testfile:\n  ' +
                       '\n  '.join(failures))
 
-    @unittest.skip("TODO: RUSTPYTHON, Taking a few minutes.")
     @requires_IEEE_754
     def test_mtestfile(self):
         fail_fmt = "{}: {}({!r}): {}"

From 6aa80aa596064a037dcc7975d4ec099e75817aed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Undersk0re <44556359+Undersk0re@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Tue, 6 May 2025 07:07:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 679/705] Update .gitignore, folder fix (#5762)

---
 .gitignore | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 485272adfb..cb7165aaca 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 /*/target
 **/*.rs.bk
 **/*.bytecode
-__pycache__
+__pycache__/
 **/*.pytest_cache
 .*sw*
 .repl_history.txt
-.vscode
+.vscode/
 wasm-pack.log
 .idea/
 .envrc

From 9c88475b315541a5a86e5feb59432ab638a93d6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 6 May 2025 01:26:54 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 680/705] Split out common compression routines into separate
 file (#5728)

---
 stdlib/src/{ => compression}/bz2.rs  |   8 +-
 stdlib/src/compression/generic.rs    | 268 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs        |   5 +
 stdlib/src/{ => compression}/zlib.rs | 283 +--------------------------
 stdlib/src/lib.rs                    |   7 +-
 5 files changed, 286 insertions(+), 285 deletions(-)
 rename stdlib/src/{ => compression}/bz2.rs (98%)
 create mode 100644 stdlib/src/compression/generic.rs
 create mode 100644 stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
 rename stdlib/src/{ => compression}/zlib.rs (71%)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/bz2.rs b/stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from stdlib/src/bz2.rs
rename to stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs
index 6339a44a24..27cfcb14ae 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ pub(crate) use _bz2::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _bz2 {
+    use super::super::{
+        DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor,
+    };
     use crate::common::lock::PyMutex;
     use crate::vm::{
         VirtualMachine,
@@ -12,9 +15,6 @@ mod _bz2 {
         object::{PyPayload, PyResult},
         types::Constructor,
     };
-    use crate::zlib::{
-        DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor,
-    };
     use bzip2::{Decompress, Status, write::BzEncoder};
     use rustpython_vm::convert::ToPyException;
     use std::{fmt, io::Write};
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ mod _bz2 {
     impl BZ2Decompressor {
         #[pymethod]
         fn decompress(&self, args: DecompressArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let max_length = args.max_length();
+            let max_length = args.max_length_negative_is_none();
             let data = &*args.data();
 
             let mut state = self.state.lock();
diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/generic.rs b/stdlib/src/compression/generic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64fc687723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/src/compression/generic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+// cspell:ignore chunker
+use crate::vm::{
+    VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef},
+    convert::ToPyException,
+    function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgSize, OptionalArg},
+};
+
+#[derive(FromArgs)]
+pub(super) struct DecompressArgs {
+    #[pyarg(positional)]
+    data: ArgBytesLike,
+    #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+    pub max_length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>,
+}
+
+impl DecompressArgs {
+    pub fn data(&self) -> crate::common::borrow::BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
+        self.data.borrow_buf()
+    }
+    pub fn max_length_negative_is_none(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.max_length
+            .into_option()
+            .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok())
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) trait Decompressor {
+    type Flush: FlushKind;
+    type Status: DecompressStatus;
+    type Error;
+
+    fn total_in(&self) -> u64;
+    fn decompress_vec(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &[u8],
+        output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+        flush: Self::Flush,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error>;
+    fn maybe_set_dict(&mut self, err: Self::Error) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(err)
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) trait DecompressStatus {
+    fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+pub(super) trait FlushKind: Copy {
+    const SYNC: Self;
+}
+
+impl FlushKind for () {
+    const SYNC: Self = ();
+}
+
+pub(super) fn flush_sync<T: FlushKind>(_final_chunk: bool) -> T {
+    T::SYNC
+}
+
+pub(super) const CHUNKSIZE: usize = u32::MAX as usize;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(super) struct Chunker<'a> {
+    data1: &'a [u8],
+    data2: &'a [u8],
+}
+impl<'a> Chunker<'a> {
+    pub fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data1: data,
+            data2: &[],
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn chain(data1: &'a [u8], data2: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+        if data1.is_empty() {
+            Self {
+                data1: data2,
+                data2: &[],
+            }
+        } else {
+            Self { data1, data2 }
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data1.len() + self.data2.len()
+    }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data1.is_empty()
+    }
+    pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        [self.data1, self.data2].concat()
+    }
+    pub fn chunk(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
+        self.data1.get(..CHUNKSIZE).unwrap_or(self.data1)
+    }
+    pub fn advance(&mut self, consumed: usize) {
+        self.data1 = &self.data1[consumed..];
+        if self.data1.is_empty() {
+            self.data1 = std::mem::take(&mut self.data2);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) fn _decompress<D: Decompressor>(
+    data: &[u8],
+    d: &mut D,
+    bufsize: usize,
+    max_length: Option<usize>,
+    calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
+) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
+    let mut data = Chunker::new(data);
+    _decompress_chunks(&mut data, d, bufsize, max_length, calc_flush)
+}
+
+pub(super) fn _decompress_chunks<D: Decompressor>(
+    data: &mut Chunker<'_>,
+    d: &mut D,
+    bufsize: usize,
+    max_length: Option<usize>,
+    calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
+) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
+    if data.is_empty() {
+        return Ok((Vec::new(), true));
+    }
+    let max_length = max_length.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+
+    'outer: loop {
+        let chunk = data.chunk();
+        let flush = calc_flush(chunk.len() == data.len());
+        loop {
+            let additional = std::cmp::min(bufsize, max_length - buf.capacity());
+            if additional == 0 {
+                return Ok((buf, false));
+            }
+            buf.reserve_exact(additional);
+
+            let prev_in = d.total_in();
+            let res = d.decompress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, flush);
+            let consumed = d.total_in() - prev_in;
+
+            data.advance(consumed as usize);
+
+            match res {
+                Ok(status) => {
+                    let stream_end = status.is_stream_end();
+                    if stream_end || data.is_empty() {
+                        // we've reached the end of the stream, we're done
+                        buf.shrink_to_fit();
+                        return Ok((buf, stream_end));
+                    } else if !chunk.is_empty() && consumed == 0 {
+                        // we're gonna need a bigger buffer
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        // next chunk
+                        continue 'outer;
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    d.maybe_set_dict(e)?;
+                    // now try the next chunk
+                    continue 'outer;
+                }
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(super) struct DecompressState<D> {
+    decompress: D,
+    unused_data: PyBytesRef,
+    input_buffer: Vec<u8>,
+    eof: bool,
+    needs_input: bool,
+}
+
+impl<D: Decompressor> DecompressState<D> {
+    pub fn new(decompress: D, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            decompress,
+            unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
+            input_buffer: Vec::new(),
+            eof: false,
+            needs_input: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn eof(&self) -> bool {
+        self.eof
+    }
+
+    pub fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
+        self.unused_data.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
+        self.needs_input
+    }
+
+    pub fn decompress(
+        &mut self,
+        data: &[u8],
+        max_length: Option<usize>,
+        bufsize: usize,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DecompressError<D::Error>> {
+        if self.eof {
+            return Err(DecompressError::Eof(EofError));
+        }
+
+        let input_buffer = &mut self.input_buffer;
+        let d = &mut self.decompress;
+
+        let mut chunks = Chunker::chain(input_buffer, data);
+
+        let prev_len = chunks.len();
+        let (ret, stream_end) =
+            match _decompress_chunks(&mut chunks, d, bufsize, max_length, flush_sync) {
+                Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
+                Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
+            };
+        let consumed = prev_len - chunks.len();
+
+        self.eof |= stream_end;
+
+        if self.eof {
+            self.needs_input = false;
+            if !chunks.is_empty() {
+                self.unused_data = vm.ctx.new_bytes(chunks.to_vec());
+            }
+        } else if chunks.is_empty() {
+            input_buffer.clear();
+            self.needs_input = true;
+        } else {
+            self.needs_input = false;
+            if let Some(n_consumed_from_data) = consumed.checked_sub(input_buffer.len()) {
+                input_buffer.clear();
+                input_buffer.extend_from_slice(&data[n_consumed_from_data..]);
+            } else {
+                input_buffer.drain(..consumed);
+                input_buffer.extend_from_slice(data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        ret.map_err(DecompressError::Decompress)
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) enum DecompressError<E> {
+    Decompress(E),
+    Eof(EofError),
+}
+
+impl<E> From<E> for DecompressError<E> {
+    fn from(err: E) -> Self {
+        Self::Decompress(err)
+    }
+}
+
+pub(super) struct EofError;
+
+impl ToPyException for EofError {
+    fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        vm.new_eof_error("End of stream already reached".to_owned())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs b/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e4ced7c00c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+mod generic;
+use generic::*;
+
+pub mod bz2;
+pub mod zlib;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs
similarity index 71%
rename from stdlib/src/zlib.rs
rename to stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs
index 0578f20c86..f032057026 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore compressobj decompressobj zdict chunksize zlibmodule miniz chunker
+// spell-checker:ignore compressobj decompressobj zdict chunksize zlibmodule miniz
 
-pub(crate) use zlib::{DecompressArgs, make_module};
+pub(crate) use zlib::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod zlib {
-    use super::generic::{
-        DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor, FlushKind, flush_sync,
+    use super::super::{
+        _decompress, CHUNKSIZE, DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus,
+        Decompressor, FlushKind, flush_sync,
     };
     use crate::vm::{
         PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
@@ -144,113 +145,6 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clone)]
-    pub(crate) struct Chunker<'a> {
-        data1: &'a [u8],
-        data2: &'a [u8],
-    }
-    impl<'a> Chunker<'a> {
-        pub(crate) fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-            Self {
-                data1: data,
-                data2: &[],
-            }
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn chain(data1: &'a [u8], data2: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-            if data1.is_empty() {
-                Self {
-                    data1: data2,
-                    data2: &[],
-                }
-            } else {
-                Self { data1, data2 }
-            }
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
-            self.data1.len() + self.data2.len()
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-            self.data1.is_empty()
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
-            [self.data1, self.data2].concat()
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn chunk(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
-            self.data1.get(..CHUNKSIZE).unwrap_or(self.data1)
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn advance(&mut self, consumed: usize) {
-            self.data1 = &self.data1[consumed..];
-            if self.data1.is_empty() {
-                self.data1 = std::mem::take(&mut self.data2);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn _decompress<D: Decompressor>(
-        data: &[u8],
-        d: &mut D,
-        bufsize: usize,
-        max_length: Option<usize>,
-        calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
-    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
-        let mut data = Chunker::new(data);
-        _decompress_chunks(&mut data, d, bufsize, max_length, calc_flush)
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn _decompress_chunks<D: Decompressor>(
-        data: &mut Chunker<'_>,
-        d: &mut D,
-        bufsize: usize,
-        max_length: Option<usize>,
-        calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
-    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
-        if data.is_empty() {
-            return Ok((Vec::new(), true));
-        }
-        let max_length = max_length.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-        let mut buf = Vec::new();
-
-        'outer: loop {
-            let chunk = data.chunk();
-            let flush = calc_flush(chunk.len() == data.len());
-            loop {
-                let additional = std::cmp::min(bufsize, max_length - buf.capacity());
-                if additional == 0 {
-                    return Ok((buf, false));
-                }
-                buf.reserve_exact(additional);
-
-                let prev_in = d.total_in();
-                let res = d.decompress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, flush);
-                let consumed = d.total_in() - prev_in;
-
-                data.advance(consumed as usize);
-
-                match res {
-                    Ok(status) => {
-                        let stream_end = status.is_stream_end();
-                        if stream_end || data.is_empty() {
-                            // we've reached the end of the stream, we're done
-                            buf.shrink_to_fit();
-                            return Ok((buf, stream_end));
-                        } else if !chunk.is_empty() && consumed == 0 {
-                            // we're gonna need a bigger buffer
-                            continue;
-                        } else {
-                            // next chunk
-                            continue 'outer;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        d.maybe_set_dict(e)?;
-                        // now try the next chunk
-                        continue 'outer;
-                    }
-                };
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct PyFuncDecompressArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional)]
@@ -434,25 +328,6 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(FromArgs)]
-    pub(crate) struct DecompressArgs {
-        #[pyarg(positional)]
-        data: ArgBytesLike,
-        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
-        max_length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>,
-    }
-
-    impl DecompressArgs {
-        pub(crate) fn data(&self) -> crate::common::borrow::BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
-            self.data.borrow_buf()
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn max_length(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-            self.max_length
-                .into_option()
-                .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok())
-        }
-    }
-
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     #[allow(dead_code)] // FIXME: use args
     struct CompressobjArgs {
@@ -533,8 +408,6 @@ mod zlib {
         // }
     }
 
-    const CHUNKSIZE: usize = u32::MAX as usize;
-
     impl CompressInner {
         fn new(compress: Compress) -> Self {
             Self {
@@ -734,7 +607,7 @@ mod zlib {
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn decompress(&self, args: DecompressArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let max_length = args.max_length();
+            let max_length = args.max_length_negative_is_none();
             let data = &*args.data();
 
             let inner = &mut *self.inner.lock();
@@ -754,147 +627,3 @@ mod zlib {
         // }
     }
 }
-
-mod generic {
-    use super::zlib::{_decompress_chunks, Chunker};
-    use crate::vm::{
-        VirtualMachine,
-        builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef},
-        convert::ToPyException,
-    };
-
-    pub(crate) trait Decompressor {
-        type Flush: FlushKind;
-        type Status: DecompressStatus;
-        type Error;
-
-        fn total_in(&self) -> u64;
-        fn decompress_vec(
-            &mut self,
-            input: &[u8],
-            output: &mut Vec<u8>,
-            flush: Self::Flush,
-        ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error>;
-        fn maybe_set_dict(&mut self, err: Self::Error) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-            Err(err)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) trait DecompressStatus {
-        fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool;
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) trait FlushKind: Copy {
-        const SYNC: Self;
-    }
-
-    impl FlushKind for () {
-        const SYNC: Self = ();
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn flush_sync<T: FlushKind>(_final_chunk: bool) -> T {
-        T::SYNC
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    pub(crate) struct DecompressState<D> {
-        decompress: D,
-        unused_data: PyBytesRef,
-        input_buffer: Vec<u8>,
-        eof: bool,
-        needs_input: bool,
-    }
-
-    impl<D: Decompressor> DecompressState<D> {
-        pub(crate) fn new(decompress: D, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
-            Self {
-                decompress,
-                unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
-                input_buffer: Vec::new(),
-                eof: false,
-                needs_input: true,
-            }
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn eof(&self) -> bool {
-            self.eof
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
-            self.unused_data.clone()
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
-            self.needs_input
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn decompress(
-            &mut self,
-            data: &[u8],
-            max_length: Option<usize>,
-            bufsize: usize,
-            vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DecompressError<D::Error>> {
-            if self.eof {
-                return Err(DecompressError::Eof(EofError));
-            }
-
-            let input_buffer = &mut self.input_buffer;
-            let d = &mut self.decompress;
-
-            let mut chunks = Chunker::chain(input_buffer, data);
-
-            let prev_len = chunks.len();
-            let (ret, stream_end) =
-                match _decompress_chunks(&mut chunks, d, bufsize, max_length, flush_sync) {
-                    Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
-                    Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
-                };
-            let consumed = prev_len - chunks.len();
-
-            self.eof |= stream_end;
-
-            if self.eof {
-                self.needs_input = false;
-                if !chunks.is_empty() {
-                    self.unused_data = vm.ctx.new_bytes(chunks.to_vec());
-                }
-            } else if chunks.is_empty() {
-                input_buffer.clear();
-                self.needs_input = true;
-            } else {
-                self.needs_input = false;
-                if let Some(n_consumed_from_data) = consumed.checked_sub(input_buffer.len()) {
-                    input_buffer.clear();
-                    input_buffer.extend_from_slice(&data[n_consumed_from_data..]);
-                } else {
-                    input_buffer.drain(..consumed);
-                    input_buffer.extend_from_slice(data);
-                }
-            }
-
-            ret.map_err(DecompressError::Decompress)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) enum DecompressError<E> {
-        Decompress(E),
-        Eof(EofError),
-    }
-
-    impl<E> From<E> for DecompressError<E> {
-        fn from(err: E) -> Self {
-            Self::Decompress(err)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) struct EofError;
-
-    impl ToPyException for EofError {
-        fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-            vm.new_eof_error("End of stream already reached".to_owned())
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) use generic::{DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor};
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 7b3124c50d..9b99a7ea4f 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ mod sha256;
 mod sha3;
 mod sha512;
 
+mod compression;
 mod json;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 mod locale;
@@ -37,13 +38,11 @@ mod statistics;
 mod suggestions;
 // TODO: maybe make this an extension module, if we ever get those
 // mod re;
-mod bz2;
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub mod socket;
 #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
 mod syslog;
 mod unicodedata;
-mod zlib;
 
 mod faulthandler;
 #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
@@ -112,7 +111,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "array" => array::make_module,
             "binascii" => binascii::make_module,
             "_bisect" => bisect::make_module,
-            "_bz2" => bz2::make_module,
+            "_bz2" => compression::bz2::make_module,
             "cmath" => cmath::make_module,
             "_contextvars" => contextvars::make_module,
             "_csv" => csv::make_module,
@@ -133,7 +132,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "_statistics" => statistics::make_module,
             "_struct" => pystruct::make_module,
             "unicodedata" => unicodedata::make_module,
-            "zlib" => zlib::make_module,
+            "zlib" => compression::zlib::make_module,
             "_statistics" => statistics::make_module,
             "_suggestions" => suggestions::make_module,
             // crate::vm::sysmodule::sysconfigdata_name() => sysconfigdata::make_module,

From 48b08a2b7f1eaecf11a6f7bd126f578e10b9a7d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 May 2025 15:01:09 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 681/705] Revert "Split out common compression routines into
 separate file (#5728)"

This reverts commit 9c88475b315541a5a86e5feb59432ab638a93d6d.
---
 stdlib/src/{compression => }/bz2.rs  |   8 +-
 stdlib/src/compression/generic.rs    | 268 -------------------------
 stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs        |   5 -
 stdlib/src/lib.rs                    |   7 +-
 stdlib/src/{compression => }/zlib.rs | 283 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 5 files changed, 285 insertions(+), 286 deletions(-)
 rename stdlib/src/{compression => }/bz2.rs (98%)
 delete mode 100644 stdlib/src/compression/generic.rs
 delete mode 100644 stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
 rename stdlib/src/{compression => }/zlib.rs (71%)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs b/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
similarity index 98%
rename from stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs
rename to stdlib/src/bz2.rs
index 27cfcb14ae..6339a44a24 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@ pub(crate) use _bz2::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _bz2 {
-    use super::super::{
-        DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor,
-    };
     use crate::common::lock::PyMutex;
     use crate::vm::{
         VirtualMachine,
@@ -15,6 +12,9 @@ mod _bz2 {
         object::{PyPayload, PyResult},
         types::Constructor,
     };
+    use crate::zlib::{
+        DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor,
+    };
     use bzip2::{Decompress, Status, write::BzEncoder};
     use rustpython_vm::convert::ToPyException;
     use std::{fmt, io::Write};
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ mod _bz2 {
     impl BZ2Decompressor {
         #[pymethod]
         fn decompress(&self, args: DecompressArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let max_length = args.max_length_negative_is_none();
+            let max_length = args.max_length();
             let data = &*args.data();
 
             let mut state = self.state.lock();
diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/generic.rs b/stdlib/src/compression/generic.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 64fc687723..0000000000
--- a/stdlib/src/compression/generic.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,268 +0,0 @@
-// cspell:ignore chunker
-use crate::vm::{
-    VirtualMachine,
-    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef},
-    convert::ToPyException,
-    function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgSize, OptionalArg},
-};
-
-#[derive(FromArgs)]
-pub(super) struct DecompressArgs {
-    #[pyarg(positional)]
-    data: ArgBytesLike,
-    #[pyarg(any, optional)]
-    pub max_length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>,
-}
-
-impl DecompressArgs {
-    pub fn data(&self) -> crate::common::borrow::BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
-        self.data.borrow_buf()
-    }
-    pub fn max_length_negative_is_none(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.max_length
-            .into_option()
-            .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok())
-    }
-}
-
-pub(super) trait Decompressor {
-    type Flush: FlushKind;
-    type Status: DecompressStatus;
-    type Error;
-
-    fn total_in(&self) -> u64;
-    fn decompress_vec(
-        &mut self,
-        input: &[u8],
-        output: &mut Vec<u8>,
-        flush: Self::Flush,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error>;
-    fn maybe_set_dict(&mut self, err: Self::Error) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        Err(err)
-    }
-}
-
-pub(super) trait DecompressStatus {
-    fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool;
-}
-
-pub(super) trait FlushKind: Copy {
-    const SYNC: Self;
-}
-
-impl FlushKind for () {
-    const SYNC: Self = ();
-}
-
-pub(super) fn flush_sync<T: FlushKind>(_final_chunk: bool) -> T {
-    T::SYNC
-}
-
-pub(super) const CHUNKSIZE: usize = u32::MAX as usize;
-
-#[derive(Clone)]
-pub(super) struct Chunker<'a> {
-    data1: &'a [u8],
-    data2: &'a [u8],
-}
-impl<'a> Chunker<'a> {
-    pub fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            data1: data,
-            data2: &[],
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn chain(data1: &'a [u8], data2: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-        if data1.is_empty() {
-            Self {
-                data1: data2,
-                data2: &[],
-            }
-        } else {
-            Self { data1, data2 }
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
-        self.data1.len() + self.data2.len()
-    }
-    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-        self.data1.is_empty()
-    }
-    pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
-        [self.data1, self.data2].concat()
-    }
-    pub fn chunk(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
-        self.data1.get(..CHUNKSIZE).unwrap_or(self.data1)
-    }
-    pub fn advance(&mut self, consumed: usize) {
-        self.data1 = &self.data1[consumed..];
-        if self.data1.is_empty() {
-            self.data1 = std::mem::take(&mut self.data2);
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub(super) fn _decompress<D: Decompressor>(
-    data: &[u8],
-    d: &mut D,
-    bufsize: usize,
-    max_length: Option<usize>,
-    calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
-) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
-    let mut data = Chunker::new(data);
-    _decompress_chunks(&mut data, d, bufsize, max_length, calc_flush)
-}
-
-pub(super) fn _decompress_chunks<D: Decompressor>(
-    data: &mut Chunker<'_>,
-    d: &mut D,
-    bufsize: usize,
-    max_length: Option<usize>,
-    calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
-) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
-    if data.is_empty() {
-        return Ok((Vec::new(), true));
-    }
-    let max_length = max_length.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-    let mut buf = Vec::new();
-
-    'outer: loop {
-        let chunk = data.chunk();
-        let flush = calc_flush(chunk.len() == data.len());
-        loop {
-            let additional = std::cmp::min(bufsize, max_length - buf.capacity());
-            if additional == 0 {
-                return Ok((buf, false));
-            }
-            buf.reserve_exact(additional);
-
-            let prev_in = d.total_in();
-            let res = d.decompress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, flush);
-            let consumed = d.total_in() - prev_in;
-
-            data.advance(consumed as usize);
-
-            match res {
-                Ok(status) => {
-                    let stream_end = status.is_stream_end();
-                    if stream_end || data.is_empty() {
-                        // we've reached the end of the stream, we're done
-                        buf.shrink_to_fit();
-                        return Ok((buf, stream_end));
-                    } else if !chunk.is_empty() && consumed == 0 {
-                        // we're gonna need a bigger buffer
-                        continue;
-                    } else {
-                        // next chunk
-                        continue 'outer;
-                    }
-                }
-                Err(e) => {
-                    d.maybe_set_dict(e)?;
-                    // now try the next chunk
-                    continue 'outer;
-                }
-            };
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub(super) struct DecompressState<D> {
-    decompress: D,
-    unused_data: PyBytesRef,
-    input_buffer: Vec<u8>,
-    eof: bool,
-    needs_input: bool,
-}
-
-impl<D: Decompressor> DecompressState<D> {
-    pub fn new(decompress: D, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            decompress,
-            unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
-            input_buffer: Vec::new(),
-            eof: false,
-            needs_input: true,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn eof(&self) -> bool {
-        self.eof
-    }
-
-    pub fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
-        self.unused_data.clone()
-    }
-
-    pub fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
-        self.needs_input
-    }
-
-    pub fn decompress(
-        &mut self,
-        data: &[u8],
-        max_length: Option<usize>,
-        bufsize: usize,
-        vm: &VirtualMachine,
-    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DecompressError<D::Error>> {
-        if self.eof {
-            return Err(DecompressError::Eof(EofError));
-        }
-
-        let input_buffer = &mut self.input_buffer;
-        let d = &mut self.decompress;
-
-        let mut chunks = Chunker::chain(input_buffer, data);
-
-        let prev_len = chunks.len();
-        let (ret, stream_end) =
-            match _decompress_chunks(&mut chunks, d, bufsize, max_length, flush_sync) {
-                Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
-                Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
-            };
-        let consumed = prev_len - chunks.len();
-
-        self.eof |= stream_end;
-
-        if self.eof {
-            self.needs_input = false;
-            if !chunks.is_empty() {
-                self.unused_data = vm.ctx.new_bytes(chunks.to_vec());
-            }
-        } else if chunks.is_empty() {
-            input_buffer.clear();
-            self.needs_input = true;
-        } else {
-            self.needs_input = false;
-            if let Some(n_consumed_from_data) = consumed.checked_sub(input_buffer.len()) {
-                input_buffer.clear();
-                input_buffer.extend_from_slice(&data[n_consumed_from_data..]);
-            } else {
-                input_buffer.drain(..consumed);
-                input_buffer.extend_from_slice(data);
-            }
-        }
-
-        ret.map_err(DecompressError::Decompress)
-    }
-}
-
-pub(super) enum DecompressError<E> {
-    Decompress(E),
-    Eof(EofError),
-}
-
-impl<E> From<E> for DecompressError<E> {
-    fn from(err: E) -> Self {
-        Self::Decompress(err)
-    }
-}
-
-pub(super) struct EofError;
-
-impl ToPyException for EofError {
-    fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-        vm.new_eof_error("End of stream already reached".to_owned())
-    }
-}
diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs b/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index e4ced7c00c..0000000000
--- a/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-mod generic;
-use generic::*;
-
-pub mod bz2;
-pub mod zlib;
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 9b99a7ea4f..7b3124c50d 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ mod sha256;
 mod sha3;
 mod sha512;
 
-mod compression;
 mod json;
 #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "ios", target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
 mod locale;
@@ -38,11 +37,13 @@ mod statistics;
 mod suggestions;
 // TODO: maybe make this an extension module, if we ever get those
 // mod re;
+mod bz2;
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub mod socket;
 #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
 mod syslog;
 mod unicodedata;
+mod zlib;
 
 mod faulthandler;
 #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
@@ -111,7 +112,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "array" => array::make_module,
             "binascii" => binascii::make_module,
             "_bisect" => bisect::make_module,
-            "_bz2" => compression::bz2::make_module,
+            "_bz2" => bz2::make_module,
             "cmath" => cmath::make_module,
             "_contextvars" => contextvars::make_module,
             "_csv" => csv::make_module,
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "_statistics" => statistics::make_module,
             "_struct" => pystruct::make_module,
             "unicodedata" => unicodedata::make_module,
-            "zlib" => compression::zlib::make_module,
+            "zlib" => zlib::make_module,
             "_statistics" => statistics::make_module,
             "_suggestions" => suggestions::make_module,
             // crate::vm::sysmodule::sysconfigdata_name() => sysconfigdata::make_module,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
similarity index 71%
rename from stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs
rename to stdlib/src/zlib.rs
index f032057026..0578f20c86 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
@@ -1,12 +1,11 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore compressobj decompressobj zdict chunksize zlibmodule miniz
+// spell-checker:ignore compressobj decompressobj zdict chunksize zlibmodule miniz chunker
 
-pub(crate) use zlib::make_module;
+pub(crate) use zlib::{DecompressArgs, make_module};
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod zlib {
-    use super::super::{
-        _decompress, CHUNKSIZE, DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus,
-        Decompressor, FlushKind, flush_sync,
+    use super::generic::{
+        DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor, FlushKind, flush_sync,
     };
     use crate::vm::{
         PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
@@ -145,6 +144,113 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub(crate) struct Chunker<'a> {
+        data1: &'a [u8],
+        data2: &'a [u8],
+    }
+    impl<'a> Chunker<'a> {
+        pub(crate) fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                data1: data,
+                data2: &[],
+            }
+        }
+        pub(crate) fn chain(data1: &'a [u8], data2: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+            if data1.is_empty() {
+                Self {
+                    data1: data2,
+                    data2: &[],
+                }
+            } else {
+                Self { data1, data2 }
+            }
+        }
+        pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
+            self.data1.len() + self.data2.len()
+        }
+        pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+            self.data1.is_empty()
+        }
+        pub(crate) fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+            [self.data1, self.data2].concat()
+        }
+        pub(crate) fn chunk(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
+            self.data1.get(..CHUNKSIZE).unwrap_or(self.data1)
+        }
+        pub(crate) fn advance(&mut self, consumed: usize) {
+            self.data1 = &self.data1[consumed..];
+            if self.data1.is_empty() {
+                self.data1 = std::mem::take(&mut self.data2);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn _decompress<D: Decompressor>(
+        data: &[u8],
+        d: &mut D,
+        bufsize: usize,
+        max_length: Option<usize>,
+        calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
+    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
+        let mut data = Chunker::new(data);
+        _decompress_chunks(&mut data, d, bufsize, max_length, calc_flush)
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn _decompress_chunks<D: Decompressor>(
+        data: &mut Chunker<'_>,
+        d: &mut D,
+        bufsize: usize,
+        max_length: Option<usize>,
+        calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
+    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
+        if data.is_empty() {
+            return Ok((Vec::new(), true));
+        }
+        let max_length = max_length.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+
+        'outer: loop {
+            let chunk = data.chunk();
+            let flush = calc_flush(chunk.len() == data.len());
+            loop {
+                let additional = std::cmp::min(bufsize, max_length - buf.capacity());
+                if additional == 0 {
+                    return Ok((buf, false));
+                }
+                buf.reserve_exact(additional);
+
+                let prev_in = d.total_in();
+                let res = d.decompress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, flush);
+                let consumed = d.total_in() - prev_in;
+
+                data.advance(consumed as usize);
+
+                match res {
+                    Ok(status) => {
+                        let stream_end = status.is_stream_end();
+                        if stream_end || data.is_empty() {
+                            // we've reached the end of the stream, we're done
+                            buf.shrink_to_fit();
+                            return Ok((buf, stream_end));
+                        } else if !chunk.is_empty() && consumed == 0 {
+                            // we're gonna need a bigger buffer
+                            continue;
+                        } else {
+                            // next chunk
+                            continue 'outer;
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        d.maybe_set_dict(e)?;
+                        // now try the next chunk
+                        continue 'outer;
+                    }
+                };
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct PyFuncDecompressArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional)]
@@ -328,6 +434,25 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
+    #[derive(FromArgs)]
+    pub(crate) struct DecompressArgs {
+        #[pyarg(positional)]
+        data: ArgBytesLike,
+        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+        max_length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>,
+    }
+
+    impl DecompressArgs {
+        pub(crate) fn data(&self) -> crate::common::borrow::BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
+            self.data.borrow_buf()
+        }
+        pub(crate) fn max_length(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+            self.max_length
+                .into_option()
+                .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok())
+        }
+    }
+
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     #[allow(dead_code)] // FIXME: use args
     struct CompressobjArgs {
@@ -408,6 +533,8 @@ mod zlib {
         // }
     }
 
+    const CHUNKSIZE: usize = u32::MAX as usize;
+
     impl CompressInner {
         fn new(compress: Compress) -> Self {
             Self {
@@ -607,7 +734,7 @@ mod zlib {
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn decompress(&self, args: DecompressArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let max_length = args.max_length_negative_is_none();
+            let max_length = args.max_length();
             let data = &*args.data();
 
             let inner = &mut *self.inner.lock();
@@ -627,3 +754,147 @@ mod zlib {
         // }
     }
 }
+
+mod generic {
+    use super::zlib::{_decompress_chunks, Chunker};
+    use crate::vm::{
+        VirtualMachine,
+        builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef},
+        convert::ToPyException,
+    };
+
+    pub(crate) trait Decompressor {
+        type Flush: FlushKind;
+        type Status: DecompressStatus;
+        type Error;
+
+        fn total_in(&self) -> u64;
+        fn decompress_vec(
+            &mut self,
+            input: &[u8],
+            output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+            flush: Self::Flush,
+        ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error>;
+        fn maybe_set_dict(&mut self, err: Self::Error) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+            Err(err)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) trait DecompressStatus {
+        fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool;
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) trait FlushKind: Copy {
+        const SYNC: Self;
+    }
+
+    impl FlushKind for () {
+        const SYNC: Self = ();
+    }
+
+    pub(super) fn flush_sync<T: FlushKind>(_final_chunk: bool) -> T {
+        T::SYNC
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub(crate) struct DecompressState<D> {
+        decompress: D,
+        unused_data: PyBytesRef,
+        input_buffer: Vec<u8>,
+        eof: bool,
+        needs_input: bool,
+    }
+
+    impl<D: Decompressor> DecompressState<D> {
+        pub(crate) fn new(decompress: D, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                decompress,
+                unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
+                input_buffer: Vec::new(),
+                eof: false,
+                needs_input: true,
+            }
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn eof(&self) -> bool {
+            self.eof
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
+            self.unused_data.clone()
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
+            self.needs_input
+        }
+
+        pub(crate) fn decompress(
+            &mut self,
+            data: &[u8],
+            max_length: Option<usize>,
+            bufsize: usize,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DecompressError<D::Error>> {
+            if self.eof {
+                return Err(DecompressError::Eof(EofError));
+            }
+
+            let input_buffer = &mut self.input_buffer;
+            let d = &mut self.decompress;
+
+            let mut chunks = Chunker::chain(input_buffer, data);
+
+            let prev_len = chunks.len();
+            let (ret, stream_end) =
+                match _decompress_chunks(&mut chunks, d, bufsize, max_length, flush_sync) {
+                    Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
+                    Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
+                };
+            let consumed = prev_len - chunks.len();
+
+            self.eof |= stream_end;
+
+            if self.eof {
+                self.needs_input = false;
+                if !chunks.is_empty() {
+                    self.unused_data = vm.ctx.new_bytes(chunks.to_vec());
+                }
+            } else if chunks.is_empty() {
+                input_buffer.clear();
+                self.needs_input = true;
+            } else {
+                self.needs_input = false;
+                if let Some(n_consumed_from_data) = consumed.checked_sub(input_buffer.len()) {
+                    input_buffer.clear();
+                    input_buffer.extend_from_slice(&data[n_consumed_from_data..]);
+                } else {
+                    input_buffer.drain(..consumed);
+                    input_buffer.extend_from_slice(data);
+                }
+            }
+
+            ret.map_err(DecompressError::Decompress)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) enum DecompressError<E> {
+        Decompress(E),
+        Eof(EofError),
+    }
+
+    impl<E> From<E> for DecompressError<E> {
+        fn from(err: E) -> Self {
+            Self::Decompress(err)
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) struct EofError;
+
+    impl ToPyException for EofError {
+        fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+            vm.new_eof_error("End of stream already reached".to_owned())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) use generic::{DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor};

From 2a1ea45659a2c92a20fcb13ec42f613dc8bab57e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 19 Apr 2025 11:42:46 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 682/705] add _lzma module with new dependency

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock         | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 stdlib/Cargo.toml  |  1 +
 stdlib/src/lib.rs  |  2 ++
 stdlib/src/lzma.rs |  6 ++++++
 4 files changed, 41 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 stdlib/src/lzma.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 38aad89fed..46c7135d83 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -237,6 +237,12 @@ version = "1.22.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b6b1fc10dbac614ebc03540c9dbd60e83887fda27794998c6528f1782047d540"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "byteorder"
+version = "1.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bzip2"
 version = "0.5.2"
@@ -630,6 +636,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "crc"
+version = "3.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "69e6e4d7b33a94f0991c26729976b10ebde1d34c3ee82408fb536164fa10d636"
+dependencies = [
+ "crc-catalog",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crc-catalog"
+version = "2.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "19d374276b40fb8bbdee95aef7c7fa6b5316ec764510eb64b8dd0e2ed0d7e7f5"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crc32fast"
 version = "1.4.2"
@@ -1396,6 +1417,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "twox-hash",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lzma-rs"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "297e814c836ae64db86b36cf2a557ba54368d03f6afcd7d947c266692f71115e"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+ "crc",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mac_address"
 version = "1.1.8"
@@ -2467,6 +2498,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "libsqlite3-sys",
  "libz-rs-sys",
+ "lzma-rs",
  "mac_address",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "md-5",
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 8fcaaa24d9..70f70b8552 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ crc32fast = "1.3.2"
 flate2 = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, features = ["zlib-rs"] }
 libz-sys = { package = "libz-rs-sys", version = "0.5" }
 bzip2 = { version = "0.5", features = ["libbz2-rs-sys"] }
+lzma-rs = "0.3"
 
 # tkinter
 tk-sys = { git = "https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git", tag = "v0.2.0", optional = true }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index 7b3124c50d..e8ba5570d5 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ mod uuid;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "tkinter")]
 mod tkinter;
+mod lzma;
 
 use rustpython_common as common;
 use rustpython_vm as vm;
@@ -120,6 +121,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "faulthandler" => faulthandler::make_module,
             "gc" => gc::make_module,
             "_hashlib" => hashlib::make_module,
+            "_lzma" => lzma::make_module,
             "_sha1" => sha1::make_module,
             "_sha3" => sha3::make_module,
             "_sha256" => sha256::make_module,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lzma.rs b/stdlib/src/lzma.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d80449621c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/src/lzma.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+pub(crate) use _lzma::make_module;
+
+#[pymodule]
+mod _lzma {
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file

From 2042d877f9aeaec994e7ca0ab4c24517430a3977 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 19 Apr 2025 16:26:03 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 683/705] add lzma.py and test_lzma.py at 3.13.2

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Lib/lzma.py           |  364 +++++++
 Lib/test/test_lzma.py | 2095 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 2459 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Lib/lzma.py
 create mode 100644 Lib/test/test_lzma.py

diff --git a/Lib/lzma.py b/Lib/lzma.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6668921f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lzma.py
@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+"""Interface to the liblzma compression library.
+
+This module provides a class for reading and writing compressed files,
+classes for incremental (de)compression, and convenience functions for
+one-shot (de)compression.
+
+These classes and functions support both the XZ and legacy LZMA
+container formats, as well as raw compressed data streams.
+"""
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CHECK_NONE", "CHECK_CRC32", "CHECK_CRC64", "CHECK_SHA256",
+    "CHECK_ID_MAX", "CHECK_UNKNOWN",
+    "FILTER_LZMA1", "FILTER_LZMA2", "FILTER_DELTA", "FILTER_X86", "FILTER_IA64",
+    "FILTER_ARM", "FILTER_ARMTHUMB", "FILTER_POWERPC", "FILTER_SPARC",
+    "FORMAT_AUTO", "FORMAT_XZ", "FORMAT_ALONE", "FORMAT_RAW",
+    "MF_HC3", "MF_HC4", "MF_BT2", "MF_BT3", "MF_BT4",
+    "MODE_FAST", "MODE_NORMAL", "PRESET_DEFAULT", "PRESET_EXTREME",
+
+    "LZMACompressor", "LZMADecompressor", "LZMAFile", "LZMAError",
+    "open", "compress", "decompress", "is_check_supported",
+]
+
+import builtins
+import io
+import os
+from _lzma import *
+from _lzma import _encode_filter_properties, _decode_filter_properties
+import _compression
+
+
+# Value 0 no longer used
+_MODE_READ     = 1
+# Value 2 no longer used
+_MODE_WRITE    = 3
+
+
+class LZMAFile(_compression.BaseStream):
+
+    """A file object providing transparent LZMA (de)compression.
+
+    An LZMAFile can act as a wrapper for an existing file object, or
+    refer directly to a named file on disk.
+
+    Note that LZMAFile provides a *binary* file interface - data read
+    is returned as bytes, and data to be written must be given as bytes.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, filename=None, mode="r", *,
+                 format=None, check=-1, preset=None, filters=None):
+        """Open an LZMA-compressed file in binary mode.
+
+        filename can be either an actual file name (given as a str,
+        bytes, or PathLike object), in which case the named file is
+        opened, or it can be an existing file object to read from or
+        write to.
+
+        mode can be "r" for reading (default), "w" for (over)writing,
+        "x" for creating exclusively, or "a" for appending. These can
+        equivalently be given as "rb", "wb", "xb" and "ab" respectively.
+
+        format specifies the container format to use for the file.
+        If mode is "r", this defaults to FORMAT_AUTO. Otherwise, the
+        default is FORMAT_XZ.
+
+        check specifies the integrity check to use. This argument can
+        only be used when opening a file for writing. For FORMAT_XZ,
+        the default is CHECK_CRC64. FORMAT_ALONE and FORMAT_RAW do not
+        support integrity checks - for these formats, check must be
+        omitted, or be CHECK_NONE.
+
+        When opening a file for reading, the *preset* argument is not
+        meaningful, and should be omitted. The *filters* argument should
+        also be omitted, except when format is FORMAT_RAW (in which case
+        it is required).
+
+        When opening a file for writing, the settings used by the
+        compressor can be specified either as a preset compression
+        level (with the *preset* argument), or in detail as a custom
+        filter chain (with the *filters* argument). For FORMAT_XZ and
+        FORMAT_ALONE, the default is to use the PRESET_DEFAULT preset
+        level. For FORMAT_RAW, the caller must always specify a filter
+        chain; the raw compressor does not support preset compression
+        levels.
+
+        preset (if provided) should be an integer in the range 0-9,
+        optionally OR-ed with the constant PRESET_EXTREME.
+
+        filters (if provided) should be a sequence of dicts. Each dict
+        should have an entry for "id" indicating ID of the filter, plus
+        additional entries for options to the filter.
+        """
+        self._fp = None
+        self._closefp = False
+        self._mode = None
+
+        if mode in ("r", "rb"):
+            if check != -1:
+                raise ValueError("Cannot specify an integrity check "
+                                 "when opening a file for reading")
+            if preset is not None:
+                raise ValueError("Cannot specify a preset compression "
+                                 "level when opening a file for reading")
+            if format is None:
+                format = FORMAT_AUTO
+            mode_code = _MODE_READ
+        elif mode in ("w", "wb", "a", "ab", "x", "xb"):
+            if format is None:
+                format = FORMAT_XZ
+            mode_code = _MODE_WRITE
+            self._compressor = LZMACompressor(format=format, check=check,
+                                              preset=preset, filters=filters)
+            self._pos = 0
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid mode: {!r}".format(mode))
+
+        if isinstance(filename, (str, bytes, os.PathLike)):
+            if "b" not in mode:
+                mode += "b"
+            self._fp = builtins.open(filename, mode)
+            self._closefp = True
+            self._mode = mode_code
+        elif hasattr(filename, "read") or hasattr(filename, "write"):
+            self._fp = filename
+            self._mode = mode_code
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("filename must be a str, bytes, file or PathLike object")
+
+        if self._mode == _MODE_READ:
+            raw = _compression.DecompressReader(self._fp, LZMADecompressor,
+                                                trailing_error=LZMAError, format=format, filters=filters)
+            self._buffer = io.BufferedReader(raw)
+
+    def close(self):
+        """Flush and close the file.
+
+        May be called more than once without error. Once the file is
+        closed, any other operation on it will raise a ValueError.
+        """
+        if self.closed:
+            return
+        try:
+            if self._mode == _MODE_READ:
+                self._buffer.close()
+                self._buffer = None
+            elif self._mode == _MODE_WRITE:
+                self._fp.write(self._compressor.flush())
+                self._compressor = None
+        finally:
+            try:
+                if self._closefp:
+                    self._fp.close()
+            finally:
+                self._fp = None
+                self._closefp = False
+
+    @property
+    def closed(self):
+        """True if this file is closed."""
+        return self._fp is None
+
+    @property
+    def name(self):
+        self._check_not_closed()
+        return self._fp.name
+
+    @property
+    def mode(self):
+        return 'wb' if self._mode == _MODE_WRITE else 'rb'
+
+    def fileno(self):
+        """Return the file descriptor for the underlying file."""
+        self._check_not_closed()
+        return self._fp.fileno()
+
+    def seekable(self):
+        """Return whether the file supports seeking."""
+        return self.readable() and self._buffer.seekable()
+
+    def readable(self):
+        """Return whether the file was opened for reading."""
+        self._check_not_closed()
+        return self._mode == _MODE_READ
+
+    def writable(self):
+        """Return whether the file was opened for writing."""
+        self._check_not_closed()
+        return self._mode == _MODE_WRITE
+
+    def peek(self, size=-1):
+        """Return buffered data without advancing the file position.
+
+        Always returns at least one byte of data, unless at EOF.
+        The exact number of bytes returned is unspecified.
+        """
+        self._check_can_read()
+        # Relies on the undocumented fact that BufferedReader.peek() always
+        # returns at least one byte (except at EOF)
+        return self._buffer.peek(size)
+
+    def read(self, size=-1):
+        """Read up to size uncompressed bytes from the file.
+
+        If size is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached.
+        Returns b"" if the file is already at EOF.
+        """
+        self._check_can_read()
+        return self._buffer.read(size)
+
+    def read1(self, size=-1):
+        """Read up to size uncompressed bytes, while trying to avoid
+        making multiple reads from the underlying stream. Reads up to a
+        buffer's worth of data if size is negative.
+
+        Returns b"" if the file is at EOF.
+        """
+        self._check_can_read()
+        if size < 0:
+            size = io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
+        return self._buffer.read1(size)
+
+    def readline(self, size=-1):
+        """Read a line of uncompressed bytes from the file.
+
+        The terminating newline (if present) is retained. If size is
+        non-negative, no more than size bytes will be read (in which
+        case the line may be incomplete). Returns b'' if already at EOF.
+        """
+        self._check_can_read()
+        return self._buffer.readline(size)
+
+    def write(self, data):
+        """Write a bytes object to the file.
+
+        Returns the number of uncompressed bytes written, which is
+        always the length of data in bytes. Note that due to buffering,
+        the file on disk may not reflect the data written until close()
+        is called.
+        """
+        self._check_can_write()
+        if isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
+            length = len(data)
+        else:
+            # accept any data that supports the buffer protocol
+            data = memoryview(data)
+            length = data.nbytes
+
+        compressed = self._compressor.compress(data)
+        self._fp.write(compressed)
+        self._pos += length
+        return length
+
+    def seek(self, offset, whence=io.SEEK_SET):
+        """Change the file position.
+
+        The new position is specified by offset, relative to the
+        position indicated by whence. Possible values for whence are:
+
+            0: start of stream (default): offset must not be negative
+            1: current stream position
+            2: end of stream; offset must not be positive
+
+        Returns the new file position.
+
+        Note that seeking is emulated, so depending on the parameters,
+        this operation may be extremely slow.
+        """
+        self._check_can_seek()
+        return self._buffer.seek(offset, whence)
+
+    def tell(self):
+        """Return the current file position."""
+        self._check_not_closed()
+        if self._mode == _MODE_READ:
+            return self._buffer.tell()
+        return self._pos
+
+
+def open(filename, mode="rb", *,
+         format=None, check=-1, preset=None, filters=None,
+         encoding=None, errors=None, newline=None):
+    """Open an LZMA-compressed file in binary or text mode.
+
+    filename can be either an actual file name (given as a str, bytes,
+    or PathLike object), in which case the named file is opened, or it
+    can be an existing file object to read from or write to.
+
+    The mode argument can be "r", "rb" (default), "w", "wb", "x", "xb",
+    "a", or "ab" for binary mode, or "rt", "wt", "xt", or "at" for text
+    mode.
+
+    The format, check, preset and filters arguments specify the
+    compression settings, as for LZMACompressor, LZMADecompressor and
+    LZMAFile.
+
+    For binary mode, this function is equivalent to the LZMAFile
+    constructor: LZMAFile(filename, mode, ...). In this case, the
+    encoding, errors and newline arguments must not be provided.
+
+    For text mode, an LZMAFile object is created, and wrapped in an
+    io.TextIOWrapper instance with the specified encoding, error
+    handling behavior, and line ending(s).
+
+    """
+    if "t" in mode:
+        if "b" in mode:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid mode: %r" % (mode,))
+    else:
+        if encoding is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Argument 'encoding' not supported in binary mode")
+        if errors is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Argument 'errors' not supported in binary mode")
+        if newline is not None:
+            raise ValueError("Argument 'newline' not supported in binary mode")
+
+    lz_mode = mode.replace("t", "")
+    binary_file = LZMAFile(filename, lz_mode, format=format, check=check,
+                           preset=preset, filters=filters)
+
+    if "t" in mode:
+        encoding = io.text_encoding(encoding)
+        return io.TextIOWrapper(binary_file, encoding, errors, newline)
+    else:
+        return binary_file
+
+
+def compress(data, format=FORMAT_XZ, check=-1, preset=None, filters=None):
+    """Compress a block of data.
+
+    Refer to LZMACompressor's docstring for a description of the
+    optional arguments *format*, *check*, *preset* and *filters*.
+
+    For incremental compression, use an LZMACompressor instead.
+    """
+    comp = LZMACompressor(format, check, preset, filters)
+    return comp.compress(data) + comp.flush()
+
+
+def decompress(data, format=FORMAT_AUTO, memlimit=None, filters=None):
+    """Decompress a block of data.
+
+    Refer to LZMADecompressor's docstring for a description of the
+    optional arguments *format*, *check* and *filters*.
+
+    For incremental decompression, use an LZMADecompressor instead.
+    """
+    results = []
+    while True:
+        decomp = LZMADecompressor(format, memlimit, filters)
+        try:
+            res = decomp.decompress(data)
+        except LZMAError:
+            if results:
+                break  # Leftover data is not a valid LZMA/XZ stream; ignore it.
+            else:
+                raise  # Error on the first iteration; bail out.
+        results.append(res)
+        if not decomp.eof:
+            raise LZMAError("Compressed data ended before the "
+                            "end-of-stream marker was reached")
+        data = decomp.unused_data
+        if not data:
+            break
+    return b"".join(results)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_lzma.py b/Lib/test/test_lzma.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df6636c505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/test/test_lzma.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2095 @@
+import _compression
+import array
+from io import BytesIO, UnsupportedOperation, DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
+import os
+import pickle
+import random
+import sys
+from test import support
+import unittest
+
+from test.support import _4G, bigmemtest
+from test.support.import_helper import import_module
+from test.support.os_helper import (
+    TESTFN, unlink, FakePath
+)
+
+lzma = import_module("lzma")
+from lzma import LZMACompressor, LZMADecompressor, LZMAError, LZMAFile
+
+
+class CompressorDecompressorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    # Test error cases.
+
+    def test_simple_bad_args(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMACompressor, [])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMACompressor, format=3.45)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMACompressor, check="")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMACompressor, preset="asdf")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMACompressor, filters=3)
+        # Can't specify FORMAT_AUTO when compressing.
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, LZMACompressor, format=lzma.FORMAT_AUTO)
+        # Can't specify a preset and a custom filter chain at the same time.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMACompressor(preset=7, filters=[{"id": lzma.FILTER_LZMA2}])
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMADecompressor, ())
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMADecompressor, memlimit=b"qw")
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters="zzz")
+        # Cannot specify a memory limit with FILTER_RAW.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, memlimit=0x1000000)
+        # Can only specify a custom filter chain with FILTER_RAW.
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, LZMADecompressor, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMADecompressor(format=lzma.FORMAT_XZ, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMADecompressor(format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+
+        lzc = LZMACompressor()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzc.compress)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzc.compress, b"foo", b"bar")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzc.flush, b"blah")
+        empty = lzc.flush()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lzc.compress, b"quux")
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, lzc.flush)
+
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzd.decompress)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzd.decompress, b"foo", b"bar")
+        lzd.decompress(empty)
+        self.assertRaises(EOFError, lzd.decompress, b"quux")
+
+    def test_bad_filter_spec(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMACompressor, filters=[b"wobsite"])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, LZMACompressor, filters=[{"xyzzy": 3}])
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, LZMACompressor, filters=[{"id": 98765}])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMACompressor(filters=[{"id": lzma.FILTER_LZMA2, "foo": 0}])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMACompressor(filters=[{"id": lzma.FILTER_DELTA, "foo": 0}])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMACompressor(filters=[{"id": lzma.FILTER_X86, "foo": 0}])
+
+    def test_decompressor_after_eof(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ)
+        self.assertRaises(EOFError, lzd.decompress, b"nyan")
+
+    def test_decompressor_memlimit(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(memlimit=1024)
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_XZ)
+
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_XZ, memlimit=1024)
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_XZ)
+
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_ALONE, memlimit=1024)
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_ALONE)
+
+    # Test LZMADecompressor on known-good input data.
+
+    def _test_decompressor(self, lzd, data, check, unused_data=b""):
+        self.assertFalse(lzd.eof)
+        out = lzd.decompress(data)
+        self.assertEqual(out, INPUT)
+        self.assertEqual(lzd.check, check)
+        self.assertTrue(lzd.eof)
+        self.assertEqual(lzd.unused_data, unused_data)
+
+    def test_decompressor_auto(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_XZ, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
+
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_ALONE, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
+
+    def test_decompressor_xz(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_XZ)
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_XZ, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
+
+    def test_decompressor_alone(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_ALONE)
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_ALONE, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
+
+    def test_decompressor_raw_1(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_RAW_1, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
+
+    def test_decompressor_raw_2(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_2)
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_RAW_2, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
+
+    def test_decompressor_raw_3(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_3)
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_RAW_3, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
+
+    def test_decompressor_raw_4(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_RAW_4, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
+
+    def test_decompressor_chunks(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        out = []
+        for i in range(0, len(COMPRESSED_XZ), 10):
+            self.assertFalse(lzd.eof)
+            out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[i:i+10]))
+        out = b"".join(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out, INPUT)
+        self.assertEqual(lzd.check, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
+        self.assertTrue(lzd.eof)
+        self.assertEqual(lzd.unused_data, b"")
+
+    def test_decompressor_chunks_empty(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        out = []
+        for i in range(0, len(COMPRESSED_XZ), 10):
+            self.assertFalse(lzd.eof)
+            out.append(lzd.decompress(b''))
+            out.append(lzd.decompress(b''))
+            out.append(lzd.decompress(b''))
+            out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[i:i+10]))
+        out = b"".join(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out, INPUT)
+        self.assertEqual(lzd.check, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
+        self.assertTrue(lzd.eof)
+        self.assertEqual(lzd.unused_data, b"")
+
+    def test_decompressor_chunks_maxsize(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        max_length = 100
+        out = []
+
+        # Feed first half the input
+        len_ = len(COMPRESSED_XZ) // 2
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[:len_],
+                                  max_length=max_length))
+        self.assertFalse(lzd.needs_input)
+        self.assertEqual(len(out[-1]), max_length)
+
+        # Retrieve more data without providing more input
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(b'', max_length=max_length))
+        self.assertFalse(lzd.needs_input)
+        self.assertEqual(len(out[-1]), max_length)
+
+        # Retrieve more data while providing more input
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[len_:],
+                                  max_length=max_length))
+        self.assertLessEqual(len(out[-1]), max_length)
+
+        # Retrieve remaining uncompressed data
+        while not lzd.eof:
+            out.append(lzd.decompress(b'', max_length=max_length))
+            self.assertLessEqual(len(out[-1]), max_length)
+
+        out = b"".join(out)
+        self.assertEqual(out, INPUT)
+        self.assertEqual(lzd.check, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
+        self.assertEqual(lzd.unused_data, b"")
+
+    def test_decompressor_inputbuf_1(self):
+        # Test reusing input buffer after moving existing
+        # contents to beginning
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        out = []
+
+        # Create input buffer and fill it
+        self.assertEqual(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[:100],
+                                        max_length=0), b'')
+
+        # Retrieve some results, freeing capacity at beginning
+        # of input buffer
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(b'', 2))
+
+        # Add more data that fits into input buffer after
+        # moving existing data to beginning
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[100:105], 15))
+
+        # Decompress rest of data
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[105:]))
+        self.assertEqual(b''.join(out), INPUT)
+
+    def test_decompressor_inputbuf_2(self):
+        # Test reusing input buffer by appending data at the
+        # end right away
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        out = []
+
+        # Create input buffer and empty it
+        self.assertEqual(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[:200],
+                                        max_length=0), b'')
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(b''))
+
+        # Fill buffer with new data
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[200:280], 2))
+
+        # Append some more data, not enough to require resize
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[280:300], 2))
+
+        # Decompress rest of data
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[300:]))
+        self.assertEqual(b''.join(out), INPUT)
+
+    def test_decompressor_inputbuf_3(self):
+        # Test reusing input buffer after extending it
+
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        out = []
+
+        # Create almost full input buffer
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[:200], 5))
+
+        # Add even more data to it, requiring resize
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[200:300], 5))
+
+        # Decompress rest of data
+        out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[300:]))
+        self.assertEqual(b''.join(out), INPUT)
+
+    def test_decompressor_unused_data(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        extra = b"fooblibar"
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_XZ + extra, lzma.CHECK_CRC64,
+                                unused_data=extra)
+
+    def test_decompressor_bad_input(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_RAW_1)
+
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_XZ)
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_ALONE)
+
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_ALONE)
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_XZ)
+
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_XZ)
+
+    def test_decompressor_bug_28275(self):
+        # Test coverage for Issue 28275
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_RAW_1)
+        # Previously, a second call could crash due to internal inconsistency
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_RAW_1)
+
+    # Test that LZMACompressor->LZMADecompressor preserves the input data.
+
+    def test_roundtrip_xz(self):
+        lzc = LZMACompressor()
+        cdata = lzc.compress(INPUT) + lzc.flush()
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_alone(self):
+        lzc = LZMACompressor(lzma.FORMAT_ALONE)
+        cdata = lzc.compress(INPUT) + lzc.flush()
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_raw(self):
+        lzc = LZMACompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
+        cdata = lzc.compress(INPUT) + lzc.flush()
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_raw_empty(self):
+        lzc = LZMACompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
+        cdata = lzc.compress(INPUT)
+        cdata += lzc.compress(b'')
+        cdata += lzc.compress(b'')
+        cdata += lzc.compress(b'')
+        cdata += lzc.flush()
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_chunks(self):
+        lzc = LZMACompressor()
+        cdata = []
+        for i in range(0, len(INPUT), 10):
+            cdata.append(lzc.compress(INPUT[i:i+10]))
+        cdata.append(lzc.flush())
+        cdata = b"".join(cdata)
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
+
+    def test_roundtrip_empty_chunks(self):
+        lzc = LZMACompressor()
+        cdata = []
+        for i in range(0, len(INPUT), 10):
+            cdata.append(lzc.compress(INPUT[i:i+10]))
+            cdata.append(lzc.compress(b''))
+            cdata.append(lzc.compress(b''))
+            cdata.append(lzc.compress(b''))
+        cdata.append(lzc.flush())
+        cdata = b"".join(cdata)
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
+
+    # LZMADecompressor intentionally does not handle concatenated streams.
+
+    def test_decompressor_multistream(self):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_XZ + COMPRESSED_ALONE,
+                                lzma.CHECK_CRC64, unused_data=COMPRESSED_ALONE)
+
+    # Test with inputs larger than 4GiB.
+
+    @support.skip_if_pgo_task
+    @bigmemtest(size=_4G + 100, memuse=2)
+    def test_compressor_bigmem(self, size):
+        lzc = LZMACompressor()
+        cdata = lzc.compress(b"x" * size) + lzc.flush()
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(cdata)
+        try:
+            self.assertEqual(len(ddata), size)
+            self.assertEqual(len(ddata.strip(b"x")), 0)
+        finally:
+            ddata = None
+
+    @support.skip_if_pgo_task
+    @bigmemtest(size=_4G + 100, memuse=3)
+    def test_decompressor_bigmem(self, size):
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        blocksize = min(10 * 1024 * 1024, size)
+        block = random.randbytes(blocksize)
+        try:
+            input = block * ((size-1) // blocksize + 1)
+            cdata = lzma.compress(input)
+            ddata = lzd.decompress(cdata)
+            self.assertEqual(ddata, input)
+        finally:
+            input = cdata = ddata = None
+
+    # Pickling raises an exception; there's no way to serialize an lzma_stream.
+
+    def test_pickle(self):
+        for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                pickle.dumps(LZMACompressor(), proto)
+            with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+                pickle.dumps(LZMADecompressor(), proto)
+
+    @support.refcount_test
+    def test_refleaks_in_decompressor___init__(self):
+        gettotalrefcount = support.get_attribute(sys, 'gettotalrefcount')
+        lzd = LZMADecompressor()
+        refs_before = gettotalrefcount()
+        for i in range(100):
+            lzd.__init__()
+        self.assertAlmostEqual(gettotalrefcount() - refs_before, 0, delta=10)
+
+    def test_uninitialized_LZMADecompressor_crash(self):
+        self.assertEqual(LZMADecompressor.__new__(LZMADecompressor).
+                         decompress(bytes()), b'')
+
+
+class CompressDecompressFunctionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    # Test error cases:
+
+    def test_bad_args(self):
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.compress)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.compress, [])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.compress, b"", format="xz")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.compress, b"", check="none")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.compress, b"", preset="blah")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.compress, b"", filters=1024)
+        # Can't specify a preset and a custom filter chain at the same time.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma.compress(b"", preset=3, filters=[{"id": lzma.FILTER_LZMA2}])
+
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.decompress)
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.decompress, [])
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.decompress, b"", format="lzma")
+        self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.decompress, b"", memlimit=7.3e9)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            lzma.decompress(b"", format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters={})
+        # Cannot specify a memory limit with FILTER_RAW.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma.decompress(b"", format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, memlimit=0x1000000)
+        # Can only specify a custom filter chain with FILTER_RAW.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma.decompress(b"", filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma.decompress(b"", format=lzma.FORMAT_XZ, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma.decompress(
+                b"", format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+
+    def test_decompress_memlimit(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ, memlimit=1024)
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            lzma.decompress(
+                COMPRESSED_XZ, format=lzma.FORMAT_XZ, memlimit=1024)
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            lzma.decompress(
+                COMPRESSED_ALONE, format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE, memlimit=1024)
+
+    # Test LZMADecompressor on known-good input data.
+
+    def test_decompress_good_input(self):
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_ALONE)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ, lzma.FORMAT_XZ)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_ALONE, lzma.FORMAT_ALONE)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(
+            COMPRESSED_RAW_1, lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(
+            COMPRESSED_RAW_2, lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_2)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(
+            COMPRESSED_RAW_3, lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_3)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(
+            COMPRESSED_RAW_4, lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+    def test_decompress_incomplete_input(self):
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzma.decompress, COMPRESSED_XZ[:128])
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzma.decompress, COMPRESSED_ALONE[:128])
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzma.decompress, COMPRESSED_RAW_1[:128],
+                          format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzma.decompress, COMPRESSED_RAW_2[:128],
+                          format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_2)
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzma.decompress, COMPRESSED_RAW_3[:128],
+                          format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_3)
+        self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzma.decompress, COMPRESSED_RAW_4[:128],
+                          format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
+
+    def test_decompress_bad_input(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_BOGUS)
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_RAW_1)
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_ALONE, format=lzma.FORMAT_XZ)
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ, format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE)
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ, format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW,
+                            filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+
+    # Test that compress()->decompress() preserves the input data.
+
+    def test_roundtrip(self):
+        cdata = lzma.compress(INPUT)
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(cdata)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+        cdata = lzma.compress(INPUT, lzma.FORMAT_XZ)
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(cdata)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+        cdata = lzma.compress(INPUT, lzma.FORMAT_ALONE)
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(cdata)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+        cdata = lzma.compress(INPUT, lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(cdata, lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+    # Unlike LZMADecompressor, decompress() *does* handle concatenated streams.
+
+    def test_decompress_multistream(self):
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ + COMPRESSED_ALONE)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT * 2)
+
+    # Test robust handling of non-LZMA data following the compressed stream(s).
+
+    def test_decompress_trailing_junk(self):
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ + COMPRESSED_BOGUS)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
+
+    def test_decompress_multistream_trailing_junk(self):
+        ddata = lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ * 3 + COMPRESSED_BOGUS)
+        self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT * 3)
+
+
+class TempFile:
+    """Context manager - creates a file, and deletes it on __exit__."""
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, data=b""):
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.data = data
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        with open(self.filename, "wb") as f:
+            f.write(self.data)
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        unlink(self.filename)
+
+
+class FileTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_init(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, "rb")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w") as f:
+            self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, "wb")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "x") as f:
+            self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, "wb")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "a") as f:
+            self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, "wb")
+
+    def test_init_with_PathLike_filename(self):
+        filename = FakePath(TESTFN)
+        with TempFile(filename, COMPRESSED_XZ):
+            with LZMAFile(filename) as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, TESTFN)
+            with LZMAFile(filename, "a") as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, TESTFN)
+            with LZMAFile(filename) as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT * 2)
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, TESTFN)
+
+    def test_init_with_filename(self):
+        with TempFile(TESTFN, COMPRESSED_XZ):
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN) as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, TESTFN)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'rb')
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "w") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, TESTFN)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "a") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, TESTFN)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+
+    def test_init_mode(self):
+        with TempFile(TESTFN):
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "r") as f:
+                self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, "rb")
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+                self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, "rb")
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "w") as f:
+                self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, "wb")
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "wb") as f:
+                self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, "wb")
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "a") as f:
+                self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, "wb")
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "ab") as f:
+                self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, "wb")
+
+    def test_init_with_x_mode(self):
+        self.addCleanup(unlink, TESTFN)
+        for mode in ("x", "xb"):
+            unlink(TESTFN)
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, mode) as f:
+                self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+            with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError):
+                LZMAFile(TESTFN, mode)
+
+    def test_init_bad_mode(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), (3, "x"))
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "xt")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "x+")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "rx")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "wx")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "rt")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "r+")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "wt")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "w+")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "rw")
+
+    def test_init_bad_check(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", check=b"asd")
+        # CHECK_UNKNOWN and anything above CHECK_ID_MAX should be invalid.
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", check=lzma.CHECK_UNKNOWN)
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", check=lzma.CHECK_ID_MAX + 3)
+        # Cannot specify a check with mode="r".
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), check=lzma.CHECK_NONE)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), check=lzma.CHECK_CRC32)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), check=lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), check=lzma.CHECK_SHA256)
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), check=lzma.CHECK_UNKNOWN)
+
+    def test_init_bad_preset(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", preset=4.39)
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", preset=10)
+        with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", preset=23)
+        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", preset=-1)
+        with self.assertRaises(OverflowError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", preset=-7)
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", preset="foo")
+        # Cannot specify a preset with mode="r".
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), preset=3)
+
+    def test_init_bad_filter_spec(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", filters=[b"wobsite"])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", filters=[{"xyzzy": 3}])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", filters=[{"id": 98765}])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w",
+                     filters=[{"id": lzma.FILTER_LZMA2, "foo": 0}])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w",
+                     filters=[{"id": lzma.FILTER_DELTA, "foo": 0}])
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w",
+                     filters=[{"id": lzma.FILTER_X86, "foo": 0}])
+
+    def test_init_with_preset_and_filters(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW,
+                     preset=6, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
+
+    def test_close(self):
+        with BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ) as src:
+            f = LZMAFile(src)
+            f.close()
+            # LZMAFile.close() should not close the underlying file object.
+            self.assertFalse(src.closed)
+            # Try closing an already-closed LZMAFile.
+            f.close()
+            self.assertFalse(src.closed)
+
+        # Test with a real file on disk, opened directly by LZMAFile.
+        with TempFile(TESTFN, COMPRESSED_XZ):
+            f = LZMAFile(TESTFN)
+            fp = f._fp
+            f.close()
+            # Here, LZMAFile.close() *should* close the underlying file object.
+            self.assertTrue(fp.closed)
+            # Try closing an already-closed LZMAFile.
+            f.close()
+
+    def test_closed(self):
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ))
+        try:
+            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
+            f.read()
+            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.assertTrue(f.closed)
+
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w")
+        try:
+            self.assertFalse(f.closed)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.assertTrue(f.closed)
+
+    def test_fileno(self):
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ))
+        try:
+            self.assertRaises(UnsupportedOperation, f.fileno)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.fileno)
+        with TempFile(TESTFN, COMPRESSED_XZ):
+            f = LZMAFile(TESTFN)
+            try:
+                self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), f._fp.fileno())
+                self.assertIsInstance(f.fileno(), int)
+            finally:
+                f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.fileno)
+
+    def test_seekable(self):
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ))
+        try:
+            self.assertTrue(f.seekable())
+            f.read()
+            self.assertTrue(f.seekable())
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seekable)
+
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w")
+        try:
+            self.assertFalse(f.seekable())
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seekable)
+
+        src = BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)
+        src.seekable = lambda: False
+        f = LZMAFile(src)
+        try:
+            self.assertFalse(f.seekable())
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seekable)
+
+    def test_readable(self):
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ))
+        try:
+            self.assertTrue(f.readable())
+            f.read()
+            self.assertTrue(f.readable())
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.readable)
+
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w")
+        try:
+            self.assertFalse(f.readable())
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.readable)
+
+    def test_writable(self):
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ))
+        try:
+            self.assertFalse(f.writable())
+            f.read()
+            self.assertFalse(f.writable())
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.writable)
+
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w")
+        try:
+            self.assertTrue(f.writable())
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.writable)
+
+    def test_read(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_ALONE)) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), format=lzma.FORMAT_XZ) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_ALONE), format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_RAW_1),
+                      format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_RAW_2),
+                      format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_2) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_RAW_3),
+                      format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_3) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_RAW_4),
+                      format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+
+    def test_read_0(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(0), b"")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_ALONE)) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(0), b"")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), format=lzma.FORMAT_XZ) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(0), b"")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_ALONE), format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(0), b"")
+
+    def test_read_10(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            chunks = []
+            while result := f.read(10):
+                self.assertLessEqual(len(result), 10)
+                chunks.append(result)
+            self.assertEqual(b"".join(chunks), INPUT)
+
+    def test_read_multistream(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ * 5)) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT * 5)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ + COMPRESSED_ALONE)) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT * 2)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_RAW_3 * 4),
+                      format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_3) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT * 4)
+
+    def test_read_multistream_buffer_size_aligned(self):
+        # Test the case where a stream boundary coincides with the end
+        # of the raw read buffer.
+        saved_buffer_size = _compression.BUFFER_SIZE
+        _compression.BUFFER_SIZE = len(COMPRESSED_XZ)
+        try:
+            with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ *  5)) as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT * 5)
+        finally:
+            _compression.BUFFER_SIZE = saved_buffer_size
+
+    def test_read_trailing_junk(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ + COMPRESSED_BOGUS)) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+
+    def test_read_multistream_trailing_junk(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ * 5 + COMPRESSED_BOGUS)) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT * 5)
+
+    def test_read_from_file(self):
+        with TempFile(TESTFN, COMPRESSED_XZ):
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN) as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, TESTFN)
+                self.assertIsInstance(f.fileno(), int)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'rb')
+                self.assertIs(f.readable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.writable(), False)
+                self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+            self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                f.name
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.fileno)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'rb')
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.readable)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.writable)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seekable)
+
+    def test_read_from_file_with_bytes_filename(self):
+        bytes_filename = os.fsencode(TESTFN)
+        with TempFile(TESTFN, COMPRESSED_XZ):
+            with LZMAFile(bytes_filename) as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, bytes_filename)
+
+    def test_read_from_fileobj(self):
+        with TempFile(TESTFN, COMPRESSED_XZ):
+            with open(TESTFN, 'rb') as raw:
+                with LZMAFile(raw) as f:
+                    self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+                    self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+                    self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+                    self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+                    self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'rb')
+                    self.assertIs(f.readable(), True)
+                    self.assertIs(f.writable(), False)
+                    self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+                    self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+                self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    f.name
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.fileno)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'rb')
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.readable)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.writable)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seekable)
+
+    def test_read_from_fileobj_with_int_name(self):
+        with TempFile(TESTFN, COMPRESSED_XZ):
+            fd = os.open(TESTFN, os.O_RDONLY)
+            with open(fd, 'rb') as raw:
+                with LZMAFile(raw) as f:
+                    self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+                    self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+                    self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+                    self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+                    self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'rb')
+                    self.assertIs(f.readable(), True)
+                    self.assertIs(f.writable(), False)
+                    self.assertIs(f.seekable(), True)
+                    self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+                self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    f.name
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.fileno)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'rb')
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.readable)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.writable)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seekable)
+
+    def test_read_incomplete(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ[:128])) as f:
+            self.assertRaises(EOFError, f.read)
+
+    def test_read_truncated(self):
+        # Drop stream footer: CRC (4 bytes), index size (4 bytes),
+        # flags (2 bytes) and magic number (2 bytes).
+        truncated = COMPRESSED_XZ[:-12]
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(truncated)) as f:
+            self.assertRaises(EOFError, f.read)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(truncated)) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(len(INPUT)), INPUT)
+            self.assertRaises(EOFError, f.read, 1)
+        # Incomplete 12-byte header.
+        for i in range(12):
+            with LZMAFile(BytesIO(truncated[:i])) as f:
+                self.assertRaises(EOFError, f.read, 1)
+
+    def test_read_bad_args(self):
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ))
+        f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.read)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w") as f:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.read)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.read, float())
+
+    def test_read_bad_data(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_BOGUS)) as f:
+            self.assertRaises(LZMAError, f.read)
+
+    def test_read1(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            blocks = []
+            while result := f.read1():
+                blocks.append(result)
+            self.assertEqual(b"".join(blocks), INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read1(), b"")
+
+    def test_read1_0(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read1(0), b"")
+
+    def test_read1_10(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            blocks = []
+            while result := f.read1(10):
+                blocks.append(result)
+            self.assertEqual(b"".join(blocks), INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read1(), b"")
+
+    def test_read1_multistream(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ * 5)) as f:
+            blocks = []
+            while result := f.read1():
+                blocks.append(result)
+            self.assertEqual(b"".join(blocks), INPUT * 5)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read1(), b"")
+
+    def test_read1_bad_args(self):
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ))
+        f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.read1)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w") as f:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.read1)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.read1, None)
+
+    def test_peek(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            result = f.peek()
+            self.assertGreater(len(result), 0)
+            self.assertTrue(INPUT.startswith(result))
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            result = f.peek(10)
+            self.assertGreater(len(result), 0)
+            self.assertTrue(INPUT.startswith(result))
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+
+    def test_peek_bad_args(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w") as f:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.peek)
+
+    def test_iterator(self):
+        with BytesIO(INPUT) as f:
+            lines = f.readlines()
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            self.assertListEqual(list(iter(f)), lines)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_ALONE)) as f:
+            self.assertListEqual(list(iter(f)), lines)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), format=lzma.FORMAT_XZ) as f:
+            self.assertListEqual(list(iter(f)), lines)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_ALONE), format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE) as f:
+            self.assertListEqual(list(iter(f)), lines)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_RAW_2),
+                      format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_2) as f:
+            self.assertListEqual(list(iter(f)), lines)
+
+    def test_readline(self):
+        with BytesIO(INPUT) as f:
+            lines = f.readlines()
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            for line in lines:
+                self.assertEqual(f.readline(), line)
+
+    def test_readlines(self):
+        with BytesIO(INPUT) as f:
+            lines = f.readlines()
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            self.assertListEqual(f.readlines(), lines)
+
+    def test_decompress_limited(self):
+        """Decompressed data buffering should be limited"""
+        bomb = lzma.compress(b'\0' * int(2e6), preset=6)
+        self.assertLess(len(bomb), _compression.BUFFER_SIZE)
+
+        decomp = LZMAFile(BytesIO(bomb))
+        self.assertEqual(decomp.read(1), b'\0')
+        max_decomp = 1 + DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE
+        self.assertLessEqual(decomp._buffer.raw.tell(), max_decomp,
+                             "Excessive amount of data was decompressed")
+
+    def test_write(self):
+        with BytesIO() as dst:
+            with LZMAFile(dst, "w") as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+                with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
+                    f.name
+            expected = lzma.compress(INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(dst.getvalue(), expected)
+        with BytesIO() as dst:
+            with LZMAFile(dst, "w", format=lzma.FORMAT_XZ) as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+            expected = lzma.compress(INPUT, format=lzma.FORMAT_XZ)
+            self.assertEqual(dst.getvalue(), expected)
+        with BytesIO() as dst:
+            with LZMAFile(dst, "w", format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE) as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+            expected = lzma.compress(INPUT, format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE)
+            self.assertEqual(dst.getvalue(), expected)
+        with BytesIO() as dst:
+            with LZMAFile(dst, "w", format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW,
+                          filters=FILTERS_RAW_2) as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+            expected = lzma.compress(INPUT, format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW,
+                                     filters=FILTERS_RAW_2)
+            self.assertEqual(dst.getvalue(), expected)
+
+    def test_write_10(self):
+        with BytesIO() as dst:
+            with LZMAFile(dst, "w") as f:
+                for start in range(0, len(INPUT), 10):
+                    f.write(INPUT[start:start+10])
+            expected = lzma.compress(INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(dst.getvalue(), expected)
+
+    def test_write_append(self):
+        part1 = INPUT[:1024]
+        part2 = INPUT[1024:1536]
+        part3 = INPUT[1536:]
+        expected = b"".join(lzma.compress(x) for x in (part1, part2, part3))
+        with BytesIO() as dst:
+            with LZMAFile(dst, "w") as f:
+                f.write(part1)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+            with LZMAFile(dst, "a") as f:
+                f.write(part2)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+            with LZMAFile(dst, "a") as f:
+                f.write(part3)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+            self.assertEqual(dst.getvalue(), expected)
+
+    def test_write_to_file(self):
+        try:
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "w") as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, TESTFN)
+                self.assertIsInstance(f.fileno(), int)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+                self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+                self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+                self.assertIs(f.seekable(), False)
+                self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+            self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+            with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                f.name
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.fileno)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.readable)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.writable)
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seekable)
+
+            expected = lzma.compress(INPUT)
+            with open(TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), expected)
+        finally:
+            unlink(TESTFN)
+
+    def test_write_to_file_with_bytes_filename(self):
+        bytes_filename = os.fsencode(TESTFN)
+        try:
+            with LZMAFile(bytes_filename, "w") as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, bytes_filename)
+            expected = lzma.compress(INPUT)
+            with open(TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), expected)
+        finally:
+            unlink(TESTFN)
+
+    def test_write_to_fileobj(self):
+        try:
+            with open(TESTFN, "wb") as raw:
+                with LZMAFile(raw, "w") as f:
+                    f.write(INPUT)
+                    self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+                    self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+                    self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+                    self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+                    self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+                    self.assertIs(f.seekable(), False)
+                    self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+                self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    f.name
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.fileno)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.readable)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.writable)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seekable)
+
+            expected = lzma.compress(INPUT)
+            with open(TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), expected)
+        finally:
+            unlink(TESTFN)
+
+    def test_write_to_fileobj_with_int_name(self):
+        try:
+            fd = os.open(TESTFN, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_TRUNC)
+            with open(fd, 'wb') as raw:
+                with LZMAFile(raw, "w") as f:
+                    f.write(INPUT)
+                    self.assertEqual(f.name, raw.name)
+                    self.assertEqual(f.fileno(), raw.fileno())
+                    self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+                    self.assertIs(f.readable(), False)
+                    self.assertIs(f.writable(), True)
+                    self.assertIs(f.seekable(), False)
+                    self.assertIs(f.closed, False)
+                self.assertIs(f.closed, True)
+                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+                    f.name
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.fileno)
+                self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.readable)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.writable)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seekable)
+
+            expected = lzma.compress(INPUT)
+            with open(TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), expected)
+        finally:
+            unlink(TESTFN)
+
+    def test_write_append_to_file(self):
+        part1 = INPUT[:1024]
+        part2 = INPUT[1024:1536]
+        part3 = INPUT[1536:]
+        expected = b"".join(lzma.compress(x) for x in (part1, part2, part3))
+        try:
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "w") as f:
+                f.write(part1)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "a") as f:
+                f.write(part2)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+            with LZMAFile(TESTFN, "a") as f:
+                f.write(part3)
+            self.assertEqual(f.mode, 'wb')
+            with open(TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), expected)
+        finally:
+            unlink(TESTFN)
+
+    def test_write_bad_args(self):
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w")
+        f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.write, b"foo")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "r") as f:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.write, b"bar")
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w") as f:
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.write, None)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.write, "text")
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.write, 789)
+
+    def test_writelines(self):
+        with BytesIO(INPUT) as f:
+            lines = f.readlines()
+        with BytesIO() as dst:
+            with LZMAFile(dst, "w") as f:
+                f.writelines(lines)
+            expected = lzma.compress(INPUT)
+            self.assertEqual(dst.getvalue(), expected)
+
+    def test_seek_forward(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            f.seek(555)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT[555:])
+
+    def test_seek_forward_across_streams(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ * 2)) as f:
+            f.seek(len(INPUT) + 123)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT[123:])
+
+    def test_seek_forward_relative_to_current(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            f.read(100)
+            f.seek(1236, 1)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT[1336:])
+
+    def test_seek_forward_relative_to_end(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            f.seek(-555, 2)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT[-555:])
+
+    def test_seek_backward(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            f.read(1001)
+            f.seek(211)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT[211:])
+
+    def test_seek_backward_across_streams(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ * 2)) as f:
+            f.read(len(INPUT) + 333)
+            f.seek(737)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT[737:] + INPUT)
+
+    def test_seek_backward_relative_to_end(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            f.seek(-150, 2)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT[-150:])
+
+    def test_seek_past_end(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            f.seek(len(INPUT) + 9001)
+            self.assertEqual(f.tell(), len(INPUT))
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), b"")
+
+    def test_seek_past_start(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            f.seek(-88)
+            self.assertEqual(f.tell(), 0)
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+
+    def test_seek_bad_args(self):
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ))
+        f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seek, 0)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w") as f:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seek, 0)
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.seek, 0, 3)
+            # io.BufferedReader raises TypeError instead of ValueError
+            self.assertRaises((TypeError, ValueError), f.seek, 9, ())
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.seek, None)
+            self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.seek, b"derp")
+
+    def test_tell(self):
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
+            pos = 0
+            while True:
+                self.assertEqual(f.tell(), pos)
+                result = f.read(183)
+                if not result:
+                    break
+                pos += len(result)
+            self.assertEqual(f.tell(), len(INPUT))
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w") as f:
+            for pos in range(0, len(INPUT), 144):
+                self.assertEqual(f.tell(), pos)
+                f.write(INPUT[pos:pos+144])
+            self.assertEqual(f.tell(), len(INPUT))
+
+    def test_tell_bad_args(self):
+        f = LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ))
+        f.close()
+        self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.tell)
+
+    def test_issue21872(self):
+        # sometimes decompress data incompletely
+
+        # ---------------------
+        # when max_length == -1
+        # ---------------------
+        d1 = LZMADecompressor()
+        entire = d1.decompress(ISSUE_21872_DAT, max_length=-1)
+        self.assertEqual(len(entire), 13160)
+        self.assertTrue(d1.eof)
+
+        # ---------------------
+        # when max_length > 0
+        # ---------------------
+        d2 = LZMADecompressor()
+
+        # When this value of max_length is used, the input and output
+        # buffers are exhausted at the same time, and lzs's internal
+        # state still have 11 bytes can be output.
+        out1 = d2.decompress(ISSUE_21872_DAT, max_length=13149)
+        self.assertFalse(d2.needs_input) # ensure needs_input mechanism works
+        self.assertFalse(d2.eof)
+
+        # simulate needs_input mechanism
+        # output internal state's 11 bytes
+        out2 = d2.decompress(b'')
+        self.assertEqual(len(out2), 11)
+        self.assertTrue(d2.eof)
+        self.assertEqual(out1 + out2, entire)
+
+    def test_issue44439(self):
+        q = array.array('Q', [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+        LENGTH = len(q) * q.itemsize
+
+        with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), 'w') as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.write(q), LENGTH)
+            self.assertEqual(f.tell(), LENGTH)
+
+
+class OpenTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_binary_modes(self):
+        with lzma.open(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "rb") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+        with BytesIO() as bio:
+            with lzma.open(bio, "wb") as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+            file_data = lzma.decompress(bio.getvalue())
+            self.assertEqual(file_data, INPUT)
+            with lzma.open(bio, "ab") as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+            file_data = lzma.decompress(bio.getvalue())
+            self.assertEqual(file_data, INPUT * 2)
+
+    def test_text_modes(self):
+        uncompressed = INPUT.decode("ascii")
+        uncompressed_raw = uncompressed.replace("\n", os.linesep)
+        with lzma.open(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "rt", encoding="ascii") as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), uncompressed)
+        with BytesIO() as bio:
+            with lzma.open(bio, "wt", encoding="ascii") as f:
+                f.write(uncompressed)
+            file_data = lzma.decompress(bio.getvalue()).decode("ascii")
+            self.assertEqual(file_data, uncompressed_raw)
+            with lzma.open(bio, "at", encoding="ascii") as f:
+                f.write(uncompressed)
+            file_data = lzma.decompress(bio.getvalue()).decode("ascii")
+            self.assertEqual(file_data, uncompressed_raw * 2)
+
+    def test_filename(self):
+        with TempFile(TESTFN):
+            with lzma.open(TESTFN, "wb") as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+            with open(TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+                file_data = lzma.decompress(f.read())
+                self.assertEqual(file_data, INPUT)
+            with lzma.open(TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+            with lzma.open(TESTFN, "ab") as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+            with lzma.open(TESTFN, "rb") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT * 2)
+
+    def test_with_pathlike_filename(self):
+        filename = FakePath(TESTFN)
+        with TempFile(filename):
+            with lzma.open(filename, "wb") as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, TESTFN)
+            with open(filename, "rb") as f:
+                file_data = lzma.decompress(f.read())
+                self.assertEqual(file_data, INPUT)
+            with lzma.open(filename, "rb") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+                self.assertEqual(f.name, TESTFN)
+
+    def test_bad_params(self):
+        # Test invalid parameter combinations.
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma.open(TESTFN, "")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma.open(TESTFN, "rbt")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma.open(TESTFN, "rb", encoding="utf-8")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma.open(TESTFN, "rb", errors="ignore")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma.open(TESTFN, "rb", newline="\n")
+
+    def test_format_and_filters(self):
+        # Test non-default format and filter chain.
+        options = {"format": lzma.FORMAT_RAW, "filters": FILTERS_RAW_1}
+        with lzma.open(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_RAW_1), "rb", **options) as f:
+            self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
+        with BytesIO() as bio:
+            with lzma.open(bio, "wb", **options) as f:
+                f.write(INPUT)
+            file_data = lzma.decompress(bio.getvalue(), **options)
+            self.assertEqual(file_data, INPUT)
+
+    def test_encoding(self):
+        # Test non-default encoding.
+        uncompressed = INPUT.decode("ascii")
+        uncompressed_raw = uncompressed.replace("\n", os.linesep)
+        with BytesIO() as bio:
+            with lzma.open(bio, "wt", encoding="utf-16-le") as f:
+                f.write(uncompressed)
+            file_data = lzma.decompress(bio.getvalue()).decode("utf-16-le")
+            self.assertEqual(file_data, uncompressed_raw)
+            bio.seek(0)
+            with lzma.open(bio, "rt", encoding="utf-16-le") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), uncompressed)
+
+    def test_encoding_error_handler(self):
+        # Test with non-default encoding error handler.
+        with BytesIO(lzma.compress(b"foo\xffbar")) as bio:
+            with lzma.open(bio, "rt", encoding="ascii", errors="ignore") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.read(), "foobar")
+
+    def test_newline(self):
+        # Test with explicit newline (universal newline mode disabled).
+        text = INPUT.decode("ascii")
+        with BytesIO() as bio:
+            with lzma.open(bio, "wt", encoding="ascii", newline="\n") as f:
+                f.write(text)
+            bio.seek(0)
+            with lzma.open(bio, "rt", encoding="ascii", newline="\r") as f:
+                self.assertEqual(f.readlines(), [text])
+
+    def test_x_mode(self):
+        self.addCleanup(unlink, TESTFN)
+        for mode in ("x", "xb", "xt"):
+            unlink(TESTFN)
+            encoding = "ascii" if "t" in mode else None
+            with lzma.open(TESTFN, mode, encoding=encoding):
+                pass
+            with self.assertRaises(FileExistsError):
+                with lzma.open(TESTFN, mode):
+                    pass
+
+
+class MiscellaneousTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def test_is_check_supported(self):
+        # CHECK_NONE and CHECK_CRC32 should always be supported,
+        # regardless of the options liblzma was compiled with.
+        self.assertTrue(lzma.is_check_supported(lzma.CHECK_NONE))
+        self.assertTrue(lzma.is_check_supported(lzma.CHECK_CRC32))
+
+        # The .xz format spec cannot store check IDs above this value.
+        self.assertFalse(lzma.is_check_supported(lzma.CHECK_ID_MAX + 1))
+
+        # This value should not be a valid check ID.
+        self.assertFalse(lzma.is_check_supported(lzma.CHECK_UNKNOWN))
+
+    def test__encode_filter_properties(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            lzma._encode_filter_properties(b"not a dict")
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma._encode_filter_properties({"id": 0x100})
+        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
+            lzma._encode_filter_properties({"id": lzma.FILTER_LZMA2, "junk": 12})
+        with self.assertRaises(lzma.LZMAError):
+            lzma._encode_filter_properties({"id": lzma.FILTER_DELTA,
+                                            "dist": 9001})
+
+        # Test with parameters used by zipfile module.
+        props = lzma._encode_filter_properties({
+            "id": lzma.FILTER_LZMA1,
+            "pb": 2,
+            "lp": 0,
+            "lc": 3,
+            "dict_size": 8 << 20,
+        })
+        self.assertEqual(props, b"]\x00\x00\x80\x00")
+
+    def test__decode_filter_properties(self):
+        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
+            lzma._decode_filter_properties(lzma.FILTER_X86, {"should be": bytes})
+        with self.assertRaises(lzma.LZMAError):
+            lzma._decode_filter_properties(lzma.FILTER_DELTA, b"too long")
+
+        # Test with parameters used by zipfile module.
+        filterspec = lzma._decode_filter_properties(
+            lzma.FILTER_LZMA1, b"]\x00\x00\x80\x00")
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec["id"], lzma.FILTER_LZMA1)
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec["pb"], 2)
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec["lp"], 0)
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec["lc"], 3)
+        self.assertEqual(filterspec["dict_size"], 8 << 20)
+
+        # see gh-104282
+        filters = [lzma.FILTER_X86, lzma.FILTER_POWERPC,
+                   lzma.FILTER_IA64, lzma.FILTER_ARM,
+                   lzma.FILTER_ARMTHUMB, lzma.FILTER_SPARC]
+        for f in filters:
+            filterspec = lzma._decode_filter_properties(f, b"")
+            self.assertEqual(filterspec, {"id": f})
+
+    def test_filter_properties_roundtrip(self):
+        spec1 = lzma._decode_filter_properties(
+            lzma.FILTER_LZMA1, b"]\x00\x00\x80\x00")
+        reencoded = lzma._encode_filter_properties(spec1)
+        spec2 = lzma._decode_filter_properties(lzma.FILTER_LZMA1, reencoded)
+        self.assertEqual(spec1, spec2)
+
+
+# Test data:
+
+INPUT = b"""
+LAERTES
+
+       O, fear me not.
+       I stay too long: but here my father comes.
+
+       Enter POLONIUS
+
+       A double blessing is a double grace,
+       Occasion smiles upon a second leave.
+
+LORD POLONIUS
+
+       Yet here, Laertes! aboard, aboard, for shame!
+       The wind sits in the shoulder of your sail,
+       And you are stay'd for. There; my blessing with thee!
+       And these few precepts in thy memory
+       See thou character. Give thy thoughts no tongue,
+       Nor any unproportioned thought his act.
+       Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar.
+       Those friends thou hast, and their adoption tried,
+       Grapple them to thy soul with hoops of steel;
+       But do not dull thy palm with entertainment
+       Of each new-hatch'd, unfledged comrade. Beware
+       Of entrance to a quarrel, but being in,
+       Bear't that the opposed may beware of thee.
+       Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice;
+       Take each man's censure, but reserve thy judgment.
+       Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy,
+       But not express'd in fancy; rich, not gaudy;
+       For the apparel oft proclaims the man,
+       And they in France of the best rank and station
+       Are of a most select and generous chief in that.
+       Neither a borrower nor a lender be;
+       For loan oft loses both itself and friend,
+       And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.
+       This above all: to thine ownself be true,
+       And it must follow, as the night the day,
+       Thou canst not then be false to any man.
+       Farewell: my blessing season this in thee!
+
+LAERTES
+
+       Most humbly do I take my leave, my lord.
+
+LORD POLONIUS
+
+       The time invites you; go; your servants tend.
+
+LAERTES
+
+       Farewell, Ophelia; and remember well
+       What I have said to you.
+
+OPHELIA
+
+       'Tis in my memory lock'd,
+       And you yourself shall keep the key of it.
+
+LAERTES
+
+       Farewell.
+"""
+
+COMPRESSED_BOGUS = b"this is not a valid lzma stream"
+
+COMPRESSED_XZ = (
+    b"\xfd7zXZ\x00\x00\x04\xe6\xd6\xb4F\x02\x00!\x01\x16\x00\x00\x00t/\xe5\xa3"
+    b"\xe0\x07\x80\x03\xdf]\x00\x05\x14\x07bX\x19\xcd\xddn\x98\x15\xe4\xb4\x9d"
+    b"o\x1d\xc4\xe5\n\x03\xcc2h\xc7\\\x86\xff\xf8\xe2\xfc\xe7\xd9\xfe6\xb8("
+    b"\xa8wd\xc2\"u.n\x1e\xc3\xf2\x8e\x8d\x8f\x02\x17/\xa6=\xf0\xa2\xdf/M\x89"
+    b"\xbe\xde\xa7\x1cz\x18-]\xd5\xef\x13\x8frZ\x15\x80\x8c\xf8\x8do\xfa\x12"
+    b"\x9b#z/\xef\xf0\xfaF\x01\x82\xa3M\x8e\xa1t\xca6 BF$\xe5Q\xa4\x98\xee\xde"
+    b"l\xe8\x7f\xf0\x9d,bn\x0b\x13\xd4\xa8\x81\xe4N\xc8\x86\x153\xf5x2\xa2O"
+    b"\x13@Q\xa1\x00/\xa5\xd0O\x97\xdco\xae\xf7z\xc4\xcdS\xb6t<\x16\xf2\x9cI#"
+    b"\x89ud\xc66Y\xd9\xee\xe6\xce\x12]\xe5\xf0\xaa\x96-Pe\xade:\x04\t\x1b\xf7"
+    b"\xdb7\n\x86\x1fp\xc8J\xba\xf4\xf0V\xa9\xdc\xf0\x02%G\xf9\xdf=?\x15\x1b"
+    b"\xe1(\xce\x82=\xd6I\xac3\x12\x0cR\xb7\xae\r\xb1i\x03\x95\x01\xbd\xbe\xfa"
+    b"\x02s\x01P\x9d\x96X\xb12j\xc8L\xa8\x84b\xf6\xc3\xd4c-H\x93oJl\xd0iQ\xe4k"
+    b"\x84\x0b\xc1\xb7\xbc\xb1\x17\x88\xb1\xca?@\xf6\x07\xea\xe6x\xf1H12P\x0f"
+    b"\x8a\xc9\xeauw\xe3\xbe\xaai\xa9W\xd0\x80\xcd#cb5\x99\xd8]\xa9d\x0c\xbd"
+    b"\xa2\xdcWl\xedUG\xbf\x89yF\xf77\x81v\xbd5\x98\xbeh8\x18W\x08\xf0\x1b\x99"
+    b"5:\x1a?rD\x96\xa1\x04\x0f\xae\xba\x85\xeb\x9d5@\xf5\x83\xd37\x83\x8ac"
+    b"\x06\xd4\x97i\xcdt\x16S\x82k\xf6K\x01vy\x88\x91\x9b6T\xdae\r\xfd]:k\xbal"
+    b"\xa9\xbba\xc34\xf9r\xeb}r\xdb\xc7\xdb*\x8f\x03z\xdc8h\xcc\xc9\xd3\xbcl"
+    b"\xa5-\xcb\xeaK\xa2\xc5\x15\xc0\xe3\xc1\x86Z\xfb\xebL\xe13\xcf\x9c\xe3"
+    b"\x1d\xc9\xed\xc2\x06\xcc\xce!\x92\xe5\xfe\x9c^\xa59w \x9bP\xa3PK\x08d"
+    b"\xf9\xe2Z}\xa7\xbf\xed\xeb%$\x0c\x82\xb8/\xb0\x01\xa9&,\xf7qh{Q\x96)\xf2"
+    b"q\x96\xc3\x80\xb4\x12\xb0\xba\xe6o\xf4!\xb4[\xd4\x8aw\x10\xf7t\x0c\xb3"
+    b"\xd9\xd5\xc3`^\x81\x11??\\\xa4\x99\x85R\xd4\x8e\x83\xc9\x1eX\xbfa\xf1"
+    b"\xac\xb0\xea\xea\xd7\xd0\xab\x18\xe2\xf2\xed\xe1\xb7\xc9\x18\xcbS\xe4>"
+    b"\xc9\x95H\xe8\xcb\t\r%\xeb\xc7$.o\xf1\xf3R\x17\x1db\xbb\xd8U\xa5^\xccS"
+    b"\x16\x01\x87\xf3/\x93\xd1\xf0v\xc0r\xd7\xcc\xa2Gkz\xca\x80\x0e\xfd\xd0"
+    b"\x8b\xbb\xd2Ix\xb3\x1ey\xca-0\xe3z^\xd6\xd6\x8f_\xf1\x9dP\x9fi\xa7\xd1"
+    b"\xe8\x90\x84\xdc\xbf\xcdky\x8e\xdc\x81\x7f\xa3\xb2+\xbf\x04\xef\xd8\\"
+    b"\xc4\xdf\xe1\xb0\x01\xe9\x93\xe3Y\xf1\x1dY\xe8h\x81\xcf\xf1w\xcc\xb4\xef"
+    b" \x8b|\x04\xea\x83ej\xbe\x1f\xd4z\x9c`\xd3\x1a\x92A\x06\xe5\x8f\xa9\x13"
+    b"\t\x9e=\xfa\x1c\xe5_\x9f%v\x1bo\x11ZO\xd8\xf4\t\xddM\x16-\x04\xfc\x18<\""
+    b"CM\xddg~b\xf6\xef\x8e\x0c\xd0\xde|\xa0'\x8a\x0c\xd6x\xae!J\xa6F\x88\x15u"
+    b"\x008\x17\xbc7y\xb3\xd8u\xac_\x85\x8d\xe7\xc1@\x9c\xecqc\xa3#\xad\xf1"
+    b"\x935\xb5)_\r\xec3]\x0fo]5\xd0my\x07\x9b\xee\x81\xb5\x0f\xcfK+\x00\xc0"
+    b"\xe4b\x10\xe4\x0c\x1a \x9b\xe0\x97t\xf6\xa1\x9e\x850\xba\x0c\x9a\x8d\xc8"
+    b"\x8f\x07\xd7\xae\xc8\xf9+i\xdc\xb9k\xb0>f\x19\xb8\r\xa8\xf8\x1f$\xa5{p"
+    b"\xc6\x880\xce\xdb\xcf\xca_\x86\xac\x88h6\x8bZ%'\xd0\n\xbf\x0f\x9c\"\xba"
+    b"\xe5\x86\x9f\x0f7X=mNX[\xcc\x19FU\xc9\x860\xbc\x90a+* \xae_$\x03\x1e\xd3"
+    b"\xcd_\xa0\x9c\xde\xaf46q\xa5\xc9\x92\xd7\xca\xe3`\x9d\x85}\xb4\xff\xb3"
+    b"\x83\xfb\xb6\xca\xae`\x0bw\x7f\xfc\xd8\xacVe\x19\xc8\x17\x0bZ\xad\x88"
+    b"\xeb#\x97\x03\x13\xb1d\x0f{\x0c\x04w\x07\r\x97\xbd\xd6\xc1\xc3B:\x95\x08"
+    b"^\x10V\xaeaH\x02\xd9\xe3\n\\\x01X\xf6\x9c\x8a\x06u#%\xbe*\xa1\x18v\x85"
+    b"\xec!\t4\x00\x00\x00\x00Vj?uLU\xf3\xa6\x00\x01\xfb\x07\x81\x0f\x00\x00tw"
+    b"\x99P\xb1\xc4g\xfb\x02\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04YZ"
+)
+
+COMPRESSED_ALONE = (
+    b"]\x00\x00\x80\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\x05\x14\x07bX\x19"
+    b"\xcd\xddn\x98\x15\xe4\xb4\x9do\x1d\xc4\xe5\n\x03\xcc2h\xc7\\\x86\xff\xf8"
+    b"\xe2\xfc\xe7\xd9\xfe6\xb8(\xa8wd\xc2\"u.n\x1e\xc3\xf2\x8e\x8d\x8f\x02"
+    b"\x17/\xa6=\xf0\xa2\xdf/M\x89\xbe\xde\xa7\x1cz\x18-]\xd5\xef\x13\x8frZ"
+    b"\x15\x80\x8c\xf8\x8do\xfa\x12\x9b#z/\xef\xf0\xfaF\x01\x82\xa3M\x8e\xa1t"
+    b"\xca6 BF$\xe5Q\xa4\x98\xee\xdel\xe8\x7f\xf0\x9d,bn\x0b\x13\xd4\xa8\x81"
+    b"\xe4N\xc8\x86\x153\xf5x2\xa2O\x13@Q\xa1\x00/\xa5\xd0O\x97\xdco\xae\xf7z"
+    b"\xc4\xcdS\xb6t<\x16\xf2\x9cI#\x89ud\xc66Y\xd9\xee\xe6\xce\x12]\xe5\xf0"
+    b"\xaa\x96-Pe\xade:\x04\t\x1b\xf7\xdb7\n\x86\x1fp\xc8J\xba\xf4\xf0V\xa9"
+    b"\xdc\xf0\x02%G\xf9\xdf=?\x15\x1b\xe1(\xce\x82=\xd6I\xac3\x12\x0cR\xb7"
+    b"\xae\r\xb1i\x03\x95\x01\xbd\xbe\xfa\x02s\x01P\x9d\x96X\xb12j\xc8L\xa8"
+    b"\x84b\xf8\x1epl\xeajr\xd1=\t\x03\xdd\x13\x1b3!E\xf9vV\xdaF\xf3\xd7\xb4"
+    b"\x0c\xa9P~\xec\xdeE\xe37\xf6\x1d\xc6\xbb\xddc%\xb6\x0fI\x07\xf0;\xaf\xe7"
+    b"\xa0\x8b\xa7Z\x99(\xe9\xe2\xf0o\x18>`\xe1\xaa\xa8\xd9\xa1\xb2}\xe7\x8d"
+    b"\x834T\xb6\xef\xc1\xde\xe3\x98\xbcD\x03MA@\xd8\xed\xdc\xc8\x93\x03\x1a"
+    b"\x93\x0b\x7f\x94\x12\x0b\x02Sa\x18\xc9\xc5\x9bTJE}\xf6\xc8g\x17#ZV\x01"
+    b"\xc9\x9dc\x83\x0e>0\x16\x90S\xb8/\x03y_\x18\xfa(\xd7\x0br\xa2\xb0\xba?"
+    b"\x8c\xe6\x83@\x84\xdf\x02:\xc5z\x9e\xa6\x84\xc9\xf5BeyX\x83\x1a\xf1 :\t"
+    b"\xf7\x19\xfexD\\&G\xf3\x85Y\xa2J\xf9\x0bv{\x89\xf6\xe7)A\xaf\x04o\x00"
+    b"\x075\xd3\xe0\x7f\x97\x98F\x0f?v\x93\xedVtTf\xb5\x97\x83\xed\x19\xd7\x1a"
+    b"'k\xd7\xd9\xc5\\Y\xd1\xdc\x07\x15|w\xbc\xacd\x87\x08d\xec\xa7\xf6\x82"
+    b"\xfc\xb3\x93\xeb\xb9 \x8d\xbc ,\xb3X\xb0\xd2s\xd7\xd1\xffv\x05\xdf}\xa2"
+    b"\x96\xfb%\n\xdf\xa2\x7f\x08.\xa16\n\xe0\x19\x93\x7fh\n\x1c\x8c\x0f \x11"
+    b"\xc6Bl\x95\x19U}\xe4s\xb5\x10H\xea\x86pB\xe88\x95\xbe\x8cZ\xdb\xe4\x94A"
+    b"\x92\xb9;z\xaa\xa7{\x1c5!\xc0\xaf\xc1A\xf9\xda\xf0$\xb0\x02qg\xc8\xc7/|"
+    b"\xafr\x99^\x91\x88\xbf\x03\xd9=\xd7n\xda6{>8\n\xc7:\xa9'\xba.\x0b\xe2"
+    b"\xb5\x1d\x0e\n\x9a\x8e\x06\x8f:\xdd\x82'[\xc3\"wD$\xa7w\xecq\x8c,1\x93"
+    b"\xd0,\xae2w\x93\x12$Jd\x19mg\x02\x93\x9cA\x95\x9d&\xca8i\x9c\xb0;\xe7NQ"
+    b"\x1frh\x8beL;\xb0m\xee\x07Q\x9b\xc6\xd8\x03\xb5\xdeN\xd4\xfe\x98\xd0\xdc"
+    b"\x1a[\x04\xde\x1a\xf6\x91j\xf8EOli\x8eB^\x1d\x82\x07\xb2\xb5R]\xb7\xd7"
+    b"\xe9\xa6\xc3.\xfb\xf0-\xb4e\x9b\xde\x03\x88\xc6\xc1iN\x0e\x84wbQ\xdf~"
+    b"\xe9\xa4\x884\x96kM\xbc)T\xf3\x89\x97\x0f\x143\xe7)\xa0\xb3B\x00\xa8\xaf"
+    b"\x82^\xcb\xc7..\xdb\xc7\t\x9dH\xee5\xe9#\xe6NV\x94\xcb$Kk\xe3\x7f\r\xe3t"
+    b"\x12\xcf'\xefR\x8b\xf42\xcf-LH\xac\xe5\x1f0~?SO\xeb\xc1E\x1a\x1c]\xf2"
+    b"\xc4<\x11\x02\x10Z0a*?\xe4r\xff\xfb\xff\xf6\x14nG\xead^\xd6\xef8\xb6uEI"
+    b"\x99\nV\xe2\xb3\x95\x8e\x83\xf6i!\xb5&1F\xb1DP\xf4 SO3D!w\x99_G\x7f+\x90"
+    b".\xab\xbb]\x91>\xc9#h;\x0f5J\x91K\xf4^-[\x9e\x8a\\\x94\xca\xaf\xf6\x19"
+    b"\xd4\xa1\x9b\xc4\xb8p\xa1\xae\x15\xe9r\x84\xe0\xcar.l []\x8b\xaf+0\xf2g"
+    b"\x01aKY\xdfI\xcf,\n\xe8\xf0\xe7V\x80_#\xb2\xf2\xa9\x06\x8c>w\xe2W,\xf4"
+    b"\x8c\r\xf963\xf5J\xcc2\x05=kT\xeaUti\xe5_\xce\x1b\xfa\x8dl\x02h\xef\xa8"
+    b"\xfbf\x7f\xff\xf0\x19\xeax"
+)
+
+FILTERS_RAW_1 = [{"id": lzma.FILTER_LZMA2, "preset": 3}]
+COMPRESSED_RAW_1 = (
+    b"\xe0\x07\x80\x03\xfd]\x00\x05\x14\x07bX\x19\xcd\xddn\x96cyq\xa1\xdd\xee"
+    b"\xf8\xfam\xe3'\x88\xd3\xff\xe4\x9e \xceQ\x91\xa4\x14I\xf6\xb9\x9dVL8\x15"
+    b"_\x0e\x12\xc3\xeb\xbc\xa5\xcd\nW\x1d$=R;\x1d\xf8k8\t\xb1{\xd4\xc5+\x9d"
+    b"\x87c\xe5\xef\x98\xb4\xd7S3\xcd\xcc\xd2\xed\xa4\x0em\xe5\xf4\xdd\xd0b"
+    b"\xbe4*\xaa\x0b\xc5\x08\x10\x85+\x81.\x17\xaf9\xc9b\xeaZrA\xe20\x7fs\"r"
+    b"\xdaG\x81\xde\x90cu\xa5\xdb\xa9.A\x08l\xb0<\xf6\x03\xddOi\xd0\xc5\xb4"
+    b"\xec\xecg4t6\"\xa6\xb8o\xb5?\x18^}\xb6}\x03[:\xeb\x03\xa9\n[\x89l\x19g"
+    b"\x16\xc82\xed\x0b\xfb\x86n\xa2\x857@\x93\xcd6T\xc3u\xb0\t\xf9\x1b\x918"
+    b"\xfc[\x1b\x1e4\xb3\x14\x06PCV\xa8\"\xf5\x81x~\xe9\xb5N\x9cK\x9f\xc6\xc3%"
+    b"\xc8k:{6\xe7\xf7\xbd\x05\x02\xb4\xc4\xc3\xd3\xfd\xc3\xa8\\\xfc@\xb1F_"
+    b"\xc8\x90\xd9sU\x98\xad8\x05\x07\xde7J\x8bM\xd0\xb3;X\xec\x87\xef\xae\xb3"
+    b"eO,\xb1z,d\x11y\xeejlB\x02\x1d\xf28\x1f#\x896\xce\x0b\xf0\xf5\xa9PK\x0f"
+    b"\xb3\x13P\xd8\x88\xd2\xa1\x08\x04C?\xdb\x94_\x9a\"\xe9\xe3e\x1d\xde\x9b"
+    b"\xa1\xe8>H\x98\x10;\xc5\x03#\xb5\x9d4\x01\xe7\xc5\xba%v\xa49\x97A\xe0\""
+    b"\x8c\xc22\xe3i\xc1\x9d\xab3\xdf\xbe\xfdDm7\x1b\x9d\xab\xb5\x15o:J\x92"
+    b"\xdb\x816\x17\xc2O\x99\x1b\x0e\x8d\xf3\tQ\xed\x8e\x95S/\x16M\xb2S\x04"
+    b"\x0f\xc3J\xc6\xc7\xe4\xcb\xc5\xf4\xe7d\x14\xe4=^B\xfb\xd3E\xd3\x1e\xcd"
+    b"\x91\xa5\xd0G\x8f.\xf6\xf9\x0bb&\xd9\x9f\xc2\xfdj\xa2\x9e\xc4\\\x0e\x1dC"
+    b"v\xe8\xd2\x8a?^H\xec\xae\xeb>\xfe\xb8\xab\xd4IqY\x8c\xd4K7\x11\xf4D\xd0W"
+    b"\xa5\xbe\xeaO\xbf\xd0\x04\xfdl\x10\xae5\xd4U\x19\x06\xf9{\xaa\xe0\x81"
+    b"\x0f\xcf\xa3k{\x95\xbd\x19\xa2\xf8\xe4\xa3\x08O*\xf1\xf1B-\xc7(\x0eR\xfd"
+    b"@E\x9f\xd3\x1e:\xfdV\xb7\x04Y\x94\xeb]\x83\xc4\xa5\xd7\xc0gX\x98\xcf\x0f"
+    b"\xcd3\x00]n\x17\xec\xbd\xa3Y\x86\xc5\xf3u\xf6*\xbdT\xedA$A\xd9A\xe7\x98"
+    b"\xef\x14\x02\x9a\xfdiw\xec\xa0\x87\x11\xd9%\xc5\xeb\x8a=\xae\xc0\xc4\xc6"
+    b"D\x80\x8f\xa8\xd1\xbbq\xb2\xc0\xa0\xf5Cqp\xeeL\xe3\xe5\xdc \x84\"\xe9"
+    b"\x80t\x83\x05\xba\xf1\xc5~\x93\xc9\xf0\x01c\xceix\x9d\xed\xc5)l\x16)\xd1"
+    b"\x03@l\x04\x7f\x87\xa5yn\x1b\x01D\xaa:\xd2\x96\xb4\xb3?\xb0\xf9\xce\x07"
+    b"\xeb\x81\x00\xe4\xc3\xf5%_\xae\xd4\xf9\xeb\xe2\rh\xb2#\xd67Q\x16D\x82hn"
+    b"\xd1\xa3_?q\xf0\xe2\xac\xf317\x9e\xd0_\x83|\xf1\xca\xb7\x95S\xabW\x12"
+    b"\xff\xddt\xf69L\x01\xf2|\xdaW\xda\xees\x98L\x18\xb8_\xe8$\x82\xea\xd6"
+    b"\xd1F\xd4\x0b\xcdk\x01vf\x88h\xc3\xae\xb91\xc7Q\x9f\xa5G\xd9\xcc\x1f\xe3"
+    b"5\xb1\xdcy\x7fI\x8bcw\x8e\x10rIp\x02:\x19p_\xc8v\xcea\"\xc1\xd9\x91\x03"
+    b"\xbfe\xbe\xa6\xb3\xa8\x14\x18\xc3\xabH*m}\xc2\xc1\x9a}>l%\xce\x84\x99"
+    b"\xb3d\xaf\xd3\x82\x15\xdf\xc1\xfc5fOg\x9b\xfc\x8e^&\t@\xce\x9f\x06J\xb8"
+    b"\xb5\x86\x1d\xda{\x9f\xae\xb0\xff\x02\x81r\x92z\x8cM\xb7ho\xc9^\x9c\xb6"
+    b"\x9c\xae\xd1\xc9\xf4\xdfU7\xd6\\!\xea\x0b\x94k\xb9Ud~\x98\xe7\x86\x8az"
+    b"\x10;\xe3\x1d\xe5PG\xf8\xa4\x12\x05w\x98^\xc4\xb1\xbb\xfb\xcf\xe0\x7f"
+    b"\x033Sf\x0c \xb1\xf6@\x94\xe5\xa3\xb2\xa7\x10\x9a\xc0\x14\xc3s\xb5xRD"
+    b"\xf4`W\xd9\xe5\xd3\xcf\x91\rTZ-X\xbe\xbf\xb5\xe2\xee|\x1a\xbf\xfb\x08"
+    b"\x91\xe1\xfc\x9a\x18\xa3\x8b\xd6^\x89\xf5[\xef\x87\xd1\x06\x1c7\xd6\xa2"
+    b"\t\tQ5/@S\xc05\xd2VhAK\x03VC\r\x9b\x93\xd6M\xf1xO\xaaO\xed\xb9<\x0c\xdae"
+    b"*\xd0\x07Hk6\x9fG+\xa1)\xcd\x9cl\x87\xdb\xe1\xe7\xefK}\x875\xab\xa0\x19u"
+    b"\xf6*F\xb32\x00\x00\x00"
+)
+
+FILTERS_RAW_2 = [{"id": lzma.FILTER_DELTA, "dist": 2},
+                 {"id": lzma.FILTER_LZMA2,
+                  "preset": lzma.PRESET_DEFAULT | lzma.PRESET_EXTREME}]
+COMPRESSED_RAW_2 = (
+    b"\xe0\x07\x80\x05\x91]\x00\x05\x14\x06-\xd4\xa8d?\xef\xbe\xafH\xee\x042"
+    b"\xcb.\xb5g\x8f\xfb\x14\xab\xa5\x9f\x025z\xa4\xdd\xd8\t[}W\xf8\x0c\x1dmH"
+    b"\xfa\x05\xfcg\xba\xe5\x01Q\x0b\x83R\xb6A\x885\xc0\xba\xee\n\x1cv~\xde:o"
+    b"\x06:J\xa7\x11Cc\xea\xf7\xe5*o\xf7\x83\\l\xbdE\x19\x1f\r\xa8\x10\xb42"
+    b"\x0caU{\xd7\xb8w\xdc\xbe\x1b\xfc8\xb4\xcc\xd38\\\xf6\x13\xf6\xe7\x98\xfa"
+    b"\xc7[\x17_9\x86%\xa8\xf8\xaa\xb8\x8dfs#\x1e=\xed<\x92\x10\\t\xff\x86\xfb"
+    b"=\x9e7\x18\x1dft\\\xb5\x01\x95Q\xc5\x19\xb38\xe0\xd4\xaa\x07\xc3\x7f\xd8"
+    b"\xa2\x00>-\xd3\x8e\xa1#\xfa\x83ArAm\xdbJ~\x93\xa3B\x82\xe0\xc7\xcc(\x08`"
+    b"WK\xad\x1b\x94kaj\x04 \xde\xfc\xe1\xed\xb0\x82\x91\xefS\x84%\x86\xfbi"
+    b"\x99X\xf1B\xe7\x90;E\xfde\x98\xda\xca\xd6T\xb4bg\xa4\n\x9aj\xd1\x83\x9e]"
+    b"\"\x7fM\xb5\x0fr\xd2\\\xa5j~P\x10GH\xbfN*Z\x10.\x81\tpE\x8a\x08\xbe1\xbd"
+    b"\xcd\xa9\xe1\x8d\x1f\x04\xf9\x0eH\xb9\xae\xd6\xc3\xc1\xa5\xa9\x95P\xdc~"
+    b"\xff\x01\x930\xa9\x04\xf6\x03\xfe\xb5JK\xc3]\xdd9\xb1\xd3\xd7F\xf5\xd1"
+    b"\x1e\xa0\x1c_\xed[\x0c\xae\xd4\x8b\x946\xeb\xbf\xbb\xe3$kS{\xb5\x80,f:Sj"
+    b"\x0f\x08z\x1c\xf5\xe8\xe6\xae\x98\xb0Q~r\x0f\xb0\x05?\xb6\x90\x19\x02&"
+    b"\xcb\x80\t\xc4\xea\x9c|x\xce\x10\x9c\xc5|\xcbdhh+\x0c'\xc5\x81\xc33\xb5"
+    b"\x14q\xd6\xc5\xe3`Z#\xdc\x8a\xab\xdd\xea\x08\xc2I\xe7\x02l{\xec\x196\x06"
+    b"\x91\x8d\xdc\xd5\xb3x\xe1hz%\xd1\xf8\xa5\xdd\x98!\x8c\x1c\xc1\x17RUa\xbb"
+    b"\x95\x0f\xe4X\xea1\x0c\xf1=R\xbe\xc60\xe3\xa4\x9a\x90bd\x97$]B\x01\xdd"
+    b"\x1f\xe3h2c\x1e\xa0L`4\xc6x\xa3Z\x8a\r\x14]T^\xd8\x89\x1b\x92\r;\xedY"
+    b"\x0c\xef\x8d9z\xf3o\xb6)f\xa9]$n\rp\x93\xd0\x10\xa4\x08\xb8\xb2\x8b\xb6"
+    b"\x8f\x80\xae;\xdcQ\xf1\xfa\x9a\x06\x8e\xa5\x0e\x8cK\x9c @\xaa:UcX\n!\xc6"
+    b"\x02\x12\xcb\x1b\"=\x16.\x1f\x176\xf2g=\xe1Wn\xe9\xe1\xd4\xf1O\xad\x15"
+    b"\x86\xe9\xa3T\xaf\xa9\xd7D\xb5\xd1W3pnt\x11\xc7VOj\xb7M\xc4i\xa1\xf1$3"
+    b"\xbb\xdc\x8af\xb0\xc5Y\r\xd1\xfb\xf2\xe7K\xe6\xc5hwO\xfe\x8c2^&\x07\xd5"
+    b"\x1fV\x19\xfd\r\x14\xd2i=yZ\xe6o\xaf\xc6\xb6\x92\x9d\xc4\r\xb3\xafw\xac%"
+    b"\xcfc\x1a\xf1`]\xf2\x1a\x9e\x808\xedm\xedQ\xb2\xfe\xe4h`[q\xae\xe0\x0f"
+    b"\xba0g\xb6\"N\xc3\xfb\xcfR\x11\xc5\x18)(\xc40\\\xa3\x02\xd9G!\xce\x1b"
+    b"\xc1\x96x\xb5\xc8z\x1f\x01\xb4\xaf\xde\xc2\xcd\x07\xe7H\xb3y\xa8M\n\\A\t"
+    b"ar\xddM\x8b\x9a\xea\x84\x9b!\xf1\x8d\xb1\xf1~\x1e\r\xa5H\xba\xf1\x84o"
+    b"\xda\x87\x01h\xe9\xa2\xbe\xbeqN\x9d\x84\x0b!WG\xda\xa1\xa5A\xb7\xc7`j"
+    b"\x15\xf2\xe9\xdd?\x015B\xd2~E\x06\x11\xe0\x91!\x05^\x80\xdd\xa8y\x15}"
+    b"\xa1)\xb1)\x81\x18\xf4\xf4\xf8\xc0\xefD\xe3\xdb2f\x1e\x12\xabu\xc9\x97"
+    b"\xcd\x1e\xa7\x0c\x02x4_6\x03\xc4$t\xf39\x94\x1d=\xcb\xbfv\\\xf5\xa3\x1d"
+    b"\x9d8jk\x95\x13)ff\xf9n\xc4\xa9\xe3\x01\xb8\xda\xfb\xab\xdfM\x99\xfb\x05"
+    b"\xe0\xe9\xb0I\xf4E\xab\xe2\x15\xa3\x035\xe7\xdeT\xee\x82p\xb4\x88\xd3"
+    b"\x893\x9c/\xc0\xd6\x8fou;\xf6\x95PR\xa9\xb2\xc1\xefFj\xe2\xa7$\xf7h\xf1"
+    b"\xdfK(\xc9c\xba7\xe8\xe3)\xdd\xb2,\x83\xfb\x84\x18.y\x18Qi\x88\xf8`h-"
+    b"\xef\xd5\xed\x8c\t\xd8\xc3^\x0f\x00\xb7\xd0[!\xafM\x9b\xd7.\x07\xd8\xfb"
+    b"\xd9\xe2-S+\xaa8,\xa0\x03\x1b \xea\xa8\x00\xc3\xab~\xd0$e\xa5\x7f\xf7"
+    b"\x95P]\x12\x19i\xd9\x7fo\x0c\xd8g^\rE\xa5\x80\x18\xc5\x01\x80\xaek`\xff~"
+    b"\xb6y\xe7+\xe5\x11^D\xa7\x85\x18\"!\xd6\xd2\xa7\xf4\x1eT\xdb\x02\xe15"
+    b"\x02Y\xbc\x174Z\xe7\x9cH\x1c\xbf\x0f\xc6\xe9f]\xcf\x8cx\xbc\xe5\x15\x94"
+    b"\xfc3\xbc\xa7TUH\xf1\x84\x1b\xf7\xa9y\xc07\x84\xf8X\xd8\xef\xfc \x1c\xd8"
+    b"( /\xf2\xb7\xec\xc1\\\x8c\xf6\x95\xa1\x03J\x83vP8\xe1\xe3\xbb~\xc24kA"
+    b"\x98y\xa1\xf2P\xe9\x9d\xc9J\xf8N\x99\xb4\xceaO\xde\x16\x1e\xc2\x19\xa7"
+    b"\x03\xd2\xe0\x8f:\x15\xf3\x84\x9e\xee\xe6e\xb8\x02q\xc7AC\x1emw\xfd\t"
+    b"\x9a\x1eu\xc1\xa9\xcaCwUP\x00\xa5\xf78L4w!\x91L2 \x87\xd0\xf2\x06\x81j"
+    b"\x80;\x03V\x06\x87\x92\xcb\x90lv@E\x8d\x8d\xa5\xa6\xe7Z[\xdf\xd6E\x03`>"
+    b"\x8f\xde\xa1bZ\x84\xd0\xa9`\x05\x0e{\x80;\xe3\xbef\x8d\x1d\xebk1.\xe3"
+    b"\xe9N\x15\xf7\xd4(\xfa\xbb\x15\xbdu\xf7\x7f\x86\xae!\x03L\x1d\xb5\xc1"
+    b"\xb9\x11\xdb\xd0\x93\xe4\x02\xe1\xd2\xcbBjc_\xe8}d\xdb\xc3\xa0Y\xbe\xc9/"
+    b"\x95\x01\xa3,\xe6bl@\x01\xdbp\xc2\xce\x14\x168\xc2q\xe3uH\x89X\xa4\xa9"
+    b"\x19\x1d\xc1}\x7fOX\x19\x9f\xdd\xbe\x85\x83\xff\x96\x1ee\x82O`CF=K\xeb$I"
+    b"\x17_\xefX\x8bJ'v\xde\x1f+\xd9.v\xf8Tv\x17\xf2\x9f5\x19\xe1\xb9\x91\xa8S"
+    b"\x86\xbd\x1a\"(\xa5x\x8dC\x03X\x81\x91\xa8\x11\xc4pS\x13\xbc\xf2'J\xae!"
+    b"\xef\xef\x84G\t\x8d\xc4\x10\x132\x00oS\x9e\xe0\xe4d\x8f\xb8y\xac\xa6\x9f"
+    b",\xb8f\x87\r\xdf\x9eE\x0f\xe1\xd0\\L\x00\xb2\xe1h\x84\xef}\x98\xa8\x11"
+    b"\xccW#\\\x83\x7fo\xbbz\x8f\x00"
+)
+
+FILTERS_RAW_3 = [{"id": lzma.FILTER_IA64, "start_offset": 0x100},
+                 {"id": lzma.FILTER_LZMA2}]
+COMPRESSED_RAW_3 = (
+    b"\xe0\x07\x80\x03\xdf]\x00\x05\x14\x07bX\x19\xcd\xddn\x98\x15\xe4\xb4\x9d"
+    b"o\x1d\xc4\xe5\n\x03\xcc2h\xc7\\\x86\xff\xf8\xe2\xfc\xe7\xd9\xfe6\xb8("
+    b"\xa8wd\xc2\"u.n\x1e\xc3\xf2\x8e\x8d\x8f\x02\x17/\xa6=\xf0\xa2\xdf/M\x89"
+    b"\xbe\xde\xa7\x1cz\x18-]\xd5\xef\x13\x8frZ\x15\x80\x8c\xf8\x8do\xfa\x12"
+    b"\x9b#z/\xef\xf0\xfaF\x01\x82\xa3M\x8e\xa1t\xca6 BF$\xe5Q\xa4\x98\xee\xde"
+    b"l\xe8\x7f\xf0\x9d,bn\x0b\x13\xd4\xa8\x81\xe4N\xc8\x86\x153\xf5x2\xa2O"
+    b"\x13@Q\xa1\x00/\xa5\xd0O\x97\xdco\xae\xf7z\xc4\xcdS\xb6t<\x16\xf2\x9cI#"
+    b"\x89ud\xc66Y\xd9\xee\xe6\xce\x12]\xe5\xf0\xaa\x96-Pe\xade:\x04\t\x1b\xf7"
+    b"\xdb7\n\x86\x1fp\xc8J\xba\xf4\xf0V\xa9\xdc\xf0\x02%G\xf9\xdf=?\x15\x1b"
+    b"\xe1(\xce\x82=\xd6I\xac3\x12\x0cR\xb7\xae\r\xb1i\x03\x95\x01\xbd\xbe\xfa"
+    b"\x02s\x01P\x9d\x96X\xb12j\xc8L\xa8\x84b\xf6\xc3\xd4c-H\x93oJl\xd0iQ\xe4k"
+    b"\x84\x0b\xc1\xb7\xbc\xb1\x17\x88\xb1\xca?@\xf6\x07\xea\xe6x\xf1H12P\x0f"
+    b"\x8a\xc9\xeauw\xe3\xbe\xaai\xa9W\xd0\x80\xcd#cb5\x99\xd8]\xa9d\x0c\xbd"
+    b"\xa2\xdcWl\xedUG\xbf\x89yF\xf77\x81v\xbd5\x98\xbeh8\x18W\x08\xf0\x1b\x99"
+    b"5:\x1a?rD\x96\xa1\x04\x0f\xae\xba\x85\xeb\x9d5@\xf5\x83\xd37\x83\x8ac"
+    b"\x06\xd4\x97i\xcdt\x16S\x82k\xf6K\x01vy\x88\x91\x9b6T\xdae\r\xfd]:k\xbal"
+    b"\xa9\xbba\xc34\xf9r\xeb}r\xdb\xc7\xdb*\x8f\x03z\xdc8h\xcc\xc9\xd3\xbcl"
+    b"\xa5-\xcb\xeaK\xa2\xc5\x15\xc0\xe3\xc1\x86Z\xfb\xebL\xe13\xcf\x9c\xe3"
+    b"\x1d\xc9\xed\xc2\x06\xcc\xce!\x92\xe5\xfe\x9c^\xa59w \x9bP\xa3PK\x08d"
+    b"\xf9\xe2Z}\xa7\xbf\xed\xeb%$\x0c\x82\xb8/\xb0\x01\xa9&,\xf7qh{Q\x96)\xf2"
+    b"q\x96\xc3\x80\xb4\x12\xb0\xba\xe6o\xf4!\xb4[\xd4\x8aw\x10\xf7t\x0c\xb3"
+    b"\xd9\xd5\xc3`^\x81\x11??\\\xa4\x99\x85R\xd4\x8e\x83\xc9\x1eX\xbfa\xf1"
+    b"\xac\xb0\xea\xea\xd7\xd0\xab\x18\xe2\xf2\xed\xe1\xb7\xc9\x18\xcbS\xe4>"
+    b"\xc9\x95H\xe8\xcb\t\r%\xeb\xc7$.o\xf1\xf3R\x17\x1db\xbb\xd8U\xa5^\xccS"
+    b"\x16\x01\x87\xf3/\x93\xd1\xf0v\xc0r\xd7\xcc\xa2Gkz\xca\x80\x0e\xfd\xd0"
+    b"\x8b\xbb\xd2Ix\xb3\x1ey\xca-0\xe3z^\xd6\xd6\x8f_\xf1\x9dP\x9fi\xa7\xd1"
+    b"\xe8\x90\x84\xdc\xbf\xcdky\x8e\xdc\x81\x7f\xa3\xb2+\xbf\x04\xef\xd8\\"
+    b"\xc4\xdf\xe1\xb0\x01\xe9\x93\xe3Y\xf1\x1dY\xe8h\x81\xcf\xf1w\xcc\xb4\xef"
+    b" \x8b|\x04\xea\x83ej\xbe\x1f\xd4z\x9c`\xd3\x1a\x92A\x06\xe5\x8f\xa9\x13"
+    b"\t\x9e=\xfa\x1c\xe5_\x9f%v\x1bo\x11ZO\xd8\xf4\t\xddM\x16-\x04\xfc\x18<\""
+    b"CM\xddg~b\xf6\xef\x8e\x0c\xd0\xde|\xa0'\x8a\x0c\xd6x\xae!J\xa6F\x88\x15u"
+    b"\x008\x17\xbc7y\xb3\xd8u\xac_\x85\x8d\xe7\xc1@\x9c\xecqc\xa3#\xad\xf1"
+    b"\x935\xb5)_\r\xec3]\x0fo]5\xd0my\x07\x9b\xee\x81\xb5\x0f\xcfK+\x00\xc0"
+    b"\xe4b\x10\xe4\x0c\x1a \x9b\xe0\x97t\xf6\xa1\x9e\x850\xba\x0c\x9a\x8d\xc8"
+    b"\x8f\x07\xd7\xae\xc8\xf9+i\xdc\xb9k\xb0>f\x19\xb8\r\xa8\xf8\x1f$\xa5{p"
+    b"\xc6\x880\xce\xdb\xcf\xca_\x86\xac\x88h6\x8bZ%'\xd0\n\xbf\x0f\x9c\"\xba"
+    b"\xe5\x86\x9f\x0f7X=mNX[\xcc\x19FU\xc9\x860\xbc\x90a+* \xae_$\x03\x1e\xd3"
+    b"\xcd_\xa0\x9c\xde\xaf46q\xa5\xc9\x92\xd7\xca\xe3`\x9d\x85}\xb4\xff\xb3"
+    b"\x83\xfb\xb6\xca\xae`\x0bw\x7f\xfc\xd8\xacVe\x19\xc8\x17\x0bZ\xad\x88"
+    b"\xeb#\x97\x03\x13\xb1d\x0f{\x0c\x04w\x07\r\x97\xbd\xd6\xc1\xc3B:\x95\x08"
+    b"^\x10V\xaeaH\x02\xd9\xe3\n\\\x01X\xf6\x9c\x8a\x06u#%\xbe*\xa1\x18v\x85"
+    b"\xec!\t4\x00\x00\x00"
+)
+
+FILTERS_RAW_4 = [{"id": lzma.FILTER_DELTA, "dist": 4},
+                 {"id": lzma.FILTER_X86, "start_offset": 0x40},
+                 {"id": lzma.FILTER_LZMA2, "preset": 4, "lc": 2}]
+COMPRESSED_RAW_4 = (
+    b"\xe0\x07\x80\x06\x0e\\\x00\x05\x14\x07bW\xaah\xdd\x10\xdc'\xd6\x90,\xc6v"
+    b"Jq \x14l\xb7\x83xB\x0b\x97f=&fx\xba\n>Tn\xbf\x8f\xfb\x1dF\xca\xc3v_\xca?"
+    b"\xfbV<\x92#\xd4w\xa6\x8a\xeb\xf6\x03\xc0\x01\x94\xd8\x9e\x13\x12\x98\xd1"
+    b"*\xfa]c\xe8\x1e~\xaf\xb5]Eg\xfb\x9e\x01\"8\xb2\x90\x06=~\xe9\x91W\xcd"
+    b"\xecD\x12\xc7\xfa\xe1\x91\x06\xc7\x99\xb9\xe3\x901\x87\x19u\x0f\x869\xff"
+    b"\xc1\xb0hw|\xb0\xdcl\xcck\xb16o7\x85\xee{Y_b\xbf\xbc$\xf3=\x8d\x8bw\xe5Z"
+    b"\x08@\xc4kmE\xad\xfb\xf6*\xd8\xad\xa1\xfb\xc5{\xdej,)\x1emB\x1f<\xaeca"
+    b"\x80(\xee\x07 \xdf\xe9\xf8\xeb\x0e-\x97\x86\x90c\xf9\xea'B\xf7`\xd7\xb0"
+    b"\x92\xbd\xa0\x82]\xbd\x0e\x0eB\x19\xdc\x96\xc6\x19\xd86D\xf0\xd5\x831"
+    b"\x03\xb7\x1c\xf7&5\x1a\x8f PZ&j\xf8\x98\x1bo\xcc\x86\x9bS\xd3\xa5\xcdu"
+    b"\xf9$\xcc\x97o\xe5V~\xfb\x97\xb5\x0b\x17\x9c\xfdxW\x10\xfep4\x80\xdaHDY"
+    b"\xfa)\xfet\xb5\"\xd4\xd3F\x81\xf4\x13\x1f\xec\xdf\xa5\x13\xfc\"\x91x\xb7"
+    b"\x99\xce\xc8\x92\n\xeb[\x10l*Y\xd8\xb1@\x06\xc8o\x8d7r\xebu\xfd5\x0e\x7f"
+    b"\xf1$U{\t}\x1fQ\xcfxN\x9d\x9fXX\xe9`\x83\xc1\x06\xf4\x87v-f\x11\xdb/\\"
+    b"\x06\xff\xd7)B\xf3g\x06\x88#2\x1eB244\x7f4q\t\xc893?mPX\x95\xa6a\xfb)d"
+    b"\x9b\xfc\x98\x9aj\x04\xae\x9b\x9d\x19w\xba\xf92\xfaA\x11\\\x17\x97C3\xa4"
+    b"\xbc!\x88\xcdo[\xec:\x030\x91.\x85\xe0@\\4\x16\x12\x9d\xcaJv\x97\xb04"
+    b"\xack\xcbkf\xa3ss\xfc\x16^\x8ce\x85a\xa5=&\xecr\xb3p\xd1E\xd5\x80y\xc7"
+    b"\xda\xf6\xfek\xbcT\xbfH\xee\x15o\xc5\x8c\x830\xec\x1d\x01\xae\x0c-e\\"
+    b"\x91\x90\x94\xb2\xf8\x88\x91\xe8\x0b\xae\xa7>\x98\xf6\x9ck\xd2\xc6\x08"
+    b"\xe6\xab\t\x98\xf2!\xa0\x8c^\xacqA\x99<\x1cEG\x97\xc8\xf1\xb6\xb9\x82"
+    b"\x8d\xf7\x08s\x98a\xff\xe3\xcc\x92\x0e\xd2\xb6U\xd7\xd9\x86\x7fa\xe5\x1c"
+    b"\x8dTG@\t\x1e\x0e7*\xfc\xde\xbc]6N\xf7\xf1\x84\x9e\x9f\xcf\xe9\x1e\xb5'"
+    b"\xf4<\xdf\x99sq\xd0\x9d\xbd\x99\x0b\xb4%p4\xbf{\xbb\x8a\xd2\x0b\xbc=M"
+    b"\x94H:\xf5\xa8\xd6\xa4\xc90\xc2D\xb9\xd3\xa8\xb0S\x87 `\xa2\xeb\xf3W\xce"
+    b" 7\xf9N#\r\xe6\xbe\t\x9d\xe7\x811\xf9\x10\xc1\xc2\x14\xf6\xfc\xcba\xb7"
+    b"\xb1\x7f\x95l\xe4\tjA\xec:\x10\xe5\xfe\xc2\\=D\xe2\x0c\x0b3]\xf7\xc1\xf7"
+    b"\xbceZ\xb1A\xea\x16\xe5\xfddgFQ\xed\xaf\x04\xa3\xd3\xf8\xa2q\x19B\xd4r"
+    b"\xc5\x0c\x9a\x14\x94\xea\x91\xc4o\xe4\xbb\xb4\x99\xf4@\xd1\xe6\x0c\xe3"
+    b"\xc6d\xa0Q\n\xf2/\xd8\xb8S5\x8a\x18:\xb5g\xac\x95D\xce\x17\x07\xd4z\xda"
+    b"\x90\xe65\x07\x19H!\t\xfdu\x16\x8e\x0eR\x19\xf4\x8cl\x0c\xf9Q\xf1\x80"
+    b"\xe3\xbf\xd7O\xf8\x8c\x18\x0b\x9c\xf1\x1fb\xe1\tR\xb2\xf1\xe1A\xea \xcf-"
+    b"IGE\xf1\x14\x98$\x83\x15\xc9\xd8j\xbf\x19\x0f\xd5\xd1\xaa\xb3\xf3\xa5I2s"
+    b"\x8d\x145\xca\xd5\xd93\x9c\xb8D0\xe6\xaa%\xd0\xc0P}JO^h\x8e\x08\xadlV."
+    b"\x18\x88\x13\x05o\xb0\x07\xeaw\xe0\xb6\xa4\xd5*\xe4r\xef\x07G+\xc1\xbei["
+    b"w\xe8\xab@_\xef\x15y\xe5\x12\xc9W\x1b.\xad\x85-\xc2\xf7\xe3mU6g\x8eSA"
+    b"\x01(\xd3\xdb\x16\x13=\xde\x92\xf9,D\xb8\x8a\xb2\xb4\xc9\xc3\xefnE\xe8\\"
+    b"\xa6\xe2Y\xd2\xcf\xcb\x8c\xb6\xd5\xe9\x1d\x1e\x9a\x8b~\xe2\xa6\rE\x84uV"
+    b"\xed\xc6\x99\xddm<\x10[\x0fu\x1f\xc1\x1d1\n\xcfw\xb2%!\xf0[\xce\x87\x83B"
+    b"\x08\xaa,\x08%d\xcef\x94\"\xd9g.\xc83\xcbXY+4\xec\x85qA\n\x1d=9\xf0*\xb1"
+    b"\x1f/\xf3s\xd61b\x7f@\xfb\x9d\xe3FQ\\\xbd\x82\x1e\x00\xf3\xce\xd3\xe1"
+    b"\xca,E\xfd7[\xab\xb6\xb7\xac!mA}\xbd\x9d3R5\x9cF\xabH\xeb\x92)cc\x13\xd0"
+    b"\xbd\xee\xe9n{\x1dIJB\xa5\xeb\x11\xe8`w&`\x8b}@Oxe\t\x8a\x07\x02\x95\xf2"
+    b"\xed\xda|\xb1e\xbe\xaa\xbbg\x19@\xe1Y\x878\x84\x0f\x8c\xe3\xc98\xf2\x9e"
+    b"\xd5N\xb5J\xef\xab!\xe2\x8dq\xe1\xe5q\xc5\xee\x11W\xb7\xe4k*\x027\xa0"
+    b"\xa3J\xf4\xd8m\xd0q\x94\xcb\x07\n:\xb6`.\xe4\x9c\x15+\xc0)\xde\x80X\xd4"
+    b"\xcfQm\x01\xc2cP\x1cA\x85'\xc9\xac\x8b\xe6\xb2)\xe6\x84t\x1c\x92\xe4Z"
+    b"\x1cR\xb0\x9e\x96\xd1\xfb\x1c\xa6\x8b\xcb`\x10\x12]\xf2gR\x9bFT\xe0\xc8H"
+    b"S\xfb\xac<\x04\xc7\xc1\xe8\xedP\xf4\x16\xdb\xc0\xd7e\xc2\x17J^\x1f\xab"
+    b"\xff[\x08\x19\xb4\xf5\xfb\x19\xb4\x04\xe5c~']\xcb\xc2A\xec\x90\xd0\xed"
+    b"\x06,\xc5K{\x86\x03\xb1\xcdMx\xdeQ\x8c3\xf9\x8a\xea=\x89\xaba\xd2\xc89a"
+    b"\xd72\xf0\xc3\x19\x8a\xdfs\xd4\xfd\xbb\x81b\xeaE\"\xd8\xf4d\x0cD\xf7IJ!"
+    b"\xe5d\xbbG\xe9\xcam\xaa\x0f_r\x95\x91NBq\xcaP\xce\xa7\xa9\xb5\x10\x94eP!"
+    b"|\x856\xcd\xbfIir\xb8e\x9bjP\x97q\xabwS7\x1a\x0ehM\xe7\xca\x86?\xdeP}y~"
+    b"\x0f\x95I\xfc\x13\xe1<Q\x1b\x868\x1d\x11\xdf\x94\xf4\x82>r\xa9k\x88\xcb"
+    b"\xfd\xc3v\xe2\xb9\x8a\x02\x8eq\x92I\xf8\xf6\xf1\x03s\x9b\xb8\xe3\"\xe3"
+    b"\xa9\xa5>D\xb8\x96;\xe7\x92\xd133\xe8\xdd'e\xc9.\xdc;\x17\x1f\xf5H\x13q"
+    b"\xa4W\x0c\xdb~\x98\x01\xeb\xdf\xe32\x13\x0f\xddx\n6\xa0\t\x10\xb6\xbb"
+    b"\xb0\xc3\x18\xb6;\x9fj[\xd9\xd5\xc9\x06\x8a\x87\xcd\xe5\xee\xfc\x9c-%@"
+    b"\xee\xe0\xeb\xd2\xe3\xe8\xfb\xc0\x122\\\xc7\xaf\xc2\xa1Oth\xb3\x8f\x82"
+    b"\xb3\x18\xa8\x07\xd5\xee_\xbe\xe0\x1cA\x1e_\r\x9a\xb0\x17W&\xa2D\x91\x94"
+    b"\x1a\xb2\xef\xf2\xdc\x85;X\xb0,\xeb>-7S\xe5\xca\x07)\x1fp\x7f\xcaQBL\xca"
+    b"\xf3\xb9d\xfc\xb5su\xb0\xc8\x95\x90\xeb*)\xa0v\xe4\x9a{FW\xf4l\xde\xcdj"
+    b"\x00"
+)
+
+ISSUE_21872_DAT = (
+    b']\x00\x00@\x00h3\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00`D\x0c\x99\xc8'
+    b'\xd1\xbbZ^\xc43+\x83\xcd\xf1\xc6g\xec-\x061F\xb1\xbb\xc7\x17%-\xea'
+    b'\xfap\xfb\x8fs\x128\xb2,\x88\xe4\xc0\x12|*x\xd0\xa2\xc4b\x1b!\x02c'
+    b'\xab\xd9\x87U\xb8n \xfaVJ\x9a"\xb78\xff%_\x17`?@*\xc2\x82'
+    b"\xf2^\x1b\xb8\x04&\xc0\xbb\x03g\x9d\xca\xe9\xa4\xc9\xaf'\xe5\x8e}"
+    b'F\xdd\x11\xf3\x86\xbe\x1fN\x95\\\xef\xa2Mz-\xcb\x9a\xe3O@'
+    b"\x19\x07\xf6\xee\x9e\x9ag\xc6\xa5w\rnG'\x99\xfd\xfeGI\xb0"
+    b'\xbb\xf9\xc2\xe1\xff\xc5r\xcf\x85y[\x01\xa1\xbd\xcc/\xa3\x1b\x83\xaa'
+    b'\xc6\xf9\x99\x0c\xb6_\xc9MQ+x\xa2F\xda]\xdd\xe8\xfb\x1a&'
+    b',\xc4\x19\x1df\x81\x1e\x90\xf3\xb8Hgr\x85v\xbe\xa3qx\x01Y\xb5\x9fF'
+    b"\x13\x18\x01\xe69\x9b\xc8'\x1e\x9d\xd6\xe4F\x84\xac\xf8d<\x11\xd5"
+    b'\\\x0b\xeb\x0e\x82\xab\xb1\xe6\x1fka\xe1i\xc4 C\xb1"4)\xd6\xa7`\x02'
+    b'\xec\x11\x8c\xf0\x14\xb0\x1d\x1c\xecy\xf0\xb7|\x11j\x85X\xb2!\x1c'
+    b'\xac\xb5N\xc7\x85j\x9ev\xf5\xe6\x0b\xc1]c\xc15\x16\x9f\xd5\x99'
+    b"\xfei^\xd2G\x9b\xbdl\xab:\xbe,\xa9'4\x82\xe5\xee\xb3\xc1"
+    b'$\x93\x95\xa8Y\x16\xf5\xbf\xacw\x91\x04\x1d\x18\x06\xe9\xc5\xfdk\x06'
+    b'\xe8\xfck\xc5\x86>\x8b~\xa4\xcb\xf1\xb3\x04\xf1\x04G5\xe2\xcc]'
+    b'\x16\xbf\x140d\x18\xe2\xedw#(3\xca\xa1\x80bX\x7f\xb3\x84'
+    b'\x9d\xdb\xe7\x08\x97\xcd\x16\xb9\xf1\xd5r+m\x1e\xcb3q\xc5\x9e\x92'
+    b"\x7f\x8e*\xc7\xde\xe9\xe26\xcds\xb1\x10-\xf6r\x02?\x9d\xddCgJN'"
+    b'\x11M\xfa\nQ\n\xe6`m\xb8N\xbbq\x8el\x0b\x02\xc7:q\x04G\xa1T'
+    b'\xf1\xfe!0\x85~\xe5\x884\xe9\x89\xfb\x13J8\x15\xe42\xb6\xad'
+    b'\x877A\x9a\xa6\xbft]\xd0\xe35M\xb0\x0cK\xc8\xf6\x88\xae\xed\xa9,j7'
+    b'\x81\x13\xa0(\xcb\xe1\xe9l2\x7f\xcd\xda\x95(\xa70B\xbd\xf4\xe3'
+    b'hp\x94\xbdJ\xd7\t\xc7g\xffo?\x89?\xf8}\x7f\xbc\x1c\x87'
+    b'\x14\xc0\xcf\x8cV:\x9a\x0e\xd0\xb2\x1ck\xffk\xb9\xe0=\xc7\x8d/'
+    b'\xb8\xff\x7f\x1d\x87`\x19.\x98X*~\xa7j\xb9\x0b"\xf4\xe4;V`\xb9\xd7'
+    b'\x03\x1e\xd0t0\xd3\xde\x1fd\xb9\xe2)\x16\x81}\xb1\\b\x7fJ'
+    b'\x92\xf4\xff\n+V!\xe9\xde\x98\xa0\x8fK\xdf7\xb9\xc0\x12\x1f\xe2'
+    b'\xe9\xb0`\xae\x14\r\xa7\xc4\x81~\xd8\x8d\xc5\x06\xd8m\xb0Y\x8a)'
+    b'\x06/\xbb\xf9\xac\xeaP\xe0\x91\x05m[\xe5z\xe6Z\xf3\x9f\xc7\xd0'
+    b'\xd3\x8b\xf3\x8a\x1b\xfa\xe4Pf\xbc0\x17\x10\xa9\xd0\x95J{\xb3\xc3'
+    b'\xfdW\x9bop\x0f\xbe\xaee\xa3]\x93\x9c\xda\xb75<\xf6g!\xcc\xb1\xfc\\'
+    b'7\x152Mc\x17\x84\x9d\xcd35\r0\xacL-\xf3\xfb\xcb\x96\x1e\xe9U\x7f'
+    b'\xd7\xca\xb0\xcc\x89\x0c*\xce\x14\xd1P\xf1\x03\xb6.~9o?\xe8'
+    b'\r\x86\xe0\x92\x87}\xa3\x84\x03P\xe0\xc2\x7f\n;m\x9d\x9e\xb4|'
+    b'\x8c\x18\xc0#0\xfe3\x07<\xda\xd8\xcf^\xd4Hi\xd6\xb3\x0bT'
+    b'\x1dF\x88\x85q}\x02\xc6&\xc4\xae\xce\x9cU\xfa\x0f\xcc\xb6\x1f\x11'
+    b'drw\x9eN\x19\xbd\xffz\x0f\xf0\x04s\xadR\xc1\xc0\xbfl\xf1\xba\xf95^'
+    b'e\xb1\xfbVY\xd9\x9f\x1c\xbf*\xc4\xa86\x08+\xd6\x88[\xc4_rc\xf0f'
+    b'\xb8\xd4\xec\x1dx\x19|\xbf\xa7\xe0\x82\x0b\x8c~\x10L/\x90\xd6\xfb'
+    b'\x81\xdb\x98\xcc\x02\x14\xa5C\xb2\xa7i\xfd\xcd\x1fO\xf7\xe9\x89t\xf0'
+    b'\x17\xa5\x1c\xad\xfe<Q`%\x075k\n7\x9eI\x82<#)&\x04\xc2\xf0C\xd4`!'
+    b'\xcb\xa9\xf9\xb3F\x86\xb5\xc3M\xbeu\x12\xb2\xca\x95e\x10\x0b\xb1\xcc'
+    b'\x01b\x9bXa\x1b[B\x8c\x07\x11Of;\xeaC\xebr\x8eb\xd9\x9c\xe4i]<z\x9a'
+    b'\x03T\x8b9pF\x10\x8c\x84\xc7\x0e\xeaPw\xe5\xa0\x94\x1f\x84\xdd'
+    b'a\xe8\x85\xc2\x00\xebq\xe7&Wo5q8\xc2t\x98\xab\xb7\x7f\xe64-H'
+    b'\t\xb4d\xbe\x06\xe3Q\x8b\xa9J\xb0\x00\xd7s.\x85"\xc0p\x05'
+    b'\x1c\x06N\x87\xa5\xf8\xc3g\x1b}\x0f\x0f\xc3|\x90\xea\xefd3X'
+    b'[\xab\x04E\xf2\xf2\xc9\x08\x8a\xa8+W\xa2v\xec\x15G\x08/I<L\\1'
+    b'\xff\x15O\xaa\x89{\xd1mW\x13\xbd~\xe1\x90^\xc4@\r\xed\xb5D@\xb4\x08'
+    b'A\x90\xe69;\xc7BO\xdb\xda\xebu\x9e\xa9tN\xae\x8aJ5\xcd\x11\x1d\xea'
+    b"\xe5\xa7\x04\xe6\x82Z\xc7O\xe46[7\xdco*[\xbe\x0b\xc9\xb7a\xab'\xf6"
+    b"\xd1u\xdb\xd9q\xf5+y\x1b\x00\xb4\xf3a\xae\xf1M\xc4\xbc\xd00'\x06pQ"
+    b'\x8dH\xaa\xaa\xc4\xd2K\x9b\xc0\xe9\xec=n\xa9\x1a\x8a\xc2\xe8\x18\xbc'
+    b'\x93\xb8F\xa1\x8fOY\xe7\xda\xcf0\t\xff|\xd9\xe5\xcf\xe7\xf6\xbe'
+    b'\xf8\x04\x17\xf2\xe5P\xa7y~\xce\x11h0\x81\x80d[\x00_v\xbbc\xdbI'
+    b'3\xbc`W\xc0yrkB\xf5\x9f\xe9i\xc5\x8a^\x8d\xd4\x81\xd9\x05\xc1\xfc>'
+    b'"\xd1v`\x82\xd5$\x89\xcf^\xd52.\xafd\xe8d@\xaa\xd5Y|\x90\x84'
+    b'j\xdb}\x84riV\x8e\xf0X4rB\xf2NPS[\x8e\x88\xd4\x0fI\xb8'
+    b'\xdd\xcb\x1d\xf2(\xdf;9\x9e|\xef^0;.*[\x9fl\x7f\xa2_X\xaff!\xbb\x03'
+    b'\xff\x19\x8f\x88\xb5\xb6\x884\xa3\x05\xde3D{\xe3\xcb\xce\xe4t]'
+    b'\x875\xe3Uf\xae\xea\x88\x1c\x03b\n\xb1,Q\xec\xcf\x08\t\xde@\x83\xaa<'
+    b',-\xe4\xee\x9b\x843\xe5\x007\tK\xac\x057\xd6*X\xa3\xc6~\xba\xe6O'
+    b'\x81kz"\xbe\xe43sL\xf1\xfa;\xf4^\x1e\xb4\x80\xe2\xbd\xaa\x17Z\xe1f'
+    b'\xda\xa6\xb9\x07:]}\x9fa\x0b?\xba\xe7\xf15\x04M\xe3\n}M\xa4\xcb\r'
+    b'2\x8a\x88\xa9\xa7\x92\x93\x84\x81Yo\x00\xcc\xc4\xab\x9aT\x96\x0b\xbe'
+    b'U\xac\x1d\x8d\x1b\x98"\xf8\x8f\xf1u\xc1n\xcc\xfcA\xcc\x90\xb7i'
+    b'\x83\x9c\x9c~\x1d4\xa2\xf0*J\xe7t\x12\xb4\xe3\xa0u\xd7\x95Z'
+    b'\xf7\xafG\x96~ST,\xa7\rC\x06\xf4\xf0\xeb`2\x9e>Q\x0e\xf6\xf5\xc5'
+    b'\x9b\xb5\xaf\xbe\xa3\x8f\xc0\xa3hu\x14\x12 \x97\x99\x04b\x8e\xc7\x1b'
+    b'VKc\xc1\xf3 \xde\x85-:\xdc\x1f\xac\xce*\x06\xb3\x80;`'
+    b'\xdb\xdd\x97\xfdg\xbf\xe7\xa8S\x08}\xf55e7\xb8/\xf0!\xc8'
+    b"Y\xa8\x9a\x07'\xe2\xde\r\x02\xe1\xb2\x0c\xf4C\xcd\xf9\xcb(\xe8\x90"
+    b'\xd3bTD\x15_\xf6\xc3\xfb\xb3E\xfc\xd6\x98{\xc6\\fz\x81\xa99\x85\xcb'
+    b'\xa5\xb1\x1d\x94bqW\x1a!;z~\x18\x88\xe8i\xdb\x1b\x8d\x8d'
+    b'\x06\xaa\x0e\x99s+5k\x00\xe4\xffh\xfe\xdbt\xa6\x1bU\xde\xa3'
+    b'\xef\xcb\x86\x9e\x81\x16j\n\x9d\xbc\xbbC\x80?\x010\xc7Jj;'
+    b'\xc4\xe5\x86\xd5\x0e0d#\xc6;\xb8\xd1\xc7c\xb5&8?\xd9J\xe5\xden\xb9'
+    b'\xe9cb4\xbb\xe6\x14\xe0\xe7l\x1b\x85\x94\x1fh\xf1n\xdeZ\xbe'
+    b'\x88\xff\xc2e\xca\xdc,B-\x8ac\xc9\xdf\xf5|&\xe4LL\xf0\x1f\xaa8\xbd'
+    b'\xc26\x94bVi\xd3\x0c\x1c\xb6\xbb\x99F\x8f\x0e\xcc\x8e4\xc6/^W\xf5?'
+    b'\xdc\x84(\x14dO\x9aD6\x0f4\xa3,\x0c\x0bS\x9fJ\xe1\xacc^\x8a0\t\x80D['
+    b'\xb8\xe6\x86\xb0\xe8\xd4\xf9\x1en\xf1\xf5^\xeb\xb8\xb8\xf8'
+    b')\xa8\xbf\xaa\x84\x86\xb1a \x95\x16\x08\x1c\xbb@\xbd+\r/\xfb'
+    b'\x92\xfbh\xf1\x8d3\xf9\x92\xde`\xf1\x86\x03\xaa+\xd9\xd9\xc6P\xaf'
+    b'\xe3-\xea\xa5\x0fB\xca\xde\xd5n^\xe3/\xbf\xa6w\xc8\x0e<M'
+    b'\xc2\x1e!\xd4\xc6E\xf2\xad\x0c\xbc\x1d\x88Y\x03\x98<\x92\xd9\xa6B'
+    b'\xc7\x83\xb5"\x97D|&\xc4\xd4\xfad\x0e\xde\x06\xa3\xc2\x9c`\xf2'
+    b'7\x03\x1a\xed\xd80\x10\xe9\x0co\x10\xcf\x18\x16\xa7\x1c'
+    b"\xe5\x96\xa4\xd9\xe1\xa5v;]\xb7\xa9\xdc'hA\xe3\x9c&\x98\x0b9\xdf~@"
+    b'\xf8\xact\x87<\xf94\x0c\x9d\x93\xb0)\xe1\xa2\x0f\x1e=:&\xd56\xa5A+'
+    b'\xab\xc4\x00\x8d\x81\x93\xd4\xd8<\x82k\\d\xd8v\xab\xbd^l5C?\xd4\xa0'
+    b'M\x12C\xc8\x80\r\xc83\xe8\xc0\xf5\xdf\xca\x05\xf4BPjy\xbe\x91\x9bzE'
+    b"\xd8[\x93oT\r\x13\x16'\x1a\xbd*H\xd6\xfe\r\xf3\x91M\x8b\xee\x8f7f"
+    b"\x0b;\xaa\x85\xf2\xdd'\x0fwM \xbd\x13\xb9\xe5\xb8\xb7 D+P\x1c\xe4g"
+    b'n\xd2\xf1kc\x15\xaf\xc6\x90V\x03\xc2UovfZ\xcc\xd23^\xb3\xe7\xbf'
+    b'\xacv\x1d\x82\xedx\xa3J\xa9\xb7\xcf\x0c\xe6j\x96n*o\x18>'
+    b'\xc6\xfd\x97_+D{\x03\x15\xe8s\xb1\xc8HAG\xcf\xf4\x1a\xdd'
+    b'\xad\x11\xbf\x157q+\xdeW\x89g"X\x82\xfd~\xf7\xab4\xf6`\xab\xf1q'
+    b')\x82\x10K\xe9sV\xfe\xe45\xafs*\x14\xa7;\xac{\x06\x9d<@\x93G'
+    b'j\x1d\xefL\xe9\xd8\x92\x19&\xa1\x16\x19\x04\tu5\x01]\xf6\xf4'
+    b'\xcd\\\xd8A|I\xd4\xeb\x05\x88C\xc6e\xacQ\xe9*\x97~\x9au\xf8Xy'
+    b"\x17P\x10\x9f\n\x8c\xe2fZEu>\x9b\x1e\x91\x0b'`\xbd\xc0\xa8\x86c\x1d"
+    b'Z\xe2\xdc8j\x95\xffU\x90\x1e\xf4o\xbc\xe5\xe3e>\xd2R\xc0b#\xbc\x15'
+    b'H-\xb9!\xde\x9d\x90k\xdew\x9b{\x99\xde\xf7/K)A\xfd\xf5\xe6:\xda'
+    b'UM\xcc\xbb\xa2\x0b\x9a\x93\xf5{9\xc0 \xd2((6i\xc0\xbbu\xd8\x9e\x8d'
+    b'\xf8\x04q\x10\xd4\x14\x9e7-\xb9B\xea\x01Q8\xc8v\x9a\x12A\x88Cd\x92'
+    b"\x1c\x8c!\xf4\x94\x87'\xe3\xcd\xae\xf7\xd8\x93\xfa\xde\xa8b\x9e\xee2"
+    b'K\xdb\x00l\x9d\t\xb1|D\x05U\xbb\xf4>\xf1w\x887\xd1}W\x9d|g|1\xb0\x13'
+    b"\xa3 \xe5\xbfm@\xc06+\xb7\t\xcf\x15D\x9a \x1fM\x1f\xd2\xb5'\xa9\xbb"
+    b'~Co\x82\xfa\xc2\t\xe6f\xfc\xbeI\xae1\x8e\xbe\xb8\xcf\x86\x17'
+    b'\x9f\xe2`\xbd\xaf\xba\xb9\xbc\x1b\xa3\xcd\x82\x8fwc\xefd\xa9\xd5\x14'
+    b'\xe2C\xafUE\xb6\x11MJH\xd0=\x05\xd4*I\xff"\r\x1b^\xcaS6=\xec@\xd5'
+    b'\x11,\xe0\x87Gr\xaa[\xb8\xbc>n\xbd\x81\x0c\x07<\xe9\x92('
+    b'\xb2\xff\xac}\xe7\xb6\x15\x90\x9f~4\x9a\xe6\xd6\xd8s\xed\x99tf'
+    b'\xa0f\xf8\xf1\x87\t\x96/)\x85\xb6\n\xd7\xb2w\x0b\xbc\xba\x99\xee'
+    b'Q\xeen\x1d\xad\x03\xc3s\xd1\xfd\xa2\xc6\xb7\x9a\x9c(G<6\xad[~H '
+    b'\x16\x89\x89\xd0\xc3\xd2\xca~\xac\xea\xa5\xed\xe5\xfb\r:'
+    b'\x8e\xa6\xf1e\xbb\xba\xbd\xe0(\xa3\x89_\x01(\xb5c\xcc\x9f\x1fg'
+    b'v\xfd\x17\xb3\x08S=S\xee\xfc\x85>\x91\x8d\x8d\nYR\xb3G\xd1A\xa2\xb1'
+    b'\xec\xb0\x01\xd2\xcd\xf9\xfe\x82\x06O\xb3\xecd\xa9c\xe0\x8eP\x90\xce'
+    b'\xe0\xcd\xd8\xd8\xdc\x9f\xaa\x01"[Q~\xe4\x88\xa1#\xc1\x12C\xcf'
+    b'\xbe\x80\x11H\xbf\x86\xd8\xbem\xcfWFQ(X\x01DK\xdfB\xaa\x10.-'
+    b'\xd5\x9e|\x86\x15\x86N]\xc7Z\x17\xcd=\xd7)M\xde\x15\xa4LTi\xa0\x15'
+    b'\xd1\xe7\xbdN\xa4?\xd1\xe7\x02\xfe4\xe4O\x89\x98&\x96\x0f\x02\x9c'
+    b'\x9e\x19\xaa\x13u7\xbd0\xdc\xd8\x93\xf4BNE\x1d\x93\x82\x81\x16'
+    b'\xe5y\xcf\x98D\xca\x9a\xe2\xfd\xcdL\xcc\xd1\xfc_\x0b\x1c\xa0]\xdc'
+    b'\xa91 \xc9c\xd8\xbf\x97\xcfp\xe6\x19-\xad\xff\xcc\xd1N(\xe8'
+    b'\xeb#\x182\x96I\xf7l\xf3r\x00'
+)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()

From a5016446f40a1aa7eb2e03b268c754524599a6ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 19 Apr 2025 16:26:21 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 684/705] _lzma implementation and test marking

Signed-off-by: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
---
 Cargo.lock                              |  44 +--
 Lib/tarfile.py                          |   6 +-
 Lib/test/support/__init__.py            |  10 +-
 Lib/test/test_lzma.py                   | 104 ++++++-
 Lib/test/test_tarfile.py                |   4 +-
 Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py |   8 +
 stdlib/Cargo.toml                       |   3 +-
 stdlib/src/{ => compression}/bz2.rs     |   6 +-
 stdlib/src/compression/lzma.rs          | 395 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs           | 363 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 stdlib/src/{ => compression}/zlib.rs    | 370 +++-------------------
 stdlib/src/lib.rs                       |  13 +-
 stdlib/src/lzma.rs                      |   6 -
 13 files changed, 962 insertions(+), 370 deletions(-)
 rename stdlib/src/{ => compression}/bz2.rs (99%)
 create mode 100644 stdlib/src/compression/lzma.rs
 create mode 100644 stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
 rename stdlib/src/{ => compression}/zlib.rs (65%)
 delete mode 100644 stdlib/src/lzma.rs

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 46c7135d83..a9e57ed825 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -237,12 +237,6 @@ version = "1.22.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "b6b1fc10dbac614ebc03540c9dbd60e83887fda27794998c6528f1782047d540"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "byteorder"
-version = "1.5.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bzip2"
 version = "0.5.2"
@@ -636,21 +630,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "crc"
-version = "3.2.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "69e6e4d7b33a94f0991c26729976b10ebde1d34c3ee82408fb536164fa10d636"
-dependencies = [
- "crc-catalog",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "crc-catalog"
-version = "2.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19d374276b40fb8bbdee95aef7c7fa6b5316ec764510eb64b8dd0e2ed0d7e7f5"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "crc32fast"
 version = "1.4.2"
@@ -1418,13 +1397,14 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "lzma-rs"
-version = "0.3.0"
+name = "lzma-sys"
+version = "0.1.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "297e814c836ae64db86b36cf2a557ba54368d03f6afcd7d947c266692f71115e"
+checksum = "5fda04ab3764e6cde78b9974eec4f779acaba7c4e84b36eca3cf77c581b85d27"
 dependencies = [
- "byteorder",
- "crc",
+ "cc",
+ "libc",
+ "pkg-config",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2498,7 +2478,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "libsqlite3-sys",
  "libz-rs-sys",
- "lzma-rs",
+ "lzma-sys",
  "mac_address",
  "malachite-bigint",
  "md-5",
@@ -2544,6 +2524,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "widestring",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
  "xml-rs",
+ "xz2",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3707,6 +3688,15 @@ version = "0.8.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c5b940ebc25896e71dd073bad2dbaa2abfe97b0a391415e22ad1326d9c54e3c4"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "xz2"
+version = "0.1.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "388c44dc09d76f1536602ead6d325eb532f5c122f17782bd57fb47baeeb767e2"
+dependencies = [
+ "lzma-sys",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
 version = "0.7.35"
diff --git a/Lib/tarfile.py b/Lib/tarfile.py
index 3bbbcaa621..ab2266b285 100755
--- a/Lib/tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/tarfile.py
@@ -392,7 +392,8 @@ def __init__(self, name, mode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize,
 
             elif comptype == "xz":
                 try:
-                    import lzma
+                    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON remove underscore
+                    import lzma_
                 except ImportError:
                     raise CompressionError("lzma module is not available") from None
                 if mode == "r":
@@ -1923,7 +1924,8 @@ def xzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, preset=None, **kwargs):
             raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'w' or 'x'")
 
         try:
-            from lzma import LZMAFile, LZMAError
+            # TODO: RUSTPYTHON remove underscore
+            from lzma_ import LZMAFile, LZMAError
         except ImportError:
             raise CompressionError("lzma module is not available") from None
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
index 106265ab2f..ee94201b0d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
@@ -494,10 +494,12 @@ def requires_bz2(reason='requires bz2'):
     return unittest.skipUnless(bz2, reason)
 
 def requires_lzma(reason='requires lzma'):
-    try:
-        import lzma
-    except ImportError:
-        lzma = None
+    # try:
+        # import lzma
+    # except ImportError:
+        # lzma = None
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    lzma = None
     return unittest.skipUnless(lzma, reason)
 
 def has_no_debug_ranges():
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_lzma.py b/Lib/test/test_lzma.py
index df6636c505..1bac61f59e 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_lzma.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_lzma.py
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ class CompressorDecompressorTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     # Test error cases.
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_simple_bad_args(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMACompressor, [])
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMACompressor, format=3.45)
@@ -62,6 +64,8 @@ def test_simple_bad_args(self):
         lzd.decompress(empty)
         self.assertRaises(EOFError, lzd.decompress, b"quux")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bad_filter_spec(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, LZMACompressor, filters=[b"wobsite"])
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, LZMACompressor, filters=[{"xyzzy": 3}])
@@ -78,6 +82,8 @@ def test_decompressor_after_eof(self):
         lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ)
         self.assertRaises(EOFError, lzd.decompress, b"nyan")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_memlimit(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor(memlimit=1024)
         self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_XZ)
@@ -98,6 +104,8 @@ def _test_decompressor(self, lzd, data, check, unused_data=b""):
         self.assertTrue(lzd.eof)
         self.assertEqual(lzd.unused_data, unused_data)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_auto(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_XZ, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
@@ -105,30 +113,44 @@ def test_decompressor_auto(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_ALONE, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_xz(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_XZ)
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_XZ, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_alone(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_ALONE)
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_ALONE, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_raw_1(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_RAW_1, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_raw_2(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_2)
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_RAW_2, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_raw_3(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_3)
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_RAW_3, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_raw_4(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_RAW_4, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_chunks(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         out = []
@@ -141,6 +163,8 @@ def test_decompressor_chunks(self):
         self.assertTrue(lzd.eof)
         self.assertEqual(lzd.unused_data, b"")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_chunks_empty(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         out = []
@@ -156,6 +180,8 @@ def test_decompressor_chunks_empty(self):
         self.assertTrue(lzd.eof)
         self.assertEqual(lzd.unused_data, b"")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_chunks_maxsize(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         max_length = 100
@@ -247,12 +273,16 @@ def test_decompressor_inputbuf_3(self):
         out.append(lzd.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ[300:]))
         self.assertEqual(b''.join(out), INPUT)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_unused_data(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         extra = b"fooblibar"
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_XZ + extra, lzma.CHECK_CRC64,
                                 unused_data=extra)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_bad_input(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_RAW_1)
@@ -266,6 +296,8 @@ def test_decompressor_bad_input(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
         self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzd.decompress, COMPRESSED_XZ)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_bug_28275(self):
         # Test coverage for Issue 28275
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
@@ -275,24 +307,32 @@ def test_decompressor_bug_28275(self):
 
     # Test that LZMACompressor->LZMADecompressor preserves the input data.
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_roundtrip_xz(self):
         lzc = LZMACompressor()
         cdata = lzc.compress(INPUT) + lzc.flush()
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_roundtrip_alone(self):
         lzc = LZMACompressor(lzma.FORMAT_ALONE)
         cdata = lzc.compress(INPUT) + lzc.flush()
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_roundtrip_raw(self):
         lzc = LZMACompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
         cdata = lzc.compress(INPUT) + lzc.flush()
         lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_roundtrip_raw_empty(self):
         lzc = LZMACompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
         cdata = lzc.compress(INPUT)
@@ -303,6 +343,8 @@ def test_roundtrip_raw_empty(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor(lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_NONE)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_roundtrip_chunks(self):
         lzc = LZMACompressor()
         cdata = []
@@ -313,6 +355,8 @@ def test_roundtrip_chunks(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, cdata, lzma.CHECK_CRC64)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_roundtrip_empty_chunks(self):
         lzc = LZMACompressor()
         cdata = []
@@ -328,6 +372,8 @@ def test_roundtrip_empty_chunks(self):
 
     # LZMADecompressor intentionally does not handle concatenated streams.
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompressor_multistream(self):
         lzd = LZMADecompressor()
         self._test_decompressor(lzd, COMPRESSED_XZ + COMPRESSED_ALONE,
@@ -363,6 +409,8 @@ def test_decompressor_bigmem(self, size):
 
     # Pickling raises an exception; there's no way to serialize an lzma_stream.
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_pickle(self):
         for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
             with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
@@ -388,6 +436,8 @@ class CompressDecompressFunctionTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
     # Test error cases:
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_bad_args(self):
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.compress)
         self.assertRaises(TypeError, lzma.compress, [])
@@ -417,6 +467,8 @@ def test_bad_args(self):
             lzma.decompress(
                 b"", format=lzma.FORMAT_ALONE, filters=FILTERS_RAW_1)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompress_memlimit(self):
         with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
             lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ, memlimit=1024)
@@ -429,6 +481,8 @@ def test_decompress_memlimit(self):
 
     # Test LZMADecompressor on known-good input data.
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompress_good_input(self):
         ddata = lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ)
         self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
@@ -458,6 +512,8 @@ def test_decompress_good_input(self):
             COMPRESSED_RAW_4, lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
         self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompress_incomplete_input(self):
         self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzma.decompress, COMPRESSED_XZ[:128])
         self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzma.decompress, COMPRESSED_ALONE[:128])
@@ -470,6 +526,8 @@ def test_decompress_incomplete_input(self):
         self.assertRaises(LZMAError, lzma.decompress, COMPRESSED_RAW_4[:128],
                           format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW, filters=FILTERS_RAW_4)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompress_bad_input(self):
         with self.assertRaises(LZMAError):
             lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_BOGUS)
@@ -485,6 +543,8 @@ def test_decompress_bad_input(self):
 
     # Test that compress()->decompress() preserves the input data.
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_roundtrip(self):
         cdata = lzma.compress(INPUT)
         ddata = lzma.decompress(cdata)
@@ -510,10 +570,14 @@ def test_decompress_multistream(self):
 
     # Test robust handling of non-LZMA data following the compressed stream(s).
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompress_trailing_junk(self):
         ddata = lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ + COMPRESSED_BOGUS)
         self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_decompress_multistream_trailing_junk(self):
         ddata = lzma.decompress(COMPRESSED_XZ * 3 + COMPRESSED_BOGUS)
         self.assertEqual(ddata, INPUT * 3)
@@ -550,6 +614,8 @@ def test_init(self):
             self.assertIsInstance(f, LZMAFile)
             self.assertEqual(f.mode, "wb")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_init_with_PathLike_filename(self):
         filename = FakePath(TESTFN)
         with TempFile(filename, COMPRESSED_XZ):
@@ -630,6 +696,8 @@ def test_init_bad_mode(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), "rw")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_init_bad_check(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", check=b"asd")
@@ -667,6 +735,8 @@ def test_init_bad_preset(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ), preset=3)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_init_bad_filter_spec(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", filters=[b"wobsite"])
@@ -684,6 +754,8 @@ def test_init_bad_filter_spec(self):
             LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w",
                      filters=[{"id": lzma.FILTER_X86, "foo": 0}])
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_init_with_preset_and_filters(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w", format=lzma.FORMAT_RAW,
@@ -802,6 +874,8 @@ def test_writable(self):
             f.close()
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.writable)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_read(self):
         with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
@@ -849,6 +923,8 @@ def test_read_10(self):
                 chunks.append(result)
             self.assertEqual(b"".join(chunks), INPUT)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_read_multistream(self):
         with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ * 5)) as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT * 5)
@@ -869,10 +945,14 @@ def test_read_multistream_buffer_size_aligned(self):
         finally:
             _compression.BUFFER_SIZE = saved_buffer_size
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_read_trailing_junk(self):
         with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ + COMPRESSED_BOGUS)) as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_read_multistream_trailing_junk(self):
         with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ * 5 + COMPRESSED_BOGUS)) as f:
             self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT * 5)
@@ -978,6 +1058,8 @@ def test_read_bad_args(self):
         with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_XZ)) as f:
             self.assertRaises(TypeError, f.read, float())
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_read_bad_data(self):
         with LZMAFile(BytesIO(COMPRESSED_BOGUS)) as f:
             self.assertRaises(LZMAError, f.read)
@@ -1035,6 +1117,8 @@ def test_peek_bad_args(self):
         with LZMAFile(BytesIO(), "w") as f:
             self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.peek)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_iterator(self):
         with BytesIO(INPUT) as f:
             lines = f.readlines()
@@ -1074,6 +1158,8 @@ def test_decompress_limited(self):
         self.assertLessEqual(decomp._buffer.raw.tell(), max_decomp,
                              "Excessive amount of data was decompressed")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_write(self):
         with BytesIO() as dst:
             with LZMAFile(dst, "w") as f:
@@ -1342,6 +1428,8 @@ def test_tell_bad_args(self):
         f.close()
         self.assertRaises(ValueError, f.tell)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_issue21872(self):
         # sometimes decompress data incompletely
 
@@ -1425,6 +1513,8 @@ def test_filename(self):
             with lzma.open(TESTFN, "rb") as f:
                 self.assertEqual(f.read(), INPUT * 2)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_with_pathlike_filename(self):
         filename = FakePath(TESTFN)
         with TempFile(filename):
@@ -1451,6 +1541,8 @@ def test_bad_params(self):
         with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
             lzma.open(TESTFN, "rb", newline="\n")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_format_and_filters(self):
         # Test non-default format and filter chain.
         options = {"format": lzma.FORMAT_RAW, "filters": FILTERS_RAW_1}
@@ -1481,6 +1573,8 @@ def test_encoding_error_handler(self):
             with lzma.open(bio, "rt", encoding="ascii", errors="ignore") as f:
                 self.assertEqual(f.read(), "foobar")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_newline(self):
         # Test with explicit newline (universal newline mode disabled).
         text = INPUT.decode("ascii")
@@ -1505,6 +1599,8 @@ def test_x_mode(self):
 
 class MiscellaneousTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_is_check_supported(self):
         # CHECK_NONE and CHECK_CRC32 should always be supported,
         # regardless of the options liblzma was compiled with.
@@ -1517,6 +1613,8 @@ def test_is_check_supported(self):
         # This value should not be a valid check ID.
         self.assertFalse(lzma.is_check_supported(lzma.CHECK_UNKNOWN))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test__encode_filter_properties(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             lzma._encode_filter_properties(b"not a dict")
@@ -1538,6 +1636,8 @@ def test__encode_filter_properties(self):
         })
         self.assertEqual(props, b"]\x00\x00\x80\x00")
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test__decode_filter_properties(self):
         with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
             lzma._decode_filter_properties(lzma.FILTER_X86, {"should be": bytes})
@@ -1561,6 +1661,8 @@ def test__decode_filter_properties(self):
             filterspec = lzma._decode_filter_properties(f, b"")
             self.assertEqual(filterspec, {"id": f})
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_filter_properties_roundtrip(self):
         spec1 = lzma._decode_filter_properties(
             lzma.FILTER_LZMA1, b"]\x00\x00\x80\x00")
@@ -2092,4 +2194,4 @@ def test_filter_properties_roundtrip(self):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()
+    unittest.main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
index 63f7b347ad..bff67ba221 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@
 except ImportError:
     bz2 = None
 try:
-    import lzma
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    lzma = None
+    # import lzma
 except ImportError:
     lzma = None
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py
index 8414721555..e05bd046e8 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_zoneinfo/test_zoneinfo.py
@@ -1728,6 +1728,8 @@ def test_env_variable_relative_paths(self):
                 with self.subTest("filtered", path_var=path_var):
                     self.assertSequenceEqual(tzpath, expected_paths)
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_env_variable_relative_paths_warning_location(self):
         path_var = "path/to/somewhere"
 
@@ -1822,6 +1824,8 @@ def test_getattr_error(self):
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             self.module.NOATTRIBUTE
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_dir_contains_all(self):
         """dir(self.module) should at least contain everything in __all__."""
         module_all_set = set(self.module.__all__)
@@ -1925,12 +1929,16 @@ class ExtensionBuiltTest(unittest.TestCase):
     rely on these tests as an indication of stable properties of these classes.
     """
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_cache_location(self):
         # The pure Python version stores caches on attributes, but the C
         # extension stores them in C globals (at least for now)
         self.assertFalse(hasattr(c_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo, "_weak_cache"))
         self.assertTrue(hasattr(py_zoneinfo.ZoneInfo, "_weak_cache"))
 
+    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    @unittest.expectedFailure
     def test_gc_tracked(self):
         import gc
 
diff --git a/stdlib/Cargo.toml b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
index 70f70b8552..f051ea7b2b 100644
--- a/stdlib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/stdlib/Cargo.toml
@@ -80,7 +80,6 @@ crc32fast = "1.3.2"
 flate2 = { version = "1.1", default-features = false, features = ["zlib-rs"] }
 libz-sys = { package = "libz-rs-sys", version = "0.5" }
 bzip2 = { version = "0.5", features = ["libbz2-rs-sys"] }
-lzma-rs = "0.3"
 
 # tkinter
 tk-sys = { git = "https://github.com/arihant2math/tkinter.git", tag = "v0.2.0", optional = true }
@@ -113,6 +112,8 @@ foreign-types-shared = { version = "0.1.1", optional = true }
 
 [target.'cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))'.dependencies]
 libsqlite3-sys = { version = "0.28", features = ["bundled"], optional = true }
+lzma-sys = "0.1"
+xz2 = "0.1"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
 junction = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/stdlib/src/bz2.rs b/stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from stdlib/src/bz2.rs
rename to stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs
index 6339a44a24..ca7d1250ce 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@ pub(crate) use _bz2::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod _bz2 {
     use crate::common::lock::PyMutex;
+    use crate::compression::{
+        DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor,
+    };
     use crate::vm::{
         VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBytesRef, PyTypeRef},
@@ -12,9 +15,6 @@ mod _bz2 {
         object::{PyPayload, PyResult},
         types::Constructor,
     };
-    use crate::zlib::{
-        DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor,
-    };
     use bzip2::{Decompress, Status, write::BzEncoder};
     use rustpython_vm::convert::ToPyException;
     use std::{fmt, io::Write};
diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/lzma.rs b/stdlib/src/compression/lzma.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed8be9a695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/src/compression/lzma.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,395 @@
+// spell-checker:ignore ARMTHUMB
+
+pub(crate) use _lzma::make_module;
+
+#[pymodule]
+mod _lzma {
+    use crate::compression::{
+        CompressFlushKind, CompressState, CompressStatusKind, Compressor, DecompressArgs,
+        DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor,
+    };
+    #[pyattr]
+    use lzma_sys::{
+        LZMA_CHECK_CRC32 as CHECK_CRC32, LZMA_CHECK_CRC64 as CHECK_CRC64,
+        LZMA_CHECK_NONE as CHECK_NONE, LZMA_CHECK_SHA256 as CHECK_SHA256,
+    };
+    #[pyattr]
+    use lzma_sys::{
+        LZMA_FILTER_ARM as FILTER_ARM, LZMA_FILTER_ARMTHUMB as FILTER_ARMTHUMB,
+        LZMA_FILTER_IA64 as FILTER_IA64, LZMA_FILTER_LZMA1 as FILTER_LZMA1,
+        LZMA_FILTER_LZMA2 as FILTER_LZMA2, LZMA_FILTER_POWERPC as FILTER_POWERPC,
+        LZMA_FILTER_SPARC as FILTER_SPARC, LZMA_FILTER_X86 as FILTER_X86,
+    };
+    #[pyattr]
+    use lzma_sys::{
+        LZMA_MF_BT2 as MF_BT2, LZMA_MF_BT3 as MF_BT3, LZMA_MF_BT4 as MF_BT4, LZMA_MF_HC3 as MF_HC3,
+        LZMA_MF_HC4 as MF_HC4,
+    };
+    #[pyattr]
+    use lzma_sys::{LZMA_MODE_FAST as MODE_FAST, LZMA_MODE_NORMAL as MODE_NORMAL};
+    #[pyattr]
+    use lzma_sys::{
+        LZMA_PRESET_DEFAULT as PRESET_DEFAULT, LZMA_PRESET_EXTREME as PRESET_EXTREME,
+        LZMA_PRESET_LEVEL_MASK as PRESET_LEVEL_MASK,
+    };
+    use rustpython_common::lock::PyMutex;
+    use rustpython_vm::builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef, PyTypeRef};
+    use rustpython_vm::convert::ToPyException;
+    use rustpython_vm::function::ArgBytesLike;
+    use rustpython_vm::types::Constructor;
+    use rustpython_vm::{PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
+    use std::fmt;
+    use xz2::stream::{Action, Check, Error, Filters, Status, Stream};
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    type EnumVal = i32;
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    type EnumVal = u32;
+
+    const BUFSIZ: usize = 8192;
+    // TODO: can't find this in lzma-sys, but find way not to hardcode this
+    #[pyattr]
+    const FILTER_DELTA: i32 = 3;
+    #[pyattr]
+    const CHECK_UNKNOWN: i32 = 16;
+
+    // the variant ids are hardcoded to be equivalent to the C enum values
+    enum Format {
+        Auto = 0,
+        Xz = 1,
+        Alone = 2,
+        Raw = 3,
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    const FORMAT_AUTO: i32 = Format::Auto as i32;
+    #[pyattr]
+    const FORMAT_XZ: i32 = Format::Xz as i32;
+    #[pyattr]
+    const FORMAT_ALONE: i32 = Format::Alone as i32;
+    #[pyattr]
+    const FORMAT_RAW: i32 = Format::Raw as i32;
+
+    #[pyattr(once, name = "LZMAError")]
+    fn error(vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyTypeRef {
+        vm.ctx.new_exception_type(
+            "lzma",
+            "LZMAError",
+            Some(vec![vm.ctx.exceptions.exception_type.to_owned()]),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn new_lzma_error(message: impl Into<String>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        vm.new_exception_msg(vm.class("lzma", "LZMAError"), message.into())
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn is_check_supported(check: i32) -> bool {
+        unsafe { lzma_sys::lzma_check_is_supported(check as _) != 0 }
+    }
+
+    // TODO: To implement these we need a function to convert a pyobject to a lzma filter and related structs
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn _encode_filter_properties() -> PyResult<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[pyfunction]
+    fn _decode_filter_properties(_filter_id: u64, _buffer: ArgBytesLike) -> PyResult<()> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "LZMADecompressor")]
+    #[derive(PyPayload)]
+    struct LZMADecompressor {
+        state: PyMutex<DecompressState<Stream>>,
+    }
+
+    impl Decompressor for Stream {
+        type Flush = ();
+        type Status = Status;
+        type Error = Error;
+
+        fn total_in(&self) -> u64 {
+            self.total_in()
+        }
+        fn decompress_vec(
+            &mut self,
+            input: &[u8],
+            output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+            (): Self::Flush,
+        ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error> {
+            self.process_vec(input, output, Action::Run)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl DecompressStatus for Status {
+        fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool {
+            *self == Status::StreamEnd
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl fmt::Debug for LZMADecompressor {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+            write!(f, "_lzma.LZMADecompressor")
+        }
+    }
+    #[derive(FromArgs)]
+    pub struct LZMADecompressorConstructorArgs {
+        #[pyarg(any, default = FORMAT_AUTO)]
+        format: i32,
+        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+        memlimit: Option<u64>,
+        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+        filters: Option<u32>,
+    }
+
+    impl Constructor for LZMADecompressor {
+        type Args = LZMADecompressorConstructorArgs;
+
+        fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            let memlimit = args.memlimit.unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
+            let filters = args.filters.unwrap_or(0);
+            let stream_result = match args.format {
+                FORMAT_AUTO => Stream::new_auto_decoder(memlimit, filters),
+                FORMAT_XZ => Stream::new_stream_decoder(memlimit, filters),
+                FORMAT_ALONE => Stream::new_lzma_decoder(memlimit),
+                // TODO: FORMAT_RAW
+                _ => return Err(new_lzma_error("Invalid format", vm)),
+            };
+            Self {
+                state: PyMutex::new(DecompressState::new(
+                    stream_result
+                        .map_err(|_| new_lzma_error("Failed to initialize decoder", vm))?,
+                    vm,
+                )),
+            }
+            .into_ref_with_type(vm, cls)
+            .map(Into::into)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor))]
+    impl LZMADecompressor {
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn decompress(&self, args: DecompressArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            let max_length = args.max_length();
+            let data = &*args.data();
+
+            let mut state = self.state.lock();
+            state
+                .decompress(data, max_length, BUFSIZ, vm)
+                .map_err(|e| match e {
+                    DecompressError::Decompress(err) => vm.new_os_error(err.to_string()),
+                    DecompressError::Eof(err) => err.to_pyexception(vm),
+                })
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn eof(&self) -> bool {
+            self.state.lock().eof()
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
+            self.state.lock().unused_data()
+        }
+
+        #[pygetset]
+        fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
+            // False if the decompress() method can provide more
+            // decompressed data before requiring new uncompressed input.
+            self.state.lock().needs_input()
+        }
+
+        // TODO: mro()?
+    }
+
+    struct CompressorInner {
+        stream: Stream,
+    }
+
+    impl CompressStatusKind for Status {
+        const OK: Self = Status::Ok;
+        const EOF: Self = Status::StreamEnd;
+
+        fn to_usize(self) -> usize {
+            self as usize
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl CompressFlushKind for Action {
+        const NONE: Self = Action::Run;
+        const FINISH: Self = Action::Finish;
+
+        fn to_usize(self) -> usize {
+            self as usize
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Compressor for CompressorInner {
+        type Status = Status;
+        type Flush = Action;
+        const CHUNKSIZE: usize = u32::MAX as usize;
+        const DEF_BUF_SIZE: usize = 16 * 1024;
+
+        fn compress_vec(
+            &mut self,
+            input: &[u8],
+            output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+            flush: Self::Flush,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<Self::Status> {
+            self.stream
+                .process_vec(input, output, flush)
+                .map_err(|_| new_lzma_error("Failed to compress data", vm))
+        }
+
+        fn total_in(&mut self) -> usize {
+            self.stream.total_in() as usize
+        }
+
+        fn new_error(message: impl Into<String>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+            new_lzma_error(message, vm)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl CompressorInner {
+        fn new(stream: Stream) -> Self {
+            Self { stream }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyattr]
+    #[pyclass(name = "LZMACompressor")]
+    #[derive(PyPayload)]
+    struct LZMACompressor {
+        state: PyMutex<CompressState<CompressorInner>>,
+    }
+
+    impl fmt::Debug for LZMACompressor {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+            write!(f, "_lzma.LZMACompressor")
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn int_to_check(check: i32) -> Option<Check> {
+        if check == -1 {
+            return Some(Check::None);
+        }
+        match check as EnumVal {
+            CHECK_NONE => Some(Check::None),
+            CHECK_CRC32 => Some(Check::Crc32),
+            CHECK_CRC64 => Some(Check::Crc64),
+            CHECK_SHA256 => Some(Check::Sha256),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn parse_filter_chain_spec(
+        filter_specs: Vec<PyObjectRef>,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<Filters> {
+        // TODO: don't hardcode
+        const LZMA_FILTERS_MAX: usize = 4;
+        if filter_specs.len() > LZMA_FILTERS_MAX {
+            return Err(new_lzma_error(
+                format!("Too many filters - liblzma supports a maximum of {LZMA_FILTERS_MAX}"),
+                vm,
+            ));
+        }
+        let filters = Filters::new();
+        for _item in filter_specs {}
+        Ok(filters)
+    }
+
+    impl LZMACompressor {
+        fn init_xz(
+            check: i32,
+            preset: u32,
+            filters: Option<Vec<PyObjectRef>>,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<Stream> {
+            let real_check = int_to_check(check)
+                .ok_or_else(|| vm.new_type_error("Invalid check value".to_string()))?;
+            if let Some(filters) = filters {
+                let filters = parse_filter_chain_spec(filters, vm)?;
+                Ok(Stream::new_stream_encoder(&filters, real_check)
+                    .map_err(|_| new_lzma_error("Failed to initialize encoder", vm))?)
+            } else {
+                Ok(Stream::new_easy_encoder(preset, real_check)
+                    .map_err(|_| new_lzma_error("Failed to initialize encoder", vm))?)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(FromArgs)]
+    pub struct LZMACompressorConstructorArgs {
+        // format=FORMAT_XZ, check=-1, preset=None, filters=None
+        //  {'format': 3, 'filters': [{'id': 3, 'dist': 2}, {'id': 33, 'preset': 2147483654}]}
+        #[pyarg(any, default = FORMAT_XZ)]
+        format: i32,
+        #[pyarg(any, default = -1)]
+        check: i32,
+        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+        preset: Option<u32>,
+        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+        filters: Option<Vec<PyObjectRef>>,
+        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+        _filter_specs: Option<Vec<PyObjectRef>>,
+        #[pyarg(positional, optional)]
+        preset_obj: Option<PyObjectRef>,
+    }
+
+    impl Constructor for LZMACompressor {
+        type Args = LZMACompressorConstructorArgs;
+
+        fn py_new(_cls: PyTypeRef, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            let preset = args.preset.unwrap_or(PRESET_DEFAULT);
+            #[allow(clippy::unnecessary_cast)]
+            if args.format != FORMAT_XZ as i32
+                && args.check != -1
+                && args.check != CHECK_NONE as i32
+            {
+                return Err(new_lzma_error(
+                    "Integrity checks are only supported by FORMAT_XZ",
+                    vm,
+                ));
+            }
+            if args.preset_obj.is_some() && args.filters.is_some() {
+                return Err(new_lzma_error(
+                    "Cannot specify both preset and filter chain",
+                    vm,
+                ));
+            }
+            let stream = match args.format {
+                FORMAT_XZ => Self::init_xz(args.check, preset, args.filters, vm)?,
+                // TODO: ALONE AND RAW
+                _ => return Err(new_lzma_error("Invalid format", vm)),
+            };
+            Ok(Self {
+                state: PyMutex::new(CompressState::new(CompressorInner::new(stream))),
+            }
+            .into_pyobject(vm))
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[pyclass(with(Constructor))]
+    impl LZMACompressor {
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn compress(&self, data: ArgBytesLike, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            let mut state = self.state.lock();
+            // TODO: Flush check
+            state.compress(&data.borrow_buf(), vm)
+        }
+
+        #[pymethod]
+        fn flush(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+            // TODO: flush check
+            let mut state = self.state.lock();
+            // TODO: check if action is correct
+            state.flush(Action::Finish, vm)
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs b/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fff7130022
--- /dev/null
+++ b/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,363 @@
+// spell-checker:ignore compressobj decompressobj zdict chunksize zlibmodule miniz chunker
+
+use crate::vm::function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgSize, OptionalArg};
+use crate::vm::{
+    PyResult, VirtualMachine,
+    builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef},
+    convert::ToPyException,
+};
+pub(crate) mod bz2;
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+pub(crate) mod lzma;
+pub(crate) mod zlib;
+
+pub const USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR: &str = "Error -2: inconsistent stream state";
+// TODO: don't hardcode
+const CHUNKSIZE: usize = u32::MAX as usize;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Chunker<'a> {
+    data1: &'a [u8],
+    data2: &'a [u8],
+}
+impl<'a> Chunker<'a> {
+    pub fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            data1: data,
+            data2: &[],
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn chain(data1: &'a [u8], data2: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
+        if data1.is_empty() {
+            Self {
+                data1: data2,
+                data2: &[],
+            }
+        } else {
+            Self { data1, data2 }
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.data1.len() + self.data2.len()
+    }
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.data1.is_empty()
+    }
+    pub fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
+        [self.data1, self.data2].concat()
+    }
+    pub fn chunk(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
+        self.data1.get(..CHUNKSIZE).unwrap_or(self.data1)
+    }
+    pub fn advance(&mut self, consumed: usize) {
+        self.data1 = &self.data1[consumed..];
+        if self.data1.is_empty() {
+            self.data1 = std::mem::take(&mut self.data2);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn _decompress_chunks<D: Decompressor>(
+    data: &mut Chunker<'_>,
+    d: &mut D,
+    bufsize: usize,
+    max_length: Option<usize>,
+    calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
+) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
+    if data.is_empty() {
+        return Ok((Vec::new(), true));
+    }
+    let max_length = max_length.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
+    let mut buf = Vec::new();
+
+    'outer: loop {
+        let chunk = data.chunk();
+        let flush = calc_flush(chunk.len() == data.len());
+        loop {
+            let additional = std::cmp::min(bufsize, max_length - buf.capacity());
+            if additional == 0 {
+                return Ok((buf, false));
+            }
+            buf.reserve_exact(additional);
+
+            let prev_in = d.total_in();
+            let res = d.decompress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, flush);
+            let consumed = d.total_in() - prev_in;
+
+            data.advance(consumed as usize);
+
+            match res {
+                Ok(status) => {
+                    let stream_end = status.is_stream_end();
+                    if stream_end || data.is_empty() {
+                        // we've reached the end of the stream, we're done
+                        buf.shrink_to_fit();
+                        return Ok((buf, stream_end));
+                    } else if !chunk.is_empty() && consumed == 0 {
+                        // we're gonna need a bigger buffer
+                        continue;
+                    } else {
+                        // next chunk
+                        continue 'outer;
+                    }
+                }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    d.maybe_set_dict(e)?;
+                    // now try the next chunk
+                    continue 'outer;
+                }
+            };
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait Compressor {
+    type Status: CompressStatusKind;
+    type Flush: CompressFlushKind;
+    const CHUNKSIZE: usize;
+    const DEF_BUF_SIZE: usize;
+
+    fn compress_vec(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &[u8],
+        output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+        flush: Self::Flush,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> PyResult<Self::Status>;
+
+    fn total_in(&mut self) -> usize;
+
+    fn new_error(message: impl Into<String>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef;
+}
+
+pub trait CompressFlushKind: Copy {
+    const NONE: Self;
+    const FINISH: Self;
+
+    fn to_usize(self) -> usize;
+}
+
+pub trait CompressStatusKind: Copy {
+    const OK: Self;
+    const EOF: Self;
+
+    fn to_usize(self) -> usize;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct CompressState<C: Compressor> {
+    compressor: Option<C>,
+}
+
+impl<C: Compressor> CompressState<C> {
+    pub fn new(compressor: C) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            compressor: Some(compressor),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn get_compressor(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&mut C> {
+        self.compressor
+            .as_mut()
+            .ok_or_else(|| C::new_error(USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR, vm))
+    }
+
+    pub fn compress(&mut self, data: &[u8], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+        let compressor = self.get_compressor(vm)?;
+
+        for mut chunk in data.chunks(C::CHUNKSIZE) {
+            while !chunk.is_empty() {
+                buf.reserve(C::DEF_BUF_SIZE);
+                let prev_in = compressor.total_in();
+                compressor.compress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, C::Flush::NONE, vm)?;
+                let consumed = compressor.total_in() - prev_in;
+                chunk = &chunk[consumed..];
+            }
+        }
+
+        buf.shrink_to_fit();
+        Ok(buf)
+    }
+
+    pub fn flush(&mut self, mode: C::Flush, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
+        let mut buf = Vec::new();
+        let compressor = self.get_compressor(vm)?;
+
+        let status = loop {
+            if buf.len() == buf.capacity() {
+                buf.reserve(C::DEF_BUF_SIZE);
+            }
+            let status = compressor.compress_vec(&[], &mut buf, mode, vm)?;
+            if buf.len() != buf.capacity() {
+                break status;
+            }
+        };
+
+        if status.to_usize() == C::Status::EOF.to_usize() {
+            if mode.to_usize() == C::Flush::FINISH.to_usize() {
+                self.compressor = None;
+            } else {
+                return Err(C::new_error("unexpected eof", vm));
+            }
+        }
+
+        buf.shrink_to_fit();
+        Ok(buf)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait Decompressor {
+    type Flush: DecompressFlushKind;
+    type Status: DecompressStatus;
+    type Error;
+
+    fn total_in(&self) -> u64;
+    fn decompress_vec(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &[u8],
+        output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+        flush: Self::Flush,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error>;
+    fn maybe_set_dict(&mut self, err: Self::Error) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(err)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait DecompressStatus {
+    fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+pub trait DecompressFlushKind: Copy {
+    const SYNC: Self;
+}
+
+impl DecompressFlushKind for () {
+    const SYNC: Self = ();
+}
+
+pub fn flush_sync<T: DecompressFlushKind>(_final_chunk: bool) -> T {
+    T::SYNC
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DecompressState<D> {
+    decompress: D,
+    unused_data: PyBytesRef,
+    input_buffer: Vec<u8>,
+    eof: bool,
+    needs_input: bool,
+}
+
+impl<D: Decompressor> DecompressState<D> {
+    pub fn new(decompress: D, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            decompress,
+            unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
+            input_buffer: Vec::new(),
+            eof: false,
+            needs_input: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn eof(&self) -> bool {
+        self.eof
+    }
+
+    pub fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
+        self.unused_data.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
+        self.needs_input
+    }
+
+    pub fn decompress(
+        &mut self,
+        data: &[u8],
+        max_length: Option<usize>,
+        bufsize: usize,
+        vm: &VirtualMachine,
+    ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DecompressError<D::Error>> {
+        if self.eof {
+            return Err(DecompressError::Eof(EofError));
+        }
+
+        let input_buffer = &mut self.input_buffer;
+        let d = &mut self.decompress;
+
+        let mut chunks = Chunker::chain(input_buffer, data);
+
+        let prev_len = chunks.len();
+        let (ret, stream_end) =
+            match _decompress_chunks(&mut chunks, d, bufsize, max_length, flush_sync) {
+                Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
+                Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
+            };
+        let consumed = prev_len - chunks.len();
+
+        self.eof |= stream_end;
+
+        if self.eof {
+            self.needs_input = false;
+            if !chunks.is_empty() {
+                self.unused_data = vm.ctx.new_bytes(chunks.to_vec());
+            }
+        } else if chunks.is_empty() {
+            input_buffer.clear();
+            self.needs_input = true;
+        } else {
+            self.needs_input = false;
+            if let Some(n_consumed_from_data) = consumed.checked_sub(input_buffer.len()) {
+                input_buffer.clear();
+                input_buffer.extend_from_slice(&data[n_consumed_from_data..]);
+            } else {
+                input_buffer.drain(..consumed);
+                input_buffer.extend_from_slice(data);
+            }
+        }
+
+        ret.map_err(DecompressError::Decompress)
+    }
+}
+
+pub enum DecompressError<E> {
+    Decompress(E),
+    Eof(EofError),
+}
+
+impl<E> From<E> for DecompressError<E> {
+    fn from(err: E) -> Self {
+        Self::Decompress(err)
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct EofError;
+
+impl ToPyException for EofError {
+    fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+        vm.new_eof_error("End of stream already reached".to_owned())
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(FromArgs)]
+pub struct DecompressArgs {
+    #[pyarg(positional)]
+    data: ArgBytesLike,
+    #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+    max_length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>,
+}
+
+impl DecompressArgs {
+    pub fn data(&self) -> crate::common::borrow::BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
+        self.data.borrow_buf()
+    }
+    pub fn raw_max_length(&self) -> Option<isize> {
+        self.max_length.into_option().map(|ArgSize { value }| value)
+    }
+    pub fn max_length(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.max_length
+            .into_option()
+            .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs
similarity index 65%
rename from stdlib/src/zlib.rs
rename to stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs
index 0578f20c86..d4bc30389f 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 // spell-checker:ignore compressobj decompressobj zdict chunksize zlibmodule miniz chunker
 
-pub(crate) use zlib::{DecompressArgs, make_module};
+pub(crate) use zlib::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod zlib {
-    use super::generic::{
-        DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor, FlushKind, flush_sync,
+    use crate::compression::{
+        _decompress_chunks, Chunker, CompressFlushKind, CompressState, CompressStatusKind,
+        Compressor, DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressFlushKind, DecompressState,
+        DecompressStatus, Decompressor, USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR, flush_sync,
     };
     use crate::vm::{
         PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
@@ -144,48 +146,6 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(Clone)]
-    pub(crate) struct Chunker<'a> {
-        data1: &'a [u8],
-        data2: &'a [u8],
-    }
-    impl<'a> Chunker<'a> {
-        pub(crate) fn new(data: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-            Self {
-                data1: data,
-                data2: &[],
-            }
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn chain(data1: &'a [u8], data2: &'a [u8]) -> Self {
-            if data1.is_empty() {
-                Self {
-                    data1: data2,
-                    data2: &[],
-                }
-            } else {
-                Self { data1, data2 }
-            }
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn len(&self) -> usize {
-            self.data1.len() + self.data2.len()
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
-            self.data1.is_empty()
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn to_vec(&self) -> Vec<u8> {
-            [self.data1, self.data2].concat()
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn chunk(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
-            self.data1.get(..CHUNKSIZE).unwrap_or(self.data1)
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn advance(&mut self, consumed: usize) {
-            self.data1 = &self.data1[consumed..];
-            if self.data1.is_empty() {
-                self.data1 = std::mem::take(&mut self.data2);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     fn _decompress<D: Decompressor>(
         data: &[u8],
         d: &mut D,
@@ -197,60 +157,6 @@ mod zlib {
         _decompress_chunks(&mut data, d, bufsize, max_length, calc_flush)
     }
 
-    pub(super) fn _decompress_chunks<D: Decompressor>(
-        data: &mut Chunker<'_>,
-        d: &mut D,
-        bufsize: usize,
-        max_length: Option<usize>,
-        calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
-    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
-        if data.is_empty() {
-            return Ok((Vec::new(), true));
-        }
-        let max_length = max_length.unwrap_or(usize::MAX);
-        let mut buf = Vec::new();
-
-        'outer: loop {
-            let chunk = data.chunk();
-            let flush = calc_flush(chunk.len() == data.len());
-            loop {
-                let additional = std::cmp::min(bufsize, max_length - buf.capacity());
-                if additional == 0 {
-                    return Ok((buf, false));
-                }
-                buf.reserve_exact(additional);
-
-                let prev_in = d.total_in();
-                let res = d.decompress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, flush);
-                let consumed = d.total_in() - prev_in;
-
-                data.advance(consumed as usize);
-
-                match res {
-                    Ok(status) => {
-                        let stream_end = status.is_stream_end();
-                        if stream_end || data.is_empty() {
-                            // we've reached the end of the stream, we're done
-                            buf.shrink_to_fit();
-                            return Ok((buf, stream_end));
-                        } else if !chunk.is_empty() && consumed == 0 {
-                            // we're gonna need a bigger buffer
-                            continue;
-                        } else {
-                            // next chunk
-                            continue 'outer;
-                        }
-                    }
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        d.maybe_set_dict(e)?;
-                        // now try the next chunk
-                        continue 'outer;
-                    }
-                };
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct PyFuncDecompressArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional)]
@@ -393,11 +299,10 @@ mod zlib {
 
         #[pymethod]
         fn decompress(&self, args: DecompressArgs, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let max_length: usize = args
-                .max_length
-                .map_or(0, |x| x.value)
-                .try_into()
-                .map_err(|_| vm.new_value_error("must be non-negative".to_owned()))?;
+            let max_length: usize =
+                args.raw_max_length().unwrap_or(0).try_into().map_err(|_| {
+                    vm.new_value_error("max_length must be non-negative".to_owned())
+                })?;
             let max_length = (max_length != 0).then_some(max_length);
             let data = &*args.data();
 
@@ -434,25 +339,6 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
-    #[derive(FromArgs)]
-    pub(crate) struct DecompressArgs {
-        #[pyarg(positional)]
-        data: ArgBytesLike,
-        #[pyarg(any, optional)]
-        max_length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>,
-    }
-
-    impl DecompressArgs {
-        pub(crate) fn data(&self) -> crate::common::borrow::BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
-            self.data.borrow_buf()
-        }
-        pub(crate) fn max_length(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-            self.max_length
-                .into_option()
-                .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok())
-        }
-    }
-
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     #[allow(dead_code)] // FIXME: use args
     struct CompressobjArgs {
@@ -487,20 +373,20 @@ mod zlib {
             zdict.with_ref(|zdict| compress.set_dictionary(zdict).unwrap());
         }
         Ok(PyCompress {
-            inner: PyMutex::new(CompressInner::new(compress)),
+            inner: PyMutex::new(CompressState::new(CompressInner::new(compress))),
         })
     }
 
     #[derive(Debug)]
     struct CompressInner {
-        compress: Option<Compress>,
+        compress: Compress,
     }
 
     #[pyattr]
     #[pyclass(name = "Compress")]
     #[derive(Debug, PyPayload)]
     struct PyCompress {
-        inner: PyMutex<CompressInner>,
+        inner: PyMutex<CompressState<CompressInner>>,
     }
 
     #[pyclass]
@@ -537,60 +423,52 @@ mod zlib {
 
     impl CompressInner {
         fn new(compress: Compress) -> Self {
-            Self {
-                compress: Some(compress),
-            }
+            Self { compress }
         }
+    }
 
-        fn get_compress(&mut self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<&mut Compress> {
-            self.compress
-                .as_mut()
-                .ok_or_else(|| new_zlib_error(USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR, vm))
-        }
-
-        fn compress(&mut self, data: &[u8], vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let c = self.get_compress(vm)?;
-            let mut buf = Vec::new();
-
-            for mut chunk in data.chunks(CHUNKSIZE) {
-                while !chunk.is_empty() {
-                    buf.reserve(DEF_BUF_SIZE);
-                    let prev_in = c.total_in();
-                    c.compress_vec(chunk, &mut buf, FlushCompress::None)
-                        .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("error while compressing", vm))?;
-                    let consumed = c.total_in() - prev_in;
-                    chunk = &chunk[consumed as usize..];
-                }
-            }
+    impl CompressStatusKind for Status {
+        const OK: Self = Status::Ok;
+        const EOF: Self = Status::StreamEnd;
 
-            buf.shrink_to_fit();
-            Ok(buf)
+        fn to_usize(self) -> usize {
+            self as usize
         }
+    }
 
-        fn flush(&mut self, mode: FlushCompress, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult<Vec<u8>> {
-            let c = self.get_compress(vm)?;
-            let mut buf = Vec::new();
+    impl CompressFlushKind for FlushCompress {
+        const NONE: Self = FlushCompress::None;
+        const FINISH: Self = FlushCompress::Finish;
 
-            let status = loop {
-                if buf.len() == buf.capacity() {
-                    buf.reserve(DEF_BUF_SIZE);
-                }
-                let status = c
-                    .compress_vec(&[], &mut buf, mode)
-                    .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("error while compressing", vm))?;
-                if buf.len() != buf.capacity() {
-                    break status;
-                }
-            };
+        fn to_usize(self) -> usize {
+            self as usize
+        }
+    }
 
-            match status {
-                Status::Ok | Status::BufError => {}
-                Status::StreamEnd if mode == FlushCompress::Finish => self.compress = None,
-                Status::StreamEnd => return Err(new_zlib_error("unexpected eof", vm)),
-            }
+    impl Compressor for CompressInner {
+        type Status = Status;
+        type Flush = FlushCompress;
+        const CHUNKSIZE: usize = CHUNKSIZE;
+        const DEF_BUF_SIZE: usize = DEF_BUF_SIZE;
 
-            buf.shrink_to_fit();
-            Ok(buf)
+        fn compress_vec(
+            &mut self,
+            input: &[u8],
+            output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+            flush: Self::Flush,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<Self::Status> {
+            self.compress
+                .compress_vec(input, output, flush)
+                .map_err(|_| new_zlib_error("error while compressing", vm))
+        }
+
+        fn total_in(&mut self) -> usize {
+            self.compress.total_in() as usize
+        }
+
+        fn new_error(message: impl Into<String>, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
+            new_zlib_error(message, vm)
         }
     }
 
@@ -598,8 +476,6 @@ mod zlib {
         vm.new_exception_msg(vm.class("zlib", "error"), message.into())
     }
 
-    const USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR: &str = "Error -2: inconsistent stream state";
-
     struct Level(Option<flate2::Compression>);
 
     impl Level {
@@ -647,7 +523,7 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
-    impl FlushKind for FlushDecompress {
+    impl DecompressFlushKind for FlushDecompress {
         const SYNC: Self = FlushDecompress::Sync;
     }
 
@@ -754,147 +630,3 @@ mod zlib {
         // }
     }
 }
-
-mod generic {
-    use super::zlib::{_decompress_chunks, Chunker};
-    use crate::vm::{
-        VirtualMachine,
-        builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef},
-        convert::ToPyException,
-    };
-
-    pub(crate) trait Decompressor {
-        type Flush: FlushKind;
-        type Status: DecompressStatus;
-        type Error;
-
-        fn total_in(&self) -> u64;
-        fn decompress_vec(
-            &mut self,
-            input: &[u8],
-            output: &mut Vec<u8>,
-            flush: Self::Flush,
-        ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error>;
-        fn maybe_set_dict(&mut self, err: Self::Error) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-            Err(err)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) trait DecompressStatus {
-        fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool;
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) trait FlushKind: Copy {
-        const SYNC: Self;
-    }
-
-    impl FlushKind for () {
-        const SYNC: Self = ();
-    }
-
-    pub(super) fn flush_sync<T: FlushKind>(_final_chunk: bool) -> T {
-        T::SYNC
-    }
-
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    pub(crate) struct DecompressState<D> {
-        decompress: D,
-        unused_data: PyBytesRef,
-        input_buffer: Vec<u8>,
-        eof: bool,
-        needs_input: bool,
-    }
-
-    impl<D: Decompressor> DecompressState<D> {
-        pub(crate) fn new(decompress: D, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> Self {
-            Self {
-                decompress,
-                unused_data: vm.ctx.empty_bytes.clone(),
-                input_buffer: Vec::new(),
-                eof: false,
-                needs_input: true,
-            }
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn eof(&self) -> bool {
-            self.eof
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn unused_data(&self) -> PyBytesRef {
-            self.unused_data.clone()
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn needs_input(&self) -> bool {
-            self.needs_input
-        }
-
-        pub(crate) fn decompress(
-            &mut self,
-            data: &[u8],
-            max_length: Option<usize>,
-            bufsize: usize,
-            vm: &VirtualMachine,
-        ) -> Result<Vec<u8>, DecompressError<D::Error>> {
-            if self.eof {
-                return Err(DecompressError::Eof(EofError));
-            }
-
-            let input_buffer = &mut self.input_buffer;
-            let d = &mut self.decompress;
-
-            let mut chunks = Chunker::chain(input_buffer, data);
-
-            let prev_len = chunks.len();
-            let (ret, stream_end) =
-                match _decompress_chunks(&mut chunks, d, bufsize, max_length, flush_sync) {
-                    Ok((buf, stream_end)) => (Ok(buf), stream_end),
-                    Err(err) => (Err(err), false),
-                };
-            let consumed = prev_len - chunks.len();
-
-            self.eof |= stream_end;
-
-            if self.eof {
-                self.needs_input = false;
-                if !chunks.is_empty() {
-                    self.unused_data = vm.ctx.new_bytes(chunks.to_vec());
-                }
-            } else if chunks.is_empty() {
-                input_buffer.clear();
-                self.needs_input = true;
-            } else {
-                self.needs_input = false;
-                if let Some(n_consumed_from_data) = consumed.checked_sub(input_buffer.len()) {
-                    input_buffer.clear();
-                    input_buffer.extend_from_slice(&data[n_consumed_from_data..]);
-                } else {
-                    input_buffer.drain(..consumed);
-                    input_buffer.extend_from_slice(data);
-                }
-            }
-
-            ret.map_err(DecompressError::Decompress)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) enum DecompressError<E> {
-        Decompress(E),
-        Eof(EofError),
-    }
-
-    impl<E> From<E> for DecompressError<E> {
-        fn from(err: E) -> Self {
-            Self::Decompress(err)
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub(crate) struct EofError;
-
-    impl ToPyException for EofError {
-        fn to_pyexception(&self, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyBaseExceptionRef {
-            vm.new_eof_error("End of stream already reached".to_owned())
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub(crate) use generic::{DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor};
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index e8ba5570d5..ed4d01f509 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ pub mod array;
 mod binascii;
 mod bisect;
 mod cmath;
+mod compression;
 mod contextvars;
 mod csv;
 mod dis;
@@ -37,13 +38,11 @@ mod statistics;
 mod suggestions;
 // TODO: maybe make this an extension module, if we ever get those
 // mod re;
-mod bz2;
 #[cfg(not(target_arch = "wasm32"))]
 pub mod socket;
 #[cfg(all(unix, not(target_os = "redox")))]
 mod syslog;
 mod unicodedata;
-mod zlib;
 
 mod faulthandler;
 #[cfg(any(unix, target_os = "wasi"))]
@@ -83,7 +82,6 @@ mod uuid;
 
 #[cfg(feature = "tkinter")]
 mod tkinter;
-mod lzma;
 
 use rustpython_common as common;
 use rustpython_vm as vm;
@@ -113,7 +111,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "array" => array::make_module,
             "binascii" => binascii::make_module,
             "_bisect" => bisect::make_module,
-            "_bz2" => bz2::make_module,
+            "_bz2" => compression::bz2::make_module,
             "cmath" => cmath::make_module,
             "_contextvars" => contextvars::make_module,
             "_csv" => csv::make_module,
@@ -121,7 +119,6 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "faulthandler" => faulthandler::make_module,
             "gc" => gc::make_module,
             "_hashlib" => hashlib::make_module,
-            "_lzma" => lzma::make_module,
             "_sha1" => sha1::make_module,
             "_sha3" => sha3::make_module,
             "_sha256" => sha256::make_module,
@@ -135,7 +132,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "_statistics" => statistics::make_module,
             "_struct" => pystruct::make_module,
             "unicodedata" => unicodedata::make_module,
-            "zlib" => zlib::make_module,
+            "zlib" => compression::zlib::make_module,
             "_statistics" => statistics::make_module,
             "_suggestions" => suggestions::make_module,
             // crate::vm::sysmodule::sysconfigdata_name() => sysconfigdata::make_module,
@@ -153,6 +150,10 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "_multiprocessing" => multiprocessing::make_module,
             "_socket" => socket::make_module,
         }
+        #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+        {
+            "_lzma" => compression::lzma::make_module,
+        }
         #[cfg(all(feature = "sqlite", not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32"))))]
         {
             "_sqlite3" => sqlite::make_module,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lzma.rs b/stdlib/src/lzma.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index d80449621c..0000000000
--- a/stdlib/src/lzma.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-pub(crate) use _lzma::make_module;
-
-#[pymodule]
-mod _lzma {
-
-}
\ No newline at end of file

From acae154f1b1f4ad95a477ddf26d7644dc45aefa7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 6 May 2025 14:30:40 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 685/705] more diff-friendly disabling xz

---
 Lib/tarfile.py               | 13 +++++++++----
 Lib/test/support/__init__.py | 10 +++++-----
 Lib/test/test_tarfile.py     |  6 +++---
 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Lib/tarfile.py b/Lib/tarfile.py
index ab2266b285..04fda11597 100755
--- a/Lib/tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/tarfile.py
@@ -392,10 +392,13 @@ def __init__(self, name, mode, comptype, fileobj, bufsize,
 
             elif comptype == "xz":
                 try:
-                    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON remove underscore
-                    import lzma_
+                    import lzma
                 except ImportError:
                     raise CompressionError("lzma module is not available") from None
+
+                # XXX: RUSTPYTHON; xz is not supported yet
+                raise CompressionError("lzma module is not available") from None
+
                 if mode == "r":
                     self.dbuf = b""
                     self.cmp = lzma.LZMADecompressor()
@@ -1924,11 +1927,13 @@ def xzopen(cls, name, mode="r", fileobj=None, preset=None, **kwargs):
             raise ValueError("mode must be 'r', 'w' or 'x'")
 
         try:
-            # TODO: RUSTPYTHON remove underscore
-            from lzma_ import LZMAFile, LZMAError
+            from lzma import LZMAFile, LZMAError
         except ImportError:
             raise CompressionError("lzma module is not available") from None
 
+        # XXX: RUSTPYTHON; xz is not supported yet
+        raise CompressionError("lzma module is not available") from None
+
         fileobj = LZMAFile(fileobj or name, mode, preset=preset)
 
         try:
diff --git a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
index ee94201b0d..3768a979b2 100644
--- a/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
+++ b/Lib/test/support/__init__.py
@@ -494,11 +494,11 @@ def requires_bz2(reason='requires bz2'):
     return unittest.skipUnless(bz2, reason)
 
 def requires_lzma(reason='requires lzma'):
-    # try:
-        # import lzma
-    # except ImportError:
-        # lzma = None
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
+    try:
+        import lzma
+    except ImportError:
+        lzma = None
+    # XXX: RUSTPYTHON; xz is not supported yet
     lzma = None
     return unittest.skipUnless(lzma, reason)
 
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
index bff67ba221..0fed89c773 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_tarfile.py
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@
 except ImportError:
     bz2 = None
 try:
-    # TODO: RUSTPYTHON
-    lzma = None
-    # import lzma
+    import lzma
 except ImportError:
     lzma = None
+# XXX: RUSTPYTHON; xz is not supported yet
+lzma = None
 
 def sha256sum(data):
     return sha256(data).hexdigest()

From d9c18c559380f1458b448cba43fd6b537dc576aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 May 2025 15:36:27 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 686/705] flatten compression modules

---
 stdlib/src/{compression => }/bz2.rs           |   2 +-
 .../{compression/mod.rs => compression.rs}    | 131 ++++++++++--------
 stdlib/src/lib.rs                             |  13 +-
 stdlib/src/{compression => }/lzma.rs          |   0
 stdlib/src/{compression => }/zlib.rs          |  17 +--
 5 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-)
 rename stdlib/src/{compression => }/bz2.rs (99%)
 rename stdlib/src/{compression/mod.rs => compression.rs} (95%)
 rename stdlib/src/{compression => }/lzma.rs (100%)
 rename stdlib/src/{compression => }/zlib.rs (97%)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs b/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
similarity index 99%
rename from stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs
rename to stdlib/src/bz2.rs
index ca7d1250ce..4ae0785e47 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/compression/bz2.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/bz2.rs
@@ -4,13 +4,13 @@ pub(crate) use _bz2::make_module;
 
 #[pymodule]
 mod _bz2 {
-    use crate::common::lock::PyMutex;
     use crate::compression::{
         DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressState, DecompressStatus, Decompressor,
     };
     use crate::vm::{
         VirtualMachine,
         builtins::{PyBytesRef, PyTypeRef},
+        common::lock::PyMutex,
         function::{ArgBytesLike, OptionalArg},
         object::{PyPayload, PyResult},
         types::Constructor,
diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs b/stdlib/src/compression.rs
similarity index 95%
rename from stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
rename to stdlib/src/compression.rs
index fff7130022..0b65692299 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/compression/mod.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/compression.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-// spell-checker:ignore compressobj decompressobj zdict chunksize zlibmodule miniz chunker
+// cspell:ignore chunker
+
+//! internal shared module for compression libraries
 
 use crate::vm::function::{ArgBytesLike, ArgSize, OptionalArg};
 use crate::vm::{
@@ -6,15 +8,68 @@ use crate::vm::{
     builtins::{PyBaseExceptionRef, PyBytesRef},
     convert::ToPyException,
 };
-pub(crate) mod bz2;
-#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
-pub(crate) mod lzma;
-pub(crate) mod zlib;
 
 pub const USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR: &str = "Error -2: inconsistent stream state";
 // TODO: don't hardcode
 const CHUNKSIZE: usize = u32::MAX as usize;
 
+#[derive(FromArgs)]
+pub struct DecompressArgs {
+    #[pyarg(positional)]
+    data: ArgBytesLike,
+    #[pyarg(any, optional)]
+    max_length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>,
+}
+
+impl DecompressArgs {
+    pub fn data(&self) -> crate::common::borrow::BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
+        self.data.borrow_buf()
+    }
+    pub fn raw_max_length(&self) -> Option<isize> {
+        self.max_length.into_option().map(|ArgSize { value }| value)
+    }
+
+    // negative is None
+    pub fn max_length(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.max_length
+            .into_option()
+            .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok())
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait Decompressor {
+    type Flush: DecompressFlushKind;
+    type Status: DecompressStatus;
+    type Error;
+
+    fn total_in(&self) -> u64;
+    fn decompress_vec(
+        &mut self,
+        input: &[u8],
+        output: &mut Vec<u8>,
+        flush: Self::Flush,
+    ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error>;
+    fn maybe_set_dict(&mut self, err: Self::Error) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        Err(err)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait DecompressStatus {
+    fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool;
+}
+
+pub trait DecompressFlushKind: Copy {
+    const SYNC: Self;
+}
+
+impl DecompressFlushKind for () {
+    const SYNC: Self = ();
+}
+
+pub fn flush_sync<T: DecompressFlushKind>(_final_chunk: bool) -> T {
+    T::SYNC
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone)]
 pub struct Chunker<'a> {
     data1: &'a [u8],
@@ -57,6 +112,17 @@ impl<'a> Chunker<'a> {
     }
 }
 
+pub fn _decompress<D: Decompressor>(
+    data: &[u8],
+    d: &mut D,
+    bufsize: usize,
+    max_length: Option<usize>,
+    calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
+) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
+    let mut data = Chunker::new(data);
+    _decompress_chunks(&mut data, d, bufsize, max_length, calc_flush)
+}
+
 pub fn _decompress_chunks<D: Decompressor>(
     data: &mut Chunker<'_>,
     d: &mut D,
@@ -207,39 +273,6 @@ impl<C: Compressor> CompressState<C> {
     }
 }
 
-pub trait Decompressor {
-    type Flush: DecompressFlushKind;
-    type Status: DecompressStatus;
-    type Error;
-
-    fn total_in(&self) -> u64;
-    fn decompress_vec(
-        &mut self,
-        input: &[u8],
-        output: &mut Vec<u8>,
-        flush: Self::Flush,
-    ) -> Result<Self::Status, Self::Error>;
-    fn maybe_set_dict(&mut self, err: Self::Error) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        Err(err)
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait DecompressStatus {
-    fn is_stream_end(&self) -> bool;
-}
-
-pub trait DecompressFlushKind: Copy {
-    const SYNC: Self;
-}
-
-impl DecompressFlushKind for () {
-    const SYNC: Self = ();
-}
-
-pub fn flush_sync<T: DecompressFlushKind>(_final_chunk: bool) -> T {
-    T::SYNC
-}
-
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct DecompressState<D> {
     decompress: D,
@@ -339,25 +372,3 @@ impl ToPyException for EofError {
         vm.new_eof_error("End of stream already reached".to_owned())
     }
 }
-
-#[derive(FromArgs)]
-pub struct DecompressArgs {
-    #[pyarg(positional)]
-    data: ArgBytesLike,
-    #[pyarg(any, optional)]
-    max_length: OptionalArg<ArgSize>,
-}
-
-impl DecompressArgs {
-    pub fn data(&self) -> crate::common::borrow::BorrowedValue<'_, [u8]> {
-        self.data.borrow_buf()
-    }
-    pub fn raw_max_length(&self) -> Option<isize> {
-        self.max_length.into_option().map(|ArgSize { value }| value)
-    }
-    pub fn max_length(&self) -> Option<usize> {
-        self.max_length
-            .into_option()
-            .and_then(|ArgSize { value }| usize::try_from(value).ok())
-    }
-}
diff --git a/stdlib/src/lib.rs b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
index ed4d01f509..20dcb88232 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lib.rs
@@ -11,12 +11,17 @@ pub mod array;
 mod binascii;
 mod bisect;
 mod cmath;
-mod compression;
 mod contextvars;
 mod csv;
 mod dis;
 mod gc;
 
+mod bz2;
+mod compression; // internal module
+#[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
+mod lzma;
+mod zlib;
+
 mod blake2;
 mod hashlib;
 mod md5;
@@ -111,7 +116,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "array" => array::make_module,
             "binascii" => binascii::make_module,
             "_bisect" => bisect::make_module,
-            "_bz2" => compression::bz2::make_module,
+            "_bz2" => bz2::make_module,
             "cmath" => cmath::make_module,
             "_contextvars" => contextvars::make_module,
             "_csv" => csv::make_module,
@@ -132,7 +137,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
             "_statistics" => statistics::make_module,
             "_struct" => pystruct::make_module,
             "unicodedata" => unicodedata::make_module,
-            "zlib" => compression::zlib::make_module,
+            "zlib" => zlib::make_module,
             "_statistics" => statistics::make_module,
             "_suggestions" => suggestions::make_module,
             // crate::vm::sysmodule::sysconfigdata_name() => sysconfigdata::make_module,
@@ -152,7 +157,7 @@ pub fn get_module_inits() -> impl Iterator<Item = (Cow<'static, str>, StdlibInit
         }
         #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32")))]
         {
-            "_lzma" => compression::lzma::make_module,
+            "_lzma" => lzma::make_module,
         }
         #[cfg(all(feature = "sqlite", not(any(target_os = "android", target_arch = "wasm32"))))]
         {
diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/lzma.rs b/stdlib/src/lzma.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from stdlib/src/compression/lzma.rs
rename to stdlib/src/lzma.rs
diff --git a/stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
similarity index 97%
rename from stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs
rename to stdlib/src/zlib.rs
index d4bc30389f..1100e95bfa 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/compression/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@ pub(crate) use zlib::make_module;
 #[pymodule]
 mod zlib {
     use crate::compression::{
-        _decompress_chunks, Chunker, CompressFlushKind, CompressState, CompressStatusKind,
-        Compressor, DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressFlushKind, DecompressState,
-        DecompressStatus, Decompressor, USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR, flush_sync,
+        _decompress, CompressFlushKind, CompressState, CompressStatusKind, Compressor,
+        DecompressArgs, DecompressError, DecompressFlushKind, DecompressState, DecompressStatus,
+        Decompressor, USE_AFTER_FINISH_ERR, flush_sync,
     };
     use crate::vm::{
         PyObject, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine,
@@ -146,17 +146,6 @@ mod zlib {
         }
     }
 
-    fn _decompress<D: Decompressor>(
-        data: &[u8],
-        d: &mut D,
-        bufsize: usize,
-        max_length: Option<usize>,
-        calc_flush: impl Fn(bool) -> D::Flush,
-    ) -> Result<(Vec<u8>, bool), D::Error> {
-        let mut data = Chunker::new(data);
-        _decompress_chunks(&mut data, d, bufsize, max_length, calc_flush)
-    }
-
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
     struct PyFuncDecompressArgs {
         #[pyarg(positional)]

From 06c4b151d63c91c32b66dc654f4d93a6f1a9f84a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Wed, 7 May 2025 18:21:36 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 687/705] Add radium patch to fix CI

---
 Cargo.lock        | 3 +--
 Cargo.toml        | 2 ++
 common/Cargo.toml | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index a9e57ed825..095a3dca37 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1979,8 +1979,7 @@ checksum = "74765f6d916ee2faa39bc8e68e4f3ed8949b48cccdac59983d287a7cb71ce9c5"
 [[package]]
 name = "radium"
 version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "db0b76288902db304c864a12046b73d2d895cc34a4bb8137baaeebe9978a072c"
+source = "git+https://github.com/youknowone/ferrilab?branch=fix-nightly#4a301c3a223e096626a2773d1a1eed1fc4e21140"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b3c5b49e11..163289e8b2 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ opt-level = 3
 lto = "thin"
 
 [patch.crates-io]
+radium = { version = "1.1.0", git = "https://github.com/youknowone/ferrilab", branch = "fix-nightly" }
 # REDOX START, Uncomment when you want to compile/check with redoxer
 # REDOX END
 
@@ -186,6 +187,7 @@ paste = "1.0.15"
 proc-macro2 = "1.0.93"
 pymath = "0.0.2"
 quote = "1.0.38"
+radium = "1.1"
 rand = "0.9"
 rand_core = { version = "0.9", features = ["os_rng"] }
 rustix = { version = "1.0", features = ["event"] }
diff --git a/common/Cargo.toml b/common/Cargo.toml
index 0649c2a509..4eab8440df 100644
--- a/common/Cargo.toml
+++ b/common/Cargo.toml
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ num-traits = { workspace = true }
 once_cell = { workspace = true }
 parking_lot = { workspace = true, optional = true }
 unicode_names2 = { workspace = true }
+radium = { workspace = true }
 
 lock_api = "0.4"
-radium = "1.1"
 siphasher = "1"
 
 [target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]

From dc75d203ffb80ec11998dec5c09c370129d35bf8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rex Ledesma <rex@rexledesma.com>
Date: Wed, 7 May 2025 23:51:47 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 688/705] chore: upgrade to `ruff==0.11.8`

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 4e51d48953..000fecb11d 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -324,11 +324,11 @@ jobs:
         with:
           python-version: ${{ env.PYTHON_VERSION }}
       - name: install ruff
-        run: python -m pip install ruff==0.0.291 # astral-sh/ruff#7778
+        run: python -m pip install ruff==0.11.8
       - name: Ensure docs generate no warnings
         run: cargo doc
       - name: run python lint
-        run: ruff extra_tests wasm examples  --exclude='./.*',./Lib,./vm/Lib,./benches/ --select=E9,F63,F7,F82 --show-source
+        run: ruff check extra_tests wasm examples  --exclude='./.*',./Lib,./vm/Lib,./benches/ --select=E9,F63,F7,F82
       - name: install prettier
         run: yarn global add prettier && echo "$(yarn global bin)" >>$GITHUB_PATH
       - name: check wasm code with prettier

From aee4c7ac69ad2fc69d44bd3d2b8a92d9ead44b54 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rex Ledesma <rex@rexledesma.com>
Date: Thu, 8 May 2025 01:46:57 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 689/705] chore: migrate settings to ruff.toml (#5773)

---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml |  2 +-
 ruff.toml                 | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 ruff.toml

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index 000fecb11d..e00ad26f2f 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Ensure docs generate no warnings
         run: cargo doc
       - name: run python lint
-        run: ruff check extra_tests wasm examples  --exclude='./.*',./Lib,./vm/Lib,./benches/ --select=E9,F63,F7,F82
+        run: ruff check
       - name: install prettier
         run: yarn global add prettier && echo "$(yarn global bin)" >>$GITHUB_PATH
       - name: check wasm code with prettier
diff --git a/ruff.toml b/ruff.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e2fb8c4f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ruff.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+include = [
+    "examples/**/*.py",
+    "extra_tests/**/*.py",
+    "wasm/**/*.py",
+]
+
+exclude = [
+    ".*",
+    "Lib",
+    "vm/Lib",
+    "benches",
+]
+
+[lint]
+select = [
+    "E9", # pycodestyle (error)
+    "F63", # pyflakes
+    "F7",
+    "F82",
+]

From 908386091ba3875d8a68e5b04cc9f3d6472e4b3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rex Ledesma <rex@rexledesma.com>
Date: Thu, 8 May 2025 01:00:42 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 690/705] feat: implement `zlib.__version__`

---
 stdlib/src/zlib.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
index 1100e95bfa..0e25f4bf23 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/zlib.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,9 @@ mod zlib {
         Z_NO_COMPRESSION, Z_NO_FLUSH, Z_PARTIAL_FLUSH, Z_RLE, Z_SYNC_FLUSH, Z_TREES,
     };
 
+    #[pyattr(name = "__version__")]
+    const __VERSION__: &str = "1.0";
+
     // we're statically linking libz-rs, so the compile-time and runtime
     // versions will always be the same
     #[pyattr(name = "ZLIB_RUNTIME_VERSION")]

From b8095b84ff467559e04013780e56d7f33bc09438 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rex Ledesma <rex@rexledesma.com>
Date: Wed, 7 May 2025 23:27:12 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 691/705] chore: allow `uv run python -I ./whats_left.py`

---
 README.md     | 2 +-
 whats_left.py | 3 +++
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e472bd9f6a..3f564aff60 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ To enhance CPython compatibility, try to increase unittest coverage by checking
 Another approach is to checkout the source code: builtin functions and object
 methods are often the simplest and easiest way to contribute.
 
-You can also simply run `./whats_left.py` to assist in finding any unimplemented
+You can also simply run `uv run python -I whats_left.py` to assist in finding any unimplemented
 method.
 
 ## Compiling to WebAssembly
diff --git a/whats_left.py b/whats_left.py
index 82df5cabe1..90200b8ff0 100755
--- a/whats_left.py
+++ b/whats_left.py
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env -S python3 -I
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.13"
+# ///
 
 # This script generates Lib/snippets/whats_left_data.py with these variables defined:
 # expected_methods - a dictionary mapping builtin objects to their methods

From 31e6cca9160429ea560729ad68ae27d8fbb7c442 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 30 Apr 2025 23:28:40 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 692/705] Update README.md

---
 README.md | 5 +++++
 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 3f564aff60..5d7350bd72 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -31,6 +31,11 @@ To build RustPython locally, first, clone the source code:
 git clone https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython
 ```
 
+If on windows, run the following to fix the `Lib/` directory symlink:
+```bash
+git config core.symlinks true
+```
+
 Then you can change into the RustPython directory and run the demo (Note: `--release` is
 needed to prevent stack overflow on Windows):
 

From 9bd7f1810ba6d9165e75a4121369015d3023816f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 4 May 2025 17:37:41 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 693/705] Update README.md

Co-authored-by: Jeong, YunWon <69878+youknowone@users.noreply.github.com>
---
 README.md | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5d7350bd72..9d0e8dfc84 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ To build RustPython locally, first, clone the source code:
 git clone https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython
 ```
 
-If on windows, run the following to fix the `Lib/` directory symlink:
+RustPython uses symlinks to manage python libraries in `Lib/`. If on windows, running the following helps:
 ```bash
 git config core.symlinks true
 ```

From df380bca96bc60032e1d747aa014a806e43c63d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 May 2025 21:26:28 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 694/705] lzma FORMAT_ALONE implementation (#5777)

* implement init_alone

* error if format is raw and there is a memlimit
---
 stdlib/src/lzma.rs | 29 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/stdlib/src/lzma.rs b/stdlib/src/lzma.rs
index ed8be9a695..21ba8b64c0 100644
--- a/stdlib/src/lzma.rs
+++ b/stdlib/src/lzma.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ mod _lzma {
     use rustpython_vm::types::Constructor;
     use rustpython_vm::{PyObjectRef, PyPayload, PyResult, VirtualMachine};
     use std::fmt;
-    use xz2::stream::{Action, Check, Error, Filters, Status, Stream};
+    use xz2::stream::{Action, Check, Error, Filters, LzmaOptions, Status, Stream};
 
     #[cfg(windows)]
     type EnumVal = i32;
@@ -149,6 +149,11 @@ mod _lzma {
         type Args = LZMADecompressorConstructorArgs;
 
         fn py_new(cls: PyTypeRef, args: Self::Args, vm: &VirtualMachine) -> PyResult {
+            if args.format == FORMAT_RAW && args.memlimit.is_some() {
+                return Err(
+                    vm.new_value_error("Cannot specify memory limit with FORMAT_RAW".to_string())
+                );
+            }
             let memlimit = args.memlimit.unwrap_or(u64::MAX);
             let filters = args.filters.unwrap_or(0);
             let stream_result = match args.format {
@@ -322,6 +327,25 @@ mod _lzma {
                     .map_err(|_| new_lzma_error("Failed to initialize encoder", vm))?)
             }
         }
+
+        fn init_alone(
+            preset: u32,
+            filter_specs: Option<Vec<PyObjectRef>>,
+            vm: &VirtualMachine,
+        ) -> PyResult<Stream> {
+            if let Some(_filter_specs) = filter_specs {
+                Err(new_lzma_error(
+                    "TODO: RUSTPYTHON: LZMA: Alone filter specs",
+                    vm,
+                ))
+            } else {
+                let options = LzmaOptions::new_preset(preset)
+                    .map_err(|_| new_lzma_error("Failed to initialize encoder", vm))?;
+                let stream = Stream::new_lzma_encoder(&options)
+                    .map_err(|_| new_lzma_error("Failed to initialize encoder", vm))?;
+                Ok(stream)
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     #[derive(FromArgs)]
@@ -365,7 +389,8 @@ mod _lzma {
             }
             let stream = match args.format {
                 FORMAT_XZ => Self::init_xz(args.check, preset, args.filters, vm)?,
-                // TODO: ALONE AND RAW
+                FORMAT_ALONE => Self::init_alone(preset, args.filters, vm)?,
+                // TODO: RAW
                 _ => return Err(new_lzma_error("Invalid format", vm)),
             };
             Ok(Self {

From 4e2e0b41c646b4e1bc4650a77e5a32b8a66e1215 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rex Ledesma <rex@rexledesma.com>
Date: Mon, 12 May 2025 01:20:01 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 695/705] chore: add `ruff format --check` (#5774)

* chore: add `ruff format --check`

* fix tests
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml                     |    6 +-
 examples/atexit_example.py                    |    2 +
 examples/call_between_rust_and_python.py      |    3 +
 examples/freeze/freeze.py                     |    1 -
 extra_tests/benchmarks/perf_fib.py            |    9 +-
 extra_tests/custom_text_test_runner.py        |  697 ++++++++----
 extra_tests/jsontests.py                      |   11 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/3.1.3.4.py               |    5 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/3.1.3.5.py               |    4 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_abs.py           |    1 -
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ascii.py         |   10 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bin.py           |   24 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bool.py          |   31 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bytearray.py     |  223 ++--
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bytes.py         |   55 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_callable.py      |   31 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_chr.py           |    6 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dict.py          |  219 ++--
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dict_union.py    |  105 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dir.py           |   32 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_divmod.py        |    6 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ellipsis.py      |   12 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_enumerate.py     |   11 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_eval.py          |    4 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exceptions.py    |  141 +--
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exec.py          |   31 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exit.py          |    2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_format.py        |   98 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_hash.py          |    1 -
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_hex.py           |    6 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_isinstance.py    |   15 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_issubclass.py    |    4 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_len.py           |    4 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py          |  497 +++++---
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_locals.py        |   19 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_map.py           |    4 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_mappingproxy.py  |   11 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_max.py           |   19 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_memoryview.py    |   71 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_min.py           |   19 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_none.py          |    7 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py        |    5 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_open.py          |   12 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ord.py           |   21 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_pow.py           |   54 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_print.py         |   12 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_property.py      |    6 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_range.py         |   44 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_reversed.py      |    4 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_round.py         |    6 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_set.py           |  380 ++++---
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_slice.py         |   66 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str.py           | 1007 +++++++++--------
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_encode.py    |    2 +
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_subclass.py  |    2 +
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_unicode.py   |   30 +-
 .../snippets/builtin_str_unicode_slice.py     |   36 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_tuple.py         |   32 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_type.py          |  436 +++----
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_type_mro.py      |   11 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtin_zip.py           |   10 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/builtins_module.py       |   17 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/code_co_consts.py        |   16 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/dir_main/__main__.py     |    2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/example_fizzbuzz.py      |    1 +
 extra_tests/snippets/example_interactive.py   |   12 +-
 .../snippets/forbidden_instantiation.py       |   38 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/frozen.py                |    1 +
 extra_tests/snippets/import.py                |   47 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/import_file.py           |    3 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/import_mutual1.py        |    2 -
 extra_tests/snippets/import_mutual2.py        |    1 -
 extra_tests/snippets/import_star.py           |    2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/import_target.py         |    6 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.1.1.py         |    8 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.1.3.py         |    4 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.1.py         |    7 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.10.py        |   12 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.3.py         |    2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.5.py         |    2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.6.py         |    2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/jit.py                   |    1 -
 extra_tests/snippets/name.py                  |    4 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/operator_arithmetic.py   |    2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/operator_cast.py         |   24 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/operator_comparison.py   |   41 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/operator_div.py          |   14 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/operator_membership.py   |    5 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/protocol_callable.py     |    5 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/protocol_index_bad.py    |   22 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/protocol_iterable.py     |   22 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/protocol_iternext.py     |    8 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/recursion.py             |    2 +
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_abc_number.py     |    2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_array.py          |   34 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ast.py            |   15 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_collections.py    |    5 +-
 .../snippets/stdlib_collections_deque.py      |   40 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_csv.py            |   66 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ctypes.py         |  115 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_datetime.py       |   40 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_dir_module.py     |   10 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_dis.py            |   27 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_functools.py      |   26 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_hashlib.py        |   43 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_imp.py            |    6 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io.py             |   32 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io_bytesio.py     |   55 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io_stringio.py    |   59 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_itertools.py      |  241 ++--
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_json.py           |  186 +--
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_logging.py        |   10 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_marshal.py        |   21 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_math.py           |  139 ++-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_os.py             |  101 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_pwd.py            |    5 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py         |    6 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_re.py             |   78 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_signal.py         |   34 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_socket.py         |   86 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sqlite.py         |    8 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_string.py         |   30 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_struct.py         |   45 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py     |    5 +
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys.py            |   64 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys_getframe.py   |   18 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_time.py           |   11 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_traceback.py      |   30 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_types.py          |    2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/test_threading.py        |    2 +-
 extra_tests/snippets/testutils.py             |   48 +-
 extra_tests/test_snippets.py                  |   22 +-
 ruff.toml                                     |    2 +
 wasm/demo/snippets/asyncbrowser.py            |    1 +
 wasm/demo/snippets/fetch.py                   |    6 +-
 wasm/demo/snippets/import_pypi.py             |    2 +
 wasm/demo/snippets/mandelbrot.py              |   25 +-
 wasm/example/src/main.py                      |   12 +-
 138 files changed, 4042 insertions(+), 2741 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index e00ad26f2f..db8f9056b1 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -327,8 +327,10 @@ jobs:
         run: python -m pip install ruff==0.11.8
       - name: Ensure docs generate no warnings
         run: cargo doc
-      - name: run python lint
-        run: ruff check
+      - name: run ruff check
+        run: ruff check --diff
+      - name: run ruff format
+        run: ruff format --check
       - name: install prettier
         run: yarn global add prettier && echo "$(yarn global bin)" >>$GITHUB_PATH
       - name: check wasm code with prettier
diff --git a/examples/atexit_example.py b/examples/atexit_example.py
index 0324d5b50e..c9c61ca567 100644
--- a/examples/atexit_example.py
+++ b/examples/atexit_example.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import atexit
 import sys
 
+
 def myexit():
     sys.exit(2)
 
+
 atexit.register(myexit)
diff --git a/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.py b/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.py
index 60335d81e9..4a52e85eac 100644
--- a/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.py
+++ b/examples/call_between_rust_and_python.py
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 from rust_py_module import RustStruct, rust_function
 
+
 class PythonPerson:
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
 
+
 def python_callback():
     python_person = PythonPerson("Peter Python")
     rust_object = rust_function(42, "This is a python string", python_person)
     print("Printing member 'numbers' from rust struct: ", rust_object.numbers)
     rust_object.print_in_rust_from_python()
 
+
 def take_string(string):
     print("Calling python function from rust with string: " + string)
diff --git a/examples/freeze/freeze.py b/examples/freeze/freeze.py
index c600ebf959..9cd6551966 100644
--- a/examples/freeze/freeze.py
+++ b/examples/freeze/freeze.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 import time
 
 print("Hello world!!!", time.time())
-
diff --git a/extra_tests/benchmarks/perf_fib.py b/extra_tests/benchmarks/perf_fib.py
index 89ede85179..6b999f7443 100644
--- a/extra_tests/benchmarks/perf_fib.py
+++ b/extra_tests/benchmarks/perf_fib.py
@@ -2,14 +2,15 @@ def fib(n):
     a = 1
     b = 1
     for _ in range(n - 1):
-      temp = b
-      b = a + b
-      a = temp
+        temp = b
+        b = a + b
+        a = temp
 
     return b
 
+
 print(fib(1))
 print(fib(2))
 print(fib(3))
 print(fib(4))
-print(fib(5))
\ No newline at end of file
+print(fib(5))
diff --git a/extra_tests/custom_text_test_runner.py b/extra_tests/custom_text_test_runner.py
index 8e91d7c39d..4c48e615c3 100644
--- a/extra_tests/custom_text_test_runner.py
+++ b/extra_tests/custom_text_test_runner.py
@@ -36,10 +36,12 @@
 from unittest.runner import registerResult
 from functools import reduce
 
+
 class TablePrinter(object):
     # Modified from https://github.com/agramian/table-printer, same license as above
     "Print a list of dicts as a table"
-    def __init__(self, fmt, sep='', ul=None, tl=None, bl=None):
+
+    def __init__(self, fmt, sep="", ul=None, tl=None, bl=None):
         """
         @param fmt: list of tuple(heading, key, width)
                         heading: str, column label
@@ -50,20 +52,44 @@ def __init__(self, fmt, sep='', ul=None, tl=None, bl=None):
         @param tl: string, character to draw as top line over table, or None
         @param bl: string, character to draw as bottom line under table, or None
         """
-        super(TablePrinter,self).__init__()
-        fmt = [x + ('left',) if len(x) < 4 else x for x in fmt]
-        self.fmt   = str(sep).join('{lb}{0}:{align}{1}{rb}'.format(key, width, lb='{', rb='}', align='<' if alignment == 'left' else '>') for heading,key,width,alignment in fmt)
-        self.head  = {key:heading for heading,key,width,alignment in fmt}
-        self.ul    = {key:str(ul)*width for heading,key,width,alignment in fmt} if ul else None
-        self.width = {key:width for heading,key,width,alignment in fmt}
-        self.tl    = {key:str(tl)*width for heading,key,width,alignment in fmt} if tl else None
-        self.bl    = {key:str(bl)*width for heading,key,width,alignment in fmt} if bl else None
+        super(TablePrinter, self).__init__()
+        fmt = [x + ("left",) if len(x) < 4 else x for x in fmt]
+        self.fmt = str(sep).join(
+            "{lb}{0}:{align}{1}{rb}".format(
+                key, width, lb="{", rb="}", align="<" if alignment == "left" else ">"
+            )
+            for heading, key, width, alignment in fmt
+        )
+        self.head = {key: heading for heading, key, width, alignment in fmt}
+        self.ul = (
+            {key: str(ul) * width for heading, key, width, alignment in fmt}
+            if ul
+            else None
+        )
+        self.width = {key: width for heading, key, width, alignment in fmt}
+        self.tl = (
+            {key: str(tl) * width for heading, key, width, alignment in fmt}
+            if tl
+            else None
+        )
+        self.bl = (
+            {key: str(bl) * width for heading, key, width, alignment in fmt}
+            if bl
+            else None
+        )
 
     def row(self, data, separation_character=False):
         if separation_character:
-            return self.fmt.format(**{ k:str(data.get(k,''))[:w] for k,w in self.width.items() })
+            return self.fmt.format(
+                **{k: str(data.get(k, ""))[:w] for k, w in self.width.items()}
+            )
         else:
-            data = { k:str(data.get(k,'')) if len(str(data.get(k,''))) <= w else '%s...' %str(data.get(k,''))[:(w-3)] for k,w in self.width.items() }
+            data = {
+                k: str(data.get(k, ""))
+                if len(str(data.get(k, ""))) <= w
+                else "%s..." % str(data.get(k, ""))[: (w - 3)]
+                for k, w in self.width.items()
+            }
             return self.fmt.format(**data)
 
     def __call__(self, data_list, totals=None):
@@ -80,89 +106,111 @@ def __call__(self, data_list, totals=None):
             res.insert(len(res), _r(totals))
         if self.bl:
             res.insert(len(res), _r(self.bl, True))
-        return '\n'.join(res)
+        return "\n".join(res)
 
 
 def get_function_args(func_ref):
     try:
-        return [p for p in inspect.getargspec(func_ref).args if p != 'self']
+        return [p for p in inspect.getargspec(func_ref).args if p != "self"]
     except:
         return None
 
+
 def store_class_fields(class_ref, args_passed):
-    """ Store the passed in class fields in self
-    """
+    """Store the passed in class fields in self"""
     params = get_function_args(class_ref.__init__)
-    for p in params: setattr(class_ref, p, args_passed[p])
+    for p in params:
+        setattr(class_ref, p, args_passed[p])
+
 
 def sum_dict_key(d, key, cast_type=None):
-    """ Sum together all values matching a key given a passed dict
-    """
-    return reduce( (lambda x, y: x + y), [eval("%s(x['%s'])" %(cast_type, key)) if cast_type else x[key] for x in d] )
+    """Sum together all values matching a key given a passed dict"""
+    return reduce(
+        (lambda x, y: x + y),
+        [eval("%s(x['%s'])" % (cast_type, key)) if cast_type else x[key] for x in d],
+    )
+
 
 def case_name(name):
-    """ Test case name decorator to override function name.
-    """
+    """Test case name decorator to override function name."""
+
     def decorator(function):
-        function.__dict__['test_case_name'] = name
+        function.__dict__["test_case_name"] = name
         return function
+
     return decorator
 
+
 def skip_device(name):
-    """ Decorator to mark a test to only run on certain devices
-        Takes single device name or list of names as argument
+    """Decorator to mark a test to only run on certain devices
+    Takes single device name or list of names as argument
     """
+
     def decorator(function):
         name_list = name if type(name) == list else [name]
-        function.__dict__['skip_device'] = name_list
+        function.__dict__["skip_device"] = name_list
         return function
+
     return decorator
 
+
 def _set_test_type(function, test_type):
-    """ Test type setter
-    """
-    if 'test_type' in function.__dict__:
-        function.__dict__['test_type'].append(test_type)
+    """Test type setter"""
+    if "test_type" in function.__dict__:
+        function.__dict__["test_type"].append(test_type)
     else:
-        function.__dict__['test_type'] = [test_type]
+        function.__dict__["test_type"] = [test_type]
     return function
 
+
 def smoke(function):
-    """ Test decorator to mark test as smoke type
-    """
-    return _set_test_type(function, 'smoke')
+    """Test decorator to mark test as smoke type"""
+    return _set_test_type(function, "smoke")
+
 
 def guide_discovery(function):
-    """ Test decorator to mark test as guide_discovery type
-    """
-    return _set_test_type(function, 'guide_discovery')
+    """Test decorator to mark test as guide_discovery type"""
+    return _set_test_type(function, "guide_discovery")
+
 
 def focus(function):
-    """ Test decorator to mark test as focus type to all rspec style debugging of cases
-    """
-    return _set_test_type(function, 'focus')
+    """Test decorator to mark test as focus type to all rspec style debugging of cases"""
+    return _set_test_type(function, "focus")
+
 
 class _WritelnDecorator(object):
     """Used to decorate file-like objects with a handy 'writeln' method"""
-    def __init__(self,stream):
+
+    def __init__(self, stream):
         self.stream = stream
 
     def __getattr__(self, attr):
-        if attr in ('stream', '__getstate__'):
+        if attr in ("stream", "__getstate__"):
             raise AttributeError(attr)
-        return getattr(self.stream,attr)
+        return getattr(self.stream, attr)
 
     def writeln(self, arg=None):
         if arg:
             self.write(arg)
-        self.write('\n') # text-mode streams translate to \r\n if needed
+        self.write("\n")  # text-mode streams translate to \r\n if needed
+
 
 class CustomTextTestResult(result.TestResult):
     _num_formatting_chars = 150
     _execution_time_significant_digits = 4
     _pass_percentage_significant_digits = 2
 
-    def __init__(self, stream, descriptions, verbosity, results_file_path, result_screenshots_dir, show_previous_results, config, test_types):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream,
+        descriptions,
+        verbosity,
+        results_file_path,
+        result_screenshots_dir,
+        show_previous_results,
+        config,
+        test_types,
+    ):
         super(CustomTextTestResult, self).__init__(stream, descriptions, verbosity)
         store_class_fields(self, locals())
         self.show_overall_results = verbosity > 0
@@ -178,12 +226,12 @@ def __init__(self, stream, descriptions, verbosity, results_file_path, result_sc
         self.separator3 = "_" * CustomTextTestResult._num_formatting_chars
         self.separator4 = "*" * CustomTextTestResult._num_formatting_chars
         self.separator_failure = "!" * CustomTextTestResult._num_formatting_chars
-        self.separator_pre_result = '.' * CustomTextTestResult._num_formatting_chars
+        self.separator_pre_result = "." * CustomTextTestResult._num_formatting_chars
 
     def getDescription(self, test):
         doc_first_line = test.shortDescription()
         if self.descriptions and doc_first_line:
-            return '\n'.join((str(test), doc_first_line))
+            return "\n".join((str(test), doc_first_line))
         else:
             return str(test)
 
@@ -195,109 +243,170 @@ def startTestRun(self):
         self.results = None
         self.previous_suite_runs = []
         if os.path.isfile(self.results_file_path):
-            with open(self.results_file_path, 'rb') as f:
+            with open(self.results_file_path, "rb") as f:
                 try:
                     self.results = json.load(f)
                     # recreated results dict with int keys
-                    self.results['suites'] = {int(k):v for (k,v) in list(self.results['suites'].items())}
-                    self.suite_map = {v['name']:int(k) for (k,v) in list(self.results['suites'].items())}
-                    self.previous_suite_runs = list(self.results['suites'].keys())
+                    self.results["suites"] = {
+                        int(k): v for (k, v) in list(self.results["suites"].items())
+                    }
+                    self.suite_map = {
+                        v["name"]: int(k)
+                        for (k, v) in list(self.results["suites"].items())
+                    }
+                    self.previous_suite_runs = list(self.results["suites"].keys())
                 except:
                     pass
         if not self.results:
-            self.results = {'suites': {},
-                            'name': '',
-                            'num_passed': 0,
-                            'num_failed': 0,
-                            'num_skipped': 0,
-                            'num_expected_failures': 0,
-                            'execution_time': None}
-        self.suite_number = int(sorted(self.results['suites'].keys())[-1]) + 1 if len(self.results['suites']) else 0
+            self.results = {
+                "suites": {},
+                "name": "",
+                "num_passed": 0,
+                "num_failed": 0,
+                "num_skipped": 0,
+                "num_expected_failures": 0,
+                "execution_time": None,
+            }
+        self.suite_number = (
+            int(sorted(self.results["suites"].keys())[-1]) + 1
+            if len(self.results["suites"])
+            else 0
+        )
         self.case_number = 0
         self.suite_map = {}
 
     def stopTestRun(self):
         # if no tests or some failure occurred execution time may not have been set
         try:
-            self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['execution_time'] = format(self.suite_execution_time, '.%sf' %CustomTextTestResult._execution_time_significant_digits)
+            self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["execution_time"] = (
+                format(
+                    self.suite_execution_time,
+                    ".%sf" % CustomTextTestResult._execution_time_significant_digits,
+                )
+            )
         except:
             pass
-        self.results['execution_time'] = format(self.total_execution_time, '.%sf' %CustomTextTestResult._execution_time_significant_digits)
+        self.results["execution_time"] = format(
+            self.total_execution_time,
+            ".%sf" % CustomTextTestResult._execution_time_significant_digits,
+        )
         self.stream.writeln(self.separator3)
-        with open(self.results_file_path, 'w') as f:
+        with open(self.results_file_path, "w") as f:
             json.dump(self.results, f)
 
     def startTest(self, test):
-        suite_base_category = test.__class__.base_test_category if hasattr(test.__class__, 'base_test_category') else ''
-        self.next_suite = os.path.join(suite_base_category, test.__class__.name if hasattr(test.__class__, 'name') else test.__class__.__name__)
+        suite_base_category = (
+            test.__class__.base_test_category
+            if hasattr(test.__class__, "base_test_category")
+            else ""
+        )
+        self.next_suite = os.path.join(
+            suite_base_category,
+            test.__class__.name
+            if hasattr(test.__class__, "name")
+            else test.__class__.__name__,
+        )
         self.case = test._testMethodName
         super(CustomTextTestResult, self).startTest(test)
         if not self.suite or self.suite != self.next_suite:
             if self.suite:
-                self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['execution_time'] = format(self.suite_execution_time, '.%sf' %CustomTextTestResult._execution_time_significant_digits)
+                self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["execution_time"] = (
+                    format(
+                        self.suite_execution_time,
+                        ".%sf"
+                        % CustomTextTestResult._execution_time_significant_digits,
+                    )
+                )
             self.suite_execution_time = 0
             self.suite = self.next_suite
             if self.show_test_info:
                 self.stream.writeln(self.separator1)
-                self.stream.writeln("TEST SUITE: %s" %self.suite)
-                self.stream.writeln("Description: %s" %self.getSuiteDescription(test))
+                self.stream.writeln("TEST SUITE: %s" % self.suite)
+                self.stream.writeln("Description: %s" % self.getSuiteDescription(test))
         try:
-            name_override = getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__['test_case_name']
+            name_override = getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__[
+                "test_case_name"
+            ]
         except:
             name_override = None
         self.case = name_override if name_override else self.case
         if self.show_test_info:
             # self.stream.writeln(self.separator2)
-            self.stream.write("CASE: %s" %self.case)
-            if desc := test.shortDescription(): self.stream.write(" (Description: %s)" % desc)
+            self.stream.write("CASE: %s" % self.case)
+            if desc := test.shortDescription():
+                self.stream.write(" (Description: %s)" % desc)
             self.stream.write("... ")
             # self.stream.writeln(self.separator2)
             self.stream.flush()
         self.current_case_number = self.case_number
         if self.suite not in self.suite_map:
             self.suite_map[self.suite] = self.suite_number
-            self.results['suites'][self.suite_number] = {
-                'name': self.suite,
-                'class': test.__class__.__name__,
-                'module': re.compile('.* \((.*)\)').match(str(test)).group(1),
-                'description': self.getSuiteDescription(test),
-                'cases': {},
-                'used_case_names': {},
-                'num_passed': 0,
-                'num_failed': 0,
-                'num_skipped': 0,
-                'num_expected_failures': 0,
-                'execution_time': None}
+            self.results["suites"][self.suite_number] = {
+                "name": self.suite,
+                "class": test.__class__.__name__,
+                "module": re.compile(".* \((.*)\)").match(str(test)).group(1),
+                "description": self.getSuiteDescription(test),
+                "cases": {},
+                "used_case_names": {},
+                "num_passed": 0,
+                "num_failed": 0,
+                "num_skipped": 0,
+                "num_expected_failures": 0,
+                "execution_time": None,
+            }
             self.suite_number += 1
             self.num_cases = 0
             self.num_passed = 0
             self.num_failed = 0
             self.num_skipped = 0
             self.num_expected_failures = 0
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.case_number] = {
-            'name': self.case,
-            'method': test._testMethodName,
-            'result': None,
-            'description': test.shortDescription(),
-            'note': None,
-            'errors': None,
-            'failures': None,
-            'screenshots': [],
-            'new_version': 'No',
-            'execution_time': None}
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+            self.case_number
+        ] = {
+            "name": self.case,
+            "method": test._testMethodName,
+            "result": None,
+            "description": test.shortDescription(),
+            "note": None,
+            "errors": None,
+            "failures": None,
+            "screenshots": [],
+            "new_version": "No",
+            "execution_time": None,
+        }
         self.start_time = time.time()
         if self.test_types:
-            if ('test_type' in getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__
-                and set([s.lower() for s in self.test_types]) == set([s.lower() for s in getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__['test_type']])):
+            if "test_type" in getattr(
+                test, test._testMethodName
+            ).__func__.__dict__ and set([s.lower() for s in self.test_types]) == set(
+                [
+                    s.lower()
+                    for s in getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__[
+                        "test_type"
+                    ]
+                ]
+            ):
                 pass
             else:
-                getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__['__unittest_skip_why__'] = 'Test run specified to only run tests of type "%s"' %','.join(self.test_types)
-                getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__['__unittest_skip__'] = True
-        if 'skip_device' in getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__:
-            for device in getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__['skip_device']:
-                if self.config and device.lower() in self.config['device_name'].lower():
-                    getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__['__unittest_skip_why__'] = 'Test is marked to be skipped on %s' %device
-                    getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__['__unittest_skip__'] = True
+                getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__[
+                    "__unittest_skip_why__"
+                ] = 'Test run specified to only run tests of type "%s"' % ",".join(
+                    self.test_types
+                )
+                getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__[
+                    "__unittest_skip__"
+                ] = True
+        if "skip_device" in getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__:
+            for device in getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__[
+                "skip_device"
+            ]:
+                if self.config and device.lower() in self.config["device_name"].lower():
+                    getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__[
+                        "__unittest_skip_why__"
+                    ] = "Test is marked to be skipped on %s" % device
+                    getattr(test, test._testMethodName).__func__.__dict__[
+                        "__unittest_skip__"
+                    ] = True
                     break
 
     def stopTest(self, test):
@@ -307,19 +416,32 @@ def stopTest(self, test):
         self.total_execution_time += self.execution_time
         super(CustomTextTestResult, self).stopTest(test)
         self.num_cases += 1
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['num_passed'] = self.num_passed
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['num_failed'] = self.num_failed
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['num_skipped'] = self.num_skipped
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['num_expected_failures'] = self.num_expected_failures
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.current_case_number]['execution_time']= format(self.execution_time, '.%sf' %CustomTextTestResult._execution_time_significant_digits)
-        self.results['num_passed'] += self.num_passed
-        self.results['num_failed'] += self.num_failed
-        self.results['num_skipped'] += self.num_skipped
-        self.results['num_expected_failures'] += self.num_expected_failures
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["num_passed"] = (
+            self.num_passed
+        )
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["num_failed"] = (
+            self.num_failed
+        )
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["num_skipped"] = (
+            self.num_skipped
+        )
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["num_expected_failures"] = (
+            self.num_expected_failures
+        )
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+            self.current_case_number
+        ]["execution_time"] = format(
+            self.execution_time,
+            ".%sf" % CustomTextTestResult._execution_time_significant_digits,
+        )
+        self.results["num_passed"] += self.num_passed
+        self.results["num_failed"] += self.num_failed
+        self.results["num_skipped"] += self.num_skipped
+        self.results["num_expected_failures"] += self.num_expected_failures
         self.case_number += 1
 
     def print_error_string(self, err):
-        error_string = ''.join(traceback.format_exception(err[0], err[1], err[2]))
+        error_string = "".join(traceback.format_exception(err[0], err[1], err[2]))
         if self.show_errors:
             self.stream.writeln(self.separator_failure)
             self.stream.write(error_string)
@@ -328,7 +450,9 @@ def print_error_string(self, err):
     def addScreenshots(self, test):
         for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.result_screenshots_dir):
             for file in files:
-                self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.current_case_number]['screenshots'].append(os.path.join(root, file))
+                self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+                    self.current_case_number
+                ]["screenshots"].append(os.path.join(root, file))
 
     def addSuccess(self, test):
         super(CustomTextTestResult, self).addSuccess(test)
@@ -336,7 +460,9 @@ def addSuccess(self, test):
             # self.stream.writeln(self.separator_pre_result)
             self.stream.writeln("PASS")
         self.stream.flush()
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.current_case_number]['result'] = 'passed'
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+            self.current_case_number
+        ]["result"] = "passed"
         self.num_passed += 1
         self.addScreenshots(test)
 
@@ -347,8 +473,12 @@ def addError(self, test, err):
             # self.stream.writeln(self.separator_pre_result)
             self.stream.writeln("ERROR")
         self.stream.flush()
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.current_case_number]['result'] = 'error'
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.current_case_number]['errors'] = error_string
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+            self.current_case_number
+        ]["result"] = "error"
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+            self.current_case_number
+        ]["errors"] = error_string
         self.num_failed += 1
         self.addScreenshots(test)
 
@@ -359,8 +489,12 @@ def addFailure(self, test, err):
             # self.stream.writeln(self.separator_pre_result)
             self.stream.writeln("FAIL")
         self.stream.flush()
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.current_case_number]['result'] = 'failed'
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.current_case_number]['failures'] = error_string
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+            self.current_case_number
+        ]["result"] = "failed"
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+            self.current_case_number
+        ]["failures"] = error_string
         self.num_failed += 1
         self.addScreenshots(test)
 
@@ -370,8 +504,12 @@ def addSkip(self, test, reason):
             # self.stream.writeln(self.separator_pre_result)
             self.stream.writeln("SKIPPED {0!r}".format(reason))
         self.stream.flush()
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.current_case_number]['result'] = 'skipped'
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.current_case_number]['note'] = reason
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+            self.current_case_number
+        ]["result"] = "skipped"
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+            self.current_case_number
+        ]["note"] = reason
         self.num_skipped += 1
 
     def addExpectedFailure(self, test, err):
@@ -380,7 +518,9 @@ def addExpectedFailure(self, test, err):
             # self.stream.writeln(self.separator_pre_result)
             self.stream.writeln("EXPECTED FAILURE")
         self.stream.flush()
-        self.results['suites'][self.suite_map[self.suite]]['cases'][self.current_case_number]['result'] = 'expected_failure'
+        self.results["suites"][self.suite_map[self.suite]]["cases"][
+            self.current_case_number
+        ]["result"] = "expected_failure"
         self.num_expected_failures += 1
         self.addScreenshots(test)
 
@@ -396,103 +536,189 @@ def addUnexpectedSuccess(self, test):
     def printOverallSuiteResults(self, r):
         self.stream.writeln()
         self.stream.writeln(self.separator4)
-        self.stream.writeln('OVERALL SUITE RESULTS')
+        self.stream.writeln("OVERALL SUITE RESULTS")
         fmt = [
-            ('SUITE',       'suite',        50, 'left'),
-            ('CASES',       'cases',        15, 'right'),
-            ('PASSED',      'passed',       15, 'right'),
-            ('FAILED',      'failed',       15, 'right'),
-            ('SKIPPED',     'skipped',      15, 'right'),
-            ('%',           'percentage',   20, 'right'),
-            ('TIME (s)',    'time',         20, 'right')
+            ("SUITE", "suite", 50, "left"),
+            ("CASES", "cases", 15, "right"),
+            ("PASSED", "passed", 15, "right"),
+            ("FAILED", "failed", 15, "right"),
+            ("SKIPPED", "skipped", 15, "right"),
+            ("%", "percentage", 20, "right"),
+            ("TIME (s)", "time", 20, "right"),
         ]
         data = []
-        for x in r: data.append({'suite': r[x]['name'],
-                                   'cases': r[x]['num_passed'] + r[x]['num_failed'],
-                                   'passed': r[x]['num_passed'],
-                                   'failed': r[x]['num_failed'],
-                                   'skipped': r[x]['num_skipped'],
-                                   'expected_failures': r[x]['num_expected_failures'],
-                                   'percentage': float(r[x]['num_passed'])/(r[x]['num_passed'] + r[x]['num_failed']) * 100 if (r[x]['num_passed'] + r[x]['num_failed']) > 0 else 0,
-                                   'time': r[x]['execution_time']})
-        total_suites_passed = len([x for x in data if not x['failed']])
-        total_suites_passed_percentage = format(float(total_suites_passed)/len(data) * 100, '.%sf' %CustomTextTestResult._pass_percentage_significant_digits)
-        totals = {'suite': 'TOTALS %s/%s (%s%%) suites passed' %(total_suites_passed, len(data), total_suites_passed_percentage),
-                  'cases': sum_dict_key(data, 'cases'),
-                  'passed': sum_dict_key(data, 'passed'),
-                  'failed': sum_dict_key(data, 'failed'),
-                  'skipped': sum_dict_key(data, 'skipped'),
-                  'percentage': sum_dict_key(data, 'percentage')/len(data),
-                  'time': sum_dict_key(data, 'time', 'float')}
-        for x in data: operator.setitem(x, 'percentage', format(x['percentage'], '.%sf' %CustomTextTestResult._pass_percentage_significant_digits))
-        totals['percentage'] = format(totals['percentage'], '.%sf' %CustomTextTestResult._pass_percentage_significant_digits)
-        self.stream.writeln( TablePrinter(fmt, tl=self.separator1, ul=self.separator2, bl=self.separator3)(data, totals) )
+        for x in r:
+            data.append(
+                {
+                    "suite": r[x]["name"],
+                    "cases": r[x]["num_passed"] + r[x]["num_failed"],
+                    "passed": r[x]["num_passed"],
+                    "failed": r[x]["num_failed"],
+                    "skipped": r[x]["num_skipped"],
+                    "expected_failures": r[x]["num_expected_failures"],
+                    "percentage": float(r[x]["num_passed"])
+                    / (r[x]["num_passed"] + r[x]["num_failed"])
+                    * 100
+                    if (r[x]["num_passed"] + r[x]["num_failed"]) > 0
+                    else 0,
+                    "time": r[x]["execution_time"],
+                }
+            )
+        total_suites_passed = len([x for x in data if not x["failed"]])
+        total_suites_passed_percentage = format(
+            float(total_suites_passed) / len(data) * 100,
+            ".%sf" % CustomTextTestResult._pass_percentage_significant_digits,
+        )
+        totals = {
+            "suite": "TOTALS %s/%s (%s%%) suites passed"
+            % (total_suites_passed, len(data), total_suites_passed_percentage),
+            "cases": sum_dict_key(data, "cases"),
+            "passed": sum_dict_key(data, "passed"),
+            "failed": sum_dict_key(data, "failed"),
+            "skipped": sum_dict_key(data, "skipped"),
+            "percentage": sum_dict_key(data, "percentage") / len(data),
+            "time": sum_dict_key(data, "time", "float"),
+        }
+        for x in data:
+            operator.setitem(
+                x,
+                "percentage",
+                format(
+                    x["percentage"],
+                    ".%sf" % CustomTextTestResult._pass_percentage_significant_digits,
+                ),
+            )
+        totals["percentage"] = format(
+            totals["percentage"],
+            ".%sf" % CustomTextTestResult._pass_percentage_significant_digits,
+        )
+        self.stream.writeln(
+            TablePrinter(
+                fmt, tl=self.separator1, ul=self.separator2, bl=self.separator3
+            )(data, totals)
+        )
         self.stream.writeln()
 
     def printIndividualSuiteResults(self, r):
         self.stream.writeln()
         self.stream.writeln(self.separator4)
-        self.stream.writeln('INDIVIDUAL SUITE RESULTS')
+        self.stream.writeln("INDIVIDUAL SUITE RESULTS")
         fmt = [
-            ('CASE',        'case',         50, 'left'),
-            ('DESCRIPTION', 'description',  50, 'right'),
-            ('RESULT',      'result',       25, 'right'),
-            ('TIME (s)',    'time',         25, 'right')
+            ("CASE", "case", 50, "left"),
+            ("DESCRIPTION", "description", 50, "right"),
+            ("RESULT", "result", 25, "right"),
+            ("TIME (s)", "time", 25, "right"),
         ]
         for suite in r:
             self.stream.writeln(self.separator1)
-            self.stream.write('{0: <50}'.format('SUITE: %s' %r[suite]['name']))
-            self.stream.writeln('{0: <100}'.format('DESCRIPTION: %s' %(r[suite]['description'] if not r[suite]['description'] or len(r[suite]['description']) <= (100 - len('DESCRIPTION: '))
-                                                                       else '%s...' %r[suite]['description'][:(97 - len('DESCRIPTION: '))])))
+            self.stream.write("{0: <50}".format("SUITE: %s" % r[suite]["name"]))
+            self.stream.writeln(
+                "{0: <100}".format(
+                    "DESCRIPTION: %s"
+                    % (
+                        r[suite]["description"]
+                        if not r[suite]["description"]
+                        or len(r[suite]["description"]) <= (100 - len("DESCRIPTION: "))
+                        else "%s..."
+                        % r[suite]["description"][: (97 - len("DESCRIPTION: "))]
+                    )
+                )
+            )
             data = []
-            cases = r[suite]['cases']
-            for x in cases: data.append({'case': cases[x]['name'],
-                                       'description': cases[x]['description'],
-                                       'result': cases[x]['result'].upper() if cases[x]['result'] else cases[x]['result'],
-                                       'time': cases[x]['execution_time']})
-            self.stream.writeln( TablePrinter(fmt, tl=self.separator1, ul=self.separator2)(data) )
+            cases = r[suite]["cases"]
+            for x in cases:
+                data.append(
+                    {
+                        "case": cases[x]["name"],
+                        "description": cases[x]["description"],
+                        "result": cases[x]["result"].upper()
+                        if cases[x]["result"]
+                        else cases[x]["result"],
+                        "time": cases[x]["execution_time"],
+                    }
+                )
+            self.stream.writeln(
+                TablePrinter(fmt, tl=self.separator1, ul=self.separator2)(data)
+            )
         self.stream.writeln(self.separator3)
         self.stream.writeln()
 
     def printErrorsOverview(self, r):
         self.stream.writeln()
         self.stream.writeln(self.separator4)
-        self.stream.writeln('FAILURES AND ERRORS OVERVIEW')
+        self.stream.writeln("FAILURES AND ERRORS OVERVIEW")
         fmt = [
-            ('SUITE',       'suite',         50, 'left'),
-            ('CASE',        'case',          50, 'left'),
-            ('RESULT',      'result',        50, 'right')
+            ("SUITE", "suite", 50, "left"),
+            ("CASE", "case", 50, "left"),
+            ("RESULT", "result", 50, "right"),
         ]
         data = []
         for suite in r:
-            cases = {k:v for (k,v) in list(r[suite]['cases'].items()) if v['failures'] or v['errors']}
-            for x in cases: data.append({'suite': '%s%s' %(r[suite]['name'], ' (%s)' %r[suite]['module'] if r[suite]['class'] != r[suite]['name'] else ''),
-                                       'case': '%s%s' %(cases[x]['name'], ' (%s)' %cases[x]['method'] if cases[x]['name'] != cases[x]['method'] else ''),
-                                       'result': cases[x]['result'].upper()})
-        self.stream.writeln( TablePrinter(fmt, tl=self.separator1, ul=self.separator2)(data) )
+            cases = {
+                k: v
+                for (k, v) in list(r[suite]["cases"].items())
+                if v["failures"] or v["errors"]
+            }
+            for x in cases:
+                data.append(
+                    {
+                        "suite": "%s%s"
+                        % (
+                            r[suite]["name"],
+                            " (%s)" % r[suite]["module"]
+                            if r[suite]["class"] != r[suite]["name"]
+                            else "",
+                        ),
+                        "case": "%s%s"
+                        % (
+                            cases[x]["name"],
+                            " (%s)" % cases[x]["method"]
+                            if cases[x]["name"] != cases[x]["method"]
+                            else "",
+                        ),
+                        "result": cases[x]["result"].upper(),
+                    }
+                )
+        self.stream.writeln(
+            TablePrinter(fmt, tl=self.separator1, ul=self.separator2)(data)
+        )
         self.stream.writeln(self.separator3)
         self.stream.writeln()
 
     def printErrorsDetail(self, r):
         self.stream.writeln()
         self.stream.writeln(self.separator4)
-        self.stream.writeln('FAILURES AND ERRORS DETAIL')
+        self.stream.writeln("FAILURES AND ERRORS DETAIL")
         for suite in r:
-            failures_and_errors = [k for (k,v) in list(r[suite]['cases'].items()) if v['failures'] or v['errors']]
-            #print failures_and_errors
-            suite_str = '%s%s' %(r[suite]['name'], ' (%s)' %r[suite]['module'] if r[suite]['class'] != r[suite]['name'] else '')
+            failures_and_errors = [
+                k
+                for (k, v) in list(r[suite]["cases"].items())
+                if v["failures"] or v["errors"]
+            ]
+            # print failures_and_errors
+            suite_str = "%s%s" % (
+                r[suite]["name"],
+                " (%s)" % r[suite]["module"]
+                if r[suite]["class"] != r[suite]["name"]
+                else "",
+            )
             for case in failures_and_errors:
-                case_ref = r[suite]['cases'][case]
-                case_str = '%s%s' %(case_ref['name'], ' (%s)' %case_ref['method'] if case_ref['name'] != case_ref['method'] else '')
-                errors = case_ref['errors']
-                failures = case_ref['failures']
+                case_ref = r[suite]["cases"][case]
+                case_str = "%s%s" % (
+                    case_ref["name"],
+                    " (%s)" % case_ref["method"]
+                    if case_ref["name"] != case_ref["method"]
+                    else "",
+                )
+                errors = case_ref["errors"]
+                failures = case_ref["failures"]
                 self.stream.writeln(self.separator1)
                 if errors:
-                    self.stream.writeln('ERROR: %s [%s]' %(case_str, suite_str))
+                    self.stream.writeln("ERROR: %s [%s]" % (case_str, suite_str))
                     self.stream.writeln(self.separator2)
                     self.stream.writeln(errors)
                 if failures:
-                    self.stream.writeln('FAILURE: %s [%s]' %(case_str, suite_str))
+                    self.stream.writeln("FAILURE: %s [%s]" % (case_str, suite_str))
                     self.stream.writeln(self.separator2)
                     self.stream.writeln(failures)
         self.stream.writeln(self.separator3)
@@ -501,52 +727,85 @@ def printErrorsDetail(self, r):
     def printSkippedDetail(self, r):
         self.stream.writeln()
         self.stream.writeln(self.separator4)
-        self.stream.writeln('SKIPPED DETAIL')
+        self.stream.writeln("SKIPPED DETAIL")
         fmt = [
-            ('SUITE',       'suite',         50, 'left'),
-            ('CASE',        'case',          50, 'left'),
-            ('REASON',      'reason',        50, 'right')
+            ("SUITE", "suite", 50, "left"),
+            ("CASE", "case", 50, "left"),
+            ("REASON", "reason", 50, "right"),
         ]
         data = []
         for suite in r:
-            cases = {k:v for (k,v) in list(r[suite]['cases'].items()) if v['result'] == 'skipped'}
-            for x in cases: data.append({'suite': '%s%s' %(r[suite]['name'], ' (%s)' %r[suite]['module'] if r[suite]['class'] != r[suite]['name'] else ''),
-                                       'case': '%s%s' %(cases[x]['name'], ' (%s)' %cases[x]['method'] if cases[x]['name'] != cases[x]['method'] else ''),
-                                       'reason': cases[x]['note']})
-        self.stream.writeln( TablePrinter(fmt, tl=self.separator1, ul=self.separator2)(data) )
+            cases = {
+                k: v
+                for (k, v) in list(r[suite]["cases"].items())
+                if v["result"] == "skipped"
+            }
+            for x in cases:
+                data.append(
+                    {
+                        "suite": "%s%s"
+                        % (
+                            r[suite]["name"],
+                            " (%s)" % r[suite]["module"]
+                            if r[suite]["class"] != r[suite]["name"]
+                            else "",
+                        ),
+                        "case": "%s%s"
+                        % (
+                            cases[x]["name"],
+                            " (%s)" % cases[x]["method"]
+                            if cases[x]["name"] != cases[x]["method"]
+                            else "",
+                        ),
+                        "reason": cases[x]["note"],
+                    }
+                )
+        self.stream.writeln(
+            TablePrinter(fmt, tl=self.separator1, ul=self.separator2)(data)
+        )
         self.stream.writeln(self.separator3)
         self.stream.writeln()
 
     def returnCode(self):
         return not self.wasSuccessful()
 
+
 class CustomTextTestRunner(unittest.TextTestRunner):
     """A test runner class that displays results in textual form.
     It prints out the names of tests as they are run, errors as they
     occur, and a summary of the results at the end of the test run.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self,
-                 stream=sys.stderr,
-                 descriptions=True,
-                 verbosity=1,
-                 failfast=False,
-                 buffer=False,
-                 resultclass=CustomTextTestResult,
-                 results_file_path="results.json",
-                 result_screenshots_dir='',
-                 show_previous_results=False,
-                 test_name=None,
-                 test_description=None,
-                 config=None,
-                 test_types=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        stream=sys.stderr,
+        descriptions=True,
+        verbosity=1,
+        failfast=False,
+        buffer=False,
+        resultclass=CustomTextTestResult,
+        results_file_path="results.json",
+        result_screenshots_dir="",
+        show_previous_results=False,
+        test_name=None,
+        test_description=None,
+        config=None,
+        test_types=None,
+    ):
         store_class_fields(self, locals())
         self.stream = _WritelnDecorator(stream)
 
     def _makeResult(self):
-        return self.resultclass(self.stream, self.descriptions, self.verbosity,
-                                self.results_file_path, self.result_screenshots_dir, self.show_previous_results,
-                                self.config, self.test_types)
+        return self.resultclass(
+            self.stream,
+            self.descriptions,
+            self.verbosity,
+            self.results_file_path,
+            self.result_screenshots_dir,
+            self.show_previous_results,
+            self.config,
+            self.test_types,
+        )
 
     def run(self, test):
         output = ""
@@ -556,22 +815,26 @@ def run(self, test):
         result.failfast = self.failfast
         result.buffer = self.buffer
         startTime = time.time()
-        startTestRun = getattr(result, 'startTestRun', None)
+        startTestRun = getattr(result, "startTestRun", None)
         if startTestRun is not None:
             startTestRun()
         try:
             test(result)
         finally:
-            stopTestRun = getattr(result, 'stopTestRun', None)
+            stopTestRun = getattr(result, "stopTestRun", None)
             if stopTestRun is not None:
                 stopTestRun()
         stopTime = time.time()
         timeTaken = stopTime - startTime
         # filter results to output
         if result.show_previous_results:
-            r = result.results['suites']
+            r = result.results["suites"]
         else:
-            r = {k:v for (k,v) in list(result.results['suites'].items()) if k not in result.previous_suite_runs}
+            r = {
+                k: v
+                for (k, v) in list(result.results["suites"].items())
+                if k not in result.previous_suite_runs
+            }
         # print results based on verbosity
         if result.show_all:
             result.printSkippedDetail(r)
@@ -584,15 +847,17 @@ def run(self, test):
         if result.show_overall_results:
             result.printOverallSuiteResults(r)
         run = result.testsRun
-        self.stream.writeln("Ran %d test case%s in %.4fs" %
-                            (run, run != 1 and "s" or "", timeTaken))
+        self.stream.writeln(
+            "Ran %d test case%s in %.4fs" % (run, run != 1 and "s" or "", timeTaken)
+        )
         self.stream.writeln()
 
         expectedFails = unexpectedSuccesses = skipped = 0
         try:
-            results = map(len, (result.expectedFailures,
-                                result.unexpectedSuccesses,
-                                result.skipped))
+            results = map(
+                len,
+                (result.expectedFailures, result.unexpectedSuccesses, result.skipped),
+            )
         except AttributeError:
             pass
         else:
diff --git a/extra_tests/jsontests.py b/extra_tests/jsontests.py
index 7bc743d8d3..a54fd4234e 100644
--- a/extra_tests/jsontests.py
+++ b/extra_tests/jsontests.py
@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@
 
 testnames = findtests()
 # idk why this fixes the hanging, if it does
-testnames.remove('test_importlib')
-testnames.insert(0, 'test_importlib')
+testnames.remove("test_importlib")
+testnames.insert(0, "test_importlib")
+
 
 def loadTestsOrSkip(loader, name):
     try:
@@ -17,12 +18,16 @@ def loadTestsOrSkip(loader, name):
         @unittest.skip(str(exc))
         def testSkipped(self):
             pass
+
         attrs = {name: testSkipped}
         TestClass = type("ModuleSkipped", (unittest.TestCase,), attrs)
         return loader.suiteClass((TestClass(name),))
 
+
 loader = unittest.defaultTestLoader
-suite = loader.suiteClass([loadTestsOrSkip(loader, 'test.' + name) for name in testnames])
+suite = loader.suiteClass(
+    [loadTestsOrSkip(loader, "test." + name) for name in testnames]
+)
 
 resultsfile = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "cpython_tests_results.json")
 if os.path.exists(resultsfile):
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/3.1.3.4.py b/extra_tests/snippets/3.1.3.4.py
index 426c78b42d..f254376329 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/3.1.3.4.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/3.1.3.4.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-l = [1,2,3]
-assert [1,2,3,4,5] == (l + [4,5])
-
+l = [1, 2, 3]
+assert [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] == (l + [4, 5])
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/3.1.3.5.py b/extra_tests/snippets/3.1.3.5.py
index c841430b1b..11889d936c 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/3.1.3.5.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/3.1.3.5.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-x = [1,999,3]
+x = [1, 999, 3]
 x[1] = 2
-assert [1,2,3] == x
+assert [1, 2, 3] == x
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_abs.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_abs.py
index 1b744978e5..7add4f4bcf 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_abs.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_abs.py
@@ -2,4 +2,3 @@
 assert abs(7) == 7
 assert abs(-3.21) == 3.21
 assert abs(6.25) == 6.25
-
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ascii.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ascii.py
index 2132723c6b..5b5b45d999 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ascii.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ascii.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-assert ascii('hello world') == "'hello world'"
-assert ascii('안녕 세상') == "'\\uc548\\ub155 \\uc138\\uc0c1'"
-assert ascii('안녕 RustPython') == "'\\uc548\\ub155 RustPython'"
-assert ascii(5) == '5'
+assert ascii("hello world") == "'hello world'"
+assert ascii("안녕 세상") == "'\\uc548\\ub155 \\uc138\\uc0c1'"
+assert ascii("안녕 RustPython") == "'\\uc548\\ub155 RustPython'"
+assert ascii(5) == "5"
 assert ascii(chr(0x10001)) == "'\\U00010001'"
 assert ascii(chr(0x9999)) == "'\\u9999'"
-assert ascii(chr(0x0A)) == "'\\n'"
\ No newline at end of file
+assert ascii(chr(0x0A)) == "'\\n'"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bin.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bin.py
index 97f57b2f13..4f7a54c1b2 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bin.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bin.py
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-assert bin(0) == '0b0'
-assert bin(1) == '0b1'
-assert bin(-1) == '-0b1'
-assert bin(2**24) == '0b1' + '0' * 24
-assert bin(2**24-1) == '0b' + '1' * 24
-assert bin(-(2**24)) == '-0b1' + '0' * 24
-assert bin(-(2**24-1)) == '-0b' + '1' * 24
+assert bin(0) == "0b0"
+assert bin(1) == "0b1"
+assert bin(-1) == "-0b1"
+assert bin(2**24) == "0b1" + "0" * 24
+assert bin(2**24 - 1) == "0b" + "1" * 24
+assert bin(-(2**24)) == "-0b1" + "0" * 24
+assert bin(-(2**24 - 1)) == "-0b" + "1" * 24
 
-a = 2 ** 65
-assert bin(a) == '0b1' + '0' * 65
-assert bin(a-1) == '0b' + '1' * 65
-assert bin(-(a)) == '-0b1' + '0' * 65
-assert bin(-(a-1)) == '-0b' + '1' * 65
+a = 2**65
+assert bin(a) == "0b1" + "0" * 65
+assert bin(a - 1) == "0b" + "1" * 65
+assert bin(-(a)) == "-0b1" + "0" * 65
+assert bin(-(a - 1)) == "-0b" + "1" * 65
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bool.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bool.py
index a46dbaab93..6b6b4e0e08 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bool.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bool.py
@@ -30,18 +30,20 @@
 if not object():
     raise BaseException
 
+
 class Falsey:
     def __bool__(self):
         return False
 
+
 assert not Falsey()
 
-assert (True or fake)  # noqa: F821
-assert (False or True)
+assert True or fake  # noqa: F821
+assert False or True
 assert not (False or False)
 assert ("thing" or 0) == "thing"
 
-assert (True and True)
+assert True and True
 assert not (False and fake)  # noqa: F821
 assert (True and 5) == 5
 
@@ -92,15 +94,17 @@ def __bool__(self):
 
 assert bool({"key": "value"}) is True
 assert bool([1]) is True
-assert bool(set([1,2])) is True
+assert bool(set([1, 2])) is True
 
 assert repr(True) == "True"
 
+
 # Check __len__ work
 class TestMagicMethodLenZero:
     def __len__(self):
         return 0
 
+
 class TestMagicMethodLenOne:
     def __len__(self):
         return 1
@@ -118,6 +122,7 @@ def __bool__(self):
     def __len__(self):
         return 0
 
+
 class TestMagicMethodBoolFalseLenTrue:
     def __bool__(self):
         return False
@@ -125,6 +130,7 @@ def __bool__(self):
     def __len__(self):
         return 1
 
+
 assert bool(TestMagicMethodBoolTrueLenFalse()) is True
 assert bool(TestMagicMethodBoolFalseLenTrue()) is False
 
@@ -134,9 +140,11 @@ class TestBoolThrowError:
     def __bool__(self):
         return object()
 
+
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
     bool(TestBoolThrowError())
 
+
 class TestLenThrowError:
     def __len__(self):
         return object()
@@ -145,6 +153,7 @@ def __len__(self):
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
     bool(TestLenThrowError())
 
+
 # Verify that TypeError occurs when bad things are returned
 # from __bool__().  This isn't really a bool test, but
 # it's related.
@@ -152,31 +161,45 @@ def check(o):
     with assert_raises(TypeError):
         bool(o)
 
+
 class Foo(object):
     def __bool__(self):
         return self
+
+
 check(Foo())
 
+
 class Bar(object):
     def __bool__(self):
         return "Yes"
+
+
 check(Bar())
 
+
 class Baz(int):
     def __bool__(self):
         return self
+
+
 check(Baz())
 
+
 # __bool__() must return a bool not an int
 class Spam(int):
     def __bool__(self):
         return 1
+
+
 check(Spam())
 
+
 class Eggs:
     def __len__(self):
         return -1
 
+
 with assert_raises(ValueError):
     bool(Eggs())
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bytearray.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bytearray.py
index 008d3d23ee..1a6993e205 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bytearray.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bytearray.py
@@ -40,9 +40,11 @@
 )
 assert repr(bytearray(b"abcd")) == "bytearray(b'abcd')"
 
+
 class B(bytearray):
     pass
 
+
 assert repr(B()) == "B(b'')"
 assert (
     repr(B([0, 1, 9, 10, 11, 13, 31, 32, 33, 89, 120, 255]))
@@ -283,9 +285,9 @@ class B(bytearray):
 ) == bytearray(b"jiljlkmoomkaaaa")
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
     bytearray(b"").join((b"km", "kl"))
-assert bytearray(b"abc").join((
-    bytearray(b"123"), bytearray(b"xyz")
-)) == bytearray(b"123abcxyz")
+assert bytearray(b"abc").join((bytearray(b"123"), bytearray(b"xyz"))) == bytearray(
+    b"123abcxyz"
+)
 
 
 # endswith startswith
@@ -372,16 +374,45 @@ class B(bytearray):
 assert bytearray(b"mississippi").rstrip(b"ipz") == bytearray(b"mississ")
 
 
-
 # split
-assert bytearray(b"1,2,3").split(bytearray(b",")) == [bytearray(b"1"), bytearray(b"2"), bytearray(b"3")]
-assert bytearray(b"1,2,3").split(bytearray(b","), maxsplit=1) == [bytearray(b"1"), bytearray(b"2,3")]
-assert bytearray(b"1,2,,3,").split(bytearray(b",")) == [bytearray(b"1"), bytearray(b"2"), bytearray(b""), bytearray(b"3"), bytearray(b"")]
-assert bytearray(b"1 2 3").split() == [bytearray(b"1"), bytearray(b"2"), bytearray(b"3")]
+assert bytearray(b"1,2,3").split(bytearray(b",")) == [
+    bytearray(b"1"),
+    bytearray(b"2"),
+    bytearray(b"3"),
+]
+assert bytearray(b"1,2,3").split(bytearray(b","), maxsplit=1) == [
+    bytearray(b"1"),
+    bytearray(b"2,3"),
+]
+assert bytearray(b"1,2,,3,").split(bytearray(b",")) == [
+    bytearray(b"1"),
+    bytearray(b"2"),
+    bytearray(b""),
+    bytearray(b"3"),
+    bytearray(b""),
+]
+assert bytearray(b"1 2 3").split() == [
+    bytearray(b"1"),
+    bytearray(b"2"),
+    bytearray(b"3"),
+]
 assert bytearray(b"1 2 3").split(maxsplit=1) == [bytearray(b"1"), bytearray(b"2 3")]
-assert bytearray(b"   1   2   3   ").split() == [bytearray(b"1"), bytearray(b"2"), bytearray(b"3")]
-assert bytearray(b"k\ruh\nfz e f").split() == [bytearray(b"k"), bytearray(b"uh"), bytearray(b"fz"), bytearray(b"e"), bytearray(b"f")]
-assert bytearray(b"Two lines\n").split(bytearray(b"\n")) == [bytearray(b"Two lines"), bytearray(b"")]
+assert bytearray(b"   1   2   3   ").split() == [
+    bytearray(b"1"),
+    bytearray(b"2"),
+    bytearray(b"3"),
+]
+assert bytearray(b"k\ruh\nfz e f").split() == [
+    bytearray(b"k"),
+    bytearray(b"uh"),
+    bytearray(b"fz"),
+    bytearray(b"e"),
+    bytearray(b"f"),
+]
+assert bytearray(b"Two lines\n").split(bytearray(b"\n")) == [
+    bytearray(b"Two lines"),
+    bytearray(b""),
+]
 assert bytearray(b"").split() == []
 assert bytearray(b"").split(bytearray(b"\n")) == [bytearray(b"")]
 assert bytearray(b"\n").split(bytearray(b"\n")) == [bytearray(b""), bytearray(b"")]
@@ -534,16 +565,21 @@ class B(bytearray):
     i = SPLIT_FIXTURES[n_sp]
     sep = None if i[1] == None else bytearray(i[1])
     try:
-        assert bytearray(i[0]).split(sep=sep, maxsplit=i[4]) == [bytearray(j) for j in i[2]]
+        assert bytearray(i[0]).split(sep=sep, maxsplit=i[4]) == [
+            bytearray(j) for j in i[2]
+        ]
     except AssertionError:
         print(i[0], i[1], i[2])
         print(
-            "Expected : ", [list(x) for x in bytearray(i[0]).split(sep=sep, maxsplit=i[4])]
+            "Expected : ",
+            [list(x) for x in bytearray(i[0]).split(sep=sep, maxsplit=i[4])],
         )
         break
 
     try:
-        assert bytearray(i[0]).rsplit(sep=sep, maxsplit=i[4]) == [bytearray(j) for j in i[3]]
+        assert bytearray(i[0]).rsplit(sep=sep, maxsplit=i[4]) == [
+            bytearray(j) for j in i[3]
+        ]
     except AssertionError:
         print(i[0], i[1], i[2])
         print(
@@ -557,34 +593,61 @@ class B(bytearray):
 
 # expandtabs
 a = bytearray(b"\x01\x03\r\x05\t8CYZ\t\x06CYZ\t\x17cba`\n\x12\x13\x14")
-assert (
-    a.expandtabs() == bytearray(b"\x01\x03\r\x05       8CYZ    \x06CYZ    \x17cba`\n\x12\x13\x14")
+assert a.expandtabs() == bytearray(
+    b"\x01\x03\r\x05       8CYZ    \x06CYZ    \x17cba`\n\x12\x13\x14"
+)
+assert a.expandtabs(5) == bytearray(
+    b"\x01\x03\r\x05    8CYZ \x06CYZ \x17cba`\n\x12\x13\x14"
+)
+assert bytearray(b"01\t012\t0123\t01234").expandtabs() == bytearray(
+    b"01      012     0123    01234"
+)
+assert bytearray(b"01\t012\t0123\t01234").expandtabs(4) == bytearray(
+    b"01  012 0123    01234"
 )
-assert a.expandtabs(5) == bytearray(b"\x01\x03\r\x05    8CYZ \x06CYZ \x17cba`\n\x12\x13\x14")
-assert bytearray(b"01\t012\t0123\t01234").expandtabs() == bytearray(b"01      012     0123    01234")
-assert bytearray(b"01\t012\t0123\t01234").expandtabs(4) == bytearray(b"01  012 0123    01234")
 assert bytearray(b"123\t123").expandtabs(-5) == bytearray(b"123123")
 assert bytearray(b"123\t123").expandtabs(0) == bytearray(b"123123")
 
 
 # # partition
-assert bytearray(b"123456789").partition(b"45") == ((b"123"), bytearray(b"45"), bytearray(b"6789"))
-assert bytearray(b"14523456789").partition(b"45") == ((b"1"), bytearray(b"45"), bytearray(b"23456789"))
+assert bytearray(b"123456789").partition(b"45") == (
+    (b"123"),
+    bytearray(b"45"),
+    bytearray(b"6789"),
+)
+assert bytearray(b"14523456789").partition(b"45") == (
+    (b"1"),
+    bytearray(b"45"),
+    bytearray(b"23456789"),
+)
 a = bytearray(b"14523456789").partition(b"45")
 assert isinstance(a[1], bytearray)
 a = bytearray(b"14523456789").partition(memoryview(b"45"))
 assert isinstance(a[1], bytearray)
 
 # partition
-assert bytearray(b"123456789").rpartition(bytearray(b"45")) == ((bytearray(b"123")), bytearray(b"45"), bytearray(b"6789"))
-assert bytearray(b"14523456789").rpartition(bytearray(b"45")) == ((bytearray(b"14523")), bytearray(b"45"), bytearray(b"6789"))
+assert bytearray(b"123456789").rpartition(bytearray(b"45")) == (
+    (bytearray(b"123")),
+    bytearray(b"45"),
+    bytearray(b"6789"),
+)
+assert bytearray(b"14523456789").rpartition(bytearray(b"45")) == (
+    (bytearray(b"14523")),
+    bytearray(b"45"),
+    bytearray(b"6789"),
+)
 a = bytearray(b"14523456789").rpartition(b"45")
 assert isinstance(a[1], bytearray)
 a = bytearray(b"14523456789").rpartition(memoryview(b"45"))
 assert isinstance(a[1], bytearray)
 
 # splitlines
-assert bytearray(b"ab c\n\nde fg\rkl\r\n").splitlines() == [bytearray(b"ab c"), bytearray(b""), bytearray(b"de fg"), bytearray(b"kl")]
+assert bytearray(b"ab c\n\nde fg\rkl\r\n").splitlines() == [
+    bytearray(b"ab c"),
+    bytearray(b""),
+    bytearray(b"de fg"),
+    bytearray(b"kl"),
+]
 assert bytearray(b"ab c\n\nde fg\rkl\r\n").splitlines(keepends=True) == [
     bytearray(b"ab c\n"),
     bytearray(b"\n"),
@@ -602,11 +665,15 @@ class B(bytearray):
 assert bytearray(b"42").zfill(-1) == bytearray(b"42")
 
 # replace
-assert bytearray(b"123456789123").replace(b"23",b"XX") ==bytearray(b'1XX4567891XX')
-assert bytearray(b"123456789123").replace(b"23",b"XX", 1) ==bytearray(b'1XX456789123')
-assert bytearray(b"123456789123").replace(b"23",b"XX", 0) == bytearray(b"123456789123")
-assert bytearray(b"123456789123").replace(b"23",b"XX", -1) ==bytearray(b'1XX4567891XX')
-assert bytearray(b"123456789123").replace(b"23", bytearray(b"")) == bytearray(b"14567891")
+assert bytearray(b"123456789123").replace(b"23", b"XX") == bytearray(b"1XX4567891XX")
+assert bytearray(b"123456789123").replace(b"23", b"XX", 1) == bytearray(b"1XX456789123")
+assert bytearray(b"123456789123").replace(b"23", b"XX", 0) == bytearray(b"123456789123")
+assert bytearray(b"123456789123").replace(b"23", b"XX", -1) == bytearray(
+    b"1XX4567891XX"
+)
+assert bytearray(b"123456789123").replace(b"23", bytearray(b"")) == bytearray(
+    b"14567891"
+)
 
 
 # clear
@@ -642,25 +709,24 @@ class B(bytearray):
 
 # title
 assert bytearray(b"Hello world").title() == bytearray(b"Hello World")
-assert (
-    bytearray(b"they're bill's friends from the UK").title()
-    == bytearray(b"They'Re Bill'S Friends From The Uk")
+assert bytearray(b"they're bill's friends from the UK").title() == bytearray(
+    b"They'Re Bill'S Friends From The Uk"
 )
 
 
 # repeat by multiply
-a = bytearray(b'abcd')
-assert a * 0 == bytearray(b'')
-assert a * -1 == bytearray(b'')
-assert a * 1 == bytearray(b'abcd')
-assert a * 3 == bytearray(b'abcdabcdabcd')
-assert 3 * a == bytearray(b'abcdabcdabcd')
-
-a = bytearray(b'abcd')
+a = bytearray(b"abcd")
+assert a * 0 == bytearray(b"")
+assert a * -1 == bytearray(b"")
+assert a * 1 == bytearray(b"abcd")
+assert a * 3 == bytearray(b"abcdabcdabcd")
+assert 3 * a == bytearray(b"abcdabcdabcd")
+
+a = bytearray(b"abcd")
 a.__imul__(3)
-assert a == bytearray(b'abcdabcdabcd')
+assert a == bytearray(b"abcdabcdabcd")
 a.__imul__(0)
-assert a == bytearray(b'')
+assert a == bytearray(b"")
 
 
 # copy
@@ -696,70 +762,89 @@ class B(bytearray):
 
 
 # remove
-a = bytearray(b'abcdabcd')
+a = bytearray(b"abcdabcd")
 a.remove(99)  # the letter c
 # Only the first is removed
-assert a == bytearray(b'abdabcd')
+assert a == bytearray(b"abdabcd")
 
 
 # reverse
-a = bytearray(b'hello, world')
+a = bytearray(b"hello, world")
 a.reverse()
-assert a == bytearray(b'dlrow ,olleh')
+assert a == bytearray(b"dlrow ,olleh")
 
 # __setitem__
-a = bytearray(b'test')
+a = bytearray(b"test")
 a[0] = 1
-assert a == bytearray(b'\x01est')
+assert a == bytearray(b"\x01est")
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-    a[0] = b'a'
+    a[0] = b"a"
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-    a[0] = memoryview(b'a')
+    a[0] = memoryview(b"a")
 a[:2] = [0, 9]
-assert a == bytearray(b'\x00\x09st')
-a[1:3] = b'test'
-assert a == bytearray(b'\x00testt')
-a[:6] = memoryview(b'test')
-assert a == bytearray(b'test')
+assert a == bytearray(b"\x00\x09st")
+a[1:3] = b"test"
+assert a == bytearray(b"\x00testt")
+a[:6] = memoryview(b"test")
+assert a == bytearray(b"test")
 
 # mod
-assert bytearray('rust%bpython%b', 'utf-8') % (b' ', b'!') == bytearray(b'rust python!')
-assert bytearray('x=%i y=%f', 'utf-8') % (1, 2.5) == bytearray(b'x=1 y=2.500000')
+assert bytearray("rust%bpython%b", "utf-8") % (b" ", b"!") == bytearray(b"rust python!")
+assert bytearray("x=%i y=%f", "utf-8") % (1, 2.5) == bytearray(b"x=1 y=2.500000")
 
 # eq, ne
-a = bytearray(b'hello, world')
+a = bytearray(b"hello, world")
 b = a.copy()
 assert a.__ne__(b) is False
-b = bytearray(b'my bytearray')
+b = bytearray(b"my bytearray")
 assert a.__ne__(b) is True
 
 # pickle
-a = bytearray(b'\xffab\x80\0\0\370\0\0')
-assert pickle.dumps(a, 0) == b'c__builtin__\nbytearray\np0\n(c_codecs\nencode\np1\n(V\xffab\x80\\u0000\\u0000\xf8\\u0000\\u0000\np2\nVlatin1\np3\ntp4\nRp5\ntp6\nRp7\n.'
-assert pickle.dumps(a, 1) == b'c__builtin__\nbytearray\nq\x00(c_codecs\nencode\nq\x01(X\x0c\x00\x00\x00\xc3\xbfab\xc2\x80\x00\x00\xc3\xb8\x00\x00q\x02X\x06\x00\x00\x00latin1q\x03tq\x04Rq\x05tq\x06Rq\x07.'
-assert pickle.dumps(a, 2) == b'\x80\x02c__builtin__\nbytearray\nq\x00c_codecs\nencode\nq\x01X\x0c\x00\x00\x00\xc3\xbfab\xc2\x80\x00\x00\xc3\xb8\x00\x00q\x02X\x06\x00\x00\x00latin1q\x03\x86q\x04Rq\x05\x85q\x06Rq\x07.'
-assert pickle.dumps(a, 3) == b'\x80\x03cbuiltins\nbytearray\nq\x00C\t\xffab\x80\x00\x00\xf8\x00\x00q\x01\x85q\x02Rq\x03.'
-assert pickle.dumps(a, 4) == b'\x80\x04\x95*\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\tbytearray\x94\x93\x94C\t\xffab\x80\x00\x00\xf8\x00\x00\x94\x85\x94R\x94.'
+a = bytearray(b"\xffab\x80\0\0\370\0\0")
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(a, 0)
+    == b"c__builtin__\nbytearray\np0\n(c_codecs\nencode\np1\n(V\xffab\x80\\u0000\\u0000\xf8\\u0000\\u0000\np2\nVlatin1\np3\ntp4\nRp5\ntp6\nRp7\n."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(a, 1)
+    == b"c__builtin__\nbytearray\nq\x00(c_codecs\nencode\nq\x01(X\x0c\x00\x00\x00\xc3\xbfab\xc2\x80\x00\x00\xc3\xb8\x00\x00q\x02X\x06\x00\x00\x00latin1q\x03tq\x04Rq\x05tq\x06Rq\x07."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(a, 2)
+    == b"\x80\x02c__builtin__\nbytearray\nq\x00c_codecs\nencode\nq\x01X\x0c\x00\x00\x00\xc3\xbfab\xc2\x80\x00\x00\xc3\xb8\x00\x00q\x02X\x06\x00\x00\x00latin1q\x03\x86q\x04Rq\x05\x85q\x06Rq\x07."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(a, 3)
+    == b"\x80\x03cbuiltins\nbytearray\nq\x00C\t\xffab\x80\x00\x00\xf8\x00\x00q\x01\x85q\x02Rq\x03."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(a, 4)
+    == b"\x80\x04\x95*\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\tbytearray\x94\x93\x94C\t\xffab\x80\x00\x00\xf8\x00\x00\x94\x85\x94R\x94."
+)
+
 
 # pickle with subclass
 class A(bytes):
     pass
 
+
 a = A()
 a.x = 10
-a.y = A(b'123')
+a.y = A(b"123")
 b = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(a, 4))
 assert type(a) == type(b)
 assert a.x == b.x
 assert a.y == b.y
 assert a == b
 
+
 class B(bytearray):
     pass
 
+
 a = B()
 a.x = 10
-a.y = B(b'123')
+a.y = B(b"123")
 b = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(a, 4))
 assert type(a) == type(b)
 assert a.x == b.x
@@ -768,4 +853,6 @@ class B(bytearray):
 
 a = bytearray()
 for i in range(-1, 2, 1):
-    assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: a[-sys.maxsize - i], _msg='bytearray index out of range')
\ No newline at end of file
+    assert_raises(
+        IndexError, lambda: a[-sys.maxsize - i], _msg="bytearray index out of range"
+    )
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bytes.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bytes.py
index 2a6d0f63eb..9347fbc8fa 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bytes.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_bytes.py
@@ -596,51 +596,56 @@
 
 
 # repeat by multiply
-a = b'abcd'
-assert a * 0 == b''
-assert a * -1 == b''
-assert a * 1 == b'abcd'
-assert a * 3 == b'abcdabcdabcd'
-assert 3 * a == b'abcdabcdabcd'
+a = b"abcd"
+assert a * 0 == b""
+assert a * -1 == b""
+assert a * 1 == b"abcd"
+assert a * 3 == b"abcdabcdabcd"
+assert 3 * a == b"abcdabcdabcd"
 
 # decode
-assert b'\x72\x75\x73\x74'.decode('ascii') == 'rust'
-assert b'\xc2\xae\x75\x73\x74'.decode('ascii', 'replace') == '��ust'
-assert b'\xc2\xae\x75\x73\x74'.decode('ascii', 'ignore') == 'ust'
-assert b'\xc2\xae\x75\x73\x74'.decode('utf-8') == '®ust'
-assert b'\xc2\xae\x75\x73\x74'.decode() == '®ust'
-assert b'\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe5\xad\x97'.decode('utf-8') == '中文字'
+assert b"\x72\x75\x73\x74".decode("ascii") == "rust"
+assert b"\xc2\xae\x75\x73\x74".decode("ascii", "replace") == "��ust"
+assert b"\xc2\xae\x75\x73\x74".decode("ascii", "ignore") == "ust"
+assert b"\xc2\xae\x75\x73\x74".decode("utf-8") == "®ust"
+assert b"\xc2\xae\x75\x73\x74".decode() == "®ust"
+assert b"\xe4\xb8\xad\xe6\x96\x87\xe5\xad\x97".decode("utf-8") == "中文字"
 
 # mod
-assert b'rust%bpython%b' % (b' ', b'!') == b'rust python!'
-assert b'x=%i y=%f' % (1, 2.5) == b'x=1 y=2.500000'
+assert b"rust%bpython%b" % (b" ", b"!") == b"rust python!"
+assert b"x=%i y=%f" % (1, 2.5) == b"x=1 y=2.500000"
+
 
 # __bytes__
 def test__bytes__():
-    foo = b'foo\x00bar'
+    foo = b"foo\x00bar"
     assert foo.__bytes__() == foo
     assert type(foo.__bytes__()) == bytes
+
     class bytes_subclass(bytes):
         pass
-    bar = bytes_subclass(b'bar\x00foo')
+
+    bar = bytes_subclass(b"bar\x00foo")
     assert bar.__bytes__() == bar
     assert type(bar.__bytes__()) == bytes
 
+
 class A:
     def __bytes__(self):
         return b"bytess"
 
+
 assert bytes(A()) == b"bytess"
 
 # Issue #2125
-b = b'abc'
+b = b"abc"
 assert bytes(b) is b
 
 
 # Regression to
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2840
 
-a = b'123abc!?'
+a = b"123abc!?"
 assert id(a) == id(a)
 assert id(a) != id(a * -1)
 assert id(a) != id(a * 0)
@@ -652,20 +657,24 @@ def __bytes__(self):
 class SubBytes(bytes):
     pass
 
-b = SubBytes(b'0123abc*&')
+
+b = SubBytes(b"0123abc*&")
 assert id(b) == id(b)
 assert id(b) != id(b * -1)
 assert id(b) != id(b * 0)
 assert id(b) != id(b * 1)
 assert id(b) != id(b * 2)
 
+
 class B1(bytearray):
     def __new__(cls, value):
         assert type(value) == bytes
         me = super().__new__(cls, value)
-        me.foo = 'bar'
+        me.foo = "bar"
         return me
-b = B1.fromhex('a0a1a2')
-assert b.foo == 'bar'
 
-skip_if_unsupported(3,11,test__bytes__)
\ No newline at end of file
+
+b = B1.fromhex("a0a1a2")
+assert b.foo == "bar"
+
+skip_if_unsupported(3, 11, test__bytes__)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_callable.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_callable.py
index db554df245..52458bda94 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_callable.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_callable.py
@@ -1,25 +1,48 @@
 assert not callable(1)
-def f(): pass
+
+
+def f():
+    pass
+
+
 assert callable(f)
 assert callable(len)
 assert callable(lambda: 1)
 assert callable(int)
 
+
 class C:
     def __init__(self):
         # must be defined on class
         self.__call__ = lambda self: 1
-    def f(self): pass
+
+    def f(self):
+        pass
+
+
 assert callable(C)
 assert not callable(C())
 assert callable(C().f)
 
+
 class C:
-    def __call__(self): pass
+    def __call__(self):
+        pass
+
+
 assert callable(C())
-class C1(C): pass
+
+
+class C1(C):
+    pass
+
+
 assert callable(C1())
+
+
 class C:
     __call__ = 1
+
+
 # CPython returns true here, but fails when actually calling it
 assert callable(C())
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_chr.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_chr.py
index 9b95452bda..6fa56203d7 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_chr.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_chr.py
@@ -4,5 +4,7 @@
 assert "é" == chr(233)
 assert "🤡" == chr(129313)
 
-assert_raises(TypeError, chr, _msg='chr() takes exactly one argument (0 given)')
-assert_raises(ValueError, chr, 0x110005, _msg='ValueError: chr() arg not in range(0x110000)')
+assert_raises(TypeError, chr, _msg="chr() takes exactly one argument (0 given)")
+assert_raises(
+    ValueError, chr, 0x110005, _msg="ValueError: chr() arg not in range(0x110000)"
+)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dict.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dict.py
index 3ccea97232..abd93539a5 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dict.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dict.py
@@ -5,49 +5,49 @@
 assert len({}) == 0
 assert len({"a": "b"}) == 1
 assert len({"a": "b", "b": 1}) == 2
-assert len({"a": "b", "b": 1, "a" + "b": 2*2}) == 3
+assert len({"a": "b", "b": 1, "a" + "b": 2 * 2}) == 3
 
 d = {}
-d['a'] = d
+d["a"] = d
 assert repr(d) == "{'a': {...}}"
 
-assert {'a': 123}.get('a') == 123
-assert {'a': 123}.get('b') == None
-assert {'a': 123}.get('b', 456) == 456
+assert {"a": 123}.get("a") == 123
+assert {"a": 123}.get("b") == None
+assert {"a": 123}.get("b", 456) == 456
 
-d = {'a': 123, 'b': 456}
-assert list(reversed(d)) == ['b', 'a']
-assert list(reversed(d.keys())) == ['b', 'a']
+d = {"a": 123, "b": 456}
+assert list(reversed(d)) == ["b", "a"]
+assert list(reversed(d.keys())) == ["b", "a"]
 assert list(reversed(d.values())) == [456, 123]
-assert list(reversed(d.items())) == [('b', 456), ('a', 123)]
+assert list(reversed(d.items())) == [("b", 456), ("a", 123)]
 with assert_raises(StopIteration):
     dict_reversed = reversed(d)
     for _ in range(len(d) + 1):
         next(dict_reversed)
-assert 'dict' in dict().__doc__
+assert "dict" in dict().__doc__
 
-d = {'a': 123, 'b': 456}
+d = {"a": 123, "b": 456}
 assert 1 not in d.items()
-assert 'a' not in d.items()
-assert 'a', 123 not in d.items()
+assert "a" not in d.items()
+assert "a", 123 not in d.items()
 assert () not in d.items()
 assert (1) not in d.items()
-assert ('a') not in d.items()
-assert ('a', 123) in d.items()
-assert ('b', 456) in d.items()
-assert ('a', 123, 3) not in d.items()
-assert ('a', 123, 'b', 456) not in d.items()
+assert ("a") not in d.items()
+assert ("a", 123) in d.items()
+assert ("b", 456) in d.items()
+assert ("a", 123, 3) not in d.items()
+assert ("a", 123, "b", 456) not in d.items()
 
-d = {1: 10, "a": "ABC", (3,4): 5}
+d = {1: 10, "a": "ABC", (3, 4): 5}
 assert 1 in d.keys()
 assert (1) in d.keys()
 assert "a" in d.keys()
-assert (3,4) in d.keys()
+assert (3, 4) in d.keys()
 assert () not in d.keys()
 assert 10 not in d.keys()
 assert (1, 10) not in d.keys()
 assert "abc" not in d.keys()
-assert ((3,4),5) not in d.keys()
+assert ((3, 4), 5) not in d.keys()
 
 d1 = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
 d2 = {"c": 3, "d": 4}
@@ -64,55 +64,55 @@
 assert not d1.keys().isdisjoint(d2.keys())
 
 
-assert dict(a=2, b=3) == {'a': 2, 'b': 3}
-assert dict({'a': 2, 'b': 3}, b=4) == {'a': 2, 'b': 4}
-assert dict([('a', 2), ('b', 3)]) == {'a': 2, 'b': 3}
+assert dict(a=2, b=3) == {"a": 2, "b": 3}
+assert dict({"a": 2, "b": 3}, b=4) == {"a": 2, "b": 4}
+assert dict([("a", 2), ("b", 3)]) == {"a": 2, "b": 3}
 
 assert {} == {}
-assert not {'a': 2} == {}
-assert not {} == {'a': 2}
-assert not {'b': 2} == {'a': 2}
-assert not {'a': 4} == {'a': 2}
-assert {'a': 2} == {'a': 2}
+assert not {"a": 2} == {}
+assert not {} == {"a": 2}
+assert not {"b": 2} == {"a": 2}
+assert not {"a": 4} == {"a": 2}
+assert {"a": 2} == {"a": 2}
 
-nan = float('nan')
-assert {'a': nan} == {'a': nan}
+nan = float("nan")
+assert {"a": nan} == {"a": nan}
 
-a = {'g': 5}
-b = {'a': a, 'd': 9}
+a = {"g": 5}
+b = {"a": a, "d": 9}
 c = dict(b)
-c['d'] = 3
-c['a']['g'] = 2
-assert a == {'g': 2}
-assert b == {'a': a, 'd': 9}
+c["d"] = 3
+c["a"]["g"] = 2
+assert a == {"g": 2}
+assert b == {"a": a, "d": 9}
 
 a.clear()
 assert len(a) == 0
 
-a = {'a': 5, 'b': 6}
+a = {"a": 5, "b": 6}
 res = set()
 for value in a.values():
-        res.add(value)
-assert res == set([5,6])
+    res.add(value)
+assert res == set([5, 6])
 
 count = 0
-for (key, value) in a.items():
-        assert a[key] == value
-        count += 1
+for key, value in a.items():
+    assert a[key] == value
+    count += 1
 assert count == len(a)
 
 res = set()
 for key in a.keys():
-        res.add(key)
-assert res == set(['a','b'])
+    res.add(key)
+assert res == set(["a", "b"])
 
 # Deleted values are correctly skipped over:
-x = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 3}
-del x['c']
+x = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3, "d": 3}
+del x["c"]
 it = iter(x.items())
-assert ('a', 1) == next(it)
-assert ('b', 2) == next(it)
-assert ('d', 3) == next(it)
+assert ("a", 1) == next(it)
+assert ("b", 2) == next(it)
+assert ("d", 3) == next(it)
 with assert_raises(StopIteration):
     next(it)
 
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
 assert cm.exception.args[0] == 10
 
 # Iterating a dictionary is just its keys:
-assert ['a', 'b', 'd'] == list(x)
+assert ["a", "b", "d"] == list(x)
 
 # Iterating view captures dictionary when iterated.
 data = {1: 2, 3: 4}
@@ -140,12 +140,12 @@
 # But we can't add or delete items during iteration.
 d = {}
 a = iter(d.items())
-d['a'] = 2
+d["a"] = 2
 b = iter(d.items())
-assert ('a', 2) == next(b)
+assert ("a", 2) == next(b)
 with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
     next(a)
-del d['a']
+del d["a"]
 with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
     next(b)
 
@@ -164,21 +164,23 @@
 x[(5, 6)] = 5
 
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-    x[[]] # Unhashable type.
+    x[[]]  # Unhashable type.
 
 x["here"] = "here"
 assert x.get("not here", "default") == "default"
 assert x.get("here", "default") == "here"
 assert x.get("not here") == None
 
+
 class LengthDict(dict):
     def __getitem__(self, k):
         return len(k)
 
+
 x = LengthDict()
 assert type(x) == LengthDict
-assert x['word'] == 4
-assert x.get('word') is None
+assert x["word"] == 4
+assert x.get("word") is None
 
 assert 5 == eval("a + word", LengthDict())
 
@@ -189,15 +191,19 @@ def __missing__(self, k):
         self[k] = v
         return v
 
+
 x = Squares()
 assert x[-5] == 25
 
+
 # An object that hashes to the same value always, and compares equal if any its values match.
 class Hashable(object):
     def __init__(self, *args):
         self.values = args
+
     def __hash__(self):
         return 1
+
     def __eq__(self, other):
         for x in self.values:
             for y in other.values:
@@ -205,39 +211,40 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
                     return True
         return False
 
+
 x = {}
-x[Hashable(1,2)] = 8
+x[Hashable(1, 2)] = 8
 
-assert x[Hashable(1,2)] == 8
-assert x[Hashable(3,1)] == 8
+assert x[Hashable(1, 2)] == 8
+assert x[Hashable(3, 1)] == 8
 
 x[Hashable(8)] = 19
-x[Hashable(19,8)] = 1
+x[Hashable(19, 8)] = 1
 assert x[Hashable(8)] == 1
 assert len(x) == 2
 
-assert list({'a': 2, 'b': 10}) == ['a', 'b']
+assert list({"a": 2, "b": 10}) == ["a", "b"]
 x = {}
-x['a'] = 2
-x['b'] = 10
-assert list(x) == ['a', 'b']
+x["a"] = 2
+x["b"] = 10
+assert list(x) == ["a", "b"]
 
 y = x.copy()
-x['c'] = 12
-assert y == {'a': 2, 'b': 10}
+x["c"] = 12
+assert y == {"a": 2, "b": 10}
 
-y.update({'c': 19, "d": -1, 'b': 12})
-assert y == {'a': 2, 'b': 12, 'c': 19, 'd': -1}
+y.update({"c": 19, "d": -1, "b": 12})
+assert y == {"a": 2, "b": 12, "c": 19, "d": -1}
 
 y.update(y)
-assert y == {'a': 2, 'b': 12, 'c': 19, 'd': -1}  # hasn't changed
+assert y == {"a": 2, "b": 12, "c": 19, "d": -1}  # hasn't changed
 
 # KeyError has object that used as key as an .args[0]
 with assert_raises(KeyError) as cm:
-    x['not here']
+    x["not here"]
 assert cm.exception.args[0] == "not here"
 with assert_raises(KeyError) as cm:
-    x.pop('not here')
+    x.pop("not here")
 assert cm.exception.args[0] == "not here"
 
 with assert_raises(KeyError) as cm:
@@ -247,7 +254,11 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
     x.pop(10)
 assert cm.exception.args[0] == 10
 
-class MyClass: pass
+
+class MyClass:
+    pass
+
+
 obj = MyClass()
 
 with assert_raises(KeyError) as cm:
@@ -257,49 +268,65 @@ class MyClass: pass
     x.pop(obj)
 assert cm.exception.args[0] == obj
 
-x = {1: 'a', '1': None}
-assert x.pop(1) == 'a'
-assert x.pop('1') is None
+x = {1: "a", "1": None}
+assert x.pop(1) == "a"
+assert x.pop("1") is None
 assert x == {}
 
-x = {1: 'a'}
-assert (1, 'a') == x.popitem()
+x = {1: "a"}
+assert (1, "a") == x.popitem()
 assert x == {}
 with assert_raises(KeyError) as cm:
     x.popitem()
-assert cm.exception.args == ('popitem(): dictionary is empty',)
+assert cm.exception.args == ("popitem(): dictionary is empty",)
 
-x = {'a': 4}
-assert 4 == x.setdefault('a', 0)
-assert x['a'] == 4
-assert 0 == x.setdefault('b', 0)
-assert x['b'] == 0
-assert None == x.setdefault('c')
-assert x['c'] is None
+x = {"a": 4}
+assert 4 == x.setdefault("a", 0)
+assert x["a"] == 4
+assert 0 == x.setdefault("b", 0)
+assert x["b"] == 0
+assert None == x.setdefault("c")
+assert x["c"] is None
 
 assert {1: None, "b": None} == dict.fromkeys([1, "b"])
 assert {1: 0, "b": 0} == dict.fromkeys([1, "b"], 0)
 
-x = {'a': 1, 'b': 1, 'c': 1}
-y = {'b': 2, 'c': 2, 'd': 2}
-z = {'c': 3, 'd': 3, 'e': 3}
+x = {"a": 1, "b": 1, "c": 1}
+y = {"b": 2, "c": 2, "d": 2}
+z = {"c": 3, "d": 3, "e": 3}
 
 w = {1: 1, **x, 2: 2, **y, 3: 3, **z, 4: 4}
-assert w == {1: 1, 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 2: 2, 'd': 3, 3: 3, 'e': 3, 4: 4}  # not in cpython test suite
+assert w == {
+    1: 1,
+    "a": 1,
+    "b": 2,
+    "c": 3,
+    2: 2,
+    "d": 3,
+    3: 3,
+    "e": 3,
+    4: 4,
+}  # not in cpython test suite
 
 assert str({True: True, 1.0: 1.0}) == str({True: 1.0})
 
+
 class A:
     def __hash__(self):
         return 1
+
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return isinstance(other, A)
+
+
 class B:
     def __hash__(self):
         return 1
+
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return isinstance(other, B)
 
+
 s = {1: 0, A(): 1, B(): 2}
 assert len(s) == 3
 assert s[1] == 0
@@ -307,19 +334,19 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
 assert s[B()] == 2
 
 # Test dict usage in set with star expressions!
-a = {'bla': 2}
-b = {'c': 44, 'bla': 332, 'd': 6}
-x = ['bla', 'c', 'd', 'f']
+a = {"bla": 2}
+b = {"c": 44, "bla": 332, "d": 6}
+x = ["bla", "c", "d", "f"]
 c = {*a, *b, *x}
 # print(c, type(c))
 assert isinstance(c, set)
-assert c == {'bla', 'c', 'd', 'f'}
+assert c == {"bla", "c", "d", "f"}
 
 assert not {}.__ne__({})
-assert {}.__ne__({'a':'b'})
+assert {}.__ne__({"a": "b"})
 assert {}.__ne__(1) == NotImplemented
 
-it = iter({0: 1, 2: 3, 4:5, 6:7})
+it = iter({0: 1, 2: 3, 4: 5, 6: 7})
 assert it.__length_hint__() == 4
 next(it)
 assert it.__length_hint__() == 3
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dict_union.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dict_union.py
index f33f32a5e4..ab3fa65d37 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dict_union.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dict_union.py
@@ -1,78 +1,91 @@
-
 from testutils import assert_raises, skip_if_unsupported
 
+
 def test_dunion_ior0():
-    a={1:2,2:3}
-    b={3:4,5:6}
-    a|=b
+    a = {1: 2, 2: 3}
+    b = {3: 4, 5: 6}
+    a |= b
+
+    assert a == {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4, 5: 6}, f"wrong value assigned {a=}"
+    assert b == {3: 4, 5: 6}, f"right hand side modified, {b=}"
 
-    assert a == {1:2,2:3,3:4,5:6}, f"wrong value assigned {a=}"
-    assert b == {3:4,5:6}, f"right hand side modified, {b=}"
 
 def test_dunion_or0():
-    a={1:2,2:3}
-    b={3:4,5:6}
-    c=a|b
+    a = {1: 2, 2: 3}
+    b = {3: 4, 5: 6}
+    c = a | b
 
-    assert a == {1:2,2:3}, f"left hand side of non-assignment operator modified {a=}"
-    assert b == {3:4,5:6}, f"right hand side of non-assignment operator modified, {b=}"
-    assert c == {1:2,2:3, 3:4, 5:6}, f"unexpected result of dict union {c=}"
+    assert a == {1: 2, 2: 3}, f"left hand side of non-assignment operator modified {a=}"
+    assert b == {3: 4, 5: 6}, (
+        f"right hand side of non-assignment operator modified, {b=}"
+    )
+    assert c == {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4, 5: 6}, f"unexpected result of dict union {c=}"
 
 
 def test_dunion_or1():
-    a={1:2,2:3}
-    b={3:4,5:6}
-    c=a.__or__(b)
+    a = {1: 2, 2: 3}
+    b = {3: 4, 5: 6}
+    c = a.__or__(b)
 
-    assert a == {1:2,2:3}, f"left hand side of non-assignment operator modified {a=}"
-    assert b == {3:4,5:6}, f"right hand side of non-assignment operator modified, {b=}"
-    assert c == {1:2,2:3, 3:4, 5:6}, f"unexpected result of dict union {c=}"
+    assert a == {1: 2, 2: 3}, f"left hand side of non-assignment operator modified {a=}"
+    assert b == {3: 4, 5: 6}, (
+        f"right hand side of non-assignment operator modified, {b=}"
+    )
+    assert c == {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4, 5: 6}, f"unexpected result of dict union {c=}"
 
 
 def test_dunion_ror0():
-    a={1:2,2:3}
-    b={3:4,5:6}
-    c=b.__ror__(a)
+    a = {1: 2, 2: 3}
+    b = {3: 4, 5: 6}
+    c = b.__ror__(a)
 
-    assert a == {1:2,2:3}, f"left hand side of non-assignment operator modified {a=}"
-    assert b == {3:4,5:6}, f"right hand side of non-assignment operator modified, {b=}"
-    assert c == {1:2,2:3, 3:4, 5:6}, f"unexpected result of dict union {c=}"
+    assert a == {1: 2, 2: 3}, f"left hand side of non-assignment operator modified {a=}"
+    assert b == {3: 4, 5: 6}, (
+        f"right hand side of non-assignment operator modified, {b=}"
+    )
+    assert c == {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4, 5: 6}, f"unexpected result of dict union {c=}"
 
 
 def test_dunion_other_types():
     def perf_test_or(other_obj):
-        d={1:2}
+        d = {1: 2}
         return d.__or__(other_obj) is NotImplemented
 
     def perf_test_ror(other_obj):
-        d={1:2}
+        d = {1: 2}
         return d.__ror__(other_obj) is NotImplemented
 
-    test_fct={'__or__':perf_test_or, '__ror__':perf_test_ror}
-    others=['FooBar', 42, [36], set([19]), ['aa'], None]
-    for tfn,tf in test_fct.items():
+    test_fct = {"__or__": perf_test_or, "__ror__": perf_test_ror}
+    others = ["FooBar", 42, [36], set([19]), ["aa"], None]
+    for tfn, tf in test_fct.items():
         for other in others:
             assert tf(other), f"Failed: dict {tfn}, accepted {other}"
 
     # __ior__() has different behavior and needs to be tested separately
     d = {1: 2}
-    assert_raises(ValueError,
-                  lambda: d.__ior__('FooBar'),
-                  _msg='dictionary update sequence element #0 has length 1; 2 is required')
-    assert_raises(TypeError,
-                  lambda: d.__ior__(42),
-                  _msg='\'int\' object is not iterable')
-    assert_raises(TypeError,
-                  lambda: d.__ior__([36]),
-                  _msg='cannot convert dictionary update sequence element #0 to a sequence')
-    assert_raises(TypeError,
-                  lambda: d.__ior__(set([36])),
-                  _msg='cannot convert dictionary update sequence element #0 to a sequence')
-    res = d.__ior__(['aa'])
-    assert res == {1: 2, 'a': 'a'}, f"unexpected result of dict union {res=}"
-    assert_raises(TypeError,
-                  lambda: d.__ior__(None),
-                  _msg='TypeError: \'NoneType\' object is not iterable')
+    assert_raises(
+        ValueError,
+        lambda: d.__ior__("FooBar"),
+        _msg="dictionary update sequence element #0 has length 1; 2 is required",
+    )
+    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: d.__ior__(42), _msg="'int' object is not iterable")
+    assert_raises(
+        TypeError,
+        lambda: d.__ior__([36]),
+        _msg="cannot convert dictionary update sequence element #0 to a sequence",
+    )
+    assert_raises(
+        TypeError,
+        lambda: d.__ior__(set([36])),
+        _msg="cannot convert dictionary update sequence element #0 to a sequence",
+    )
+    res = d.__ior__(["aa"])
+    assert res == {1: 2, "a": "a"}, f"unexpected result of dict union {res=}"
+    assert_raises(
+        TypeError,
+        lambda: d.__ior__(None),
+        _msg="TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not iterable",
+    )
 
 
 skip_if_unsupported(3, 9, test_dunion_ior0)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dir.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dir.py
index 3e808597c1..cd2c8c33a2 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dir.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_dir.py
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
 assert isinstance(dir(), list)
-assert '__builtins__' in dir()
+assert "__builtins__" in dir()
+
 
 class A:
-	def test():
-		pass
+    def test():
+        pass
+
 
 a = A()
 
@@ -13,24 +15,30 @@ def test():
 a.x = 3
 assert "x" in dir(a), "x not in a"
 
+
 class B(A):
-	def __dir__(self):
-		return ('q', 'h')
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return ("q", "h")
+
 
 # Gets sorted and turned into a list
-assert ['h', 'q'] == dir(B())
+assert ["h", "q"] == dir(B())
 
 # This calls type.__dir__ so isn't changed (but inheritance works)!
-assert 'test' in dir(A)
+assert "test" in dir(A)
+
 
 # eval() takes any mapping-like type, so dir() must support them
 # TODO: eval() should take any mapping as locals, not just dict-derived types
 class A(dict):
-	def __getitem__(self, x):
-		return dir
-	def keys(self):
-		yield 6
-		yield 5
+    def __getitem__(self, x):
+        return dir
+
+    def keys(self):
+        yield 6
+        yield 5
+
+
 assert eval("dir()", {}, A()) == [5, 6]
 
 import socket
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_divmod.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_divmod.py
index 5a9443afe8..f62d0f8eea 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_divmod.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_divmod.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
 assert divmod(11, 3) == (3, 2)
-assert divmod(8,11) == (0, 8)
+assert divmod(8, 11) == (0, 8)
 assert divmod(0.873, 0.252) == (3.0, 0.11699999999999999)
 assert divmod(-86340, 86400) == (-1, 60)
 
-assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, divmod, 5, 0, _msg='divmod by zero')
-assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, divmod, 5.0, 0.0, _msg='divmod by zero')
+assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, divmod, 5, 0, _msg="divmod by zero")
+assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, divmod, 5.0, 0.0, _msg="divmod by zero")
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ellipsis.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ellipsis.py
index 5316b9f865..cf99f3cc82 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ellipsis.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ellipsis.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-
-
 a = ...
 b = ...
 c = type(a)()  # Test singleton behavior
@@ -11,22 +9,22 @@
 assert b is d
 assert d is e
 
-assert Ellipsis.__repr__() == 'Ellipsis'
-assert Ellipsis.__reduce__() == 'Ellipsis'
+assert Ellipsis.__repr__() == "Ellipsis"
+assert Ellipsis.__reduce__() == "Ellipsis"
 assert type(Ellipsis).__new__(type(Ellipsis)) == Ellipsis
-assert type(Ellipsis).__reduce__(Ellipsis) == 'Ellipsis'
+assert type(Ellipsis).__reduce__(Ellipsis) == "Ellipsis"
 try:
     type(Ellipsis).__new__(type(1))
 except TypeError:
     pass
 else:
-    assert False, '`Ellipsis.__new__` should only accept `type(Ellipsis)` as argument'
+    assert False, "`Ellipsis.__new__` should only accept `type(Ellipsis)` as argument"
 try:
     type(Ellipsis).__reduce__(1)
 except TypeError:
     pass
 else:
-    assert False, '`Ellipsis.__reduce__` should only accept `Ellipsis` as argument'
+    assert False, "`Ellipsis.__reduce__` should only accept `Ellipsis` as argument"
 
 assert Ellipsis is ...
 Ellipsis = 2
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_enumerate.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_enumerate.py
index 35edadd1d7..0f107ea7ae 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_enumerate.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_enumerate.py
@@ -1,9 +1,14 @@
-assert list(enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c'])) == [(0, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'c')]
+assert list(enumerate(["a", "b", "c"])) == [(0, "a"), (1, "b"), (2, "c")]
 
 assert type(enumerate([])) == enumerate
 
-assert list(enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c'], -100)) == [(-100, 'a'), (-99, 'b'), (-98, 'c')]
-assert list(enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c'], 2**200)) == [(2**200, 'a'), (2**200 + 1, 'b'), (2**200 + 2, 'c')]
+assert list(enumerate(["a", "b", "c"], -100)) == [(-100, "a"), (-99, "b"), (-98, "c")]
+assert list(enumerate(["a", "b", "c"], 2**200)) == [
+    (2**200, "a"),
+    (2**200 + 1, "b"),
+    (2**200 + 2, "c"),
+]
+
 
 # test infinite iterator
 class Counter(object):
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_eval.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_eval.py
index 6375bd0c1a..314abee2bb 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_eval.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_eval.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-assert 3 == eval('1+2')
+assert 3 == eval("1+2")
 
-code = compile('5+3', 'x.py', 'eval')
+code = compile("5+3", "x.py", "eval")
 assert eval(code) == 8
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exceptions.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exceptions.py
index 4bff9c0096..82aa54d632 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exceptions.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exceptions.py
@@ -3,41 +3,48 @@
 import pickle
 import sys
 
+
 def exceptions_eq(e1, e2):
     return type(e1) is type(e2) and e1.args == e2.args
 
+
 def round_trip_repr(e):
     return exceptions_eq(e, eval(repr(e)))
 
+
 # KeyError
 empty_exc = KeyError()
-assert str(empty_exc) == ''
+assert str(empty_exc) == ""
 assert round_trip_repr(empty_exc)
 assert len(empty_exc.args) == 0
 assert type(empty_exc.args) == tuple
 
-exc = KeyError('message')
+exc = KeyError("message")
 assert str(exc) == "'message'"
 assert round_trip_repr(exc)
 
 assert LookupError.__str__(exc) == "message"
 
-exc = KeyError('message', 'another message')
+exc = KeyError("message", "another message")
 assert str(exc) == "('message', 'another message')"
 assert round_trip_repr(exc)
-assert exc.args[0] == 'message'
-assert exc.args[1] == 'another message'
+assert exc.args[0] == "message"
+assert exc.args[1] == "another message"
+
 
 class A:
     def __repr__(self):
-        return 'A()'
+        return "A()"
+
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'str'
+        return "str"
+
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return type(other) is A
 
+
 exc = KeyError(A())
-assert str(exc) == 'A()'
+assert str(exc) == "A()"
 assert round_trip_repr(exc)
 
 # ImportError / ModuleNotFoundError
@@ -47,33 +54,32 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
 assert exc.msg is None
 assert exc.args == ()
 
-exc = ImportError('hello')
+exc = ImportError("hello")
 assert exc.name is None
 assert exc.path is None
-assert exc.msg == 'hello'
-assert exc.args == ('hello',)
+assert exc.msg == "hello"
+assert exc.args == ("hello",)
 
-exc = ImportError('hello', name='name', path='path')
-assert exc.name == 'name'
-assert exc.path == 'path'
-assert exc.msg == 'hello'
-assert exc.args == ('hello',)
+exc = ImportError("hello", name="name", path="path")
+assert exc.name == "name"
+assert exc.path == "path"
+assert exc.msg == "hello"
+assert exc.args == ("hello",)
 
 
 class NewException(Exception):
-
-	def __init__(self, value):
-		self.value = value
+    def __init__(self, value):
+        self.value = value
 
 
 try:
-	raise NewException("test")
+    raise NewException("test")
 except NewException as e:
-	assert e.value == "test"
+    assert e.value == "test"
 
 
-exc = SyntaxError('msg', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
-assert exc.msg == 'msg'
+exc = SyntaxError("msg", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+assert exc.msg == "msg"
 assert exc.filename is None
 assert exc.lineno is None
 assert exc.offset is None
@@ -82,11 +88,12 @@ def __init__(self, value):
 # Regression to:
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2779
 
+
 class MyError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-e = MyError('message')
+e = MyError("message")
 
 try:
     raise e from e
@@ -97,23 +104,23 @@ class MyError(Exception):
     assert exc.__cause__ is e
     assert exc.__context__ is None
 else:
-    assert False, 'exception not raised'
+    assert False, "exception not raised"
 
 try:
-    raise ValueError('test') from e
+    raise ValueError("test") from e
 except ValueError as exc:
     sys.excepthook(type(exc), exc, exc.__traceback__)  # ok, will print two excs
     assert isinstance(exc, ValueError)
     assert exc.__cause__ is e
     assert exc.__context__ is None
 else:
-    assert False, 'exception not raised'
+    assert False, "exception not raised"
 
 
 # New case:
 # potential recursion on `__context__` field
 
-e = MyError('message')
+e = MyError("message")
 
 try:
     try:
@@ -121,15 +128,15 @@ class MyError(Exception):
     except MyError as exc:
         raise e
     else:
-        assert False, 'exception not raised'
+        assert False, "exception not raised"
 except MyError as exc:
     sys.excepthook(type(exc), exc, exc.__traceback__)
     assert exc.__cause__ is None
     assert exc.__context__ is None
 else:
-    assert False, 'exception not raised'
+    assert False, "exception not raised"
 
-e = MyError('message')
+e = MyError("message")
 
 try:
     try:
@@ -137,15 +144,15 @@ class MyError(Exception):
     except MyError as exc:
         raise exc
     else:
-        assert False, 'exception not raised'
+        assert False, "exception not raised"
 except MyError as exc:
     sys.excepthook(type(exc), exc, exc.__traceback__)
     assert exc.__cause__ is None
     assert exc.__context__ is None
 else:
-    assert False, 'exception not raised'
+    assert False, "exception not raised"
 
-e = MyError('message')
+e = MyError("message")
 
 try:
     try:
@@ -153,15 +160,15 @@ class MyError(Exception):
     except MyError as exc:
         raise e from e
     else:
-        assert False, 'exception not raised'
+        assert False, "exception not raised"
 except MyError as exc:
     sys.excepthook(type(exc), exc, exc.__traceback__)
     assert exc.__cause__ is e
     assert exc.__context__ is None
 else:
-    assert False, 'exception not raised'
+    assert False, "exception not raised"
 
-e = MyError('message')
+e = MyError("message")
 
 try:
     try:
@@ -169,23 +176,25 @@ class MyError(Exception):
     except MyError as exc:
         raise exc from e
     else:
-        assert False, 'exception not raised'
+        assert False, "exception not raised"
 except MyError as exc:
     sys.excepthook(type(exc), exc, exc.__traceback__)
     assert exc.__cause__ is e
     assert exc.__context__ is None
 else:
-    assert False, 'exception not raised'
+    assert False, "exception not raised"
 
 
 # New case:
 # two exception in a recursion loop
 
+
 class SubError(MyError):
     pass
 
-e = MyError('message')
-d = SubError('sub')
+
+e = MyError("message")
+d = SubError("sub")
 
 
 try:
@@ -197,9 +206,9 @@ class SubError(MyError):
     assert exc.__cause__ is d
     assert exc.__context__ is None
 else:
-    assert False, 'exception not raised'
+    assert False, "exception not raised"
 
-e = MyError('message')
+e = MyError("message")
 
 try:
     raise d from e
@@ -210,20 +219,20 @@ class SubError(MyError):
     assert exc.__cause__ is e
     assert exc.__context__ is None
 else:
-    assert False, 'exception not raised'
+    assert False, "exception not raised"
 
 
 # New case:
 # explicit `__context__` manipulation.
 
-e = MyError('message')
+e = MyError("message")
 e.__context__ = e
 
 try:
     raise e
 except MyError as exc:
     # It was a segmentation fault before, will print info to stdout:
-    if platform.python_implementation() == 'RustPython':
+    if platform.python_implementation() == "RustPython":
         # For some reason `CPython` hangs on this code:
         sys.excepthook(type(exc), exc, exc.__traceback__)
         assert isinstance(exc, MyError)
@@ -235,30 +244,36 @@ class SubError(MyError):
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2771
 
 # `BaseException` and `Exception`:
-assert BaseException.__new__.__qualname__ == 'BaseException.__new__'
-assert BaseException.__init__.__qualname__ == 'BaseException.__init__'
+assert BaseException.__new__.__qualname__ == "BaseException.__new__"
+assert BaseException.__init__.__qualname__ == "BaseException.__init__"
 assert BaseException().__dict__ == {}
 
-assert Exception.__new__.__qualname__ == 'Exception.__new__', Exception.__new__.__qualname__
-assert Exception.__init__.__qualname__ == 'Exception.__init__', Exception.__init__.__qualname__
+assert Exception.__new__.__qualname__ == "Exception.__new__", (
+    Exception.__new__.__qualname__
+)
+assert Exception.__init__.__qualname__ == "Exception.__init__", (
+    Exception.__init__.__qualname__
+)
 assert Exception().__dict__ == {}
 
 
 # Extends `BaseException`, simple:
-assert KeyboardInterrupt.__new__.__qualname__ == 'KeyboardInterrupt.__new__', KeyboardInterrupt.__new__.__qualname__
-assert KeyboardInterrupt.__init__.__qualname__ == 'KeyboardInterrupt.__init__'
+assert KeyboardInterrupt.__new__.__qualname__ == "KeyboardInterrupt.__new__", (
+    KeyboardInterrupt.__new__.__qualname__
+)
+assert KeyboardInterrupt.__init__.__qualname__ == "KeyboardInterrupt.__init__"
 assert KeyboardInterrupt().__dict__ == {}
 
 
 # Extends `Exception`, simple:
-assert TypeError.__new__.__qualname__ == 'TypeError.__new__'
-assert TypeError.__init__.__qualname__ == 'TypeError.__init__'
+assert TypeError.__new__.__qualname__ == "TypeError.__new__"
+assert TypeError.__init__.__qualname__ == "TypeError.__init__"
 assert TypeError().__dict__ == {}
 
 
 # Extends `Exception`, complex:
-assert OSError.__new__.__qualname__ == 'OSError.__new__'
-assert OSError.__init__.__qualname__ == 'OSError.__init__'
+assert OSError.__new__.__qualname__ == "OSError.__new__"
+assert OSError.__init__.__qualname__ == "OSError.__init__"
 assert OSError().__dict__ == {}
 assert OSError.errno
 assert OSError.strerror
@@ -299,7 +314,7 @@ class SubError(MyError):
 assert x.filename2 == None
 assert str(x) == "0"
 
-w = OSError('foo')
+w = OSError("foo")
 assert w.errno == None
 assert not sys.platform.startswith("win") or w.winerror == None
 assert w.strerror == None
@@ -315,7 +330,7 @@ class SubError(MyError):
 assert x.filename2 == None
 assert str(x) == "foo"
 
-w = OSError('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f')
+w = OSError("a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f")
 assert w.errno == None
 assert not sys.platform.startswith("win") or w.winerror == None
 assert w.strerror == None
@@ -332,12 +347,10 @@ class SubError(MyError):
 assert str(x) == "('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f')"
 
 # Custom `__new__` and `__init__`:
-assert ImportError.__init__.__qualname__ == 'ImportError.__init__'
-assert ImportError(name='a').name == 'a'
-assert (
-    ModuleNotFoundError.__init__.__qualname__ == 'ModuleNotFoundError.__init__'
-)
-assert ModuleNotFoundError(name='a').name == 'a'
+assert ImportError.__init__.__qualname__ == "ImportError.__init__"
+assert ImportError(name="a").name == "a"
+assert ModuleNotFoundError.__init__.__qualname__ == "ModuleNotFoundError.__init__"
+assert ModuleNotFoundError(name="a").name == "a"
 
 
 # Check that all exceptions have string `__doc__`:
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exec.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exec.py
index 289f878cc0..2eae90e91c 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exec.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exec.py
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 
 d = {}
 exec("def square(x):\n return x * x\n", {}, d)
-assert 16 == d['square'](4)
+assert 16 == d["square"](4)
 
-exec("assert 2 == x", {}, {'x': 2})
-exec("assert 2 == x", {'x': 2}, {})
-exec("assert 4 == x", {'x': 2}, {'x': 4})
+exec("assert 2 == x", {}, {"x": 2})
+exec("assert 2 == x", {"x": 2}, {})
+exec("assert 4 == x", {"x": 2}, {"x": 4})
 
 exec("assert max(1, 2) == 2", {}, {})
 
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@
 # Local environment shouldn't replace global environment:
 exec("assert max(1, 5, square(5)) == 25", None, {})
 
+
 # Closures aren't available if local scope is replaced:
 def g():
     seven = "seven"
+
     def f():
         try:
             exec("seven", None, {})
@@ -26,7 +28,10 @@ def f():
             pass
         else:
             raise NameError("seven shouldn't be in scope")
+
     f()
+
+
 g()
 
 try:
@@ -37,16 +42,16 @@ def f():
     raise TypeError("exec should fail unless globals is a dict or None")
 
 g = globals()
-g['x'] = 2
-exec('x += 2')
+g["x"] = 2
+exec("x += 2")
 assert x == 4  # noqa: F821
-assert g['x'] == x  # noqa: F821
+assert g["x"] == x  # noqa: F821
 
 exec("del x")
-assert 'x' not in g
+assert "x" not in g
 
-assert 'g' in globals()
-assert 'g' in locals()
+assert "g" in globals()
+assert "g" in locals()
 exec("assert 'g' in globals()")
 exec("assert 'g' in locals()")
 exec("assert 'g' not in globals()", {})
@@ -54,13 +59,15 @@ def f():
 
 del g
 
+
 def f():
     g = 1
-    assert 'g' not in globals()
-    assert 'g' in locals()
+    assert "g" not in globals()
+    assert "g" in locals()
     exec("assert 'g' not in globals()")
     exec("assert 'g' in locals()")
     exec("assert 'g' not in globals()", {})
     exec("assert 'g' not in locals()", {})
 
+
 f()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exit.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exit.py
index f6dc387322..a61ddbc6d8 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exit.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_exit.py
@@ -36,4 +36,4 @@
     sys.exit(1)
 
 with assert_raises(SystemExit):
-    sys.exit("AB")
\ No newline at end of file
+    sys.exit("AB")
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_format.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_format.py
index 6a8e6077ee..ac96b6545b 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_format.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_format.py
@@ -2,37 +2,52 @@
 
 assert format(5, "b") == "101"
 
-assert_raises(TypeError, format, 2, 3, _msg='format called with number')
+assert_raises(TypeError, format, 2, 3, _msg="format called with number")
 
 assert format({}) == "{}"
 
-assert_raises(TypeError, format, {}, 'b', _msg='format_spec not empty for dict')
+assert_raises(TypeError, format, {}, "b", _msg="format_spec not empty for dict")
+
 
 class BadFormat:
     def __format__(self, spec):
         return 42
+
+
 assert_raises(TypeError, format, BadFormat())
 
+
 def test_zero_padding():
     i = 1
-    assert f'{i:04d}' == '0001'
+    assert f"{i:04d}" == "0001"
+
 
 test_zero_padding()
 
-assert '{:,}'.format(100) == '100'
-assert '{:,}'.format(1024) == '1,024'
-assert '{:_}'.format(65536) == '65_536'
-assert '{:_}'.format(4294967296) == '4_294_967_296'
-assert f'{100:_}' == '100'
-assert f'{1024:_}' == '1_024'
-assert f'{65536:,}' == '65,536'
-assert f'{4294967296:,}' == '4,294,967,296'
-assert 'F' == "{0:{base}}".format(15, base="X")
-assert f'{255:#X}' == "0XFF"
+assert "{:,}".format(100) == "100"
+assert "{:,}".format(1024) == "1,024"
+assert "{:_}".format(65536) == "65_536"
+assert "{:_}".format(4294967296) == "4_294_967_296"
+assert f"{100:_}" == "100"
+assert f"{1024:_}" == "1_024"
+assert f"{65536:,}" == "65,536"
+assert f"{4294967296:,}" == "4,294,967,296"
+assert "F" == "{0:{base}}".format(15, base="X")
+assert f"{255:#X}" == "0XFF"
 assert f"{65:c}" == "A"
-assert f"{0x1f5a5:c}" == "🖥"
-assert_raises(ValueError, "{:+c}".format, 1, _msg="Sign not allowed with integer format specifier 'c'")
-assert_raises(ValueError, "{:#c}".format, 1, _msg="Alternate form (#) not allowed with integer format specifier 'c'")
+assert f"{0x1F5A5:c}" == "🖥"
+assert_raises(
+    ValueError,
+    "{:+c}".format,
+    1,
+    _msg="Sign not allowed with integer format specifier 'c'",
+)
+assert_raises(
+    ValueError,
+    "{:#c}".format,
+    1,
+    _msg="Alternate form (#) not allowed with integer format specifier 'c'",
+)
 assert f"{256:#010x}" == "0x00000100"
 assert f"{256:0=#10x}" == "0x00000100"
 assert f"{256:0>#10x}" == "000000x100"
@@ -66,14 +81,31 @@ def test_zero_padding():
 assert f"{123.456:+011,}" == "+00,123.456"
 assert f"{1234:.3g}" == "1.23e+03"
 assert f"{1234567:.6G}" == "1.23457E+06"
-assert f'{"🐍":4}' == "🐍   "
-assert_raises(ValueError, "{:,o}".format, 1, _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify ',' with 'o'.")
-assert_raises(ValueError, "{:_n}".format, 1, _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify '_' with 'n'.")
-assert_raises(ValueError, "{:,o}".format, 1.0, _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify ',' with 'o'.")
-assert_raises(ValueError, "{:_n}".format, 1.0, _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify '_' with 'n'.")
-assert_raises(ValueError, "{:,}".format, "abc", _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify ',' with 's'.")
-assert_raises(ValueError, "{:,x}".format, "abc", _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify ',' with 'x'.")
-assert_raises(OverflowError, "{:c}".format, 0x110000, _msg="OverflowError: %c arg not in range(0x110000)")
+assert f"{'🐍':4}" == "🐍   "
+assert_raises(
+    ValueError, "{:,o}".format, 1, _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify ',' with 'o'."
+)
+assert_raises(
+    ValueError, "{:_n}".format, 1, _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify '_' with 'n'."
+)
+assert_raises(
+    ValueError, "{:,o}".format, 1.0, _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify ',' with 'o'."
+)
+assert_raises(
+    ValueError, "{:_n}".format, 1.0, _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify '_' with 'n'."
+)
+assert_raises(
+    ValueError, "{:,}".format, "abc", _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify ',' with 's'."
+)
+assert_raises(
+    ValueError, "{:,x}".format, "abc", _msg="ValueError: Cannot specify ',' with 'x'."
+)
+assert_raises(
+    OverflowError,
+    "{:c}".format,
+    0x110000,
+    _msg="OverflowError: %c arg not in range(0x110000)",
+)
 assert f"{3:f}" == "3.000000"
 assert f"{3.1415:.0f}" == "3"
 assert f"{3.1415:.1f}" == "3.1"
@@ -115,14 +147,14 @@ def test_zero_padding():
 assert f"{3.1415:#.4e}" == "3.1415e+00"
 assert f"{3.1415:#.5e}" == "3.14150e+00"
 assert f"{3.1415:#.5E}" == "3.14150E+00"
-assert f"{3.1415:.0%}" == '314%'
-assert f"{3.1415:.1%}" == '314.2%'
-assert f"{3.1415:.2%}" == '314.15%'
-assert f"{3.1415:.3%}" == '314.150%'
-assert f"{3.1415:#.0%}" == '314.%'
-assert f"{3.1415:#.1%}" == '314.2%'
-assert f"{3.1415:#.2%}" == '314.15%'
-assert f"{3.1415:#.3%}" == '314.150%'
+assert f"{3.1415:.0%}" == "314%"
+assert f"{3.1415:.1%}" == "314.2%"
+assert f"{3.1415:.2%}" == "314.15%"
+assert f"{3.1415:.3%}" == "314.150%"
+assert f"{3.1415:#.0%}" == "314.%"
+assert f"{3.1415:#.1%}" == "314.2%"
+assert f"{3.1415:#.2%}" == "314.15%"
+assert f"{3.1415:#.3%}" == "314.150%"
 assert f"{3.1415:.0}" == "3e+00"
 assert f"{3.1415:.1}" == "3e+00"
 assert f"{3.1415:.2}" == "3.1"
@@ -137,5 +169,5 @@ def test_zero_padding():
 # test issue 4558
 x = 123456789012345678901234567890
 for i in range(0, 30):
-    format(x, ',')
+    format(x, ",")
     x = x // 10
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_hash.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_hash.py
index bd98199db9..96ccc46ba8 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_hash.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_hash.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_hex.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_hex.py
index fac5e09c22..740817bc42 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_hex.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_hex.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
-assert hex(16) == '0x10'
-assert hex(-16) == '-0x10'
+assert hex(16) == "0x10"
+assert hex(-16) == "-0x10"
 
-assert_raises(TypeError, hex, {}, _msg='ord() called with dict')
+assert_raises(TypeError, hex, {}, _msg="ord() called with dict")
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_isinstance.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_isinstance.py
index c02f331d25..866c83f7cc 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_isinstance.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_isinstance.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 class Regular:
     pass
 
@@ -41,14 +40,17 @@ class AlwaysInstanceOf(metaclass=MCAlwaysInstanceOf):
 assert isinstance(Regular(), AlwaysInstanceOf)
 assert isinstance(1, AlwaysInstanceOf)
 
+
 class GenericInstance:
     def __instancecheck__(self, _):
         return True
 
+
 assert isinstance(Regular(), GenericInstance())
 assert isinstance([], GenericInstance())
 assert isinstance(1, GenericInstance())
 
+
 class MCReturnInt(type):
     def __instancecheck__(self, instance):
         return 3
@@ -60,4 +62,13 @@ class ReturnInt(metaclass=MCReturnInt):
 
 assert isinstance("a", ReturnInt) is True
 
-assert isinstance(1, ((int, float,), str))
+assert isinstance(
+    1,
+    (
+        (
+            int,
+            float,
+        ),
+        str,
+    ),
+)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_issubclass.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_issubclass.py
index 7f1d87abb1..7c047515d4 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_issubclass.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_issubclass.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 class A:
     pass
 
@@ -49,14 +48,17 @@ class InheritedAlwaysSubClass(AlwaysSubClass):
 assert issubclass(InheritedAlwaysSubClass, AlwaysSubClass)
 assert issubclass(AlwaysSubClass, InheritedAlwaysSubClass)
 
+
 class GenericInstance:
     def __subclasscheck__(self, _):
         return True
 
+
 assert issubclass(A, GenericInstance())
 assert issubclass(list, GenericInstance())
 assert issubclass([], GenericInstance())
 
+
 class MCAVirtualSubClass(type):
     def __subclasscheck__(self, subclass):
         return subclass is A
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_len.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_len.py
index 4872f20c42..4190e31698 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_len.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_len.py
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-assert 3 == len([1,2,3])
-assert 2 == len((1,2))
+assert 3 == len([1, 2, 3])
+assert 2 == len((1, 2))
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py
index b5c08796ba..cb02228c9f 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_list.py
@@ -12,38 +12,85 @@
 assert y == [2, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
 
 a = []
-a.extend((1,2,3,4))
+a.extend((1, 2, 3, 4))
 assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4]
 
-a.extend('abcdefg')
-assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
+a.extend("abcdefg")
+assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g"]
 
 a.extend(range(10))
-assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+assert a == [
+    1,
+    2,
+    3,
+    4,
+    "a",
+    "b",
+    "c",
+    "d",
+    "e",
+    "f",
+    "g",
+    0,
+    1,
+    2,
+    3,
+    4,
+    5,
+    6,
+    7,
+    8,
+    9,
+]
 
 a = []
-a.extend({1,2,3,4})
+a.extend({1, 2, 3, 4})
 assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4]
 
-a.extend({'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'z': 51})
-assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'z']
+a.extend({"a": 1, "b": 2, "z": 51})
+assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, "a", "b", "z"]
+
 
 class Iter:
     def __iter__(self):
         yield 12
         yield 28
 
+
 a.extend(Iter())
-assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'z', 12, 28]
+assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, "a", "b", "z", 12, 28]
+
+a.extend(bytes(b"hello world"))
+assert a == [
+    1,
+    2,
+    3,
+    4,
+    "a",
+    "b",
+    "z",
+    12,
+    28,
+    104,
+    101,
+    108,
+    108,
+    111,
+    32,
+    119,
+    111,
+    114,
+    108,
+    100,
+]
 
-a.extend(bytes(b'hello world'))
-assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'z', 12, 28, 104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 32, 119, 111, 114, 108, 100]
 
 class Next:
     def __next__(self):
         yield 12
         yield 28
 
+
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: [].extend(3))
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: [].extend(slice(0, 10, 1)))
 
@@ -56,12 +103,12 @@ def __next__(self):
 assert x == [1, 2, 3] * 2
 
 # index()
-assert ['a', 'b', 'c'].index('b') == 1
+assert ["a", "b", "c"].index("b") == 1
 assert [5, 6, 7].index(7) == 2
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: ['a', 'b', 'c'].index('z'))
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: ["a", "b", "c"].index("z"))
 
-x = [[1,0,-3], 'a', 1]
-y = [[3,2,1], 'z', 2]
+x = [[1, 0, -3], "a", 1]
+y = [[3, 2, 1], "z", 2]
 assert x < y, "list __lt__ failed"
 
 x = [5, 13, 31]
@@ -73,9 +120,12 @@ def __next__(self):
 assert x.pop() == 2
 assert x == [0, 1]
 
+
 def test_pop(lst, idx, value, new_lst):
     assert lst.pop(idx) == value
     assert lst == new_lst
+
+
 test_pop([0, 1, 2], -1, 2, [0, 1])
 test_pop([0, 1, 2], 0, 0, [1, 2])
 test_pop([0, 1, 2], 1, 1, [0, 2])
@@ -91,23 +141,23 @@ def test_pop(lst, idx, value, new_lst):
 assert repr(recursive) == "[[...]]"
 
 # insert()
-x = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-x.insert(0, 'z') # insert is in-place, no return value
-assert x == ['z', 'a', 'b', 'c']
+x = ["a", "b", "c"]
+x.insert(0, "z")  # insert is in-place, no return value
+assert x == ["z", "a", "b", "c"]
 
-x = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-x.insert(100, 'z')
-assert x == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'z']
+x = ["a", "b", "c"]
+x.insert(100, "z")
+assert x == ["a", "b", "c", "z"]
 
-x = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-x.insert(-1, 'z')
-assert x == ['a', 'b', 'z', 'c']
+x = ["a", "b", "c"]
+x.insert(-1, "z")
+assert x == ["a", "b", "z", "c"]
 
-x = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-x.insert(-100, 'z')
-assert x == ['z', 'a', 'b', 'c']
+x = ["a", "b", "c"]
+x.insert(-100, "z")
+assert x == ["z", "a", "b", "c"]
 
-assert_raises(OverflowError, lambda: x.insert(100000000000000000000, 'z'))
+assert_raises(OverflowError, lambda: x.insert(100000000000000000000, "z"))
 
 x = [[], 2, {}]
 y = x.copy()
@@ -123,7 +173,7 @@ def test_pop(lst, idx, value, new_lst):
 assert len(a) == 2
 assert not 1 in a
 
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: a.remove(10), _msg='Remove not exist element')
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: a.remove(10), _msg="Remove not exist element")
 
 foo = bar = [1]
 foo += [2]
@@ -138,10 +188,12 @@ def test_pop(lst, idx, value, new_lst):
 x.remove(x)
 assert x not in x
 
+
 class Foo(object):
     def __eq__(self, x):
         return False
 
+
 foo = Foo()
 foo1 = Foo()
 x = [1, foo, 2, foo, []]
@@ -173,17 +225,17 @@ def __eq__(self, x):
 assert [foo] == [foo]
 
 for size in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 100, 1000]:
-   lst = list(range(size))
-   orig = lst[:]
-   lst.sort()
-   assert lst == orig
-   assert sorted(lst) == orig
-   assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, sorted, lst, key=lambda x: 1/x)
-   lst.reverse()
-   assert sorted(lst) == orig
-   assert sorted(lst, reverse=True) == lst
-   assert sorted(lst, key=lambda x: -x) == lst
-   assert sorted(lst, key=lambda x: -x, reverse=True) == orig
+    lst = list(range(size))
+    orig = lst[:]
+    lst.sort()
+    assert lst == orig
+    assert sorted(lst) == orig
+    assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, sorted, lst, key=lambda x: 1 / x)
+    lst.reverse()
+    assert sorted(lst) == orig
+    assert sorted(lst, reverse=True) == lst
+    assert sorted(lst, key=lambda x: -x) == lst
+    assert sorted(lst, key=lambda x: -x, reverse=True) == orig
 
 assert sorted([(1, 2, 3), (0, 3, 6)]) == [(0, 3, 6), (1, 2, 3)]
 assert sorted([(1, 2, 3), (0, 3, 6)], key=lambda x: x[0]) == [(0, 3, 6), (1, 2, 3)]
@@ -191,34 +243,52 @@ def __eq__(self, x):
 assert sorted([(1, 2), (), (5,)], key=len) == [(), (5,), (1, 2)]
 
 lst = [3, 1, 5, 2, 4]
+
+
 class C:
-  def __init__(self, x): self.x = x
-  def __lt__(self, other): return self.x < other.x
+    def __init__(self, x):
+        self.x = x
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return self.x < other.x
+
+
 lst.sort(key=C)
 assert lst == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 
 lst = [3, 1, 5, 2, 4]
+
+
 class C:
-  def __init__(self, x): self.x = x
-  def __gt__(self, other): return self.x > other.x
+    def __init__(self, x):
+        self.x = x
+
+    def __gt__(self, other):
+        return self.x > other.x
+
+
 lst.sort(key=C)
 assert lst == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 
 lst = [5, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+
+
 def f(x):
     lst.append(1)
     return x
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: lst.sort(key=f)) # "list modified during sort"
+
+
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: lst.sort(key=f))  # "list modified during sort"
 assert lst == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 
 # __delitem__
-x = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+x = ["a", "b", "c"]
 del x[0]
-assert x == ['b', 'c']
+assert x == ["b", "c"]
 
-x = ['a', 'b', 'c']
+x = ["a", "b", "c"]
 del x[-1]
-assert x == ['a', 'b']
+assert x == ["a", "b"]
 
 x = y = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
 del x[2:14:3]
@@ -232,24 +302,30 @@ def f(x):
 
 x = list(range(12))
 del x[10:2:-2]
-assert x == [0,1,2,3,5,7,9,11]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11]
+
 
 def bad_del_1():
-  del ['a', 'b']['a']
+    del ["a", "b"]["a"]
+
+
 assert_raises(TypeError, bad_del_1)
 
+
 def bad_del_2():
-  del ['a', 'b'][2]
+    del ["a", "b"][2]
+
+
 assert_raises(IndexError, bad_del_2)
 
 # __setitem__
 
 # simple index
 x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-x[0] = 'a'
-assert x == ['a', 2, 3, 4, 5]
-x[-1] = 'b'
-assert x == ['a', 2, 3, 4, 'b']
+x[0] = "a"
+assert x == ["a", 2, 3, 4, 5]
+x[-1] = "b"
+assert x == ["a", 2, 3, 4, "b"]
 # make sure refrences are assigned correctly
 y = []
 x[1] = y
@@ -257,14 +333,17 @@ def bad_del_2():
 assert x[1] == y
 assert x[1] == [100]
 
-#index bounds
+
+# index bounds
 def set_index_out_of_bounds_high():
-  x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-  x[5] = 'a'
+    x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+    x[5] = "a"
+
 
 def set_index_out_of_bounds_low():
-  x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-  x[-6] = 'a'
+    x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+    x[-6] = "a"
+
 
 assert_raises(IndexError, set_index_out_of_bounds_high)
 assert_raises(IndexError, set_index_out_of_bounds_low)
@@ -275,20 +354,20 @@ def set_index_out_of_bounds_low():
 y = a[:]
 assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 # replace whole list
-x[:] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-y[::1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-assert x == ['a', 'b', 'c']
+x[:] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+y[::1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+assert x == ["a", "b", "c"]
 assert x == y
 # splice list start
 x = a[:]
 y = a[:]
 z = a[:]
 zz = a[:]
-x[:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-y[0:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-z[:1:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-zz[0:1:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-assert x == ['a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+x[:1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+y[0:1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+z[:1:1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+zz[0:1:1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+assert x == ["a", "b", "c", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 assert x == y
 assert x == z
 assert x == zz
@@ -297,11 +376,11 @@ def set_index_out_of_bounds_low():
 y = a[:]
 z = a[:]
 zz = a[:]
-x[5:] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-y[5::1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-z[5:10] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-zz[5:10:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'c']
+x[5:] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+y[5::1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+z[5:10] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+zz[5:10:1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, "a", "b", "c"]
 assert x == y
 assert x == z
 assert x == zz
@@ -310,11 +389,11 @@ def set_index_out_of_bounds_low():
 y = a[:]
 z = a[:]
 zz = a[:]
-x[1:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-y[1:0] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-z[1:1:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-zz[1:0:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-assert x == [0, 'a', 'b', 'c', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+x[1:1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+y[1:0] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+z[1:1:1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+zz[1:0:1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+assert x == [0, "a", "b", "c", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 assert x == y
 assert x == z
 assert x == zz
@@ -323,24 +402,24 @@ def set_index_out_of_bounds_low():
 y = a[:]
 z = a[:]
 zz = a[:]
-x[-1:-1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-y[-1:9] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-z[-1:-1:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-zz[-1:9:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 'a', 'b', 'c', 9]
+x[-1:-1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+y[-1:9] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+z[-1:-1:1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+zz[-1:9:1] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, "a", "b", "c", 9]
 assert x == y
 assert x == z
 assert x == zz
 # splice mid
 x = a[:]
 y = a[:]
-x[3:5] = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
-y[3:5:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
-assert x == [0, 1, 2, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+x[3:5] = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+y[3:5:1] = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 assert x == y
 x = a[:]
-x[3:5] = ['a']
-assert x == [0, 1, 2, 'a', 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+x[3:5] = ["a"]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, "a", 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 # assign empty to non stepped empty slice does nothing
 x = a[:]
 y = a[:]
@@ -359,84 +438,93 @@ def set_index_out_of_bounds_low():
 yy = []
 x = a[:]
 y = a[:]
-x[3:5] = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', yy]
-y[3:5:1] = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', yy]
-assert x == [0, 1, 2, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', [], 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+x[3:5] = ["a", "b", "c", "d", yy]
+y[3:5:1] = ["a", "b", "c", "d", yy]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, "a", "b", "c", "d", [], 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 assert x == y
 yy.append(100)
-assert x == [0, 1, 2, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', [100], 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, "a", "b", "c", "d", [100], 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 assert x == y
 assert x[7] == yy
 assert x[7] == [100]
 assert y[7] == yy
 assert y[7] == [100]
 
+
 # no zero step
 def no_zero_step_set():
-  x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-  x[0:4:0] = [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
+    x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    x[0:4:0] = [11, 12, 13, 14, 15]
+
+
 assert_raises(ValueError, no_zero_step_set)
 
 # stepped slice index
 # forward slice
 x = a[:]
-x[2:8:2] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-assert x == [0, 1, 'a', 3, 'b', 5, 'c', 7, 8, 9]
+x[2:8:2] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+assert x == [0, 1, "a", 3, "b", 5, "c", 7, 8, 9]
 x = a[:]
 y = a[:]
 z = a[:]
 zz = a[:]
-c = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
+c = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
 x[::2] = c
 y[-10::2] = c
 z[0:10:2] = c
-zz[-13:13:2] = c # slice indexes will be truncated to bounds
-assert x == ['a', 1, 'b', 3, 'c', 5, 'd', 7, 'e', 9]
+zz[-13:13:2] = c  # slice indexes will be truncated to bounds
+assert x == ["a", 1, "b", 3, "c", 5, "d", 7, "e", 9]
 assert x == y
 assert x == z
 assert x == zz
 # backward slice
 x = a[:]
-x[8:2:-2] = ['a', 'b', 'c']
-assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 'c', 5, 'b', 7, 'a', 9]
+x[8:2:-2] = ["a", "b", "c"]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, "c", 5, "b", 7, "a", 9]
 x = a[:]
 y = a[:]
 z = a[:]
 zz = a[:]
-c =  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 'j']
+c = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j"]
 x[::-1] = c
 y[9:-11:-1] = c
 z[9::-1] = c
-zz[11:-13:-1] = c # slice indexes will be truncated to bounds
-assert x == ['j', 'i', 'h', 'g', 'f', 'e', 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a']
+zz[11:-13:-1] = c  # slice indexes will be truncated to bounds
+assert x == ["j", "i", "h", "g", "f", "e", "d", "c", "b", "a"]
 assert x == y
 assert x == z
 assert x == zz
 # step size bigger than len
 x = a[:]
-x[::200] = ['a']
-assert x == ['a', 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+x[::200] = ["a"]
+assert x == ["a", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
 x = a[:]
-x[5::200] = ['a']
-assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 6, 7, 8, 9]
+x[5::200] = ["a"]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, "a", 6, 7, 8, 9]
+
 
 # bad stepped slices
 def stepped_slice_assign_too_big():
-  x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-  x[::2] = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
+    x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+    x[::2] = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+
 
 assert_raises(ValueError, stepped_slice_assign_too_big)
 
+
 def stepped_slice_assign_too_small():
-  x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-  x[::2] = ['a', 'b']
+    x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+    x[::2] = ["a", "b"]
+
 
 assert_raises(ValueError, stepped_slice_assign_too_small)
 
+
 # must assign iter t0 slice
 def must_assign_iter_to_slice():
-  x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-  x[::2] = 42
+    x = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
+    x[::2] = 42
+
 
 assert_raises(TypeError, must_assign_iter_to_slice)
 
@@ -446,74 +534,87 @@ def must_assign_iter_to_slice():
 # string
 x = a[:]
 x[3:8] = "abcdefghi"
-assert x == [0, 1, 2, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 'h', 'i', 8, 9]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", 8, 9]
 
 # tuple
 x = a[:]
 x[3:8] = (11, 12, 13, 14, 15)
 assert x == [0, 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 8, 9]
 
+
 # class
 # __next__
 class CIterNext:
-  def __init__(self, sec=(1, 2, 3)):
-    self.sec = sec
-    self.index = 0
-  def __iter__(self):
-    return self
-  def __next__(self):
-    if self.index >= len(self.sec):
-      raise StopIteration
-    v = self.sec[self.index]
-    self.index += 1
-    return v
+    def __init__(self, sec=(1, 2, 3)):
+        self.sec = sec
+        self.index = 0
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return self
+
+    def __next__(self):
+        if self.index >= len(self.sec):
+            raise StopIteration
+        v = self.sec[self.index]
+        self.index += 1
+        return v
+
 
 x = list(range(10))
 x[3:8] = CIterNext()
 assert x == [0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9]
 
+
 # __iter__ yield
 class CIter:
-  def __init__(self, sec=(1, 2, 3)):
-    self.sec = sec
-  def __iter__(self):
-    for n in self.sec:
-      yield n
+    def __init__(self, sec=(1, 2, 3)):
+        self.sec = sec
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for n in self.sec:
+            yield n
+
 
 x = list(range(10))
 x[3:8] = CIter()
 assert x == [0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9]
 
+
 # __getitem but no __iter__ sequence
 class CGetItem:
-  def __init__(self, sec=(1, 2, 3)):
-    self.sec = sec
-  def __getitem__(self, sub):
-    return self.sec[sub]
+    def __init__(self, sec=(1, 2, 3)):
+        self.sec = sec
+
+    def __getitem__(self, sub):
+        return self.sec[sub]
+
 
 x = list(range(10))
 x[3:8] = CGetItem()
 assert x == [0, 1, 2, 1, 2, 3, 8, 9]
 
+
 # iter raises error
 class CIterError:
-  def __iter__(self):
-    for i in range(10):
-      if i > 5:
-        raise RuntimeError
-      yield i
+    def __iter__(self):
+        for i in range(10):
+            if i > 5:
+                raise RuntimeError
+            yield i
+
 
 def bad_iter_assign():
-  x = list(range(10))
-  x[3:8] = CIterError()
+    x = list(range(10))
+    x[3:8] = CIterError()
+
 
 assert_raises(RuntimeError, bad_iter_assign)
 
 # slice assign when step or stop is -1
 a = list(range(10))
 x = a[:]
-x[-1:-5:-1] = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
-assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 'd', 'c', 'b', 'a']
+x[-1:-5:-1] = ["a", "b", "c", "d"]
+assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, "d", "c", "b", "a"]
 x = a[:]
 x[-5:-1:-1] = []
 assert x == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
@@ -557,17 +658,17 @@ def bad_iter_assign():
 assert not [0, 0] > [0, 0]
 assert not [0, 0] < [0, 0]
 
-assert not [float('nan'), float('nan')] <= [float('nan'), 1]
-assert not [float('nan'), float('nan')] <= [float('nan'), float('nan')]
-assert not [float('nan'), float('nan')] >= [float('nan'), float('nan')]
-assert not [float('nan'), float('nan')] < [float('nan'), float('nan')]
-assert not [float('nan'), float('nan')] > [float('nan'), float('nan')]
+assert not [float("nan"), float("nan")] <= [float("nan"), 1]
+assert not [float("nan"), float("nan")] <= [float("nan"), float("nan")]
+assert not [float("nan"), float("nan")] >= [float("nan"), float("nan")]
+assert not [float("nan"), float("nan")] < [float("nan"), float("nan")]
+assert not [float("nan"), float("nan")] > [float("nan"), float("nan")]
 
-assert [float('inf'), float('inf')] >= [float('inf'), 1]
-assert [float('inf'), float('inf')] <= [float('inf'), float('inf')]
-assert [float('inf'), float('inf')] >= [float('inf'), float('inf')]
-assert not [float('inf'), float('inf')] < [float('inf'), float('inf')]
-assert not [float('inf'), float('inf')] > [float('inf'), float('inf')]
+assert [float("inf"), float("inf")] >= [float("inf"), 1]
+assert [float("inf"), float("inf")] <= [float("inf"), float("inf")]
+assert [float("inf"), float("inf")] >= [float("inf"), float("inf")]
+assert not [float("inf"), float("inf")] < [float("inf"), float("inf")]
+assert not [float("inf"), float("inf")] > [float("inf"), float("inf")]
 
 # list __iadd__
 a = []
@@ -575,62 +676,111 @@ def bad_iter_assign():
 assert a == [1, 2, 3]
 
 a = []
-a += (1,2,3,4)
+a += (1, 2, 3, 4)
 assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4]
 
-a += 'abcdefg'
-assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
+a += "abcdefg"
+assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, "a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g"]
 
 a += range(10)
-assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g', 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
+assert a == [
+    1,
+    2,
+    3,
+    4,
+    "a",
+    "b",
+    "c",
+    "d",
+    "e",
+    "f",
+    "g",
+    0,
+    1,
+    2,
+    3,
+    4,
+    5,
+    6,
+    7,
+    8,
+    9,
+]
 
 a = []
-a += {1,2,3,4}
+a += {1, 2, 3, 4}
 assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4]
 
-a += {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'z': 51}
-assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'z']
+a += {"a": 1, "b": 2, "z": 51}
+assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, "a", "b", "z"]
+
 
 class Iter:
     def __iter__(self):
         yield 12
         yield 28
 
+
 a += Iter()
-assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'z', 12, 28]
+assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, "a", "b", "z", 12, 28]
+
+a += bytes(b"hello world")
+assert a == [
+    1,
+    2,
+    3,
+    4,
+    "a",
+    "b",
+    "z",
+    12,
+    28,
+    104,
+    101,
+    108,
+    108,
+    111,
+    32,
+    119,
+    111,
+    114,
+    108,
+    100,
+]
 
-a += bytes(b'hello world')
-assert a == [1, 2, 3, 4, 'a', 'b', 'z', 12, 28, 104, 101, 108, 108, 111, 32, 119, 111, 114, 108, 100]
 
 class Next:
     def __next__(self):
         yield 12
         yield 28
 
+
 def iadd_int():
     a = []
     a += 3
 
+
 def iadd_slice():
     a = []
     a += slice(0, 10, 1)
 
+
 assert_raises(TypeError, iadd_int)
 assert_raises(TypeError, iadd_slice)
 
 
-it = iter([1,2,3,4])
+it = iter([1, 2, 3, 4])
 assert it.__length_hint__() == 4
 assert next(it) == 1
 assert it.__length_hint__() == 3
-assert list(it) == [2,3,4]
+assert list(it) == [2, 3, 4]
 assert it.__length_hint__() == 0
 
-it = reversed([1,2,3,4])
+it = reversed([1, 2, 3, 4])
 assert it.__length_hint__() == 4
 assert next(it) == 4
 assert it.__length_hint__() == 3
-assert list(it) == [3,2,1]
+assert list(it) == [3, 2, 1]
 assert it.__length_hint__() == 0
 
 a = [*[1, 2], 3, *[4, 5]]
@@ -648,21 +798,25 @@ def iadd_slice():
     class C(base):
         def __iter__(self):
             a.append(2)
+
             def inner():
                 yield 3
                 a.append(4)
+
             return inner()
 
     a = [1]
     b = [*a, *C(), *a.copy()]
     assert b == [1, 3, 1, 2, 4]
 
+
 # Test for list entering daedlock or not (https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/pull/2933)
 class MutatingCompare:
     def __eq__(self, other):
         self.list.pop()
         return True
 
+
 m = MutatingCompare()
 
 l = [1, 2, 3, m, 4]
@@ -675,18 +829,21 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
 
 l = [1, 2, 3, m, 4]
 m.list = l
-l.remove(4) 
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: l.index(4)) # element 4 must not be in the list
+l.remove(4)
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: l.index(4))  # element 4 must not be in the list
+
 
 # Test no panic occurred when list elements was deleted in __eq__
 class rewrite_list_eq(list):
     pass
 
+
 class poc:
     def __eq__(self, other):
         list1.clear()
         return self
 
+
 list1 = rewrite_list_eq([poc()])
 list1.remove(list1)
 assert list1 == []
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_locals.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_locals.py
index 6f3fd847c4..a10cfa389c 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_locals.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_locals.py
@@ -1,19 +1,18 @@
-
 a = 5
 b = 6
 
 loc = locals()
 
-assert loc['a'] == 5
-assert loc['b'] == 6
+assert loc["a"] == 5
+assert loc["b"] == 6
 
-def f():
-	c = 4
-	a = 7
 
-	loc = locals()
+def f():
+    c = 4
+    a = 7
 
-	assert loc['a'] == 4
-	assert loc['c'] == 7
-	assert not 'b' in loc
+    loc = locals()
 
+    assert loc["a"] == 4
+    assert loc["c"] == 7
+    assert not "b" in loc
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_map.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_map.py
index 0de8d2c597..559d108e38 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_map.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_map.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 a = list(map(str, [1, 2, 3]))
-assert a == ['1', '2', '3']
+assert a == ["1", "2", "3"]
 
 
 b = list(map(lambda x, y: x + y, [1, 2, 4], [3, 5]))
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def __iter__(self):
         return self
 
 
-it = map(lambda x: x+1, Counter())
+it = map(lambda x: x + 1, Counter())
 assert next(it) == 2
 assert next(it) == 3
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_mappingproxy.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_mappingproxy.py
index cfba56a8df..fdd653c408 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_mappingproxy.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_mappingproxy.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
+
 class A(dict):
     def a():
         pass
@@ -8,16 +9,16 @@ def b():
         pass
 
 
-assert A.__dict__['a'] == A.a
+assert A.__dict__["a"] == A.a
 with assert_raises(KeyError) as cm:
-    A.__dict__['not here']
+    A.__dict__["not here"]
 
 assert cm.exception.args[0] == "not here"
 
-assert 'b' in A.__dict__
-assert 'c' not in A.__dict__
+assert "b" in A.__dict__
+assert "c" not in A.__dict__
 
-assert '__dict__' in A.__dict__
+assert "__dict__" in A.__dict__
 
 assert A.__dict__.get("not here", "default") == "default"
 assert A.__dict__.get("a", "default") is A.a
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_max.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_max.py
index cb62123656..fbb0626768 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_max.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_max.py
@@ -3,17 +3,22 @@
 # simple values
 assert max(0, 0) == 0
 assert max(1, 0) == 1
-assert max(1., 0.) == 1.
+assert max(1.0, 0.0) == 1.0
 assert max(-1, 0) == 0
 assert max(1, 2, 3) == 3
 
 # iterables
 assert max([1, 2, 3]) == 3
 assert max((1, 2, 3)) == 3
-assert max({
-    "a": 0,
-    "b": 1,
-}) == "b"
+assert (
+    max(
+        {
+            "a": 0,
+            "b": 1,
+        }
+    )
+    == "b"
+)
 assert max([1, 2], default=0) == 2
 assert max([], default=0) == 0
 assert_raises(ValueError, max, [])
@@ -30,7 +35,7 @@
 
 
 # custom class
-class MyComparable():
+class MyComparable:
     nb = 0
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -47,7 +52,7 @@ def __gt__(self, other):
 assert max([first, second]) == second
 
 
-class MyNotComparable():
+class MyNotComparable:
     pass
 
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_memoryview.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_memoryview.py
index 81cd5015c1..f206056ebf 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_memoryview.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_memoryview.py
@@ -10,48 +10,52 @@
 
 assert hash(obj) == hash(a)
 
-class A(array.array):
-    ...
 
-class B(bytes):
-    ...
+class A(array.array): ...
 
-class C():
-    ...
 
-memoryview(bytearray('abcde', encoding='utf-8'))
-memoryview(array.array('i', [1, 2, 3]))
-memoryview(A('b', [0]))
-memoryview(B('abcde', encoding='utf-8'))
+class B(bytes): ...
+
+
+class C: ...
+
+
+memoryview(bytearray("abcde", encoding="utf-8"))
+memoryview(array.array("i", [1, 2, 3]))
+memoryview(A("b", [0]))
+memoryview(B("abcde", encoding="utf-8"))
 
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: memoryview([1, 2, 3]))
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: memoryview((1, 2, 3)))
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: memoryview({}))
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: memoryview('string'))
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: memoryview("string"))
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: memoryview(C()))
 
+
 def test_slice():
-    b = b'123456789'
+    b = b"123456789"
     m = memoryview(b)
     m2 = memoryview(b)
     assert m == m
     assert m == m2
-    assert m.tobytes() == b'123456789'
+    assert m.tobytes() == b"123456789"
     assert m == b
-    assert m[::2].tobytes() == b'13579'
-    assert m[::2] == b'13579'
-    assert m[1::2].tobytes() == b'2468'
-    assert m[::2][1:].tobytes() == b'3579'
-    assert m[::2][1:-1].tobytes() == b'357'
-    assert m[::2][::2].tobytes() == b'159'
-    assert m[::2][1::2].tobytes() == b'37'
-    assert m[::-1].tobytes() == b'987654321'
-    assert m[::-2].tobytes() == b'97531'
+    assert m[::2].tobytes() == b"13579"
+    assert m[::2] == b"13579"
+    assert m[1::2].tobytes() == b"2468"
+    assert m[::2][1:].tobytes() == b"3579"
+    assert m[::2][1:-1].tobytes() == b"357"
+    assert m[::2][::2].tobytes() == b"159"
+    assert m[::2][1::2].tobytes() == b"37"
+    assert m[::-1].tobytes() == b"987654321"
+    assert m[::-2].tobytes() == b"97531"
+
 
 test_slice()
 
+
 def test_resizable():
-    b = bytearray(b'123')
+    b = bytearray(b"123")
     b.append(4)
     m = memoryview(b)
     assert_raises(BufferError, lambda: b.append(5))
@@ -68,18 +72,21 @@ def test_resizable():
     m4.release()
     b.append(7)
 
+
 test_resizable()
 
+
 def test_delitem():
-    a = b'abc'
+    a = b"abc"
     b = memoryview(a)
-    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda : b.__delitem__())
-    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda : b.__delitem__(0))
-    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda : b.__delitem__(10))
-    a = bytearray(b'abc')
+    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: b.__delitem__())
+    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: b.__delitem__(0))
+    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: b.__delitem__(10))
+    a = bytearray(b"abc")
     b = memoryview(a)
-    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda : b.__delitem__())
-    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda : b.__delitem__(1))
-    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda : b.__delitem__(12))
+    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: b.__delitem__())
+    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: b.__delitem__(1))
+    assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: b.__delitem__(12))
+
 
-test_delitem()
\ No newline at end of file
+test_delitem()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_min.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_min.py
index 50ebc91f54..fc8eebba2c 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_min.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_min.py
@@ -3,17 +3,22 @@
 # simple values
 assert min(0, 0) == 0
 assert min(1, 0) == 0
-assert min(1., 0.) == 0.
+assert min(1.0, 0.0) == 0.0
 assert min(-1, 0) == -1
 assert min(1, 2, 3) == 1
 
 # iterables
 assert min([1, 2, 3]) == 1
 assert min((1, 2, 3)) == 1
-assert min({
-    "a": 0,
-    "b": 1,
-}) == "a"
+assert (
+    min(
+        {
+            "a": 0,
+            "b": 1,
+        }
+    )
+    == "a"
+)
 assert min([1, 2], default=0) == 1
 assert min([], default=0) == 0
 
@@ -31,7 +36,7 @@
 
 
 # custom class
-class MyComparable():
+class MyComparable:
     nb = 0
 
     def __init__(self):
@@ -48,7 +53,7 @@ def __gt__(self, other):
 assert min([first, second]) == first
 
 
-class MyNotComparable():
+class MyNotComparable:
     pass
 
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_none.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_none.py
index d605f1d742..230a7229e0 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_none.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_none.py
@@ -4,19 +4,22 @@
 x = None
 assert x is y
 
+
 def none():
     pass
 
+
 def none2():
     return None
 
+
 assert none() is none()
 assert none() is x
 
 assert none() is none2()
 
-assert str(None) == 'None'
-assert repr(None) == 'None'
+assert str(None) == "None"
+assert repr(None) == "None"
 assert type(None)() is None
 
 assert None.__eq__(3) is NotImplemented
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py
index 0cb6f31d66..64486e1673 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_object.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 class MyObject:
     pass
 
+
 assert not MyObject() == MyObject()
 assert MyObject() != MyObject()
 myobj = MyObject()
@@ -21,8 +22,8 @@ class MyObject:
 assert obj.__eq__(obj) is True
 assert obj.__ne__(obj) is False
 
-assert not hasattr(obj, 'a')
-obj.__dict__ = {'a': 1}
+assert not hasattr(obj, "a")
+obj.__dict__ = {"a": 1}
 assert obj.a == 1
 
 # Value inside the formatter goes through a different path of resolution.
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_open.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_open.py
index f2c783f2a5..99dd337414 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_open.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_open.py
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
-fd = open('README.md')
-assert 'RustPython' in fd.read()
+fd = open("README.md")
+assert "RustPython" in fd.read()
 
-assert_raises(FileNotFoundError, open, 'DoesNotExist')
+assert_raises(FileNotFoundError, open, "DoesNotExist")
 
 # Use open as a context manager
-with open('README.md', 'rt') as fp:
+with open("README.md", "rt") as fp:
     contents = fp.read()
     assert type(contents) == str, "type is " + str(type(contents))
 
-with open('README.md', 'r') as fp:
+with open("README.md", "r") as fp:
     contents = fp.read()
     assert type(contents) == str, "type is " + str(type(contents))
 
-with open('README.md', 'rb') as fp:
+with open("README.md", "rb") as fp:
     contents = fp.read()
     assert type(contents) == bytes, "type is " + str(type(contents))
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ord.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ord.py
index 271728b84a..e451e078c3 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ord.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_ord.py
@@ -3,11 +3,18 @@
 assert ord("a") == 97
 assert ord("é") == 233
 assert ord("🤡") == 129313
-assert ord(b'a') == 97
-assert ord(bytearray(b'a')) == 97
+assert ord(b"a") == 97
+assert ord(bytearray(b"a")) == 97
 
-assert_raises(TypeError, ord, _msg='ord() is called with no argument')
-assert_raises(TypeError, ord, "", _msg='ord() is called with an empty string')
-assert_raises(TypeError, ord, "ab", _msg='ord() is called with more than one character')
-assert_raises(TypeError, ord, b"ab", _msg='ord() expected a character, but string of length 2 found')
-assert_raises(TypeError, ord, 1, _msg='ord() expected a string, bytes or bytearray, but found int')
+assert_raises(TypeError, ord, _msg="ord() is called with no argument")
+assert_raises(TypeError, ord, "", _msg="ord() is called with an empty string")
+assert_raises(TypeError, ord, "ab", _msg="ord() is called with more than one character")
+assert_raises(
+    TypeError,
+    ord,
+    b"ab",
+    _msg="ord() expected a character, but string of length 2 found",
+)
+assert_raises(
+    TypeError, ord, 1, _msg="ord() expected a string, bytes or bytearray, but found int"
+)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_pow.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_pow.py
index d31e5dd713..c769914231 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_pow.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_pow.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 assert pow(2.0, 1) == 2.0
 assert pow(0, 10**1000) == 0
 assert pow(1, 10**1000) == 1
-assert pow(-1, 10**1000+1) == -1
+assert pow(-1, 10**1000 + 1) == -1
 assert pow(-1, 10**1000) == 1
 
 assert pow(2, 4, 5) == 1
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ def powtest(type):
             assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, pow, zero, exp)
 
     il, ih = -20, 20
-    jl, jh = -5,   5
+    jl, jh = -5, 5
     kl, kh = -10, 10
     asseq = assert_equal
     if type == float:
@@ -76,10 +76,7 @@ def powtest(type):
                     if type == float or j < 0:
                         assert_raises(TypeError, pow, type(i), j, k)
                         continue
-                    asseq(
-                        pow(type(i), j, k),
-                        pow(type(i), j) % type(k)
-                    )
+                    asseq(pow(type(i), j, k), pow(type(i), j) % type(k))
 
 
 def test_powint():
@@ -92,40 +89,35 @@ def test_powfloat():
 
 def test_other():
     # Other tests-- not very systematic
-    assert_equal(pow(3,3) % 8, pow(3,3,8))
-    assert_equal(pow(3,3) % -8, pow(3,3,-8))
-    assert_equal(pow(3,2) % -2, pow(3,2,-2))
-    assert_equal(pow(-3,3) % 8, pow(-3,3,8))
-    assert_equal(pow(-3,3) % -8, pow(-3,3,-8))
-    assert_equal(pow(5,2) % -8, pow(5,2,-8))
-
-    assert_equal(pow(3,3) % 8, pow(3,3,8))
-    assert_equal(pow(3,3) % -8, pow(3,3,-8))
-    assert_equal(pow(3,2) % -2, pow(3,2,-2))
-    assert_equal(pow(-3,3) % 8, pow(-3,3,8))
-    assert_equal(pow(-3,3) % -8, pow(-3,3,-8))
-    assert_equal(pow(5,2) % -8, pow(5,2,-8))
+    assert_equal(pow(3, 3) % 8, pow(3, 3, 8))
+    assert_equal(pow(3, 3) % -8, pow(3, 3, -8))
+    assert_equal(pow(3, 2) % -2, pow(3, 2, -2))
+    assert_equal(pow(-3, 3) % 8, pow(-3, 3, 8))
+    assert_equal(pow(-3, 3) % -8, pow(-3, 3, -8))
+    assert_equal(pow(5, 2) % -8, pow(5, 2, -8))
+
+    assert_equal(pow(3, 3) % 8, pow(3, 3, 8))
+    assert_equal(pow(3, 3) % -8, pow(3, 3, -8))
+    assert_equal(pow(3, 2) % -2, pow(3, 2, -2))
+    assert_equal(pow(-3, 3) % 8, pow(-3, 3, 8))
+    assert_equal(pow(-3, 3) % -8, pow(-3, 3, -8))
+    assert_equal(pow(5, 2) % -8, pow(5, 2, -8))
 
     for i in range(-10, 11):
         for j in range(0, 6):
             for k in range(-7, 11):
                 if j >= 0 and k != 0:
-                    assert_equal(
-                        pow(i,j) % k,
-                        pow(i,j,k)
-                    )
+                    assert_equal(pow(i, j) % k, pow(i, j, k))
                 if j >= 0 and k != 0:
-                    assert_equal(
-                        pow(int(i),j) % k,
-                        pow(int(i),j,k)
-                    )
+                    assert_equal(pow(int(i), j) % k, pow(int(i), j, k))
 
 
 def test_bug643260():
     class TestRpow:
         def __rpow__(self, other):
             return None
-    None ** TestRpow() # Won't fail when __rpow__ invoked.  SF bug #643260.
+
+    None ** TestRpow()  # Won't fail when __rpow__ invoked.  SF bug #643260.
 
 
 def test_bug705231():
@@ -141,15 +133,15 @@ def test_bug705231():
     for b in range(-10, 11):
         eq(pow(a, float(b)), b & 1 and -1.0 or 1.0)
     for n in range(0, 100):
-        fiveto = float(5 ** n)
+        fiveto = float(5**n)
         # For small n, fiveto will be odd.  Eventually we run out of
         # mantissa bits, though, and thereafer fiveto will be even.
         expected = fiveto % 2.0 and -1.0 or 1.0
         eq(pow(a, fiveto), expected)
         eq(pow(a, -fiveto), expected)
-    eq(expected, 1.0)   # else we didn't push fiveto to evenness
+    eq(expected, 1.0)  # else we didn't push fiveto to evenness
 
 
-tests = [f for name, f in locals().items() if name.startswith('test_')]
+tests = [f for name, f in locals().items() if name.startswith("test_")]
 for f in tests:
     f()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_print.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_print.py
index db53c80edb..b9f3b8cc17 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_print.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_print.py
@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 
 print(2 + 3)
 
-assert_raises(TypeError, print, 'test', end=4, _msg='wrong type passed to end')
-assert_raises(TypeError, print, 'test', sep=['a'], _msg='wrong type passed to sep')
+assert_raises(TypeError, print, "test", end=4, _msg="wrong type passed to end")
+assert_raises(TypeError, print, "test", sep=["a"], _msg="wrong type passed to sep")
 
 try:
-    print('test', end=None, sep=None, flush=None)
+    print("test", end=None, sep=None, flush=None)
 except:
-    assert False, 'Expected None passed to end, sep, and flush to not raise errors'
+    assert False, "Expected None passed to end, sep, and flush to not raise errors"
 
 buf = io.StringIO()
-print('hello, world', file=buf)
-assert buf.getvalue() == 'hello, world\n', buf.getvalue()
+print("hello, world", file=buf)
+assert buf.getvalue() == "hello, world\n", buf.getvalue()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_property.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_property.py
index 2a97c99b3b..de64e52622 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_property.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_property.py
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ def foo(self):
 assert p.__doc__ is None
 
 # Test property instance __doc__ attribute:
-p.__doc__ = '222'
-assert p.__doc__ == '222'
+p.__doc__ = "222"
+assert p.__doc__ == "222"
 
 
 p1 = property("a", "b", "c")
@@ -83,5 +83,5 @@ def foo(self):
 assert p1.__get__(None, object) is p1
 # assert p1.__doc__ is 'a'.__doc__
 
-p2 = property('a', doc='pdoc')
+p2 = property("a", doc="pdoc")
 # assert p2.__doc__ == 'pdoc'
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_range.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_range.py
index 9f8f03b63c..6bfb99f453 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_range.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_range.py
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
-assert range(2**63+1)[2**63] == 9223372036854775808
+assert range(2**63 + 1)[2**63] == 9223372036854775808
 
 # len tests
-assert len(range(10, 5)) == 0, 'Range with no elements should have length = 0'
-assert len(range(10, 5, -2)) == 3, 'Expected length 3, for elements: 10, 8, 6'
-assert len(range(5, 10, 2)) == 3, 'Expected length 3, for elements: 5, 7, 9'
+assert len(range(10, 5)) == 0, "Range with no elements should have length = 0"
+assert len(range(10, 5, -2)) == 3, "Expected length 3, for elements: 10, 8, 6"
+assert len(range(5, 10, 2)) == 3, "Expected length 3, for elements: 5, 7, 9"
 
 # index tests
 assert range(10).index(6) == 6
@@ -13,18 +13,18 @@
 assert range(4, 10, 2).index(6) == 1
 assert range(10, 4, -2).index(8) == 1
 
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(10).index(-1), _msg='out of bounds')
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(10).index(10), _msg='out of bounds')
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(4, 10, 2).index(5), _msg='out of step')
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(10).index('foo'), _msg='not an int')
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(1, 10, 0), _msg='step is zero')
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(10).index(-1), _msg="out of bounds")
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(10).index(10), _msg="out of bounds")
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(4, 10, 2).index(5), _msg="out of step")
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(10).index("foo"), _msg="not an int")
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(1, 10, 0), _msg="step is zero")
 
 # get tests
 assert range(10)[0] == 0
 assert range(10)[9] == 9
 assert range(10, 0, -1)[0] == 10
 assert range(10, 0, -1)[9] == 1
-assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: range(10)[10], _msg='out of bound')
+assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: range(10)[10], _msg="out of bound")
 
 # slice tests
 assert range(10)[0:3] == range(3)
@@ -34,13 +34,17 @@
 assert range(10, 100, 3)[4:1000:5] == range(22, 100, 15)
 assert range(10)[:] == range(10)
 assert range(10, 0, -2)[0:5:2] == range(10, 0, -4)
-assert range(10)[10:11] == range(10,10)
+assert range(10)[10:11] == range(10, 10)
 assert range(0, 10, -1)[::-1] == range(1, 1)
 assert range(0, 10)[::-1] == range(9, -1, -1)
 assert range(0, -10)[::-1] == range(-1, -1, -1)
 assert range(0, -10)[::-1][::-1] == range(0, 0)
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(0, 10)[::0], _msg='slice step cannot be zero')
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: range(0, 10)['a':], _msg='slice indices must be integers or None or have an __index__ method')
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: range(0, 10)[::0], _msg="slice step cannot be zero")
+assert_raises(
+    TypeError,
+    lambda: range(0, 10)["a":],
+    _msg="slice indices must be integers or None or have an __index__ method",
+)
 
 # count tests
 assert range(10).count(2) == 1
@@ -64,22 +68,22 @@
 assert range(10).__ne__(range(0, 11, 1)) is True
 assert range(0, 10, 3).__eq__(range(0, 11, 3)) is True
 assert range(0, 10, 3).__ne__(range(0, 11, 3)) is False
-#__lt__
+# __lt__
 assert range(1, 2, 3).__lt__(range(1, 2, 3)) == NotImplemented
 assert range(1, 2, 1).__lt__(range(1, 2)) == NotImplemented
 assert range(2).__lt__(range(0, 2)) == NotImplemented
 
-#__gt__
+# __gt__
 assert range(1, 2, 3).__gt__(range(1, 2, 3)) == NotImplemented
 assert range(1, 2, 1).__gt__(range(1, 2)) == NotImplemented
 assert range(2).__gt__(range(0, 2)) == NotImplemented
 
-#__le__
+# __le__
 assert range(1, 2, 3).__le__(range(1, 2, 3)) == NotImplemented
 assert range(1, 2, 1).__le__(range(1, 2)) == NotImplemented
 assert range(2).__le__(range(0, 2)) == NotImplemented
 
-#__ge__
+# __ge__
 assert range(1, 2, 3).__ge__(range(1, 2, 3)) == NotImplemented
 assert range(1, 2, 1).__ge__(range(1, 2)) == NotImplemented
 assert range(2).__ge__(range(0, 2)) == NotImplemented
@@ -101,12 +105,12 @@
 assert -1 not in range(10)
 assert 9 not in range(10, 4, -2)
 assert 4 not in range(10, 4, -2)
-assert 'foo' not in range(10)
+assert "foo" not in range(10)
 
 # __reversed__
 assert list(reversed(range(5))) == [4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
 assert list(reversed(range(5, 0, -1))) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-assert list(reversed(range(1,10,5))) == [6, 1]
+assert list(reversed(range(1, 10, 5))) == [6, 1]
 
 # __reduce__
 assert range(10).__reduce__()[0] == range
@@ -120,7 +124,7 @@
 
 # negative index
 assert range(10)[-1] == 9
-assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: range(10)[-11], _msg='out of bound')
+assert_raises(IndexError, lambda: range(10)[-11], _msg="out of bound")
 assert range(10)[-2:4] == range(8, 4)
 assert range(10)[-6:-2] == range(4, 8)
 assert range(50, 0, -2)[-5] == 10
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_reversed.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_reversed.py
index 261b5c3263..0ec2f2828b 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_reversed.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_reversed.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 assert list(reversed(range(5))) == [4, 3, 2, 1, 0]
 
-l = [5,4,3,2,1]
-assert list(reversed(l)) == [1,2,3,4,5]
+l = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
+assert list(reversed(l)) == [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_round.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_round.py
index b4b070c4cc..99c4ed1d27 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_round.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_round.py
@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 assert round(-1.5) == -2
 
 # ValueError: cannot convert float NaN to integer
-assert_raises(ValueError, round, float('nan'))
+assert_raises(ValueError, round, float("nan"))
 # OverflowError: cannot convert float infinity to integer
-assert_raises(OverflowError, round, float('inf'))
+assert_raises(OverflowError, round, float("inf"))
 # OverflowError: cannot convert float infinity to integer
-assert_raises(OverflowError, round, -float('inf'))
+assert_raises(OverflowError, round, -float("inf"))
 
 assert round(0) == 0
 assert isinstance(round(0), int)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_set.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_set.py
index 79f0602aea..1b2f6ff096 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_set.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_set.py
@@ -1,38 +1,54 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
-assert set([1,2]) == set([1,2])
-assert not set([1,2,3]) == set([1,2])
+assert set([1, 2]) == set([1, 2])
+assert not set([1, 2, 3]) == set([1, 2])
 
-assert set([1,2,3]) >= set([1,2])
-assert set([1,2]) >= set([1,2])
-assert not set([1,3]) >= set([1,2])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) >= set([1, 2])
+assert set([1, 2]) >= set([1, 2])
+assert not set([1, 3]) >= set([1, 2])
 
-assert set([1,2,3]).issuperset(set([1,2]))
-assert set([1,2]).issuperset(set([1,2]))
-assert not set([1,3]).issuperset(set([1,2]))
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).issuperset(set([1, 2]))
+assert set([1, 2]).issuperset(set([1, 2]))
+assert not set([1, 3]).issuperset(set([1, 2]))
 
-assert set([1,2,3]) > set([1,2])
-assert not set([1,2]) > set([1,2])
-assert not set([1,3]) > set([1,2])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) > set([1, 2])
+assert not set([1, 2]) > set([1, 2])
+assert not set([1, 3]) > set([1, 2])
 
-assert set([1,2]) <= set([1,2,3])
-assert set([1,2]) <= set([1,2])
-assert not set([1,3]) <= set([1,2])
+assert set([1, 2]) <= set([1, 2, 3])
+assert set([1, 2]) <= set([1, 2])
+assert not set([1, 3]) <= set([1, 2])
 
-assert set([1,2]).issubset(set([1,2,3]))
-assert set([1,2]).issubset(set([1,2]))
-assert not set([1,3]).issubset(set([1,2]))
+assert set([1, 2]).issubset(set([1, 2, 3]))
+assert set([1, 2]).issubset(set([1, 2]))
+assert not set([1, 3]).issubset(set([1, 2]))
 
-assert set([1,2]) < set([1,2,3])
-assert not set([1,2]) < set([1,2])
-assert not set([1,3]) < set([1,2])
+assert set([1, 2]) < set([1, 2, 3])
+assert not set([1, 2]) < set([1, 2])
+assert not set([1, 3]) < set([1, 2])
 
 assert (set() == []) is False
 assert set().__eq__([]) == NotImplemented
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set() < [], _msg="'<' not supported between instances of 'set' and 'list'")
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set() <= [], _msg="'<=' not supported between instances of 'set' and 'list'")
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set() > [], _msg="'>' not supported between instances of 'set' and 'list'")
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set() >= [], _msg="'>=' not supported between instances of 'set' and 'list'")
+assert_raises(
+    TypeError,
+    lambda: set() < [],
+    _msg="'<' not supported between instances of 'set' and 'list'",
+)
+assert_raises(
+    TypeError,
+    lambda: set() <= [],
+    _msg="'<=' not supported between instances of 'set' and 'list'",
+)
+assert_raises(
+    TypeError,
+    lambda: set() > [],
+    _msg="'>' not supported between instances of 'set' and 'list'",
+)
+assert_raises(
+    TypeError,
+    lambda: set() >= [],
+    _msg="'>=' not supported between instances of 'set' and 'list'",
+)
 assert set().issuperset([])
 assert set().issubset([])
 assert not set().issuperset([1, 2, 3])
@@ -47,6 +63,7 @@
 assert_raises(TypeError, set().issuperset, 3, _msg="'int' object is not iterable")
 assert_raises(TypeError, set().issubset, 3, _msg="'int' object is not iterable")
 
+
 class Hashable(object):
     def __init__(self, obj):
         self.obj = obj
@@ -57,6 +74,7 @@ def __repr__(self):
     def __hash__(self):
         return id(self)
 
+
 assert repr(set()) == "set()"
 assert repr(set([1, 2, 3])) == "{1, 2, 3}"
 
@@ -64,9 +82,11 @@ def __hash__(self):
 recursive.add(Hashable(recursive))
 assert repr(recursive) == "{set(...)}"
 
+
 class S(set):
     pass
 
+
 assert repr(S()) == "S()"
 assert repr(S([1, 2, 3])) == "S({1, 2, 3})"
 
@@ -79,44 +99,44 @@ class S(set):
 a.clear()
 assert len(a) == 0
 
-assert set([1,2,3]).union(set([4,5])) == set([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert set([1,2,3]).union(set([1,2,3,4,5])) == set([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert set([1,2,3]).union([1,2,3,4,5]) == set([1,2,3,4,5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).union(set([4, 5])) == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).union(set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])) == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).union([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert set([1,2,3]) | set([4,5]) == set([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert set([1,2,3]) | set([1,2,3,4,5]) == set([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set([1,2,3]) | [1,2,3,4,5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) | set([4, 5]) == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) | set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set([1, 2, 3]) | [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert set([1,2,3]).intersection(set([1,2])) == set([1,2])
-assert set([1,2,3]).intersection(set([5,6])) == set([])
-assert set([1,2,3]).intersection([1,2]) == set([1,2])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).intersection(set([1, 2])) == set([1, 2])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).intersection(set([5, 6])) == set([])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).intersection([1, 2]) == set([1, 2])
 
-assert set([1,2,3]) & set([4,5]) == set([])
-assert set([1,2,3]) & set([1,2,3,4,5]) == set([1,2,3])
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set([1,2,3]) & [1,2,3,4,5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) & set([4, 5]) == set([])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) & set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == set([1, 2, 3])
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set([1, 2, 3]) & [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert set([1,2,3]).difference(set([1,2])) == set([3])
-assert set([1,2,3]).difference(set([5,6])) == set([1,2,3])
-assert set([1,2,3]).difference([1,2]) == set([3])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).difference(set([1, 2])) == set([3])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).difference(set([5, 6])) == set([1, 2, 3])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).difference([1, 2]) == set([3])
 
-assert set([1,2,3]) - set([4,5]) == set([1,2,3])
-assert set([1,2,3]) - set([1,2,3,4,5]) == set([])
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set([1,2,3]) - [1,2,3,4,5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) - set([4, 5]) == set([1, 2, 3])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) - set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == set([])
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set([1, 2, 3]) - [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert set([1,2]).__sub__(set([2,3])) == set([1])
-assert set([1,2]).__rsub__(set([2,3])) == set([3])
+assert set([1, 2]).__sub__(set([2, 3])) == set([1])
+assert set([1, 2]).__rsub__(set([2, 3])) == set([3])
 
-assert set([1,2,3]).symmetric_difference(set([1,2])) == set([3])
-assert set([1,2,3]).symmetric_difference(set([5,6])) == set([1,2,3,5,6])
-assert set([1,2,3]).symmetric_difference([1,2]) == set([3])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).symmetric_difference(set([1, 2])) == set([3])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).symmetric_difference(set([5, 6])) == set([1, 2, 3, 5, 6])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).symmetric_difference([1, 2]) == set([3])
 
-assert set([1,2,3]) ^ set([4,5]) == set([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert set([1,2,3]) ^ set([1,2,3,4,5]) == set([4,5])
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set([1,2,3]) ^ [1,2,3,4,5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) ^ set([4, 5]) == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) ^ set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == set([4, 5])
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set([1, 2, 3]) ^ [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert set([1,2,3]).isdisjoint(set([5,6])) == True
-assert set([1,2,3]).isdisjoint(set([2,5,6])) == False
-assert set([1,2,3]).isdisjoint([5,6]) == True
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).isdisjoint(set([5, 6])) == True
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).isdisjoint(set([2, 5, 6])) == False
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).isdisjoint([5, 6]) == True
 
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set() & [])
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: set() | [])
@@ -132,7 +152,7 @@ class S(set):
 assert not 1 in a
 assert a.discard(42) is None
 
-a = set([1,2,3])
+a = set([1, 2, 3])
 b = a.copy()
 assert len(a) == 3
 assert len(b) == 3
@@ -140,71 +160,71 @@ class S(set):
 assert len(a) == 3
 assert len(b) == 0
 
-a = set([1,2])
+a = set([1, 2])
 b = a.pop()
-assert b in [1,2]
+assert b in [1, 2]
 c = a.pop()
-assert (c in [1,2] and c != b)
+assert c in [1, 2] and c != b
 assert_raises(KeyError, lambda: a.pop())
 
-a = set([1,2,3])
-a.update([3,4,5])
-assert a == set([1,2,3,4,5])
+a = set([1, 2, 3])
+a.update([3, 4, 5])
+assert a == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a.update(1))
 
-a = set([1,2,3])
+a = set([1, 2, 3])
 b = set()
 for e in a:
-	assert e == 1 or e == 2 or e == 3
-	b.add(e)
+    assert e == 1 or e == 2 or e == 3
+    b.add(e)
 assert a == b
 
-a = set([1,2,3])
-a |= set([3,4,5])
-assert a == set([1,2,3,4,5])
+a = set([1, 2, 3])
+a |= set([3, 4, 5])
+assert a == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	a |= 1
+    a |= 1
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	a |= [1,2,3]
+    a |= [1, 2, 3]
 
-a = set([1,2,3])
-a.intersection_update([2,3,4,5])
-assert a == set([2,3])
+a = set([1, 2, 3])
+a.intersection_update([2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert a == set([2, 3])
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a.intersection_update(1))
 
-a = set([1,2,3])
-a &= set([2,3,4,5])
-assert a == set([2,3])
+a = set([1, 2, 3])
+a &= set([2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert a == set([2, 3])
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	a &= 1
+    a &= 1
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	a &= [1,2,3]
+    a &= [1, 2, 3]
 
-a = set([1,2,3])
-a.difference_update([3,4,5])
-assert a == set([1,2])
+a = set([1, 2, 3])
+a.difference_update([3, 4, 5])
+assert a == set([1, 2])
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a.difference_update(1))
 
-a = set([1,2,3])
-a -= set([3,4,5])
-assert a == set([1,2])
+a = set([1, 2, 3])
+a -= set([3, 4, 5])
+assert a == set([1, 2])
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	a -= 1
+    a -= 1
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	a -= [1,2,3]
+    a -= [1, 2, 3]
 
-a = set([1,2,3])
-a.symmetric_difference_update([3,4,5])
-assert a == set([1,2,4,5])
+a = set([1, 2, 3])
+a.symmetric_difference_update([3, 4, 5])
+assert a == set([1, 2, 4, 5])
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: a.difference_update(1))
 
-a = set([1,2,3])
-a ^= set([3,4,5])
-assert a == set([1,2,4,5])
+a = set([1, 2, 3])
+a ^= set([3, 4, 5])
+assert a == set([1, 2, 4, 5])
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	a ^= 1
+    a ^= 1
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	a ^= [1,2,3]
+    a ^= [1, 2, 3]
 
 a = set([1, 2, 3])
 i = iter(a)
@@ -218,142 +238,154 @@ class S(set):
 
 # frozen set
 
-assert frozenset([1,2]) == frozenset([1,2])
-assert not frozenset([1,2,3]) == frozenset([1,2])
+assert frozenset([1, 2]) == frozenset([1, 2])
+assert not frozenset([1, 2, 3]) == frozenset([1, 2])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) >= frozenset([1,2])
-assert frozenset([1,2]) >= frozenset([1,2])
-assert not frozenset([1,3]) >= frozenset([1,2])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) >= frozenset([1, 2])
+assert frozenset([1, 2]) >= frozenset([1, 2])
+assert not frozenset([1, 3]) >= frozenset([1, 2])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).issuperset(frozenset([1,2]))
-assert frozenset([1,2]).issuperset(frozenset([1,2]))
-assert not frozenset([1,3]).issuperset(frozenset([1,2]))
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).issuperset(frozenset([1, 2]))
+assert frozenset([1, 2]).issuperset(frozenset([1, 2]))
+assert not frozenset([1, 3]).issuperset(frozenset([1, 2]))
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) > frozenset([1,2])
-assert not frozenset([1,2]) > frozenset([1,2])
-assert not frozenset([1,3]) > frozenset([1,2])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) > frozenset([1, 2])
+assert not frozenset([1, 2]) > frozenset([1, 2])
+assert not frozenset([1, 3]) > frozenset([1, 2])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2]) <= frozenset([1,2,3])
-assert frozenset([1,2]) <= frozenset([1,2])
-assert not frozenset([1,3]) <= frozenset([1,2])
+assert frozenset([1, 2]) <= frozenset([1, 2, 3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2]) <= frozenset([1, 2])
+assert not frozenset([1, 3]) <= frozenset([1, 2])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2]).issubset(frozenset([1,2,3]))
-assert frozenset([1,2]).issubset(frozenset([1,2]))
-assert not frozenset([1,3]).issubset(frozenset([1,2]))
+assert frozenset([1, 2]).issubset(frozenset([1, 2, 3]))
+assert frozenset([1, 2]).issubset(frozenset([1, 2]))
+assert not frozenset([1, 3]).issubset(frozenset([1, 2]))
 
-assert frozenset([1,2]) < frozenset([1,2,3])
-assert not frozenset([1,2]) < frozenset([1,2])
-assert not frozenset([1,3]) < frozenset([1,2])
+assert frozenset([1, 2]) < frozenset([1, 2, 3])
+assert not frozenset([1, 2]) < frozenset([1, 2])
+assert not frozenset([1, 3]) < frozenset([1, 2])
 
 a = frozenset([1, 2, 3])
 assert len(a) == 3
 b = a.copy()
 assert b == a
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).union(frozenset([4,5])) == frozenset([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).union(frozenset([1,2,3,4,5])) == frozenset([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).union([1,2,3,4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3,4,5])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).union(frozenset([4, 5])) == frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).union(frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])) == frozenset(
+    [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+)
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).union([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) | frozenset([4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) | frozenset([1,2,3,4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: frozenset([1,2,3]) | [1,2,3,4,5])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) | frozenset([4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) | frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: frozenset([1, 2, 3]) | [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).intersection(frozenset([1,2])) == frozenset([1,2])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).intersection(frozenset([5,6])) == frozenset([])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).intersection([1,2]) == frozenset([1,2])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).intersection(frozenset([1, 2])) == frozenset([1, 2])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).intersection(frozenset([5, 6])) == frozenset([])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).intersection([1, 2]) == frozenset([1, 2])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) & frozenset([4,5]) == frozenset([])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) & frozenset([1,2,3,4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3])
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: frozenset([1,2,3]) & [1,2,3,4,5])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) & frozenset([4, 5]) == frozenset([])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) & frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3])
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: frozenset([1, 2, 3]) & [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).difference(frozenset([1,2])) == frozenset([3])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).difference(frozenset([5,6])) == frozenset([1,2,3])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).difference([1,2]) == frozenset([3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).difference(frozenset([1, 2])) == frozenset([3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).difference(frozenset([5, 6])) == frozenset([1, 2, 3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).difference([1, 2]) == frozenset([3])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) - frozenset([4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) - frozenset([1,2,3,4,5]) == frozenset([])
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: frozenset([1,2,3]) - [1,2,3,4,5])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) - frozenset([4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) - frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == frozenset([])
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: frozenset([1, 2, 3]) - [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2]).__sub__(frozenset([2,3])) == frozenset([1])
-assert frozenset([1,2]).__rsub__(frozenset([2,3])) == frozenset([3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2]).__sub__(frozenset([2, 3])) == frozenset([1])
+assert frozenset([1, 2]).__rsub__(frozenset([2, 3])) == frozenset([3])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).symmetric_difference(frozenset([1,2])) == frozenset([3])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).symmetric_difference(frozenset([5,6])) == frozenset([1,2,3,5,6])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).symmetric_difference([1,2]) == frozenset([3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).symmetric_difference(frozenset([1, 2])) == frozenset([3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).symmetric_difference(frozenset([5, 6])) == frozenset(
+    [1, 2, 3, 5, 6]
+)
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).symmetric_difference([1, 2]) == frozenset([3])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) ^ frozenset([4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) ^ frozenset([1,2,3,4,5]) == frozenset([4,5])
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: frozenset([1,2,3]) ^ [1,2,3,4,5])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) ^ frozenset([4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) ^ frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == frozenset([4, 5])
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: frozenset([1, 2, 3]) ^ [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).isdisjoint(frozenset([5,6])) == True
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).isdisjoint(frozenset([2,5,6])) == False
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).isdisjoint([5,6]) == True
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).isdisjoint(frozenset([5, 6])) == True
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).isdisjoint(frozenset([2, 5, 6])) == False
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).isdisjoint([5, 6]) == True
 
 assert_raises(TypeError, frozenset, [[]])
 
-a = frozenset([1,2,3])
+a = frozenset([1, 2, 3])
 b = set()
 for e in a:
-	assert e == 1 or e == 2 or e == 3
-	b.add(e)
+    assert e == 1 or e == 2 or e == 3
+    b.add(e)
 assert a == b
 
 # set and frozen set
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).union(set([4,5])) == frozenset([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert set([1,2,3]).union(frozenset([4,5])) == set([1,2,3,4,5])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).union(set([4, 5])) == frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).union(frozenset([4, 5])) == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) | set([4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) | frozenset([4, 5]) == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) | set([4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert set([1,2,3]) | frozenset([4,5]) == set([1,2,3,4,5])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).intersection(set([5, 6])) == frozenset([])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).intersection(frozenset([5, 6])) == set([])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).intersection(set([5,6])) == frozenset([])
-assert set([1,2,3]).intersection(frozenset([5,6])) == set([])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) & set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) & frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) == set([1, 2, 3])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) & set([1,2,3,4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3])
-assert set([1,2,3]) & frozenset([1,2,3,4,5]) == set([1,2,3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).difference(set([5, 6])) == frozenset([1, 2, 3])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).difference(frozenset([5, 6])) == set([1, 2, 3])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).difference(set([5,6])) == frozenset([1,2,3])
-assert set([1,2,3]).difference(frozenset([5,6])) == set([1,2,3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) - set([4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) - frozenset([4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) - set([4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3])
-assert set([1,2,3]) - frozenset([4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2]).__sub__(set([2, 3])) == frozenset([1])
+assert frozenset([1, 2]).__rsub__(set([2, 3])) == set([3])
+assert set([1, 2]).__sub__(frozenset([2, 3])) == set([1])
+assert set([1, 2]).__rsub__(frozenset([2, 3])) == frozenset([3])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2]).__sub__(set([2,3])) == frozenset([1])
-assert frozenset([1,2]).__rsub__(set([2,3])) == set([3])
-assert set([1,2]).__sub__(frozenset([2,3])) == set([1])
-assert set([1,2]).__rsub__(frozenset([2,3])) == frozenset([3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]).symmetric_difference(set([1, 2])) == frozenset([3])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]).symmetric_difference(frozenset([1, 2])) == set([3])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]).symmetric_difference(set([1,2])) == frozenset([3])
-assert set([1,2,3]).symmetric_difference(frozenset([1,2])) == set([3])
+assert frozenset([1, 2, 3]) ^ set([4, 5]) == frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+assert set([1, 2, 3]) ^ frozenset([4, 5]) == set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 
-assert frozenset([1,2,3]) ^ set([4,5]) == frozenset([1,2,3,4,5])
-assert set([1,2,3]) ^ frozenset([4,5]) == set([1,2,3,4,5])
 
 class A:
     def __hash__(self):
         return 1
+
+
 class B:
     def __hash__(self):
         return 1
 
+
 s = {1, A(), B()}
 assert len(s) == 3
 
 s = {True}
 s.add(1.0)
-assert str(s) == '{True}'
+assert str(s) == "{True}"
+
 
 class EqObject:
     def __init__(self, eq):
         self.eq = eq
+
     def __eq__(self, other):
         return self.eq
+
     def __hash__(self):
         return bool(self.eq)
 
-assert 'x' == (EqObject('x') == EqObject('x'))
-s = {EqObject('x')}
-assert EqObject('x') in s
-assert '[]' == (EqObject('[]') == EqObject('[]'))
+
+assert "x" == (EqObject("x") == EqObject("x"))
+s = {EqObject("x")}
+assert EqObject("x") in s
+assert "[]" == (EqObject("[]") == EqObject("[]"))
 s = {EqObject([])}
 assert EqObject([]) not in s
 x = object()
@@ -372,8 +404,8 @@ def __hash__(self):
 assert frozenset().__ne__(1) == NotImplemented
 
 empty_set = set()
-non_empty_set = set([1,2,3])
-set_from_literal = {1,2,3}
+non_empty_set = set([1, 2, 3])
+set_from_literal = {1, 2, 3}
 
 assert 1 in non_empty_set
 assert 4 not in non_empty_set
@@ -382,8 +414,8 @@ def __hash__(self):
 assert 4 not in set_from_literal
 
 # TODO: Assert that empty aruguments raises exception.
-non_empty_set.add('a')
-assert 'a' in non_empty_set
+non_empty_set.add("a")
+assert "a" in non_empty_set
 
 # TODO: Assert that empty arguments, or item not in set raises exception.
 non_empty_set.remove(1)
@@ -394,8 +426,10 @@ def __hash__(self):
 assert repr(frozenset()) == "frozenset()"
 assert repr(frozenset([1, 2, 3])) == "frozenset({1, 2, 3})"
 
+
 class FS(frozenset):
     pass
 
+
 assert repr(FS()) == "FS()"
 assert repr(FS([1, 2, 3])) == "FS({1, 2, 3})"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_slice.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_slice.py
index b5c3a8ceb4..9a5c1bc78d 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_slice.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_slice.py
@@ -10,16 +10,16 @@
 assert a.stop == 10
 assert a.step == 1
 
-assert slice(10).__repr__() == 'slice(None, 10, None)'
-assert slice(None).__repr__() == 'slice(None, None, None)'
-assert slice(0, 10, 13).__repr__() == 'slice(0, 10, 13)'
-assert slice('0', 1.1, 2+3j).__repr__() == "slice('0', 1.1, (2+3j))"
+assert slice(10).__repr__() == "slice(None, 10, None)"
+assert slice(None).__repr__() == "slice(None, None, None)"
+assert slice(0, 10, 13).__repr__() == "slice(0, 10, 13)"
+assert slice("0", 1.1, 2 + 3j).__repr__() == "slice('0', 1.1, (2+3j))"
 
 assert slice(10) == slice(10)
 assert slice(-1) != slice(1)
 assert slice(0, 10, 3) != slice(0, 11, 3)
-assert slice(0, None, 3) != slice(0, 'a', 3)
-assert slice(0, 'a', 3) == slice(0, 'a', 3)
+assert slice(0, None, 3) != slice(0, "a", 3)
+assert slice(0, "a", 3) == slice(0, "a", 3)
 
 assert slice(0, 0, 0).__eq__(slice(0, 0, 0))
 assert not slice(0, 0, 1).__eq__(slice(0, 0, 0))
@@ -65,29 +65,29 @@
 assert not slice(0, 0, 0) > slice(0, 0, 0)
 assert not slice(0, 0, 0) < slice(0, 0, 0)
 
-assert not slice(0, float('nan'), float('nan')) <= slice(0, float('nan'), 1)
-assert not slice(0, float('nan'), float('nan')) <= slice(0, float('nan'), float('nan'))
-assert not slice(0, float('nan'), float('nan')) >= slice(0, float('nan'), float('nan'))
-assert not slice(0, float('nan'), float('nan')) < slice(0, float('nan'), float('nan'))
-assert not slice(0, float('nan'), float('nan')) > slice(0, float('nan'), float('nan'))
+assert not slice(0, float("nan"), float("nan")) <= slice(0, float("nan"), 1)
+assert not slice(0, float("nan"), float("nan")) <= slice(0, float("nan"), float("nan"))
+assert not slice(0, float("nan"), float("nan")) >= slice(0, float("nan"), float("nan"))
+assert not slice(0, float("nan"), float("nan")) < slice(0, float("nan"), float("nan"))
+assert not slice(0, float("nan"), float("nan")) > slice(0, float("nan"), float("nan"))
 
-assert slice(0, float('inf'), float('inf')) >= slice(0, float('inf'), 1)
-assert slice(0, float('inf'), float('inf')) <= slice(0, float('inf'), float('inf'))
-assert slice(0, float('inf'), float('inf')) >= slice(0, float('inf'), float('inf'))
-assert not slice(0, float('inf'), float('inf')) < slice(0, float('inf'), float('inf'))
-assert not slice(0, float('inf'), float('inf')) > slice(0, float('inf'), float('inf'))
+assert slice(0, float("inf"), float("inf")) >= slice(0, float("inf"), 1)
+assert slice(0, float("inf"), float("inf")) <= slice(0, float("inf"), float("inf"))
+assert slice(0, float("inf"), float("inf")) >= slice(0, float("inf"), float("inf"))
+assert not slice(0, float("inf"), float("inf")) < slice(0, float("inf"), float("inf"))
+assert not slice(0, float("inf"), float("inf")) > slice(0, float("inf"), float("inf"))
 
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: slice(0) < 3)
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: slice(0) > 3)
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: slice(0) <= 3)
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: slice(0) >= 3)
 
-assert slice(None           ).indices(10) == (0, 10,  1)
-assert slice(None,  None,  2).indices(10) == (0, 10,  2)
-assert slice(1,     None,  2).indices(10) == (1, 10,  2)
-assert slice(None,  None, -1).indices(10) == (9, -1, -1)
-assert slice(None,  None, -2).indices(10) == (9, -1, -2)
-assert slice(3,     None, -2).indices(10) == (3, -1, -2)
+assert slice(None).indices(10) == (0, 10, 1)
+assert slice(None, None, 2).indices(10) == (0, 10, 2)
+assert slice(1, None, 2).indices(10) == (1, 10, 2)
+assert slice(None, None, -1).indices(10) == (9, -1, -1)
+assert slice(None, None, -2).indices(10) == (9, -1, -2)
+assert slice(3, None, -2).indices(10) == (3, -1, -2)
 
 # issue 3004 tests
 assert slice(None, -9).indices(10) == (0, 1, 1)
@@ -103,21 +103,17 @@
 assert slice(None, 9, -1).indices(10) == (9, 9, -1)
 assert slice(None, 10, -1).indices(10) == (9, 9, -1)
 
-assert \
-    slice(-100,  100).indices(10) == \
-    slice(None      ).indices(10)
+assert slice(-100, 100).indices(10) == slice(None).indices(10)
 
-assert \
-    slice(100,  -100,  -1).indices(10) == \
-    slice(None, None, -1).indices(10)
+assert slice(100, -100, -1).indices(10) == slice(None, None, -1).indices(10)
 
-assert slice(-100, 100, 2).indices(10) == (0, 10,  2)
+assert slice(-100, 100, 2).indices(10) == (0, 10, 2)
 
 try:
-	slice(None, None, 0)
-	assert "zero step" == "throws an exception"
+    slice(None, None, 0)
+    assert "zero step" == "throws an exception"
 except:
-	pass
+    pass
 
 a = []
 b = [1, 2]
@@ -167,8 +163,8 @@ def __index__(self):
         return self.x
 
 
-assert c[CustomIndex(1):CustomIndex(3)] == [1, 2]
-assert d[CustomIndex(1):CustomIndex(3)] == "23"
+assert c[CustomIndex(1) : CustomIndex(3)] == [1, 2]
+assert d[CustomIndex(1) : CustomIndex(3)] == "23"
 
 
 def test_all_slices():
@@ -176,7 +172,7 @@ def test_all_slices():
     test all possible slices except big number
     """
 
-    mod = __import__('cpython_generated_slices')
+    mod = __import__("cpython_generated_slices")
 
     ll = mod.LL
     start = mod.START
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str.py
index cd7133e355..1b9a7bde1a 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str.py
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises, AssertRaises, skip_if_unsupported
 
 assert "".__eq__(1) == NotImplemented
-assert "a" == 'a'
+assert "a" == "a"
 assert """a""" == "a"
 assert len(""" " "" " "" """) == 11
-assert "\"" == '"'
-assert "\"" == """\""""
+assert '"' == '"'
+assert '"' == """\""""
 
-assert "\n" == """
+assert (
+    "\n"
+    == """
 """
+)
 
 assert len(""" " \" """) == 5
 assert len("é") == 1
@@ -30,7 +33,7 @@
 assert repr("a") == "'a'"
 assert repr("can't") == '"can\'t"'
 assert repr('"won\'t"') == "'\"won\\'t\"'"
-assert repr('\n\t') == "'\\n\\t'"
+assert repr("\n\t") == "'\\n\\t'"
 
 assert str(["a", "b", "can't"]) == "['a', 'b', \"can't\"]"
 
@@ -42,22 +45,22 @@
 assert 0 * "x" == ""
 assert -1 * "x" == ""
 
-assert_raises(OverflowError, lambda: 'xy' * 234234234234234234234234234234)
-
-a = 'Hallo'
-assert a.lower() == 'hallo'
-assert a.upper() == 'HALLO'
-assert a.startswith('H')
-assert a.startswith(('H', 1))
-assert a.startswith(('A', 'H'))
-assert not a.startswith('f')
-assert not a.startswith(('A', 'f'))
-assert a.endswith('llo')
-assert a.endswith(('lo', 1))
-assert a.endswith(('A', 'lo'))
-assert not a.endswith('on')
-assert not a.endswith(('A', 'll'))
-assert a.zfill(8) == '000Hallo'
+assert_raises(OverflowError, lambda: "xy" * 234234234234234234234234234234)
+
+a = "Hallo"
+assert a.lower() == "hallo"
+assert a.upper() == "HALLO"
+assert a.startswith("H")
+assert a.startswith(("H", 1))
+assert a.startswith(("A", "H"))
+assert not a.startswith("f")
+assert not a.startswith(("A", "f"))
+assert a.endswith("llo")
+assert a.endswith(("lo", 1))
+assert a.endswith(("A", "lo"))
+assert not a.endswith("on")
+assert not a.endswith(("A", "ll"))
+assert a.zfill(8) == "000Hallo"
 assert a.isalnum()
 assert not a.isdigit()
 assert not a.isdecimal()
@@ -65,34 +68,34 @@
 assert a.istitle()
 assert a.isalpha()
 
-s = '1 2 3'
-assert s.split(' ', 1) == ['1', '2 3']
-assert s.rsplit(' ', 1) == ['1 2', '3']
-
-b = '  hallo  '
-assert b.strip() == 'hallo'
-assert b.lstrip() == 'hallo  '
-assert b.rstrip() == '  hallo'
-
-s = '^*RustPython*^'
-assert s.strip('^*') == 'RustPython'
-assert s.lstrip('^*') == 'RustPython*^'
-assert s.rstrip('^*') == '^*RustPython'
-
-s = 'RustPython'
-assert s.ljust(8) == 'RustPython'
-assert s.rjust(8) == 'RustPython'
-assert s.ljust(12) == 'RustPython  '
-assert s.rjust(12) == '  RustPython'
-assert s.ljust(12, '_') == 'RustPython__'
-assert s.rjust(12, '_') == '__RustPython'
+s = "1 2 3"
+assert s.split(" ", 1) == ["1", "2 3"]
+assert s.rsplit(" ", 1) == ["1 2", "3"]
+
+b = "  hallo  "
+assert b.strip() == "hallo"
+assert b.lstrip() == "hallo  "
+assert b.rstrip() == "  hallo"
+
+s = "^*RustPython*^"
+assert s.strip("^*") == "RustPython"
+assert s.lstrip("^*") == "RustPython*^"
+assert s.rstrip("^*") == "^*RustPython"
+
+s = "RustPython"
+assert s.ljust(8) == "RustPython"
+assert s.rjust(8) == "RustPython"
+assert s.ljust(12) == "RustPython  "
+assert s.rjust(12) == "  RustPython"
+assert s.ljust(12, "_") == "RustPython__"
+assert s.rjust(12, "_") == "__RustPython"
 # The fill character must be exactly one character long
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: s.ljust(12, '__'))
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: s.rjust(12, '__'))
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: s.ljust(12, "__"))
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: s.rjust(12, "__"))
 
-c = 'hallo'
-assert c.capitalize() == 'Hallo'
-assert c.center(11, '-') == '---hallo---'
+c = "hallo"
+assert c.capitalize() == "Hallo"
+assert c.center(11, "-") == "---hallo---"
 assert ["koki".center(i, "|") for i in range(3, 10)] == [
     "koki",
     "koki",
@@ -118,110 +121,157 @@
 
 # requires CPython 3.7, and the CI currently runs with 3.6
 # assert c.isascii()
-assert c.index('a') == 1
-assert c.rindex('l') == 3
-assert c.find('h') == 0
-assert c.rfind('x') == -1
+assert c.index("a") == 1
+assert c.rindex("l") == 3
+assert c.find("h") == 0
+assert c.rfind("x") == -1
 assert c.islower()
-assert c.title() == 'Hallo'
-assert c.count('l') == 2
-
-assert 'aaa'.count('a') == 3
-assert 'aaa'.count('a', 1) == 2
-assert 'aaa'.count('a', 1, 2) == 1
-assert 'aaa'.count('a', 2, 2) == 0
-assert 'aaa'.count('a', 2, 1) == 0
-
-assert '___a__'.find('a') == 3
-assert '___a__'.find('a', -10) == 3
-assert '___a__'.find('a', -3) == 3
-assert '___a__'.find('a', -2) == -1
-assert '___a__'.find('a', -1) == -1
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 0) == 3
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 3) == 3
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 4) == -1
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 10) == -1
-assert '___a__'.rfind('a', 3) == 3
-assert '___a__'.index('a', 3) == 3
-
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 0, -10) == -1
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 0, -3) == -1
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 0, -2) == 3
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 0, -1) == 3
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 0, 0) == -1
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 0, 3) == -1
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 0, 4) == 3
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 0, 10) == 3
-
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 3, 3) == -1
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 3, 4) == 3
-assert '___a__'.find('a', 4, 3) == -1
-
-assert 'abcd'.startswith('b', 1)
-assert 'abcd'.startswith(('b', 'z'), 1)
-assert not 'abcd'.startswith('b', -4)
-assert 'abcd'.startswith('b', -3)
-
-assert not 'abcd'.startswith('b', 3, 3)
-assert 'abcd'.startswith('', 3, 3)
-assert not 'abcd'.startswith('', 4, 3)
-
-assert '   '.isspace()
-assert 'hello\nhallo\nHallo'.splitlines() == ['hello', 'hallo', 'Hallo']
-assert 'hello\nhallo\nHallo\n'.splitlines() == ['hello', 'hallo', 'Hallo']
-assert 'hello\nhallo\nHallo'.splitlines(keepends=True) == ['hello\n', 'hallo\n', 'Hallo']
-assert 'hello\nhallo\nHallo\n'.splitlines(keepends=True) == ['hello\n', 'hallo\n', 'Hallo\n']
-assert 'hello\vhallo\x0cHallo\x1cHELLO\x1dhoho\x1ehaha\x85another\u2028yetanother\u2029last\r\n.'.splitlines() == ['hello', 'hallo', 'Hallo', 'HELLO', 'hoho', 'haha', 'another', 'yetanother', 'last', '.']
-assert 'hello\vhallo\x0cHallo\x1cHELLO\x1dhoho\x1ehaha\x85another\u2028yetanother\u2029last\r\n.'.splitlines(keepends=True) == ['hello\x0b', 'hallo\x0c', 'Hallo\x1c', 'HELLO\x1d', 'hoho\x1e', 'haha\x85', 'another\u2028', 'yetanother\u2029', 'last\r\n', '.']
-assert 'abc\t12345\txyz'.expandtabs() == 'abc     12345   xyz'
-assert '-'.join(['1', '2', '3']) == '1-2-3'
-assert 'HALLO'.isupper()
-assert "hello, my name is".partition("my ") == ('hello, ', 'my ', 'name is')
-assert "hello".partition("is") == ('hello', '', '')
-assert "hello, my name is".rpartition("is") == ('hello, my name ', 'is', '')
-assert "hello".rpartition("is") == ('', '', 'hello')
-assert not ''.isdecimal()
-assert '123'.isdecimal()
-assert not '\u00B2'.isdecimal()
-
-assert not ''.isidentifier()
-assert 'python'.isidentifier()
-assert '_'.isidentifier()
-assert '유니코드'.isidentifier()
-assert not '😂'.isidentifier()
-assert not '123'.isidentifier()
+assert c.title() == "Hallo"
+assert c.count("l") == 2
+
+assert "aaa".count("a") == 3
+assert "aaa".count("a", 1) == 2
+assert "aaa".count("a", 1, 2) == 1
+assert "aaa".count("a", 2, 2) == 0
+assert "aaa".count("a", 2, 1) == 0
+
+assert "___a__".find("a") == 3
+assert "___a__".find("a", -10) == 3
+assert "___a__".find("a", -3) == 3
+assert "___a__".find("a", -2) == -1
+assert "___a__".find("a", -1) == -1
+assert "___a__".find("a", 0) == 3
+assert "___a__".find("a", 3) == 3
+assert "___a__".find("a", 4) == -1
+assert "___a__".find("a", 10) == -1
+assert "___a__".rfind("a", 3) == 3
+assert "___a__".index("a", 3) == 3
+
+assert "___a__".find("a", 0, -10) == -1
+assert "___a__".find("a", 0, -3) == -1
+assert "___a__".find("a", 0, -2) == 3
+assert "___a__".find("a", 0, -1) == 3
+assert "___a__".find("a", 0, 0) == -1
+assert "___a__".find("a", 0, 3) == -1
+assert "___a__".find("a", 0, 4) == 3
+assert "___a__".find("a", 0, 10) == 3
+
+assert "___a__".find("a", 3, 3) == -1
+assert "___a__".find("a", 3, 4) == 3
+assert "___a__".find("a", 4, 3) == -1
+
+assert "abcd".startswith("b", 1)
+assert "abcd".startswith(("b", "z"), 1)
+assert not "abcd".startswith("b", -4)
+assert "abcd".startswith("b", -3)
+
+assert not "abcd".startswith("b", 3, 3)
+assert "abcd".startswith("", 3, 3)
+assert not "abcd".startswith("", 4, 3)
+
+assert "   ".isspace()
+assert "hello\nhallo\nHallo".splitlines() == ["hello", "hallo", "Hallo"]
+assert "hello\nhallo\nHallo\n".splitlines() == ["hello", "hallo", "Hallo"]
+assert "hello\nhallo\nHallo".splitlines(keepends=True) == [
+    "hello\n",
+    "hallo\n",
+    "Hallo",
+]
+assert "hello\nhallo\nHallo\n".splitlines(keepends=True) == [
+    "hello\n",
+    "hallo\n",
+    "Hallo\n",
+]
+assert (
+    "hello\vhallo\x0cHallo\x1cHELLO\x1dhoho\x1ehaha\x85another\u2028yetanother\u2029last\r\n.".splitlines()
+    == [
+        "hello",
+        "hallo",
+        "Hallo",
+        "HELLO",
+        "hoho",
+        "haha",
+        "another",
+        "yetanother",
+        "last",
+        ".",
+    ]
+)
+assert (
+    "hello\vhallo\x0cHallo\x1cHELLO\x1dhoho\x1ehaha\x85another\u2028yetanother\u2029last\r\n.".splitlines(
+        keepends=True
+    )
+    == [
+        "hello\x0b",
+        "hallo\x0c",
+        "Hallo\x1c",
+        "HELLO\x1d",
+        "hoho\x1e",
+        "haha\x85",
+        "another\u2028",
+        "yetanother\u2029",
+        "last\r\n",
+        ".",
+    ]
+)
+assert "abc\t12345\txyz".expandtabs() == "abc     12345   xyz"
+assert "-".join(["1", "2", "3"]) == "1-2-3"
+assert "HALLO".isupper()
+assert "hello, my name is".partition("my ") == ("hello, ", "my ", "name is")
+assert "hello".partition("is") == ("hello", "", "")
+assert "hello, my name is".rpartition("is") == ("hello, my name ", "is", "")
+assert "hello".rpartition("is") == ("", "", "hello")
+assert not "".isdecimal()
+assert "123".isdecimal()
+assert not "\u00b2".isdecimal()
+
+assert not "".isidentifier()
+assert "python".isidentifier()
+assert "_".isidentifier()
+assert "유니코드".isidentifier()
+assert not "😂".isidentifier()
+assert not "123".isidentifier()
 
 # String Formatting
 assert "{} {}".format(1, 2) == "1 2"
 assert "{0} {1}".format(2, 3) == "2 3"
 assert "--{:s>4}--".format(1) == "--sss1--"
 assert "{keyword} {0}".format(1, keyword=2) == "2 1"
-assert "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format(
-    'test1', 'test2'
-) == "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2", 'Output: {!r}, {!s}'.format('test1', 'test2')
+assert (
+    "repr() shows quotes: {!r}; str() doesn't: {!s}".format("test1", "test2")
+    == "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"
+), "Output: {!r}, {!s}".format("test1", "test2")
 
 
 class Foo:
     def __str__(self):
-        return 'str(Foo)'
+        return "str(Foo)"
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return 'repr(Foo)'
+        return "repr(Foo)"
 
 
 f = Foo()
-assert "{} {!s} {!r} {!a}".format(f, f, f, f) == 'str(Foo) str(Foo) repr(Foo) repr(Foo)'
-assert "{foo} {foo!s} {foo!r} {foo!a}".format(foo=f) == 'str(Foo) str(Foo) repr(Foo) repr(Foo)'
+assert "{} {!s} {!r} {!a}".format(f, f, f, f) == "str(Foo) str(Foo) repr(Foo) repr(Foo)"
+assert (
+    "{foo} {foo!s} {foo!r} {foo!a}".format(foo=f)
+    == "str(Foo) str(Foo) repr(Foo) repr(Foo)"
+)
 # assert '{} {!r} {:10} {!r:10} {foo!r:10} {foo!r} {foo}'.format('txt1', 'txt2', 'txt3', 'txt4', 'txt5', foo='bar')
 
 
 # Printf-style String formatting
 assert "%d %d" % (1, 2) == "1 2"
-assert "%*c  " % (3, '❤') == "  ❤  "
-assert "%(first)s %(second)s" % {'second': 'World!', 'first': "Hello,"} == "Hello, World!"
-assert "%(key())s" % {'key()': 'aaa'}
+assert "%*c  " % (3, "❤") == "  ❤  "
+assert (
+    "%(first)s %(second)s" % {"second": "World!", "first": "Hello,"} == "Hello, World!"
+)
+assert "%(key())s" % {"key()": "aaa"}
 assert "%s %a %r" % (f, f, f) == "str(Foo) repr(Foo) repr(Foo)"
-assert "repr() shows quotes: %r; str() doesn't: %s" % ("test1", "test2") == "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"
+assert (
+    "repr() shows quotes: %r; str() doesn't: %s" % ("test1", "test2")
+    == "repr() shows quotes: 'test1'; str() doesn't: test2"
+)
 assert "%f" % (1.2345) == "1.234500"
 assert "%+f" % (1.2345) == "+1.234500"
 assert "% f" % (1.2345) == " 1.234500"
@@ -229,111 +279,132 @@ def __repr__(self):
 assert "%f" % (1.23456789012) == "1.234568"
 assert "%f" % (123) == "123.000000"
 assert "%f" % (-123) == "-123.000000"
-assert "%e" % 1 == '1.000000e+00'
-assert "%e" % 0 == '0.000000e+00'
-assert "%e" % 0.1 == '1.000000e-01'
-assert "%e" % 10 == '1.000000e+01'
-assert "%.10e" % 1.2345678901234567890 == '1.2345678901e+00'
-assert '%e' % float('nan') == 'nan'
-assert '%e' % float('-nan') == 'nan'
-assert '%E' % float('nan') == 'NAN'
-assert '%e' % float('inf') == 'inf'
-assert '%e' % float('-inf') == '-inf'
-assert '%E' % float('inf') == 'INF'
-assert "%g" % 123456.78901234567890 == '123457'
-assert "%.0g" % 123456.78901234567890 == '1e+05'
-assert "%.1g" % 123456.78901234567890 == '1e+05'
-assert "%.2g" % 123456.78901234567890 == '1.2e+05'
-assert "%g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1.23457e+06'
-assert "%.0g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1e+06'
-assert "%.1g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1e+06'
-assert "%.2g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1.2e+06'
-assert "%.3g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1.23e+06'
-assert "%.5g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1.2346e+06'
-assert "%.6g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1.23457e+06'
-assert "%.7g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1234568'
-assert "%.8g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1234567.9'
-assert "%G" % 123456.78901234567890 == '123457'
-assert "%.0G" % 123456.78901234567890 == '1E+05'
-assert "%.1G" % 123456.78901234567890 == '1E+05'
-assert "%.2G" % 123456.78901234567890 == '1.2E+05'
-assert "%G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1.23457E+06'
-assert "%.0G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1E+06'
-assert "%.1G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1E+06'
-assert "%.2G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1.2E+06'
-assert "%.3G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1.23E+06'
-assert "%.5G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1.2346E+06'
-assert "%.6G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1.23457E+06'
-assert "%.7G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1234568'
-assert "%.8G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == '1234567.9'
-assert '%g' % 0.12345678901234567890 == '0.123457'
-assert '%g' % 0.12345678901234567890e-1 == '0.0123457'
-assert '%g' % 0.12345678901234567890e-2 == '0.00123457'
-assert '%g' % 0.12345678901234567890e-3 == '0.000123457'
-assert '%g' % 0.12345678901234567890e-4 == '1.23457e-05'
-assert '%g' % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == '1.23457e-06'
-assert '%.6g' % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == '1.23457e-06'
-assert '%.10g' % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == '1.23456789e-06'
-assert '%.20g' % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == '1.2345678901234567384e-06'
-assert '%G' % 0.12345678901234567890 == '0.123457'
-assert '%G' % 0.12345678901234567890E-1 == '0.0123457'
-assert '%G' % 0.12345678901234567890E-2 == '0.00123457'
-assert '%G' % 0.12345678901234567890E-3 == '0.000123457'
-assert '%G' % 0.12345678901234567890E-4 == '1.23457E-05'
-assert '%G' % 0.12345678901234567890E-5 == '1.23457E-06'
-assert '%.6G' % 0.12345678901234567890E-5 == '1.23457E-06'
-assert '%.10G' % 0.12345678901234567890E-5 == '1.23456789E-06'
-assert '%.20G' % 0.12345678901234567890E-5 == '1.2345678901234567384E-06'
-assert '%g' % float('nan') == 'nan'
-assert '%g' % float('-nan') == 'nan'
-assert '%G' % float('nan') == 'NAN'
-assert '%g' % float('inf') == 'inf'
-assert '%g' % float('-inf') == '-inf'
-assert '%G' % float('inf') == 'INF'
-assert "%.0g" % 1.020e-13 == '1e-13'
-assert "%.0g" % 1.020e-13 == '1e-13'
-assert "%.1g" % 1.020e-13 == '1e-13'
-assert "%.2g" % 1.020e-13 == '1e-13'
-assert "%.3g" % 1.020e-13 == '1.02e-13'
-assert "%.4g" % 1.020e-13 == '1.02e-13'
-assert "%.5g" % 1.020e-13 == '1.02e-13'
-assert "%.6g" % 1.020e-13 == '1.02e-13'
-assert "%.7g" % 1.020e-13 == '1.02e-13'
-assert "%g" % 1.020e-13 == '1.02e-13'
-assert "%g" % 1.020e-4 == '0.000102'
-
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: "My name is %s and I'm %(age)d years old" % ("Foo", 25), _msg='format requires a mapping')
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: "My name is %(name)s" % "Foo", _msg='format requires a mapping')
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: "This %(food}s is great!" % {"food": "cookie"}, _msg='incomplete format key')
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: "My name is %" % "Foo", _msg='incomplete format')
-
-assert 'a' < 'b'
-assert 'a' <= 'b'
-assert 'a' <= 'a'
-assert 'z' > 'b'
-assert 'z' >= 'b'
-assert 'a' >= 'a'
+assert "%e" % 1 == "1.000000e+00"
+assert "%e" % 0 == "0.000000e+00"
+assert "%e" % 0.1 == "1.000000e-01"
+assert "%e" % 10 == "1.000000e+01"
+assert "%.10e" % 1.2345678901234567890 == "1.2345678901e+00"
+assert "%e" % float("nan") == "nan"
+assert "%e" % float("-nan") == "nan"
+assert "%E" % float("nan") == "NAN"
+assert "%e" % float("inf") == "inf"
+assert "%e" % float("-inf") == "-inf"
+assert "%E" % float("inf") == "INF"
+assert "%g" % 123456.78901234567890 == "123457"
+assert "%.0g" % 123456.78901234567890 == "1e+05"
+assert "%.1g" % 123456.78901234567890 == "1e+05"
+assert "%.2g" % 123456.78901234567890 == "1.2e+05"
+assert "%g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1.23457e+06"
+assert "%.0g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1e+06"
+assert "%.1g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1e+06"
+assert "%.2g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1.2e+06"
+assert "%.3g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1.23e+06"
+assert "%.5g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1.2346e+06"
+assert "%.6g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1.23457e+06"
+assert "%.7g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1234568"
+assert "%.8g" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1234567.9"
+assert "%G" % 123456.78901234567890 == "123457"
+assert "%.0G" % 123456.78901234567890 == "1E+05"
+assert "%.1G" % 123456.78901234567890 == "1E+05"
+assert "%.2G" % 123456.78901234567890 == "1.2E+05"
+assert "%G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1.23457E+06"
+assert "%.0G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1E+06"
+assert "%.1G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1E+06"
+assert "%.2G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1.2E+06"
+assert "%.3G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1.23E+06"
+assert "%.5G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1.2346E+06"
+assert "%.6G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1.23457E+06"
+assert "%.7G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1234568"
+assert "%.8G" % 1234567.8901234567890 == "1234567.9"
+assert "%g" % 0.12345678901234567890 == "0.123457"
+assert "%g" % 0.12345678901234567890e-1 == "0.0123457"
+assert "%g" % 0.12345678901234567890e-2 == "0.00123457"
+assert "%g" % 0.12345678901234567890e-3 == "0.000123457"
+assert "%g" % 0.12345678901234567890e-4 == "1.23457e-05"
+assert "%g" % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == "1.23457e-06"
+assert "%.6g" % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == "1.23457e-06"
+assert "%.10g" % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == "1.23456789e-06"
+assert "%.20g" % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == "1.2345678901234567384e-06"
+assert "%G" % 0.12345678901234567890 == "0.123457"
+assert "%G" % 0.12345678901234567890e-1 == "0.0123457"
+assert "%G" % 0.12345678901234567890e-2 == "0.00123457"
+assert "%G" % 0.12345678901234567890e-3 == "0.000123457"
+assert "%G" % 0.12345678901234567890e-4 == "1.23457E-05"
+assert "%G" % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == "1.23457E-06"
+assert "%.6G" % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == "1.23457E-06"
+assert "%.10G" % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == "1.23456789E-06"
+assert "%.20G" % 0.12345678901234567890e-5 == "1.2345678901234567384E-06"
+assert "%g" % float("nan") == "nan"
+assert "%g" % float("-nan") == "nan"
+assert "%G" % float("nan") == "NAN"
+assert "%g" % float("inf") == "inf"
+assert "%g" % float("-inf") == "-inf"
+assert "%G" % float("inf") == "INF"
+assert "%.0g" % 1.020e-13 == "1e-13"
+assert "%.0g" % 1.020e-13 == "1e-13"
+assert "%.1g" % 1.020e-13 == "1e-13"
+assert "%.2g" % 1.020e-13 == "1e-13"
+assert "%.3g" % 1.020e-13 == "1.02e-13"
+assert "%.4g" % 1.020e-13 == "1.02e-13"
+assert "%.5g" % 1.020e-13 == "1.02e-13"
+assert "%.6g" % 1.020e-13 == "1.02e-13"
+assert "%.7g" % 1.020e-13 == "1.02e-13"
+assert "%g" % 1.020e-13 == "1.02e-13"
+assert "%g" % 1.020e-4 == "0.000102"
+
+assert_raises(
+    TypeError,
+    lambda: "My name is %s and I'm %(age)d years old" % ("Foo", 25),
+    _msg="format requires a mapping",
+)
+assert_raises(
+    TypeError, lambda: "My name is %(name)s" % "Foo", _msg="format requires a mapping"
+)
+assert_raises(
+    ValueError,
+    lambda: "This %(food}s is great!" % {"food": "cookie"},
+    _msg="incomplete format key",
+)
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: "My name is %" % "Foo", _msg="incomplete format")
+
+assert "a" < "b"
+assert "a" <= "b"
+assert "a" <= "a"
+assert "z" > "b"
+assert "z" >= "b"
+assert "a" >= "a"
 
 # str.translate
-assert "abc".translate({97: '🎅', 98: None, 99: "xd"}) == "🎅xd"
+assert "abc".translate({97: "🎅", 98: None, 99: "xd"}) == "🎅xd"
 
 # str.maketrans
 assert str.maketrans({"a": "abc", "b": None, "c": 33}) == {97: "abc", 98: None, 99: 33}
-assert str.maketrans("hello", "world", "rust") == {104: 119, 101: 111, 108: 108, 111: 100, 114: None, 117: None, 115: None, 116: None}
+assert str.maketrans("hello", "world", "rust") == {
+    104: 119,
+    101: 111,
+    108: 108,
+    111: 100,
+    114: None,
+    117: None,
+    115: None,
+    116: None,
+}
+
 
 def try_mutate_str():
-   word = "word"
-   word[0] = 'x'
+    word = "word"
+    word[0] = "x"
+
 
 assert_raises(TypeError, try_mutate_str)
 
-ss = ['Hello', '안녕', '👋']
-bs = [b'Hello', b'\xec\x95\x88\xeb\x85\x95', b'\xf0\x9f\x91\x8b']
+ss = ["Hello", "안녕", "👋"]
+bs = [b"Hello", b"\xec\x95\x88\xeb\x85\x95", b"\xf0\x9f\x91\x8b"]
 
 for s, b in zip(ss, bs):
     assert s.encode() == b
 
-for s, b, e in zip(ss, bs, ['u8', 'U8', 'utf-8', 'UTF-8', 'utf_8']):
+for s, b, e in zip(ss, bs, ["u8", "U8", "utf-8", "UTF-8", "utf_8"]):
     assert s.encode(e) == b
     # assert s.encode(encoding=e) == b
 
@@ -349,9 +420,9 @@ def try_mutate_str():
 assert "\u0037" == "7"
 assert "\u0040" == "@"
 assert "\u0041" == "A"
-assert "\u00BE" == "¾"
+assert "\u00be" == "¾"
 assert "\u9487" == "钇"
-assert "\U0001F609" == "😉"
+assert "\U0001f609" == "😉"
 
 # test str iter
 iterable_str = "12345678😉"
@@ -383,16 +454,16 @@ def try_mutate_str():
 assert next(str_iter_reversed, None) == None
 assert_raises(StopIteration, next, str_iter_reversed)
 
-assert str.__rmod__('%i', 30) == NotImplemented
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: str.__rmod__(30, '%i'))
+assert str.__rmod__("%i", 30) == NotImplemented
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: str.__rmod__(30, "%i"))
 
 # test str index
-index_str = 'Rust Python'
+index_str = "Rust Python"
 
-assert index_str[0] == 'R'
-assert index_str[-1] == 'n'
+assert index_str[0] == "R"
+assert index_str[-1] == "n"
 
-assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: index_str['a'])
+assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: index_str["a"])
 
 assert chr(9).__repr__() == "'\\t'"
 assert chr(99).__repr__() == "'c'"
@@ -424,321 +495,330 @@ def try_mutate_str():
 
 # >>> '{x} {y}'.format_map({'x': 1, 'y': 2})
 # '1 2'
-assert '{x} {y}'.format_map({'x': 1, 'y': 2}) == '1 2'
+assert "{x} {y}".format_map({"x": 1, "y": 2}) == "1 2"
 
 # >>> '{x:04d}'.format_map({'x': 1})
 # '0001'
-assert '{x:04d}'.format_map({'x': 1}) == '0001'
+assert "{x:04d}".format_map({"x": 1}) == "0001"
 
 # >>> '{x} {y}'.format_map('foo')
 # Traceback (most recent call last):
 #   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 # TypeError: string indices must be integers
 with AssertRaises(TypeError, None):
-    '{x} {y}'.format_map('foo')
+    "{x} {y}".format_map("foo")
 
 # >>> '{x} {y}'.format_map(['foo'])
 # Traceback (most recent call last):
 #   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 # TypeError: list indices must be integers or slices, not str
 with AssertRaises(TypeError, None):
-    '{x} {y}'.format_map(['foo'])
+    "{x} {y}".format_map(["foo"])
 
 # >>> '{x} {y}'.format_map()
 # Traceback (most recent call last):
 #   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 # TypeError: format_map() takes exactly one argument (0 given)
-with AssertRaises(TypeError, msg='TypeError: format_map() takes exactly one argument (0 given)'):
-    '{x} {y}'.format_map(),
+with AssertRaises(
+    TypeError, msg="TypeError: format_map() takes exactly one argument (0 given)"
+):
+    ("{x} {y}".format_map(),)
 
 # >>> '{x} {y}'.format_map('foo', 'bar')
 # Traceback (most recent call last):
 #   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 # TypeError: format_map() takes exactly one argument (2 given)
-with AssertRaises(TypeError, msg='TypeError: format_map() takes exactly one argument (2 given)'):
-    '{x} {y}'.format_map('foo', 'bar')
+with AssertRaises(
+    TypeError, msg="TypeError: format_map() takes exactly one argument (2 given)"
+):
+    "{x} {y}".format_map("foo", "bar")
 
 # >>> '{x} {y}'.format_map({'x': 1})
 # Traceback (most recent call last):
 #   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 # KeyError: 'y'
 with AssertRaises(KeyError, msg="KeyError: 'y'"):
-    '{x} {y}'.format_map({'x': 1})
+    "{x} {y}".format_map({"x": 1})
 
 # >>> '{x} {y}'.format_map({'x': 1, 'z': 2})
 # Traceback (most recent call last):
 #   File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
 # KeyError: 'y'
 with AssertRaises(KeyError, msg="KeyError: 'y'"):
-    '{x} {y}'.format_map({'x': 1, 'z': 2})
+    "{x} {y}".format_map({"x": 1, "z": 2})
 
 # >>> '{{literal}}'.format_map('foo')
 # '{literal}'
-assert '{{literal}}'.format_map('foo') == '{literal}'
+assert "{{literal}}".format_map("foo") == "{literal}"
 
 # test formatting float values
-assert f'{5:f}' == '5.000000'
-assert f'{-5:f}' == '-5.000000'
-assert f'{5.0:f}' == '5.000000'
-assert f'{-5.0:f}' == '-5.000000'
-assert f'{5:.2f}' == '5.00'
-assert f'{5.0:.2f}' == '5.00'
-assert f'{-5:.2f}' == '-5.00'
-assert f'{-5.0:.2f}' == '-5.00'
-assert f'{5.0:04f}' == '5.000000'
-assert f'{5.1234:+f}' == '+5.123400'
-assert f'{5.1234: f}' == ' 5.123400'
-assert f'{5.1234:-f}' == '5.123400'
-assert f'{-5.1234:-f}' == '-5.123400'
-assert f'{1.0:+}' == '+1.0'
-assert f'--{1.0:f>4}--' == '--f1.0--'
-assert f'--{1.0:f<4}--' == '--1.0f--'
-assert f'--{1.0:d^4}--' == '--1.0d--'
-assert f'--{1.0:d^5}--' == '--d1.0d--'
-assert f'--{1.1:f>6}--' == '--fff1.1--'
-assert '{}'.format(float('nan')) == 'nan'
-assert '{:f}'.format(float('nan')) == 'nan'
-assert '{:f}'.format(float('-nan')) == 'nan'
-assert '{:F}'.format(float('nan')) == 'NAN'
-assert '{}'.format(float('inf')) == 'inf'
-assert '{:f}'.format(float('inf')) == 'inf'
-assert '{:f}'.format(float('-inf')) == '-inf'
-assert '{:F}'.format(float('inf')) == 'INF'
-assert f'{1234567890.1234:,.2f}' == '1,234,567,890.12'
-assert f'{1234567890.1234:_.2f}' == '1_234_567_890.12'
+assert f"{5:f}" == "5.000000"
+assert f"{-5:f}" == "-5.000000"
+assert f"{5.0:f}" == "5.000000"
+assert f"{-5.0:f}" == "-5.000000"
+assert f"{5:.2f}" == "5.00"
+assert f"{5.0:.2f}" == "5.00"
+assert f"{-5:.2f}" == "-5.00"
+assert f"{-5.0:.2f}" == "-5.00"
+assert f"{5.0:04f}" == "5.000000"
+assert f"{5.1234:+f}" == "+5.123400"
+assert f"{5.1234: f}" == " 5.123400"
+assert f"{5.1234:-f}" == "5.123400"
+assert f"{-5.1234:-f}" == "-5.123400"
+assert f"{1.0:+}" == "+1.0"
+assert f"--{1.0:f>4}--" == "--f1.0--"
+assert f"--{1.0:f<4}--" == "--1.0f--"
+assert f"--{1.0:d^4}--" == "--1.0d--"
+assert f"--{1.0:d^5}--" == "--d1.0d--"
+assert f"--{1.1:f>6}--" == "--fff1.1--"
+assert "{}".format(float("nan")) == "nan"
+assert "{:f}".format(float("nan")) == "nan"
+assert "{:f}".format(float("-nan")) == "nan"
+assert "{:F}".format(float("nan")) == "NAN"
+assert "{}".format(float("inf")) == "inf"
+assert "{:f}".format(float("inf")) == "inf"
+assert "{:f}".format(float("-inf")) == "-inf"
+assert "{:F}".format(float("inf")) == "INF"
+assert f"{1234567890.1234:,.2f}" == "1,234,567,890.12"
+assert f"{1234567890.1234:_.2f}" == "1_234_567_890.12"
 with AssertRaises(ValueError, msg="Unknown format code 'd' for object of type 'float'"):
-    f'{5.0:04d}'
+    f"{5.0:04d}"
 
 # Test % formatting
-assert f'{10:%}' == '1000.000000%'
-assert f'{10.0:%}' == '1000.000000%'
-assert f'{10.0:.2%}' == '1000.00%'
-assert f'{10.0:.8%}' == '1000.00000000%'
-assert f'{-10:%}' == '-1000.000000%'
-assert f'{-10.0:%}' == '-1000.000000%'
-assert f'{-10.0:.2%}' == '-1000.00%'
-assert f'{-10.0:.8%}' == '-1000.00000000%'
-assert '{:%}'.format(float('nan')) == 'nan%'
-assert '{:.2%}'.format(float('nan')) == 'nan%'
-assert '{:%}'.format(float('inf')) == 'inf%'
-assert '{:.2%}'.format(float('inf')) == 'inf%'
-with AssertRaises(ValueError, msg='Invalid format specifier'):
-    f'{10.0:%3}'
+assert f"{10:%}" == "1000.000000%"
+assert f"{10.0:%}" == "1000.000000%"
+assert f"{10.0:.2%}" == "1000.00%"
+assert f"{10.0:.8%}" == "1000.00000000%"
+assert f"{-10:%}" == "-1000.000000%"
+assert f"{-10.0:%}" == "-1000.000000%"
+assert f"{-10.0:.2%}" == "-1000.00%"
+assert f"{-10.0:.8%}" == "-1000.00000000%"
+assert "{:%}".format(float("nan")) == "nan%"
+assert "{:.2%}".format(float("nan")) == "nan%"
+assert "{:%}".format(float("inf")) == "inf%"
+assert "{:.2%}".format(float("inf")) == "inf%"
+with AssertRaises(ValueError, msg="Invalid format specifier"):
+    f"{10.0:%3}"
 
 # Test e & E formatting
-assert '{:e}'.format(10) == '1.000000e+01'
-assert '{:.2e}'.format(11) == '1.10e+01'
-assert '{:e}'.format(10.0) == '1.000000e+01'
-assert '{:e}'.format(-10.0) == '-1.000000e+01'
-assert '{:.2e}'.format(10.0) == '1.00e+01'
-assert '{:.2e}'.format(-10.0) == '-1.00e+01'
-assert '{:.2e}'.format(10.1) == '1.01e+01'
-assert '{:.2e}'.format(-10.1) == '-1.01e+01'
-assert '{:.2e}'.format(10.001) == '1.00e+01'
-assert '{:.4e}'.format(100.234) == '1.0023e+02'
-assert '{:.5e}'.format(100.234) == '1.00234e+02'
-assert '{:.2E}'.format(10.0) == '1.00E+01'
-assert '{:.2E}'.format(-10.0) == '-1.00E+01'
-assert '{:e}'.format(float('nan')) == 'nan'
-assert '{:e}'.format(float('-nan')) == 'nan'
-assert '{:E}'.format(float('nan')) == 'NAN'
-assert '{:e}'.format(float('inf')) == 'inf'
-assert '{:e}'.format(float('-inf')) == '-inf'
-assert '{:E}'.format(float('inf')) == 'INF'
+assert "{:e}".format(10) == "1.000000e+01"
+assert "{:.2e}".format(11) == "1.10e+01"
+assert "{:e}".format(10.0) == "1.000000e+01"
+assert "{:e}".format(-10.0) == "-1.000000e+01"
+assert "{:.2e}".format(10.0) == "1.00e+01"
+assert "{:.2e}".format(-10.0) == "-1.00e+01"
+assert "{:.2e}".format(10.1) == "1.01e+01"
+assert "{:.2e}".format(-10.1) == "-1.01e+01"
+assert "{:.2e}".format(10.001) == "1.00e+01"
+assert "{:.4e}".format(100.234) == "1.0023e+02"
+assert "{:.5e}".format(100.234) == "1.00234e+02"
+assert "{:.2E}".format(10.0) == "1.00E+01"
+assert "{:.2E}".format(-10.0) == "-1.00E+01"
+assert "{:e}".format(float("nan")) == "nan"
+assert "{:e}".format(float("-nan")) == "nan"
+assert "{:E}".format(float("nan")) == "NAN"
+assert "{:e}".format(float("inf")) == "inf"
+assert "{:e}".format(float("-inf")) == "-inf"
+assert "{:E}".format(float("inf")) == "INF"
 
 # Test g & G formatting
-assert '{:g}'.format(10.0) == '10'
-assert '{:g}'.format(100000.0) == '100000'
-assert '{:g}'.format(123456.78901234567890) == '123457'
-assert '{:.0g}'.format(123456.78901234567890) == '1e+05'
-assert '{:.1g}'.format(123456.78901234567890) == '1e+05'
-assert '{:.2g}'.format(123456.78901234567890) == '1.2e+05'
-assert '{:g}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1.23457e+06'
-assert '{:.0g}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1e+06'
-assert '{:.1g}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1e+06'
-assert '{:.2g}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1.2e+06'
-assert '{:.3g}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1.23e+06'
-assert '{:.5g}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1.2346e+06'
-assert '{:.6g}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1.23457e+06'
-assert '{:.7g}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1234568'
-assert '{:.8g}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1234567.9'
-assert '{:G}'.format(123456.78901234567890) == '123457'
-assert '{:.0G}'.format(123456.78901234567890) == '1E+05'
-assert '{:.1G}'.format(123456.78901234567890) == '1E+05'
-assert '{:.2G}'.format(123456.78901234567890) == '1.2E+05'
-assert '{:G}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1.23457E+06'
-assert '{:.0G}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1E+06'
-assert '{:.1G}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1E+06'
-assert '{:.2G}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1.2E+06'
-assert '{:.3G}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1.23E+06'
-assert '{:.5G}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1.2346E+06'
-assert '{:.6G}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1.23457E+06'
-assert '{:.7G}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1234568'
-assert '{:.8G}'.format(1234567.8901234567890) == '1234567.9'
-assert '{:g}'.format(0.12345678901234567890) == '0.123457'
-assert '{:g}'.format(0.12345678901234567890e-1) == '0.0123457'
-assert '{:g}'.format(0.12345678901234567890e-2) == '0.00123457'
-assert '{:g}'.format(0.12345678901234567890e-3) == '0.000123457'
-assert '{:g}'.format(0.12345678901234567890e-4) == '1.23457e-05'
-assert '{:g}'.format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == '1.23457e-06'
-assert '{:.6g}'.format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == '1.23457e-06'
-assert '{:.10g}'.format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == '1.23456789e-06'
-assert '{:.20g}'.format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == '1.2345678901234567384e-06'
-assert '{:G}'.format(0.12345678901234567890) == '0.123457'
-assert '{:G}'.format(0.12345678901234567890E-1) == '0.0123457'
-assert '{:G}'.format(0.12345678901234567890E-2) == '0.00123457'
-assert '{:G}'.format(0.12345678901234567890E-3) == '0.000123457'
-assert '{:G}'.format(0.12345678901234567890E-4) == '1.23457E-05'
-assert '{:G}'.format(0.12345678901234567890E-5) == '1.23457E-06'
-assert '{:.6G}'.format(0.12345678901234567890E-5) == '1.23457E-06'
-assert '{:.10G}'.format(0.12345678901234567890E-5) == '1.23456789E-06'
-assert '{:.20G}'.format(0.12345678901234567890E-5) == '1.2345678901234567384E-06'
-assert '{:g}'.format(float('nan')) == 'nan'
-assert '{:g}'.format(float('-nan')) == 'nan'
-assert '{:G}'.format(float('nan')) == 'NAN'
-assert '{:g}'.format(float('inf')) == 'inf'
-assert '{:g}'.format(float('-inf')) == '-inf'
-assert '{:G}'.format(float('inf')) == 'INF'
-assert '{:.0g}'.format(1.020e-13) == '1e-13'
-assert '{:.0g}'.format(1.020e-13) == '1e-13'
-assert '{:.1g}'.format(1.020e-13) == '1e-13'
-assert '{:.2g}'.format(1.020e-13) == '1e-13'
-assert '{:.3g}'.format(1.020e-13) == '1.02e-13'
-assert '{:.4g}'.format(1.020e-13) == '1.02e-13'
-assert '{:.5g}'.format(1.020e-13) == '1.02e-13'
-assert '{:.6g}'.format(1.020e-13) == '1.02e-13'
-assert '{:.7g}'.format(1.020e-13) == '1.02e-13'
-assert '{:g}'.format(1.020e-13) == '1.02e-13'
-assert "{:g}".format(1.020e-4) == '0.000102'
+assert "{:g}".format(10.0) == "10"
+assert "{:g}".format(100000.0) == "100000"
+assert "{:g}".format(123456.78901234567890) == "123457"
+assert "{:.0g}".format(123456.78901234567890) == "1e+05"
+assert "{:.1g}".format(123456.78901234567890) == "1e+05"
+assert "{:.2g}".format(123456.78901234567890) == "1.2e+05"
+assert "{:g}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1.23457e+06"
+assert "{:.0g}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1e+06"
+assert "{:.1g}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1e+06"
+assert "{:.2g}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1.2e+06"
+assert "{:.3g}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1.23e+06"
+assert "{:.5g}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1.2346e+06"
+assert "{:.6g}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1.23457e+06"
+assert "{:.7g}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1234568"
+assert "{:.8g}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1234567.9"
+assert "{:G}".format(123456.78901234567890) == "123457"
+assert "{:.0G}".format(123456.78901234567890) == "1E+05"
+assert "{:.1G}".format(123456.78901234567890) == "1E+05"
+assert "{:.2G}".format(123456.78901234567890) == "1.2E+05"
+assert "{:G}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1.23457E+06"
+assert "{:.0G}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1E+06"
+assert "{:.1G}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1E+06"
+assert "{:.2G}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1.2E+06"
+assert "{:.3G}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1.23E+06"
+assert "{:.5G}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1.2346E+06"
+assert "{:.6G}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1.23457E+06"
+assert "{:.7G}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1234568"
+assert "{:.8G}".format(1234567.8901234567890) == "1234567.9"
+assert "{:g}".format(0.12345678901234567890) == "0.123457"
+assert "{:g}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-1) == "0.0123457"
+assert "{:g}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-2) == "0.00123457"
+assert "{:g}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-3) == "0.000123457"
+assert "{:g}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-4) == "1.23457e-05"
+assert "{:g}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == "1.23457e-06"
+assert "{:.6g}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == "1.23457e-06"
+assert "{:.10g}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == "1.23456789e-06"
+assert "{:.20g}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == "1.2345678901234567384e-06"
+assert "{:G}".format(0.12345678901234567890) == "0.123457"
+assert "{:G}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-1) == "0.0123457"
+assert "{:G}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-2) == "0.00123457"
+assert "{:G}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-3) == "0.000123457"
+assert "{:G}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-4) == "1.23457E-05"
+assert "{:G}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == "1.23457E-06"
+assert "{:.6G}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == "1.23457E-06"
+assert "{:.10G}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == "1.23456789E-06"
+assert "{:.20G}".format(0.12345678901234567890e-5) == "1.2345678901234567384E-06"
+assert "{:g}".format(float("nan")) == "nan"
+assert "{:g}".format(float("-nan")) == "nan"
+assert "{:G}".format(float("nan")) == "NAN"
+assert "{:g}".format(float("inf")) == "inf"
+assert "{:g}".format(float("-inf")) == "-inf"
+assert "{:G}".format(float("inf")) == "INF"
+assert "{:.0g}".format(1.020e-13) == "1e-13"
+assert "{:.0g}".format(1.020e-13) == "1e-13"
+assert "{:.1g}".format(1.020e-13) == "1e-13"
+assert "{:.2g}".format(1.020e-13) == "1e-13"
+assert "{:.3g}".format(1.020e-13) == "1.02e-13"
+assert "{:.4g}".format(1.020e-13) == "1.02e-13"
+assert "{:.5g}".format(1.020e-13) == "1.02e-13"
+assert "{:.6g}".format(1.020e-13) == "1.02e-13"
+assert "{:.7g}".format(1.020e-13) == "1.02e-13"
+assert "{:g}".format(1.020e-13) == "1.02e-13"
+assert "{:g}".format(1.020e-4) == "0.000102"
 
 # Test n & N formatting
-assert '{:n}'.format(999999.1234) == '999999'
-assert '{:n}'.format(9999.1234) == '9999.12'
-assert '{:n}'.format(-1000000.1234) == '-1e+06'
-assert '{:n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1e+06'
-assert '{:.1n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1e+06'
-assert '{:.2n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1e+06'
-assert '{:.3n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1e+06'
-assert '{:.4n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1e+06'
-assert '{:.5n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1e+06'
-assert '{:.6n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1e+06'
-assert '{:.7n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1000000'
-assert '{:.8n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1000000.1'
-assert '{:.10n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1000000.123'
-assert '{:.11n}'.format(1000000.1234) == '1000000.1234'
-assert '{:.11n}'.format(-1000000.1234) == '-1000000.1234'
-assert '{:0n}'.format(-1000000.1234) == '-1e+06'
-assert '{:n}'.format(-1000000.1234) == '-1e+06'
-assert '{:-1n}'.format(-1000000.1234) == '-1e+06'
+assert "{:n}".format(999999.1234) == "999999"
+assert "{:n}".format(9999.1234) == "9999.12"
+assert "{:n}".format(-1000000.1234) == "-1e+06"
+assert "{:n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1e+06"
+assert "{:.1n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1e+06"
+assert "{:.2n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1e+06"
+assert "{:.3n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1e+06"
+assert "{:.4n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1e+06"
+assert "{:.5n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1e+06"
+assert "{:.6n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1e+06"
+assert "{:.7n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1000000"
+assert "{:.8n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1000000.1"
+assert "{:.10n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1000000.123"
+assert "{:.11n}".format(1000000.1234) == "1000000.1234"
+assert "{:.11n}".format(-1000000.1234) == "-1000000.1234"
+assert "{:0n}".format(-1000000.1234) == "-1e+06"
+assert "{:n}".format(-1000000.1234) == "-1e+06"
+assert "{:-1n}".format(-1000000.1234) == "-1e+06"
 
 with AssertRaises(ValueError, msg="Unknown format code 'N' for object of type 'float'"):
-    '{:N}'.format(999999.1234)
+    "{:N}".format(999999.1234)
 with AssertRaises(ValueError, msg="Unknown format code 'N' for object of type 'float'"):
-    '{:.1N}'.format(1000000.1234)
+    "{:.1N}".format(1000000.1234)
 with AssertRaises(ValueError, msg="Unknown format code 'N' for object of type 'float'"):
-    '{:0N}'.format(-1000000.1234)
+    "{:0N}".format(-1000000.1234)
 with AssertRaises(ValueError, msg="Unknown format code 'N' for object of type 'float'"):
-    '{:-1N}'.format(-1000000.1234)
+    "{:-1N}".format(-1000000.1234)
+
 
 # remove*fix test
 def test_removeprefix():
-    s = 'foobarfoo'
-    s_ref='foobarfoo'
-    assert s.removeprefix('f') == s_ref[1:]
-    assert s.removeprefix('fo') == s_ref[2:]
-    assert s.removeprefix('foo') == s_ref[3:]
-
-    assert s.removeprefix('') == s_ref
-    assert s.removeprefix('bar') == s_ref
-    assert s.removeprefix('lol') == s_ref
-    assert s.removeprefix('_foo') == s_ref
-    assert s.removeprefix('-foo') == s_ref
-    assert s.removeprefix('afoo') == s_ref
-    assert s.removeprefix('*foo') == s_ref
-
-    assert s==s_ref, 'undefined test fail'
-
-    s_uc = '😱foobarfoo🖖'
-    s_ref_uc = '😱foobarfoo🖖'
-    assert s_uc.removeprefix('😱') == s_ref_uc[1:]
-    assert s_uc.removeprefix('😱fo') == s_ref_uc[3:]
-    assert s_uc.removeprefix('😱foo') == s_ref_uc[4:]
-
-    assert s_uc.removeprefix('🖖') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removeprefix('foo') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removeprefix(' ') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removeprefix('_😱') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removeprefix(' 😱') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removeprefix('-😱') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removeprefix('#😱') == s_ref_uc
+    s = "foobarfoo"
+    s_ref = "foobarfoo"
+    assert s.removeprefix("f") == s_ref[1:]
+    assert s.removeprefix("fo") == s_ref[2:]
+    assert s.removeprefix("foo") == s_ref[3:]
+
+    assert s.removeprefix("") == s_ref
+    assert s.removeprefix("bar") == s_ref
+    assert s.removeprefix("lol") == s_ref
+    assert s.removeprefix("_foo") == s_ref
+    assert s.removeprefix("-foo") == s_ref
+    assert s.removeprefix("afoo") == s_ref
+    assert s.removeprefix("*foo") == s_ref
+
+    assert s == s_ref, "undefined test fail"
+
+    s_uc = "😱foobarfoo🖖"
+    s_ref_uc = "😱foobarfoo🖖"
+    assert s_uc.removeprefix("😱") == s_ref_uc[1:]
+    assert s_uc.removeprefix("😱fo") == s_ref_uc[3:]
+    assert s_uc.removeprefix("😱foo") == s_ref_uc[4:]
+
+    assert s_uc.removeprefix("🖖") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removeprefix("foo") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removeprefix(" ") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removeprefix("_😱") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removeprefix(" 😱") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removeprefix("-😱") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removeprefix("#😱") == s_ref_uc
+
 
 def test_removeprefix_types():
-    s='0123456'
-    s_ref='0123456'
-    others=[0,['012']]
-    found=False
+    s = "0123456"
+    s_ref = "0123456"
+    others = [0, ["012"]]
+    found = False
     for o in others:
         try:
             s.removeprefix(o)
         except:
-            found=True
+            found = True
+
+        assert found, f"Removeprefix accepts other type: {type(o)}: {o=}"
 
-        assert found, f'Removeprefix accepts other type: {type(o)}: {o=}'
 
 def test_removesuffix():
-    s='foobarfoo'
-    s_ref='foobarfoo'
-    assert s.removesuffix('o') == s_ref[:-1]
-    assert s.removesuffix('oo') == s_ref[:-2]
-    assert s.removesuffix('foo') == s_ref[:-3]
-
-    assert s.removesuffix('') == s_ref
-    assert s.removesuffix('bar') == s_ref
-    assert s.removesuffix('lol') == s_ref
-    assert s.removesuffix('foo_') == s_ref
-    assert s.removesuffix('foo-') == s_ref
-    assert s.removesuffix('foo*') == s_ref
-    assert s.removesuffix('fooa') == s_ref
-
-    assert s==s_ref, 'undefined test fail'
-
-    s_uc = '😱foobarfoo🖖'
-    s_ref_uc = '😱foobarfoo🖖'
-    assert s_uc.removesuffix('🖖') == s_ref_uc[:-1]
-    assert s_uc.removesuffix('oo🖖') == s_ref_uc[:-3]
-    assert s_uc.removesuffix('foo🖖') == s_ref_uc[:-4]
-
-    assert s_uc.removesuffix('😱') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removesuffix('foo') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removesuffix(' ') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removesuffix('🖖_') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removesuffix('🖖 ') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removesuffix('🖖-') == s_ref_uc
-    assert s_uc.removesuffix('🖖#') == s_ref_uc
+    s = "foobarfoo"
+    s_ref = "foobarfoo"
+    assert s.removesuffix("o") == s_ref[:-1]
+    assert s.removesuffix("oo") == s_ref[:-2]
+    assert s.removesuffix("foo") == s_ref[:-3]
+
+    assert s.removesuffix("") == s_ref
+    assert s.removesuffix("bar") == s_ref
+    assert s.removesuffix("lol") == s_ref
+    assert s.removesuffix("foo_") == s_ref
+    assert s.removesuffix("foo-") == s_ref
+    assert s.removesuffix("foo*") == s_ref
+    assert s.removesuffix("fooa") == s_ref
+
+    assert s == s_ref, "undefined test fail"
+
+    s_uc = "😱foobarfoo🖖"
+    s_ref_uc = "😱foobarfoo🖖"
+    assert s_uc.removesuffix("🖖") == s_ref_uc[:-1]
+    assert s_uc.removesuffix("oo🖖") == s_ref_uc[:-3]
+    assert s_uc.removesuffix("foo🖖") == s_ref_uc[:-4]
+
+    assert s_uc.removesuffix("😱") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removesuffix("foo") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removesuffix(" ") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removesuffix("🖖_") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removesuffix("🖖 ") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removesuffix("🖖-") == s_ref_uc
+    assert s_uc.removesuffix("🖖#") == s_ref_uc
+
 
 def test_removesuffix_types():
-    s='0123456'
-    s_ref='0123456'
-    others=[0,6,['6']]
-    found=False
+    s = "0123456"
+    s_ref = "0123456"
+    others = [0, 6, ["6"]]
+    found = False
     for o in others:
         try:
             s.removesuffix(o)
         except:
-            found=True
+            found = True
 
-        assert found, f'Removesuffix accepts other type: {type(o)}: {o=}'
+        assert found, f"Removesuffix accepts other type: {type(o)}: {o=}"
 
-skip_if_unsupported(3,9,test_removeprefix)
-skip_if_unsupported(3,9,test_removeprefix_types)
-skip_if_unsupported(3,9,test_removesuffix)
-skip_if_unsupported(3,9,test_removesuffix_types)
+
+skip_if_unsupported(3, 9, test_removeprefix)
+skip_if_unsupported(3, 9, test_removeprefix_types)
+skip_if_unsupported(3, 9, test_removesuffix)
+skip_if_unsupported(3, 9, test_removesuffix_types)
 
 
 # Regression to
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2840
 
-a = 'abc123()'
+a = "abc123()"
 
 assert id(a) == id(a)
 assert id(a) != id(a * -1)
@@ -751,7 +831,8 @@ def test_removesuffix_types():
 class MyString(str):
     pass
 
-b = MyString('0123abc*&')
+
+b = MyString("0123abc*&")
 assert id(b) == id(b)
 assert id(b) != id(b * -1)
 assert id(b) != id(b * 0)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_encode.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_encode.py
index 790e156e6f..156a83e205 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_encode.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_encode.py
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@
 
 assert_raises(UnicodeEncodeError, "¿como estás?".encode, "ascii")
 
+
 def round_trip(s, encoding="utf-8"):
     encoded = s.encode(encoding)
     decoded = encoded.decode(encoding)
     assert s == decoded
 
+
 round_trip("👺♦  𝐚Şđƒ  ☆☝")
 round_trip("☢🐣  ᖇ𝓤𝕊тⓟ𝕐𝕥卄σ𝔫  ♬👣")
 round_trip("💀👌  ק𝔂tℍⓞ𝓷 ３  🔥👤")
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_subclass.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_subclass.py
index 3ec266d5c3..73e23615c4 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_subclass.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_subclass.py
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 x = "An interesting piece of text"
 assert x is str(x)
 
+
 class Stringy(str):
     def __new__(cls, value=""):
         return str.__new__(cls, value)
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ def __new__(cls, value=""):
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.x = "substr"
 
+
 y = Stringy(1)
 assert type(y) is Stringy, "Type of Stringy should be stringy"
 assert type(str(y)) is str, "Str of a str-subtype should be a str."
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_unicode.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_unicode.py
index 8858cf9bfd..ca4a99199c 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_unicode.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_unicode.py
@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
-
 # Test the unicode support! 👋
 
 
-ᚴ=2
+ᚴ = 2
 
-assert ᚴ*8 == 16
+assert ᚴ * 8 == 16
 
-ᚴ="👋"
+ᚴ = "👋"
 
-c = ᚴ*3
+c = ᚴ * 3
 
-assert c == '👋👋👋'
+assert c == "👋👋👋"
 
 import unicodedata
-assert unicodedata.category('a') == 'Ll'
-assert unicodedata.category('A') == 'Lu'
-assert unicodedata.name('a') == 'LATIN SMALL LETTER A'
-assert unicodedata.lookup('LATIN SMALL LETTER A') == 'a'
-assert unicodedata.bidirectional('a') == 'L'
-assert unicodedata.east_asian_width('\u231a') == 'W'
-assert unicodedata.normalize('NFC', 'bla') == 'bla'
+
+assert unicodedata.category("a") == "Ll"
+assert unicodedata.category("A") == "Lu"
+assert unicodedata.name("a") == "LATIN SMALL LETTER A"
+assert unicodedata.lookup("LATIN SMALL LETTER A") == "a"
+assert unicodedata.bidirectional("a") == "L"
+assert unicodedata.east_asian_width("\u231a") == "W"
+assert unicodedata.normalize("NFC", "bla") == "bla"
 
 # testing unicodedata.ucd_3_2_0 for idna
-assert "abcСĤ".encode("idna") == b'xn--abc-7sa390b'
-assert "abc䄣IJ".encode("idna") == b'xn--abcij-zb5f'
+assert "abcСĤ".encode("idna") == b"xn--abc-7sa390b"
+assert "abc䄣IJ".encode("idna") == b"xn--abcij-zb5f"
 
 # from CPython tests
 assert "python.org".encode("idna") == b"python.org"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_unicode_slice.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_unicode_slice.py
index c6ce88d549..252f84b1c7 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_unicode_slice.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_str_unicode_slice.py
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 def test_slice_bounds(s):
     # End out of range
     assert s[0:100] == s
-    assert s[0:-100] == ''
+    assert s[0:-100] == ""
     # Start out of range
-    assert s[100:1] == ''
+    assert s[100:1] == ""
     # Out of range both sides
     # This is the behaviour in cpython
     # assert s[-100:100] == s
 
+
 def expect_index_error(s, index):
     try:
         s[index]
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ def expect_index_error(s, index):
     else:
         assert False
 
+
 unicode_str = "∀∂"
 assert unicode_str[0] == "∀"
 assert unicode_str[1] == "∂"
@@ -35,25 +37,25 @@ def expect_index_error(s, index):
 hebrew_text = "בְּרֵאשִׁית, בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים, אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם, וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ"
 assert len(hebrew_text) == 60
 assert len(hebrew_text[:]) == 60
-assert hebrew_text[0] == 'ב'
-assert hebrew_text[1] == 'ְ'
-assert hebrew_text[2] == 'ּ'
-assert hebrew_text[3] == 'ר'
-assert hebrew_text[4] == 'ֵ'
-assert hebrew_text[5] == 'א'
-assert hebrew_text[6] == 'ש'
-assert hebrew_text[5:10] == 'אשִׁי'
+assert hebrew_text[0] == "ב"
+assert hebrew_text[1] == "ְ"
+assert hebrew_text[2] == "ּ"
+assert hebrew_text[3] == "ר"
+assert hebrew_text[4] == "ֵ"
+assert hebrew_text[5] == "א"
+assert hebrew_text[6] == "ש"
+assert hebrew_text[5:10] == "אשִׁי"
 assert len(hebrew_text[5:10]) == 5
-assert hebrew_text[-20:50] == 'מַיִם, וְא'
+assert hebrew_text[-20:50] == "מַיִם, וְא"
 assert len(hebrew_text[-20:50]) == 10
-assert hebrew_text[:-30:1] == 'בְּרֵאשִׁית, בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים, '
+assert hebrew_text[:-30:1] == "בְּרֵאשִׁית, בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים, "
 assert len(hebrew_text[:-30:1]) == 30
-assert hebrew_text[10:-30] == 'ת, בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים, '
+assert hebrew_text[10:-30] == "ת, בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים, "
 assert len(hebrew_text[10:-30]) == 20
-assert hebrew_text[10:30:3] == 'תבר לִ,'
+assert hebrew_text[10:30:3] == "תבר לִ,"
 assert len(hebrew_text[10:30:3]) == 7
-assert hebrew_text[10:30:-3] == ''
-assert hebrew_text[30:10:-3] == 'אםהֱאּ '
+assert hebrew_text[10:30:-3] == ""
+assert hebrew_text[30:10:-3] == "אםהֱאּ "
 assert len(hebrew_text[30:10:-3]) == 7
-assert hebrew_text[30:10:-1] == 'א ,םיִהֹלֱא אָרָּב ,'
+assert hebrew_text[30:10:-1] == "א ,םיִהֹלֱא אָרָּב ,"
 assert len(hebrew_text[30:10:-1]) == 20
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_tuple.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_tuple.py
index fd59e90609..fc2f8d5bb7 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_tuple.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_tuple.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
-assert (1,2) == (1,2)
+assert (1, 2) == (1, 2)
 
-x = (1,2)
+x = (1, 2)
 assert x[0] == 1
 
 y = (1,)
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 assert x > y, "tuple __gt__ failed"
 
 
-b = (1,2,3)
+b = (1, 2, 3)
 assert b.index(2) == 1
 
 recursive_list = []
@@ -30,15 +30,17 @@
 assert (None, "", 1).index(1) == 2
 assert 1 in (None, "", 1)
 
+
 class Foo(object):
     def __eq__(self, x):
         return False
 
+
 foo = Foo()
 assert (foo,) == (foo,)
 
 a = (1, 2, 3)
-a += 1,
+a += (1,)
 assert a == (1, 2, 3, 1)
 
 b = (55, *a)
@@ -80,14 +82,14 @@ def __eq__(self, x):
 assert not (0, 0) > (0, 0)
 assert not (0, 0) < (0, 0)
 
-assert not (float('nan'), float('nan')) <= (float('nan'), 1)
-assert not (float('nan'), float('nan')) <= (float('nan'), float('nan'))
-assert not (float('nan'), float('nan')) >= (float('nan'), float('nan'))
-assert not (float('nan'), float('nan')) < (float('nan'), float('nan'))
-assert not (float('nan'), float('nan')) > (float('nan'), float('nan'))
-
-assert (float('inf'), float('inf')) >= (float('inf'), 1)
-assert (float('inf'), float('inf')) <= (float('inf'), float('inf'))
-assert (float('inf'), float('inf')) >= (float('inf'), float('inf'))
-assert not (float('inf'), float('inf')) < (float('inf'), float('inf'))
-assert not (float('inf'), float('inf')) > (float('inf'), float('inf'))
+assert not (float("nan"), float("nan")) <= (float("nan"), 1)
+assert not (float("nan"), float("nan")) <= (float("nan"), float("nan"))
+assert not (float("nan"), float("nan")) >= (float("nan"), float("nan"))
+assert not (float("nan"), float("nan")) < (float("nan"), float("nan"))
+assert not (float("nan"), float("nan")) > (float("nan"), float("nan"))
+
+assert (float("inf"), float("inf")) >= (float("inf"), 1)
+assert (float("inf"), float("inf")) <= (float("inf"), float("inf"))
+assert (float("inf"), float("inf")) >= (float("inf"), float("inf"))
+assert not (float("inf"), float("inf")) < (float("inf"), float("inf"))
+assert not (float("inf"), float("inf")) > (float("inf"), float("inf"))
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_type.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_type.py
index 9f30b9b0ed..923028f2cd 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_type.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_type.py
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 print("abc")
 # print(u"abc")
 # Structural below
-print((1, 2)) # Tuple can be any length, but fixed after declared
-x = (1,2)
-print(x[0]) # Tuple can be any length, but fixed after declared
+print((1, 2))  # Tuple can be any length, but fixed after declared
+x = (1, 2)
+print(x[0])  # Tuple can be any length, but fixed after declared
 print([1, 2, 3])
 # print({"first":1,"second":2})
 
@@ -52,25 +52,25 @@
 a = complex(2, 4)
 assert type(a) is complex
 assert type(a + a) is complex
-assert repr(a) == '(2+4j)'
+assert repr(a) == "(2+4j)"
 a = 10j
-assert repr(a) == '10j'
+assert repr(a) == "10j"
 
 a = 1
 assert a.conjugate() == a
 
 a = 12345
 
-b = a*a*a*a*a*a*a*a
+b = a * a * a * a * a * a * a * a
 assert b.bit_length() == 109
 
 
-assert type.__module__ == 'builtins'
-assert type.__qualname__ == 'type'
-assert type.__name__ == 'type'
+assert type.__module__ == "builtins"
+assert type.__qualname__ == "type"
+assert type.__name__ == "type"
 assert isinstance(type.__doc__, str)
-assert object.__qualname__ == 'object'
-assert int.__qualname__ == 'int'
+assert object.__qualname__ == "object"
+assert int.__qualname__ == "int"
 
 
 class A(type):
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ class A(type):
 
 
 class B(type):
-    __module__ = 'b'
-    __qualname__ = 'BB'
+    __module__ = "b"
+    __qualname__ = "BB"
 
 
 class C:
@@ -87,23 +87,23 @@ class C:
 
 
 class D:
-    __module__ = 'd'
-    __qualname__ = 'DD'
-
-
-assert A.__module__ == '__main__'
-assert A.__qualname__ == 'A'
-assert B.__module__ == 'b'
-assert B.__qualname__ == 'BB'
-assert C.__module__ == '__main__'
-assert C.__qualname__ == 'C'
-assert D.__module__ == 'd'
-assert D.__qualname__ == 'DD'
-
-A.__qualname__ = 'AA'
-B.__qualname__ = 'b'
-assert A.__qualname__ == 'AA'
-assert B.__qualname__ == 'b'
+    __module__ = "d"
+    __qualname__ = "DD"
+
+
+assert A.__module__ == "__main__"
+assert A.__qualname__ == "A"
+assert B.__module__ == "b"
+assert B.__qualname__ == "BB"
+assert C.__module__ == "__main__"
+assert C.__qualname__ == "C"
+assert D.__module__ == "d"
+assert D.__qualname__ == "DD"
+
+A.__qualname__ = "AA"
+B.__qualname__ = "b"
+assert A.__qualname__ == "AA"
+assert B.__qualname__ == "b"
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
     del D.__qualname__
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
@@ -114,7 +114,8 @@ class D:
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
 import platform
-if platform.python_implementation() == 'RustPython':
+
+if platform.python_implementation() == "RustPython":
     gc = None
 else:
     import gc
@@ -123,13 +124,13 @@ class D:
 assert type(object) is type
 assert type(object()) is object
 
-new_type = type('New', (object,), {})
+new_type = type("New", (object,), {})
 
 assert type(new_type) is type
 assert type(new_type()) is new_type
 
-metaclass = type('MCl', (type,), {})
-cls = metaclass('Cls', (object,), {})
+metaclass = type("MCl", (type,), {})
+cls = metaclass("Cls", (object,), {})
 inst = cls()
 
 assert type(inst) is cls
@@ -154,10 +155,22 @@ class D:
 assert not issubclass(type, (int, float))
 assert issubclass(type, (int, type))
 
-class A: pass
-class B(A): pass
-class C(A): pass
-class D(B, C): pass
+
+class A:
+    pass
+
+
+class B(A):
+    pass
+
+
+class C(A):
+    pass
+
+
+class D(B, C):
+    pass
+
 
 assert A.__subclasses__() == [B, C]
 assert B.__subclasses__() == [D]
@@ -174,7 +187,7 @@ class D(B, C): pass
 if gc:
     # gc sweep is needed here for CPython...
     gc.collect()
-    # ...while RustPython doesn't have `gc` yet. 
+    # ...while RustPython doesn't have `gc` yet.
 
 if gc:
     # D.__new__ is a method bound to the D type, so just deleting D
@@ -185,43 +198,53 @@ class D(B, C): pass
 
 assert type in object.__subclasses__()
 
-assert cls.__name__ == 'Cls'
+assert cls.__name__ == "Cls"
 
 # mro
 assert int.mro() == [int, object]
 assert bool.mro() == [bool, int, object]
 assert object.mro() == [object]
 
+
 class A:
     pass
 
+
 class B(A):
     pass
 
+
 assert A.mro() == [A, object]
 assert B.mro() == [B, A, object]
 
+
 class AA:
     pass
 
+
 class BB(AA):
     pass
 
+
 class C(B, BB):
     pass
 
+
 assert C.mro() == [C, B, A, BB, AA, object]
 
 
-assert type(Exception.args).__name__ == 'getset_descriptor'
+assert type(Exception.args).__name__ == "getset_descriptor"
 assert type(None).__bool__(None) is False
 
+
 class A:
     pass
 
+
 class B:
     pass
 
+
 a = A()
 a.__class__ = B
 assert isinstance(a, B)
@@ -234,30 +257,33 @@ class B:
 # Regression to
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2310
 import builtins
-assert builtins.iter.__class__.__module__ == 'builtins'
-assert builtins.iter.__class__.__qualname__ == 'builtin_function_or_method'
 
-assert iter.__class__.__module__ == 'builtins'
-assert iter.__class__.__qualname__ == 'builtin_function_or_method'
-assert type(iter).__module__ == 'builtins'
-assert type(iter).__qualname__ == 'builtin_function_or_method'
+assert builtins.iter.__class__.__module__ == "builtins"
+assert builtins.iter.__class__.__qualname__ == "builtin_function_or_method"
+
+assert iter.__class__.__module__ == "builtins"
+assert iter.__class__.__qualname__ == "builtin_function_or_method"
+assert type(iter).__module__ == "builtins"
+assert type(iter).__qualname__ == "builtin_function_or_method"
 
 
 # Regression to
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2767
 
 # Marked as `#[pymethod]`:
-assert str.replace.__qualname__ == 'str.replace'
-assert str().replace.__qualname__ == 'str.replace'
-assert int.to_bytes.__qualname__ == 'int.to_bytes'
-assert int().to_bytes.__qualname__ == 'int.to_bytes'
+assert str.replace.__qualname__ == "str.replace"
+assert str().replace.__qualname__ == "str.replace"
+assert int.to_bytes.__qualname__ == "int.to_bytes"
+assert int().to_bytes.__qualname__ == "int.to_bytes"
 
 # Marked as `#[pyclassmethod]`:
-assert dict.fromkeys.__qualname__ == 'dict.fromkeys'
-assert object.__init_subclass__.__qualname__ == 'object.__init_subclass__'
+assert dict.fromkeys.__qualname__ == "dict.fromkeys"
+assert object.__init_subclass__.__qualname__ == "object.__init_subclass__"
 
 # Dynamic with `#[extend_class]`:
-assert bytearray.maketrans.__qualname__ == 'bytearray.maketrans', bytearray.maketrans.__qualname__
+assert bytearray.maketrans.__qualname__ == "bytearray.maketrans", (
+    bytearray.maketrans.__qualname__
+)
 
 
 # Third-party:
@@ -285,47 +311,48 @@ def c(cls):
         def s():
             pass
 
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.method.__name__ == 'method'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().method.__name__ == 'method'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.clsmethod.__name__ == 'clsmethod'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().clsmethod.__name__ == 'clsmethod'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.stmethod.__name__ == 'stmethod'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().stmethod.__name__ == 'stmethod'
-
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.method.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.method'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().method.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.method'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.clsmethod.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.clsmethod'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().clsmethod.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.clsmethod'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.stmethod.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.stmethod'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().stmethod.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.stmethod'
-
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.m.__name__ == 'm'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.m.__name__ == 'm'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.c.__name__ == 'c'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.c.__name__ == 'c'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.s.__name__ == 's'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.s.__name__ == 's'
-
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.m.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.m'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.m.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.m'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.c.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.c'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.c.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.c'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.s.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.s'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.s.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.s'
-
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().m.__name__ == 'm'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N().m.__name__ == 'm'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().c.__name__ == 'c'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N().c.__name__ == 'c'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().s.__name__ == 's'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.s.__name__ == 's'
-
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().m.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.m'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N().m.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.m'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().c.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.c'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N().c.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.c'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().s.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.s'
-assert MyTypeWithMethod().N().s.__qualname__ == 'MyTypeWithMethod.N.s'
+
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.method.__name__ == "method"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().method.__name__ == "method"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.clsmethod.__name__ == "clsmethod"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().clsmethod.__name__ == "clsmethod"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.stmethod.__name__ == "stmethod"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().stmethod.__name__ == "stmethod"
+
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.method.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.method"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().method.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.method"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.clsmethod.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.clsmethod"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().clsmethod.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.clsmethod"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.stmethod.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.stmethod"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().stmethod.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.stmethod"
+
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.m.__name__ == "m"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.m.__name__ == "m"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.c.__name__ == "c"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.c.__name__ == "c"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.s.__name__ == "s"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.s.__name__ == "s"
+
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.m.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.m"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.m.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.m"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.c.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.c"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.c.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.c"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N.s.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.s"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.s.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.s"
+
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().m.__name__ == "m"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N().m.__name__ == "m"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().c.__name__ == "c"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N().c.__name__ == "c"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().s.__name__ == "s"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N.s.__name__ == "s"
+
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().m.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.m"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N().m.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.m"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().c.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.c"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N().c.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.c"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod.N().s.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.s"
+assert MyTypeWithMethod().N().s.__qualname__ == "MyTypeWithMethod.N.s"
 
 
 # Regresesion to
@@ -339,26 +366,27 @@ def s():
 # Regression to
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2788
 
-assert iter.__qualname__ == iter.__name__ == 'iter'
-assert max.__qualname__ == max.__name__ == 'max'
-assert min.__qualname__ ==  min.__name__ == 'min'
+assert iter.__qualname__ == iter.__name__ == "iter"
+assert max.__qualname__ == max.__name__ == "max"
+assert min.__qualname__ == min.__name__ == "min"
 
 
 def custom_func():
     pass
 
-assert custom_func.__qualname__ == 'custom_func'
+
+assert custom_func.__qualname__ == "custom_func"
 
 
 # Regression to
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2786
 
-assert object.__new__.__name__ == '__new__'
-assert object.__new__.__qualname__ == 'object.__new__'
-assert object.__subclasshook__.__name__ == '__subclasshook__'
-assert object.__subclasshook__.__qualname__ == 'object.__subclasshook__'
-assert type.__new__.__name__ == '__new__'
-assert type.__new__.__qualname__ == 'type.__new__'
+assert object.__new__.__name__ == "__new__"
+assert object.__new__.__qualname__ == "object.__new__"
+assert object.__subclasshook__.__name__ == "__subclasshook__"
+assert object.__subclasshook__.__qualname__ == "object.__subclasshook__"
+assert type.__new__.__name__ == "__new__"
+assert type.__new__.__qualname__ == "type.__new__"
 
 
 class AQ:
@@ -414,75 +442,76 @@ def three_cls(cls):
     def three_st():
         pass
 
-assert AQ.one.__name__ == 'one'
-assert AQ().one.__name__ == 'one'
-assert AQ.one_cls.__name__ == 'one_cls'
-assert AQ().one_cls.__name__ == 'one_cls'
-assert AQ.one_st.__name__ == 'one_st'
-assert AQ().one_st.__name__ == 'one_st'
-
-assert AQ.one.__qualname__ == 'AQ.one'
-assert AQ().one.__qualname__ == 'AQ.one'
-assert AQ.one_cls.__qualname__ == 'AQ.one_cls'
-assert AQ().one_cls.__qualname__ == 'AQ.one_cls'
-assert AQ.one_st.__qualname__ == 'AQ.one_st'
-assert AQ().one_st.__qualname__ == 'AQ.one_st'
-
-assert AQ.two.__name__ == 'two'
-assert AQ().two.__name__ == 'two'
-assert AQ.two_cls.__name__ == 'two_cls'
-assert AQ().two_cls.__name__ == 'two_cls'
-assert AQ.two_st.__name__ == 'two_st'
-assert AQ().two_st.__name__ == 'two_st'
-
-assert AQ.two.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two'
-assert AQ().two.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two'
-assert AQ.two_cls.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two_cls'
-assert AQ().two_cls.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two_cls'
-assert AQ.two_st.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two_st'
-assert AQ().two_st.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two_st'
-
-assert BQ.one.__name__ == 'one'
-assert BQ().one.__name__ == 'one'
-assert BQ.one_cls.__name__ == 'one_cls'
-assert BQ().one_cls.__name__ == 'one_cls'
-assert BQ.one_st.__name__ == 'one_st'
-assert BQ().one_st.__name__ == 'one_st'
-
-assert BQ.one.__qualname__ == 'BQ.one'
-assert BQ().one.__qualname__ == 'BQ.one'
-assert BQ.one_cls.__qualname__ == 'BQ.one_cls'
-assert BQ().one_cls.__qualname__ == 'BQ.one_cls'
-assert BQ.one_st.__qualname__ == 'BQ.one_st'
-assert BQ().one_st.__qualname__ == 'BQ.one_st'
-
-assert BQ.two.__name__ == 'two'
-assert BQ().two.__name__ == 'two'
-assert BQ.two_cls.__name__ == 'two_cls'
-assert BQ().two_cls.__name__ == 'two_cls'
-assert BQ.two_st.__name__ == 'two_st'
-assert BQ().two_st.__name__ == 'two_st'
-
-assert BQ.two.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two'
-assert BQ().two.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two'
-assert BQ.two_cls.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two_cls'
-assert BQ().two_cls.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two_cls'
-assert BQ.two_st.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two_st'
-assert BQ().two_st.__qualname__ == 'AQ.two_st'
-
-assert BQ.three.__name__ == 'three'
-assert BQ().three.__name__ == 'three'
-assert BQ.three_cls.__name__ == 'three_cls'
-assert BQ().three_cls.__name__ == 'three_cls'
-assert BQ.three_st.__name__ == 'three_st'
-assert BQ().three_st.__name__ == 'three_st'
-
-assert BQ.three.__qualname__ == 'BQ.three'
-assert BQ().three.__qualname__ == 'BQ.three'
-assert BQ.three_cls.__qualname__ == 'BQ.three_cls'
-assert BQ().three_cls.__qualname__ == 'BQ.three_cls'
-assert BQ.three_st.__qualname__ == 'BQ.three_st'
-assert BQ().three_st.__qualname__ == 'BQ.three_st'
+
+assert AQ.one.__name__ == "one"
+assert AQ().one.__name__ == "one"
+assert AQ.one_cls.__name__ == "one_cls"
+assert AQ().one_cls.__name__ == "one_cls"
+assert AQ.one_st.__name__ == "one_st"
+assert AQ().one_st.__name__ == "one_st"
+
+assert AQ.one.__qualname__ == "AQ.one"
+assert AQ().one.__qualname__ == "AQ.one"
+assert AQ.one_cls.__qualname__ == "AQ.one_cls"
+assert AQ().one_cls.__qualname__ == "AQ.one_cls"
+assert AQ.one_st.__qualname__ == "AQ.one_st"
+assert AQ().one_st.__qualname__ == "AQ.one_st"
+
+assert AQ.two.__name__ == "two"
+assert AQ().two.__name__ == "two"
+assert AQ.two_cls.__name__ == "two_cls"
+assert AQ().two_cls.__name__ == "two_cls"
+assert AQ.two_st.__name__ == "two_st"
+assert AQ().two_st.__name__ == "two_st"
+
+assert AQ.two.__qualname__ == "AQ.two"
+assert AQ().two.__qualname__ == "AQ.two"
+assert AQ.two_cls.__qualname__ == "AQ.two_cls"
+assert AQ().two_cls.__qualname__ == "AQ.two_cls"
+assert AQ.two_st.__qualname__ == "AQ.two_st"
+assert AQ().two_st.__qualname__ == "AQ.two_st"
+
+assert BQ.one.__name__ == "one"
+assert BQ().one.__name__ == "one"
+assert BQ.one_cls.__name__ == "one_cls"
+assert BQ().one_cls.__name__ == "one_cls"
+assert BQ.one_st.__name__ == "one_st"
+assert BQ().one_st.__name__ == "one_st"
+
+assert BQ.one.__qualname__ == "BQ.one"
+assert BQ().one.__qualname__ == "BQ.one"
+assert BQ.one_cls.__qualname__ == "BQ.one_cls"
+assert BQ().one_cls.__qualname__ == "BQ.one_cls"
+assert BQ.one_st.__qualname__ == "BQ.one_st"
+assert BQ().one_st.__qualname__ == "BQ.one_st"
+
+assert BQ.two.__name__ == "two"
+assert BQ().two.__name__ == "two"
+assert BQ.two_cls.__name__ == "two_cls"
+assert BQ().two_cls.__name__ == "two_cls"
+assert BQ.two_st.__name__ == "two_st"
+assert BQ().two_st.__name__ == "two_st"
+
+assert BQ.two.__qualname__ == "AQ.two"
+assert BQ().two.__qualname__ == "AQ.two"
+assert BQ.two_cls.__qualname__ == "AQ.two_cls"
+assert BQ().two_cls.__qualname__ == "AQ.two_cls"
+assert BQ.two_st.__qualname__ == "AQ.two_st"
+assert BQ().two_st.__qualname__ == "AQ.two_st"
+
+assert BQ.three.__name__ == "three"
+assert BQ().three.__name__ == "three"
+assert BQ.three_cls.__name__ == "three_cls"
+assert BQ().three_cls.__name__ == "three_cls"
+assert BQ.three_st.__name__ == "three_st"
+assert BQ().three_st.__name__ == "three_st"
+
+assert BQ.three.__qualname__ == "BQ.three"
+assert BQ().three.__qualname__ == "BQ.three"
+assert BQ.three_cls.__qualname__ == "BQ.three_cls"
+assert BQ().three_cls.__qualname__ == "BQ.three_cls"
+assert BQ.three_st.__qualname__ == "BQ.three_st"
+assert BQ().three_st.__qualname__ == "BQ.three_st"
 
 
 class ClassWithNew:
@@ -494,73 +523,74 @@ def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
             return super().__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
 
 
-assert ClassWithNew.__new__.__qualname__ == 'ClassWithNew.__new__'
-assert ClassWithNew().__new__.__qualname__ == 'ClassWithNew.__new__'
-assert ClassWithNew.__new__.__name__ == '__new__'
-assert ClassWithNew().__new__.__name__ == '__new__'
+assert ClassWithNew.__new__.__qualname__ == "ClassWithNew.__new__"
+assert ClassWithNew().__new__.__qualname__ == "ClassWithNew.__new__"
+assert ClassWithNew.__new__.__name__ == "__new__"
+assert ClassWithNew().__new__.__name__ == "__new__"
 
-assert ClassWithNew.N.__new__.__qualname__ == 'ClassWithNew.N.__new__'
-assert ClassWithNew().N.__new__.__qualname__ == 'ClassWithNew.N.__new__'
-assert ClassWithNew.N.__new__.__name__ == '__new__'
-assert ClassWithNew().N.__new__.__name__ == '__new__'
-assert ClassWithNew.N().__new__.__qualname__ == 'ClassWithNew.N.__new__'
-assert ClassWithNew().N().__new__.__qualname__ == 'ClassWithNew.N.__new__'
-assert ClassWithNew.N().__new__.__name__ == '__new__'
-assert ClassWithNew().N().__new__.__name__ == '__new__'
+assert ClassWithNew.N.__new__.__qualname__ == "ClassWithNew.N.__new__"
+assert ClassWithNew().N.__new__.__qualname__ == "ClassWithNew.N.__new__"
+assert ClassWithNew.N.__new__.__name__ == "__new__"
+assert ClassWithNew().N.__new__.__name__ == "__new__"
+assert ClassWithNew.N().__new__.__qualname__ == "ClassWithNew.N.__new__"
+assert ClassWithNew().N().__new__.__qualname__ == "ClassWithNew.N.__new__"
+assert ClassWithNew.N().__new__.__name__ == "__new__"
+assert ClassWithNew().N().__new__.__name__ == "__new__"
 
 
 # Regression to:
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2762
 
 assert type.__prepare__() == {}
-assert type.__prepare__('name') == {}
-assert type.__prepare__('name', object) == {}
-assert type.__prepare__('name', (bytes, str)) == {}
+assert type.__prepare__("name") == {}
+assert type.__prepare__("name", object) == {}
+assert type.__prepare__("name", (bytes, str)) == {}
 assert type.__prepare__(a=1, b=2) == {}
-assert type.__prepare__('name', (object, int), kw=True) == {}
+assert type.__prepare__("name", (object, int), kw=True) == {}
 
 # Previously we needed `name` to be `str`:
 assert type.__prepare__(1) == {}
 
 assert int.__prepare__() == {}
-assert int.__prepare__('name', (object, int), kw=True) == {}
+assert int.__prepare__("name", (object, int), kw=True) == {}
 
 
 # Regression to
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2790
 
 # `#[pyproperty]`
-assert BaseException.args.__qualname__ == 'BaseException.args'
+assert BaseException.args.__qualname__ == "BaseException.args"
 # class extension without `#[pyproperty]` override
-assert Exception.args.__qualname__ == 'BaseException.args'
+assert Exception.args.__qualname__ == "BaseException.args"
 # dynamic with `.new_readonly_getset`
-assert SyntaxError.msg.__qualname__ == 'SyntaxError.msg'
+assert SyntaxError.msg.__qualname__ == "SyntaxError.msg"
 
 
 # Regression to
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2794
 
-assert type.__subclasshook__.__qualname__ == 'type.__subclasshook__'
-assert object.__subclasshook__.__qualname__ == 'object.__subclasshook__'
+assert type.__subclasshook__.__qualname__ == "type.__subclasshook__"
+assert object.__subclasshook__.__qualname__ == "object.__subclasshook__"
 
 
 # Regression to
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/2776
 
-assert repr(BQ.one).startswith('<function BQ.one at 0x')
-assert repr(BQ.one_st).startswith('<function BQ.one_st at 0x')
+assert repr(BQ.one).startswith("<function BQ.one at 0x")
+assert repr(BQ.one_st).startswith("<function BQ.one_st at 0x")
 
-assert repr(BQ.two).startswith('<function AQ.two at 0x')
-assert repr(BQ.two_st).startswith('<function AQ.two_st at 0x')
+assert repr(BQ.two).startswith("<function AQ.two at 0x")
+assert repr(BQ.two_st).startswith("<function AQ.two_st at 0x")
 
-assert repr(BQ.three).startswith('<function BQ.three at 0x')
-assert repr(BQ.three_st).startswith('<function BQ.three_st at 0x')
+assert repr(BQ.three).startswith("<function BQ.three at 0x")
+assert repr(BQ.three_st).startswith("<function BQ.three_st at 0x")
 
 
 def my_repr_func():
     pass
 
-assert repr(my_repr_func).startswith('<function my_repr_func at 0x')
+
+assert repr(my_repr_func).startswith("<function my_repr_func at 0x")
 
 
 # https://github.com/RustPython/RustPython/issues/3100
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_type_mro.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_type_mro.py
index 18acbb6916..5e7d5d3523 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_type_mro.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_type_mro.py
@@ -1,22 +1,29 @@
-class X():
+class X:
     pass
 
-class Y():
+
+class Y:
     pass
 
+
 class A(X, Y):
     pass
 
+
 assert (A, X, Y, object) == A.__mro__
 
+
 class B(X, Y):
     pass
 
+
 assert (B, X, Y, object) == B.__mro__
 
+
 class C(A, B):
     pass
 
+
 assert (C, A, B, X, Y, object) == C.__mro__
 
 assert type.__mro__ == (type, object)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_zip.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_zip.py
index 3665c77021..e3e4c31aae 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_zip.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtin_zip.py
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-assert list(zip(['a', 'b', 'c'], range(3), [9, 8, 7, 99])) == [('a', 0, 9), ('b', 1, 8), ('c', 2, 7)]
+assert list(zip(["a", "b", "c"], range(3), [9, 8, 7, 99])) == [
+    ("a", 0, 9),
+    ("b", 1, 8),
+    ("c", 2, 7),
+]
 
-assert list(zip(['a', 'b', 'c'])) == [('a',), ('b',), ('c',)]
+assert list(zip(["a", "b", "c"])) == [("a",), ("b",), ("c",)]
 assert list(zip()) == []
 
-assert list(zip(*zip(['a', 'b', 'c'], range(1, 4)))) == [('a', 'b', 'c'), (1, 2, 3)]
+assert list(zip(*zip(["a", "b", "c"], range(1, 4)))) == [("a", "b", "c"), (1, 2, 3)]
 
 
 # test infinite iterator
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_module.py b/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_module.py
index 1b5b6bdde5..6dea94d8d7 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_module.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/builtins_module.py
@@ -1,25 +1,26 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
-assert '__builtins__' in globals()
+assert "__builtins__" in globals()
 # assert type(__builtins__).__name__ == 'module'
 with assert_raises(AttributeError):
     __builtins__.__builtins__
 
 assert __builtins__.__name__ == "builtins"
 import builtins
+
 assert builtins.__name__ == "builtins"
 
-__builtins__.x = 'new'
-assert x == 'new'  # noqa: F821
+__builtins__.x = "new"
+assert x == "new"  # noqa: F821
 
 exec('assert "__builtins__" in globals()', dict())
-exec('assert __builtins__ == 7', {'__builtins__': 7})
-exec('assert not isinstance(__builtins__, dict)')
-exec('assert isinstance(__builtins__, dict)', {})
+exec("assert __builtins__ == 7", {"__builtins__": 7})
+exec("assert not isinstance(__builtins__, dict)")
+exec("assert isinstance(__builtins__, dict)", {})
 
 namespace = {}
-exec('', namespace)
-assert namespace['__builtins__'] == __builtins__.__dict__
+exec("", namespace)
+assert namespace["__builtins__"] == __builtins__.__dict__
 
 # with assert_raises(NameError):
 #     exec('print(__builtins__)', {'__builtins__': {}})
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/code_co_consts.py b/extra_tests/snippets/code_co_consts.py
index 564a2ba448..5835565268 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/code_co_consts.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/code_co_consts.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from asyncio import sleep
 
+
 def f():
     def g():
         return 1
@@ -7,25 +8,32 @@ def g():
     assert g.__code__.co_consts[0] == None
     return 2
 
+
 assert f.__code__.co_consts[0] == None
 
+
 def generator():
-  yield 1
-  yield 2
+    yield 1
+    yield 2
+
 
 assert generator().gi_code.co_consts[0] == None
 
+
 async def async_f():
-  await sleep(1)
-  return 1
+    await sleep(1)
+    return 1
+
 
 assert async_f.__code__.co_consts[0] == None
 
 lambda_f = lambda: 0
 assert lambda_f.__code__.co_consts[0] == None
 
+
 class cls:
     def f():
         return 1
 
+
 assert cls().f.__code__.co_consts[0] == None
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/dir_main/__main__.py b/extra_tests/snippets/dir_main/__main__.py
index c324c2e6e5..2f9a147db1 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/dir_main/__main__.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/dir_main/__main__.py
@@ -1 +1 @@
-print('Hello')
+print("Hello")
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/example_fizzbuzz.py b/extra_tests/snippets/example_fizzbuzz.py
index 7aafda0a8a..cc6b76b0a6 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/example_fizzbuzz.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/example_fizzbuzz.py
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ def fizzbuzz(n):
     else:
         return str(n)
 
+
 n = 1
 while n < 10:
     print(fizzbuzz(n))
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/example_interactive.py b/extra_tests/snippets/example_interactive.py
index 6e8b02c862..f9484f15dc 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/example_interactive.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/example_interactive.py
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
-c1 = compile("1 + 1", "", 'eval')
+c1 = compile("1 + 1", "", "eval")
 
 code_class = type(c1)
 
+
 def f(x, y, *args, power=1, **kwargs):
     print("Constant String", 2, None, (2, 4))
     assert code_class == type(c1)
     z = x * y
-    return z ** power
+    return z**power
+
 
 c2 = f.__code__
 # print(c2)
@@ -19,12 +21,12 @@ def f(x, y, *args, power=1, **kwargs):
 print(c2.co_consts)
 assert 2 in c2.co_consts, c2.co_consts
 assert "example_interactive.py" in c2.co_filename
-assert c2.co_firstlineno == 5, str(c2.co_firstlineno)
+assert c2.co_firstlineno == 6, str(c2.co_firstlineno)
 # assert isinstance(c2.co_flags, int) # 'OPTIMIZED, NEWLOCALS, NOFREE'
 # assert c2.co_freevars == (), str(c2.co_freevars)
-assert c2.co_kwonlyargcount == 1, (c2.co_kwonlyargcount)
+assert c2.co_kwonlyargcount == 1, c2.co_kwonlyargcount
 # assert c2.co_lnotab == 0, c2.co_lnotab  # b'\x00\x01' # Line number table
-assert c2.co_name == 'f', c2.co_name
+assert c2.co_name == "f", c2.co_name
 # assert c2.co_names == ('code_class', 'type', 'c1', 'AssertionError'), c2.co_names # , c2.co_names
 # assert c2.co_nlocals == 4, c2.co_nlocals #
 # assert c2.co_stacksize == 2, 'co_stacksize',
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/forbidden_instantiation.py b/extra_tests/snippets/forbidden_instantiation.py
index e5a178e8ae..904c5c6f08 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/forbidden_instantiation.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/forbidden_instantiation.py
@@ -1,19 +1,41 @@
 from typing import Type
 from types import (
-    GeneratorType, CoroutineType, AsyncGeneratorType, BuiltinFunctionType,
-    BuiltinMethodType, WrapperDescriptorType, MethodWrapperType, MethodDescriptorType,
-    ClassMethodDescriptorType, FrameType, GetSetDescriptorType, MemberDescriptorType
+    GeneratorType,
+    CoroutineType,
+    AsyncGeneratorType,
+    BuiltinFunctionType,
+    BuiltinMethodType,
+    WrapperDescriptorType,
+    MethodWrapperType,
+    MethodDescriptorType,
+    ClassMethodDescriptorType,
+    FrameType,
+    GetSetDescriptorType,
+    MemberDescriptorType,
 )
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
+
 def check_forbidden_instantiation(typ, reverse=False):
     f = reversed if reverse else iter
     with assert_raises(TypeError):
         type(f(typ()))()
 
+
 dict_values, dict_items = lambda: {}.values(), lambda: {}.items()
 # types with custom forward iterators
-iter_types = [list, set, str, bytearray, bytes, dict, tuple, lambda: range(0), dict_items, dict_values]
+iter_types = [
+    list,
+    set,
+    str,
+    bytearray,
+    bytes,
+    dict,
+    tuple,
+    lambda: range(0),
+    dict_items,
+    dict_values,
+]
 # types with custom backwards iterators
 reviter_types = [list, dict, lambda: range(0), dict_values, dict_items]
 # internal types:
@@ -22,14 +44,14 @@ def check_forbidden_instantiation(typ, reverse=False):
     CoroutineType,
     AsyncGeneratorType,
     BuiltinFunctionType,
-    BuiltinMethodType, # same as MethodWrapperType 
+    BuiltinMethodType,  # same as MethodWrapperType
     WrapperDescriptorType,
     MethodWrapperType,
     MethodDescriptorType,
     ClassMethodDescriptorType,
     FrameType,
-    GetSetDescriptorType, # same as MemberDescriptorType 
-    MemberDescriptorType
+    GetSetDescriptorType,  # same as MemberDescriptorType
+    MemberDescriptorType,
 ]
 
 for typ in iter_types:
@@ -38,4 +60,4 @@ def check_forbidden_instantiation(typ, reverse=False):
     check_forbidden_instantiation(typ, reverse=True)
 for typ in internal_types:
     with assert_raises(TypeError):
-        typ()
\ No newline at end of file
+        typ()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/frozen.py b/extra_tests/snippets/frozen.py
index d03658c191..ccbe757319 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/frozen.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/frozen.py
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 import __hello__
+
 assert __hello__.initialized == True
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/import.py b/extra_tests/snippets/import.py
index 309160d50f..466e1315ac 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/import.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/import.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 from import_star import *
 
 import import_mutual1
+
 assert import_target.X == import_target.func()
 assert import_target.X == func()
 
@@ -17,56 +18,60 @@
 assert import_target.X == aliased_func()
 assert import_target.Y == aliased_other_func()
 
-assert STAR_IMPORT == '123'
+assert STAR_IMPORT == "123"
 
 try:
     from import_target import func, unknown_name
-    raise AssertionError('`unknown_name` does not cause an exception')
+
+    raise AssertionError("`unknown_name` does not cause an exception")
 except ImportError:
     pass
 
 try:
     import mymodule
 except ModuleNotFoundError as exc:
-    assert exc.name == 'mymodule'
+    assert exc.name == "mymodule"
 
 
 test = __import__("import_target")
 assert test.X == import_target.X
 
 import builtins
-class OverrideImportContext():
 
-	def __enter__(self):
-		self.original_import = builtins.__import__
 
-	def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
-		builtins.__import__ = self.original_import
+class OverrideImportContext:
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.original_import = builtins.__import__
+
+    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+        builtins.__import__ = self.original_import
+
 
 with OverrideImportContext():
-	def fake_import(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0):
-		return len(name)
 
-	builtins.__import__ = fake_import
-	import test
-	assert test == 4
+    def fake_import(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0):
+        return len(name)
+
+    builtins.__import__ = fake_import
+    import test
+
+    assert test == 4
 
 
 # TODO: Once we can determine current directory, use that to construct this
 # path:
-#import sys
-#sys.path.append("snippets/import_directory")
-#import nested_target
+# import sys
+# sys.path.append("snippets/import_directory")
+# import nested_target
 
-#try:
+# try:
 #    X
-#except NameError:
+# except NameError:
 #    pass
-#else:
+# else:
 #    raise AssertionError('X should not be imported')
 
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
 with assert_raises(SyntaxError):
-	exec('import')
-
+    exec("import")
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/import_file.py b/extra_tests/snippets/import_file.py
index 3f9eeed704..17aae1b122 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/import_file.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/import_file.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import os
 
+
 def import_file():
-	assert os.path.basename(__file__) == "import_file.py"
+    assert os.path.basename(__file__) == "import_file.py"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/import_mutual1.py b/extra_tests/snippets/import_mutual1.py
index 0dca4a34e0..28239f977e 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/import_mutual1.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/import_mutual1.py
@@ -1,4 +1,2 @@
-
 # Mutual recursive import:
 import import_mutual2
-
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/import_mutual2.py b/extra_tests/snippets/import_mutual2.py
index 388ce25217..c9f0cbecb3 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/import_mutual2.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/import_mutual2.py
@@ -1,3 +1,2 @@
-
 # Mutual recursive import:
 import import_mutual1
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/import_star.py b/extra_tests/snippets/import_star.py
index efe23426fb..c925972f73 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/import_star.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/import_star.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 # This is used by import.py; the two should be modified in concert
 
-STAR_IMPORT = '123'
+STAR_IMPORT = "123"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/import_target.py b/extra_tests/snippets/import_target.py
index ba340ce3e0..da7b9214c5 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/import_target.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/import_target.py
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 # This is used by import.py; the two should be modified in concert
 
-X = '123'
-Y = 'abc'
+X = "123"
+Y = "abc"
+
 
 def func():
     return X
 
+
 def other_func():
     return Y
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.1.1.py b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.1.1.py
index 8ef39bc8d9..0fe1dcc7e9 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.1.1.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.1.1.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 assert 2 + 2 == 4
 
-assert 50 - 5*6 == 20
+assert 50 - 5 * 6 == 20
 
-assert (50 - 5*6) / 4 == 5 # This will crash
-assert (50 - 5*6) / 4 == 5.0
+assert (50 - 5 * 6) / 4 == 5  # This will crash
+assert (50 - 5 * 6) / 4 == 5.0
 
-assert 8 / 5 == 1.6 # division always returns a floating point number
+assert 8 / 5 == 1.6  # division always returns a floating point number
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.1.3.py b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.1.3.py
index 1972e615cd..e022c66272 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.1.3.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.1.3.py
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-assert 25 == 5 ** 2  # 5 squared
+assert 25 == 5**2  # 5 squared
 
-assert 128 == 2 ** 7  # 2 to the power of 7
+assert 128 == 2**7  # 2 to the power of 7
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.1.py b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.1.py
index 9fd8ae6b06..ee823078ed 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.1.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.1.py
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-assert 'spam eggs' == 'spam eggs'  # single quotes
-assert "doesn't" == 'doesn\'t'  # use \' to escape the single quote...
+assert "spam eggs" == "spam eggs"  # single quotes
+assert "doesn't" == "doesn't"  # use \' to escape the single quote...
 assert "doesn't" == "doesn't"  # ...or use double quotes instead
 assert '"Yes," he said.' == '"Yes," he said.'
-assert '"Yes," he said.' == "\"Yes,\" he said."
+assert '"Yes," he said.' == '"Yes," he said.'
 assert '"Isn\'t," she said.' == '"Isn\'t," she said.'
-
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.10.py b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.10.py
index b69c2029c3..6460349289 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.10.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.10.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-word = 'Python'
-assert 'P' == word[0]  # character in position 0
-assert 'n' == word[5]  # character in position 5
-assert 'n' == word[-1]  # last character
-assert 'o' == word[-2]  # second-last character
-assert 'P' == word[-6]
+word = "Python"
+assert "P" == word[0]  # character in position 0
+assert "n" == word[5]  # character in position 5
+assert "n" == word[-1]  # last character
+assert "o" == word[-2]  # second-last character
+assert "P" == word[-6]
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.3.py b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.3.py
index 9e63ae92b4..e509b53571 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.3.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.3.py
@@ -1 +1 @@
-print('C:\some\name')
+print("C:\some\name")
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.5.py b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.5.py
index 64ed5b98ab..01489565da 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.5.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.5.py
@@ -1 +1 @@
-assert 'unununium' == 3 * 'un' + 'ium'
+assert "unununium" == 3 * "un" + "ium"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.6.py b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.6.py
index 92e434d619..3f4580a99a 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.6.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/intro/3.1.2.6.py
@@ -1 +1 @@
-assert 'Python' == 'Py' 'thon'
+assert "Python" == "Python"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/jit.py b/extra_tests/snippets/jit.py
index 4b92fa235e..887cbb50e7 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/jit.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/jit.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 def foo():
     a = 5
     return 10 + a
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/name.py b/extra_tests/snippets/name.py
index 97f9367ec0..fdf34db698 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/name.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/name.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-#when name.py is run __name__ should equal to __main__
+# when name.py is run __name__ should equal to __main__
 assert __name__ == "__main__"
 
 from import_name import import_func
 
-#__name__ should be set to import_func
+# __name__ should be set to import_func
 import_func()
 
 assert __name__ == "__main__"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_arithmetic.py b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_arithmetic.py
index e1f2c4a38d..c698997af1 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_arithmetic.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_arithmetic.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 
 a = 4
 
-assert a ** 3 == 64
+assert a**3 == 64
 assert a * 3 == 12
 assert a / 2 == 2
 assert 2 == a / 2
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_cast.py b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_cast.py
index fdf1613beb..21a9237baf 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_cast.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_cast.py
@@ -1,39 +1,39 @@
 x = 1
 y = 1.1
-assert x+y == 2.1
-#print(x+y)
+assert x + y == 2.1
+# print(x+y)
 
 x = 1.1
 y = 1
-assert x+y == 2.1
-#print(x+y)
+assert x + y == 2.1
+# print(x+y)
 
 x = 1.1
 y = 2.1
-assert x+y == 3.2
-#print(x+y)
+assert x + y == 3.2
+# print(x+y)
 
 x = "ab"
 y = "cd"
-assert x+y == "abcd"
-#print(x+y)
+assert x + y == "abcd"
+# print(x+y)
 
 x = 2
 y = 3
 assert x**y == 8
-#print(x**y)
+# print(x**y)
 
 x = 2.0
 y = 3
 assert x**y == 8.0
-#print(x**y)
+# print(x**y)
 
 x = 2
 y = 3.0
 assert x**y == 8.0
-#print(x**y)
+# print(x**y)
 
 x = 2.0
 y = 3.0
 assert x**y == 8.0
-#print(x**y)
+# print(x**y)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_comparison.py b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_comparison.py
index 644a5ea6a3..71231f033d 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_comparison.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_comparison.py
@@ -13,12 +13,14 @@
 assert not 1 < 2 > 3 < 4
 assert not 1 > 2 < 3 < 4
 
+
 def test_type_error(x, y):
     assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: x < y)
     assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: x <= y)
     assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: x > y)
     assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: x >= y)
 
+
 test_type_error([], 0)
 test_type_error((), 0)
 
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@ def test_type_error(x, y):
 
 # floats that cannot be converted to big ints shouldn’t crash the vm
 import math
+
 assert not (10**500 == math.inf)
 assert not (math.inf == 10**500)
 assert not (10**500 == math.nan)
@@ -41,23 +44,23 @@ def test_type_error(x, y):
 
 # comparisons
 # floats with worse than integer precision
-assert 2.**54 > 2**54 - 1
-assert 2.**54 < 2**54 + 1
-assert 2.**54 >= 2**54 - 1
-assert 2.**54 <= 2**54 + 1
-assert 2.**54 == 2**54
-assert not 2.**54 == 2**54 + 1
+assert 2.0**54 > 2**54 - 1
+assert 2.0**54 < 2**54 + 1
+assert 2.0**54 >= 2**54 - 1
+assert 2.0**54 <= 2**54 + 1
+assert 2.0**54 == 2**54
+assert not 2.0**54 == 2**54 + 1
 
 # inverse operands
-assert 2**54 - 1 < 2.**54
-assert 2**54 + 1 > 2.**54
-assert 2**54 - 1 <= 2.**54
-assert 2**54 + 1 >= 2.**54
-assert 2**54 == 2.**54
-assert not 2**54 + 1 == 2.**54
+assert 2**54 - 1 < 2.0**54
+assert 2**54 + 1 > 2.0**54
+assert 2**54 - 1 <= 2.0**54
+assert 2**54 + 1 >= 2.0**54
+assert 2**54 == 2.0**54
+assert not 2**54 + 1 == 2.0**54
 
-assert not 2.**54 < 2**54 - 1
-assert not 2.**54 > 2**54 + 1
+assert not 2.0**54 < 2**54 - 1
+assert not 2.0**54 > 2**54 + 1
 
 # sub-int numbers
 assert 1.3 > 1
@@ -68,17 +71,17 @@ def test_type_error(x, y):
 assert -0.3 <= 0
 
 # int out of float range comparisons
-assert 10**500 > 2.**54
-assert -10**500 < -0.12
+assert 10**500 > 2.0**54
+assert -(10**500) < -0.12
 
 # infinity and NaN comparisons
 assert math.inf > 10**500
 assert math.inf >= 10**500
 assert not math.inf < 10**500
 
-assert -math.inf < -10*500
-assert -math.inf <= -10*500
-assert not -math.inf > -10*500
+assert -math.inf < -10 * 500
+assert -math.inf <= -10 * 500
+assert not -math.inf > -10 * 500
 
 assert not math.nan > 123
 assert not math.nan < 123
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_div.py b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_div.py
index 8520a877c5..e99533cbd5 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_div.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_div.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: 5 / 0)
 assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: 5 / -0.0)
-assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: 5 / (2-2))
+assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: 5 / (2 - 2))
 assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: 5 % 0)
 assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: 5 // 0)
 assert_raises(ZeroDivisionError, lambda: 5.3 // (-0.0))
@@ -18,12 +18,16 @@
 res = 10**3000 / (10**2998 + 5 * 10**2996)
 assert 95.238095 <= res <= 95.238096
 
-assert 10**500 / (2*10**(500-308)) == 5e307
-assert 10**500 / (10**(500-308)) == 1e308
-assert_raises(OverflowError, lambda: 10**500 / (10**(500-309)), _msg='too big result')
+assert 10**500 / (2 * 10 ** (500 - 308)) == 5e307
+assert 10**500 / (10 ** (500 - 308)) == 1e308
+assert_raises(
+    OverflowError, lambda: 10**500 / (10 ** (500 - 309)), _msg="too big result"
+)
 
 # a bit more than f64::MAX = 1.7976931348623157e+308_f64
 assert (2 * 10**308) / 2 == 1e308
 
 # when dividing too big int by a float, the operation should fail
-assert_raises(OverflowError, lambda: (2 * 10**308) / 2.0, _msg='division of big int by float')
+assert_raises(
+    OverflowError, lambda: (2 * 10**308) / 2.0, _msg="division of big int by float"
+)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_membership.py b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_membership.py
index 2987c3c0fe..07065e2244 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/operator_membership.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/operator_membership.py
@@ -46,15 +46,16 @@
 assert 1 in range(0, 2)
 assert 3 not in range(0, 2)
 
+
 # test __contains__ in user objects
-class MyNotContainingClass():
+class MyNotContainingClass:
     pass
 
 
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: 1 in MyNotContainingClass())
 
 
-class MyContainingClass():
+class MyContainingClass:
     def __init__(self, value):
         self.value = value
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_callable.py b/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_callable.py
index c549ef468e..1df0e71793 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_callable.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_callable.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class Callable():
+class Callable:
     def __init__(self):
         self.count = 0
 
@@ -6,13 +6,16 @@ def __call__(self):
         self.count += 1
         return self.count
 
+
 c = Callable()
 assert 1 == c()
 assert 2 == c()
 
+
 class Inherited(Callable):
     pass
 
+
 i = Inherited()
 
 assert 1 == i()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_index_bad.py b/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_index_bad.py
index af71f2e689..d4ac003c85 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_index_bad.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_index_bad.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-""" Test that indexing ops don't hang when an object with a mutating
+"""Test that indexing ops don't hang when an object with a mutating
 __index__ is used."""
+
 from testutils import assert_raises
 from array import array
 
@@ -15,18 +16,19 @@ def __index__(self):
 def run_setslice():
     with assert_raises(IndexError):
         e[BadIndex()] = 42
-    e[BadIndex():0:-1] = e
-    e[0:BadIndex():1] = e
-    e[0:10:BadIndex()] = e
+    e[BadIndex() : 0 : -1] = e
+    e[0 : BadIndex() : 1] = e
+    e[0 : 10 : BadIndex()] = e
 
 
 def run_delslice():
-    del e[BadIndex():0:-1]
-    del e[0:BadIndex():1]
-    del e[0:10:BadIndex()]
+    del e[BadIndex() : 0 : -1]
+    del e[0 : BadIndex() : 1]
+    del e[0 : 10 : BadIndex()]
+
 
-# Check types 
-instances = [list(), bytearray(), array('b')]
+# Check types
+instances = [list(), bytearray(), array("b")]
 for e in instances:
     run_setslice()
-    run_delslice()
\ No newline at end of file
+    run_delslice()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_iterable.py b/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_iterable.py
index 7158296c38..7f32504d0a 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_iterable.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_iterable.py
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
+
 def test_container(x):
     assert 3 in x
     assert 4 not in x
@@ -10,27 +11,40 @@ def test_container(x):
     lst.extend(x)
     assert lst == [0, 1, 2, 3]
 
+
 class C:
     def __iter__(self):
         return iter([0, 1, 2, 3])
+
+
 test_container(C())
 
+
 class C:
     def __getitem__(self, x):
-        return (0, 1, 2, 3)[x] # raises IndexError on x==4
+        return (0, 1, 2, 3)[x]  # raises IndexError on x==4
+
+
 test_container(C())
 
+
 class C:
     def __getitem__(self, x):
         if x > 3:
             raise StopIteration
         return x
+
+
 test_container(C())
 
-class C: pass
+
+class C:
+    pass
+
+
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: 5 in C())
 assert_raises(TypeError, iter, C)
 
-it = iter([1,2,3,4,5])
+it = iter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
 call_it = iter(lambda: next(it), 4)
-assert list(call_it) == [1,2,3]
+assert list(call_it) == [1, 2, 3]
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_iternext.py b/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_iternext.py
index b2b30961c0..0eff9cff4e 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_iternext.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/protocol_iternext.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-
-
 ls = [1, 2, 3]
 
 i = iter(ls)
@@ -7,10 +5,10 @@
 assert i.__next__() == 2
 assert next(i) == 3
 
-assert next(i, 'w00t') == 'w00t'
+assert next(i, "w00t") == "w00t"
 
-s = '你好'
+s = "你好"
 i = iter(s)
 i.__setstate__(1)
-assert i.__next__() == '好'
+assert i.__next__() == "好"
 assert i.__reduce__()[2] == 2
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/recursion.py b/extra_tests/snippets/recursion.py
index f2a8d4e11d..2d3b2205d6 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/recursion.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/recursion.py
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
+
 class Foo(object):
     pass
 
+
 Foo.__repr__ = Foo.__str__
 
 foo = Foo()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_abc_number.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_abc_number.py
index c6aee97ec8..2c1e81c1f8 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_abc_number.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_abc_number.py
@@ -71,4 +71,4 @@ class A(int):
 assert 1_2.3_4e0_0 == 12.34
 
 with assert_raises(SyntaxError):
-    eval('1__2')
+    eval("1__2")
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_array.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_array.py
index 6c4af54597..a31b2f8e42 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_array.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_array.py
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 b = array("B", [3, 2, 1, 0])
 assert a.__ne__(b) is True
 
+
 def test_float_with_integer_input():
     f = array("f", [0, 1, 2.0, 3.0])
     f.append(4)
@@ -33,10 +34,11 @@ def test_float_with_integer_input():
     f[0] = -2
     assert f == array("f", [-2, 0, 2, 3, 4])
 
+
 test_float_with_integer_input()
 
 # slice assignment step overflow behaviour test
-T = 'I'
+T = "I"
 a = array(T, range(10))
 b = array(T, [100])
 a[::9999999999] = b
@@ -57,9 +59,10 @@ def test_float_with_integer_input():
 del a[0:0:-9999999999]
 assert a == array(T, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
 
+
 def test_float_with_nan():
-    f = float('nan')
-    a = array('f')
+    f = float("nan")
+    a = array("f")
     a.append(f)
     assert not (a == a)
     assert a != a
@@ -68,30 +71,35 @@ def test_float_with_nan():
     assert not (a > a)
     assert not (a >= a)
 
+
 test_float_with_nan()
 
+
 def test_different_type_cmp():
-    a = array('i', [-1, -2, -3, -4])
-    b = array('I', [1, 2, 3, 4])
-    c = array('f', [1, 2, 3, 4])
+    a = array("i", [-1, -2, -3, -4])
+    b = array("I", [1, 2, 3, 4])
+    c = array("f", [1, 2, 3, 4])
     assert a < b
     assert b > a
     assert b == c
     assert a < c
     assert c > a
 
+
 test_different_type_cmp()
 
+
 def test_array_frombytes():
-    a = array('b', [-1, -2])
+    a = array("b", [-1, -2])
     b = bytearray(a.tobytes())
-    c = array('b', b)
+    c = array("b", b)
     assert a == c
 
+
 test_array_frombytes()
 
 # test that indexing on an empty array doesn't panic
-a = array('b')
+a = array("b")
 with assert_raises(IndexError):
     a[0]
 with assert_raises(IndexError):
@@ -99,21 +107,21 @@ def test_array_frombytes():
 with assert_raises(IndexError):
     del a[42]
 
-test_str = '🌉abc🌐def🌉🌐'
-u = array('u', test_str)
+test_str = "🌉abc🌐def🌉🌐"
+u = array("u", test_str)
 # skip as 2 bytes character environment with CPython is failing the test
 if u.itemsize >= 4:
     assert u.__reduce_ex__(1)[1][1] == list(test_str)
     assert loads(dumps(u, 1)) == loads(dumps(u, 3))
 
 # test array name
-a = array('b', [])
+a = array("b", [])
 assert str(a.__class__.__name__) == "array"
 # test arrayiterator name
 i = iter(a)
 assert str(i.__class__.__name__) == "arrayiterator"
 
 # teset array.__contains__
-a = array('B', [0])
+a = array("B", [0])
 assert a.__contains__(0)
 assert not a.__contains__(1)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ast.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ast.py
index 08c1b3b76e..dc626506fa 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ast.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ast.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-
 import ast
+
 print(ast)
 
 source = """
@@ -11,30 +11,29 @@ def foo():
 print(n)
 print(n.body)
 print(n.body[0].name)
-assert n.body[0].name == 'foo'
+assert n.body[0].name == "foo"
 foo = n.body[0]
 assert foo.lineno == 2
 print(foo.body)
 assert len(foo.body) == 2
 print(foo.body[0])
 print(foo.body[0].value.func.id)
-assert foo.body[0].value.func.id == 'print'
+assert foo.body[0].value.func.id == "print"
 assert foo.body[0].lineno == 3
 assert foo.body[1].lineno == 4
 
 n = ast.parse("3 < 4 > 5\n")
 assert n.body[0].value.left.value == 3
-assert 'Lt' in str(n.body[0].value.ops[0])
-assert 'Gt' in str(n.body[0].value.ops[1])
+assert "Lt" in str(n.body[0].value.ops[0])
+assert "Gt" in str(n.body[0].value.ops[1])
 assert n.body[0].value.comparators[0].value == 4
 assert n.body[0].value.comparators[1].value == 5
 
 
-n = ast.parse('from ... import a\n')
+n = ast.parse("from ... import a\n")
 print(n)
 i = n.body[0]
 assert i.level == 3
 assert i.module is None
-assert i.names[0].name == 'a'
+assert i.names[0].name == "a"
 assert i.names[0].asname is None
-
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_collections.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_collections.py
index 641a6e2a25..8fd7cb6a88 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_collections.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_collections.py
@@ -50,9 +50,10 @@
 class BadRepr:
     def __repr__(self):
         self.d.pop()
-        return ''
+        return ""
+
 
 b = BadRepr()
 d = deque([1, b, 2])
 b.d = d
-repr(d)
\ No newline at end of file
+repr(d)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_collections_deque.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_collections_deque.py
index 44498633bf..86e566f418 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_collections_deque.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_collections_deque.py
@@ -5,9 +5,9 @@
 
 def test_deque_iterator__new__():
     klass = type(iter(deque()))
-    s = 'abcd'
+    s = "abcd"
     d = klass(deque(s))
-    assert (list(d) == list(s))
+    assert list(d) == list(s)
 
 
 test_deque_iterator__new__()
@@ -17,22 +17,22 @@ def test_deque_iterator__new__positional_index():
     klass = type(iter(deque()))
 
     # index between 0 and len
-    for s in ('abcd', range(200)):
+    for s in ("abcd", range(200)):
         for i in range(len(s)):
             d = klass(deque(s), i)
-            assert (list(d) == list(s)[i:])
+            assert list(d) == list(s)[i:]
 
     # negative index
-    for s in ('abcd', range(200)):
+    for s in ("abcd", range(200)):
         for i in range(-100, 0):
             d = klass(deque(s), i)
-            assert (list(d) == list(s))
+            assert list(d) == list(s)
 
     # index ge len
-    for s in ('abcd', range(200)):
+    for s in ("abcd", range(200)):
         for i in range(len(s), 400):
             d = klass(deque(s), i)
-            assert (list(d) == list())
+            assert list(d) == list()
 
 
 test_deque_iterator__new__positional_index()
@@ -41,10 +41,10 @@ def test_deque_iterator__new__positional_index():
 def test_deque_iterator__new__not_using_keyword_index():
     klass = type(iter(deque()))
 
-    for s in ('abcd', range(200)):
+    for s in ("abcd", range(200)):
         for i in range(-100, 400):
             d = klass(deque(s), index=i)
-            assert (list(d) == list(s))
+            assert list(d) == list(s)
 
 
 test_deque_iterator__new__not_using_keyword_index()
@@ -54,22 +54,22 @@ def test_deque_reverse_iterator__new__positional_index():
     klass = type(reversed(deque()))
 
     # index between 0 and len
-    for s in ('abcd', range(200)):
+    for s in ("abcd", range(200)):
         for i in range(len(s)):
             d = klass(deque(s), i)
-            assert (list(d) == list(reversed(s))[i:])
+            assert list(d) == list(reversed(s))[i:]
 
     # negative index
-    for s in ('abcd', range(200)):
+    for s in ("abcd", range(200)):
         for i in range(-100, 0):
             d = klass(deque(s), i)
-            assert (list(d) == list(reversed(s)))
+            assert list(d) == list(reversed(s))
 
     # index ge len
-    for s in ('abcd', range(200)):
+    for s in ("abcd", range(200)):
         for i in range(len(s), 400):
             d = klass(deque(s), i)
-            assert (list(d) == list())
+            assert list(d) == list()
 
 
 test_deque_reverse_iterator__new__positional_index()
@@ -78,10 +78,10 @@ def test_deque_reverse_iterator__new__positional_index():
 def test_deque_reverse_iterator__new__not_using_keyword_index():
     klass = type(reversed(deque()))
 
-    for s in ('abcd', range(200)):
+    for s in ("abcd", range(200)):
         for i in range(-100, 400):
             d = klass(deque(s), index=i)
-            assert (list(d) == list(reversed(s)))
+            assert list(d) == list(reversed(s))
 
 
 test_deque_reverse_iterator__new__not_using_keyword_index()
@@ -89,11 +89,13 @@ def test_deque_reverse_iterator__new__not_using_keyword_index():
 assert repr(deque()) == "deque([])"
 assert repr(deque([1, 2, 3])) == "deque([1, 2, 3])"
 
+
 class D(deque):
     pass
 
+
 assert repr(D()) == "D([])"
 assert repr(D([1, 2, 3])) == "D([1, 2, 3])"
 
 
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: deque().index(10,0,10000000000000000000000000))
\ No newline at end of file
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: deque().index(10, 0, 10000000000000000000000000))
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_csv.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_csv.py
index 6ba66d30f7..f762c58010 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_csv.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_csv.py
@@ -2,44 +2,48 @@
 
 import csv
 
-for row in csv.reader(['one,two,three']):
-	[one, two, three] = row
-	assert one == 'one'
-	assert two == 'two'
-	assert three == 'three'
+for row in csv.reader(["one,two,three"]):
+    [one, two, three] = row
+    assert one == "one"
+    assert two == "two"
+    assert three == "three"
+
 
 def f():
-	iter = ['one,two,three', 'four,five,six']
-	reader = csv.reader(iter)
+    iter = ["one,two,three", "four,five,six"]
+    reader = csv.reader(iter)
+
+    [one, two, three] = next(reader)
+    [four, five, six] = next(reader)
 
-	[one,two,three] = next(reader)
-	[four,five,six] = next(reader)
+    assert one == "one"
+    assert two == "two"
+    assert three == "three"
+    assert four == "four"
+    assert five == "five"
+    assert six == "six"
 
-	assert one == 'one'
-	assert two == 'two'
-	assert three == 'three'
-	assert four == 'four'
-	assert five == 'five'
-	assert six == 'six'
 
 f()
 
+
 def test_delim():
-	iter = ['one|two|three', 'four|five|six']
-	reader = csv.reader(iter, delimiter='|')
-
-	[one,two,three] = next(reader)
-	[four,five,six] = next(reader)
-
-	assert one == 'one'
-	assert two == 'two'
-	assert three == 'three'
-	assert four == 'four'
-	assert five == 'five'
-	assert six == 'six'
-
-	with assert_raises(TypeError):
-		iter = ['one,,two,,three']
-		csv.reader(iter, delimiter=',,')
+    iter = ["one|two|three", "four|five|six"]
+    reader = csv.reader(iter, delimiter="|")
+
+    [one, two, three] = next(reader)
+    [four, five, six] = next(reader)
+
+    assert one == "one"
+    assert two == "two"
+    assert three == "three"
+    assert four == "four"
+    assert five == "five"
+    assert six == "six"
+
+    with assert_raises(TypeError):
+        iter = ["one,,two,,three"]
+        csv.reader(iter, delimiter=",,")
+
 
 test_delim()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ctypes.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ctypes.py
index 95ee9900fb..32ed17d19f 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ctypes.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_ctypes.py
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 from struct import calcsize as _calcsize
 
 
-assert Array.__class__.__name__ == 'PyCArrayType'
-assert Array.__base__.__name__ == '_CData'
+assert Array.__class__.__name__ == "PyCArrayType"
+assert Array.__base__.__name__ == "_CData"
 
 DEFAULT_MODE = RTLD_LOCAL
 if _os.name == "posix" and _sys.platform == "darwin":
@@ -19,13 +19,16 @@
     # libraries.  OS X 10.3 is Darwin 7, so we check for
     # that.
 
-    if int(_os.uname().release.split('.')[0]) < 8:
+    if int(_os.uname().release.split(".")[0]) < 8:
         DEFAULT_MODE = RTLD_GLOBAL
 
-from _ctypes import FUNCFLAG_CDECL as _FUNCFLAG_CDECL, \
-    FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI as _FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI, \
-    FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO as _FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO, \
-    FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR as _FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR
+from _ctypes import (
+    FUNCFLAG_CDECL as _FUNCFLAG_CDECL,
+    FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI as _FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI,
+    FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO as _FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO,
+    FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR as _FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR,
+)
+
 
 def create_string_buffer(init, size=None):
     """create_string_buffer(aBytes) -> character array
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ def create_string_buffer(init, size=None):
     """
     if isinstance(init, bytes):
         if size is None:
-            size = len(init)+1
+            size = len(init) + 1
         _sys.audit("ctypes.create_string_buffer", init, size)
         buftype = c_char.__mul__(size)
         print(type(c_char.__mul__(size)))
@@ -50,32 +53,47 @@ def create_string_buffer(init, size=None):
         return buf
     raise TypeError(init)
 
+
 def _check_size(typ, typecode=None):
     # Check if sizeof(ctypes_type) against struct.calcsize.  This
     # should protect somewhat against a misconfigured libffi.
     from struct import calcsize
+
     if typecode is None:
         # Most _type_ codes are the same as used in struct
         typecode = typ._type_
     actual, required = sizeof(typ), calcsize(typecode)
     if actual != required:
-        raise SystemError("sizeof(%s) wrong: %d instead of %d" % \
-                          (typ, actual, required))
+        raise SystemError(
+            "sizeof(%s) wrong: %d instead of %d" % (typ, actual, required)
+        )
+
 
 class c_short(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "h"
+
+
 _check_size(c_short)
 
+
 class c_ushort(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "H"
+
+
 _check_size(c_ushort)
 
+
 class c_long(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "l"
+
+
 _check_size(c_long)
 
+
 class c_ulong(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "L"
+
+
 _check_size(c_ulong)
 
 if _calcsize("i") == _calcsize("l"):
@@ -83,24 +101,36 @@ class c_ulong(_SimpleCData):
     c_int = c_long
     c_uint = c_ulong
 else:
+
     class c_int(_SimpleCData):
         _type_ = "i"
+
     _check_size(c_int)
 
     class c_uint(_SimpleCData):
         _type_ = "I"
+
     _check_size(c_uint)
 
+
 class c_float(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "f"
+
+
 _check_size(c_float)
 
+
 class c_double(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "d"
+
+
 _check_size(c_double)
 
+
 class c_longdouble(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "g"
+
+
 if sizeof(c_longdouble) == sizeof(c_double):
     c_longdouble = c_double
 
@@ -109,54 +139,76 @@ class c_longdouble(_SimpleCData):
     c_longlong = c_long
     c_ulonglong = c_ulong
 else:
+
     class c_longlong(_SimpleCData):
         _type_ = "q"
+
     _check_size(c_longlong)
 
     class c_ulonglong(_SimpleCData):
         _type_ = "Q"
+
     ##    def from_param(cls, val):
     ##        return ('d', float(val), val)
     ##    from_param = classmethod(from_param)
     _check_size(c_ulonglong)
 
+
 class c_ubyte(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "B"
+
+
 c_ubyte.__ctype_le__ = c_ubyte.__ctype_be__ = c_ubyte
 # backward compatibility:
 ##c_uchar = c_ubyte
 _check_size(c_ubyte)
 
+
 class c_byte(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "b"
+
+
 c_byte.__ctype_le__ = c_byte.__ctype_be__ = c_byte
 _check_size(c_byte)
 
+
 class c_char(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "c"
+
+
 c_char.__ctype_le__ = c_char.__ctype_be__ = c_char
 _check_size(c_char)
 
+
 class c_char_p(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "z"
+
     def __repr__(self):
         return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, c_void_p.from_buffer(self).value)
+
+
 _check_size(c_char_p, "P")
 
+
 class c_void_p(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "P"
-c_voidp = c_void_p # backwards compatibility (to a bug)
+
+
+c_voidp = c_void_p  # backwards compatibility (to a bug)
 _check_size(c_void_p)
 
+
 class c_bool(_SimpleCData):
     _type_ = "?"
+
+
 _check_size(c_bool)
 
 i = c_int(42)
 f = c_float(3.14)
 # s = create_string_buffer(b'\000' * 32)
 assert i.value == 42
-assert abs(f.value -  3.14) < 1e-06
+assert abs(f.value - 3.14) < 1e-06
 
 if _os.name == "nt":
     from _ctypes import LoadLibrary as _dlopen
@@ -164,6 +216,7 @@ class c_bool(_SimpleCData):
 elif _os.name == "posix":
     from _ctypes import dlopen as _dlopen
 
+
 class CDLL(object):
     """An instance of this class represents a loaded dll/shared
     library, exporting functions using the standard C calling
@@ -178,17 +231,23 @@ class CDLL(object):
     Calling the functions releases the Python GIL during the call and
     reacquires it afterwards.
     """
+
     _func_flags_ = _FUNCFLAG_CDECL
     _func_restype_ = c_int
     # default values for repr
-    _name = '<uninitialized>'
+    _name = "<uninitialized>"
     _handle = 0
     _FuncPtr = None
 
-    def __init__(self, name, mode=DEFAULT_MODE, handle=None,
-                 use_errno=False,
-                 use_last_error=False,
-                 winmode=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        name,
+        mode=DEFAULT_MODE,
+        handle=None,
+        use_errno=False,
+        use_last_error=False,
+        winmode=None,
+    ):
         self._name = name
         flags = self._func_flags_
         if use_errno:
@@ -202,20 +261,22 @@ def __init__(self, name, mode=DEFAULT_MODE, handle=None,
                Otherwise, name is presented to dlopen() as a file argument.
             """
             if name and name.endswith(")") and ".a(" in name:
-                mode |= ( _os.RTLD_MEMBER | _os.RTLD_NOW )
+                mode |= _os.RTLD_MEMBER | _os.RTLD_NOW
         if _os.name == "nt":
             if winmode is not None:
                 mode = winmode
             else:
                 import nt
+
                 mode = 4096
-                if '/' in name or '\\' in name:
+                if "/" in name or "\\" in name:
                     self._name = nt._getfullpathname(self._name)
                     mode |= nt._LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_DLL_LOAD_DIR
 
         class _FuncPtr(_CFuncPtr):
             _flags_ = flags
             _restype_ = self._func_restype_
+
         self._FuncPtr = _FuncPtr
 
         if handle is None:
@@ -224,13 +285,15 @@ class _FuncPtr(_CFuncPtr):
             self._handle = handle
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        return "<%s '%s', handle %x at %#x>" % \
-            (self.__class__.__name__, self._name,
-             (self._handle & (_sys.maxsize*2 + 1)),
-             id(self) & (_sys.maxsize*2 + 1))
+        return "<%s '%s', handle %x at %#x>" % (
+            self.__class__.__name__,
+            self._name,
+            (self._handle & (_sys.maxsize * 2 + 1)),
+            id(self) & (_sys.maxsize * 2 + 1),
+        )
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
-        if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'):
+        if name.startswith("__") and name.endswith("__"):
             raise AttributeError(name)
         func = self.__getitem__(name)
         setattr(self, name, func)
@@ -242,12 +305,13 @@ def __getitem__(self, name_or_ordinal):
             func.__name__ = name_or_ordinal
         return func
 
+
 class LibraryLoader(object):
     def __init__(self, dlltype):
         self._dlltype = dlltype
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
-        if name[0] == '_':
+        if name[0] == "_":
             raise AttributeError(name)
         try:
             dll = self._dlltype(name)
@@ -264,6 +328,7 @@ def LoadLibrary(self, name):
 
     __class_getitem__ = classmethod(_types.GenericAlias)
 
+
 cdll = LibraryLoader(CDLL)
 
 test_byte_array = create_string_buffer(b"Hello, World!\n")
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_datetime.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_datetime.py
index cd1f27733b..60e8049401 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_datetime.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_datetime.py
@@ -19,8 +19,13 @@
 import time as _time
 
 from testutils import (
-    assert_raises, assert_equal, assert_true, assert_false, assert_isinstance,
-    assert_in)
+    assert_raises,
+    assert_equal,
+    assert_true,
+    assert_false,
+    assert_isinstance,
+    assert_in,
+)
 
 # An arbitrary collection of objects of non-datetime types, for testing
 # mixed-type comparisons.
@@ -40,7 +45,7 @@
 assert_equal(datetime_module.MINYEAR, 1)
 assert_equal(datetime_module.MAXYEAR, 9999)
 
-if hasattr(datetime_module, '_divide_and_round'):
+if hasattr(datetime_module, "_divide_and_round"):
     #  def test_divide_and_round(self):
     dar = datetime_module._divide_and_round
 
@@ -68,8 +73,8 @@
 #############################################################################
 # tzinfo tests
 
-class FixedOffset(tzinfo):
 
+class FixedOffset(tzinfo):
     def __init__(self, offset, name, dstoffset=42):
         if isinstance(offset, int):
             offset = timedelta(minutes=offset)
@@ -78,24 +83,30 @@ def __init__(self, offset, name, dstoffset=42):
         self.__offset = offset
         self.__name = name
         self.__dstoffset = dstoffset
+
     def __repr__(self):
         return self.__name.lower()
+
     def utcoffset(self, dt):
         return self.__offset
+
     def tzname(self, dt):
         return self.__name
+
     def dst(self, dt):
         return self.__dstoffset
 
-class PicklableFixedOffset(FixedOffset):
 
+class PicklableFixedOffset(FixedOffset):
     def __init__(self, offset=None, name=None, dstoffset=None):
         FixedOffset.__init__(self, offset, name, dstoffset)
 
+
 class _TZInfo(tzinfo):
     def utcoffset(self, datetime_module):
         return random.random()
 
+
 # class TestTZInfo(unittest.TestCase):
 
 #  def test_refcnt_crash_bug_22044(self):
@@ -117,11 +128,14 @@ def utcoffset(self, datetime_module):
 with assert_raises(NotImplementedError):
     useless.dst(dt)
 
+
 # def test_subclass_must_override(self):
 class NotEnough(tzinfo):
     def __init__(self, offset, name):
         self.__offset = offset
         self.__name = name
+
+
 assert_true(issubclass(NotEnough, tzinfo))
 ne = NotEnough(3, "NotByALongShot")
 assert_isinstance(ne, tzinfo)
@@ -138,14 +152,14 @@ def __init__(self, offset, name):
 
 # XXX: bug #1302
 # def test_normal(self):
-#fo = FixedOffset(3, "Three")
-#assert_isinstance(fo, tzinfo)
-#for dt in datetime.now(), None:
+# fo = FixedOffset(3, "Three")
+# assert_isinstance(fo, tzinfo)
+# for dt in datetime.now(), None:
 #    assert_equal(fo.utcoffset(dt), timedelta(minutes=3))
 #    assert_equal(fo.tzname(dt), "Three")
 #    assert_equal(fo.dst(dt), timedelta(minutes=42))
 
-'''
+"""
 class TestTimeZone(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -277,17 +291,17 @@ def test_deepcopy(self):
         tz = timezone.utc
         tz_copy = copy.deepcopy(tz)
         self.assertIs(tz_copy, tz)
-'''
+"""
 
 #############################################################################
 # Base class for testing a particular aspect of timedelta, time, date and
 # datetime comparisons.
 
 # class HarmlessMixedComparison:
-    # Test that __eq__ and __ne__ don't complain for mixed-type comparisons.
+# Test that __eq__ and __ne__ don't complain for mixed-type comparisons.
 
-    # Subclasses must define 'theclass', and theclass(1, 1, 1) must be a
-    # legit constructor.
+# Subclasses must define 'theclass', and theclass(1, 1, 1) must be a
+# legit constructor.
 
 for theclass in timedelta, date, time:
     # def test_harmless_mixed_comparison(self):
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_dir_module.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_dir_module.py
index 560fb02bf6..a8ab233f37 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_dir_module.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_dir_module.py
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 from testutils import assert_equal
 
 import dir_module
+
 assert dir_module.value == 5
 assert dir_module.value2 == 7
 
 try:
     dir_module.unknown_attr
 except AttributeError as e:
-    assert 'dir_module' in str(e)
+    assert "dir_module" in str(e)
 else:
     assert False
 
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@
 try:
     dir_module.unknown_attr
 except AttributeError as e:
-    assert 'dir_module' not in str(e)
+    assert "dir_module" not in str(e)
 else:
     assert False
 
@@ -23,9 +24,10 @@
 try:
     dir_module.unknown_attr
 except AttributeError as e:
-    assert 'dir_module' not in str(e)
+    assert "dir_module" not in str(e)
 else:
     assert False
 
 from dir_module import dir_module_inner
-assert dir_module_inner.__name__ == 'dir_module.dir_module_inner'
+
+assert dir_module_inner.__name__ == "dir_module.dir_module_inner"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_dis.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_dis.py
index e9951ef402..42296168f8 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_dis.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_dis.py
@@ -2,37 +2,53 @@
 
 dis.dis(compile("5 + x + 5 or 2", "", "eval"))
 print("\n")
-dis.dis(compile("""
+dis.dis(
+    compile(
+        """
 def f(x):
     return 1
-""", "", "exec"))
+""",
+        "",
+        "exec",
+    )
+)
 print("\n")
-dis.dis(compile("""
+dis.dis(
+    compile(
+        """
 if a:
     1 or 2
 elif x == 'hello':
     3
 else:
     4
-""", "", "exec"))
+""",
+        "",
+        "exec",
+    )
+)
 print("\n")
 dis.dis(compile("f(x=1, y=2)", "", "eval"))
 print("\n")
 
+
 def f():
     with g():  # noqa: F821
         try:
             for a in {1: 4, 2: 5}:
                 yield [True and False or True, []]
         except Exception:
-            raise not ValueError({1 for i in [1,2,3]})
+            raise not ValueError({1 for i in [1, 2, 3]})
+
 
 dis.dis(f)
 
+
 class A(object):
     def f():
         x += 1  # noqa: F821
         pass
+
     def g():
         for i in range(5):
             if i:
@@ -40,5 +56,6 @@ def g():
             else:
                 break
 
+
 print("A.f\n")
 dis.dis(A.f)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_functools.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_functools.py
index 0bdafcb3b8..3d323bfbad 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_functools.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_functools.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from functools import reduce
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
+
 class Squares:
     def __init__(self, max):
         self.max = max
@@ -10,21 +11,24 @@ def __len__(self):
         return len(self.sofar)
 
     def __getitem__(self, i):
-        if not 0 <= i < self.max: raise IndexError
+        if not 0 <= i < self.max:
+            raise IndexError
         n = len(self.sofar)
         while n <= i:
-            self.sofar.append(n*n)
+            self.sofar.append(n * n)
             n += 1
         return self.sofar[i]
 
+
 def add(a, b):
     return a + b
 
-assert reduce(add, ['a', 'b', 'c']) == 'abc'
-assert reduce(add, ['a', 'b', 'c'], str(42)) == '42abc'
-assert reduce(add, [['a', 'c'], [], ['d', 'w']], []) == ['a','c','d','w']
-assert reduce(add, [['a', 'c'], [], ['d', 'w']], []) == ['a','c','d','w']
-assert reduce(lambda x, y: x*y, range(2, 21), 1) == 2432902008176640000
+
+assert reduce(add, ["a", "b", "c"]) == "abc"
+assert reduce(add, ["a", "b", "c"], str(42)) == "42abc"
+assert reduce(add, [["a", "c"], [], ["d", "w"]], []) == ["a", "c", "d", "w"]
+assert reduce(add, [["a", "c"], [], ["d", "w"]], []) == ["a", "c", "d", "w"]
+assert reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, range(2, 21), 1) == 2432902008176640000
 assert reduce(add, Squares(10)) == 285
 assert reduce(add, Squares(10), 0) == 285
 assert reduce(add, Squares(0), 0) == 0
@@ -40,32 +44,40 @@ def add(a, b):
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
     reduce(42, 42, 42)
 
+
 class TestFailingIter:
     def __iter__(self):
         raise RuntimeError
 
+
 with assert_raises(RuntimeError):
     reduce(add, TestFailingIter())
 
 assert reduce(add, [], None) == None
 assert reduce(add, [], 42) == 42
 
+
 class BadSeq:
     def __getitem__(self, index):
         raise ValueError
+
+
 with assert_raises(ValueError):
     reduce(42, BadSeq())
 
+
 # Test reduce()'s use of iterators.
 class SequenceClass:
     def __init__(self, n):
         self.n = n
+
     def __getitem__(self, i):
         if 0 <= i < self.n:
             return i
         else:
             raise IndexError
 
+
 assert reduce(add, SequenceClass(5)) == 10
 assert reduce(add, SequenceClass(5), 42) == 52
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_hashlib.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_hashlib.py
index 811e3d27b6..c5feb709e1 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_hashlib.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_hashlib.py
@@ -1,39 +1,50 @@
-
 import hashlib
 
 # print(hashlib.md5)
 h = hashlib.md5()
-h.update(b'a')
-g = hashlib.md5(b'a')
-assert h.name == g.name == 'md5'
+h.update(b"a")
+g = hashlib.md5(b"a")
+assert h.name == g.name == "md5"
 print(h.hexdigest())
 print(g.hexdigest())
 
-assert h.hexdigest() == g.hexdigest() == '0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661'
+assert h.hexdigest() == g.hexdigest() == "0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661"
 assert h.digest_size == g.digest_size == 16
 
 h = hashlib.sha256()
-h.update(b'a')
-g = hashlib.sha256(b'a')
-assert h.name == g.name == 'sha256'
+h.update(b"a")
+g = hashlib.sha256(b"a")
+assert h.name == g.name == "sha256"
 assert h.digest_size == g.digest_size == 32
 print(h.hexdigest())
 print(g.hexdigest())
 
-assert h.hexdigest() == g.hexdigest() == 'ca978112ca1bbdcafac231b39a23dc4da786eff8147c4e72b9807785afee48bb'
+assert (
+    h.hexdigest()
+    == g.hexdigest()
+    == "ca978112ca1bbdcafac231b39a23dc4da786eff8147c4e72b9807785afee48bb"
+)
 
 h = hashlib.sha512()
-g = hashlib.sha512(b'a')
-assert h.name == g.name == 'sha512'
-h.update(b'a')
+g = hashlib.sha512(b"a")
+assert h.name == g.name == "sha512"
+h.update(b"a")
 print(h.hexdigest())
 print(g.hexdigest())
 
-assert h.hexdigest() == g.hexdigest() == '1f40fc92da241694750979ee6cf582f2d5d7d28e18335de05abc54d0560e0f5302860c652bf08d560252aa5e74210546f369fbbbce8c12cfc7957b2652fe9a75'
+assert (
+    h.hexdigest()
+    == g.hexdigest()
+    == "1f40fc92da241694750979ee6cf582f2d5d7d28e18335de05abc54d0560e0f5302860c652bf08d560252aa5e74210546f369fbbbce8c12cfc7957b2652fe9a75"
+)
 
 h = hashlib.new("blake2s", b"fubar")
 print(h.hexdigest())
-assert h.hexdigest() == 'a0e1ad0c123c9c65e8ef850db2ce4b5cef2c35b06527c615b0154353574d0415'
-h.update(b'bla')
+assert (
+    h.hexdigest() == "a0e1ad0c123c9c65e8ef850db2ce4b5cef2c35b06527c615b0154353574d0415"
+)
+h.update(b"bla")
 print(h.hexdigest())
-assert h.hexdigest() == '25738bfe4cc104131e1b45bece4dfd4e7e1d6f0dffda1211e996e9d5d3b66e81'
+assert (
+    h.hexdigest() == "25738bfe4cc104131e1b45bece4dfd4e7e1d6f0dffda1211e996e9d5d3b66e81"
+)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_imp.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_imp.py
index bd28e95f3d..835b50d617 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_imp.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_imp.py
@@ -8,9 +8,11 @@
 assert _imp.is_frozen("__hello__") == True
 assert _imp.is_frozen("math") == False
 
+
 class FakeSpec:
-	def __init__(self, name):
-		self.name = name
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
 
 A = FakeSpec("time")
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io.py
index 3dda7278c0..011bb051c2 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io.py
@@ -2,30 +2,30 @@
 import os
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
-fi = FileIO('README.md')
+fi = FileIO("README.md")
 assert fi.seekable()
 bb = BufferedReader(fi)
 assert bb.seekable()
 
 result = bb.read()
 
-assert len(result) <= 8*1024
+assert len(result) <= 8 * 1024
 assert len(result) >= 0
 assert isinstance(result, bytes)
 
-with FileIO('README.md') as fio:
-	res = fio.read()
-	assert len(result) <= 8*1024
-	assert len(result) >= 0
-	assert isinstance(result, bytes)
+with FileIO("README.md") as fio:
+    res = fio.read()
+    assert len(result) <= 8 * 1024
+    assert len(result) >= 0
+    assert isinstance(result, bytes)
 
-fd = os.open('README.md', os.O_RDONLY)
+fd = os.open("README.md", os.O_RDONLY)
 
 with FileIO(fd) as fio:
-	res2 = fio.read()
-	assert res == res2
+    res2 = fio.read()
+    assert res == res2
 
-fi = FileIO('README.md')
+fi = FileIO("README.md")
 fi.read()
 fi.close()
 assert fi.closefd
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@
 with assert_raises(ValueError):
     fi.read()
 
-with FileIO('README.md') as fio:
-	nres = fio.read(1)
-	assert len(nres) == 1
-	nres = fio.read(2)
-	assert len(nres) == 2
+with FileIO("README.md") as fio:
+    nres = fio.read(1)
+    assert len(nres) == 1
+    nres = fio.read(2)
+    assert len(nres) == 2
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io_bytesio.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io_bytesio.py
index 5714448764..d6ed298a0a 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io_bytesio.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io_bytesio.py
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-
 from io import BytesIO
 
+
 def test_01():
-    bytes_string =  b'Test String 1'
+    bytes_string = b"Test String 1"
 
     f = BytesIO()
     f.write(bytes_string)
@@ -10,45 +10,49 @@ def test_01():
     assert f.tell() == len(bytes_string)
     assert f.getvalue() == bytes_string
 
+
 def test_02():
-    bytes_string =  b'Test String 2'
+    bytes_string = b"Test String 2"
     f = BytesIO(bytes_string)
 
     assert f.read() == bytes_string
-    assert f.read() == b''
+    assert f.read() == b""
+
 
 def test_03():
     """
-        Tests that the read method (integer arg)
-        returns the expected value
+    Tests that the read method (integer arg)
+    returns the expected value
     """
-    string =  b'Test String 3'
+    string = b"Test String 3"
     f = BytesIO(string)
 
-    assert f.read(1) == b'T'
-    assert f.read(1) == b'e'
-    assert f.read(1) == b's'
-    assert f.read(1) == b't'
+    assert f.read(1) == b"T"
+    assert f.read(1) == b"e"
+    assert f.read(1) == b"s"
+    assert f.read(1) == b"t"
+
 
 def test_04():
     """
-        Tests that the read method increments the 
-        cursor position and the seek method moves 
-        the cursor to the appropriate position
+    Tests that the read method increments the
+    cursor position and the seek method moves
+    the cursor to the appropriate position
     """
-    string =  b'Test String 4'
+    string = b"Test String 4"
     f = BytesIO(string)
 
-    assert f.read(4) == b'Test'
+    assert f.read(4) == b"Test"
     assert f.tell() == 4
     assert f.seek(0) == 0
-    assert f.read(4) == b'Test'
+    assert f.read(4) == b"Test"
+
 
 def test_05():
     """
-        Tests that the write method accpets bytearray
+    Tests that the write method accpets bytearray
     """
-    bytes_string =  b'Test String 5'
+    bytes_string = b"Test String 5"
 
     f = BytesIO()
     f.write(bytearray(bytes_string))
@@ -58,16 +62,16 @@ def test_05():
 
 def test_06():
     """
-        Tests readline
+    Tests readline
     """
-    bytes_string =  b'Test String 6\nnew line is here\nfinished'
+    bytes_string = b"Test String 6\nnew line is here\nfinished"
 
     f = BytesIO(bytes_string)
 
-    assert f.readline() == b'Test String 6\n'
-    assert f.readline() == b'new line is here\n'
-    assert f.readline() == b'finished'
-    assert f.readline() == b''
+    assert f.readline() == b"Test String 6\n"
+    assert f.readline() == b"new line is here\n"
+    assert f.readline() == b"finished"
+    assert f.readline() == b""
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
@@ -77,4 +81,3 @@ def test_06():
     test_04()
     test_05()
     test_06()
-
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io_stringio.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io_stringio.py
index 828f0506ed..5419eef2bb 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io_stringio.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_io_stringio.py
@@ -1,68 +1,73 @@
-
 from io import StringIO
 
+
 def test_01():
     """
-        Test that the constructor and getvalue
-        method return expected values
+    Test that the constructor and getvalue
+    method return expected values
     """
-    string =  'Test String 1'
+    string = "Test String 1"
     f = StringIO()
     f.write(string)
 
     assert f.tell() == len(string)
     assert f.getvalue() == string
 
+
 def test_02():
     """
-        Test that the read method (no arg)
-        results the expected value
+    Test that the read method (no arg)
+    results the expected value
     """
-    string =  'Test String 2'
+    string = "Test String 2"
     f = StringIO(string)
 
     assert f.read() == string
-    assert f.read() == ''
+    assert f.read() == ""
+
 
 def test_03():
     """
-        Tests that the read method (integer arg)
-        returns the expected value
+    Tests that the read method (integer arg)
+    returns the expected value
     """
-    string =  'Test String 3'
+    string = "Test String 3"
     f = StringIO(string)
 
-    assert f.read(1) == 'T'
-    assert f.read(1) == 'e'
-    assert f.read(1) == 's'
-    assert f.read(1) == 't'
+    assert f.read(1) == "T"
+    assert f.read(1) == "e"
+    assert f.read(1) == "s"
+    assert f.read(1) == "t"
+
 
 def test_04():
     """
-        Tests that the read method increments the 
-        cursor position and the seek method moves 
-        the cursor to the appropriate position
+    Tests that the read method increments the
+    cursor position and the seek method moves
+    the cursor to the appropriate position
     """
-    string =  'Test String 4'
+    string = "Test String 4"
     f = StringIO(string)
 
-    assert f.read(4) == 'Test'
+    assert f.read(4) == "Test"
     assert f.tell() == 4
     assert f.seek(0) == 0
-    assert f.read(4) == 'Test'
+    assert f.read(4) == "Test"
+
 
 def test_05():
     """
-        Tests readline
+    Tests readline
     """
-    string =  'Test String 6\nnew line is here\nfinished'
+    string = "Test String 6\nnew line is here\nfinished"
 
     f = StringIO(string)
 
-    assert f.readline() == 'Test String 6\n'
-    assert f.readline() == 'new line is here\n'
-    assert f.readline() == 'finished'
-    assert f.readline() == ''
+    assert f.readline() == "Test String 6\n"
+    assert f.readline() == "new line is here\n"
+    assert f.readline() == "finished"
+    assert f.readline() == ""
+
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     test_01()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_itertools.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_itertools.py
index 58684f611d..724e9f1d5f 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_itertools.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_itertools.py
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@
 assert list(chain([], "", b"", ())) == []
 
 assert list(chain([1, 2, 3, 4])) == [1, 2, 3, 4]
-assert list(chain("ab", "cd", (), 'e')) == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
+assert list(chain("ab", "cd", (), "e")) == ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
     list(chain(1))
 
 x = chain("ab", 1)
-assert next(x) == 'a'
-assert next(x) == 'b'
+assert next(x) == "a"
+assert next(x) == "b"
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
     next(x)
 
@@ -37,17 +37,17 @@
     list(chain(1))
 
 args = ["abc", "def"]
-assert list(chain.from_iterable(args)) == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
+assert list(chain.from_iterable(args)) == ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"]
 
 args = [[], "", b"", ()]
 assert list(chain.from_iterable(args)) == []
 
-args = ["ab", "cd", (), 'e']
-assert list(chain.from_iterable(args)) == ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e']
+args = ["ab", "cd", (), "e"]
+assert list(chain.from_iterable(args)) == ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"]
 
 x = chain.from_iterable(["ab", 1])
-assert next(x) == 'a'
-assert next(x) == 'b'
+assert next(x) == "a"
+assert next(x) == "b"
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
     next(x)
 
@@ -174,16 +174,17 @@
 # itertools.starmap tests
 starmap = itertools.starmap
 
-assert list(starmap(pow, zip(range(3), range(1,7)))) ==  [0**1, 1**2, 2**3]
+assert list(starmap(pow, zip(range(3), range(1, 7)))) == [0**1, 1**2, 2**3]
 assert list(starmap(pow, [])) == []
-assert list(starmap(pow, [iter([4,5])])) == [4**5]
+assert list(starmap(pow, [iter([4, 5])])) == [4**5]
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
     starmap(pow)
 
 
 # itertools.takewhile tests
 def underten(x):
-    return x<10
+    return x < 10
+
 
 from itertools import takewhile as tw
 
@@ -227,12 +228,30 @@ def underten(x):
     next(t)
 
 it = tw(underten, [1, 3, 5, 20, 2, 4, 6, 8])
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 0) == b'citertools\ntakewhile\np0\n(c__main__\nunderten\np1\nc__builtin__\niter\np2\n((lp3\nI1\naI3\naI5\naI20\naI2\naI4\naI6\naI8\natp4\nRp5\nI0\nbtp6\nRp7\nI0\nb.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 1) == b'citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00(c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02(]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08etq\x04Rq\x05K\x00btq\x06Rq\x07K\x00b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 2) == b'\x80\x02citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x00b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x00b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 3) == b'\x80\x03citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01cbuiltins\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x00b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x00b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 4) == b'\x80\x04\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\ttakewhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x00b\x86\x94R\x94K\x00b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 5) == b'\x80\x05\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\ttakewhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x00b\x86\x94R\x94K\x00b.'
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 0)
+    == b"citertools\ntakewhile\np0\n(c__main__\nunderten\np1\nc__builtin__\niter\np2\n((lp3\nI1\naI3\naI5\naI20\naI2\naI4\naI6\naI8\natp4\nRp5\nI0\nbtp6\nRp7\nI0\nb."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 1)
+    == b"citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00(c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02(]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08etq\x04Rq\x05K\x00btq\x06Rq\x07K\x00b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 2)
+    == b"\x80\x02citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x00b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x00b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 3)
+    == b"\x80\x03citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01cbuiltins\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x00b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x00b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 4)
+    == b"\x80\x04\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\ttakewhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x00b\x86\x94R\x94K\x00b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 5)
+    == b"\x80\x05\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\ttakewhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x00b\x86\x94R\x94K\x00b."
+)
 next(it)
 next(it)
 next(it)
@@ -240,12 +259,30 @@ def underten(x):
     next(it)
 except StopIteration:
     pass
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 0) == b'citertools\ntakewhile\np0\n(c__main__\nunderten\np1\nc__builtin__\niter\np2\n((lp3\nI1\naI3\naI5\naI20\naI2\naI4\naI6\naI8\natp4\nRp5\nI4\nbtp6\nRp7\nI1\nb.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 1) == b'citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00(c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02(]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08etq\x04Rq\x05K\x04btq\x06Rq\x07K\x01b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 2) == b'\x80\x02citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x04b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x01b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 3) == b'\x80\x03citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01cbuiltins\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x04b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x01b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 4) == b'\x80\x04\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\ttakewhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x04b\x86\x94R\x94K\x01b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 5) == b'\x80\x05\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\ttakewhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x04b\x86\x94R\x94K\x01b.'
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 0)
+    == b"citertools\ntakewhile\np0\n(c__main__\nunderten\np1\nc__builtin__\niter\np2\n((lp3\nI1\naI3\naI5\naI20\naI2\naI4\naI6\naI8\natp4\nRp5\nI4\nbtp6\nRp7\nI1\nb."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 1)
+    == b"citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00(c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02(]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08etq\x04Rq\x05K\x04btq\x06Rq\x07K\x01b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 2)
+    == b"\x80\x02citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x04b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x01b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 3)
+    == b"\x80\x03citertools\ntakewhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01cbuiltins\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x04b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x01b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 4)
+    == b"\x80\x04\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\ttakewhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x04b\x86\x94R\x94K\x01b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 5)
+    == b"\x80\x05\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\ttakewhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x04b\x86\x94R\x94K\x01b."
+)
 for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
     try:
         next(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(it, proto)))
@@ -254,16 +291,18 @@ def underten(x):
         pass
 
 
-
 # itertools.islice tests
 
+
 def assert_matches_seq(it, seq):
     assert list(it) == list(seq)
 
+
 def test_islice_pickle(it):
     for p in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
         it == pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(it, p))
 
+
 i = itertools.islice
 
 it = i([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3)
@@ -295,7 +334,7 @@ def test_islice_pickle(it):
 test_islice_pickle(it)
 
 # itertools.filterfalse
-it = itertools.filterfalse(lambda x: x%2, range(10))
+it = itertools.filterfalse(lambda x: x % 2, range(10))
 assert 0 == next(it)
 assert 2 == next(it)
 assert 4 == next(it)
@@ -314,7 +353,7 @@ def test_islice_pickle(it):
 
 
 # itertools.dropwhile
-it = itertools.dropwhile(lambda x: x<5, [1,4,6,4,1])
+it = itertools.dropwhile(lambda x: x < 5, [1, 4, 6, 4, 1])
 assert 6 == next(it)
 assert 4 == next(it)
 assert 1 == next(it)
@@ -322,19 +361,55 @@ def test_islice_pickle(it):
     next(it)
 
 it = itertools.dropwhile(underten, [1, 3, 5, 20, 2, 4, 6, 8])
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 0) == b'citertools\ndropwhile\np0\n(c__main__\nunderten\np1\nc__builtin__\niter\np2\n((lp3\nI1\naI3\naI5\naI20\naI2\naI4\naI6\naI8\natp4\nRp5\nI0\nbtp6\nRp7\nI0\nb.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 1) == b'citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00(c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02(]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08etq\x04Rq\x05K\x00btq\x06Rq\x07K\x00b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 2) == b'\x80\x02citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x00b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x00b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 3) == b'\x80\x03citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01cbuiltins\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x00b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x00b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 4) == b'\x80\x04\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\tdropwhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x00b\x86\x94R\x94K\x00b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 5) == b'\x80\x05\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\tdropwhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x00b\x86\x94R\x94K\x00b.'
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 0)
+    == b"citertools\ndropwhile\np0\n(c__main__\nunderten\np1\nc__builtin__\niter\np2\n((lp3\nI1\naI3\naI5\naI20\naI2\naI4\naI6\naI8\natp4\nRp5\nI0\nbtp6\nRp7\nI0\nb."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 1)
+    == b"citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00(c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02(]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08etq\x04Rq\x05K\x00btq\x06Rq\x07K\x00b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 2)
+    == b"\x80\x02citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x00b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x00b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 3)
+    == b"\x80\x03citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01cbuiltins\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x00b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x00b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 4)
+    == b"\x80\x04\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\tdropwhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x00b\x86\x94R\x94K\x00b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 5)
+    == b"\x80\x05\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\tdropwhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x00b\x86\x94R\x94K\x00b."
+)
 next(it)
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 0) == b'citertools\ndropwhile\np0\n(c__main__\nunderten\np1\nc__builtin__\niter\np2\n((lp3\nI1\naI3\naI5\naI20\naI2\naI4\naI6\naI8\natp4\nRp5\nI4\nbtp6\nRp7\nI1\nb.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 1) == b'citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00(c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02(]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08etq\x04Rq\x05K\x04btq\x06Rq\x07K\x01b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 2) == b'\x80\x02citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x04b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x01b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 3) == b'\x80\x03citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01cbuiltins\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x04b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x01b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 4) == b'\x80\x04\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\tdropwhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x04b\x86\x94R\x94K\x01b.'
-assert pickle.dumps(it, 5) == b'\x80\x05\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\tdropwhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x04b\x86\x94R\x94K\x01b.'
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 0)
+    == b"citertools\ndropwhile\np0\n(c__main__\nunderten\np1\nc__builtin__\niter\np2\n((lp3\nI1\naI3\naI5\naI20\naI2\naI4\naI6\naI8\natp4\nRp5\nI4\nbtp6\nRp7\nI1\nb."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 1)
+    == b"citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00(c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02(]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08etq\x04Rq\x05K\x04btq\x06Rq\x07K\x01b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 2)
+    == b"\x80\x02citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01c__builtin__\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x04b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x01b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 3)
+    == b"\x80\x03citertools\ndropwhile\nq\x00c__main__\nunderten\nq\x01cbuiltins\niter\nq\x02]q\x03(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85q\x04Rq\x05K\x04b\x86q\x06Rq\x07K\x01b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 4)
+    == b"\x80\x04\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\tdropwhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x04b\x86\x94R\x94K\x01b."
+)
+assert (
+    pickle.dumps(it, 5)
+    == b"\x80\x05\x95i\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x8c\titertools\x94\x8c\tdropwhile\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08__main__\x94\x8c\x08underten\x94\x93\x94\x8c\x08builtins\x94\x8c\x04iter\x94\x93\x94]\x94(K\x01K\x03K\x05K\x14K\x02K\x04K\x06K\x08e\x85\x94R\x94K\x04b\x86\x94R\x94K\x01b."
+)
 for proto in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
     assert next(pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(it, proto))) == 2
 
@@ -352,7 +427,7 @@ def test_islice_pickle(it):
 with assert_raises(StopIteration):
     next(it)
 
-it = itertools.accumulate([3, 2, 4, 1, 0, 5, 8], lambda a, v: a*v)
+it = itertools.accumulate([3, 2, 4, 1, 0, 5, 8], lambda a, v: a * v)
 assert 3 == next(it)
 assert 6 == next(it)
 assert 24 == next(it)
@@ -364,12 +439,12 @@ def test_islice_pickle(it):
     next(it)
 
 # itertools.compress
-assert list(itertools.compress("ABCDEF", [1,0,1,0,1,1])) == list("ACEF")
-assert list(itertools.compress("ABCDEF", [0,0,0,0,0,0])) == list("")
-assert list(itertools.compress("ABCDEF", [1,1,1,1,1,1])) == list("ABCDEF")
-assert list(itertools.compress("ABCDEF", [1,0,1])) == list("AC")
-assert list(itertools.compress("ABC", [0,1,1,1,1,1])) == list("BC")
-assert list(itertools.compress("ABCDEF", [True,False,"t","",1,9])) == list("ACEF")
+assert list(itertools.compress("ABCDEF", [1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1])) == list("ACEF")
+assert list(itertools.compress("ABCDEF", [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])) == list("")
+assert list(itertools.compress("ABCDEF", [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])) == list("ABCDEF")
+assert list(itertools.compress("ABCDEF", [1, 0, 1])) == list("AC")
+assert list(itertools.compress("ABC", [0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1])) == list("BC")
+assert list(itertools.compress("ABCDEF", [True, False, "t", "", 1, 9])) == list("ACEF")
 
 
 # itertools.tee
@@ -384,7 +459,7 @@ def test_islice_pickle(it):
 t = itertools.tee(range(1000))
 assert list(t[0]) == list(t[1]) == list(range(1000))
 
-t = itertools.tee([1,22,333], 3)
+t = itertools.tee([1, 22, 333], 3)
 assert len(t) == 3
 assert 1 == next(t[0])
 assert 1 == next(t[1])
@@ -402,29 +477,29 @@ def test_islice_pickle(it):
 with assert_raises(StopIteration):
     next(t[1])
 
-t0, t1 = itertools.tee([1,2,3])
+t0, t1 = itertools.tee([1, 2, 3])
 tc = t0.__copy__()
-assert list(t0) == [1,2,3]
-assert list(t1) == [1,2,3]
-assert list(tc) == [1,2,3]
+assert list(t0) == [1, 2, 3]
+assert list(t1) == [1, 2, 3]
+assert list(tc) == [1, 2, 3]
 
-t0, t1 = itertools.tee([1,2,3])
+t0, t1 = itertools.tee([1, 2, 3])
 assert 1 == next(t0)  # advance index of t0 by 1 before __copy__()
 t0c = t0.__copy__()
 t1c = t1.__copy__()
-assert list(t0) == [2,3]
-assert list(t0c) == [2,3]
-assert list(t1) == [1,2,3]
-assert list(t1c) == [1,2,3]
+assert list(t0) == [2, 3]
+assert list(t0c) == [2, 3]
+assert list(t1) == [1, 2, 3]
+assert list(t1c) == [1, 2, 3]
 
-t0, t1 = itertools.tee([1,2,3])
+t0, t1 = itertools.tee([1, 2, 3])
 t2, t3 = itertools.tee(t0)
-assert list(t1) == [1,2,3]
-assert list(t2) == [1,2,3]
-assert list(t3) == [1,2,3]
+assert list(t1) == [1, 2, 3]
+assert list(t2) == [1, 2, 3]
+assert list(t3) == [1, 2, 3]
 
-t = itertools.tee([1,2,3])
-assert list(t[0]) == [1,2,3]
+t = itertools.tee([1, 2, 3])
+assert list(t[0]) == [1, 2, 3]
 assert list(t[0]) == []
 
 # itertools.product
@@ -530,22 +605,36 @@ def test_islice_pickle(it):
 
 # itertools.zip_longest tests
 zl = itertools.zip_longest
-assert list(zl(['a', 'b', 'c'], range(3), [9, 8, 7])) \
-       == [('a', 0, 9), ('b', 1, 8), ('c', 2, 7)]
-assert list(zl(['a', 'b', 'c'], range(3), [9, 8, 7, 99])) \
-       == [('a', 0, 9), ('b', 1, 8), ('c', 2, 7), (None, None, 99)]
-assert list(zl(['a', 'b', 'c'], range(3), [9, 8, 7, 99], fillvalue='d')) \
-       == [('a', 0, 9), ('b', 1, 8), ('c', 2, 7), ('d', 'd', 99)]
-
-assert list(zl(['a', 'b', 'c'])) == [('a',), ('b',), ('c',)]
+assert list(zl(["a", "b", "c"], range(3), [9, 8, 7])) == [
+    ("a", 0, 9),
+    ("b", 1, 8),
+    ("c", 2, 7),
+]
+assert list(zl(["a", "b", "c"], range(3), [9, 8, 7, 99])) == [
+    ("a", 0, 9),
+    ("b", 1, 8),
+    ("c", 2, 7),
+    (None, None, 99),
+]
+assert list(zl(["a", "b", "c"], range(3), [9, 8, 7, 99], fillvalue="d")) == [
+    ("a", 0, 9),
+    ("b", 1, 8),
+    ("c", 2, 7),
+    ("d", "d", 99),
+]
+
+assert list(zl(["a", "b", "c"])) == [("a",), ("b",), ("c",)]
 assert list(zl()) == []
 
-assert list(zl(*zl(['a', 'b', 'c'], range(1, 4)))) \
-       == [('a', 'b', 'c'), (1, 2, 3)]
-assert list(zl(*zl(['a', 'b', 'c'], range(1, 5)))) \
-       == [('a', 'b', 'c', None), (1, 2, 3, 4)]
-assert list(zl(*zl(['a', 'b', 'c'], range(1, 5), fillvalue=100))) \
-       == [('a', 'b', 'c', 100), (1, 2, 3, 4)]
+assert list(zl(*zl(["a", "b", "c"], range(1, 4)))) == [("a", "b", "c"), (1, 2, 3)]
+assert list(zl(*zl(["a", "b", "c"], range(1, 5)))) == [
+    ("a", "b", "c", None),
+    (1, 2, 3, 4),
+]
+assert list(zl(*zl(["a", "b", "c"], range(1, 5), fillvalue=100))) == [
+    ("a", "b", "c", 100),
+    (1, 2, 3, 4),
+]
 
 
 # test infinite iterator
@@ -565,7 +654,7 @@ def __iter__(self):
 assert next(it) == (1, 4)
 assert next(it) == (2, 5)
 
-it = zl([1,2], [3])
+it = zl([1, 2], [3])
 assert next(it) == (1, 3)
 assert next(it) == (2, None)
 with assert_raises(StopIteration):
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_json.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_json.py
index a91f3bd817..ca35c2c2b2 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_json.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_json.py
@@ -2,22 +2,26 @@
 import json
 from io import StringIO, BytesIO
 
+
 def round_trip_test(obj):
     # serde_json and Python's json module produce slightly differently spaced
     # output; direct string comparison can't pass on both so we use this as a
     # proxy
     return obj == json.loads(json.dumps(obj))
 
+
 def json_dump(obj):
     f = StringIO()
     json.dump(obj, f)
     f.seek(0)
     return f.getvalue()
 
+
 def json_load(obj):
     f = StringIO(obj) if isinstance(obj, str) else BytesIO(bytes(obj))
     return json.load(f)
 
+
 assert '"string"' == json.dumps("string")
 assert '"string"' == json_dump("string")
 
@@ -33,41 +37,41 @@ def json_load(obj):
 assert "false" == json.dumps(False)
 assert "false" == json_dump(False)
 
-assert 'null' == json.dumps(None)
-assert 'null' == json_dump(None)
+assert "null" == json.dumps(None)
+assert "null" == json_dump(None)
 
-assert '[]' == json.dumps([])
-assert '[]' == json_dump([])
+assert "[]" == json.dumps([])
+assert "[]" == json_dump([])
 
-assert '[1]' == json.dumps([1])
-assert '[1]' == json_dump([1])
+assert "[1]" == json.dumps([1])
+assert "[1]" == json_dump([1])
 
-assert '[[1]]' == json.dumps([[1]])
-assert '[[1]]' == json_dump([[1]])
+assert "[[1]]" == json.dumps([[1]])
+assert "[[1]]" == json_dump([[1]])
 
 assert round_trip_test([1, "string", 1.0, True])
 
-assert '[]' == json.dumps(())
-assert '[]' == json_dump(())
+assert "[]" == json.dumps(())
+assert "[]" == json_dump(())
 
-assert '[1]' == json.dumps((1,))
-assert '[1]' == json_dump((1,))
+assert "[1]" == json.dumps((1,))
+assert "[1]" == json_dump((1,))
 
-assert '[[1]]' == json.dumps(((1,),))
-assert '[[1]]' == json_dump(((1,),))
+assert "[[1]]" == json.dumps(((1,),))
+assert "[[1]]" == json_dump(((1,),))
 # tuples don't round-trip through json
 assert [1, "string", 1.0, True] == json.loads(json.dumps((1, "string", 1.0, True)))
 
-assert '{}' == json.dumps({})
-assert '{}' == json_dump({})
-assert round_trip_test({'a': 'b'})
+assert "{}" == json.dumps({})
+assert "{}" == json_dump({})
+assert round_trip_test({"a": "b"})
 
 # should reject non-str keys in jsons
 assert_raises(json.JSONDecodeError, lambda: json.loads('{3: "abc"}'))
 assert_raises(json.JSONDecodeError, lambda: json_load('{3: "abc"}'))
 
 # should serialize non-str keys as strings
-assert json.dumps({'3': 'abc'}) == json.dumps({3: 'abc'})
+assert json.dumps({"3": "abc"}) == json.dumps({3: "abc"})
 
 assert 1 == json.loads("1")
 assert 1 == json.loads(b"1")
@@ -104,51 +108,60 @@ def json_load(obj):
 assert "str" == json_load(b'"str"')
 assert "str" == json_load(bytearray(b'"str"'))
 
-assert True is json.loads('true')
-assert True is json.loads(b'true')
-assert True is json.loads(bytearray(b'true'))
-assert True is json_load('true')
-assert True is json_load(b'true')
-assert True is json_load(bytearray(b'true'))
-
-assert False is json.loads('false')
-assert False is json.loads(b'false')
-assert False is json.loads(bytearray(b'false'))
-assert False is json_load('false')
-assert False is json_load(b'false')
-assert False is json_load(bytearray(b'false'))
-
-assert None is json.loads('null')
-assert None is json.loads(b'null')
-assert None is json.loads(bytearray(b'null'))
-assert None is json_load('null')
-assert None is json_load(b'null')
-assert None is json_load(bytearray(b'null'))
-
-assert [] == json.loads('[]')
-assert [] == json.loads(b'[]')
-assert [] == json.loads(bytearray(b'[]'))
-assert [] == json_load('[]')
-assert [] == json_load(b'[]')
-assert [] == json_load(bytearray(b'[]'))
-
-assert ['a'] == json.loads('["a"]')
-assert ['a'] == json.loads(b'["a"]')
-assert ['a'] == json.loads(bytearray(b'["a"]'))
-assert ['a'] == json_load('["a"]')
-assert ['a'] == json_load(b'["a"]')
-assert ['a'] == json_load(bytearray(b'["a"]'))
-
-assert [['a'], 'b'] == json.loads('[["a"], "b"]')
-assert [['a'], 'b'] == json.loads(b'[["a"], "b"]')
-assert [['a'], 'b'] == json.loads(bytearray(b'[["a"], "b"]'))
-assert [['a'], 'b'] == json_load('[["a"], "b"]')
-assert [['a'], 'b'] == json_load(b'[["a"], "b"]')
-assert [['a'], 'b'] == json_load(bytearray(b'[["a"], "b"]'))
-
-class String(str): pass
-class Bytes(bytes): pass
-class ByteArray(bytearray): pass
+assert True is json.loads("true")
+assert True is json.loads(b"true")
+assert True is json.loads(bytearray(b"true"))
+assert True is json_load("true")
+assert True is json_load(b"true")
+assert True is json_load(bytearray(b"true"))
+
+assert False is json.loads("false")
+assert False is json.loads(b"false")
+assert False is json.loads(bytearray(b"false"))
+assert False is json_load("false")
+assert False is json_load(b"false")
+assert False is json_load(bytearray(b"false"))
+
+assert None is json.loads("null")
+assert None is json.loads(b"null")
+assert None is json.loads(bytearray(b"null"))
+assert None is json_load("null")
+assert None is json_load(b"null")
+assert None is json_load(bytearray(b"null"))
+
+assert [] == json.loads("[]")
+assert [] == json.loads(b"[]")
+assert [] == json.loads(bytearray(b"[]"))
+assert [] == json_load("[]")
+assert [] == json_load(b"[]")
+assert [] == json_load(bytearray(b"[]"))
+
+assert ["a"] == json.loads('["a"]')
+assert ["a"] == json.loads(b'["a"]')
+assert ["a"] == json.loads(bytearray(b'["a"]'))
+assert ["a"] == json_load('["a"]')
+assert ["a"] == json_load(b'["a"]')
+assert ["a"] == json_load(bytearray(b'["a"]'))
+
+assert [["a"], "b"] == json.loads('[["a"], "b"]')
+assert [["a"], "b"] == json.loads(b'[["a"], "b"]')
+assert [["a"], "b"] == json.loads(bytearray(b'[["a"], "b"]'))
+assert [["a"], "b"] == json_load('[["a"], "b"]')
+assert [["a"], "b"] == json_load(b'[["a"], "b"]')
+assert [["a"], "b"] == json_load(bytearray(b'[["a"], "b"]'))
+
+
+class String(str):
+    pass
+
+
+class Bytes(bytes):
+    pass
+
+
+class ByteArray(bytearray):
+    pass
+
 
 assert "string" == json.loads(String('"string"'))
 assert "string" == json.loads(Bytes(b'"string"'))
@@ -160,29 +173,46 @@ class ByteArray(bytearray): pass
 assert '"string"' == json.dumps(String("string"))
 assert '"string"' == json_dump(String("string"))
 
-class Int(int): pass
-class Float(float): pass
 
-assert '1' == json.dumps(Int(1))
-assert '1' == json_dump(Int(1))
+class Int(int):
+    pass
+
+
+class Float(float):
+    pass
+
+
+assert "1" == json.dumps(Int(1))
+assert "1" == json_dump(Int(1))
+
+assert "0.5" == json.dumps(Float(0.5))
+assert "0.5" == json_dump(Float(0.5))
+
+
+class List(list):
+    pass
+
+
+class Tuple(tuple):
+    pass
+
 
-assert '0.5' == json.dumps(Float(0.5))
-assert '0.5' == json_dump(Float(0.5))
+class Dict(dict):
+    pass
 
-class List(list): pass
-class Tuple(tuple): pass
-class Dict(dict): pass
 
-assert '[1]' == json.dumps(List([1]))
-assert '[1]' == json_dump(List([1]))
+assert "[1]" == json.dumps(List([1]))
+assert "[1]" == json_dump(List([1]))
 
-assert json.dumps((1, "string", 1.0, True)) == json.dumps(Tuple((1, "string", 1.0, True)))
+assert json.dumps((1, "string", 1.0, True)) == json.dumps(
+    Tuple((1, "string", 1.0, True))
+)
 assert json_dump((1, "string", 1.0, True)) == json_dump(Tuple((1, "string", 1.0, True)))
 
-assert json.dumps({'a': 'b'}) == json.dumps(Dict({'a': 'b'}))
-assert json_dump({'a': 'b'}) == json_dump(Dict({'a': 'b'}))
+assert json.dumps({"a": "b"}) == json.dumps(Dict({"a": "b"}))
+assert json_dump({"a": "b"}) == json_dump(Dict({"a": "b"}))
 
 i = 7**500
 assert json.dumps(i) == str(i)
 
-assert json.decoder.scanstring('✨x"', 1) == ('x', 3)
+assert json.decoder.scanstring('✨x"', 1) == ("x", 3)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_logging.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_logging.py
index 0356404624..18c26f0fb6 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_logging.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_logging.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 import io
 import sys
 
@@ -7,12 +6,11 @@
 
 import logging
 
-logging.error('WOOT')
-logging.warning('WARN')
+logging.error("WOOT")
+logging.warning("WARN")
 
 res = f.getvalue()
 
-assert  'WOOT' in res
-assert  'WARN' in res
+assert "WOOT" in res
+assert "WARN" in res
 print(res)
-
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_marshal.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_marshal.py
index 8ad11c3cc6..c5fb1e533e 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_marshal.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_marshal.py
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 import unittest
 import marshal
 
+
 class MarshalTests(unittest.TestCase):
     """
     Testing the (incomplete) marshal module.
     """
-    
+
     def dump_then_load(self, data):
         return marshal.loads(marshal.dumps(data))
 
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ def test_marshal_str(self):
     def test_marshal_list(self):
         self._test_marshal([])
         self._test_marshal([1, "hello", 1.0])
-        self._test_marshal([[0], ['a','b']])
+        self._test_marshal([[0], ["a", "b"]])
 
     def test_marshal_tuple(self):
         self._test_marshal(())
@@ -42,31 +43,31 @@ def test_marshal_tuple(self):
 
     def test_marshal_dict(self):
         self._test_marshal({})
-        self._test_marshal({'a':1, 1:'a'})
-        self._test_marshal({'a':{'b':2}, 'c':[0.0, 4.0, 6, 9]})
-    
+        self._test_marshal({"a": 1, 1: "a"})
+        self._test_marshal({"a": {"b": 2}, "c": [0.0, 4.0, 6, 9]})
+
     def test_marshal_set(self):
         self._test_marshal(set())
         self._test_marshal({1, 2, 3})
-        self._test_marshal({1, 'a', 'b'})
+        self._test_marshal({1, "a", "b"})
 
     def test_marshal_frozen_set(self):
         self._test_marshal(frozenset())
         self._test_marshal(frozenset({1, 2, 3}))
-        self._test_marshal(frozenset({1, 'a', 'b'}))
+        self._test_marshal(frozenset({1, "a", "b"}))
 
     def test_marshal_bytearray(self):
         self.assertEqual(
             self.dump_then_load(bytearray([])),
-            bytearray(b''),
+            bytearray(b""),
         )
         self.assertEqual(
             self.dump_then_load(bytearray([1, 2])),
-            bytearray(b'\x01\x02'),
+            bytearray(b"\x01\x02"),
         )
 
     def test_roundtrip(self):
-        orig = compile("1 + 1", "", 'eval')
+        orig = compile("1 + 1", "", "eval")
 
         dumped = marshal.dumps(orig)
         loaded = marshal.loads(dumped)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_math.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_math.py
index 94d8c7347c..090de710ed 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_math.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_math.py
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 import math
 from testutils import assert_raises, skip_if_unsupported
 
-NAN = float('nan')
-INF = float('inf')
-NINF = float('-inf')
+NAN = float("nan")
+INF = float("inf")
+NINF = float("-inf")
 
 # assert(math.exp(2) == math.exp(2.0))
 # assert(math.exp(True) == math.exp(1.0))
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ def float_ceil_exists():
 assert isinstance(math.ceil(3.3), int)
 assert isinstance(math.floor(4.4), int)
 
+
 class A(object):
     def __trunc__(self):
         return 2
@@ -56,10 +57,12 @@ def __ceil__(self):
     def __floor__(self):
         return 4
 
+
 assert math.trunc(A()) == 2
 assert math.ceil(A()) == 3
 assert math.floor(A()) == 4
 
+
 class A(object):
     def __trunc__(self):
         return 2.2
@@ -70,23 +73,26 @@ def __ceil__(self):
     def __floor__(self):
         return 4.4
 
+
 assert math.trunc(A()) == 2.2
 assert math.ceil(A()) == 3.3
 assert math.floor(A()) == 4.4
 
+
 class A(object):
     def __trunc__(self):
-        return 'trunc'
+        return "trunc"
 
     def __ceil__(self):
-        return 'ceil'
+        return "ceil"
 
     def __floor__(self):
-        return 'floor'
+        return "floor"
+
 
-assert math.trunc(A()) == 'trunc'
-assert math.ceil(A()) == 'ceil'
-assert math.floor(A()) == 'floor'
+assert math.trunc(A()) == "trunc"
+assert math.ceil(A()) == "ceil"
+assert math.floor(A()) == "floor"
 
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
     math.trunc(object())
@@ -97,44 +103,54 @@ def __floor__(self):
 
 isclose = math.isclose
 
+
 def assertIsClose(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
     assert isclose(a, b, *args, **kwargs) == True, "%s and %s should be close!" % (a, b)
 
+
 def assertIsNotClose(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
-    assert isclose(a, b, *args, **kwargs) == False, "%s and %s should not be close!" % (a, b)
+    assert isclose(a, b, *args, **kwargs) == False, "%s and %s should not be close!" % (
+        a,
+        b,
+    )
+
 
 def assertAllClose(examples, *args, **kwargs):
     for a, b in examples:
         assertIsClose(a, b, *args, **kwargs)
 
+
 def assertAllNotClose(examples, *args, **kwargs):
     for a, b in examples:
         assertIsNotClose(a, b, *args, **kwargs)
 
+
 # test_negative_tolerances: ValueError should be raised if either tolerance is less than zero
 assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: isclose(1, 1, rel_tol=-1e-100))
 assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: isclose(1, 1, rel_tol=1e-100, abs_tol=-1e10))
 
 # test_identical: identical values must test as close
-identical_examples = [(2.0, 2.0),
-                        (0.1e200, 0.1e200),
-                        (1.123e-300, 1.123e-300),
-                        (12345, 12345.0),
-                        (0.0, -0.0),
-                        (345678, 345678)]
+identical_examples = [
+    (2.0, 2.0),
+    (0.1e200, 0.1e200),
+    (1.123e-300, 1.123e-300),
+    (12345, 12345.0),
+    (0.0, -0.0),
+    (345678, 345678),
+]
 assertAllClose(identical_examples, rel_tol=0.0, abs_tol=0.0)
 
 # test_eight_decimal_places: examples that are close to 1e-8, but not 1e-9
-eight_decimal_places_examples = [(1e8, 1e8 + 1),
-                                 (-1e-8, -1.000000009e-8),
-                                 (1.12345678, 1.12345679)]
+eight_decimal_places_examples = [
+    (1e8, 1e8 + 1),
+    (-1e-8, -1.000000009e-8),
+    (1.12345678, 1.12345679),
+]
 assertAllClose(eight_decimal_places_examples, rel_tol=1e-08)
 assertAllNotClose(eight_decimal_places_examples, rel_tol=1e-09)
 
 # test_near_zero: values close to zero
-near_zero_examples = [(1e-9, 0.0),
-                      (-1e-9, 0.0),
-                      (-1e-150, 0.0)]
+near_zero_examples = [(1e-9, 0.0), (-1e-9, 0.0), (-1e-150, 0.0)]
 # these should not be close to any rel_tol
 assertAllNotClose(near_zero_examples, rel_tol=0.9)
 # these should be close to abs_tol=1e-8
@@ -147,35 +163,36 @@ def assertAllNotClose(examples, *args, **kwargs):
 assertIsClose(NINF, NINF, abs_tol=0.0)
 
 # test_inf_ninf_nan(self): these should never be close (following IEEE 754 rules for equality)
-not_close_examples = [(NAN, NAN),
-                      (NAN, 1e-100),
-                      (1e-100, NAN),
-                      (INF, NAN),
-                      (NAN, INF),
-                      (INF, NINF),
-                      (INF, 1.0),
-                      (1.0, INF),
-                      (INF, 1e308),
-                      (1e308, INF)]
+not_close_examples = [
+    (NAN, NAN),
+    (NAN, 1e-100),
+    (1e-100, NAN),
+    (INF, NAN),
+    (NAN, INF),
+    (INF, NINF),
+    (INF, 1.0),
+    (1.0, INF),
+    (INF, 1e308),
+    (1e308, INF),
+]
 # use largest reasonable tolerance
 assertAllNotClose(not_close_examples, abs_tol=0.999999999999999)
 
 # test_zero_tolerance: test with zero tolerance
-zero_tolerance_close_examples = [(1.0, 1.0),
-                                 (-3.4, -3.4),
-                                 (-1e-300, -1e-300)]
+zero_tolerance_close_examples = [(1.0, 1.0), (-3.4, -3.4), (-1e-300, -1e-300)]
 assertAllClose(zero_tolerance_close_examples, rel_tol=0.0)
-zero_tolerance_not_close_examples = [(1.0, 1.000000000000001),
-                                     (0.99999999999999, 1.0),
-                                     (1.0e200, .999999999999999e200)]
+zero_tolerance_not_close_examples = [
+    (1.0, 1.000000000000001),
+    (0.99999999999999, 1.0),
+    (1.0e200, 0.999999999999999e200),
+]
 assertAllNotClose(zero_tolerance_not_close_examples, rel_tol=0.0)
 
 # test_asymmetry: test the asymmetry example from PEP 485
 assertAllClose([(9, 10), (10, 9)], rel_tol=0.1)
 
 # test_integers: test with integer values
-integer_examples = [(100000001, 100000000),
-                    (123456789, 123456788)]
+integer_examples = [(100000001, 100000000), (123456789, 123456788)]
 
 assertAllClose(integer_examples, rel_tol=1e-8)
 assertAllNotClose(integer_examples, rel_tol=1e-9)
@@ -184,26 +201,26 @@ def assertAllNotClose(examples, *args, **kwargs):
 # test_fractions: test with Fraction values
 
 assert math.copysign(1, 42) == 1.0
-assert math.copysign(0., 42) == 0.0
-assert math.copysign(1., -42) == -1.0
-assert math.copysign(3, 0.) == 3.0
-assert math.copysign(4., -0.) == -4.0
+assert math.copysign(0.0, 42) == 0.0
+assert math.copysign(1.0, -42) == -1.0
+assert math.copysign(3, 0.0) == 3.0
+assert math.copysign(4.0, -0.0) == -4.0
 assert_raises(TypeError, math.copysign)
 # copysign should let us distinguish signs of zeros
-assert math.copysign(1., 0.) == 1.
-assert math.copysign(1., -0.) == -1.
-assert math.copysign(INF, 0.) == INF
-assert math.copysign(INF, -0.) == NINF
-assert math.copysign(NINF, 0.) == INF
-assert math.copysign(NINF, -0.) == NINF
+assert math.copysign(1.0, 0.0) == 1.0
+assert math.copysign(1.0, -0.0) == -1.0
+assert math.copysign(INF, 0.0) == INF
+assert math.copysign(INF, -0.0) == NINF
+assert math.copysign(NINF, 0.0) == INF
+assert math.copysign(NINF, -0.0) == NINF
 # and of infinities
-assert math.copysign(1., INF) == 1.
-assert math.copysign(1., NINF) == -1.
+assert math.copysign(1.0, INF) == 1.0
+assert math.copysign(1.0, NINF) == -1.0
 assert math.copysign(INF, INF) == INF
 assert math.copysign(INF, NINF) == NINF
 assert math.copysign(NINF, INF) == INF
 assert math.copysign(NINF, NINF) == NINF
-assert math.isnan(math.copysign(NAN, 1.))
+assert math.isnan(math.copysign(NAN, 1.0))
 assert math.isnan(math.copysign(NAN, INF))
 assert math.isnan(math.copysign(NAN, NINF))
 assert math.isnan(math.copysign(NAN, NAN))
@@ -212,7 +229,7 @@ def assertAllNotClose(examples, *args, **kwargs):
 # given platform.
 assert math.isinf(math.copysign(INF, NAN))
 # similarly, copysign(2., NAN) could be 2. or -2.
-assert abs(math.copysign(2., NAN)) == 2.
+assert abs(math.copysign(2.0, NAN)) == 2.0
 
 assert str(math.frexp(0.0)) == str((+0.0, 0))
 assert str(math.frexp(-0.0)) == str((-0.0, 0))
@@ -248,7 +265,7 @@ def assertAllNotClose(examples, *args, **kwargs):
 assert math.factorial(20) == 2432902008176640000
 assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: math.factorial(-1))
 
-if hasattr(math, 'nextafter'):
+if hasattr(math, "nextafter"):
     try:
         assert math.nextafter(4503599627370496.0, -INF) == 4503599627370495.5
         assert math.nextafter(4503599627370496.0, INF) == 4503599627370497.0
@@ -278,13 +295,13 @@ def assertAllNotClose(examples, *args, **kwargs):
 assert math.fmod(-10, 1) == -0.0
 assert math.fmod(-10, 0.5) == -0.0
 assert math.fmod(-10, 1.5) == -1.0
-assert math.isnan(math.fmod(NAN, 1.)) == True
-assert math.isnan(math.fmod(1., NAN)) == True
+assert math.isnan(math.fmod(NAN, 1.0)) == True
+assert math.isnan(math.fmod(1.0, NAN)) == True
 assert math.isnan(math.fmod(NAN, NAN)) == True
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: math.fmod(1., 0.))
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: math.fmod(INF, 1.))
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: math.fmod(NINF, 1.))
-assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: math.fmod(INF, 0.))
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: math.fmod(1.0, 0.0))
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: math.fmod(INF, 1.0))
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: math.fmod(NINF, 1.0))
+assert_raises(ValueError, lambda: math.fmod(INF, 0.0))
 assert math.fmod(3.0, INF) == 3.0
 assert math.fmod(-3.0, INF) == -3.0
 assert math.fmod(3.0, NINF) == 3.0
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_os.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_os.py
index ab40582fd8..f5d26030a4 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_os.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_os.py
@@ -5,25 +5,24 @@
 
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
-assert os.name == 'posix' or os.name == 'nt'
+assert os.name == "posix" or os.name == "nt"
 
-fd = os.open('README.md', os.O_RDONLY)
+fd = os.open("README.md", os.O_RDONLY)
 assert fd > 0
 
 os.close(fd)
 assert_raises(OSError, lambda: os.read(fd, 10))
-assert_raises(FileNotFoundError,
-              lambda: os.open('DOES_NOT_EXIST', os.O_RDONLY))
-assert_raises(FileNotFoundError,
-              lambda: os.open('DOES_NOT_EXIST', os.O_WRONLY))
-assert_raises(FileNotFoundError,
-              lambda: os.rename('DOES_NOT_EXIST', 'DOES_NOT_EXIST 2'))
+assert_raises(FileNotFoundError, lambda: os.open("DOES_NOT_EXIST", os.O_RDONLY))
+assert_raises(FileNotFoundError, lambda: os.open("DOES_NOT_EXIST", os.O_WRONLY))
+assert_raises(
+    FileNotFoundError, lambda: os.rename("DOES_NOT_EXIST", "DOES_NOT_EXIST 2")
+)
 
 # sendfile only supports in_fd as non-socket on linux and solaris
 if hasattr(os, "sendfile") and sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
-    src_fd = os.open('README.md', os.O_RDONLY)
-    dest_fd = os.open('destination.md', os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT)
-    src_len = os.stat('README.md').st_size
+    src_fd = os.open("README.md", os.O_RDONLY)
+    dest_fd = os.open("destination.md", os.O_RDWR | os.O_CREAT)
+    src_len = os.stat("README.md").st_size
 
     bytes_sent = os.sendfile(dest_fd, src_fd, 0, src_len)
     assert src_len == bytes_sent
@@ -32,10 +31,10 @@
     assert os.read(src_fd, src_len) == os.read(dest_fd, bytes_sent)
     os.close(src_fd)
     os.close(dest_fd)
-    os.remove('destination.md')
+    os.remove("destination.md")
 
 try:
-    os.open('DOES_NOT_EXIST', 0)
+    os.open("DOES_NOT_EXIST", 0)
 except OSError as err:
     assert err.errno == 2
 
@@ -81,15 +80,14 @@
 assert_raises(TypeError, lambda: os.fspath([1, 2, 3]))
 
 
-class TestWithTempDir():
+class TestWithTempDir:
     def __enter__(self):
         if os.name == "nt":
             base_folder = os.environ["TEMP"]
         else:
             base_folder = "/tmp"
 
-        name = os.path.join(base_folder,
-                            "rustpython_test_os_" + str(int(time.time())))
+        name = os.path.join(base_folder, "rustpython_test_os_" + str(int(time.time())))
 
         while os.path.isdir(name):
             name = name + "_"
@@ -102,7 +100,7 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         pass
 
 
-class TestWithTempCurrentDir():
+class TestWithTempCurrentDir:
     def __enter__(self):
         self.prev_cwd = os.getcwd()
 
@@ -130,8 +128,9 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
     assert os.write(fd, CONTENT3) == len(CONTENT3)
     os.close(fd)
 
-    assert_raises(FileExistsError,
-                  lambda: os.open(fname, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL))
+    assert_raises(
+        FileExistsError, lambda: os.open(fname, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL)
+    )
 
     fd = os.open(fname, os.O_RDONLY)
     assert os.read(fd, len(CONTENT2)) == CONTENT2
@@ -150,7 +149,7 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
     assert not os.isatty(fd)
 
     # TODO: get os.lseek working on windows
-    if os.name != 'nt':
+    if os.name != "nt":
         fd = os.open(fname3, 0)
         assert os.read(fd, len(CONTENT2)) == CONTENT2
         assert os.read(fd, len(CONTENT3)) == CONTENT3
@@ -201,8 +200,7 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         if dir_entry.is_symlink():
             symlinks.add(dir_entry.name)
 
-    assert names == set(
-        [FILE_NAME, FILE_NAME2, FOLDER, SYMLINK_FILE, SYMLINK_FOLDER])
+    assert names == set([FILE_NAME, FILE_NAME2, FOLDER, SYMLINK_FILE, SYMLINK_FOLDER])
     assert paths == set([fname, fname2, folder, symlink_file, symlink_folder])
     assert dirs == set([FOLDER, SYMLINK_FOLDER])
     assert dirs_no_symlink == set([FOLDER])
@@ -270,23 +268,26 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
     os.stat(fname).st_mode == os.stat(symlink_file).st_mode
 
     os.stat(fname, follow_symlinks=False).st_ino == os.stat(
-        symlink_file, follow_symlinks=False).st_ino
+        symlink_file, follow_symlinks=False
+    ).st_ino
     os.stat(fname, follow_symlinks=False).st_mode == os.stat(
-        symlink_file, follow_symlinks=False).st_mode
+        symlink_file, follow_symlinks=False
+    ).st_mode
 
     # os.chmod
     if os.name != "nt":
         os.chmod(fname, 0o666)
-        assert oct(os.stat(fname).st_mode) == '0o100666'
+        assert oct(os.stat(fname).st_mode) == "0o100666"
 
-# os.chown
+    # os.chown
     if os.name != "nt":
         # setup
         root_in_posix = False
-        if hasattr(os, 'geteuid'):
-            root_in_posix = (os.geteuid() == 0)
+        if hasattr(os, "geteuid"):
+            root_in_posix = os.geteuid() == 0
         try:
             import pwd
+
             all_users = [u.pw_uid for u in pwd.getpwall()]
         except (ImportError, AttributeError):
             all_users = []
@@ -299,10 +300,8 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         if not root_in_posix and len(all_users) > 1:
             uid_1, uid_2 = all_users[:2]
             gid = os.stat(fname1).st_gid
-            assert_raises(PermissionError,
-                          lambda: os.chown(fname1, uid_1, gid))
-            assert_raises(PermissionError,
-                          lambda: os.chown(fname1, uid_2, gid))
+            assert_raises(PermissionError, lambda: os.chown(fname1, uid_1, gid))
+            assert_raises(PermissionError, lambda: os.chown(fname1, uid_2, gid))
 
         # test chown with root perm and file name
         if root_in_posix and len(all_users) > 1:
@@ -327,7 +326,7 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
             assert uid == uid_2
 
         # test gid change
-        if hasattr(os, 'getgroups'):
+        if hasattr(os, "getgroups"):
             groups = os.getgroups()
             if len(groups) > 1:
                 gid_1, gid_2 = groups[:2]
@@ -434,7 +433,7 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         os.close(wfd)
 
 # os.pipe2
-if sys.platform.startswith('linux') or sys.platform.startswith('freebsd'):
+if sys.platform.startswith("linux") or sys.platform.startswith("freebsd"):
     rfd, wfd = os.pipe2(0)
     try:
         os.write(wfd, CONTENT2)
@@ -460,11 +459,11 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
 
 with TestWithTempDir() as tmpdir:
     for i in range(0, 4):
-        file_name = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'file' + str(i))
-        with open(file_name, 'w') as f:
-            f.write('test')
+        file_name = os.path.join(tmpdir, "file" + str(i))
+        with open(file_name, "w") as f:
+            f.write("test")
 
-    expected_files = ['file0', 'file1', 'file2', 'file3']
+    expected_files = ["file0", "file1", "file2", "file3"]
 
     dir_iter = os.scandir(tmpdir)
     collected_files = [dir_entry.name for dir_entry in dir_iter]
@@ -476,13 +475,14 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
 
     dir_iter.close()
 
-    expected_files_bytes = [(file.encode(), os.path.join(tmpdir,
-                                                         file).encode())
-                            for file in expected_files]
+    expected_files_bytes = [
+        (file.encode(), os.path.join(tmpdir, file).encode()) for file in expected_files
+    ]
 
     dir_iter_bytes = os.scandir(tmpdir.encode())
-    collected_files_bytes = [(dir_entry.name, dir_entry.path)
-                             for dir_entry in dir_iter_bytes]
+    collected_files_bytes = [
+        (dir_entry.name, dir_entry.path) for dir_entry in dir_iter_bytes
+    ]
 
     assert set(collected_files_bytes) == set(expected_files_bytes)
 
@@ -492,8 +492,7 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
     assert set(collected_files) == set(expected_files)
 
     collected_files = os.listdir(tmpdir.encode())
-    assert set(collected_files) == set(
-        [file.encode() for file in expected_files])
+    assert set(collected_files) == set([file.encode() for file in expected_files])
 
     with TestWithTempCurrentDir():
         os.chdir(tmpdir)
@@ -502,20 +501,20 @@ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
             assert set(collected_files) == set(expected_files)
 
 # system()
-if os.name in ('posix', 'nt'):
-    assert os.system('echo test') == 0
-    assert os.system('&') != 0
+if os.name in ("posix", "nt"):
+    assert os.system("echo test") == 0
+    assert os.system("&") != 0
 
     for arg in [None, 1, 1.0, TabError]:
         assert_raises(TypeError, os.system, arg)
 
 # Testing for os.pathconf_names
-if not sys.platform.startswith('win'):
+if not sys.platform.startswith("win"):
     assert len(os.pathconf_names) > 0
-    assert 'PC_NAME_MAX' in os.pathconf_names
+    assert "PC_NAME_MAX" in os.pathconf_names
     for option, index in os.pathconf_names.items():
         if sys.platform == "darwin":
             # TODO: check why it fails
             if option in ["PC_MAX_CANON", "PC_MAX_INPUT", "PC_VDISABLE"]:
                 continue
-        assert os.pathconf('/', index) == os.pathconf('/', option)
+        assert os.pathconf("/", index) == os.pathconf("/", option)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_pwd.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_pwd.py
index 6ef3a64d02..2a44aed32c 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_pwd.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_pwd.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import sys
+
 # windows doesn't support pwd
 if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
     exit(0)
@@ -7,6 +8,6 @@
 import pwd
 
 with assert_raises(KeyError):
-    fake_name = 'fake_user'
+    fake_name = "fake_user"
     while pwd.getpwnam(fake_name):
-        fake_name += '1'
+        fake_name += "1"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py
index 969b09d339..60fc9a3097 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_random.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 assert random.choice(left) == 5
 
 # random.choices
-expected = ['red', 'green', 'red', 'black', 'black', 'red']
-result = random.choices(['red', 'black', 'green'], [18, 18, 2], k=6)
+expected = ["red", "green", "red", "black", "black", "red"]
+result = random.choices(["red", "black", "green"], [18, 18, 2], k=6)
 assert expected == result
 
 # random.sample
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 assert len(zero_size_buf) == 0
 non_zero_buf = random.randbytes(4)
 assert type(non_zero_buf) is bytes
-assert list(non_zero_buf) == list(b'\xb9\x7fi\xf7')
+assert list(non_zero_buf) == list(b"\xb9\x7fi\xf7")
 
 # TODO : random.random(), random.uniform(), random.triangular(),
 #        random.betavariate, random.expovariate, random.gammavariate,
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_re.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_re.py
index 17ecdba7f6..89d729f2b2 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_re.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_re.py
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-
 import re
 
 haystack = "Hello world"
-needle = 'ello'
+needle = "ello"
 
 mo = re.search(needle, haystack)
 print(mo)
@@ -12,62 +11,67 @@
 assert mo.start() == 1
 assert mo.end() == 5
 
-assert re.escape('python.exe') == 'python\\.exe'
+assert re.escape("python.exe") == "python\\.exe"
 
-p = re.compile('ab')
-s = p.sub('x', 'abcabca')
+p = re.compile("ab")
+s = p.sub("x", "abcabca")
 # print(s)
-assert s == 'xcxca'
+assert s == "xcxca"
 
-idpattern = r'([_a-z][_a-z0-9]*)'
+idpattern = r"([_a-z][_a-z0-9]*)"
 
-mo = re.search(idpattern, '7382 _boe0+2')
-assert mo.group(0) == '_boe0'
+mo = re.search(idpattern, "7382 _boe0+2")
+assert mo.group(0) == "_boe0"
 
 # tes op range
-assert re.compile('[a-z]').match('a').span() == (0, 1)
-assert re.compile('[a-z]').fullmatch('z').span() == (0, 1)
+assert re.compile("[a-z]").match("a").span() == (0, 1)
+assert re.compile("[a-z]").fullmatch("z").span() == (0, 1)
 
 # test op charset
-assert re.compile('[_a-z0-9]*').match('_09az').group() == '_09az'
+assert re.compile("[_a-z0-9]*").match("_09az").group() == "_09az"
 
 # test op bigcharset
-assert re.compile('[你好a-z]*').match('a好z你?').group() == 'a好z你'
-assert re.compile('[你好a-z]+').search('1232321 a好z你 !!?').group() == 'a好z你'
+assert re.compile("[你好a-z]*").match("a好z你?").group() == "a好z你"
+assert re.compile("[你好a-z]+").search("1232321 a好z你 !!?").group() == "a好z你"
 
 # test op repeat one
-assert re.compile('a*').match('aaa').span() == (0, 3)
-assert re.compile('abcd*').match('abcdddd').group() == 'abcdddd'
-assert re.compile('abcd*').match('abc').group() == 'abc'
-assert re.compile('abcd*e').match('abce').group() == 'abce'
-assert re.compile('abcd*e+').match('abcddeee').group() == 'abcddeee'
-assert re.compile('abcd+').match('abcddd').group() == 'abcddd'
+assert re.compile("a*").match("aaa").span() == (0, 3)
+assert re.compile("abcd*").match("abcdddd").group() == "abcdddd"
+assert re.compile("abcd*").match("abc").group() == "abc"
+assert re.compile("abcd*e").match("abce").group() == "abce"
+assert re.compile("abcd*e+").match("abcddeee").group() == "abcddeee"
+assert re.compile("abcd+").match("abcddd").group() == "abcddd"
 
 # test op mark
-assert re.compile('(a)b').match('ab').group(0, 1) == ('ab', 'a')
-assert re.compile('a(b)(cd)').match('abcd').group(0, 1, 2) == ('abcd', 'b', 'cd')
+assert re.compile("(a)b").match("ab").group(0, 1) == ("ab", "a")
+assert re.compile("a(b)(cd)").match("abcd").group(0, 1, 2) == ("abcd", "b", "cd")
 
 # test op repeat
-assert re.compile('(ab)+').match('abab')
-assert re.compile('(a)(b)(cd)*').match('abcdcdcd').group(0, 1, 2, 3) == ('abcdcdcd', 'a', 'b', 'cd')
-assert re.compile('ab()+cd').match('abcd').group() == 'abcd'
-assert re.compile('(a)+').match('aaa').groups() == ('a',)
-assert re.compile('(a+)').match('aaa').groups() == ('aaa',)
+assert re.compile("(ab)+").match("abab")
+assert re.compile("(a)(b)(cd)*").match("abcdcdcd").group(0, 1, 2, 3) == (
+    "abcdcdcd",
+    "a",
+    "b",
+    "cd",
+)
+assert re.compile("ab()+cd").match("abcd").group() == "abcd"
+assert re.compile("(a)+").match("aaa").groups() == ("a",)
+assert re.compile("(a+)").match("aaa").groups() == ("aaa",)
 
 # test Match object method
-assert re.compile('(a)(bc)').match('abc')[1] == 'a'
-assert re.compile('a(b)(?P<a>c)d').match('abcd').groupdict() == {'a': 'c'}
+assert re.compile("(a)(bc)").match("abc")[1] == "a"
+assert re.compile("a(b)(?P<a>c)d").match("abcd").groupdict() == {"a": "c"}
 
 # test op branch
-assert re.compile(r'((?=\d|\.\d)(?P<int>\d*)|a)').match('123.2132').group() == '123'
+assert re.compile(r"((?=\d|\.\d)(?P<int>\d*)|a)").match("123.2132").group() == "123"
 
-assert re.sub(r'^\s*', 'X', 'test') == 'Xtest'
+assert re.sub(r"^\s*", "X", "test") == "Xtest"
 
-assert re.match(r'\babc\b', 'abc').group() == 'abc'
+assert re.match(r"\babc\b", "abc").group() == "abc"
 
-urlpattern = re.compile('//([^/#?]*)(.*)', re.DOTALL)
-url = '//www.example.org:80/foo/bar/baz.html'
-assert urlpattern.match(url).group(1) == 'www.example.org:80'
+urlpattern = re.compile("//([^/#?]*)(.*)", re.DOTALL)
+url = "//www.example.org:80/foo/bar/baz.html"
+assert urlpattern.match(url).group(1) == "www.example.org:80"
 
-assert re.compile('(?:\w+(?:\s|/(?!>))*)*').match('a /bb />ccc').group() == 'a /bb '
-assert re.compile('(?:(1)?)*').match('111').group() == '111'
\ No newline at end of file
+assert re.compile("(?:\w+(?:\s|/(?!>))*)*").match("a /bb />ccc").group() == "a /bb "
+assert re.compile("(?:(1)?)*").match("111").group() == "111"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_signal.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_signal.py
index eb4a25f90d..0abfd7cb71 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_signal.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_signal.py
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@
 
 signals = []
 
+
 def handler(signum, frame):
-	signals.append(signum)
+    signals.append(signum)
 
 
-signal.signal(signal.SIGILL, signal.SIG_IGN);
+signal.signal(signal.SIGILL, signal.SIG_IGN)
 assert signal.getsignal(signal.SIGILL) is signal.SIG_IGN
 
 old_signal = signal.signal(signal.SIGILL, signal.SIG_DFL)
@@ -21,24 +22,21 @@ def handler(signum, frame):
 
 # unix
 if "win" not in sys.platform:
-	signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, handler)
-	assert signal.getsignal(signal.SIGALRM) is handler
-
-	signal.alarm(1)
-	time.sleep(2.0)
-	assert signals == [signal.SIGALRM]
-
-	signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, signal.SIG_IGN)
-	signal.alarm(1)
-	time.sleep(2.0)
-
-	assert signals == [signal.SIGALRM]
+    signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, handler)
+    assert signal.getsignal(signal.SIGALRM) is handler
 
-	signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, handler)
-	signal.alarm(1)
-	time.sleep(2.0)
+    signal.alarm(1)
+    time.sleep(2.0)
+    assert signals == [signal.SIGALRM]
 
-	assert signals == [signal.SIGALRM, signal.SIGALRM]
+    signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, signal.SIG_IGN)
+    signal.alarm(1)
+    time.sleep(2.0)
 
+    assert signals == [signal.SIGALRM]
 
+    signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, handler)
+    signal.alarm(1)
+    time.sleep(2.0)
 
+    assert signals == [signal.SIGALRM, signal.SIGALRM]
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_socket.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_socket.py
index bbedb794ba..199ff9fe47 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_socket.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_socket.py
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 
 assert _socket.socket == _socket.SocketType
 
-MESSAGE_A = b'aaaa'
-MESSAGE_B= b'bbbbb'
+MESSAGE_A = b"aaaa"
+MESSAGE_B = b"bbbbb"
 
 # TCP
 
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@
 assert recv_a == MESSAGE_A
 assert recv_b == MESSAGE_B
 
-fd = open('README.md', 'rb')
+fd = open("README.md", "rb")
 connector.sendfile(fd)
-recv_readme = connection.recv(os.stat('README.md').st_size)
+recv_readme = connection.recv(os.stat("README.md").st_size)
 # need this because sendfile leaves the cursor at the end of the file
 fd.seek(0)
 assert recv_readme == fd.read()
@@ -36,14 +36,14 @@
 
 # fileno
 if os.name == "posix":
-	connector_fd = connector.fileno()
-	connection_fd = connection.fileno()
-	os.write(connector_fd, MESSAGE_A)
-	connection.send(MESSAGE_B)
-	recv_a = connection.recv(len(MESSAGE_A))
-	recv_b = os.read(connector_fd, (len(MESSAGE_B)))
-	assert recv_a == MESSAGE_A
-	assert recv_b == MESSAGE_B
+    connector_fd = connector.fileno()
+    connection_fd = connection.fileno()
+    os.write(connector_fd, MESSAGE_A)
+    connection.send(MESSAGE_B)
+    recv_a = connection.recv(len(MESSAGE_A))
+    recv_b = os.read(connector_fd, (len(MESSAGE_B)))
+    assert recv_a == MESSAGE_A
+    assert recv_b == MESSAGE_B
 
 connection.close()
 connector.close()
@@ -51,30 +51,30 @@
 
 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	s.connect(("127.0.0.1", 8888, 8888))
+    s.connect(("127.0.0.1", 8888, 8888))
 
 with assert_raises(OSError):
-	# Lets hope nobody is listening on port 1
-	s.connect(("127.0.0.1", 1))
+    # Lets hope nobody is listening on port 1
+    s.connect(("127.0.0.1", 1))
 
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	s.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8888, 8888))
+    s.bind(("127.0.0.1", 8888, 8888))
 
 with assert_raises(OSError):
-	# Lets hope nobody run this test on machine with ip 1.2.3.4
-	s.bind(("1.2.3.4", 8888))
+    # Lets hope nobody run this test on machine with ip 1.2.3.4
+    s.bind(("1.2.3.4", 8888))
 
 with assert_raises(TypeError):
-	s.bind((888, 8888))
+    s.bind((888, 8888))
 
 s.close()
 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 s.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))
 with assert_raises(OSError):
-	s.recv(100)
+    s.recv(100)
 
 with assert_raises(OSError):
-	s.send(MESSAGE_A)
+    s.send(MESSAGE_A)
 
 s.close()
 
@@ -117,48 +117,48 @@
 
 s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
 with assert_raises(OSError):
-	s.bind(("1.2.3.4", 888))
+    s.bind(("1.2.3.4", 888))
 
 s.close()
 ### Errors
 with assert_raises(OSError):
-	socket.socket(100, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+    socket.socket(100, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
 
 with assert_raises(OSError):
-	socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, 1000)
+    socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, 1000)
 
 with assert_raises(OSError):
-	socket.inet_aton("test")
+    socket.inet_aton("test")
 
 with assert_raises(OverflowError):
-	socket.htonl(-1)
+    socket.htonl(-1)
 
-assert socket.htonl(0)==0
-assert socket.htonl(10)==167772160
+assert socket.htonl(0) == 0
+assert socket.htonl(10) == 167772160
 
-assert socket.inet_aton("127.0.0.1")==b"\x7f\x00\x00\x01"
-assert socket.inet_aton("255.255.255.255")==b"\xff\xff\xff\xff"
+assert socket.inet_aton("127.0.0.1") == b"\x7f\x00\x00\x01"
+assert socket.inet_aton("255.255.255.255") == b"\xff\xff\xff\xff"
 
 
-assert socket.inet_ntoa(b"\x7f\x00\x00\x01")=="127.0.0.1"
-assert socket.inet_ntoa(b"\xff\xff\xff\xff")=="255.255.255.255"
+assert socket.inet_ntoa(b"\x7f\x00\x00\x01") == "127.0.0.1"
+assert socket.inet_ntoa(b"\xff\xff\xff\xff") == "255.255.255.255"
 
 with assert_raises(OSError):
-	socket.inet_ntoa(b"\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff")
+    socket.inet_ntoa(b"\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff")
 
 with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
-	pass
+    pass
 
 with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as listener:
-	listener.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))
-	listener.listen(1)
-	connector = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-	connector.connect(("127.0.0.1", listener.getsockname()[1]))
-	(connection, addr) = listener.accept()
-	connection.settimeout(1.0)
-	with assert_raises(OSError): # TODO: check that it raises a socket.timeout
-		# testing that it doesn't work with the timeout; that it stops blocking eventually
-		connection.recv(len(MESSAGE_A))
+    listener.bind(("127.0.0.1", 0))
+    listener.listen(1)
+    connector = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+    connector.connect(("127.0.0.1", listener.getsockname()[1]))
+    (connection, addr) = listener.accept()
+    connection.settimeout(1.0)
+    with assert_raises(OSError):  # TODO: check that it raises a socket.timeout
+        # testing that it doesn't work with the timeout; that it stops blocking eventually
+        connection.recv(len(MESSAGE_A))
 
 for exc, expected_name in [
     (socket.gaierror, "gaierror"),
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sqlite.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sqlite.py
index 8ec5416fe2..f2e02b48cf 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sqlite.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sqlite.py
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
     INSERT INTO foo(key) VALUES (11);
 """)
 
+
 class AggrSum:
     def __init__(self):
         self.val = 0.0
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ def step(self, val):
     def finalize(self):
         return self.val
 
+
 cx.create_aggregate("mysum", 1, AggrSum)
 cur.execute("select mysum(key) from foo")
 assert cur.fetchone()[0] == 28.0
@@ -35,15 +37,19 @@ def finalize(self):
 # toobig = 2**64
 # cur.execute("insert into foo(key) values (?)", (toobig,))
 
+
 class AggrText:
     def __init__(self):
         self.txt = ""
+
     def step(self, txt):
         txt = str(txt)
         self.txt = self.txt + txt
+
     def finalize(self):
         return self.txt
 
+
 cx.create_aggregate("aggtxt", 1, AggrText)
 cur.execute("select aggtxt(key) from foo")
-assert cur.fetchone()[0] == '341011'
\ No newline at end of file
+assert cur.fetchone()[0] == "341011"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_string.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_string.py
index 9151d2f593..ae544f3289 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_string.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_string.py
@@ -1,22 +1,26 @@
 import string
 
 
-assert string.ascii_letters == 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
-assert string.ascii_lowercase == 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
-assert string.ascii_uppercase == 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
-assert string.digits == '0123456789'
-assert string.hexdigits == '0123456789abcdefABCDEF'
-assert string.octdigits == '01234567'
-assert string.punctuation == '!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~'
-assert string.whitespace == ' \t\n\r\x0b\x0c', string.whitespace
-assert string.printable == '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~ \t\n\r\x0b\x0c'
+assert string.ascii_letters == "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+assert string.ascii_lowercase == "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+assert string.ascii_uppercase == "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+assert string.digits == "0123456789"
+assert string.hexdigits == "0123456789abcdefABCDEF"
+assert string.octdigits == "01234567"
+assert string.punctuation == "!\"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~"
+assert string.whitespace == " \t\n\r\x0b\x0c", string.whitespace
+assert (
+    string.printable
+    == "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!\"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~ \t\n\r\x0b\x0c"
+)
 
-assert string.capwords('bla bla', ' ') == 'Bla Bla'
+assert string.capwords("bla bla", " ") == "Bla Bla"
 
 from string import Template
-s = Template('$who likes $what')
-r = s.substitute(who='tim', what='kung pow')
-assert r == 'tim likes kung pow'
+
+s = Template("$who likes $what")
+r = s.substitute(who="tim", what="kung pow")
+assert r == "tim likes kung pow"
 
 from string import Formatter
 
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_struct.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_struct.py
index 83154c8100..1e08d0a223 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_struct.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_struct.py
@@ -1,51 +1,51 @@
-
 from testutils import assert_raises
 import struct
 
-data = struct.pack('IH', 14, 12)
+data = struct.pack("IH", 14, 12)
 assert data == bytes([14, 0, 0, 0, 12, 0])
 
-v1, v2 = struct.unpack('IH', data)
+v1, v2 = struct.unpack("IH", data)
 assert v1 == 14
 assert v2 == 12
 
-data = struct.pack('<IH', 14, 12)
+data = struct.pack("<IH", 14, 12)
 assert data == bytes([14, 0, 0, 0, 12, 0])
 
-v1, v2 = struct.unpack('<IH', data)
+v1, v2 = struct.unpack("<IH", data)
 assert v1 == 14
 assert v2 == 12
 
-data = struct.pack('>IH', 14, 12)
+data = struct.pack(">IH", 14, 12)
 assert data == bytes([0, 0, 0, 14, 0, 12])
 
-v1, v2 = struct.unpack('>IH', data)
+v1, v2 = struct.unpack(">IH", data)
 assert v1 == 14
 assert v2 == 12
 
-data = struct.pack('3B', 65, 66, 67)
+data = struct.pack("3B", 65, 66, 67)
 assert data == bytes([65, 66, 67])
 
-v1, v2, v3 = struct.unpack('3B', data)
+v1, v2, v3 = struct.unpack("3B", data)
 assert v1 == 65
 assert v2 == 66
 assert v3 == 67
 
 with assert_raises(Exception):
-  data = struct.pack('B0B', 65, 66)
+    data = struct.pack("B0B", 65, 66)
 
 with assert_raises(Exception):
-  data = struct.pack('B2B', 65, 66)
+    data = struct.pack("B2B", 65, 66)
 
-data = struct.pack('B1B', 65, 66)
+data = struct.pack("B1B", 65, 66)
 
 with assert_raises(Exception):
-  struct.pack('<IH', "14", 12)
+    struct.pack("<IH", "14", 12)
 
 assert struct.calcsize("B") == 1
 # assert struct.calcsize("<L4B") == 12
 
-assert struct.Struct('3B').pack(65, 66, 67) == bytes([65, 66, 67])
+assert struct.Struct("3B").pack(65, 66, 67) == bytes([65, 66, 67])
+
 
 class Indexable(object):
     def __init__(self, value):
@@ -54,23 +54,24 @@ def __init__(self, value):
     def __index__(self):
         return self._value
 
-data = struct.pack('B', Indexable(65))
+
+data = struct.pack("B", Indexable(65))
 assert data == bytes([65])
 
-data = struct.pack('5s', b"test1")
+data = struct.pack("5s", b"test1")
 assert data == b"test1"
 
-data = struct.pack('3s', b"test2")
+data = struct.pack("3s", b"test2")
 assert data == b"tes"
 
-data = struct.pack('7s', b"test3")
+data = struct.pack("7s", b"test3")
 assert data == b"test3\0\0"
 
-data = struct.pack('?', True)
-assert data == b'\1'
+data = struct.pack("?", True)
+assert data == b"\1"
 
-data = struct.pack('?', [])
-assert data == b'\0'
+data = struct.pack("?", [])
+assert data == b"\0"
 
 assert struct.error.__module__ == "struct"
 assert struct.error.__name__ == "error"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py
index 2e3aa7b2c1..a2aa026f4c 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_subprocess.py
@@ -7,17 +7,22 @@
 
 is_unix = not sys.platform.startswith("win")
 if is_unix:
+
     def echo(text):
         return ["echo", text]
+
     def sleep(secs):
         return ["sleep", str(secs)]
 else:
+
     def echo(text):
         return ["cmd", "/C", f"echo {text}"]
+
     def sleep(secs):
         # TODO: make work in a non-unixy environment (something with timeout.exe?)
         return ["powershell", "/C", "sleep", str(secs)]
 
+
 p = subprocess.Popen(echo("test"))
 
 time.sleep(0.1)
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys.py
index d4a2d2cdca..ea7c565c0b 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys.py
@@ -4,23 +4,28 @@
 
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
-print('python executable:', sys.executable)
+print("python executable:", sys.executable)
 print(sys.argv)
-assert sys.argv[0].endswith('.py')
+assert sys.argv[0].endswith(".py")
 
-assert sys.platform == "linux" or sys.platform == "darwin" or sys.platform == "win32" or sys.platform == "unknown"
+assert (
+    sys.platform == "linux"
+    or sys.platform == "darwin"
+    or sys.platform == "win32"
+    or sys.platform == "unknown"
+)
 
 if hasattr(sys, "_framework"):
     assert type(sys._framework) is str
 
 assert isinstance(sys.builtin_module_names, tuple)
-assert 'sys' in sys.builtin_module_names
+assert "sys" in sys.builtin_module_names
 
 assert isinstance(sys.implementation.name, str)
 assert isinstance(sys.implementation.cache_tag, str)
 
-assert sys.getfilesystemencoding() == 'utf-8'
-assert sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors().startswith('surrogate')
+assert sys.getfilesystemencoding() == "utf-8"
+assert sys.getfilesystemencodeerrors().startswith("surrogate")
 
 assert sys.byteorder == "little" or sys.byteorder == "big"
 
@@ -35,15 +40,18 @@
 
 events = []
 
+
 def trc(frame, event, arg):
     fn_name = frame.f_code.co_name
     events.append((fn_name, event, arg))
-    print('trace event:', fn_name, event, arg)
+    print("trace event:", fn_name, event, arg)
+
 
 def demo(x):
     if x > 0:
         demo(x - 1)
 
+
 sys.settrace(trc)
 demo(5)
 sys.settrace(None)
@@ -53,7 +61,7 @@ def demo(x):
 assert sys.exc_info() == (None, None, None)
 
 try:
-    1/0
+    1 / 0
 except ZeroDivisionError as exc:
     exc_info = sys.exc_info()
     assert exc_info[0] == type(exc) == ZeroDivisionError
@@ -62,10 +70,12 @@ def demo(x):
 
 # Recursion:
 
+
 def recursive_call(n):
     if n > 0:
         recursive_call(n - 1)
 
+
 sys.setrecursionlimit(200)
 assert sys.getrecursionlimit() == 200
 
@@ -74,11 +84,25 @@ def recursive_call(n):
 
 if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
     winver = sys.getwindowsversion()
-    print(f'winver: {winver} {winver.platform_version}')
+    print(f"winver: {winver} {winver.platform_version}")
 
     # the biggest value of wSuiteMask (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winnt/ns-winnt-osversioninfoexa#members).
-    all_masks = 0x00000004 | 0x00000400 | 0x00004000 | 0x00000080 | 0x00000002 | 0x00000040 | 0x00000200 | \
-        0x00000100 | 0x00000001 | 0x00000020 | 0x00002000 | 0x00000010 | 0x00008000 | 0x00020000
+    all_masks = (
+        0x00000004
+        | 0x00000400
+        | 0x00004000
+        | 0x00000080
+        | 0x00000002
+        | 0x00000040
+        | 0x00000200
+        | 0x00000100
+        | 0x00000001
+        | 0x00000020
+        | 0x00002000
+        | 0x00000010
+        | 0x00008000
+        | 0x00020000
+    )
 
     # We really can't test if the results are correct, so it just checks for meaningful value
     assert winver.major > 6
@@ -112,18 +136,14 @@ def recursive_call(n):
 # Test the PYTHONSAFEPATH environment variable
 code = "import sys; print(sys.flags.safe_path)"
 env = dict(os.environ)
-env.pop('PYTHONSAFEPATH', None)
-args = (sys.executable, '-P', '-c', code)
+env.pop("PYTHONSAFEPATH", None)
+args = (sys.executable, "-P", "-c", code)
 
-proc = subprocess.run(
-    args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-    universal_newlines=True, env=env)
-assert proc.stdout.rstrip() == 'True', proc
+proc = subprocess.run(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True, env=env)
+assert proc.stdout.rstrip() == "True", proc
 assert proc.returncode == 0, proc
 
-env['PYTHONSAFEPATH'] = '1'
-proc = subprocess.run(
-    args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-    universal_newlines=True, env=env)
-assert proc.stdout.rstrip() == 'True'
+env["PYTHONSAFEPATH"] = "1"
+proc = subprocess.run(args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, universal_newlines=True, env=env)
+assert proc.stdout.rstrip() == "True"
 assert proc.returncode == 0, proc
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys_getframe.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys_getframe.py
index d4328286aa..50447ce882 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys_getframe.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_sys_getframe.py
@@ -2,20 +2,24 @@
 
 value = 189
 locals_dict = sys._getframe().f_locals
-assert locals_dict['value'] == 189
-foo = 'bar'
-assert locals_dict['foo'] == foo
+assert locals_dict["value"] == 189
+foo = "bar"
+assert locals_dict["foo"] == foo
+
 
 def test_function():
     x = 17
     assert sys._getframe().f_locals is not locals_dict
-    assert sys._getframe().f_locals['x'] == 17
-    assert sys._getframe(1).f_locals['foo'] == 'bar'
+    assert sys._getframe().f_locals["x"] == 17
+    assert sys._getframe(1).f_locals["foo"] == "bar"
+
 
 test_function()
 
-class TestClass():
+
+class TestClass:
     def __init__(self):
-        assert sys._getframe().f_locals['self'] == self
+        assert sys._getframe().f_locals["self"] == self
+
 
 TestClass()
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_time.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_time.py
index baf6755306..9a92969f5f 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_time.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_time.py
@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-
-
 import time
 
 x = time.gmtime(1000)
@@ -9,14 +7,13 @@
 assert x.tm_sec == 40
 assert x.tm_isdst == 0
 
-s = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S', x)
+s = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S", x)
 # print(s)
-assert s == '1970-01-01-00-16-40'
+assert s == "1970-01-01-00-16-40"
 
-x2 = time.strptime(s, '%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S')
+x2 = time.strptime(s, "%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M-%S")
 assert x2.tm_min == 16
 
 s = time.asctime(x)
 # print(s)
-assert s == 'Thu Jan  1 00:16:40 1970'
-
+assert s == "Thu Jan  1 00:16:40 1970"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_traceback.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_traceback.py
index 689f36e027..c2cc5773db 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_traceback.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_traceback.py
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 import traceback
 
 try:
-	1/0
+    1 / 0
 except ZeroDivisionError as ex:
-	tb = traceback.extract_tb(ex.__traceback__)
-	assert len(tb) == 1
+    tb = traceback.extract_tb(ex.__traceback__)
+    assert len(tb) == 1
 
 
 try:
-	try:
-		1/0
-	except ZeroDivisionError as ex:
-		 raise KeyError().with_traceback(ex.__traceback__)
+    try:
+        1 / 0
+    except ZeroDivisionError as ex:
+        raise KeyError().with_traceback(ex.__traceback__)
 except KeyError as ex2:
-	tb = traceback.extract_tb(ex2.__traceback__)
-	assert tb[1].line == "1/0"
+    tb = traceback.extract_tb(ex2.__traceback__)
+    assert tb[1].line == "1 / 0"
 
 
 try:
-	try:
-		1/0
-	except ZeroDivisionError as ex:
-		 raise ex.with_traceback(None)
+    try:
+        1 / 0
+    except ZeroDivisionError as ex:
+        raise ex.with_traceback(None)
 except ZeroDivisionError as ex2:
-	tb = traceback.extract_tb(ex2.__traceback__)
-	assert len(tb) == 1
+    tb = traceback.extract_tb(ex2.__traceback__)
+    assert len(tb) == 1
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_types.py b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_types.py
index 479004b6cf..3a3872d2f4 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_types.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/stdlib_types.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 from testutils import assert_raises
 
-ns = types.SimpleNamespace(a=2, b='Rust')
+ns = types.SimpleNamespace(a=2, b="Rust")
 
 assert ns.a == 2
 assert ns.b == "Rust"
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/test_threading.py b/extra_tests/snippets/test_threading.py
index 41024b360e..4d7c29f509 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/test_threading.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/test_threading.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ def thread_function(name):
 
 
 output.append((0, 0))
-x = threading.Thread(target=thread_function, args=(1, ))
+x = threading.Thread(target=thread_function, args=(1,))
 output.append((0, 1))
 x.start()
 output.append((0, 2))
diff --git a/extra_tests/snippets/testutils.py b/extra_tests/snippets/testutils.py
index 437fa06ae3..aac153441e 100644
--- a/extra_tests/snippets/testutils.py
+++ b/extra_tests/snippets/testutils.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import platform
 import sys
 
+
 def assert_raises(expected, *args, _msg=None, **kw):
     if args:
         f, f_args = args[0], args[1:]
@@ -22,8 +23,7 @@ def __enter__(self):
 
     def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
         if exc_type is None:
-            failmsg = self.failmsg or \
-                '{} was not raised'.format(self.expected.__name__)
+            failmsg = self.failmsg or "{} was not raised".format(self.expected.__name__)
             assert False, failmsg
         if not issubclass(exc_type, self.expected):
             return False
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ class TestFailingBool:
     def __bool__(self):
         raise RuntimeError
 
+
 class TestFailingIter:
     def __iter__(self):
         raise RuntimeError
@@ -48,47 +49,64 @@ def _assert_print(f, args):
         raised = False
     finally:
         if raised:
-            print('Assertion Failure:', *args)
+            print("Assertion Failure:", *args)
+
 
 def _typed(obj):
-    return '{}({})'.format(type(obj), obj)
+    return "{}({})".format(type(obj), obj)
 
 
 def assert_equal(a, b):
-    _assert_print(lambda: a == b, [_typed(a), '==', _typed(b)])
+    _assert_print(lambda: a == b, [_typed(a), "==", _typed(b)])
 
 
 def assert_true(e):
-    _assert_print(lambda: e is True, [_typed(e), 'is True'])
+    _assert_print(lambda: e is True, [_typed(e), "is True"])
 
 
 def assert_false(e):
-    _assert_print(lambda: e is False, [_typed(e), 'is False'])
+    _assert_print(lambda: e is False, [_typed(e), "is False"])
+
 
 def assert_isinstance(obj, klass):
-    _assert_print(lambda: isinstance(obj, klass), ['isisntance(', _typed(obj), ',', klass, ')'])
+    _assert_print(
+        lambda: isinstance(obj, klass), ["isisntance(", _typed(obj), ",", klass, ")"]
+    )
+
 
 def assert_in(a, b):
-    _assert_print(lambda: a in b, [a, 'in', b])
+    _assert_print(lambda: a in b, [a, "in", b])
+
 
 def skip_if_unsupported(req_maj_vers, req_min_vers, test_fct):
     def exec():
         test_fct()
 
-    if platform.python_implementation() == 'RustPython':
+    if platform.python_implementation() == "RustPython":
         exec()
-    elif sys.version_info.major>=req_maj_vers and sys.version_info.minor>=req_min_vers:
+    elif (
+        sys.version_info.major >= req_maj_vers
+        and sys.version_info.minor >= req_min_vers
+    ):
         exec()
     else:
-        print(f'Skipping test as a higher python version is required. Using {platform.python_implementation()} {platform.python_version()}')
+        print(
+            f"Skipping test as a higher python version is required. Using {platform.python_implementation()} {platform.python_version()}"
+        )
+
 
 def fail_if_unsupported(req_maj_vers, req_min_vers, test_fct):
     def exec():
         test_fct()
 
-    if platform.python_implementation() == 'RustPython':
+    if platform.python_implementation() == "RustPython":
         exec()
-    elif sys.version_info.major>=req_maj_vers and sys.version_info.minor>=req_min_vers:
+    elif (
+        sys.version_info.major >= req_maj_vers
+        and sys.version_info.minor >= req_min_vers
+    ):
         exec()
     else:
-        assert False, f'Test cannot performed on this python version. {platform.python_implementation()} {platform.python_version()}'
+        assert False, (
+            f"Test cannot performed on this python version. {platform.python_implementation()} {platform.python_version()}"
+        )
diff --git a/extra_tests/test_snippets.py b/extra_tests/test_snippets.py
index c191c1e638..5ff944c772 100644
--- a/extra_tests/test_snippets.py
+++ b/extra_tests/test_snippets.py
@@ -42,23 +42,27 @@ def perform_test(filename, method, test_type):
 
 
 def run_via_cpython(filename):
-    """ Simply invoke python itself on the script """
+    """Simply invoke python itself on the script"""
     env = os.environ.copy()
     subprocess.check_call([sys.executable, filename], env=env)
 
-RUSTPYTHON_BINARY = os.environ.get("RUSTPYTHON") or os.path.join(ROOT_DIR, "target/release/rustpython")
+
+RUSTPYTHON_BINARY = os.environ.get("RUSTPYTHON") or os.path.join(
+    ROOT_DIR, "target/release/rustpython"
+)
 RUSTPYTHON_BINARY = os.path.abspath(RUSTPYTHON_BINARY)
 
+
 def run_via_rustpython(filename, test_type):
     env = os.environ.copy()
-    env['RUST_LOG'] = 'info,cargo=error,jobserver=error'
-    env['RUST_BACKTRACE'] = '1'
+    env["RUST_LOG"] = "info,cargo=error,jobserver=error"
+    env["RUST_BACKTRACE"] = "1"
 
     subprocess.check_call([RUSTPYTHON_BINARY, filename], env=env)
 
 
 def create_test_function(cls, filename, method, test_type):
-    """ Create a test function for a single snippet """
+    """Create a test function for a single snippet"""
     core_test_directory, snippet_filename = os.path.split(filename)
     test_function_name = "test_{}_".format(method) + os.path.splitext(snippet_filename)[
         0
@@ -74,7 +78,7 @@ def test_function(self):
 
 def populate(method):
     def wrapper(cls):
-        """ Decorator function which can populate a unittest.TestCase class """
+        """Decorator function which can populate a unittest.TestCase class"""
         for test_type, filename in get_test_files():
             create_test_function(cls, filename, method, test_type)
         return cls
@@ -83,7 +87,7 @@ def wrapper(cls):
 
 
 def get_test_files():
-    """ Retrieve test files """
+    """Retrieve test files"""
     for test_type, test_dir in TEST_DIRS.items():
         for filepath in sorted(glob.iglob(os.path.join(test_dir, "*.py"))):
             filename = os.path.split(filepath)[1]
@@ -122,7 +126,9 @@ class SampleTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
     @classmethod
     def setUpClass(cls):
         # Here add resource files
-        cls.slices_resource_path = Path(TEST_DIRS[_TestType.functional]) / "cpython_generated_slices.py"
+        cls.slices_resource_path = (
+            Path(TEST_DIRS[_TestType.functional]) / "cpython_generated_slices.py"
+        )
         if cls.slices_resource_path.exists():
             cls.slices_resource_path.unlink()
 
diff --git a/ruff.toml b/ruff.toml
index 5e2fb8c4f5..15aaa07c8a 100644
--- a/ruff.toml
+++ b/ruff.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ exclude = [
     "Lib",
     "vm/Lib",
     "benches",
+    "syntax_*.py", # Do not format files that are specifically testing for syntax
+    "badsyntax_*.py",
 ]
 
 [lint]
diff --git a/wasm/demo/snippets/asyncbrowser.py b/wasm/demo/snippets/asyncbrowser.py
index 5cd2f7b0a0..d3a9dca85f 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/snippets/asyncbrowser.py
+++ b/wasm/demo/snippets/asyncbrowser.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import browser
 import asyncweb
 
+
 async def main(delay):
     url = f"https://httpbin.org/delay/{delay}"
     print(f"fetching {url}...")
diff --git a/wasm/demo/snippets/fetch.py b/wasm/demo/snippets/fetch.py
index f507057b22..80e1775c76 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/snippets/fetch.py
+++ b/wasm/demo/snippets/fetch.py
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 from browser import fetch
 
+
 def fetch_handler(res):
     print(f"headers: {res['headers']}")
 
+
 fetch(
     "https://httpbin.org/get",
     response_format="json",
-    headers={
-        "X-Header-Thing": "rustpython is neat!"
-    },
+    headers={"X-Header-Thing": "rustpython is neat!"},
 ).then(fetch_handler, lambda err: print(f"error: {err}"))
diff --git a/wasm/demo/snippets/import_pypi.py b/wasm/demo/snippets/import_pypi.py
index a7c8a8e7fd..e3325d56f4 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/snippets/import_pypi.py
+++ b/wasm/demo/snippets/import_pypi.py
@@ -8,12 +8,14 @@
 
 whlimport.setup()
 
+
 @asyncweb.main
 async def main():
     await whlimport.load_package("pygments")
     import pygments
     import pygments.lexers
     import pygments.formatters.html
+
     lexer = pygments.lexers.get_lexer_by_name("python")
     fmter = pygments.formatters.html.HtmlFormatter(noclasses=True, style="default")
     print(pygments.highlight("print('hi, mom!')", lexer, fmter))
diff --git a/wasm/demo/snippets/mandelbrot.py b/wasm/demo/snippets/mandelbrot.py
index b4010c7539..ea4fade56d 100644
--- a/wasm/demo/snippets/mandelbrot.py
+++ b/wasm/demo/snippets/mandelbrot.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 w = 50.0
 h = 50.0
 
+
 def mandel():
     """Print a mandelbrot fractal to the console, yielding after each character is printed"""
     y = 0.0
@@ -20,9 +21,9 @@ def mandel():
                 i += 1
 
             if Tr + Ti <= 4:
-                print('*', end='')
+                print("*", end="")
             else:
-                print('·', end='')
+                print("·", end="")
 
             x += 1
             yield
@@ -31,14 +32,24 @@ def mandel():
         y += 1
         yield
 
+
 # run the mandelbrot
 
-try: from browser import request_animation_frame
-except: request_animation_frame = None
+try:
+    from browser import request_animation_frame
+except:
+    request_animation_frame = None
 
 gen = mandel()
+
+
 def gen_cb(_time=None):
-    for _ in range(4): gen.__next__()
+    for _ in range(4):
+        gen.__next__()
     request_animation_frame(gen_cb)
-if request_animation_frame: gen_cb()
-else: any(gen)
+
+
+if request_animation_frame:
+    gen_cb()
+else:
+    any(gen)
diff --git a/wasm/example/src/main.py b/wasm/example/src/main.py
index 5447d078af..b5a1bda7c0 100644
--- a/wasm/example/src/main.py
+++ b/wasm/example/src/main.py
@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 from browser import fetch, alert
 
+
 def fetch_handler(repos):
     star_sum = 0
     for repo in repos:
-        star_sum += repo['stars']
-    alert(f'Average github trending star count: {star_sum / len(repos)}')
+        star_sum += repo["stars"]
+    alert(f"Average github trending star count: {star_sum / len(repos)}")
+
 
 fetch(
-    'https://github-trending-api.now.sh/repositories',
-    response_format='json',
-).then(fetch_handler, lambda err: alert(f"Error: {err}"))
\ No newline at end of file
+    "https://github-trending-api.now.sh/repositories",
+    response_format="json",
+).then(fetch_handler, lambda err: alert(f"Error: {err}"))

From 5c0f70c3616e40d8a1bf0405a7fbc3863210ae23 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 10 May 2025 11:09:11 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 696/705] add instructions

---
 Cargo.lock              | 76 +++++++++++++++++++++++------------------
 jit/Cargo.toml          |  6 ++--
 jit/src/instructions.rs | 12 +++++++
 3 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 095a3dca37..63608aefb9 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -472,9 +472,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e482b051275b415cf7627bb6b26e9902ce6aec058b443266c2a1e7a0de148960"
+checksum = "6d07c374d4da962eca0833c1d14621d5b4e32e68c8ca185b046a3b6b924ad334"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "cranelift-frontend",
@@ -483,39 +483,42 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-assembler-x64"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3e4b56ebe316895d3fa37775d0a87b0c889cc933f5c8b253dbcc7c7bcb7fe7e4"
+checksum = "263cc79b8a23c29720eb596d251698f604546b48c34d0d84f8fd2761e5bf8888"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-assembler-x64-meta",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-assembler-x64-meta"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "95cabbc01dfbd7dcd6c329ca44f0212910309c221797ac736a67a5bc8857fe1b"
+checksum = "5b4a113455f8c0e13e3b3222a9c38d6940b958ff22573108be083495c72820e1"
+dependencies = [
+ "cranelift-srcgen",
+]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bforest"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "76ffe46df300a45f1dc6f609dc808ce963f0e3a2e971682c479a2d13e3b9b8ef"
+checksum = "58f96dca41c5acf5d4312c1d04b3391e21a312f8d64ce31a2723a3bb8edd5d4d"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-entity",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-bitset"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b265bed7c51e1921fdae6419791d31af77d33662ee56d7b0fa0704dc8d231cab"
+checksum = "7d821ed698dd83d9c012447eb63a5406c1e9c23732a2f674fb5b5015afd42202"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e606230a7e3a6897d603761baee0d19f88d077f17b996bb5089488a29ae96e41"
+checksum = "06c52fdec4322cb8d5545a648047819aaeaa04e630f88d3a609c0d3c1a00e9a0"
 dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "cranelift-assembler-x64",
@@ -538,43 +541,44 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-meta"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8a63bffafc23bc60969ad528e138788495999d935f0adcfd6543cb151ca8637d"
+checksum = "af2c215e0c9afa8069aafb71d22aa0e0dde1048d9a5c3c72a83cacf9b61fcf4a"
 dependencies = [
- "cranelift-assembler-x64",
+ "cranelift-assembler-x64-meta",
  "cranelift-codegen-shared",
+ "cranelift-srcgen",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-codegen-shared"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "af50281b67324b58e843170a6a5943cf6d387c06f7eeacc9f5696e4ab7ae7d7e"
+checksum = "97524b2446fc26a78142132d813679dda19f620048ebc9a9fbb0ac9f2d320dcb"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-control"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8c20c1b38d1abfbcebb0032e497e71156c0e3b8dcb3f0a92b9863b7bcaec290c"
+checksum = "8e32e900aee81f9e3cc493405ef667a7812cb5c79b5fc6b669e0a2795bda4b22"
 dependencies = [
  "arbitrary",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-entity"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0c2c67d95507c51b4a1ff3f3555fe4bfec36b9e13c1b684ccc602736f5d5f4a2"
+checksum = "d16a2e28e0fa6b9108d76879d60fe1cc95ba90e1bcf52bac96496371044484ee"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-bitset",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-frontend"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4e002691cc69c38b54fc7ec93e5be5b744f627d027031d991cc845d1d512d0ce"
+checksum = "328181a9083d99762d85954a16065d2560394a862b8dc10239f39668df528b95"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "log",
@@ -584,15 +588,15 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-isle"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e93588ed1796cbcb0e2ad160403509e2c5d330d80dd6e0014ac6774c7ebac496"
+checksum = "e916f36f183e377e9a3ed71769f2721df88b72648831e95bb9fa6b0cd9b1c709"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-jit"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "17f6682f0b193d6b7873cc8e7ed67e8776a8a26f50eeabf88534e9be618b9a03"
+checksum = "d6bb584ac927f1076d552504b0075b833b9d61e2e9178ba55df6b2d966b4375d"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cranelift-codegen",
@@ -610,9 +614,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-module"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ff19784c6de05116e63e6a34791012bd927b2a4eac56233039c46f1b6a4edac8"
+checksum = "40c18ccb8e4861cf49cec79998af73b772a2b47212d12d3d63bf57cc4293a1e3"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cranelift-codegen",
@@ -621,15 +625,21 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cranelift-native"
-version = "0.118.0"
+version = "0.119.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e5b09bdd6407bf5d89661b80cf926ce731c9e8cc184bf49102267a2369a8358e"
+checksum = "fc852cf04128877047dc2027aa1b85c64f681dc3a6a37ff45dcbfa26e4d52d2f"
 dependencies = [
  "cranelift-codegen",
  "libc",
  "target-lexicon",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cranelift-srcgen"
+version = "0.119.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "47e1a86340a16e74b4285cc86ac69458fa1c8e7aaff313da4a89d10efd3535ee"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crc32fast"
 version = "1.4.2"
@@ -3361,9 +3371,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "wasmtime-jit-icache-coherence"
-version = "31.0.0"
+version = "32.0.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a54f6c6c7e9d7eeee32dfcc10db7f29d505ee7dd28d00593ea241d5f70698e64"
+checksum = "eb399eaabd7594f695e1159d236bf40ef55babcb3af97f97c027864ed2104db6"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
  "cfg-if",
diff --git a/jit/Cargo.toml b/jit/Cargo.toml
index 0c7f39af07..bc21063192 100644
--- a/jit/Cargo.toml
+++ b/jit/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ num-traits = { workspace = true }
 thiserror = { workspace = true }
 libffi = { workspace = true, features = ["system"] }
 
-cranelift = "0.118"
-cranelift-jit = "0.118"
-cranelift-module = "0.118"
+cranelift = "0.119"
+cranelift-jit = "0.119"
+cranelift-module = "0.119"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 rustpython-derive = { path = "../derive", version = "0.4.0" }
diff --git a/jit/src/instructions.rs b/jit/src/instructions.rs
index 830a578562..407a33226a 100644
--- a/jit/src/instructions.rs
+++ b/jit/src/instructions.rs
@@ -600,6 +600,18 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
                     _ => Err(JitCompileError::BadBytecode),
                 }
             }
+            Instruction::Nop => Ok(()),
+            Instruction::Swap { index } => {
+                let len = self.stack.len();
+                let i = len - 1;
+                let j = len - 1 - index.get(arg) as usize;
+                self.stack.swap(i, j);
+                Ok(())
+            }
+            Instruction::Pop => {
+                self.stack.pop();
+                Ok(())
+            }
             _ => Err(JitCompileError::NotSupported),
         }
     }

From d11d5c65e6aab500a90b6129599d1d2dad7048a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "dependabot[bot]" <49699333+dependabot[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Mon, 12 May 2025 14:10:25 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 697/705] Bump streetsidesoftware/cspell-action in the
 github-actions group

Bumps the github-actions group with 1 update: [streetsidesoftware/cspell-action](https://github.com/streetsidesoftware/cspell-action).


Updates `streetsidesoftware/cspell-action` from 6 to 7
- [Release notes](https://github.com/streetsidesoftware/cspell-action/releases)
- [Changelog](https://github.com/streetsidesoftware/cspell-action/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md)
- [Commits](https://github.com/streetsidesoftware/cspell-action/compare/v6...v7)

---
updated-dependencies:
- dependency-name: streetsidesoftware/cspell-action
  dependency-version: '7'
  dependency-type: direct:production
  update-type: version-update:semver-major
  dependency-group: github-actions
...

Signed-off-by: dependabot[bot] <support@github.com>
---
 .github/workflows/ci.yaml | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
index db8f9056b1..487cb3e0c9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yaml
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: install extra dictionaries
         run: npm install @cspell/dict-en_us @cspell/dict-cpp @cspell/dict-python @cspell/dict-rust @cspell/dict-win32 @cspell/dict-shell
       - name: spell checker
-        uses: streetsidesoftware/cspell-action@v6
+        uses: streetsidesoftware/cspell-action@v7
         with:
           files: '**/*.rs'
           incremental_files_only: true

From b696e56c5fba3f5d5c5300288f3d5e21a5087f9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Rex Ledesma <rex@rexledesma.com>
Date: Thu, 8 May 2025 00:37:54 -0400
Subject: [PATCH 698/705] chore: rely on the default inclusions for `ruff`

---
 crawl_sourcecode.py             | 62 ++++++++++++++++++---------------
 demo_closures.py                |  5 ++-
 ruff.toml                       |  7 ----
 scripts/cargo-llvm-cov.py       |  9 +++--
 scripts/fix_test.py             | 34 +++++++++++++++---
 vm/sre_engine/generate_tests.py | 33 ++++++++++++------
 whats_left.py                   | 43 ++++++++++++++++++-----
 7 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-)

diff --git a/crawl_sourcecode.py b/crawl_sourcecode.py
index 2daad4f682..a96ec283fa 100644
--- a/crawl_sourcecode.py
+++ b/crawl_sourcecode.py
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-""" This script can be used to test the equivalence in parsing between
+"""This script can be used to test the equivalence in parsing between
 rustpython and cpython.
 
 Usage example:
@@ -8,76 +8,80 @@
 $ diff cpython.txt rustpython.txt
 """
 
-
 import ast
 import sys
 import symtable
 import dis
 
 filename = sys.argv[1]
-print('Crawling file:', filename)
+print("Crawling file:", filename)
 
 
-with open(filename, 'r') as f:
+with open(filename, "r") as f:
     source = f.read()
 
 t = ast.parse(source)
 print(t)
 
 shift = 3
+
+
 def print_node(node, indent=0):
-    indents = ' ' * indent
+    indents = " " * indent
     if isinstance(node, ast.AST):
-        lineno = 'row={}'.format(node.lineno) if hasattr(node, 'lineno') else ''
+        lineno = "row={}".format(node.lineno) if hasattr(node, "lineno") else ""
         print(indents, "NODE", node.__class__.__name__, lineno)
         for field in node._fields:
-            print(indents,'-', field)
+            print(indents, "-", field)
             f = getattr(node, field)
             if isinstance(f, list):
                 for f2 in f:
-                    print_node(f2, indent=indent+shift)
+                    print_node(f2, indent=indent + shift)
             else:
-                print_node(f, indent=indent+shift)
+                print_node(f, indent=indent + shift)
     else:
-        print(indents, 'OBJ', node)
+        print(indents, "OBJ", node)
+
 
 print_node(t)
 
 # print(ast.dump(t))
 flag_names = [
-    'is_referenced',
-    'is_assigned',
-    'is_global',
-    'is_local',
-    'is_parameter',
-    'is_free',
+    "is_referenced",
+    "is_assigned",
+    "is_global",
+    "is_local",
+    "is_parameter",
+    "is_free",
 ]
 
+
 def print_table(table, indent=0):
-    indents = ' ' * indent
-    print(indents, 'table:', table.get_name())
-    print(indents, ' ', 'name:', table.get_name())
-    print(indents, ' ', 'type:', table.get_type())
-    print(indents, ' ', 'line:', table.get_lineno())
-    print(indents, ' ', 'identifiers:', table.get_identifiers())
-    print(indents, ' ', 'Syms:')
+    indents = " " * indent
+    print(indents, "table:", table.get_name())
+    print(indents, " ", "name:", table.get_name())
+    print(indents, " ", "type:", table.get_type())
+    print(indents, " ", "line:", table.get_lineno())
+    print(indents, " ", "identifiers:", table.get_identifiers())
+    print(indents, " ", "Syms:")
     for sym in table.get_symbols():
         flags = []
         for flag_name in flag_names:
             func = getattr(sym, flag_name)
             if func():
                 flags.append(flag_name)
-        print(indents, '   sym:', sym.get_name(), 'flags:', ' '.join(flags))
+        print(indents, "   sym:", sym.get_name(), "flags:", " ".join(flags))
     if table.has_children():
-        print(indents, ' ', 'Child tables:')
+        print(indents, " ", "Child tables:")
         for child in table.get_children():
-            print_table(child, indent=indent+shift)
+            print_table(child, indent=indent + shift)
+
 
-table = symtable.symtable(source, 'a', 'exec')
+table = symtable.symtable(source, "a", "exec")
 print_table(table)
 
 print()
-print('======== dis.dis ========')
+print("======== dis.dis ========")
 print()
-co = compile(source, filename, 'exec')
+co = compile(source, filename, "exec")
 dis.dis(co)
diff --git a/demo_closures.py b/demo_closures.py
index 00242407e6..0ed673a94f 100644
--- a/demo_closures.py
+++ b/demo_closures.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
-
-
 def foo(x):
     def bar(z):
         return z + x
+
     return bar
 
+
 f = foo(9)
 g = foo(10)
 
 print(f(2))
 print(g(2))
-
diff --git a/ruff.toml b/ruff.toml
index 15aaa07c8a..2ed67851f0 100644
--- a/ruff.toml
+++ b/ruff.toml
@@ -1,11 +1,4 @@
-include = [
-    "examples/**/*.py",
-    "extra_tests/**/*.py",
-    "wasm/**/*.py",
-]
-
 exclude = [
-    ".*",
     "Lib",
     "vm/Lib",
     "benches",
diff --git a/scripts/cargo-llvm-cov.py b/scripts/cargo-llvm-cov.py
index a77d56a87c..9a7b24dd04 100644
--- a/scripts/cargo-llvm-cov.py
+++ b/scripts/cargo-llvm-cov.py
@@ -3,18 +3,21 @@
 
 TARGET = "extra_tests/snippets"
 
+
 def run_llvm_cov(file_path: str):
-    """ Run cargo llvm-cov on a file. """
+    """Run cargo llvm-cov on a file."""
     if file_path.endswith(".py"):
         command = ["cargo", "llvm-cov", "--no-report", "run", "--", file_path]
         subprocess.call(command)
 
+
 def iterate_files(folder: str):
-    """ Iterate over all files in a folder. """
+    """Iterate over all files in a folder."""
     for root, _, files in os.walk(folder):
         for file in files:
             file_path = os.path.join(root, file)
             run_llvm_cov(file_path)
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    iterate_files(TARGET)
\ No newline at end of file
+    iterate_files(TARGET)
diff --git a/scripts/fix_test.py b/scripts/fix_test.py
index 99dfa2699a..a5663e3eee 100644
--- a/scripts/fix_test.py
+++ b/scripts/fix_test.py
@@ -10,21 +10,26 @@
 4. Ensure that there are no unexpected successes in the test.
 5. Actually fix the test.
 """
+
 import argparse
 import ast
 import itertools
 import platform
 from pathlib import Path
 
+
 def parse_args():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Fix test.")
     parser.add_argument("--path", type=Path, help="Path to test file")
     parser.add_argument("--force", action="store_true", help="Force modification")
-    parser.add_argument("--platform", action="store_true", help="Platform specific failure")
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--platform", action="store_true", help="Platform specific failure"
+    )
 
     args = parser.parse_args()
     return args
 
+
 class Test:
     name: str = ""
     path: str = ""
@@ -33,6 +38,7 @@ class Test:
     def __str__(self):
         return f"Test(name={self.name}, path={self.path}, result={self.result})"
 
+
 class TestResult:
     tests_result: str = ""
     tests = []
@@ -52,7 +58,11 @@ def parse_results(result):
             in_test_results = True
         elif line.startswith("-----------"):
             in_test_results = False
-        if in_test_results and not line.startswith("tests") and not line.startswith("["):
+        if (
+            in_test_results
+            and not line.startswith("tests")
+            and not line.startswith("[")
+        ):
             line = line.split(" ")
             if line != [] and len(line) > 3:
                 test = Test()
@@ -67,9 +77,11 @@ def parse_results(result):
                 test_results.tests_result = res
     return test_results
 
+
 def path_to_test(path) -> list[str]:
     return path.split(".")[2:]
 
+
 def modify_test(file: str, test: list[str], for_platform: bool = False) -> str:
     a = ast.parse(file)
     lines = file.splitlines()
@@ -84,6 +96,7 @@ def modify_test(file: str, test: list[str], for_platform: bool = False) -> str:
                 break
     return "\n".join(lines)
 
+
 def modify_test_v2(file: str, test: list[str], for_platform: bool = False) -> str:
     a = ast.parse(file)
     lines = file.splitlines()
@@ -101,8 +114,13 @@ def modify_test_v2(file: str, test: list[str], for_platform: bool = False) -> st
                                         if fn.name == test[-1]:
                                             assert not for_platform
                                             indent = " " * fn.col_offset
-                                            lines.insert(fn.lineno - 1, indent + fixture)
-                                            lines.insert(fn.lineno - 1, indent + "# TODO: RUSTPYTHON")
+                                            lines.insert(
+                                                fn.lineno - 1, indent + fixture
+                                            )
+                                            lines.insert(
+                                                fn.lineno - 1,
+                                                indent + "# TODO: RUSTPYTHON",
+                                            )
                                             break
                     case ast.FunctionDef():
                         if n.name == test[0] and len(test) == 1:
@@ -115,11 +133,17 @@ def modify_test_v2(file: str, test: list[str], for_platform: bool = False) -> st
                     exit()
     return "\n".join(lines)
 
+
 def run_test(test_name):
     print(f"Running test: {test_name}")
     rustpython_location = "./target/release/rustpython"
     import subprocess
-    result = subprocess.run([rustpython_location, "-m", "test", "-v", test_name], capture_output=True, text=True)
+
+    result = subprocess.run(
+        [rustpython_location, "-m", "test", "-v", test_name],
+        capture_output=True,
+        text=True,
+    )
     return parse_results(result)
 
 
diff --git a/vm/sre_engine/generate_tests.py b/vm/sre_engine/generate_tests.py
index 6621c56813..3af4d7e6a5 100644
--- a/vm/sre_engine/generate_tests.py
+++ b/vm/sre_engine/generate_tests.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 assert re._constants.MAGIC == sre_engine_magic
 
+
 class CompiledPattern:
     @classmethod
     def compile(cls, pattern, flags=0):
@@ -21,40 +22,50 @@ def compile(cls, pattern, flags=0):
         self.flags = re.RegexFlag(flags | p.state.flags)
         return self
 
+
 for k, v in re.RegexFlag.__members__.items():
     setattr(CompiledPattern, k, v)
 
 
 class EscapeRustStr:
     hardcoded = {
-        ord('\r'): '\\r',
-        ord('\t'): '\\t',
-        ord('\r'): '\\r',
-        ord('\n'): '\\n',
-        ord('\\'): '\\\\',
-        ord('\''): '\\\'',
-        ord('\"'): '\\\"',
+        ord("\r"): "\\r",
+        ord("\t"): "\\t",
+        ord("\r"): "\\r",
+        ord("\n"): "\\n",
+        ord("\\"): "\\\\",
+        ord("'"): "\\'",
+        ord('"'): '\\"',
     }
+
     @classmethod
     def __class_getitem__(cls, ch):
         if (rpl := cls.hardcoded.get(ch)) is not None:
             return rpl
-        if ch in range(0x20, 0x7f):
+        if ch in range(0x20, 0x7F):
             return ch
         return f"\\u{{{ch:x}}}"
+
+
 def rust_str(s):
     return '"' + s.translate(EscapeRustStr) + '"'
 
+
 # matches `// pattern {varname} = re.compile(...)`
-pattern_pattern = re.compile(r"^((\s*)\/\/\s*pattern\s+(\w+)\s+=\s+(.+?))$(?:.+?END GENERATED)?", re.M | re.S)
+pattern_pattern = re.compile(
+    r"^((\s*)\/\/\s*pattern\s+(\w+)\s+=\s+(.+?))$(?:.+?END GENERATED)?", re.M | re.S
+)
+
+
 def replace_compiled(m):
     line, indent, varname, pattern = m.groups()
     pattern = eval(pattern, {"re": CompiledPattern})
     pattern = f"Pattern {{ pattern: {rust_str(pattern.pattern)}, code: &{json.dumps(pattern.code)} }}"
-    return f'''{line}
+    return f"""{line}
 {indent}// START GENERATED by generate_tests.py
 {indent}#[rustfmt::skip] let {varname} = {pattern};
-{indent}// END GENERATED'''
+{indent}// END GENERATED"""
+
 
 with os.scandir("tests") as t, os.scandir("benches") as b:
     for f in chain(t, b):
diff --git a/whats_left.py b/whats_left.py
index 90200b8ff0..9ef5b48f65 100755
--- a/whats_left.py
+++ b/whats_left.py
@@ -39,7 +39,10 @@
 if implementation != "CPython":
     sys.exit(f"whats_left.py must be run under CPython, got {implementation} instead")
 if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 13):
-    sys.exit(f"whats_left.py must be run under CPython 3.13 or newer, got {implementation} {sys.version} instead")
+    sys.exit(
+        f"whats_left.py must be run under CPython 3.13 or newer, got {implementation} {sys.version} instead"
+    )
+
 
 def parse_args():
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Process some integers.")
@@ -73,8 +76,16 @@ def parse_args():
 
 # CPython specific modules (mostly consisting of templates/tests)
 CPYTHON_SPECIFIC_MODS = {
-    'xxmodule', 'xxsubtype', 'xxlimited', '_xxtestfuzz',
-    '_testbuffer', '_testcapi', '_testimportmultiple', '_testinternalcapi', '_testmultiphase', '_testlimitedcapi'
+    "xxmodule",
+    "xxsubtype",
+    "xxlimited",
+    "_xxtestfuzz",
+    "_testbuffer",
+    "_testcapi",
+    "_testimportmultiple",
+    "_testinternalcapi",
+    "_testmultiphase",
+    "_testlimitedcapi",
 }
 
 IGNORED_MODULES = {"this", "antigravity"} | CPYTHON_SPECIFIC_MODS
@@ -291,7 +302,7 @@ def gen_modules():
 output += gen_methods()
 output += f"""
 cpymods = {gen_modules()!r}
-libdir = {os.path.abspath("Lib/").encode('utf8')!r}
+libdir = {os.path.abspath("Lib/").encode("utf8")!r}
 
 """
 
@@ -310,6 +321,8 @@ def gen_modules():
 expected_methods = {}
 cpymods = {}
 libdir = ""
+
+
 # This function holds the source code that will be run under RustPython
 def compare():
     import inspect
@@ -376,7 +389,9 @@ def method_incompatibility_reason(typ, method_name, real_method_value):
         if rustpymod is None:
             result["not_implemented"][modname] = None
         elif isinstance(rustpymod, Exception):
-            result["failed_to_import"][modname] = rustpymod.__class__.__name__ + str(rustpymod)
+            result["failed_to_import"][modname] = rustpymod.__class__.__name__ + str(
+                rustpymod
+            )
         else:
             implemented_items = sorted(set(cpymod) & set(rustpymod))
             mod_missing_items = set(cpymod) - set(rustpymod)
@@ -418,13 +433,23 @@ def remove_one_indent(s):
 compare_src = inspect.getsourcelines(compare)[0][1:]
 output += "".join(remove_one_indent(line) for line in compare_src)
 
-with open(GENERATED_FILE, "w", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+with open(GENERATED_FILE, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
     f.write(output + "\n")
 
 
-subprocess.run(["cargo", "build", "--release", f"--features={args.features}"], check=True)
+subprocess.run(
+    ["cargo", "build", "--release", f"--features={args.features}"], check=True
+)
 result = subprocess.run(
-    ["cargo", "run", "--release", f"--features={args.features}", "-q", "--", GENERATED_FILE],
+    [
+        "cargo",
+        "run",
+        "--release",
+        f"--features={args.features}",
+        "-q",
+        "--",
+        GENERATED_FILE,
+    ],
     env={**os.environ.copy(), "RUSTPYTHONPATH": "Lib"},
     text=True,
     capture_output=True,
@@ -475,7 +500,7 @@ def remove_one_indent(s):
 if args.doc:
     print("\n# mismatching `__doc__`s (warnings)")
     for modname, mismatched in result["mismatched_doc_items"].items():
-        for (item, rustpy_doc, cpython_doc) in mismatched:
+        for item, rustpy_doc, cpython_doc in mismatched:
             print(f"{item} {repr(rustpy_doc)} != {repr(cpython_doc)}")
 
 

From 72dc4954ad8b7ecfab2f6215bc5f012a76689b8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Ashwin Naren <arihant2math@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 12 May 2025 09:33:14 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 699/705] dev container update

---
 .devcontainer/DOCKERFILE        |  6 ++++++
 .devcontainer/devcontainer.json | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 .devcontainer/DOCKERFILE

diff --git a/.devcontainer/DOCKERFILE b/.devcontainer/DOCKERFILE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..339cdb69bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.devcontainer/DOCKERFILE
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+FROM mcr.microsoft.com/vscode/devcontainers/rust:1-bullseye
+
+# Install clang
+RUN apt-get update \
+  && apt-get install -y clang \
+  && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
diff --git a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
index d60eee2130..8838cf6a96 100644
--- a/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
+++ b/.devcontainer/devcontainer.json
@@ -1,4 +1,25 @@
 {
-  "image": "mcr.microsoft.com/devcontainers/base:jammy",
-  "onCreateCommand": "curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh -s -- -y"
-}
\ No newline at end of file
+  "name": "Rust",
+  "build": {
+    "dockerfile": "Dockerfile"
+  },
+  "runArgs": ["--cap-add=SYS_PTRACE", "--security-opt", "seccomp=unconfined"],
+  "customizations": {
+    "vscode": {
+      "settings": {
+        "lldb.executable": "/usr/bin/lldb",
+        // VS Code don't watch files under ./target
+        "files.watcherExclude": {
+          "**/target/**": true
+        },
+        "extensions": [
+          "rust-lang.rust-analyzer",
+          "tamasfe.even-better-toml",
+          "vadimcn.vscode-lldb",
+          "mutantdino.resourcemonitor"
+        ]
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "remoteUser": "vscode"
+}

From 2c02e2776ba88dfeac9d7ce4fa57813f61889454 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 15 May 2025 13:01:00 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 700/705] Fix warnings for rust 1.87

---
 jit/src/instructions.rs | 3 +--
 jit/src/lib.rs          | 8 +++++++-
 jit/tests/common.rs     | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/jit/src/instructions.rs b/jit/src/instructions.rs
index 407a33226a..fac947a98a 100644
--- a/jit/src/instructions.rs
+++ b/jit/src/instructions.rs
@@ -1165,8 +1165,7 @@ impl<'a, 'b> FunctionCompiler<'a, 'b> {
 
         // ----- Merge: Return the final result.
         self.builder.switch_to_block(merge_block);
-        let final_val = self.builder.block_params(merge_block)[0];
-        final_val
+        self.builder.block_params(merge_block)[0]
     }
 
     fn compile_ipow(&mut self, a: Value, b: Value) -> Value {
diff --git a/jit/src/lib.rs b/jit/src/lib.rs
index 33054b1c95..91911fd8d1 100644
--- a/jit/src/lib.rs
+++ b/jit/src/lib.rs
@@ -15,7 +15,13 @@ pub enum JitCompileError {
     #[error("bad bytecode")]
     BadBytecode,
     #[error("error while compiling to machine code: {0}")]
-    CraneliftError(#[from] ModuleError),
+    CraneliftError(Box<ModuleError>),
+}
+
+impl From<ModuleError> for JitCompileError {
+    fn from(err: ModuleError) -> Self {
+        Self::CraneliftError(Box::new(err))
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, thiserror::Error, Eq, PartialEq)]
diff --git a/jit/tests/common.rs b/jit/tests/common.rs
index a4ac8a7967..680090eb5b 100644
--- a/jit/tests/common.rs
+++ b/jit/tests/common.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl StackMachine {
 
     pub fn run(&mut self, code: CodeObject) {
         let mut oparg_state = OpArgState::default();
-        code.instructions.iter().try_for_each(|&word| {
+        let _ = code.instructions.iter().try_for_each(|&word| {
             let (instruction, arg) = oparg_state.get(word);
             self.process_instruction(instruction, arg, &code.constants, &code.names)
         });

From 1ae98ee177a47d8794a42eb4349e86cd5be3bec1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 May 2025 14:17:25 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 701/705] Fix panic with high precision

---
 compiler/literal/src/float.rs | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

diff --git a/compiler/literal/src/float.rs b/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
index 49771b8184..3764323de3 100644
--- a/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
+++ b/compiler/literal/src/float.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ pub fn format_fixed(precision: usize, magnitude: f64, case: Case, alternate_form
     match magnitude {
         magnitude if magnitude.is_finite() => {
             let point = decimal_point_or_empty(precision, alternate_form);
+            let precision = std::cmp::min(precision, u16::MAX as usize);
             format!("{magnitude:.precision$}{point}")
         }
         magnitude if magnitude.is_nan() => format_nan(case),

From 163296d306206698dfb03c9a4a4239b15b99627b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 16 May 2025 15:20:10 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 702/705] Fix test_memoryio

---
 vm/src/stdlib/io.rs | 3 +++
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+)

diff --git a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
index 3e1979e3d0..e4339ae61a 100644
--- a/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
+++ b/vm/src/stdlib/io.rs
@@ -259,6 +259,9 @@ mod _io {
         }
 
         fn write(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> Option<u64> {
+            if data.is_empty() {
+                return Some(0);
+            }
             let length = data.len();
             self.cursor.write_all(data).ok()?;
             Some(length as u64)

From 18521290bf012e9f131458e8fb019f4e16763bb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 8 May 2025 15:29:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 703/705] Update dependencies

---
 Cargo.lock | 263 ++++++++++++++++++++++-------------------------------
 1 file changed, 107 insertions(+), 156 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 63608aefb9..7dffc22e40 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -16,15 +16,15 @@ checksum = "aae1277d39aeec15cb388266ecc24b11c80469deae6067e17a1a7aa9e5c1f234"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ahash"
-version = "0.8.11"
+version = "0.8.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e89da841a80418a9b391ebaea17f5c112ffaaa96f621d2c285b5174da76b9011"
+checksum = "5a15f179cd60c4584b8a8c596927aadc462e27f2ca70c04e0071964a73ba7a75"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
+ "getrandom 0.3.2",
  "once_cell",
  "version_check",
- "zerocopy 0.7.35",
+ "zerocopy",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "anyhow"
-version = "1.0.97"
+version = "1.0.98"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dcfed56ad506cb2c684a14971b8861fdc3baaaae314b9e5f9bb532cbe3ba7a4f"
+checksum = "e16d2d3311acee920a9eb8d33b8cbc1787ce4a264e85f964c2404b969bdcd487"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "approx"
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "regex",
  "rustc-hash",
  "shlex",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -213,9 +213,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bstr"
-version = "1.11.3"
+version = "1.12.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "531a9155a481e2ee699d4f98f43c0ca4ff8ee1bfd55c31e9e98fb29d2b176fe0"
+checksum = "234113d19d0d7d613b40e86fb654acf958910802bcceab913a4f9e7cda03b1a4"
 dependencies = [
  "memchr",
  "regex-automata",
@@ -233,9 +233,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bytemuck"
-version = "1.22.0"
+version = "1.23.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b6b1fc10dbac614ebc03540c9dbd60e83887fda27794998c6528f1782047d540"
+checksum = "9134a6ef01ce4b366b50689c94f82c14bc72bc5d0386829828a2e2752ef7958c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "bzip2"
@@ -283,9 +283,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "cc"
-version = "1.2.18"
+version = "1.2.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "525046617d8376e3db1deffb079e91cef90a89fc3ca5c185bbf8c9ecdd15cd5c"
+checksum = "8691782945451c1c383942c4874dbe63814f61cb57ef773cda2972682b7bb3c0"
 dependencies = [
  "shlex",
 ]
@@ -313,9 +313,9 @@ checksum = "613afe47fcd5fac7ccf1db93babcb082c5994d996f20b8b159f2ad1658eb5724"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "chrono"
-version = "0.4.40"
+version = "0.4.41"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1a7964611d71df112cb1730f2ee67324fcf4d0fc6606acbbe9bfe06df124637c"
+checksum = "c469d952047f47f91b68d1cba3f10d63c11d73e4636f24f08daf0278abf01c4d"
 dependencies = [
  "android-tzdata",
  "iana-time-zone",
@@ -365,18 +365,18 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap"
-version = "4.5.36"
+version = "4.5.37"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2df961d8c8a0d08aa9945718ccf584145eee3f3aa06cddbeac12933781102e04"
+checksum = "eccb054f56cbd38340b380d4a8e69ef1f02f1af43db2f0cc817a4774d80ae071"
 dependencies = [
  "clap_builder",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "clap_builder"
-version = "4.5.36"
+version = "4.5.37"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "132dbda40fb6753878316a489d5a1242a8ef2f0d9e47ba01c951ea8aa7d013a5"
+checksum = "efd9466fac8543255d3b1fcad4762c5e116ffe808c8a3043d4263cd4fd4862a2"
 dependencies = [
  "anstyle",
  "clap_lex",
@@ -850,9 +850,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "error-code"
-version = "3.3.1"
+version = "3.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a5d9305ccc6942a704f4335694ecd3de2ea531b114ac2d51f5f843750787a92f"
+checksum = "dea2df4cf52843e0452895c455a1a2cfbb842a1e7329671acf418fdc53ed4c59"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "exitcode"
@@ -963,9 +963,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "gethostname"
-version = "1.0.1"
+version = "1.0.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ed7131e57abbde63513e0e6636f76668a1ca9798dcae2df4e283cae9ee83859e"
+checksum = "fc257fdb4038301ce4b9cd1b3b51704509692bb3ff716a410cbd07925d9dae55"
 dependencies = [
  "rustix",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
@@ -982,9 +982,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
-version = "0.2.15"
+version = "0.2.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c4567c8db10ae91089c99af84c68c38da3ec2f087c3f82960bcdbf3656b6f4d7"
+checksum = "335ff9f135e4384c8150d6f27c6daed433577f86b4750418338c01a1a2528592"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "js-sys",
@@ -1026,9 +1026,9 @@ checksum = "a8d1add55171497b4705a648c6b583acafb01d58050a51727785f0b2c8e0a2b2"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "half"
-version = "2.5.0"
+version = "2.6.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7db2ff139bba50379da6aa0766b52fdcb62cb5b263009b09ed58ba604e14bbd1"
+checksum = "459196ed295495a68f7d7fe1d84f6c4b7ff0e21fe3017b2f283c6fac3ad803c9"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "crunchy",
@@ -1036,9 +1036,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hashbrown"
-version = "0.15.2"
+version = "0.15.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "bf151400ff0baff5465007dd2f3e717f3fe502074ca563069ce3a6629d07b289"
+checksum = "84b26c544d002229e640969970a2e74021aadf6e2f96372b9c58eff97de08eb3"
 dependencies = [
  "foldhash",
 ]
@@ -1057,9 +1057,9 @@ checksum = "d231dfb89cfffdbc30e7fc41579ed6066ad03abda9e567ccafae602b97ec5024"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hermit-abi"
-version = "0.5.0"
+version = "0.5.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fbd780fe5cc30f81464441920d82ac8740e2e46b29a6fad543ddd075229ce37e"
+checksum = "f154ce46856750ed433c8649605bf7ed2de3bc35fd9d2a9f30cddd873c80cb08"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "hex"
@@ -1124,14 +1124,12 @@ checksum = "f4c7245a08504955605670dbf141fceab975f15ca21570696aebe9d2e71576bd"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "insta"
-version = "1.42.2"
+version = "1.43.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "50259abbaa67d11d2bcafc7ba1d094ed7a0c70e3ce893f0d0997f73558cb3084"
+checksum = "154934ea70c58054b556dd430b99a98c2a7ff5309ac9891597e339b5c28f4371"
 dependencies = [
  "console",
- "linked-hash-map",
  "once_cell",
- "pin-project",
  "similar",
 ]
 
@@ -1144,7 +1142,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1153,7 +1151,7 @@ version = "0.4.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "e04d7f318608d35d4b61ddd75cbdaee86b023ebe2bd5a66ee0915f0bf93095a9"
 dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi 0.5.0",
+ "hermit-abi 0.5.1",
  "libc",
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
@@ -1199,9 +1197,9 @@ checksum = "4a5f13b858c8d314ee3e8f639011f7ccefe71f97f96e50151fb991f267928e2c"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jiff"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c102670231191d07d37a35af3eb77f1f0dbf7a71be51a962dcd57ea607be7260"
+checksum = "f02000660d30638906021176af16b17498bd0d12813dbfe7b276d8bc7f3c0806"
 dependencies = [
  "jiff-static",
  "log",
@@ -1212,13 +1210,13 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "jiff-static"
-version = "0.2.5"
+version = "0.2.13"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "4cdde31a9d349f1b1f51a0b3714a5940ac022976f4b49485fc04be052b183b4c"
+checksum = "f3c30758ddd7188629c6713fc45d1188af4f44c90582311d0c8d8c9907f60c48"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1300,9 +1298,9 @@ checksum = "0864a00c8d019e36216b69c2c4ce50b83b7bd966add3cf5ba554ec44f8bebcf5"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
-version = "0.2.171"
+version = "0.2.172"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c19937216e9d3aa9956d9bb8dfc0b0c8beb6058fc4f7a4dc4d850edf86a237d6"
+checksum = "d750af042f7ef4f724306de029d18836c26c1765a54a6a3f094cbd23a7267ffa"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libffi"
@@ -1335,9 +1333,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libm"
-version = "0.2.11"
+version = "0.2.15"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8355be11b20d696c8f18f6cc018c4e372165b1fa8126cef092399c9951984ffa"
+checksum = "f9fbbcab51052fe104eb5e5d351cf728d30a5be1fe14d9be8a3b097481fb97de"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libredox"
@@ -1369,17 +1367,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "zlib-rs",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "linked-hash-map"
-version = "0.5.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0717cef1bc8b636c6e1c1bbdefc09e6322da8a9321966e8928ef80d20f7f770f"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "linux-raw-sys"
-version = "0.9.3"
+version = "0.9.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fe7db12097d22ec582439daf8618b8fdd1a7bef6270e9af3b1ebcd30893cf413"
+checksum = "cd945864f07fe9f5371a27ad7b52a172b4b499999f1d97574c9fa68373937e12"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "lock_api"
@@ -1537,9 +1529,9 @@ checksum = "68354c5c6bd36d73ff3feceb05efa59b6acb7626617f4962be322a825e61f79a"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
-version = "0.8.7"
+version = "0.8.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ff70ce3e48ae43fa075863cef62e8b43b71a4f2382229920e0df362592919430"
+checksum = "3be647b768db090acb35d5ec5db2b0e1f1de11133ca123b9eacf5137868f892a"
 dependencies = [
  "adler2",
 ]
@@ -1639,7 +1631,7 @@ checksum = "af1844ef2428cc3e1cb900be36181049ef3d3193c63e43026cfe202983b27a56"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1677,7 +1669,7 @@ checksum = "a948666b637a0f465e8564c73e89d4dde00d72d4d473cc972f390fc3dcee7d9c"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1688,18 +1680,18 @@ checksum = "d05e27ee213611ffe7d6348b942e8f942b37114c00cc03cec254295a4a17852e"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-src"
-version = "300.4.2+3.4.1"
+version = "300.5.0+3.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "168ce4e058f975fe43e89d9ccf78ca668601887ae736090aacc23ae353c298e2"
+checksum = "e8ce546f549326b0e6052b649198487d91320875da901e7bd11a06d1ee3f9c2f"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "openssl-sys"
-version = "0.9.107"
+version = "0.9.108"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "8288979acd84749c744a9014b4382d42b8f7b2592847b5afb2ed29e5d16ede07"
+checksum = "e145e1651e858e820e4860f7b9c5e169bc1d8ce1c86043be79fa7b7634821847"
 dependencies = [
  "cc",
  "libc",
@@ -1742,7 +1734,7 @@ checksum = "1e401f977ab385c9e4e3ab30627d6f26d00e2c73eef317493c4ec6d468726cf8"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "libc",
- "redox_syscall 0.5.11",
+ "redox_syscall 0.5.12",
  "smallvec",
  "windows-targets 0.52.6",
 ]
@@ -1791,26 +1783,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "siphasher",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "pin-project"
-version = "1.1.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "677f1add503faace112b9f1373e43e9e054bfdd22ff1a63c1bc485eaec6a6a8a"
-dependencies = [
- "pin-project-internal",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "pin-project-internal"
-version = "1.1.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6e918e4ff8c4549eb882f14b3a4bc8c8bc93de829416eacf579f1207a8fbf861"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "pkg-config"
 version = "0.3.32"
@@ -1853,7 +1825,7 @@ checksum = "52a40bc70c2c58040d2d8b167ba9a5ff59fc9dab7ad44771cfde3dcfde7a09c6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1877,7 +1849,7 @@ version = "0.2.21"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "85eae3c4ed2f50dcfe72643da4befc30deadb458a9b590d720cde2f2b1e97da9"
 dependencies = [
- "zerocopy 0.8.24",
+ "zerocopy",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1887,14 +1859,14 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "664ec5419c51e34154eec046ebcba56312d5a2fc3b09a06da188e1ad21afadf6"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "proc-macro2"
-version = "1.0.94"
+version = "1.0.95"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a31971752e70b8b2686d7e46ec17fb38dad4051d94024c88df49b667caea9c84"
+checksum = "02b3e5e68a3a1a02aad3ec490a98007cbc13c37cbe84a3cd7b8e406d76e7f778"
 dependencies = [
  "unicode-ident",
 ]
@@ -1910,9 +1882,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3"
-version = "0.24.1"
+version = "0.24.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "17da310086b068fbdcefbba30aeb3721d5bb9af8db4987d6735b2183ca567229"
+checksum = "e5203598f366b11a02b13aa20cab591229ff0a89fd121a308a5df751d5fc9219"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "indoc",
@@ -1928,9 +1900,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-build-config"
-version = "0.24.1"
+version = "0.24.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e27165889bd793000a098bb966adc4300c312497ea25cf7a690a9f0ac5aa5fc1"
+checksum = "99636d423fa2ca130fa5acde3059308006d46f98caac629418e53f7ebb1e9999"
 dependencies = [
  "once_cell",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -1938,9 +1910,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-ffi"
-version = "0.24.1"
+version = "0.24.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "05280526e1dbf6b420062f3ef228b78c0c54ba94e157f5cb724a609d0f2faabc"
+checksum = "78f9cf92ba9c409279bc3305b5409d90db2d2c22392d443a87df3a1adad59e33"
 dependencies = [
  "libc",
  "pyo3-build-config",
@@ -1948,27 +1920,27 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros"
-version = "0.24.1"
+version = "0.24.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5c3ce5686aa4d3f63359a5100c62a127c9f15e8398e5fdeb5deef1fed5cd5f44"
+checksum = "0b999cb1a6ce21f9a6b147dcf1be9ffedf02e0043aec74dc390f3007047cecd9"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-macros-backend",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "pyo3-macros-backend"
-version = "0.24.1"
+version = "0.24.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f4cf6faa0cbfb0ed08e89beb8103ae9724eb4750e3a78084ba4017cbe94f3855"
+checksum = "822ece1c7e1012745607d5cf0bcb2874769f0f7cb34c4cde03b9358eb9ef911a"
 dependencies = [
  "heck",
  "proc-macro2",
  "pyo3-build-config",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2017,13 +1989,12 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rand"
-version = "0.9.0"
+version = "0.9.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3779b94aeb87e8bd4e834cee3650289ee9e0d5677f976ecdb6d219e5f4f6cd94"
+checksum = "9fbfd9d094a40bf3ae768db9361049ace4c0e04a4fd6b359518bd7b73a73dd97"
 dependencies = [
  "rand_chacha 0.9.0",
  "rand_core 0.9.3",
- "zerocopy 0.8.24",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2052,7 +2023,7 @@ version = "0.6.4"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ec0be4795e2f6a28069bec0b5ff3e2ac9bafc99e6a9a7dc3547996c5c816922c"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
+ "getrandom 0.2.16",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2092,9 +2063,9 @@ checksum = "41cc0f7e4d5d4544e8861606a285bb08d3e70712ccc7d2b84d7c0ccfaf4b05ce"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "redox_syscall"
-version = "0.5.11"
+version = "0.5.12"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d2f103c6d277498fbceb16e84d317e2a400f160f46904d5f5410848c829511a3"
+checksum = "928fca9cf2aa042393a8325b9ead81d2f0df4cb12e1e24cef072922ccd99c5af"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.9.0",
 ]
@@ -2105,7 +2076,7 @@ version = "0.4.6"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "ba009ff324d1fc1b900bd1fdb31564febe58a8ccc8a6fdbb93b543d33b13ca43"
 dependencies = [
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
+ "getrandom 0.2.16",
  "libredox",
  "thiserror 1.0.69",
 ]
@@ -2183,7 +2154,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pmutil",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2255,9 +2226,9 @@ checksum = "357703d41365b4b27c590e3ed91eabb1b663f07c4c084095e60cbed4362dff0d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "rustix"
-version = "1.0.5"
+version = "1.0.7"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d97817398dd4bb2e6da002002db259209759911da105da92bec29ccb12cf58bf"
+checksum = "c71e83d6afe7ff64890ec6b71d6a69bb8a610ab78ce364b3352876bb4c801266"
 dependencies = [
  "bitflags 2.9.0",
  "errno",
@@ -2346,7 +2317,7 @@ dependencies = [
 name = "rustpython-compiler"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
- "rand 0.9.0",
+ "rand 0.9.1",
  "ruff_python_ast",
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "ruff_source_file",
@@ -2386,7 +2357,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "rustpython-compiler",
  "rustpython-derive-impl",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2399,7 +2370,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "rustpython-compiler-core",
  "rustpython-doc",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
  "syn-ext",
  "textwrap",
 ]
@@ -2435,7 +2406,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "is-macro",
  "lexical-parse-float",
  "num-traits",
- "rand 0.9.0",
+ "rand 0.9.1",
  "rustpython-wtf8",
  "unic-ucd-category",
 ]
@@ -2631,7 +2602,7 @@ name = "rustpython_wasm"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "console_error_panic_hook",
- "getrandom 0.2.15",
+ "getrandom 0.2.16",
  "js-sys",
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "rustpython-common",
@@ -2732,7 +2703,7 @@ checksum = "5b0276cf7f2c73365f7157c8123c21cd9a50fbbd844757af28ca1f5925fc2a00"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2760,9 +2731,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "sha2"
-version = "0.10.8"
+version = "0.10.9"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "793db75ad2bcafc3ffa7c68b215fee268f537982cd901d132f89c6343f3a3dc8"
+checksum = "a7507d819769d01a365ab707794a4084392c824f54a7a6a7862f8c3d0892b283"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
  "cpufeatures",
@@ -2849,7 +2820,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
  "rustversion",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2871,9 +2842,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "syn"
-version = "2.0.100"
+version = "2.0.101"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "b09a44accad81e1ba1cd74a32461ba89dee89095ba17b32f5d03683b1b1fc2a0"
+checksum = "8ce2b7fc941b3a24138a0a7cf8e858bfc6a992e7978a068a5c760deb0ed43caf"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
@@ -2888,7 +2859,7 @@ checksum = "b126de4ef6c2a628a68609dd00733766c3b015894698a438ebdf374933fc31d1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2968,7 +2939,7 @@ checksum = "4fee6c4efc90059e10f81e6d42c60a18f76588c3d74cb83a0b242a2b6c7504c1"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2979,7 +2950,7 @@ checksum = "7f7cf42b4507d8ea322120659672cf1b9dbb93f8f2d4ecfd6e51350ff5b17a1d"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3320,7 +3291,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
 
@@ -3355,7 +3326,7 @@ checksum = "8ae87ea40c9f689fc23f209965b6fb8a99ad69aeeb0231408be24920604395de"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
  "wasm-bindgen-backend",
  "wasm-bindgen-shared",
 ]
@@ -3480,7 +3451,7 @@ checksum = "a47fddd13af08290e67f4acabf4b459f647552718f683a7b415d290ac744a836"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3491,7 +3462,7 @@ checksum = "bd9211b69f8dcdfa817bfd14bf1c97c9188afa36f4750130fcdf3f400eca9fa8"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -3693,9 +3664,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "xml-rs"
-version = "0.8.25"
+version = "0.8.26"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c5b940ebc25896e71dd073bad2dbaa2abfe97b0a391415e22ad1326d9c54e3c4"
+checksum = "a62ce76d9b56901b19a74f19431b0d8b3bc7ca4ad685a746dfd78ca8f4fc6bda"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "xz2"
@@ -3708,42 +3679,22 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.7.35"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1b9b4fd18abc82b8136838da5d50bae7bdea537c574d8dc1a34ed098d6c166f0"
-dependencies = [
- "zerocopy-derive 0.7.35",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "zerocopy"
-version = "0.8.24"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "2586fea28e186957ef732a5f8b3be2da217d65c5969d4b1e17f973ebbe876879"
-dependencies = [
- "zerocopy-derive 0.8.24",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.7.35"
+version = "0.8.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fa4f8080344d4671fb4e831a13ad1e68092748387dfc4f55e356242fae12ce3e"
+checksum = "a1702d9583232ddb9174e01bb7c15a2ab8fb1bc6f227aa1233858c351a3ba0cb"
 dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "zerocopy-derive",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
 name = "zerocopy-derive"
-version = "0.8.24"
+version = "0.8.25"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a996a8f63c5c4448cd959ac1bab0aaa3306ccfd060472f85943ee0750f0169be"
+checksum = "28a6e20d751156648aa063f3800b706ee209a32c0b4d9f24be3d980b01be55ef"
 dependencies = [
  "proc-macro2",
  "quote",
- "syn 2.0.100",
+ "syn 2.0.101",
 ]
 
 [[package]]

From 81a9002ef2b222b479ec5842a1c85cce22b9628f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeong YunWon <jeong@youknowone.org>
Date: Tue, 20 May 2025 11:09:36 +0900
Subject: [PATCH 704/705] Rename Dockerfile

---
 .devcontainer/{DOCKERFILE => Dockerfile} | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename .devcontainer/{DOCKERFILE => Dockerfile} (100%)

diff --git a/.devcontainer/DOCKERFILE b/.devcontainer/Dockerfile
similarity index 100%
rename from .devcontainer/DOCKERFILE
rename to .devcontainer/Dockerfile

From e27d03179f9c220967d6e3adc59f32edce56a45c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Noa <coolreader18@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 20 May 2025 13:35:47 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 705/705] Remove getrandom 0.2 from dependencies

---
 Cargo.lock                        |  3 ---
 wasm/lib/Cargo.toml               |  3 ---
 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml |  3 +--
 wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs | 12 +++---------
 4 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 7dffc22e40..9f8a740ebb 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -987,10 +987,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "335ff9f135e4384c8150d6f27c6daed433577f86b4750418338c01a1a2528592"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "js-sys",
  "libc",
  "wasi 0.11.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1",
- "wasm-bindgen",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -2602,7 +2600,6 @@ name = "rustpython_wasm"
 version = "0.4.0"
 dependencies = [
  "console_error_panic_hook",
- "getrandom 0.2.16",
  "js-sys",
  "ruff_python_parser",
  "rustpython-common",
diff --git a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
index 0e35292a2c..768a1e671f 100644
--- a/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/lib/Cargo.toml
@@ -28,9 +28,6 @@ ruff_python_parser = { workspace = true }
 serde = { workspace = true }
 wasm-bindgen = { workspace = true }
 
-# remove once getrandom 0.2 is no longer otherwise in the dependency tree
-getrandom = { version = "0.2", features = ["js"] }
-
 console_error_panic_hook = "0.1"
 js-sys = "0.3"
 serde-wasm-bindgen = "0.3.1"
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
index ca8b15cfc5..aac5e3539d 100644
--- a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
+++ b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/Cargo.toml
@@ -7,8 +7,7 @@ edition = "2021"
 crate-type = ["cdylib"]
 
 [dependencies]
-getrandom = { version = "0.2.12", features = ["custom"] }
-getrandom_03 = { package = "getrandom", version = "0.3" }
+getrandom = "0.3"
 rustpython-vm = { path = "../../vm", default-features = false, features = ["compiler"] }
 
 [workspace]
diff --git a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs
index cfdc445574..a3beead890 100644
--- a/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs
+++ b/wasm/wasm-unknown-test/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use rustpython_vm::{eval, Interpreter};
+use rustpython_vm::{Interpreter, eval};
 
 pub unsafe extern "C" fn eval(s: *const u8, l: usize) -> u32 {
     let src = std::slice::from_raw_parts(s, l);
@@ -9,16 +9,10 @@ pub unsafe extern "C" fn eval(s: *const u8, l: usize) -> u32 {
     })
 }
 
-fn getrandom_always_fail(_buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<(), getrandom::Error> {
-    Err(getrandom::Error::UNSUPPORTED)
-}
-
-getrandom::register_custom_getrandom!(getrandom_always_fail);
-
 #[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 unsafe extern "Rust" fn __getrandom_v03_custom(
     _dest: *mut u8,
     _len: usize,
-) -> Result<(), getrandom_03::Error> {
-    Err(getrandom_03::Error::UNSUPPORTED)
+) -> Result<(), getrandom::Error> {
+    Err(getrandom::Error::UNSUPPORTED)
 }